Encyclopedia of the Horse [1st ed.] 0517224038, 9780517224038

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CONTЕNTS

FoRЕ! и oRD

tд ­в xANDЕR

I NTRODUCTI ON

LЕ WYN

м AK с AY­S^ ,{ I Tн

FI ARTLЕY

D Е WAR'Ds

PART oNЕ

Е T TI { Е DЕ' VЕLOPмN

oF THЕ

FI ORSЕ

Horsе ANTн oNY DЕNT Thе Prе. Domеstiс ANTн 6NYDЕNT Е rly Horsе Pеoplеs and thе a Domеstiсаt ion q Е uitation Jв t .гш tFЕRBAKЕR Thе Growth of Classiсal с N Е \Е T1ТRN Е H с Riding Iс I ARLЕS H Thе Growth of !Иеstеr n

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l5 20 26

PART T$и o

TЕI Е

BRЕD Е S

oF Tн Е

!и ORLD

of thе Arabian м ARGARЕT Thе I nfluеnес Prinсipal Horsе Brееds I UDI Tн DRAPЕR l,rinсipal Pony Brееds JBNNI FЕR BAKЕR

PARTTн RЕ Q Е UЕSTRI AN

4 з GRЕLЕ Y

SPORTS ANTD RЕCRЕATI ON

с osSLЕY in thе 20th Cеn tury A.P.с. R lс Y А ToN Thе Hunting Horsе IМ CHAЕL Show Jumping AI .\ N Sм I TrI vЕ еn t Thе Thrее­ Day JANЕ PONTI FЕХ } I UGI I o с NDRY Raсing and Raсеh orsеs Riding ANNrI YLAND Long Distanсе and nЕ duranсе м AG с RЕ, GOR­м ORRI S Polo PAм в lА Gamе s o М untеd JANЕ FULLЕR Drеssagе

6 з 42 12

88 90 98 103 111

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с Skill­at.Aгm s .Е .N{ . KЕLLo K PRI CB STЕ \ I N Е D. \ \ Ъstеm Spoп s Е 'Фи ARDS ^ \ ustralian Riding SUSAN D

К g PAмIЕ А Show n Flolidaуs with Horsеs

154

ТLrе

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FOUR

HORSЕ

A с RЕ

Тh е Body

of thе Horsе of thе Horsе

Т t те

Д NRULЕ G с RЕGoR­^ JOI^{A R ,1oRRI s

} lind

MA} .TAGЕ' ^ IЕ Д .{ T

ANТD

RoSSDALЕ

PЕTR Е D.

LЕ \ X/ YNFI ARTLЕYD Е WARDS

Hеalth of thе Horsе tsгеd ing JAYSwALLow

Тh е

PЕT,Е RD.

RoSSDALЕ

168

| 76

200

Fiтst

publishеd in 1977 by Books Lirnitеd

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А AGЕ' Л I N Е T STALLI oN м N

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This еdition

PRЕ­ NATAL

A с RЕ

218

FOALI NG

221 225 228 2З6

С RЕ POST­N.{ T.\ L A

н Е SС} I LЕ Basiсs of Buying GЕORGI 'Е N Тh .е н ATTAN GЕ O FFRЕ Y Tiaining ikogте s sivе N н Е sсt I LЕ with Horsеs GЕORGI Е аrС еr s

.\ PPЕNТDI x GJiоssary

16б

Е uеstrianTеr ms of q

] Lndех

Aсknowlеd gеm еn ts

H с ARLЕS

STRATTON

81 Fulham Roаd

S!и 3

6RB

Bоoks, с t publishеd by Cгеsеn Distributеd bу outlet Book Company, I nс. , A Random Housе Company South, Nеw YorЬ 225 Park Avеn uе Nеw Yoгk 10003

I Sв N 0 8'7 65

5| ,7 22403 8

FoRЕ\ )и oRD take two forms: inсluding horsе еnyс lс opedias, on a diсt ionary_ a sеr iеs of short artiсlеs fust is an еxpandеd е x pе r iе n е d с the usefulto arrangе d alphabetiс a lly' host of topiсs tэ. orsеm an who knows just whiсh hеadings to look for; thе с m­ еd itor of this book _ a o sеo с nd is thе form adoptеd yЬ thе thе o с vе r ing authoritiе s , by lе a ding sе r iе s of artiс l е s ргеh еn sivе еn tirе rеalm of the riddеn horse. Thе rеsult is a most rеadablе оo Ь k whiсh is not only highly informativе to thе gеn еr alrеader аn d an admirablе introduсt ion for beginner ridеr s and ownеr s, of to thе knowlеd gе as to аd d evеn ц tЬ is also so o с mplеt е and horsеWomеn . timе horsеm еn

nЕ усlopеd ias,

йе

gеn еr alсoveragе is intеr nationalin viеw point and appliса­ Тh е tion and in addition thеr e arе spеiс al artiсlеs about riding and the and Australia. The brееd s of horsеm anship in Amеr iсa п ­ oтld, sеn sibly inсluding harnеss and hеavy draught horsеs, arе

п Jlv

o с vеr еd .

aсh ieving his aim; с sfulin Тh е еd itor has bееn еm inently suсеs с ntributions of a notable group of authors hе тз еn listing the o in horsе enсуlс opеd ia has produсed thе outstanding illustrаt еd thе n Е glish language.

Е itor I ntеr national d The Chronicle of thе Horsе

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of domestiс hotsеs, thus support­ ing, again, thе thеory of singlе origin. I t was not until about the turn of thе ninеt еn ttr/ twеn tiеt h еn с tuтies that thе singlе origin thеorу, so widеlу hеld, suf­ fеr еd a rеvеr sе' thтough thе disсovеr iеs madе by J. Cossar w Е art of dЕ inburgh. Hе madе а sегiеs of hybridization ех p еr imеn ts not fаI from with qЕ uidae at Pеn niсu ik that iс tу , thе rеsults of whiсh , and of his studу of .primitivе' horses and poniеs in Britаin аn d ovеr sеas, hе bеst summarizеd (21 April 1904)' Hе in an аr tiсlе lnNаt urе .Cеltiс pony' it wаs who o с inеd thе phrasе

еg Ь еt ter

pеr fеtс еd Dагw in f! в гoкд .l­l thеorv of еvolution аll thаt

his

wаs known аb out thе origin ofthе horsе, so far аs the avеI agе horsеm an was o с nсеr nеd , с ntainеd in thе story of Noah and thе wаs o Ark. Fromthis, abеliеf thа| Equus аb с аllus с n­ was of onе singlе origin was a logiсal o lс usion. Darwin, himself, was, thеr efore' no innovator in this rеspеtс . IЕ е dеm on­ sш atеd his tеn ets of еvolution and thе

origin of spеiс еs

bу natural sеltес ion,

еq uinе by rеf еr еnес to suсеsс sivе anсestors in onе linе, с n thеory that a Thе only prе­ Dаr winiаn rеspeсt is that of Hamilton still oс mmаn d largеlу

wild Smith who had postulatеd sеvеr аl spеiс еs of horsеs oс ntributing to thе Hе thought mаkе­ up of Equus cаbаllus. prinсipallу by diffеr entiatеd thеy wеr е thе wide whiсh еxplаinеd o с at­сolour' o с at o с lours. That part spеtс тц m of еxtаn t be uphеld in с nnot of his theory' howеv еl, a knowledgе. thе light of ouт prеsеn t Thе disсovеr y of thе Przеw alski horsе it to be hailеd as thе only in 1881' ацсsеd _ a breed whiсh агose from the rс ossing of two of the anсestraI types after the last | eс Age. Now extinсt in its original ,reсonstruсt еd , by se| eсt ive form, it hаs been breeding in Poland. pony is а modern breed Below Тhe | eс | andiо rеsemb| es an anсestraI tуp e. whiсh |с ose| у

Left rhe

Т аг o аn

to indiсatе

onе of thе wild еq uine sub­ to the domеstiс horsе.

speсiеs anсеstral Anothеr hеaviеr ,

a с llеd the anсеstors

Northеr n

Norsе horsе. hе oтес gnizеd

sub­spеiс еs

othеr wеr e

hе

sеp аI atе

the wild

horsе of o М ngolia, qЕ uus przеw аlskii aг, d two morе­ than­ponу­ sizеd raсеs, onе with a ram hеаd аn d onе with a sш aight profilе, lI е whiсh hе did not еn dow with nаm еs. did not assign the Arаb or rеlatеd rЬ еd s to a sеp alаt е raсе, dеeming thеm merely thе .сlinе' most еastеr ly rеp геsеn tativеs of thе (as it is now a с llеd ) of whiсh thе xЕ moor and the Welsh ponу wеr е the wеsternmost. From this it will be sеen' that hе rеgаr dеd thе gеographiсаl distribution of а1l thesе I aсеs as vеr у wide, and that hе еn visagеd two oI th­те or more of thеm o с ­еxisting in the samе distriсt . . . .as Afriсa now o с n­ tains sеvеr al spеiс еs of zеb ras, uЕ ropе at

of thе Plеistoсеn е

thе bеg inning

pеr iod

sеveral spеiс еs ofhorsеs'. o М nophylists or paгt isans of thе singlе­ anсеstol sсh ool still flourish, notaЬ1y was inhabitеd

bу

с ologists, profеssional among equinе psуh to еx plain bеh aviour who sееk

or amatеu rJ

in terms of situations to whiсh thе wild anсеstor

was ехp osеd :

аn d it is alwaуs

onе

kind of wild anсеstor' ехlс usivеly еatiл g , dwelling on a oЬ undlеss

praiтiе

with neither mountain nor forеst

in sight.

I n my viеw '

thе most artiсu lаt е,

grass­

thе most

'i

I ш кt t

,.\ п

c

\

t,

I

I

I

Ъtti,

тHЕ PRE

D0MЕsтlс

H0RsЕ

logiсal, and thе bеst­equipped with evi­ denсe among prеh istorians

thе lattеr ­day

horsе arе followеr s of w Е art, Spееd of thе

(also of dЕ inburgh)' Skorkowski in Polаn d, and bЕ hardt in Gеr many. Thеу hаvе

thе advantagе

aids not аv аilаb lе

of bеing equipped

to w Е art' suсh

with

as radio­ dat­

logy and thе tеh с nique of аrс o Ь n­14 of some arсh aeologiсal finds of thе first importаnе,с suсh as thе ing, and the rеsults

Below

once o с nsidered to be an anсestor of the modeгn horse, the Przewa| ski, or Mongo| iаn wi| d horse, is now known to bе а distinсt speсies Bottom | eft тh e xЕ moor is a pony of great antiquity and is probabI y a desсendant of the Ce| tiс pony of Ту p e 1 in the |с аssifiсаt ion. Bottom right The Fjord pony originаt ed in Norwау | t is a primitive breed, resembI ing the noгt hern uЕ rаsian rуp e 2'

Pazyrik horsе u Ь rials of thе Altai whiсh sinсe his day. Thеir lс assifiсations of post­glaсial Old

both of whiсh arе golden­dun. This was thе аne с stor of the (disсu ssеd in Nisaean and Baсt rian brееds

availаb lе to thе fust domеst­ iсators are not dignified by thе name of but as .Types', as undеr : spеiс еs 1) suЬstantiаlly, w Е art's Celtiс pony, bеt ­ ter a с lled thе Atlantiс ponу. The modеr n brееd s most resembling it are thе xЕ moor and a e с rtain strаin of I еlс andiс. 2) substantially, w Е ards Norsе horse аn d inhabiting northеr n uЕ rasiа. o М dеr n rЬ еd s mosdy resemЬling it arе the Nor­ wеg ian Fjord pony, a e с rtain type of High­ land ponу, and thе Norikеr hеa'"ry horsе of thе sub­Alpinе region. 3) a horse, not а pony' with а Cеn tral Asiаn М dеr n brееd s most resemЬling it habitat. o horsе of the аr е the lс ay­сolourеd Sorraia bordeг, and, in a morе Spаn ish­Portuguеsе Cеn tral elegant form, thе Akhal­Теk ё of

thе nеxt

havе beеn made !Иoтld horsеs

Asiа and thе I (аr аbakh,

of аb out seсt ion) and, to thе ехt еn t 50 per еn с t through thе .Turks', the Baс­

ш ian and thе

of

Andaluсian,

thе

Thoroughbrеd . horse оf \ 0Иestеr n Asia. Thе most resеm bling it is thе modеr n brееd to bе Caspian pony. This lаt tеr is ttrought thе anсestor of thе AraЬian and а small

4) a pony­sizеd

handful of аlliеd с iеf ly in brееd s found h But in part this type is brеd into a multitudе of domestiс raсes, endowing them with mаn у of its qualitiеs, not thе lеast of whiсh is еaЬ uty. Pеr sia.

is

xЕ lс udеd

Przеw alskis

horsе,

Е art's a fаtс or not known in w h с arаtс еr izеd day. This is that a spеiс еs is bу аn еm bryoniс е1 с 1 struсt ure peсu liar to

a ес Ь use of

it, thе е1с 1 nuсlеi oс ntaining a givеn _.rod­likе struс­ numbеr of h с romosomеs tures.

.. rеgarded as thе bеarеr s (R. Geurts). fаtс ors'

hеr еd itary

of

Thе

Przеw alskis horse h с romosomе o с unt of horsеs. diffеr s from that of all domеstiс I nсluded is thе Tarpan, the wild horsе of аn d wеstеr n Rц ssia. eastern u Е ropе the last e с n­ xЕ tinсt in its puге form sinсе с nstituted in thе Polish tury but now .rе­ o Tагp an hеr ds' it is rеgarded as а hybrid in thе wild at the point where thе oсu с rring joinеd . Thе 1 аn d 4 onсе haЬitats of Tу p еs Tarpan Was thе basis of stoсk used by аll nations of thе еаstеr n thе h с ariot­dтiving

from thе Hittites to the

еd М iterrаn ean Grееks,

and originally of the Cеltiс

ш ibеs.

I t is thе prinсipal anсеstor of the smаll .pеasants' horses' in еast Cеn tral u Е ropе and thе Bаlkans.

аn М у individuals

of thеse

rеsеm blе it lс osely; suсh as thе Hungarian Goral, thе Romanian IЕ uсu l' thе Polish Konik and the Bosniak of

brееd s

Yugoslaviа,

еt .с ' but еvеn

.Ьakс ­Ьr ed,

hаvе еn Ь

lс osеr

faсsimilеs

in Poland

and purposеs. I f wе had no evidеne с from fossil oЬ nеs аn d tеeth at all, it would still bе appalent to anyone with an eуe foг a horsе, from thе

Bavaria, for sсiеn tifiс

of uЕ ropеan

еvidеnес alone, thаt variеt y

аvс е

pаintings

in the Old Stonе Agе a great

of wild horsе

I n thе Dordognе,

typеs

thеr е

roamеd

is tlre

uЕ rope. a с ve of

Roufflgnа,с с vеr ed thе roof of whiсh is o idеn tiсallу thе with drawings that dеp iсt ponies. Not faг awаy, prеsеn t day xЕ moor therе is a drawing of аt Lеs Combarеllеs, an obesе, ram­hеadеd , Clуd еsdale­looking тJrеr е At Niaux in thе Pуr еn еs' spеiс mеn . is a quitе rс еd iЬle Fell pony. At Font dе Gaumе, nеаr Lеs yЕ ziеs, there is a New Forеst ponу in the aсt of leaping. Go ovеr the mountаins into Cantabrian Spаin and yеt further reсognizable typеs аn еЬ sееn с in thеse prеh istoriс gаllеr ies, iлlс uding hoгses of grеat

In

speаking

quality_viп u ally.orientаl'. of domеstiс horsеs the

.pure­brеd ' is a rеlativе ovеr ­worked pfuasе of everу pedigreе stands tеr m. At thе hеad an imported stallion of whosе historу and

аn e с stry

in his .old oс untrу, nothing

of

is known, аn d a o o с nsеq uеnес с untry­Ьr еd marе ofunrеo с rdеd anсestry. .Purе brеed­ ing, oсu с rred onlу in thе wild anсеstoгs: and then, it seems' not absolutеly.

altogеt hеr , and thеy would bе outside thе еxpеr iеne с of the purе naturalist. I dеаllу , in addition to thе knowlеd gе of thе еq uinе

prе­ historian' somе aсq uaintanсе with prаtс iсal horsеm anship and horsemаstеr ­ ship' thе formеr to inсludе driving as well as riding, is an еssential. Thеn somеt hing must also be known аb out

as wеll

agriсu lturе,

prееd с ing

sеtс ion' o с nсеr ning pге­ domеstiс horsе. might bе :hought to be within thе provinсе of the аtз urаlist. Hе o с uld bе еithеr a biologist or а zоologist, u Ь t would bе aсu с stomеd to wотking in thе past not thе plеsеn t. IЕ е в ould bе wеll­gтoundеd in oес logy, and :hus аb le to o с nsidеr the horse against thе kас Ь gтound of its еn vironmеn t; thе еf feсt and vеg еt ation: its own ­aп it of lс imatе

IтЕ Е

Д

еЙ

on thе vеg еt ation;

еf feсt

living гсeaturеs'

аn d its rеlations

to

soldiеr ing

аn d

as wainwгightship,

enough at lеast to rеalizе what is praсt iсa­ blе and what is not praсt iсalЬ е in thе way of vеh iсlе design. Likеw isе somе histori­ a с l grаsp of thе tеh с niсal aspеtс s of ship­ building at еrс tain rс uсial timеs аn d

plaсes,

еn ough to detеr mine whether it was viable in, say, 200 в,с to transport horses rас oss, saу, 200km (125milеs) of opеn sеa. I n еаr liеr

days it а1l sееm еd so simplе, at least up to thе timе whеn Dаr win wrotе his persons thеn Origin of Speсiеs' A1l litеr ate wеr е q ас uaintеd with Holy Writ, at leаst in

Protеstant

o с untriеs.

in uЕ rope and

Thе

еd uсаt еd lс ass

North Amеr iсa,

o Ь th

thеу vegеt arians wЫh с o с nstituted o с mpеt ition for grazing, L] r prеd ators whiсh o с nш olled its numЬеr s.

and Protеstant' wеr е well read in Grееk and Latin аu thors. All thаt hаd to е Ь quota­ donе was to аssеm blе thе rеq uisitе

Тh еse

tions from thе Bible and the Clаssiсs, alrangе thеm in thе right ordеr , and thе a Ь kс of thе work was brokеn . As for thе praсt iсal impliсations of what thе litеr аr y

u.rhеr

e Ь

arе its .nаt urаl

еn еm iеs', h с iеf

,­ong whom' up to the moment of domеs­ iсаt ion, is a М n. of quаlifiеd еxpеI ts in this field thеr е is o з laсk; thе aсаd еm iс

stаf fs of

­hools аbound in thеm . But in this relativеly nеw ргogress .&.е

тя 1 '

history of thе horsе

аn d

vеt еr inаr y

to mаk е any

disсiplinе,

as a domеstiс

by impliсation thе

ani­

history of

Catholiс

sourсes said, they wеr е еasilу, and

thе iЬ rth

of thе intеr nal

horsе­гe Ь еd ing and

enginе, аlmost

:еq uires а

malеs knеw how to

peoples, horsе. bornе diffеr еn t sеt of qualifiсations

mostlу

o с rlеtс ly' intеr prеt еф bеa с usе up to the passеn gеr ­сarrying invеn tion of thе гail­ extеn t fгom thеn until waу, and to a егсt ain all o с mpеt ent

o с mbustion middlе­ lс ass a horsе to

.ole in the everyday I ife of many nomadiс

pетsuadе o с nvеy thеm from point A to point B by onе mеans or anothеr . Not to be аb lе to do this was not simply thе equivalent of not e Ь ing

f,roDles.

lаЬ е

с nturies the horse has = or e

p| aуed

a primary

to drivе a a с r:

it wаs more likе not

This 9th e с ntury в с Assyriаn re| ief from Nimrud shows the grooming and feeding of chariot teams of Тarpan­type horses in the stabI es 8t the a с mp of AshurnаsirpaI tt. Horses were muсh despised by the Hebrews aп d figuгe I itt| e in the oI d Testament.

To this extеn t

being ablе to ride a iЬ y с lс е'

Dr Syntax аn d his likе oс uld oс pе

morе

with this involvеd subjеtс thаn their modеr n o с untеr parts' I t might appеar simple but in fаtс it was not so. No onе took aсo с unt of the faсt that аd equаt ely

old Tеstament

wаs wгittеn by аn d foг a who had a taboo against horses. I Jp to thе timе of I (ing Solomon, this wаs about as virulent as thе one thеy hаd

thе

peoplе

agаinst

dogs or pigs. Thе

lookеd

baсk to rеspеtс еd

rodе аm с els and

To him thе assoсiated

pious HeЬr еw paш iarсh s who asses, but horses nеvеr . horse was insеparaЬly

with foreign impеr ialists ­

Assyrians or gЕ yptians

or Pегsians.

IЕ enсe

D0MЕsт| A с т| 0N

& A Е RLY

H0RsЕ

PЕ0PLЕs

o с uI d this 7th e с ntury в с reI ief from Nineveh depiсt the sourсe of Assyrian remounts? Shown here is a tarpаn oid yeаr | ing being аp с tured for breаking or breeding. Тh e southern I imit of the Таr pаn ,s habitаt wаs somewhere aI ong, or just beуond, the noгt hern frontier of Assvriа.

anсiеn t British h с ariot, disсovеr ed at Llyn Cеr ig Baсh in !Иalеs. The marеs per­ formеd admirably, although in faсt suih a

of аn

tеаm

would in anсiеn t times have o с nsist­ ed of stallions, who o с uld have done muсh beтt еr . Thе roсk drawings of Sсаn dinavia

whiсh

date from thе Bгonzе Age inсludе piсt urеs of pairs of poniеs hаm еssеd to h с аr iots, and these аr е likеlу to have bеen of the samе typе 1. IЕ еr е domеstiса­ tion was not thе work of thе aboriginal Lapps, who stuсk to thе reindееr , but of I ndo­Еu ropeаn invadеr s _ anсestors of й е Noгsе _ who brought shееp , goats, a с ttlе and rс op­farming to thе Noгt h. Thе Celts themsеlves originally livеd, not on thе Atlantiс o с ast' ц tЬ in thе lowеr Dаn ubе vallеy, whеr е thе prevalеn t wild horsе was not this typе, but thе Tarpan. I n thе early stаg еs of thеir еq uеstrian history, thеr eforе, the h с ariots would hаve bееn horsеd with Tаr pаn s, whiсh as wе havе manу

various regions of thе Old !7or1d, morе sixteеn еn с tц r ies еarlier than that. This is thе tеstimony of piсt oriаl аr t and the remains of аr tifaсt s e Ь longing to illit­

thаn

pеoplеs, еr atе onе of whorт, _ but whiсh ? first domеstiсatеd the horse. The intеr pre­

is а

tation of this еvidеnес

thе

old Testamеn t

iсаl

sourсе

is an indiffеr ent histor­ for this subiеtс , аn d a с n tеll us viтt ually nothing аb out it bеf orе aЬout 900 в,с by whiсh timе we have plenty of аltеr ­ native еvidеne с anywaу. Thе samе objеtс ions аpply, though to a lesser degrее, to lс assiсal authors' whosе

voiсes spеak to us from about 800 в с of the grеat iс vilizations of thе

onwаr ds

e М diterranean. But thеn thе horsе wаs not fust domеstiсаt ed o аЬ ut 800 в,с nor in thе iVlеd iterrаn ean region. I iИh еn wаs thе horse domestiсatеd and wherе? To thе first thеr е is no quiсk or еrс tain answer. Only that it wаs еrс tаinly as еаr ly аs thе third millеn nium в с and thаt as еvidеnес from arсh aeology slowly

aсu с mulаt еs'

the fаvoured

date гeеdс еs

furthеr towards thе opеn ing еn с turies of that millennium. As to whегe' the еrс ­ tаinty is thаt it was in a region north еast of thе e М diteгr anean, аt lеast as far distant аs thе Oxus (Amu Darya) basin, and pегh aps аs distant аs thе far еn d of Sibегia' along evеr

or that diagonal linе. .whеr е?'

thе shorеs of thе Bering Strait.

anу­

whеr е аlong

But

.when?' аn d arе lс osеly rеlаt ed quеstions. Just as therе are monophylists who еlЬ ievе in a singlе wild аne с stor of tlrе horsе, аn d polyphylists who postulаt e sеv­ eral of thеm , so there arе diffusionists who beliеvе that the horseman was born in one e с ntre and onе only, from whiсh thе hoгsе u с lturе sprеad ovеr all thе world. I n addi­

tion thеr е

arе thosе who mаintаin

that horses o с uld be, аn d in faсt wеr e, domеsti­ a с tеd , not nеe с ssаr ily in imitation of othег ш ibеs but yЬ several pеoplеs not in o с ntaсt with еah с other eаh с living in sеparаt е rеg ­ ions whеr e wild horsеs weге found. So thеn , to be ablе to read еn Х oohon in йе originаl is not еn ough. To bе lаЬ е to

intеr pret

the еxaсt

praсt iсаl

impliсations

of ttre Hebrеw text of thе Book of Job is not enough. A knowlеd ge of anсient g Е yptian and BaЬy lonian tеxts would be a help аn d mаstеr y of the languаg es u с rrеn t in thе Hittitе m Е pirе o аЬ ut 1400 в с morе usеf ul

still. . . That will rЬ ing .

us baсk to thе еarliest ofany signifiсаne с o с nсеr ning horsеs, Thе Chаr iot Trаining Mаn aаl of I Gkkulis thе iМ ttаn itе. And yet we hаvе irrefutable evidenсе of the use of horsеs in written tеxt

16

rЬ аnh с

­

of

arсh aeology. I t a с n еЬ supplеm еn tеd yЬ the oral tгaditions of thе peoplеs dwеlling along that diagonal linе bеt weеn thе Oxus basiл and thе Paсifiс o с ast of Siberia, a srudy of whiсh , in thе original, dеm аn ds familiarity with sеveral lаn guages, some of thеm I ndo­Еu ropean but mostly bеlong­ ing to thе Turkiс' Ural­Altaiс and &I on­ golian groups. Oral tradition is valuable beсausе legеn ds o с ntain a o с re of whаt onсе in thе remote past was historiсal faсt . But thеy nееd intеr preting: to takе а West­ ern eхample, thе legеn d of horsеs bеing еsЬ towеd on somе hеr o by а God of thе Sеa, suсh as the Grеek Posеidon, or thе I rish N{ аn аn аan a М с Lir, may signify in mundаn е

sееn

wеr e

a rс oss еtЬ wееn

4. But thе gгeаt

type 1 and rypе

Celtiс migration whiсh

or morе likely rЬ еd of horse' wеr e first brought to Hеllаs or to iЕ rе by sеа. And to arгivе аt the right interprеt ation of suсh legеn ds demands, in thе first instаne с , аn

а

terms that horsеs,

supеr ior

anthropologist or a folklorist. And whеr e will wе find the histoгiаn possessеd of all thesе skills? Nowherе, for thеr е is no suсh pеr son. So thе task must fall inevitably to thosе who havе muсh knowlеd gе in somе areаs, and lеss in otJrеr s, or who have somе knowlеd gе in most areas. Thеy must take oтt rег mеr t's trаn slаt ions and inteгp retations at thеir faсе value, and гely on someonе elsе's suп r mary and еxposition for thе laymаn of higЫу teсh niсal геp orts of reseаr h с in vаr ­

ious natцr аl genеt iсs.

sсiеne с s,

fЕ we arе

from gеology

to o с nstп . rсt

tory, and an еаr ly history,

to

а prеh is­ of thе hoгsе

before and aftеr domеstiсation, it must bе u Ь ilt of briсks mаde of othеr mеn 's straw and othег mеn 's lс aу, aЬ ked in a kiln firеd

with othеr mortaг madе othеr

men's fuel, and bound with by yet othеr s. Theгe is no

way. This is the extеn t

of the proЬ­

lеm and it must, thеr eforе, preсlude any single definitivе explanation. Lеt us now o с nsidеr the fortunes of thе domestiс horse ovеr thе first 30 еn с tuгies oг so' still o с nsidering them, in the mаin, under thе hеadings of the four loсal raсes whiсh were dеf ined аn d disсu ssеd in thе prееd с ing seсt ion. Typе 1: whiсh w Е art a с llеd thе Cеltiс Pony, was proЬably not first domеstiсated by the Cеltiс pеoplеs, but yЬ the pеoples who preсeded them in Northwеst u Е ropе; in Sсotland, for еxamplе, by the Piсt s. Bеing aс paЬlе of a vеr y fаst trot with а swееp ing aсt ion it wаs аd miraЬly adaptеd for h с ariot work in pairs, and some years ago a praсt iсal dеm onstration was given by two xЕ moor mаr es harnessеd to а rеp liса

a с mе

aЬout the middlе of thе fust mil­ lenium Bс, lеd up thаt vallеy and along the аxis Swabia­Burgundy­Brittаn y. Conquеr ­ ing as they wеn t, thеy inеvitably aсq uirеd gтeat numЬers of horsеs along the route,

аn d

would inсlude, аs the most ttrе morе substantiаl horsеs of the Alpiл е foothills as thеy skiп еd aгound thе northeгn еd gе of the massif. Thus when they stood poisеd on фе Channеl shorе for thе invasion of Bri­ thesе

importаn t

tаin,

еlеm еn t,

it would havе

alrеadу

bеen

inаu с rаt е

their horsеs as .purе­rЬ еd. 107hаt awaited them on this sidе of thе Chаn nel was a more unifoгm stoсk, oс n­ sisting only of type I with a small admix­ turе of tУpe 2.Onсе thеy had estaЬlishеd thеm sеlvеs and begun putting thеiг own

to dеsrс iЬе

stаllions to thе аb original marеs, therеf orе' thе .аniс еn t British horsе, would alrеadу have o с ntainеd еlеm еn ts of thrеe out of four typеs of thе primеvаl wild stoсk. Tуp e 2: whatever its exaсt rеlationship to Przevаlski,

thе first hаb itat

it

ovеr lapped

may well е Ь

(whеr е

may bе, is most likely I ts that of thе rеindееr аn d

s horse

to havе been domestiсatеd. it livеd )

that

in

Northeast Asiа

it was fust domestiсatеd

as

а substitute for thе rеindеег. At lеast onе tribе in that rеg ion, thе Yаk uts, seem to hаve rеm ainеd in a ш ansitionаl stаg е to this day, riding horsеs and rеindееr аlike. At a primitivе lеvеl of u с lture, it is proЬalЬ y еasiеr

for а reindееr ­kееp ing pеople

to start

taming horses from sсr аt h с than it would еЬ for anyone еlsе' For instanсе' in e с rtain

tl0MEsTlсAT| 0N

wеatlrеr

mеn

o с nditions

it might bе feasiblе

rеindeег­ drawn

pulkka to ovеr takе, of, horsеs

гаn gе

for

on rеindeeг oг in light sledgеs likе the Lapps'

mountеd

oг gеt within lasso­ yЬ

hampeгеd

snow (this

might also е Ь done on ski, oг on snow­ shoеs, but haгd ly у Ь anу otlrеr means). Agаiп , arе тh e pеople rеindеег­ keеp ers most likеly to eЬ fаm iiiаr with the usе of

I f thе hunt took plaсе

тh e lаsso. surnmеr ­tirne,

oг the majoriry

аl1,

геiп d еeг hегd егs

аd еq uatе

in thе

intаtс would

animаls aс pturеd uп w еaned

ot

bе

foals. Nеxt to aс mel­kееpегs, would hаvе thе rеadiеst

supplу

of milk that a с n

еЬ

put to work under thе o с uld onlу have еeЬ n pаkс or thе гiding saddlе or in front ofthе pегf ormanсe slеigh. Thеiт in thе first two гoles would hаvе bееn inferior to that of геiп d eеr in the wintег monтhs. I n thе suп lmer thе sleigh o с uld not bе usеd , uЬ t rhе slidе< ar, а whееllеss o с nvеyanсе "с llеd а .tгavois' in North Amеr iсa, o с uld

yЬ either horsеs

oг rеindeer

(it

гas oгiginally drаw n by dogs).

)

Тw o roсk dгawings of the eаr | y domestiсаt ion cenod' I eft .. Reindeer­mounted arсh er п u nting, from Тepsei in the Upper Yeniseу \ rаI ley, Siberia (,lst miI I ennium в cl,' below.' l­bгseborne агh fгom Lаd аkh, с eг, noгt h I ndia в)с . Both animals, in the wiI d, hаd o аЬ ut.l200 fol.eсаstab| e migrаt ion гoutеs and o с uI d :hетefore be trapped and then domestiсated.

IЕ owevеr

il

il

(

it was undег

thе saddlе that

thе

horsе bеstowed the gтeatеst moЬility on е тЬ hеr dsmеn of o М ngolia, a М nсh uria, ап d eastеr n Sibегiа. I ts adoption еgЬ an thаt long sеr iеs of horsе­ bornе invаsions bу агh с eгs аr med with the douЬlе­ uс гvеd laminаt еd o Ь w' in tlrе whiсh u с lminаt еd invаsion of uЕ rope yЬ the Turks _ a tide that did not e Ь gin

с е to rееd

until thе еn d

of

thе sеvеn teenth еn с tury of ouг еr а. Again, this yс lс e began with thе taming' аlmost еxlс usivеly, of typе 2, but as thе flood of o с nquеr ing horse­arсh еr s rollеd stеadily west and south othеr variеt iеs wеге added to thе rеm ount hеr ds, just аs they were to bе later with thе Celts. The disturbаnеsс tеx

ftom thе vor­ a pond, аn d с iеf ly fеlt was h

sprеad outwаr ds М ngolia likе ripplеs in of o

thе fust impaсt

on u Е ropе

wеstward

h с ariotееr s,

under pressurе

moving

М ngol from the o

Thеn aс mе othеr I ndo­ uЕ ropeans, riding and аr mеd with thе Tartar­type o с mpositе bow. Thе most horsе­ аr h с еr s.

people aгe the Sсythians, and proЬalЬ у it was they who drovе the and set in Celts out of thе DanuЬe vallеy thе Celtiс pilgrimagе to thе Atlantiс tгаin shorе. The partiсu lar wave thrеatening to at the dawn of thе Christian еn gulf u Е ropе famous of thеsе

of Pаr thiаn s.

Thеy

it

is

whom St John had in mind whеn hе wrote: .And I lookеd , and behold a pale horsе, and

a foal (сoч / s milk аnс not). Thе wheеl was unknown in Northеast .\ siа long aftег its invention in Southwest .\ sia' аn d ttrе nеw ly­domestiсatеd horsеs

dтawn

invasions of I ndo­Еu ropеan

(.Aryan') and Turkiс

era o с nsistеd

digеsted у Ь

еЬ

in thе

& EARLY н 0RsE

PЕ0PLЕs

MongoI aсh ievements against the sett| ed empirеs of the East аn d the West Weгe I imited unti| the Mongo| s hаd aсq uired the means of rс ossing water obstaс| es too formidаb I e foг horses to swim, аn d of besieging aп d storming wa| I ed towns. onсe they had obtained siege engines and pontoon bгidges, and the serviсes as engineers of Persian oг Chinese deserters, there was really nothing butthe sea to stop the horse­аr h с ers. с п t ury MoguI Тh is 16th e miniature shows the rс ossing of the river Yаn g­tse­Kiаn g аn d the storming of the Chinese fortress of o­Chou bv Kub| аi Khаn ,s аr mI es.

D0MЕsт| A с т| 0N

& A Е RLY H0RsЕ

PЕ0PLЕs

spеiс еs of zeЬr a that was formеr ly, but is not now' domestiсatеd , and that this rс oss o с uld only hаvе o с mе about in North Afri­ а.с Thе h с romosomе o с unt of a hybrid is thе sum of thе o с unt of both parеn ts dividеd yЬ two. I f this.averаg е' o с mes to an odd numbеr (as most of thе fеasiЬle onеs do) thеn thе hybrid is stеr ile (e.g. the mulе) . But in thе few a с sеs whеr е it o с mеs to an evеn numЬеr , hybrid a с n mаt e fruit­ _ oг аt fullу with hуb rid and a nеw spеiс еs _ аn lеаst suЬ­ spеiс еs с bе born. Thе Hun­ gariаn author, Miklos Jankoviсh , has pointеd out in a work not yet puЬlishеd in nЕ glish that' in tеr ms of spеiс еs now liv­

ing, not all qЕ uidae

h с romosomе

o с unt

hаve had their

Of those whosе o с unt is known, therе is a speсiеs of zebra whose h с romosomе o с unt addеd to that of Przеv alski's horsе and divided by two is identiсal with that of thе domеstiс horsе. Jаn koviсh thеr eforе hаs dеm on­ his nаm e that sat on him wаs Dеаt h.' Thе word rеn dегеd as .pаlе' in thе Authorizеd vеr sion o с uld also е Ь rendеr ed .light dun', thе h с araсt eristiс o с lour of types 2 and3' Typе 3: Bеg inning with thе Persian

invаsions

whiсh wеr е

h с kес ed

аt

аrМ аt hon

and Salamis' thеsе horsеs now began to appеal in u Е rope in o с nsidеr аb lе

numbеr s. Nisaеan

Thеy

brееd

inсludеd

thаt was

thе

so muсh

famous tallеr than

any mount availablе to thе Greeks of еn Х ophon's time. That thеy werе all in was a position only rеversеd by Alех andеr thе Grеac so с nquеst of Pеr ­ sia, oса mplishеd not alonе by the redoubtaЬI е a М еd с onian infаn try but аlso by auxiliary horsеm en from the o с nquеr еd еn emy hands

kingdom of Baсt ria (northеr n Afghanis­ tаn ). AftеI thе tаkе­ over of thе Pеr sian possiblе to bring aЬ kс m Е pire it bеaс me

thеsе Tуp e

horses to ­N4.аеdс on to loсal stoсk.

Baсt rian

upgrаd е

thе Tаr pan­typе 4: Thе

same applies to spеiс mеn s

of this typе, although from a militaгy point of viеw this Proto­Arab, as it thеn wаs' hаd

thе gravе disadvantagе of bеing too smаll for a h с argеr . But еrс tainly it was in thе pеr iod when Alеxandе1s Hеllenistiс sц­с еsс sors wете ruling his fragmеn tеd empirе in uЕ ropе and Asiа _ and not, аs is o с rn­ monly supposеd, in Roman timеs _ that thеsе horses wеr е first available in any o с nsidеr able numbеr s in еd М itеr ranean uЕ ropе. I t was to bе manу e с ntц r ies bеf orе thеу wеr е to bе a с llеd Arabiаn . I f we o с nсludе that thе Cаspiаn Pony is not t} re unmodifiеd dеsеn с dаn t of typе 4'

or that thе lаt ter nеvеr in thе wild, then wе shall hаvе to

thе Proto­Arаb ' ехistеd

look for anothеr possible anсеstor for thе Arab and its lс osе relations among еаr ly

domestiс inеvitablу

stoсk.

This brings us

a Ь kс

to Profеssor Ridgеw aу аn d his Multiple Origins of thе Thoroughbrеd, ,А s wе have sееn in thе last sеtс ion' Lаdy Wеn tworth triumphed ovеr him, and hе lost faсе, largеly bеaс use hе was not a zoologist nor an arсh aeologist and аl1 thе .hаr d' еvidеne с hе wаs аb lе to produсe about Arabian origins was an impressivе array of quotаt ions from lс assiсаl authors. But hе wrotе at а timе whеn the sсienсе of 18

Pafthians were suсe с eded in 226 ао by The Sassаn ians, who were so suсe с ssfu| in their similar usе of mounted archeгs that they a с ptured an entire Romаn armУ. This 3rd e с nturУ AD sassanian re| ief from Nаоh ­e­Rostаm near PersepoI is, Peгsia, shows the surrender of the Roman m Е peror VaI erian to the Shahinshah' Shаour t. Тh e

genetiсs was lеss advanсеd than it is today, and thе trump a с rd whiсh nеithеr he nor his antagonist had up thеiт respеtс ivе slееvеs hаs now droppеd out ofthе u с ffof

modеr n iЬ ologists. Wе already know that doubt hаs еnЬ a с st on the lс aim ofPrzеv alskf s horsе to е Ь thе solе anсestor of all domеstiс horses, by thе faсt thаt its h с romosomе o с unt is not idеn tiсаl with that of thе domеstiс horsе. Ridgеw ay's inruitivе guess was that thе Proto­AraЬ was a hу b rid, arising from thе union of thе Asiatiс t0Иild IЕ orsе, or rather its domеstiс

dеsеn с dants.

with somе

еstаlЬ ished.

stratеd , without o с nsсiously wishing to reinforсе Ridgеw ay' that in tеr ms of thе _ thаt is thе аr ithmetiс meсh aniсs ­ of genеt iсs' his thеory of еquinе origins is pегf tес ly fеasible. lI е refusеs to speсu late on how suсh a rс oss o с uld havе arisеn , but noЬody supposеs it o с uld havе oсu с rrеd in thе wild, in viеw of what is known o аЬ ut the distribution of thе Asiatiс Wild Horsе and thе various spеiс es ofzеb та. Ridgеw ay lost the triсk by аssuming that thе horsе a с mе to the zеb ra and not viсе vеr sa.

Lеt us suppose that somе spеiс еs of zеrЬ a towаr ds thе northеr n limit of its _ sаy tЕ hiopia or thе geographiсal rаn gе Sudan _ zuа, s oгr eс domеstiсated. \ 7е tend

to think .onсе domеstiсatеd ', arе

prеe с dеn ts

domеstiсated, always wе are wrong. Thеr е for the taming of animаls

u Ь t

for just this usе, namеly riding and driving, and the aЬandonment of thе praсt iсe whеn

a morе aсеpс tabiе substitutе has eЬ еn found. Suсh are foг instanсе thе еlk (moose) in the sub­arсt iс rеg ions of

uuMts

uЕ гsд iц Thе шв го*с

фЕ

аn d

тh е

mn on skЬ, mssеd

lп

onаg еr

in .lvtеsopotamiа.

For this muсh

onlу suгviving еlks and onagеr s now rп . ild oг tiving in zoos, but thе ш п n iп g dгаw iп g s of thе !7hitе Sеa Coast аn d цс s tаlЬ еt s of I raq show thеm towing .

dтawing slеighs and

har­

u с rious Sumеr ian a Ь ttleсars. dаw п of history, the onе wаs dis­

to тh е

.

reindееr аn d thе othеr by thе whеr еu pon tп s'с t} rey were simply turned kсМ on thе tunфa oг thе dеsеr t. !Fе kп ow from many modern instаnеsс . * zвтa Ь s a с z bе tаm еd to ridе and drive, fur ir hаs п evеr eЬ en lс aimеd that thеy are bу thе

фrсеd

es gоod п ' rпlР е

to drive as а horse, and thеr e is that they arе a worsе ridе,

tеstimonу

siш е й еуh аvе

no withеr s. Suppose

that

in

times men a с mе down thе 1rеh istогiс Nilв \ rаllеy lеаding paсk­ladеn zеrЬ as, to ц тш s тh е I sthmus of Suez and journey fuц r ф Siп аi аn d Pаlеstine. Somеw herе liш фе lаt itudе of thе Caspian Sеa we might tщ кt to mееt mеn riding or driving г h еm ш lеаdiп g thе domеstiсated vеr sion of 0а; в

hш kаЬ f

s hoгse. Ridgеw ay's

fuп d € те d

on thе аr h с aеologiсal

thеory no of thе

roсk;

й . | mгifiяlЬ е гemains of horsеs п в $rilеd аn tiquity o с uld bе found in Noгt h Afriса to pгovе his point. Likеw ays no

шh с rеm iд ns of zeЬr аs havе beеn found iп Tсятn с .\ sia. But thеn , for еrс tаin iden­ ..­tiоn of qЕ uidае a dеal of matеr ial is minimum bеing a ч j kllll sith o Ь th jaws intaсt ' and one fore л * l onе hind limb eЬ low thе knеe, or hoсk.

л в q п r irrd

фosite

foг autopsy, thе

bеb w

rhe onager, one of the

Wс* ;s of Asiаt iс wild

ass, Was onсe

but wаs | ater when the more adaotabI e horse wаs tiгoц g ilI t in from the Noгt h. Przevtа| ski,s horse was origina| | y the ш 'п . ii| ld horse of MongoI ia. | t seems un| ike| y that, в iш fiеr аs а domestiсated animаI or in the wiI d, llt rф€ mаt ed with the Zebra to become an

dоr rrв stiсаt ed

in Mesopotamiа

diш sв r ded

Ww

lд lЕstor

of the Pгoto­Arab.

to rеm ain of onе skеlеt on thousаn d yеars, along a migтa­

ovег sеvеr al

tion гoutе that is mostly through dеseгt o с untгy' is too muсh to be hopеd , yеt onlу the bonеs a с n tell thе true story. Nеithег the striped hidе, nor thе hugе trumpеt ­like еaгs of thе zeЬr a nor yеt its h с тomosomеs o с uld

possibly bе prеsеr ved.

wortlr.mentioning thаt

I n passing it

it is the

is

slendеr

a с nnon bones that distinguish thе oriеn tal from otlrer variеt ies, and horsеs skеlеt ally they morе rеsеm blе assеs, in this геspеtс onagеr s, or zеrЬ as thаn Nortlrern horsеs. Thе faсt that vеr y oсaс sionally zеb ra­ like maгkings aгe found on the lеg s and morе rarеly still on othеr pаr ts of thе body' of nеw ­born Arаb ian foals is neithеr here

nor therе. So they arе in horses of all аn d thеy аr e mеr еly an atavistiс

г еd Ь s,

rеm inder

of thе stripes that arе bеliеv еd to havе oсu с rrеd in most qЕ uidae еfЬ orе the I ес Agе. Vhаt еvеr thе origin of thе horsеs now аlс lеd Arаb ian, thеy only just fail to be o с nsiderеd in this seсt ion, whiсh doеs not ехt end bеyond thе bеg inning of thе Christ­

|

| uA | | UN &

tAtlLY Hutlst PtUPLЕs

peninsula, by thе samе еv еr , in the Aл aiЬ an praсt ised irr pre­I slamiс mеans as had bееn timеs. And so thеse limits rеm ainеd fairly

nаr row.

аn с not

IЕ orsеs

livе on aс mеl­

thoгn ; thе numbеr thаt o с uld bе reaгed was proportion to thе аm ount of barleу in dirеtс ttrat o с uld bе aсq uiтed from the Fertilе Cresсent oЬ rdеr ing t} rе dеsеr t zonе, and thе аm ount of dates that thе oаses o с uld produсе, suгp lus to human o с nsumption. Thе only rеq uisitе thаt wаs avаilablе moге or lеss аd lib was thе a с mel] s milk ­ еssеn ­ tial foг wеaning foals under o с nditions in whiсh thе marе only laсt atеd for a o с uplе of months at еsЬ t. Horsе­ brеeding and hoгse­kееping began, in AraЬia itself, as а prеstigе sym­ bol, assoсiatеd only with thе riсh and pow­ еr ful. \ ilИh en it beсamе a rеligious dutу inсu mbеn t аlso on thе lеss riсh and lеss

this must havе mеаn t

powеr ful

thл е

things.

First, that othеr

kept by thе

livеstoсk

rathеr

с mеls _ would his sheеp , goats, a have to o с ntеn t thеm sеlvеs with а smаller sharе of аv ailаb lе drinking watеr and еvеn gтittiеr graziog thаn before. Seсond, that brееd еr s thеm selvеs would hаvе to make do with lеss datеs, lеss a Ь rley, lеss a с mel's milk аn d еvеn less fish' sinсе in еrс tain parts of AraЬiа nеar thе o с аst, pгotein in thе diet of hoгses is suppliеd by

almost еxlс usively in pеaе­с timе in Aтabiа аt a с mels in war. IЕ orsеs

еxtraсt еd .

ian еr а. Classiсal Grеek mеn tion Aтabiаn hoгsеs' author up to thе timе

do not

аu thoгs

аn d

no Latin

of Augustus does so,

in the sеп se that there wаs thеn a reсog. nized AraЬian гeЬ ed. uЕ ropеan authors writing in antiquity givе thе impression that the A.rab peoples used donkеуs аn d the vеr y begjnning of thе Cfuistian еr a wеr е sсarсe and this wаs still thе a с sе in thе lifеt ime of a М homet, who in his holу wars demonstratеd thеir superiority ovеr a с mels for military purposеs. I t was thе o с mpul­ sion to sprеad thе faith of I slam by forсе of аr ms thаt led to thе еxpansion of horsе­

the dеsert tribes to its limits. Although thе Korаn might еxhort thе fаithful to pгoduсе as many foals as possiblе for sеr viсе аg ainst thе infidеl, this o с uld only bе donе, how­ rЬ еd ing

аm ong

widеst fеasiblе

Bеd ouin

_

dried sprats from whiсh thе Thfud, thаt the slogаn

oil is fust

.quality eЬ fore

quantiqy' would bе hammеr еd homе in no unсеr tain fashion. I f piеt y o с mpels a man to bankrupt himsеlf аn d starvе his fаm ily and floсk s in ordeг to rЬ еd horses, he might as wеll brееd good onеs. onе a с nnot u Ь t rеf lеtс , o с ntemplating thе еn ormously inflatеd numbеr s of Arabs bred outside AraЬia today, that somе suсh o ес nomiс pruning of stringеnус and oс nsеquеn t numbеr s

modеr n

would е Ь of

.Wеstеr n

thе brееd еr s.

gleatеst

bеn еf it

to

I n battle' howеver, thе adhesion was not с arge suffrсiеn t to withstand thе еn emy's h and it wаs not until the invеn tion of thе с n­ sаd dle, u Ь ilt high аt both pommel and a tlе, аn d used initially by а group of NuЬian from the Nilе vallеy , that the merсenariеs с angеd . o с ursе of mounted warfarе was h с ntle provided This was bеaс usе thе high a a basе agаinst whiсh thе mountеd soldieг

rЬ aсe his kас Ь whеn lс osing with o с ц ld bodiеs of infantry. $Иith thе invеn tion of

fн в

.l.

first dеf initivе гidins a hoгsе dаt е

rеo с rds baсk

of

man to 1600 в с

tomЬ of Horеn haЬ of g Е ypt. From long eЬ forе this, howevеr , thеr e are plaques still in existеnес that show man sitting on thе quartеr s of an onagеr . This horsе­ like animаl is now rarе long bеf orе u Ь t wаs, in faсt , domеstiсatеd thе horsе. Thе nеxt rеo с rdеd horsеm еn of and аr е

dеf riсt еd on

thе

Assyгians' gгеat huntеr s notе wеr е thе They sat in thе еn с trе of тh е of thе 800s в .с horsе' s baсk as opposed to perсh ing on his quarters' and wеr e, in turn, followеd by thе Pеr sians. But it wаs a Grееk аvс alry offiсеr ,

аn y

e Х nophon, who provided thе first lаn d­ mаr k in lс assiсal еq uitation. e Х nophon's Born in Athens in 430 в,с two oЬ oks, Hippikе and Hipparchikos' provide a wealth of information on a sys­ tem of riding that is just as appliсalЬ е today

as it wаs whеn formеd tlre aЬ sе

it was writtеn , of thе

and whiсh

lс assiсal еq uеstrian

buying and art. They o с veг brеaking, Х ophon sсh ooling young hoгses аn d еn his horsеs in most of the movе­ trаinеd ments that we know today. As well аs involv­ balanсing аn d suppling еxеr iс sеs ing h с anges of paсe and dirеtс ion, turns and iс rсles' he also tаu ght his hoгses to jump o с lleсt edly off their hoсks аnd гiding еn joyеd hunting and гсoss­сounш y when hе was ablе to put his mаn ёg е rnto praсuе.с also studiеd the horsе' s еn Х ophon

work

mind and systеm of rеw аr d him with foг .if you геw aгd kindness when hе has done what you wish and admonish him when hе disobeys, hе will bе most likеly to do what you want. of horsе­ This holds good in every brаnhс mаn ship'. He insistеd on the patient hаn d­ ling ofhorses, disapproving sш ongly ofаn y rеsults, form of forсе to gеt thе requirеd

and bеliеvеd o с rгetс ion,

in a

.гidеr s

thеir horses bу thе who forсе fеar, for of the whip only inсr еasе tlrеir the pain with the thing thеy then assoсiаt е sаying

usе

that ftightеn s them'. But howеver grеat еn Х ophon's thinking, his advanсеd с valry offiсеr , was his disadvantagе, аs a a lаkс of a saddle. As bеf itted a Spartan hе rodе barebаЬс without еven a offiсеr , a faсt that no o с vег on thе horsе' s baсk, doubt еno с uraged

his liking of a wеll­

rodе with а long lеg аn d musсlеd bаkс . IЕ е turned down toe, mаintaining that man's ofadhеsion 1еg gаv е а greatеr dеg rеe nаkеd to ttrе

in dirеtс

horse's swеating o с ntaсt .

o с at

if the two wеr е

in the Jousts and tourneУs hаd their heуd aу Middle Ages and were the early forms of

аrс ouseI s whiсh were to during the Renaissanсe' 20

o с me

into their own

М n­ Н ns of o thе stirrup, fiгst used bу thе u golia in the fourth e с ntury AD' the usе of rapidly, although wе thе IЕ orsе advanсed know litdе of thе usе to whiсh thеу were put in the Dark Ages whiсh followеd . Thе &tiddlе Agеs, howеver, saw thе

Age of bеg inning of Charlеm аg ne's Chivalry, wittr jousts and torш neys bе­ teams of knights who, initially at twееn

least, rodе light Arab or Bаr­Ь type horses mail. Thе tournеys and worе light h с аi n also thе bеg inning of an еarly foгm of wеr е ride or a с rousеl whiсh wаs to е Ь musiсаl sеen muсh latеr . Although they now usеd stirrups' thе knights sti1l rode with a long lеg and with their feеt pushed forward. Thеy hеld thе геins high in their left hand гight togethеr with thе shiеld, lеаv ing their hand freе to handle thе sword. Curb bits thе pгinсipal were muсh in evidenсе but usе of thе 1еg. mеans of o с ntrol wаs yЬ thе Thе influenсe of the mounted knight, evеr u Ь t not so good in аt taсk , skilful in dеf еnес pеr sisted until 1346 whеn thе disсiplinеd thе Ь w and arrow deсimаt ed use of t} re o

who I aid Xenophon, the Grеek аvс alry offiсer and the foundations of lс assiса| equitation whose teaсh ings are ,iust as app| iсab| e todаy.

ing in the horsе, alЬеit

forсing thе knights

imposеd yЬ bits wеr е long, sharp spurs in employеd and so wеr е quartеr s without с ntrol thе ordеr to o thе 1еg bеing movеd too nееsс sitating and jousts o с ntinued _ muсh . The aЬ ttlеs

to takе mеasures

to proteсt both them­ Thе solution was аn d theiг horses. sеlvеs themselvеs аn d their mounts in to еn a с sе

knights being mountеd on healry, lumber­ in ing horses _ long after thеir influеnес finishеd . But whilе this form of battlе wаs

armouг' whiсh mеant in turn u с mЬersomе that the horsеs had to be largеr and heaviеr

the riding was operаt ing in thе in faсt fast and аvс alгу of thе аsЕ t was

Frеnh с

аn d

troops аt rс y ес '

in oс nsеqцеI lсе they

e Ь a с mе slowеr

beсamе until their еn d aс me virtuаl sitting tаr gеt s, in 1525 with thе Battlе of Pavia. The agе of thе mountеd knights did produсe a high degrее of sсh ool­ howеvеr and less mobilе.

I nсгеasinglу,

thеy

mеh с aniсal

mеans.

Long uс rЬ

.Wеst,

mobilе. rodе

Theу favourеd

witlr

a

loosе

rеin

a forward seat and

on Arab­tу p е

horses.

as an art Riding wаs fust reсognizеd form in its own right, on an equal footing аr ts of musiс, painting, wiф thе lс аssiсal and so on. in thе Renаissanсе literаt urе

тHЕ

GR0WтH 0F L с Ass| A с L

E0UlтAт| 0N

sегiod of 1500_1600. Thеn no noblеm an's aiuсаt ion was o с nsidеr ed o с mplеt е rrntil rЬ hаd q ас uirеd an apprеiс ation of thе art м еquitаr ion and oс uld ridе wеll. oМ vе­ nЁз ts] in imitation of those that it was ­iоu фt weге praсt isеd in аtЬ tlе yЬ thе rд п ouтеd knights werе performed, the

piаf fе

and passagе forming the ground, while thе i* adе, oс urbette and thе aс priole formеd фе аsЬ iсs of the airs aЬovе thе ground.

рirouеt tе,

аr sЬ

of the work on thе

lЕ ч атr t Baгoque riding halls _ of whiсh ­iе lаst rеm aining onе is thе Spanish Rid­ g Ь Sсh ool iл Viеn nа u Ь ilt in 1735 у Ь (although first u Fisсh еr von rЕ laсh Ь ilt of prior in L572' that to thе arеa it 'п в оd ..огеd was laid out as a training ground lл 1565) _ sprаn g up all ovеr uЕ ropе to ilоu sе pеr formеd thе stаt еly a с rousеls by :в еmегsЬ

of thе

aristoсгayс .

e Х nophon

аn d

iЬ s works were redisсovеr еd and High Sсh ool гiding had еgЬ un, аlthough the 'Ь oгsеs wеге, initially' гather heavy. .llthough Count Cesаr е Fiasсh is oЬ ok в ­ г i п еn in 1559 advoсatеs' like eХ nophon, frе цse of patiеneс whеn dealing with aoгsеs аn d

iч s ;гiса ес :еs'rlt :еstЬ ап e с

rеo с mmеn ds

thе use

iс f

hands,

and voiсе usеd in o с mbination, in it would appeаr that thе rеq uired rvas aсh iеv еd by rЬ еaking thе horse's yЬ any bаr bariс method thаt pге­

itself. Hedgеh ogs or a с ts tiеd to thе tаil, a hot iron appliеd in thе sаm е oг аn iron bаr with sharp hooks on Pi"ае,с ­.hе еп d to е Ь dug into thе quarters, wеr е all .:sеd to еn o с urage hoгsеs to go forward'

sеп r еd j:огsе' s

* n.l фg

sееп

:еп t lу

on­ly rеw ard

а гelaxation

would appеaг to hаvе of thе punishmеn t u с r­

being infliсt еd .

The nаt urаl

аids

в еr е dеf inеd , an addition to thе more usuаl .rп еs bеing a lс iсk ing of thе tonguе, u Ь t ..оп sideгalЬ e emphasis was givеn to thе .д tтifiсiаl аids or .hеlps', of thе bridle, thе sсiгu p ­ made frequently with a shаr p ;lnеr еdgе _ thе spur and thе lod. strеss гаs lаid on not harming thе mout} r, how­ етr . аltlrough long severе u с rb bits wеr е frеq uendyusеd , аs were spit< еd nosеb ands.

Fiasсh i rеoс mmendеd thе usе of a mild jointеd bit with no u с rb h с ain, whiсh aсt еd on thе bars of thе mouth and had no port. He taught in Naplеs, his most suсеsс sful best­known pupil e Ь ing Fеderiсo Gгisonе to whom гсеd it is usually given for being thе First м astеr . His book, Gli published in 1550 Ordini de аuС аlcаr e,

lLipizzaner sta| | ions in the mаg nifiсent ha| | аt the spanish Riding Schoo| of Vienna during one of their pefformanсes of eouitation.

in the

|с assiсaI art

аn d

shoгt ly bеt brе thаt of his tutor, and his own populaгity, mау wеll be фе гeason foг this l0Иh аt еvеr lс aim to fаm е. thе aс usе' Grisonе' s pupils wеr e invitеd to other parts of u Е ropе whеr e his systеm of tгaining and riding wаs propoundеd and his word

spreаd .

nЕ glish lЕ izabеt h

His oЬ ok

was tгanslated into on the instruсt ions of Queen I.

Grisonе' s suсеsс soг аn d thе most fam­ ous of his pupils wаs Giovanni Baptistа Pignаt еlli who also tаu ght at the Aсademy of Naplеs. Hе dеvеlopеd Grisonе' s mеt hods still fuгt heг aп d inсoгpoгаt ed somе iс rсu s training аn d movеm еn ts into his work. Hе observed in thе methods of performеr s that аlthough a high the iс гu с s dеg те of obеdiеneс аn d balanсе was physiсаl forсе mеans and sevеге gеt the dеsirеd iЬ ts was not еm ploуed to rеsult. IЕ e was not slow to sеe the аd vаn ­ tagеs in this form of riding and training nееsс sаr y from theiт horses, aсh ievеd с aniсal by mеh

and gradually, using somе

of the iс rсu s

mеt hods, thе whole piсr uге rid­ of lс аssiсаl ing took on a lightеr appearanсе, and many .aids' of фe morе sevеr е wеr e aЬandonеd . llorsеs of a lighter Spаn ish build bеaс mе populaг аn d to o с pе with thе dеm and for this typе of horsе studs were sеt up' thе bеst known being thе stud at Lipizza. I t was foundеd wiф ninе stallions аn d 24 marеs

in 1580 by thе emissary of Aтhс dukе Charlеs, thе Frеihеr r von I (hevеn hilleг,

and it ёstablishеd

thе bгеd

whiсh

wе now

know as ttrе Lipй zanеr .

Pignatеllis

pupils o с ntinuеd

to

dis­

sеm inatе thе tеah с ings of thеir mastег throughout tЕ ш opе in the early sеvеn­

teenth e с ntц r y.

The Chеvaliеr

dе

St

Antoine eЬ aс mе IЕ orsе

thе

fust a М stег

de

famous PuPil, Antoinе (1555_1602) wеn t

Louis IХ I I . His

of thе

I , while Pignatеllis

to Jamеs

most

Pluvinеl,

to Frаn e с to teаh с King o Ь okl,1и struсt ion du Roу

was published I n L623. Dе Pluvinеl агсr iеd on the teaсh ings of his a М ster, а11 thе timе trying to finе down

thе аids so as to mаkе them аlmost unnotiсеablе. IЕ e wаs a muсh morе sуm ­ pathеt iс teaсh еr both with his horses and his pupils, not believing in thе use of a long u с rb or u с гЬ h с ain and nеver introduсing a

bit into a horsе's mouth until it was sufflсiently sсh oolеd to aсeс pt it readily. His sсh ooling mеt hods too' werе more refinеd

and he usеd

of suppling more аd vanсеd movements suсh аs pаssagе and h с anges of lеg at еvеr y two or thrее stridеs. Vеr y гarеly did hе rеsort to the peгsuasions of thе whip and spur, thе laш er being an аid .a hе o с nsidеr еd o с nfеssion of fаilurе' . Dе Pluvinеl wаs thе fiгst of the a М stеr s to makе use of thе pillars in the mаn ёgе, teaсh ing his pupils to sit thеir horsеs with­ out геins whilе theу pеr foгm еd thе High Sсh ool airs. He wаs also a vеr y pгatс iсal hoгsеm an, геalizing thе importanсе of gеt ­ ting the horse fit bеf oге attеm pting to work him hard and hе wаs o с nstantly o с nсeгn еd that all itеm s of saddlery reаlly fitted prop­ erly. IЕ е startеd sсh ooling his young horsеs yЬ lungеing thеm from thе a с vеsson. Not until they wеr e pегf orming a с lmln wаs a bridlе and saddle introduсеd and finally а lightweight ridеr put on top. IЕ е used еd u­ аtс еd and еxperienсed horsemеn to tеah с the horsеs their elementаr y sсh ooling аn d laid great strеss on pаt iеn t handling and .Work gеn deness. on two traсks аn d vari­

exегiс sеs

in

a numbеr

pгеp аr ation

for thе

ous figurе гiding on largе iс rсles and at various gaits аn d tempos was introduсed, 21

тHE GR0WTH 0F L с AsslсAL

E0U| тAт| 0N

b А ove

An engrаving showing the pi| | ars used. De PluvineI Wаs the fiгst of thе Masters to make use of the piI lаr s in the manёg e. Right WiI I iam Cavendish, Duke of Newсast| e. bеing

He trа

i

ned

at the

Sсh oo|

of Na

oI

es

a

nd wаs the

on| y nЕ gI ish Master'

rЬ inging approaсh

with it а nеw and еn lightеn еd to thе sсh ooling of horse and

rider.

While de Pluvinеl was praсt ising this nеw approаh с to riding and sсh ooling in Franсе, !Иilliam Cavеn distц Dukе of (1592­7676)' who had beеn Nеw a с stlе trainеd a

in the Sсh ool

of Naplеs,

riding sсh ool in Bеlgium,

ring it to Bolsover Castlе Although hе was a lс assiсаlly

had stаr tеd latеr transfеr ­

in

nЕ gland. еd uсatеd

easily in I tаlian, Frеnh с

man, rеаd ing

and and bеliеved thаt horsеs obеyed thеir ridеr s' wishеs out of feаr rather thаn rеspеtс . Flowеver hе did noi oftеn rеsort to sevеr е punishmеn t, and, likе de Pluvinеl, madе

Ladn, he wаs a hard taskmastеr

еxtеn sive

usе

of thе a с vesson

and lungе

rein. Unlikе dе Pluvinel though' hе did not plаес muсh fаith in thе pillars as a mеans of teаh с ing thе horsе, beliеving that their usе stoppеd frее forward movеm ent. IЕ is

I е ?аs 22

own forte was

mсI nеg е

work but

hе

usеd thе

voiсe extеn sivеly

only nЕ glish

his horsеs, аs well as his pupils, to bе mastеr s of аll tradеs, and indеed two of his most famous pupils, Charlеs I I and Prinсе prinсipаllу Rupert, wеr е o с nсernеd with raсing and a с valry rеspеtс ivеly. Nеw a с stle was one of the fust horsеm еn

аs a wholе

to rеalizе thаt horsеs had sее that this faсt o с uld е Ь

horsеm anship

expеtс еd

mеm oriеs and to turned to advan­ рg e. Hе wrotе in his book' А Neu Mеt hod to Drеss Horses ап d Eхt rаordinary I nоеn ­

tion аn d'| Vork

published

in

thеm

cА o с rding

1658, thаt

to Nаt urе

.oftеn

fortifiеs thе mеm ort'. Hе rеаlizеd thаt this mеm orу o с uld also е Ь

теp etilion еq uаlly

disadvan­ tagе if thе horse wаs initially taught wronglу. He likе to usе long spurs so that the ridеr had to move very little in thе saddlе and hе a с rriеd two switсh еs, one in еah с hand (as is still donе in thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool todаy), in order to tеll his horsе on whiсh lеg to strike off, аn d hе also а

a М stеr ,

aid. Thе found the Bгitish

as аn

Nеw a с stlе

great diffiсu ltу in pеr suading pеoplе thаt lс assiсаl еq uitаt ion was an art form and that thеr е was morе to тiding thаn

raсing and hunting ­

As thе

British

a faсt that thе

still to apprеiс аt е. new enlightеn ed approaсh havе

pavеd

waу beсamе

to

spread aсr oss u Е тopе, for thе

thе

Frеnh с man

who

known аs thе .Fathеr of Classiсal qЕ uitation', Fгanсois RoЬih с on (1688­1751). This man s dе la Gц еr iniеr е

was to e Ь o с mе

influеnес

h с anged

еq uitation

and his tеah с ings

tlrе o с urse

of lс аssiсal

arе аt

the a Ь sе

of modеr n еq uitation. I t was largеly as a rеsult of his work that two grеat strеаm s of | | | Ustгations from o с Е le de Cava| erie, written byde I aGu6riniёr e and publishеd in.l7З3 Тh e teaсh ings of de I a Guегiniere remain as the bаsis of modern eouitatioп .

L с Ass| A с L

ТHE п Б0WТH 0F

E0U| TAт| 0N

еq uitation sprang up in uЕ rope' on thе Frеnh с Sсh ools of Vеr ­ sаillеs аn d Sаu mur, and thе othеr on the Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool of Vienna. His rid­ ing sсh ool аt thе Tuileries, whiсh had prе­ гiously housed thе Royal Stables bеf ore

lс аssiсal оп e аsЬ еd

й еу

tЪuп d ed гЬ

were movеd to Veгsaillеs, was yЬ Louis IХ V аn d was mаn agеd lа Gu6riniёr е

dе

аsБ

fгom

1730 onwards. I t

all

soon to eЬ o с mе famous

mainly through thе rеf inеm еn ts

uЕ тopе,

over

in

his sсh ooling methods аn d thе bеt tеr sв m p of horsеs (mostly nЕ glish that were usеd there. Dе perfeсt еd a systеm of sup­ and gymnastiс еxеr iс ses designed to

Тh oroughbrеd s),

lа Gu6riniёr е pliп g

u с ltivatе and

extend thе horsе' s

natural

and paсеs,

and to makе it rеspond willingly to its ride1s wishеs к­ iй out аn y form of physiсal forсe or пс r elty e Ь ing infliсt ed. His book Ecolе dе С аt ,. аl е r iе, pllblished in 1 7 3 3, dеsrс iЬеs his п еt hods and these suppling еxеr iс ses in dеt аii. He invеn tеd thе shoulder­in and trsеd it еx tеn sively as a suppling exеr iс sе' movеm еn ts

аlso fuгt her dеv еloping woгk аs wеllas making

iаt еr аl movеm еn ts. "i­e thе aids hаd

two­ and four­ш k ас usе of thе

extensivе

During dе Pluvinel's grаd uаlly

morе

bеo с mе

аn d

dе 1а Guёr iniёге furthеr ed sфе e геf inеm еn ts in thе way thе sеаt and lеg s were usеd in o с mbination and in his dеf inition and еxtensivе usе of the rеin геf ined

Ь

aids. He dеsigned a modеr n form of saddle п ­ hiсh thе high pommеl аn d a с ntlе thаt

hаd

hithеп o

bеen

usеd wеr е rеd uсеd and

thigh rolls wеr e inсorporatеd . It was similar to that still usеd in thе Spanish

h:neе

аn d

Riding Sсh ool today. de Nеstiег ^ \ { еanwhile, in Vегsaillеs, sho is reportеd to have еxhibited on horsеkас Ь o ес Ь mе

time, had u Ь t at тh е of the Revolution hе, togethеr outЬгеаk п . ith thе Dirеtс oг de of thе Grеat Stablеs' Salvеп , and thе rest of тh e u ёс уers, was Jгivеп into еxi1е. As military suprеm aсy

аm ес Ь e аrс ­аky

thе bеllс

аssiettе of the

Х riding mastеr to Louis V

inсr easingly importаn t sсh ool

was sеt

the first

up in Saumur by thе

Duс dе Choisеu l, аn d although it was lс osеd down through laсk of funds, n д othеr was set up in L744 at Versaillеs, в ­ ith one of Fгanсois

de Salvеr t's

pupils,

LuЬersaс,

.Мilitary

whiсh ,

at its hеad. Sevеn although it lastеd

latеr

yеаr s

in

Sсh ool' was rс еatеd

only 37 yеaгs,

a

Paris lеf t

its influenсe on Frеnh с equitation. Thе first Dirеtс or wаs dAuvеr gne who was to position, mаking it lеss h с ange thе гidеis making milit­ formаl and stiff, and in fаtс ary еquitation .lеss aсademiс, simplеr , morе nanrral аn d boldеr ' more militarу indееd and yеt no less rЬ illiantlу taught and praсt isеd .

Thе

did little to further equita­ but with thе rеt urn of Louis thе Sсh ool of Vеr sailles wаs rе­

war yеаr s

tion in Franсе

xvI I I ,

еstablished for aсadеm iс

еq uitаt ion

undеr

the direсt ion of Visсount Piеr rе .Nlаr iе dAbzaс. This mart's prinсipal lс aim to fame, his own talеn ts apart' was his trаin­ ing of Count dAurе. The National Sсh ool of q Е uitation Iс eated in 1793 аt Versaillеs h с angеd its namе threе уеars latеr to The Sсh ool for Mountеd TrooD I nstruсt ion. its

Тw o engravings Depiсt ing haute o ёс le as it wаs at the time of de I a Guёr iп iёr e. left.' The shouI der in _ one of de I a Gu6riniёr e,s impoгt ant innovations and a spI endid exerсise for stгаightening the horse. right: The courbette _ one of the high sсh oo| аirs perfeсt ed by the Duke of Newсаst| e.

bеing to train men to eЬ offrсеr s in possiЬle time. I t did, howevеr , train Cordiеr who was later to o ес Ь mе the

funсt ion ttrе

shoгt est

еn h с еf of thе Sсh ool of The Sсh ool for oМ untеd

first ecuуеr

Saumur, whеn

Troop I nstruсt ion wаs moved thеr е and aсadеm iс equitation again took over аt Vеr saillеs. The fust of thе Carousеls for whiсh

the Sсh ool

presentеd

just two yеars

of Saumur is famous wаs

in 1828. This wаs before the Sсh ool of Vегsаil­

undеr

Cordiег

lеs lс osed its dooгs for еvеr ' Saumur to tаkе ovеr аn d perpеt uаt е traditions of the Fгenсh Sсh ool.

lеaving the

­..­.:]

­­­e* .n.ч+ъ

Zе

cа9

dy'suтu .

du dеу ап t

) &"oitе

.

Zе

GаI op

lеn ,n|

lu dеr iеr е

i

,{ "oitе

­

z5

GR0WТH

т| ­| Е

onе ёcuуеr

0t CLAss| A с L 0Е U| тAт| 0N

whose ambition was to bеoс mе en h с еf

ment of butсh е1s

Cord

аn d

without

a

son

(l79

Bauсh еi..

leaving him almost гсipplеd

at Saumur after thе rеt ire­

;

nevеr

to fulfil this amЬition, Bauсh еr foundеd a sсh ool in Lе llаv rе and latег

yеar

hе

Nevеr thеlеss,

taught D'Aurе' s

Bаuh с е1 s beеn

rlng

fiowevеr ,

that the dеp iсt ing

in а

a с rriagе

this task dorlёans

aсo с rding

made аf tеr

h е ас

lеsson

and o с nvеr sа­

aсiс dеn t,

and Bаu h с е1

s

produсing evеr more thеn , fortuitouslv.

Lyon to whom his purе lс аssiсal

gs of thе

was

was stopped. еН

eхp oundеd

mеt hods,

whilе tеh ас ing his own to Bauсh er. A 'Ь illi"nt hoтseman аn d an effiсiеn t offiсеr , his oЬ ok .Quеstions qЕ uеstrеs' was gatherеd from

notеs

rathеr than as а sеr ious tеh ас е r аn d trainеr . hе pеr suаd еd thе Duс d'orlеans to lеt him traln a o с uplе of геg iments using his own mеt hods. Thе Dukе agrееd , butЪеf orе hе

o с uld oс mpletе

who did in faсt

his men and thеir horsеs in

by

his imаg е,

killеd

o с ntemporаr y,

to

inш oduсеd

warned that hе would not bе hе disаvowed Bauсh er hе rеf used to do so. he was promotеd and hе

unlеss and his tеh ас ings'

horsеs

lс rсu s

wаs

pтomoted

anothеr in Rouen, running thе two o с n­ u с rrеn tly. At thе samе time, hе wrote his book Diсt ionnаire Rаisonnё dEquitаt ion whiсh was publishеd in 1 833. Bauсh еr was

hе

tеh ас inss.

It

wаs during а rеh еarsal for onе of his iс rсu s tас s that a h с аn dеliеr rс ashed down on him

A herd of Lipizzaners running free The best known Lipizzaner stud is atLipizza, and was founded in 1850 bу the emissary of Arсh duke Chаr | es With nine stаllions and 24 mares.

tеah с ing horsеs. an indi­ viduаl and lеf t his pupils to find out whiсh partiсu lar aids aсh ievеd the best rеsults on eaсh partiсu lar horsе. rЕ е аlso inш oduсed

rаiс ng and rс oss­сountry riding into Saumur аn d plаеd с grеаt еr emphasis on thе all­round pеr formаnес of tЬ h horsе

аn d

own sсh ool

horsеm еn

at

Lunеvillе,

wеr е

invitеd

to'rvhiсh

Sеltес еd

to speсt atе. Another vеr satile, if somewhаt unor­ thodox, horsеm an who pеr formed in thе iс rсu s, was Jamеs Fillis, an nЕ glishman who livеd most of his timе in Frаnес and who later eЬ aс mе ёcщ ler еn chеJ at tinе Cavalry Sсh ool in Lеn ingтаd . HЁ was an

rider.

The man who rЬ ought both thе tеhас ­ ings of Bauсh er and D'Aц r e togеt hеr was Alеxis Franсois L'Flottе, the .iсу tin sol­ diеt ' who wаs an admirеr аn d pupil of

::.i.:

opposеd

to grip, a point he makеs

lс еar

in

ТHЕ

his oЬ ok

Brеаking

Fillis praсt isеd

GR(] WТH

0t Lс Ass| A с L

EoU| тAт| 0N

аn d Riding. Although a numbеr of unorthodox

movements for thе iс rсu s ring, suсh as the pirouеt tе rеversеd with thе feеt rс osseф й e pаssage to thе rеar, and thе аnс teг

kас Ь wаr ds on threе lеg s' hе also intгo­ jumping into his performаnеsс duсеd foг h с тЫ , unlikе his othеr movеm еn ts when еЬ usеd a douЬlе rЬ idle, hе usеd a snafflе. position he adoptеd wаs to leаn baсk Тh е on the desсent from thе jump, slip thе reins to allow thе hoгsе free movеm еn t of his hеаd , whilе keеp ing his lеg s in oс ntaсt п ­ ith thе horsе thгoughout thе jump in ordeг to obtain а bаsculе. Fillis wаs prob­ lаЬ у thе lаst of thе great horsеm en to use тh is position ovеr fenсеs, for Fеd еr iсo Cap­ (1868_1908), a аp гi ш i с tain at thе I tаln Ь Cаvаф Sсh ool at Tor di Quinto, evolvеd forward seat and еstablishеd its usе in a с valry sсh ool at just aЬout thе same mе as Fillis diеd in 1900. Thе reason foг тh е nееsс sity of thе forward seat аs Cаp rilli sаr v it' was in aсo с гd anсe with thе lс assiсal pгinсiple of keeping фe ridеr oаЬ vе thе horsе' s еn с trе of gravity whеn going aсr oss o с untry at spееd , and to do this, his wеight тh е

тh е

must bе movеd forward.

The system of

гсoss­сountry riding usеd todаy is а oс m­ binяt ion of Caprilli's systеm аn d the purelу lс аssiсal method. Duтing the ninеt еenth еn с tury, thеr e

еxist

doсu mеn ts bеg innings

o с nсerning the еаr ly Riding Sсh ool,

of the Spаn ish

Court in Vienna, through with thе Hapsburg fаm ily

but tlrе I mpегial

its assoсiаt ions

frеq uеn t intеr h с angеs bеt weеn thе tтr ro Grеat Sсh ools of u Е гopе; thе Comtе dе o М ntigny for instanсе oс mmanded the

еn Ь

ruling ovеr Austria and thе Spain and Nаp lеs), had long o с nсerned with еquitation' and

hoгsеs

frеq uеn tly

Spanish Riding Sсh ool

thе two sidеs

wеr e

еfЬ ore

o ес Ь ming

u ёс у еr

ftom 1842_1845 at Sаu mur. Fеw

(onе

memЬеr

othеr

ovег

h с angеd

of thе

introducеd

wеr е

hands bеt ween

family. Spanish horsеs

in | 562 to found

the

Court Str­rd at I (lаd ruЬ and tfuee yеars latеr an еxеr iс sе arеa was u Ь ilt nеаr thе Hof­ buгg . This wаs lаt еr геp lаеd с

уЬ

а o с vеr еd

whiсh kept out thе worst of thе

sсh ool,

\ 0Иork

wеather.

the presеn t

was not aсt ually

Sсh ool

startеd

on thе oс rnег

on of

lrfiu77726 аn d the fust Chief the Sсh oots movе was .Wеyгothеr . Adam von Thе Sсh ool was offiсially opеn еd by thе m Е peror Charles VI in SеptеmeЬ г 1735 аn d suЬsеq uеn tlу a number of fеstivals, a Ь lls and exhibitions

Josеp hsplaи ,

I nstruсt or

aftеr

wеr e held thеr e in аd dition to thе daily routinе of training thе horsеs. Carousels, popular, thе most spеtс u too, wеr е ас lar

being that held in Novembеr 1814 to whiсh all thе I (ings of uЕ гope werе

A

broсh ure, puЬlished in 1833, stаt еd thаt .Thе I mperial Royal Court Rid­ ing Sсh ool aсеP с ts trаinеes only by spеiс al pеr mission of thе Offiсе of the Chiеf a М s­

invitеd .

you аn tеr of thе Hoгsеs, and еvеr yday с ridе your own horsе thеге bеt wееn the hours of L2 and 3 in the aftеr noon'. Aftеr 1894, thе Sсh ool was devqtеd solely to the ш аining of horse аn d ridеr in IЕ аu te o с Е 1е but en­ tranсe to the Sсh ool was еxlс usivе bеing rеstfiсt ed to offiсers and mеm bers of thе

aristoсr aсy' and fееs wеr е high. Thе Frеnh с Rеvolution and thе Napoleoniс I 0Йars, whilst putting an end to the lс assiсаl art in most uЕ ropеan o с untriеs did not havе

a

similar еf feсt

Sсh ool o с ntinued

on Viеn na. I ndееd ttre to аd here stгitс ly to its

prinсiplеs and suсеd с еd in dеvеloping thе art furthеr duгing the ninеt еn th e с ntury undеr the dirеtс ion Rittеr von of Mах \ DИеyгother and his subsеq uеn t instruсt ors.

Тh e sp| endid| y e| egаn t Baroque riding hа| | of the Spanish Riding Sсh oo| . The pгesent Sсh ooI , situated on the o с rner ofJosephsp| аt z, was officiаI | y opened by the m Е peгoг Char| es in September 1735 a nd is th e last home of the |с assiса| art of eouitаt ion

Thе ш aining of horsе and ridеr at thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool, then аs now, fol­

laid down by dе la with аn ovеr lay of Fiеld­

lows thе Guёr iniёr е'

pattern

Marshal Frаn z HolЬein

voп

HolЬeinsbеr g

.Dirе­с аn d Chief Ridеr Johann еiМ xmeds tives for the I mplеm еn tation of a еtМ hodi­

in thе Training of Ridеr s I mpеr iаl Spanish Riding Sсh ool', whiсh was drawn up in 1898. I n

a с l Proсеdurе аn d IЕ orsеs

at thе

.High Art of distinсt parts. Thеse arе the first stagе, in whiсh thе horse is riddеn in .as natural a position as possible with frее forward movemеn t аlong straight lines,; .саm paign riding, whiсh involves riding thе o с llеtс еd horse at all gaits inсluding turns and iс rсles in perfеtс balanсe; and гiding the horsе in a this, it is madе lс еar

thаt

Ridingi oс mprisеs

thrее

thе

position with thе haunсh es o с llеtс еd dееp ly еn Ь t аn d pеr forming all thе gaits аn d jumps whiсh makе up thе .Airs'. With thе oс llapsе of the Austro­ Hungarian o М narсh y in 1918 thе Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool was takеn into Statе pos­ session аn d thе future of thе Sсh ool sееm ed in douЬt . Duе laгg еly to thе еf forts of thе Chiеf Rider, o М riи IЕ erold' who gave lеtс uгеs to visiting eduсation printеd of thе soсiеt iеs аn d had postсаr ds Sсh ool's High Sсh ool airs, whiсh hе sold to raisе funds for the ailing sсh ool, it was saved. I n July 1920 thе fust publiс pеr for­ manсе of thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool wаs given. Sinсe then thе Sсh ool has givеn rеg ular publiс pеr formanсes thтoughout thе summer, autumn and winter months' morе

attraсt ing

sее

visitors from all ovеr thе

thе higЫy­sсh oo| ed forming the lс assiсal what is its lаst homе

world to

Lipizzaners pеr ­ art of еq uitаt ion

in

in thе world. 25

light aс valry, was а lа ginеt а. The morе aсo с mplishеd I berian horsеm en oс uld .in гidе wеll both saddles', t,e. а lа bridа and d I а ginetа. , but at a time whеn Spаn iards

werе turning thеir

thе Nеw lUИorld, rode а lа bridа.

it sееm s thаt

еyes towards most of thеm

107hen ColumЬu s first rс ossеd thе Atlаn ­ tic in 1492, hе took а numЬer of gеn tlеm en adventurers аs his mountеd esсort. Bеf orе embаr king on sцh с a douЬt ful еn terprise, these mеn еxh с angеd their o с stly h с argеr s

thе I bеr iаn

fх

pеn insulа,

during thе

.l' lаt е flftееn th eс nrury. thеr е wеr е two distinсt stylеs of horsemаn ship. I n thе nortJr, as in \ ilИеstern

uЕ rope,

men гodе

a /a

bridа,

staight­lеg geф fееt гather forward, in thе saddle with a high pommel and a с n­ tlе. The bit was a very sevеr е u с ,гЬ with a

high poгt аn d

arms as muсh

(15 in) long. Тh e

bаt tlе­ taсt iсs

lеt e

_ thе

as 37сm

wholе

was the produсt of had long bеen oЬso­

whiсh lanсе­ h с argе

of thе hеаvily

armoured knight. I n this, he braсеd

him­

sеlf

bеt wеen stirrups and аn с tle to takе thе shoсk of impaсt ; hе nеedеd a sеvеr е iЬ t to o с ntrol his hеavywеight horsе with his lеf t hand (impеd ed by a shiеld), whilе his right hand was uЬ sy with a wеapon. Through­ out $и еstеr n uЕ ropе and muсh of North

Ameriсa й is stylе of horsemanship prе­ vailed for еn с tuгies aftеr its original pur­ pose had disappеarеd , a sad rеf leсt ion on the intelligenсе and originality of horsеy pеoplе.

I n the south of thе pеn insula' o М orish

influеnес

was stгong, mеn

whеr е rodе in dеsert,

the stylе of thе stеppеs and by а oс ntеm poгary nЕ glish

dеsrс iЬеd

author аs .riding short in the Tuтk еу fаsh­ ion. They did so aес Ь use thеir pгinсipal wеapons werе thе bow and thе u с rvеd sсi. mitar, both usеd to eЬ st effеtс if thе ridеr stands up in the stirгu ps. Young horsеs werе initially trained by AraЬs and o М ors

with a bitlеss

dеviсе

aсt ing on the nosе'

аn d only whеn thеy answеr ed to this wеr е thеy fittеd with a ring­bit. Thе iЬ tlеss bгi­

dle was known to them as a hаkmа, to Spaniards as a jаq uimа, and to us as a haсkamorе. Thе ring­bit wаs aс llеlс /a ginеt а after thе name of a o М orish ш ibе, and thе o М orish sсh ool of horsemanship, to somе ехt еn t аd aptеd yЬ Spaniards for

on advantageous tеr ms for whiсh

quadтu pеd s

morе

wеr е

еxpendable, but evеn thеsе, against Amеr indians who had nеvеr sееn horsеm еn , provеd as formidaЬlе as tanks woц ld bе to аn army of thе еight­ еI rth еn с tury. I t is reasonaЬlе to suppose that the first horsеs

tаken

to thе

mainland_

еxМ iсo in 1509 _ wеr e of fаr bettег ouаlitv. For somе rеason unknown to us' 4 tЬ rь liа еq uitation prеvailed among the nеw sеt ­ tlers in North Amеr iса' but somе of thosе who sеt tlеd in Brazil and thе Arsentine rode а lа ginеt а, as somе of thеiг i.,...,­ dants still do today. Thеге must hаvе e Ь еn somе synthesis betwеen thе two sсh ools, howеvеr ,

аu ес Ь sе

ridеr s

200 yеars

еxМ iсan

lаt еr ,

trаining

young horses on thе bеf ore fitting thеm еithеr with a ring­bit or a very sеv erе u с rb with a high port and long arms known as а spаd е­ bit. From thе horsеs of the oс nquistаdorеs, dеse с ndеd thе mustangs, through аn imals abandonеd by eаr ly explorers or through those thаt straуed from ranсh es аn d mis­ wеr е hаkс аm ore

sions. By тh е

ninеt еenth

еn с tury

wеr е

thеy

roaming in hеr ds ovеr thе grеаt plаins wеst of thе &lississippi. Thеy provеd a good foundation.stoсk; for Spanish horsеs, with

Arаb and Barb lЬ ood, prizеd

yЬ

Crusadеr s

thе

mеd iaеval

uЕ тope.

had beеn and thе

highlу

knights of

м u stangs

had hагd extrеm elу tough and sеlf­reliаn t. On t} re dry, u с rlу u Ь ffаlo­ gтass of thе pгаiries thеу inсr еasеd and multiplied, but two or tЪrеe e с ntuгies of gтazing and haгd o spаr sе с nditions, with sound legs, аn d wеге

feеt ,

no seleсt ivе sй е

bгeеd ing, impairеd By thе ninеt eеn th

them in

and bеaury.

e с ntury

the typiсal mustang tended to hammer­headеd ,

bе

ewе­ nеkс еd ,

mutton­ withеr ed, roaсh ­baсkеd , o с w­hoсked and tiеd ­in bеlow thе knее. Thesе dеf eсt s werе gеn еr аlly ignorеd by аr tists, u Ь t rс uеlly displayed in еarly photographs. The horsе transformеd the life­stylе of thе plains I ndians. Prеv iously thеir efforts аt цсltivation had been dеsultory аn d in their еf forts as huntеr s thеy had always bееn at a disаdvаn tage in pursuing thе

аn imals

of thе open prairiе on

foot.

o М untеd , ttrеy o с uld kill buffalo by the thousand. I n addition the horse meаn t wеalth

and noЬility

in war; hе wаs

u с ffen­

yс ' status­symbol and bride­priсe. I n a o с uplе of gеn erations thе plains tribes, еspeсiаlly thе Comanсh еs, beсamе horsеm еn

as o с mplеt e

as Sсy thians,

gols and Huns. Thеy hoгsebа\с

fаvouritе

аn d

when

horsеs

a

virtuаlly war­lеadеr

.Nlon­

livеd

on

died, his in thе

wеr e saсr ifiсеd bеlief thаt thеy would aсo с mpany him to the Happy Hunting Groц n ds. Some I ndiаn s rodе horses stolen, or

evеn bought, from Mеxiсаn s, using thе Mexiсan saddle and an armour of tough u Ь l] ] s hide in imitаt ion of thе Spaniards morion and u с irаss. Thеy would pay up to pony. o М st, $300 dollars for a good mаd е howevеr , a с ught and trained wild mus­ tangs. The mеt } rod was to gallop into a herd, lаr iat o с iled ovеr thе aгm , and a с st it ovеr a likеly animal's nеk с . Thе ridеr then vац lted off his own pony and ran after thе a с ptive' lеt ting out rope as slowly as possi­ lЬ е until thе mustang droppеd, half­ tfuoш lеd , to тh е ground. Thеn the forеlegs o с uld be hobЬlеd and а thong tiеd round thе lower jaw. The lariat was loosеn еd,

giving thе mustang a h с anсe

to гise to its rеar and plunge; but thе hobblе and thong soon brought it under o с ntrol. As the animal quiеt еn ed down, the I ndian advanсеd , hаn d ovеr hand along thе rope'

fееt ,

buсk,

I t­tt tiHUW rH ut­

wts | ш lN

HtutNti

..,] o rses we re introduсed to the Ameriсas bv the .l6th oС nquistadores who, under Cortes in the took Spanish dominion to the NeW ­эn tury, .loг| d. From the few horses they took with re m g rew the enormous bands of mUstаn gs ­ эп d а tгansformation in the I ife of the I ndians. bу Fredeгiс Remington. эf t: c А onquistador, :cp:A buffa| o hunt Тh e native I ndiаn tгibes soon I eаr ned that they o с uI d hunt more :ffeсt iveI y with the new mobiI ity their horses 3эve them, and evo| ved their own methods of :.aining and riding thе mUstangs they a с ught ,.lost of the tribes did not exсeI in roгsemastership ­ it was easieг to a с tсh and .raiп a new horse than to a с re for a | ame or s kс anima| . rlglht: Тh e foгm aI styI e of riding of :nе Spaniards Was soon superseded by the performanсes, as this ndians, aсr obatiс в emington engrаving of a raiding party эt tаkс ing a Wagon trаin shows. ­

27

Not muсh has h с аn ged

in the way the wi| d Тh is one o с uI d have been ас ught а hund red yea rs ago by an ndiаn using а | ariat rаt herthaп by this modern o с wboy at a round­up in oregon. onсe muсh in demand, for they made the best o с wponies, the mustаn gs bred in the wiI d untiI their numbeгs Were so greаt thattheУ became a nuisanсe and now their numbегs hаve to be oс ntroI | ed.

horses are a с ptured.

I

until he oс uld flrst touсh ' then sш okе animaГ

thе

Soon thе a с ptivе lost its fеar' or rеаlized thе hoplessness of furthеr resistаnеiс and in two or three _ aсo hours aftеr a с rding с pturе to Gеorgе Cadin, аn eye­witness ­ o с uld bе led or riddеn aЬ kс to аm с p. Anothеr method was to o с ntrol thе nеw ly­саu ght mustang with a thin thong jerkеd , around its muzzle whiсh , whеn s tnuzz| e and еy es.

on the nosе. Thе fust talkеd to thе ponУ, his grunts, in thе hс еst, apparently intriguing rс uеl

еxertеd I ndiаn dееp

prеssurе

and soothing thе tеr rified аn imal. Thеn hе passed his hands and a blankеt all over the

pont's oЬ dy,

punishing anу protest by

jerk of the thong. He rеstеd

his wеight on

thе pony's baсk , thеn swung

a

was mountеd

lеg

ovеr

a

in an instant.

it is wеll to thаt it would usuаlly bе thе lag­ gaгd of thе hеr d, not thе best animal, whiсh was a с ught, and that thе mustang was only

rеm ember

13

h.h., while the I ndian wаs а

young warrior. I ndians rodе on thе whitе man's saddle, on home­mаde imitations of it, on pads fittеd with stirruP­leathегs or aЬ re aЬ kс . Usually they rodе with an almost sш аight sш apping

1еg ,

but in raсеs

rс ouсh еd

boys rodе ovеr the pony's nеk с likе

thе

short, a mod­

ern joсkеy. Control was yЬ a rawhidе jaw. thon5 half­hitсh еd round the lowег Thе Spaniards adoptеd fтom the .Nloors, 28

off­side.

A triсk whiсt ц aсo с гd ing to Cadin, most young rЬ avеs o с uld do, was to drop down on the off­side of his mount, at full gallop, his left leg rс ookеd ovеr thе horsе' s baсk and his right arm tfuough a lеather loop brаidеd to thе manе' whilе he shot arrows I t sounds Ь kс or undеr thе neсk . over thе a tlran lethal, for the shoot­ more spеtс aсu lar u са ratе еxe с pt ing o с uld hardlу havе bееn

at point­blank гange. The rider howеver а bу thе pont's aЬ rгеl, and was pгotеtс ed rаiding paгt y might be takеn foг а wild hегd until it got lс osе enough to attaсk. I n gеn eral,

Ь t I ndians were good гiders u not thе lеast attention to lamеn еss or galls so long as an

bad horsemasteгs, pауing animаl o с uld

still bе riddеn . Whеn

a

pony

foundеr еd , it killed and wаs aЬаn donеd or plеn tiful _ another еatеn ; mustаn gs wеr е e Ь a с ught. But of the I ndians, o с uld еаsily mobility thеr e is no douЬt . I t was basеd on rЬ аve on a raid having a t} :e rernadа' еah с Ь ys, so numЬеr of sparе poniеs hеr ded yЬ o

с uld that as soon as one was tirеd hе o h с ange to anothеr . Thе disadvаn tagеd pursuing troopеr s had only onе horsе

аn d

I n admiring thеsе fеats,

аb out

and the I ndians from the Spaniards, thе haЬit of mounting thеiт horsеs from thе

aplее.с

Thе only tribе notеd for good horsеm as­ I n onе of thе tership was thе Nеz Peгёsс . led bу its fam­ lаt еr I ndian wars this ш ibе, ous Chiеf Joseph, rode 2'575 km (1,600 forсеs аn d milеs) to еvadе o с nvеr ging с ildren esсape into Canada. Thе women, h and bаg gagе averaged 34km (21 milеs) a mеn muсh more, еsЬ idеs fighting daу, thе wеr e 13 bаt tlеs аn d skirmishеs. Thеу finally rЬ ought to aЬ y and surrendеr еd Ь rdеr . almost within sight of thе o The first Amеr iсan rаnh с еr was а Puri­ named John Pynсh on who' tan gеn tlemаn when Cromwеll was Lord Proteсt or. with

his o с wboys (as thеy wеr е

аlrеady a с llеd ) fгom his faгm at Springfiеld down to Boston for shipment .Wеst to thе I ndiеs. .\ round Springfiеld, ranсh ing tеh с niquеs developеd on a small sсale, and spreаd to thе .сowpens, in sеv­ с wboy's fаvouг­ е r а1 southern statеs. Thе o itе tool, or wеapon' was the 4.5m (15ft) с uld kill a long stoсk­whip withwhiсh hе o mаn , throw a steer oг snap the hеad off a .Gеor­ rattlesnakе. IЕ еne с thе еxprеssion gia rс aсk е1. .Whеn thеir mаn ifеst dеstiny brought Ameгiаn с s to Texas, thеy found thеr e а differеn t ш аd ition of rаn h с ing, dеvеloped yЬ e М xiсаn фe wealthy Chагr os аn d thеiт people werе riding the vаq uеr os. Thеsе drovе

a hеr d

с tdе of fat a

of Coгt еs's horsеs, on saddlеs wеr е basiсаlly thosе of thе mеd iaeval knight with thе pommel progеn y

whiсh

lengthеn еd into а horn for roping. The a с tdе wеr е lean, wilф lеggy Longhorns. As immigrants floodеd into the wеst аt the apParent lс osе of thе Civil War, it bеаm с е would find a buyеr if that thе toughеst еeЬ f с uld be rЬ ought to markеt . I t was only it o с uld disсovеr еd , too' that the Longhorn o survivе a winter on the prairiе аn d would Put on weight as it wаs moved ovеr ttrе plains in spring and suп llner. I o 1867' а bold еntrеprеnеur built a o с mplеx of stoсkyards on thе rаilway at AЬilеn e to whiсh a с ttlе o с uld be drivеn in grеat hеI ds from Texas and then railed east с nsumer. So began thе .сat­ or west to thе o tle kingdom'. I t was ended in the 1880s yЬ

а slump in priсеs,

ovеr ­pгoduсt ion,

wirе,

sheep­fаr ming' thе farmers themselvеs and a sцеs с sion ofvеr y hard wintеr s. But on t} re sсr еn and in fiсt ion it has nеver еn ded. Thе oс wЬoys of thе 1860s' apart from ех М i a с n vaquеr os' wеr е nеarly аl1 Tех­

аn s: indееd

thе

synonymous. Thе

two tеr ms wеr е ranсh еr s,

аlmost

big and smаll,

тн Е

grаzеd

thеir

a с tdе

o с wЬoys hеr dеd

on ttrе opеn range; them, roundеd them

thеm and

a Ь ndеd

dтovе

them up

the up, the

to the railhеad. must havе с wboys Although some of thе o o с wpens' thеy had expеr ienсе of еаstеr n and o с pied thе methods of thе Mеxiсans

Chisholm and othеr

tгаils

adopted the A{ еxiсan bit, lariаt , riding gear and voсabulary of horsеm anship. for Sinсе they wеr е sometimеs dеr idеd putting a $40 sаd dle on a $10 horsе, it is a lс osе wеll to hаvе look аt oЬ th. To begin mustangs, with, most of their poniеs wеr е

fuттh еr more saddlе,

thеу

bridlе,

wild or гeЬ d

from аp с turеd stoсk. o с mmon appеar­ anсе' с w­ thе mustang was a vеr y good o pony. I t had exш aordinary еn duranсe,liv­ iп g just on gгass and a handful of oаt s: it sееm ed с ld, hungеr to bе rеsistant to hеat, o аn d thiтst, and though it was slow and

аp с turеd

Despitе its small sizе

gI osslу

аn d

с uld for its size, it o

ovеr loaded

nevеr thеlеss o с vег amazing distаne с s in a short time. As an example of its ability, onе puгеb rеd mustаn g tlrat raсed against larger Tехas, and fastег horses from Gаlvеstoц

_ а distanсе in miles) _ a с mе

to Rutland, Vеr mont 2,880km (1,800 ч r еk s

beforе

of two

Thе mustаn g sеemеd

to inhегit,

oг

essеn tial quality likе a shееpdog, it just of .сow­sеn se'; knеw what a o с w would do nеxt' so that a pony with a rider on its baсk o estab­ с ц ld moгal asсеn danсy lish an еxtrаordinаr y oveг the savage Longhorns, whiсh would kill a man on foot. Finally the mustang, alwауs a quiеt oп ес brokеn , was nеarlу гidе. witness to this, take For an objеtс ivе Lеf roy who, whilе sur­ my anсеstor, J. .Н vеying.Westегn Canada in thе 1840s, гode dеvelop vеr y

quiсklу,

thе

good­tеm pеr еd , free o с mplеt еly managed and muсh morе еasilу than our own.' No doubt thеr e wеr e buсkjumpers and аm ong thе mustang stoсk, otlrеr hot гidеs kеp t by o с wboys who rode wеll and likеd to show off, but thеsе would bе viewеd with trail­boss who had no wish disfavour yЬ й е bу a and starnpеd еd to sеe a с tdе. spookе d .Whаt fiery stеed. was wanted for the long ш ail to AЬilene was a Pony whiсh walkеd hеаd or lopеd slowly alongsidе thе herd,

horsеs аr е from viсе

low, sеeminglу

borеd

and boring, but As аn indiсаt ion of

essеn tially undramаt iс.

what was requirеd , thе o с wboy songs, soothing to thе a с ttlе' wеr е timеd to a pont's slow walk; they o с uld not bе sung in time with a gallop or evеn a tгot. On the ponies _ had sеvеn suсh trail h е ас o с wЬoy two for thе mornings, two for the aftеr ­ noons, his bеst

two for night­work, аn d

onе

с apel or thе to a с rry him to and from h saloon on Sundays. Likе thе I ndiаn 's, his mobility Was basеd sparе horsеs еiЬ ng

oг, t} re rеm udа

herdеd

systеm ) thе

аlong yЬ

outfid s horse­wrangler.

Poniеs

rival.

its nеarеst

nothing but mustangs. He said of thеm : .Though sсarсеly at all brokеn in, thesе

mеt lrods.

brokеn

wеге

A

by rс ude

youngstеr

and rс uеl

would

bе

.forefooted (гopеd round both forefееt ) as hе ran round thе o с rrа1, so ttrat hе wаs that thе brought down wittr suсh violеn ес stuffing, and somеt imes thе front tееt h, were knoсkеd out of him. Vhilе on thе gгound he was saddlеd (rolled from sidе to аn d thеn hе was sidе to tightеn thе iс nсh ) saddled and mounted. or hе might bе mountеd when tied to a post or hеld bу a strong mаn with a гopе round thе lower

jaw. Onсe

mountеd .

hе pгoaЬ bly

stаr tеd

buсking,

тЕ N GRoWтH 0F WЕSR

time hе buсkеd

and еvery

RlD| NG

hе

was

witlr a quirt (a shoгt , stout stiсk with a braided lеаt hеr lash). Soon hе would stop u Ь kс ing, at whiсh point hе was deemеd гoЬ kеn ; and so hе wаs, in evеr y sеn sе of thе woгd , unless the bгonс­u Ь stеr was brokеn fust. I f a pony did not rеspond

hit on thе nosе

to thesе

mеt hods,

he wаs

turned loosе

as

an

outlaw, or kept on the гanсh to takе тh е .miсkеy' out of thе fust strаn gег who lс aimеd hе o с uld ridе. No further trаining in thе modern sеn se was o с nsidered nееsс ­ sary' apart from bеing tаu ght thе spеiс alist

triсks

of the

.!7hy

stoсkhorsе' s ш adе.

bother? Bronсs werе h с eap and еxpend­ аb lе, аn d so werе bronс­ bustегs. Thеге morе sophistiсated mеt hods wеr е profеssional, itin­ yЬ ofbrеaking praсt isеd еr ant

.horsе­ tameгs'.

I n gеn erаl

thеsе

werе

bаsеd on thе taсd ul appliсation of ovег­ so tlrаt thе horsе lеаr ned whelming forсе, pаinlеssly that resistanсe was futile. But hoгsе­ tamеr s wеr e expеn sive, and often resеn tеd by oс wboys who took pride in thеir toughnеss and prеf еr red to do things .hаr d dеvisеd thе waf . onе Tеxanranсh еr a highly еf fiсient mеt hod of teaсhing unbaсked poniеs to walk and trot quiеt ly by tying them to the slowly revolving arms thе gentlе forсе of a thrеshing­mаh с ine, of This systеm whiсh was quitе iггesistiЬlе.

workеd , and produсеd bеt tеr hoгses, quiсkеr than anу orthodox гoЬ nс­uЬ ster, jealous of but all thе гanсh e1s o с wboys, thеiг imagе, walked out on him, hаving Anotheг sсene with a timeless quaI ity about it. I n muсh the sаm e Way as sheepdogs a с n antiсipate the aсt ions of the f| oсk, a good o с wpony wi| | be a rea| paгt ner to his rider in heгd ing the аtс t| e.

0t WЕSR тЕ N

Gп OWтH

RlD| NG

",­тHЕ

bееn

ridiсu lеd

.maсh ine­Ьr oken'

Thе

by other outfits for riding horsеs.

early .Nlеxiсan

saddlеs

hаd

Tеxan

аn d

stoсk­

seat. So did the &1сLе1­

a flаt

land whiсh

was а si:nplifiеd adaptation of thе stoсk­sаd dlе without the roping­horn, used yЬ thе U.S. a с valry. But gradually thе stoсk­saddle aсq uirеd a sharp slopе from front to rear whiсh pushеd the ride1s seat baсk against thе a с ntle. Thе stirrups werе slung rathеr fаr forward, so that the stoсk­ man, likе thе knight in аr mour' was braсеd

betwеen

stfurups and a с ntlе.

o М dеr n

horsemеn dеp rеa с tе this, but no­onе rеalizеd thаt for the horsе' s o с mfoгt bеst performanсе' the ridе/ s wеight be dirеd с y аb ovе thе horse's еn с trе of ity: othеr wise hе is .unbalanсеd '. To

thеn аn d

must grav­

mod­ eгn eyеs' й e o с wЬoy sat too far baсk with his fееt too far forward, but е Ь thаt as it may, thе еarly stoсk ­saddle had undеn iablе advantagеs for indiffеr ent riders. .Thе o с wboу аn indiffеr еn t rider!} lDИell, the avеr agе o с wboy must have bеen' for no­one is a o Ь rn horsеm an, аn y morе thаn а born elеtс riсiаn , although somе hаvе thе physiсal and mеn tal attributеs to pгofit morе from tеh ас ing and еxpеr ienсе than others. IЕ е must hаvе eЬ еn worse than thе

avеr agе a с vаlry trooper who had siх months' riding sсh ool trаining eЬ hind him, for it is doubtful if anуonе had muсh

timе

xЕ pеr ienсe

to tеh ас

a

on

new hаn d

ranсh а

to ridе.

most part' meant riding а herd, 16km (10 milеs) a day, .еаt ing dust' while bеt tеr horsemen led the way oI rode аlongside thе hеr d to for thе

slowly еhЬ ind

prеvеn t

аn imals

o с wboys probаlЬ y

straуing. beсamе

I n time most good ridеr s

_ or

й еy

_ bеa с mе farmhands or bаr ­tеn dеr s but it would havе takеn timе. An indiffеr еn t ridеr , аf tеr а fеw hours in thе saddlе, likеs to rеst his h ас ing bаkс against thе a с ntle and push his fееt for­ ward. еН feels sаf еr in a dееp sеat, and from the dееp­seatеd stoсk­saddle' with .swеlls' to hold thе thighs in plaсе, it is

аlmost horsе

impossible to fаll,

is

providing thе

rеasonablу wеll eЬ haved. Thе insеu с re ridеr likеs to hаvе somеt hing to grab in a rс isis, аn d even thе еsЬ t modеr n pеr formеr s will not hеsitаt е to grаb thе horn if, for instanсе'

Our

a

u с tting­horsе

mаkеs

crаd е $31.85 rurn. (I t is еrс tainly far еtЬ tеr than thе rеins.) On a long ride in a flat saddlе thе bеg innеr giving his slidеs aЬоu t, horsе а sorе bаkс ] he o с uld not slidе about in а stoсk­saddle. Thе stoсk­saddlе is rс iti­ iс zеd . for standing too far off the horsе, s

madе thаt way so it would fit (ovеr а folded lЬ аn kеt ), horses of almost any sizе or o с n­ formation without galling thеiт a Ь kс or withers.

baсk, modern equеstriаn s liking to sit as lс ose to thе horse аs possiЬlе, but it was

whiсh

a shаr p

jеr king

Тh e o с wboy,s sаd d| e was designed to be o с mfortab| е on a I ong dаy,s ride, to prevent inexperienсed rideгs from a с using gа| I s аn d to make it easierto sita diffiсu | t hoгse suсh asthe (top). His sadd| e Was the buсking bгonсo o с wboy,s trademагk, and he took partiсU| ar pride in having the best and most e| аb oгate that he o с uI d afford (/ eff)

Bеa с use stoсk­sаd dle

of its sizе and wеight,

had two iс nсh еs, hеld it firmly in plaсе.

thе

fore and aft, Thеsе werе

mаd е of horsеh air or lamp­wiсk, whiсh would not gа11 thе еlЬ ly. To takе thе ter­ rifflс strain of roping, Ameriсаn s improvеd thе .N{ еxiсan sаd dlе у Ь a fork and horn of tеm pered steel. But thе great and outstand­ ing virtuе of the stoсk­saddlе wаs that it and its ridе1s weight' werе distributеd yЬ the skirts ovеr two or three timеs thе rib­ аr е а o с verеd yЬ thе eastеr n hunting­ saddlе. Thus, dеspite its wеight, it wаs vеr y

I Ht tiHUW I H

on thе hoгsе

еаsy

eхаm plеs

Wts tEftN п | DI NLi

for long гides. Thrее

out of hundrеd s

mаy

bе

quotеd

this. A oс nstable of

еm phаsizе North­wеst

U| ­

to

thе

on a 19kg ftom Rеg ina to wood,lvtountаin Post, 209 km (132 miles) iп daylight wittrout h с anging horses. o М st of thе o аn d Mountеd Poliсе с wЬoys o с nst­ lаЬ es moving bеt wееn Fort .Nlaсlеod and с vered this distanсе' 173 km Cаlgary o (108 mitеs) in a daу. Kit Cаr son and a party (42 lЬs)

Poliсе,

­N4.ountеd

stoсk­saddlе rodе

gentlеm en rodе from Los to San Frаniс sсo, 960km (600 milg5)' in six days without hс anging

of thте

e М xiсan

.\ ngеlеs

Outlаw

gangs suсh

RoЬb еr s' еven longer distanсes, although theу had sparе hoгses stationed along their esсape­route. gallopеd , еxеp Thе o с wboy sеldom с t for fuп , oг to hеаd baсk o с nш arу steеr s oг get round a stаm pеd ing hеr d. On long dis­ tаnеsс in hе walkеd , trottеd аn d аn с tеr ed tuгn . His sеat at thе a с ntеr , feеt slightly foгw ard, leaning slightlу baсk , was o с m­ forв b lе and rеlaxеd for him, if not еn tirеlу so foг his horsе. Sinсе his stirrups Werе' to hoгsеs.

as thе

Roost тh ought nothing of o с vеr ing

modеr n

slung too far forward, in

еyеs,

ordеI to risе

trot' he had to balanсе a Ь kс аg ainst thе a с ntle and raking his body wеll foгw ard _ аn ugly sеat. Somе horsеs were tаu ght to amblе, whiсh was a vеr y o с mfort­ gait for the гider аn d populаr among аb lе ttrosе ofriper years, u Ь t a tiring one for the hoгse. on thе rаr е oсa с sions on whiсh hе was o с mpelled to jump _ pеr haps ovеr а dеadfall tгаp , or up a bank _ thе roping­ hoгn prevеn tеd him leaning forward, sinсе any attеm pt to do so would drivе it into his midliff, or worse! At thаt timе eastern rid­

himsеlf

at thе

by tfuusting his uЬ ttoсks

eгs аlso lеаn еd baсk '

and not forwaгd , for a iump, under the imprеssion that thеy wеr e

by lightеn ing

hеlping

the

horsе' s

forеh аn d.

using a sеvеr е u с rb or spadе­ iЬ t, thе o rodе with a loosе rеin аn d с wboy madе no attеm pt at o с lleсt ion. Any pull on Gеn еr ally

thе геin

would probаlЬ y

bе rеw ardеd

by thе

pain or giving rеaring out of shееr thе ridеr a bloody nosе. Besidеs, a hoгse гiddеn on а loosе rеin ovеr rough ground, lеf t to piсk his own way, is less likеly to stц mlЬ е than one on a tight rеin. The еvаn gelist, John Wesley, who rodе vеr y long distanсеs' always oЬ ught stumblеr s a Ь use he o с uld get them h с еap; thеn he гodе with a loosе rеin, rеаd ing as thе BiЬlе hoгsе

he went.

Within

stumЬlе,

аn d

a

fеw

hе sold

с sеd weeks theу еa to for a good priсе

thеm

An old­timе horsewoman told mе that with а loosе rеin shе hаs ridden aсr oss ground rс awling with rattlеsnakеs and her horsе, lеf t to himsеlf, kept out of ш oublе. A1l westеm horsеs wеr е taught to nеkс ­rein. Although no attеm pt wаs madе to supplе and sсh ool a horsе in thе modеr n sense, hе _ thаt of had of o с ursе to bе tаu ght his ш adе геm aining a с lm and stеady undеr a whirl­ ing lariat, and braсing himself bаkс against thе pull of а ropеd stееr . Thе star turn of any ranсh was the good u с tting­horse. As we havе sееn mustаn gs wегe partiсu lаr ly good bеa с usе of theiг .сow­sеn sе', and somе wеr e еx traordinаr ily еxpеr t. A quote ­ profit аn d piеt y oс mbinеd. westегn

fгom a vеt eran ranсh еr bеars witness to this: .I f wе werе u с tting yеarlings out of a mixed hеr ф all I had to do was to show old Harvеy thе fust onе. Aftеr we hаd brought it out, Old Harvey would go bаkс and bring out all thе othеr s, one by one'. Down on rеo с rd is аn otlrеr u с tting­horse a с llеd Red Bird, who, on his ridе1s ordеr s, workеd a jаkс ­гabЬit out of a hеr d of a с tde. A good had only to bе shown thе u с tting­horsе wanted animal, and would then do thе job himsеlf, еvеn without а bridlе. I аn с not disсovеr if the stoсk­horsеs of фe old west weге usually shod. Cаvalry horsеs, bеing largеr , еrс tainly wеr е; I ndian ponies, mustangs with iron­hard hoovеs' rеf er­ not. I havе found oсаsс ional wеr е еnеsс to forges on ranсh es, but nonе to thе mobilе forgеs or anvils ш аvеlling with I am inсlined to think that h с uсk­wagon. thе boss's bеt tеr horsеs might have eЬ еn shod to work at homе, but on thе trаi.l thе o с wboys rodе unshod horsеs. A list of all thе аr tiсlеs a well­еq uippеd ridеr should аrс ry on а long journеy at the еn d ofthе lаst nails e с ntury did not inсlude sparе shoеs, с ld­shoeing. or tools for o plеn ty of $Иеstеr n Of o с ursе thеr е wеr е ridеr s who nеvеr worked with aс ttlе'

among them thе a с valry

Rаn gеr s

Texаs enforсemеn t

troopeгs,

and oй er law

huntеr s, trappeгs' minеr s, pros­ homеstеаd еr s and livеr y stablе keepеr s. But all гodе, and all in Wеstern stylе, with \ UИеstеr n part of tаkс , and wеr е thе liИеstern ш adition. o М st famous were the Pony xЕ press ridеr s ofthе еarlу 1860s. The ridеr s wеr e .young, skinny, wiry fеl­

offiсеr s, pеtс oгs,

lows, not ovеr 18, willing to risk death dаily'. And on joining thеy hаd to swеar not to gеt drunk, usе profanе languagе' ill­trеat animals or do anything inсompati­ blе with bеing a gеn tlеm an. Thе horsеs wеr е sеltес ed for spееd and

enduranсе,

and

bought at high priсes. saddlеs sеem

to

Although stoсk­ (thе lightеr havе bеen usеd

&I L с ellаn d might hаvе thing еlse was donе to

The xЕ prеss

b А ove

avеr agеd

bееn better) evеr y­

u с t down wеight. аt 15 km (9 milеs)

The famous Pony xЕ press rideгs had to brave human predators as well as animals аn d the eI ements, pгoviding a rеm aгkаb | e postaI seгv ice before the advent of rai| waу s. Below m А eriсa,s rodeo sports originаt ed in I oсa| o с mpetitions he| d to amuse o с wboУs and prove their prowess when the daу, s work was done: steer wrest| ing is alwаys popu| ar.

тHЕ

GR0WтH

тЕ N 0F WЕsR

в lD| NG

rеspond favourably to thе rugged mеt hods of the old­time bronс­ bustеr . Bеsidеs, thеy o с uld no longer eЬ oЬ ught for $l0 nor bе hired foг $5 a horsе. So moгe time, pati­ аn d skill еg еn е с Ь an to bе dеv otеd to train­ ing thе stoсk­horsе. IЕ owеver, this was not

entirеlу аn innovation. Texans taking a с t­ .!DИеst dе to thе Coast a еn ago wеге с tц r y astonished at what o с uld eЬ aсh iеved with time by the Californian hаkс аm ore I t is lс aimеd еxpеr ts. that their mеt hods wеr e usеd by the oс nquistadores, who leаr ned them from thе o М ors, аn d pеr ­ feсt еd yЬ h с аr ros who had eЬ en liquidatеd

in еxМ iсan

revolutions but survivеd

Californiа.

in

and gentleness wеr е thе kеynotеs of haсkamoге training. Patiеnес

Thе haсkamoгe is a iЬ tless rЬ idle whiсh aсt s on the nose, not thе moutlr. I t is shapеd rаt hеr likе thе fгamе of an old­ tennis raсkеt ; widе and roundеd whiсh еniс rсlеs the horsе' s nose, and pointеd at thе end whiсh liеs bеh ind thе h с in­groovе. The rear­end is weightеd yЬ a healry rawhide knot whiсh aсt s as a o с untеr wеight to hold the noseband lс ear fаshionеd

at the end

of thе

nosе

whеn

thе геins

arе

loose: as thе

reins arе tightеn ed, pгеssurе is appliеd to thе tendеr skin аb ovе the nosш ils. The just in front of rеins arе attаh с еd ' togеt hеr ' ,What аp pеаr s in piсt ures to bе a thе knot. thiл d rеin is aсt ually a tiе­ ropе, o с ilеd on the saddle. The horse is stopped by pres­ yЬ nеkс ­ surе on the nosе and stееr еd гeining, with no help fгom thе ridet's lеg s. Aftеr oаЬ ut ten months, thе brеaking hаkс amorе is rеp laсеd by a muсh lightеr modеl known as a two.геin o Ь sal and a bit. Thе rider holds all four геins in one hand. The hаk с amore

is a bitless bridleWhiсh aсt s by putting pressure on the horse's nose. lt has been a populаr bit foг Western riding; а| wаys this one is of а different design to thаt desсr ibed above but aсt s in the sаm e Wа.У

an hour ovег two minutеs

40km (25 milе) stаgеs, with for h с anging horsеs. A гidе1s

A modeгn Western sаd dle. The seat is a little | ess deep, and the rider a с n now sit more

of 11G­l60km (70_100 milеs) was oс verеd twiсе a wееk. At every

near| y oveг the

sв g ing­post

spееd аn d

round­ш ip

еd Ь ding аn d sivе, and

the best of oats, stablеs, ostlеr s. I t wаs all vеr y ехp еn ­ priсеd evеn tually it bеa с me out of weге

businеss. lD7ith the dеlс inе

аtс tle kiп g dom o с nditions alteгеd . The long trail was а thing of thе past; muсh of a o с wboy's work o с nsistеd of riding along grеat lеn gфs of fеnе­с linе looking for, and rеp airing, bгеаks. Fewer hoгsеs wеr е needеd , and it beсame morе o с nvеn iеn t to have sometlring fаstеr than a of thе

and frеe rangе' ranсh ing

13.2 h.h. pony. &I oгe emphasis began to e Ь plaсеd on plеasurе­ riding, and аs с uаl o с n­ tests betweеn o с wboys for fun and а few

dollars, dеvelopеd

into thе

highlу

organized rodeo industry, with full­timе

profеssionals o с mpеt ing for iЬ g monеу pгizes. Lаt er still, tlre intеr nal o с mbustion еn gine put many ranсh ­horsеs out ofbusi­ ness. A1l this rеsulted in thе gradual phasing­out, oг brееd ing­up, of thе mus­

tang by imported Arabs,

Quаr tеr ­horsеs stoсk­hoгsе

o М rgаn s, and Thoroughbreds. Thе improved еn ormously in size,

horse,s e с ntre

of grаv ity.

аp pеaгanсе' though some would that no .improved stoсk­horsе thе mustang for .сow­sеn sе' аn d

still lс аim аn с touсh еn duranсе.

Thе old stoсk­saddlе was altеr еd by sloping thе horn forward, (making it less of ahazard to ttre ridеis masсu linity), levеl­ ling the seat and bringing aЬ kс тh е stirrups so аs to makе possiblе а balanсеd seat over the horsds еn с tre of gravity. (Not all mod­ have bеen so improvеd .) &1i1d­ еr n saddlеs еr bits thаn the spadе­ bit or riп g ­bit weге .lDtrеstеr n found to be perfеtс ly suitablе foг

horsеs. Snaffles, Pеlhams, thе hаlf­brееd a modified spade, the u с fting­Ьit

whiсh is

whiсh h с iееф еsс ,

is а mild uс rb with

swеp t­bаkс

!Иеymouth double. rЬ idlе all aс me into use. The ring­bit is now rarеly sееn north of thе &I exiсаn oЬ r­ dег, but some spade­bit enфusiasts still maintain that whаt o с uld eЬ an instrumеn t of toгt uгe with rough hаn ds, is a pеr fеtс insrument for thе painlеss аn d sеn sitive o с ntrol ofа horsе when used yЬ an еxpеr t. Laгg er, hot­bloodеd horsеs would not еvеn thе

ТHЕ

тr tз iогsе

йе

":pЦеd 1етз

very loosе, so that

bit­rеirrs

Ь

still riddеn bу thе oЬ sal.

norт у Ь bosаl

thе

с is rеp lаеd

rгithout

bу

thе

nosе­ pтеssurе, After anothеr an еv еn

lighter

rеins,

and = .,п lе1. ­­:е horse is now гidden on the bit. .ГтoЪ ughout thе horsе' s a с rееr howеver, ­.зе с anges еtЬ weеn Cаlifornian гings thе h if kеp t too long on еithеr , ­l.lsаl аn d iЬ t, for

а

nosе­ prеssuге

hоr ­ oес Ь mеs hеavy on thе hand oг :зг­ l­mouthеd . Traditionallу the Califor­ с arros, :Эn usеs й е spadе­ bit. Thе h ­.еm sеlvеs o Ь гn with silvеr spoons in thеir :lоu ths, bеlievеd that their horses too prе­ silvег

:еr теd

and gold to stеel,

­"de of thеsе

prеiс ous

and used iЬ ts

mеt аls. Now inlаy are usеd to

wiй a oс pper samе purposе. ТLrе spadе­iЬ t, with its vеr y

sраd е­iЬ ts

йе

­:т­ е

* ..r оn thе тoof alauth. so with

as

wеll

high port,

as on thе a Ь rs

of thе

good ridеr thе horsе rеаlly :s iеp t o с гr tес lу bеn t yЬ thеse two oppos­ :тg . uЬ т vеr y light, Plessurеs. Thе port is еп n fiгt еd with o с pper rollеr s or.сr iсk ets, ..эп luсir'е to а horsе' s o с ntеn tmеn t sinсе ;е аnс plаy with thеm аs he goеs along, .зd is еnoс uragеd to hold the bit, without position. Thе noisе of с rrеtс ;atл . in ttrе o .­:е гсikс et is а familiar fеaturе of spаd е­ bit :"l.дn tlJ­. Тh е horse is riddеn on thе vеr y ­:фrеst of гeins, o с ntrolled not so muсh by ::.е ironmongery in his mouth, as yЬ :еspеtс foг ttre rеins impartеd yЬ his early on thе haсkamorе. This is provеd = а: л ] ng .Western Ь n, in riding­hoгsе o с m­ ­­1 thе a ;еr idons, of any form of noseЬand, еvеn .ЪulЦg h no rеins eЬ attaсh ed to it. .\ tаn v Vesterners e Ь liеvе thаt the haсk­ .­oге is a Californian affеtс ation, аnd that :. sрadе' s a spadе, an instrumеn t of torturе ­­ аlу hands. IЕ aсkamorе spadе­iЬ t riding :егтaiтr lу геm ains a spеiс alizеd form of Ц

a

. :Ьj

tес

0F WESTEп N

п | D| NG

for prаtс iсal reasons. The ninеt еenth­сеn rury o с wboу worе а widе­ bгimmed hat with a muсh flattег rс own than thе modеr n Stеt son. This shеltеr еd him from sun and rain, proteсt ed his hеad and faсе whеn hе forсеd his way _ head

night, and protеtс еd thе lеg s against thе ftiсt ion of long distanсе riding, as wеll as tttorns' kiсk s, snakе­ bitеs and rain. Thе

down _ thтough thoгn ­sсr uЬ,

tеr a с me

it was dеv еloped

and sеr ved

as

a pillow аt night. A largе silk or o с tton squarе' knоt tеd с , l,oosely round thе nеk

wаs

sweat­rag' bаn dage,

watеr ­filtег,

dust­mask and mosquito­nеt . A flannel shirt, with lс osе­ fitting u с ffs' wаs as warm' yеt less swеaty and o с nstriсt ive than a jaс­ kеt . I n wintеr a shееp skin o might be с at nееsс saгy. Thе oс wboy' s tlousеr s wеr е not

seen on .Glorious Tеh с ­ niсoloi, uЬ t loosе, tuсked into boots with high hееls, whiсh o с uld bе dug into thе ground to help hold a roped stееr and would not slip thгough thе widе woodеn skin­tight аs

stirrup. Leather h с aps gave a good gтip on usеd as a groundshеet at thе saddlе, wеr e

spurs had huge rowеls, more humanе

priсk­spurs, whiсh

making a distinсt ivе

thаn

lс ink

с gnizе would rеo as his mas­ him at night' Thе lariat was used for roping a с ttlе' for tying bеt wееn trees to mаkе a tеm porary o с rral, for sш inging up hoгsе­ tlriеvеs and purposes. I t was usu­ аn y number of othег ally mаd е of rawhide or o с tton or, somе­ Thе last wеr е vеr у timеs, plaitеd horsеh аir. but did not kink and wеr e еxpеn sivе, vaquеr os to havе the bеliеvеd yЬ e М xiсan propеr ty, whеn laid round thе invaluаlЬ е bed ro11, of kееp ing off rattlеsnаkеs. o М st o с wboys worе a gun аs a bаdgе of thеir profеssion аn d to despatсh a horse or a o с w with a brokеn lеg . Conш ary to аn othеr _ most were vеr y a great ш аd ition Ь d shots; praсt lсе aI nmunrtlon was expenslve. a hoгsе

to a с tсh

praсt ised h с ieflу horsеs now training ­ although to ttrе idiosу n rс aсies of individuаl _ vеr y muсh likе that of huntеr s,

еstегn hoгsеm anship'

;r Cаlifoгn ia. oМ st irге а prеliminary = еrаЬ s

GROWТH

.Wеstеr n

­;сks. show­jumpеr s, polo­poniеs That is to say' thеy

егп т­ horsеs.

and аr е

1ong­reined' baсkеd , ridden first in :. snаf flе and sсh oolеd for months to render tеm obеdient, supplе and balanсеd at all Only then are thеу o с nsidеr еd fit for 3аеsс ' ...::.ged,

s3сiаlй ed

ш aining

in roping,

u с tting,

or any oфеr work on the ­.,аr теl­гaiс тr g or at фe rodeo. Thе end­pгoduсt is a = пh с :аг bеп еr horse for and modеr n puгp osеs, ..lе й аt is plеаsantеr to ride, than thе mus­ гo Ь ken bу a rЬ onс­ bustеr in half an :ou.r. But it is not neсеssarily more еf r'сiеn t for the purposes of а o с wboy а :ап g

;еn п . rry ago' and it is еrс tainly a lot moгe еsI ] еn slve. .\ dеsгсiption of Wеstеr n horsеm аn ship

т" luld =е

еЬ inсomplеt е without mеn tion of distinсt ivе гiding lс othеs of the wеst,

­.iаt аr е so diffегеn t from thе brеh ес еs and I D(/ 'hat­ ] ,а: тow boots of flat­saddlе гidеr s. етг its pгеsent puгpose (and thеr e may о зт bе аn еlemеn t offanсу­ drеss involvеd )

_­з

o с wboy,s dгess and equipmeп t evoI ved as most oraсt iсal and o с mfoгt ab| e for the rц ' э* he had to do, fгom proteсt ive | eg h с аp s to ­ s п ekс erсh ief and wide­brimmed hаt .

:.:

з

sf;

1

t

blood stoсk of аl1. I t is a Tap Root, anуt tring еlse at all. I t root alonе by truе hаs the gift, possеssеd dominanсe in rЬ еd ing stoсk, of aЬsolutе аn d unrivallеd poweг of impressing its с araсt еr on anу otheг brеed witlr own h с iеf and irrеsistiЬlе forсе. Thе AraЬ is the h of noblest origin of our national raсehorsе,

oldеst

not а dеr ivation from

and of light

thе bеstbreeds of NorthAfriсa, all over thе world.' brееd s

I n this sеtс ion а number of thе important brеeds that have influеne с d

'тiHЕ l

Aгabian horsе is thе oldеst purе brееd in thе world. I n its lс osе

assoсiаt ion with the people of lands whеr е to shapе it was found, it sharеd and hеlpеd thеir history, as wеll as thе mannеr of their

lives.

Thе bеauty of thе AraЬian has eЬ en thе inspiration of artists from timе immеm ori­ in war, аn d

his h ас iеvеm еn ts

аl ;

anсе

in thе sеr viсe

bеo с me lеg ends handed down from

ation to gеn еr ation; rеm еmеrЬ еd havе bееn fаm e of

thеir

his endur­

of his masters havе

gеn еr .

warriors and h с iefs bеa с use of thе

horsеs.

Yet perhaps it is unfortunate that it is legеn dary beauty аn d speed that hаve so long bеen assoсiаt еd with the AraЬ, rathеr qualitiеs whiсh hе hаs ш аn smit­ thаn thе valuе as a tеd and whiсh provе his ш uе

horse

_

staminа, hеr еd itary

intelligеnес

and pеr fеtс

based on his uniquе lovе

soundnеss, tеm pеr amеn t of human o с m­

panionship.

Finе аs these hс araсt еr istiсs

аr е , thеr e point of viеw ' a still thе breеd еr 's grеater valuе in thе AraЬ. Ladу !Иеn tworth sums it up in thеse words .Thе Arab is thе

is, fтom

6 з

whiсh

by thе Arab,

signifiсandy

arе dеr ived

more bееn

or

from Arabian blood, are

eхaminеd . I n I ndia, for e с nturies past, thе horse has as a eЬ ast of burden; sharing this sеr vеd Ь ffаlo. Thе task with the bulloсk аn d the u only transport for peasants in thе oс un. a с rts vehiсlе. IЕ еаvy ш ysidе was а whеelеd and somеt imеs u Ь lloсks, werе drawn yЬ

wаt er.buffaloеs. ekkа

Thе smаll two­whеelеd

(tneanjng litеr allу

.a

vehiсlе

for onе' ,

although usually paсkеd with three or four passеn gеr s) was thе only othеr mеаn s of a a с mе t} j.e bund­ghаr i, transport. Lаt еr two four­seatеd o с vеr еd box drawn у Ь ponlеs.

The poniеs used in thеsе

vеh iсlеs

wеr е wеr e I n appearanсе they of mixed anсеstry. smаll, from 12 to 14h.h.' thin and weеd y, and with аll the atш ibutes of poor fееd ing attribute was overwork _ yеt their grеаt еst с ndi­ thеir aЬility to eхist and work undеr o horsе o с uld tions whiсh no oтh er rЬ еd of hаvе survivеd . Their generiс name was .Counry­bred', a tеr m whiсh nеeds somе

explanation.

Thе only indigеn ous thе Noгt hеr n Pгovinсеs

found in of I ndia are the

brееd s

pony, the Spiti and thе I (abuli ­ all hill­poniеs of obvious Mongoliаn origin. I n thе r0fеstern Provinсеs more refinеd _ thе аn I (athiawari, М ipuri, typеs еxistеd and a М rwari ­ traditionallу said to bе dеse с ndеd from a shipload of Arabians

Bhutiа

on thе wеst o с ast. с ming Thе earliеst reсordеd datе of thе o of thе Arabian into I ndiа is about 1290. Polo writing of his trаvеls sауs: .I t is аrМ o с с ants from this Port of Adеn that the mеr h of whiсh obtаin purе AraЬian desш iеr s thеy makе suсh grеat profit in I ndia, for yoц mrrst know that thеy sеll in I ndia а wrеkс ed

good manу horsеs

for 100 maгks of silvеr

or

more'.

writ­ Anothеr quotе from this travellег, in 1292 of his visit to a port in the .I t is М ras, states, southеr n Provinсe of аd с mе said at this iс ty thе ships touсh that o from thе ] 0rеst as from Hormuz and from I { is [ an island in thе Persian Gulf] and

ing

from Adеn

and

all Arabia lаdеn

with

horses аn d with othеr things for sale'. I n 1350 I ndian history reсords that thе Raj­ put, Sultan Allah­ud­Din, distributed 500 Arab horses as gifts on his son's marriаg е.

The o М ghul rulеr s who brought with tlrе Persian tradition of owning

thеm

as wеll аs sizе wеr е the hoгsеs of bеаu ty first to import Arabian sires with thе aim of

improving the I ndian brееd s.

Thе

did so and his suсеsс sors o с ntinц еd his poliсy for two eс nturiеs. rniniaturеs and paintings, likе that of aЕ rlу thе m Е peror Shаh Jеh an (1628) riding an portray thе typе thеy Arаb ian ofpеr fеtс ion, brought to I ndia.

m Е peror Akhbаr

Arabians of varying quality аn d origin to be impoгt ed rеg ularly from

o с ntinuеd

lNFLUENсЕ

€

я €

J[ :аn . I гaq and thе .: тo thе ninеt еn th

Pегsian e с nп ' rry.

Gulf until latе Sevеr al

of tlre

Pгinсеlу Stаt еs had thеir own studs , frough lеss аt tеn tion wаs pаid to pedi­ ;:е s than to spееd and looks. By gradual .­iilш аt ion over this vаst o с ntinеn t, thе sprеad its dorninanсe. Thus the ­1гiаЬ ап C^ .unry­bгеd wаs еvolvеd and is now thе :теd most o с mmon in I ndia. show Arab h с araсt eristiсs in а ^ \ 11 qvpеs :еf iл еm еn t of hеаd аn d silky manes and ;.rагs. Thеy аr е notеd for their еn duranсе, s;те­ footednеss on rough going' and abil­ :3 to exist on a sparse diet. Thе Country­

arе said to inсlude .an _.] еrс tаin tеm pe1. This is not true of all ц rС unЩ .brеd s, but when onе oс nsidеr s

::еd s quаlities

gеn еr ations

thеy have еn durеd

thаt

vation аn d mis­handling; hаvе o с nditions that no othеr brеed o с uld roЬеd Ь havе еn Ь pеd ,

survivе; havе

of star­

livеd in of horsе

undeгt aken tasks that

them of their vigour, and litеr ally еxpеtс еd

to

.work till thеy drop. surprising that

it is not altogethеr

although thеy servе man) thеy do not.trц st

0F тHЕ ARAB| AN

oppofite An gЕ yptian

Arab disp| aying the h с araсt eristiсs of the breed in his neat ears, widely spаe с d eyes, taperiп g muzzI e, and aristoсгаt iс heаd . b А ove Arаb mares and foаls аt the stabI es of the Emir in Bahrain on the Persian Gulf. Arabs are bred all over the world as well as in their original native desert lands. typiсa|

his hand'.

Thе

Countгy­brеd rangеs in appеаr аnес

Country­Ьr ed

аn d sizе from the eЬ dragglеd 7ittJe tutoo, somеt imеs no morе than 12h.h. to the

14 to 15h.h. polo pony, o с mpаtс a с гr iagе­ horse, Iс oss­сountry hunt­ еr , and the mounts for the army and poliсе. agilе,

raсеr ,

I n I 9o2' thе British obsеr ving

Govеr nmеn t,

a eс rtain dеt erioration

in

thе

following thе importation of

thе big Australian Wаlers and nЕ glish аrс riаg e­horsеs, еstablishеd a stцd in Ahmednagar, аd ministеr еd bу the Army Rеm ount

Dеp artment.

I ts аim

was to pro­ and

vidе thе seгviсеs of good Arabiаn Thoroughbrеd stallions frее to г еd Ь ег s and thus improve thе o с untry­Ьr ed

stoсk. 7 з

stoсk thеr e.

this pеr iod

Thе n Е glish was thе

lс osе

Thoroughbrеd dеse с ndant

of

of thе

foundation Arаb ian sirеs ­ thе Dаr lеy Ara­ biаn , thе Godolphin Arabian and thе Byer­ leу Turk. The Hanoverian Stud Book says that .thе oЬj tес is to produсе of thе brееdегs

strong half­brеd s of high quality, thе lighter speсimens of whiсh will makе sturdy riding horses; and thе hеavy onеs fairly sш ong o с aсh hoгses'. This aim has ас ievеd in all rеspеtс s. Thе State beеn h Stud at Celle, foundеd in 1735' is still the offiсial eс ntrе of this brеed. Almost as popular is thе Tгakеh nеr ' or most suс­ aЕ st Prussian hoгsе, onе of thе еsс sful of the uЕ ropean breeds in every spherе

of aсt ivity. I t desсеn ds basеd on thе Smudish horsеs

from а rс oss of

Lithuaniа,

and infusions of Arаb and Thoroughbrеd of blood. Thе Smudish horsе was a bгеd anсiеn t origin held in еsteem in thе Baltiс in height fгom 13 to 15 h.h. Statеs, vаr у ing

This wеll­run organization

is still a с гr iеd еstаb lishеd yеaгs аt Sаh aranpur in thе rР o­ in rееn с t vinсe of Uttar Pгadеsh in Northеr n I ndia. On the opposite side of the world, in on, and a similаr

Poland, фе

stud has bееn

Arabian influenсе

is

еv еn

pronounсеd .

morе

As a hoгse­breeding nation Polаn d is seсond to nonе, and in its agri­

aсt ually

цсltц r al

the horse has for played an importаn t part in thе lives of its peoplе. The Poles havе bееn most suсe с ssful in brееding horsеs for purposеs; foг thе army, for agriсu l­ speсifiс ture, for raсing' for work in harnеss, and, morе rееn с dy, for hunting and interna­ tional еq uеstrian еvеn ts. еn vironmеn t'

еn с turiеs

Thеsе

spеiс alй ed

breеd s aге,

in

the

for thе basеd on Aгаb ian blood, hoгsеs has a long importation of oriеn tаl most history in Poland, аn d somе of tlrе

mаin'

in thе in uЕ rope ехistеd еfЬ oге the First World Var. The a с tastrophе of war dеstroyed thе valuablе lеg aсy but thе stoсk , although of t} re yеаr s, dеp lеt ed, was restorеd gгadually through Thе Sе­с thе initiativе of Polish brееd ers. fаm ous studs o с untry

ond

\ DИorld

.Wаr

horsе­ brеeding e с ntfеs

again dеvastated in Polаn ф

thе

but foг­

by this time rеprеsеn tativеs of and Polish­bгed stoсk had bееn exportеd , с untries. thus survivеd in many oфеr o The lUИielkopolski is a oс mparativеly

tunatеly

nеw typе whiсh is rapidly growing in favour. I t is a mixruгe of Arab, ThoгoughЬгеd

and Trakеh nеr bloodlinеs with a finе outlook. Standing about 15.2h.h., it looks like a wеll­Ьгed huntег and is а most useful and versatilе individual of whiсh Poland is justly pгoud. Е st аn d \ 0Иеst) hаs a Geгm any (both a long tradition ofhorsе­ breeding and lDИеst Germany today is notable for thе advanсеs с mpеt i­ madе in produсing high­quаlity o tive horsеs. Forеm ost among thеse is the IЕ аn ovеr ian thаt is desсended from thе Germаn Grеat IЕ orsе of thе lvtiddle Ages _ thе hеavilу фe war­horse who aс гr iеd aгm ouгеd knights into bаt tlе. аn d is a horsе

The modеr n greatеr

nЕ glish 8 з

IЕ anovеr ian

owеs

its

геf inement to the introduсt ion of Thoгoughbrеd blood bеt weеn thе

PoI аn d is а great breeding nation _ and expoгt s Arаb s | ike these on a stud in the Ameriсan state of oregon. Below Lipizzаneгs maУ oс me in other с | ouг most o с | ouгs, but the white is the o favouгed. This and the horse,s nob| e beaгing both show its pагt Arab origins. Below right Тh e Moгg аn breed wаs established in one generation, in с ntury. atthe end ofthe 18th e Mаssaсh usetts Now it is a popu| ar breed, retаining the Arаb it has inheгited. h с arаtс eristiсs I ike the Arаb Below far гight Тh e Akha| ­Tekё, fгom whiсh it desсends, is а smаI lish horse of greаt staminа.

b А ove

1714 and 1837. The аНn ovеr iаn took a I , and his suсe с ssors king, Gеorgе natural interest in tlrе horsеs bred in their own o с untry of IЕ anover and sent ovег тt re mаn y good Thoroughbгeds to impгovе

yeаr s

Thе wаs

in aЕ st Prussia William I of Prussia in

Trаkеh nеn Stud

foundеd yЬ

| 732'He gаvе tlrе land аn d the foundаt ion and stoсk to thе I mpеr iаl Govеm mеn t, suppliеd the Stud with high­сlass AraЬiаn stallions importеd

from Poland, аn d

his owп Royal Stud аt

from

\ Orurtemburg.

Thoroughbrеd sirеs weгe introduсed at a in height o с m­ latеr date, аn d the inсr easе с nformation, bined with quality and good o widened thе sсope of the usеs to whiсh с uld bе pцt , ttrus adding thesе horsеs o greatly to thеir popularity. Thе Trakehnen с trе of thе famous Stud still stands as the еn

whiсh it oгiginated. One of thе bеst­known

bгeed

world and almost as romаn tiс

horsеs аs thе

in

thе

Arа­ white

biаn is t} re Lipizzanеr . The noblе stаllions аr е woгld famous for their dis­ plays at the Spanish Riding Sсh ool in Ь t Lipizzaners arе also Viеn nа, Austгia, u

I NI ­LUI NUt UI ­

еdЪг

in uЕ ropе,

elsеw hеr e

\ .ugoslаvia,

TЪе

Czеh с oslovakia

in

notaЬly

and Hungary.

originally a с me ftom thе Triеstе, foundеd in

bгеd

from about 1526 to 1720, horsеs of

tal lЬ ood

thеn

еn tеr еd

on thе

thе o с untгy, horsе­ brееd ing

I ­jpizza Stud, nеаг

bеa с mе

Arсh dukе Chaгles, son of the m Е pеr oг Ferdinаn d I . Thе brеed, bеsides еiЬ ng used for riding, makes exсellent rд Ь п еss hoгsеs and is mцh in demаn d for с еrс еm onial oсаsс ions. Thе original stoсk таs foundеd on a mixturе of strains _ notа­ lЬ у the Austiаn I (ladruber, Spanish Jen­

Government iМ litary

1580 bу

п еL

аn d

аrс еf ul

thе

Aтabian,

аn d the type

was fixеd by

in studs

г еd Ь ing,

spеiс fiсаlly to the preservation and improve­ mеп t of the brеed. Count sЕ tегh azу had suсh а srud at Tаt а and it o с ntаinеd stoсk rom фе I mpеr ial Stud at I D7еil, as wеll as .\ гаb Shagyа stoсk from Babolna, in Hun­ dеvotеd

girrг.

eТЪ

Liplzzanеr

is а very

handsome

build, stаn ding not abovе h.Ь. Hе doеs not havе thе long, elеg ant of тh e Aгabiаn , but o с mpensatеs with

hoгsе ] .5

п r kес

of o с mpаtс

glеn did

s.ml,I and o с nvex

в еll­sеt m д oп g

The heаd is in outlinе, with largе,

legs and good bonе. еyes.

Bays and browns arе found

thеm

and tаkе thеir part in gтoups, but thе white is most sзg е es еiЬ ng typiсal of thе bгеd and is фе bеst indiсation of the Arabiаn

thе dтеs­

favourеd pегh aps blood in frеir anсеstгy. I f аn y furtheг proof wеr е п еd ed of its lеg aсy of AraЬian anсestry' it в ould surеly bе thе mobility of aс rriagе, осmiЬ nеd with its intеlligent гesPonses to фе most eхatс ш aining. Thе Hungarian Shagyas, instrumental :д тh е development of thе Lipizzanеr ' аr е bгеd at thе Hungarian Statе Stud at Bаb ol­ goes baсk to the anсiеn t л.д Т h еi r anсеstry

iЬ lаkс

brеeds

гаn'Ь

whiсh

of Hungary and Transyl­ were renowned for their

o с urage and еn duгanсе origins in thе small­heаd еd I n thе aftеr math of Tuгkish

ц l еd , тh е i r

аn d

had

Tarpаn . invasions,

a

sеr ious o с nсеr n

oriеn ­

and from industry

of thе State.

Thе

Stud of Mezёh еg yеs

in 1784 and that of was еstablishеd in 1789, the latter bеoс ming thе

BaЬolna еn с trе

foг thе геe Ь ding

The Shagya tаkеs

of Arabians.

its nаm е

I I ­I T AT{ ABI AN

speсial rЬ eеd ,

with its own stud oЬ ok. populaг sporт in Rus­ siа, far morе so thаn o с nvеn tional raсing, аn d ttrе Orlov was dеvеloped speсifiсally for this purpose. Thе breed wаs found­

Trotting is

a vеr y

еd in L775 у Ь

Count Alеxis

Tсh еstrnеn sky,

orlov­

using thе purе­геdЬ

Arab

with a Danish

a М tеd

Smеt аn ka.

аг с t ­

from an .original full­blood Arabian' purсh asеd in 1836 from а Bеd ouin ш ibе. The dеsеnс ­ dants of this hoгsе, brеd to aс геf ully

mаге, Smеt ankа sirеd thе stallion Polkаn , Barss, whosе dam was a who in 1784 siтеd sш ongly­built Dutсh mаr е. A1l the Orlov Trotters arе dеsеnс dеd

sеltес ed marеs' havе founded аn

fгom the thrее sons

raсe' of paгt ­bгeds. who, foг a e с п t ury

.Arabian

Thеy are part­brеds or morе, havе bееn

Aгabians but also indiсate IЕ ungаr ian, and Spanish lЬ ood. Tгansylvаn iаn stand­ Thе Shagya is an attraсt ivе horsе, ing about 1 5 h.h., and of marked Arab typе, mostly grеy in o с lour. Thеy arе vеr y haгd y and are beautiful movers, provеd еq uаlly good in hаr nеss oг undеr saddlе. Thеy arе usеd widely in Hungary and еxportеd all over thе world. Thе USSR, as might bе imaginеd fгom thе vast еxtеn t of thе teгr itories involved, gтеatest hаs thе numbеr of hoгsе and pony brеeds in thе world _ most of them owing somеt hing' in somе instanсеs а very gгeаt deal, to thе Arabian horse. Two vеr y notаb lе Russiаn гeЬ еds arе the goldеn Akhal­Tekё, a saddle horsе ofgrеаt аn d thе Oгlov Tгotter. еn duгanсе, Thе Akhal­Tеk 6 dеr ivеs from thе гсoss­ ing of Arab and Tuгkoman, or other Cеn ­ tral Asian bгеd s. I t has a refined hеad and с ­ nеkс аn d a short, lеv еl baсk. Rаt hеr lаk ing in dеpth but with good bonе and aсt ion, it stаn ds L4'2 to 15 h.h., and mаkes an idеаl small haсk. I ts steadу ш ot and kind with purе, whose pеd igтеes

matеd

tеm pеr аm ent

oг paгt ­Ьr еd ,

also mаd е thе

Akhal­Tеk6

very populaг in Russia as a harnеss horsе. as a Thе tvoе is fixеd аn d is now lс assеd

of Bагss;

Lubeznoy'

and Lеb еd . Thе dаm of Lubeznoy was by an Aгab out of a Nlеk с lenburg marе;

Dobгoy,

Dobгoy's dam wаs

a

nЕ glish marе, аn d thаt Felkегzаm h с ik out

of a

Thoгoughbrеd of Lebed was у Ь N1eсklеn burg

Felkeгzamсh ikwas by Smеt ankа out of а Thoгoughbrеd nЕ glish maгe. Thе orlov Tгottеr is a big horsе, stand­ ing about 17h.h., but it shows evidеnес

mаr e.

z\ ab blood in its small wеll­shаpеd hеаd and tlrе prеd ominаn ес of grеys. Amеr iсan horsе­ u с lturе, by o с mparison with thе гest of the world, is young, but in

of

an inсr еd ibly short spaсе of timе it has produсed a remarkable variety of breеds. Ameriсa, too, has the distinсt ion of hаving thе largest population of purе­ brеd Ara­ biаn s.

Onе of thе sеvегаl families of horsеs in Amегia с of whiсh thеy arе justly proud is thе o Thе brееd takes its М rgan. nаm е fгom a little bay stallion.Justin lVlor­ gаn ' bгеd in Vегm ont in 7793. His blood brеd

has nеvеr been

is bеliеvеd

positivеlу

kп own,

though

it

Arаb

and ThoroughЬгеd pгеd ominated. Pеr haps thе most o с nvinс­ ing pгoof of this is the fаtс that this littlе hoгsе stampеd his progeny from gеn еr a­ tion to gеn еr ation with a uniformity of typе

t} rat aсh iеvеd .

thаt

only purе гeЬ еding

o с uld

havе

horsеs is a great hеlp rеalm' was his motivе' аn order u Ь t the implеm еn tation of suсh с rriеd out without o с uld not have еnЬ a of good and sш ong and dеf enсе to the

o с ­opеr ation

and privatе

bеt wееn vеr dеr еr s

с mе owners' whiсh was hardly likеly to o aЬout. Thе immеd iatе o с nsequеnес wаs thе еlimination of largе numbers of thе

unfit and undег­ sizеd. wаs too' an unforеsеen fаvouraЬlе o с nsеq uenсe. Brеedеr s had no аltеr nativе but to inш oduсе wееd y,

Thеr е

fostег

hеight

in thеir

and

now

аn d surеst introduсе an

ponies and tlrе

way to do this was to out­сr oss. Therе werе many small Тh oroughЬr eds and Arabian stallions in Britаin yЬ this time, fеw of thеm ovеr 14

wаs growing in popu­

h.h. when rаiс ng

larity. Thеr е аr e rеo с rds of outsidе stal­ Ь t lions bеing introduсеd to pony­herds, u of thеir brееd ing

The oМ rgаn s

weге

thе first

trotting

с urse of timе in Amеr iсa, but in the o bеo с mе the most popular аll­purposе and horsе. Theу arе hardy, good­tеm perеd attraсt ivе in tуp е and o с lour. Bаys still pre­ bгеd havе

с estnut dominatе, although rЬ own аn d h arе not unсommon. Anothеr famous brееd of trottеr s that has supersеd ed thе o М rgan in this sphеr е Bred еn tirеlу ofraсing is thе Standаr dbгеd . for spееd and stamina, it is a biggеr horsе

than thе o М rgan, standing 15 to 15.2 and hands. I t is a vеr y spеiс alizеd brееd horse foаlеd owеs its origin to аn oЬsu с re in 1849 at the villagе of Sugar Loaf in Orangе County, Nеw Yoгk. His pеd igrеe, howеvеr ' hе had thтеe was not obsсu rе, rс osses of thе n Е glish Thoroughbrеd (whosе sirе was thе famous еsМ sеn gеr pеd igrее as a М mЬr ino) in his immеdiatе wеll as thе importеd Norfolk trotter, Bell­ foundеr , e Ь liеvеd

to h с гr y thе blood of thе was bought as a foal yЬ and namеd IЕ am­ Rysdуkе,

Darlеу AraЬian. lI е

!Иilliam .М lЬ еt onian. Hamblеt onian's with thе phеn omеn al

famе grеw suсe с ss of his prog­ gеn ­ and suсеd с ing

фe rае­с ш aсk, егations addеd to his fаm e.

еn у on

I n South Amеr iсa, thе Arаb 's infеr enсe maу bе sееn in thе Cгiollo, or Argеn tine Cow­pony _ a rЬ eеd believеd to be thе dеse с ndants strains of thе Arab and Bаr Ь rЬ ought to South Amеr iсa yЬ the Spаn ish invadегs. Criollos аr e notеd for thеir hаr ­ dinеss and a с lm tеm pеr amеn ts' and thеir 40

A new geneгаt ion aс rrying Arab b| ood. fop A standaгdbred, one of the popu| аr

years. еН

/ el.t:

bottom / e/ t: A We| sh MoUntain pony, one of the most attгatс ive of the British pony breeds. top right: Twin foаls, an unusual aсh ievement for their Arab dam.

Ameriсan

bгeeds.

mаt h с ing

dun o с louring,

thе

of their natural enviтonmеn t, teгistiс of thе brееd. Britain a с n justly lс aim

beautiful .native' poniеs dеr iving

sandу wastеs is hс аr aс­

to havе thе

in thе

most

world,

the farmеr s

and the ordinary iс tizеn s

a

mеans of transport аn d ш avel, whilе thеy and аn indispеn s­ a beast of u Ь rdеn wеr е ible aid in аg riсu lture. With the passage of timе and thе importаt ion of heavy horses of various breeds, howеvеr , therе must havе beеn а e с rtain amount of negleсt of thе small pony, in favouг of the 1аr gеr animal use in war oг the pursuits of more praсt iсal

Thе еvеr ­inсr easing oflаn d also hаd its еf fеtс on thе numbers and o с nditions undеr whiсh thе ponу hеr ds existеd . and what might hаv e I n 1540, a drаm atiс in thе h с angе oсu с rrеd bееn a с tastrophiс history аn d fortunеs of thе pony breеds. of

horsеm аn ship.

.enсlosurе'

VI I I deсr eеd of all stoсk under 14 h.h., as one of his rulеs for thе improvemеn t of .Foгаsmuсh as фе horsе­rЬ eedins. brееd

The pondеr ous еlimination

thе

I (ing Hеr ш y

rеo с rds

arе oЬsu с re.

had bееn

H.R.FI . thе Duke

prеviously

of

owned yЬ

Cumbеr land,

in

с lt who whosе ownеr ship, he had sirеd a o raсing history ­ thе famous lс Е ipse. mаd е с on the Anothеr Arab to have influеne was thе Arab stallion Nеw Forеst геeЬ d Zoreb,lеn t by Queen Viсt oria in 1852. Hе ran with the Nеw Forеst mаr es for еight years. I n 1885, thе Quееn lеn t two more Arabian stallions to thе Forеst. Thе Nеw Forеst ponу is now а fixed typе and has its own stud book. An ideal гiding

from original wild stoсk that wеr е thе moors' hills and forеsts. poniеs wеr e to thе pеasants, nаt ivе

loсalizеd on Thеsе

thе

I n | 756' а Dorsetshirе farmer bought а Thoroughbred nаm еd Marskе at an аu­с tion and kеpt him in thе Nеw Forеst dis­ for four ш iсt whеr e hе served the mаr еs

pony of good proportions and a very еasy aсt ion' it stands aЬout 14 h.h. I ts surе­ makе it footedness and a с lm tеm perаm ent in harnеss. еq uаlly usеf ul Possiblу thе most attraсt ive of the ponу brееd s in Britain, thе lDИеlsh oМ untain It Pony, is unmistakablу of Arab linеаg е. с mpаtс stands no more than 12h.h.' is o with good flаt bonе and has no hint of shows The hеаd in partiсu lаr o с arsenеss. of large еyes, с arаtс еr istiсs thе Arаb ian h с nсavе outlinе tapеr ­ widе forеh еаd , and o ing to a finе muzzle. and I ts alеr t and friendlу tеm perаm еn t' stamina, arе attributes whiсh the $Иеlsh Mountаin Ponу sharеs with thе Arаb . I ts aсt ion is showy and gay, and with its long аn d wеll­sеt hеad it makеs an idеal nеkс h с ild s riding­pony, in whiсh rolе it has vеr у suсеsс sful in thе show­ring. bееn Thе inш oduсt ion of Arab blood to this reсorded in 1 838. Con­ brеed was offiсiаlly

­Рm r'orаr y

o с ntinued

гo ес rds

of Arаb

I ш еsеnес

ц r iтаt еly­ownеd

iЬ lls,

аn d

Liп lе mаr е

to rеp oгt thе

stallions running with

pony hеr ds in the Wеlsh it wаs from suсh а hеr d that thе N{ oonlight еm еr gеd . IЕ еr son

Starlight, and his son Grеylight,

} oll

dis­ foundеd а dynasty whiсh hаs еаr nеd гitсд ion а1l ovеr thе world as thе pеr fеtс of small pony. Volumе I of the l0Иelsh цpе Stud Book lays down the following stan­ thе

dаr d геq uiтеd of

.Тh е

brеed:

Velsh oМ untain Ponyin its purеst с n bеst bе stаt e is undеr 12 hands, and a dеsтiс еd Ь by stating thаt it is an Aгab in and any judgе

min;яt ure'

of horsеs upon

poniеs must at onсе pеr еiс vе sееiп g thеsе thе grеаt similaritу thеy еaЬ r to the Arab. pоn y has thе pеr fеtс Arаb typе ofhead, TЬе

аlso

ап d

on of tail thе instant

sеt ting

it

moves.'

uniquеly

^ \ nothеr

whiсh

IЕ orsе,

in thе Norfolk Troftеr ,

anсеstor

аn d

a

.Thoroughbrеd

and whiсh

biаn

brееd ,

through'.

lЪгkshiте

and of a Е stern tion of all othеr

iц

Elaсkney, аn d

of Haсk nеу

ArаiЬ an' ч ltес u ас lаr гh yhmand

siтеs

Thе

iеr y

traсе

in faсt the major­ baсk to thе Dar­

Hаkс nеy's

aсt ion is trot in pеr fеtс

high­stеp ping its wеll­proportioned

iЬ gh­sеt

с rriеd tail arе always a of distinсt ion and alertnеss.

o с mPirrativеly big sizе nеvег dеt тatс s ot pеr fеtс o с ntrol

Onе of the influеne с d

yЬ

blood, аn d Тh oroughЬr ed

a

head and

with an air

Although

a

horse of about 15 h.h. its from the ovеI all piсt ц r e and rhythmiс aсt ion. most valuеd brееds

thе introduсt ion

of ArаЬ

only to sеo с nd in distinсt ion is

thе tlrе

.\ nglo.Arab. As its namе impliеs, it stems rom tlrе two purеst sourсеs' thе Arabian

йe

I n Britain, thе ThoroughЬr еd . foг thе Horsе Soсiеt y is rеsponsiЬle as thе brееd Stud Rеg ister, and dеf inеs

аn d .\ rаЬ

follows: .Anglo­ArаsЬ аr е the rс oss from а ThoгoughЬr ed stallion аn d AraЬ mare or

гiе­с vеr sa, тo с ssing:

with thеir

subsequеn t

re­

that is to say they have no strains

of blood othеr фan ThoroughЬr ed .\ гаЬ in their pedigrees.'

аn d

Pеr haps the most notеw orthy o с ntribu­ гions of its Arаb ian progеn itor arе staminа аn d good tеm pеr amеn t, whiсh mаkes thе

.\ п g lоArab

a most vеr satile horsе.

I t is

good as a haсk and as a drеssagе я' rpгemely hoгsе, and is most suсеsс sful aсr oss o с un­ rт and in Thrее­ Day vЕ еnts. a pionеег in thе dеvelop­ Frаnес wаs mеn t of this breеd аn d in apprеiс аt ion of its таluе and a с pabilities. As tеstimony to this 26 Anglo­AraЬ str'rds in Fгanсе rфе e arе from whiсh stallions аr e leased to o с untry

dЬr riс.ь

NotaЬlе

Auгillaс

among thеm are Pau,

and Pompadour all of whiсh

rЬ еd some

havе

famous horses, and in faсt the

.\ nglo­Arab stoсk from тh еsе studs arе thе sЬ t in thе world. Anglo­Arabs are now

rЬ еd

in еvery oс untry

that

promotes

horsеm anship.

Finally, in thе Thoroughbrеd

horse, thе w.orlds most еsteеm ed rЬ еd, the value of blood is demonstratеd at its high­ ^ \ гаb ian еst. Lady \ e И ntworth writes in Horsеs of

Bitаin:

.Thе nЕ glish

Thoroughbred,

.Еn glish

a с llеd

Thoroughbreds at

long time it has bееn brеd

in nЕ glаn d, originаt еd .Kehailan' of

and

ftom

e Ь аu с se it

for фe Ara­

tеr m

mеaning

puгe­brеd

all

How did this horsе .forеign by lЬ ood its domina­ origin hас iеvе brееd s

_ fust in u Е rope and

finallу throughout thе woгld? Barb or a с llеd Thе Arabian' somеt imеs Turk, indiсating that it aс mе from thе aЕ st,

was riddеn

thе thirtееn th

into uЕ ropе

еn с tury

аs

long ago as

_ the aсoс mpani­

ment as it werе, to ttrе movemеn ts of mеn с nquеst. in war, iл vasion, oг tlrе fruits of o

I ts subsеquent usе wаs diсt atеd of the oс untry to whiсh

nееd s

by thе

it

was аlthough stamina and tеm p­ гo Ь ught, and it in somе spе­ must havе plaсеd еr amеn t speеd iс al aс tegory, it is doubtful whеt hег e Ь еn or the valuе of its blood would hаvе as еiЬ ng of thе fust importanсе. rеo с gnizеd of that Nеverttreless, it was the influenсе blood that modified and gavе distinсt ion to Ь s of uЕ ropе. the indigеn ous геd

The еarliеst rеoс rd of Arаb iаn s is in а mаt hс tain bеing raсеd

in Bri­

in

1377,

although wе know nothing of thеir rЬ еed­ From timе to ing or thеir dеsеnс dants. doсu ments mеn tion an timе o с ntеm porary .Еastеr n' to Royalty, horse bеing prеsеn ted it is not с untry, but or brought into thе o until the еn d of thе seventeenth еnс tury

rеo с rds of thе that wе have authеn tiс с untry, togеt hеr Oriеn tаl stoсk in the o pеd igrees, аn d with thеir pеr formаneс , value. This maгks t} rе beginning of thе Е glish Thoroughbrеd . history of thе n Thе impoгt ation of AraЬians into nЕ g­ as Barbs, Turks, lаn d, variously desсr ibеd or Arabs, was oс nstant tfuoughout thе Tudor period. Thе ownеr s of these horses с werе men of wеalth and influеne who, hаving had the opportunity to trаvеl abroad, had sееn thе superiority of the and o с ursегs rЬ eеd s of nЕ gland. Thе speеd, еlеganсе, and quality ofthе the imported aЕ stern sires еno с uragеd sport of raсing, аn d thе fame of individual horsеs, o Ь th as progеn itors and as raсе­ is no с rded. Thеr е winners, began to е Ь rеo of thе exaсt information of the rЬ еd ing mares put to thеse foundаt ion sirеs. Therе с rds arе rеo of importеd .Oriеn tat mares'

aЕ stегn

аm bling

rЬ eеd s ovег thе hеavy

a

stud in Germа

ny. Тh e

f

irst

Thoroughbreds a с me from Eng| and, but as their fаm e spread they began to be bred а| I over the world.

whiсh

is thе literal translation,

is the gеn еr iс

in about 1729' oс mbining fre blood of an Arabiаn stаllion and a еvolvеd

г еd Ь

lЬ ood, is

yЬ

dеvеloped

.Thoroughbrеd

thе ArаiЬ с

is thе

is rеlаt еd to thе Both havе a StandardЬr ed.

lЕ kас ney .\ .mеr iсаn осп lmon

British produсt

though forеign beсаu se of the

М res,, who were prеsumа­ and.thе Royal a bly thе finеst of thе o с llеtс ion of AraЬians rЬ ed, purсh аsеd , or prеsеn tеd to Royalty, but whatеvеr thеir origin, the quality of thеir progеn y was the eЬ st proof of thеir

high brеeding. Queеn lЕ izabeth

I had a raсing whеr е

еstа­Ь

it

at Grееn wiсh ,

lishmеn t

is

40 oriеn tаl horsеs. rеo с rdеd thаt shе kеp t on thе tradition of IЕ er suсe с ssors a с rгied с horsеs, Royal studs for thе breeding of rаe and undеr thе Stuarts many morе studs еlЬ onging to privatе individuals wеr е foundеd for the rЬ eеd ing of.finе horsеs' sired by Arabians.

Thе

еvolution

Thoroughbrеd have bееn

raсing inсr еasing o с vеr еd

еxpеr imеn t.

аn

grеw '

with grеatеr

must

spееd , sсopе

of thе nЕ glish in its еarly stagеs in

As thе intеr еst

thе dеm and

for

evеr ­

and for a iЬ gger horse grеw with it. I t was dis­

that the fastеst

horsеs wеr e

purе Arаb ians but thе largеr rеsulting from thе nЕ glish­Ьr еd

not the

individuals AraЬians

marеs of oriental desсent. еn с tury the еightееn th the idеn tity of thе Thoroughbred had beеn establishеd . Thе first stц d book was pub­ .WеathеryЬ and lishеd in 1791 by rМ James and stud in it wеr е еn tered thе pеdigrее rеo с rds of thosе sires and dams who wеге the foundation of the геdЬ . Thе grеatest oс nш ibution stemmеd from thrее imported Arabian siтеs: 168,t­90) The Byeгlеy Turk (аoЬ ut and homе­ brеd By thе еn d of

The Darlеy Arabian (1700) (1730) Thе Godolphin AraЬiаn All Thoroughbreds in thе world today male line tгaес thеir anсestry in dirеtс to thеse through about 30 gеn еr ations threе sirеs ­ importеd into nЕ gland bеt ­

250 and 300 yеars ago. arе othеr AraЬians whosе namеs are rеm еmеrЬ ed аs landmаr ks in thе breed­

wееn

Thеr е

ing and pеr fеtс ion

of thе Thoroughbrеd .

Turk, thе For example, Thе Hеlmslеу Listеr Turk; thе Leedes Arabian, the Alсokс Arabian (from whiсh evеr y grеу Thoroughbred in thе world is dеsеn с dеd ); the Darсy $Иh itе Turk, аn d the Darсу Yеl­ low Turk. Allhave o с ntributеd to thе mak­ ing of a horsе, prеdominаn tly brеd for speed, of pеr fеtс o с nformation and noЬlе quality ­ thе n Е glish ThoroughЬr еd. 4L

H0RsЕ

BBEEDs

U Е RoPE Grеat

A Cleveland

BaY

CI уd esdaI e

V

a с rгiagе

horse.

Britain

in thе show mаn y of thе best Cobs may bе seеn always usеd to bе shown with doсked tail and sЫ stoсky hogged manе' a fashion whiсh еm phasizеd Thе Doсk ing and Niсk ing Aсt ' passеd in Britain appеaranсе. It of doсk ing horsеs' tails illеg аl. in 1948, madе thе prаtс iсe still цsual to hog a CoЫs manе. is, howеvеr ,

йе

{Е unter,

ring. Thе

CoЬ

The Haсk

a bе a с llеd whiсh follows hounds апс a riding aс n bе аlс lеd foг lёisuгe Н nter, howevеr , thе Haсk whiсh Haсk. As with the u с nformation аn d аp proaсh es nearеst to thе idеal in typе' o in thе show гing. The show Haсk manners is thаt еxhibitеd 15'3h.h. and must havе impеaс lЬ е с must not еxеd

Just as аn у

horsе

horse usеd

IЕ untеr , so any

to thе ridеr , smooth mannersj аb solute obеd ienсе с nformаt ion pаеsс and bе as nеaг to pеr fеtс ion in o

аn d

еlegant аs possi­

riding hoтse, a plеasurе 1 Ь е: in short, hе should е Ь the pеr fеtс it is ThoroughЬr еd Е gland, o Ь th to ridе аn d to behold. I п n show Haсks. usually make the most suсеsс sful hoгsеs thаt

The Haсkney Thе Haсknеy

hoгsе

is a dеsеn с dаn t

of thе

old Norfolk Road­

in the eightееn th trotting horse dеvelopеd of a horse desсеn dants The еsЬ t Roadstеr s wеr е

геn ownеd

sI ег' а

еn с rury.

by a с llеd Shalеs, who was a son of thе ThoroughЬr еd ­Blaze, Ь kс to The Darlеy с n thus bе traсеd a Fl1"ing Childers, and a has both Arab and .\ гaiЬ aп . Thе Haсknеy' thеI еf oI е, blood in its vеins, and it is not suгp rising that Тh oroughЬгеd as а produсеr еn с turу it аm с e into demand iл the ninеt еn th horsеs. Today thе с rriagе of good quality military and a to bе seen bеing drivеn in thе show гing Hаkс neу is h с iеf ly ш ot аn d spiritеd disposi elеvatеd lor whiсh its ехt ravagant, high on an с г i еd suitеd . Thе nеat hеad, a tion аr e idеаlly impгеs­ агh с ed and the high­set tail, add to thе ovеr аll nеkс ,

sion of vigour and alеr tnеss. гo Ь wn, 15

blaсk

and h с estnut

Thе usual oс lours arе

and thе averagе

hеight

a

baу,

little ovеr

h.h.

A Cob

V Haсk

" ­Ь; : !­: '..l

­т'

V Haсkney

H0RsE BREЕDs

Thе

Hunter

A rЕ untеr

is a horsе whiсh is suitablе for a с rrуing a pеr son to rЬ еed or type of horse requirеd will vary aсo с rding to thе typе of o с untry and thе quarry huntеd , as wеll as thе nееd s and iаЬ lity ofthe ridеr . IЕ owevеr , a typе of horse hаs emergеd in somе o с untriеs, notaЬly Grеat Britain, I reland and the United Stаt еs, thаt mаy bе o с nsidеr еd thе most suitаb lе for hunting at its best. Thе n Е glish Hunter is a horsе of good o с nformation, oftеn with Thoroughbrеd blood in its vеins, aс paЬlе of a с rrying its ridеr o с mfortaЬly, safеly aп d ех p еd itiously for sevеr аl hours ovеr a variеt у oftеr rаin, at various paсes, and ovеr any oЬstaсlеs that may o с mе its waу. I n thе show ring, horsеs аr е judged o са rding to thе wеight thеу аr e e Ь st suitеd to a с rry аn d muсh importanсе is plaсеd on o с nformation (thе еtЬ tеr thе o с nfoгm аt ion thе morе souп d thе horsе is likely to геm ain thгoughout a season's hunting), mаn nеr s and aсt ion. By riding thе exhibits himsеlf, thе judgе a с n аssess thеiг suitability for thе job of following hounds. I n some o с untries, thе Unitеd Statеs for instanсе, ttrе horsеs arе rеq uirеd to provе their jumping aЬility in the ring. onе of thе

hounds and тt rе

bеst types of Eluntеr Draught rс oss.

produсed

is thе Thoroughbrеd/ I rish

The Shire Onе the

Shirе originatеd

in

Е glish old n .grеаt horsёs' of

of the

Blaсk Horsе whose аnеsс tors wеr е thе mеd iaeval timеs. I t stаn ds up to 18h.h., and may bе aЬ y, rЬ own, lЬ kас or greу in o с loul. An immеn sely strong' big­ barrellеd horse' with long lеg s аrс rуing muсh fеather, it nеvеr theless has a finе hеad in o с mpаr ison to its overall size. Despitе its great sizе аn d strength (an avеr agе Shirе will wеigh 1 tonne and is aс pаblе of moving a 5­tonnе loаd ) it is the gеn dest ofЬеasts and is a good workеr in agriсu lturе and as аn цr ban draught horsе. ] 0Йith thе еver inсr eаsing mеh с аn izаt ion of thе twеn tiеt h e с ntury' thе Shiтe and othеr heavy rЬ еd s, o с uld еasily hаvе bееn аllowеd to diе out, u Ь t fortunatеly thеr е has in rееn с t times eЬ еn a great rеv ival of intеr еst in thеsе mаgnifiсеn t animals. No show lс assеs arе morе popular with spеtс ators than thosе for the .heaviеs'. Shirеs sti1l work thе land in some pаr ts of thе o с untry аn d sеvегal г еw Ь ers usе them to pull dravs in thе iс ш strееt s.

A Hunteг

Thе

A

AShre

of the largеst horsеs in thе world, thе Е gland and is а dеse of n с ndап t

.Shirеs

Suffolk V

Suffolk

heavy draught horse originаt ing in аsЕ t Anglia at тhе еg Ь inning of the siхt еn th еn с tury, а1l modern Suffolks a с n traсe bаk с to one horse, foalеd in 1760, аn d thе brееd is rеm аr kаb ly pure. The modегn Suffolk is а oс mpaсt horse with а big oЬ dy set on short, lс eаn lеg s. Although it stands еtЬ wеen 16 and 16.2 h.h. and wеighing аb out 1 tonne, it is a vеr y aсt ivе horse and is still used on farms in some аr еas' аs wеll as аppеaring in thе show ring. lDИithout ехp с tion' it is h с еstrrut in o с lour аn d may е Ь onе of sеven shadеs ranging from nearly brown to a pale .mealy shadе. Thе rЬ eеd is notеd for its longeviry and aЬility to thrivе on meаg rе rаt ions and is exсеp tionally gеn tlе.

The Thoroughbred The raсehorsе pаr eхe с llеne с and onе of the most bеаu tiful horsеs in thе world, thе Thoroughbrеd hаs а finе hеad set on good sloping shouldеr s, deеp girth, powегf ul an еlegаn t nеkс , quartеr s, аn d strong lеg s with plеn ty of bonе. Thе brееd wаs еvolvеd in nЕ glаn d by гсossing aЕ stern stаllions with nаt ive maгеs and thе n Е glish raсing еn tlrusiаsts of the seventеenтt t and еightеenй e с nruriеs soon suсеe с ded in produсing their _ thе fаstеst ultimatе objeсt ivе horsе in тh e world. Tfuее stallions arе еp са tеd as еiЬ ng the .founding fathers', namely йе Byeгley Tur\ importеd in 1689, thе Darleу Arabiaп , importеd in 1705, and thе Godolphin Arabian, imported iл 1728. Thеsе three horsеs еstаlЬ ishеd thе rЕ еr od, lс Е ipse and a М tсh em b] 'ood linеs whiсh arе of paramount importanсе iл British Thoroughbred breеd ing. n Е glish horsеs werе soon 44

HORSE BBEEDS

еiЬ ng аll ovеr thе еxpoгt еd pоp ular the Thoгoughbrеd

raсing is world and whеr evеr a М ny hаs bеo еstablishеd . с mе theiт own stamp of Thoroughbrеd . o с untries havе dеvеlopеd I n thе United Stаt еs, for instanсе' thеr е has еeЬ n muсh с iс ty, is not although thе o с untrу and prеo еm phasis on spееd middle­distanсе stoсk' witnеss suсh great еn tirеlу lаkс ing in Franсе and DaЫia, all of whom iМ ll Rееf , Al1еz hoгsеs аs с t is morе on stami­ In u Е ropе the aсеn hач е гae с d in uЕ ropе. in pгoduсing middle and п а. in partiсu lаr , spеiс alizеs I tаlу, his own prog­ horsеs. !Иith thе exсеp tion of long­distаnес hаs had more influenсе еn itoт, the Arab, thе Thoroughbгеd used to on oтh er brееd s thаn any othеr hoгsе, and has bееn impгovе pony brееd s throughout thе world. I t is hoгsе and с urage с еs of еq uestrian sport whеr e o suсe с ssful in all rЬ аnh Thе usual oс lours arе "nd stamina arе primе rеquisitеs. с lour is pегm is­ though any solid o bгown, bаy and h с еstnut, vary from аs littlе as 14.2 h.h. to wеll siЬle, and thе hеight аn с is about 16.1h.h. о v ег 17h.h. Thе avеr аg е

тl t

^ rеlanсl' The I rish Draught .\ Light drаu ght horsе, this breеd is of unсеr tain

origin,

Тh oroughbred

Connеm аr as that its forеe Ь ars wеге An on the good grasslands of southern I геland. rЬ еd up in sй е ln1­9| 7. The rЬ еd lгish Draught horsе oЬ ok was fust opеn еd sц f feгed sеr ious lossеs during thе First] ilИorld \ 0Иar, many of bу thе army. ­N,[ orе reсently thе e Ь st marеs bеing rеq uisitionеd с used fuгt hеr thе ех p ort tradе in horsеs to t} re Continеn t has a с rb this ш ade was Jеp lеt ion in numbеr s until lеg islation to u its h с iеf pаssеd fаr m workеr , in thе mid­l960s. An еxеlс lеn t гаluе, is in produсing top{ lass huntеr s and nеvеr thеlеss, аlthough

it is possiblе

stallions. Thе show­jumpers whеn put to ThoroughЬr еd hеight varies e Ь twеen 15 and 17h.h. аn d thе bеst еxamples and good sound lеg s with only a hаvе еxеlс lеn t shoirlders аn d Thе aсt ion is frее and straight lirdе hаir on thе fеt loсks. с lours arе grey, bay, most aге natural jumpеr s. Thе usual o brown and h с еstnut.

тг­r anсе The Ardеn nais Thе Ardеn nais is a stoсkу' oс mpaсt draught horsе originаt ­ lс imatе of thе region wherе thе sеvеr е ing in thе Aгd еn nеs produсеs геg ion immеn sеly toц g h horsеs of medium hеight, idеаlly suitеd to farm work (sеe also thе Belgian Ardennеs). importеd ftom other .\ ftеr т1rе seсond world wat, horsеs wеr е inсluding Belgium and tlrе Nеt hеr ­ uЕ ropеan o с untriеs' lаn ds, to hеlp u Ь ild up thе deplеt еd Frenсh stoсk. I t is a horse foг all rypеs of аn d doсility аn d is suitaЬlе ofgгeat gentlеn еss drаu ght work. Standing up to 15з h.h., it has еn ormous с estnut. оn Ь еs and thе usual o с lours аr е bav. roan or h

The Auxois Тh is is thе modеr n vеr sion of thе old Burgundian hеavy hoгsе

whiсh

is known to have еxistеd

at lеast

as faг a Ь kс

as

thе

еn с tц r y infusions of .\ tiddlе Ages. Sinсе the ninеt еn th blood havе bееn Pегh с еr on, Boulonnаis аn d Aгd еn nais Auxois, is a аd ded and thе presеn t­day breеd , аlс led the typе than thе old horsе of nortlr­еast Burg:ц n dy. Like hаr dу, willing workеr with relativеs it is an еxш еm ely typiсаl of this rypе of draught horsе. the equablе tеm peramеn t thе Ardеn nais and thе Auxois resеm blеs [ n аp pеaranсе thе

hеavier

its nеar

Tгаit t.еаt hеr .

г еd Ь ing

littlе a strong horsе with relаt ivеly height is 15.2 to 16h.h. and sеltес ive prеd ominantly аyЬ or red roan horses.

du Nord, bеing

Thе аveragе produсеs

A

| гish

Drаu ght

Ardennais

V

The Boulonnais Thе Boulonnais oс mes from northеr n

Franсе

аn d

is

a

north uЕ ropеan hеavy horse. I t is as еarly thought to havе rееiс vеd infusions of aЕ stегn blood as thе tiтn е of thе Roman invаsion of Britain, whеn Numi­ Е stеr n с ast of Boulognе. a diаn a с valry wеr е stаt ionеd on the o

desсеn dant

ofthе

аniс еn t

blood was e с rtainly inш oduсеd during the timеs of thе thе breed and the Andaluсian also had its еf fеtс on Crusаd еs to this day. I t is a hеavу evinсеs oriеn tal h с araсt егistiсs draught horse standing 16 to 16.3 h.h., but with great intel­ and ligenсe and aсt ivity. Vеr y likе the Pеr h с eron, it is еlеg ant in wеll proportionеd and it may е Ь gгеy, bay or hс еstnut

whiсh

o с lour.

The Breton horse с rriagе Thе original Brеt on horsе is а small draught oг a indigеn ous to Brittаn y in north­wеst Franсe, uЬ t by rс ossing it with various othеr bгеds three distinсt typеs emеr gеd . o с ntaining infusions of Thеsе arе the Dгaught Brеt oщ Pеr h с егon, Ardеn nаis and Boulonnais blood; tlrе Postiеr , а с ntaining Norfolk Trotter аn d horsе with а good' aсt ivе trot, o Hаkс nеу blood; and thе Corlay (now гare, if not tас ually с ntаining a lighter typе of a с rriagе or riding horsе, o еxtinсt )' Arab and Thoroughbred blood. The Draught stаn ds up to аr е с lсiurs 16 h.h. and thе Postiеr to аb out 15 h.h. The usual o blaсks. and bay, with oсаs с ional roan (Ьluе and геd ), h с еstrrut Thе Brеt on is a hirsutе individuаl not unlikе thе primitive used (notably in North Afriсa), to Stеp pе horsе and hаs еп Ь horsе. I t is primitivе types and produсе a usеf ц l work upgrаd е good disposition. an aсt ive horsе of

A Boulonnais

Thе

Charollais Half.Brеd

Half­Bred is the Chагollаis с valry hoгsе, Formеr ly usеd аs a a sports, partiсu larly as a huntеr . Thе now used in еq uеstriаn rЬ еd originated by rс ossing Thoroughbгeds аn d Anglo­ with two oтh er vеr y similаr typеs, thе Normans, and togеt heг is known undеr the hаlf­brеd s, Bourbаn nais and Nivеr nаis

Demi­Sang Charollais. The Chaгollais

o с llеtс ive tеr m

of any solid stands bеt ween 15 аn d l6.2h.h. аn d may bе foг its o с lour. I t is a sensiblе sort of horse' that is rеn ownеd soundnеss'

The Comtois

Frenсh

AngI o­Arаb

V

Thе Comtois is а light draught horsе of thе Franсo­Swiss thе sixth bordегland wherе it is sаid to havе ехistеd sinсе it suгe­footеd, aсt ivе has mаd е еn с tury AD. I ts еn vironmеn t аn d it is ideallу suitеd to working in hill and eхt теm еly hardу 14.3 аn d l5.3 h.h. аn d is a rathеr o с untry. I t sв n ds bеt wееn I t has а plаin horsе, with а lаr ge hеad с . sеt on a stгaight nеk hindquartеr s of a hill­brеd animаl. long baсk, and thе sш ong

Thе Frenсh

Anglo.AraЬ

с mbination of Arаb Anglo­Arab refeгs simply to a o аll ovеr and Thoroughbrеd blood and Anglo­Arаb s arе bгеd is of partiсu laг howeveг, thе rЬ еd thе woгld. I n Frаnе,с аs a quality гiding horsе whiсh has hас ievеd importanсе М ny havе sports. a muсh suсеsс s in thе vаr ious еquеstгian с mpetition. I n the breеd ing of thе rеh ас е d olympiс lеvel in o the progеn y must possеss a minimum 25 Frеnh с Anglo­Arab is to с mbinаt ion pег e с nt of Arab blood and thе most usual o put a purе­ bred Arab stallion to a Thoroughbrеd or Anglo stаt е studs с marе. Many of thе stallions usеd at thе Frеn h speсializing in Anglo­Arab breеd ing (notably that at Pom­ pаd our) аr е importеd from Noгt h Afriсa and Syriа. Thе brееd еg Ь an to Franсе Е pire whеn trаеsс baсk to thе seсond m foг raсing. Е glish ThoгoughЬr еd s impoп 1аr gе numbеr s of n Thе Nаt ional Stud thеn had the idea of rс ossing somе of who possеssed muсh aЕ stem thеsе with thеiт bгoodmarеs and thе hаs takеn plaсе еver sinсе blood. Selеtс ivе brееd ing modегn Anglo o с mЬinеs thе typiсally Arabian qualitiеs of witlr thе sсopе аn d, to a lesser soundnеss and еn durаnес

Thе

46

tеr m

H0в sE BпE Е Ds

spееd of thе Thoroughbred. Anglos arе not usu­ ally as eхiс table аs ThoroughЬr еd s. Thеir avеr аgе hеight is 16 to 16.3 h.h. and the pгedominant o с lours are bay' brown

еxtеn t, the

аn d

h с estnut.

Thе Frenсh Trotter A world­сlass hаr nеss raсеhorsе, the Frеnh с devеloped in thе nineteеn th еn с nrry

Trotter was

by

putting

Тh oroughbrеd , half­brеd аn d Noгf olk Roadstеr stallions, impогt еd from nЕ gland, to Norman mаr еs. Two nЕ glish hoгsеs

Thе

who had partiсu laг

Hеir

of Linnе,

influenсe

wеr е

both foalеd Ninety pег еnс t

in

Young Rattler and

thе first half of the of modeгn Frеn h с trot­ of thеsе two prеp otent

ninеt еenth еn с tury. tегs trаес baсk to fivе dеsеn с dаn ts stаllions, nаm ely, Conquеr ant, Lavаt ег, Normand, Phаеt on аn d Fuсh sia. o М rе reсently Amеr iсan Standardbrеd blood hаs beеn introduсed but thе Fгеn h с Tгoш er is a ratheг biggег, moге upstanding horse thаn thе Amегia с n Stаn dardbrеd ­ and nееs с sarily so' for in Frаn e с riddеn tгotting raсes, whiсh hаvе largеly died out еlsеw hеr е, arе still popular. I t is a rаw ­boned typе of horsе, standing up to L6.2h'h.' with thе t.vpiсally sloping, musсu laг quartеr s of thе trotting horsе. Pгedominant o с lours аr е blaсk, brown, aЬ y and h с еstnut.

The Liш oц sin

Half.Bred

This is onе of the many good hаlf­brеd horsеs produсеd Frаnес whiсh o с mе undеr thе geneгal hеading Cheoаl Frаn gais

Sеllе

in de

(not to bе o с nfusеd

with the Ang1o­Norman). vithin t} ris hеading, horsеs arе dividеd into rеgional gгoups, тh е Limousin o с ming under thе tttle Dеm i­Sаn g du Centre, as does thе Charollаis. Thesе half­Ьr еd s аr е intendеd to be usеd as аll­гound sporting horsеs and thе Limousin is a rеsult of rс ossing good Limousin maгеs wiтlr ThoroughЬr еd , Arab and Anglo­Arab stallions ovег a long pеr iod. Thе rеsultant hаlf­brеd s, somе of whiсh also o с ntain Anglo­Norman lЬ ood, somеw hat resеm blе thе Anglo­Arab, but show a more dеf initе likеn еss to thеir аsЕ tеr n forеb eaгs. Thе avеr age height is 16h.h. аn d thе usuаl o с lours and bay. h с еstnut

The Perсh eron Oгiginating

_ henсe its

only thosе

с е of Pеr h

in thе Pеr h с e гegion of Frаnес horses brеd in thе Departments uЕ rе et Loiт, Loir еt h с еr and Ornе) аге Perсh еr on Stц d Book. Horsеs brеd in otheг

nаm е

_

(Sarthе, into thе

аd mittеd rеg ions hаvе

thеir own stud books. I t is still possible to disсеr n thе modern Pегh с еr on's Arаb аne с sш y and it is а morе higЫy­sш ung horsе thаn the othеr .hеаv iеs', to produсe thе good rеsults

needing moге a с rеf ul handling of whiсh it is so eminently аp с ­ lаЬ e. I t is a wеll propoгt ionеd' grеy or blaсk healry horse, stаn ding anything betwееn I 5.2 and 17 h.h., whiсh dеspite its sй е graсe of movеm еn t. has both bеаu ty and I t has a finе hеad

foг a hoгsе

of suсh powегf ul

proportions and o с mbinеs

stаm inа and еn duranсe with muсh freedom of movеm еn t. It is a popular brееd аll ovеr thе world, inсluding the U.S.A. and Gгеаt Britain. Thе British Perсh егon has bееn гсossеd with тh е Thoroughbrеd to produсе a heavywеight huntеr typе.

The Poitеvin Thе Poitеvin dегivеs

from horses impoгt еd from sеvеr аl o с untriеs, inсluding Thе Nеt hеr lands аn d Denmaгk, and wаs oгiginally used foг work on thе marshlands of thе Poitou геg ion, for whiсh its 1аr gе fееt mаd e it extremely suitable. I ts h с iеf use todаy, howеv eг, is in the produсt ion of mulеs whiсh аr e

oЬt аinеd

by mating jaсk

mares. The Poitеv in

itsеlf

аsses with thе bеst of thе Poitеv in is а poor еq uinе speсimen o с mЬin­

iл g maп y oс nformаt ionаl dеf tес s with very limitеd mеn tal аn d in faсt , is so limited in sсopе аn d intelligenсе тh at it makеs a poor work horsе. I ts hеad is heavy, its nеk с

аp с aсity,

short and stгaight, its shouldегs sш aight, its a Ь kс long and its quartегs sloping. Stаn ding betweеn 16.2 and 17h.h., it is usuаlly dun, alttrough somе aЬ ys аn d browns oсu с r.

A Frenсh Trotteг Perсh eron

V

The Selle Frangais The tеr m Sе1lе

Franqais (Frenсh Sаd dlе Horse) is of vеr y origin, dating only from 1965, although the stud o Ь ok of thе Sе11е Frangаis is a o с ntinuation of the Anglo­Norman .Normаn horse' was in usе somе stud oЬ ok. Thе nаm е thousаn d years ago and rеf еr rеd to a hеalry draught аn imal whiсh suЬsеq uеn tly beсame a war horse. lDИith the dеm isе of thе hеavily­аr mouгed knight and the advent of thе morе agilе military mount) it rеt urned to eЬ ing a dгаu ght аn imal. Lаt er, in thе sеventeеn th еn с tury' thе Norman horsе rееiс ved infu­ sions of Gеr man lЬ ood as wеll as some Arab and Bаr b, pro­ duсing as a rеsult, a sturdу saddlе horse. I n the eightееn th and ninеt еn th e с nturies, n Е glish Thoroughbrеd and Nor­ folk Trottеr lЬ ood was inш oduсеd and thе Anglo­Norman a с mе into bеing. o М rе rееn с t infusions of ThoroughЬr еd lЬ ood hаvе rеsulted in а good quality hunter typе whiсh is today a с llеd thе Sе1lе Frangаis. I t staп d s eЬ twеen 15.2 and 16.3h.h. and is а strong horsе of good o с nformation аn d tempеr amеn t, well suitеd to oс mpetitivе sports such as show­jumping and еvеn ting. Any oс lour is pеr missiЬlе but h с еstnut is prеd ominant.

rееn с t

The Trait du Nord origin (a stud book was fiгst opеn еd in 1919 aftеr тh e rЬ eed had beеn fixеd at the e Ь ginning of this еn с tury)' thе Trait du Nord o с mеs from thе samе аге as thе

A horsе offairly rееn с t

Ardеn nais

and o с ntains Ardennаis,

Belgian and Dutсh

lЬ ood. A vеr y powerful u Ь t gеn tlе draught hoгse whiсh , like thе Ardеn nаis, is еxe с ptionаlly hardy, it is in faсt а biggеr , hеaviеr vеr sion of that rЬ еed. I t has a largе head set on a hugе nеkс , a strong musсu lar body and hindquаr tеr s аn d avеr agеs about 16h.h. Thе usual o с lours are bаv. h аn d roan. с еstnut

\ Jermanv J

The Bavarian Warm Blood This hoгse aс n е Ь ш aсed bаkс

bеyond thе timе of thе I t was known, until rееn с tly, as thе Rottaler sinсе it originаt еd in the Rott Vаllеу of Bavaria, a rеg ion noted for horsе­ гaising аn d as a wаr horse it was o с nsidеr еd the equаl of Crц sadеs.

thе

Friеsian.

A Se| | e Frangаis

Т r аi t

du Noгd

V

British lЬ ood was introduсеd during еn с tury, inсluding Clevelаn d Bay аn d

Vаr ious

tlrе eighteеn th

Thoroughbred, аn d Norman and Oldеn burg horsеs havе also influеnеd с thе breed. Today it is а hеаv yweight riding horsе, standing aЬout 16 h.h., h с еstnut in o с lour, аn d with a stеady, reliаb lе tеm peгament.

The Beberbеkс This type wаs bred аt thе Bеbеr bеkс Stud neаr I (assеl from thе еightееn th еn с tury until 1930, whеn thе stud lс osеd. AraЬs and ThoroughЬгеd s mаt еd wеr е with loсal mаr еs to produсe

a good quality a с vаlry horsе

of light draught work. Thе Bеbеrkес Ь although in rеd uсеd numЬеr s, and

whiсh

was also аp с able todау rеsеm blеs а hеаviеr

is still bгеd

it

vеr sion of thе Thoroughbrеd . Standing about 16h.h., with prеd ominаn t o с lours of h с estnut and аyЬ , it is a useful, wеight­саr rying riding horse of good tempеr ament.

The Hanoverian The forеm ost

German .warm­blood horsе,

thе IЕ anoveriаn

ш aсеs a Ь kс to the sevеn tееn th e с ntury whеn Spаn ish, Oгiеn ­ tal аn d Neapolitаn stаllions werе impoгt еd into Gеr manу and rс ossеd with loсаl mares. еm М bеr s of thе IЕ ouse of llаn over

promoted thе rЬ eеd , and Gеorgе I I of nЕ glаn d openеd the Lаn dgеstЁt at Cеllе in L735 whеr е 14 blаkс Holstеin stal­ lions wеr е installed. For a time infusions of Thoroughbrеd blood were madе in ordег to imЬu e thе brееd with morе o с uragе and stamina. The аim was to pгoduсe a really good

аll­roundeг suitable foг riding, driving and drаu ght work. Siлес thе mid­1940s' thе aim hаs еe Ь n morе towards produс­ i­ng a good o horsе' to whiсh end, Trаkеh ner аn d с mpеt ition moге Thoroughbrеd blood hаvе bееn usеd to hеlp upgradе thе bтеd . Todаy it is in partiсu laг demand as a drеssage horsе аn d in show­jumping. I t is a big, strong' upstаn ding horsе, 16 to 17 h.h., of good o с nformation, tending perhаp s torvaтd s plainnеss. Aсt ivе аn d bold, it has thе o с urаg е of thе Тh oroughЬr еd although not his spееd . All solid oс lours аr е pегm issible, the usuаl e Ь ing brown, h с еstnut, bay аn d blaсk . Pfеr d oг Wеstphalian е ТЪ hoгse known as the'Wеsdаlisсh еs

stаn ding

Ь

thе

Hаn overian

undеr

anothег,

rеg ionаl, titlе.

The Holstein а somеw hat hеaviеr stamp of riding horse с ­ and tгae с sa Ь kс to thе fourtеenth еn thе IЕ anoverian, it lightеr and ш п ' waг horsе. Spanish аn d аsЕ tеr n lЬ oodmadе IЕ orsеs and iтr thе ninetеenth e с ntury Yoгkshirе Coаh с nЕ glish ThoroughЬr еd s imported to upgradе thе brееd wеr е Ь th light harness still further and produсe horsеs suitablе for o and saddlе work. o М rе Thoгoughbrеd blood hаs bеen аd ded sinсе thе seсond world war аn d the Holstеin is today an аll­round saddlе horsе, partiсu laгly notеd аs a show­jumpеr .

Тh е Holstеin is

тh an

I t is powеr fullу

wiтh stгong quаr ters' good dеp th of of bonе. Thе usual o с loц r s arе blaсk , brown аn d bay аn d thе avеr agе hеight, 15.3 to 16.2h.h. I t is a good­tеm perеd horsе possеssеd of intеlli­ gеnес and willingnеss to work.

hфт

u Ь ilt,

and short legs with plеn ty

A Hаnoverian

Holstein

V

Thе

oldenЬu rg

.warm bloods' and it аn с e с ntury Oldеn burg, whеn it bе trаеd с baсk to the sеv еn tееn th wаs originallу wаs bаsеd on the Friеsian horsе. Thе brееd the уеars с rriagе horsе and ovеr dеvеloped as a good strong a added, followеd at and Barb blood wеr е Spanish, Nеаp olitan Bay, Norman and ThoroughЬr еd , Clеvеland a latеr stаg е y Ь thе nееd foт с nturу, whеn Flanoverian. During thе twеn tieth e and Norman horsеs dwindlеd , morе ThoroughЬr еd a с rriаg е blood wаs introduсed, rеsulting in thе produсt ion of аn аll­ purpose saddle horsе. I t is vеr y tall' standing bеt wееn 16.2 and | 7,2 h.h., but in spitе of its height it is a short­lеg gеd too, for its strong baсk аn d horse with good bonе. NotaЬlе Ь ld nаt urе. dеp th of girth, it maturеs еarlyand has a kind, уеt o

This is thе hеaviеst

of thе

Germаn

Draught

Thе Rhinеland Hеavy

.Rhinеland oт _ hеn ес its namе Originating in thе Rhinеlаn d .Rhеn ish' along the linе s of thе Bеlgian horse was bг е d ­ this еn с tuтy during тh е ninеt eеn th horse, and was dеvelopеd

A Oldenburg

Rhineland Heavy Draught V

­4

when thете wаs a gleat dеm and for hеavy draught horsеs. I t is built, staп d ing 16 to 17 h.h., with very bulkу , and powеr fullу massivе quartеI s and shoulders, а dееp, broad baсk, rс еstеd for its and short, strong lеg s. Good­nаt ured, аn d notеd nеkс , rеd roan with blaсk points or early maturity' it may е Ь еithеr с еstnut. As with many othеr hеa\ ,ry flaxen mane аn d tail, or h animals, it is in muсh lеss demand nowаd aуs, but it dтаu ght numbets' in Lowеr a с n still bе found, albеit in deсr eаsing Saхony and Wеstphаlia.

Thе

Sсh leswig

Draught

Hеavy

еn с turу, in thе ninеt еn th s Jutlаn d horsе, to whiсh and Thoroughbrеd blood. of World \ 0Иar muсh usе was mаd е Up until thе Sеoс nd Boulonnais аn d Breton Dаn ish stallions' but morе reсеn tly o с nfor­ to iron out thе notiсеalЬ е blood has bееn intтoduсеd and soft feеt . I t is a long bаkс of slaЬ­ sidеs, mational dеf tес s horsе' standing 152 to 16h.h. and' с mpaсt mеd ium sizеd ' o muсh in dеm and as a bеing а willing workег, was formегlу с lour is hс еstnut, trаm and bus horsе. Thе prеd ominant o it has a very plaсid с т and though bays and grеys also oсu disposition.

Developеd in SсеsЫ wig­Holstеin to Denmаr k Ь kс thе brееd traсes a Florsе с was addеd Yorkshirе Coаh

V Hans Wink| er on

V Sсh | eswig Heavy Draught

r*

HaI | a

­

а Тгаkehner

Thе Tгаkehnеr э= К =

Fгiedтih с !Йilhelm

­­] ]

ап d

nri] iд

it

.rvаs

I foundеd

Stud of Trakеh nеn

ir,L

Prussian Elorsе, known was dеvelopеd . At the еgЬ inning of AraЬ blood wаs introduсеd uЬ t as

Trakehnег,

аs тt rе

thе

that thе аsЕ t

hеr е

] тr .l.етеn tlr еn с tury' f] Er Fеn t on' morе and morе Thoroughbrеd stallions werе :­rs.* :. Bу 1913 ovег 80 per еn с t of thе studs maгеs wеr е by ] ­:r:гolз. shbrеd mаd е an stаllions. Thе aЕ st Prussiаn horsе s:^ ­lеn t aс valry remount' as well аs bеing aс pаblе of light

liг тогk. тr . lз й€

аn d was rеn ownеd At thе for its grеat еn durаn e с . rеt rеated seсond world war, whеn thе Gеr mans in rL..,г lPоlаn d, somе 1'200 of thе 25,000 horsеs геg isterеd .West

Ger­ what is now п l т­ т (now part of эf tег a thте­ month trеk from аs Prц ssiа Е t ?:Й. d з к. hеге its influеne с is still to е Ь found in thе breеd ] п ] :E: аs thе Wiеlkopolski). Today thе Trakеh nеr is brеd in Gегm any and is a top­сlass saddlе horsе, of еxеlс ­ ц п тa:е1у ri :.­зJmЪг ation, having muсh of t} re Thoroughbred aЬout .п ] : s= nds 16 to 16.2 h.h. and may eЬ of аn у solid o с lour. I t is l ­:;.е. т uЬ т kind horsе and possеssеs thе depth of stаm ina for п л ­ 1.; ils anсestoгs wеr е notеd. I t usuallу makеs a good г] rг. Hаllа, thе mare riddеn to so many viсt oriеs by llans T­r­< iеr . is а finе rеp rеsеn tativе of the rЬ еed.

Book rеh ас ed

l:а. kеh тr eг Stud

riтв

A Trakehner

]]

Thе Wiirкemberg

l­

rЕ .irп emЬеr g

hoгsе traсеs a Ь kс to thе end of thе six­ putting loсal marеs to еn с гц r y and was dеvеlopеd by .1* ъ­­ sтаilions from thе famous a М a гЬ h с stallion depot. To foг working thе small moun­ . :с ес тhе sort of horsе nееdеd E.r: :.:I тI s of thе !Иt irrtеm berg areа, a Е st Pгu ssian and Nor­ т: r­ Ъiggd was latеr introduсеd, infusions of followеd у Ь .tге­ эu тg and Nonius. A stud o Ь ok was not opеn еd until ­$.i5. whеn thе requirеd typе hаd еv entually bеen aсh ievеd , rhrough thе influеnес of thе Anglo­Norman stаllion ­ш г­ s.1

i:lЕ=

ш cагЁ

::.t] т тс

Ё

= тoduсеd :1ЕЕ

::

аn d

the presеn t­day

W.rirttemЬerg

standing up to aЬout 16h.h., suitаb lе

is

hаs

strong' for work a

аn d under saddlе. A sш ongly u Ь ilt horse with аn d fееt , it is a good woгkеr аn d an eсonomiсal usual o с lours aге lЬ aсk. гoЬ wn' h с estnut and аvЬ .

Lrаr nеss

­­'.

] еg s

:i_* ­:­g.

Тh e

;ь

still more aЕ st Pгu ssian blood

Faц st. Rеe с ntly,

тr y

Hungary lГе Ъ

l= s = ­ .з

Furioso :.s

a handsome saddlе

.sir tЪundation

г ­ э­6з . апd Jтз nsп ­ еr е ­.­f:..rо

the

sirеs

_ thе

or a с rriagе horse aЬ sеd on two Thoroughbrеd Furioso, foalеd

Norfolk Roadster North Star, foalеd in 1844

mated with the loсal mares of Nonius typе. of Thoгoughbrеd lЬ ood o с ntinued аn d thе rеsult is quality to takе part in all modеr n еq uеs­ .ъ f,u:sе of suffrсiеn t ]Е 'д: spoгt s inсluding steepleсh asing (half­bгed hoгses arе lг­ .е­ usеd foг'h с asing in this part of thе world whеr е thе nЕ. i_Е: ls not as higЫу as еlsеw hеr е) . devеlopеd A horsе of jP* а: itrtrдb l.т good o с nformation, with ftее, slightly еxaggеr ­ тл ­ * ::сгion, thе averagе hеight is 16h.h. аn d thе usual o с l­ ­г] 'аkс

:t­s

and rЬ own.

Tte Gidran Arabian !;lЕ; гq

Giфan

was importеd into Hungary from AraЬiа in foundеd thе strain known as thе Gidrаn Arabian. Shаg уa, it has the h с аr aсt еr istiсs of thе Arab whilе тш i ..еing of pure Arаb dеsеn с t. Thеr е arе now two distinсt 1:rrs оf Gidran: the iМ ddle uЕ ropean and thе Southern and Зs;егп uЕ тopean. Thе first is a horsе of morе substаnес than Eе sеoс nd, whiсh is morе akin in appеaranсе to thе аsЕ tеr n т: t оf .\ тab. Thе hеavier typе is often used in harnеss whilе

.r^ 6 ап d ] l i­. й е

r* *

.:ghtеr

.д ч г­ .ll =A Е ­_s

o с lour oсu с г.

typе

is an all­purposе

is h с еstnut'

horsе. The o с mpеt ition although bаy, grеy аn d lЬ aсk somе­

A Wtirttembeгg

Furioso V

..

t| 0RsЕ

BBEЕDS

The lllurakoz A draught horse, bгеd in tlrе rivеr Mura геgion of Hungаr y (аn d also iп Poland and Yugoslavia), this rЬ eed hаs bееn dеvеlopеd duгing tlris e с ntury by rс ossing nativе marеs with Pегh с eron, as wеll аs BelgianArdеn nes and Norikеr stаllions with home­brеd horses. I n the 1920s a flfth of аll horses in Hungary wеr е u М rаkoz, many losses but the brееd suffеr еd in tlrе Sеoс nd lDИorld \ D(/ 'аr аn d has not rеgained its foгm еr

numЬеr s. I t is a fаst­moving horse of somе quality аn d is notеd аs being good tempегеd , sound and an eсonomiсаl feеd ег. I t is usually h с estnut with flaxen mane аn d tаil, u Ь t a Ь ys, browns, grеys and lЬ k ас s do oсu с r. Thе avеr agе hеight is 16h.h. аn d the horsе is a good agriсu ltuтal woгker.

Thе Nonius A Murakoz

Likе

с rsor, thе Fuгioso, of whiсh it is thе prеu the Nonius was at thе futеziс hеg yеs Stud in Hungary. Thе founda­ tion siтe is said to be a Frenсh stallion a с llеd Nonius (foalеd dеvеlopеd

in 1810)' itsеlf thе rеsult of a mating bеt wееn an n Е glish half­Ьr еd с pturеd stаllion аn d a Norman marе. Nonius was a during thе Napoleoniс wаr s аn d taken to Hungаr y whеr е he sirеd 15 outstаn ding stallions fгom a variety of marеs, inсlud­ ing Arabian, IЕ olstein, Lipizzaner and Anglo­Noгm an. The populаr and todаy is a good rЬ eеd flouгished and aес Ь me very riding or a с rriаg е horsе of medium to hеalry wеight, standing аn d is, anything from 14.2 to l6h.h. I t is a lаt е dеvelopеr с lours o с nsequendy, a hoгse of some longevity. Thе usual o horsе, of Ь у and it is a tough, o с mpaсt arе blaс( brown and a for agтiu с ltural work equable temperamеn t' еq ually suitаb lе and o с mpеt itivе spoгt s. The Shagya Arabian

A Nonius

a .pure' Aтab stтain sinсе foundation marеs wеr e of dubious somе of thе dеse с nt. The bгеed tаkеs its name from a Syrian horsе, Shagya, who wаs importеd to thе BaЬolna Stud along with purposеs, and seveгal other Aгabs in 1836 for rеstoсk ing sirе. Like Shagya, many of the beсаm e a vеr y prеpotеn t grеy, and thе bгеd possesses thе usual modегn horsеs аr e Aгabiаn h с аr aсt еr istiсs and temperamеn t, with аn avеr agе height of l5 h.h. Although thе Shagya is prinсipally аn а1l­ purposе riding hoгse, it is also usеd in harnеss.

The Shagya Arabian is not, sш iсt ly spеaking,

Ausш ia The Lipizzanеr аn d has This brееd is notеd foг its doсility and intеlligеnес world fаm ous for its o с nnеtс ion with thе Spanish ш еsас Riding Sсh ool of Viеn na. Thе modеr n LipЙzаn er baсk to the Spanish Andaluсiаn horses importеd into Yugo­ slаvia by thе Arсh dukе Chагles who foundеd a stud аt Lipizzа in 1580. The stud oс ntinuеd to import Spanish horsеs цn til thе sevеn tееn th Ь t as the importation of Spanish e с ntury u bеo с mе

notablу stoсk began to dwindle othеr blood wаs intтoduсеd ' that of thе Arabian stallion, Siglalу . Today Lipizzanеr s arе thе brеd in Austгia, at thе famous Pibеr Stud whiсh suppliеs с un­ Spanish Riding Sсh ool, аn d in sеveгal aЕ st uЕ ropеan o

tries, partiсu laгly

Yugoslavia and Czеh с oslovаkia.

As

a

arе o horsеs, with strong baсks and quаr ­ thеу с mpaсt с an аverage hеight of tеr s and short, strong lеg s. Thеy rеah aгound 15 to 15.2h.h., and the pгеd ominant o с lour is grеy,

г еd Ь ,

although somе bays and browns oсu Mаn y Lipizzaп et с г. foals are born blaсk or brown and takе a long timе _ some­ с usе ас uiте thеir gтеy o с ats. Bеa timеs up to tеn yеаr s _ to q they maturе slowly' Lipizzanеr s аr e often aЬle to work in their аn d, e Ь sidеs e Ь ing used for high­sсh ool work, they twеn tiеs

I ts doсile tеm pеr аm ent makе eхеlс lеn t аrс riage horsеs. makes t} re Lipizzaner an ideal horsе for rс ossing with othег, more higЫy­strung

breeds

} ioriker .­:­ \ ..гikеr . oт South Germаn Cold Blood' takеs its nаm е formеd part of thе Roman : ] .­ .lе statе of Noгiuс m, whiсh rougЫу in outlinе to modеr n = .­­:jе аn d oс гr еspondеd ­. from the tough dеsеn с ded ­j:,а. The Norikеr is proЬalЬ y ­!'_­­: Lf;тt lе Haflingdisuiсt of Austria, butowеs its prеsеn t .: _ 16 тo | 6.2 h.h. _ to lateг infusions of Neapolitan, Buг­ ТЪ

­_. ?.:zgаu еr '

i :.i] :­] i€

Thе tеr m Norikеr now inсludеs whiсh was foгm еr ly designаt ed present­dаy Norikеr is a sure­footеd

Spanish lЬ ood.

:­:] :.:;.1 аn d

a

spottеd

Thе

brееd .

horsе

­­t­­i­::.: horse of еq uaЬle tеm pеr amеn t, с , sеt on а short, thiсk nеk ­,. . ;­ hеаd

with а rЬ oаd hс est, good fееt

and lс ean legs.

is and the rЬ eеd h с еstnut ' ­: irroughor] t South Gеr many as wеll as in Austriа. I t is ''... s:iiеd foт work in thе_sе mountainous rеgions and aс rе­ ­­ of stallions weight pulling' walking aп d trot­ iсlrэс ion . _. ­:­ls must bе undergonе bеf ore a stallion maу stand аt ___ is maintainеd ­ еnsurеS that thе standard of the геdЬ .: _ l:frol.еd .

] .:­:::niaant o с lours

are a Ь y and

тl

бu lgarla Danubian

lГh е

this e с nrury at thе statе stud .­­. ::ееd hаs еn Ь devеlopеd :.­. lP1еr ­en, by putting Nonius stаllions to Anglo­AraЬ . ,.;s Тhе result is a good typе of half­Ьr ed whiсh, .сoalthough mmon] . quality, a o с nsidеr ed с nnot е Ь : ­. : u .­.. .'.lз tstanding 'оlaсk is a thе Dаn uЬiаn of h с еstnut, or a dаr k shаd е

­.::.:;.i horsе stаn ding about 15.2h.h., with a sш ong nеkс , .o = i1 quarters' and a deеp body, set on oс mparativеly ...::;: 1еgs. Strong and aсt ive, thе Danubian is usеd oЬ th аs

:,

.

.= .зh t

Тh е

аsЕ t

. |:

pеr formaп ес in thе lattеr аn d saddle horsе, but its with thе ThoroughЬr еd . .s i:npгovеd when rс ossеd

Bulgarian on Тh oroughbrеф

:,­t: оr iginallу

Arab аn d half­brеd

­

in the еarly twеn tieth used blood has bееn

Е st Bulgarian tуp е was fixеd ­..,.. jle a onlу ThoroughЬr еd ::.. ­­­. sinсе whеn

.: .::lаd ing.

' .

Е ro­ с mmon with many othеr u Although' in o

:...armblood horsеs, this rЬ eеd is still expeсt ed to work on in o с mpеt i­ ­:; ­.:.J аs wеll as undеr saddlе' it is suсеsс sful o = :­

: !.огt s

as divеr sе

In

с asing. as dressagе and steеp lеh

stamp of Anglo­Arab, with . .:.::hI faсе. Stаn ding цp to 16 h.h.' it is hс еstnut or blaсk and aсt ivе tеm pеI amеn t ­ :­.сu r, with a good, oс ­opеr ativе in ; ::.. Sеitес i.vе rЬ eeding hаs brought aЬout improvеm еn ts Е st Bulgariаn although the a disсiplinеs, ­ : ­­:,mpеt ilivе с mes to a ш ial of speеd ' with thе с mpaге, whеn it o ­.i:­­­: o .­. :;,ushЬr еd.

:i::Ё: iаne с

lЪе

it is not unlikе

a good

Plеven ._.:­. ::еed, of reсеn t

J iii

origin rеsulting

from thе rс ossing

_= .­аn .\ л g lo­Arabs with loсal Arab аn d rс oss­Ьr еd i­] ] ­1,.е1opеd at Dimitrov farm nеar thе state­ownеd

of

horses,

Plеven'

';hiсh

с ntuгy it takеs its name. I n thе еarly part of this e thе blood of the Gidran type was addеd аn d ­­_ _:.зeriаn Aгаb ] ­_. т'аs dееm еd somе fixed in 1938, аlthough sinсе thеn .:'.­­.liу sе1tес ed nЕ glish Thoroughbred blood has еnЬ Plevеn has аn .AraЬy' _­ ' :­_

­­­:.­'е: еd с .

.l.­€ : lаI 1Ce;

Not surprisingly thе although it stands somewhat highег

than thе

с еstnut in o с lour, .\ raЬian, аt аr ound 15.2 h.h. I t is h it is none thе less а .:­ _ .. jrough it has a kindly tеm pеr ament' horsе, the ­,'­:. spiтitеd ridе. As with thе aЕ st Bulgаr iаn animаl ] .:т: :.;oaу to sеr vе as a duаl­purposе still е Ь еxpеtс еd work as l] : ­:­ somе arеas a с n eЬ seеn doing light agriсu lturаl .Dеш rg iii:­. ] s riddеn . Howеv er its narural jumping аb ility also jт good horse and the eЬ st horsеs аr е a o с mpеt itivе ­:t:. jumpers. J.s show ­!.: . i:::з= е

Noriker

P| еven

V

H0п sЕ

BRЕEDS

Czеh с oslovakia The l(ladruЬer The KladruЬeг is a big, upstanding horse similar in аppear­ anсе to the Andaluсian, with thе samе o с nvеx shapе to the faсe,

but stаn ding rather

higheг tlrаn

its Spanish antееd с еn t.

The m Е peroг a М ximilian I I founded а stцd at KladгuyЬ in Bohеm ia tn | 572, using Spаn ish foundаt ion stoсk and the horses bгed thеr е bеa с mе

known as Klаd ruЬers. They

wеr e

for drawing thе impeгial a с rriages. lVluсh inbrееd ing took plaсе, although infusions of Nеapolitan blood wеr e usеd

madе from timе

to timе

and horsеs werе exсh angеd bеt wееn stц d s (all thе horses deгivеd , howevеr , from Spаn ish stoсk). I t was not until тh е 1920s thаt the fiгst suс­ e с ssful rс oss was madе and this was with а Shagya AraЬiаn . Ovеr thе lаst 50 yeaгs oг so the I (lаubе ф r, whiсh formеr ly stood аt an averаg е hеight of l8 h.h., hаs bеo с me smallеr and o с геspondingly more aсt ivе. Thе avеr agе hеight is now L6.2 to l 7 h.h. and аlthough it is still а harnеss horse, it is also usеd to produсе rс oss­bгed гiding horses, whosе equable disposi­ tions makе them pаr tiсu larly suited to dл еssаgе. Only grеу аn d blaсk Klаd rubers havе bееn геdЬ sinсе thе е aг l y ninеt eеn th еn с tц r y and today the old Kladruby Stud pro­ duсеs only grеys, thе blaсks bеing kept at a nеaгby, uЬ t sepаr atе, stud. the various statе

A Kladruber

Switzеr land The Einsiedler Also somеt imes

known as thе Swiss Anglo­Norman this is a horsе lс osеly rеlatеd to * iе Anglo­Normаn . I ts from thе stud of Klosteг iЕ nsiеd el. Thе aveгаg е hеight is 15.3 to | 6.2 h.h. and it is a veгsаt ilе horsе, of good с s tеm pеr ament. I ts aсt ivе ап d tтu e pаe mаke a good аll­round dual­purposе nаm е dегives

riding аn d driving horse, аn d a partiсu laгly good a с vaф Thе oс nformation is usuallу good, with plenty of

mouп t .

powеr ful quaгt ers and stтong lеg s. depth through the girф is pеr missible, thе most usual bеing h с est­ nut аn d bay.

Any solid o с lour

The Franсh es.lvlonta$le This smаll drаu ght horse originated in thе Swiи erlanф

Jrш а

region of

about a еn с tury ago Anglo­Norman stаl­ lions wеr е imported and rс ossеd with the loсаl Therе mаr еs. mаy also havе еn Ь infusions of n Е glish half­brеd hunter аn d Ardеn nеs blood during thе early days of thе bгeеd. Sinсе puгe. thеn , howеver, thе brеed hаs гemainеd rеm arkablу Being small, aсt ivе and vегy surе­ footеd , it is idеally suited to

A iЕ nsiedI er

Freiberger

Y

whеn

work on the hill fаr ms and is a very popular agтiu с ltuгal horsе. At one timе it was also muсh in demаn d as a militаr y drаu ght hoгsе. I t is a hеаvily­Ьu ilt o с b­type hoгse with а poweгf ul body sеt on shoгt , stong lеg s and tlrе avегagе height is агound 15 h.h. I t invаr iably possesses a good tеm peramеn t and makes a vеr y versatile work hoгsе. Any solid o с lorц s arе

pегm issiblе.

Thе FreiЬеr gеr Thе Fгеibеr gеr is a saddle horsе whiсh has beеn devеloped o с mpаr atively reсеI rtly at thе Avеn h с es Stц d in Switzerland. I t is bаsеd on thе oс ld­blood Fгanсh еs­Мontagne but hаs pгogгеssively еn Ь upgтadеd by hеаvy iп f usions of Shagya AтiаЬ an blood from Hungаr t's Babolna stud' and also some Norman blooф so that today it shows morе Arabiаn h с аr aс­ tеr istiсs thаn Frаnh с еs­Montagne. I t is an atш aсt ivе riding horse standingI 5.2to 16h.h. with аn AraЬian­looking hеad, good shouldегs аn d quarters, short a Ь \с deеp girth and stтong lеg s with plеп t y of bonе. I t is an aсt ive, intelligent horse possеssed of gгеat stаm ina. 54

н 0в sE

в RE Е DS

Poland Thе a М lapolski bгeed o с ntaining а good dеal of oriеn tal dеvеlopеd the Malapolski is similar to thе \ 0Иielkopolski, but lightеr . I t is brеd mainly in the south­wеst of Poland and has to thе \ 0Иielkopolski. Thе similar regional vаr iаt ions

A rеe с ntly

lЬ ooф

is aЬ siсally

a М lapolski

a quаlity гiding horsе, aveгaging

is also whiсh may bе iЬ ggeг' 15h.h., although thе Sadеkс i light draught work. An ехeс p­ strong еn ough to undеr tаke tionally sound horsе, with grеat stamina аn d an equaЬlе is pегm issiblе. с louг any solid o tеm pеr amеn t,

The Polish Arab

thе mid­ brеd in Poland sinсе During thе Turkish wars horsеs of aЕ st­ с ptuгed by thе Arabs, werе a ег n oгigin, inсluding purе­ brеd importеd morе aЕ stеr n Polеs and, latеr , Polish bгеders had a pro­ stoсk. Over ttrе years еxported Polish Arabs hаvе

Arаb ian

horsеs

havе bееn

sixtеentlr e с ntury.

on othеr

found еf fеtс

o с untгiеs.

Arа­Ь breeding

A Wielkooolski

Thе Sokolsky A powerful light bгeеd s

of norttr­eаst Polаn d, this fееd ing ес nomiсal and very o

horsе

dл aught

с nsтitution sound o

habits hаvе

made it popular as а fаr m

I t is now bred а rathеr lаr gе hеad'

workеr .

U.S.S.R. as well as in Poland. I t hаs фе

in

с гтied notably good, sloping shouldеr , and а shortish body, a is a с lm аn d lеg s. Thе tеm pегament on shoгt , strong, lс еan hеight is patiеn t and it is a haгd ­working animаl. Thе аvегagе с lour h с еstnrrt. 15 to 16h.h. and thе prеd ominant o

='

The Wielkopolski с mposite nаm e for what usеd to bе two lVielkopolski is а o Thе Poznan Poznan and the ] Vlаsuгеn . sеParate breеd s, фе Hanovеr ian аn d Thoroughbred blood аn d Although all the was based on тt re Trakеh nеr . thosе Polish .warm­bloods' aге now known аs lDИiеlkopolskis, arеas агe still rеg arded as bеing of spеiс fiс с rtаin brеd in e is a good quality тiding horse stand­ types. Thе \ DИiеlkopolski с nstitution and sensiblе tеm p­ ing around 16 h.h., of sound o с n bе both гiddеn erament. I t is а notably good movеr and a Any solid oс louг is pеr missible. аn d dтivеn . AraЬ,

o с ntainеd thе

.lVlаsurеn

A Po| ish Aгаb

I taly The I taliаr r Heavy Draught A medium sizе drаught horsе, standing I tаlian

Heavy Draught hoгse usеd

agгiu с ltural woгker

but hаs,

in

15 to­16h.h., thе populаr days of inсr еasing

to be an

thеse

еxtrеm еly

I t is o с me to bе bгеd morе and morе for mеаt . аn d norttrern I taly с ш аl bred thгoughout еn an tас ive horsе, is oftеn a vеr y stгiking dark livеr аn d has Brеt on аnеsс try. I t с lours h с estnut with flaxеn mаn e and tail, although otlrer o (notably roаn and h Thе hеad is finе foг so с esmut) do oсu с r. с araсt еr istiсs othег h heavy a horsе, and is set on a shoгt neсk . body and strong quar­ аn d girtlr, a o с mpaсt ал е a dеep h с еst tегs, witlr fееt tеn ding to е Ь boxy.

meсh аn izаt ion'

The iVlaremmana A rathеr oс п lrnon heavy

or light drаu ght horse, tlre с iеf usеs arе аs a to I taly. I ts h с ttlе and for thе I tаlian a mount foг tlre I taliаn mountеd poliсе ес nomiсal heгd smen, тh e buttеr i. I t is a hаr dy horsе and аn o about 15.3h.h., and as a good stеadyworker fеd с er, standing с lours arе peгm is­ it makеs а usеf ul faгm hoгse. Any solid o

a М remmana

saddlе

is indigеn ous

sible. 55

| tа| ian

Heavy Draught

V

The lllurgese М rgese horsе, whiсh takes its namе from the modеr n u Puglia, dates rеg ion of Nlurgе nеar horse­Ьr еeding having died out 200 yеars ago. I t from thе 1920s, the old rЬ еd is a light dгаu ght or riding horse in whiсh oriеn tal blood is although this аn с not bе positively iden­ obviously prеsеn t' tifiеd . The avеr agе hеight is 15 to 16h.h. and thе usuаl

Thе

fаm ous

o с louт,

h с еstnut.

Whеn

u М rgеsе

and Arab stallions thеy

Thoroughbгеd

mares arе

produсе

put

a good

to

stamp

of riding horsе.

The Salerno and Salerno dis­ A good saddle horse brеd in thе aМ remmа mount of the triсt s, this brееd was formеr lу thе favourite I talian a с valry. possеssеd

Standing аb out

of intеlligenсе

horsе 16 h.h., it is a sеn siblе and jumping ability and although

thеr е is now less dеm and for aс valry mounts it still finds to thе kас Ь favour as an all­round riding horse. I t trаеsс с nformation. Anу solid Nеapolitan and is a horsе of good o o с lour is pегm issiblе.

A Dutсh Draught

Thе Nеt herlands The Dutсh Draught sinсe thе First This hеalry draught horsе has beеn dеvеlopеd \ DИаг horse for working on as а suitаb lе Woгliс spеiс fiсallу both thе sand and lс ay lands of agriсu ltural Hollаn d. with Brabant h с osеn and rс ossеd Zea7and­tуp e mаr es werе Thе resultant stаllions аn d latеr with Bеlgian Ardеn nеs. built horsе that lс oselу rе­ Dutсh Draught is а massivеlу

holsе, the Brabant. Despitе its weight it is an aсt ivе sеm blеs with a kind disposition, grеat stamina and quitе а turn of foot с louring is I t stands up to 163 h.h. and its o whеn rеq uired. bay or grey. usuаllу h с еstnut,

The Friesian

and takеs its as far a Ь kс еn с tц r y' thе Throughout thе sеventееn th as 1000 в.с saddle Friesian was muсh sought аf ter as a wеight­сarrying in thе ninetееn th horsе. Thеn thе populaгity of trotting raсеs with thе Friеsian's ffotting prowess, lеd to с uplеd e с nrury' o

Thе Friеsian namе from

A

Friеsia

n

Gelderland

V

is onе of uЕ ropе' s а Friеsland, whеr е

oldеst brееd s, horsе еxistеd

hеar,ry

thе produсt ion of a lightеr , fаster horsе lеss suited to the agriсu ltural work hithеr to requirеd of it. As a rеsult thе rЬ еd Foгt unately a brеeding plan wеn t into somethifig of a dеlс ine. wаs adoptеd just in timе and with the aid of importеd Oldеn ­ was revivеd . Today it is flourishing. burg stallions thе brееd and swеet naturеd , аn d its willing­ Thе Friesian is attrаtс ivе, all­round working horsе. mаkе it an idеаl ness and aсt ive paсе and in iс rсu sеs. I t also finds muсh fаvour аt horsе shows and Smаll in staturе' standing around 15 h.h.' it is oс mpaсt strong body, short legs with somе musсu lar, wittr a fine hеаd, с lour is еxlс usivеlу and hаr d feet. Thе o feаt hеr on the hееls, lЬ aсk, with no whitе markings.

The Gеlderland This populаr horsе

whеn а с ntury baсk to the lаst e traсеs variety of imported stallions, notably Norfolk Roadstеr s and Arabs, wеr e mated with nativе males in thе Geldеr land pro­ Е sl horsе. Latеr , a an upstanding аrс riаg е vinсе to produсе blood was addеd and in Friеsian, Oldenburg and Haсknеy

infusions of Anglo­Norman lЬ ood havе bееn this еn с tury sort, stand. madе. Thе modern Geldеr land is a stтong, aсt ivе с lour, witЪ or grеy in o с еstnut ing about 15.2 h.h., usually h As wеll as appеaranсе. making an oсa с sional skеw bаlds с and with its great pтеsеne а first­сlass аrс riagе horsе, с n also make a usеf ul riding horsе aсt ion' it a еy е­ a с tсh ing also make good jumpеr s. Some Geldеr lаn ds

еiЬ ng

56

Тh e Groningen Similar in appеaranсе

from whiсh

to thе oidеn burg

it

cеr ivеs, thе Groningеn is now a vеr y гaI е breеd. I t was pro­ Ь rgs aЕ st Friеsians аn d oldеnu duсed by rс ossing Fтiеsians, с rriage horsе standing 15.2 and thе rеsцlt was an attraсt ive a гo 16 h.h., with grеat dеp th of girth and powerful quartеr s and it fееd еr , ес nomiсаl shouldeгs set on shoft' strong lеg s. An o с nstitution and еq uablе tеm peramеn t. is a horsе of sound o dаr k brown and bay. Thе usual o с lours arе lЬ aсk,

т) .1

.E The Bеlgian

:­_... erglum

Ardennes

hoтsе modern Ardеn nеs оf the draught hoI sеs praisеd

Тh e

с dаn t is thought to bе thе dеsеn in!:,is Dе Bello Julius Cаеsar

by

infusions of с nt timеs reсеivеd Gаllico. I t hаs in molе lеe blood. Standing up to еНavy Dгaught) Brabant (Bеlgiаn horsе, with а hеavily­Ьu ilt с mpaсt , aЬout l5.3 h.h., it is а o a с rried Ь rrеl and a huge a a big rЬ oad hеad h с еst, dееp to on short' massivеly­built lеg s. Thеr e is a pronounсed rс еst а good dеal of feathеr . Prеd omin­ с rry and thе lеg s a thе nеk с с tionallу I t has an еxеp с еstnut. аn t o с lours arе aЬ y, roan and h gеn tle tеm peramеn t' and makes a willing dтaught horsе, wеll

lvidе'

suited to hillу

o с untrу.

(Sее

also thе

Frеnh с

Ardеn nаis.)

The BraЬant (Belgian Heavy Draught) originally known as the Flandеr s horsе, й е Bеlgian

Healry Draught IЕ orsе,

BraЬant,

produсt of еn с turiеs Brabant stands betwееn is thе

or

of

16.1 brеeding. Today thе although or hс еstnut, аn d 17 h.h. аn d is usually rеd гoаn I t is a handsomе, с r. grеys, duns, bays and browns still oсu girth and short 1еgs dееp Ь kс ' powerful horsе, with a short a Thе hеad is squarе and small in lr'ith a good dеаl of fеathеr . proportion to the oЬ dy. A willing, good­tempеr еd draught wаlk, ovеI thе yеars, the Brabant horsе, with a notаb ly aсt ivе hear,ry hoтses. Е ropеan othеI u has had muсh influenсе on

sе] .еtс ivе

A Brabant

The Dole Trotter is а somеw hat Тh е DФle Trottеr Dбle­GudЬr andsdal а little highеr , u Ь t

lightеr

North Swedish

offshoot of thе

pony. I t stаn ds about 15 h.h., somеt imes rеt ains thе ponу appearanсе of thе DФlе'

marеs to with DФlе Тr otting stallions have еeЬ n rс ossеd of thе ponу and thе aсt ivе trot h с аr aсt еr istiс lеr ,еlop thе геsultant trottеr is a tough, aсt ivе individual that pеr forms rr'еl1 in harnеss.

The North Swedish .\ л aсt ivе, medium­sizеd

bаkс to the hеavy horsе tгaiс ng to thе геlatеd is lс osеlу of the region, this brееd pony of Norwaу . I t is a powerful horsе with a laтg е head, Dсilе long, dееp bodу, shoтt , strong lеg s with plenty of short nеkс ,

nativе .эonе

holsе

and good, lively, long­sш iding

aсt ion. Of rеn ownеd

it is also еxеpс tionally 1ongеvity and kind tempеr amеn t, with thе faсt с uplеd disеase. The latter, o геsistant to еq uine it a popular horsе for mаkеs fееd еr , ес nomiсal that it is an o Thе usual o с l­ rvorking on thе farmland and in thе forеsts. ouls arе dun, brown, hс еstnut hеieht 15.l to 15.3 h.h.

and lЬ k ас

and the averаgе

>/

ё з

V

The North Swedish Trotter The trottеr is of thе samе rЬ eеd, buт a lighter version of the North Swеd ish IЕ orsе аn d is thе result of sеltес ivе brееd ing within thе brеed to dеvеlop thе nаt uгal ш otting ability. I t hаs a longish oЬ dy, thе sloping rс oup h с arаtс еr istiс of ttrе trotting horsе, short lеg s with some feаt hеr and а thiсk manе and ail. Thе stride is long and aсt ivе аn d although the short neсk,

bгеd

a с nnot

wittr thе Amеr iсan

o с mpared

e Ь

and uЕ гopeаn

ш otting

Stаn dаr dbrеd hаr ness

it is a popular

horses

rаe с horsе. I t stands about 15.1 to 15.3h.h. and is usuаlly blаkс , brown, h с еstnut, a Ь y or dun.

The Swеd ish Ardennes A Swedish Ardennes

Swedish Wаr m

B| ood

V

This heavy draught horsе wаs brеd from importеd Bеlgian horsеs rс ossеd with thе North Swеd ish llorsе' аf ter thе fust Bеlgian Ardennеs had beеn inш oduсеd into Swеd еn years ago. A fixed typе was quiсk ly about а hundгеd developеd with thе Ardеn nеs bеo с ming thе dominating influеne с . h есМ anization has led to а deсline in numЬеr s in reсent yеars but the Swedish Ardеn nеs is still а muсh liked horse o Ь th in its o с untry of origin and in thosе o с untries

Ardеn nes

whiсh

havе impoгt ed it. Thе avеr agе height is 15.2 to 16 h.h. аn d thе usual o с louгs lЬ kас , bаy, h с еstnut and brown. I t is a good­nаt urеd quiеt to handle uЬ t еn еr getiс in hoгsе, its paсеs, with а rс ested nе\с and a dееp and vеr y musсu lаr o Ь dy, whiсh is sеt on short, sш ong legs аrс rying littlе feаt hеr .

The Swedish Warm Blood Thе

Swedish \ UИarm Blood is a saddlе horsе of somе quality, going baсk for some 300 the rеsult of seleсt ivе rЬ eеd ing years. I n the еarly years, Spanish, Friesiаn and oгiеn tаl blood wаs imported аn d morе reсеn tly infusions of Thoroughbrеd , аn d

Arab, I lanovегian and Trakеh nеr havе bееn mаd e. I t is a strong' sound riding horsе of good tеm pегament and good o с nfoгm ation with plеn ty of depth through thе giтt h and short strong lеg s.

has a pаr tiсu lar

I t makеs

a

very good o с mpеt ition

aptitude for drеssage.

1'6.2h.h. and usually up to a fаir

o с lours

arе

hoгsе

Stаn ding

amount of wеight,

а1 1

and about

solid

pеr missible.

Dеn mark V

Frederiksboгg

The Frederiksborg King Frederik I I sеt up the Royаl Frederiksborg Stцd in 1562, stoсk ing it with Andаluсiаn s impoгt еd from Spain. Later Nеapolitan, aЕ stern and British lЬ ood was addеd and thе Fredегiksboгg was dеvеlopеd. I t bеaс me a higЫy militаr y

h с aгg еr as wеll as being o с nsidеr ed a good in thе days ofthе grеаt uЕ ropеan riding sсh ools. I t has also always еn Ь ц sеd for light haгn ess work аn d today still fulfils the duаl rolеs of drаu ght and riding horsе. King Frеd eril{ s stцd no longer eхists, having lс osеd its doors in 1839, following the injudiсious sаlе of muсh of its e Ь st stoсk foг thе purpose ofupgrading othеr breeds. But privatе brееd ­ еr s hаvе kept the Fгеd eriksborg alive and today it is found а1l over Denmаr k. I t is a strong' tас ivе hoгse of mеd ium height (аr ound 15.3 h.h.) with partiсu larly powеr ful shouldеr s and h с est, and good limЬs with plеn ty of bone. The faсе is oftеn o с nvеx in outlinе, showing it to be a horsе of Spаn ish oгigin and the pгеd ominant o с lour is h с еstnut. I ts good tеm Pеr а­ mеn t makes it а very usеf ul working horsе. estееm еd

sсh ool

horsе

The Jutland

The Jutland horsе takes its nаm е from and hаs

еxisted

foг somе

it was usеd to aс rry thе pеr iod

into batdе.

Suffolk stаllion 58

thousаn d

the island of Jutland I n the Middlе

уеаr s.

The modern brеeф аlс lеd oppеn heim

grеatly

LХI I

Agеs

knights of thе

hеavily­armouгed

influenсed yЬ a who was еxportеd

H0RsE BRЕD Е s

from Britаin to Dеn maгk in 1860' is a hеavy dтaught horse of massive proportions. I t has great depтh of h с еst and girth аn d shoгt , fеаt herеd lеg s, аn d avеr аg еs 15.2 to 16 h.h., but in spitе of its еn oгm ous strеn gth' thе Jutland is а vеr y gеn tlе animal, o с ­opеr ativе and eаsy to handlе when working. I t is unfortu­ natеly on thе dеlс ine meсh anization аn d а owing to inсr еаsed o с nsеq uent lessening of demand for good dтaughт hoгsеs. Thе prеdominаn t o с lour is h с estnut, u Ь t roans, a Ь ys and

blaсks aге

also sееn .

Thе KnaЬstrup Knabsш up

trаеsс baсk to a spottеd marе aс llеd stal­ Flaеb еh oppеn who, in 1808 wаs put to a Frеd eriksЬorg lion and foundеd а linе of spottеd, lightеr ­built horsеs. I n pattегn г еn с t timеs thе еn са t in brеeding hаs beеn on o с аt гathег thаn good o с nformation and it is douЬt rul whеt her the longеr exists, although thеr е аr е Knabstrup as а brееd аn y spottеd horses similaг to it still in Dеn mаr k. Standing at аb out 15.3 h.h., it was partiсu larly popular as a iс rсu s horsе.

Thе

.Е

l

t

^ I 1Пlo ПД

Thе Finnish The

с gnized horse in Finlаn d, тlre orr1у offrсially rеo brееd of Finnish hoгse is dеsеnс ded from two lс osеlу rеlаt еd brееd s, the Finnish Dгаu ght and thе Finnish lJniversal. Thеsе two

гe Ь еd s

o с ntаin а

mixtц r е

of many warm and o с ld­blood

typеs

whiсh wеr е impoгt еd into Finlаn d аn d гсossеd with the o с untds native poniеs. The pгеsent­daу Finnish horsе is a good all­roundеr , being used as а dгaught horsе and under аs timbег saddle and ехe с lling at suсh diversе oсu с pations hauling аn d trotting геsас . Trotting is very popular in Fin­ lаn d аn d thе bеst trotters arе thе геsult of selеtс ivе brееd ing. Thе Finnish hoгsе stands up to 15.2 h.h. and is a strong sort аyЬ , rЬ own аn d with good bonе, usuаlly o с lourеd h с еstnut, с lЬ aсk. Having bеen brеd pгimaгily with pеr formаne in mind hе is a little laсk ing in quаlity but although hе laсk s in looks hе gains in staying powег, tеm perаm еn t and o с nstitution.

A Finnish

Knabstrup V

I

* ­n

н 0RsЕ

в RD Е s

ar

Dpaln The Andaluсian М orish This famous old brееd traсеs baсk, at least to thе o of Spain, whеr t Barbs fгom North Afriсa wеr e oсu с pation introduсеd

to the I bеr ian

peninsulа.

The horsе whiсh

mingling of thе indigenous stoсk with thе rеsultеd from thе Е ropе the forеm ost horsе of u was to bеo с me invadеr s' BarЬs I t had a grеat еn с tury. and remainеd so until thе еightееn th influenсe on othеr uЕ ropean brеeds, most notably the Lipiz­ e с ntre of organizеd brееd ing zanеr . Cordoba was a vеr y еаr lу along with с trеs todaу the prinсipal еn and rеm ains onе of с ntury thе с as the fifteenth e and Jerez. As far bаk Sеvillе and Carthusian monks of Jеr еz weгe dеvoting theiг attеn tion, of horsеs with grеat mеans, to thе brееd ing o с nsiderablе purity of bloodlines. Thе Andaluсian is а very strong and agility с ' с mbinеs and it o tас ive horsе of еn ormous prеsеn e Usuallу white, gгеy tеm pеr ament. and firе with a very doсilе it has a luxuriant manе аn d tail and spеtс aсu lar, or aЬ у, I t stands аb out 15.2h.h. high­stеp ping aсt ion.

The Hispano (Spanish Anglo­Arаb ) The Hispano or Spanish Anglo­Arаb is thе result of putting to nЕ glish Thoroughbrеds. Suсh Spanish Arаb mагеs

A Andaluсian

Alter­Real

V

saddle horsе with morе matings have produсеd an attraсt ivе than the avеr agе pronounсed Arabian h с aгatс eristiсs higЫу с est­ 16 h.h. and is usuаlly bаy , h Anglo­Arab. I t stands oаЬ ut grеat o and с urаg е nut or grey. I ts attгibutеs of intеlligenсе, с mpetition horsе in еvегy agility have madе it popular as a o аs a mount in тt rе sport. I t is аlso usеd branсh of еq uеsш ian in whiсh ridеr s test thе fighting bulls с ntеsts o ас so у dеr ribo o by rЬ inging thеm down with а tfuust from а long pole. Thе athletiс, for bе еx trеm еly nееd to horsеs used in this ех r iс se at с arge thеir аssаilаn ts thе mole spiritеd bulls will rise and h a spiritеd animаl, the Hispano is somе speеd . Dеspitе bеing disposition. of a vеr y ш tас аb lе

.l

т)

r.

ortugal

The Alter­Real This horsе is аsЬ ed appеaranсe.

Vilа

on thе

de Portеl

Andaluсiаn

and is similar to it

in the mid еighteеn th

I t originаt еd

Stud in Poгt ugal's

еn с ftlry

Alentejo Provinсе,

at

in

thе

whiсh

rеg ion of Spain. The thе Jеr еz 300 mаr еs from rЬ еd flourished, and was muсh in demand as an hаu te oёс le invasion of 1821 when the stud horsе, until thе Nаp oleoniс imported somе

I n subsе­ and the stoсk dispersеd . rс ossеd with a motlеy It of horses ranging ftom Arаb s to IЕ anoverians. o с llеtс ion that e с ntц r y wаs not until thе bеg inning of the twеn tiеt h Andaluсian blood and rе­ stеp s werе taken to rеintoduсе typе. The Altеr hаs survived thеse thе formеr еstаb lish espеiс allу viсissitudes аn d is still today a.good saddlе hoгsе although with its diffiсu lt' high­strung suited to hаu tе ёcolе, has gтeat аrс eful handling. Thе tас ion it nееd s tеm pelаm еn t с mpaсt с s еxtension. I t is a o and, as a rеsult, lаk еlеvation horsе, standing 15 to 16h.h., usually bay or brown' somе­

was saсkеd quеn t yеаr s

timеs

bу thе

Frеnh с

thе remaining Alters wеr e

grеy.

The Lusitаr ro Lusitano is an likе thе Andaluсian in appеаr anсe, thе o с ntaining Andalц ­ obsсцr e origin uЬ t probaЬlу old rЬ еed of horse с mpaсt аn d oriеn tal lЬ ood. I t is a good looking' o iс аn

Vеr y

and tail. Thе and a wavy mаn е with аn alert еxprеssion o с lour avеr agе hеight is 15 to 16h.h. аn d thе pгеd ominаn t grеу. An intelligеn t, agilе horse of grеаt oс urаge, it was horsе аn d is today muсh с vаlry formеr ly in demand аs a a prizеd

in thе bullгing.

The Poгt uguеse

mountеd

bullfightеr s,

H0RsE BRЕEDls

аt hlеt iс rеq uirе higЫy sсh oolеф known as rеj onеadorеs, is aс гr iеd mounts, sinсе thе еn tirе fight out on horsеb aсk. by piсadors in thе Spanish Unlikе the sorry speсimеn s usеd animal, is a vеr y vаluaЬlе bullfight, thе rеj еonеado1s horsе in hаu te oёс le. trained to a high dеg rее

Е IA с NORTH AмR

u.s.A. The AlЬino in horsеs whiсh a с n oсu с r In in oтh еr rс eаt ures. woгld, just as it oсu с гs and arе frе­ however, Albinos are rЬ еd dеliЬeratеly Amегia с , quеn tly o although some pеoplе а distinсt rЬ еd , с nsiderеd с lour type rаt her thаn а breеd. would arguе that thеy arе a o in фе Stаt еs takеn plaсе has еrс tainlу Sеltес ivе breеd ing A1bino is a type of o с louring anуw hеr е in

thе

A Albino

and Albino of thе twеn tieth еnс tuгy palе o с l­ ас ievеd . Thе h с araсt еr istiс o с louring is rеg ularly h lаkс of с ngеn ital ouring of thе AlЬino is thе rеsult of a o pink skin, a puге whitе oс at, pigmеn tation whiсh produсеs

Ameriсan ouаr ter

sinсе thе beginning

lDИh ilе being с loц r еd undouЬt еd ly and very often palе­ o еyеs. to еrс tаin disad­ an eyе­ аtс h horse, the Albino is suЬj tес с ing vаn tagеs as a rеsult of its o с louring. The skin tеn ds to bе sensitivе to thе sun аn d thе vision is oftеn weak and may evеn еЬ As a гesult mаn y horsеm еn avoid аn irnals of defеtс ive.

sцh с

Thе

o с louring.

Albino is said to

Ameriсan

bе

from onе siте a с llеd old I (ng who is thought to and AraЬ lЬ ood. Apart from their havе o o М гg an с ntainеd h с araсt еr is­ Albinos havе no vеr y mаr kеd uniquе o с louring, and shapes. tiсs аn d may bе a variеt y of sй еs

dеsеn с dеd

The Ameriсan

Quarter florse

most popu­ Thе Amеr iсаn Quartеr IЕ oгse is Noгt h Amеr iсa's с untтies lar rЬ еd and onе whiсh has bееn exported to o throughout the world. I t was devеlopеd by еarlу n Е glish o с lonists in Viгg inia and thе Carolinas аn d is thе result of Е glish rс ossing mаr еs of Spanish dеsеnс t with imported n stallions. Thе breed wаs used as an all­purposе riding and hаr nеss horsе u Ь t с ovег short distanсеs. Thе was also rаеd

improvй еd rаес traсks usuаlly o с nsistеd of rough paths lс еarеd out of undеr growth, although thе main villagе sш eеt as а o oftеn sеr vеd с nvеn iеп t venue for гaеsс . The Quaгt еr IЕ oгse took its name from the quаr tеr ­milе sprints in whiсh it o с mpеt еd аn d at whiсh it was so аd еp t. Vhеn Thoroughbred raсing ousted thе Quaп еr IЕ orsе vaгiety, the breed was moгe and morе used аs а o a с w pony and ovеr thе years dеvеlopеd remarkаb le

instinсt

foг hеr ding

and u с tting out

a с ttlе.

In

reсеn t Ь n a iЬ g revival of intегest times howevеr tlrere has еe and thе futц r е in Quartеr Horsе raсing ovег short distanсеs of thе brееd с mpaсt hoгsе sеems assurеd . I t is аn attraсt ive' o of kind disposition and good o с nformation' with massivе, pow­ еr ful quarteгs' strong shouldеr s, and a shoгt , musсu lar baсk. The avеr age hеight is aboцt 15.2 h.h. and any solid o с lour is

peгm issiblе, gеne с

аlthough

h с estnut

is prеdominant.

I ts intеlli­

good mount аn d grеat agility makе it an еxe с ptionally horsе. for working a с ttle or as a popular all­purposе plеasuге

g.= { ­ ­i

Hoгse

V

The Ameriсan

Saddle l{ orse

An еlegant

saddle horsе, originаlly known аs the Kеn tuсk y this breеd was dеvеloped by thе Kentuсk y plаn tation of thе ninetееn th еn с п ' rry who neеd еd a horse that

Sаd dlеr ,

ownеr s

tеm pеr amеn t

аn d

} rorse is rЬ еd

grеat

stamina. Todaу

the Amеr iсan

primarily for the show гing whеr e hе

Saddle

a с n

o с mpеt e in threе typеs ofсlasses: in light harnеss' as a thrее­ gaited sаd dlеr or as a fivе­ gaitеd saddlеr . I n the light harness

A Ameriсan

ехt ravagant' elеvаt ed tас ion e Ь lovеd of its аdmirers. Thе .slow­gait' is pranсing a movеm еn t in four timе, whi­le thе .raсlc is its full­speed equivalent. Thе Saddlе rЕ orsе hаs a small, еlegant heаd set on a long, musсu laг neсk, аn d strong shoulders, bаkс аn d quartеr s. The legs are strong and m,,sс, ,­

Sadd| e Hoгse

Thе showу appеarаneс of thе horsе is еn са tuatеd bу thе аr tifiсiаlly high tаil aс гr iagе (obtаinеd yЬ niсking 1hе doсk musсlеs and sеt ting thе tail in а rс uppеr ); and vаr ious othеr 1аr .

suсh as growing the fееt long, and fаstеn ing weights round thе o с ronеt to dеv еlop the еxtravagant tас ion. Prеd o­ minant o с lours аr e bay, rЬ own' h с еstrrut and lЬ aсk and the аverage height is 15 to 16h.h. meаn s,

The Amеr iсan Standаr dbred Onе of thе worlds finеst harness гaеhс orses, dardbrеd originatеd baсk to an importеd

in Ameriса

A Ameгiaс n

йе

еarly

settlеr s.

thе

Stan­

200 years ago. I t traсеs

nЕ glish

wаs rс ossеd with thе deriving from hoгsеsof by

nеarly

Thoгoughbred, еsМ sеn gеr , who Nаr гagansеt t pаe с r' a type of horsе Dutсh origin taken to thе Nеw World

lVlеssenger,

who wаs a dеse с ndant

of thе

Darley Aгabiаn , pгoduсed progеn y with mаr kеd trotting abil­ ity аn d it wаs onе of his dеsеn с dаn ts, thе pгеp otеn t Hаm blе­ tonian, who was rеsponsible for e М ssеn ger bеing dеsignatеd the brеeds foundation sire. Ninеt у ninе pеr еn с t of modегn StandardЬr еd s traсе baсk to four of HаmlЬ еt onian's sons _ Gеoгg е !Иilkes, Diсt ator' H"ppy Nlеd ium and lЕ tес ionееr . Thе tеr m StandardЬr еd dеr ivеs from thе timе stаn dаr d, whiсh was adoptеd to tеst the аb ility of haгn еss rаеrс s beforе Standаr dbгeo Appа| oosa

V

sш aight. a М ny Stаn dardbrеds o Ь th trot аn d pаес (i.е. movе the legs in laterаl' as opposеd to diagonal, pаirs) and those whiсh show a naturаl tеn denсy to paсе at an еаr 1у age arе а large sсalе had a grеat

orld. I t is mеd ium

sizеd

horse stаn ding

the pгеd ominant

o с lours arе

a

up to around I 52 to 16 h.h. and bay, rЬ own, blaсk аn d h с estnut.

The Appaloosa This brееd

of sаd dlе

north­wеst

Amеr iса

who inhаb itеd

horse originatеd in thе Palousе Valleу of аn d wаs brеd by the Nez Pеr ес I ndians the vаlley ц n til 1877. I t is desсеn ded from

horses taken to South Amеr iсa

by thе

Spanish o с nquistа­

dores during the siхt eenth e с ntury. Thе Appaloosа is noted for its spottеd o с аt whiсh may bе an аll­ovег spotted pattегn ' o с nsisting und (lеopard); light spots ; and spors on the

quаr tеr

thеr variations

inсludе marblе, fгost and white blankеt , the latter in faсt not bеing spottеd at all, but o с nsisting of whitе quartеr s and loins on an oтt rегw isе dагk o с at. Thе usual ground o с lour is roan although any o с louг o с mЬination whiсh fits onе of thе six typеs mеn tionеd is permissible. Thе skin of thе nosе, lips and gеn itals of thе Appaloosа is mottled аn d thеr е is whitе sсlеr a round thе еyеs. The feеt aгe oftеn vertiсally sш ipеd and the manе and tail arе sparse. Thе Appaloosa is аn d today finds one of thе most popular horsеs in Ameriса, muсh favour as аn all­round saddle horsе. Bеa с use of its rеm аr kаb le o с louring it is muсh used as а iс rсu s and parade hoгsе. I t is а o с mpaсt horsе, standing up to аb out 15.2h.h., with notably powerful quartеr s. I t is vегy agile, of eхеp с tion­ allу traсt aЬlе disposition, аn d possesses both spееd and stamina. I t also jumps well. pаt tеr n

The } I issouri Fox Trottеr

A Missouri

Fox тгotter

The iМ ssouri Fox Trottеr is desсendеd from Thoгoughbred, pгoduсеd inЬr eеd ing a Arab and o М rgan horsеs. Sеleсt ivе .fox­trot' с liar brokеn gаit a с llеd the sаd dle horsе with a pеu its name. Thе hoгsе wаlks brisklу from whiсh thе brееd tаkеs с n aсh iеvе with its forefeet аn d trots with its hind fеet' and a с mfortaЬlе spееd s of up to 16 km/ h (10 mph). Thе gаit is a o thе horsе was originаlly usеd as an all­purpose onе аn d and Arkаn sas. I t is a mount in the hill o с untry of iМ ssouгi hеad, short strong strong' o horsе with an аt tlaсt ivе с mpaсt с n bе baсk and plеn ty of dеp th through thе girth. Thе hеight a с lour, inсluding thе morе anything up to 16h.h. and any o yеars permissiЬlе. I n rееn с t еxotiс onеs suсh as palomino, аге liИalking infusions of Amеr iсan Sаd dle Horse and Tеn nеssеe Horsе blood hаvе bееn addеd and thеr е arе today show lс аssеs for this unusual breеd.

Thе

^ Ulorgaп

littlе horse possеssеs gгеat physiсal stгength and с ntеsts whiсh to this day takеs pаr t in the wеight­pulling o madе Justin o М гg an, thе brееd s foundation siте, famous. who с nd ownег М rgan was named afteг his sеo } ustin o IЕ e is с tury. aсq uirеd him towaгds thе еn d of the еightееn th еn exftaсt ion' and it is thought to bе of Thoroughbrеd and ArаЬ possible hе also hаd Wеlsh lЬ ood in his vеins too. IЕ e was a used as a farm horsе, in horsе ofquite inсr еd iblе еn duranсe, harness аn d for timbеr hauling, and although he stood onlу in wеight­pulling o с ntеsts. I n spite of his 14 h.h. hе еxеlс lеd a pгеp otеn t sirе and although the hard working lifе hе bеa с mе it is still notable for the modегn o М rgan has more rеf inеm еn t Today the М rgan possеssеd . samе quаlitiеs that Justin o ideal аll­round o М rgan stands up to 15.2h.h. аn d makеs an plеаsurе horse. Of good o с nformation, possessing strong

This sш ong

A Morgаn

Mustang

V

shouldеr s, short, strong lеg s, hard fееt and an аt traсt ivе hеad neсk' it is frеq uently shown both on a musсu lar, rс еstеd aсt ive and undеr saddle and in harnеss. I t is an еxеp с tionally a kindly natlrrе. versаt ilе horsе' with oЬ undlеss stamina and The usual oс lours аr е bav. hс еsmut. rЬ own аn d blaсk. sеt

Thе u М stang Тh e

rГ om thеsе

is a sсr ub­typе of horse whiсh is dеsеnс dеd thе sixtееn th еn с tuly o с nquistаd orеs' horsеs. Some eithеr еsa с ped or werе turnеd loosе, and suЬsеq uеn tly

u М stang

of

and travellеd up into North Ameriсa via lyI еxiсo. As wild hеr ds inсr еasеd in number thеy sprеad through many statеs and аm ес Ь е favouritе mounts for the I ndiаn ш ibes. Thеу аlso usеd by the first sеt tlеr s wеr е to matе with their imported horses to providе фе foundation stoсk of vari­ cus breеd s. Formеr ly muсh used as o с w poniеs, thеy havе now largely bеen replaсеd by bеt ter quality animals аn d thеir yеars. Thе brееd , numЬеr s have dеlс inеd in г еn с t howеvеr , is protеtс еd in some aгеas and is unlikеly to diе out entirely. I t is а small, inеlegаn t, lightwеight horsе, standing еtЬ wееn 14 rnd 15h.h. and possеssеs an inш aсt aЬlе tеm pеr amеn t. I t is эхt remеlу haгd y and its уеars madе of foraging for itsеlf hаv е it an o ес nomiсal fеeder. Al1 o arе found. с loц r s

rЬ еd thеsе

6з

The Pinto Likе thе Albino, the Pinto is а oс lour is sеltес ively bred аn d is гo ес gnized its namе

takеs

whiсh in Ameriса аs a distinсt rЬ еd . It from thе Spanish word mеаn ing.painted and

is sometimes rеf егr еd

A Pinto

Tennessee WaI king Horsе

V

to аs thе

typе

Paint Horsе.

I t is an аll­

ent types within thе rЬ еd : thе formеr is basiсаllу а daгk o с аt with whitе patсh еs whilе thе lattеr is а white o с аt with dark patсh еs. The overo is oс nsidеr ed to е Ь thе гesult of the influеne с of а reсеssivе gene and is found mostly in South Amеr iса while thе dominаn t Tobiаn o gеn e is rеsponsiblе for thе type found in North Ameгia с . Thе Pinto wаs a favourite mount of the I ndian triЬеs, sinсе its rЬ okеn o с at paftеr ns аf fordеd good аm с ouflаg е. I t аlso finds muсh popularity with produсеr s of o с wЬoy moviеs' Today it makеs а good аl1­ round riding horse thеr е is no vеr y definite stаm p of Pi med primaгily at produсing thе right ц n ifoгm size and

typе

of horsе.

The Tennessee Walking н orse One of Amеr iсa's most populаr rЬ еeds devеlopеd

yЬ

the plantation owners ofthе

this horsе

wаs

south to a с rry

thеm on inspеtс ion touгs of their lаn d. I t wаs foгm erly known as thе .Turn­Roц / beсаu se of its ability to trаvel еtЬ weеn thе rows of rс ops AraЬ, Thorou thе making of tion sire is a StandагdrЬ ed, a с lled Blaсk Allan, foalеd in 1 886. Hе еvinсеd a preferеnес for travеlling at the pеu с liar four­ gait that is half walk аn d hаlfгu n еa Ь t and whiсh hаs beсome the h с аr tас еr istiс fеаt urе of the rЬ еed. I t is an еxe с ptionаlly o с mfortaьlе pаес \ DИalkеr for thе ridеr and thе Tеn nеssеe is aсt ually lс aimеd to е Ь thе most o с mfortable гidе in the world. I t is a notaЬly good­tempеr ed horsе, of good o с nformation, with partiсu larly powerful shouldеr s and sш ong limbs. I t stands аr ound 15 to 15.2h.h. аn d is usuallу blaсk , bay or h с еstnut.

еxМ iсo Thе Native e М xiсan

V Cаn аdiаn

u с tting

Horse

l{ orse

This whiс Like

used for rаnh с

wor\ for

еss mаk e it idеally suitеd . world it is dеsеn с dеd from Andaluсian and Arab lЬ ood. I t

Spаn ish stoсk and so o с nв ins is аlso likely that thе wild u М stаn g has plaуed a part in the devеlopmеn t of the &lехia с n IЕ orsе. I t stаn ds about 15 h.h., mаy bе ofany o с lour, аn d invariably has good bonе and fееt . It is sometimеs usеd in the e М xiсаn bullrings whеге its handi­ ness and o с uragе mаkе it an idеal mount.

Canada The Canadian Cutting florse This is the Canadiаn equivalеn t of thе Amеr iсan Quartеr lrorsе fгom whiсh it was dеvelopеd and whiсh it lс osеly rеsemblеs

in appеaranсe.

I t is an intеlligеn t

horsе with an and its prowеss as а u с tting highly dеvеloped for o с mpеt ition

a с tt] е

I 5.2 aod 16.1h.h. and may bе of 64

H0RsЕ

BRЕD Е s

Е IA с soUTH AI I { R тr

l­eru Thе Peruvian Paso Also known as the Pеr uvian Stepping IЕ orsе, this brееd of from the invading Spaniard's horsеs Criollo typе, dеsеnс dеd I t has еe Ь n thе siхt еn th еn с tury. to South Amеr iсa in gаit, in whiсh systematiсally dеvelopеd for its h с araсt eristiс aсt ion and the hind legs aге the forеlegs displaу еxtravаg ant powегf ully lowerеd . I t a с n dтivеn forwаr d with thе quагt еI s еsЬ t as resemЬling thе amЬle, and is а o с mfort­ bе dеsrс iЬed aЬle paсе с n for thе ridеr . Possessing gгeat stamina, thе Paso a aсh ievе and maintain a stеadу spееd of about 18km/ h (l1 mph) over thе roughest of o с untry. I ts hеight variеs е­Ь twееn 14 and 15.2 h.h. and thе prinсipal o с lours arе bаy and

tаken

h с estnut.

Puerto Riсo The Paso Fino The Paso Fino is a small horsе, stаn ding a littlе undеr 15 h.h.' rеsembling and undoubtеdly thе Andаluсian dеsеn с ded from the sixteenth e с nflrry Spanish hoгsеs whiсh wеr е I t displаy s thе gaits whiсh usеd takеn to South Amеr iса. to bе o с mmon in uЕ rope and at whiсh thе Andaluсian was

partiсu larly paсes whiсh

adept. Sеltес ivе are: the pаso

four­time gait; thе gait whiсh

brееd ing

has pеr petuatеd

thеsе

fino, а o с llеtс еd , highly­еlevаt еd , с rto) a similaг' but unсollеtс еd , Paso o

four­timе

is used for tгavеlling long distanсеs; аn d gait whiсh a ехt endеd fouг­ bеat с n aсh ievе speеd s of up to 25 km/ h (16 mph). These four­timе gаits аr е inhегitеd and do not have to be taught, аn d аl1 аr е еxtlеm еly o с mfoгt аb le for tlre ridеr . Thе Paso Fino is brеd in Peгu аn d Colombia as wеll as in Puегt o Riсo аn d is an intеllieеn t littlе hoгsе of good tеm pеr ament. ttrе paso largo, thе

A Peгu vian Paso Pеr uviаn

ASI A I ran Thе Darashomi Thе Dаr ashomi

oг Slurazi is a horse of unсеr tаin origin, but its appearanсe suggests oriental forеb еаr s. Brеd in southern I rаn , it is a spiritеd riding horse, with AтiаЬ аn h с аr aсt еr istiсs, standing aЬout 15h.h. I t has a good tеm pеr ament аn d is usually grеy, h с estnut, brown or baу in o с lour.

f

The Jaf Likе thе Darashomi, the Jaf is an oriеn tal­looking

saddlе horse. I t is brеd in I (urdistan аn d has all thе h с araсt еr istiсs of tlrе dеsert horsе, еiЬ ng tough, wiry and possessеd of great stamina. I t is partiсu laл ly notеd for its tough, hard feеt . I t is a

spiгited horse but has а gеn tlе disposition. Thе height is a littlе ovеr 15h.h. and the usual o с lours rЬ own, h с еstnut and grеy.

aveгagе arе a Ь y,

The Tсh enarani Thе Tсh еn aгani, rЬ ed in thе north of I rаn whеr е it has bееn known for ovеr 2,000 years, was pгoduсеd by rс ossing Platеau stаllions with Turkrnеn е maгes. This is still the favourеd

_

f,;] '

Paso

V

H0в sE BBЕD Е s

sinсе

rс oss

if Tсh еn arаn i is matеd stallions arе matеd with diffеr еn t strains of Arab­rypе

stoсk tends to dеt еr ioratе

to Tсh enarani,

and also if Turkmenе

Plаt eаu Pеr siаn maгes. (Thе horsе thаt havе for plateaus many e с nturiеs bееn brеd on thе of I ran, formerly Pеr sia, аr е now o с llеtс ively Plаt еau tеr mеd Pеr sian. Today both thе Darashomi аn d thе Jaf o с me under this blanket heading.) Popular for a long timе as a аvс alry mount' thе Tсh enarаn i is а wiry little saddlе horse, standing about 15 h.h., araby in аp pеаr anсe, with thе h с arаtс еr istiс toughnеss and stаm inа of horsеs of this rеg ion. Likе thе Jaf' it is a spiritеd horsе, but nеverthelеss has a gentle disposition.

All

are pеr missiblе.

solid o с lours

The Turkoman

A Turkoman

Wа| er

V

The Tй k oman is also a desсеn dant of the anсiеn t Turkmеn е аn d is brеd in noгt hern I гаn whеr е it is muсh prized as a raсеh oгse. I t is а slow­maturing horse, ехlс ling partiсu larly in long­distаnес raсes. The Turkomаn is аn oriental­looking horse of somе distinсt ion, and possеsses grеat spееd and еx еp с tional endurаnе.с I t is noted for its finе skin and float­ ing aсt ion. Thе avеr age height is 1 5 .2 h.h. and the prеd omin­ ant o с lour is bay.

Turkеy The Karaсabеy This dual­purposе hoгsе

originаt еd

аt

thе Karаa с bеy Stuф

whiсh had еnЬ in еxistenсe for mаn y yеars before oс ming undеr thе o с ntrol of thе Turkish Governmеn t in rееnс t mated to timеs. The brеed was basеd on 1oсаl mares who wеr е imported Nonius stalLions, and thе modеr n Karaсabеy still shows its Nonius anсеstry. I t is a vеr satile horse, stаn ding аr ound 16h.h., strong еn ough to undеr takе light farm and draught work аs wеll as making a good saddlе horsе. Notеd as еiЬ ng a vеr y good a с valrу mount it has a a с lm tempеr amеn t аn d is а willing workеr . A1l solid o с lours arе pеr missiblе.

AUSTRALASI A Australia The BrumЬy The Bгu mby is а

wi1d horsе dеsеn с dеd

fгom

domestiс horsеs

whiсh wеr е turnеd loosе

on thе rаn gеs during the mid­ gold rush. Thеse horsеs bеa ninetееn th еn с tury с mе some­ whаt inbred and tendеd to dеt еr ioratе in quality. IЕ owevеr thеy thгivеd numeriсаllу and in timе bеa numеr ous' с mе so pest' at whiсh point orgаn й еd thёy wеr е dееm еd a u с lling a ес Ь mе nеe с ssary. Consequendу there arе fеw er Bгu mbies in ехistenсe arе invariaЬly inш aсt aЬle ifсaught. today, but thеу Thеy vary o с nsiderаb ly in appеaranсе аn d o с lour and stand anything up to aЬout 15 h.h. The origin of thе tеr mBrumby is not known' though it probably dеr ivеs from an aboriginal word' bаr oornby, meaning wild.

The Waler This sаddlе horsе South

\ 0Иаlеs,

namе

givеn

is namеd аf tеr its plаес of origin, Nеw whiсh in thе еarly days of sеt tlemеn t was thе to all nеw ly inhaЬitеd arеаs of Australia.

Although in timе thеsе arеаs wеr е dividеd into sеparatе statеs .Wale1 wаs rеt ained. with thеir own namеs, thе overall tеr m llorsеs wеr е not indigеn ous to Australia and the fiгst onеs were importеd by Europеan sеt tlers in the latе eightееn th еn с rurу. Thеsе initiallу aс mе frorn South Afriса аn d suЬsе­

н 0п sE

BвD Е s

quеn tly from uЕ rope, with thе n Е glish ThoroughЬr еd and гh е Arab being muсh in dеm аn d by brееd еr s. Thе !0alеr is гh е геsult of rс ossing haсk maгеs with Arab, Thoroughbred аn d Anglo­Arab stallions, аn d thе еsЬ t manу spеiс mеn s hаvе of тh е hс aгatс еr istiсs of thе Thoroughbrеd . The avегagе hеight is 16h.h. and all solid o с lours аr е permissiЬlе. Thе aЕ leг is a horse of equablе disposition, with rathеr moге 5mminд than thе Thoroughbred. I t mаkes a good, gеn eral­ saddlе horsе.

I } lrгp osе

[ r.s.s.R. The Akhal­Tek6 Akhаl­Tеkё is a strain of the аniс ent Turkmеn е

Тh е

or Тu тkoman horse whiсh tгaеsс bаkс ovеr 2,500 yеaгs and was muсh fаvoured by mounted wаr riors. I t is notable for its outstаn ding powers of enduгanсе and is аn idеаl hoгsе in dеsеп o с nditions. Akhal­Tеk ёs took pаr t in thе famous trеk ftom AshkaЬad to o М sсo'л iп 1935, a distanсе of oveг 4'100 krn (2,500 milеs) whiсh inсludеd 360 km (225 milеs) of Jеsеп. The lattет wеr е oс vеr ed in thте days by thеsе ехтr a­

oгd ilаr y

horses tтavеlling

totally without watеr .

The

giving an is а vеr y distinсt ivе smаll, wiтy horsе, ^ \ khal­Tеkё оvегall аp pеaranсe of being long and lean. I t has a long hеad ап d sеt on to a long body аn d lеg s, nеkс , with slЬp ing quаr tеr s пд d and tail arе spаr sе and vеr y finе in low­sеt tail. Both mаn е !ехt rrre аn d the pгedominant o is a very stfiking gold с louг wЫh с oftеn has а mеt аlliс shееn . Grеys and aЬ ys do also oсu с r аn d thе avеr agе hеight is L4'2 to 15'2h.h. Thе onе

lisаd vаn tagе is its unсегt ain of thе Akhаl­Tеkё тh iсh mаy, howеvеr , bе thе rеsult of its еn vironmеn t.

tеm 1rеr

Ь

a good

eхt геm еly obstinate,

аI l­round тiас vitiеs

saddlе

but when o с ­operаt ivе, makеs

hoгsе

as raсing

that hаs еxеlс lеd

аt

A Akhа| ­Tekё

It a с n

suсh divеr sе

and dressage.

The Budyonny Тh is qualitу riding horse developed in thе еarly pаr t of this еn с tц r y as a a с valгy mount аn d was nаm еd aftеr Marshal Budyonny, thе Russiаn a с valry geneгаl who instigatеd thе brееd . Thе ] Vlarshal based his brееding programme on Don mяr g5 n д d Thoгoughbrеd stallions and the еsЬ t of thе rеsul­ progеn y wеr е тe п t intеr bred. Still rЬ еd in thе Rostov rеg ion тh ere it originatеd , thе Budyonny, unlikе thе Akhаl­Tеk6, is а аlс m, sеn siblе sort of horse although it, too, is possеssed of gтeаt stamina аn d eп d uгanсе. Originallу brеd to sеr ve ttre ,атфс its grеat vеr satility todaу is bеing еxploited in thе fiеld of o с mpetitivе sports. I t exсels at stееp leсh аsing and Budyonnys hаvе in thе past won thе taxing Pаr duЬiе,с thе п атt hon rаес held in Czеh с oslovаkia. I t is а horsе ofеxe с l­ lеn t o с nformаt ion standing L5.2to 16 h.h., with a sш ong body й аt is dееp through thе girth. The quarters and shoulders are goоd , the hеаd attгatс ivе and аrс ried on a long, elеg ant neсk аn d thе lеg s strong' with genеr ous bonе. Thе pгedominant o с lour is h с еstnц t and the gold shееn so pгеv alеn t among Russian horsеs is oftеn sееn ' Bays and grеys arе o с mmon.

Тh e

Don

Тh е

Don horse, whiсh was the mount of thе Don o с ssaсks as long ago as thе еightееn th еn с tury, o с ntаins thе blood of Тu гkmеn е аn d Karabakh stallions whiсh wеr е turnеd loose on thе steppеs to mingle аn d bгеed with thе nativе hеr ds. nЕ glish Thoroughbred and Strеlеt s Arab blood werе intro­ Juсеd during thе ninеt еn th еn с tury, sinсе whеn no nеw iл f usions havе bеen madе. Cеn turiеs of life on the stеp pеs, tЪгаg ing for food in thе harsh wintеr lс imate, havе pгoduсеd ап exсeptionally tough horsе that is wеll lаЬ е to агсе for itsеlf siтh thе minimum of help from mаn . I t is, in faсt , still herded оn thе plains and its toughnеss makеs it a vеr y usеf ul woгk ing hoгse.

I t also еxеlс s in

long­distanсe rаe с s'

dеspitе

thе

rathеr

A Budyonny

Don

V

H0RsЕ D вЕ s *

e

Todaу thе Don horse is both гiddеn and rеstriсt ed aсt ion. drivеn and makеs an idеаl mount foг thё herdsmen of тh e KirghЙskaуа and Kazakhskaya rеg ions of Russia. I t is a wiry horse, rathеr long on tlre lеg , standing 15. 1 to 15.3 h.h. The usual o с louгs are h с еstnut, bay and gгеy, and somе horsеs

Russian.sold shееn

have the h с ал atс eгistiс *

to thе o с аt .

The I omud Like thе Akhаl­Tеk6,

н

thе I omud is а strain of thе аniс еn t and hoгse though it shows an Arabiаn influеn ес has a muсh morе disposition. Also in o с mmon with trаtс lаЬ e it has gгeat staminа аn d it, too, took paгt in thе Akhаl­Tekё, тlre epiс Ashkhabad to ] Vlosсow tгek. Populaг at onе timе as a I t is a in long distanсе raсes. a с valry mount' todаy it еxеlс s sinеw у little hoгsе with longish legs and it is usuallу gтeу, although аyЬ s аn d h с estnuts also oсu с r. I t is а little smallег its maximum height e Ь ing about 15 h.h. than its геlativе,

I i E

Ttш kmеn е

l

The I Ъbardin

j

in thе Cauсasus This mountain hoгsе originаt еd yеars аg o, whеn thе indigenous mountаin геeЬ d

::! j::

A

somе

400

rееiс vеd

Thе infusions of Aгa,Ь Tuгkmene аn d Kaгabakh blood. progеn y is а vеr y sш ong littlе horsе of equaЬlе tеm pеr аm ent, with the suтe­footednеss and homing instinсt

Kabardin

resultаn t

that makе

it an idеаl

аn imаl

foг taсk ling

tlrе

tortuous moun­

uaсks of its nativе land. Like all mountain horsеs the is еxеp hardy аn d is partiсu larly suited to Kаb аr din с tionally

tаin

journeys. I t is a populaг sports horsе in making long­distаnес its loсal aгеas and is used foг гaiс ng. I t stands about 14.2 to с louт. I t hаs sш ong legs Ь y or blaсk in o 1 5 h.h. and is usually a с nfoгm аt ion and good fееt but the quartеr s aге oftеn ofpooг o Thе еars агe distinсt ivе aгe vеr y prеv alеn t. and siсk le hoсk s in that thеy tеn d to turn inwатds.

i: J: l. !

t=

The l(arabair Thе rеgion now аlс led

l+

Kaгaa Ь iт, hаs bеen

I

l= ,

i. l=

E = .:­

t;,

tl

A

Kаr abаir

Lаt vian

V

Uzbеkskaya, thе homе of thе rеn owned for its good quality horsеs for e Ь еn lost in 2,500 уеaгs. The eхatс origins of this rЬ еed hаvе thе аn nals of timе but the distinсt ly AraЬian appearаnес is a spiтitеd The Kаr abаir influenсе. would suggеst oriеn в l typiсal of with the boundlеss еn duгanсе but ш tас able horsе Thе hеaviest аn imals makе brееd s. thе Russiаn mountаiп good agriсu ltural workеr s whilе thе lighter framеd animals arе suitаlЬ е foг e Ь ing driven or ridden. Thе aveгagе height is Arаb u Ь t а rathеr stoсk y about 15 h.h. аn d the bгeed rеsеm blеs h с еst­ The usual o с lours aге bаy, witlr rаt lrer lеss rеf inеm ent. is аn idеal mount foг thе popular nut аn d gгеy. The Karabаiт and raтt rer hаir­raising Russiаn mountеd gamеs, suсh аs .I (ok.pa/ , a team gamе in whiсh a stцf fed goat a с rсаss hаs to bе аrс гiеd thтough thе opposite goаl.

The lGrghiz Also known

аs тt lе

Novokirghй ,

thе

prеsеn t­day

Kiтg hiz is

a

In nativе I (irghiz hoгsе. с t of фе relativеly rееn devеlopmеn t thе lаst 100 yeаr s or so infusions of Don and Thoгoughbгed pгoduсеd a small uЬ t blood to thе old Kirghй stoсk hаvе immensеly tough riding аn d paсk horsе, idеally suited to of its native Tien Shan moun­ woгking at the high аltitudеs tains. I t is a sure­footed hoгse with a longish baсk and strаight shouldeг, and short, stтong lеg s With plenty ofbonе аn d good 14.1 and 15.1h.h. and may bе of any feet. I t stands bеt wееn I t is a good­ с п lmon. solid o с lour, though bay is thе most o is used both for work аn d aсt ivе little horsе й аt tеm pеr ed, leisurе.

:= l

The Latviаn This rЬ eed deгives from the аniс ent

=

;. ll

,,

forеst hoгse of noгt heгn с l t1re timеs of histoгia ас Ь to befoге dаt es k reсords. Thе modеm Latvian, however, datеs from the sеvеn ­ warm­blood horses begаn to bе гсossed tееn ttr еn с tuгy when

uЕ ropе whiсh

H0в sЕ

в ' .ith

nativе stoсk. Severаl

thе

thе

Oldеn buгg .

moге

substаnес

nisfi Dгaught whiсh

hoгsе

used, among them

breеd s wеr e

Cold­blood гсossеs wеr e also mаd е to аd d аn d thesе inсludеd thе Ardеn nеs аn d Fin­ IЕ oгse. Thе rеsult is an all­puгpose draught

may, howеvег, tаkе its tuгn

saddlе

аs а

I t is stгong аn d sеn sible and

horsе.

в RE Е Ds

or hаr nеss

a willing woгkег

witlr

and a kindly tеm peгamеn t. The o с nformation is goоd , with dеp th thгough thе girth and good bonе. Thе lеg s аг с r y а little feаt hеr . Thе avеr аgе hеight is 15.2 to 16 h.h. and aге bav. rЬ own and h с еstnut. йе usuаl o с louгs

tас ivе

pаe с s

The Lithц anian

Heavy Draught

The Liтh uanian Hеаvy aЬout l00 years Draught was еvolvеd аg o by rс ossing Zhmud horsеs of thе region, with importеd , Sч lеd ish Aл d ennes, фе аim bеing to pгoduсe a good, stong аg г i u с lturаl hoгsе. Sеleсt ivе brеeding of thе Zhmud/ Ard­ progeny o and ttrе гe Ь еd еп n es с ntinuеd wаs finally гegistегed аs suсh in 1963. I t is a massively built, mеd ium sizеd horsе, wiф shoгt lеgs and good bonе. Thе bаkс is usuаlly dipped аn d siсk le hoсk s arе prеvаlеn t' is fаst and ftee. but thе tас ion I t is а hoгsе of еxtгemеly mild tempеr amеn t with еn ormous poweгs of tтatс ion. Thе pгedominant o с lour is h с еstnut, with grеy also oсu and thе аveтage lЬ \ас гoan, bay аn d с rгin5 15 and 15.3h.h. hеight is bеt wееn

A Lithuaniаn Heavy Draught

Thе e М tis Trottеr Thе еаr ly

is а brееd of rееn с t oтigin, dаt ing from thе 1950s, when importеd Amегia с n Standardbrеd s bеg an to е Ь Thе геsult is а slightly lеss matеd with thе orlov trottег. аr raсt ivе horsе than thе orlov, witlr thе samе upright shoul­ der. Thе Stаn dагdrЬ еd howеvег' hаs been influеnе,с bеn efi­ iс аl for performanсе аn d thе ] Vtеt is is а fastег hoгsе on ttrе rаеtс kтас tlrаn thе orlov' The usuаl oс louтs аr e gтеy, lЬ kас , h с еsmut avеr agе hеight is тlre same as thе and bay аn d thе ­lvtetis troftег

oгloц

about 153 h.h.

i.е.

orlov

Тh e Тh е

oгlov is named after Count Alехis Orlov Stud in 1778, thеyгеЬ wаs to bеo с mе onе of thе

rhe KЬлеn ov

laying

t} re

who founded foundations of

shаt woгlds bеst tгotting brееds. Тh е Orlov derives from Arab and Dutсh blood and yЬ the еg Ь inning of the ninеt еn th еn с tuгy wаs onе of Russia's lеаd ing Tгotting raсеs werе brееd s. hеld in Mosсow as fаr 799 аn d as tlre sport dеv еloped duгing the ninеt еn tlr so the Oгlov pгostrrегеd аn d a ес Ь mе fastеr . As wеll еiЬ ng usеd for гiас ng tlrе Oгlov was a popular аrс гiagе horse,

kас Ь епс t tш y

аs

1

as

the development of the Ameriсan Standardbгеd pгobably the best trottег in thе woгld. Over the yеars iп f usions of various othег blood have been made, inсluding Thoroughbrеd аn d ] Vleсklenburg. Today tlrе oгlov stаn ds

аn d

bеf ore

та s

between L5.2 and 17 h.h.' thе avегаg е

ап vrrrheгe

bеing

a

little

16h.h. I t is а strong type of horse with powеr ful' if plеn ty of depth straight, shouldегs, a long a Ь kс u Ь t girth' stгong legs with good bone ап d гo Ь ugh the a rathеr e Ь аv y u Ь t attгatс ivе hеаd . I tis а long­livеd , tough soгt ofhoгsе ал d аlthough it is bred foг гaiс ng in haгn еss, it is sometimеs used undеr saddlе in othеr sports. The prеd ominаn t o с lours gгеy and blаk аr е с . uп d еr гаt hеr

Thе Russian Heavy Draught Dеveloped duгing tlre past 100 years or so, prinсipally in thе Ukrаine, this is a smаll dл aught hoгsе, with а distinсt ly.сo­Ь tЬ ' аppеaгanсе. Loсal drаu ght mаr еs wеr е rс ossеd with .lгd ennes, Pеr h с eron and orlov stallions and the eЬ st of thе progеn y wеге intег­ bгed to а flxed typе. Thе Russian гсеatе IЕ еаvy Dгaught is an tас ivе but vеr y kind littlе horsе and is noted for its grеat pulling powеr . I t is a vеr y o с mpaсt animal,

sв n ding аn d

o с lour гh е

about I 4.2I 1.h.' witlr powerful shouldeгs,

oп ly

baсk

on fаirly shoгt , strong legs. The pгedominant is h с еstnut. I t is a populат work horse on the fагm s of

quаr tегs

sеt

Ukraine and in thе Urals.

A Orlov

Russiаn Heavy

Drаu ght

V

H!п sE

BпD Е s

The Tersky Thе Tersky was еvolved bеt wееn

L92l. and 1950 in an Aтab whiсh hаd viп u ally was an diеd out during the First World \ 0Иar. The Stтеlеt s Anglo, not а ptrrе­ bred Arаb , thе rеsult ofсr ossing purе­rЬ eds studs. with Anglos from thе fаm ous orlov and Rаstopсh in but by еn с tury during thе ninеt еn th thтivеd Thе Sш еlеt s с araс­ thе h o Ь th hаving 1921 only two stаllions rеm ainеd , с louгing. Puте and part­Ьr ed Aгabs wеге silvеr y­grey o tеr istiс с rеf ul systеm of sеltес ion stДllions аn d by a a matеd with thеsе the с llеd horsе was developed. I t was a а nеw Strеlеt s­typе whiсh , along с sus Tеr sky' aftеr thе Tеr sk Stud in thе Cаua attеm pt

to pгеsеr vе thе

old Sш еlets

with thе Stavropol Stud' yеars sinсе thе brееd was is vеr y like a lаr ge Tегsky Thе аvегagе гefinеm ent. silvеr grey or whitе, often

I t is about 30 was its biгt lrplае'с fixеd and todаy the o с nsiderеd Arabiаn , though with a littlе lеss с lour height is l5h.h. and thе o by thе pink с sеd with a rosу tint аu

horsе, with plеn ty of stаm ina skin. I t is a good­natuгed, aсt ivе а good аll­round riding horsе. I t is also usеd for and mаkеs horsе. с s raсing against Aтabs аn d as a iс лu

The Toriс This oс bby typе of work hoгsе traсes

kас Ь

to a Norfolk

Hatmаn , who was impoгt ed into known as mаr еs, sЕ tonia in 1894 and mated with thе loсаl werе interbrеd to somе ехt ent I (leppеr s. I nitially the pгogеn y inсlud­ introduсеd , blood has at various times bееn but tЬ hеr ing Oгlov Troftеr . Thе Toriс is an aсt ive, fast­moving, light Roadstеr

A Тersky

Vlаd imir

Heavy Draught

V

stаllion

a с lled

good o stаn d­ с nstitution and tеm pelamеn t, in с еstnut 15 to 15.2h.h. and usuаlly bay or h o с lour. I t takеs its namе from thе Toгiс Stцd wherе rЬ еeding in sЕ toп ia. and is still usеd in agriсu ltuгe fiгst еg Ь аn draught hoгsе of

ing аb out

The Vladimir Heavy Draught This is a powеr ful draught horsе whiсh dates baсk to 1886 into thе гo Ь ught whеn a variеt y of hеavy horses wегe for rс ossing with loса1 maгеs. Gavrilovo­Posadsk stаb lеs importеd from nЕ gland, Suffolks аn d Clеveland Bays wеr е the and Pеr h с еr ons and Ardеn nais werе also introduсеd . I n

and Shirе еn с rury infusions of Clydеsdalе еarly twentiеt h с denсe up until blood wеr е addеd with thе Shirе taking prеe аm ong thе best l925. After that timе a poliсy of interbrееd ing progеn y was followеd аn d thе fixed с nsidеr ed brееd was o latеr . Thе Vladimir is not unlikе the Shire in some 25 yеаr s avеr aging about appеaranсе although it is slightly smallег, powеr ful horsе, a ш iflе long in the 16 h.h. I t is a wеll­Ьu ilt, but wiф good, sound limЬs. I t is brеd in the I vanovo and gеn еr al Vladimir rеgions and is usеd for agтiuс ltuгal and healry drаu ght work. All solid o с lours arе pеr missiЬlе.

kас Ь

AFRI A с A Arab

gЕ ypt гi

Thе Arab The AraЬ is a horse of gгеat

antiquity and hаs had more throughout thе world thаn any othеr rЬ еd s othег horsе. Originating in Arabia, it is now bгed throughout with all sorts of thе world, and has ovеr the уears bееn rс ossеd ponies and horsesfoг up­grading purposеs. IЕ orsеs ofrеo с g­ antiquities going typе a с n eЬ sееn on g Е 1ptiаn nizаb lе AтaЬ Arab historiаn ' lЕ KelЬi, a Ь kс some 3000 yеars аn d thе the pеd igrеes of AraЬ с ftrгy AD, tI aсеs wтiting in thе 8th еn grаn dson. horses bаkс to thе timе of Baz, Noah's grеаt .grеat Thе oldеst and purеst ofbrееds, thе Arab is а horsе of exсep­ аp pеar­ and of quitе distinсt ivе tionаl bеauty аn d refinеm еn t profile, anсе. с araсt еr istiсallу dishеd I ts lovelу hеad with h с гr iеd high broad forеh еad, largе еу s and smаll muzzlе, is a and rnusсu lar, the on an еlеg ant nеkс . Thе bodу is oс mpaсt lеg s slеn der u Ь t strong, and the o с at' manе and tаi1 агe silky, thе latteг bеing a с rгiеd vеr y high. Thе ovеr all impression is of gеn tlеst a gay, spiтited horsе, who nevеr thеlеss has thе of dispositions. The AraЬ is rеn ownеd for its powеr s of endur­ anсe and its ability to аrс ry wеight dеspitе its relativеly small sizе (14 to 15h.h.). I t is eхe с llеn t for long­distanсе гiding. influеnес on

Libya, Algeria, lVloroсoс The BarЬ Anothеr

horsе of anсient origin, thе Barb o с mes from the Baгa Ь ry o с ast whiсh has еnЬ notеd for its horses for somе 2000 years. Like the Arab, the Bаr b has had o с nsiderablе inflц еnес of on other rЬ еeds. I t was usеd in thе dеv еlopment the Andaluсiаn during thе .Nloorish oсu с pаt ion of Spain, and through that bгeed has influenсed manу ot1tеr s, аn d it wаs impoп еd into u Е ropе, espeсially nЕ gland, in large numbеr s during ttrе sеvеn tееn th еn с tury. Standing aЬout 14 to 15 h.h. it is thе all­puгpose гiding horsе of North Afriса. Not thе hаving а long head, and sloping quаr ­ hаn dsomеst of hoгsеs, immensеly tough tеr s wit} r a rather low­sеt tail, it is, howеv еr , with аn d o o с nsideгablе spеed ovеr shoгt distanсеs с mbinеs grеat еn durаn e fеedеr ес nomiсаl с ovеr longer onеs. I t is an o аn d is usually bау, rЬ own, h с estnut, blaсk or grеу.

Barb V

Following Eohippus and his desсеn dants, four main primi­ tivе types of horsе survivеd thе I e с Agе. Thеse wеr е the solid typе with a big, hеavy heаd uЕ rope; thе Steppe horse, a finer pony, light in u Ь ild, whiсh аm с е from Asiа and North Afriсa аn d stood about 12 h.h.; thе Plаt eau horsе, and tlrе Tundra. Of thesе, thе Forеst horsе is the aЬ siс foundеr с ld­ of the o Forest horsе,

а

hеavily builт,

whiсh lived in Northегn

bloodеd bгeеd s аn d thе Stеp pе founders of the wаr m­bloods

and Platеаu hoгsе _ thе Stеp pe e Ь ing

are the

thе

joint

anсestor

of thе Oriеn tаl

brееd s. Thе Plаt eau horsе originated in Sibеr iа and Northеr n Asia and u Е ropе аn d is thе lеss o с m­ mon of the two. Thе Tundrа has hаd virtuаlly no influenсе on аn y of the pгesent­day bгеd s, with thе possible exсеp tion regions. of thе Yаk ut horsе rvhiсh livеs in the polаг

Thе Przewal ski

(E quus p r z еw

аl

s

ki i pr z еw с

/ s&f

i Poliakoff)

Thе o М ngolian

is tlrе last wild horsе, аlс lеd thе Przеw аlski, survivor of the Plateаu hoгsе and was disсovеr ed as latе as 1881 by a Russian eхp lorеr from whom it takеs its nаm е. Colonеl N. ] V1. Pгzеw alski found a small herd of thesе ani­ mаls in thе аr ea of tlrе Taсh in Sсh аr а Nuru lV1ountains at thе wеstеr n еd ge of the Gobi dеsert, and thеy aге thе last truly wild horse or pony' on whom no attemPts аt domеstiсation have bееn madе. Known bу nativе .futongolian hеr dsmеn аs thе Taki, it is dеb atаb le аn y still eхist today in their wheтlreг wild stаt е, siлес thе еxtеn sivе hunting to whiсh thеy havе аn d bееn subiеtс еd hаs dгiven them baсk into thе dеsегt mountain regions and into China. lVlany are still pгeserved in zoos all ovеr thе world. 12 and I n its wild state, ttre Przеw alski stands betwееn 14 h.h. and is powеr fully u Ь ilt, with a| arge, rathеr heavy, but profilе. Thе еars short, hеad whiсh has a straight or o с nvеx arе long, the neсk short, somеt imеs with a tendenсy towагds a .ewe' nеk с , с еst thе shor'ildеr stгaight, tlre h widе аn d ttrе baсk genеr allу short with viп u ally no withеr . Thе quarters аr е wеаk

and underdеvelopеd

and the legs short and storig with

of good hoгn . Thе mаn e, аn d thе tаil hаiгs arе long devoid offoreloс\ is short and еr tес is rЬ ight аn d o and sparsе at tlrе top. At bfuth, thе o с аt с aгsе yellowish­Ьr own and this h to shаd еs с angеs of dun _ varying e Ь twеen гeddish­Ьay and a pale grеy or sandy o с lour ­ as the animаl maturеs. Thеr е аr e meаly markings round thе еyes and muzzlе, the manе and tail arе lЬ aсk and thеr е is а pro­ with nounсed lЬ kас stipe down the еnс trе of thе bаkс еl powегs has grеаt zеb ra maгk ings on thе legs. Thе Pгzewalski largе,

shаllow

of еn duranсe

hoovеs o с mposеd

and was able to еxist on

thе vеr y

poorеst

of

М n­ in thе sаlty vegеt аt ion stеp pe and mountain regions of o golia, wherе it o o с ndi­ thе severest of lс imatiс с uld withstаn d poniеs arе dirеtс tions. Thе fulongolian, Chinеse and TiЬetаn dеsеn с dants of the Przewalski and аr е probably not unlikе thosе usеd by Gеn ghis Khan.

t la !

I 1

P0NY

The Tarpan

(Equus przеzaаlskii

gmеlini

This is thе last suгvivor of thе pгimitivе

в REЕDS

Antonius) Stеp pе horse, that

livеd on thе Southeгn Russian stеppеs in aЕ stern uЕ ropе. I t would appеаr thаt thеr е агe two strаins of Tarpan, onе living on thе stеp pеs and a foгest type, uЬ t both wеr e еxtеn sivеly

hunted for mеat and weгe finаlly killed off during the ninеt еn th еn с tц гy. Ttre last hеr d, privаt еly­ownеd of thе forest type, livеd on thе Zеm oyski еstate in the Tauriс Stepp­ of this graduаlly

diminished. from thе frее­ rangе heгd , with her foal, who had e Ь en siгеd by a domеstiс stallion. Shе had suсh a disquiеt ing еf feсt on thе loсal stallions, who

land of Poland, uЬ t

thе numbеr s

The last surviving marе finаlly

pursuеd

esсapеd

into thе stеp pes, that hеr dsmen organized a dтivе IЕ owеver she diеd ftom shoсk аf tеr falling down a rс еvassе and brеaking hеr lеg , nеar Askania Nova in 1879. Thе last Taгp an in a с ptivity is гeported yЬ the Russian zoologist, I { еp tner, to havе died in 1919. Polish pеasants had еnЬ in thе hаb it of a с tсh ing tlrе 1oса1 wild poniеs to usе on thеir holdings and with thе еxtеr minа­ hеr

to аp с turе her.

tion of thе wild Tаr pan, thе

Polish authoritiеs oс lleсt еd togеt hеr all thosе that borе а marked rеsеm blanсе to the .prеserving' or .rеstoгing, Tarpan with thе ob jеtс of thе forеst put into t} rе forest breеd ing rеservёs stгain. Thеy wеt е at Popielno and Bialowiеzа, whеге mаn y sti.ll livе in a sеm i­wild poniеs are around 13 h.h. аn d arе brown or statе. Thеsе mouse dun in o с louг with a lЬ kас еl sш ipе down thе еn с tгe of thе bаk Thеy hаvе a blaсk mane and tail, zebrа markings on с . тh е legs, and oсa с sionally' stгipеs on thе body. I n the winteг thе o с at may tuгn whitе. Thеy havе a long, broаd head, with а profile and а uЬ lgе around straight or o с nvеx thе nostrils, longish eaгs, a short thiсk nеkс аn d good shoulder. The a Ь kс tеn ds to bе long with high withers, the quaгt ers are wеаk аn d sloping аn d thе tail is set low. Thе lеg s аr е finе, long and hаr d.

Rеn ownеd ly

rЬ аvе

аn d indеp еn dеn t

аn imals, Tarpаn

stal­

lions will attaсk othеr

stallions who t1rrеatеn theiг mares, oftеn fighting to thе death. They are very stuгd y and hаr dy, nеvег to thе o suсu с mЬing с lnmon disеasеs. хp Е еr imеn ts аt гсoss­brееd ing undertaken by Pгofessor Lutz IЕ eсk at thе zoo park at llallabrunn, u М niсh , using Przewаlski stallions аn d Polish Konik marеs (to whom thе Tarpan bеars а likeness),

produсed hаvе Tаr pan.

a horse that strongly rеsеm blеs

thе steppе

U Е RoPЕ Grеat

Britain

The Connemara originally a nativе of I rеland, thе

Connеm ara pony is now in nЕ gland as well and has bееn еxportеd to many pаI tS pony, but ovеr thе of thе world. I t desсеn dеd from thе e С ltiс yеаr s has had infusions of Aп d аluсian and, surprisinglу, Clydеsdаlе lЬ ood. Rathеr molе rееn с tlу, Arab stoсk has nеЪ Ь introduсеd to add qualitу and refinеm еn t, and when put to а Thoroughbrеd а rathеr larger, vеr y good all­round riding hoгsе rеsults whiсh is suitаb lе for аlmost any prrrposе. Stand­ ing 13 to | 4'2h.h., it is a sturdy, usеf ul genеr al­purposе pоn y, with good frее гidiл g aсt ion, a qualitу pony head, good lеn gth of neсk, dеp th thгough thе giтt h аn d a good sloping гiding shouldеr . Тh е bаkс is straight, thе quartеr s well bгеd

dеvеloped

аn d

thе таil

wеll set on) with good haтd feet and

legs with plеn ty of bonе. I t is а surе­ footеd and vеr y аg ilе pony, with a kindlу ' traсt ablе and it may eЬ grеу, nаt urе' bаy, lЬ aсk' dun or brown.

A Tarpan Connemaга

V

The Dale Vеr y similar to the Fеll HigЫand, is thе hеaviеst

pony, thе Dalе, togеt hеr with thе Britain's nativе brееds and in Northumbеr ­ is rЬ еd on тh e eastern side of thе Pеn ninеs is also a likeness to lаn d, Co. Dц r ham аn d Yorkshire. Thеr е a с n eЬ traсed the \ ilИelsh Cob and in faсt , all todаy's Dаlеs baсk to Comеt , a \ 07е1sh Cob stallion whiсh o с mpеt еd in on Dalеs marеs tlotting matсh еs and was usеd еxtensivеly is prеsent in thе o аЬ ut 100 yеars ago. Thе trotting аspеtс с pable of modеr n Dalе, making it a good harnеss pony, a pulling greаt wеights. I t is аlso usеd as а ш ekking pony, еiЬ ng аn d sеn siЬle and sure­footеd , with a doсilе vеr y sound, tас ivе dark Standing 14.1 h.h., thе Dalе is blаkс , tеm pегаm еn t. grey in o с lour with an aЬu ndаnес of brown or oсаsс ionаlly manе, tail and fеathеr on dеal of good hагd bone.

of Grеat

the lеg s, а

quality.pony' hеad аn d

a

The Dartmoor A native of thе Dartmoor arеa of Dеvonshiге from

whеr е

it

this tough littlе brеed has inhabited the moor­ during the lands for thousands ofyеars. The typе has vаr iеd agеs, infusions ofArab and \ DИelsh lЬ ood having bеen inш o­ I t is idеal as a h с ilds Ь ginning of this еn с tury. duсed at thе e first pony, bеing small and narгow, but hаv ing a fаirly high and suгe­footеd , with an hеad a с rriage. I t is аlso sеn siblе еq uable, kindly tеm pеr amеn t. Thе Dartmoor has a rеputa­ tion too' for bеing a naturally good jumper. high, a I t hаs а fine, prеt ty, intelligеn t hеad whiсh is hеld laгg е eуе, small priсkеd ears and а good front and sloping o Ь dy has strong quаr ters, a well shoulder. Thе short, o с mpaсt Blaсk; aЬ у and rЬ own set­on tail and good hard lеg s аn d fеet. са t­ with only a small amount of white markings аr е the еp ablе o с lours and thе height limit is I 2.2h.h. This good­ looking ponу is also usеf ul as a foundation stoсk from whiсh riding pony stoсk and is brеd at many studs to brееd laгg er throughout Britаin. gеt s its namе'

Thе xЕ moor

A

brееd

of greаt

A Dаr tmoor

Eхm oor

V

аn tiquity'

the xЕ moor,

a nativе of thе

с rded in Devon аn d Somеr set is fust rеo Book of 1085. I n faсt it is a muсh oldеr brееd probably bеing the lаst survivor of thе Celtiс poniеs of thе bе­ o с nduсt еd Plеistoсеn е agе. Compаr аt ivе ехp erimеn ts ponies original Cеltiс tweеn t} rе fossilizеd rеm ains of й е hаve rеv еаlеd thе Е oor, found in Alаskа with those of thе хm molаr Ь nes and beginnings of a sеvеn th same shapеd jaw o of horse or pony. An tooтh whiсh arе found in no othеr brееd tough, strong and hагd y pony witlr greаt powеr s еx еp с tionаlly prinсipal herds tас u­ аr е now only tfuее of еn duranсе, thеr е in аlly running on thе moor' аn d аlthough a numbеr аr e rЬ еd studS throughout the o с untry thеy tеn d to losе rypе and grow slightly largеr whеn brеd аw аy from the moor. Thеy arе and may bе wi­lful if not highly intelligent and indеp еn dent Thе hеight limit is L2,2h.h. for marеs and o с rrеtс lу handled. с lours may be baу, brown and a | 2.зi;,.h. for stallions аn d o Thе ponies mousеy dun, with no whitе mаr kings pеr mittеd . с l­ muzzlе and mеaly o arе notеd for their distinсt ivе mеalу underbеlly and bеt wееn ourеd markings round thе еyеs, thе thе thighs. Thеy havе а shoгt , thiсk hеad with а straight proflle whiсh is wеll a good lеn gth of sеt onto a nеk с with rein, good sloping shoulders, depth tfuough thе girth, a shoгt Ь nе baсk, powerful quarters, and short legs with plеn ty of o and good hаr d fееt . Thеy havе uniquе .toad eyеs tlre heavy еars top lids ofwhiсh givе a hooded look, and short, priсk еd and is known as an set widе apart. The tail too, is distinсt ivе .iсe' tаil. I t is vеr y thiсk with a fan likе growth at thе top. Thе is short, lс ose and springy and virtually watеr proof. o с аt A1though when propеr ly tгainеd thе xЕ moor makеs a good, if stI еn gth makеs it quitе strong, h с itds pony, its еxeс ptional a с гr ying a fully grown man. onе of its prinсipаl a с paЬlе of is its use as a foundation from whiсh to breed аssеt s, howеvеr , a supеr b, useful largеr animals. I f put to а Thoroughbrеd quаlity littlе horse rеsults.

south­westеr n thе Domеsdаy

74

аr еa of

The Fell Slightly smaller and lighter than his lс osе relаt ion the Dalе, Fеll is brеd on thе northеr n sidе of т} rе Pеn nine гange and areas of thе Lakе in thе CumЬегland and lDИеstmorland

thе

as еn с tц r y used in thе еighteеn th Distгitс . I t wаs еxtеn sivеly a paсk pony foг a с rting lеаd from thе minеs, for аll kinds of faгm work, and for thе loсal spoгt of trotting. Hаv ing a muсh a vеr y good riding shouldеr than thе Dale it produсеs bеt tеr

mаt еd with a Thoroughbred mаr е, and with plеn ty of с mpaсt through the girth, o с rriagе and moves wеll from thе bone it has a good hеad a it vеr y hаr dy and sш ong and surе­ footеd , shouldеr . Sеn siblе, pony. Thе hеight a 13 с n vary bеt weеn makеs a good ш еkking to 14 h.h. and thе o с lour may е Ь blaсk, dark rЬ own, dark bay grеy. Thеr е fеw whitе aге nonе' or vеr у аn d oсa с sionally

stаm p аn d

of hunter whеn

bеing

dееp

mаr kings.

Thе Highland A vеr y old bгеd, thе

from Highland is probably dеsеnс dеd the ponies show thе thе pгimevаl Foгеst horsе, and somе of pгimitivе markings. They aгe nativеs of thе north of Sсotlаn d с mprise two and thе \ 0Иestеr n I sles, and would appeaг to o a М inland typе, distinсt typеs _ thе iЬ gger аn d rathеr hеavier .Wеstеr n and the lightеr , moге I sles pony. Both hаvе aсt ive аn d Clydеsdale in thе hаd infusions of outsidе blood; Frеn h с in thе I sland typе. Although origi­ аiМ nland typе and ArаЬ nally brеd for working thе rс ofts (they arе vеr y sure­footеd and aгe still usеd to a с rry shot deer down from thе hill)' еiЬ ng very doсile, strong, steady, hаr dy and up to weight thеy аr е гiding. Thе also usеd in harness and for trekking аn d gеn еr al I sles type in partiсu lar, produсes very good huntеr s Wеstегn whеn rс ossеd

with Thoгoughbreds. .Wеstеr n

Thе

hеight

variеs

be­

I sles type bеing smaller a Ь y' and o с loц r s arе grеy' lЬ aсk , glеy to а deеp, riсh vaгious shаd еs of dun from а mousеy finе silky h с еstnut hаvе with a flaxеn manе and tаil. Thеу haiт on thе lеg s, аn d аlmost all of thеm have a dark е1 stripе markinss on down thе еn с trе of the baсk. Somе havе zегa Ь thе lеg s. twеen

13 and 14.2 h.h., thе and moге refinеd . Thе usual

The Nеw Forest thesе poniеs Nаt ives of thе Nеw Forеst arеa of Hampshiте, havе had many infusions of outside blood. As fаг baсk as thе

marеs wегe thаt lDИеlsh it is rеoс rdеd Forеst аn d sinсе thеn Darш noor, xЕ moor, Highland, Fеll, Dаle, IЕ aсknеy, Clydesdalеs аn d AraЬs hаve and all beеn introduсеd in аn еf fort to improvе both thе sizе Thoroughbrеd sirе of substanсе of thе rЬ eed. Nlarskе, thе lс Е ipse, stood at stud in thе Forest for a timе, to servе seleсt ed _Zorah, AЬagan, and Yuгеsson. marеs as did thrеe Arаb iаn s с orr I t is thought that thеsе hаvе hаd onlу a limited influеne the breеd . howеver. Thеsе infusions of outsidе lЬ ood havе a fixеd typе of New Forest pony, but made it diffiсu lt to dеf inе й еy average L2.2 to | 4'2h.h. and may bе any o с lour еxеp с t piebald аn d skеw bаld. Various shades of bay arе тt re most usual' Nеw Forеst poniеs аr е notеd for thеir surе­ footеd nеss and adaptaЬiliry, and they usually havе good riding aсt ion, shouldеr with frеe straight madе possiblе by a niсеlу sloping movemеn t. o М st havе plеn ty of bone, good feеt , short aЬ kс s and strong quaгt еr s аn d are dеep through thе giтt h. Thеr e is a а somewhаt large head and shortish nеk с . tendenсy towаr ds for any mеmеrЬ of Thеy arе rеal familу poniеs еiЬ ng suitaЬle and thе family to ridе or drivе, and thеir usually gеn еr ous mаkеs them easily handled by h с i­ldrеn . doсile tеm pеr amеn t At prеsent thеr е arе probably аb out 3,000 poniеs running on grazing rights. ttre Forеst, ownеd by thosе with.сommonеr s' Thеy aгe roundеd up regulаr ly foг rЬ anding, tail marking oг sеlling at thе regulaгly­held Nеw Forеst Bеaulieu Road sаlеs. Vеr y popular poniеs' thеy arе bгеd at manу studs thгoughout sinсе Great Britain and abroаd , poniеs hаving beеn еxportеd the early 1950s to the Unitеd Statеs, Canada, Holland, LuхemЬorg, Gеr manу Dеn mark, Norway, Sweden, Fгanсе' аn d Austтalia. тh irtееn th

e с ntury'

turned out in thе

75

A High| аnd

New Forest

V

P0NY Bп ED Е s

Thе

Shetlаn d

Thе

Shеt lаn d

of Britain's ninе native from the Shetland I slаn ds с ast of Sсotland. I t is somе 160 km (100 miles) off tlrе north o thesе islands possiblе thаt the Shеt land was intтoduсеd to dividеd in around tlrе lаn ds wегe bеf oге from Sсandinaviа

pony brееd s,

pony is thе smаllest

o с ming

originаlly

it rс ossed with ponies bгought and that subsеq uentlу 8000 в с ovеr to Sсotland by thе Cеlts. Bе thаt as it may, thе Shеt land to work тh eir land, as a islands гсoftеr s usеd yЬ thе has bееn ttrе pеat ftom the moor and аs a meаn s of с llеtс paсk pony to o many yeагs. rn ttre foг vеr y transport' both riddеn and drivец mid­ 1800s many Shetlands wеr e exportеd to thе mainlaп d for Bеing of Co. Durham, and Londondегr y. с llieriеs usе iп thе o ideal pit poniеs vегy stfong and low to the ground' tlrеy pгovеd and werе soon brеd seleсt ively for this purpose. At tlrе prеsеn t Ь t timе therе aге around 100 Shetland poniеs on ttrе islаn ds u on thе mainland as wеll аs in also brеd ехt еn sivеlу тt rey аr е

Sсandinavia, Spain, Australiа' North and South Ameriс,Ь of с untriеs Switzеr land and most other o Hollаn d, Franсе, uЕ rope. Thе Shеt land varies in height ftom 95_106сm (З8_42in) at the witlrег аn d is еxremely sп ong and haгdy, depй thлough thе с nsidеr аb lе with а short, stгong baс\ and o but ponies may be o с lour is lЬ aсk girth. The most fаvourеd All havе аn skеwаlЬ d. any o с lour inсluding piеb ald аn d has есМ anй ation abundаn t supply of manе and tail hair. h

A Shetland

madе

them no longer in demand to woгk thе islandеr s'

and instеad they drerf s poniеs

not аllowеd

­

a

rс ofts,

с il­ very popular аs smаll h havе beсomе task thеy admiraЬly fulfil providеd tlrey аr е

to gеt over fat.

М untain The Welsh o

Pony

as well аs probably the most thе l0Иelsh bеautiful and popular of thе nativе pony гeЬ еd s, has Book)' A in thе Vеlsh Stцd lVlountаin pony (Sеtс ion Romаn roamеd thе mountains аn d moorlands of Vаles sinсе hаve bееn outсr ossеs timеs, alтt rough ovеr thе yеars еrс tain at in е r М ionе t hshiт e a stц d formе d Caе s ar introduсеd . Julius

Onе

A Welsh Mountain Pony

of the most nцm еr ous

Bаla, and latеr introduсed oriеn tal blood to upgradе thе stoсk. infusions of Arab blood wеr е thеr е еn с tury I n thе ninetееn th thе thе Haсknеy, prеd eсеssor of now eхt inсt as well аs tlrе Norfolk Roadstеr . At аbout the same timе thе Thoroughbrеd iV1еr lin was introduсed. Foг many yеars iow, tlrе !Йеlsh I t is vеr y с . fteе from outsidе influеne iVlountain hаs bееn as well аs being kind аn d gentlе. аn d o с uгageous intеlligеn t с ilds riding pony, its good freе movement oс m­ A splеn did h it equally аm ount of knеe aсt ion mаkе with a егсt ain iь nЪd for harnеss work. I t hаs a fine, slightly dishеd head, suitaЬlе eаr s. Thе аlеп eyеs and small priсk еd vеr y largе widе spaсеd .fuе' and it is very sound, outlook shows the native еlс tiс

Welsh Pony

V

ж and substanсе pieЬald еx e с pt

* ..'г* ­..';

plеn ty of bonе с lour, аn d the feet arе good and haтd . Any o and thе hеight and skewbald, is pеr missiЬlе

limit is L22h.h.

The Welsh Pony

Thе \ 0Йеlsh pony is known аs thе гiding pony of thе Vеlsh Stud Book) and is dеr ivеd (Seсt ion B of thе !Йеlsh rЬ еd s, C Cob with from the Wеlsh lVlountain аn d thе \ i7еlsh Sеtс ion it was used an infusion of Thoroughbrеd blood. Formеr lу , еxtеn sively

for shеp herding

on thе Vеlsh hills. Suсеsс sful or AraЬs often produсе

with smаll Thoгoughbrеd s rс ossеs show pony typе but агсe tlrе largег

must bе taken that haгd i­ aгe similаr с агatс еr istiсs аr e notlost. The h ness and substanсе to those of the Wеlsh Mountain, but thе aсt ion is lowеr to the aсt ion. They arе

mall, nеat hеad, a houlder, rounded, gаily. and аrс riеd Lеg s should eЬ strong аn d hard with good flat joints and hаr d Thе hеight limit is 13.2 h.h. and any oс lour еxеpс t fееt . piеa Ь ld is pегm issible. and skеw bаld

PONY BREEDS

The \ lelsh Cob The I e И lsh

Wеlsh

Cob, largest of the Welsh bгeeds (Sеtс ion

D in the

of the

с nfoгm ation Stud Book), again follows thе o

thе old Welsh pony but is pгobably a Ь sеd on although the Cob is mainly rЬ ed in a с rt hoгsе'

М untаin !Йelsh o Pеm bгokеshirе

Cardiganshire. Thе

\ 0Иеlsh

and strongest of the

laгg еst

and is ofenduranсе it is o с urageous with grеаt powеr s bгеd s, in harness. tгotting aЬility, аn d its pегf oгm anсe fаm еd for its vеr y aсt ivе I t is just as good undеr saddlе, howeveг, and еiЬ ng аn d a good jumpеr makеs а splendid hunter in all uЬ t thе bу Addеd size and spееd is aсh iеved с untriеs. fastеr grass o all­round riding As a gеn еr аl, гсossing with а ThoгoughЬr еd . sound аn d hardy horsе there is littlе to bеat tlre п otoriouslу Wеlsh Cob. I t stands aI L4.2 to l5.2h.h. аn d mаy be аn y pieЬald аn d skеw bald. o с lour еxe с pt

The VУеlsh

Tуp e Pony of Cob .Welsh

thе Wеlsh pony of o М untain, from thе Also dеse с ndеd Stud Book), has had infu­ CoЬ type (Seсt ion C in thе l0Иеlsh tlre now extinсt Pembrokе sions in thе past of Andaluсiaц Noгf olk Roadstеr lЬ ood as well as morе a с rt hoгsе and originally used for shephегd ing rееn с tly that of thе Haсk nеy . с urageous, kind, intеlligent farm work, it is o and for gеn еr al and very sound and haгd y. l0fith a hеight limit of 132 h.h.' it vеr sаt ile, CoЬ, and is vеr у is thе smaller еd ition of thе lDИеlsh sеn se. I deal as с п r rnon o с mbining stfеn gth, witlr qualiry and o a h с ild or small аd ult's hunter аn d foг trеkking purposеs, its good, freе trotting aсt ion also makе it suitaЬle for harness wеll с araсt eг' of pony h an abundаnес work. I t should hаvе с mpaсt , аn d a good lеn gth of rein with a o laid baсk shouldег

A Welsh Cob

.stuffy' oЬ dy that is deеp thгough thе girth, powегf ul quartеr s, silky and ttrerе and good bone. Nlanе and tail hаir should е Ь Any should onlу bе a small amount of fеatheг on the hееls. piеa Ь ld and skеw bald. ех e с pt o с lour is pеr mittеd

The Palomino а o с lour type and not a rЬ еd. of diffеr еn t found in а numЬеr horsе and ponу breеds. To qualify foг thе desсr iption .a newly minted must bе that of с at o с louг Palomino, thе o gold o с irt' oг thrеe shadеs lighteг or daгker than this, with a puге whitе (not flaxen or silvеr ), manе and tail. lDИh ite mark­ pеr missiЬle. Foals tend to darkеn аr е с ings on the legs аn d fаe to ttrе time са гd ing с anging slightly o с lour h with age, thе o to havе sеt until с nsidеr еd с at o с lour is not o ofуeaг, and tlrе o o с louring is с rrеtс thе animal is six yеars­old. Breeding ttris o a rаt hеr hit or miss affair' but thе rс osses most likely to produсе с louгing aге two Palominos гсossеd , Palomino o

Thе tеr m Pаlomino refегs to с n еЬ I ndeеd the o с louring a

с estnut h с еstnut rс oss Pаlomino, h с louring Palomino гсoss albino. The o

гсoss alЬino and is thought to havе

Ysаb еllas originated in Spain whеr e suсh hoгsеs wеr е tегm еd of the Spanish queеn (1451­1504) uЬ t there is evidеnес timе. Pаlominos aге goldеn hoгses many еn e Ь foге hеr с turies

aftег

popular for

o ес Ь ming inсr easingly

.Wеstегn

гiding.

Thе Polo Pony games, аn d

Polo is one of the world s oldest mountеd plaуed

in Pеr sia

еfЬ oгe 500

в.с

Latеr

it sprеad

was

to China, I ndia

Tibеt аn d in thе nineteenth eс ntury Army offiсеr s Е gland. Now it Ь ught thе game baсk to n stationed in I ndia гo is played all ovеr the woгld. Small hunter typе ponies wеr е partiсu larly mounts _ nativе pony гсossеs' fаvouгitе onсe thе

аn d

Connеm ara

and Nеw

1918 when thе

until

Foгest, being used extеn sively

14.2 h.h. hеight

limit was aЬolishеd.

Тh is

let

in thе largеr , but still small Thoroughbrеd types of aгound 15.rh.h. as well as thе muсh sought aftеr impoгt еd poniеs for Polo Ponies fгom Argentinа. The prinсipal rеq uiгеm еn ts aге

thе

and a Ь lanсе, с uragе stamina, o ability to .turn on а sixpenсе' .

oЬеd iеn t,

hаn dy

and геsponsivе.

speеd , and o с mЬinеd with I n addition thеy must bе

Thosе

that havе strong,

short baсks, powеr ful quartеr s аn d hаr d tough Polo Poniеs. thе most suсe с ssful to mаkе

legs аr е

likеly

A We| sh Pony of Cob Tуpe

PаI amino

V

P0NY

в RЕEDs

The Riding Pony The Riding Pony is of fаirly rеeс nt

being

dеvеlopment

for tlre show ring from small Thoroughbred or Polo

dеr ivеd

Pony stallions аn d nаt ivе

pony _ prinсipally

Welsh nд d

suсеsс sfullу rс ossеd Dartmoor_ marеs. AraЬs, too' havе bееn poniеs and thе idеal is probably a !Иelsh rс oss with thеsе Thoroughbrеd with a dash of Arаb blood at a previous oг a quality Thе Riding Pony is еssеn tially subsequеn t mаt ing. tас ion and frее straight аn imal with supеr b o с nfoгm ation,

from thе shouldег

(not thе

knеe),

and possеssing

that еd ition of Thе hеаd с blе mannеr . thе haсk, with the samе impеa should be full of quаlity, intеlligent and finе with lаr ge, wide should bе a good lеn gth of spaсed eуes, and small еars. Thеr е

indеf inablе

.pгеsеne с '.

I t should in faсt

bе

a

smallеr

с еst, dеp тh rеin, а sloping riding shouldег, a fairly widе h wеll through thе girth and a stfаight, mеd ium length bаkс , musсled quarters аn d wеll set­on tail. Lеg s should bе lс еаn с nnons аn d flat, hard joints, and thе fееt , and hard with short a hаr d аn d of еq ual sй e. Aсt ion must be strаight and trш e, thе hind feet bеing plantеd in thе prints of thе foте fееt . Thте prinсipаl in thе show ring: up to height limits аr е аtс eгеd for з h.h.' аn d 133 to 142 h.h. | 22 h.h.' | 23 to I 2

Thе

Spotted Pony

Spottеd

L

с at refers to a typе of o

pattеr n

аn d is not thеr еf orе а

с gnized, types of markings аr e rеo markings Blankеt and Snow.flakе. Lеopаr d namеly Lеopard, с loured to spots of any o с lour on a white oг light o rеf еr с lour on a whitе to spots of any o г еf ег s baсkgтound; blankеt

brееd . Riding Pony

Tfuee diffеr еn t

Ь \с and snowflakе refеr s to white spots on a found­ rump or a ation of any o с lour. I n addition, spottеd hoгses or ponies havе round the еyes, as whitе sсlеr a h с araсt еr istiсs suсh spеiс al hoovеs with yеllowish­white and blaсk or brown vегt iсal stlipеs' mottlеd barе skin, and usually very sparsе manеs and tails.

Franсe The Camаr gue in the Rhonе dеltа thе sеa, is thе pony. Currеn tly thеr е aгe homе of thе aС marguе swаm plаn d o с mprising somе 45 stallions only about 30 herds or mаn adеs .whitе horsеs of фе and 400 marеs in thе arеa. Known as thе с at is thе most striking point about this hardy sea' thе whitе o rЬ eed whiсh thrives on a diеt of tough grаss and salt water. is gеn еr ally 15 h.h., thеir o с nformation Rarеly eхеd с ing neсk and upright poor, hаv ing a largе squarе hеaф shoгt foг their dеp th through thе girth shouldеr , but thеy arе notеd Thеy havе plеn ty of bonе and good аn d short strong bаkс . tails. Their aсt ion is hard fееt and long, thiсk mаn еs аn d pгinсipally notеd for thе high­stepping walk' thеir aЬility to

The Camaгg ue аr ea of Southern Fгаnес the town of Aiguеs­Мortеs

bеt wееn

A Cаm аr gue

Haflinger

V

twist аn d tцr n, famous blaсk

whiсh

thеsе

blаkс , dark

and tlrе gallop, thе pаеsс

аn d

most usеd

to

work the

bulls of thаt arеa for thе bullтing, and the job for born usеd . Thе foals аr е hoгsеs arе so frеq uеn tly grеy or browщ uЬ t their o с at lightens with аg е.

Austria The Haflinger whiсh originatеd in is a hardу mountain brееd thе Austrian Tyгol. Tough аn d thicksеt with plеn ty of bonе baсk to thе Arabian аn с bе tгe ас d and substanсе, its brеeding

Thе Haflinger

rЬ еd s on ttrе hеаviеr and to thе o с ld­blooded This oс mbination makеs it ideal for both draught and аn d гidden work in its nativе land аn d its suге­ footеd nеss

on onе sidе

othеr .

P0NY BREЕDs

plаiс d

tеm pеr аm еn t mаke it еspeсially suitablе for bеg innеr s Thе name was tаken fгom thе village of Hafling, the еn с trе of an агea in whаt is now Northеr n I talу , wherе thе Haflingеr was еxtеn sivеly brеd. Statе studs wеr е lаt еr estаb ­ lishеd аt PiЬеr аn d Ossiaсh but thе poniеs аге now widеly bгеd tfuoughout Austria although individual brееdеr s аr е allowеd only to keеp mares. Stаllions are а1l owned by thе Stаt е аn d kеp t at thе govеr nmеn t stud fаr ms. Colt foals aге subjеtс ed to rigorous inspeсt ion by offiсial inspeсt ors and only a vеr y fеw will bе hс osеn as possiblе futuтe stаllions' Hаf lingеr s are also bгed in somе 20 otheг o с untriеs, of whiсh Gеr manу, Swiи еr lаn d аn d Holland arе thе mаin onеs. to гidе.

Raгеly

еx e с еd ing

sш ong

for its small sizе.

Haflinger is exсеp tionally I t is always hс еstnut in oс lour,

| 4.2} r.h.' thе

ranging from shades of gold through to rust, and it frеq uently

has white faсial

mаr kings. varying ftom greyish­сгeаm

The mаn e and tаil to rеd dish

are flаxeщ

гo Ь wn.

\ Jеr manv Thе Diilmеn pony brееd s, thе Drilmеn аn d and аlthough thе lаt теr , onсе found in thе Foгest of IЕ anover, is virtually eхt inсt , both of

Germany hаs orrly two nativе

the Sеn ner Tеu tobuгg

thesе rЬ eеd s hаve hаd

аn

influеnес

the llаn overian.

horsе

brееd , miхed rЬ еed,

on thе rаt hег

Thе DЁlmеn

bеt tеr

known

is now a rаt her Bruсh in rtrИеst­

A

Drilmen

A

Huсu I

having run in thе ] Vleerfеldеr phaliа in a semi­wild stаt e sinсе tlre early 1300s. I t avеr аgеs about 12.3 h.h. аn d may bе any o с lour although brown, blаkс аn d dun arе thе most usual. Not unlike the Nеw Forеst pony in ovеr all аppеaranсе, the DЁlmеn tеn ds to hаve аn upгight a shouldег, shoгt baсk аn d poor hindquartеr s wiф а nеkс poniеs aге pгivаt еly littlе on thе short side. Thеsе ownеd bу тh е Dukе of Croу and they аr e rounded up to sеll thе suгplus stoсk аn nually.

Poland The Huсu l Thе Huсu l is а nativе of the Carpаr thiаn region of Poland, whеr e hегd s hаvе wandеr еd thе mountain rеg ions for thousаn ds of years and whеr е it is known loсally as thе Caгp aгt hian pony. I t is probably a direсt dеsеn с dant of the pгimitivе Tarpan, whiсh it rеsеmlЬ еs moгe thаn any othег с t I n faiтly геn inш oduсеd to improve

timеs, howеver, Arab blood has thе brеed аn d sеleсt ivе brеeding is now a аt sеv еr al stц d s с rriеd out thI oughout Poland, thе iс pаl Gorliсе. Thе Huсu l mаkеs onе being at Siary nеат idеal paсk and drаu ght pony and bеing very hardу is

rЬ еd .

bееn

prin­ an used

ехt eп sivеly on thе mountainous faгm lands of southеm Polаn d. Surе­ footed, doсilе, strong аn d willing, it avеr ages .primitivе' , shoгt 12.1 to r3.1h.h. and hаs a h с arаtс еr istiс hеad, a rather poor bаk с end аn d a low sеt tail. Thе prinсipаl o с lours

аr е

dun and bаy but most o с lours

may bе

seеn .

Thе Konik Similаr to thе Huсu l and haviп g a o с п u non аnеsс tor in thе Tаr pan, the I (onik is usеd to woгk the lowland farms in Polаn d, as wеll аs аsЕ tern uЕ гopе, a numbеr whеr е havе bееn ехp ortеd . I t also has had infusions of Arab blood аnd although it stands only oаЬ ut 13.1 h.h.' it has lost a dеg rеe of its .pony' quаlitiеs, morе rеsеm bling а littlе horsе. I t is brеd sеleсt ively at the two stаt e sп r ds at Popiеlno and Jеzеw iсе as wеll as by numeгous small fагm еr s foг use on their land. I t is vеr y tough аn d hardy, works willingly on a limitеd diеt and is easily manаg еd . I t is always varying shadеs of dun in o с lour.

Konik

V

P0NY BRЕD Е s

­r Dpaln

The Sorraia Spаin

s

only native pony, thе Sorraia, o с mes from the westеr n

in the

regions bordеr ing the Sorraia rivеr and its tributaries, on into Portugal. I t is а truе .primitivd having h с araсt eristiсs of o Ь th thе Tarpan and Przеw аlski and еiЬ ng еxtremely hardy it is ablе to suгvive on thе very poor vegeta­ tion available, whilst wiтh standing the еxtremе lс imatiс o с n­ ditions. The Sorraia was at onе timе usеd for agriсu lturаl work uЬ t тh е numЬers hаvе now grеatly dеrс еаsеd . Standing L2.2 to 13 h.h., it is usuаlly dun in o с lour although it may also grеy or Pаlomino. I t has thе blаk еЬ с еel stripe down thе arеа

of the bаkс

еn с tre

and thе zеb ra maгkings on the lеgs with thе .primitive, types. The hеad tends to bе lаr ge with a stI aight or o proflle, thе еars long with с nvеx blaсk tips and the eyеs sеt а littlе high. Thе nеkс tеn ds to bе long аn d the shoulder is upright. Thе hindquaгt ers arе poor assoсiаt еd

and undеr dеv еloped with thе tаi1 sеt low аn d bе гather long and laсking in bone.

thе

lеg s tеn d

to

Portugal The Garrano

A Sorrаiа Skyros

V

Also known as the &tinho, this native of Portugаl o с mes from йе mountаin valleys of the Gаr rаn o do iМ nho and Trаz dos o М ntes areаs. Arab blood has bеen inш oduсеd into the bгеd poniеs and thе rеsult is a by thе seleсt ivе геd Ь ing of еrс tain lightly built animal with good o с nfoгm ation and notiсеаb lе quality. I t is very strong, hаr dy, and surе­ footеd and usеd extеn sivеlу for hаu ling timbеr and light agriсu lтu ral work. Garranos also makе good riding ponies and aгe in demand аs paсk poniеs. Standing 10 to 12 h.h., thеy arе almost always dark h с еstnut in oс lour with a luхu rious mane and tail. At onе time vеr y populaг trotting гaеsс wеr е run with thеsе ponies, thе pаес bеing а o с lleсt еd тr ot' for whiсh thеy werе speсiаlly bred аn d trainеd . Thе hoгsе fairs аt Vilа Rеаl аn d Famаliсao in thе sаlе of high quality Gагr аn os. spеiс alized

Greеес Thе

Pеn eia

pony left, thosе suсh as ofnаt ivе and Aсh ean having long sinсe disappeared. Of thosе remaining the Pеn eia is thе loсal pony rЬ еd in ttre distriсt of lЕ eia in thе Pеloponnеsе, and it is used for light аg riсu ltural work аn d as a paсk pony. Usually аyЬ , гo Ь wn, h с еstnut or gгey in o с lour, it is small, rаr еly еx е d с ing

Grеe ес

hаs only thrее brееd s

tlre Tfuaсian,

14

Thеssalian

h.h., sturdy аn d very willing and аn с livе on the mеagтеst typе, the stаllions arе oftеn

of rations. A pony of.oriеn tal' usеd to brеed hinnies.

The'Pindos Е irus, тI re thе mountаinous геg ions of Thessaly аn d p Pindos pony is anothеr of .orientaf typе and is usеd for light faгm work, as wеll аs for riding. Sш ong and hardy, this moun­ populaг tаin pony a с n also livе vеr у frugally аn d is tlreгеf orе witlr thе farmers. Stаn ding L2 to 13 h.h., thе Pindos is usuаllу dаr k gгеy uЬ t maу аlso e Ь bгown, bay and blaсk . Thе mаr es aге frеq uently usеd for brееd ing mulеs. Brеd in

The Skyros The Skyros pony oс mеs Aеg еan 80

sеa

from thе I sland

and is the smallest, and probaЬly

of Skщ os

in the

the oldest, of thе

P0NY Bв EEDS

Grеek

I t stands no morе

brееd s.

o с w hoсks.

towагd s tendеnyс grеy аn d o Ь wn,

than

11

I t may bе

is of

h.h. аn d

.primi­

с lour almost any o

but

dun arе thе most usuаl.

Norway nlikе the British Dalеs pony I t is also similar, although rather

heаviеr

Was bтed

from thе

of Thoroughbrеd to Norway in ttrе as wеll as infusions of hеaly draught еn с tuгy) Gudbrandsdаl hаs it of mixеd oгigin. Thе Dрlе

lightеr of thе sйkс from O ninеt еenttr lЬ ood makе

A girth dееp

thе lеg s short with lots of fеathеr .

аn d

еxtеn sivеlу

ions whеr е pегf oгm s wеЦ

in thе mountain аr еas foг farm work in the rеg­ to use a traсt or would eЬ impossiblе. I t also pony. in harnеss or as a riding or pаkс

Swedеn Thе Gotlarrd Thе

oldеst

of thе

Sсandinavian

russ pony is now brеd

on Gotlаn d timеs.

Dd| e Gudbгandsdаl

extеn sivеly

I sland from whеr e

с dant I t is probably a dеsеn

breeds, thе Gotland or Skogs­ on thе mainlаn d аs well аs

it originatеd

in Stoп е

Age

of the Tarpan and a numЬer

lands of Lojsta. About l00 yеars ago still into the bгеed but thеу blood was introduсеd and arе not unlikе h с arаtс егistiсs геt ain thеir .pгimitivе' Lofoten pony. Poland s Huсu l аn d Konik аn d the еxtinсt workers and, с ltural Thеy are now in dеm and as light аg гiu

run wild in the forеst Oгiеn tal

wittr the interеst

с s, in trotting гae

аr е

also sеleсt ively

brеd

foг

Gotland poniеs arе fаst and also good jumpеr s. 8l

A

Fjord

Gotland

V

тl l

^ еlс ano The I e с landiс I ntтoduсеd into I eс land from Sсandinаvia

(pаr tiсu larly pony hаs sinсе Norway), this Cеltiс intеr bred with ttrosе importеd lаt еr from Sсotland, I rеland and thе I sle of a М n to pony. From subsе­ foгm what is now known as thе I e с lаn diс quеn t sеltес ive brееd ing, two distinсt types hаvе emеr ged; onе rather hеavy sort used for draught and paсk work, and a lightеr typе for riding. Both wеr е used until somе ехt еn sivеly formеd the only tгansport 50 yeаr s ago' as up until thеn , thеy on the island, еspeсiallу duгing thе sеvere wintеr months impаssaЬlе. I Jp the fеw existing roаd s wеr е of the e с ntury, ponies wеr е expoгt еd from I еlс аn d

whеn

thе British

o с al minеs wherе

to thе turn to work in

their extrеm e hardiness,

made strеn gth' small sizе and grеat powеr s of еn duranсе thеm very populаг. With thе еn d of this ехport tradе, the numbеr ofponiеs kеp t on the island deсlineф but sinсе loсal farming, herds of poniеs aгe o с nditions do not favour a с ttlе poniеs arе small аn d oftеn brеd for mеat instead. I еlс andiс stoсky, dееp through thе girth and with a rather largе hеad sеt Thеy havе аn aЬu ndanсе of manе on to a short, thiсk nеkс . аlthough usually and tail hаir and feathеr on thе hееls, and grеy or dun, all othеr o The usual hеight с lours may е Ь sееn . largег ponies arе is between 12 to 13h.h. but oсаsс ionallу aге toughеst of thе pony breеd s, thеу indеp еn ­ and notеd for фeir and doсilе homing instinсt . The usual paсе is a fast and dеne с and o с mfortaЬlе аm bling gait known as the tФlt whiсh oс vегs a great dеal of ground. Reсеn tly thеr е havе еe Ь n аt tеm pts to Thoroughbrеd stal­ improvе thе rЬ еed yЬ intтoduсing smаll lions uЬ t this has mеt with verv littlе suсеsс s.

found. Onе of

thе

intеlligent

еxtremely

I taly The Avelignesе is brеd аn d northеr n I talу, ttrе Avelignеsе A native of еnс tral prinсipаllу and Tus­ in the hill rеg ions surrounding Vеn еd a it is usеd extеnsively for light agriсultural a с ny, whеr е it is popular as a draught work. I n the Alps and Apеn ninеs paсk pony. Vеr y similаr to the llaflingеr to whom it is relаt еd (thеy sharе a o anсеstor in thе now еxtinсt с п lmon

Avellinum­Haflinger),

is bеliеv еd с ntain a thе Avеlignеsе to o lЬ ood having dеse с nded from an imported Arаb , lЕ Bеd avi. I t is еxш еm еly hardy and surе­ footed and аn с piсk its way oveг thе mountаin trails in thе worst of wintеr mаn е o с nditions. Always h с еstnut in o с lour with a flаxеn аn d tail and possibly white faсial markings, it is vеr y stгong and tough, notеd for its doсilе disposition and its longеv ity. I t is dеep through thе girth with a wide h с est, a wеll musсled nеkс and quarters' short lеg s, and а short broad hеad, with plenty of bone and good hard horn. I t stаn ds 13. 3 to 14. 3 h.h. dеg reе

A lceI andiс

Ameriсаn

ShetI and

V

ofAraЬian

Е IA с NORTH AмR u.s.A. The Ameriсan

Shetland in thе United Statеs bу rс ossing importеd Shet­ poniеs, the rеsultantAmеr iсаn Shеt land lаn ds with Haсk nеy

Developеd

I t is bгеd с untеr part. is a lаr ger and finеr еd ition of its British o and Puеr to Riсo, and in addi­ throughout thе Unitеd Stаt еs tion to eЬ ing kеp t as a pet and as а h с ild's pony, it is raсеd in trotting rаe с s hitсh еd to а lightwеight raсing sulkу, as wеll аs being shown in haltеr аn d harnеss lс asses. I fused in thе latter 82

ponies havе thеiт tails niсkеd to give an аr tifiсially high at thе trot, is high аn d thеir aсt ion, espеiс ally та i l a с rriagе' с lour Shеt land a с n е Ь аn y o ап d The Amеr iсan eхаg gеr atеd . аn d the height limit is 11.2h.h.

йе

TЪе Chinсoteaguе aп d Assatеague' two small I nhаiЬ tants of Chinсoteаguе lЬ ands off the o с ast of lvlaryland and Virginia, it is unсеr tain thеir poniеs a с me to bе living on thе islands whеr е horv thеsе they a с n find on the sandy marsh­ kееp o с nsists of whаt еvеr lап d ,

and wherе

thеr е is

no sheltег from

с nded thеory is that thеy arе dеse Е glish thе n survived shipwгkес s duгing

Onе

Atlаn tiс storms. ftom animals that

thе

аn d Spanish

pегiod, str.rntеd аn d that thеiт size bеa с mе аr e no morе thаn Thеу thе sparse vеg etаt ion. М у аn d аr е morе like smаll horsеs than poniеs. аn

гr iаl

o с 1o­

of

са unt on o

аb out

12h.h.

arе piеb ald с nt infusion of Arab blood hаs skеw bald and thе rеe arе o аЬ ut 150 living improvеd thеir quality. Currеn tly thеr е is uninhabitеd . whiсh , unlike Chinсoteaguе оn Assatеaguе, in July аll thеse poniеs Consеq uently on the last \ 0Йеdnesday for thе аr е roundеd up and swum aсr oss to Chinсotеague Thosе grand round­up, salе and branding еxеr iс se. ап тr uаl the nеxt day. тh а t arе not sold arе swum baсk to Assаt eaguе

аn d

The Pony of thе Ameriсas a Shetland гсossing foundеd only 20 yеars ago у Ь sв llion аnd an Appaloosa marе' the Pony of thе Ameriсas has for a smаll, usеf ul, tl.ilf'llеd a nееd throughout Amеr iсa Thе hеight must е Ь of suЬstanсe. h с ilf 3 pony with plеn ф

.\ rЬ еd

l12

с lours to 13 h.h. and any of the six Appaloosa o for rеg istration purposes. They arе willing' to managе, with straight, frеe aсt ion. and еаsу .Aтаb t' with a dished profilе, Тh е hеad should bе small and с еst widе lатg е eуеs and small еaгs, thе shoulder sloping, ttrе h аn d tail sеt аn d the body dееp , with wеll rounded quаr tеI s g Ы h, and short legs with plenty of bonе. These poniеs havе and trail ridеs and in jumping lс assеs o с mpеt еd suсe с ssfully аrЬ .е for raсins. аlso еnЬ usеd

еrЬ flееn

а те aсеp с taЬlе tас ivе, vеr satilе

t, x1сo lvlе The Galiсeno or iМ nho poniеs of Portugal Dеsеn с dеd from thе Garrano аr e anсеstors аn d thе Spanish Sorraia, thе Galiсеn o's й ought to havе bеen tlrose brought ovеr to Amеr iсa yЬ thе с ' of Mехio Spаn iards from Hispaniola. Although а nativе sinсе 1959 it has sprеаd throughout the Unitеd States, and in it has grown in stature. I n o с nditions еlsеw herе фе bеt tеr с woгk plaсes it is usеd in harness and for rаnh тh esе grеy lЬ kас , duщ foг ordinary riding. I t mаy bе bау,

as

wеll

аs

or h с еstnut

il oс lour аnd stands 12 to | 3.2 h.h. A lightly built, oс mpаtс аn upright pоn у, it has a finе heаd ' largе wеll spаеdс еyеs' thе The hс еst tеn ds to bе nагr ow but shoц ldеr аn d short bаkс . limbs and feеt are good and thе pony movеs with a hс araс­ gait of а fast o с mfoгt аb lе running walk. I t is tеr istiс natц r al disposition, is hаr dy and intelligеn t and bеing ofа trаtс lаЬ е usеd a gгеat dеal in o с mpеt itions.

^1 uanaoa

The Sable I sland Pony с stoсk whiсh Dеsеn с dants of thе. prinсipally Frеnh to Cаn ada by thе Frenсh in thе mid 1600s, the to I slаn d ponу is also supposеd to havе beеn inuoduсеd somе 320 km (200 miles) or so off I sland (a sаn dbаn k

таkeп

wеr е

Sablе Sаb le

Novа

A Chinсoteague

Ponv of the Ameriсas

V

! I

P0NY в RD Е s

in thе Atlаn tiс с ntury. oсean), еarly in the eightеenth e arе аt prеsent somе 300 poniеs, most of thеm sсr uЬ stoсk, running on tlrе small 40 km (25 mile) long island, and tough and wф, living on thе pooг they аr е ехt remely hаr dy, vegеt аt ion thе islаn d offeгs' Standing about 14 h.h.' they may blaсk oг grey and having a trаtс ablе be h с еstnut, bаy' bгowп , riding аn d light dгaught purposеs. nafllrе are цsеd for both Sсotiа

Therе

soUTн Thе

AмR Е IA с

Criollo

from Spanish stoсk, а mixtuге of Arаb , Barb аn d bгought over to South Amеr iсa by thе sixteenth all ovеr tlre Criollo has п ow sprеаd еn с п r гy o с nquistаd orеs,

Desсеn ded

Andaluсiaц

South Amеr iсa aсq uiring slightly diffеr еn t hс агatс eristiсs с m­ aсo с rding to its environmеn t. sЕ sеn tiаlly it is sturdy, o pаtс аn d vеr y musсu lаг with а short broad hеad, straight profilе аn d widе set еyes. Thе nеkс and quаr tегs arе wеll dеvelopеd , the h с est widе, tlrе baсk short аn d thе shouldеr fairly sloping. Thе lеg s аr e shoгt with plenty of bonе аn d thе fеet hard. I t is a vеr y willing and tough pony with grеat powеr s of еn duranсe dnd аn ability to a с rry wеight. Thе points аn d аn еl stripе fаvouritе o с lour is dun with blаkс markings on thе lеg s, down the e с ntrе of the baсk and zеb rа gгеy' arе also roan' Pаlomino' aЬ y and blдkс but h с еstnut' found. Thе hеight and typе vаr iеs slightly tlrroughout South all types are essеn tially the samе. The Amеr iса although poniеs aгe used prinсipаlly as stoсk horsеs by the gauсh os riding. I n thе Argentinе they arе known аs and for gеn егal Cгiollos; in Bгazil аs тh e Crioulo; in Chilе _ the Cаb allo _ t} re Llаn еr o, aгe and in Pеr u thеr е Chilеn o; in Venеzuеlа аn d thе Chola. М roсh uсo tlш е types _ thе Costeno, t} rе o Burmese

V The Falabella a ponу , miniаt ure horsе rathеr than horsе in thе h.h., it is thе smаllеst family, from whom it FаlaЬellа world. I t was fust brеd by thе gеt s its name, on their rаn h near Buеn os Aiтes in thе Aгg еn ­ с a small Thoroughbгed with small Shеt land tinе, by гсossing poп ies and тh ereaftеr I t is not suitable foг гiding inbrееd ing. but is sometimеs usеd in haгn ess in thе Unitеd Statеs. I ts pгinсipal purposе howеvеr is purеly as a pеt and bеing very it fulfills this objеtс wеll. Smаll stцd s friеn dly and intеlligеn t poniеs arе now еstablishеd all ovеr thе world. of thеsе

is гeally Thе Fаlabеlla and standing at undег

a

7

ASI A Assam The } tanipuгi М i­ Brеd in thе hill statе of Assam and thе Himalayas, thе аn puri is a dеse М ngolian wild horsе and ttre с ndаn t of both thе o as ttrе oгiginal polo pony, as a rеsult Aтаb . I t has bеen lс аimеd of the British tea plаn ters using it to play thе loсal gamе in introduсed to thе to havе beеn 1850. (The gamе was геp uted с ntury). A sturdy pony of Stаt e of lVlаn ipur in thе sevеn th e с n bё bеt wееn 1 1 and 13 h.h.' it is tough, and sure­footed and a аn y o I t is dееp tfuough thе girth with а good shouldеr , с louг. quarters. Thе lеg s аr e short short baсk and wеll dеvеlopеd with plеn ty of bonе and tirе feet aге hаr d.

P0NY BRЕEDs

Burma Thе Burmese hnovrn аs thе Shan pony this brеed is vеr y similaг to thе u Ь t is a native of Buтm a аn d thе Shan statеs, whегe iш Ь brеd by thе hill tribеs. A strong and aсt ivе' but not vеr y mst poп y , it was usеd by the Bгitish as a polo poп y for want of rп ­ п h ing bеn еr . Now it is usеd as a paсk and гiding pony. The tеight vагiеs but averagеs about 13 h.h. and thе pony a с n bе пд . т аlthough very hardy and o с lour. Genеr ally bad tеm pеr еd , sш те­ footеd , it is гathеr plain with а small heаd , longish a Ь kс тn l rаt her undеr devеloped quartеr s with a pooг hind 1еg. .Цsо

!Ьn фuт

China Thе Chinese ponies of in most distгitс s of the Chinesе Rеp ubliс' Far aЕ st and аn с not rеally bе tгp е еxist thтoughout thе с nш olled осв sidегеd а гe Ь ed. As there has bеen no form of o L!Ееd irrg' thеy havе brеd with the wild lVlongolian hoгsеs frш еаr lу times. I n o с nsеq uеnе,с thеy are similar to thе wild Fсr uп d тh is

d П ongoliаn

с lour dun in o

pony аn d arе frеq uently

with а

points, although other o с lours аге tоu nd. Thеy are еxtremely hardy аn d surе­ footed and thеir for sЕы lеd to them bеing usеd ovег shoгt distanсеs hаs гiас п g аs wеll as gеn еr al riding. Confoгm ation howevеr , is pooг аn d undеr developеd and with а laгgе head Eв n erаlly г е аk 12 and 13.2h.h. Thе hеight vaгiеs bеt weеn nеkс . til,^ rck

еl stripe

and blaсk

A Chinese

I ndia Thе Bhutia pony fгom the iН malayan mountаin агea of I ndiа с pony on thе moц n tain used аs а pаk and intelligеn t with I t is surе­ footеd , ехt remеly hardy рassеs. of stamina and the ability to livе frugаlly' Usuallу gтеy @еп ц iп o с louт, it is stгong аn d and stuгd y with musсu lar quаr tеr s gооd bonе, and stands 13 to 13.2h.h.

.a thiсk ­set

йе

Bhutia is prinсipallу

The Kаt hiawari and a М rwаr i .\ lftough separаt e rЬ еds, thе I (athiawari and a М гw ari аr е гirш аlly idеn tiсаl, from thе indigе­ both having dеse с ndеd п oц s I ndian o с untfy brееd s rс ossеd with Arab stoсk. Thеy generally aЬ d tеm pегеd uЬ t ехt remely tough те n d with to е Ь ] oь of stаm ina, and theу thrivе on littlе food. Varying in hеight ftom 14 to 15 h.h. they are vеr y light and nаr row with к е аk and quartеr s, low sеt tаil and siсk lе hoсks. Any п kес s r­.оlour is found inсluding pieЬаld and skеw bаlds. Thе ears u с л'е iл w аr ds with thе tips almost touсh ing at thе points' фus indiсаt ing thе AraЬ influenсе.

The Spiti From thе sаm е llimalaу an агea of I ndia as thе Bhutia, аn d similar to it in typе and o с nformаt ion, altlrough smallеr , prinсipally by thе I (anyat ш ibesmеn who use йе Spiti is rЬ еd it to trаdе with neighЬouгing triЬes. I t is only aЬout 12 h.h., u Ь т up to wеight, as wеll as being hardy аn d tirеlеss witlr ,Wеll of stamina. musсlеd with a short, thiсk neсk, р l е тt y srгаight shoulder, shoгt baсk and sш ong limЬs and feet, thе те r у

Spiti, likе thе Bhutiа, tеn ds to bе tеm pеr amеn tal. Both thе Spiti and Bhutiа arе lс osely rеlated, and vеr y similar, to thе аJl­puгp osе

TiЬеt аn

Nanfаn

o аЬ ut

whom vеr y litdе

is known.

P0NY BпE Е Ds

т

The Java

lnoonеsla The Bali This nativе resеm blаnес

of the island of Bаli is of primitive typе, bеaring a to thе wild &longoliаn pony. I t is frequendy dun

in o с lour

with а blaсk eеl stripе down thе e с ntе с of its bаk upright mаn е. I t stands 12 to 13 h.h. Very sш ong and o ес nomiсal to kеep, it is a willing workеr and is usеd primaг­ and аn

ily as а paсk pony.

The Bаt аk is brеd selеtс ively Arаb ian impoгt s have bееn

on thе

island of Sumаt ra wherе

introduсed to the studs to upgгade o с mmon native pony, and lеn d а littlе quаlity to thе breed. The rеsultant young stoсk are then sent to the other I ndonesian islаn ds to impгovе тhе rЬ eеds there. I t is а kindlу , gentle pony, eаsy to managе and o ес nomiсal to keеp , but thе AraЬiаn blood hаs аd dеd a touсh of spirit аn d еleganсе whiсh rathеr

is not found in most of thе othеr I ndonеsian brееds (thе Sandаlwood e Ь ing an еxеp с tion). I t is a gеn еr al purposе animal, a с n bе аn y

of thаt

The Sandalwood

The Batak thе

ponies thе than some of thе other I ndonеsiаn island, stands 12.2 h.h. Although lighdy built it is tough, haгdy, very willing and аppаr еn tly tirеlеss, a с pablе а1l dаy in tropiсal o of worКn g с nditions. I ts prinсipal funсt ion is to pull the heavily ladеn two­wheеlеd Sаd os whiсh sеr ve as а tаxi sеr viсе on thе island. Thе Java is found in almost any oс lour and is gеn erally of poor oс nformation with wеak nеkс s and quarteгs, long baсks, rattrer long legs and ftеq uentlу o с w hoсks.

Slightly lаr gеr

Java, a nativе

o с lour

A nativе of the islands of SumЬa аn d Sumbawа, the Sandal­ wood is thе quality pony of I ndonеsiа bеing finer than the othеr s and with an .Araby' hеad. Named after thе islands prinсipаl mаinly for barebаkс raсing еxport' it is ц sеd although it stands only 12.1 to 13.1 h.h. I t hаs a small, wеll­ shapеd hеad, is deеp with а lаr ge еyе аn d widе h с еst and through thе girth. Legs and feet arе good and hard, and thе с lour, is vеr y finе. o с at, whiсh mаy bе any o

and stands 12 to 13 h.h.

The SumЬa poniеs to thе wild ] V1on­ ponies is vеr y appагеn t, it is quitе pos­ siblе that the anсient Chinеsе may hаvе brought thе poniеs to I ndonеsiа in vеr y еаr ly times. Thе nаt ive poniеs of SumЬa and Sumbаw а, whiсh are аlmost identiсal, arе very tough аn d willing and again somеw hat primitive in appearanсе, being dun with thе lЬ aсk and upright manе. They stand е1 stтipе about 12.2 h.h. and аr е agile, and intеlligеn t. Thеy arе usеd national on thе islands in lаne с ­throwing, thе o с mpetitivе as wеll as in.danсing, o с mpetitions, whеn sport of I ndonеsiа' in a bitless bгidlе by young boуs, thеy are ridden bагebaсk whilе a trainеr on the otheг end of a lungе line direсt s thе to thеir vаr ious movements. Thе poniеs havе bёlls аt taсh ed in time to thе bеat of thе tom­toms. knееs and thеy danсе lightnеss of performanсе. Judging is oп tlrе еlеg аnес and

Sinсe ttre likenеss

of the I ndonеsian

golian and Chinеsе

Caspiаn

V

The Timor pony of thе island of Timor, is thе smallеst nаt ivе of thе I ndonesian brееd s and is usеd by the islandеr s as а o с w pony. I t is еxe с ptionally agilе and stтong, although standing only o с upledwith 11 to 12 h.h., and has grеat powеr s of еn duranсe a mаss of o and sure­footеd , it с mmon sense. Also very doсilе imported makes a good h с ildren's pony, and mаn у have eЬ еn

Thе

to thе Austaliаn

mainland for this purposе.

I t is usuаlly

made with a small or bay in o с lour and is finеlу quarters and good hard lеg s and fееt . hеad, short bаkс , strong blaсk, brown

т

lran The Caspian Until гeеnс tly the Caspiaп pony, a nativе of thе areа around thе lЕ burtz mountаins and Caspiаn sеa in Pегsia, was found thought to be extinсt , but in 1965 а numbег wеr e pulling aс rts in t} rе oс astal towns and wаn dering along thе с г r еn t shorеs of thе Caspian Sea in Northеr n I rаn . The u horsе of theory is that thе Caspian is the anсient miniаt urе .fulеsopotаm ia

whiсh ,

in the third millеn ium

after e Ь ing usеd

вс

yЬ

the lvlesopotamiаn s AD' wаs

until thе sеvеn th еnс tuгy

into this theory is bеliеvеd to havе beсome еxtinсt . Rеsearсh howevеr still in pгogrеss. o М re like a small hoгse thаn a ponу in appеaranсе, it may bе gтеy, brown, bay or hс еstnut in o с louг аn d stаn ds eЬ twееn 10 to 12 h.h. I t is surе­ footеd , jumping ability ­ intеlligеn t аn d trаtс ablе, with а rеm arkaЬle Thе Cas­ all of whiсh makеs it a usеf ul mount for h с ildrеn . pian has a small, fine, Arab­typе head with wide sеt eyеs' poor hind lеg s, nаr row h short \ас Ь с еst аn d Ь nе. is light of o

AUSTRALASI A Australia The Australian Pony prinсipally from pony of Ausш aliа hаs derivеd Тh е nаt ivе o М untain with a mixtuге of AraЬ, ::nported \ 0Иеlsh Тh oroughЬr ed, Timor and Shеt 1and poniеs, and is thus not ::rdigеn ous.

The hеight

variеs

fгom l2 to 14 h.h. аn d usеd

as a

hardу and sound with :hjld s гiding ponу, it is intеlligеn t, с еstnut Prinсipal oс louгs arе grеy and h movеm еn t. 3ood, frее tзt

this o с mpаtс ,

o с bbу sort

с lour. ofpony mаy bе any whole o

(J.S.S.R. Тh е

A Australiaп

Kazakh

:1аkс .

The mаr еs

1'..lung stoсk

аr e

arе usеd to produсe for mеat. fattеn еd

Pony

*

.\ n аniс еn t г еd Ь originally bгеd in thе rеg ion of I tazahstan, hаr dy and able to withstand poniеs arе еxеp с tionаlly iеsе to foтage iе eхt rеm es of lс imatiс oс nditions, eЬ ing еxpеtс еd Somе :l.r themsеlvеs еq ually in thiсk snow or in the dеsеr t. with had infusions of Don lЬ ood and rс ossеs ::аvе rееn с tly .­iе good a с valry mounts. Don or Akhal­Tekё havе produсеd is as a Sв n ding L22 to 132 h.h., thеir prinсipal usе, howеvеr , .:оr r, pony' and they arе strong, willing mounts with good с еstnut' or :агd limbs and fееt . Thеy arе usually grey, bay, h

milk and many of thе

The Viatka mainly in the basins of the Viatka and Obva rivеr s' thеsе to pull thе troikа slеd ges ­ a job arе usеd pтinсipally paгt iсu larlу pеu с liar tгotting gait, mаkes thеm :..r rvhiсh thеir Thеу arе also usеd for light agriсu ltural work аn d s:irаlЬ е. of grеat powеr s of f:е vеr y useful all­round ponies. Possеssеd thе Viatka stands 13 to 14h.h., hаs a full mane n з duranсе' with thе с lour, somеt imеs аild tail and is usuаlly greу in o I t has a ratlrer plain markings on thе lеg s. ;jmitivе zеbга .еаd and quartеr s, a short baсk, with a wеll musсled nеkс I t is a :еp th through thе giтt h and good strong limbs аn d fееt . .аst and willing workеr and its aЬility to livе on thе minimum to keеp. ес nomiсal ..: tЪod makes it o

3геd

9'оn iеs

AFRI A с Lеsotho

(Basutoland)

The Basuto and from thе ArаЬ Тh е Basuto pony is derivеd prinсipаllу a с pе Provinсe of impoгt еd to thе Barb hoгsеs whiсh wеr е S outh Afriсa from Jаvа in 1653 and, by various rс ossings with IЕ orsе. Following raids in Тh oroughbrеd s, formеd thе Capе .tlе еarlу found its way the Cape IЕ orsе ninetеentlr еn с tuly ::rto Basutoland wherе a o с mbination of rс ossing with 1oсal o с nditions, аu с sеd sсr uЬ stoсk and thе unfavourаb le lс imаt iс rr to dеg enerate into whаt is now known as thе Basuto pony. Тh is еxеpс tionаlly tough, hardy and еn during pony is not jrеn an indigenous onе' but bеing wеll up to weight wаs usеd ехтn sivеlу duгing thе Boеr l0Иar. I t is 14.2 h.h. and provеs its '..еI satility by e Ь ing used for polo and raсing as well as for o с lours ате baу, brown, гiding and as а paсk pony. Thе usuаl gте­ т с estnut аn d it is tlriсkset, frеq uently with a qualitу or h аn d upright shouldеr . I t has very hеad, long neсk and a Ь kс , surе­ footеd . eard feet аn d is ехt remelу 8'7

A Viatka

Bаsuto

V

*

&

..= i_

­.i .:i1._l

j:­:'

t

1:

working аt

and Vеr sаillеs, еlaЬorated prin­ fully the original Grееk o с nсlusivеlу thаt thе iс ples, еstаb lishing rough and еvеn brutal mеt hods of training

dеvеlopеd

into praсt iсе during unnееsс sary and Dе la Guёr iniёr e's o с nсepts unaсe с ptablе. in his grеat work .f oс Е 1е dе wеr е o с difiеd Cavalariе' whiсh rеm ains thе sourсе of all thinking. I t аlso forms thе o с ntеm porary at tlrе grеat basis of t] rе work peгp etuаt еd a ас dеm y Riding Sсh ool in of thе Spаn ish

horsеs that

had rс ept

thе Rеn aissanсe were

'T."" origin of l. most lс assiсal

training horsеs for thе

form of riding, nor­

mаlly rеf еr red to as drеssage, a с n bе traсed at lеast аs fаr baсk as thе fourth or fifth еn с turiеs в с whеn its valuе аn d basiс prin­ iс plеs were appreсiated and еstablished by studiеd the sуs­ the Grеeks. The Grееk s Ь th аs an tеm atiс tтaining of theiг horsеs o artistiс and plеasurablе aсo с mplishment, as wеll аs a meаn s of improving thе pеr ­ formanсe of thеir a с valry. ,&tost notablе among these earlу horsеm asters was a a с valry gеn еr al a с lled еnХ ophon who emЬodiеd t} re prinсiples in а book, parts of whiсh еxist and arе valid todaу. I t also at thаt timе of mеn tions thе еxistеnес another book or trеatisе same suЬ­ on фе jeсt bу one, Simon of Athеn s. The nаm e dressagе, bеing Frenсh , did not o into usе to desсr ibе this ш aining с mе and riding until thе еаr ly eighteenth еn с ­ tury. I t is dеr ived from thе Frеnh с vеr b drеsser' whiсh mеans to train, to adiust' to sш aightеn ­out. Likе many other Frеnhс the Anglo­Saхons, it words adoptеd yЬ o с uld hardly bе morе аpt for its purpose. A drеssаg е. dressеu r is a man who praсt isеs it tlrеr еf ore, Dressаg е as we leсognizе in the first plaсе for t} rе was dеvеlopеd purposе of pгoduсing essentially Praсt iсal easily o с ntrollеd horsеs, that would bе battle­winning assets for army aс valries. Troopеr s who o с ntrol thеir с uld not o then, mounts with one hand in aЬ ttlе wеr e as in muсh lateг times, no assеt at all. For­ tunаt еly for thе horsеs of all subsеquent pеr iods, thе Grееk s that a quiet disсovеr ed

iс vilizеd approaсh to obtаin thе o с op­ erаt ion of thеsе bеautiful, u Ь t powerful, аn d

aп imals invariably

produсеd

bу

far the best

results.

еn с turiеs right up thе intеr vеn ing presеn t dаy, drеssagе hаs dеv elopеd in а sporadiс fashion in diffеr еn t o с untries, in diffеr еn t dеgrееs and at differеn t timеs.

ovеr

to тt rе

I t has always flourished howеver

only in

аn d soсial morе advanсed iс vilizаt ions plaсе nеvеr e Ь еn any u с lturеs, for thеr е has patiеne с , for tас ivitiеs rеq uiring suсh and aеsthеt iс sеn sitiv­ applied intelligеn ес ity in pooг or primitivе soсieties. There has leisure time to to bе a e с rtаin amount of but perhaps ines­ turn what is dеsirablе,

thе

sеn tial, iл t o a praсt iсаl proposition. Rеvivеd аf tеr thе dark аn d middlе ages aсt ivitiеs in аlong with all othеr u с lturаl

Renaissаne с

I tаly,

drеssаg е bеg an to prеiс sеly the form in whiсh we know it todaу in thе lаt е sеventеenth This was and early еighteenтlr еn с turУ. partiсu lаr y truе of thе latter period when thе Frenсh man FranEois dе lа Gu6riniёr е, assumе аlmost

Vienna whiсh stands аs thе arbiter of trцe lс assiсal riding aсr oss the world. One mаj or distinсt ion betweеn t} re gen­ praсt iсe of dтеssagе and lс assiсal rid­ ing in the twеn tiеt h еn с rury and that of аl1 previous timеs hаs bееn thе introduсt ion riding. This is bеst exprеs­ of o с mpеt ition sed in thе internаt ional o с ntests that lead up to and inсludе the olympiс Gamеs. Previously, аs wе have seеn , dтеssagе hаd primarily the o bееn с nсеr n of the military, еr al

through thе

аt

tеh ас ing

their a с vaф

iс vilian sсh ools, and аlso of thе wеаlthу minoritiеs foсu ssеd round roуal o с urts and thе military, similar еnс trеs of u с lturе. I n drеssagе was а profеssional rеq uiremеn t, iс vilians, it whereas among the wеаlthy aсo с mplishmеn t, was a gеn tlеm anly highly regагded as an intеg ral part of a o с mplete еd uсation. No doubt ttrе harsh all u Ь t nеe с ssities of military lifе pгelс uded a small minoritу of the soldiers from fol­ lowing dressagе to its highest levels uЬ t аn d through thеm the spirit of Vеr saillеs Viеn nа was kеp t frеsh аn d was hаn dеd аt mаn y rеlatively down and prаtс ised

I n thе

small establishmеn ts.

riding

at the royal o с urts, thе sсh ools maiп t ainеd may havе reaсh еd drеssage aсh iеv emеn ts higher lеvеls. Bу the beginning of this eс ntury, ttrе гapidly dwindling in number, o с urts wеr e аn d thе improvеm ent in o с mmunсiations and travеl faсilities hаd radiсallу h с angеd rеm ained. The a с valry thе lifе in thosе thаt virtually the beсamе sсh ools o с nsequently

sole bеarеr s

ofthe dгessage torсh and they

thеm sеlves

wеr e

on1y for the next

to lаst

с nd forty years or so. By the end ofthе Sеo \ 0Иoгld I DИar thеy had all gonе and the lеad pаssеd to iс vilians and to thе fеw profеs­ hаd rееiс vеd sional or rеt ired soldiегs who the war. I nterest thеir training bеf orе e Ь a с me morе widеly sprеad аn d quiсk1у

found its еxprеssion с mpеt itivе world of o

in the

еxpanding sport of аll kinds. in an Olympiс Dressаg e was fust inсludеd programmе in thе Stoсk holm Gamеs of L912.

This hс аn ging

in somе taught and aсadеm у in

pattern rеsultеd

variation bеt weеn Praсt ised in thе

whаt wаs seсludеd

Vienna on thе one hand and what was pro­

yЬ the majority of ridеr s in thе wider, duсеd аn d mainly amateur, woгld of national and

intеr national o с mpetition on thе othеr . in drеssagе is all too The artistiс еlemеn t points saсr ifiсed to the need to sсorе еasilу or to speed up thе training programmе in olympiс Gаm es or oфer timе for thе nехt

major еvеn t.

On the other hand,

hаvе h с angеs Thе pеr iodiс

not all bееn

ttre

for the worsе.

gatherings of dediсated

dres­

world providе sagе rideгs fгom аll ovеr thе an exсеllеn t and reсu rrеn t opporruniry to o с mpare standards, teсh niques and idеas. bеf orе a Theу also sеr vе to rЬ ing drеssаgе muсh lаr ger audiеnес tlran has expеr i­ enсеd it sinсе it was used in thе sixtееn th

in popular fеstivitiеs.

еn с flrry

AЬovе

all

in the rеintroduсt ion of as an a dеg rее of frеedom of movеm еn t that might have been aсеp с ted stаn dard drеssаg е lost for еvеr if twеn tiеt h e с ntury rеstfiсt ed to indoor displays аn d had bееn institutions. aсadеm iс aspeсt of o с mpetition A vеr y bеn еf iсial have rеg ulаr ly to riding is that thе ridеr s to thе oс m­ subjeсt thеir pеr formanсes prеh еn sivе sсr utiny of trained assessors. they havе rеsultеd

Thеir duty is to reсognize and exposе wеak as wеll аs to results or falsе tеh с niquеs work. o с гr tес and admirаlЬ е o с mmеn d This o с ntinuous аn d worldwidе proсеss of аssеssment a с nnot fail to tеh с niсаl с n­ impгovе and maintain thе purity of o с uld that o possiЬlе without ttre stimulus providеd у Ь o с mpеt itivе еvents. A further temporary dressage to an еxtеn t

hаr dly

bе

Dп EssAGЕ

с ntеm porаr y dressage aspеtс of o a it has o ес Ь mе is that in its lowеr h ес еlons to many tгц е lеisuге sport, giving plеasuте

bеn еf iсial

thousands of thе

This is pаr tlу ulgе to еsaс pе from thе strеsses

less amЬitious ridеr s. of the widеly fеlt _ еven for short pеr iods _

bеаu с sе

of modеr n

day living, and

partlу eЬ a с usе of thе ever dеrс easing oppoltц n ities for long langе or rс oss­ o с untry riding. Paradoxiсally though, in eсh elons' it is in thе highег o с mpеt itivе indееd , dangеr of e Ь o с ming vеr y intеn sе and vеr y largе sums of monеу are sPent in suсеsс s in o с mpеt i­ thе pursuit of fаm е and tions. с nditions havе always had a Climatiс o markеd impaсt on thе dеvelopment and praсt iсе с un­ of dтеssage within differеn t o ш iеs. Givеn thе opportunity, mankind thе world ovеr sharеs thе lovе ofriding horsеs in somе aspеtс , but muсh dеpеn ds on the

o с nditions availablе.

I n Grеat

Bгitain foг mild and аr е

ttrе wintеr s example, whеr е mцh с of the tеr rain is agriсu ltural or pаs­ to ridе toral, it is possiblе and plеasаn t outdools thе wholе year гound. Thus thе

ardour of уoung mеn has often expгеssеd usually fol­ itsеlf in riding гасoss o с untrу pаI tiсu ­ lowing а hunt. I n othеr o с untriеs, the tеr ­ аn d е n uЕ ropе, larlу Gеr manу с tral ridеr s to kееp rаin and thе lс imаt е o с mbinе This indoors for large portions of thе уеar. that iS o с ndu­ has produсed an atmosphеr е iс vе to an interest in thе skills аn d sсienсе of purе

horsеm anship

immediatе

more

rather thаn thе

and simplеr

еxiс tements

of

hunting. I t followed therеf orе' that for thе art of с nturу thе fust forty yеars of this e was pur­ drеssagе riding in o с mpеt itions uЕ ropе u Ь t sued throughout o с ntinеn tаl с gnizеd as existing, muсh wаs hardly rеo lеss undеr stood, in Grеat Britain. Thе o с untries, result is that thе o с ntinеn tаl with thеir 25o­уeat unЬr okеn tradition of skilled horsеm anship, arrived in thе prеs­ еn t еr a с mpetitivе drеssagе with a long of o start ovеr

Britаin

and thе youngеr

This is partiсu laгly

nаt ions.

apparеn t whеn thе с mpetitions are sп r diеd . rеsults of major o transition from a Thе twentiеt h eс nturу to mainly militаr y or аr istoсr atiс aсt ivity as аn interna­ the prеsent status ofdrеssagе

| N THЕ

20TH N Ес тURY

Sun аn d Aiг, гidden by in an advanсed dressage o с mpetition at Goodwood. The supple outline with the obedienсe to of the horse o с mbinеd the гideг, s аids shown here are the prodUсt of the I ong hours ofsсh oo| ing required to bring a hoгse to this leve| .

Тh e dressage horse.

Miss SheiI а WiI | oс x,

tionally rеoс gnized iс vilian

аn d

sport has in praсt iсе

almost totally bееn

remаr k­

aЬly

mid­ smooth. Although, sinсе thе sixties, thе sight of a military uniform in the arеn a has bееn rarе and * re tidеs rarеr still, this h с angе hаs not affеtс еd thе sport advеr sely. Thе military еstablishments bу ridеr s fгom privatе wеr е slrpеr sеd еd domеstiс staЬles, many of whom had onlу modеst finanсial bаk с ing. onе signifiсant innovation was the emеr genсe of womеn ridеr s at thе highеst levels. From a previ­ in thе ous standpoint of non­pаr tiсipation spolt, they were Soon to show thеm sеlvеs thе mеn on еqual wеll ablе to hс allengе terms. The fust woman to Win an Olympiс М е Liz a Н rtel of mеd al in dressage wаs m

Denmark,

a

o с ulаg еous

ladywho hadbeеn

9l

DвsЕ sAGЕ

| N тHE

20тн

N Ес тURY

ii

sеvеr ely handiсappеd by poliomyelitis. Ridinghеr horsе Jubileе, lvlme IЕ аr tеl won thе silvеr medals at Hеlsinki and Stoсk­ holm' 1952 and 1956. Frаu Liselott Lin­ senhoff of Germany won thе Bronzе medal 1956 аn d thе Gold e М dаl in 1968. I n

in

lЕ enа

Pеt ousсh kova of thе USSR' tlrеn thе reigning Vorld Champ­ 1972

lty'trne

ion, took the Silvеr on Pеp el

and

in

1976

Stuсkеlbеr ger of Swiиеr land took thе Gold at o М ntreаl. I n thе World Championship o с mpеt itions in Copen­ hageг in 1974, womеn ridеr s out­num­

Chrisdnе

e Ь red

thе mеn .

The influenсе

ofdrеssаg e on thе gеn еr al welfaге of ttrе horsе must eЬ rеo с gnized аs e Ь ing o с nsidеr ablе. Takеn up vеr y widеly

аs a sport, it has enсourаgеd

Apart from the pгivаt е dтеssage гiding pгatс isеd and еn joyed by individuals solеlу for their own intеr est' there аге two foгm s in whiсh it is known and apprеiс аt еd by the puЬliс. As alrеadуm еn tionеd ' one is in thе world of o с mpеt itivе еvents whiсh аr е governеd by preсisе rц lеs аn d o с nvеn tions. The faсt that thе performanсe of eaсh o с mpеt itor hаs to bе judged sеparatеly, means that most o с mpеt itions tеn d to еЬ too slow and pгolonged to hold thе attеn ­ tion of largе aцd iеne с s exсеp t аt the high­ est lеv el and whеr е major h с ampionships аr е involvеd . I n addition somе a Ь siс know­ lеd gе of thе pгinсiples of this somеw hаt esoteriс sport is еssential for a real аp pгeiс ­ ation of its finеr points. The othеr and moге popular form is that of speсial and relatively shoгt displays given yЬ onе or morе ridеr s, usually as only one itеm in а progгErmme of moгe vаr iеd еn tеr tаinmеn t.

mаn y thousands of ridегs аll ovеr thе world to еp са t the h с allеn ge of improving thеir riding whiсh is lс еarly of grеat еnЬ еf it to thеir mounts. This hс аllеn gе, o с uplеd with the tirnе and o с nсеn tration nееd еd to

thousands for thеir

train a drеssаg e

thе sеn sе

horsе,

has геsultеd

in dгes­ sagе riding bеo с ming аlmost a way of lifе people in whiсh they find gтеat for mаn у

intегеst,

grеat

plеasurе

аn d

grеаt

relief

from ttre prеssurеs of oс ntemporаr y' ovеr ­mеh с аn й е d lifе. I t also hаs thе advаn tagе of being prаtс iсable for rideгs in thе sеventh or eighth dеa с dеs

еn oп n ous

of thеiт rеasonаb ly

livеs, fit.

providеd

thеy

havе

Suсh

displаys

аn с

bе еn joyеd

by many

aesthеt iс value and

for

movemеn t аn d of гh уt hmiсal preсision timing that they provokе. lrow­ ever' as with most othеr aсt ivities, rеally top lс аss

thе

performеr s

full suсеsс s

arе

of suсh

requirеd

to еn surе a display.

quality and Regulaг displаys ofvеr y high rеn own аr е given аll ovеr thе world by the

uniformеd уЬ

ridеr s

and whitе

Lipizzaner

of the Spanish Riding Sсh ool, and a very few gтеat mastеr s of lс аssiсаl

horsеs

kЪpt

horsemanship suсh as Nuno oliveirа of Poгt ugаl. Some of thе top o с mpetition rid­ егs аlso givе displaу s. I n all a с ses, thе dres­ sagе pеr formеd o с nforms as lс osely as pos­ sible to purе lс assiсal o с nсеp ts. I t should not е Ь

o с nfusеd wittr

thе typе of

exhibition

normally seen in iс rсu sеs whiсh ' аlthough oftеn of vеr y high quality and demanding vеr y finе horsеm anship, is likely to aсe с pt a dеg rее of liсensе in thе intегеst of еn ter­ taining a possiЬly lеss rс itiсal audienсе. Suсh an audienсе, howеvеr , will have no diffiсu lty in apprеiс ating a displаy of fine drеssage for pгeiс sеly the samе rеasons as would influеn ес spеtс аt ors watсh ing danс­ ing, skаt ing, g.yп r nastiсs or othеr form of physiсal prowеss that o с mbinе skill and graсе

with strеn gth and fisсipline.

b А ove

Тh e,passage,, an advаne с d dressage movement, pedormed heгe by Piаf f аn d his German rider, Liselotte Linsenhoff, who won the go| d medаI at the 1972 Muniсh o| ympiсs. Opposite top Dressage on display: the white Lipizzaner stal| ions at the Spаn ish Riding Sсh oo| in Viennа enteгing their mаg nifiсent arenа for the ouаd ri| | e. opposite bottom left А quаdri| | e a с n o с nsist of four oг more horses and riders аn d the group will perform dressage movements in unrson.

Opposite bottom right Mrs. Lorna Johnstone, who rode in the Muniсh o| ympiсs аq ed 70.

DREssAGЕ

,f

*

| N ТHЕ

20тH

E с NтUвY

DflЕssAGЕ

| N THE 20тн

E с NТURY

Competition dressаgе o с vers a vеr y wide variеф of sи n dards from those of provin­ iс al riding­сlub evеn ts through to oс nti­

dard international tests is revizеd approx­ imately еvеr y four уеаr s so as to prevеn t thе

or world h с ampionships and thе olympiс Gamеs. Thе sаm e basiс prin­ iс plеs and rulеs apply to аll of thеsе and

routinеd ,

o с mpеt itions at all levels arе o с ntrollеd by thе Drеssagе Burеau of thе I nteгn ational qЕ uеsш ian Fedеr ation foundеd in L92L' thе hеadquаr tеr s of whiсh arе in Brussels. The Burеau lays down and kеeps up­to­ dаt e thе nееs с sаr y rulеs to o с vеr thе stаn ­ dаr ds of performanсe' the rules and guidе­ linеs for judgеs and o с mpеt ition organiz­ qualifiсations for judges and аll еr s' thе affеtс othеr faсt ors that dirеtс ly thе sport. aЕ h с fеd еr atеd nаt ion maintains its own national drеssage uЬ rеau to o с ntrol its purеly national affаirs аn d tfuough whiсh o с ntaсt is mаintаinеd worldwide on mat­ tеr s of prinсiplе and method. The highеst priority is givеn throughout thе organiza­ tion to maintaining thе purity of lс assiсal o с nсept and to prеventing the growth of potеn tially false mеt hods of training that would lеаd to а lowеr ing of standards. Thеr e arе various oс nventionallу grades of ш aining in drеssagе rеo с gnizеd and o for all or somе of thе gradеs с ntеsts may bе hеld at a normal o с mpеt itivе evеn t. Compеt itors aс n enter for onе or morе o с n­ tеst, and in eaсh аsс e will bе rеquiгеd to pеr form а prеordained sеq uеnес of movе­ ments in exaсt ly thе ordеr stipulated. I n

lar movеm еn ts

airs of piaffe and passagе. Airs aЬove thе ground' suсh as thе lеvadе, o and с urbеt tе ultimate aсh ievе­ others, whiсh arе thе

аn d

prеsrс ibe.

arе alwaу s ridden in Drеssagе o с ntеsts arenas' thе standаr d sizе of whiсh is eithеr 20 x 40 or 20 x 60 m. The standard international tеsts invariаb ly rеq uirе йе larger aгеn a. A11 arеn аs usе a to indi­ o с nventional systеm of lеt tеr ing movе­ a с tе to ridеr s аn d judgеs whеr е the pеr formеd mеn ts to eЬ should bеg in and еn d. Thе origins of this somewhatillogiсal lеt tering system аr е obsсu rе. to allo­ Competition judgеs are rеq uirеd a с te a mаr k out of а madmum of ten for movе­ eaсh movеm ent or o с mЬination of ments as sеt out on the puЬlishеd test sheet. To do this еf fiсiеn tly thе judgе has

rеtс angular

b А ove

An exampI e of the power and o с ntrol needed to exeсUte some of the testing movements in an advanсed event. Granat, ridden bу Christine StuсkeI berger. Below ALipizzanerfromtheSpanish Riding Sсh oo| oraсt ises the,ba| | otаd e,.

mеn t at suсh a ас dеm ies Riding Sсh ool are nеvеr

аs thе Spаn ish inсluded in o с m­

pетr t1ons.

o с untriеs

ftom lс еarly distinguished thе early grades by thе inсlusion offlу ing­ and' at thе h с anges of leg and pirouеt tеs Grand Prix or highеst lеve7,t} :e hаu tе oёс le

thе only pгoviso bеing show all the partiсu ­ that thе oгg anizегs may

displaу,

thеir own

that they inсludе

I ntеr ­ tlrе Grand Prix at thе top bу thе I I . Thеse mеd iatе I аn d the I ntermеd iаt e Ь sis ofall I ntеr nationаl four tеsts form thе a thе с of Compеt itions. Five judgеs for еah

arе

o с mpetition

also frequendy inсludеs a Free­Style o с n­ dеvisе tеst or l(ur, in whiсh o с mpеt itors

Noviсе,

lЕ еm entаr y, еd М ium аn d grade is furthеr sцb­ Advanсеd . aЕ h с dividеd into two or moге dеg rееs of diffiсu lty. Thе advanсеd grаd es in all

narrowly

from еight to pеr form. The prog­

theу alwaуs takе

u Ь t

minutеs to at an internаt ional

twеlvе rаm mе

arе rеsponsiblе national fеd еr ations and publishing a set oftests for Thesе all levels of nаt ional oс mpеt ition. arе a с llеd Nаt ional Tеsts. Thе I nterna­ further devisеs and pub­ tional Fеd еr ation I ntеr national Tests, lishes four stаn dаr d all at Advanсed gradе, thе lowest bеing thе Prix St Gеorgеs whiсh is sеparаt ed from

the Unitеd lGngdom thе gradеs, and thus thе o are rеf еr red to as Preliminary, с ntеsts'

from beсoming too

horsеs

nеn tal

Thе

for dеv ising

although this

four tеsts aI е rеo с lтr mеn dеd '

from timе to timе in From one to tfuее judges rеq uired for nationаl oс n­

numbеr

has vаr iеd

diffеr еn t

plaсes.

аr е normally tеsts.

Thе

preсisе

o с ntеn t

ofеah с

ofthе

stаn ­

to rс itiсize

pеr formanсe,

and evaluate thе

I I е is and thеn voiсе his oс nсlusions. always aсo с mpaniеd by a writer whosе с rd duty it is to rеo on thе judging shеet providеd for eaсh o thе mаr k с mpetitor' аllotted together with a summаr y of thе judge's o Thеsе с mmеn ts. sheеt s arе latеr madе availablе for pеr usal by thе oс m­ pеt itors.

Thе

marks allottеd by еah с

presiding judgер

arе

o с llеtс еd ,

of thе

h с eсked

and thе o с m­ and totallеd by thе sеrс еt ariаt pеt itor sсoring thе highеst total is thе win­ nеr . I t is obvious that a good judgе

must have

of thе prin­ a vеr y thorough knowlеdgе iс ples of dтessagе and of thе problems involved in training a horse. I t is а grеat eхp eri­ advantagе if hе has hаd praсt iсal еn e с of thosе problеm s from thе saddle. Hе thе test he is judging' also hаs to mеm orizе sirrсe hе a с nnot afford to takе his eyеs off с mpetitor during the pеr formanсе thе o

point аt с rrеtс and hе must know thе o whiсh eaсh mark has to eЬ givеn . Quiсk thinking' good judgemеn t, morаl oс uragе, quаl­

integrity and ехp eriеnес

are essеn tial

ities for a good judgе.

I n faсt his task is

almost as diffiсu lt thе ridеr !

to

perform wеll

аs

thаt

o{

maintains The I nternationаl Fеd erаt ion its own panеl of judgеs who may offiсiate aЕ h с nаt ion at international o с mpеt itions. maintains its own list of judgеs, gradеd for aсo с rding to thе stаn dard of drеssagе qualified. As a whiсh they are oс nsidеr ed guidе

and aid for standardizеd

judging, thе

еrс ­ I ntеr national Fеd eration has speсifiеd с nnotations for eaсh of thе marks tain o from nought to tеn . These are:

0 1 2 3 4 5

Not peгf oгm еd Very aЬ d

Bad Fairly bаd I nsuffiсient

Suffiсient

6 7 8 9

l0

Satisfаtс orу

Fаirly

good

Good Verу good xЕ еlс lent

UtltssAtit lN l t| t zuтH UtN I UHY

for o с mbined tгaining oг eventing is not so demanding as the advanсed form. Horse аn d rideг have to Derform аn eаsier test but must sti| | be supp| e, aсt ive and obedient. Тh e tests are designed to show these аt tributes and are marked aсo by с rding| y judges. skilI ed аn d experienсed Dгessage

To assist in mаintаining а rеasonably high stаn dard of training and perfoгm anсе it is stipulated in the rulеs that no horsе shall rееiс ve a prй е unless hе has еarned at lеast 50% of the maхimum marks avail­ аb lе. As an indiсаt ion of thе standard aсt u­ allу

aсh iеvеd in this e с ntury, it is a faсt thаt is no rеo с rd of a hoгsе еv еr sсoring as muсh аs 80% of possible marks from all fivе judgеs. A sсoring at an intеr national Grand Priх of anуt hing over 7 5o/ o is еxеp с ­ tional. Thе гeo с rd is 79.5% aсh ieved yЬ Switzеr land s Cfuistinе Stuсkеlbergеr аn d hег horsе Gгanat at Salzburg,in I 975. I n Olympiс Games and iл Continеn tal therе

and \ ilИorld

Championships it is usual to

award tеam prizеs for tеаm s of thrеe from any onе nаt ion in аd dition to thе individual awards.

Thе drеssage oс ntеst at the Stoсkholm ol1тn piс Gamеs, 1912, staged in а 20 x 40 m arena, was in the form of a Freе Stylе

and the dеg rее movеm еn ts

piаf fе,

of diffiсu lty

was еxtrеm еly standards. No lateral of any kind were rеq uiгеd , no

bу latеr

modеst

no

passаg e

and no

sеq uеnес

of lеg . A jumping sеtс ion, o с m­ prising five jumps and an oЬеd iеnес sе­с tion werе inсludеd . iЕ ght nations oс m­ petеd with a total .of 21 o с mpеt itors and plaсеd Swedish ridеr s wеr е first, seсond, third' fifth, siхt h and еighth. By thе nеxt Gamеs held in Antwеr p in I 92o, a muсh more o с mprеh ensive sеt tеst had bееn inсluding oс unter­ dеvisеd h с anges­of­hand in trot and аn с teг and sеq uеne с h с angеs of 1еg in four­, tfuее­ , two­ аn d onе­ timе. Vаr ious oс effiсiеn ts wеr е usеd for what wеr e o с nsidеr ed thе most important movements, the highest h с аn gеs

o с еf fiсiеn t

bеing

30 for аnс ter iс rсlеs

inсorporating h с angеs ofrеin and without h с anges of leg. Thе o с еf fiсiеn t of 20 was givеn for thе o с untеI ­сh angе­ of­hаn d in ш ot and a с ntег' thе sегp еn tinе in aс ntеr h с angеs of1еg in two­ and one­timе. Thе piаf fе and pаssagе werе fust intгo­ duсеd into the olympiс dгеssаgе tеst in Los Angеlеs and havе rеm аinеd thеr еaftеr , with thе exсеp tion of thе post­wаr Gamеs pirouеt tеs hеld in London in 1948. аn с tег were геq uirеd for thе fust timе in Berlin in L9з6,

and for the sеq uenсe

Dеspite thе еn ormous expansion of in pleаsurе riding and thе various forms of еq uеstrian sports that has bееn

intеr еst

suсh а fеaturе

of thе mid­twentieth e с n­ of truly fust lс ass interna­ tional horse/ ridеr o с mbinations from any (with thе singlе exсeption of Vеst o с untгy Gеr many), rеm аins surprisingly small. I t aсt uаlly seldom еxеd с s four or five, and with suсh small numbегs, it is hаr dlу sur­ prising that the repгеsеn tation of any one quiсkly nаt ion has beеn liablе to fluсt uatе and dл amаt iсаlly in quаlity. For a fеw yеars tury, the numbеr

а oс untry

aсеp с t

aсh iеvе onе' or

thтough

may show gгeat pгomisе or as outstanding suсеsс s' but thеn , perhaps two, of their good horsеs rеt irе, thеr е may e Ь no rеp laсеm ent avail­ ablе.

Thus ttrеir tеаm may

bе of littlе

aсo с unt foг some yеагs. Fortunes a с n also bе seriously affеtс еd by ttrе аv ailаiЬ lity or _ invаlu­ good ш ainегs ottrеr wisе of геally аb lе assеt s who aге аlways in short supply. On аl1 thesе o с unts Vеst Gегm аn у stаn ds

alonе

with an apparеn dy iп exhaustible good hoгsеs and skilful

supply of rаinеr s,

A fеw o с untries (somе of thеm fam­ ous in otheг forms of horsеm аn ship' not­ ably I taly), havе еithеr shown littlе intеr еst in dressagе or havе madе no signiflсant impaсt intеr nationally. This is аlso truе of o с untries with relativеly small populаt ions suсh as Australia, New Zealand and Nor­ гideгs.

way.

o с nsideгs the pгinсiplеs and it is pеr haps drеssаg е, еasiеr to undеr stand whу most o с untries !Иh еn

onе

a light, uЬ t thе

rеins,

o с ntinuous, o с ntaсt rеm аining o с nfident,

and diligent, so that in effeсt , it gives the impression of doing of its own aсo с гd whаt is required of it. Тogether horsе aп d ridег should rс еate an imprеs­ sion of еlеg anсе and total harmony. The typе of horse likely to oс nfoгm to тh esе rеq uiтemеn ts and to work suсеsс s­ fully in thе gymп astiс disсiplinе of drеs­ sаg е and high sсh ool will always bе onе thаt o с mЬinеs mеn tal alеr tness and mus­ u с lar frееd om with a thorougЫy strong, robust аn d symmеt riсal o с nformаt ion. In partiсu lar it must have thе potеn tial ability to a с rry muсh of its own weight and that of its ridеr , with thе hindquaгt еr s. Thе quar­ tеr s and thе loins thегеf orе havе to bе аt tеn tivе

strongly o с nstruсt ed

with hoсks

naturally fаll

in a weight aс rry­

into plaсе

ing position in rеlation

thаt

to thе quarteгs

aims of modеr n

thеm selves.

a с n boast only a few top lс ass hoгsеs at any onе timе. Firstly it is rеquirеd фat a horse should е Ь aсt ivе and free, but still display all the qualitiеs ofpowеr and spееd thаt аr е

еrс tain breеd s of horsе to be popularly rс е­ ditеd with possessing thе еsЬ t qualities for

its inheгеn t

I t must

h с arаtс eristiсs.

be

light in hand, allowing thе гidеr to o с nfrol аn d deploy its movеm еn ts with no visiblе effoгt and no molе than a light o с ntaсt with the rеins.

I t must bе аlс m,

but kееn , so that of always wanting to go forwaгd s when аllowеd and askеd to do so. I t must bе supple and submissivе, willing to adjust its paсes without rеsist­ anсе or resentmеn t aсo с гd ing to thе slight­

it givеs thе imprеssion

est and outwardly invisiblе

indiсations

ftom its ridеr . Othеr requirеm еn ts arе tlrаt thе horsе с y should rеm ain perfеd sш aight from its hеаd to its tail whеn moving on a sш aight linе, and bеn t slightly in thе dirеtс ion in

Т h еr е

high sсh ool oг, in this еnс п lry,

pеr fеtс

еn с tuгy,

reсt

nаt ural walk. ш ot and

a с ntег.

Thе horsе must

for

for high

o с mpetition drеssage. Thе Spanish brеeds, еspeсiаllу thе Andaluсiаn s, whiсh wеr е o с nsidеr еd to bе unusually intеllig­ еn t, o с uragеous аn d wеll balаnефс wеr е vеr y popular in the siхt еn th and sёvеn ­ tееn th еn с tuгiеs. IЕ orsеs of umistakably Andaluсiаn type weгe frеq uently h с osen for important еq uеstгian stаt uеs or paint­ ings, thе mountеd stаt uе of King Chаr lеs I in Trafаlgar Squaге in London bеing аn еxamplе. Foг similar reasons horses of Spanish blood wеге h с osеn as the breеd ing stoсk for thе gтеat sсh ool in Vienna in the latе sixteenth e с ntury. I t is foг that rеason thаt thе sсh ool originally bеa с mе known as thе Spaп ish Riding Stable and latеr as the Spanish Riding Sсh ool. beforе

of rhythm, with thе o с r­ sequenсе of footfall at thе

а teп d еnyс

levеl

whiсh it is travelling whеn on a uс гved linе, so that full usе a с n be mаd е of its nаt ural impulsion. All paсes must havе rс: gulагity

has always e Ь en

I t was a furthеr tfuее еxist

ThoroughЬr ed

until thе еarly еg Ь aп to bе

hunфеd

yеал s

lЬ ood, whiсh did not paгt of the еightеenth used to influеn e с thе

o с nformаt ion and mental aspeсt s of othеr rЬ eеd s throughout uЕ ropе and thе worffij 95

DREssAGЕ

| N THE 20тн

OENтURY

Thе Thoroughbrеd widеly

bеo с mе

itsеlf

aсe с pted аs

has not yet idеal

for dлes­

have bееn a sage puгp osеs although thеr е numbеr of pure Thoroughbrеd s that hаvе great distinсt ion in this еarnеd thеm selves spherе.

Thеr е

is littlе

evidenсе to

suggеst

arе physiсally oг mеn tаlly unsuit­ thаt thеy most demand­ ablе or inсapablе of еv еn thе ing movеm ents suсh as piaffе and pаssаg е.

Elowеver thеir inhеr еn t intеlligenсe and sеn sitivеn еss demаn ds a highеr dеg reе of sympathetiс hаn dling than is essential in o с nsi­ somе o с arsеr brееd s. I t is gеn егаlly dеr ed that hoгses of most, or at least many'

rЬ еd s

a с n

еxеlс lеn t

bеo с mе

drеssagе

horses provided that thеy are wеll o с n­ struсt ed, well handlеd and wеll riddеn . с mpеt i­ Suгp risingly it is also truе that for o tion purposеs t} re Lipizzaner, for аll his gтeat ability аn d famе, is put аt somе disad­ с m­ small sй e o vаn tаg е by his гelativelу bined with his naturally rathег short aсt ion. Consequеn tly thе brеed is not as

as might bе supposеd among though ambitious o с mpetition гidеr s, tlrere havе bеen onе or two with distin­

populаr guishеd

a с геr s.

Convеr sano nЕ gland

Notablе

among them wаs reprеsеn tеd sixtiеs when riddеn by

Cаp riсe

during thе

who

lVlrs R. N. Hall and won a numbеr of in uЕ rope. Grand Prix and othеr prЙеs Wiф its sееm ingly еn dlеss supply of profеs­ good horsеs, ridеr s and talеn tеd .Wеst sionаl tгаinеr s, Germany lеads the of drеssage. Thеiг woгld in thе fiеld at past olympiсs show this to bе a position tlrey have timе, and for somе o с nsidегablе еn joyеd dominаt ion of the thеiл ovегw hеlming unlikely to world drеssagе sсеn е seеm s signifiсandy during ttris еnс tury. h с angе Thе sport is undoubtеdly hеlpеd by thе immеn sely strong srrpport given to it

impressivе aсh iеvements

с untгy throughout thе o upheld yЬ

аn d

this is fuгt hег

thе iп t erest shown from

thе

gov­

ernment. Thе

Horses from the two remаining |с аssiса| e с ntres of haute ёcole. top: A rider from the Fгenсh sсh oo| с re Noire at Sаu mur. of the аd ,pаssаg e,, аn аd vаne с d Тh e horse is in movement. bottom: A Lioizzаn er stаI lion in ,piаf fe, on the | ong rein, which forms аn other the training аt the Spаn ish Riding аspeсt of Sсh oo| in Vienna. Long гeining in its simp| est form is one of the eаr | y training stages for а

young horse.

quitе reсent years. Thе IЕ anoverian' Trakehner, Vesрh alian and Holstеin sflrds all produсе finе horses of substanсе is a с rеf ully and quality, and thе brееd ing linеs thаt do so аs to еliminatе o с ntrollеd standards of somе of thе popularity of thеse horsеs as drеssage mounts no doubt stеm s from thе famе and in this disсip­ suсеsс s of thе German ridегs

not o с me up to thе геq uired

movеm ent and tеm pеr amеn t.

thеir u Ь t it a с nnot be dеn iеd tlrаt qualitiеs. horses do havе manу еxe с llеn t many yеars еsseп ­ They havе eЬ еn brеd for tially as riding horsеs rather than for spееd с se with the аlonе as has lаr gely bееn the a Thoroughbred. Swеd ish horsеs havе bеen as тh eir Gеr mаn аlmost as suсеsс sful and aгe mainly a mixтu rе of o с unterpaгt s and Thoгoughbred blood' Gеr mаn

linе,

foг its spеiс аl Nowadаys it is геn owned quаlitiеs lightnеss ofаtс ion, and of spееd , most popular and beauty. Cuгr еn tly thе suсe с ssful

Gегm an

whiсh

dressage horsеs

аn d

appеaг

Swedish brееd s,

are sш ongly

to bе

the

both of

modified

by

blood although it has only beеn introduсed into thе German bieеd s in ThoгoughЬr ed

96

stаt е o с ntrolled sсh ool at Varеn dorf, for eхample, with its pеr ma­ of sсh ool horsеs and nent еstablishmеn t Drеs­ с ntrolling еn с trе. trainers, aсt s as a o sagе has virtually assumеd thе stаf lrs of a national sport in Germany, and although this is paгd y a ес Ь usе of the гestriсt ions on outdoor riding in wintеr , the intеr еst is widеly spгeаd, with a high standard of among thе population. o с nnoissеu rship The vеr y large numbеr of oс mpеt ition horsеs that аr e regularly trained and rid­ den up to Grаn d Pгix lеv el tfuoughout thе с m­ o с untry, has resultеd in Gеr many bеo of supply for othеr ing thе main souгес o с untries wishing to import top quality, at

least pаr tly­trained'

drеssage horsеs. vеr y high priсes, horsеs o с mmаn d ridеr s thеm selvеs and indеed the Gеr mаn preparеd to pay largе sums of monеy for аг е trained hoгses. с ntinent of uЕ rope, lЕ sewhеге on the o mainly training in Fгanсе has dгеssagе by, the long­ bеen bаsed at, and fostеr еd с valry sсh ool at estаb lishеd , onе­ time a Sаu mur. I n reсent yеars howevеr , thе hаs dwindled and,is now sсh ool's ouФut bеing ovеr и ken by individual iс vilians. с nditions foг Switzеr land hаs ideal o nеu tral­ drеssаg e whiсh it owеs to wаr timе Thеsе

UtltssAtit I N ll­| t

Thе lеad­ ity and a sеverе wiл t еr lс imatе. ing ridеr s have until гeеn с tly all beеn sol­ diers aЬ sеd on thе a с valry sсh ool at в ernе, u Ь t аs in othеr o с untтies, the lс osuге of this in thе balanсе estaЬlishmеn t has rеsultеd tilting in favour of iс vilian

ridегs.

postwar o Swе­ reеstаb lish their ес nomies. has alwaу s еn o с ur­ den's northеr n lс imatе

agеd

indoor riding during thе

whiсh

inеvitaЬly

intеr еst

Swedish ridеr s o с mplеt ely

During

flftiеs and sixtiеs, the Swiss dеvеlopеd а distinсt style of dressagе that owеd moге and praсt iсе of Saumur to thе tеah с ing than to that of Viеn na or the morе prеiс se aп d forсeful Gеr man stylе. Moгe reсently, thе Swiss hаvе tеn ded to mаk e use of thеiir

mеd als

Sсh oo1.

Thе Swiss havе alwауs

lookеd

to othеr

an

dominаt еd

in L952 and 1956 riding ,N,l'aster Rujus and Juli. Thе oс untry's well oс n­ breеd ing systеm hаs ш olled and intеlligеn t produсed a very robust and handsomе typе of hoгsе that has found popularity in many

с untriеs. other o

с sful аn d Flowеvеr , onе of thеir most suсеs fаm ous horses, Granat, ownеd аn d гiddеn is a llolstеin, bу Christinе Stuсk еlbегg er of the who was trainеd with thе hеlp

of partiсipation in еn joyed a high dеg гeе population, although thе rеlation to thе

Austriаn

of thе Spanish

еx­Obеr bеr еitеr

Sсh ool, Geoгg lDИahl. Granаt is o с nsidеr еd fiп еst dгessagе by many to bе onе of thе

The Sсandinavian Sweden, dгеssage lеаd ing rolе dтеssage

notaЬlу

prominent on thе long bееn map' and Swedеn in faсt held a

havе

in

thе

dеvelopmеn t

of modeгn

half of thе inspiration aс me

tfuoughout thе first

present еn с tury.

Hег

from the a с valry sсh ool

hеr

o с untriеs,

I n Dеn mark,

dressagе

at Stromsholm and

during boтh woгld wагs helped to еn sure a stI ong position whеn most othеr o с untriеs wеr e struggling to nеu trality

has

аlwaуs

from thе small privatе

mаin intеr еst o с mеs

Dеn mark fust

estaЬlishmеn ts.

аm с е

to

prorninеnес in 1952 whеn Mmе Liz Hartеl took the olympiс silvеr mеd al at Hеlsinki on Jubi1ее,

a hoгsе

whiсh

inally trainеd. SuЬsеquent

horses in living memory.

suсеsс s еn t of

shе

herself orig­ progгеss and

mainly аt tlibutеd trainer Gunnaг Andеr sеn . a с n bе

to the tаl­

many Gеr man hoгsеs, most of thеm at least partly ш ainеd used in Gеr many, havе eЬ еn now of а aге definite indiсаt ions but thеге swing in fаvouг to the many high quality

Below right HRH Prinсess Anne аn d Doub| et. For аn eventer, Doub| et,s dressage was eХe с | | ent.

Thе аvс аlry

Bruсe Davidson and I rish Cap preparing for the dressаg e phаse of the where o| ympic Three­Day Event in Montгeа| he wаs a membeг of the winning Ameriсan

тeam.

of iс vilian

ёn thusiаsts

to еstablish

in a

sсh ool at Weеd on,

this o с untry

infinitеlу more inteгеstеd in suсh sports as hunting. I n spitе of thе faсt that thеr е wаs litdе in thе way of knowlеd gеablе or pro­ фis small number fessional help availaЬlе, inсludеd с nsidеr аb le two or thrее with o talent _ all of them womеn ­ who quiсk ly Thе аssumеd a plаес in uЕ ropеаn iс rсlеs. gеn eral disinterest pеr sisted, making ovеr ­ all progrеss slow, uЬ t by thе sixtiеs a sub­ hаd bееn stantial degree of aсh iеvement made, thе highlight o с ming in 1963 whеn

and Littlе

o М del

took the гoЬ nze

position in thе uЕ ropеan

h с ampionship.

Britain hаs no olympiс

dressagе to her rс edit. in thе USSR owеs its origins Drеssagе Е glishman Jamеs Fil­ to the work of thе n аt thе аv с alry lis, who was u с Е yег­ en­сh еf from 1898 to 1910. sсh ool аt St Pеt еr sburg high to be the glеatеst с nsidеr еd Widely o

mеd als for

sсh ool

гidеr

of his or anу prеvious agе, еn Ь a pupil of thе

Fillis hаd prеviouslу Frenсh mаn

drеssagе Partiсipation in intеr nationаl in the Unitеd Stаt еs has eЬ en sporаdiс o Ь th in quаlitу and volumе. I n the past,

rеliаnес Amегia с n Thoroughbreds. цh Мс plaсеd has bееn visits of on the fгеq uеn t trainеr s, many of top gгade pгofеssionаl rеsidenсе, whom havе takеn up tеm porary and as suсh , are in o с nstant dеm and. As wе have seen previously, Grеat Bri­ nations in this Ь hind other tain lаg s far e shown no intегеst was sport, and virtuаllу until just bеf ore thе Sеoс nd liИorld l07аr .

Below

а nuсleus of skillеd гidеr s had bееn aЬolishеd by thе еn d ofthe war and it was left to a very small numbеr

Mrs Brеn da !Иilliams

o с untriеs' Swеd en in partiсu lar, for thеit еsЬ t a с valry, and thus dressagе, horsеs.

UtN lUt{ Y

might havе pгovidеd

form of equеsш iаn ism

dur­ woгld drеssage arеn аs yеars of thе еn с tury ing thе first twеn ty­fivе rеm ained a strong forсe evеr and thеy havе sinсе. Possiblу thеiт most famous ridеr has bеen Major H. St Cyr who took thе gold

thе

link with Austria to liaisе morе lс osely with thе Spаn ish Riding

wintеI ,

for aп d

o с mpеt ition

thе

geographiсal

led to a fеeling in drеssagе гiding.

ZUтH

whiсh

had dеvеlopеd Bаuh с еr , who somеw hat at vаr ­ с niquеs theories and tеh and the ianсe with those of Guеr iniеr e Fillis sim­ e с ntury lс assiсists. еightееn th plified and modified Bauсh е1s teaсh ing and set down his own idеas

in his o Ь ok

e ТЙ

аn d Equitation. of Drеssаg e Prinсiplеs Thе spoгt wаs inevitably eсlipsеd by thе

геvolution and

its aftеr

еf feсt s,

u Ь t

it

gгadually

bеg an to bе praсt ised again aftеr \ iИorld Wаr in thе statе riding с nd thе Sеo Thе U.s.s.R. sсh ools of thе biggeг iс tiеs. intеr nаt ionаl fust aсh iеved major statц s in

thе Rome Olympiсs of 1960, sinсe whеn thеy have been o с nsistеn tly to thе forе in to thе !'uгopеan thеir аn nual еxu с rsions h с ampionships and their partiсipation in the olщ npiс Games.

grainеd

and strong. Thesе

in

prominеn t

thе

аn d

Aсh aеan,

arе

the qualities

Tusсan,

Armenian, famous Cappadoсian

horsеs, and suсh arе tlre horsеs for hunting in war.' wild eЬ asts or for usе as hс аr gеr s

to thе need in hunting to lеap over u са stomed с ­ u Ь t for manу еn and dуkеs',

Oppian refеr rеd for.аn aсt ivе horsе stonе fеnеsс

turies

­ eс rtainly

throughout mеd ieval

times _ thе hunting horsе

was not rеq uirеd

to possess thе jumping аb ility

еxpeсt еd from thе modеr n top­сlass quality huntеr . To be rеlevant, it is inevitablе that any

is a

type. not a 'T."в .l. brееd, аnd therе is no rеoс rd of thе oftranspoгt first usе of the horsе аs a mеаn s in pursuing hounds. I t is something that ес rdеd his­ happеn ed in thе mists of pre­гo

hunring horsе

tory.

of thе hunting horsе must bе on Britain аn d almost еxlс usivеlу e с ntrеd organizеd с untriеs I rеland. I n both thеse o hunting (providing thе pattеr n foг that

disсu ssion

praсt isеd in Amеr iсa, Southеr n Afriсa, Australia, Nеw Zеaland, I ndia and еlse­ aсt ivity

\ DИe must dеf inе hunting as thе pursuit of а wild animal in its own environmеn t bу man еm ploying a paсk of hounds. The link еtЬ .wеen horsе and hound is vital, sinсe thе spееd and aсt ivity of thе. hound has аlways in produсing thе majoг influеn ес bеen thе hunting horse. and Thе anсiеn t Chinesе, gЕ yptiаn Grеek iс vilizаt ions did muсh of their hunt­ ing on foot, аlthough thеy usеd horsеs in thе Chasе аs well as on the еxtensivеlу battlefield. Thе grеat horsе mastеr ' e Х nophon, born in 430 в с in Athens, madе

а mаj or еq uеstriаn Ь еn hаs e whеr е) and hаs еxеr ted, for somе 300 yеаr s

it lс eаr in his lс assiс book on equitadon thе same priorities iп stami that basiсallу

thе с ­ Е rope for еn main quarry for hounds in u с ntinued to be so long aftеr turiеs, and o William thе Conquеr or brought disсiplinе to thе Chasе. Тo pursuе thesе, the hunting staminа for thе long days in horsе neеd еd thе grеat гoyal hunting grounds, of whiсh

wеr e requirеd in с na, fitnеss and oЬediеn e still sought thе hunting horse then' аs arе by thе hunting ftaternity of todaу. i3n, in thе third The Roman wri hе would AD

a oс rrеsponding

sеq uenсе'

I ndeеd ,

horsе­ brееd ing. of o с mpеt itivе

influеnес

bеf orе

in o с n­ on

thе growй

lеvel, an riding to its prеsеn t bеlonging only to the last quar­ еxtеn sion hunting was thе prinсipal с tury, tеr of a еn horse sport and todaу it is still thе one of partiсip­ attraсt ing thе largest numЬеr hunter breed­ ants. As a rеsult, еstаlЬ ishеd in Britain and I rеland ing industriеs ехist с untriеs wheI e but are not found in othеr o lеss emphasis is givеn to thе sport.

boar and fallow buсk

Stаg ,

thе New Forest in

surviving еxamplе, rеq uiremеn t ing vеr tiсal fiеld tееn тlr

for a obstас

e с

morе popular Thе lс еаr anс

werе

of fiеlds in thе the еnlс osurе еspеiс ally the inсr еased еn с tury, еaгly еightееn th еm phasis on hunting thе fox in thе opеn , rаt her than pursuing the dеer in the wood­ lаn d. Thе greatgrazing grounds ofLeiсеs­ tеr shire allowеd hounds to run fast in thе and thе fox proved a worttrу opеn o с untry, quarry in suсh a sеt ting. I n the latе еigh­ to thе a с mе Williаm Childе с turу teеn th еn

from Shropshirе

с untry Quorn o

аn d is

with introduсing thе art of riding rс editеd .to hounds' as opposеd to .aftеr hounds'.

Now the hunting horsе was requirеd to in gallop and jump fеп еsс and take ditсh еs without hеsitа­ his stride. Hе had to lс еar с ' tion thе nеw .oxеr fеne ­ a hеdgе with a rail in front dеsignеd to kееp young bееf A doublе from damаg ing the hеd gе. a с ttlе oxer, a hеd ge with timЬer rаils standing on obstaсlе o Ь th sidеs, was a formidаb lе in somе с untеr еd аn d is still еno indееd , arеas in the hunting field, аs well as in a form in show jumping more sophistiсatеd o с ursеs. As foxhunting gainеd strength' thе requirеd far hunting mаn in Lеiеsс tеr shirе с me more quality in his horsе and it bеa

to use Thoroughbrеd

еssеn tial

sirеs

in

approved produсing hunters. Not еvеr yonе a М stеr of the М у n еl l of the trеn d. Hugo e thаt aftеr thе young с mplаined Quorn, o

.Ьloods'

mеt hods Dlп еss

.Flying,

еm ulаt еd

.hе had not еn joyed

Childе' s

a day's hаp ­

.

The rаt е at whiсh Childe and his friends o с untry in pursuit of hounds wаs rс ossеd e с n­ in thе ninetееn th с dеd to bе fаr еxеe с tеr shirе tury whеn huntsmеn of thе Lеiеs .t} rе pаkс s thе art of providing dеvеloped quiсk thing'. This was a vеr y fast uЬ rst ...aсr oss grass аn d fеnеsс with тh е mountеd .l.,,fiеld

riding as lс osе

nervеsJ and thеiт

to hounds as тheiг ability, would

horsеs'

days of thе nine tioning of huntеr s thе nеw sing1у

rс n­

тHE HUNт| NG H0RsЕ

hunting. Charlеs

who Jamеs Appетlеy, hunting oс rrеs­ was thе most еlс еb rated pondеn t of thе pеr iod, writing undеr thе nom de plume Nimrod, advisеd : .Do not trеspass too far on thе willing powеr s of уour horsеs. Rather than insist upon thеir o с ming homе, when showing signs of dis­ at somе villagе for trеss, let thеm геm ain in attеn­ thе night. lеaving a whippеr ­iп danсe. } I undrеd s of good huntеr s have bеen dеsш oyеd bу thе nеg lеtс of this mеге nature aсt of humanity towards еxhац sтеd in a noblе and willing animаl.' wаs growing of tаk ing out Thе praсt iсе two huntеr s for a day's sport' pаI tiсu larlу in the gтass oс untries of Lеiеsс tеr shire, Frе­ Rц t land and Northаm ptonshirе. quеn dy thе hunting man would аlso usе а .сovеr t haсlc as well, riding this horsе to thе flrst o с vеr t to bе dгawn bу hounds. Thеr e hе would h с ange to his first huntеr whiсh would havе beеn takеn on ahеad by thе groom so as to bе fit and frеsh for the first run of the daу. The growing dеm ands for suitablе аn d providеd horsеs wеr e immеn sе, impеt us for еn ormous growth in all thе с rn аniс llаr y aсt ivities suсh as growing o and haу, horsе doсt oring and dеaling' and mаking saddlery. Nimrod had grаn d idеas, but hе wаs a good теp ortеr , М s­ and hе еstimated that a a 14 huntеr s tеr hunting hounds would nееd to ridе himself, and a furthеr 12 for thе usе с eap, but thе of whippеr s­in. Labour was h priсе o с uld bе of rеally top­сlass hц n tеr s Hunting _ one of the greаt British с untries trаd itions that hаs spread to other o

Below

pаkс бf houndsforthе Тh e hUntsman a с sts his fi rst drаw to piсk u p the sсent of the qцаr rу' , in this a с se a fox.

b А ove the the

1

тHE HUNтI NG н 0п sЕ

с n be realizеd yЬ trans­ exш еm еly high as a lating several thousand guineas in thе last valuеs. e с ntury into today's monеу as a A1rеady I геland was reсognizеd huntеr s. The mild lс i­ sourсе of supеr Ь horsеs аb undant grass produсеd mаt е and .I t as Nimrod said, of bone аn d substanсе; is owing to thе praсt iсе of the young horsеs с untry aсr oss thе o of I rеlаn d sсampегing in their o с lthood, that theу arе suсh good

fеnеrс s as we find thеm , unlеss it be аt havе no praсt iсе. ' timber, at whiсh thеу I relands importanсe as a produсer of huntеr s is as strong now аs then' uЬ t today the n Е glish hunting mаn finds it inсr еas­ ingly diffiсu lt to o with buуers from с mpetе the Unitеd Statеs thе o с ntinеn t of u Е ropе,

and even South Afriса, who

pаy high

priсes foг I гish horsеs аs potеn tial show jumpers and еvеn tеr s. At thе top of thе sport in thе nineteenth

in the hunting field. This was obviously gulliЬlе maгket. and reаd ilу eхp loited

a

Thе new dеm and for riding horsеs in thе hunting fiеld was suсh thаt nearly t7 mil­ importing horsеs lion wаs spent aЬr oаd on into Britain in tlrе ten yеars up to 1882. I n

1885 thе IЕ unters' I mprovеm ent and Light Horse Breеding Soсiеt y

Nаt ional

breeding in Bri­ с uragе was foundеd to еn o с ntinues to pеr form аn invalu­ tain, аn d it o today. The Soсiety distributes able sеr viсe yеar in thе form с tlrousands of pounds еah to thе ownеr s of or suЬsidiеs, of prеm iums, at thе Soсiеq y's o аЬ ut 60 stallions sеltес ed с spring at annual stallion show, hеld еah Newmаr ket. stallion awardеd a The owner of hеас prеm ium, reсеivеs a grant' and in аd dition .supеr prеm iums' theге arе a numbеr of Through thеsе awards. еxtra reсеiving subsidiеs the stallions arе madе availablе

as с аr aсt еr s e с nfl.rry suсh o с lourful h Squirе osbaldeston and Thomаs Asshе­ pегf orming еxш aordinаr y ton Smith wеr е

to non­Thoroughbred brood marеs at for Thoгoughbrеd fееs. Fееs rеd uсеd with thе madе by aгr angemеn t marеs аге

с urage with thеir fеats ofеn duranсе and o huntеr s. Yet the o Ь ttom of tlre huntег mar­ appalling, oЬ th in the laсk of kеt wаs oftеn

The stall­ с nсerned. ownеr of thе stallion o from rеg ions throughout thе ions, seleсt еd

quality of horsеs availablе,

and

o с untry,

are rеgulаr ly

and rigorouslу

I t is impossiblе,

Dеspite

lс аsses.

they ridе

norses.

is as kееn ly

Ь nеf iting businеssmen e and sееking triаl геvolution

from thе

indus­

to gain status

foxhound paсk in

Bottom An nЕ g| ish hunt going on to

draw.

o с sts аn d is available are kеenly

in the Judging thе riddеn huntеr lс assеs main ring at say' the Roу al at Stoneleiglц aplomb as wеll as requirеs o с nsidеr aЬlе

с untry in I reI and, aгg uabI y the best hunting o of some of the finest the woг| d and oroduсeг

The West Wаt eгf ord

thе

o с ntеstеd .

.mugs' in thе influx found а nеw markеt of с ants and of newly­riсh , middlе lс ass mеr h

тo p

inсr eаsing

thаn lower prize monеу in show jumping, thеsе lс asses

diffiсu lty

of finding a sound onе. Robеr t yet sсаt hingly, of Surtееs wrote аm usinglу , by horse deаlers who thе triсk s emploуеd

to o с nsideг

muсh

that thеy remain sound h с kес ed to еn surе and therеf ore fit for tlrеir work.

thе

howеvеr ,

hunting horsе in isolation for it was from show с asing, the hunting field that stееp lеh jumping and horse tгiаls еvolved. Thе HI S disting­ hаs produсеd tlrеr еf orе, sсh еm e, as uished winners in Nationаl IЕ untraсing well as other typеs of equеstrian sports and its basiс influеn ес on the quality of horsеs in the hunting fiеld has doubtlеss еeЬ n immensеly bеn еf iсiаl. Thе HI S summer show for mагes аn d youngstoсk, held at Shrеw sbury, is a won­ dеr ful shop window, displaying muсh thаt I rе­ is eЬ st in modеr n hunter rЬ еeding. lands grеat eхh ibition of hunters is in August at thе famous Dublin Horsе Show. This еvеn t is аs muсh a fair as a show, for nearly еvеr y еxhibited аn imal is availablе for buyеr s, who oс me from аll ovеr thе с unty shows, Е gland thе gгeat o world. I n n of Royаl I nternationаl and IЕ orsе аn d thе in London, Shows at \ urеm blеy thе Yеаr provide thе stagе for the show hunter

skill and ехperiеnес Thеiт

own pеr formanсe

from the judges. in thе saddlе аs

entry in thе ring assеss h е ас notеd as thе qualitу of the animals on show. Thе judgеs who offiсiatе аn d

at thе wеalth of in­hand and ridden lс assеs sеason shows pro­ throughout thе summег in helping to vide an immеn se sеr viсе boon maintain standards. But thе grеаt est of аll to thе huntеr type is that it is still a genuinе working horse for whiсh attеstеd performanсе is thе priority. I t is never iust .how doеs hе look7 ttrе morе a question of ;

important quеr y in thе mind of a huntег judgе is.how does hе move7. a М ny a good gеt s into the front row looking horse nеvеr he doеs not gаl­ Ь a с usе of a huntеr lс ass e lop well. growth and populаr ity of thе The rееnс t

working huntег

plaсes the lс аssеs fumly on pегf or­

emphasis еv еn

morе

mаne с '

the huntеr s arе rеq uirеd on thе flat in front

and hеr е

to jump as well as woгk

of the judgеs. I t is, howеvеr ,

thе o с ntinuanсе

of morе

тHЕ

of foxhounds in Bгitаin

half­bгеd huntеr is still hеavily relied upon for adults in the Unitеd Kingdom

and аn d half a dozеn еah с of stаghounds аnd draghounds' tlrat ensuгes moгe work and for thе hunting demаn d than еvеr bеf orе has sееn horse. Foxhunting, in partiсu laг' and an immensе boom in tlrе postwаг yеaгs therе aге ovеr 30 morе paсk s of foxhounds

аn d

in existеnес

draught is not a healry horse of the ilk of the Shires used on thе land in nЕ gland. As a

rJtan245 pаk с s

I геland,

plus nеaгly

60 harrieг pаkс s,

in nЕ gland

4nd Wales now

thaп at thе turn of thе еn IЕ unts arе с tury. bettеr supported аn d morе pеople аr е fol­ lowing hounds on hoгsеbaсk t} ran eveг еfЬ orе, in spitе of thе faсt that thе quаlity of гiding avаilablе rс oss­сountry to the hunt­ iп g field hаs dеt еr ioratеd o с nsiderably in manу arеas. This is mаinly attributable to

modеr n farming,s

агable

land instеаd

inсr еasing

rеlianсе

on

of grass, and

tlre

еn oгm ous inсr easе of аrЬ bed wiтe in the ш аd itionаl bееf ' dairying and shееp farm­ ing arеas has bееn anothеr lЬ ow to the mountеd fiеld. Thе biggest problеm in tеr ms of the yеars hаs еe hunting horse in rеe с nt Ь n in

finding а

suitable mount for

thе

hеаlrywеight mаn . IЕ е rеq uirеs a sеvеn­ еighths bred hoгsе with quаlity and sub­ stanсе, but not only is this thе hardеst to o с mе by, it is also thе most eхp еn sivе to purсh аsе аn d maintain. Suсh a horsе a с n pounds nowadays fеt h с sеvеr аl thousand as an untried youngster if it has real potеn ­

tiаl foг show jumping or horsе triаls. I n thе n Е glish and I rish hunting fiеld lс еаn rЬ еd horses аr e still in a minoritу, u Ь t those pеoplе who aгe of thе гight weight, and possess thе skill to ridе Thoгoughbгeds bеt tеr

out hunting, lс aim

hunteг eхists.

tlrat no

The thrееq uaгt еr ­bгеd

HUNт| NG н 0п sЕ

and lгеland.

Therе

has bееn

o с nsidеrlаЬ е

disquiеt

in thе I rish and o с nсеr n ovег thе dеrс еasе o с nstitutеs dтaught horsе, whiсh probаlЬ y thе bеst foundation stoсk of all for produс­

ing huntеr s of

substаnе.с

Thе

I rish

traditionally usеd by thе I rish lаn d' uЬ t whеn rс ossеd with а Thoroughbrеd , the maге would providе a first rate hunter _ no douЬt a great help in augmеn ting the fаr mеt 's inсomе whеn sеn t to thе loсal horse fair, or up to Dublin. Thе I гish IЕ orsе Boaгd, formеd yЬ the Govеr nment to safeguаr d and improve thе breеd ing industгy, has rеe с ntly гeo с gnized thе importanсе and of ttrе drаu ght hoгsе u с гr еn t еf forts to save this foundation bгеd , it was

faгm ег

on thе

stoсk dеsегve every

еn o с uгagеm ent. o с b is sadly a muсh rarеr sight in ttre hunting fiеld now­ аd aуs than at one time, u Ь t there is a o с n­ sidегablе inсгeаsе in middlеw еight гiding horsеs whiсh gеn еr ally o с ntain а large pгoportion of ThoroughЬr еd blood. Thеsе arе suitaЬlе mounts for many of thе ladу гidеr s who nowadays oftеn form thе major­ ity of the mounted followегs in thе hunting fiеld, еspeсially on wееkdays. The nativе pony brеeds havе had oс n­ sidеr аb le influenсе on horsеs usеd in the nЕ glish hunting field. Their inhеr ent hаr ­ and agility aге all traits dinеss, toughnеss rеq uired whеn following hounds in the hunting varied o с untries whеr е еxtrеm еly still flourishеs. Galloping on thе moors of

The rеal wеight­сaгr ying

Top Тhe winning line­up at а reсent sta| | ion show at Newmarket, England. Тh e Hunters, I mprovement Soсiety sсh eme he| ps to make good quaI ity sta| | ions аvаiI abI e a| | over the o с Untrv for reasonabI e stud fees. Above An I rish Draught horse whiсh, when rс ossеd with а Thоr oughbred produсes the renowned lrish hunter.

т| | Е HUNтlNG

H0RsE

and thе north, traversing с un­ in Wales and thе Boгd er o

thе !7est Counш y

hillу

traсks

tries, sсr ambling ovеr aЬ nks, or nеg otiat­ с ll for physiсal and ing stone wаlls, all a Foхh unting originated in Great Britаin but с ange to hаs spread with remarkаb | y litt| e h А other parts of the Wor| d. top: n

I rish ditсh

in

Mаn y young lrish horsеs are ,made,in the hunting fieI d, and aгe mUсh sought after as show jumpers аn d event horses' middI e: Тh e Ra| | ye Piqu,avаn t Nivernais hunt in Burgundy. Hunting in Е rope is threatened by the o с ntinenta| u spread of rabies. bottom: There are about a hundred paсks of hounds reсognized by the Ameriсa n Masteгs of Foxhou nds Assoсiation. Both the indigenous grey and the imported red fox аr e hUnted.

Tipperаr y.

mentаl

holsеs yЬ o с b lЬ ood.

Thе

well sup­ a с n еЬ o с ntaining \ 0felsh Pony or

qualities whiсh

pliеd

Connemara

is аn othеr

lowеr s

highlу

favouгed foundation stoсk for produсing huntеr s, and thе native ponies еxеlс lent inш oduсеd с sfully havе sцеs thеm sеlvеs many an aspiring Nimrod to the hunting fiеld in his youth. Thе modеr n riding ponу blood, may pеr ­ o с ntaining ThoroughЬr еd form brilliantly in thе hunting field' but tempеr amеn t' tlre nativе pony's sеn siblе knowlеd gе and instinсt ivе surе­ footеd л ess still makе him thе of his own еn vironmеn t с ilds fust pony to eЬ e Ь st h с oiсe for a h arе not thеу hounds. I ndееd riddеn аf tег in Wales, and the с ildrеn _ for h еxlс usivelу .Wеst

manУ

you will sее

Counш y

partiсu larly,

an аd ult

enjoying his hunting on

on his sturdy shephегd , :Е n с oor little mount, his legs dangling yЬ its sidеs, will seе more of the spoгt than most fol­ pony. Thе

а

when thе

Devon and Somеr sеt

Stаg hounds arе running. whеr e dеer, harе, and wild I n Franсе, boar are still huntеd , therе are in gеn еr al to bе iumpеd in the obstaсlеs far fеw еr hunting fiеld than in thе majority of A blood horsе, с unuiеs. nЕ glish hunting o

or nеarly lс ean bred horse, would

bе

appropriatе to follow staghoц n ds whеn the strongеI sсеn t of the quarrу аn d the spееd

manу long, witlr dееr , dеrс eе assoсiatеd fаst points tfuoughout thе day. Foxhunting еn joys popularity as a sport in thе United Statеs and thе Thorough­ brеd horsе is usеd far more widely in fol­ lowing hounds than in Britаin. I n Virginiа partiсu 1arly favoured for the and аrМ yland, sport' thеr e is still plеn ty of grass, and thе with timbеr fеnеsс , faсеd horsеs аr e mаinlу somе of whiсh arе imposing in height and who visit Britаin usu­ solidity. Amеr iсаn s of the vale ally find the hеd ges and ditсh еs a most с tershirе and High Lеiеs o с unш ies с allеn ge. novеl h Australiаn s and New Zealandеr s often usе Thoroughbrеd s in thе hunting fiеld, is a but again thе naturе of thе tегr аin аr e no major faсt or. I n Nеw Zealand thеr е foxеs' аn d it is the harriеr paсks that are frеq uеn tlу

with habituallу

е еаsе

jump foтm idaЬlе barbеd wirе fеnеsс , or six strands high. Teaсh ing horses to jump wirе inсr еasing hunting fiеld, b

somеw hat

manу ridеr s. М th, Co. еa

trеn d

fivе

is а

Е glish in thе n by

In and

of

h с

as Limеr iсk, с untriеs fаm ous hunting o Tipperary and I (ilkеn ny offеr a speсial to thе hunting horsе and his h с allеn ge intrеp id

rider.

I t is still oс nsidеr еd

advisablе

to buy

I rish horsеs уoung if thеy arе to hunt in Thе experienсеd or еlsеw hеr е. nЕ glаn d

I riф huntеr tеn ds to take his fеneс s slow­ ly, often fгom a tlot or a wаlk. Hе will usuаlly

jump on to an obstаlс е

over it, whiсh

rather than

works brilliantlу over an but woe bеt ide thе horsе

I rish oс untry, who takеs off slowly and attеm pts to bаn k an n Е glish thorn hedge with a widе ditсh u с t and laid on the landing sidе! Propеr lу hеd g hedg еven

in Vаlе for the hunter. The Blaсkmorе o с untry in Glouсеs­ Dorset' thе Bеr kеlеу shire and areas of o с ц n triеs still taсkled by offеr ing thе stiffest fеnеsс thе modern huntеr . Thе hunting horse is a miraсle of evolu­ tion аn d survival; hе is muсh in dеm and, and still pеr forms a tough job in аn еxш a­ ordinаr y divеr sity of environmеn ts. And hе rеm ains a truе working animal, bеаu с se fаd s аn d hе has avoidеd the dеstruсt ivе brеeds whiсh have ruined so mаn у fanсiеs of pеt

102

dogs.

SHOW JUMPI NG

fl I ­тн ouсн lf, horsеs

mеn

havе

еn Ь

riding

morе than 3,0OO yеars, suading thеm to jump ovеr obstaсlеs foг

pеr ­

is

a

o с mparativеly new idеa. Show­jumping, whiсh has gтown out of this, is thus also a fairly rеe с nt innovation o с mparеd with othеr еq uestrian aсt ivitiеs. Only in thе sеo с nd с tury did hаlf of thе eighteеn th еn jumping on horsеs bеg in to aсh iеvе somе reсognition and then it was slow to gain gтound. The fust mеn tion of it bеing inсluded in anу a с valry mаn ual bеlongs to

thе Frеnh с ,

in

1788 and although thе

Bгitish

ес s­ foxhunter thinks of his prеde sors going aсr oss o с untгy from time immеm oгial, Aсt s of it was thе nЕ lс osure thе еightееn th e с ntury, bringing about thе o с nsidеrlаЬ е inсгeasе in the numbеr of hedgеs and

fеnеsс

to еn lс osе fiеlds,

that set

jumping. I t wаs somеt hing

thеm

likе anothеr hцn фed jumping, as opposed to rеo с rded, was offiсiallу

years bеf oге stееp lеh с asing,

pаr ts ofthе thеn it sprang up in vагious world within a very short pеr iod. I rеlanф in whiсh oс untry steеplеhс asing hаd its infаnyс , was again a ftont runnеr in show­ jumping, аn d at the Royal DuЬlin Soсiе­ qy's annual show in 1865 thеr е wеr e o с m­ pеt itions for.widе' and.high' leaps. Thеr е wеI е o с mpеt itions in Russiа at about thе samе time) аn d in Paгis in 1866, although parаd еd hеге' thе o с mpеt itors аt thе show and thеn wеn t out into thе o с untry to iump ovеr mainly natuгal fеnеsс . Ninе уеаr s later the famous Frеn h с Cavalry Sсh ool at Sаu mur inсludеd an еxhibition of jump­ ing in theiт display of hаu te oёс le. jumping wаs primarily a part In n Е glаn d of agriсu ltural shows, and was fust offi­ iс ally rеoс rded at thе flvе. day show at thе аn d

Agriсu lturаl

Hall, I slington, London, in

1876. Hoгses еn tered for

тh e show lс assеs

also еligiblе for the leaping, whiсh was dеiс dеd solely on stylе, аn d judgеd by a М sters of Foxhounds. vЕ еn whеn a fеw wеr е

rulеs oс nсеr ning introduсеd ,

srylе

jumping abilitу

wеr е

was still an important faс­

judgеs to arrivе аt thе tor' I t еn ablеd thе most diplomatiс result for it would never havе donе for the loсal squirе to be bеaten bу one of his tenantsl I n the Unitеd States thе National Horsе Show was stаr ted at.&tadison Squarе Gar­ .Gardеr f has den, New York, in 1883. Thе bееn but the show movеd twiсе sinсе thеn goes on as strongly as еvеr . By thе turn of .nеv/ sport was very fumly еn с tury, thе estаb lishеd hеld intеr nationаyЦ ; Gеr manу shows in towns а1l over thе o с untry and in тh е sеo М dеr n с nd of the o Olympiс Gamеs, jumping o at Paris in 1900' thте с mpеt i­

тh е

High Jump, a Long following yеar in Turin' saw thе first rеo с rdеd offiсial intеr national show­jumping, with Ger­ tions werе inсludеd ,

а

Jump and Prize jumping. Thе

invitеd to pit * rеir skill offiсеr s I talian o с unterparts. I n London thе fust I ntеr national IЕ orsе Show (forеr unner of thе Roу al I ntеr na­ tionаl), was hеld at Ol} тn pia in 1907, as a аt Thе Haguе two result of а mееt ing hеld

Тop­с| аss the show jumpinQ hаs beсome major money sport in the eqUestгian Wor| d apaгt fгom raсing. Тh e Germаn гiders and hoгsеs are a| wаys hard to beat.

man Aгm y

against thеir

yеаr s direсt еd

еarlier.

The аrЕ 1

of

thе I nternational IЕ orse

board and direсt oгs

of whiсh .

Lonsdalе Show, thе

o с mprisеd

men from mаn y uЕ ropеаn o с ц n triеs

and

High and widе jumps Sв t еs. wеr e inсludеd and thе in thе progгammе, фе United

prizе

monеy

с nsidеrlаЬ е. was quite o

Bеlgian ridегs Langеn donсk

_ llaеgеm ann and _ had won at thе

Gamеs, аn d thе lаn d, dominatеd

Two Van

Paris o с untfy, and Hol­ that first I ntеr national.

samе

103

sн 0W

JUMP| NG

I n thе Unitеd Stаt es in 1917 whаt Ь o с mе known as thе Amеr iсan Was to e

uЕ rope.

Horsе Shows Assoсiation was foundеd' of 50 shows at its with reprеsеn tatives inaugurаl meeting. Thе AHSA was to bе rеp resеn tativе body for the thе offiсial United States in internitional affairs. The еf fеtс s of thе famous I talian, Fеd еr iсo Caprillis systеm of training was givеn dramatiс еm phаsis at the first post­ I 07ar Olympiсs hеld at Antwеr p in 1920

undеr his When two I talians sсh oolеd М jor mеt hods, Lt Tommaso Lеq uio, and a Valегio, won thе gold аn d silvеr mеdals. The I tаliаn

Tommy Glеnrс oss' who was to play an important pаr t in the devеlopmеn t of show­jumping in Britаin, won a IЕ igh

jumping at Hiсkstead, with Harvey Speаkeаsy Smith, one of the sport,s gгeat persona| ities аn d а big winneг.

с mpеt ition. Jump o I n 1906 thе Swеdish Count Clarеnес von Rosеn had put a proposition to thе Congrеss of ttrе I ntеr rrationаl ol1тn piс sports should Committee that еq uеstriаn bе inсludеd on a pеr manent basis in thе nonе at all in St Games _ theге had bееn Louis in 1904 _ and although thе suggеs­

с valrу thе Russian rеv olution, thе Czarist a a glorious с mplеt е a с me to London to o hat­triсk of wins of thе Cup, in L9I 2_I 4' under thе leadеr ship of thе Captain, Paul с mpatriots took Rodzianko. He and his o Е ward VI I Cup, whiсh theу hаd thе l(ng d to Russia, in 1914 thеn won outright, bаkс

tion was not grееt ed

and it was nеvеr

wiтh

abundаn t

Coubеr tin, еn thusiasm, Baron Piеr rе dе ttrе foundеr of thе o М dеr n Gаm es, аsked prop­ von Rosеn to pгesеn t more dеt аiled wеге for osals to the 1907 Congrеss. Thеsе threе evеn ts

_ drеssagе,

аn

pеn ­

еq uеstrian

Jеu dе Rosе.

tathlon and a gamе аlс led

The British mеm bers of thе I oC agгeеd that these should bе inсluded in the 1908 Gamеs, whiсh wеr е to bе hеld in London,

seen again.

Til,e L9I 2 olу m piс run undеr

a o с mpliсatеd

givеn

marks wеr e

show­jumping was sеt of rulеs. Tеn

for еahс

fеnе,с with

a first deduсt ions for faults, for еxamplе с nd, or fall of rеf usal o с st two marks, a sеo horsе аn d rider, four, a thiтd , or fall ofridеr morе с nsidеr еd it was o only, six. Clеаr ly

ignominious to fall off a horsе than

to

and thе o с mmittее of thе I nteгn ational to organizе thеm , Horsе Show oс nsеn ted provided there was a minimum of 24

mаr ks for wеr е him to fall too. Thеr е with hind or forelegs, for hining a fеneс linе с tion landing on or within thе dеm аr a and altogеt her so many of a spread fеnе,с

с untriеs. I n faсt еn triеs from siх diffеr ent o eight o с untries' wеr е 88 еn triеs from

еn Ь far

o с mpliсations

thеr е

whiсh pеr haps provеd

too muсh

for thе

I nternationаl Show, itsеif still in its infan­ еvents yс . At thе last minutе thе еq uesш ian prog­ wеr е droppеd from thе olу m piс raп u nе. Von Rosеn did not losе hеart, howеvеr . Thе nехt olympiсs werе to bе с mmit­ hеld in Stoсkholm, and in 1909 a o

with himself as sеrс etary­gеn eral

and pro­ Prinсе as prеsidеn t, Carl of Swеdеn duсed thrеe еvents for the L9I 2 Gаm es. еvent' Thеsе wеr е, drеssage, a thrее­ dаy othеr wisе known as the Military, and

tее,

show­jumping. jumping was inсr еasing. I ntеr nationаl I n 1909 the first Luсеr nе show was hеld, Frenсh and Bеl. with I tаlians, Gеr mans,

gians

in opposition to thе swiss. That

thе National Horsе Show in у е ar international jump­ Yoгk introduсеd ing. A tеam of fivе British Army offiсeгs, a М jor J. G. Berеsford, took a с ptainеd bу part, and won onе ofthе еvents. Four yеars Nеw

а iМ litаr y

forеr unner thе show.

Tеаm

Team oс mpеt ition'

of thе

o с mmon pеn dеd

at the London

for the first timе

when thе Frеnh с won

dЕ ward

a

Nations Cup, was held at

1.umping was hеld

I ntеr national

ttrе

in

1909'

inaugural I (ing

VI I Cup. Bеf ore thе show, in with аlmost

all othеr s,

foг the First World l0Иar'

was sus­ аn d

beforе

that judging must hаvе

from easу.

of Pеr haps onе of t} rе grеat аp pеals show­jumping nowadays as a publiс spе­с is thе еase ofits judging. vЕ ery ring­ taсlе sеe for himsеlf whеt hеr sidе speсt ator a с n and lowerеd or not а horsе has hit a fеnес still produсеs dis­ it, and only thе watеr puted judgemеn ts. Thеsе arе now e Ь ing by thе use of plastiс strips on еliminatеd I n thе early days how­ thе lаn ding еd gе. с mpliсated that at thе Lon­ ever, it wаs so o fеne с еv еr y don I nternational for еxamplе, had its own judge, who would sеn d his maгks baсk to thе main judging box, all to с uld bе bе added up bеf ore thе winnеr o аn nounсed.

sаm е

lаt еr ,

a с use

o с untтy was I n thе 1912 Games еahс six oс mpеt itors for thе allowеd to еn tеr individual jumping and four, with thе bеst sсorеs o с unting, for thе team. iЕ ght thrее o с untriеs ­ Bеlgium, Chilе, Franсе, Gеr ­ many, Britain, Norway, Russia and Swе­ a total of 31 ridеr s in thе dеn ­ еn tеr еd

individual, whiсh was won by Captain of a Cariou of Fгanсе, also the winner Swеd en rЬ onze in thе Tfueе­ Day vЕ еn t. and Franсе won thе team gold mеd аl, from Germаn y, followеd , in ordеr , by thе United States, Russia and Bеlgium.

The nеxtyear

Germany founded their own olympiс qЕ uеsш ian

wаr brought

u Ь t of o с ursе thе Committее, thе sport to a stаn dstill in

Ь ind tеam took the bronze, еh Swedеn аn d Bеlgium. No British ridеr s of a с usе took pаr t in thе 1920 Games, bеa ban, u Ь t the London I ntеr ­ a с ttlе­ disеasе that same yeаr . national was reopеn еd now а Although еq uеstrian sports Wеr е part of thе olympiс movеm ent, reсognй ed Ь dу of thеir own. But they had no ruling o Baron dе Coubеr tin, looking ahead, had lDИorld fеd eгa­ thе rс еation of еn o с uragеd thеy o с uld еас sport' so thаt tions for h standardizе thеir rulеs and rЬ ing аn overall с ntrol into sports, Com­ uniformity and o drеw IЕ tес or, of Franсе, mаn dant Gеorges up statutеs for the Fеderation qЕ uеstге I ntеr nationale, whiсh were adopted at a

Congrеss in Paris in November I 92I . and Franсе wеr e thе prime Thus Swеdеn of the FЕI ' movеr s in thе еstaЬlishment wеr е siх foundеr ­mеm bеr s and thе othеr I talу, Japаn , Norwaу Bеlgium, Dеn mаr \ Gеr many beсаm е and the Unitеd Stаt еs. affi'liatеd to the I ntеr national Fеd еr ation and Switzеr land in й e уеаr of its rс еation, joined in L922. intеr еst an aсt ivе Canadа еgЬ an to takе startеd in whеn thе Toronto !и inter Fаiг Nations Cup 1922, and thе first Cаn adiаn wаs hеld fivе yеars later. Show­jumping no meаn s o с nfinеd to thе Nortlrеr n was yЬ Thе first o с ntinеn t. hаlf of thе Amеr iсаn was show in Buеn os Aiтеs hеld in 1910, with rideгs from I taly, Spain as wеll as other South Ameri­ and Frаn e с a с n o с untries. Two Chilеan ridегs had in London and thе olym­ also o с mpеt еd

intеr national

piсs in 1912.

с aptiс show­jumping Britain s fаirly h sortеd out aftеr thе situаt ion was grаd uallу foundation of thе British Show Jumping

in I 92з. Lord Lonsdаlе position of President of thе Assoсiation, with Colonеl v. D. s. '$иil­ o с mmегr tator liаm s, father of tеlеvision Doriаn Yy'illiams, аs sеrс etary. A mixturе ridеr s iс viliаn of militаr y men аn d thе top to form thе Assoсiation, whiсh ' by hеlpеd improving both judging and the oс urses jumpеd , еgЬ an to produсe British rid­ thеу

Assoсiаt ion

thе

aсеp с tеd

intеr national standard. еr s and hoгsеs of A reсord entry of 99 ridеr s on 1 10 horses

from 17 oс untriеs

аt

тh е flrst Olуm piс FЕI rulеs, at Pаr is in 1924' showеd that thе sport was oс n­ tinuing to grow in populaгity. Swedеn events to be held undеr

аg аin won

the tеam

individuаl winnеr

now bеаt еn

event, but Leсq uio,

four years rез liеr '

bу thе

thе was

Swiss, Alphons

Gеm usеu s.

Britain joinеd yеаr

аn d

the FЕI

in 1926 thе Royаl

thе following Dublin Soсiеt y,

SHUW JUMPI NLi

hаving ing lЬ oсk

hеlpеd somе

intеr nаt ional

to gеt the sport offthе start­ 60 yеars еarliеr , intгoduсed

jumping.

Although suсеsс sеs

for Unitеd

Statеs

no гarity nowadаys, show­jumpеr s аr е their rider Fred Bonteсou was something с vеt еd эf an еxеp whеn hе won thе o с tion King George V Gold Cup at the London lnternationаl in L926. thе fust man to Talbot­PonsonЬy, Jаkс V Cup thrее times, win thе King Gеorgе onе of Britаin's finеst and latеr to bеo с me fiгst of his thrее o с ursе buildеr s, hаd thе viсt ories in the 1930 show, at whiсh Mikе Ansеll аlso hаd his fust tastе of interna­ tional suсеsс s.

Both wеn t

with thе suсеsс s­

tеam to Nеw York the oГ llowing yеar, hеlping to fostеr in Ansell an enthusiasm for thе sport whiсh grew and in turn helpеd Britаin devеlop into а World powеr in show­jumping. evеn ts wеr е hеld olympiс еquеstrian outsidе u Е rope for thе fust time, when thе but thеy wеr e Gamеs went to Los Angеlеs' с untries and a Only six o hardly a suсe с ss. total of 34 ridеr s o с mpeted. I ntеr nаt ional a long, travеl for hoгses in thosе daуs was

uЕ l

British Aгm у

aгd uous and еxpеn sive

business, аn d

only

and Japan sent Frаnе,с Holland, Swеd еn horsеs to takе on the Unitеd Stаt еs аn d Franсе and Holland did not enter еxМ iсo. с untry had thге show­jumpеr s, and no o

finishеr s ia thе show jumping, so ttrегe wеr е no team аw ards. Baron Takeiсh i

Nishi won thе gold for Japan, bеating thе Harry Chambеr lin, onе of the Amегia с n с untry has most rЬ illiant horsemen his o еver

produсеd .

Thе Bеr lin thеiг

Gаm еs

in

1936, provеd

a

for Germаn superioriry, and

show a с sе

thе individual and tеаm at show­jumping, dгеssagе

ridеr s won

gold mеd аls

and thе Tfuee­Day vЕ еn t.

During tttе now lеg endary

war, whilе a prisonеr , thе figure ofBritish and intеr ­

Ansell, national show­jumping, iМ kе started to work on his mastеr ­plan for с untry up ttre sport in his homе o 1еvе1. I t was fortu­ top intегn ational

rЬ inging to tlrе

who had bеen partially с mpletely and was to end up o

nаt e that Ansеll,

blindеd

wit} rout his sight, should havе found him­ с mp as sеlf in the samе prisoner­of­wаr a two othеr show­jumping еn thusiasts and old team mates of his, Nat I (indersley and From thе idеas they tossеd Bedе Camеr on.

Two leading figures in British show jumping. с ief аr h с iteсt above: Co| ' Sir Miсh ael Anse| | , h of modern show jumping in Britаin even though blinded in WoгI d \ I lar | | . below: DougI as Bunn, founder of Hiсkstead.

around grew the dтеam whiсh , as soon as in L944' Ansell started hе was гepatriatеd с bеr of thаt to mаk е into a геality. I n Dееm yеar hе wаs invited to beсomе h с airman of thе British Show Jumping Assoсiаt ion,

a

post he hеld for moге than two dеa с dеs. mеn of like IЕ e h с osе foг his o с mmittеe,

mind, intеn t on making show­jumping into thе еxiс ting, rс owd­pulling spoгt it hаs beсomе. Thеy had a lot to do. I n thosе days thеr e was virtually no limit to tlrе timе

с mplete his round, o с uld takе to o make his as oftеn hе wishеd to right, unilip­ approаh с exаtс ly to а fenсе

a ridеr

iс rсling

ping his mаr tingalе as hе a с me to thе watеr jump. On еahс а slаt , a thin lаt h fеnес wаs off, o с st half a of wood whiсh , if knoсk еd no mat­ fault. Thus aсu с raсy was еssеn tiаl, с uгsеs tеr how long it might takе. Thе o

normаllу unintеr еsting, o с nsisting of uprights аlong еah с side ofthе ring, bеf ore tuгn ing into a watеr jump or big spгеаd in thе middlе. to a sliсk Gгadually thesе impеd imеn ts

wеге

a fеw

show wеге

out.

wееd еd

A grading systеm '

on prizе

so monеy won, was introduсеd , аg аinst that horses would o с mpetе others of гougЫy similаг ability aп d experienсе.

Thеn Ansell and his mеn looked for a vеn ue at whiсh to put thеir new­look show­jumping to the publiс tеst. They h с osе thе Vhitе City' London, аn d so еg Ь an

what wаs to е Ь

a

long and suсe с ssful

Thе fust show inсluded thе Nationаl Championship, won with thаt story­book touсh whiсh Ansеll so oftеn sееm еd to o с njurе out of ttrin air, bу a rеp atгiаt еd following Nat l(indeгslеy. Thе yеaг, two shows wеr e hеld at thе ltr7hitе City, and thе Viсt ory Championship wеn t to Colonеl Hагy Llеw еllyn, who iп thе jump­off bеаt tlrе 18­yеаr ­old Douglas inсal­ Bunn _ two mеn who wеге to havе assoсiation.

tr

u с lablе

influеnес

jumping ovеr thе

Thе

Nationаl

on Bгitish next fеw

show­

deсadеs.

Show in New

Yo..1k 105

SHOW JUMPI NG

in I 945i thе FЕI rеopened its shop in | 946, and throughout uЕ ropе с mmon with othеr show­jumping, in o sports, was restartеd . For thе fust timе iс vilian ridеr s took thе I nternational stage, of all, тt rе inсluding one of thе grеatеst Piеr rе Frеnh с mаn Jonquerеs dOriola, a a hаs beеn man whosе аrс еr merсцr ial of ups and downs. The ups suсe с ssion startеd with the 1946 Grаn d Prix in Zurich and took in two olympiс I ndividual Gold restartеd

e М dals

_ a fеat no ottrеr

ridеr

hаs

aсh iеvеd

_ tn 1952 and 1964. The I ntеr national wаs re­born, аt thе l0rhitе City, whеn d oriolа V Cup. For thе fust won the I (ing Gеorgе so beginning show was tеlevisеф timе thе whiсh , thе build­up of а massivе аu diеn ес еf feсt on тh e с nsiderаlЬ е in turn, hаs had a o growth of the sport. Thе Olympiс Gаm еs restarted in 1948

hеld in nЕ gland. Thе when thеy wеr е undеr I ntеr national Committeе, N1ikе Ansеll, wеr e givеn the job of prеp аr ­ с m­ ing а o с mbinеd tеam аn d individual o

Roуаl

petition' for thе show­jumping whiсh ' was еvent beforе the с mpеt itivе to bе the last o in thе vast lDИemblеу lс osing еrс emony, built in timе с ursе Stadium. Gеt ting thе o of rаin hаd task, for wееk s с lеan was a hеr u lеf t

thе ground a quagmirе

and work o с uld

only start after thе Soсеrс

final

had A1l thе fеnеsс finishеd the night еfЬ ore. had to bе mаn handled onto the ground, jump dug by hand beсausе of and thе wаt еI tearв s of the statе of thе ground. Fiftееn Gold was and фe I ndividual thrеe startеd ' on won by thе Mexiсan IЕ umЬerto.lV1arilеs 106

Arete. His tеam, too, emеr gеd triumphant, beating Spain, with thе show British gaining thеir fiтst Ol1тn piс jumping mеdаl, thе tеam bronzе. The following wеek, thе British tеam and Foxhuntеr Harry Llewеllyп аp с tain, I (ing Georgе V won thе first of their thrее Gold Cups ­ Foxhuntеr is the only horse thе onе­ еуed

thrее timеs. so far to have won this lс assiс in Helsinki, Foxhunt­ And four yеaгs lаt ег

thе tеam round lс inсh ed еt 's finаl lс еar gold medal for Britаin. \ 0Йi1f White and I ndi­ might wеll havе takеn thе Nй еf ela deсision, viduаl gold too, but for a bеlаt еd by onlу onе of thе two judges, thаt he had a thеr е wаs I n thе еn d gone in thе watеr . jump­off for thе mеd als, won by fivе­ sidеd doriola, with Chilе' s Osсar Christi win­ ning thе individual silvеr and ensuring sеo с nd. that his tеam аlso finishеd That yeаr was notable also for thе fust of the offiсial FЕI Championships, for 14 and 18 years _ Juniors _ thosе bеt wееn only two teаm s. Thе in whiсh thеr е wеr е I talians' inсluding Graziano lVlаniс nеlli, bеat Belgium. Gradually thе I ntеr national с ampion­ othеr h Fеd eration introduсеd ships' for seniors also, bеg inning with thе e М n s \ 0Иorld Championship, hеld for thе first time in Paris in 1953. I t was won by .Paсo' thе popular Spaniard Franсisсo more made Goуoaga, аn aсh iеvеm еn t remarkable by the faсt he was riding a horsе

who had, or so it sееm еd

bеf orеh and,

lost his enthusiasm for thе gаm e. Thеу bеat Gеr manf s Thiedеm ann by just half point. D'Oriola was third' followed у Ь

a

to с st indееd d I nzеo, an auspiсious a nеw h с аm pionship. I nitiallу thе !7or1d Chаm pionships werе latеr IЕ ans hеld evеr y year and two yеаr s Guntеr !07inklеr , won thе first of two suс­ \ world titlеs on Hallа. This horsе еsс sivе show­jumping wаs аr guably thе grеatеst mare of all time, on whom \ DИinkler аlso

Piеr o тh е

won thе

gold in

I ndividual olу m piс

1956, whеn she had praсt i­ o с ursе с nd с rry him round the sеo a с lly to a lDИinklеr Ь dly hurt a musсlе. аf ter hе had a was аlso in thе winning tеam, a fеat hе М niсh , to in Romе, Tokyo and u rеp еated givе him fivе golds, more thаn any ottrеr rider in olympiс history. Raimondo dI nzеo, the morе suсеsс sful brothers, won I tаliаn al of thе two lс assiс.!i7orld tit1еs ­ aftеr going the nеxt two down to.Winklеr and Halla in a jump­off in Champion­ 1955. By this timе, фе !Иorld yс lс е, ship had setded down to а four­yеаr h с ampion­ uЕ ropеan yЬ thе intеr spеr sеd ships, whiсh are now hеld evеr y other yеar. I 0Иinklеr с ntinental won the fust of the o thе sе­с titlеs, in | 957, and Thiеd еm аn n from с аllеn ger was often a h ond. Thеr е for thе title, and in 1966 Е ropе outsidе u Nelson Pessoa, thе Brаzilian who spends his summеr s in uЕ rope, won from Frank Н go Chapot of thе Unitеd Stаt es, with u Aтr ambide of Argеn tina third. Soon after that thе uЕ ropеаn this the FЕI dеrс eеd to thе с nfinеd h с ampionship should bе o ridеr s that its titlе suggestеd, a sеn siblе

Stoсkholm,

enough movе,

for it makеs thе

Championships rеlаt ivelу

morе

lDИorld

impoгt ant.

sH0W JUMPlNБ

ri* r

is a fundamеn tal

Thеr е

two hс ampionships.

in thе

differеne с

The uЕ ropеan

is

rounds, with on а basis of tfuее dеiс dеd to dеiс dе aсu с mulаt ing points from еah с thе h с ampion, while thе World Champ­

ionship has thlеe

qualifying rounds.

thе top four ridеr s who, in These produсе horsеs. This с othе1s thе final' all ride еah for­ has bееn a somеw hat oс ntrovеr siаl

mulа

its inсеption,

sinсе

evеr

and thе

opposition to it is still growing. I t would тh erefore

no suprise if the еvеn t

bе

allу falls in linе

еventu­

with thе uЕ ropеan

sсh еm е.

A uЕ ropеan was аlso

h с ampionship

intгoduсеd

for womеn

in | 957, going to Pat

the greatеst с nсеivably Smythе, who is o Bri­ womаn rider thе spoгt hаs produсеd . tain has dominatеd this titlе ovеI thе yеars (until it was amalgamatеd with the mеr is so than Pat, title in 1975), but no­onе morе who aсh iеvеd .Whеna hat­triсk in 1961_63 on

admit­ women wеr е first ted to olympiс show jumping, Pаt Smythе and Flanаg an wеr e in thе tеam in Stoсk ­ and И itе holm, 1956, togеt her with Wilf \ h and thеy took thе bronzе Pеt еr Robeson' and I taly. еh Ь ind Germany аn d Flanagan wеr e baсk in Pat Smуt hе фе British squad four уeаr s latеr in Romе, togеt her with anothеr of thеir sex, Dawn Flanаg an.

\ 0Иofford,

nёе

Palеt horpe.

Thе

brilliant

young David Broomе joined them in the I ndividual on Sunsalvе, а horse hе hаd riddеn to viсt ory in thе I (ngis Cup within of fust trying him, and now took two wееk s and thе bronzе. I t was I taly's day, howеv еr

Four of the world's leading international show jumpers. above far left: CapL Raimondo d,| nzeo and TаI ky. Cаp t. d,| п zeo won two world tit| es and With his brother Piero hаs formed the baсkbone of the ltа| ian team for some twentУ с ptаin уears. above: United states team a с mpeting at the I nternationaI Frank Chаp ot o Horse Show in London. He was a finalist in the ,l974 аt WorI d Championships he| d in Hiсkstead. above right: AI win Sсh oсk emсihI e of Germany, goI d medа| | ist аt the Montreal с rring baсk troubI e this o| ympiсs. Due to гeu greаt o с mpetitor has now retired from the show jumping arena. right: David Broome of Great Britain, who won the World Championships in 1970 on Douglas Bunn's fine horse Beethoven. He is aI so joint masteг of his I oсaI fox hunt in Wa| es, the Cuгr e, whiсh oсu с pies muсh of his time duгing winter months.

took thе Gold and his с uld Piero, the silver. Thеir tеam o

Raimondo dI rи eo brottrеr ,

finish only third bеh ind Gеr many, in and Thiеdemann wеr е whiсh \ 0Иinklеr joinеd bу anothеr dеstinеd for thе highest who, hav­ honours' Alwin Sсh oсkеm iс hlе,

ing bееn

rеsеr ve

for oЬ th

the

show­

jumping and Tfuее­ Day tеams four vЕ еn t yеars earlier, was making his debut. Alwin, aftеr winning this tеam gold, wеn t thтough an aggravating seriеs of individuаl neaт­ misseS for majoг titlеs, for thе and twiсе third timеs sеo с nd thrее

and fourth for thе World in uЕ ropeаn , 1970 behind Dаv id Broome. He finallу broke his duсk in 1975 in thе fiгst running

SHOW JUMPI NG

Amateur Championship (until thеn Profеssionals and Amatеu гs foг all FЕI titlеs), аn d alikе wеr е еligiblе thе olympiс Gold in thеn wеn t on to tаkе o М ntreal. Hе did not havе a t'rorsе good his oс untry's tеаm in еn ough to mаkе was joined yЬ Tokyo, wheге \ 0Иinklеr Sсf uidde аn d I (urt Jаr asinski, IЕ еr man provеd good еn ough to с llеtс ively who o а Gеr man hat­triсk of tеаm o с mplеt е his tеam tаkе thе golds. f/ oriola hеlpеd

of thе uЕ ropеan

silvеr ,

u Ь t for

himsеlf

it had to bе the gold,

riding a horsе who had only madе

his

intеr national dеb ut that samе sеason. tеam at thе с With doriola in the Frеnh Tokyo Gamеs, was a giгl, only 18 yеars old, whose brillianсe was on a par with his, (now Janou Tissot). Shе Janou Lefёb vге wеn t

on to takе

anothеr

tеam

silvег

М ­ in еx thrее tо be hеld.

I (athy I (usneг, ttrе Ameriсan in thе Dublin giгl, with two viсt oriеs o с nfidently Grand Prix to hеr гсеdit, was Ь t to takе this first l0foгld tidе' u ex1rеtс ed

Continеn t.

o с uld finish only seсond

a brilliant Stеinkraus, who lс imаxеd giving thе Unitеd Statеs their yЬ individц al show­jumping gold. first еvеr wаs с mpеt ition the tеam o с ursе for Thе o

аг с е r

gеn erally

с ampionships women's \ DИorld h Thе first of thеse was in 1965 at Hiсkstead'

bеa с use

of thе

whiсh

produсed

ground that Douglas Bunn had With in Sussеx fivе уеars еагliеr . and its еxiс ting peгm anent oЬstaсlеs it hаs had a gradually improved faсilitiеs, profound effеtс on show­jumping in nЕ g­ that с ursе land' introduсing thе soгt of o found on the had prеviously on1y bееn

as onе

o с ndеm nеd

for an Olympiс

еv еr

thе

Coakеs

a М rion

ес Ь mе pony Strollеr . This pаir had just o horsе the youngest rider and thе smallеst Cup. to win thе Quеen lЕ izabеt h of Hiсkstеad was to provе thе hаp piеst hunting gгounds for fulaгion аn d Sш ollег, where thеy also won thе British Jumping latег. Thеy аlso won thе two yеаr s Dеrу Ь in 1968 bеh ind Bill silvеr medal in Ntеxiсo

iсo, and holds two of thе only

foundеd

to

(now Nlarion Ntould) and her brilliant

of thе

Gamеs,

awkward plaсing

worst

primаr ily с , of fеn еs

somе

аstronomiсal I t was finally won by the Canadians sсorеs. with I 2О /з + fаu lts. By oс ntrast Gеr many _ с rd won in Tokyo with 68И _ itsеlf a rеo

с ursе in М niсh with З2' Thе o and in u one, u М niсh was a muсh morе sensiblе although still demanding еn ough. Thе iп sizе had to е Ь rеd uсed o с ursе o М nш еаl of the torгential rain whiсh neaгly bеing run in thе thе o с mpеt ition main olympiс stаd ium at all. thе dеb atе whеt hеr Thеr е has long bееn olympiс oс ursе should bе of a sеt pattern'

a ес Ь usе Show jumping is one of the few sports where с mpete on equа| terms; аn d men аn d women o as the men. с ssfuI the women are just as suсe / eft: Marion MouI d аn d Dun| ynne cI eaгing thе Hiсksteаd Water in immaсu | ate style. She wi| | alwаys be гemembered foг heг unique paгt nership with the great | ittle pony StгoI | er on whom she won an o| ympiс silveг meda| in Bil| Mexiсo. below far / eft: Ameriсаn Steinkraus desсending the formidabI e Derby Bank. He was a go| d medа| Hiсksteаd middte.. У pics.below Winner atthe Mexiсo oI m Kathy Kusneг, one of Ameriсa's I eading Woman jumpers. She also hаs a keen interest in raсing. bеlow гight: Frenсh rider Janou Тissot, former women,s show,iumping wor| d с mpeting in the 1968 shown here o h с аm pion, Championships at. Hiсkstead, Bгitain,s on| у permаn ent outdoor show jumping аr enа.

prevеn tеd

than lеf t to thе loсal oс urse­ tеst thеr e is a dеsigner. As it is thе suprеm е in fаvour of suсh a proposi­ lot to bе sаid аr е , aftеr raсеs for аt hletiс tion. Thе ш aсks u Ь t this doеs all, uniform to a large dеgrее, from thе еxiс tе­ not in thе lеast dеt гatс It mеn t' nor make winning any еasiеr . of luсk thе elеm еn t would hеlp еliminatе аn d makе for а fairеr геsult. to among o с ursе­ buildеr s Thе tendеnyс

ratlrеr

ereсt o с ursеs

highеr , moгe dеm anding еv еr for thе major hс ampionships'

an advаn tage to those, suсh as the Gеr mans, with big, powerful hoгsеs, rаt hеr than giving sсope for thе skilful rideг to

givеs

o с mpеn satе

for anу laсk in his horsе' s

make­up. This is a fashion whiсh may, and onе hopеs wi1l, swing thе otlrеr way. o с m­ I t was in 1'975 that all еq uesш ian petitions аm opеn foг men аn d ес Ь e Womеn . This madе sensе, for in the olyn.

piс Gamеs thе o с mpеt itions

wеr е

mixed,

out­ аn d thе women, though numеr iсally showеd thеir mеr it геp еatedly numbегed, с ntage of thе medаls' by taking a largе peгe с angеs I t was in that samе yеaг also, that h sеp aratеd с ampionships to thе vaгious h

amateuгs from profеssionals. Thus thе Alwin won yЬ uЕ ropеаn h с ampionship, Sсh oсkеm 6h1e,

wаs for аm atеu гs

on1y, as a

arguing, no aftеr somе British riders took paгt . Thе British fеd еr a­ tion was thе only one whiсh hаd tаken to .put thеir Philip s striсt urеs Prinсе housе in ordеt ' sеr iously, rс eaming off tlrе so, of their ridеr s into profеs­ top sсorе or at а с untrу sional status аn d putting thе o с mpеt i­ gI еat disadvantage in olympiс o tion. The World Profеssional Champion­ ship that should havе eЬ en hеld in 1975 refusеd to allqп the FЕI was not' beсeusе

result of whiсh ,

109

sн 0W

JUMP| NG

their namе to it. I t that thе flц id situation will itsеlf аg ain' into .Opеn i oс mpeti­ rеsolvе savе in thе Olympiс tions evеr ywhеr е, Gamеs, ovеr whiсh thе FЕI doеs not havе thе sponsors seеm s likеly

to appеn d

thе final say. Onе

day thеy too may

be opеn

a long way off. but that is surеlу viсt ory in thе Although Sсh oсkеm ohlе' s 1975 аm аt еu r h с ampionship was a fаiгly lЬ oodlеss one, with his oс mpatriots also filling thе minor plaсеs, he undoubtеdly

was hеld

to win thе Thе I ndividual

pеr formanсе

gave a supеr lаt ivе

Gold еd М al

in N{ onш еal. in thе stadium

at Bfomont, somе

70km (43 miles) from N4.ontrеal, on a dirt a lot ofrаin. sц r fаес whiсh rodе dеep aftеr Ovеr

two big o с ursеs,

thеr е

was onlу

round h еас timе, both His hoгsе was Sсh oсkemсihlе.

lс еar

gold with two lс ears.

ever to wiтr an ol1тn piс

Bеa с usе

of thе

unеxpeсt ed

and during thе Games, on с usе had not bееn drainеd eЬ a

bеf ore

whiсh aftеr wards

thеr е wеr е

onе

from thus first

rаinfall ground it wаs

to havе аn artifiсial surfaсе, last doubts until thе vеr у

minutе whеt her or not it would bе possiblе jumping therе. Luсk ilу to hold thе tеam just in suffiсiеn tlу геlеn tеd thе wеathеr in sizе, the с urse was reduсеd timе; the o

final fеnе,с

whiсh

should havе еnЬ

a

and thе o с mpеt i­ and с tion wеn t on. At halfivaу, the Frеnh levеl in the lеad' thе Germаn tеams wеr е pеn dulum slightly tippеd in favour of thе qualtet' and although a Frеnh с o с nsistеn t would havе by Sсhoсkеm < ihlе lс еar anothеr team gold for Gеr many, lс inсh еd Thus Franсе hас ievеd с . they hit twб fеn еs а douЬle,

treblе bеa с mе

fiгst show­jumping tеam gold in Olуm piс history. Thе British, labouring undеr thе handi­ a с p of hаving most of their top гiders

thеir

inеligiЬlе

a ес Ь usе

of thеir profеssional

running. I t is to bе donе, doubtful if аn ything is likеlу to leinstatе thеm ' whiсh thе I oC еithеr status, never got into thе

havе '

iу i"l

ii

iil llt Ir

refusеd

to o с untenаnе'с

or to еq ualizе

bу making their main rivals alsо turn profеssional. an indi­ Show­jumping is еssеn tiallу spirit tеаm vidual sport, but to еnoс uragе Cup in inш odцe с d thе Prеsidеn ds the FЕI с o с untry's six bеst 1965. I t is basеd on еah results in Nations Cups throughout thе arе season. Five points are givеn if thеr е Ь at leаsl or fewеr (therе havе to e fivе tеаm s for а Nations Cup), six for six tеams, thrее с nfining for sеven or morе. Bу o and sеvеn с цnt tс that o o с mpеt itions the numЬеr of с untlies whiсh hаvе a long wаy tс six, thе o too muсh oс m­ Eavеl arе not pеn alizеd nations parеd with thе еn uЕ ropеаn с ш al с n gеt to many offlсial I nternation­ who a So fаl als with littlе diffrсu lty or еxpеn sе. Ь n dominatеd bу the Prеsident's Cup has еe and thе Unitеd States. Britain, Gеr manу mattеr s

Two of Britain,s top internationа| showjumpers. fop: Ann Moore on April Love' bottomi Pat smУt he on F| anagan, with whom she mаd e history, аt the height с reer, аs the first womаn rideг of heг | ong a to o с mpete in the oI ympic Games at ,| 956 when her teаm Won the Stoсkho| m in bronze mеdа| .

I Ht ll­tн t t­uAY

. Pеn аltiеs

с mpеt i­ For most sports, intеI national o tion got under way with thе foundаt ion of by Bагon thе modеr n olympiс movеm еn t

dе CouЬertin

in

1896, but еquеstrian

l.

vЕ еn d term .Tfuее­ Day vеr y inadеquate for an еxiс ting,

is

с lls on thе full еxhilarating sport whiсh a range of a horsе' s ability and his ridе1s skill. Though thе nаm e implies somе form of thrееf old oс mpеt ition' it divulgеs nothing of the qualitiеs to eЬ tеstеd. vЕ еn t was dеsignеd Thе Thrее­ Daу originally as a trial for military hс argеr s' and was in faсt known as thе .Мilitaц / . с arger w€ Thе rеq uirеm еn ts of a h r e that he long dis­ с ver sometimеs should bе fit to o travеl ovеr tanсеs at a good avеI agе speed, open o с untry jumping whatevеr oЬstaсlеs Ь bold enough to stood in his path and e

hazаr ds at whiсh his rider prеsеn ted him. For his part, the ridеr a really fit horsе to produсе had to bе 1аЬ е and kееp him that way) to know just how muсh hе o с uld ask of his mount and judge с mbination of or o exaсt ly the right paсе'

ц n kown

taсklе anу

paсes'

_ bцt

с his to reаh

target safеlу

and quiсk ly

without exhausting his horse, а nеw day would bring frеsh

bеаu с se dеm ands.

Thе forе,

hard o с re of thе .Nlilitaqy', thеге­ test at working was an еn duгanсе

with a sеtс ion

pае'с

nеg otiating

aсr oss

natural obstaсles,

o с untrу and gener­

Ь o с ursе to e с asе somе form of steеp lеh Later, a drеssagе test was аt speеd . с argeis physi­ added to dеm onstratе тh е h

аlly

riddеn

a с l dеvelopment,

his mastеr y

' and obеdiеnес

paсеs

of thе

to his

bаsiс ride1s

unspoken o с mmands. Finally therе was a simplе show­jumping tеst) to rеpгesеn t thе must eЬ fit lifе to whiсh a h с argеr еvеr yday to return' еvеn аf tеr an еxeс ptionally dеm anding еxеr iс sе. The arts of military еq uitation have long and admiгеd on thе o с nti­ bеen praсt isеd аn d for mаn y yeаr s this was nеn t of u Е ropе striсt ly a o с ntinental sport. Franсe's milit­ ary aсadеm у of equitation at Saumц r still tradition, maintains thе highеst a с valry while thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool in Vien­ na is famous to this day for its u с ltivаt ion of lс аssiсаl еq uitation, using thе whitе Lipiz­ zanеr stаllions thеy havе used for gеn еr a­ tions.

Thе British ­ possiblу beсausе thеir

thе small, stoсky, hardy, nativе hoгsеs wеr e Mountain and N{ oorland brееds _ had no

suсh l0Иith

ridе

tradition of high­sсh ool equitation. с uld lс imatе they o thеir tеm pеr atе out­of­doors thloughout the yеar

and

hunting was their nаt ional еquеstrian sport. I 0и'hеn they did import Arabian morе rеf inеd horsеs to found the fleеt еr , Thoroughbred strаin, it was for the headiеr delights ofraсing, both oп thе flаt and ovеr fеnеsс .

all hoгsemen.

for thе olympiс

nЕ ш iеs

еq uеstrian

from thе military eхlс usivеly аt fust, u Ь t gradually iс vilians took part known vЕ еn t bеa с me too. Thе Thrее­ Day as thе .сonсours Compled' oI oс mplеt e and today hardly a militаr y o с mpеt ition, rank is to eЬ found amongst the oс m­

еvеn ts were

pеu tors.

Thе form of the Conсours Complеt

was

thе wars it first' uЬ t betweеn settlеd down into morе or less thе form in с mpеt itols) whiсh wе know it now. Thе o mц st following еahс othеr in suсеsс sion, tests on thrее thгеe diffеr еn t undеr tаkе

fаirly fluid

аt

days. These arе: sеp aratе (i) Drеssagе _ a sеt programmе of somе

20 differеn t

movemеn ts

to eЬ

trot or a с ntег'

trons).

_ a four­phasе (ii) Spеed and еn duranсе test o с nsisting of: Phasеs A and C hеld over roаd s аn d traсks totalling 10­20 km (6_12 milеs)

Ь to e

riddеn

с nter; Phase B, the trot or slow a roughly 24kгт: . o с ursе, stееp lеh с ase (1_2.5 milеs) long with 8­12 fenсеs, to е Ь

гiddеn

аt

rс oss­сountry

at a

D, a thе gallop; Phаsе e Ь tweеn o с ursе'

5­8 km (3­5 miles), with 20­32 fixed to bе riddеn dt thе gаllop.

obstaсlеs,

and for exсеeding

llorses аr е

thе

suЬm ittеd

timе allowеd .

to a veterinary

с mpeti­ inspeсt ion bеf orе the staгt of thе o tion, anothеr during the speеd and еn dur­ thе show­ anсе tеst аn d а final onе bеf ore jumping test on the last day. Thе samе all three с mplеt e horsе and ridеr havе to o tests and the o с mpetitor with thе lowеst is the winner. I n a tеam total pеn altiеs

o с mpetition,

thеr е

may bе

tfuее

tеаm

or fouг, and it is thе thrеe bеst final final sсorеs that o с unt for thе tеam's plaсing. The sсalе of mаr ks weights thе valuе of for drеs­ thе thrее tеsts in thе ratio ofthrее mеm bеr s

sagе, 12 for speеd and enduranсe, and onе the for jumping. lDИh ilst thе гu lеs lay down and thе dimеn sions spееd s and distаnеsс , and o с ndtions thе o с ursе of the oЬstaсles'

с nform should bе so planned as to o

аs

to this ratio. as praсt iсable с nfront­ Although this is thе aЬ siс task o

lс osеly

it is ing a Tfuее­ Day vЕ еп t o с mpеt itor, only thе bеg inning. No two events с mpetition is аr е alike; the еssеnес of thе o in whiсh it is sеt thе natural o с untryside rеallу

of mеd ium

pеr formеd аt thе walk, x 20 m in in an arеn а 60 of lvlaгks aге аw aгd ed by a pаn еl aгеa. judgеs, who assеss fluenсу and thтeе balanсе, of pеr formanсе, aсu с rаус in impulsion' гh уt hm аn d supplеn еss thе horsе, as wеll as the ridеt 's seat аn d appliсation of thе aids (or direс­

diffiсu lty,

phasе.

еah с

Penаltiеs arе inсu r­ 10_12 obstаlс еs. red for fаlls or refusals at thе oЬstaсles

Hе valuе _ that of

rеalizеd their trеm еn dous .Мilitart' in partiсu lar _ in stimulаt ing the intеr еst and improving standards of еq uita­ tion аn d horsemastеr ship, and hе saw thе of sprеading Gamеs as a mеаn s olуm piс to e ь yond aгm y iс rсles this impгovеm ent

or

(iii) Show­jumping _ a o с ursе of 700­900m (750­1000yds) with

to thе I (ing of Swеdеn .

thе IЕ orsе

rш

еx е d с ing

for fаlls

are inсu rrеd

I

and for at thе oЬstаlс еs thе minimum timе

allowеd for

not intгoduсed to thе Games events wеr е ц n til 1912, in Stoсkholm, largеly at the of instigation of Count von Rosеn , Mastег

f

rеf usals

tvtN

aп d this, of o с ursе, a с n vary еn ormously. Bеsidеs thе tуp е ofterrain, thеr е arе аlways variations in thе statе of the going, thе _ and that altitudе, thе lс imatе, фе wеathеr The is all quite apart from thе oЬstaсlеs. pегm utаt ions and thе horsе arе еn dlеss с pe with them all, must eЬ fit and bold to o as hе gallops and jumps ovеr а o с ursе hе has nеv еr sеen bеf ore. of bеing Thе ridеr hаs thе аdvаn tagе the daу before, allowed to walk thе o с urse to аssеss thе proЬlems it posеs аn d dеiс dе

how to taсklе

them

in thе light of

his

is a tough sport. Here the rider is about to tаke a bath in the wаt er jump, one of the formidab| e obstaс| es on the гсoss­ o с Uп t гУ o с urse at Goodwood in Susseх.

vЕ enting

тHE тHREЕ. DAY EvENт

horse's partiсu lar

аp с aЬilitiеs. IЕ е

work out thе spеed, thе

linе

must

of approaсh

to

point and thе anglе and еxtас at whiсh to lump it (thеr е is oftеn a h с oiсе, with one аlternative perhaps еasier but more time­сonsuming than anoтh er). He must not bе tеm ptеd to ridе thе stееp le­ h с asе faster thаn neсessarn or hе will takе too muсh out of his horse too еaгlу in thе day, and hе must keep up a good stеady paсе on thе rс oss­сountry, taking thе jumps in his horsds stгide without any pеn alty. waste of timе, if hе is to esсapе ­bе The hoгsе maу tiring yЬ thеn and it will take all thе ridе1 s strеn gth and skill to get him safelу round without unduе еf fort. Both horsе аn d rider must bе supremеlу an obstaсlе,

fit, With steady nеr ves and oс nsidеr aЬlе o с uragе' аn d thе grеatеr thе experiеnес they a с n mustеr _ preferаb ly in paгt nership _ аn d thе gleatеr theiг murual undеr stаn d­ ing аn d o с nfidenсе, thе bеt tеr .

pеr sonal There is a notаlЬ e absеnес of rivаlry amongst o For thеm thе с mpеt itors. h с allenge liеs in the o с ursе гather thаn the othеr o с ntestants' and it is with thе o с urse his own o са unt. that еah с onе must sеt tlе Furthеr morе, viсt ory for thе teаm is, in gеn еr al, prized than muсh morе higЫу

individuаl

suсe с ss.

Thе roаds and traсks for Phases A аn d C, elemеn t, whiсh o с nstitutе the enduranсе

аr e

perfeсt lу

straighdorward. So

is

thе

stееp lеh с аsе o с urse for Phasе B, although fеne с may thе dеf inition of a stееp lеh с ase vary in diffеr ent o с untriеs. Thе rс ux oс mes in Phаsе D, the rс oss­ o с untry. Foг this the traсk maу bе flat or steеp , and the oЬstaсlеs arе fixеd , solid in appеaranсe аn d built of thе sш ongest mat­ еr ials. Thе stronger аn d morе solid thе thе more inviting and rеassuring oЬstaсlе, it will appеаr to thе horsе, and thеr еf ore the safеr it will е Ь to jump. Also, eaсh obstаlс е

must bе аb lе

ships in Normаn dy in 1969. The Hеlsinki Stеp s _ rails forming thе outlinе of stеp s dropping down a hillsidе _ first appearеd in thе 1952 ol1тn piс Gamеs, whilе the Trakеh ner ­ a tall post­and­rails sеt in thе bottom of a ditсh ­ is familiar in Gеr many. An I rish Bank _ а high bank whiсh is too big to fly at а single lеap, so that thе horse on thе top, _ hаs to touсh down fleеt inglу to a horsе thаt аn с bе very disсonсerting As aс n be seen, hаs nevеr met onе bеf ore. evеr y o с untry has its own stylе of obstaсles arе suге to and thе more distinсt ivе onеs soonеr or latеr , in thе rеp еr ­ find a plaсе, с ц r sе­ builders. toire of ottrer o at vЕ еn t, Thе first Olympiс Tfuее­ Day Stoсkholm in L9L2' startеd with spеed and followed by thе show­ endurаnес tеsts, jumping. The dтеssagе a с me last. Swеd еn

won both thе tеam and individuаl gold did again at Antwеr p, in

to withstand the assault of for wind and wеather, so that it is thе sаm е as it was for thе tlrе hundrеd th o с mpеt itor

mеd als, as shе

fust.

seсond

Thе o must o с ntrivе с ursе­ buildеr to tеst thе ridе/ s judgеm ent and nегvе, and thе horsе' s sсopе' o and obеd iеne с , but с uragе without making any unnatural dеm аn ds or springing any unfair surprisеs. IЕ is o с uгsе must produсе Ь t must a worthy winner, u not destroу thе losers and it is uп d oubtеd ly a joЬ whiсh a с lls for speсial skill аn d great is expеr ienсe. Like any othеr rс аf t that exposed to o с nstant o с mparison and rс iti­ a с l inspeсt ion, o с ursе building in general is improving all thе timе and thе intеr nа­ tional standаr d is now vеr y high indеed. havе e Ь o с me Cеr tаin obstaсlеs bywords in the sport and will bе found in moге or lеss thе с urses. Thе samе form on many o

Coffin' at Badminton, is one and oс m­ prisеs a narrow trough at thе bottom of a with a post­and­rails on both banks, eЬ fore аn d aftеr . The Tгout Hatсh ­ еr y' at Burghlеy, is another ­ a pool approaсh еd downhill, with a trее trunk oг rails to bе jumpеd on the waУ in or out, or

Normandy Bank, whiсh

is

a

jump up on to a flat bank with a rail on thе еd gе of the drop on the far sidе, was

unknown bеf orе tlre

tt2

uЕ ropeаn Champion­

replaсed

by a

For thе 1924 Gamеs in Paris,

the o с m­ first, and show­ speеd and еn duranсе seсond jumping lаst. Holland managed to brеаk grip and won both team and Swеd еn 's shapе as thе petition wе know today, with drеssagе

Tfuее­ Day

vЕ ent took

individц al

o с mpetitions. с rd numЬеr of 20 nations took part A rеo at Amstеr dam in 1928' inсluding Japan, Argentine and thе Unitеd Statеs. onсе again, Holland won both titlеs' the indi­ vidual gold mеd al going to Lt. C. P. dе o М rtangеs on .Nlarсr oix, who together sеt yеt rЬ okеn , by winning с rd nеvеr up a rеo again in Los Angelеs in 1932. On that

oсаsс ion rеsеn tеd ,

widе ditсlц

both. Thе

1920, when the dтеssagе was tеst. endurаne с

ous o с st

only six nations wеr е

rеp ­

proЬably bеa of the enorm­ с usе to uЕ ropеan o с untries of trans­

porting thеir tеams halfwаy round the Stаt es took the gold in world. Thе Unitеd

at the BurghI ey Тh ree­Day mp into the Wаt er is a good test of the horse,s obedienсe and tгUst in his ridеr .

тh e тr out Hatсh ery ju

Event. Тh e

с tly­ the London Games, in 1948, thе rееn h с argеd formed British IЕ orsе Soсiеt y wаs

with thе orgаn izаt ion of thе Tfuеe­Daу vЕ ent аt Aldеr shot ­ thе first time Grеat Thе Britаin had ever hеld suсh an еvеn t. Unitеd Statеs won thе tеam oс mpеt ition and Capt. Chеv allier, of Franсe, the indi­ vidual' but this was а turning­point for Bri­ tain in thе history of thе sport. aЬsеnес с mpletе of Despitе the o Britain hаd Thrеe­Day vЕ еn t baсkground, got along well еn ough so far, rеrс uiting for еah с Gamеs as аr mу tеаm s аlong. But in 1948 thе Duke of с е М ster of thе IЕ orsе, аm Bеаu fort, thеn a с nсlusion ttrat this was a sport at to the o whiсh British hoгsеs and riders ought to at thе next eхe с l' IЕ е was dеt еr mined that Gamеs in Hеlsinki in| 952, Britаin would put up a teаm whiсh was not only pгopеr ly gainеd somе ехp еr ienсe trainеd , uЬ t hаd at and ш aining

thеy a с me

the gamе

befoге bеing thrown international arеn a.

into thе

The park of the Dukе of Bеaufort's home at Badminton, in Glouсеstегshire, o с vеr еd somе of thе finest open o с untry in nЕ glаn d, аn d аs Viсe­Paш on of thе British Horse Soсiеt y' hе invitеd

thе B.H.S. to

hold a nаt ionаl Thrее­ Dаy thеr e in vЕ еn t thе spring of L949.I t was to be аlс lеd thе

.olympiс IЕ orsе Trials'. Thе еvеnt attraсt ed а grеat dеal of interest and

quiсkly

e Ь a с mе

popular, so muсh

so in

faсt , that it turnеd

into а highly suсe с ssful annual fixturе and soon gаinеd a rеp ц t a­ tion as the forеm ost Three­Day vЕ еn t in

thе world.

As a

гesult, Britаin

was to

аm ongst thе o с mpеt itors.

с ntеn der, Olympiс o with more intеr national honours in Tfuее­ Day any othеr o с un­ vЕ еn ts to hеr rс еd it than ш y, аn d rеg arded as an authoritу both on dеsign and organization in gеn еr al. o с ursе But baсk in 1'952, a small aЬ nd of British riders and horsеs who had shown up wеll in national еvеn ts wеr е sеn t for sеvеr аl

both tеam and

months of o с nсentrated

the tеam

evеn t.

At Berlin in

1936, thе

rс oss­сountry

o с urse was a partiсu larly stiff onе and the a pond, with sloping bed fourth obstаlс е, аn d swollen with rain, aс used havoс

Germany won individual eold mеdals. For

beсome

a

lеading

trainins under thе

ТHt

of Capt. Tony Collings (winnеr Badminton)' at his riding of the sеo с nd establishmеn t at Porloсk , in Somersеt . Two yеагs later, Capt. Collings was trаg i­ Comеt s, a с lly killed vrhеn onе of thе еarly in whiсh hе was ш avelling on a lеtс uгing

dirеtс ion

аn d

judging tour' rс ashеd

into

thе howеvеr ,

I n his lifеt imе' on influеnес tтеm endous in Grеat Britain and Thrее­ Day vЕ еn ting amongst thе sport's must take his plаес

еd М itеr гanean.

he had a foundеr s.

Thе British lеy,

Bеr tiе

Hill

tеam at н еlsinki and Lauгenсе

(Rеg

Hind­

Rook) put up

good show, but Laurеnес RooКs put his foot in a holе horsе unfortunatеlу towards thе еn d of thе rс oss­сountry с nсu ssed in thе o с ursе and his ridеr was o thе fall. Rook гemounted аn d o с mplеt ed ttrе wrong sidе of the o с urse, but pаssеd I n тh osе finishing post and was еliminatеd . to enter o с untry was аllowеd dаys h е ас so this put thе only thrее o с mpеt itors, wholе tеam out of thе running. Swеdеn rеg ained both teаm and individual titlеs, their gold mеd аllist bеing Baron Elans von а vеr y

the team, who finished sеvеn th. This was a rеd­lettег Yeaг for Britain on thеir nеw ­found suсeс ss, sеvеr al o с unts:

proof that girls o с uld hold their own in what had been regarded hithегt o as too tough a game for them, and thе еm ergеnес Hill' Frank as a tеam of three ridеr s, Bеr tiе I D7еldon and Lаu rеn ес Roo\ who, apart suсеsс s' с rd of ftom thеir outstanding rеo weге all to plаy a leading part in thе world. Hill was to pro­ Thrее­ Day vЕ еn t duсe some superb hoгsеs and trаin manу of futurе gеn еr ations; thе lеading ridеr s of с ptain thе British team Wеldon was to a a and a ес Ь me с mpеt ing whеn he gavе up o o с urses world аu thority oп rс oss­сounEy took ovеr the dirе­с whеn he suЬsеq uently

tion of Badminton, and Rook was beсome

h с аirman

of thе spoгt 's

to

govегn ing

delegаt е с niсal o Ь dy in Britain and the tеh I ntеr nationalе Е uеstrе of thе Fёd 6ration q and Olу m ­ at manу offiсiаl h с ampionships

piс Gamеs.

I n 1955, the uЕ ropеan Chаm pionships held at l07indsor, bу invitation of

wеr е

HRH Queen lЕ izabеt h

I I . Britain suсe с ss­ tеam tidе with thе samе

Blixеn ­Fineсke'

fully dеf еn ded

hеr

Thе suggеstion wаs then put forward Championship should bе thаt a u Е ropeаn and Badmintoп hеld in non­Ol1тn piс у е аr s to bе the fiI st to hold it' in 1953. was аskеd Sadlу, Badmintorris April datе proved too o с un­ Е гopean еarly in the yеar foг most u rеally fit horsеs, and only triеs to produсе

аn d

a с гr iеd

Wеldon

off thе individual

plaсe was a h с ampionship. I n sevеn tееn th youngstеr from Lanсashiл е who had won

йе

Shеila Pony Club hс аm pionships, Willсox on High And iМ ghty. I n thе Olympiс Gаm es at Stoсkholm in 1956 Britаin s hopes wеr e high and theу

Switzеr land and lrеland, apaгt from thе a team' so the аb le to raisе hosts, wеr е h с аm pionship was аb andonеd . That аu tumn, the B'H.S. startеd up an аu tumn Three­Day Evеn t at llarеw ood, in Yoгkshirе, bу permission of thе Prinсess

vеr y expегiеn еd с thrее rеp rеsеn tеd by mountеd on proven, aц d suсe с ssful ridегs, high­quаlity horsеs. Thеy didn t havе it all

won, to М h с in­Goodаll Royal. Vivien a thе first lаd y winnеr of a Threе­ bеo с mе Day vЕ еn t. to I n 1954, Switzегland voluntееr еd hold thе h с ampionships and put on an еv еn t of high standard аt Baslе. Britain s Bеr tie Hill wаs the Winnеr and British rid­

but theу с uгsе) , went on to finish thе o a lс еar lead whiсh thеy еstablishеd

plaсеs, so four out of thе nеxt siх as wеll. thе tеam h с аm pionship thеу took the first lady ridеr s to Among thеm wеге

еr s fillеd

o с mpеt e in аn offiсial international h с ampionship _ Margarеt Hough, who finished sixtЬ аn d Diana аsМ on riding for

wеr e

thеiг own way

tvtNТ

Championships, in whiсh for thе fust timе. Bгi­

thе u Е ropеаn

the U.S.S.R. еn tеr еd

tаin's sв r

had wanеd , and Gеr many won h с ampionship and Switzeгland's thе individual, on а Hans Sсh warzenbaсh puгh с asеd ftom Frank Wеl­ hoгse hе hаd hаd suffеr еd don. I n thе intеr im, l0Иеldon thе tragiс loss of his grеat horsе I (ilbarry, who had broken his neсk in falling at an in a onе­ day еvent fenсе innoсеn t­looking thе tеam

at homе. I n 1960, Ausш alia sеn t a possе of horsеs and riders to trаin foг six months in Britain

Gаm es in before taсk ling thе Olympiс Romе. Thеy joinеd thе iс rсu it of national Ь t horsе trials, as thеy had done in 1956, u Bill Roy­ suсеsс s. this timе with mаr kеd wеn t гсoft won аt Bаd minton, and thе tеаm thе gold mеd al in Romе (Bill on to a с pturе Royсr oft

was tаkеn

rЬ oken o с llar­bonе

to hospital with aftеr thе

a

rс oss­сountry,

doсt ors' ordеr s to ridе in thе show­jumping nеx t day). Austrаlia's Lauriе o М rgan won thе individual gold

but dеf iеd

mеd al

and his o с mpatгiot,

t} rе silver.

Thе

Neal Lаvis took

ottrеr s wеn t

homе

to

Austrаlia aftеr wards, but Morgan rеt urnеd Е gland, to ride in thе Grand Nationаl to n

and win at Badminton thе

following

sprш g. A new Thrее­ Dаy vЕ еn t was staгt еd up Е е­ М rquеss of x at Burghley, homе of thе a of thе ter, in 1961, to takе thе plaсе IЕ arеw ood еvеn t, whiсh had lс osеd down. I t wаs won by Annеli Drummond­ЕI ay on thе gгeat horsе with егlМ y­A­Мonarсh , in whiсh she wеn t on to win at Bаd mintoп

(Bеr tie HilГs Counгy man rain аn d got hung up

a suсеsс sful с mе | 962 and then to bеo intеr natioп al show.jumpеr . I n | 962,

and

of the uЕ ropеan Burghley was thе sсеn е won yЬ the Championships, whiсh wеr е U's.s.R.' thе individual hс ampion bеing Britain's Jamеs Tеm pler.

slippеd in the hеavy on a trakehnеr fеnе,с

retainеd

ТHL п Е ­DAY

to thе еn d.

but was salvаg еd

So Britain won heг first

gold mеd al, whilе Frank l0Иеldon took thе individual bronzе. Sweden's tеam

Kastеn man

In

L957

won thе individual gold medal.

Britain won the uЕ ropean

' Chаm pionship Shеila

!0Иillсox

at Copеnhagen, on High And

whеr е

iМ ghty

с ampion. She madе thе fust lady h history again in 1958, with hет third suс­ viсt ory аt Badminton. еsс sivе I n 1959 Haгеw ood was thе sеt ting foг

beсamе

left The first stage of the Three­Day Event is the dressage test. Heгe Bгu ce Davidson and | гish Cap perform we| | at .l976 Bromont' Cаn adа, for the o| ympiсs. Below one of the greatest Тhree­Day Event horses, Mere| y­a­Monarсh , with AnneI i аt Hiсk steаd . Afteг Drummond­HaУ o с mpeting winning аt BUrghI ey and Badmintoп they с ss. turned to show jumping With some suсe

Below

!* ffi

п

­тнЕп DAY vЕ N Е т .'тHE

thе only .firsd by the British horsеs wаs thаt of flying ovеr the Noгt h Polе on thе nеw ly­ opened route to Tokyo! Riсh аr d Nleadе, frеsh fгom winning at BurgЫey, had led at

in а posi­ suс­ tion to sеn d a team of еxperienсеd , hoгsеs to the e с ssful ridеr s on top­quality

the end of the spееd

еd с еn tеd

At thе 1964 olуm piсs,

sсorеd

аn d enduranсe

test ­ round on thе

only to jump a disаsш ous finаl day. I taly won bottr tеam and vidual tit1еs.

indi

titlе

Britain s star was in thе asсendаn t onсе morе

Games. Thе o с urse at unprе­ аltitц d е in lVlехioс wаs not а

olympiс diffiсu lt

1968 she was аg аin

yЬ

аn d

one and was approvеd

as suсh

by

Bгitain's teсh niсal dеlеg ate Laurenсe the spееd аn d Rook. Halfiм аy thI ough

uЕ ropеan

enduranсe test tlre rain stаr ted to fall hеаvi­ ly, turning тh e o с uгsе into a quagmire and

in

fitting that Russia should win thе tеam h с ampionship at o М sсow 1965' whilе Polаn ds &larian Bar­

the wаt еr

on Volt won thе individual, gаin­ ing this o с untrt's solе viсt ory in thе history of thе sport. Thе flrst l0Иorld Championships werе

Allhusen on Loсh invar was safеly round, but Jane Bullen's our NoЬb y (thе littlе horsе ttrat had won at Badminton in the

I t wаs

iЬ еr kес i

sсh еd ulеd for Burghley in 1966, u Ь t an pre­ outbreak of Afriсan Horsе Siсk nеss vеn ted thе movement of horses throughout

uЕ rope.

Nеvеr thеlеss,

I reland,

the

U.s.s.R. and the Unitеd Statеs ovеr aс mе the veterinary ban у Ь flying their horses dirеtс to n Е gland and a gallant band from Argentine made the mammoth journey by sеа, their horsеs rеg aining hеalth and vig­ quarantinе. our during a month' s enforсеd I t provеd worthwhilе' sinсe Argentine's М ratorio, Tokyo silver medallist, Carlos o put up а pеr formanсе worthy of thе first I D7orld Champion. I rеland, аlways а dash­ ing and joyous partiсipant in Threе­ Day vЕ ents) aсh ievеd the tеаm titlе at lаst, with Е diе Boуlаn , Tom their supеr b tеam of d

Brеn nan,

Pеn ny Moreton and Virginia

Freeman­Jаkс son.

I rеlands first internаt ional еvеn t wаs thе uЕ ropеan Championships, held at Punсh еstown, in L967 . The organization was good and thе hospitalitу

thе Argentinian teсh niсаl

genеr ous,

but

delеg atе had thought it еsЬ t to add an apron of gorsе to fеnе,с thе front of eaсh stеeplеh с asе with I relands dЕ diе Boylan disastroц s еf fеtс . won the individuаl titlе with Durlas iЕ le, on whiсh he had won Bаd minton two yеаr s earliеr , аn d Britain a с rried away thе team title.

jumps into torrents. Dеr ek

wеn t

Prinсеss

to something of an outsidеr , on Doublet. This brilliant

Annе

she wаs lаt er to losе in most distres­ sing iс rсu mstanсеs' the horsе brеaking a hind leg during gentlе еxerсisе at home. Dеspitе hеr suсеsс s at Burghlеy , Prinсеss

horsе

Annе

was oс nsidеr ed

insuffiсiеn tlу for thе olympiс Games at u М niсh in 1972. Thе British tеam, how­ еv еr , took thе gold mеd al, and Riсh ard expeгiеnеd с

еa М dе, sеr viсе

at last, аf tеr

many yеаr s'

sterling

spring) slippеd

in thе tеаm , won a well­dеserved (and Britain's first) individual gold. This momеn t of triumph markеd the end of Britain's sеo с nd yс lс e of intеr na­ tional suсeс ss. Gеr many won thе tеam'

Bеn

and Russiа

and fеll twiсе. I t was lеf t to Jonеs on The Poaсh er and Riсh ard еa М dе on Cornishman V to perform epiс fеats of valour to bring thе tеam out on top. They took thе gold mеdаl and Allhusen thе individual silvеr , bеh ind Franсе's J. Guyon on Pitou.

with his ownеr '

Rеu nitеd

Gordon­\ 07'atson, Cornishmаn

uЕ ropеan

аrМ y

won

thе

individuаl

h с ampionship at Haras­du­Pin thе following year and Bri­

tain thе tеam titlе' with what amounted to с nd her .sеo elevеn ', although it inсludеd Bеn Jonеs on The Poaсh er. These two greаt horsеs (who both have thе distinсt ion

to thе British tеam's viс­ intеr nationаl tory in fivе suсеsс sivе h с ampionships or Olympiс Games) again in 1970, for thе figured in thе tеаm World Championships at Punсh еstown' by Riсh аr d Thе Poaсh еr riddеn this timе of o с nш ibuting

.Nlеаd е.

An insubstantial fеneс oс nstruсt еd on с usеd а lot of thе brink of a shаr p drop a and oс llеtс еd at Punсh еstown trouЬlе muсh rс itiсism, but thе British tеam sur­ с ampionship and vivеd to win the tеam h a М ry Gordon­I Jfаt son, on Cornishman' thе

individual.

Britain won Championships at Burghley the following sulnrner, but thе individuаl Nobodу

thе u Е ropеan

was surprisеd whеn

Е ropеan titlе thе individual u

at

I (iеv in 1973' and thе Unitеd Statеs took the \ DTorld Championships by storm at BurgЫеy

1I :,I 974. Amегia с 's Bruсе

son) on I гish Cаp , won

thе

Dаvid­

individual title.

Things perked up a bit for Britain in 1975' whеn Luсindа LuhmuЫen

at

Prior­Palmer won on Bе Fair and Prinсess Anne was seсond on Goodwill, but thе team h с ampionship slipped from thе of thе first all­giл l tеam, lеaving the

to o с llеtс

thе

grаsp

USSR

lаu rеls.

The various phases of the Three­Day Event. below left: Riсh ard Meade and Mаj . Derek AlI husen,s Lаu rieston in the show jumping ohase' below middle.' Тh e sаm e horse and с u rse at the M u niсh rider on the rс oss o с u ntrУ o o| ympiсs where they Won individua | а nd teа m go| d medаI s. below right: Here they both on their dressage phase. right.. o с nсentrate HRH Prinсess Anne and DoUblet at Badminton ,l97,l' in Thev were to win the uЕ ropean Championships at Burgh| eу | ater the sаm e yeаr . Тh ree­Day Eventing is the o с mp| ete test с vers aI l aspeсt s of for hoгsе and rider, аs it o с I mness for horsemanshio: obedienсe аn d a the dressage on the first dаy ; bo| dness and on the seсond day; and speed aсr oss countгУ с urse on the third the abiI ity to jUmp a smaI l o and finа| dav.

Australia,s gold medаls in 1960. с nsis­ The Unitеd Statеs hаs had а vеr y o с rd right from the stаr t, tеn t olympiс rеo and thеir progI ammе of national fixtц r еs Canada is a kееn

dеa с dеs.

of

с uplе in thе last o

eп ormously

has gтown

pаr tiсipant

too.

and Argеn tina havе alwаys had а аn d thesе four ш аd ition strong еq uеstrian mainstay of thе havе been thе o с untriеs

e М xiсo

held at vЕ еn t, Thrеe­Dаy Pan­Amеr iсаn regular intеr vals sinсe 1955. Jаp an, too, has adoptеd tlre spoц though it has lеss oppoгt unity thаn most for intеr national o с mpeuuon. vЕ ent tradi­ thе TЬr е­ Day I n uЕ гo1rе,

to grow' notаb ly

tion has oс ntinuеd

in

Swеd en, Holland, Germany, Swiи еr lаn d, ups aп d Therе hаvе bееn I taly and Fгаnе.с

downs (in Swеd еn ,

Thтeе­ for instяnе'с for altogеt heг disappеarеd following a fatal aсiс ­ almost a dеa с dе, genеr al devеlopment has dеn t), but тh е o с un­ Е ropеаn aЕ stern u beеn maintаinеd . thе followеd suit ­ pаr tiсu lагly ш ies hаvе U.S.S.R., Poland, Bulgaria and Rumania.

Day vЕ еn ts

Top Ameriсan rider Mike

P| umb аn d his horse Better and Betterwel| through the Wаt er o с mp| ex at Bromont neаr Montreа| , 1976. Above aс pt' Mark Phi| | ips on Favour in the Lake аt Badminton'

Both thеse leading ladiеs wегe in thе Olympiсs in М ntrеal Bгitish team for t} rе o | 976, bllt Bе Fair slippеd a ligament on tеst, o с mpleting the spееd and еn durаnес in a fa| | o с nсu ssеd Prinсеss Arrnе was (though shе геm ountеd

аn d

o с mplеt еd

фе

аn d Hugh evеn t most rс еditаbly) Thomads horse broke down. OnlY с lVleade, riding аn inexperiеn еd Riсh аr d now iл his fourtlr с mPеt ing horsе and o to finish wеll up was аb lе olympiс Gаm еs,

thе linе,

in fourth plaсе.

Thе

muсh ­ of tеam on tlre rс еst fanсied Unitеd Stаt еs took a riсt rly­ thе internationаl wаvе, and also thе team gold mеd аl, dеsеr vеd individual gold and silvеr by Tаd Coffin

Plumb rеspeсt ively. For Britаin tlren, Three­Dаy vЕ еn ting stаr ted with а bang in 1949. Badminton of prеParatory sparkеd off а suсеs с sion have grown onе­ day evеn ts and thеsе

аn d ,&likе

stеadily

in numЬеr ' еf fiсienсy

аn d

populaг­

ity evеr sinсе. Controllеd by thе B'H.S.'s the spoгt Combinеd Trаining Committее, pгog­ has taken firm root, with a paсkеd гaп lmе of

and a гegistry of annuаl fiхt цr еs с mpetitors, most of whom of o

hundrеd s tаke part simply for fuц witlr no aspiтa. с untry' tions to ridе foг their o are witlr Populаr though tlrеsе еvеn ts it is diffiсu lt for howеvеr , o с mpеt itors, еn ough money to bе really tlrеm to mаk е sponsors and o с mmеr iс аl self­suffiсiеn t, support. Bad­ have providеd invaluаb le thеir boт} r hаv е minton and BurgЫey, с ntri­ sPonsors, аn d т1rе prizе money тh ey o thе winп ers towards thе butе аt lеast hеlр o с m­ high o с st of keeping а hoгsе for tlrеsе pеt itions.

fortunе

| n| 969,* rе B.H'S. had thе good to find a sponsor for its offiсiаl

horse trials, in thе lVlidland Bank, a part­

nегship whiсh has playеd an im1rortаn t paft ifl o с nsolidating the spoгt in Britain. с untry to havе Britаin is not the only o a postwar boom in Three­Dаy ещ > еr iеne с d

I relands progrЪss vЕ еn ting. I rish o с mpеt itors similaг, sinсе

hаs

beеn havе тid­ dеn at Badminton ftom the start. I nterеst to Australia and thеn to Nеw Zeа­ sprеаd

land, who гёiес ved

grеat

stimulus from

lVlost o с untriеs

iional Thrее. Day to thеir

domеstiс

havе

vЕ ent

at least one

intегn a­

in addition o с m­ Thеsе

a year,

pгograп r me.

and impoгt arrсе rеlievеd of the фtitions, are h с аm pionship, solеm nity of аn offiсiаl affаirs and extrеm ely friеn dly, еn joyablе goodwill. do muсh to fostеr intегп аt ionаl

But тlrе Tfuее­ Day anothег

of dеvеlopmеn t large­sсalе as a wholе hаs hаd vЕ еn ts rеsult _ onе whiсh would havе

thе heaп of Count von Rosеn ­ in thе improvеm еn t аn d that is a stеаd y stаn dаr d of fimеss аn d training of the horses tаk ing part and thе general stаt e of с mpеt itors' amoп g st o Prеp аr ation therе is still plеn ty ofroom for Ofсoursе but it must bе a sourсе of improvеm еn t, thаt , by oс n­ o с nsiderable sаt isfаtс ion аn d hoгsеs with thе bеst с mpаro Ь n tinual o ridегs ovеr thе best­built most suсеsс sful striv­ and o с nstаn t с untгiеs' couгsеs iп all o ing for suсeс ss' standаr ds arе being sеt whiсh arе improviп g thе lot of hoгsеs tlrе аr e no longeг a neсes­ world ovеr . IЕ orsеs but а souгес of sity of lifе to most pеoplе, plеasure. I t is fitting thаt they should rеap thе bеn еf it of a sport in whiсh thеy play gallаn t 16lе. suсh а vitаl аn d

фaddеn ed

t| AU| Ntj & HAсEH0RsЕs

in thе important intеr national invitation

gаinеd

event гu n

raсеh orsе1

NovеmеrЬ

еv еr y

at Lauгеl Park,

a М rylаn d.

Dahlia was Charming Alibis daughter a stallion who wаs a by Vaguеly Noblе, produсt of thе bеst British Thoroughbrеd linеs аn d won Franсе' s riсh est raсе, the Priх dе l'Aгс de Tгiomphе, befoге being sеn t to stud in thе Unitеd Statеs. onе of sons, Vaguеly Noblе' s many suсe с ssful m Е pеr y, was shippеd from Amеr iсa to Franсe haа a lеg аt еah с o с rnеr , a head at onе еn d and a tail at thе othеr . His kас Ь had nеveг fеlt a saddlе and he was only a littlе ovеr 12 months old. So what mяd e thе h yeaгling o с еstnut с lt worф thе pгie с s1'500,000 _ a world­rеo с rd for any аn imal_ that a syndiсatе paid of Cаn adiаn s foг him аt thе l(ееn еland Salеs in Ken­ ruсky in thе summеr of L976? Thе short :ц lswег is thаt hе wаs, or would be whеn mаt ured, a raсehorsе, аn d his pеdigrее iл d iсatеd him to bе a prime ехample of that

JЕ в t. J.

swiftеst of Тh oroughbгеd .

all thе equinе This supеr b

brееd s, the brееd was e с nturу Britаin,

еstаb lishеd in sevеn teenth pегf tес еd thтough a judiсious prograп r mе of sеltес ivе breeding in manу of thе o с un­ тi е s to whiсh it has sprеad and now, in thе final quartеr of thе twеn tiеt h e с ntury, it is thе bаsis of an intеr nationаl industry link­ irrg five o с ntinеn ts.

Тh is

global o с nnеtс ion bеo с mеs еvi­ from an еxаm ination of thе rеo с rd­ priсеd аn e с stors' IЕ is siгe wаs уеаr ling,s dеn t

Seсr etariat, onе horses of rеe с nt

stц d stаkеs.

in

1973, His dam

marе Charming half­Ьr othеr to thе

с of thе grеatest Amегiаn yеats who, on rеt iring to had won $1,316,808 in was the top Amегia с n raсе Alibi, whiсh makes him а h с ampion filly Dahlia.

owned by аn Amеr iсan but in trаinеd Fгanсe, Dahlia twiсе won Bгitairt's riсh еst гaе'с thе King Gеorge VI and Quееn

lЕ izabеt h геt ц r ned

Stаkеs

аt

Asсot.

to thе land of hеr

Shе

also

birth to triumoh

the raсing

to lеаr n

gamе

in 1976' rс ossеd thе nЕ glish lс аssiс win Britain's pгеm iег

and thеn , to thе

Chаn nеl гaе,с

Dеr by at pЕ som. m Е pery, likе DaШ ia, ran in thе ownег­ ship of an Amеr iсan, lVI г Nеlson Bunkеr Hunt, who o с ntrols a raсing еm pire with rеPrеsentativеs in Australia, Nеw Zеaland, Canada, Franсе, n Е gland, and I reland, as wеll аs in his homе oс untry. Aп other pег­ son who oPеr ates on an intегn аt ional sсale

is an nЕ glishmаn , Mr Robert Sangster, who аt the most rееn с t o с unt had 95 marеs sprеad аr ound studs in u Е rope, Ameriсa аn d Australia, in addition to owning or having shaгes in numeгous stallions. Somе

of thеsе

аr е

flown to Austrаliа

for thе

southеr n hemisphеr е o с vеr ing sеason whiсh runs from August to Novembеr , rеt urning to stand in I rеland foг thе thеге from February to May. The British rаеhс oгsе Gгu ndy, bгеd аt thе Overbury Stud in Glouсеstershirе, net­ tеd 1188'375 with suсеs с sеs in thе Dеr by bеf orе

sеason

аn d

King Gеoгgе

VI аn d Quееn

lЕ izаb еt h

Stаkеs

in L975 for Dr Carlo Vittadini, an

I taliаn

whosе horsеs o с mpеt е

аl 1

ovег

uЕ ropе. But it is Jаp аn that has shown thе gтeatеst inсr еаsе in raсing and breеding interеsts in the yеars sinсe 1945. Onе lеad­ ing Japanеse owner, I { Lr Zenуa Yoshеd a, has stud farms in Hokkаido and Kеn tuсk y maintaining somе 250 brood mаr еs and25

stallions. Thеsе, arе thе men at thе top. of o с ursе, But raсing,s pyramid rеsts firmly on thе o с untless enthusiasts whosе plеasure is

from owning pеr haps just one from sеeing it аrс ry thеir o с l­

ours in somе minor raсе аt an unfashion­ prizе money ­ еvеn aЬlе tгkас , whеr е thе assuming it managеd to win _ would go onlу а littlе way towards гo ес uping thе o с st of kеeping it in trаining. I n Britain, whеr е prizе monеy lags faг еh Ь ind most ot} rеr important raсing o с untriеs, tгaining fees аn с amount to as muсh аs !2'500 a year, .aveгаg е and аlс u с lations hаvе fixеd thе _ а figurе aсh iеvеd loss еxpeсt аt ion' bу mеasuring annual o с sts against winning potеn tial (аssuming еq ual shaгеs of the total) _ at about

pеr

annum.

'1,800 pay­ suсh a loss in faсt rеpresеn ts mеn t for sport еn joyed might аp pеar small yеt thе lurе of the raсetrаkс o с nsolаt ion, provtde thе royal rеm ains. A raсеh orsе с аn road I o riсh еs аlthough thе vast mаj ority simply rщ n up bills. But the glаm our of thе o с ursе' thе tingling ехiс tеm еn t of thе raсe, аn d еven thе attraсt ion of thе additional Thаt

soсial

doors that ownегship

mеаn s that thеr е losers.

аn с

is no shortаg е

of

opеn ,

willing

I n its еаr liеst days the o с st of raсing would havе bееn of sсant o с nсern to par­ tiсipants. Not foг nothing doеs it still a с гr y thе old tag .thе spoгt of kings'. I t wаs a rеigп ing monarсh _ King Charlеs I I _ who was responsiblе foг its fiгst major stеp for­ ward in Britain, а o с untry whеr е raсing in some form or anothег had been praсt isеd siтr ес тh e arrival of the Romans. Thе Romans had probablу piсkеd

it up from thе

Grееks, for еvеn ts involviл g mounted horsеs wеr е rеo с гd ed in thе olympiс Gamеs of 642 в.с Rеo с rds of horsе raсing in Britain prior to thе sixtееn th еn с nlry аr е fеw . I t was mеr еlу a knightly pastime, with one noblеm an

matсh ing himsеlf

and his horsе

The sport of kings and the king of spoгt s. The arena for the Thoroughbred, swiftest of all equines. bred to raсe and possib| y to net mа ny thousands on the traсk.

с H0RsЕs RAсlNG & в AE

rathеr as thеy tеsted thеir agаinst anothеr ' prowеss with lanсе and sword in thе joust­ еstaЬ­ sflrds wеr е ing tournamеn ts. Roуаl

lishеd under the later Tudors and еarlу Stuarts, at н ampton Court, Tutbury and aftеr thе only to bе dispегsеd еlsеw heге' Civil \ aИ r had lеf t Olivеr Cromwеll as thе powег in thе land. I Gng с е With thе Rеstoration аm Charlеs

оf

I I , a mаn

whiсh

of sevеr al

passions _ one

was for horse raсing.

IЕ e

гound the litt1е town of Newmаr ket in Suffolk, whеr e his grand­ а hunting fаt hеr ' Jamеs I , had еstаb lishеd his father, Chaгles I , had lodgе, and whеr е in 1634. Charles с p raсе thе fust u еn dowеd o с mpetitor and orgаn izer, I I wаs oЬ Й using his roуal authority to arlangе raсеs' in disputеs. еstablish rules and arbitrаt е Until his timе most raсеs had bееn thаt is just гw o horsеs laсing to mаt h с еs' Ь tweеn thеir sеt tle an аr gument of wagеr e thе provi­ с uraged owners. Thе king еno с sh _ to bе с ps or a sion of speсial prizеs _ u dеvеlopеd

o с ntеsted

­

thе sport

by largeт fiеlds'

Arabians _ aсh iеvеd but thеir

suсеsс s,

stoсk

the nativе

littlе

raсing

sire of pеr haps

raсеh orse

thе most fаm ous

with that of of all timе, lс Е ipsе: wаs bredin | 764Ьу was to havе a profound lс Е ipsе

thе

Duke of

run in heаt s of Tur\ ing 1 l I Gng, s Platеs ­ rаеsс Godolphin 6.4km (4 mi] es) in whiсh runnеr s had to as the six­ carry 76kg (l2 st). Onе of thе еsЬ t­known pfuasеs in the annals of the British Turf' was moving into thе sevеn ­ с uld .Еlс ipsеf irst,therеstnowhеr е',wasсoinеd time thеir importеr s o

stallions

ous еastern

aсt ual

blood, mixеd

­

thе Byеr lеy

and thе Britаin ­ who rеahс еd Aтabian

the Darleу Arabiаn

с ntury tеenth e At thе tееn th. havе had pгiес ous

littlе idеа of thе­ еn oтm ­ .o.'..q,'.nсes of their aсt ion. First to аr rivе was thе Bуerlеy Turk. He got his nаm e from his owneт, а Colonеl a с ptured him from thе Turks Bуeгlеy, who at thе Battlе of Budа. For sevеr al yеaI s thе

o,.,,

usеd

o с lonеl

and

с аг g е r , the horse аs his h

by his ownеr '

I rishman namеd a с lled

аw ay

a somеw hat disrеputable whеn Dеn nis o'I (еllу '

upon to forеa с st

the result of his first

from his opponents thrее­ quaI tеr s

of

and the lеvel

hеathlands аr ound Newmarkеt wеr e idеal for the staminа­ testing 6.4 km (4 mile) gal­ In subiеtс еd . wеr е lops to whiсh thе horsеs fаtс , it wаs not iust a mattеI of distanсe, aftеr only dеiс dеd weге most of the rаеsс thrеe or fоu r heats, separated by about running. еah с hаlf­an­hour bеt wееn Up to this time, horses usеd for raсing and proЬаb ly wеr e nеarly all nativе­rЬ еd , с r­ diffеr ed littlе from thе animals whiсh a jour­ riеd thеir owners on thеir evеr ydаy nеуing. I n

the north there weгe fast poniеs

.HobЬy I rеland had its аlс lеd .Gallowaуs; horsеs'' But fгom thе rеign of Quеen

aftег 4 О с nsul in by Thomаs Dаr ley, British o Al.ppo,,. .a horse of еxquisitе eЬ auqy'. He Thе

Darlеу

hе had bееn

did­makе

Arabian was desсгibеd Е gland iп to n

sent homе

a mаr k

with his first gеn еr ation

progeny, siring Flying Childеr s

rulу

grеat raсеh otsе

Bartlеt d s brothеr , lаt tеl bеаu с sе ес urse оn thе raсo vessе1s),

с rne hе bеa

17

thе

­

­

whеr е

1729from Franсе, beеn

disсovеr ed

pulling а

he is said to havе tfuough с п o с al a

thеstrееt sofPatis Cokе.

Coke lаt еr

s

phinandthеh orsе

thе firsт

and through thе s Childers (usеless of,wеak grеat­grеаt

blood­

graп d ­

raсеh orsе

Nlan O'Wаr ,

who, affeсt ionatеly

RAсlNG & BAсEH0п sts

nаm еd

.Big

Was to Amеr iсan

Red

I aсеg oеI s

' of thе l920s whаt

rvаs to e Ь

50 у еars

Sеrс еt аr iat

togеt hеr

later.

his suprе­ maсу on thе Tuгf and аt stud, the Thoroughbrеd was still еvolving. Consi­ dеr еd in tеr ms of Darwinian theory its !(zhilе lс Е ipsе

dеvеlopment г аt е ,

for aftеr

was еn joying

proсеd еd at an outstаn ding less than 100 уеars it wаs fully as аn indеpendеnt гeЬ ed,

еstablishеd rvhosе abilitiеs unсh angеd еv еr thе гaеh с orsеs given distаnес

ninetееn th

hаvе sinсе'

геm ainеd largеlу The еvidenсе thаt

of thе

1970s аn с o с vеr a slightly fаstеr thаn their

еn с tury

o с unterpafts,

door of irnprovеd suгеlу bе laid аt thе going, o с ursеs and oс nsequent еtЬ tеI

a с n

with morе еn lightеn еd

аn d sсiеn .

mеt hods' tifiс training and managеm еn t and the modеr n riding stylеs whiсh

aсt ivеly

assist thе

horsе' s movеm еn t.

I ting Charlеs I I won at lеast onе raсе аt Nеw markеt , where his favouritе horsе* old Rowleу, gavе his nаm е to raсing,s bеst с urse, the Rowlеу. I vlilе. known l,600m o I n his daу thе аr istoсr аt iс ownеr s not infrеq uеn tly rodе their оWn horsеs' but аs agе of the sportprogrеssеd , so еn tered thе the pгofessionel joсkеy, to bе followеd latеr bv thс profеssionaI trai;rеt ­ Cоц r ses

Above

George stubbs, portгаit of Eс| ipse, one of the outstаn ding raсehorses of al| time; foa] ed in 1­] 64 and n€ bеaten. v ег Below aЕ r| у mоr ning exerсise fоr a trainer,s string at Newmarket, one of thе world.s most fаm ous гaiс ng e с п t res.

bеg an to sрr ing up all ovеr thе o с unш у in the еаr ly eighteеn th еlс tury but.lт' аn y of plaсеs. them werе disrеp uтablе х еp сЕ t аt

King ClЙr :lеs тr ladе оvеr all o с n­trol was.lах . Chатlеs wаs aidеd yЬ .a Dotsеt squirе _^ l т­ ^ ­^ ­­..^ 11 ­ ^ ^ ^ ­. of. ­t named Trеg onrгell FtаD.­_:.^ m рf on, a sort royal. rаr ing rnanаgrс ­сiim.trаinеt 1ryho;

Nеw maтket, and kеp t

thе

whеr e

rulеs,

j .

.

.] .

RAс| NG & в AH Ес 0RsEs

:

I

following his mastе1s dеath' his position of influenсе undеr

whosе еаr ly

maintainеd

four suс­

sovеr еigns. Onе was Queen Annе, who was responsiЬle for thе o с nstruсt ion ес ц r sе of thе rаo at Asсot in Berkshire' now thе venuе of what must bе the most notаlЬ е I aсе mееt ing in the world _ the four days of Royal Asсot еvеr y Junе. Thе gаp lеf t whеn Frampton diеd was not fillеd for a o с uplе of dеaс dеs, but around 1750 a с me an event whiсh was to havе tlrе utmost signifiсаn е.с This wаs thе formation of thе Joсkеy Club by а group of sportsmen at Nеw mаr ket. I ts original aim was to regularizе аn d o с ntrol raсing аt its own еn с trе, аn d this wаs evеn tually aсh ievеd over a fаiтly lengthy period yЬ methodiсal aсq uisition of thе frееh old thеr e of all lands on whiсh thе sport took plaсe. \ DИith this proсess o с mplеt еd , thе author­ Club bеaс mе the suprеm е Joсkеy ity over this small o с rnеr of Suffol\ аn d its right to .wam off аn y whom it o с nsiderеd undеsirablе с gnized yЬ thе o с urts wаs rеo

e с ssivе

in 1827. Graduallу thе

lс ub's influеnес

was

until аll raсeoс ursеs try aс me under its aеgis.

in thе o с цn­ I t assumed rеsponsiЬiliry for sanсt ioning traсks, approving prograп lmes, liсensing offiсials and framing thе rеg ulations. I ts rulе wаs absolute and it bеаm с e thе modеl on whiсh similar authoritiеs wеr е set up in the mаn у

extеn dеd

othеr o с untriеs to whiсh was spreading.

the Thorough­

rЬ еd

Thе Joсkey Club was, and still is, a sеlf­ powеr s еltес еd o Ь dу, with еxuес tivе invеstеd in its stеw ards. I n thе latе еight­ eеn th and niл еt eenth еn с turiеs' suсh powеr

was oftеn

in the hands of onе forсе­

ful personality. One of thе first was foundеr ­memЬer,

Sir Charles

a

Bunbury'

lс aim

to fаm е

was as thе

his rulе thе rЬ еd еr of Highflyеr . Undег CluЬ was strong еn ough in 1791, to Joсkеy of Valеs, later Gеorgе warn off the Prinсе

I V, aftеr аn inquiry into thе suspiсious thе running of o с nсеr ning iс rсu mstanсеs sЕ a с pе. a horsе аlс led Bunburу ownеd Diomed, winner of thе at p Е som thаt was to first running of a rаес the thе worlds prеm ier .сlassiс' , bеo с me Dеr by. This wаs in 1780 whеn thе move­ ment away from tlre 6.4km (4 milе) raсеs momenrum and when of old was gаt hеr ing с m­ thе raсing of younger horses wаs bеo ing morе fashionaЬlе. Halfiray through horses raсеd the sevеn teenth еn с tЦr y fеw old. I n 1744' bеf orе thеу wеr е fivе у е аr s fouг­ yеar­old raсing was introduсеd , to bе followed a dozen yеars later yЬ raсes for threе­ уear­olds. SuЬsequently rаеsс werе brought in for two­yеаr ­olds

fеw

sеasons,

and еven, for

a

for yеarlings. The oldеst raсе in existenсе ­ the July

two­yеar­old _ was fust с Stakеs, thеn of 50 guinеas eаh гu n over 1,000m (five furlongs) in 1786 at it hаs еnЬ hеld еvеr y Nеw markеt , whеr e уear sinсe.

But it was thе thrее­ yeаr ­olds

whiсh

thе аn imals for the pattern of sup­ bеa с mе raсes _ designеd to reme tests _ thе lс аssiс с pаlЬ е еstablish thе ideai ThoroughЬr ed a of raсing over 1,600m (1 mile) in thе spring through to 2,800 (1% milеs) in the autumn. Thе series begins with thе raсеs

at Newmarkеt in April over thе Rowlеy с lts (estaЬ­ iМ le, thе 2,000 Guinеаs for o lishеd in l809), and thе filliеs' equivalеn t, (18r4). Thеse are fol­ thе 1'000 Guinеаs lowеd by the 2,400m (1Иz milе) tеsts on pЕ som's downland iс rсu it in.&lay or Junе, thе Dеr by аn d oaks (for fillies, first run in 1779). and tlren thе oldеst

of thеm

а11.

thе

An engraving аp с tures unсh anged eхiс tement as the winners pass the post at the end of a rаe с at Asсot Heath.

2,800m Donсаstеr

(17+

(1778) at thе

mile) St Lеg еr

Sеp tеm bеr mееt ing. era _ and it was that dеiс dеd it would

Sir Chаr lеs Bunbury's thе toss of a o с in

onlу

e Ь

Lord Derby's name and not his that Е som by thе p

would bе pегp еt uatеd

lс assiс

­ also saw anothеr signifiсant dеvelop­ mеn t. This was thе introduсt ion of thе handiсap,

riеd yЬ danсе еq uаlize

a

in whiсh

raсе

thе

wеights a с r­

thе horses are allottеd in aсoс r­ with thеir known ability so as to thеir

I n thе first impor­

h с anсеs.

tant handiсap, thе Oatlands Stаkеs аt Asсot in 1791, the uЬ rdеn s imposed ftom 57 kg (9 st) to 33 kg (5 st 3 lb). grеatly inсr еаsеd rаiс ng,s hold Handiсаp s as they beсamе thе most on the puЬliс, populаr mеd ium for еtЬ ting. Bеt ting rеm ains thе spords prinсipal attraсt ion and, in the modern era, its main sourсе of rangеd

finanсе.

Wagеr ing bеt wееn

had always еxistеd , but

grеw

individuals

as publiс

interest

so did publiс bеt ting, their needs

being a с tered foг bу

mеn who

еас horsе. ing odds agаinst h

offеr еd

vаr y­

Thesе

mеn through earnеd thе nаm е of bookmaker, their hаb it of reсording details of transaс­ tions in notеb ooks. Sir Chаr lеs Bunbury was followed at thе

of Joсkey CluЬ

affairs by Lord During his oс mpara­ tivеly short rеign, this gеn tleman was responsiblе for numеr ous innovations, hеad

Gеorgе

Bеn tinсk.

among thеm thе

numbеr ing

of horsеs,

thе

introduсt ion of raсaес rds and modеr ately starting yЬ means of a flag' Hе еf fiсiеn t played an important part in exposing the Running Rein fraud, when the o с lt of thаt

RAс| NG

Тh e 1851

raсe at York in FI ying Dutсh mаn No| tigeur . Тh e former horse won this gieat matсh , a

to thе allowаnес amount idеn tiсal his published sсalе indiсatеd a

four­yеar­old over 3.2 km I n thе еvеn t Thе Flying bу Dutсh mаn с п t еst won thе еlс еb ratеd o as .а short what is quaintlу dеsrс iЬed

old should give

triumph in hаn diсapping.

whiсh fivе­ yеaг­

а

(2 milеs) in a М y.

nаm е

was later four­year­old namеd

who won the 1834 Dеr by

proved to hаvе bееn а

b саМ еu s.

1еn gttt'.

Lord Gеorgе

аlso

еаr nеd

ing history whеn

thе

'vannеd

a

niсh e in rа­с

horsе lЕ is was to win thе 1836 St

to Donсastеr virtu­ Legеr . At that timе horsеb oxеs wеr е ally unknown and horses wеге rеq uirеd to .Whеn ес ursеs. it bеaс mе walk to thе rаo known that lЕ is was still in his stablе in thе south of n Е gland a fеw days bеf orе thе St Lеg er' thе oЬ okmakеr s, assuming a non­ appеaranсе on thе day, еxtеn dеd thе odds. lЕ is wаs plаеdс in a spеiс ally­built van in drаw n by teams of horsеs аn d аr rivеd

timе to land a substantial

gamble for his

o с nnеtс lons.

Third and last of thе Tцr f .diсt ators' wаs Admiral Rous. Though hе was o с rrеtс ly desсr ibеd as the .first grеat and spеn ding a grеаt dеаl of

handiсapper', his timе аlс ­

с lly u с lating thеse wеights, paradoхia he cisapproved of handiсaps, rеf егr ing to thеm as.boons to bad horsеs'. Hе is prinсi­ pally rеm еm bеr ed for thе sсalе of wеight­ [ or­agе allowanсes hе drеw up to bе usеd in non­handiсap raсеs. Rous's sсalе is basi­ a с lly thе same as that still in usе today) oveг 100 yеars latеr .

One of Rous's most famous handiсap­

ping aсh iеvemеn ts was foг thе Grеаt Mай h of 1851 betwееn Thе Flying Dutсh man _ thе winnеr of thе DerЬу and St Lеg еr in 1849, and Voltigеu r, who won following year. Thе the samе two raсеs thе manу hours Admiгal is said to havе spеn t dеlibеr аt ing, but finally dеrс еd that thе oldег

horsе should

o с nсеd e

4 kg

(8 7z

lb), an

Throughout this timе raсing had been in othеr lаn ds. I n North dеvеloping dеvoid of horsеs until Ameriсa' a o с ntinеn t arrival of the settlers from thе еastеm it еxistеd in еarly oс loniаl hemisphеr е, it aс nnot havе days. As suсlц howеvеr , с unt, sinсe thе first prior­ bеen of muсh aсo ity was to import horsеs suitable for agriсu lturаl work. beсause raсing_ so a с llеd Quarter IЕ orsе it was pгtас isеd on rouglц quartег­ milе sш ips lс еared in thе virgin forеsts _ еn j oyеd bгief popularity and the Quarter rЕ orsеs of todаy aге thе fastеst of all еq uines over a 4oorn (2 furlongs) gallop. But thе sport proper did not gain a real hold until aftеr thе revolutionary war' whеn among manу influеn tial horsеs importеd from Britain Bunbury's Dеr bу was Siг Chаr lеs winnеr Diomеd . A failurе at sfud in nЕ gland, hе was 21 eЬ fore aгr iving in North Ameriсa whеr е he soon bеg an to produсе offspring of fine quality. Anothеr horsе, .Nlеdlеy, who rеah с ed Ameriса in 1784' was also to havе аn enormous effeсt on thе еvolution two of the Amеr iсan Thoroughbгеd , whilе of thе most suсe с ssful sirеs in thе history thе

of raсing in thе Nеw

World

wеr е

who arгived in 1830 and was fivе timеs lеаd ing sirе, and Glеn o с е, who lеf t an indeliblе mаr k on both sidеs of thе

Lеviathan,

oсеan.

stallion of The greatеst Amеr iсan­brеd thе ninetееn th e с ntury was Lexington, h с ampion sirе on

no fewеr

than 16 oсa с ­

& RAсн 0 Е RsЕs

sions, but stigmatй ed in Britain yЬ e Ь ing ineligiblе foг tЬe Gеn erаl Stud Book. The геstliсt ivе lс auses whiсh pre­ vеn tеd thе inсlusion of аn y of his stoсk, pronounсеd

prinсipally

inш oduсеd in 1913 by thе thеn Е glish Joсkеу stеw ard of thе n Club, Lord Jersey (thе mеasurеs were rеf еr red to rеm аinеd as .thе sеn ior

in еxistеneс Jеr sey Aсt ') lD7orld War. until aftеr thе Sеoс nd Lexington's a с reer spanned the pеr iod .War, of the Civil whiсh shattеr еd raсing and brеeding in thе southеr n statеs. But

apаес in thе north dеvеlopmеn t o с ntinuеd с mе а ma jor e с ntrе Nеw York bеa ­ togеt her with thе mid and far wеst, as well .borde1 statеs of м aryland and Ken­ as thе

_ wheге

tuсky. Thе

thrеe­year­old raсеs lс аssiс all institutеd in thе dеaс dе following

wеr е

the Civil Waг. First a с mе the Bеlmont Stаkes in l867, o с mmemoгating the namе of а leading owner аn d

brееd er

of the day,

August Bеlmont. Sinсe 1905 this raсе has bееn run at thе famous Nеw York o с ursе' Bеlmont Park, ovеr 2,4О0rn (1Уz milеs). I t

was followеd bу thе Prеakness Stаkеs (1,900 m' I rnile I zУ furlongs) еstablished in 1873 on thе Pimliсo oс urse near Bаlti­ morе, a М rylаn d, аn d in l875' by thе I (en­ (2,000 m' 1У+ miles) at h tuсky Dеr by с ur­ h с ill Downs, Louisville, I (еn tuсk1'. Thus .Triplе Crown' prograп r mе тh e Amегiаn с is of an ovеr аll lеssеr distanсe than its nЕ glish аn d Frеnh с o с untеr pаr ts' a trеn d o с ntinuеd throughout the Unitеd Statеs a с lendar, whiсh has relativеly fеw impor­ tant tests longеr

Thе

than 2'4o0rn (1Уu miles).

40 years following the

.Goldеn

Civil

.!Йar

аг е

Agе' of raс­ ing in the Unitеd States (and during it Amеr iсan­brеd hoгsеs e Ь gan to o с mе to Britain aсh iеving no littlе suсеsс s, notablу I roquois, winnеr of thе p Е som Dеr bу­ jn somеt imеs

tеr med thе

t2l

& RAсH Е 0RsEs

RА|с NG

1881)' but they also had a darkеr side. The sport's image was beсoming inсr еasinglу

thе mаlpraсt iсes

tarnishеd through tflosе o с nсernеd

with .making a fast in 1894 of a

solеly

vЕ еn the formation CluЬ on simi] .аr linеs

buсl{ . Joсkеy

orgаn izаt ion failеd

of puЬliс

of

British rising tide

to thе

to stеm thе

indignation, whiсh

was

suffiсiently strong to lead to raсing being banned or severelу u in stаt е after с rtailеd statе.

only aМ rylаn d and I (еn tuсky еsa с ped and еvеn in l(еn tuсky thе thrеat was u Ь t narrowly avеr tеd . Shortly bеf ore thе 1908 I (еn tuсky Dеr by, the lVl'ayor of Louisvillе, bowing to prеssuге fгom reform groups, еn forсеd an almost forgottеn law prohiЬit­ ing bookmakеr s. Without the draw of bet­ ting it sееm еd аs if Churсh ill Downs would have to lс ose its gatеs. IЕ owеvеr , Col a М tt l0Иinn' thе man primarily respon­ siblе for raising thе lс assiс to its plaсе of honour, ovеr a с mе the problem yЬ borrow­ ing an idеa from Franсе and introduсing pari­mutuеl or totаlizator wagering. I n this

Lexington. The I { еn еland Salеs, where yearling ttrе reсord­pгieс d Seсr еt ariаt refегr еd

to еarliеr

was sold, offеr thе

high­

quality lЬ oodstoсk anуw here in thе is thе o с nсеr n for stаn dards

еst

world. suсh that thе

auсt ionееr s

aсеp с t

rеf usе to

anу

but thе h с oiсеst for their a с tаlogues, and in thе July L976 sa| e' thеy turned away nеarly 700 from аn еn try of ovеr 1,000.

no o с mpеt ition

instant suсеsс s attraсt еd

_ a suсеsс s

thе attеn tion

whiсh

1970s has

proven in uЕ ropеan lс assiс еn Ь raсes. Ameriсan ownеr s and rЬ еdеr s havе nеver e Ь en аf raid to tеst thеir bеst animals to thе limit and, beсause of the sheer volumе of

monеy

pеd

the resurgеnес

of Amеr iсan

rаiс ng,

gradual though it may hаvе bеen, was еrс ­ taiщ and now the Unitеd Stаt es holds the prеm ier position on thе world raсing stagе. Ptize monеУ annually totals аbout

$172'000,000 аn d foal produсt ion eaсh yеаr stands at about 26,0o0, morе than tfueе times thе Bгitish figurе and about six timеs grеater than the other grеat blood­ stoсk produсing] o с untry, Franсе. The prinсipal brееd ing аr е a is in Kеn ­ tuсkу, thе world­renowned .Bluе Grass' o с untry o с nсеn trated around thе town of

wеге

гп orе

it wаs soon аbгеvЬ iatеd to thе Soсi6t6 dЕno с uragе.

and

Onсе еstablished and rеo с gnй еd by thе Governmеn t, thе Soсiёt ё movеd rapidlу. I n 1836 a nеw raсeoс ursе was opеn ed nol far from Pаr is at Chаn tilly, and thе training e с nш е whiсh has grown up around it now rivаls

thаt

at

Nеw markеt .

T} ;.e2'4oО

rn(I l/ z

milеs) Prix du Joсkey Club, equivalеn t to the p Е som Dеr by, was foundеd therе in 1836, and was followеd within 10 yеаr s уЬ thе other lс assiс raсеs, ttre Poulе d'Еssai dеs Poulains аn d thе Poulе d'Еssаi des (equivalent to the 2,000 and Pouliсh еs с 1,000 Guinеas), thе Prix de Dianе (Frеn h Oаks) and thе Prix Royal Oak (St Leger). 81oodstoсk in Franсe was based entirelу

on imports from nЕ gland _ thе Frеnh с Thoroughbred wаs and still is named thе Pur Sаn g Anglаis ­ but the raсеs werе almost ехlс usivеly o с nfined to horsеs

the pub­

out of thе bloodstoсk markеt during

fellow­membеr s

ment.

was

the period whеn thеr е wеr e so few raсing opportunitiеs and a great dеal ofthе bеt tеr stoсk had еeЬ n sold, muсh of it at givеaway priсes owing to thе protеtс ivе measurеs intoduсеd by Britain and Franсe. IЕ owеvеr , with thе money supply sеu с rе

еn с triс

intеr еsted in thе soсial aspеtс of thе lс ub than in raсing, thеy lеd а brеakaway group to form the Soсi6t6 dЕn o poul с uragеm еn t ] ] Am61ioration dеs Raсes de Chеv aux еn

evеr ywhеr e

с tage a pеr еn of being rс eamеd off for thе stаt e's o proportion с ffеr s аn d аn othеr being h с annеlled a Ь kс into the sport itself. Thus thе mole attraсt ivе the raсing and morе

Lord Hеn ry

(slightlу

in Franсе

stаkеs

thе

I t was an nЕ glishmаn , Sеymour

Franсе. Literally, this was thе Soсiety to enсouragе thе bеt terment of horsе raсing

through thе totalizаt oгs'

thе raсo ес ursеs'

еb b and flow

thеir

hoгses

of sprint­brеd

an soon

liс stakes _and thе more money the various statе govеr nments wеr е aЬlе to takе out (аn d put bаk с in). Now thе states thеm ­ selvеs had а vеsted interеst in thе suсеsс s of thе sport, but still its reсovеr y was slow, for the аlmost total stoppagе had bееn a virtual bodу blow. Thе bottom had drop­

thе

Revolution and thе еn suing of thе Napolеoniс Wаr s.

in thе 1960s аn d

high produсt ion

sаw in it a luсr ative form of tаx gаt hеr ing. Now thе pendulum bеgаn to swing, and rаiс ng slowly a с me bаkс into favour, with the Joсk ey CluЬ and its аssoсiatеd o Ь diеs exеr iс sing ovеr all o с ntгol and guidanсе. aЕ h с statе, howеvеr , еstаb lished raсing o с mmissions to liсеnес tтakс s and supeг­ visе mееt ings within its oЬ undaries. The

the totаl

in the holoсaust of

distanсe

a

of lеg islators, who and easily workablе

only authorizеd form of gamЬling

littlе

whаt

to win as two­year­olds. supеr iority of its middlе­

in

stoсk

from o Ь okmаk­

this .maсh ine bеt ting, provеd

Club. Thеn

2a

hаd thеir Joсkeу oгg anization therе

dеsignеd IЕ owеver, thе

rеsulted

h еас horsе.

Faсing

until more thaл

thе n Е glish

was disappеarеd

under way in anу

to gеt

mannеr

and Pаr is­ o Ь rn) who wаs largely insш umental in thе rеn аissanсе of Frenсh raсing in the sеo с nd quartеr of thе ninetееn th e с ntury. With his lс osе friеn d the Duс dorl6ans, thеn hеir to thе thronе, hе foundеd the Joсkey CluЬ in 1833 and, whеn it eЬ aс mе аp paгеn t tha1

Amеr iсаn brееd ing is heavily inсlinеd towards sаt isfуing the needs of owners anxious for quiсk rеr urns, and this has

system thе odds ­ or dividеn ds_ arе deсided in direсt relation to the amounts stаked on

еr s,

thеr е did not bеg in

гeo с rdaЬlе уears aftеr

Tattooing the Upper I ip of Ameriсan hoгses safeg uards a gainst frаu duI ent substitution

i

n

foalеd in Franсе аn d this protеtс ivе rеstriс­ tion was not totally removеd for ovеr 100 Pаr is soon hаd its own гaoес ursе, уеars. Longсh amp in the Bois dе Boulognе, and the swift advаnес of thе brеeding industry wаs rс ownеd in 1865 with the viсt ory of Gladiateur ­.thе avengеr of \ 07atеr 1oo' _ in thе n Е glish

vaI uаb I e raсes.

liеr

woгt hwhile

opportunitу,

а h с ampion

may raсе as mаn y as 30 timеs during his a с reеr . Defеаt in a major handiсap a с гr ying a big wеight is o с nsidеr еd no blot on а reсord. Suсh a rigorous testing programmе, plus a voraсious aсq uisition of representativеs of

worlds bеst bloodlinеs,

thе

the Ameriсan­brеd

wеll

danсу

has brought

raсehorsе

еxemplifiеd

to an аse с n­

by thе nЕ glish Sir I vor (1968), (L972). I n

Triplе Cгown. Two yеars ear­

an еxtra .сlassiс',

thе 3,000­mеш e (1 mile 7 furlongs) Grаn d Prix dе Paris, onе of thе fеw raсеs opеn to foreign h с al­ lеn gers, had e Ь еn foundеd . Thе First !Иorld War dеlivеr ed an blow to raсing in

apparently shattеr ing

Franсе,

yеt

rеo с vеr y was drаm atiсallу as it was to bе again after thе

speеd у, I 939_L945 o с nfliсt .

Triomphе,

The Prix dе I ] Aгс

now thе

gгeatеst

of all

dе

thе

rееn с tly Ь a tlrеr e has еn of thе Fгеnhс ­brеd. I n 1976

founded in I 92О at Longсh аm p. Raсing is still on a morе limited sсalе than in Britain and thеr е aгe fеw er mаj or o с urses. o М st meetings are o с nfined to weеkends, with Sunday thе most important day. But prize monеу is

suсe с ss in four ofthе fivе n Е glish lс assiсs wеn t to horses from aсr oss the Chаn nеl, аn d thеy also won numеr ous other big prizes, inсluding the I (ing Gеorgе VI аn d Frаne с , in oс m­ lЕ izaЬеt h Stаkеs. Quееn mon with othеr uЕ ropеan o с ц n triеs, wаs latе to entеr thе rаiс ng sсеn е. Thе sport

largеr , thanks to the hugе a с sh intakе from с tagе thе peгеn dеd uсt ion from thе pari­ mutuеl, the onlу lеg al form of betting. Thе most popular pool is thе Tiеr ё,с on whiсh millions of franсs arе invested on, and off punters attеm pting to forе­ thе o с ursе, by a с st the first * ш еe in thе big raсe ofthе dаy.

Derby suсеsс sеs

Mill Rеef

ofsuсh

between a с mе thе viсt ory rЬ ed

as

(1971) and RoЬerto

of Canadian­

Nijinskу in 1970.

o М st

rеsurgеne с

international raсеs, was

п A|с NG

& RAсH Е 0RsЕs

b А ove

Raсing at Deauvi| | e, Franсe. The is based entire| y on its Тh oroughbred has aI ways been EngI ish o с unterpаr t аn d bгed for its stamina as we| | аs speed Right A Thoroughbred stud in the fabled ,BI ue many Grass, region of Kеn tuсky, where of Ameriсa,s fastest horses hаve been bred Frenсh

Frеnh с

г еd Ь еr s

happiеr

аlso

аr е

o с untеr parts' rс oss­сh аn nеl monеy also аllows for thе

than thеir

sinсе

this

provision of

prizеs.

brееd еr s'

has always еm phasis in Frаnес and bеen on stamina аs wеll as spееd , on a muсh two­уear­old raсing is opеr atеd

Thе

in Britain. Although up to sсalе than Frеnh с 1939_1945 war only thrее Е glish Dегby, tlris horses hаd won thе n poliсу with seven o Ь rе fruit thereаf tеr , lowеr

thе

Frеnh с ­brеd Divеr )

of the outstаn ding

onе

from 1947 (Pеarl

winnегs

to 1965 (Sеa Bird I I ). Sеa Bird was

his unЬеatеn аrс eeг еn dеd

length viсt ory

аn d DеryЬ winnеr s, threе­ уеaг­ old

five­raсе

with аn

astonishing six­

Г rс in thе Priх dе A

dе

the Prix du Joс­ Triomphе from Rеliаnе,с kеy CluЬ аn d Priх Roу al Oak winnеr . A grеat hofse himsеlf' Relianсе was madе to handiсappеr . look almost a sеoс nd­ratе

Thе forеver

nеnес

immеd iatе

post­wal era

will

be

in Britаin for thе emi­ Bous­ М rсеl of horses ownеd by.N1. a rеm еm bеr еd

saс, a lеading l920s. Thаn ks

ownеr ­brееd еr

the sinсе of two

to his possеssion

| 2з

в A|с NG

& RA0EH0в ssЕ

grеat stallions, Pharis I I and Djebel' hе аt tainеd аn aurа of invinсibility, winning thе p Е som DеyгЬ and Oaks in 1950 with Galсаd or and Asmеn а, and hеading thе list of winning ownеr s in Britаin. IЕ e was

thе fust Frеnhс mаn

to produсe tough horsеs, with endurаnес possiЬlе. and as muсh spееd аs aЕ h с statе programme, but hаs its individual lс assiс ttrеsе raсеs are supplemeп t еd by valuablе long­distanсe handiсaps, like thе 3'200m (2 milе) еlМ bournе, Sуd nеy and Brisbane

Gladiаt еu / s

Cups, whiсh

in

to do so sinсe owneг, Count de Lagrangе,

1865.

offег

аrс ry

attгtас ive

big prize money and bеt ting opportunities.

I taly is thе most important of the othеr uЕ ropеаn rаiс ng u Ь t again hеr o с untгiеs, start was latе' iМ lan, now thе prinсipal

Ausш aliа is onе of thе few o с ц n triеs sidе Britain whеr e bookmakers a с n atе frееly с ursеs. on т] rе o

e с ntrе' had rеg ular mееt ings only from thе 1840s' аn d raсing in Romе did not begin until 1868. Although the I talian rЬ еding

Thoroughbrеd s

is small, it hаs hаd а dispropor­ tionately laгg е intеr national influеnе,с primarily duе to thе genius of one man, Fеd егio с Tеsio. Hе foundеd what is now thе Dormеllo­Olgiata Stud on тh е shoгes of Lаk e &laggiorе in 1898. Betwееn 19l 1 аn d his dеath in 1954 Tеsio produсed 20 I talian DeгyЬ , a dozen or winnегs of thе industгy

morе horsеs of top international lс аss аn d two world­Ьeаt еr s, аn d Ribot, both Nеarсo

throughout thеir аrс еr s. Nearсo and anothеr Tеsio hс ampion, Donаt еllo I I , both eЬ a с mе leading sirеs in

undеf еated

nЕ gland, аn d Nеarсo's son Nasrullah and grandson Bold Rulег reignеd suprеm e in the Unitеd Statеs, whеr е Ribot еvеn tually hеld o с urt. Thе horsе was unknown in Ausш alia аn d New Zealand whеn thе early n Е glish sеt tlеr s landed thеr е in thе latе eighteenth e с ntury. Now thе Antipodеs rank sеo с nd only to North Ameriсa in numеr iсal terms, with more than 25'000 raсehorses o с mpеt ­ ing foг prizеs worth an annual A$25 mil­ lion. The breeding industry is thriving, but imported stallions still o с nstitutе over 50 per e с nt of thе leading 500 siгes list. I n Ausш аliа thе poliсy has always bееn

out­ opег­

I t was from Australia Thе

publiс

reaсh еd

ttrat thе fust Japan in 1895.

гeadily took to thе nеw

sport of

whiсh had bееn introduсеd for native­bred horsеs аt thе instieаt ion of raсing,

nЕ glish

rеsidеn ts around Yokahama about \ DИorld 25 years earliег. Sinсе thе Sеo с nd .Waг _ аn d in 1945 only 542 mares remained _ Japanеse raсing and breeding has made immеn sе stridеs. Foаl produс­ tion is now гu nning at 7,000 аn nually, but аlthough Japanesе buyеr s hаvе patгon2ed thе woгlds bеst markеt s for their founda­ yet to show that thеу tion stoсk, thеy hаvе a с nproduсе animals of intеr national lс ass. Raсing as hе doеs in about 50 o с untriеs,

thе

Thoгoughbrеd

has

undoubtedlу

proved himsеlf to bе аn adаp t­ еxtrеm еly ablе аn imаl. But his suсеsс sful breеd ing to high stаn dаr ds dеm ands an equablе, temp­ erate lс imatе, suсh аs thаt existing in pаr ts

& RAсH Е 0RsEs

в AIс NG

of uЕ ropе,

North Amеr iсa,

Argentina,

Australia, New Zеalаn d, Japan and, to South Afгia с . ] Vlodern аiт lesser еxtеn t,

a

of havе led to thе spгеad faсilitiеs but intеr national bгеd ing, a global basis is still prе­ o с mpеt ition on in sеa­ diffеr еnеsс vеn tеd by insupеr ablе aсlс imiti­ tтkас s, sons' training mеt hods, .Washington I ntеr ­ zation and so on. Thе еv еr y Novеm ber at Lаu rel national, гu п but this is аn еxеp с tion, Park in аrМ ylаn d, is an invitаt ion еvеn t whiсh owеs its suс­ to thе еf foгt s of еsс s in no small mеаsuгe Lauгеl Park presidеn t John D. Shаpiro, с ntrеs of thе who sсouгs the ma!or raсing e vЕ еn world seеking possiblе oс ntеstаn ts. so hе does not always suсеd с in obtаiniп g the bеst аv ailablе гeprеsentativеs. The grading ofraсеs in hеас o с untry has grеatly assisted the worlds breedеr s to tгanspoгt

intеr nationаl

hoгsеs. lс assifu thеiг Usually suсh gгading prizе monеy and thе numЬеr dеp еn ds on of gтadеd еvеn ts for eаh с o с untry is in dirеtс pгoportion to thе totаl numЬer of гe ас s run'

I n Britаin

the Pattеr n of

Raсing Com­

mittее wаs sеt up in 1960 with thе аim of pгoviding a o systеm of tеsts for ttrе с mpletе с s. еsЬ t horsеs of all аg еs ovеr all distаne adoptеd similаr poliсiеs. Otlrеr o с untries 297 Pat­ Е ropе therе rп еr е I п Britаin and u tеr n rаеsс

А eтical:ad27З in 1976; North m

fгom totаlizаt ors,

pгovidеs

and stаkes, and ovеr a quaгt er of thе totаl is provided through sponsors. remаin thе same' Although thе bаsiсs еn tгy

fеes

hаs alterеd dтastiсаlly rаiс ng sсenе Admiгаl Rous's daу' I 0Иith iп rс еasеd publiс mobility, fust via rail transport and

а

bet­ maсh inе lаr gе, inсomе whеr е аssurеd tiп g has а monopoly. I n Britain this is not

latеr '

This now appеars еvеr y four yеars of еvery and rеgisters the dеt аils Thoroughbrеd foalеd in Grеat Britаin or I rеland. Thе 1Wеatherbу firm has bееn trаn sformеd

businеss,

dау thе

for еn try and еvеn , with a littlе human assistanсe, produсes thе hand­

horsе iсаp s.

Raсing on the world stage I n thе Unitеd

Statеs

.dird traсks

bеo с mе

major entеr tainmеn t.

a

Tеh с niсal

im­

thе mеhс an­ havе inсludеd Provеm еn ts the rising tapе iсal stаr ting stalls to геp laсе .gatеs' whiсh еvеn At the Rous nevеr sаw ' an с me other еn d thе photo­finish has bеo thе indispensiblе аid to judges, аn d indееd on film by mеans of is rеo с rdеd wholе rаес paш ol аm mounted at vantage points. с е г as availablе to thе Suсh film is immеd iatеly аt

the еn d

o с me to а dеiс sion nееsс saгy.

Thе Joсkеy

to hеlp

с of thе гae

if аn y inquф

Club геm ains

thеm

should bе

in disсipli­

in tlrе hаn ds of nary o с ntrol, with finanсе the I ­еvy Board, but dаy­to­day administгa­ out by thе fаm ily fum of tion is still агсied .Weаt hеr bу, foundеd by Jamеs Weathеr by

whеп

hе was appointеd

Kеepег

of

tlrе

CluЬ in 1773. to the Joсkеy Shoп ly aftеr wаr ds hе began publishing and thеn , 20 years the Rаcing Cаlendаr

a М tсh Book

raсing. all thе yеаr

flаt

on rеgular,

oval­ month or more raсing­on­grаss to early from a М rсh

lаsting thе а time' I n u Е ropе,

gamd. This

is

it opеr atеs

гound, with meеt ings shаp еd

season runs only Novеm ber, but thеr е

motoг a с r, thе sport has

high

с mpu­ rеp laсеd by a o horse rеo с rds ofеvеr y tеr whiсh storеs thе form, gradеs thе and ownеr , в b ulatеs stools of Jamеs's

аt

thе

modеr n

into a highly еf fiсiеn t

with the quill pеn s аn d

sinсе

latег

Stud

volume of lhe Generаl

thе fust

Boo&.

thе

stewaгd s

Grаd еd Stаkes. irr all thе inсеn tivе Prizе monеу геm аins raсing is than thosе wherе o с ц n triеs oтlrеr totally statе run. Thе monеy dirеtс ly of аf fеtс s thе quality of thе horsеs, thе lеv еl offеr еd to thе publiс and thе entertainmеп t pгospеr ity of the supporting brееding тlre perсеn в g е industгy. Bеt tiп g , through

deduсt ed

еxist so and o Ь okmakеr s аn d totаlizators makе thеir u Ь t thе formеr sidе­yЬ ­sidе, from o с ntгibution in thе sums еxtгtас еd thеm annually by thе Lеv y Board. lVtost еithеr by British wagеr ing is off thе o с ursе, thгough thе 14'000 or so rс еd it or in аsс h bеt ting .shops' of whiсh only very fеw are run by thе. totalizator. Thе Lеlry Board is able to providе ovеr !6 million аn nually from а totаl bеt ting tuгn over of !2'000 reсеivе fixеd million. Raсoес ursеs to thеir grading, and amounts aсo с гd ing ownеr s also put up monеy themsеlvеs. o с ntributе to thеir own prizеs by way of

a

is also thе .wintеr

is National llunt

rаiс ng, hurdlеs and, in Bri­ sи g еd ovеr fеnеsс or at lеast' attlaсt ing almost tain and I геland .thе flad. as largе а following as gain the National Hunt raсing aс n nеvеr

intеr nаt ional importanсе с usе brothеr , mainly bеa

it

of its

еldеr

not, by

doеs

Raсing has become a huge industry round the wor| d, with mi| | ions invested in breeding аn d betting. opposite top: Rаiс ng on a snowy o с Urse at St. Moritz, Switzer| and. opposite bottom: A rаe с in the A| garve rggion of Poгt Ugа| ­afar cry fгom Epsom, Longсhаm p с ntestеd or LaureI Pаr k, but sti| | hot| y o whаt eveг the prize. below left: Тh e paddoсk Raсeo с uгse sсene at F| emingtoп in Me| bouгn e, AustraI iа, with runners being and esсoгt ed to the staгt . New ZeаI аn d с mpeting AustraI ia have some 25,000 horses o annu a| | у'

Frankfuгt ,

b e l ow

ri g ht.' r he start of а

Geгm any,

f

I

at гe ас

using the stаf ting

i

n

sta| | s.

& RAсH Е 0п sEs

RAс| NG

The fiлst annual was inauguratеd at Sl AlЬаn s in 1830' organizеd by thе prop. riеt or of thе Turf IЕ otel, an eх­ гaеhс orsе traineг namеd Tom Colman. Thе first St ovеr

hurdlеs

and fenсes.

jumping meеt ing

.a sweepstakеs

Albans' Steeplеhс asе _ drеw 25 sov еah с '

­.

stееp leсh asing

sinсе

ol

16 Stаr tеr s аn d rvas rеp eаt еd еah с season, attraсt ing thе еsЬ t horsеs аn d riders, until l839. This was to be a уear of o с nsiderable signifiсаne с in historу

it brought the

fust running of whаt has eЬ oс me the grеatest steеp leсh аsе of thеm all, thе Grand Nаt ional at Ainш е, near Livеr ­ pool. This raсe ­ .a swеepstakеs of 20 sov

еah с , 5 forfеit, with 100 sov addеd _ wаs won by Lottеr y, a 16 hands bay horsе, rid­ dеn by one ofthе lеading professionals of t} rе day, Jеm .Nlason. a Е h с horsе a с rriеd 76kg (L2st), and thе 6.4km (4 milе) o с ursе' most of it ovеr plough, o с ntаinеd 29 oЬstaсlеs. Thеsе variеd from smаll banks to mаssive stone walls, and inсludеd two brooks to bе jumped. One of them is still known today as Bеh с е1 s Brook aftеr thе Cаp tаin Bеh с er who a с mе to grief therе riding Conrаd . Lotteгy 's time wаs _ wеll ovеr five rеo с rded as 14 min. 53 sе.с minutes longеr

The wor| d,s

g

reatest steep| eсh ase, the

G га

nd

Nationа| , inсorporates 30 fenсes in 4Yz mi| es' Probab| y the most fаm ous fenсe is the formidab| e Beсh er,s Brook' whiсh has to be negotiаt ed twiсe с urse. on the o

itsеlt

support a largе brееd ing

industry.

Some horses are rЬ еd with jump raсing in mind and most of thе lеading performers stem from rеn owned Anglo­I rish jumping .familiеs., u Ь t thе majority of the run­of­

thе­ mill

partiсipants аr е horsеs who, for onе rеаson or anotllеr , havе eithеr proved unsuitaЬlе for flаt raсing or hаvе outlived thеir usеf ulnеss in t} rat sphеr е. The raсеs, either ovеr fеn еs с of birсh or gorsе

(сalled

steеp lеh с ases)

or huгd les,

arе

minimum is 3,200 m, (2 miles)) and o с ntested yЬ older animаls. Nlost of the male horses taking part are gеldings jump raсing anф whilе thе suсe с ssful mаr е be used for rЬ eеd ing' will fтеquеn tly she will have o с mpеt еd until muсh latеr in life than her flat raсing sistеr s аn d so will nothavе as grеat an opportuniry to produсе offspring. I n this sphеr е stallions often bеo с mе known as bеgеt tеr s of .jumping blood only aftеr thеy arе dеad, sinсе steеp leсh asers usuаlly do not aсh ieve thеir еsЬ t until thе agе of nine or tеn . Hunting is thе dirеtс anсеstor of steеp leсh asing. Time was when man huntеd to livе; whеn this аm ес Ь е no longеr nееsс sary' hunting o с ntinц еd as a sport' mаinly indulged in yЬ the aristroсr aсy of the day. &lountеd on horseЬakс , thеy pur­

longеr

(thе

sued a vаr iety of quaгr y; thе stаg , the oЬ ar, аn d later, thе fox. a hunting in muсh ­ Е rlу forеstеd Britain was a slow business,.but' as thе land bеa с mе morе open, so the spееd inсr easеd . IЕ ounds werе brеd to run faster, and horsеs had to e Ь faster to kееp up.

in thе hunting field wаs still

с sion something of a rarity. On onе oсa

whеn

thе

Duke of Dеvonshirе

was

gаlloping hеadlong over a gаt e, his oс mpanions assumеd his horse was bolting. Thе British nЕ lс osurе Aсt s of thе seventeenth and eighteenth еn с turies, howеvеr ' brought thе spread of hеdgеs, obsеr vеd

ditсh es, timbег rаils and othеr obstаlс еs aсr oss thе lаn d аn d the followеr s of thе h с аsе found it essеn tial to teaсh their to staу with thе horsеs to jump if thеy wеr е hunt to the end. nЕ thusiasts so muсh devеlop­ enjoyed this nеw аn d exсiting

elеm ent arose, mеn t that a o с mpеt itivе whiсh found expression in matсh еs in whiсh onе young lЬ ood would test his horsе and his ability against another aсr oss and ditсh , usually with а sub­ fiеld, hеd gе stantial sum wagеr еd on the outсome. mаt h с еs с un­ Thеsе wеr e ovеr nаt ural o to аn other, and ш y, from onе landmаr k whаt morе oЬv ious landmark in thе еigh­ tеenth e с ntury British oс untгyside than IЕ еne с thе с urсh . the stееp le ofthe villagе h

name stееp lеh с аsе.

One of thе еаr liеst

and еrс tainly the most rеo с rdеd matсh es, с in Co. Cork, I reland, e с lebrаt еd , took plаe and in1752' whеn Cornеlius lС Callaghan as to dЕ mund Blake sеt tlеd an аr gumеn t of thеir huntеr s by gal­ thе relаt ive mеr its loping the 6.4 km (4 milеs) from Buttеvant Blakе won, Churсh to St Leger Steеp lе. .а a hogshead of lс arеt , and his prize was

pipe of port and a quartеr

аsс k of old rum'. Thе first half of the nineteenth еn с tury rЬ ought a gradual division oftlrе sport' onе Jаm aiсa

half retaining thе еssеn tially hunting­Ьased elеm ent whiсh e Ь o с me the foundation of pointing, аn d thе

аn

inсr eаsingly rаe с s

amatеu r,

was

thаn is tаkеn

in presеn t

daу

Grand Nаt ionals. I Jntil soon after the Seсond World Wаr the Grаn d National o с ntinued to hold sway as thе only worthwhilе prй е for the

to

point­to­

ottrеr gathеr ing round it profеssional аu ra, with on rеg ular publiс oс ursеs

establishеd 'сh asеr , bеing at least a dozen timеs morе vаluаb le than thе Gold Cup whiсh was еstаb lishеd jn 1'924 as thе prin­ iс pal lеvel wеight tеst for thе staying'сh as­ ers. Aintrее' s o с ursе was uniquе' and its

big, upright hеd ges paсked with gorsе а hеavy toll. Although annually еxtrаtс еd theу havе e Ь en modifiеd in rееn с t у e аr s they rеm ain formidablе obstaсles. The nаm еs

of some of them

Brook,

­ Bеhс e1s

Brook' the thе Canal Turn' Valеn tinе' s Chair ­ are emblazonеd in thе history of the world's grеаt еst stееp lеh с ase. Somе magnifiсеn t bу manу

won thе lс aimеd

horses hаvе

Grand Nationаl. Golden to havе bеen the

iМ ller, finеst

of t} rеm

in five oс nseсu tivе

and suсe с ssful

all

h с еl ­

tenham Gold Cups, won in I 9з4. Rеynoldstown e Ь a с me a duаl winnеr in 1935 and 1936' a fеat not surpassed until thе mighty Rеd Rum triumphеd io L973' I 97 4 and 1977 . L,Еsa с rgot, who bеat Red Rum in a memoraЬlе 1975 oс ntest, had landed Gold Cup viсt ories in 1970 аn d 1971 for his Ameriсan owner, Ra5lmond Guеst. But it is thorougЫy appropriatе

that thе fifst nаm е on the ro11 of honour should have been that of Lottery, for with thе hugе fields

_

oftеn

30 oг 40 strong

with the handiсap wеights tас ing grеаt thеr e hаvе e Ь еn lеvеllеr , remarkаb lе

­ and

as thе

some

upsеt s and dramas.

By thе 1960s the Grand National was no out on its own in thе prizе money с mmеr ­ stakеs. Thanks to thе аd vеn t of o iс al sponsorship there arе now a seriеs of riсh prizes to bе won bу'h с аsers and hurd­

longеr

lеr s, whilе thе injеtс ion of Lеvy Board funds has lifted the value of established raсеs likе thе Chеltеn hаm Gold Cup and

Champion Hurdle sponsoгed _ to morе

­ both also

respеtс аb lе levels.

partly­

TI AUI NLJ

Nаt ionаl

IЕ unt

raсing now hаs

a

& HAUTHUHSTS

Pattеr n

of its own to plan thе main

Committее

a с n without gruelling tеst at Aintrее. undеr going rhе onе who did so in thе 1960s was thе now Arkle, who bеf orе legendary I rish'сh asеr his еn forсed rеt iremеn t in 1966 with a pеd al bone, had won 27 races, rс aсked Gold Cups, inсluding thrее Chеltеn ham а total of f73'6L7 for his owner, еаr ning of Wеstminstеr . Anne, Duсh еss I n operation in Britаin todaУ I } :ere are62 5,500 flat and raсo ес ursеs' staging somе annuаllу. Nеw mar­ Nationаl rЕ unt raсеs a eс ntrе for flаt kеt rеm ains еxlс usivelу is thе iumping o с unt­ raсingl Chеltеn hаm егp alt. But mаn y othеr oс urses promotе both.сodеs' and in the spring and autumn .mixеd mееt ings аге popular. еxtremеly Thе .jumping gamе' hаs never гeally аn d I re­ a с ught on othеr than in Bгitаin .spе­с land. u Е ropе has onе oI two annual stееp lеh с asers

еvеn ts

ofthе

аrс vе

out a worthwhilе

sеason and

a с rееr

in like thе Grand ParduЬiес tаu с lаr s', (геаlly moге of a Iс oss­ Czeсh oslovаkia arе somе wintег o с untrу raсе) . Thеr е opportunities for hurdlеr s and stееplе­ h с asеr s in Northеr n I tаly, whilе thе bеst­ arе аt Autеu il known e in Frаnес с ntrеs and Enghien. Autеu il is thе venuе'

еv еr y

6.4km (4 milе) Grand

Junе' Stееp leсh аsе

for the dе

of thе prizes on offеr arе still mouth­ wаt ering by British standards. Thеr е is also good monеy to be won in Frenсh huгd le raсing, thе prinсipаl еv еn t ofwhiсh is the Grаn dе Colц sе dе Hаiеs dAuteuil. Again thе obstaсlеs

аr е

somеw hat

diffеr еn t

from thosе found on British oс ursеs' whеr е thе hurdles arе rathеr similar

4.5km (2 milеs

to

whiсh

a fаr mеr would pеn his with gorsе and stuсk into thе ground so as to slope away from thе approaсh iл g fiеld. Thе hеight from top a Ь r

those wiтh

sheep, but lаe с d

to ground is l06сm

(3ft 6ins). Frenсh

hurdles arе lowеr and fixed upright, and a horsе аn с rЬ ush through the top half. jump raсing was' likе its аrЕ ly Amегia с n British o с unterpart' bаsеd on the hunting

whiсh

ехistеd

on the aЕ stеr n

Thе amatеu r has always been strongly reprеsentеd in thе jumping gamе. on the flаt , joсk eys and trаinеr s arе liсensеd pro­ fessionals and although few rаеsс arе sеt aside for both malе and fеm alе amateurs' thеу аn с nеvеI o с mpetе agаinst thеir paid

was

rеo с rdеd .

thе formation of

Assoсiation,

publiс following oса rded

to flat гiас ng

and, as еn thusiasm

гaеsс

Paris' oftеn гefеr rеd

staсles at. major еn с tres diminishеd . I t is not еn tirеly

Grand National, though thе oЬstaсles arе Aintree. Somе arе littlе morе than hurdles, othеr s arе iЬ g privеt hеd gеs, and thеr e is thе oсаsс ional a Ь nk with a small brush fеnес on top. I t was in this raсe in1962 that Frеd l0Иinter, perhaps thе grеatеst nЕ glish steepleсh аsing rider of а1l time, h ас iеvеd undying famе by rid­ ing to viсt ory on thе gallаn t littlе Frеnh с ­ rЬ еd Е glish­trаined bц t n a М ndarin, aftеr its rubbеr iЬ t had brokеn bеf orе thе fourth fеnе.с Thте months еarlier a М ndarin had won the Cheltenham Gold Cup. very diffеr ent from

Though Frеnh с

definitеly

stееp lеh с asing

thе poor rеlation

of thе

is

flat' somе

brеd Grаn d Canyon, ш аined in Britain, won in Novembеr 1976. Rubio (in 1908) and thе 15 hands Bаt tlе­ ship (1938) wеr е Amеr iсan winnеr s of thе Ainш еe Grаn d Nationаl and in 1965 Jay Trump bеaс mе thе first horsе to pull off thе a М ryland Hunt Cup/ Grand National douЬlе. } I e wаs ridden in o Ь th his rаеs с yЬ

Amеr iсan Eng| and. HurdI ing often forms the trаn sition between f| at rаiс ng аn d steep| eсh аsing for the sI ightI y sI ower­paсed f| at гe ас horses'

to as the Frеnhс

was еstаb lishеd

his owner, thе then lеading

the National Stееpleсh ase

in

sеаb oard.

67z furlongs) ovеr brush in 1970 and hаs Ie ес ntly beеn attraсt ing entriеs fгom aсr oss thе Atlantiс. Thе New Zea7and­

fеne с s,

But on regular traсks it had a latеr eЬ gin­ ning and it was not until 1865 that thе fust

stееp lеh с asе Thirty years latеr rЬ ought

A noviсe hurdI e raсe at Kempton Park

Тh е | egendary Rеd Rum at exerсise on the sands at Southport, nЕ g| and, the setting for muсh of his traiп iп g . Winner of three Grand Nаt iona| s аn d twiсe rUnner­UD, he holds а unique pI aсe in raсing history.

u Ь t

thе sport

howevег'

аn d

often likеn еd

nеvеr h ас ievеd

thе

wanеd ,

thе a М ryland

enormous over ob­

grаd ually defunсt ,

Hunt Cup is Grand

to the Aintrее

аm аt еu r,

Amеr iсan Tommy Crompton Smith.

rМ

o с unterparts. National IЕ unt

litеr ally

This is not the aс sе raсing,

whеr е

in

thе two sidеs

rub shoulders in raсe and I n Britаin a Nаt ional

wеighing­гoom.

National, thouglrin reality thе two evеn ts totаlly dissimilаr . Тh e a М ryland mееt ­ ing is more likе an n Е glish point­to­point, with thе rс owds piсn iсking on а hillside ovеr looking thе o с uгsе. Thе big гaес is

IЕ ц n t traineг holds a professional liсеn e с , but а wholе аr mу of men аn d women prе­ paring thеiг own horsеs, or thosе of their

undulаt ing

mounts agairrst horses trainеd yЬ profеs­ sionals and, likе thеm , a с n usuallу h с oosе eithеr amatеu г or profеssional joсkеys. I n point­to­pointing, thе third еlemеn t of thе гaiс ng sсеn е in Britain and I reland, the professional is pгohiЬited. Prizе monеy is rеstriсt еd to altifiсially low lеv еls and

arе

over 6.4km (4 milеs) of muсh more o с untry than Ainш е. Fiеlds

are always smaller _ somеt imеs as fеw

six

startегs

_ аn d all ridеr s must

as bе

amatеu rs. Thе obstaсles arе fiхеd timЬеr гаils, with whiсh no libеr ties аn с e Ь tаkеn . Strаn gеly, аt a time of dwindling intеr еst

a nеw

$100,000 raсe'

thе

Colonial Cup

immediаt е family, arе issued with .pеr ­ mits' to train. SuЬj eсt to еrс tаin rеstriс­

tions thеsе

.аm аt eur'

trainers a с n put

й еi r

727

i I

Е 0п ssЕ & RAсH

RAс| NG

of thе oс untrysidе

o ес nomiсs

and thе

population moЬility of thе uгаnЬ с r. providеd by the advеn t of the motor a wеr e finding it inсr еas­ IЕ unt o с mmittееs thе monеy еssentiаl ingly diffiсu lt to rаisе to maintain thеir usual levеl of sport аn d from a h с angеd the annual raсe mееt ing into a mаj or loсal soсial oсаsс ion monеy­making aсt ivity, with еvery еf fort The с stomеr s. madе to draw thе paying u jеalous of thе Н nt Committее, National u mееt ings to raсе rival attraсt ion offеr еd inсr easеd

proper' has alwaуs

sеt

its fаe с against

pеr ­

but с argеs, mitting individuаl admission h fеes o с uld not е Ь rulеd out. I n a с r­pаr king these now make up thе prin­ o с nsequеnе,с for thе nеarly 200 iс pal sourсe of rеvеn uе mеetings staged in thе Fеb ruary to early with thе с osеn Junе sеason. Venuеs arе h visitor in mind, and aс r­parks, feеs foт whiсh rangе from !1 to !5, are prefеr aЬly sitеd on hillsidеs from whiсh all the day's raсing a с n bе seen. has givеn way to madе с ц n try Nаt ural o but slightly in struсt urе, idеn tiсal fenсеs,

thаn

smаllеr

those on

I ndeеd , somе o с ursеs. с o с ursеs' on defunсt rаe

thе

organizаt ion,

subjeсt

to ovеr аll o с ntrol

bу the National Hunt Committее,

is and in amateur hands. I t is, dееn с tralizеd in faсt , still based faiтly and squarеly on thе same hunting fiеld from whiсh its sеn ior

sprang. Somewhеr e

Paгt nеr

along

thе

road of devеlopmеn t

ninetееn th e с nп lry

fork was rеahс еd; Hunt Committее,

a

thе infant National fully oсuс pied with its

jumping mееt ings on to с ntеn t o с ursеs, was quitе o еstаb lished leavе individual IЕ unts, whiсh through геsponsiblе theiт Mastеr s еxerсisеd аu tlrority, to run an annual fixturе for their efforts to rеg ulаr izе

Thus thе privatе matсh еs grew oс n­ steеp lеh с asing tinued аm ong hunting folk and bеaс me .jolliеs' whеr е tlrе sports­ еn d­of­sеаson own еn joуm еn t.

from whiсh

thеir

men rаеd с

huntеr s

аg ainst

one

These с unш y. anothеr aсr oss natural o .point­to­points', with thе were the rеаl fiеld

onе sPot by thе staт­

dеspatсh еd from

and ordered to gallop to аn othеr ' pеr hаp s 8 to 10km away (5 to 6 milеs), h с oosing thеir own routе. Little attеn tion

tеr

was paid to thе nеeds of speсt ators. Thе would gathеr at van­ o с untry pеoplе the tagе points еn гoute, or morе likеly nеаr winnеr finish itselt whегe the brеathlеss his pгizе, whiсh might bе a would rееiс vе or small pursе madе up from a swееpstakе, a trophy presеn tеd by thе Hunt. a foсal bеаm с е Gradually the oсаsс ion point in thе Hunds a and thе soсial с lеn dar

loсаl

аspеtс

gainеd

emphаsis.

A marquее

or two

thе finish аn d thе thе loсal oppoгt unity sеized to entеr tаin fаr mers by way of thanks for thеiг having lд lowеd thе Hunt ovег тh еir land during

would be erеtс еd

nеar

slightly season. Thеsе rеm ainеd an farmeгs' lunсh еs

Тh e field streams over а fenсe at a point.to­point these oгigina| | y began with Wagers between hUnting men on raсes run I iterа| | y from,point to poi nt,. Now they a гe rU n on a more sophistiсated and orgаn ized basis с meetings and аt tract a bУ hunts, I ike mini rаe | аr ge folI owing.

point­ thе litеr аl gavе way to а start and finish sitеd at t} rе samе spot' so oс ursеs round, ovаl, oblong' triangular or, bеa с me .thеr е­ and­bаlс c wittr flags to oсаsс ionally mark turning points. Thе еarly point­to­ points wеr е solely for mеm beгs of thе IЕ unt, with a prize for thе fust the first sеr ving offiсer, the hеarrywеight, first farmеr and so on ­ a ш adition main­ rс oss­сountry tainеd to this day in еrс tаin М lton ride, whiсh regularly likе thе e raсеs с tеr ­ draws fiеlds 60 to 80 sш ong in Lеiеs Latеr , programmеs of FеrЬ uary. shirе еah с drawing introduсеd , four or fivе гaеsс wеr е

To add to thе intеr еst,

to­point aspeсt

from nеighbouring IЕ unts. o с ntеstants с untry, Courses were still ovеr nаt ural o fastеr

с uragе although, to еno

.improvеd .

Thе

horses wеr е

raсing, somе

to be a

of thе hеdgеs bеgan

still thе huntеr s that

their owners in pursuit of fox or с , but thе to Mаr h stаg from Novеm bеr in thе hunting fiеld was neеd for spееd hаd a с rriеd

use of

to a greatеr

lеading

pгogеn y

Thoroughbrеd ,

or аt

lеast

Thoгoughbгеd

sirе

and a huntеr

thе

Diсk еn с tury, early in thе ninеt еn th .I nevеr hеard Christian was proсlaiming, of a grеat thing in the hunting field yet it was done by a Thoroughbrеd , and today thе

с mpeting maiority of horsеs o

buсoliс

thе

boolc.

t28

the

of а mare.

vЕ еn

the prееdс ing

important fеaturе of thе day for mаn y yеаr s, disappeared. but now have almost еn tirеly

littlе

Thе

arе .in

likе Twеsеldown, Buсkfastleigh аn d Bogsidе, whеr e thе pеп n anent buildings and grandstands that utilizеd ' Fгequеn tly аlso bе rеm ain a с n o с ursе, Hunts will sharе thе sаm е sеverаl finanсial outlay. whiсh hеlps гeduсе Thе normal progгammе oс mprisеs five or six raсеs, аll of thеm a minimum of will bе oс nfinеd to 4.8km (3 milеs). Onе promoting Hunt (this is mеm bers of thе thе genuine hun­ one usuаlly sееs whеr е for horsеs с uplе arе a o tеr s), thеn thеr е from thе half­a­dozеn or so adiaсеn t Opеn raсеs, IЕ unts, and two so­сallеd tеstеd

thе

с n­ с n bе o namе impliеs, a with anу Hunt in horsеs quаlifiеd

as thеir

whiсh , bу

Unitеd Sinсе

Kingdom.

thе advent of sex еq uality'

e с ntц r y was

mouldеd

by the

ladies

othеr . against h е ас o с mpеt е аn d mеn may Bеf orе the nеw lеg islation thе ladiеs' opеn с rd raсe was oftеn thе most popular on thе a and, with a minimum wеight геq uirеm ent of 70kg (11 st) instеad of 80kg (12 st 7lb)' pаe с thfoughout. wеr e run at a sсorсh ing

of thеir popul4rity the division Bеa с usе Opеn has beеn retained, with thе othеr to mеn . raсе o с nfinеd be­ ш affiс Thеr е is not inсonsidеr ablе tween а1l the typеs ofraсing that have bееn From flat raсing in this h с аp tег. disсu ssеd to hurdling is a simple stеp . Thе hurdler with great diffiсu lty to stееp­ a с n grаd uatе and then еn d his daуs happilу lеh с asing, a huntеr / point­to­pointеr .

as

of horse raсing its .glorious unсеr tаinty'. с n turn at two a Shining lс assiс prospеtс s into bottom­weight failures in minor hur­ at fouг ­ and a point­to­point dlе hаn diсaps A sprint­Ьr еd two­ h с ampion at sеvеn .

Part of the fasсinаt ion

has always beеn

уeаr ­old Nationаl

a с n еn d up а

triplе

Grand

winnnеr _ as Red Rum provеd . sсi­ an inеxaсt Breeding hаs always bееn hаs often and .paying for pedigrее' enсе in badly burnt fingers. Thosе who геsultеd bid thе $l,500,000 for the sеrс еt ariat

evolution of point­to­pointing in

thе twеn tiеt h

steеp lеh с ase meetings arе stagеd

yеarl­

ing mentioned аt the outset will bе hoping got things right. that this time thеу have

N Е DUп ANCЕ

p

riding and its

ш ouкяш вс

R| DI NG

г е l аt е d

.t­z еquеstrran

o с mpеt ltlvе еn dеаvours' с mpara­ riding arе o с trаil аn d long distаne additions to thе great vаr iеt y dvеlу rееn с t of spoгt s in whiсh mаn and horse partiсi­ is с uragе pаt е together. Grеat effort and o as in this instanсе, from аn d dediсаt ion As its namе sцggests it is a sup­ tЪе гidеr . aге o с vеr еd distanсеs rеm e test, for grеаt ovеr all types of tеr rain) in sometimеs o с nditions. At the lс imаt iс diаb oliсal finish of a 120 km (75 mile) or 160 km (100 milg) 1idg' !6th partiеs must be in а fit state aгound аn d go again ­ ш uly a feat of to п r гn еn duгanсе. of thе еq uеstrian .\ lthough the yoцn gеst riding has a large intеr ­ endurаne с ч r оп s, п аd onal following. I n its prеsent form it bеg an litdе morе than 20 years ago in thе

геq uirеd ftom

thе hoгsе

as an appliсation

wеll

it flourished for а Statеs whеr е a с tсh ing on in Austгalia. dеаd с е e Ь forе Grеat Britаin' South Afri. .\ !'oгe геn с dy, hаvе Gеr manу а,с New Zea| and, and !Иеst involvеd . o ес Ь mе similаr lу Among its еn thusiasts, may bе found ttrе

Unitеd

of ridеr s mountеd on thе variеt y of horses and ponies

widеst

rangе

gгеатst imяg inaЬlе. it is onе of thе sport's I ndееd mяin агt raсt ions typе of thаt no spеiс fiс in order to partiсipate and hогsе is nеedеd

thе oс urse suсеsс sfully.

o с mpletе

с mе I havе o rides in Amеr iсa, brееd s suсh as Ameriсаn

еn duтanсе

typiсal

тo ас ss the

Appаloosa, ^ \ [ oуlе,

In

o М rgan,

Standаr dЬr ed,

Quartеr Sаd dlеrЬ еd

llorsе, аn d

A group of o с mpetitors ride. This spoгt ,

I eсovery

on a | ong­distanсe

a| though its origins date from

| ong ago when horses weгe man,s only form ес nt of is one of the most гe of tгаn spoгt , o с mpetitive events. Very popuI ar in the US, it

is a suoreme test of a horse's stamina.

to normаl

aftег

If

healry еx еr tion.

a fit young horsе has sеt tlеd into thе routine of trаvelling smoothly аnd еf fiсiеn tly

аn d is unflustеr еd

aсt ivity,

hе will rеg istеr

than onе

who is аlarmеd of thе ridе. rangе in distanсе

by extranеous

be,ttеr rеo с vеr y by all the unusual

happеn ings

lloгsеs are than anу other brееd . ovеr аll rеq uirеd to be fivе yеаr s of agе or older is no max­ o с mpеt e; thеr е bеf orе thеy a с n imum or minimum agе for ridетs and vеr y young h с m­ oftеn o с mpete, aсo с ildrеn paniеd by an adult. .long distanсе rid­ tеп n The oс llеtс ive ing' oс vеr s

major aspеtс s. sport's thrее it offеr s an introduс­ I n its lowеr h ес еlons thе

from thе lower CTRs limit of 40 km (25 milеs) to thе upward limit of 96km (60 miles) in onе day in stages a great numbеr , from 40 km (25 miles) in one day up to 160krn (100 milеs) run ovеr thrее run along has many гidеs days. Gеr manу linеs, with similar' although not idеn tiсal o с ndi­ awards going to horsеs in thе bеst

Bгitain. Amеr iсa

rаn ging

tion to nеw oс mеI s

tion and also to thosе oс mplеt ing

arе idеal for noviсe ridеr s, andi or horsеs and еiЬ ng non­сompеt itivе, provide an opportunity to learn to travеl quietly аn d o с mpеt еn tly over а variеt y of

in fit o с ndition and approхimating o с ursе to idеal timing. Thе top rung of thе long distanсe riding riding with oс ursеs laddеr is еn duranсе гanging in Britain from 80 km (50 milеs) to 160km (100 milеs) in one day, and in

rс ossed witlr

с mе usеd terrain. Young horses bеo

Amеr iса from

lгеll

travelling in o с mpany, so that whеn а ridеr с mpetitive гiding' his wants to turn to o a fair amount of mount will have aсh iеvеd physiсal stability on the trail mеn tal аn d and is thus aЬle to o с pе with thе stгеssеs o с mpеt ition. еn genderеd by trail гidеs arе thе nеxt stеp. Compеt itivе therе is a Тh еse are judgеd ridеs in whiсh

аlЕ kiтr g

llorsе,

as well as thе AraЬian, In and l0Иеlsh. Тh oгoughbrеd , Connеm ara is not so grеat, Bгitаin rangе of rЬ еeds йе u Ь т AraЬian and Thoroughbrеd аn d тh е as arе с oiсe, are a popular h thеir гсossеs

с bby types. huntеr s and a variеt y of o T .гg er arе usеd , somе nаt ivе brееd s

AraЬian oг Thoroughbrеd , as On Gеr ­ as many importеd brееd s. m2nf S l60km (100 milе) ridе from Ham­ of suсh buгg to IЕ anover, rеp геsеn tativеs Trakhеn ­ nаt ionаl гe Ь еd s as IЕ anovеr ians, Gеr man Holstеinеr s, егs' Vestphalians,

will bе seеn as Tгotteгs аn d Bгаn dеn burgs brеeds аs Noг­ тг е l l as suсh non­Gегm аn wеg ian Fjords' !Иelsh Cobs, AraЬs, Lipiz­ Halfbloods, Hafl ingers z:ianeгs' IЕ ungarian poniеs. and I еlс аn diс

Fгom just thesе thrее

o с untriеs it

partiсipating for that thе sсopе

a с n bе sееn тh е t­vpе of horsе used is verу wide аlй ough thosе pеoplе who геally

involvеd ,

gеn erаlly

indеed, bеo с mе

find the lean аt hlеt iс

аn d suс­ is thе most suitаb lе AraЬs and Aгabian rс ossеs are not­ еsс sful. с ss lаЬ е for еn j oуing markеd ly greatеr suсe

цpе

of hoгsе

by paгt iсipating in ridеs, of bet­ shorter­distanсed plеasurе 23km (15 milеs) and 46km (30 wееn milеs).

Thеsе

speеd braсk et fеr еn t o с untriеs.

howеvеr ,

whiсh vаr iеs Thе

primе

to

slighdy in dif­ judging fаtс oг

is overаll fitness of

horsеs

o с mpеt ition. during, аn d aftеr thе All CTRs havе winning and plaсеd horsеs, time sсorе usеd bеing pеr fеtс thе rс itеr ia еn o с mpassing and a vеlеr inаr y assеssmеn t fitnеss. Thе many aspеtс s that indiсаt е thosе relating to major strеss faсt ors аr е pulsе and rеspiration and thе speed of bеf orе,

Thеr е now to hаvе

up to is a strong movе

a lowег limit of in Amеr iсa 80km (50 milеs) to stop ovеr ­stтеssing thе feеling horsеs at too high а spееd , аn d aЬove this distanсе greater a с ution in oс mpеt itors. Gеr manу has rides of 80 km (50 miles) up to 160 km (100 miles); Nеw Zеaland has a lowеr limit of 72krn (45 milеs) and а prеs­ entuppеr limit of l20 km (75 milеs), whilst Austrаlia has the famous Quilty 160km (l00 milе) ridе and a numЬеr of shortеr 80km (50 mile) ridеs. Souttr Afriсa has a series of 80 km (50 milе) rides and a major 220fur, (130 milе) ride eaсh year. An еn duranсe ridе winnеr is the fastеst and thе timеs fit horsе over thе distanсе, rid­e.д turnеd in on somе of thе еn durаnес

bеing

I

thе

40km (25 milеs)

163 km (102 milеs).

t

that гidеs of

induсе

t29

I Ё

N Е 0URANcЕ

R| DI NG

arе a tributе to thе stamina and o с uragе of thе horsеs taking part. Somе of the 160 km (100 mile) rides hеld ovеr rеally tough tеr ­ rain are rеpeatedly won in riding timеs of

undеr 12 hours. Thе 80 km (50 miles) ridеs o с nsistеn tly show winning timеs around thе fivе­ hour mark.

Thе leading oс untry in this sport

is

undoubtеd ly still thе United States, whose inaugurаt ion eЬ gan in 1955 with thе first running of thе Tеv is Cup. This 160km (100 milе) ride was originallу run from

Lake Tahoе to AuЬu rn, California ovеr and was mappеd out the Siеr ra Nеvаd a .Westеr n along thе old Statеs Trail that a с rried hordes of hopеf ul minеr s during thе Cаlifornia Gold Rush, as wеll аs thе pionееr s, equаllу aсq uisitive hеаd ing foт thе Nеvadа Silvеr Lodе.

Sinсе

thеn ,

riding

endurаnес

has

grippсd thе еn thusiasm of thousands of Ameriсan horsеm en so that this ridе has blossomеd into a fistful of similar dis­ tanсеd ridеs run nationwidе, with morе thаn 150 shorter, uЬ t dеm аn ding, events yеa1s long distanсе filling еahс a с lеn dаr . Assoсiаt ions еxist solely to hеlp run thе sport's mаn у М nу aspeсt s. a of thеsе аr е

rеg ional, as would е Ь еxpеtс ed whеn suсh enormous tеr ritoriеs arе o с vеr еd , but two in partiсu lar aс n bе termеd nаt ional. Thе Ridеs Confеr еneс Amеr iсan nЕ duranсе sidе and thе North o с ntrols thе еn duranсе govеr ns Trail Ridе Confеr еnес Ameriсаn o с mpеt itive trail тiding. other гegional Paсifiс Northwest nЕ dur­ bodiеs arе thе Е duranсе Sys­ anсе Systеm ; thе iМ dwest n tеm ]

Е st Coast the a

Trаil

Ridе

Assoсiation

and o с m­ whiсh aс tеr s for both enduranсе petitivе trail ridеs, and thе aЕ stеr n States Trail Ridе Assoсiаt ion. The Compеt itivе Roсky Mountаin Trail Ridе Sуstеm opеr ­ atеs ovеr o М ntana and I daho, and thеr е are manу loсally based groups that run unoffl­ iс al rides prior to joining into thе systеm bеst suitеd to their aсt ivity and loсale.

a М ny

of thе brееd

assoсiаt ions

аr е

riding is thе idеal distanсе tеsting ground for thеir horsеs, and many brееd еr s arе using thе sport to plovе their stoсk. Thе undoubted leader in this is thе Appaloosa Horsе CluЬ Rеg istry. Thеr e is аlso а аm ount of vеt еr inary o с nsidеr able rеsеarсh on dis­ bеing donе in Amеr iса tanсe rides, in an еf fort to determinе what From thе rеаl1у makеs a horsе suсe с ssful. results it is apparent that thе lightеr typе of horsе is moге to thе fore, and winnеr s and plaсing horsеs o с nsistеn tlу weigh aЬout 430kg (960lbs) or lеss. test, run A real rс oss­сountry еn duranсe in thе 1976 Biсentеn nial year, was тhе Rаес IЕ orsе from New Grеаt Amеr iсen York to Saсr аm еn to, Cаlifornia. For the с ursе h е ас 4,800km (3,000 miles) plus o entrant was allowеd two mounts _ onе lеd Ь an ovеr whi1е thе othеr was riddеn . I t еg in a М y and thе Nlеm orial Day wееkеn d thе sсh еd ulеd finish was Labour Dаy in horsеs еn route Sеp temЬеr , thus kееp ing months. Vеt еr inаr y for a littlе ovеr thrее

realizing tфа

supеr vision

was drawn from top

the Tеv is еr inariаn s on anсе ridеs. Thе winnеr was Vеr l r30

vеt ­

and othеr endur­ from 100 еn tries Norton riding a mulеI

F

b А ove

Тh e AppaI oosa gained its name from the PaI ouse river in the I ands of the Nez Perсё from Spanish I ndians; thе bгeed descends stoсk. Тh e AppaI oosa Hoгse CI ub Registrу was .l9З7 to I ook after the interests of founded in the bгeed, and is one ofthе breed assoсiations testing and promoting horses by entering them in enduranсe rides. on Below A sсene аt a veterinary hс eсkpoint thе San Antonio 50­miI e ride Тh e hea| th аn d с mpetitors is wel| ­being of the equine o гigorousI y sсr utinised on all rides by veterinary speсiaI ists; the fitness of the horse с mpetitive is аn important paгt of winning in o riding. | t is not еn ough just to reaсh the finishing post first.

One of the most gruelling ­ and the most fаm ous ­ of the Ameriсan rides is the Тevis Cup, so named аf ter a president of the WeI I s Fargo Compаn y, L| oyd Tevis The ride foI I ows the route of the CompanУ, s express riders and stage o с aсh es, and takes oУ U over the Sierra Nevаd a range, from snowy mountain |с imbs to valleys in sweltering heat. 100 miles must be o с vered in one day, and onI y the fittest possibI e horses o с mp| ete the ride opposite .bottom: Тh e аp proach to Cougar Roсk, one of the | andmarks of the ride and a stiff |с imb, fop

left: tА Cougar Roсkitse| f toprighti AсooI ing moment for both horse and rider in thе San Antonio 50­mile ride. Variety of terrain is part riding. с a| I enge of endurаn e с of the h

;

p

l

N Е DURANсЕ

.

R| DI NG

Anglo­Arab gelding. An up­and­сoming partnership is Lаu riе Bethunе aп d Fliсk a,

#= €

a partbrеd Aтab pаlomino mare) and Phil Pгotс oг Ь k­ with Fеlla arе notiсеablе for геa ing thе AraЬ dominanсe, Fеlla being a bay gelding of mixed Standаr dbrеd аn d Haсk blood.

Plans for Nеw

Zеаlands

futurе arе

to

work towards thе 160 km (100 milе) ridе in с untries wherе the one day. As in otheг o

sport has not long emergеd

'"1,""'

й.

nаr y

H Е PS

A Germаn o down his dun с mpetitor sponges Norwegian Fjord sta| | ion аt the ha| f­Way veterinary inspeсt ion on the h с eсkpoint and Summer SoI stiсe ride.

Three notаb lе ridеr s in thе еn duranсе Unitеd Stаt еs arе Dr. Riсh ard Barsaleau, DVNI , also onе of thе natiorfs leading judgеs, and аs a rеg ular and еn duranсе suсеsс sful o с mpеt itor in the Tevis and of thе o с in; Appaloosа brеeder Shаr on n д d o Saarе, а vеr y experiеn еd с с nstаn tly ridеs a vагiety suсеsс sful o с mpеt itor who of horsеs' аn d Jаn \ trИorthington' who has in the aЕ stеr n ttrе outstanding rеo с rd

othеr

Stаt еs

enduranсе ridеs,

he sееs

of having won

both sidеs

еvery

thrее­ day

160km (100 milе) ride at somе timе with her rс ossbrеd Appaloosiarr/ AraЬian marе,

Blаn с Sеu rat. drawn hеavilу on с untriеs hаvе othеr o thе triеd and proved formаt used in thе Unitеd Stаt еs both for еn durаnес and o с mpеt itivе trail ridеs, with Australia a 160km being onе of the fust to tаkс lе (100 milе)

ridе

Tеvis Cup.

in onе day pattеr nеd

on thе

This was the Tom Quilty

Ridе first run in 1966 аn d won nЕ durаnес in its inaugural yеar by Gabriеl Steсh еr on his purеbred Arab stallion, Shalawi, in a

timе

of 11 houгs 24 minцt еs.

h ас iеvеm еn twas

еv еn

hе rode thе wholе

The

morе rеm arkablе as baгеb aсk! distanсе

the winning Stаg ed annually evеr sinсе, fаstег time has bеo с mе inсr еаsingly with с ming in not mцh с ovеr the winnеr s now o lO­hour mагk. Thе гidе was namеd aftеr Tom Quilry, a famous horsеm an who was pеr suaded by Reg Williams, the d Е itor of premiеr еq uеstriаn mаg azine Ausш аliа' s Hoofs аn d Horns' to sponsor thе ridе. I t is

run in lс imаt iс o с nditions whеr e tеm pега­ turеs and humidity soar, and ovеr a tough

in

o с ursе

thе

Bluе

o М untаins

of New

was foundеd

(100 milе)

Hampshirе

thтee in thе North plans to arе dеf initе more in the annual аlс еn dar. drawn from thе Tеv is and Quiltу

South I sland аn d

inсludе Rц lеs

aге

inсludes many ridеs аn d thе variеd tеr rain Veatheг o с ndi­ stееp ly lс imbing sеtс ions. tions oftеn turn the ground in somе arеas making an addi­ into boglаn d ovеr night, tional hazard. Thе loп g est ridе is thе Roсk ­

lands 80km (50 milеs) milеs), run

in January еahс

and 120km yеar.

(75

lDИinning

for 80km (50 milе) ridеs rаn ge с m­ агound the fivе­ hour mаr k with some o pеt itors finishing in an apprеiс ably shortеr с mbinations in Nеw Zеa­ timе. Leаd ing o lаn d ovег the past few years, arе Alastaiг timеs

Flеm ing riding l0Иh irlwind,

Joе Pittarrfs

l0Иaimeha

pure Arab gеlding; Pat Han­ sen and Silvеr l(ing, а purе Arаb stallion, аn d Allеn on Roуal Bluе, an a

Thе

datа.

in L973 and has

a

nеt ­

с untry, thе work of ridеs thтoughout thе o rides following thе Tevis Cup enduranсе trail rides follow­ formаt , the o с mpеt itive ing along very similar linеs to thosе usеd by the North Ameriсan Trail Ridе Confеr ­ Е PS ran its first 160 km еnе.с I n 1975 the H

Sinсе 1966, thе Austrаlian enduranсе sсеn е hаs grown) with new ridеs oс n­ stantly bеing inсluded and also with a Nаt ional Assoсiation being formеd to guide thе spoгt along thе right linеs. As

I sland, but thеr е

tас ual ridе

гeseаr h с and

South l0Иalеs.

ridе systems thе help of with аll еn duranсе and the veterinary surgеons is еssеn tial аb le to а1 с l on thе Austrаlians hаvе bееn еxpеr iеnес of a tеam from the Sydney Vet­ erinary Sсh ool аt a с mden. Nеw Zеаland also has a vеr y thriving, riding struс­ с although young' endurаne in the ture аn d almost аll thе ridеs аr е a с tegory. orrly onе or two arе еn durаnес trail ridе lines. Up run аlong o с mpеt itive beеn еight mаj or thеr е havе until rееn с tly, rides, fivе in the еstablished еn duranсе

аs a maior

horsе tас ivitу , many ridеr s arе joinеd in a group whiсh keеp s еn thusiasm dediсatеd gгowing by aсt ive Pагt iсiPаt ion. Currеn tlу in Britain thеr е аr е two bodiеs involved with long distаnес гiding. Onе is undеr thе аеg is of thе British Hoгse Soсi­ а sеtс ion for long dis­ ety whiсh opеr аt es riding. I t runs a series of loсаl Gol­ tаnес dеn IЕ orsеshoе Qualifying Rides of 64 km (40 milеs) and а finаl o с mpеt ition of 120km (75 miles) run ovеr two dаys on arе also plans Thеr е xЕ moor, in Somеr sеt . foг еxpanding thе sсopе of ridеs. Horsе The othеr bodу is thе nЕ duranсе (ЕHPs), a national body and o Р ny Soсiety is the managernеn t of с nсеr n whosе solе o rides and thе dissеm inаt ion of idеas and praсt iсal information gainеd from veteri.

surgеons

ridе in thе Nеw Forest in with а team of vеt еr inary

hеаd ed

by the Soсiеt y's

veteгi­

nary advisors, l\ ,Lessrs R. G. Orton, м Rvс s, John Hartley­Sampson, B.V. М CVS, and Petеr Hall­Patсh ' B.V. Sс. ' R М CVS. Thе winnеr of this, in а rid­ Sс. ' R ing timе of 12 hours, onе minute was Niz­ .l0Иinnеr zo| art, a purebred Arab stallion. of thе bеstсonditionprize was iМ ss аrМ garet

Montgomеr iе' s also plaсеd

blaсk gelding Tarquin,

third in thе ridе.

I t wаs

who journeyed to Hamburg

this pаir

in

L976 to Gеr man 160km (100 milе) ridе. As a result of this H Е PS ridе, vеt erinary rеsеarсh into haеm otology pеr taining to еn duranсе horsеs hаs bееn startеd ' and under way. other arеas of rеsеarсh arе Similar to thе Ameriсan judging proсе­ Е PS also has a points system durе, the H points whеr e horsеs uса mulating a с mpaign for High throughout thе уeаr Points Trophies. Thе ovеr аll trophiеs aге SenioI thе Manar Trophy for the Lеаd ing Horse of the Yеаr ' and thе Zarpa Trophу foг thе Lеading Junior Ridеr . Rid­ Thе South Afriсan Long Distanсе ing Assoсiation hаs bеen opеr ative sinсе o М гg an. сМ е | 972 and was initiatеd by F in thе Transvaal. an Aгab horse brееd еr taсklе

thе

horsе brеedеr from thе Anothеr ArаЬ Transvaal, Diсk dе Voss, joined him аs seсr etary, and the group owes a lot to its Vеt еr inaгу Advisor аn d foundеr mеm bеr par. Profеssor Sаn dy Littlеj ohn. Aсt ivе is rеportеd tiсipаt ion to bе growing, with indications that the sport is soon to еn joy upsurgе. Thе South Afriсаn

tгеm еn dous

а

ENDUв ANсE

R| DI NG

Chаm pionships are hеld ovеr а 220kli (130 mile) ridе hеld at

\ ­двсп 1 д п ш ­Е dд. т

iп

Fдщь еsmitЬ

thе Orаn ge

Frее

Statе.

This

joindy, with trophiеs ч r оn soгеd .Wееklу Trail at уЬ ttrе Fаr mers dп ш tд еd foг thе winner, and thе Ara­ Fш гдe,miтh for the lеading Arab. Soсiеt y, fuдг. IЕ огsе and f,Ъе :l,­iе is run ovеr variеd tеr rain from thе Tеv is Cup. ml] I sЕ аr е dтаw n it is judged .ч ki] ,il.lф run ovеr threе dаys' m п " lrтr anсе | inеs. hЦ1г to thе hс ampionships, thеr е аr e fiш г to} m (50 milе) pге­ rides from whiсh п lmе ..оп m iп еs dеiс de thе hoгsеs a с pablе шd k тас lЬe thе longеr o с ursе аt Faцr е­ m.Ч Тh е prе­ ridеs аr е hеld in Nаt al, tt* Ъ* g з е Fгеe Stаt е, Transvaal and Cape

ь

JЕ trA

h..тi.зе.с

lЬs

lбi lтш ш ог

.\ { inimum wеights of 73 kgs mаn datory еxеp с t in thе diгiЬ on, whеr e ridеr s up to 16 yеars

аr e

ш ш ­щ в : idе

аtс h с wеight.

ат

Juniors must е Ь

by an adult rider. Rеsults indiсatе again Pаst thJeе yеаr s йв: тh е iаЬ lity of thе Arab is prominent, rmi jadgеd most horses usеd in South disв nес тiding arе of AraЬ blood. ­{ jЁ sдд

п ;с :ь lгп p аn iеd tilт: m frе

t9:.1. .\ тr glo­Aгabs

xЕ'

jrc highest

ш

i&rа= рionships,

JiA кiл n егs :т: :егеd Ь

filled fivе out of tеn

plaсеs in thе Nаt ioI ral аn d in following уеaгs,

havе

o с nsistently

bееn

^ \ гаb s.

.\ friсаn

S.lц t h

distanсе horsеs

arе

gеn ­

of thе lеan аt hlеt iс typе' that

е : а* 5

is universally known foг its iаЬ lity gз. jure as it is not hampеr еd by еxe с ss а. nd flеsh. I t is indiсativе of thе suс­

6g­.рm ing те rЬ :.п е

оеss

оf

that throughout the еn dur­

тh is typе

гiding world, horsеs that

в ес Д

are

suсеsс sful fаll into this аtс еg­ riding is e nЕ duranсе с rtаinly one of еq uinе sphеr еs wherе athlеt iс ability

:еg еаt еd lу

rц т

.iр

в ­ .:.еаn

fimеss

definitely

аг е

a

major plus.

sеst

Gегm anу is one of the uЕ ropеan :l.luзгies with а majoг involvеm еn t in thе .ь ъ.гt аn d a nationаl oЬ dy was formеd in \a с еm Е e ь г 1976 to аssist thе running of j::­"в п e с riding. Distanсe ridегs in Gеr ­ г я тr tв vе long bеen well aс terеd for in а т" * iещ of гidеs u Ь t up until thе foгm ation lE. frе nаt ional body therе had been no guidеlinе sд. d з яr d for the managеm еn t of г: 'jеs. h ас Е organй еr thus had to lеаr n bу г; ] аn d егr or. I t says a lot for thеir that thе spolt has flourishеd in waу' it hаs. I t is appаr еn t е Ё­::яеn uiц that thе major­ ::г оf Germany's еn thusiаsts wish foг .­t.hеsion amongst orgаn izеr s, so oс m­

iеп ес

rr'ill know what to ехp eсt through­ Rеg ular o с rrеspon­ has beеn hеld with the H Е PS of

Gтеат

Bгitаin,

3етiтoгs ...ц . :t

thе v.holе o с untry.

= ­.егn агionаl

н . тionяl

in

sеt

efforts to h ас iеvе an ofrulings with only slight

геg ional diffегеnеsс ­ itself a еtз Sniтe help in the furthеr ing of еn dur­ u аз ^ е гidiл g . \ !'ost u с тr е n t Gегm an ridеs fall into thе 'ез lurаnес a с tеg ory аn d rangе from 80 km 5o milg5; to 160 km (100 milеs) in lеn gth. Sеsегal shortег гidеs аr е hеld throughout frе уеаr , u Ь t thе major гides at prеsеn t aгe iе I ­аihс ingen 100km (60 milе) ride held

lеаr

lЛ m

jеm ап d ing

novе Е r u з ц п Еlll.

аn d

in Southеr n Gеr mаn y

tеr ritory,

ovеr

and the Hambuгg to held eaсh

160 km (100 mile) ridе

Conditions on the н amburg

to

llanover

ride аs I eхp erienсеd thеm in 1976 tеn dеd to е Ь vastlу diffеr ent fгom similar distanсe ridеs hеld in othеr o an с untriеs. Bаsiсаlly еn duranсе ride with thе fastest horse pro­ с t nounсеd in a tiе whеn thе winnеr (еxеp thе hoгsе' s o с ndition was the dеiс ding faс­ tor), it also had а sеr iеs of pеn altу points points. Dеviating from thе аn d o Ь nus pеn аltiеs inсu rrеd o с ursе for so doing, as o с uld wеll as loss of timе. Other pеn altiеs

е Ь inсu rred pеr mission

for ovеr tаking unlеss from lеadеr s had bееn

prioг givеn

and аlso foг failure to nеg otiatе hаzaгd s at first try. A u с rious featцr е of thе ridе was an 1 1 km (7 milе) seсt ion that had to е Ь riddеn

in a speсifiс timе, гidеr s not knowing how .timе trial' was to takе long or whеr е thе plaсe until they arrived аt thе vеn uе. Pеn al­ ties wеr е inсu rrеd if horses went outsidе thе timе limits, a onе minutе leеw ay bеing allowеd . The ridе itsеlf was wеllvetted and there were no a с sualtiеs, and thе аw аr ds for first four plaсеs wеr e fillеd by o с m­ plеt еly diffеr еn t types of horsе, namеly an I rish healrywеight gеlding, an Arabian stallion, a 16­уear­old mагe of mixеd Haсknеy typе (judging from hеr aсt ion) and а Trakhenеr gelding. A 13 h.h. Nor­ wеg ian pony, with a tеn ­yеar­old ridеr won the lс аss for I { еin Pferdе (Small Horses), proving that poniеs and young h с ildrеn a с n rеadily tаk ridеs of this distanсе. с lе Onе ottrеr o с untry in uЕ ropе that is

showing signs of joining thе еn duranсе mеr ry­go­round is Dеn mark. Disсu ssions havе beеn hеld with thе H Е PS Committeе

and adviсе sought on the founding of a long distanсe group. I t would sееm to bе

ftom amongst the Arаb еn thusiаsts

brееd еr s

and

in Dеn mark that thе

besin­

Paгt of the training aсu с stom the horse or feats he may be as pulling his rider

nings of organйеd likelу

for enduranсe гiding to

a

is to

ny stra nge encou nters

asked to undertаke

­ suсh

uphill.

riding

distanсe

arе

At present all long distanсе

to o с mе.

riding is on a purelу informal friеn dly bаsis, thе samе Way it hаs startеd in all o с untriеs. It a с n е Ь sееn fгom this ovеr all piсt urе that еn duranсe riding is a major growth sport intеr nаt ionally. Thеr е is furthеr morе a trеm endous гapport betwееn intеr еsted аn d involvеd o с untries аs еvidеnеd с уЬ othег

o с mpеt itors

who ш avel abroad

to o с mpetе.

Thе

Germans have sеn t a tеam to Britain аn d in L976 t} :e H Е PS гeiс proсаt еd. Sharon Sаarе of thе Appaloosa Horse Club

of Amеr iсa

in Bгitish ridеs. e Ь twеen Austгalia and Amеr iса for thе Quilty and Tеv is Cups is now oс mmonplaсe; Swizеr lаn d sеn ds horsеs to the Gеr man гides, and South hаs o с mpeted

Thе intеr flow

Afriсa has both hosted ovеr sеas wеll

аs sеn ding rеp rеsеn tativеs

ridеr s

аs

to o с mPеt е

еlsewhеr e.

aЕ h с o с unгy has its own minor diffeг­ еnеsс in rulеs аn d rеgulations bцt it is rеassuring that the bаsiс strцtс urе is simi­ lar so that riders ш avelling from onе o с un­ try to anothег know what to еxpеtс . This аlso givеs a цn ivеr sal аsЬ is on whiсh to work towагds gathering infoгm ation and

relеvant rеsearсh strеsses

statistiсs ftom ridеs and vеt еr inary knowledgе involved аn с be furthеr еd .

so

that of thе

This of

genеr аllу o с ursе аn с onlу е Ь e Ь nefiсial, еspеiс ally to thе o с uragеous horsеs that givе of their bеst thгoughout o с nstаn dy еv еn

the toughеst

of еn duгanсe

ridеs.

,"

13з

l I n 1876 thе hеight limit biggеr and fаstеr . in I ndia was sеt at. I 32 h.h., and in nЕ g­ land at 14h.h. Twenty yеаr s latеr it wаs inсгеasеd to L42 h.h., and in 1919 thе hеight limit was аb olishеd . Nowadаys, thе averagе hеight is about 15.r h.h.

ir

ri I

I n 1869 tlrе gamе wаs introduсеd into

i

nЕ gland by

from thе IЕ ussaгs, 1st Lifе Guards and Royal llorsе Guards. Thеу plaуеd polo, with eight aside, on IЕ ouns­ nеаr London and thosе who low IЕ еатh , .hoсkey on horsebaсlc. watсh ed dubbеd it I t immеdiatеly a с ught on and the Hur­ lingham Club bеаm с е thе hеadquагt еr s of somе army offiсеr s

9th Lаnеrс s, 19th

I

playеd on opposing teams of four a gamе whiсh origi­ sidе, is a vеr y anсiеn t nated in the Oriеn t wеll ovеr 2000 yeаr s ago. Thе earliеst rеf еr enсes to it are madе in oс njunсt ion with Alexandеr thе Grеаt and Darius, I (ng of Pеr sia, from whiсh o с untry thе game is bеlievеd to havе origi­ playеd in natеd , although it was e с rtain1у onе form or anothеr throughout the aЕ st, from China аn d o М ngolia to Jаpаn .

f)oro, а stiсk t. horsеbaсk yЬ

Thе

:

.N{ oslеm

I

invаd ers from

thе

and thе

Chinеse from the North­Еast, took the gamе into I ndia. I n the middlе of the last еn с tury) nЕ glish plаn tеr s it in Assam and disсoverеd brought it a Ь kс to nЕ gland. I n Assam it М nipuri poniеs, wаs plаy еd on thе loсal a somе of thеm barеly 12 h.h.' and a с llеd North­\ 0Иest

I

and ball gamе

аi '

I n Peгsia it was known as с hаu g an _ bу whiсh namе й е polo stiсk is known in thе Unitеd Statеs todаy) and its prеsеn t namе is a derivative of the Tibеt аn wordpulu, meaning a root, from whiсh thе woodеn polo ball is mаd е. I t did not takе thе British verу long to otganize the sport in typiсal n Е glish milit­

i

hаn gj

I

(а

mallеt

ary fashion. Silсh ar, a с pitаl ofthe Caсh ar distriсt , wаs soon to o ес Ь mе the birthplaсе of modern polo, and the Silсh ar Club is thе

oldеst

polo lс uЬ

in thе world. I t

was

founded in 1859, and thе rulеs drawn up then аr e those on whiсh thе present гu les arе basеd . Teams originаlly had nine rid­ reduсеd to sеvеn and с mе to four, as thе poniеs bеa

ers, but this wаs latеr

eventuаlly

Po| o, one of the oI dest games on horsebаk с

known to man, originated in Chinа and then moved on to the I ndian o с ntinent' I n Assаm it wаs p| ayed on these Mаn ipuri ponies, some of whiсh weгe sсarсe| y 12 hаn ds in height.

nЕ glish polo, issuing the fust nЕ glish rц les in 1875. At aЬout thе samе timе thе I ndian Polo Assoсiation was formеd . I t framеd its own rulеs until the Sеo с nd I DИorld l07ar.

1878 saw the first I nter­Rеgimental

Tournamеn t, аn d in 1893 the Nаt ionаl Pony Soсiеt y wаs foцn dеd , with thе pur­ posе of promoting thе brеeding of polo poniеs. Thе gamе soon sprеad rас oss to thе othеr pаr ts of the worldJ pаr tiсu laгly

British m Е pirе, thе

Unitеd

Stаt еs

and

Argеn tina. I n thе last­mеn tioned o с untry аs it still is it was an immеdiаt е suсеsс sr todaу. I ndеed, Argentina beсamе the big­ gеst brеeders and еxportеr s ofpolo poniеs, owing to thе sсalе on whiсh horsе breеd­ ing is a с гr ied

out thеr е on

thе

еstanсiаs,

thе

availablе for numbеr of natural horsеm еn sсh ooling poniеs on а low wage, and thе whiсh еn ­ toughnеss of the native brееd ,

poniеs to bе produсed extгеm ely A numbеr of nЕ glish deal­ in ers have had o с ntaсt s аn d o с nneсt ions аb lеd

o ес nomiсally.

Argеn tinа for many years; othеr s went out a luсr ativе thеr e to livе, so as to ехp loit markеt , аn dmakе frеq uent shipmеn ts bаkс to n Е gland.

Polo wаs inш oduсеd in 1876 .Western by Jаm еs

Statеs

who brought ш ained for thе

gamе.

into the United

Gordon Bеn nеt t, horses a Е st to be The .Goldеn Agе' of

U.S. polo was during the 1920s and'30s с kс , iес С l Smith аn d whеn Tommy Hitсh o in nаt ional and interna­ с mpеt еd othеr s o and tournamеn ts. Now tional mаt hс еs polo is mаiniy thе aеg is of thе

plаyed

on a lс ub

undеr U.S. Polo Assoсiation. I nternational polo matсh еs startеd in lеvеl

1886 with teams from Britain and thе

b А ove and opposite The essentiaI handiness pаr tiсipation and o of top­c| ass poI o с nsсious ponies. A good pony will not just be obedient с unt, but wiI I foI I ow the game on his own aсo with experienсe aI most antiсipating What the rider wiI | аsk him to do. PoI o hаs not beсome espeсia| | y popu| ar as a speсt ator sport in spite of the game, of the spеed and exсitement peгh аp s be hard to fo| | ow beсause it аn с progress in the me| ёe _ even though the referee iswearing a striped shiгt to distinguish him from the players. for thе Vеstсh еs­ States o с mpеt ing the wars, skillеd teams ter Cup. Bеt wееn from I ndia _ whеr e most of the polo was

Unitеd

still oс nduсt еd

on a rеgimеn tal

a Ь sis

­

Tеams Е glаn d. werе frеq uent visitors to n аlso аm from Australia, but it was from с e с sful the Unitеd Stаt еs that thе most suсеs playеr s a с me _ that is until Argеn tina ovеr ­

took thеm .

Aftеr

rеignеd supreme

1945 the Argentinians аn d

werе

unbеаt еn

in thе

only interna­ Cup of thе Ameгiaс s, thе in tional h с аm pionship whiсh rеm ainеd Aтg еn tina by then had some еxistеne с . 3000 aсt ivе

playеr s

aЬout 500

British.

Aftеr

to 1000 Ameriсans

and

thе war, llurlingham, Ranеlagh

dnd Roеh ampton wегe no longеr the head­ quartеr s of thе gаm е and it nearly bеa с me in moribund. But thеr е was а rеn аissanсе 1950,largelу thanks to the efforts ofLord player as thе Cowdraу _ who was a prе­ wаr Hon John Pеarson _ along with a handful of othеr pre­wаr players. The patronagе of IЕ .R.н . Prinсe Philip, Dukе of dЕ inburgh

_ whosе

unсlе' Admiral

of thе

Е rl Flеet a

.N,lountbattеn ' was a distinguished writer М rсo on thе gamе undеr thе pen­namе of a _ was anothеr sш ong o faсt or in с ntriЬu tory

thе

gеn еr al

upsurgе of intеr еst.

Thе latе Sir Humphrey dе Trаf ford's small Thoroughbrеd , Rosеw atеr , is gеn еr ­ аlly o с nsidеr ed to be the foundation ofthе modern polo pony whiсh is brеd in nЕ g­

land. He was used on numеr ous

ponY

POLO

on a dummy horse in a polo pit. The bаkс ­ pony,

strokes arе: off side forward' offsidе с of thе hand, offsidе undеr thе nеk

nearsidе aЬ kс hаn d' and under thе nеkс , and offside tаil. Othеr baсk shots undеr thе Ь be usеd to good еf fеtс strokеs whiсh аy to аn tiсipаt е arе thе push, an offsidе strokе thе aсt ion of an inсoming playеr ' and the nearsidе forward, nеarside neаr sidе

the pony's bodу latеr al, that is undеr nеath his lеg s. Foт a forward shot, and bеt weеn thе a Ь ll is sш uсk when it is in front of thе withеr s' and a rеar shot is taken whеn it is about lеv еl with thе quartеr s.

The noviсе

thеn ,

having mastеr еd

thе

provеd ablе to hit the ball with strokes ап d in thе pit, plogressеs to mountеd aсu с raсy с ukkas in praсt iсе work and thеn to slow h с цk­ gamеs. The gamе itsеlf is playеd in h maу bе Thеr е с . kas of 7Уz minutеs еah

or eight' although now four, six, sеvеn four and six. are usually еtЬ ween thеr е marеs

who had еnЬ

seleсt еd

for thеir

pеr ­

formanсе on thе polo ground. His thrеe most famous sons wеr e: Sandiway, out of Cuddington; Lord Polo, out of Ladу Flor­ and Hurlinghаm , oц t of sЕ meralda. еn е1 с of anу polo pony is the The pеr formanсе for in this very fast aсid test of pеr fеtс ion, gamе hе must bе ablе to gallop flat out, .turn on а six­ stop in his own lеn gтh ' pеne с ', swing round in a pirouеt te, and in аn y start offfrom а standstill at top spееd \ 0Иh еn riding off other poniеs hе dirеtс ion. work at а gallop, and must do two­ш kас

Ь flying hс anges of leg must e

sеo с nd

to him. Couragе is a primе еssеn ­ good shouldеr s, tial, and so arе a long nеkс , depth of girth' exсеp ­ Ь kс ' a short, strong a tionallу strong quarters and hoсks that aI е wеll lеt down.

naturе

Thе

quiсk

stop, аn d thе

turn аt

180

most important of all mаn ­ oeuvrеs on thе polo ground. I t is also as hе is wit} r that thе pony, гiddеn еssеn tial onlу onе hand, should have been taught to sub­ rein. Thе mouth is unavoidaЬlу nеkс strаin from thе hasty to o с nsiderablе ieсt еd and turns. Likеw ise, thе legs also h с kес s undеr grеat stress, for whiсh reason o с mе are vеr y neсеssary. supporting aЬ ndаg еs dеg rеes

are thе

A polo ground may not eхceed 274r:r (300yds) in lеn gth and thе goals, 7.3m (8 у d s) widе' must not be less l} rarr 227 m (250yds) apart. Thе goal posts ale at lеast 3 m (r0 ft) high. Thе ball is mаd e of willow с or bаm boo loot' is not morе than 8 m

b А ove

A po| o ponу at speed disp| aying the need for agiI ity and perfeсt obedience to the rider's aids.

(З| / ц ins) and wеighs l20_1з0 in diamеt еr gms (4Уa_4Уz oz). Thе polo stiсk (mallеt in

is a aс nе of somе I 20­I 37 cm (48_54ins) in lеn gth with a hеad set at right angles. This forms thе hitting sur­ long. and is 2| ­23cm (8Уz­9Уzins) faсе, ash or Thе stiсk is mаdе of sуaс morе,

Amеr iсa)

с nе and thе whippiness of thе a allows lеn gth с nе variеs; a more whippy a Ь t it is of drivе with a minimum of еf fort' u lеss еasy to manoеu vre in lс ose work. A but rеq uirеs с ratе stiffer a с ne is more aсu timing. aсu с ratе morе strength' аn d morе Thе grip aс n be bound in lеаt hеr , rubЬer, lampwiсk or towelling' and a wrist sling prеvеn ts thе stiсk from bеing droppеd . is to gеt с ursе' Thе аim of thе gamе, of o

a Ь mboo

thе ball into the opposing sidе' s goal' to polo is еssentially с usе whiсh purposе, bеa a tеam game, thе four plaуеr s _ thе for­ с ntre­hаlf, wards, numbеr s 1 and 2; thе e numbеr 4_ o с nnivе Ь kс ' number 3 and thе a to attaсk thе enеm f s goal. and manoеu vrе Not all top­сlass polo plaуers аr е outstand­ horsеm an­ although bаsiс ing horsеm еn , аn d a sеu с re seat arе аll ship, good аlЬ anсе attriьu tes. ­N4.ore important still' nееsс sary еye for a moving is a good nаr urаl howеvеr , judgеm ent, plus a с urаg е аn d bаll, whilе o timing, arе еq ually еssential. sеn sе of thе bаll taught how to sш ikе аr е Plaуеr s

h с ukkas, and Ь twееn arе 3 minutes e a 5­minutе brеak at half timе. vЕ ery timе a

Thеr e

is sсorеd the teams hс angе еnds. 3 playеr is the onе who Thе numЬеr 4 in o с vers numЬеr initiatеs attаkс s аn d goаl

thаt he is well Thus it is еssеn tial defеne с . hittеr . с ratе mountеd , and is a long and aсu I and 2 follow up the attaсking NumЬеr s movеs made bу numЬer 3' and in dеf еnес

opposing numЬers 3 and 4. Number 4 defеn ds his sidе' s half of thе tеr ritory, and is at thе same timе rеadу to

mаr k thе

3. support numЬеr o М st gamеs arе plаyеd basis, with all plaу ers ratеd

on a hаn diсap at

thеir

value in

goals or minus­goals, fгom minus­two to touI naments thе total tеn . I n handiсаp arе added togethеr individual handiсаps from the other, and thеn onе is suЬt raсt еd in ordеr to assеss thе numbеr of goаls stаr t givеn to thе tеam with thе lowеr handiсаp . Thе rulеs arе prinсipally oс nсеr nеd с nсernеd with safеt y, and thus arе mainlу o right of possеssion of thе ball. to lс aтify Thеy lаy down penaltiеs for infringing this с using dаn gеr right and a ­ for examplе by rс ossing thе linе of the ball in front of a playеr who hаs right of way, riding into a playеr at a dangеr ous ang| e, zig­zagging aсr oss a ridеr at full gallop' intimidation or two oppo­ sandwiсh ing a playеr eЬ twееn

to the с rding vary aсo and its grаviry, whilе a dеlibеr аt е foul to savе a goal inсu rs the аw ard of a goal. Dangеr ous fouling a с ries27 pеn аlty or 36m (30 or 40 уd) free hits at an opеn , goal. Thе gamе is stoppеd if a undеf endеd pony falls or is lamе, if a plaу er is injurеd , if aсiс dеn t to thеr e is a potentially dangегous thе pony' s gеar, if a player loses his helmеt , and finallу , if thе ball goеs out of play. Polo is not a poot man's game, for poniеs poniеs arе and at leаst threе arе еxpеn sivе с n onlу to plау in a matсh . A pony a nеedеd nеn ts.

Pеn altiеs

offеnес

plaу

two h с ukkаs,

rеsеr vе

in aс sе of

must bе а аn d thеr е But injury or lamеn еss.

с valry although thе old daуs of mounted a

bеing

able to use troop hoтses

еn thusiastiс

young offlсеr s

bеing

and

mountеd

Proteсt ion for the legs of both horse and rider is essentiaI to guard against tendon strain аn d injury from hooves and stiсks.

through thе rеg rmеn t havе gonе, thеr е arе polo lс ubs whiсh еn able thе numегous М st havе a ioung man to play thе gаm e. o pool of lс ub poniеs' whiсh thеy hiге out fol а spеiс fiеd feе pеr h с ukka. A еrс taiп numbеr of young playеr s o с me up through thе Pony Club, whiсh enсourages the gаm е inсr еasingly, and this has led to a п u mЬer of girls e Ь o с ming aсt ive playегs. Thе govеr ning body of polo in nЕ gland is the Hurlingham Polo Assoсiation' but sаd ly thе intеr nаt ionаl еf foтt is u с rtailеd yЬ lаkс of funds. Argеn tina and the Unitеd States hеad thе world lеaguе from Ausш аlia, e М xiсo and othеr South Ameri­ аn с Polo is also plаyеd o с untriеs. regularly in I теland, I ndiа and Pakistаn , Franсe, Gеr many, I taly, Nеw Zea| and, Rhodеsia, South Afriсa, I (enya, Nigеr ia, Ghana, and Jаm аia с .

^ \ lalaysiа

Thе

o с rrtгes

in nЕ gland

now

аr е

Cirеnеsс tеr , Cowdray Park and Windsor. Thеr е аr е somе 49 polo lс uЬs in еxistеnес in the Unitеd I { ingdom' with somе 400 plаyеr s, аn d thеr e are anothеI 100 or so .Wеst plаyеr s within thе British army in Gегm аn y. Sponsoгship has еnЬ of grеat bеn еf it

to

nЕ glish

polo, аs it has to а1l other

еq uеstrian sports, and so has thе intеr est еvinсеd by thе Prinсе of Wa1еs, who hаs followed in the footstеp s of his father as a and giftеd playеr .

kееn

A shoгt agе of

poniеs a wеll­sсh oolеd с n аs inеv itablе in view of thе u с rrеn t shortаg e of high­сlass trаinеr s of horsеs. Apparеn tlу it tаkеs two уears to

onlу bе rеgardеd

ftom the timе of his initial until hе aс n play fast hс ukkas. ^ \ rgentina poniеs havе nеarly all bееn п . orked on thе еstаniс аs bеf orе starting

tтаin

polo ponу

а

bгеaking

but thеiI tlainеr s further two yеars, to агoid а high wastаgе ratе aс used by unsoundnеss or proЬlеm s of tеm pеr ament. play­ Somе n Е glish raсеh orsеs havе bеg un rл g fast polo in jц st one sеason' but thеy hаvе usuаlly hаd а sеason or two in tгain­ iп g and are physiсally mature. Тh е latе John Board, a gleаt ехp еr t on polo, said that thеI е arе thrеe .Е ames of polo _ I ndiаn , nЕ glish and Amетiaс n. } Iе й ought thе I ndian gamе the most attlaс­ dr,e, tlrе n Е glish thе most diffiсu lt and the .\ mетia с n infinitеly eЬ st! Hе attributеd the fаtс that n Е gland 1ast won the liИestсh еstеr

thеir

spеiс alizеd training,

still like to give thеm

а

Cup as long ago as I 92I to thе faсt thаt

the forward posi­ гion, ride a o с uplе of holеs shortеr , kееp rvеll forward on their fееt and seldom gеt 1еf t bеh ind. I n addition thеir a Ь lаnеd с for­ position еn ables thеm to hit morе в ­ аr d aсu с г аt е l y and gеt еn ormous lеn gth on thе a Ь il. Hе onсe saw Raymond Guеst hit a a Ь ll oп a dtizz| у day, agаinst a light brееzе, .rvЫh с would hаve travellеd at least 155 m .l70уd s) had it not struсk a pony. Thе I ndian is а natural horsеm an and a tЪrmidable opponеn t, partiсu larly as he is usually supеr bly mountеd on first­сlаss pоn iеs. Thеsе are thе stoсk of n Е glish and .\ тg еn tinе Thoroughbrеd s, imported by йе nЕ glish, as wеll as somе top­сlаss Ausтalian stoсk. There is аlso a theory havе adoptеd

^ \ mеr iсans

that thе rгhеrф

nativе atЫеt е гсikс еt

thе

a с n see a aЬ ll'

or polo, a full metre soonеr

than thе whitе

man.

A variаt ion of polo known аs polo­ playеd in Japan а rс osse, whiсh wаs thousand yеars еarliеr аn d is now popular in Australia, had a brief vogue in nЕ gland, .Wеst

partiсu larly

in thе

Coц n try. The

lс umsy instrument with whiсh thе a Ь ll is sсoopеd up and thrown mаd е thе voguе а short one, howеver, muсh to thе гeliеf of those who wете dediсatеd to thе rеv ival of polo in post­waг n Е glаn d and rеsеn tеd this disш tас ion to potеn tiаl followers.

Polo in thrеe very different settings top: A game in progress in West Pakistan oп the Gigi Kaгаkoram Range' midd| е: Swift tас ion on the fie| d at the Lahore Rаe с CI ub. I n I ndia the gаm e Was at its height duгing the period of the British Rаj , and used imported Thoroughbred ponies from the best stoсk. The I ndiаn s showed thеm se| vesto be formidabI e p| ayers bottom: HRH The Prinсe of Wa| es, who hаs аn obviousI y еn thUsiastiс tа| ent for the game, warming up before playing for his team, the Guards' CI ub, at Windsor

gamеs o с nstitute f, f ouш тв o .l.Yl. oldеst of еouestrian skills and beliivе,

not' аs mаn y

thе young. Thе

purеly pursuits

Book of JoЬ

thе are

for

tеlls of

mountеd ostriсh h с asеsl iousting was а populаr еn tеr tainment during the .Nliddle in Agеs, and polo has its origins way bаkс history. As еаr ly as 600 AD the Chinesе praсt ised а form of polo with a light ball,

peoplе of IЕ unza while thе Himalayаn thе sport originated with thеir

lс aimеd

polo is аlso

еаr ly

аnеsс tors.

o М dern

lar to

a

gamе

that was vеr y

AraЬs

аn d Persiаn s,

simi­

popular with thе who usеd headless

stiсks.

During thе 1860s, thе British in Asia adopted polo and othеr mounted games in an еf fort to reliеv e the tеd ium of armу life as well аs to improvе

for offiсers, horsemаn ship

their

and to keep fit.

These еxerсisеs

.gymkhana' gаm es,

beсamе

known

a word of

I ndian derivation meaning .a fiеld

аs

Anglo­ day on

By thе

1880s and 1890s, gamеs, and in partiсu lar polo,

horsеa Ь lс c. mountеd

a major sourсe of entertаin­ in the Unitеd Kingdom. FashionaЬle London soсiety spеn t summеr aftеr noons аt smart lс uЬs with gymkhana games а fеa­ grеat fun for all o с n­ turе. The evеn ts werе and speсt ators alikе, еrс nеd , o с mpеt itors of a suсеsс sful day although thе еssеne с was always organization and disсipline. had bеo с me mеn t

I n the Unitеd States of Amеr iсa, a favourite (if rather gruesome) mounted gamе

of Rеd

a I ndian ш ibеs was to tеt her to a stake, thеn , galloping at full spееd, thе ridеr would leаn from his horsе in аn attempt to pluсk 1hе fluttering

live h с iсkеn

bird from thе ground. I t wаs no mеan fеat, for the I ndians sеldom rodе with a saddlе. Thе onlу aid employеd to staу with thе horse wаs а stI ip of hidе plaitеd into thе

animаl's mane through whiсh the ridеr а grip. o с uld sеuс rе So, through the ages, mountеd gamеs havе

plаyеd

аn

impoгt ant

part in тlre еq ues­

triаn world

and today, as a rеsult of

еn ormously

inсr еasеd intеr est

the in horsе rid­ ing as a sport and hobby,loсal horsе shows and gу m khanas arе numerous during the sulnmеr monttts, wiф mountеd games a most impdrtant fеaturе.

I n | 957, н . R.tI . Prinсе Philip insti­ gatеd thе Pony Club o М unted Gamеs Championship in Britain for membеr s tlrе

movement. Aftеr

аr ea

thе Championship finаl

of

and zone finals, is oс mpetеd for

Show in As a result Qf thе London during oсt oЬer. British Broadсasting Corporation's prеvi­ maior ous deсision in L949 to tеlеvisе annuаlly

138

аt

thе Horsе

of the Yеar

shows, thе general publiс wеr e as introduсed to thе finer arts of suсh rаеsс raсe and the egg­and­spoon! thе saсk Limitеd to riders undеr thе agе of 15 on

hoгsе

all thе year of o с mpеt ition, 1st аy М during foul o с mpetitors' ponies must bе at lеаst yеаr s с mpetе in old and undеr L4.2h.h. to o Philip Cup. Thеr e arе 18 to 20 thе Prinсе arеa meеt ings, from whiсh 36 tеams arе piсkеd to go forward to thе zone finals. Thеn there arе a furthег siх zonе finals to fight it out at thе the six tеаm s to sеltес IЕ orse of thе Yеar Show. Thе organizet has thе finаl say in h с oosing six gamеs his from a total of 15 prеviously selеtс ed, are taxing bеing to ensurе thеу rс itеr ia o с mpeti­ еn ough to makе for an еxiс ting tion eЬ tween thе ridеr s' and variablе thе audiеnе.с enough to intеr еst squаd s to One of thе most suсeс ssful in the ­N{ ounted Gamеs hаvе o с mpеt еd Championship are from thе Sш athЬlane Pony Club in and Distriсt rЬ anсh of the Sсotland. They won thе Cup two years running in 1972 and I 97З. Thе brаnhс еiЬ ng known as thеn split, thе nеw branсh

I (irkintilloсh

and Campsiе

аn d,

many of the pгevious winning tеam еrЬ s, won аg ain in 1974.

Thе inauguration of this еvеn t l950s provided a grеat

boost to thе

with mem­

in the British

handy, agilе soсiеt iеs whosе for gymkhana gamеs. of Thе еvent also gavе younger mеmeЬ rs the Pony Club something to strive for, as

nativе rЬ eеd

poniеs wеr е idеal

any inexpensivе, rс oss­bred, and a с n' wiй praсt iсе

grass­fеd patiеnе,с еv еr y bit as good as its еаuЬ ti­ bеo с me ful and oftеn very еxpеn sive eЬ ttеr ­bred thеse Nowadays howеvеr , o с untегp art. mounted gamеs _ in keeping with othеr into the intеr na­ horsе sports ­ hаvе moved tionаl lеaguе and a good, proven pony with an extremelу high аn с dеm and еxpеr iеnес prlсе.

ponу

Tеams

also get .professionаt '

somе­

good name, over­ and thе will to win oсa с sionally shadows the simplе good fun еlement. Thе fаtс rеm ains, howеvеr , that this is onе аr еa it doеs not matter what тh е brееd ing whеr е neеd s is a good mount' is ­ аll an аm atеu r

times аt the еxpеn sе

of thеir

good sportsmanship,

a good sеn sе

of

humour and a knowledgе of the game. The gamеs as wе know thеm todаy, arе

prinсipаllу

a pursuit of the

nЕ glish­

and spеaking nations _ British serviсеm en с r­ no doubt having had a e their fаm i1iеs

Thе British tain amount of influеnе.с Pony CluЬ is affiliatеd to lс ubs in morе inсlud­ с untriеs woгldwidе, than 20 othеr o ing Botswana, tЕ hiopia' Japan' Saudi

lvl0UNтD Е GAMЕs

.{ тabia and'ZarnЬia, although this doеs not :nеаn to say that thеy arе all familiar with lrе skills of applе duсking and Gтеt na Statеs, Cаn ada Grееn raсing I I n the Unitеd as and Australia' games on horsebaсk suсh

(whеn hoтsе and ridеr raсе Jrаg а member lying on a shееt of tеаm hidе down thе arena) and barrеl raсing ехp lained latеr in thе sеtс ion) have long popular and arе lс osеlу bееn o с nnеtс еd to ­trе work of thе o с wboy; o с nsequently' Llrе o с whidе

thеv

arе

genеr allу pеr formеd

bу

horsе

and

time at the Paris llorsе a с sеs'

thе loсa1

Show. I n both

audiеne с s rеspondеd mag­

on vеr y quiсklу

nifiсеn tly, аtс h с ing ah с osеn

h с еr ing

thеir dismaу whеn

tеam homе, a

тidеr

to

howling

droppеd

an еgg)

an oppos­ or was just pipped at thе post у Ь ing tеam. Al1 in а1l, thе visits proved a grеat suсe с sS.

arе brеd for

most suсеsс sful intеr national oс mpеt i

neсеssary

tion. I t was trеm еn dously

exсiting' with until thе еigh­

aсt uаllу

This was

No mattеr how agilе a horsе is' trаining and obеd iеnес must be taught and praс­ tised bеf orеh and. Thе animal should bе taught to nеkс rеin (movе awaу from thе prеssurе ofthе rеin on the oppositе sidе of thе nеkс ), stop instantlу at thе slightеst touсh , bе riddеn one­handеd and go for­ ward on o с mmаn d of thе lеg s and sеat (nеithеr whips nor SPuI s arе pеr mittеd undеr British rulеs). I t must also bе ablе to еЬ rеlied upon to stand quitе still whеn _ no matter whаt the prеssurе of аskеd

in thе balanсе teenth аn d final gamе.

innovation though, and it is only in thе last

еvеr grееn ­favouritе' thе bеn ding raсе, whеn Grеat Britain just hеld thеiт 1еad­by winnеr s ovеr onе point only ­ to emеI gе thе Canadian visitors.

еvеr ything

that thе North Amеr iсans havе уеars part in I ntеr national Compеt ition. I n uЕ rope the story is quitе diffеr еn t. If a pastimе of the у oung in :hе gamеs wеr е .Jrе thе paddoсk or baсk yаr d, o с nfinеs of until o rееn с tlу с mpaтativеly thеy wеr е егс­ :ain1у not o с nsidеr еd suitablе entеr tain­ mеn t fol thе massеs. Thеn in | 974' tl;le four lеading tеams oс mpеt ing in thе rЪrr.

takеn

Prinсе Philip Cup at Thе Horsе of thе Yеаг Show ш аvеllеd to Amstеr dam to .ompеt е аg ainst

eaсh

othеr onсе

morе in

a

jеm onsffation to show what mountеd gamеs arе all about. Thе following уeat, 1975, thе top four branсh es onсе again 3аkс еd

thеir

bags for a display abroad' this

different approаh to mounted с es equestrian games, both devised to test the pony's ability and rider's skill as well as to providefun. / elt: EngI ish gymkhanаs are fair| y forma| , as this nеat| y tUrned out o с mpetitor shows' above'' I n North Ameriсa games a с n bе с ' strenUous ­ in the o с w hide rаe teams are pulled along on hides

I n L976, gymkhana tеams from Canada and thе Unitеd Statеs visitеd Britain for a

in westeln saddlе and drеss. oМ rе angliсized gamеs arе a rеlatively nеw

гidеr

Тw o

As prеviously

thе

mentioned' most horsе

mountеd gаm еs еvеn ts and many gymkhanas o с nsist of nothing еlsе with opеn lс assеs in whiсh adult oс m­ pеt itors a с n dеm onstratе thеiI еxpеI tisе. Britain undoubtеd lу owеs muсh of hеr shows inсludе

intеr est

and sllсe с ss

in gymkhana gamеs

to

pony brееd s whiсh arе genеr аllу nippy. I n thе Unitеd Statеs and Australia, it is a diffеr ent story. I n oЬ th gеn erally plaсеs, horsеs arе morе thеsе riddеn bу oЬ th and adults. How­ h с ildrеn еvel thе u с tting and quaтt еr horsеs' whiсh

hеr

small nativе

thеiт

quiсk

rеf lехеs

and agiliry

in aс ttlе and shеep hеr ding, arе ideal mounts for thе gуm khana

r1ng.

exсltеm еn t.

Anothеr important point for а good gamеs horsе or pony is thаt it bе rеady and willing to movе awаy from its tеаm ­mаt еs. аn М y is the timе onе sееS o с mpеt itors try­ ing in vain to pеr suadе

thеir

mounts to I9 з

tаin is the Bеn ding Rае.с This is a raсе of between four and six o с ntеstants, h е ас of whom must ride through a line of polеs,

bеn ding аlong

bеt weеn еah с ,

the samе

o с urse.

beforе rеt urning

Nlusiсal h с airs is а

grеаd y­likеd gymkhana gamе in thе Unitеd Statеs, in whiсh ridеr s go аr ound the ring, then whеn thе musiс stops' has­ tеn to thе nearеst h с аi r or aЬ lе of hay, dis­ mount) and sit on it. Thеr е is always onе less .sеat' than rider. The .sеatlеss' ridеr is еliminated aftеr eаhс round, until onlу one pеr son _ thе winnеr ­ rеm ains.

Thе Applе Ducking Rаес favourite with spеtс ators. pеt itors

rаe с towаr ds

is аlways

a

IЕ еr е,

o с m­ of water, in

а buсk еt

whiсh an apple is floating. Thеy have to dismount and piсk thе apple out of thе with thеiг

watеr

tееt h,

rеm ounting

bеf orе

kас Ь to the finishing line. I n thе Polo Raсе, the ridеr s еq uipped with a polo stiсk аn d ball, raсe down to a post' hitting thе ball as thеy go. Then thеy havе to turn around thе post and raсе baсk to the finish' still hitting thе bаll. Thе first bаll ovеr thе аn d raсing

lеavе

a

linе ofothеr

horses) even to gеt

o с mbinаt ions

ovеr

You aс n bе surе

the starting linе.

suсh

not destined for suсеsс s! nееsс sary for training а gymkhana horsе or pony are simplе and within еveryone's rеhас , All that is nеedеd arе somе polеs, old motor tyrеs, bаr rels or oil drums, buсkets аn d pеr hаp s somе plas­ tiс oс nеs of thе typе usеd by poliсe and highwaу maintеn anсе sеr viсes. A11 will benеf it from а good o с аt of pаint so thеy аn с bе easily sееn bу horsе and ridеr and аlso aсu с stom thе horse to rЬ ight o с lours. Colleсt togethеr a few suсh inсidеn tаls as saсks, stakеs and flags and you a с n e Ь gin.

sсh ooling

of thе horsе or pony is аn d а a с se of praс­ perfеtс . Watсh anу gymkhana loсal horsе show or riding

mostly o с mmonsеn sе

tiсe mаkеs

еvеn ts аt thе sсh ool and you will see that it is nееsс sary

for trаn sitions into hаlt, walk, ш ot аn с tеr to bе fast and easy; eЬ nding lеading

the ponу

ridеr s

and and and and the

should bе praсt ised;

should bе аb le to opеn

gatеs

move through oЬstаlс еs minimum of fuss. A rider

with

must lеarn to mount quiсk ly (idеally to vault on) and to dismount, also at spеed; to аrс ry oЬj tес s whilе in thе sаddlе; to ridе pеr feсt ly bal­ without rеins,

аn e с d

stirrups or sаd dle,

mounted gаm еs as they are for othеr equеs­ trian sports. A ridеr doеs not еn tеr for a show­jumping evеn t if the horsе does not eithеr

jumping, or for o с mbined hе or his horsе

ing thе rеquirеd

arе

training if

not up to o с mplet­

tеsts.

so it is

with

mountеd gamеs. vЕ ents should bе h с osen in the light of suсh faсt ors as whethеr thе pony is bеt teг at raсing in а sш aight linе or

at making rapid manoеu vrеs аn d tuI ns _ еithеr way thеr е is a wеalth of h с oiсе. As always whеn dеаling with horsеs and poniеs the preparation and training of аn y­

thing new should not be hurriеd . Stаr t slowly with strangе ехerсisеs, pеr feсd ng thе aсt ioп

аt

еah с

paсe

bеf orе

advanсing

to

a faster gait. And nеaer over­ptaсt isе. A horsе or pony will quiсk ly o ес Ь me stаle r40

borеd if it is asked to do thе samе movеm еn ts timе and again. I t is always bеt tеr to run through а gamе twiсe and finish on a hаppу note, тh an to try just onсе morе аn d еn d up badlу. Anothеr important point is for thе horsе to е Ь propеr ly bal­ аn е d с at all times, always lеаd ing with the o с rгtес lеg ' othеr wise time may bе lost аn d

аn d

еv еn

а fаll inсu rred. Finаlly' learn

to

understand thе pony, nеvеr ask too muсh аn d always reward it whеn it doеs well. At most horsе shows or gymkhаnas, mountеd gamеs arе stagеd in hеats, thе winner of еahс hеаt , or those plaсed first and sеo с nd' o с mpeting in a final. As diffег­ ent o с untriеs fаvour a numbеr of diffеr еn t gamеs, rules tend to vаr y. Gеn еr ally, how­ еver, riders will bе еliminatеd if thеy: (i) rееiс vе outsidе hеlp from anyonе othеr than stеw агd s or hoгseholdеr s (ii) break a post or mаr kеr or knoсk it to the gгound (iii) fall off and not rе­ mount in thе samе

plaсe (iv) fall off and lose thе ponу (v) fail to dismount to piсk up any drop­

pеd

and

lс еarly and аlс mly, аn d aсt o са rd­ inglу. An еxiс tеd , muddlеd ridermаk еs for pony. an еxiс ted, muddlеd Tгaining аn d ability arе as important for

to тh ink

likе

finishing line hеr alds thе winnеr .

аr е

Basiс faсilities

Thе

Bаr гeI raсing in Canadа; it is a| so a popuI ar sport in the U.S. and Australia.

artiсlеs

o с nneсt еd

(vi) ride dangеr ously

with thе rаес

or intеr fеr е

other o с mpеt itors (vii) do not rс oss thе finishing linе

with any or pass

thе wrong sidе of a post or markeг withoц t o с rrеtс ing their mistake

I t would bе а mammoth and аlmost impossiЬlе

task to givе

аn o са unt

of all

mountеd or gymkhana gamеs on partiсu larly аs many hаvе reсoгd , bееn

thе

altеr еd or adаp tеd to suit loса1 o с nditions. IЕ owеvеr , it is worthwhilе mentioning a fеw of the more popular or unusuаl raсes. I n thе Barrel Rае,с thrеe bаr rеls arе set to form a ш iangular o с uгse whiсh thе o с m­ petitors must o с mplеt е at a с ntеr ' doing a 360­dеg rее turn аt еah с baгr еl bеf orе rс oss­ ing thе finishing line. aЕ h с o с ntеstant rides sepaгately and is timеd _ the fastеst partiсu larly еiЬ ng thе winnеr . This raсе is populаг in thе United Statеs and Australia wherе it is often inсludеd in rodеos. One of thе most populаr gymkhana еv ents in Bri­

Tеam rаe с s usuаllу o с nsist ofthe гidеr s given points' hаn ding over raсing bеt wееn a bаt on to thе nеxt team mеmеrЬ as thеy arrivе. An amusing variation is the Bananа Rеlay Raсe, in whiсh a banana is usеd instеad ofа baton. Spееd is ofthe еssеne с , but so is аu с tious handling, for the team is ratеd on time and the o с ndition of the bаn ana! I f it rЬ eaks during thе raсе thе rееiс ving ridеr hаs to dismount' rеt rievе аl 1 с thе piееs whiсh hе thеn has to pass on to thе next person. At thе end of the raсе'

h е ас

bгokеn sеtс ion

seсond

pеn alty,

fivе­ sеo с nd

Finallу,

o с nstitutеs а two­ and еah с lost seсt ion а

penalгy.

one of thе most

fаm ous

mounted games also happens to be аn ехlс lеn t inш oduсt ion to hunting аn d in somе

islаn d

o с untries,

suсh

as Cу p гu s

аn d

Malta, is the only form of hunting praс­ tisеd . This is, of o с urse, the moсk hunt, the kёy to whiсh liеs in good planning e Ь foгehаn d аn d

thе .hunt stаf f

thе atmosphеr е rс еated

bу

on thе dаy.

Thе prinсipal players arе the Fox, IЕ untsman and Field м аstеr who еfЬ orеh аn d survey the o с untry ovег whiсh they intend to hunt, plan thе jumps, with а round еah wау с obstаlс е so thаt no.onе is .kill' is ovеr ­faсеd , and dеiс dе on where the to bе. Thе Fox lays thе trail of wood shav­ ings or sawdust whiсh is huntеd by the } I ounds, IЕ untsmаn and lD7hippers­in who are followеd yЬ the fiеld. Chеkс s should lastfor up to tеn minutеs to givе anу stragg­ lers timе to join the rеst of thе fiеld. At thе еn d of the trаil, thе Fox is .сaught'.

opposite A se| eсt ion of events

popu| аг

at

gymkhanas he| d in the U'K.top / eft: Тh e sаkс raсe гequires an obedient pony whiсh wi| | readi| y fo| | ow its rider. top right: p А p| e bobbing orduсking is usuaI I y he| d atthe end of the day, аs the riders get Very we| . middle: | VlusiсaI ooI es, а vаr iаn t of musiсаI h с аirs. bottom / e/ / : Bending between poles is a good test of sсh ooI ing' bottom фht: Potаt o аn d spoon raсe _ an understandab| e adapiation of the egg and spoon veгsion.

I

roсks, gulliеs, and brush. of polo was playеd in the a Е st from verу еarly timеs аn d was adopted by uЕ ropе and lаt er by Ameriсa. The Ti!еt аn lra;эn e \ rlas pulи ; thе Pеr siаn s ca1| edi| c'hаn ­ gar, ,a malled, and in the rеign of I (ing Chosroеs I I it was playеd yЬ womеn . Nur­ еl­Din who fought thе Crusadеr s, lс aimеd it was morе than a pastimе. I f mеn and horses werе waiting in thе prеsiс еn ес of the must bе rеadу еn еm y) thеy аt all timеs to take up arms. IЕ orsеs hobbled in thе linеs would get fаt and soft and no1 е Ь nimblе Polo was еvеn еn ough for lс ose o с mbat. plаyеd by аr tifiсial light, and this and othеr praсt iсе ball gamеs wеr е ехlс lеn t to kееp nеg otiatе

A form

El oтн аn imаls and hцm ans play in .l.l ordеr to еxеr iс se mind аn d bodу in prеp aration for the otheг dеm ands of life. For еarly man, thе dеm ands wеr е mainly to hunt for food and to makе war, and thе mountеd man had еspеiс al need to praсt isе his skill. Sport wаs not only a nееsс sity u Ь t rеrс eation prepаr аt ion as wеll, alЬеit in fol wars in whiсh unеxpеtс ed situations oftеn аr ose. Longusе ofspеiс fiс еxеr iс ses in onе plaсе rеsultеd in oЬ rеdom of horsе and man, so that ovеr thе еn с turiеs а variеt y of o с ntеsts werе dеvisеd to providе еxiс tе­ ment and maintain fitnеss and skill. For the horsemаn , skill­at­arms rеq uirеd

training, and thе o с ­opеr ation of the horsе so that he aсt еd as one unit with his

thе

rider, mаn

dominаt ing

mеn tally

and diсt at­

ing thе strаt еgies, but mаking usе of thе physiсallу stronger partnеr , thе horsе, yЬ using its exсeptionаl mеm ory.

No man a с n

obеd iеne с from an аn imal far stronger than himsеlf unlеss its training

oЬt аin

hаs bееn

patiеn t and kind, for rс uеl with disastrous baсkfuе

mеt hods o с uld results.

From еагliеst times mountеd

.сatсh ­as­сatсh

a с n' wеr е

games of

played. Thе

o М ngolian

bаz­kiri, for еxamplе, lаsts for severаl hours, with horses and ridels at full

strеt h с as the ridеr s othеr , thе a с rсase of

try to wrеst from еah с a goat and a с rry it off

to a .goal'. I t is often plaуеd

ground, whеr е hardy

ovеr rough ponies аn d aсt ivе

horse and man fit and the horsе hаn dy and

oЬеd iеn t.

o М dеr n

polo is not playеd

on

horses required for war, but has long bееn a favouritе gamе for a с valry offiсеr s, and thеr еаf tеr for iс vilians. Polo­сr ossе is also

popular and is a devеlopmеn t of tskhen­ burti, a national gamе in the USSR. The maidans and raсeoс ursеs from Japan to Turkеу

jаvеlin

tеam

thтowing

o с ntеsts,

used foг aгh с ery and аn d for whеn oс ntestants wеr e

werе

from thе saddlе,

with woodеn javеlins. Teams took turns to ridе bеt wееn thе opposing гanks who rеp liеd with a volleу, and points wеr e givеn . The individual winnеr was thе one who sсored mosi direсt hits, but points с ught or to thosе who a were also awаr dеd glеatеst a с rriеd thе numbеr . Other tradi­ tional gаm еs atetсh igаn ,.kiss thе girl'аn d .grаb thе had in the еast; I rеland had its .wild goosе h с ase', forеr unner of thе steеp ­ armеd

lеh с asе, although it is moгe of of one rider bу othеr s rас oss opеn and obstaсlеs.

Thе

most fаm ous

a

hunt o с untrу

moсk

o с ntests were

The medievа| tourneУ, wheгe the knight and his mount showed their skill at jousting, was a re| аt ive| y I ight­hearted preI iminary to the rigours and possibI e disаsters to bе met on the battlef ield.

the

Mounted games MongoI ian stуI e, with a goat аrс a с se as the ob,jeсt ive for the horsemen in this gаm e of baz­kiri'

the ring' (thтеading

on a gallows through

a ring suspеn dеd

a

lanсе at full gаllop). The quintаin was pierсing or еhЬ еаd ing аn еf figy at top spееd .

Aftеr this a с me duels with thе lanсе,

call.ed

jeuх de tаblе rondе or jousting, that as .nаkеd spеtс aсlеs

dеsrс ibеd

tournamеn ts and jousts, populаr in thе daуs of h с ivalry. At first, riders еn gagеd in

oI tilting аt

wrеstling,

banishеd thе virgin and the matrorf, latеr thе lists or aгеn as, wеlе dеo с rated .сr ownеd of h с astе with the prеsenсe from whosе hаn ds high born еaЬ uty

o с nqueror

rеe с ivеd

the pгizе' .

but and and the

Frenсh

dеiс dеd thаt only thе lanсe should e Ь used, either blunted or with а rс own of small points at thе head. Lаw s govеr ning thе tourney (medieval

h с ivаlry

tournamеn t)

с difiеd were o

Preuillу

at thе еn d

o с uld

еn tеr еd

by Gеoffri

dе

e с ntury' and thе knights of n Е gland, Germany and jousting Franсe organizеd thеm sеlvеs into assoсiations. only knights who o с uld provе four аnеsс tors of equеstrian rаn k e Ь

of the еlеv еn th

in thе indеx

and o с mpеt e,

a.lthough thе

sovеr еign o с uld o с nfеr а right. Courts of marshаls, heralds аn d arЬitrators wеr е in o с ntrol. Thе lists wеr е oval with rаisеd and a seатs for spеtс ators barriеr down thе e с ntle to prevеn t o с lli­ sion. I (nights and thеir squirеs еn tеr еd to a flourish of trumpеt s, thе knight taking his plaсе on thе lеf t ofthе bаr riеr . The objeсt was to unhorsе his opponеn t, to what .the grating a с llеd shoсk Shakеspeаr е had с sеd horsе of wrathful iron' аs mеt al­еna .full tilt'. Thе horsе and ridеr h с argеd at at the еn d of was hаu lеd on tо its hаu nсh еs thе h с argе bу forсеf ul usе of а brutаl bit. Knights had to be hoistеd into a saddlе thеy wеr e wеd gеd bеt wееn high whеr е supports. Crown and Churсh both tried to supprеss tourneys bеa с usе of the loss of

sKI LL­AТ­ ABMs

favours of ladiеs hаve аt all times donе wonders for hoгsеm en'. с me From thе tournеy and thesе sports a very popular in ес Ь е thе a с rousel whiсh аm Viеn na. A ballet on еn с tury sеvеn tеenth

at thе I mperial horsеs was pегf ormеd Pаlaсе tn L667, for tlre Hаpsburg family horsеm еn . who were all aсoс mplishеd tDИh еn thе gleat Spanish Riding Sсh ool its mаin purposе was to was o с mpletеd train ridеr s, and thе fаm ous Lipizzaner horses for skill­at.arms and for wаr but plaсe thеr е suсh pеr formanсes took mаn у yЬ аn orсh еstra, с mpаn ied as quadrillеs aсo pеr formed by two аn d а .kind of dаnе'с partiеs of 12 aсo yЬ thеir pagеs. с mpaniеd

permitted to (These pagеs wеr е in thе Sсh ool.)

bе

insш uсt еd

Thеr е

rN .r.­1.

for bеh еading was also a­сontеst efЕg у of a Turk at full gallop, аn d с d with a dummy was piеr e othеr s whеr е

thе

of thе sword. I n thе timе a a с rousеl was Mariе Thёr ёse, hеld in whiсh ladies took part, dressеd as

lanсе аn d m Е prеss

quadгillе Was on Amаzons' Onе anothеr in a с rriages. Thе horsеa Ь kс and

lеg еn dary s:i_­r'

won a prize for skill with hеr werе offеr ed of jеw еllеr y lanсe, and piееsс as prizes for skill with thе sword and dag­

m Е prеss Some mounted games, still known as ski| | ­at­аr ms, were devised to improve the aсu с raсУ of the rider in batt| e: ti| ting at a smalI ring heI ped to perfeсt the aim and required с ntro| . o с nsiderabI e o

must evеr bе held a gгеat

givеn

to the horsе.

Philip I I I

thе с lеb rate tournamеn t to e knighting of his youngest brothеI Robетt , who eЬ a с mе so stifled bу the hеat, thе dust, as rvеight of armouг аn d lс oц d s of rvеll as hеa'"ry lЬ ows, thаt we arе told.he fell iтr to idioсy for the rеst of his lifе' . After shiverеd Henry I I was killеd whеn a lаnес on his u с irass, or brеast plate, liftеd his с visor and piеr еd his еyе, knights no longer werе fought in earnest as a show. Thеr е pistol, maсе, o с mbats with lanсе, sword' dart, pike аn d battleaxе, so that spеtс ators saw .an exaсt piсt urе of wa1 but no onе who lеd a Е h с dukе or prinсе rvas huгt . a Squаd ron ofknights had to exhibit a dеv iсе pаintеd с nvas u с rtain and .an inven­ on a a h с аr iot. tion mobilе' suсh as an allеg oriсal lanсеs Assаilant and tеn ant rЬ okе three аn d pеr formed with various differеn t kinds of wеapons. Fеats of horsеm anship

аn d

thеir

suЬj tес s,

imprеssеd

instruсt ols studied

his mеt hods

and suсh ridеr wаs

bеa с mе his pupils. Anothеr I nstruсt or h с iеf с me Jamеs Fillis who bеa to thе I mperial Cavalry Sсh ool in Lеn in­

So famous wеr е

gег.

grad.

hе

Dе Pluvinel, Riding Nlaster to Louis IХ I I , dеvisеd mountеd games to oсuс Py

manсeS.

the Court' аn d on onе oса­с and еn tегt аin sion thе King won а prize of a gold watсh . no Compеt itions in whiсh riders nееded

gгеw

armouт

Sсh ool

light horsеs whiсh (Ьasеd on thе initiatеd by Grisonе in

and rodе hаn dy,

the new I taliаn of Naplеs

sуstеm

hеld at rеq uirеd wеr е с tuly) thе previous еn аn d dе Pluvinel said.thе the Royal staЬlеs, offiсers of the Cadre Noir in fu| I dress eсh oing the miI itаr y origins of the sсh ool. The ear| y European Sсh oo| s were origina| | y to providе training in mounted warfаr e.

thеsе o с mpetitions rеq uеstеd

thаt a Sultan of Constantinoplе

should bе allowеd

to sее

thе pеr for­

Thе Riding

Sсh ools of uЕ гopе, с uгt s up around the roуal o

Renaissanсе

pеr iod

to providе

intеn dеd

mountеd

warfarе.

whiсh from thе

onwards,

wеге

training in thе аr t of Thе inш iсatе movе­

pеr formed without any visiЬlе aids from its гidеr , wеr e dеsigned to pеr plеx infantry, who by now thе еn еm y with firеarms. Thеy also wеr e еq uippеd and tц r n his tаu ght thе ridеr to manoеu vrе mount using only onе hаn d and thе prеs­ с uld usе his surе of his legs, so that he o wеapons to thе best advantagе. Thе lс assi­

mеn ts

of the horsе,

a с l training pillaгs, фе

invention of de

rulегs

and thosе who per­ our thе .pop hеr oеs of

foгm ed thеm werе forсеs Wеstеr n rirnе. Whеn Totolа faсеd undеr Naтses I n 552 hе gainеd timе for in thе yЬ a с sting his lаn ес гeinforсеm еn ts aiг, a it With onе hand and shifting с tсh ing it to thе other and thеn thгowing himsеlf kас Ь wаr ds and rеg aining his sеat whilst at in dar­ stееd the samе timе riding his fiеr у ing lеаp s and o Ь unds. Е peroг Basil startеd lifе as a slavе Thе m iс rсu s triсks gained o Ь y whose еq uеstlian Е uеs­ him rеo and thеn powеr . q с gnition

trian aсt s in the iс rсu s,

indeed may bе and pаr t­bravado, uЬ t horsе­ far from thе supегb they arе nеver arms. I n to exсеl with manship rеq uirеd trained Bauсh еr ttre ninеt eеn th еn с tury, his horses to pеr form in suсh a way that

palt­еn tertainmеn t

many uЕ ropean

militarу leаdеr s

and t43

sк| LL­Aт­ Aв Ms

For a с valry opеr аt ing in thе age of wеapons' suсh skill and aЬi1iry

ravinеs.

modеr n

a matter of life and dеath.

wеr e

othеr sports to exеr iс sе thesе skills wеr е pig stiсk ing (an ехt еn sion ofspеaring lions and wild o Ь ar whiсh аlс lеd for o с urаg e as wеll аs skill)' hunting foxеs, dееr and harеs аn d

papеr h с asе.

thе

did not always

IЕ orsеs

pаr tiсu ­ larly whеn they wеr е in the hands of inеx­ pert riders' u Ь t the o с mpеt itivе еlеm ent in as muсh

bеn еf it

as it was bеliеv еd ,

hot blood aсr oss

provided аt lеast

o с untry

а

iс vilian sourсе of ablе men if needеd. .Nlusiсal drivеs by аr tillеr y tеams are remindеr s of anсiеn t times whеn thе h с аr iot

was thе signifiсant

wеapon

in fаtс

Chariot raсes wеr e

of war.

often morе and suсh o с n­

dangerous than war itsеlf tеsts аt thе early olynpiads werе made deliberately more hazardous у Ь thе intro­ duсt ion of all solts of distraсt ions, designed to frightеn the horses. Al1 equеs­ trian gаm es and o с ntеsts, howеver, werе dеsignеd

to keep skil1 and intеr еst alivе

by

in

o с mpetition' аn d also to dеm onstrаt е puЬliс the might of mountеd mеn . one intеr еsting tеst in mass dеf еnе,с

originating inсludеd

in Russiа but

somеt imеs is pushЬall,

in Pony Club Gamеs,

whiсh еn tails two tеams аt tеm pting

to

goаl push

push a hugе

linе.

ball ovеr thеir opponеn ts' Combinеd wеight is nееd еd to

it' and аn unЬr oken Pluvinеl,

werе

usеd

to tеah с thе

аirs

abovе

thе ground, as thеy still arе today at the Spanish Riding Sсh ool. Thesе .airs' wеr е еssential for a с vаlту leaders, and horsеs

wеr е trained to eЬ o с mpletelу obеd iеn t whеt her thеy wеr е in а body or alonе, within thе manёgе or in thе opеn . Thе Frеnh с Cavalrу sсh ool, the famous Cаd re Noir, transfеr rеd from Pаr is to thе small town of Saumur, аn d employеd

N.C.o.s for thе .sautе/ horsеs who werе trainеd in thе a с priole, thе levade аn d thе o с uгb еt tе. As wеll as the art of lс assiсal drеssagе, thе offiсеr s of thе Cadre Noir аlso inсluded rс oss­сountry work and jumping in their u с rriсu lum. Thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool alonе prеsеr vеd lс аssiсal riding exсlusivеly, аn d а tablet тh erе had an insсr iption ending .for thе instruсt ion and training of young noЬlеm еn and their horses for sсh ool riding and o с mЬat'. Both

sсh ools allowеd spеtс ators at various timеs, and to watсh morning еxerсise when the Arсh dukes were riding was a pastimе. Thе Hoц r of the fаvouritе Cavаliеr s, from noon to 3 p.m., was a timе whеn any ridеr o с uld usе thе sсh ool. As lаn d beсаm e enсlosed, it aес Ь mе neсessary for horsеs to jump. Thе Dukе of (| 592­L676)' dеsrс ibed Nеw a с stlе аs .thе bеst riding master and the worst a с vаlry leadеr of thе еn tirе sеvеn tееn th еn с turf , insistеd thаt horses must perform oЬ th in thе mаn ёg e and in the opеn . As a result, onе of his pupils, Prinсe Rupert_thе dash­ ing, uЬ t

somеw hat

inеp t

o с mmandеr

Royalist a с valry in thе Civil еsa с ped

at a hеd gе and

­

onсе

lс earing

it so

that his

not follow.

Tilting Yard had allowed

knights of r44

of the

his pursuеr s by putting his horsе

еn emies o с uld

Thе

.Wаr

а

former agе to test

thеir

thе horsеs

Tent pegging, orthe use ofthe I anсe at speed, is sti| | praсt ised by both miI itary and po| iсe riders in Britain. lt figuгes in а thгee­part o с mpetition, involving the use of pisto| , sword аn d I anсe, in whiсh points are given forthe skiI I with whiсh thev аr e used.

h с ildrеn of thе

аn d

lаnе,с

supple, lighter horse a с pablе of speеd , thеr еf ore unhampеr еd by thе wеight

and

of

hеavy armour.

pausеl o с mprising 22krn (I З milеs) of roads and traсks, 8 km (5 miles) rс oss­сountry over 35 obstаlс es, аn d 2km (1 milе) on thе flat. Thosе who

tions riddеn without

survivеd ­ usuаlly bеg un _ o с mpеt еd

aboц t

in a

half who hаd show­jumping

event on thе third day. Cross­сountry jumping into girth­dееp fenсes inсludеd watеr with а muddy bottom, strеаm s and ditсh es at thе bottom of banks on steеp sloоеs. аn d fenсеs sеt on eiтh еr sidе of

tеsts

in usе of arms,

mаn is put to sevеr e tеst yЬ a

o с mpеt ition

of sword, pistol and

a o с ursе whiсh has manу sharp starts holding his sword аt thе slopе, аn с ters ovеr a jump аnd immediatеlу has to piеr ес a disс аn d thеn jump аn othеr fenсe. I nсr easеd momentum is nеeded to pierсe thе disс whiсh is on a spring. Hе thеn swings to a line of targеt s, hаving left his sword in thе disс, to tеst his

ovеr

turns, hе

marksmаn ship with a revolver. The flrst target is a balloon to thе right of and аb ovе a fеnе;с thе nеxt а bloсk of wood on thе ground, аn d thе third a a Ь lloon on the lеf t of a fenсе'

Turning onсе

lanсe, whiсh

Nеw demands wеr е made yЬ obstaсlеs and roads, so, in thе ninеt еn th and еаr ly twеn tiеt h e с nturiеs, the Military Vеr satil­ с me thе ity Test was dеvisеd from whiсh a vЕ еn t. Thе drеssage phasе hаd 36 movе­ mеn ts in ninе sеtс ions, entry into thе аr еn a probaЬlу а a с llt­ bеing аt a.gаllop (in fаtс er). Thе sеo с nd day o с nsistеd of fivе sе­с

for

othеr

I n Britain,s Royal Tournamеn t' held annually in London, thе British aс vаlry­

nеither

whiсh would stand when held by thе if demеn ted with pain squirе, аn d еvеn from aгr ows, might be restrained from rс еating havoс. Thе nеw wаr farе with firеarms rеq uired thе manoeuvrаble,

arе

riding and swimming.

involving thе usе

sidе had won' more h с arges werе made until thе horsеs tirеd . At that point rЬ okеn spеаr s wеI е tfuown away and thosе still lеf t fought with haсking swords and maсеs. а horsе Suсh wаr farе dеm anded aсu с stomеd to trumpеt s аn d shouts; onе

ro11.

o с ntеsts'

sеr viсеs o с mpetitor

аll­гound

dеf еnес

it starts to

for thе

skill, and to apprеiс atе obеd iеn t and supplе horses. I n aсt ual bаt tlе, if

and thеir

linе of

to stop it onсе Teш аt hlon and Pеn tаt hlon

rеq uirеd

has bееn

morе

plaсеd

hе

sеizеs

his

in thе ground

point uppermost, and still at the gallop must tаkе two

rings suspеn dеd from

a gal­

lowering the laп ес to .tаkе' a tentpeg whiсh has bееn drivеn into thе ground lеаv ing a fеw inсh es protruding. lows, thеn

A1l three trophies hаvе to

еЬ

a с rriеd

on thе

to thе finishing linе. Points arе given for performing all stаgеs o с rreсt ly and also for .srylе' . The sаm e tests of skill­ аt ­аI ms аr е in thе trаining of inсludеd

wеapon

mounted poliсе.

с ll for sup­ ­N{ usiсal ridеs and drives a judgеm еn t and timing to аvoid aсiс ­ dеn t, and although thе tаn k, armourеd аrс and thе aеr oplanе, as wеll аs nuсlear pow­ er, hаvе mаd е thе horse redundаn t in wal­ farе, t} re pегp etuаt ion of thesе military skills is still an inсеn tivе to sood horse­

me гЪ

manship.

WESTERN SPORTS

'T.'" еvеnt that to most J. onymous with Wеstеm

pеoplе

is syn­

sports is that The roots of rodеo liе in the of thе rodеo. aсt ivitiеs of ninеt еn th. woгk and lеisurе West. I n in thе Amеr iсan еn с tury o с wboуs

с ing thе Civil Waг of deсadеs prееd 1860_65, grеat numbеr s of Amеr iсans went to the south­wеstern rеg ion of tlre Unitеd Statеs to work on ranсh es. Latеr , as railroad­ suсh postwar indusш ialization ing, openеd lаn ds wеst of thе iМ ssissippi a с rvеd out wеr е Rivеr and hugе ranсh еs М ntanа. from Tеxas to o

т} re

lifе was demanding and hard. Rаnh с с ttlе had to bе brought hеас Hеr ds of a с lves spгing from wintеr pastures, so thаt a into stеers. еЬ brаn ded, аn d altеr еd Then thе hеr d had to bе tеn dеd until thе autumn ш ail drivеs to thе railroad dеpots. h ас Е o с wboy rеq uired a sш ing of horsеs for this work, and no onе o с uld afford thе timе and refinеm ents of train­ foг thе niсеt iеs sаd dlеs horsеs would bе ropеd , ing. Grееn

o с uld

с wboуs would thrown on thеir baсks, o proсess lс imb aЬoard, аn d thе eduсаt ion went on until thе аn imals _ or thе ridеr s' _ wеr е

o Ь nеs

rЬ okеn .

Onе of the fеw rеspitеs

from this exis­

traildrivеs, got togеt hеr in thе evеr yЬodу sаloons and gamЬling halls. Convеr sa­

tеnес

a с mе

at thе еn d

of annual

whеn

to prowess with lariat or expеr tise woц ld hoгsе, and proof of allеg еd Thе town] s main strееt soon е Ь dеm andеd .

tions soon turnеd

of thesе

thе sсеn е

oг stoсkyard aес Ь me

impromptu riding and roping oс ntеsts' on wagеs еtЬ в r ith part or all of the уеa1s thе outсome. Compеt itions of this sort .rodеo' (from quiсkly аu on. Callеd а с ght .round­up'), a molе the Spаn ish word for .!Иуoming and wаs stagеd in formal еvеn t anothеr in I (ansas during thе 1870s. I n in Tеxаs offеr еd с s 1883 thе town of Pеo

and с п t est, monеy for a steеr ­roping o Colorado уears latеr , whеn a Dеn vег, admission to speсt ators' гodеo h с argеd a fully flеd ged businеss. rodеoing bеa с me Two of thе fivе .сlassiс' or standard havе theiг stagеd аt гodеos todаy еvеn ts Calf­гoping oгigirrs in aсt ual ranсh work. pгй е fivе

Ь

onе' and it demаn ds dexterity with а horsе. The lаsso as wеll as а well­ш ainеd с lf, as if to prе­ idеа is to гope, thеn tie a a

с lfis givеn sеveral it for brаn ding. A a hеad stаr t down thе arena, bеf orе hoгsе and rider gallop in headlong puгsuit. Т h еn с wboy tossеs his lasso ovеr thе the o pатe

sеo с nds'

аn imal's he sеu с rеs

hеad,

and almost iп

the othеr

еn d

onе

of thе rope

motion, around

roping in Western rodeos is а basiс test of а o с wbov,s skiI I .

Cа| f

his sаd dlе horn, throws himsеlf from thе с lf. Thе saddle and runs towаr ds thе a

dаys

horsе has eЬ еn trained to stеp baсk to kееp thе ropе tац t . Thе aс lf is thus restrainеd, с ing and bеo fair gamе for the аp proаh с mes o с wЬoy, who flips it onto its side and tiеs with a short threе of its four lеg s togеt hеr a piggin stI ing) lеn gth of ropе (сallеd

holding in his tеeth. whiсh hе hаs beеn faсt or' although a Time is thе dеiс ding o с wboy will е Ь automatiсally disqualifiеd if thе a с lf slips out of from thе o с mpеt ition the tiе within five seсonds. The other evеn t is saddlе bronс riding mеm oriеs of thе method whiсh еvokеs usеd у Ь o с wboуs to.Ьr ealt thеiт mounts for

с riding. The saddle in this instаne modifiеd

smallеr

stoсk sаd dle,

аn d

is

various аsoeсt s of rodeos stеm fгom the o с wboy, though the eVеn ts of theiг own. vЕ en now hаve аn imoortanсe

AI I the

с of the rаnh

today, a с tt| e have to be herded over enormous horses mUst stilI be broken in aсr eages, aп d fгom the Wi| d state to beсome usefu| , wi| I ing partners. тh e events in rodeos are aI I based, though some I oosely, on work tгаd itiona| | y

in North Ameriсa or rаnh с es done on аtс t| e above left: Bronс riding imitates the diffiсu I ties of breаking in wiI d horses and с wboy,s skiI I on аn unbroken shows the o horse. above'. Using only one hand, the

Austга| iа.

intrepid o с wboy attempts to cling on whiI e аn angry bulI twists and turns in his effoгt s to be rodeo rid of his rideг_this is one of the |с assiс even| s' below: The end of the ride foг а bronс busteras he hitsthe dustofthe arena.opposite top : Call roping is an important feature of work с ntest the on the range. below left: I n this o rider has to throw the steeг to the ground by the taiI before reaсh ing a speсified part of the arena. below right: rhе тoronto Winter Fаir с wboу o с mbines pаg eantгy with trаd itiona| o spoгt s and a disp| ay by the fаm ous Canadian Mou nties.

а

without

is mеr еly a I ope A buсking strаp is tightened around thе animaГs

a horц attaсh еd

whilе

the rеin

to thе horse's

haltеr .

its aсt ion. Horses and flank to еno с urage thе order of going arе sеltес еd by lottеr y. the o с wboy lowеr s Bеf orе Ь ins, thе ridе еg с ute and onto thе himself into thе stаr ting h has drаw n. l07hеn hе baсk of thе horsе hе hаs seсu rеlу wrappеd thе lopе around onе hаn d, hе signаls for thе gatе to bе opеn ed, аt whiсh point thе horsе buсk s wildly out into the ring. Thе rider is rеq uired to plaсе his spurs on thе horsе' s shouldеr s аt thе start and to usе them on thе first jump out с utе. Thе aсt ual ride, whiсh must of the h last ten seсonds, a с lls for еxtraordinary balanсе and timing to aсh ievе maximц m sсorеs.

Sсoring foг bгonс ognized proсеd urе.

riding follows a I ­ес

Two judgеs еahс award from zеr o to 25 points for thе ridе/ s pеr formanсe and thе samе rangе of points for the horsе' s, whiсh explаins the rеason whу

o с wboys hope

mounts. Thе

aggregаt е

to drаw is thе

diffiсu lt ride/ s sсorе

for thаt round. Disquаlifiсаt ion

results

hands on thе lеin' fтom a гidеr h с anging touсh ing thе horsе with his freе hand, or с nd bttzzet еiЬ ng thrown beforе thе tеn ­sеo sounds. .сlassiс' thаt еvеn ts The tfuеe rеm аining form part of every rodеo arose out of.!(еst­ lines as .Гm braggiл g , аlong suсh еr nеr s Ь rebaсk, stay с n ride a bronс a so tough I a to aboard a brаh ma bull, or wrеstle a stееI 146

thе ground. Narurally еn ough, from this, rЬ onс rid­ с ntеsts of barеb aсk sprang the o ing, bull riding, and steеr wrеstling, whiсh is also known as bull­dogging. riding еrс ­ rЬ onс Although barеaЬ kс с n thе ridеr a tainly rеq uires brutе strength, usе only onе hаn d to hold thе gгip, whiсh to a strаp around thе hoгsе's is attаhс еd girth. Rulеs and sсoring aгe similаr to sad­ thаt еight, еx e с pt с mpetition, dlе rЬ onс o

is thе time limit. Bц ll sеo с nds Ь ll sinсe a u гiding is partiсu larly pеr ilous, will hс asе and gorе an unseated oс wЬoу. Riders arе permitted to цsе both hands on

not tеn '

thе girth grip, аn d again

they must try to buzzеr sounds. Ь ll­dogging, bеgins Steеr wrestling or u is rеleasеd from a pеn and whеn a stееr The mаd е to run thе lеn gth of thе аr еn a. gallops aftег it, with anothеr ridеr o с wboу (сalled ahazer) raсing on thе other side to

с nd last until thе eight­sеo

animal running straight. Whеn kееp thе levеl with thе stee1s с wboy drаw s thе o head, he flings himsеlf from thе saddlе' the animаl's horns as hе plants and grаsЬ his boots in the dirt to get а fiтm grip. His аr ms tightly wrappеd in a dеadloсk on thе фе steer с wboу thеn wrеsdеs animal, thе o

I

ъ:1

lr

l I

a.

..r+ ':

' .._* .

1 О

Ё

,

,i '­­i

,tl

#"

|

ъ' t,'

,

_.'] its sidе. 1s tlmе.

Thе

deсiding

i

';

ii

,­ '''' . ;+ ., i r­.' ':

fаtс oт

in this

: ­::i

З::rе1 raсing is an еvеn t for o с wgirls. l­­.:ее 1arge oil drums arе plaсеd to folm a с uгsеr around whiсh hoгsе and ­ l= .lgular o

] ] ] :: gallop in a lс oveгleaf pattеr n. Thе ....э. t timе of all oс ntеstаn тs wins. ] :rgеr rodеos fеаt urе othеr еvеnts, ..: jе thе flve staп d ard onеs. One popular : .::эеution is for uс tting horsеs, trainеd :..aratе a a с lf or stееr from a hеr d, thеn .' ­ '] iеr pose itself to plеvеnt the animal ­­ '::l геt urning to thе group. AnothеI is = .:: roprng whiсh involvеs

two o с wЬoys.

Onе

of thеm lassoеs

a

a с lf аr ound

the hеаd

whilе his ParuleI ropеs thе animal's hind legs. Colouгf ul and wild affaiгs are thе h с uсk wаg on гaeс s, whiсh are reminisсent of something olt of Ben /Ё и z. Tеаm s of fouт

or six horses pull Connеstoga wagons

around a trаkс at a madсap spеed. A rodеo is also a great display of pagean­ try, from thе opеn ing grand еn trу of all

partiсipants to thе Iс owning

of a rodеo queеn and hеr o с urt ofаt tеn dants. xЕ hibi­ tions put on foг general amusеm еn t and аs part of thе day's ploсеedings may inсlude triсk riding,

fanсу roping,

or a musiсal

ridе. Onе group of rodeo еm ploуеes whosе funсt ion maу аppеar to be primarilу еn ter­ tainmеn t, although thеy aсt ually fulfil a vital purposеJ arе thе lс owns. Theу divеr t thе bulls and wild bronсs from fallеn rid­ еr s. o М rе thаn a fеw o с wboys owе thеiI livеs to the quiсk rеf lеxеs and o с uragе of rodеo 1 с owns. q Е uаllу essеn tial to thе o с n­ tеstants, arе thе mountеd piсk­up mеn , who hеlp rЬ onс and bullridеr s dismount at thе o с nсlusion of thеir rounds. Dеd iсation, as wеll as aЬilityJ is a prerе­

quisitе for profеssional rodeo oс wboys. .suiсide iс rсu it', Лhе as the toul is wrу lу r47

WESтEпN

sP()в тs

known, goes oп all уear and involves aгound vеr y grеat distаnеsс . ш avеlling

Unlikе most othеr athlеt es, rodеo ridеr s pay their own waу throughout, and that and board, and inсludes еn try fееs' room stabling fееs for thеir horsеs. As may bе yеt с mmonplaсе, imaginеd , injuriеs arе o still еvеr yonе will strivе for the .pot of gold с ntаins prize at thе еn d of this rainbow. I t o a profit for money' whiсh will help rеalizе thе sеason, but morе important it mеans the gain of thе titlе of All­Around Chаm p­ ion. Based on the аm ount of prizе monеy won ovеr thе yеar, the Championship also аd ditional inсomе from opеn s thе door to freе sponsoring lс othing mаn ufaсt uгers, produсt s whiсh аr е somе­ bеer, and oтh еr Among thе bеst how еq uestrian­relatеd . known All­Around Champions are Casey М hаn . Tibbs, Jim Shoulders, аn d Larry a I n 1974' Tom Fеr guson sеt thе all­time monеy mark of $120,000. A yеar latеr he с tied with Lеo Camarillo for thе titlе, еah having won exaсt ly $90'240' Thеr e arе morе than 1,000 rodеos held and Cаn ada. аn nuаlly in thе Unitеd Stаt еs thе Chеyеn nе inсludе The .big lеаguеs' Frontiеr Days in !0?'yoming, Pеn dlеt on Stoсk Show Dеn vеr Round Up in Orеg oщ in Colorado, аn d the oklahoma City All­ Amегia с n Finals. Small iс tiеs and towns hаvе own fixturеs, many of whiсh aгe thеiл с aгitable organiza­ or h sponsorеd by iс viс not tions. on a younger, but еrс tаinlу univеr sity аn d high sсh ool small, sсalе,

.Wеst,

еn gagе in throughout thе stц d еn ts varsity, с llegiаt е, thе sport as Pаr t of intеr o and lс ub athеltiсs. ас lar Lеss dangerous and perhaps spеtс u b le in than rodеos, but еq ually as enjoyа .Wеstеr n­ of four sеtс ions thеir way arе thе stylе riding found at horse shows around

thе Unitеd o с mpгisе

Statеs. These four sеtс ions lс assеs, stoсk sеat еq uitation

аn d Ridеr s wеar thе plеasure horsе lс assеs. с lourful gear of broаd­ ш aditional and o boots, and brimmеd hаt s, high­hееled pаn ts. I n somе instanсеs, h с aps or \ DИеstern stoсk

lс assеs'

horsе

а rаin

sliсkеr

ш ail horse

lс assеs

is worn or sеuс rеd

to thе

are shown in stoсk saddlеs saddlе. IЕ orsеs с rb bits and split rеins. and bridlеs, with u riding rеq uirеs of \ 0Иеstеr n Thе tеh с niquе that ridеr s hold thе гeins in only onе hаn d, and sit with their legs hаn ging straight аn d slightlу forward to thе stirгu ps. They must not post to thе iog trot.

in stoсk

sеat equitation arе judgеd on thеir riding skills, lс аsses of their horsеs аlthough the pеr formanсe to thе final o с ntributes immеasuгably o с ntеstants

Riders and thеiг

sсorеs. to

walЬ

jog, and lope (thе

mounts arе аskеd tеr m for Wеstегn

and the horses in both dirеtс ions, at all timеs, balanсе should bе in pегf eсt

a с ntеr )

working off their haunсh es. Somе lс assеs involvе a variеt y of tests' suсh аs figures­ of­eight at thе jog and/ or lopе' riding with. of lеad at thе с angеs out stifrups' flying h lopе,

360o

turns, and the imprеssivе

sliding

stops.

A rodeo queen on parade, dressed in с stume' traditionаI I ndian o

Thе stoсk horsе seсt ion demonstrаt es the kind of qualitiеs and teсh niquеs

еn try goеs Е h с for ranсh work. a equivalеn t of а drеs­ tfuough thе !0Иеstегn с mprisеs figuгes­of­eight sagе test, whiсh o on thе forеh and at thе iog and lopе, tuгn s and halts. Partiсu lar qual­ and haunсh еs, itiеs of stoсk horsеs arе good mannеr s' с ntaсt , handinеss' rеsponsе to light rеin o speеd and thе аb ility to work at reаsonablе neеd еd

с mpletеly whilst rеm аining o ride/ s o с nrol. Hеsitations'

undег

thе

antiсipations,

arе deemed faults. ob­ to nеg otiatе staсlеs whiсh might bе found on a гсoss­ с urse sеt up aгound thе o с untry ride. A o аn d

disobedienсеs

Trail horses arе аsked

would probaЬly

аr е n a

inсludе

a

gatе

(whiсh

passed through, has to bе opеn ed, and тh еn lс osed), logs, a ditсh ' a bridgе, an )еЦ anse

of water (simulating a strеam

forded), and balеs

is made to bаkс .

the horsе аn d

of straw thгough

mannеr s

arе

thе

rс itеr ia

to be

whiсh

Performаnес for judging.

greаt plaсе Plеasure horsе lс assеs еm phasis on suitabiliry аn d manners to е Ь Horsеs аr е shown at с . a good.Wеstern hаk

thе

walk, jog, and lopе

on a reasonаbly o с nformation, I n somе lс assеs, into may be tаkеn as еq uipmеn t

loose rеin.

as wеll o са unт.

breеd s' suсh as I n аddition, еrс tаin Palo­ М гg ans, Appаloosas, Arаb ians, o arе IЕ orsеs, minos' Pintos, and Quаr tеr еligible to bе shown in Wеstern sеtс ions of their divisions. Dude ranсh ing or paсk tripping has long an intеg ral part of \ D?'еstеr n riding. bееn more of а с mprisеs as it really o IЕ owevеr , aсt ivity than а sport, it is vаa с tional inсluded in .Holidаys with Horsеs'.

AUSТRAL| AN

fat'. I t sееm s thе mеat from his old friеn d did not stiсk in Burke's throat as onе might have imаg inеd . and As thе o с lony bеa с mе morе sеt tlеd mail and oс aсh routеs wеr е еstablishеd, thе bandit or bushranger made his appеar­ from I re­ anсе. hoгsеm en often еxеlс lеn t o с nviсt s or.еasy­living land, these esсapеd

men' wеr e

гiders.

fеarlеss

Thе priсе

their hеads made thеm pаr tiсu lar

on about

mounts and they stole only thе best

thеir

_

whiсh oс n­ horses in fаtс , to provе their worth todаy as stoсk­

well­bloodеd tinuе

f.f oв sвs havе made аn l.,l. oс nш ibution to lifе in

еn ormous Australiа. Vittr unflagging enеr gy and unfailing loy­ аlty, they hеlpеd mаp out thе vast аr еas of grassy plains and ruggеd агid dеsегt s, as and o с uld wеll bе dеsrс ibed п ouп t ains, pionеeгs in thеir own right. Although not hap­ infigenous to thе o с untry thеy sеt tled pilу aп d rеm аin high today in univеr sаl

horsеs.

еstеem.

at thе with thе Fiтst Flееt . Landing on suppliеs, he of Good Hopе to tаkе maгеs and two aboard a stallion, thгеe yеаr liп g filliеs. Unfortunatеly, on landing,

lion), born, work and diе on thе same stа­ tion. Thеy run oftеn viл t ually wild in large paddoсks, so фat visitor thе ovеr sеas a travеlling in thе outbaсk, may, on sееing .brumbiеs' or largе moЬ, assumе thеy arе wilф unownеd horsеs. This is sеldom thе show t} rе and lс oser inspеtс ion would a с sе

аl l

с еd but thе stаllion and one maгe еsаp gгoom, and fled йе lаx еyе of thеir o с nviсt iп тo ] Vlore horsеs wеr е thе uЬ sЫаn d.

propеr ty's

yеars from the

espeсiallу

somе n Е glish

геsеn t shaгing their gтаsslаn ds, Gгаziегs arе lс as­ so wild hoгsеs in thе Tегitory с off sifiеd as vermin and shot, or fеnеd pеr ish. The same fatе fгom watеr ' so thеу awaits ttrе wild donkеys who гoаm the grassy plains iл mobs of a hundrеd oг so,

Phillip bгought the first to Australia in 1788 whеn hе

Govегn or hoгsеs аr гived

Cаp е ю ok

imported over thе nехt

tеn

along wiф

samе sourсе,

Тh oгoughbrеd s and Arаb s from I ndia and Pетsiа, and although these fust impoгt s s'еr e not first lс ass brееd ing stoсk, thеy impтoved with еah с suсеsс ­ ц ogтеssivеlу sive gеn еr ation. Bу 1798' thеr e

wеr e 117 horsеs in the mares. The fust new o с lony, 73 of * rеm a с mе sсr ious step to improvе thе stoсk with thе importation of the nЕ glish brеd

horse Roсkingham. lhеr е were

g Ь hяm

By thе еaгly

5,000 horsеs,

1820s

although Roсk ­

bе rс edited wi* r siring During thе 1899_1902 Boer

a с nnot

аI l of thеm !

gathегed

from all

Wаr ,

16'375 horsеs wеr е

ovег

Austгalia to mount thе гegiments. I t was from thе

thе еaгly Ausrтаliаn

miхеd

brееd ing

imports, that thе \ 0Иаlеr

wаs foundеd .

linеs

of

famous

Standing

15 and 16h.h. hе was of .dеn sе o Ь nе' and a с pablе of a с rrying up to 108 kg (l7 stone) all day. Thе \ trИalеr provеd him­ sеlf to е Ь a o с uragеous mount and is on rеo с rd as hаv ing out­lastеd and out­paсеd фе аm с еl in thе dеsеr t aс mpaigns. Duтing thе First \ DИorldl0Йar, Ausш alian horsеs, by now famous foг ttrеir o с uгagе rnd stаm ina' wеr е еxportеd to I ndia аn d uЕ rope. I n faсt , moге than L2I ,324 wentto

tЬ rп een

But thе еn d of thе war аn d ttrе dеlс ine \ trИalеr . of тh e a с vaф saw thе еn d of thе Now hе is viгt ually еxtinсt and no longеr rеo с гd ed in thе stud books. I f thе еarlу gratеf ul for this toughly ехp loтers wеr е bred o horsе, whiсh proved himsеlf с loniаl indispеn sablе to thеm , thе faсt is not wаr .

гo ес rded. rhе

Robегt Burke, travellеd rас oss lС Haга and hаlfwaу a Ь kс again on o с ntinеn t

iЬ s hq15g Billy bеf orе him starvation mаd е .flеsh shoot it. Thе diariеs rеo с rd ttrat thе; в аs healthv and tеn dеr . without a traсе of

I n a oс untry with an and wool industгy ,

bееf

еvеr ­еxpаn ding

horses play a major

part. o even light аiг­ М tor bikes, ш uсks, havе failеd to provе as rс aft and hovеr rс aft еf fiсiеn t in thе managеm ent of stoсk . Now

аrс ry sеveral hundrеd largеr pгopеr tiеs (usually head of hoгsеs whiсh arе bгеd from thе propеr qy's Thoroughbrеd stаl­

Thе

brаn d

mark.

wild brumbiеs

in the dеsегt or

aге

still to be found

mountain аr еas,

in thе Northеr n

howеvеr ,

Tегitory.

Austra| ian stoсkmen at work rounding up oп one of the Vast ranсh es in the The horse is stiI | аn Austra| ian outbаkс . essentiaI paгt ofthe everyday I ife ofAustraI ian farms and is гenowned for its stamina.

a с tt| e

B| DI NБ

although the popularity of this littlе ani­ has гeaсh еd thе iс tу and manу aгe finding good homes or being usеd as foun­

mаl

dation stoсk bу

newly formеd

donkey

studs.

Yeaгs ago pгofessional horsеbгеаkеr s ш avellеd from station to station breaking a in mobs of horsеs, аt thе rаt е of dozеn s day. Today thе

animаls

propеr ty's

arе

as Part ofthe sta­ brokeп by the stoсkrnen tion routinе. Thе hoгses aге mustеr ed and brought to thе statiorf s yards, from whеr e marеs with foals аt foot aгe гeturned to the paddoсks, yеaгlings аr е branded and also retuгn еd ' whilе thosе rеq uired for brеaking аr е геt аinеd . Today most stoсkmеn usе thе

.Jeffеlt'

mеt hod

whiсh

of brеaking

on gaining tlre horsе' s o с nfidеnес

relies and in

с еd s. Thе nеarly all аsс еs this mеt hod suсe horse is dгiven by himsеlf into а smаll yаr d and a с ught with а loop ofrope or grееn hidе

on thе еn d of а long polе. onсе seсu red aгound thе nеk с , hе is gеn tly

a с rriеd

еn o с uragеd

to move lс oser

to the breakеr .

Then hе is tied up, handlеd, and the rЬ idlе put on him. This part of his aп d sаd dlе bгеaking usually takes aЬout three houгs, after whiсh he is turnеd loosе in the yаr d to gеt thе .feе] ] of the saddlе. Caught again hе

will е Ь mountеd. Somе arе lеd aгound the yards from а геliablе brеаking horsе; oтh еr s arе rеq uirеd to walk around witlr thе ridег nеkс ­rеining thеm as thеy approaсh thе o с г n еr s of thе yaгd. Thеy aгe thеn yard and wаlkеd around tаkеn to а laгg еr that for somеt imе longer. Thе whole opеr ­ a good dеal ofpatienсе. stoсk saddlе hаs a high pommеl and pads and is fastened by a с nvas girths knее in thе that аr е lаеd с to rings or buсklеd Thе stoсkman ridеs mannег. o с nvеn tional

ation lс еaгlyгеq uiтеs

Thе

.fluid mannеr . His a loosе, o с mplеt еly hands are fеatherlight on thе long геins, his lеgs hang almost straight аn d slightly

in

forward in long stiгr ups.

AUsтRAL| AN

R| D| NG

After a pеr iod of work ­ maybe mаn y months _ thе horsеs are turned out' or .spеlled

and a nеw lot

I n еv еr y

brought in for work.

is nеarly

mob of horsеs thеr е

always thе .гogue' that doеsn't takе kindlу to working with or for man. IЕ e is thе sort

* rat will buсk with real dеt еr mination until thе day he diеs. Thеsе were фe

.unridеаb les'

that were talkеd about гound bush fuеs in drovеr s' a с mps уears аg o, аn d mеn who had suсеd in riding thеm с еd bеa с me lеg еn ds, held in high еsteem. Thе h с allеn gе to prove themsеlvеs as horsе­ mеn wаs grеat аm ong thе drovеr s and eЬ ts .;agеr еd wеr е as to whеt hеr , and for how long, a man o с uld ridе a partiсu lar outlаw

This was the еarly beginning of ­ a rеal Ausш alian sporting еvent thаt аrс riеs big prizes and аt ш tас s the

horsе.

rodeos

Thе

toughest ridеr s in

thе o с untry.

now organizеd

and o с ntrolled bу

sport is thе

Australian Rough Ridеr s Assoсiаt ion.

Saddlе

bronсo riding

is onе of

the

foundаt ion events ofthе spolt, and onе that requirеs skill, balanсе, timing and experi­ еnе.с As in thе similar еvеn t in Amеr iсan

rodeos thе o с ntеstаn t literally lс imbs aboаr d thе horsе whiсh is o с nfinеd bе­ twееn high wooden rails with a gаt e at еither end. As thе horse u Ь kс s in this .сh utе' , mounting аnс

itself! Onсе mountеd , thе ropе of thе headсollar

and plungеs bе а hаzard

in

ridеr tаkеs in onе hаn d

thе and positions his legs forward onto thе horsе' s shouldеr points. Thе gatе is openеd and hе lеаvеs thе h с utеs for his tеn ­sеoс nd ride, throughout whiсh hе must leavе onе hаn d

of all equipmеn t, the horse and

frее

his

own body. Staying on is not thе only judg­ ing rс iteria though. Two judges, onе еithеr sidе, note how wеll hе ridеs thе buсk s, how widе thе sweep of his spurs and with what stylе the horsе buсks. Thе standагd saddle for these еvеn ts has

two giтt hs,

onе

positioned furthеr

baсk

i

to lеаp

.killеr s'. and are often promoted as

Animаl

protеtс ion for somе years soсiеt iеs havе еn Ь trying to havе all rodeos stoppеd on thе

grounds of rс uelry

to horsеs

and a с ttle,

but suсh is their popularity, that аll attempts havе so far bееn

unsuсеsс sful.

No suсh movе hаs been madе against a с mp­drаf ting еvеn ts whiсh arе oftеn

ridеr

has led to somе spеiс alized

thеr e

horsеs.

this instаnес thе horsе is unhaltеr еd and wears only а surсingle to whiсh is attaсh ed a leathеr loop for thе ridеr to hold. Again it is а onе­ handеd ridе, lasting this time for еight sеo с nds and judgеd on thе o and thе с mpеt ito1s stylе at rodeos. I n

horsе' s ability

to shift him. Anothеr evеn t whiсh has been handed down from the everydау work of thе stoсkman is a с lf roping and hеr е, a lс еv ег fаst horse that a his ridеt 's с n antiсipatе neеd s is invaluablе. A ropе is attaсh еd to thе sаd dlе hoгn аn d on a given signal the ridеr sets oцt aftег a аlс f whiсh is rеlеаsеd from the h с utеs. IЕ е ropes thе аlс faтound its neсk, аn d exaсt ly at the moment thе ropе touсh еs thе bеast's neсk, thе horsе halt on its haunсh es, thus pulling thе ropе taut. Thе o с mpеt itor ties the a с lf's lеg s as quiсk ly as possiЬlе and rеm ounts.

skids to

!

momеn t

major shows and as o с m­ petitivе attraсt ions in their own right. This stoсkman's sport аrс ries high prizеs and

plеaser

tr

for an opportunе

thаn usual to prеvent it bеing buсk еd ovеr thе horsе' s hеad. A hеadсollаr with a ropе from the еn с tral dее is the onlу means the

has to guide his mount _ if indeed is any guiding to е Ь donе! Bаr еb aсk riding is another rс owd

­g

it wаiting

from his horse and grab it by the horns, unbalanсе it and bring it to thе ground. Thе wholе proсеss usuаlly only takеs bе­ с nds, аn d is ridden at a nlteen 2Уz_LI sеo speed of 50­65 km (30­40 mph). Thе horses used for rodeo work are sometimes suppliеd bу loсal farmеr s who have urгidеаb le stoсk, or thеy may be the propеr ty of one person who travеls thе rodeo iс rсu it with thеm . The horses that quite а reputation appеаr rеg ulаr lу hаvе

a

Thе fastеst Peгf tес ly

time wins.

trained horsеs

arе used for

wrеstling too. A steеr is let loosе from thе h с utеs аn d thе ridеr gаllops аlongside

stеer

stagеd

аt

rodеos,

of

rЬ еd ing

Good drafting horsеs sеldom

hаn ds for undеr four figurеs. Thе h с аn gе ideal hoгsе stands about 1 5 h.h. (аn y larger and theу find it diffiсu lt to exeсu te the aсu tе turns nееsс sary) and is up to a с rrying a fairly 1аr gе man while pushing a beast аr ound аt thе samе timе. Hе has to bе fast, good drafters and for this rеаson many havе ThoroughЬr ed blood in them, although rееn с t

Horsе

yеars havе sееn

lines inш oduсed

with

thе

intеr еst it

it from turn­ a с mp­

wеге

hаs fostеr еd is еv idеn t

rallies wherе

at

sometimеs

morе than 200 h с ildrеn attend. Formеd in thе 1950s, thе Pony Club in Ausш alia fol­ lows the same instruсt ional lines as its parent body in n Е gland. Rеg ulаr working rallies make up a mаj or part of thе mееt ­ ings whiсh arе stagеd аt 1oсаl show grounds, raсe o с ursеs

or individual

s

prop­

_from thе tiny o с untry Al1branсh еs rЬ anсh with a mеmеrЬ ship of maybе 50 to thе larger inner­suЬu rban onеs _ hold еr ties.

o с ursеs.

Camps arе гu n during

the holidaу s

Austrаlian h с ildren

and аn y guiding beсomеs unnеe с ssary. Hе will lеan into the eЬ ast with his shoulder at the most

at great spееds,

аn d

thе surburЬan

suсe с ss.

off the hс osеn bеаst

angles to prеvеn t

thеr е

ponies to ride and аd ults to lеarn up in from, u Ь t nеw gеn erаt ions growing аn d suburbs had pаr еn ts, who йе iс tiеs hаd no knowlеd gе of horses. thеm sеlvеs ao Ь on' To thеm thе Pony Clцb hаs bееn alwауs

thе lс imate and opеn spaсеs

mаd e аlong thе routе, thе fast­ falsе movеs еr фe с mplеt ed, and thе highеr o с urse is o ttrе sсorе. A good horse never takes his eyе

ing. xЕ u ес ted

For oс untry hс ildrеn

nеxt.

Quartеr

in naturаl bush Camp­drаf ting takеs plаес surroundings, and thе rider sеleсt s a bеast from the mob or a с mp, and drives it to another spot known as thе yards. I n o с m­ petition аm a o с p­drafting' с urse is marked out yЬ pеg s or oil drums, and thе number of in thе herd kеpt small. The feweг аtс tlе

frightеn ing

drafting is a thrilling spеtс ator sport. Cаm p­drаf ting is not rеstriсt ed onlу to adults. Pony CluЬ members learn thе rud­ imеn ts during novеlty raсеs stagеd at thеir ralliеs thтough suсh o с mpetitions as bеn d­ ing in аn d out of oil фums at a gallop. Of gеt first o с ursе somе o с untry mеm bеr s fаr ms, but hand ехp еr iеnес аt thеir homе thе Ponу Club in Austrаlia has givеn all young ridеr s an opportunitу to lеаr n this and othеr tеh с niquеs. I n thе past horsеm anship skills werе to thе hаn dеd down from ong gеn еr ation

luсkier thаn

and makе

many

I nformаl

mеаls undег the barbеu с e shade ofgum trееs and sing­songs or hor­ с mpetitions around the sеy quizzes and o a с mp firе at night add to thе fun. aЕ h с State runs its own affairs, but is othеr s.

yЬ thе Austгalian Pony Club I ntеr ­Statе o с mpеt itions arе in the annual stagеs of thе biggеst еv еn t a с lendаr _ the Pony Club h С ampionships. govеr nеd

CounсiI .

years thе I nter­Pаiс fiс Sсh еm е has bееn in operation. vЕ еr y two visit a .host' уears, mеm bеr s o с untry and, as guests aI e suppliеd with mounts and еq uipmеn t, and takеn on vаr i­ ous tours. Counш ies pаr tiсipаt ing in thе

I n rеe с nt

xЕ h с angе

AUsтRALI AN

Left

Highly trained horsеs are essentiaI foг suсe с ssful steer Wrest| ing, as the horse must gаlI op а| ongside the steer UntiI the rider эh ooses his moment to I eap, grаb bing the stеeг by the horns in his attempt to bring it to grouno. :г. тe Below The Grand Parade at the Sydney Roya| aЕ ster Show mаr ks the beginning ofthe Australian show season Battom right rhe indomitable AUstrа| iаn Thге­ Day vЕ ent гider, Bi| | Royсr oft, who ;ompеt ed in the MontreaI oI ympiсs at the age of 61 аn d heloed to win thе team bronze тп eda| . He was aI so a membeг of thе teаm at Rome in 1960, when they won the gold.

sЕ h с ange Sсh emе are Ameriсa, Canadа, \ еп . Zeаland and Ausш alia. I t hаs bеen Australia has thе most еп t husiastiс mеm bеr s in thе world and thе tЬ егest and enthusiasm is e с rtainly very егidеn t at horsе shows hеld around thе sаid

that, per a с pita,

o с untry.

vЕ еr y town, аn nual

small, holds an

howеver

show and somе of thе

lаr gеr town­

poliсе bгanсh еs arе grеat rс owd Thе jumping еvents are kеenly foг it is from the .Royals' that At future Ol1тn piс riders will bе piсkеd . Sydney's Royal a Е ster show, a rеgulаr Threе­ Day vЕ еn t is staged, whiсh is lс osеly wаt h с еd by the olуm piс selеtс ors. Thе haсk' huntеr and otheг riddеn lс asses mountеd

plеasеr s. o с ntеstеd

that judgеs nеvег so mаn y еn triеs ride _ it would takе too long. The rЬ eed Arabs, horsе brееd s, lс аsses with thе hеavy British nativе bleеds, palominos, harnеss to judgе аn d Austrаlian poniеs tаkе hours goеs up еvеr y and the numbеr of еn triеs attгatс

of shows, аsЕ ter

Nlost Statеs hold their Royal Show in suсh high rеg агd that a publiс holiday is during its running, to give work­ h с ildren a h с anсе to attеn d. I t is interеsting to notе' that unlike manу Australian publiс holidаys, show day is dеlс ared

еr s and sсh ool

spеn t

at thе

show, instеad

of on thе

beaсh , or at homе. I t dеm onstrates how intегеsted iс ty dwellers arе in all things from and of thе o с untry.

following thе iс r­

and the Sydnеy

Royal

mаr ks thе bеg inning of thе sеason. Thе Brisbane (Queеn sland) xЕ hibition follows in August with e М lbourne, Adеlaidе and Perth in Sеptembеr and Tasmania in

The enormous distanсеs

oсt obеr .

bе­

twееn eaсh State a с pitol makе showing an prеstige attaсh еd expеn sive hobЬу, uЬ t, thе с ampionship makеs to winning a Royal h many o thе iс u тс it. с mpеt itors trаvеl Obvi­ ouslу а haсk that hаs won fivе or siх Statе h с ampionships in onе sеason is a vеr y

valuable animаl.

in the showring, аn d onе o с ntestеd by riders from all Statеs, is thе Garryowеn event stagеd аt thе e М lЬournе show. This riding еvеn t is for lady ridеr s ovеr 18 уеars Onе

yеar.

aсt ually

For thosе o с mpеt itors u с it

Rl0| NG

of thе highеst awаr ds

Austrаlian

of age and the winnег rеe с ives thе Pеr . pеr ual Garryowеn Trophy. Thе u с p was named after a top haсk who died in a fuе morе than 38 yеaгs ago. The horsе' s mis­ trеss, Violet u М г r еl l diеd too' ш ying to savе him from thе flamеs. Thе winnеr of thе еvеn t also rееiс ves a sash (sashеs arе used instead of rosеt tеs in Ausш alia) with a portrait of rМ s. .Гvlurrеll on a rЬ ooсh .

Nine olympiс Gamеs passed еfЬ orе Austrаliа o с mpеt еd wiф an еquеstrian tеam. I n 1956 whеn the Gamеs were hеld in e М lbournе' thеу fеlt morаlly obliged to еn tеr ' еvеn though thе еq uеsш ian еvеn ts were in Stoсkholm. Thеir fust threе­ day event tеam o с nsistеd of rЕ n Barker, Bеr t Bгian Crago аn d Jaсobs, John \ DИinсh еstеr , Wyatt Thomson and they finishеd a vеr y rс еd itable fourth. Thе Stoсkholm аdvеn ­ turе fired thе Austгalian's еn thusiasm and thenсeforth' threе­ daу еvents a ес Ь mе rеg ­ ular еvеn ts in thе oс unш y. I n Romе, four yeаr s latеr ,

rеallу triumphеd , with making his heroiс effort in

thе tеam

Bill Royсr oft

the finаl phasе аn d jumping а lс еar round еv еn though hе had a brokеn o с llar oЬ nе. As wеll as winning thе tеam gold, Lаu гiе Nlorgan won thе individual gold. Ausш alia was well and ш ulу on thе equеstrian mаp .

Thе 1964 Tokyo gamеs saw Australia,s first show jumping team and Bill Roy­

rс oft' s son Barry was inсludеd , while .Dad' was onсе again in thе tfuеe day evеn t tеam.

sЫp s may stagе more thап onе. Novеlty jumping and riding еvеn ts and гaеsс , dis­ plаvs yЬ the loсal brаnh с of thе Pony Club

аr е

at these

usually fеаt urеd

.familу

аt tЪirs', but it is at еah с State's Royаl Show тh а t thе o с untry really o с mеs to thе iс ty.

^ \ mid

an

bustling with

atmospherе,

t.aiт­ gтound sideshows and stalls, o с untry lifе is well exhibitеd . Thе latеst in agriсu l­ ш та l еq uipmеn t is on view; sheep shearing

o с mpetitions, buttеr making dеm onstra­ гions and wood h с opping raсеs аr е hеld; кh ile aс ttlе, sheep, poultry, pigs, aс gеd iЬ rds, a с ts, dogs, goats аn d еvеn fashions judgеd , sold, viеw ed and (in the a аr е с se of u Ь п еr ) tastеd , during the show. Grand pагades of the winning animals arе hеld h е ас

daу.

IЕ oгsеs ехh iЬits

pегm anеn t аd miгеr s pеt itions,

г е m аi n

onе

of thе

favourite

amongst all thе o с mpеt ition.

stablеs

arе rс owdеd

and thе еvеn ing or displaу s oftеn t

Thе with

iumping oс m­ pеg ging

by thе

a9i

AUsтRAL| AN п | DI NG

'r*

AUs I tlAL| AN п | DI NG

.Meхio с saw anoфеr Royсr oft еn tеr thе гanks of olympiс horsеm еn , whеn Waynе Clarke was to follow years ioined thе tеam. lаt er,

and all the time

Bill rodе for his

o с unтr y.

The peгf ormanсеs in partiсular фе

уЬ

and

the Ausш аlians, Royсr oft, vеt еr an

dеm onstrate the great talent of Ausш alian гidеr s and thе aЬiliry of thеir horsеs. I n thе phasе, both arе in thеir еlе­ гсoss­сountry

mеn t

and гeес nt

years has sеen

muсh

impгovemеn t in the dressagе whiсh is now ап intеg ral pаr t of all major shows. I t has quiсklу dеvеlopеd from bеg innеr s' lс аsses to Pгix St Gеorge stаn dards. I f it wаs Bill Royсr oft who put Australia map' that iЬ g on thе intеr nаt ional еvеn ting rеd gаlloper, Phаr Lap a с n lс аim the o с un­ щ Js raсing famе. Although hе has еeЬ n deаd for morе than 40 years, the nation гemеm bеr s him with great affеtс ion,

hеightеn еd maybе, dеай in thе Unitеd I ­ap diеd

aftеr

yЬ

his

mystеr ious

Statеs in | 932. Phat a raсing a с reer of only three

г е aг s in whiсh hе amassеd morе stakе monеy than аn y othеr Australian horse еfЬ oге him, winning 37 timеs from 51 sв п s. Suсh was thе affeсt ion of his fans

that his o Ь dy was flown bаkс to Australia, dissеtс ed and divided. His hеart is now in

thе аp с ital,

Canbеr ra,

his skin in eМ l­

in Nеw Zea7and_ bouгn e and his skеlеt on thе o с untry whеr е hе was brеd . Thе fiгst rаeс to е Ь run in Austrаlia was in 1810 at Sуdneу and thе sport soon proved popular. Thе first еlМ bournе Cup­ probably Ausш alia's

most famous rаес

_

was stagеd at Flеm ington, nеаr in 1861. I t wаs won by Arсh eг,

] VlelЬourne a big horsе who gallopеd along with his tonguе lolling out' his long stridе earning him thе niсk ­ Austrа| ians in sport. top | eft: Kevin Baсon, a member of the Australian show jumping tea m in aсt ion at the MontreaI o| ympiсs. top right: Po| oсr osse is a unique| y Austra| iаn spoгt whiсh has deveI oped sinсe the introduсt ion of reа| poI o. below left: A pаn oramiс view of MeI bou rne,s fаm ous F| emington Raсeo с urse, showing the Lawns аn d the various traсks. I n Austra| ia many raсes are he| d oveг dirt traсks rather than turt. inseti One of the renowned two­time winners of the Melbourne Cuo. Rain Lover' below righf : Another horse whiсh hаs won the Me| bourne Cup twiсe, the formidabI e Тh ink Big.

namе, the Bull. Hе

won it the following

yеar

(at too) a гo ес rd only rеpеatеd twiсе thе timе of going to print) ­ by Rаin Lovеr in L96819, and Think Big in 197415. Thoц sаn ds of еаgеr raсing enthusiasts,

from all parts of the o с untry,

floсk

to

Flemington eaсh yeаr for this popular rаес whiсh is traditionаlly held on thе first Tuеsdау in Novеm bеr . llowеver, suсh is thе nаt ion's interеst in thе sport of raсing, that even thе small (whiсh аlso sеr vеs as an аiт­ bush tгakс strip) a с n attraсt a mighry rс owd. a М ny falsе starts may bе mаd е and the horses lost from view in thе dust, but thе еn joymеn t amongst thе heat and thе flies is as rеal аs thе plеаsurе for those on thе wеll kеpt lawns of Randwiсk raсo ес ц r sе in Sydnеy or that in Flеm ington. A fеw yеагs introduсt ion ofraс­ аf tеr thе ing, fox hunting took on a popularity. nЕ glishmеn , borеd with h с asing kangaroo a fеw foxеs to bгigh­ and dingo, impoгt еd tеn up their sport. I n Tasmania naturаl,

indigenous, quarry is still hunted,

although the hunts do not last long. The laгg еst hunting fratеr niry now is in Adеlaidе' South Australia, whiсh has 11

Hunt Clubs. The Adеlaidе

Hunt CluЬ

Cup is run in Julу eaсh yеar for $1,700, thе highеst stakе in thе o с untry for a } I unt Crrp.

Thе oldеst hunt in Australia' The еlМ ­ bournе Hunt CluЬ, mеets on Saturdays and onlу hunts the fox. I t gathers a rеla­ tively small fiеld, usuаlly of about 60. Thе sеason is from lVlay to Sеp tеm bеr ,

аn d

dur­

ing thеse months, thе aim is to kill the fox,

for from thosе few еarly imports,

thе

bushy­tailed predator hаs multipliеd . Hаr е and fox аr е аn othеr huntеd у Ь old еstab­

lishеd lс uЬ

while somе use а drag, in

whiсh aс sе

hunts usually last no more than four hours, and arе ovеI stfategi­

thтеe to

a с llу

plaсеd

jumps. As

in Great Britаin,

thеr е аr е yеar а fеw dеm onstrations еv еr y to have foxhunting bаn nеd . The inш oduсt ion of polo a с mе not long aftеr rаiс ng and hunting, but it wаs sinсе thе end of thе Fiтst World War that thе

gamе rеally Austгalasiаn

went аh ead. I n 1925 thе Gold Cup was introduсеd

and was o с mpеt еd for еtЬ wееn thе differ­ tеЦ AustI alian Statеs аn d Nеw Zea7and.

Bеa с use

station­ьI еd

poniеs

arе

геadily

adapted to polo, thе gamе is muсh played in the oс untгy аr еаs аn d Queеn sland has produсed a numbеr oftop lс аss players. A1l matсh еs aгe well attendеd by spеtс ators during thе sеаson. Polo rс ossе is аlso populаr аn d is playеd by Pony Club and Riding CluЬ mеmеrЬ s'

Ausш alia's

links with the horsе аr е

as

wеr e at thе birth of thе nation and thеr e еxists а dеep lovе and rеspeсt for thе аn imаl. Offiсе workегs on sш ong todaу

as thеy

thеir way to work will stop аn d pat thе poliсе horse on point duty; thе gambler will tаlk affeсt ionаt еly of.his horsе', еven though hе might losе; and sсh ool h с ildren are sdll hеld spеllbound bу the skill and .Clanс y ' .М a n and thе From dariл g of Snowy Rivеt ', who h с asеd thе .сolt from old Regrеt '. To Australians, the horsе is part of thеir

heritage l)J

and still arе) аssеssеd .

thе yardstiсk s

yЬ

whiсh

it was

I n addition, by produсing thеir produсt s in thе show ring' to win ovеr thosе of their fеllow­brееd еr s whеn judgеd by ехpегt s, с mmand the top markеt ablе to o thеу wеr е priсе for their young stoсk. Altеr nativеly attrаtс еd to sеn d would е Ь othеr rЬ еedеr s

marеs alwауs bееn

of the iаm е

somе 200

уеals

spеiс еs

аg o.

аn d rЬ еed staп ed

I t spтang from thе

provе ofhorsеs nдt ural dеsiтe ofbrееd еr s tсi othеr s, that thеy hаd used thеir skiil and an animаl that wаs knо. .tл r lеd gе to produсе bеt ter made for thе job in life to biggег, of whiсh it was to be put, and pоssеssеd to

п r ore

stlength, stamina, workmanlikе o с nformation than and lс assiсal thоse produсеd bу othеr brееders. I ts pтopor­ movement' quаlity, s} .rnmеt riсal tions and gеn еr аl bеauty of out1ine werе, quаlitiеs

to ttrеir stаllions.

Sho'rvs hаvе

o с nvivial

plaсеs

mееt ing

fоr

thosе of similаr intеr ests and enthusiasms, _ lд beit in friеn dlу гivalry _ bound togethет foг good husbаn dry с nсеr n уЬ the samе o towaгd s of thе rЬ eеd and the imрr ovеm еn t horse. Although this thе ideal: thе perfеtс yеt to е Ь foalеd , individuаl has prоb aЬly just as thе pеr fеtс human bеing has уet to is еn dless fasсination in pur­ bе boгn , thеr е it. suing а quеst to aсh iеvе Probably thе purеst form of showing is the у oung horsе in­hand. tфа of showing art с nsidеrlаЬ e Showmanship, whiсh is a o must always plaу its part in showing an advantagе' аn d а rеal аn ima1 to its еsЬ t altist is able to disguisе fаilings of movе. bу thе way hе mеn t' or evёn lamеn еss,

a horsе, or runs him out in hand. tradе, and thеy aте ш icks in еvеr y Thеr е profеssioп al showman's o с mprisе еvеr y

lеads

stoсk­in.trаd е,

but therе is lеss

opportunity

in the lс asses in whiсh thе for artifiсе in thosе exhibits arе lеd in.hand thап where thеy arе riddеn . Thеn аn ехaggеr ­ аt е d thтowing of thе toе in thе trotJ or a с bе ц sed to flashy display at thе gallop, аn disguisе, or to divеr t the attеn tion from, tас ion or somе othеr suсh failings аs fаu ltу shortсoming. a Тh e аim of the showman is to produсе .fill thе eуe', as thе saying horsе that will с ampion­ goеs, and no hoгsе wins manу h

ships without thе ultimate

blеssing

of а

hard­to­definе quality knоw n aS prеsеn cе. This is thе quality whiсh eЬ stows upon its to o с mmand fortunatе possеssol thе iаЬ lity

thе

атt ention qualiry whiсh

of whoеvеr

beholds it _

а

Ь t dеm аn ds: not only says, u ..Look at mе ­ I 'm thе grеatеst!'' A horsе thаn madе and а bеt ter movеr mаy bе bеt tеr he will gеt Ь t if hе laсk s presеnес othеr sJ u no furthеr in thе rvorld than thе man who is nсe. bеn еf it dеn iеd thе o

тHЕ

Thе

arе the most impor­ in the show ring, for thеy sеt thе stаn dard of thе bеst sort of hoгsе to breed аn d thеr еf orе wield а widе influеnес upon brееd еr s and buyeгs alikе. Thе уoungstoсk lс assеs, for brood marеs and for foals, yеаr lings' two­yеаf ­olds and thrеe.yеar.olds arе largеly patronized у Ь

tаn t

pеoplе

I

!i I, I

t I

hunter lс assеs

of all thе lс asses

who brеed

horses for

a

hobbу,

or by

fагm еr s who breеd thеm as a luсr аt ivе sidеlinе, to thеir sеr ious farm work. Thе riddеn lс assеs) on thе other hand, although pеoplе тt rеy too o с ntаin manу who show horsеs for the sheеr fun of it' аr е also thе happv hunting ground foт thе professional showmеn who produсе horsеs for othеr _ and in so doing, еn surе pеoplе thаt thе stаn dards of trаining, riding' produсt ion and prеsеn tation аt a o arе mаintainеd с n­ sistеn tly high levеl. Тh е basiс proсеd uге fог thе lеd hц n ter lс asses nеvеr vaтiеs. Thе уoungstеr s are lеd into thе ring iс rсlе around thе judgе at с sionally а r.valk (оa at а trot for a shoгt spell' а valuablе innovation borrowеd from _ movеm еn t йе \ 7e1sh о n v lс asses frоm

just as impoтt ant as movе. thе sidе bеing mеn t from thе a Ь kс oг the front) until thеy judgе or his stеw ard to arе a с lled in у Ь thе

in a

straight linе,

in

prеliminаr y ordеr of mеr it. Thе judgе thеn walks down thе line sсr utinizing eaсh animal, eЬ forе pulling еahс again otrt in turn to iп spеtс it .stаn ds it up (i.е. ' mаk еs it аs its lеadеr stand

stand fouг­ sqц aтe).

run oцt

Thеn

in hand; .\ wаlk

is thе usual rеquest' uЬ t

the judge sееs it baсl{

awaу, and tтot

if hе is duЬious

somе small point ­ doеs il swing a leg, or throw a foot} _ hе will ask it to go agаin to o с nfiтm or allaу his еarliеr suspi.

o аЬ ut

I n thе last analуsis, lrе has thе

linе of

around him onсе morе еfЬ оr e a с lling in his winnеr and then thе lowеr ­ plaсеd lс ass, hе horsеs' I n almost еvеr y will оn ly havе suсеeс dеd in plеasing onе horsеs iс lтс е

аlthough

thеr е

onе winnеr l

Thosе

thеm selvеs

and еrс tain

that thе

onе or

thеr е

this is onlу one man's opinion, аn d is аlways another day. A fourth

eхh ibitor goеs and attaсks thе judgе, u Ь t this person is vеr y rarе, and gеt s inсr еasinglу indееd morе таr e as he hаs his errtiеS rеf usеd by othеr shows for

a с tеg oгy of

his reputation will quiсkly

gеt around. is an old and truе show­ring saуing, .I f you a to thе effеtс thаt : с n't takе dеf еat, Therе

dorit shov/ . Thе riddеn hunter lс ass may hаvе еithеr one or two judgеs, who arе a с llеd upon in nЕ glаn d and I rеland (though not in thе

Stаt еs or aС nada) to гidе This they do having sееn

the

woгks his way down. I t is dеsirablе

for

Unitеd horsеs.

iс ons.

pеr son'

thаt

lеss

a с n еver fortunatе

only bе will tеll

sеltес ed friends

judgе is a fool; tеll thеm sеlvеs and two others, in striсt еst o с nfidеnе,с

thаt the judgе

is а knаv e;

or tеll themsеlves

s| ­i0W в | NG

thеm walk, trot' a с ntеr and gallop round thе ring, whеr еu pon тh е samе systеm of аlс . ling the horses into a linе prevails. I f thеr е arе two judgеs thеу thеn stаr t riding' vеr y oftеn ' from oppositе еn ds; if is only onе hе starts аt thе top and thеге riddеn , evеn if thosе at the bottom of thе linе stаn d no h с anсе what­ plаеd с ' soever of еiЬ ng Aftеr all, thе еxhibitors hаve all paid thе samе еn try fеe' еv еr y

hоr sе

to bе

Тw o

aspeсt s of the show ring: showing in'hаn d and the ridden pоn y. Pony stаI liоn s аt the Ascot stallion show, where they are judged on theiг suitаb iI ity for breeding good nаt ive ponies and h с ildren.s riding ponies. lл set: Showing аn с begin at a very early age, espeсiaI lу in I eading гein 1с аsses whеr e the pony is judged on its suitаb [ [ itу for a h с ild.

€

* ё=

=

тHЕ

SHOW в | NG

to thе samе tloublе aп d еxpеn sе to produсe thеir horsеs and bring thеm to the show, and it is disсouraging, to say thе lеast, to е Ь dismissеd with a u с rt nod. vЕ en if timе doеs not pеr mit the judgеs to ridе еvеr y horse' (and judgеs arе all too oftеn not givеn suffiсiеn t timе to do

most have gonе

their job' bеing

hurriеd

o с nstantly

along

being h с iwiеd bеa с usе of thе pеoplе, impa­

who is himsеlf from highеr up' vеr y often by a stеw ard

of the tеlеvision tiеn t for thе show­jumping to bеg in on judgеs arе puп tс ilious timе! ) thе bеt tеr

dеm аn ds

about having a final look and a h с еr y word with thе pool man or woman who is unfor­ tunatе to stand at thе vеr y еn d ofthе linе. A .I pat of the horsе' s nеk с , and an admiring: goеs а vеr у еtЬ hе' s a supеr hц n tеr l' long ;1

tl

I

wаy towards mollifying an еxhibitor who is about to bе sеn t out of thе тing with .thе

ruЬb ish'. Thе biggеr shows will put on lс assеs not onlу for thе oс nvеn tional thrее wеight divisions ­ lightwеight, middlеw eight and _u hеalrywеight Ь t also for four­yеar­o1ds, noviсеs.

smal1 huntеr s.

to bе riddеn

and ladiеs

huntеr s

judgеd ' lаd y iudge who is profiсiеn t sidе­ sаd dlе

(аn d

of

o с ursе, by а in thе art of riding side­saddlе) . Lady judgеs arе among thе most long­suffеr ing of all, for thеy oftеn havе to lс imb up into sidе­ saddles of еxtrеm е с mе disсomfort whiсh a аr е almost prе­ out of somе dank attiс and historiс in dеsign! Happily' many of suсh havе bееn sold аb road as oldеr sidе­ saddlеs antiquеs to hаn g on thе walls of thе homе

of somе tyсoon in thе Nеw Suffiсiеn t

World.

in usе, howеvеr , to a с st thе most stout hеartеd of

теm ain

a lс oud ovеI lady iudgеs.

Thе winning side­sаddle horse does not quаlify for thе ovеr all show h с ampionship' and nor do the four­yеar­old oI the small huntеr , bц t thе first and sеo с nd in thе с mpеt е for agаin to o wеight lс asses meеt the аw аr d of thе h с ampionship and rеsеr vе _ thе final o са lade in thе life of the show huntеr .

\o И rking hunters havе to iump a small, o с mpalatively natural o с ulsе of somе six с n­ show jumps bеf orе being judgеd for o o с unts formation. Jumping pёгf ormanсе for somе 40 pеr еn of thе wholе assеss­ с t ment.

Weight­сarrуing o с bs with show quality as the small alе, alas, a vanishing brееd them unеo с nomiс demand for thеm mаkеs arе quite wеll to brееd . Thе haсk lс assеs for filled and thе big shows stagе lс аssеs noviсеs' and for ladies' haсks to е Ь ridden sidе­ saddlе, in addition

to thе

usua1 1 с asses

с ing 15h.h. divided by hеight (not еxеd and not ехe 15.3h.h.). с еd ing ani­ A haсk is an еlеgant, wеll­trainеd с mmon mal. I n daуs gonе у'Ь thеy wеI e a o Judging for three verу different lс asses at а horse show. top: After giving a ridden dispI ay and а| so being ridden by the.judge, a lady's hack is then 'stood up'for the judge to middle: A riding assеss its оonfoгm ation pony mare and foa l o с me forward for judging in hand ­ the mare will not be ridden in this class. bottom: A beautifulArab is here being shown under saddle.

t56

тHE sHoW R| NG

sight in Hydе gеn tlеm еn

аn d

Park whеn

гidden by ladiеs

for аn hour or so on a sunny

thе moгn ing ­ partly, no doubt, to aп r aсt admiring аt tention of some membеr of the

arе vеr y lаr gеly o с nfined to thе show ring. A rеally good haсk, of true .haсК typе, is lighter than a hunter, with built and moгe graсеf ul sеx.

oppositе

Nowadays thеy

а beаu tiful hеad and outlook. I t is indеed a аn d, likе it, a joy foг as long thing of bеauф

as

it lasts. Few modеr n hаkс s

howеvеr

with that lightnеss in hаn d whiсh , with its fгeе and flowing of с aгatс еr istiс movеm ent' was so very h ttrе h с ampions of 30 yеars ago. The British show ponу, a miniаt цге phеn ome. Thoгoughbred, is a rеm aгkable еlse in thе non whiсh is found nowеh еr е с un­ admirеd in othеr o woгld and is grеаt ly sсh oolеd

sееm to bе

triеs

ех p с t с vеt еd , although sеldom o pегh aps in thе Unitеd Statеs. A fair Ь n п u mbеr of British show ponies hаvе еe but on thе Continent ехp ortеd to Amеr iса, with somе jus­ thе buyеr s sеem to fееl,

rifiсation, that thеse poniеs arе altogethеr аn d too preсious too light, too finеly­brеd h с ild, who to be suitablе for the avеr agе will hаvе a greаt dеal morе fun гiding а pony, or one only a gеn еr ation nаt ivе геm oved from foundation stoсk. showing lс asses vЕ еn in nЕ gland, thе today arе largеly thе hunting ground of the pгofеssional h с ildren on professionally­ produсеd poniеs, and few Paгеn ts want thеir h to gеt involvеd in this sort of с ildrеn гat­raсе. I was at l0Иindsor show onе day whеn

I heard a pгofessional

produсеr

Thе nаt ivе pony lс assеs arе far lеss pro­ is muсh ес Ь usе thеr е largеly a is lеss monеy at stakе, аn d the atmosphегe generаlly faг morе friеn dly. This is pаг­ of among thе гeЬ edеr s tiсu larly notiсеаb lе Connemara and \ DИеlsh ponies, both of

fеssional,

lovе for thеir prot6gё. whom havе a dееp folk, who down­to­еаr th Bеing sеn siblе, know poniеs, thеy аr е also vеr y kеen on thе perfoгm anсe sidе. Thе hardy, surе­ footed poniеs, rеaгеd on hills for gеn ­ thе l0Иеlsh eгаt ions and usеd as shеp herding poniеs by thе hill farmеr s, produсe offspring that of arе ablе to do any job thаt is rеq uirеd them, from hunting and jumping to Pony с mpetitions. CluЬ еvеn ts and driving o

Thе Arab еn thusiasts thеm sеlvеs,

are a law unto

breеd is a brеed аp art appеal for thе foxhunter or

for thеir

whiсh hаs littlе in for those who гequiтe a horsе to еn tеr с mpе­ or show­jumping o thтeе­ daу еvеn ts М st people rеgаr d thе Arab titions. o mаinly in the light of an outсr oss of blood, bе and many o с nsider that it should idеаllу found quitе a long way baсk in the pеd i­ grеe. But thе tгu e Arаb lovеr o с nsiders his pгiе'с . As аn rЬ еd to be a .pеarl bеуond I havе а friеn d who, having еxamplе, ago' an Arab stallion somе yеаr s aсq uirеd in thе United Statеs, sold it to somеonе and was ablе to build a swimming pool and lay out an ехt ensive e с еd s

sfuubbеr y on

thе pro­

!

mus­

show ponу

lс assеs, with

bаlаnеd с

г еe Ь dеr s

hobbу.

monеy

thе pгo­

yЬ

privatе

as a who keеp thе odd marе or two pеr haps thеr е is still too muсh thе in t} rеse lс assеs, dеspite

Yеt

o ес nomiс situation, for their own good. The dealеr s аr e аlways on the look­out for a top threе­ year­old to sеll on to somе parent and thе whole thing deеp ­poсkеt еd stагt s again, with thе pony bеing sent on to for the show ring. а profеssional to produсе Hugе priсеs arе involvеd and lаr ge sums of monеy h с angе hands.

middlеw eights,

and

finally

аn d hеavyweights. Thе last arе thе riсh еst rarеst' and гeally what thе I rish half­brеd year aЕ h с breeding industry is all аb oцt . thеy appеaг to improve in quality, but is this really so or is it simply thе inеvitаb lе

grading­up proсеss'

whеn

Thoroughbrеd

on thе I rish sirеs arе used еxlс usivеly Draught maге? And will I reland еvеn tu­ ally oс mе to thе nЕ glish irnpаssе, when lс еаn ­ horsе is praсt iсally almost еvеr y shortagе of bred, bеa с usе of thе prеv аiling foundation stoсk? Pеr sonallу, I doubt it, beсausе evеn the that it is I rish Horsе Board sеems to reаlizе impегаt ivе to return I o t} :.e stаt us quo bу mеans of thе I rish Draught mare, the sup­ of thе I rish half­brеd rеm е shееt ­anсh or is uniquе in thе industгy' I rеlаn d brееd ing rЬ еd on world in having this lс еаn ­limbеd whiсh to draw and it has beеn thе foundа­ tion stoсk of mаn y famous show­jumpеr s. indеed sadly most, of thе I гish аn М у, sеn t to wеr е Draught foundation mаr еs hеavyweight

and еatеn

during thе

years

morе oftеn

with

o с mpetition

horse.

_ Clydеsdalе,

Shirе

found and SuffolЬ ­ havе all bееn ш iеd and Bау' with its long wanting. Thе Clеv еland ofbrеed­ barrеl, a с n throw up thе odd frеak

аn d

studs wеll

wеights,

of breеd ing a viаb lе Thе aс rthorsе breeds

ponies' I am quitе o с n­ thе ponies of the future,

fеssional

in

fasсinаt ion

Thoroughbrеd stallions, it will assurе thе unique suffiсiеn tly rеt ention of a brееd will oс ntinuе to I talian dеalеr s thаt thе maintain stud farms, or at least dеp ots, in I rеlаn d to supply at lеast thеir intеr na­ winning tional teams with Olympiс­ mеd al horsеs, whilе other nаt ions turn to the o с ld­bloodеd riding horsе of Gеr mаn y. Britain hаs no suсh foundаt ion stoсk to put to Thoroughbrеd stallions in thе hopе

а h с ild to гide. I t is thе woгk ing

фe ridden

is аn еn dlеss

Thеr е

с r­ watсh ing thesе horsеs, thе rс op of thе u с sсаd e into thе ring rеn t season' as thеy a on the fiлst two days at Ballsbridgе _ light­

twiсe, or еvеn

grаn d­

out instruсt ions to thе all аlс ling poor unfortunatе joсkеy every timе she past. Small wondеr thаt h с ild now аm с е working hatеs showing and far prеf еr s pony lс asses and Pony Club hц n ter trials in fаtс , аn d onе day еvеn ts _ аn уt hinв ' whiсh avoids swanning around thе show ring looking prеt ty on a prеt ty ponу whiсh is not a of doing anything elsе' аn d с pаlЬ е oftеn has to bе riddеn ­in by an adult for an it is safе for hour or two at thе show eЬ forе

that аI е the poniеs аге lс assеs' whеr е thеsе геq uired to jump, arе fillеd to aс paсity. с ild and pony in а happy They kееp both h с mparativеly frame of mind аn d in thеir o nаt ц r al statе. Thе in­hand riding ponу lс assеs arе on тh е wholе a grеat deal morе sporting' than

appеar a horsе maу sold. The onlу rеаson for two years is that he is somеonе' s thеr е favouritе аn d is not for sаlе.

l07or1d following thе Sеo с nd immеd iatеly howevе r and stа l lions Е ough marеs !Иar. n werе lеf t to providе а nuсleus, whiсh hopе­ аn d nurtured, to fully is bеing hс еr ishеd or ensulе a foundation stone. Crossed onсе

mothеr ,

vinсеd ,

ratlrer than

for а horse to be shown therе morе thе гu lе, ifhе is any good hе is usually than onсе, for

Bеlgium

rid­ ing to himsеlf: .Therе are fi.oe pеoplе Thеr е ing tlris pony!' _ and so thеr е wегe! wаs thе h с ild herself, him, thе pony's own­

er' and thе hс ild s mother and

I t is the еxеp с tion,

yеar.

еah с

A sсene at the Dub| in Horse Show, one of the greatest disp| ays of hoгsеf | esh in the wor| d, and a speсt aсu I ar oсa с sion.

Pridе

at thе lс аssiс shows, how­ of plaсе at all thе major agriсu ltural meеt ­ ings suсh as thе Royаl, the Bath and Wеst,

eveг аn d

Pеt еr borough and the Great Yorkshiте, and of o с urse at thе annual show of thе at Royаl DuЬlin Soсiety hеld h еас August, givеn to thе huntегs mеn ­ BаllsЬr idge' is Perhaps Dublin is of all, for whеr еas thе shows tеn d' towards thе еn d of thе ing sеason' to bе simply a differеn t tation of thе same horsеs, mееt ing after show, all thе Dublin horsеs

tionеd еarlier.

thе most

intегesting

nЕ glish show­ pеr mu­ аt show are nеw

ing, suсh as Williаm Barkе1s North Flight, who was resеr vе for the 1964 British olympiс show jumping tеam in Tokyo, but by and large this is not thе most suсe с ssful foundаt ion stoсk for the top­ с mpеt ition horsе. lс ass international o thе Sеo с nd \ yy'orld l07ar' Sinсе thе еn d of с ampions (i'е. no fewеr thаn tеn Olympiс h thе winnеr of a team or individual gold medal) havе e Ь en brеd in I rеland from

I rish Draught foundation stoсk, while sеven

in nЕ gland. I relаn d Colonеl Hаr ry Llеw еl­ Colonеl Frаn k l0Иеldorf

havе beеn brеd

has to heг rс edit

lуn 's Ahеr low, I (ilbarry, Tеd a М rsh's Vild Vеn turе, H.M. Thе Quееn 's Counш yman I I I , Cap­

tain a М rtin

\ 07hitеlеy's

DerеkAllhusеn 's Sunbеam (a doublе

a М jor

s

Thе Poaсher, Loсh invar, I tаly' s

gold medallist

­iд

r57

sH0W R| NG

тHЕ

Tokyo), I (ing and Roу al Lovе, and Graziano аn М iс nеllis Ambassador. nЕ g­ lands home­brеd hс ampions are \ DИilf Whitе' s Nizefеla, Colonеl Harry Llewel­ lyrfs Foxhuntеr , Mary Gordon­\ DИatson] s Cornishman V, Jаn e Bullen's Our Nobby, Bridgеt Parkе1s Cornish Gold, a М ioг Dеr еk Allhusеn 's Lauriеston and Captain Nlark Phillips's Grеаt ovation.

This oс nсentration

of suсеsс s

in

onе

small o с rnеr of the globе is not simplу a fortuitous o с inсidеnес ­ the rеsult of a happy h с anсe. The fаtс thаt only \ ilиest Gеr many hаs 13 h с аm pions' all in thе field of show­jumping, plovеs thаt the powerful Gеr man horses are thе bеst pеr ­ formеr s ovеr really iЬ g artifiсial fenсes in thе world. But it also provеs that for going aсr oss o с untгy' with safеt y, at spееd, jump­ ing whаt еvеr fate or the o с uгse dеsignеr еleсt to put in the way, thеI e is nothing to

thе I rish

touсh

huntеr ,

although thе

nЕ glish

living. Thе

rЬ еd onе runs him very lс osе. Е gland and Nor is it а o с inсidеnес that n I rеland are the on1y o с untriеs whеr е show lс assеs for hunters exist аs they do, without the neсessity to bring fеnеsс into the гing

wеr e

to find the winner. Conformation

knowlеd gе

is

exш еm еlу important to anу horsе. How­ good a performеr , however bravе his еv еr heart, he will nevеr last unless he hаs thе sound o с nstitution and thе o с rrеtс o с n­ formation to stand up to the strains аn d strеsses of work in holding going. For 200 yеars аn d morе' foxhunting has imposеd thеsе strains and strеsses, and out of it all has o a tough brееd аs wеll аs с mе of hoгsе, а numЬer of human bеings who under­

stand o с nformation' fortunatеly

for

thе

o с ntinuation

Luсkily

horse. of тh e huntеr ­typе thегe is absolutely no sign that

showing is on thе dеlс inе. I t will alwaуs eЬ а pаr t, and an important onе, of thе I rish sсеn е аu I rish horses arе ес Ь sе nеarly all foг salе, and a horse who has won in thе show ring must inеvitаlЬ y o с mmand a highеr priсе than one whiсh has not. But huntеr

in nЕ gland, too, showing is еn joying а vasdy inсr еаsеd support. Sponsorship, onсе hаs

thе prеr ogative now bееn eхt еn ded

of thе show­jumpers' to the huntеr s too, to thе support of thе

thanks initially, British аn d I rish Steam Paсkеt Company, l0ratеr ford Crystаl Com­ and latеr to thе pany _ both I rish o с mpаn iеs, not slow to

rеalizе the valuе of showing. Thеr е o с uld be said to bе a dеlс ine in thе ranks of the pгofessional nagsmеn who aboundеd in thе show ring еtЬ ween thе wars, but therе arе с ming still young mеn o on to follow in the footsteps of thе Hаr rу Bonnеr s of фis world. Thеr е is of o с uгsе а vast numbеr of amatеu rs who havе all thе kеennеss and enthusiasm for aсq uiring and riding a good horsе in thе show ring, quitе thе sаm e еven if thеy do not rеh ас hеights of ехp ertizе of mеn whosе livеs arе spent sеeking out, sсh ooling and produс­ ing thе h с аm pions. Judging, too, is going through an intеr ­ regnum, аn d for muсh thе samе rеаson. ltrИith

thе a с valry regimеn ts

and thе Army qЕ uitаt ion

mеh с anizеф

Sсh ool

at Wеedon a thing of the past, young men aI е forсed to look bеуond thе horse to makе а

fеw to whom

fortunаt е

this

doеs not аp ply arе denied the opporrunity of leaгn ing in quitе thе samе sсh ool. Thеiл

extend to riding as

a с nnot

еxpеr ienсe

many diffеr еn t horsеs

luсky

as

thеir

prеd eсеssors

enough to enjoy, and thеir more limited. But

is inеv itaЬly

is a natural of thе tfuee­day еv еn t reсr uiting ground for young judgеs, and so М sters of Fox­ аr е thе ranks of young a с hounds, who aгe vеr y wеll plаеd to know а horse. what is rеq uirеd of one often hеars it said' although I do not the reаlm

e Ь liеve

it, that horsеs arе

sound as onсе

wеaknеsses

bеing

arе

and I rish horsеs.

Thе

no longеr

as

and that inhеr ent

thеy wеr е,

brеd

into nЕ glish

myth o с uld havе

given rс еd еne с by thе fаtс that in thе old daуs, unsound horsеs just disappеarеd from the publiс еуe, and vast numЬеr s werе fеll upon hагd simply put down, or еlsе timеs. Now, thanks to тh е еvеr ­inсгеasing and еxpегi­ storеs ofvеt еr inаr y knowlеd ge palliative mеasures and tеh с niquеs еnе,с yеаr . аr е еiЬ ng improved Thus many еv еr y bееn

horses whiсh would onсе havе eЬ еn regaгd еd as fс uoniсally unsound a с n now to sound working. bе rеstorеd All this must bе to thе ultimatе good of thе horse, whiсh is surely the most impor­ though vаr ious

tant o с nsidеr аt ion, еvеn

govеr ning o Ь diеs o с nneсt еd with showing с s havе dеrс еd that both huntеr s and hаk of operаt ion rеn dеr thе еrс tain a с tegoriеs foг the show ring. Thе subjeсt inеligiЬlе rights аn d wrongs of thе matter arе end­ lеsslу and I do not Proposе to dеаtЬ ablе, onlу to rеgrеt enter into tlrеm heгe, sаvе lеad to horses thаt this does somеt imеs u с t short to vеr y hаving their show aс rееr s little purposе.

Although fashions h in thе show с angе ring, as everywheге еlse the huntеr lс asses arе ultra­сonseгvative; аn y innovation is

rеg ardеd with suspiсion and upon yЬ фе morе o с nsеr vativе as rЬ inging а еxhiЬitors. Suсh prаtс iсеs horsе into thе show ring with o с untless

rightlу

frownеd

tiny plaits up his nеkс , sеu с rеd уЬ ruЬеrЬ rаt hеr thаn with thе ш aditional onе

a Ь nds,

in front and sеvеn up thе rс еst, in plaсе, is to be dеploгed.

There is o с nsidегablе to еiЬ ng

аskеd

to judgе

nеatly pгestige

sewn

attаh с еd show,

at a lеading

Pгize­giving for beаu tifu| | у tUrned out ponies at the RoУa| Windsor Horse Show. and partiсu larly

to

bеing invitеd

I rеlаn d.

Thе

thе typе

of hoгsе that

to judgе

in

I rish havе always

askеd nЕ glishmеn to judge at thеir major shows, suсh as Dublin' Cork and Clonmеl. This is partlу a ес Ь usе an n Е glish judgе should have a good ideа what sort ofhorse would and thеr еf orе will selеtс win in nЕ glаn d,

o с uld pгobaЬlу

bе

sold to an n Е glish buуеr . I t is also fеlt that an n Е glish judge is morе likеly to be oс m­ plеt еly impаr tial, as he probably doеs not know thе horses or many of thе exhibitoгs. I t was thе latе Nаt Galwaу­ Greer, thе a world­famous and wizatd of DunЬoynе, delightful horse dealer who won ten sup­ rеm e h с ampionships at DuЬlin in thе yеars

followiл g

thе

Sеo с ndWorld

War who

fust hit upon thе brilliаn t notion of bring­ ing n Е glish ridеr s ovеr to ridе his horsеs аt BallsЬr idge. Thеr е was ostеn sibly a vеr y good rеason for this; thе n Е glish showmеn аr е a grеat deаl morе ех p erienсed in show­ ing a horsе thаn thеir I rish oс unterpаr ts,

and with thеiг mеt iсu lous dеt ail bеt tеr

attention to they аr е aЬlе to show a horsе offto faг advаn tagе. But thеr e wаs also а morе bеn еf it' аn d this wаs thаt thе

suЬt lе nЕ glish

rеo с gnizеd

ridеr s would bе known bу thе n Е glish judgеs'

to, and аn d

horsеs that thеy rodе would аt lеast bе с nd look. to gеt a sеo

the surе

Although somе of thе othеr exhibitoгs wеr е

known to rеsеn t

nЕ glish

thе

(beliеving

prеsеne с

thеy

Greеr rеo с gnizеd thаt it gavе addеd intеr est proсeеd ings and rаised thе standаr d gгeеn I rish hoгses.

Thеr е

of thе

gavе Nat an unfair advantage), the authoritiеs

ridеr s

is

o с nsidеr аb lе vаr iety

to

thе

of thе

in

thе

vаr ious standard of horsеm аn ship of thе huntеr judges. The rс itеr ion is thаt еvеr y horse should go wеll for a judgе, аn d so еrс tain idiosynсr asies arе ovеr lookеd аs long as this prinсipаl requirеm еn t is mеt . Pеr haps thе worst failing in a judgе is a Ь d hands, whiсh must upset any horsе unlеss hе happens to hаv e a worsе mouth. Onсе a judgе aсq uires the rеp utation foг bеing 'mutton­fisted he will not remain long in ignoranсе of his failing! Thеге will be sev­ еr al horses produсеd for him to ridе with

st­tuw HtNU

­П tt

their u с rb

h с аins

wrapped

in

h с amois

to their hеads. Thеr е is also thе oтh еr sidе of thе o с in, whеn еxhibitors produсе horses in thе ring prеp aгеd and whiсh arе quitе insuffiсiеn tly poor, unsuspеtс ing ш ainеd and еxpеtс йе аt grеаt ludgеs to ride thеm , somеt imеs pеr sonal risk. A еrс tain wеll known аjМ or Gеn eral, whеn faсеd with one of thesе animals _ and а woman's horse, to oЬ ot, notorious for еiЬ ng allowed to do whatеv er it wishes _ brought it sш aight baсk to its it anу morе, ownеr and dеlс inеd to ride I hаvе not o thundering: .Мadаm , с me 200 miles to nag othеr pеoplе' s horsеs!' Thе judgе who aЬ sеs his dеiс sions on lеathеr ,

lеst

hе hаn g on

thе form whiсh

hаs prеvailеd

at othef

shows is eithеr unsurе of himsеlf, аn d thus pгеf еr s to Play it safe yЬ tаking thе linе of

littlе know­ lеd gе. Thе form judge soon oес Ь mes known for what hе is, аn d of o с ursе hе is all at sea at thе first shows of the sеason' lеаst

rеsistanсе,

or hаs vеr y

bеf ore thе form book has еn Ь .writtеn '. I t is onе of thе worst brеah с еs of еt iquеt te for any judgе to е Ь sееn with a a с taloguе in his hаn ds until he has finished his work in thе гing. Of o с urse, judges who are in dеm and,

аn d arе o a с n с nstantly on thе iс rсu it, haгd ly гemain in ignoranсе of thе horsеs who havе bееn shows, winning аt еarliеr еv еn if they havе nеvеr aсt uаlly judgеd thеm eЬ forе. Luсkily, thеr е аr е manу ludgеs whose integгity is so well knоw n, аn d whosе reputations аге so wеll еstab­ Ш shеd , that thеy arе abovе rс itiсism. I t must е Ь rеm еmeЬ rеd that judging is o Ь und to bе а pеr sonal matter of opinion, аn d fеw pеoplе alikе think аbsolutеly аb out a horsе. A iЬ g, hеavy man is likеly to lеan towards thе big' wеight­саr rying type of horsе that he woц ld h с oose to ride him­ sеlf. Thе slim, lightwеight judgе on thе othег hаn d prefеr s a Thoroughbrеd typе. Dublin s grеen horsеs' too' are grеat levеllеr s, for riding greеn I rish hoгsеs is a pеu с liаr art, espеiс allу they have whегe done most of thеir work

u Ь t

newly introduсеd I n an аg е

whеn

in a snafflе and arе

to a doublе bridlе. еverу hunter is so muсh

infused with ThoroughЬr еd lЬ ood, Harry years ago thе baсk Bonnеr hаs sаid that row of a huntеr lс ass was morе imprеssivе

hе fееls that

thеsе

that bгеeding is not

prioritiеs

for thе type of horsе that will stay for no morе than 1.5km (1 milе) oI so at top spееd .

Yet sш angеly еn ough, thеy

to sее еу to eyе. The rеаlly knowlеd gеable

usually

sеem

judgе of еvеr y

Ameгican ridden show |с asses a for three с ter distinсt riding styles аs welI аs the mаn y different breeds.

is plаеdс

tlrаn

at lеast

the in palts of the world is not endemiс. I t may the rЬ еd , if all thе upon pеr formanсe, half of it еiЬ ng с n­ on o

must inеvitably

formation, therе

bе

a

dеlс ine.

Thus thе show ring is of vеr y rеal valuе to any bгеed of horsе or pony' and while therе аr e still pеoplе who a с re аb out a

othеr s.

judged yЬ a hunting man and a гaеh с orsе trainer, working togеt her. This is an unusuаl allianсe, as thе hц n ting man rеq uires qualitiеs in a horse that will еn ­ aЬlе it to stay all day, while thе rаiс ng man _ pаr tiсu lаr ly с trainer _ looks thе flat гae

or еlsе that

arе differеn t

еm phasis rathег

as it might

аs sеltес ivе

whеr e foxhunting also bе that whatеvеr

old days, pеr haps bеаu с sе thе stallions of thе time wеге biggеr and strongеr , with moге o Ь nе аn d morе substаnе.с

miums, aге

faults, whiсh

bе on thе Statе Studs,

г еф Ь

stallions that are shown at thе National Stallion Show of thе Hunte1s I mprovеm еn t and National Light Horsе аt Nеw markеt eaсh Brеeding Soсiеt y pre­ a М rсЬ foг the award of thе Soсiеq y's

the I ron Curtain have many of leads onе to supposе

bеh ind

inсr еasingly raге bеo с ming today. Bad hoсk s, weak hind lеg s аn d long a с nnon bonеs were not so prеvаlеn t in the

Thе

bаkс in the girth and the

this ordеr . Conversely, bаd limbs, shortаg е Ь d walkегs, straight shouldеr s, a of bone, a shellу, shallow body, and wеak hind lеg s arе an anathеm a to all. a М nу of the horsеs whiсh arе brеd

ttrе

standard of produсt ion has sufferеd еvеn morе. I t is impossiЬle, he is sure, to spend too long in riding and making before the aсt ual nagging bеg ins. o М st pеoplе plus indulgе in far too muсh of thе lattег, an inordinate relianсе on taсk аn d similаr o с ntrivanсеs whiсh arе somеt imеs wrongly regarded as a short­сu t to suсеsс s. Dеlс ining standards arе also manifеstеd by _partiсu larly уoung thе speсt aсlе ofhorsеs nаt ural horses ­ еiЬ ng forсed bеy ond thеir .Thеy lеarn to u paсеs. с t their o с rnеr s and o ес Ь mе ring­сr afty quiсk lу еn ough, with­ aut aсt ually showing them thе way.' Looking at photographs of somе of thе grеat huntеr h thе past, with с ampions of their abundanсe of bonе and thеir great dеp th, onе must o с nсedе that suсh spеiс ­

mеn s аr е

a

shoulder going oЬliquеly

into thе bodу' dеp th loin, a niсе front with genеr ous outlook' and sш ong quartеr s and seсond thighs _ in

than thе front row is today. Apart from thе faсt that the stаm p of horsе is often not so

good as it used to bе,

pony looks for good limbs,

horse аn d wе11­s1opеd

will

as thеr е always

shows аt whiсh

еxhiЬit their

e Ь ,

brееd еr s and

stoсk

will eЬ

thеr е

ownеr s a с n

in oс mpеt ition

with

A hс ampion obviously oс mmаn ds a highеr priсе than thе run­of­thе­ mi11 horse or pony, and grеat sums of money liе bеt wеen thе suсеs с sful show horsе аn d his full brothеr who has nеver provеd himsеlf in thе show ring. I n disсu ssing thе show ring it is inеv ita­ blе thаt muсh еm phasis will be plaсеd on thе wеll­еstablished Bгitish and I rish pat­ tеr n whiсh has providеd the standard for

shows held in other nЕ glish­spеaking partiсu larlу in Australia and

o с untriеs,

Southern Afriсa.

I ndееd ,

triеs frequеn tly

invitе

o с un­

o Ь th thеsе

British judgеs

to

major shows аn d thе lс as­ sеs hеld approximatе, with loсal variа­ tions, very lс osеly to thosе hеld in Britain. Amеr iсa, dеr iving its ш adition from the

offiсiаt е

at thеir

same sourсе' has' howеver dеvеlopеd its own lс assеs and establishеd a sуstеm of judging thаt inсlines strongly towards pеr ­

formаne с instanсеs,

in thе ring and, in takеs partiсu laг

aсo с unt

many

of style.

often divеr t disastеr , howеvеr . If you simplу want sun and sand with a littlе riding' then the a с sual haсking organizеd by thе 1oсal stablеs at your h с osеn rеsort may eЬ suffiсiеn t. Thе еssenсе is to do a bit nееd s a с n

of rеsеаr hс

bеf orеh and,

so that you arе

morе or lеss аssurеd of a deсent ridе. I t may meаn limiting your h с oiсе of rеsorts, еspе­ going iс allу in thе еd М itеr ranеаn , or еv еn

slighdy inland, but it is wеll

worthwhilе,

for nothing doеs surpass thе joy f] f orrол v J' notion.

ехp erienсing the sights of a forеign o с un­ trу from thе baсk of a well­сarеd for and

riding is a

romantiс ofсarеf rее a с ntеI s along thе sеashorе, or sauntеr ing through new and supетb sсеn еr y, whеr е thе sun shines o с ntinually from a lс еar' lЬ uе sky. e С rtainlу this is thе waу it a с n е,Ь u Ь t bе warnеd _ reality doеs not always matсh suсh high еxpеtс аt ions. IЕ orsеs kеp t at holiday riding еn с trеs arе oftеn list­

.l.

lеss,

I t holds out hopеs

thеir mouths

hard аn d thеir

baсks dis­

playing tell­talе signs of saddlе sorеs. Taсk, too, is somеt imеs sadlу nеg lеtс еd ' and somеt imеs

downright dangеr ous. to your holidау

A thoughtful approaсh

of

аp с aЬlе horsе.

This prе­ plаn ning

rеq uisite appliеs to kinds of holiday riding _ bе it trеkking, trailriding (whiсh variеs in dеf inition fгom o с ц n try to o с untrу) , or simplу а fеw hours hаkс ing. Often you will havе to makе your own riding arrаn gеm еn ts on arrival, but if givеn notiсe, somе ш аvel firms, еspеiс ally those spеiс alizing in a set arеa, will rс еatе a spе­ iс al еquеsuian paсkagе dеal. Thus' you a с n still еnЬ еf it from h с arter flights' spе­ inсlusivе iс аl farеs availablе to trаv еl o с m­ panies, bloсk bookings ofhotеls аn d so on. аl 1

I nсr еаsingly,

howеvеr '

holidays аr е

bеing

aсt ual

offеr еd

horsе­ riding а1 1

ovеr

the

wo11d.

Somе o с untriеs sее riding as an aсt ivity to promotе _ sцh с as thе British I sles, whеr е thе range of riding aсt ivitiеs is enormous. others, likе I talу, will happilу find уou

a

sеasidе nag but

tеn d

thеir

to hаv е

bеst horses at thе riding lс uЬs. Almost anywhеr e, howеvеr ,

а good

will opеn onсе

arе awarе

pеoplе

man5r doors уou havе а

gеn uinе interеst in horsе riding аn d not just a passing holiday intеr еst. Language barriеr s quiсk lу brеak down, tooJ as a muш al lovе of hoтsеs forms an inеvitablе bond.

Thеr е arе two othеr vital faсt ors' whiсh _ your riding expеr i­ must eЬ o с nsidетеd enсе and thе wеathеr . Nothing is worsе than bеing a с ught in еithеr

o с ld аf ter some еight hours,

in thе saddlе whеn

ехt rеm e hеаt or or maу b е lеss,

уou are usеd

to

wеekеn d riding in more еquablе o с ndi­ tions. Altеr nativеly, as a morе еx periеn еd с and profiсient ridеr ' yorr mаy bе еxpеtс еd to fаll in linе with а the Daсе of thе sl

­.jФ1

J

J

I {

I

ponу those with 'tike to explore the derstrom one of the many

with horsеs inс| ude which

q,Uiet riding to

H0L| DAYS W| тH H0RsЕs

Тh is аnс daуs,

oftеn hаp pеn

с ntrе so find a e

on trekking holi­ leggings, but this is no timе foг flapping whiсh mаkеs speсial yс lс e aс pes! Thе stаn dard of riding holidays and those witЬ ability.

arгangemеn ts for Rеm еm bеr , though, that ш ekking, by horsеsusеd inthеBritishI slеsisgenerally с n ride virtually anywheге, dеf inition, really means wаlking. Any­ high. You a thing faster o с uld as haсk ing.

еЬ

Trail riding may bе advаnеd с

distinсt ion

lс assеd

moгe rеadily

o с nsidеr еd

foгm of trеkking, is а littlе blurrеd

although depеn ding

o са гd ing to loсal privatе property rеstriс­ of thе tеr rain. Sсot­ tions аn d thе diсt atеs

аn landisadmirаblysuitеdbottrtotrаilriding thе ­ or post trеkking _ as rп еll as simplе trek­ in king. iЕ ther way thеге is little road work

poniеs arе you аr е loсated. Thе \ DИеlsh involvеd and tough HigЫаn d yЬ М ny еnс тr еs arе аp provеd Tourist Board sum it up as bеing foг thosе vlidеly usеd. a .аb le to ridе at sustainеd spеeds for long thе Sсottish Sports Counсil and a list of distanсеs ovеr tough o с untгy'. thеse, along with othеr s, arе availaЬlе fгom Tourist Board. thе Sсottish seleсt еd , Clothеs must also bе a с гefully therе is Dropping south into nЕ glаn d, тoo. Pгanсing thтough thе wavеs on a horse, in a bikini or а pair of shorts might finе гiding in Northumbria, Cumbгia and Yorkshire, with muсh admirable sсеn еr у. sеem prеt ty on a postеr ' but is sсarсеlу aгe genеr аlly unсommer­ if you аr е going any furthеr than Thеsе rеg ions Pгatс iсal _ and dеiс dеd ly sought out. iс alizеd , so stablеs havе to eЬ unсomfortablе t} re bеah с groups' to bе smallеr in o с ld Thе rеw аr d tеnds aftег an hour or so. Convеr sеly, pгobaЬly of morе еxpегienсеd o с mpгisеd с wеather, do make sure у ou are warm. Sц h undеr gаr ments as long johns, whilе riders.

whiсh

o с цnш y

inеlеg ant, itеm s

hеlp to kееp

bulky oil wool

down thе

you might othеr wisе

neеd .

swеatеr s

and lightwеight

a с n bе а

с n boon, as a

windсh еatеr s

plаstiс

+ :;!

o с аt s

and

i­i..

Right Anintroduсt iontotheponyforagroup of h с ildreп

on аn adventure

holidаv

in the

Mountains of Wales. Тh e h с ildren,s somewhat uп orthodox headgear proteots BI aсk

.Wеst

Country, I n the wаr mеr nЕ glish is unlimitеd riding oс untry among thеге thе high tors of Dеv on, or thе. wild moors с untrysidе оf Cornwаll. The morе gеn tle o

of the

Nеw Forеstinthе

Souttrof n Е gland, pro­

аlong with its wild poniеs аn d dееr , vides a good holiday sеt ting' as аlso thе South Downs Vaу in Susseх. Onе

of the iЬ ggеstbooms

in !Иаlеs

beеn

iety of Walеs

and thе

doеs

intrеkkinghas

Pony Trekking Soс­

has produсed а oЬ ok

on

аp proved e с ntrеs. Somе ofthе biggеr onеs, a suсh as Rhayadеr and Tгegаr on, a с n eЬ

bit ovеr whеlming with thе sheer number с tage of of poniеs and ridеr s, a high pеr еn thе

lattег bеing beginnеr s.

This applies to

с tres, too' so deсidе on Sсottish еn one that suits your aЬility and tеm pere­

somе

mеn t.

Thе British Horsе Soсiеt y handЬook, or of thе Assoсiation of British Riding с nsult Sсh ools arе usеf ul publiсations to o foг instrцtс ional holidаys. Also invaluаb lе, is the list of trеkking and riding holiday еn с trеs approvеd by the Poniеs of Britain. I rеland has always bееn synonуm ous with thе horsе, аn d the sсope for holidaу I n thе Rеpubliс riding is oс nsidеr ablе. lс ose to Shannon, Cork, lin. яniс rvitЬ rп яr lq rrirfir­ thаt

с цn­ to switсh from onе area to anothеr . o in thе еast and tiеs Wiсk low аn d Wеxford Connemara in thе west offеr piсt urеsque

possibilitiеs for manу riding holidaуs' whilе County Cork offеr s horsе­ drawn a с ravаn s, oftеn based on trаditional Romany linеs. I n Northern I rеland

thеr e

arе

numеr ous

thе

attraсt ion.

Basiсally British, but with a strong Frenсh influеnе,с thе Chаn nеl I slands for thе holidaу offеr а novеl еxpеr iеne с rider. Jersеу, kееn 1y аw are of family holi­ day needs, has good riding at St ouеn 's Bаy. Nеighbouгing Guеr nsey, an island с untrysidе, has four with a glut of good o stаb lеs, onе nеar St Peter Port providing some good haсks and plеasant riding on UAnсr еssе Common lс osе to thе bеah с . Franсe vies sш ongly with Grеat Britain in thе rangе of еq uеstrian as a с n be sеen у Ь a glanсе

holidays offered, аt thе hаn dbook

pour 1е of thе Assoсiation Nаt ionalе Tourismе qЕ uеsш е at ] ] qЕ uitation de Loisirs (A.N.T.Е. ). m Е phasis is oftеn plaсed on drеssаg е, and instruсt ional holi­ Riding days arе numerous. Thе tЕ ampеs in thе I 1е de Franсе, Soсiеt y, for instanсе, 55 km (34 milеs) south­wеst of Paris, has Lip:и zarrer horses for both Portuguеsе аn d amаt еu r ridеr s. For those keen on dressаg е Cеn tre at Valеn Eay driving, thе qЕ uestriаn

in the South Loirе hаs tеn аrс riagеs for onе' two or four in hand. popular and suit­ Brittanу hаs long еeЬ n аb le for familу holidауs, еspеiс allу a с m­ pеr s and a are a number с ravanners. Thеr е с tres' inсluding onе halfwаy of riding еn Rеn nеs аn d Saint rtrlalo, at Lа bеt wееn Bourbаn sais (I lе еt Vilаinе) in the shadow 162

too. arе Spеiс al holidays for уoung pеoplе in thе Poursaudеs sЕ tate in thе

white hoгses of the Camargue, stiI I used bу the gardiens to herd thе | oсaI buI ls, now aI so take exp| oring hoI idaymаkers thгough this marshy part of southern France.

Тh e native

hеld

аn d the Gunkеl Stablеs, Grаn ­ in Alsaсе ­ a land ofvineyards, storks, pinе forеsts and pasrurеs. Far morе a с sual is riding in thе Rh6nе dеlta arеa known as the Camarguе, famеd for its whitе horsеs. is at Me janes, uЬ t you a с n Thе mаin еnс trе to hire horses along thе тoad to find plaсеs But do makе surе Saint­Мariеs­de­lа­ Mer. hiгеr s you h a ес Ь usе some a с rеf ullу с oosе to sit on с аn е с offеr you littlе morе than a h a horsе' s baсk . a с ravans are avai1ablе at Hoгsе­ drawn

Ardеn nеs j

hunts, аs wеll аs trеkking аn d riding around Rostrеvoг in thе mountains of .Nlourne in County Down. Sеa, forеst and mountain viеw s form

Thе Dordognе rеgion offеr s many opportunitiеs to тiding еn thusiasts

of а aс stlе.

alnа

rides arе whеr е Assier in the Lot Vаllеу Thе Club also givеn in a stаge­сohас . villagе rц n s thе equеstrian Mёd itеr rаn 6е of Pompаdour nеar Limogеs. Faсilitiеs inсludе five indooг аn d five outdoor rings, and stablеs for o с ulsеs two rс oss­сountry two hundred horses.

Corsiсa, еd М itеr ranеan

island in thе the Fгеnhс has somе imprеssive

and is quiеt с astal sсеn еr y mountain and o of and virtually unсommеr iс аlized. Somе thе еsЬ t riding is in t} re mаquis bushland аn d thе main еn с trе is аt Venaсo.

с llеtс ion of o с astal Belgium, with its o plains аn d forеstеd hillsidеs dunеs, feгt ile is еаger to promotе riding. llippotour' a non­profit making organization, inсlude riding tours in the Ardennеs (a sеvеn ­day rеg ion also ideal for boating, lс imbing, fishing and pot­holing), whilе another in thе histoгiс and artis­ tour tаkеs tiс sites in thе woodlаn ds and parks of thе с pitаl of whiсh is BraЬant provinсe, the a inсidental­ Brussels. You sleеp ovеr night, The Bеlgian oс ast featlres ly, in hауlofts! riding in thе pinе forеsts bеh ind thе vast fivе­ day

sand dunеs,

at I (nokkе­ le­

pаI tiсu lally

Zottle.

Thе

Grand Duсh y

of

Luxеm bourg

makes up for whаt it laсk s in size with a I t is wеll еn dowеd with vаr iеt y of sсеn еr y. numеr ous bridle paths whiсh have bееn put to good usе by thе fаst growing and

Fеd еr ation of Sports who run a wееk­long ridе for the experiеnеdс o с vering 32 to 40 kms (2О to 25 miles) a day. аr e 16 riding sсh ools Тh e faсt that thеr е thе intеr еst in Wеst Bеr lin alone, indiсatеs shown in thе sport tfuoughout Wеst Gеr ­ gеn еr al holidaу priсеs a с n bе many. !Иh ilе high, haсking is still гeasonably priсеd. vigorous Luxеm bourg

qЕ uеsш ian

Thе

high standard, too, is gеn еr allу уou ridе in a town or in thе rurаl

whеt her

rеg ions whiсh range from thе vast in the north to thе Lunеb urg Hеаt h Bаvarian villages in thе south. Rеsorts with riding establishmеn ts in the lattеr

u М niсh ,

inсludе

Baуr еu th, Bеr h с tеsgadеn

The Blaсk

oЬеr аm mеr gau, аn d

­N{ ittеn wald.

offers manу riding еn с ­ holidays, notably in thе sеventeеn th с ar abovе thе Nеk tury Sсo Ы ss !Иeitеnu Ь rg

Vallеу.

A

Forеst,

hеavy

o с nсеn tation

on eques­

a с n bе found in the Rhinе­ trian tас ivities suсh wеll­ o с vеr s land whiсh touristiсallу Hеidеlbеr g' с tres as Aаh с еn ' known еn I (oblеn z, Konigswinter аn d Rudеshеim. Ponу sсh ools arе populаr , with a large one u М nster. I n thе samе at Havixbeсk nеаr areа, atr0и arеn dorf, is thе famous Dеu tsсh е top Gеr man ridеr s Rеitsсh ulе whеr е thе с rrеspond­ trаin, and priсes for riding аr е o ingly high.

н 0L| DAYS

holiday priсes in thе Unfoгt ц n аt ely Alpine аr еаs and Switzеr land of Ausш iа hяvе soared dramаt iсally, whiсh is а pity' foг therе is muсh in thе waу of riding Possiblе solutions аr е to oppоr tunitiеs. stаy

in privatе

usе

с mping of the good a

rooms' rеn t

h с alеt

a

or makе

faсilitiеs or youth holiday tiсkets, too,

The speсial givе а healthy disсount

hostеls.

on all foгm s of

тп lnsport.

Т h еr e

around 150 Austrian

are said to bе

you a с n hirе horses, but bad wеаt lrеr and гising o с sts аr е o с ntinually t.oгiс ng somе smallеr еstablishmеn ts out of u Ь siness, so h с kес first or seleсt а wеll­ known еn Thе most famous of all с trе. you a п u st е Ь viеn na, whеr е с n аlso sее thе Lipizzаn еr s in aсt ion at the spanish Rid­ whеr e

тo в тr s

ing Sсh ool. Details of a .book

ahеad'

availablе аr е from offiсеs or аn d many travеl torrrs to the sсh ool. thл oughout Sсеn еr y sideгablу, with Lowеr plе, having both high

from Ausш ian

п opiсal

Thirty­four riding

sсh еm е тourist Bоard,

mеadows.

stаt е

thе Viennа Tourist firms havе spеiс al

Ausш iа

varies o с n­ Austria, for еxаm ­ mountains and sub­

and, еstаb lishments arе listеd in this аr еa Ь oс mmon with othег provinсеs, thеr е arе

те k s

lasting sеveгal days.

Ampflwаn g

in

Austria is known as thе IЕ orsemart' s Villagе, аn d Buгgеn land, with its Hun­ gагiаn influenсе, is stronglу reсommеn dеd for riding. aгe aсt ivities in Swizеr lаn d qЕ uеsш ian с n п ot all еn с trеd on riding alonе; уou a a с ravan spеn d еight daуs in a horsе­ drаw n iл the Jura or join a mule sаf ari in thе Lppег

provinсе of Valais. oМ st mяj oг геsorts offer riding though, and at Dаvos there is уear round haсk ing, аs wеll аs instruсt ionаl and moonlight o с ursеs гides. FаshionaЬlе St o М гitz has a e с ntrе t.oг dтеssаg е аn d jumping аn d stаg es ski­ littlе­ known

aсr oss thе iсе with a ioriл g , oг horsе­ raсing skiег in tow. is I n Cеn tral Switzerland, Lаk е Luсerne gеarеd л п o гe to thе young, with riding stа­ lЬ еs and othеr s at Brunnen and iл Luсеr nе Yiи n аu . The region of Bеr nе and thе Bеr ­

nеsе I ntеr lakеn , has mагkеd Obеr lаn d, тr ails аs wеll as an indoor sсh ool offering l.п su.цtс ion. I (andеr steg and Grindеlwald :rre гw o other popular rеsorts with riding eтailа1 Ь е.

Тh inly аn d

populatеd ,

а high standard

hаs

with diveгsе sсenery ofliving, Sсаn dinavia

a uniquе affinity with

outdoor suсh as гiding. Onе of the main епс t res in Dеn mark is in Jutlаn d whеr е thе гirling institutе at veilе гu ns a so­called tас ivitiеs

Ч" ild Wеst a с mp

for h с ilфеn

nеаr

Billund.

o с aсh also гu ns from the institutе п ­ ith ovеr night stops at village inns. Chil­ ф аr е wеlo с mе too, аt IЕ Фimarkеn , onе оf thе many Danish farmhouses usеd as

.1 stаg e

holidаy

homеs, nеaг Rabjегg , lс ose to the furthеst point north on thе Judаn d Pеn insula. Among thе Danish islаn ds, thе ideal h с oiсe is probаb ly Sеa­ lаn d, wiтh Copenhagеn on its еаstеr n Skаg en,

o с аst' whilе in Slagelse horse­drawn lаn d­ аu s arе avаilablе for hiте. \ _orway hаs imprеssivе sсеn еr y with its fiords аn d mountains, and гiding tours aге

hеld fгom latе

Hаllingdal

August in thе Junе to еarlу mountains inland from Oslo.

Thеr е is аlso riding at Lillеhammer, yЬ divided by a rivеr and surгoundеd

spruсе аn d pine forеsts. known ofthе Sсandinavian For thе leаst of Finland has a fine sеltес ion o с untriеs' Hеlsinki, I n thе aс pitаl, riding еnс trеs. riding in the woodеd out­ there is exсеllеn t is furthеr еast at thе old town skiгt s аs thеr е Porvoo. Onе of the bеst of rЕ iknas nеаr lаkеland settings is thе Hotеl Aulanko, the stаb lеs of whiсh offer a 4O­minutе ridе othеr round the hugе Karlbеr g sЕ tаt е.

and gumboots arе the order of thе day аn d style. staminа is morе important thаn pony trеk king tours are avail­ I nсlusivе

at Gеldingaholt farm' two hours у Ь аn d thеr е is riding, bus from Rеykjаvik' too, at Lakе Laugarvatn, Gullfoss, Gеу sir

1 аЬ е

A word of warning down spending as muсh as inflation ratе is lсеlаn d; thе

and Thingvеllir.

с t though _ u possiblе in horrеn dous.

Thе USSR offers grеаt satisfaсt ion in suсh аs Tеr sky, riding morе unusualЬгеd s еspеiс аlly in Donsky or Ang1o­I (arЬаr din, thе vast indoor sсh ool at thе .Nlosсow You will havе to sееk pеr mission first from I ntourist, the statе bе shown tourist body, but visitors аn с аr ound thе еn с tre and riding is vеr y h с eap

good еn riding available аr е с rеs with М ssila stаblеs nearЬy' Lahti, with thе e аn d also in Finnish Lapland' thе Tampеr е аd ministrativе аp с ital of whiсh is

qЕ uеsш iаn Cеn trе.

Rovaniеm i. с trеs' Sweden has around 90 riding еn .West u Ь t with а wise еm phаsis on thе north of Gothеn burg, is Coast whiсЬ с vеs roсky and intеr spеr sеd with woods, o аn d fishing villagеs. Along thе more sandy at riding is fеaturеd bеh ас es of thе south, o Ь th Varbеr g and FalkеnеrЬ g. imported into I еlс аn d No horsе hаs bееn so thе tough' litde for ovеr 800 уеars, pony is еssentially thе same as I еlс andiс by thе Viking hordеs for that rеliеd upon of A partiсu lаr advаn tagе еsa с padеs. thеiт this breed is thе ability to usе fivе distinсt gaits _ inсluding paсе and tolt' or running

с s, o с mpared with.Wеstern pгie must bе аr rаn gеd in advanсе.

wаlk. Vith thе long distanсеs in a oс untry oс nsisting largеly stonеs' dеsеr ts

to е Ь

and sandу wastеs'

ma'oг assеt . On riding holidауs

jeаn s,

a

W| TH H0в ssЕ

although

in aЕ stеr n uЕ ropе, lЕ sеw hеr е inсr еаsingly tions havе eЬ en

it

I estriс­ rеlaxеd ,

с l­ although riding is oftеn rеg arded as a u pursuit. onе a vaсаt ional o с unEy with a high perсentage of horsеs is Hungаr y with six­ to eight­daу touгs at Hortobagy, Lakе Balaton, thе Dаn ubе Bеn d and Trans­DanuЬia. I t is also pos­ siblе to have hoгsebaсk holidays аt stud turаl rathеr thаn

fаr ms аn d lс ubs, but arгangemеn ts mаd е well in advanсе. A similаr

must bе

situation tourist exists in Poland, and thе stаt е runs visits to stud farms at oгg аn ization

o с vеr еd

of гokс s, this is a

windсh еаt еr

in Po| and. Lakeside riding for hoI idауm аkers Тh e stаt e tourist organisation runs vагious types of ho| iday on horsebаkс as welI аs visits to stud farms.

H0L| DAYS W| тн

н 0RsЕs

plaсеs

suсh as Laсk , near \ 0Иarsаw , and Twno, Posadowo and Siеr akow in the

Poznаn region. I f you want somewherе sц n nier' гiding is adveгt ized at Slunсh ev Bryаg on the

Bulgarian Blaсk Sеа oс ast, and аlso

at thе

nеw гesort of AlЬеn a. Yugoslaviа is the loсаt ion for the Lipiсe Stud Farm near Triestе, whiсh is the true

iЬ rthplaсe of the beаu tiful Lipizzanet of white horses. Thе best wаy to appreсiatе the history, whiсh goеs beсk to

rЬ eеd

1580' is to stаy аt thе IЕ otel

a М estoso

in thе

grounds and ride there as well, Various trаvel fums fеaturе гiding holidays' or аltеr natively stay aт a o с astal геsort, suсh as where therе is гiding anyway. .The horses were Poor' half­staтved e Ь asts, givеn to stц m bling . . . ' Sаd ly suсh

Poгeс

authentiс o с mments

appliеd

to somе

may e Ь

found

of thе

in

as these e с n

be

holiday haсks whiсh the sunspots of the

u Ь t good riding is avail­ able. The Horse CluЬ of Rapallo, for

еd М itеr гanean, instanсe,

on the I telian a Е stern Riviеr a,

superbly еq uipped

is

with both an indooг

sсh ool and two outdoor praсt iсe rings. I n thе Rome areа, riding is аvаilaЬle at Le Pa| azze Country Club, Spoleto, whеr е you a с n lс imb to the Tolfa o М untains' and at Saсr ofano. Towards the Swiss o Ь rdeг in

thе Biеlla

region, off the iМ lan/ Turin

.Citta riding еn с ше di Biеlla' in the Andio sЕ tate, Cаn delo. Fuгt her riding is offerеd in thе Abruzzo.^ . National Paгk, in the o М ntefreddi rеsiden­ tial pагk near Florеn e с and at the offiсially a Ь kс ed horsеb aсk holiday e с ntге at soles­ h с iаn o di a М nzano, a town in the Udinе in the Po Valley. Spaiц like I taly, suffers from a split attitц d е to riding _ that either it is provided aц t ostradа

is thе horsе

for the average tourist or it is enj oyеd

or thе nobility. Thегe

weаlthy

by thе

arе,

of

o с urse' exсeptions with somе good estаb­ lishments in the major resorts ­ although many stаlЬ es run yЬ hotеls aге often no more than a o с llеtс ion of hаlf а dozеn or so somewhat tired nags. I t seеm s sensible generally to heаd inlend ­ to Alondra, for instanсe. u М h с more rugged' u Ь t advеn ­ turous' aгe the 15­dаy eхp еd itions using

well­trainеd

Andaluсiаn

horses

o М untаins,

orgаn ized

Sierгa Nеvada

nЕ glish

o с mpany

in

thе

by an

and approvеd

bу

Ponies of Britain,

!Иith politiсal

Others are situatеd

ing гiding,

have bееn subjeсt ed to sц d dеn h с angеs. rЕ owever it is safe to say that thе Algarve, with its rolling Atlаn tiс beaсh es, despitе the growth in villas, is truе riding

o с unЕy. e М ny small outfits ere nЕ glish run, suсh as that at the Qц inta do Lago.

the package deal гesorts of Glфda, Cavouri аn d Lagonissi, I n Noгt hern there is riding at Thеssaloniki. I n thе United States end North Amеr iсa the Hollyvood imаg e of the o с wЬoy and his faithful horse is as strong now, if not stronger, than befoгe, thanks in part at least to the travеl tгade. This is partiсu lаr lу true in the Canadian Roсkiеs, and morе espе­ iс elly Albеr ta wherе the lс imatе and sсen­ ery arе idylliс foг thosе wishing to rеlivе the pioneег dаys from thе baсk of a pony.

Grеес

Uniquе

;д. .

т r

to Albеr tа

is thе Stoney I ndian

Cеn tre

wheгe you not only go

Riding ho| idays in Noгt h Ame rica. below:Trai| riding high up in the mountains, one of the best Ways to see the o с untryside, even when the snow is still lying. opposite top: Pack tripping is offered by dude ranches. opposite bottom: a dude camp, where rideгs rough it as o с wboys onсe did.

"i.

i",'

.'ш

and Tav­

out for thе numеr oц s donkeys and a с rts! Riding in Gгee ес is аsЬ iсally resш iсt еd тo two riding lс ubs in the Athеn s area nеаr

!Иildеr nеss

Portugafs somewhat unsettled, lс imate, toulist faсilities, inсlud­

at Quarteiгa

ire. There is a magnifiсеn tly deсorаt ed indoor sсh ool at Vilamoura although the horses havе waхed and wanеd in rеp ute­ tion ovег thе yеars, The bеst idea is to judge for yoц r self; the whole o с astlinе is quiсkly oс vered by aс г, providеd you look

*. Е

H0LlDAYS W| тH H0RsЕs

horsе­ riding

but lеarn I ndian waуs, inсlud­ ing how to survivе on bеr ries, plаn ts and rooБ. Both the Jasper and Banff national

pаr ks providе аb sorbing rides, somе last­ ing six days or morе. Although therе is no tас uаl

equestгian

body, thе main trail гidеs

orgаn izеd through

а тe

фе

Cаn adiаn Roсkies тh е

iл

thе Trail Ridеr s of a Ь sed in Calgary,

sсеn е of thе famous stаm pеde. Thегe is similаг sort of гiding еlsеw herе

Canada, more еspеiс аlly

umbiа,

and also

L­nitеd \ агional

in еrс tain

British Col­ pаr ts of the

Statеs. I n thе Yеllowstonе Park, Wyoming, stаgoес aсh гides, with four­in­hаn d, fall in line with

trаd itionаl trail гiding aсt ivities. I t is similar with othеr Old West statеs suсh as Dаkotа you a whеr е с n join an auтh entiс тh е

аtс de

round­up.

п u lneгous

I n Colorado thеr е

aге

гanсh еs and guest­housеs, o с lnmon in fаtс to vast traсt s of Ameriса, еspеiс ally wеst of thе iМ ssissippi. Thе word .dude' wаs originally applied тo а s Е tеr n visitors whosе u с ltivatеd mаn ­ neгs and unfаm iliarity with loсal u с stoms mаd е thеm the butts of snidе rеm arks аn d

Pгtас iсаl

dudе

jokes. Whеn

п u mЬeг of thеm , howеv еr , :hеiт holidays on ranсh еs,

an

inсr еasing

sought to spеn d owneгs rс еаt еd

I aсi] iriеs аn d tас ivitiеs for pаying guеsts. .!7'estеr n­style Т h еr e аr e now thousands of геsoгt s throughout thе United Statеs and t

Canada, giving vaсationегs the opportun­ ity to beсome аs muсh a part of the old \ 07est аs the Twentieth еn с rury allows.

Almost all aсt ivitiеs

Days arе spеn t

iп volvе

on rс oss­сountгy

гiding. expedi­

tions to savour thе area's sсеn еr y,.helping, гanсh hands tеn d hеr ds of a с tde, or polish­ ing tаkс in thе barn while listеn ing to thе staff tеll talеs of the .good old daу s'. vЕ еn ­ ing events o с nsist of bаr beсu еs, hayгides,

and square danсеs, wеekly rodеo

and thеr е

may bе

a

_ employееs agaiп st rеsorts and loсal o с w­

in whiсh rаnh с

and daring guеsts peoplе from neаr by boys and o с wgirls.

_

o с mPеt e

a М ny dudе ranсh es paсk trips as offег part of thеir pгogгammе' but paсk tripping аn с аlso bе done as a vaсation by itself. A weеkend or wееk long exсu rsion on horse­ bаkс is a delightful wаy to seе unspoilеd parts of thе o с untry and to live thе way frontiеr smеn did years аgo. Happily foг today's holiday­makеr , paсk ш ippiп g doеs not геq uire living off thе land. Trаvеllегs stay аt аm с p sitеs, a с bins, or farm houses аlong thе way. e М als are servеd at thesе plaсеs or thеy arе prepaгеd аlong the ш аil .wranglеr s', yЬ who also look aftеr the hoгses. I n addition to riding, thеr e might bе stops foг hunting, fishing, oг photo­ gгaphy, visits to sсеn iс and histoгiс sitеs, oг for a dаy oг two's rеspitе at a resoгt .

a М ny

statеs, suсh as Oklahomа and hold rodeos whiсh are popular speсt ator sport for those on holiday. This \ i7alking applies also to thе Tеn nеssеe IЕ orsе еlс еb rations. Touтs and riding aге tDИyoming

availablе

in thе fаm ous Blц еg rаss

region of and indeеd horsе farm tours еxtеn d fгom Floridа to thе Piеd mont reg­ ion of north and eс ntгal Virginiа. Thе

Kenruсkу,

Nеw nЕ glаn d

that is bеst in in autumn. Theге are also nЕ glish style riding еn с rеs situаt еd thтoughout thе Unitеd States with instruсt ion available аt thеm . Summer гiding a с mps arе populaг for youngstеr s, and all major iс tiеs havе гiding aсadеm iеs serving urban parks. There is riding for instanсе, in New Yorlts famous Centтаl Park аn d in lDИashington D.C.'s Roсk Cгеk Park. Australiа eхp eriеnеd с a lull in riding, states offer аll

гiding o с untгy'

partiсu larly

whеn

revегеd

the horsе,

as a woгk ing аn i­

mal, gavе waу to mеhс anйation. As evеr ywhеr е, interеst in riding аs а spoгt soon grеw , аn d now thеr е is gгеater emphasis on stylе, thаn

the loping gait of Tгail riding hаs intеn sifiеd , with one of the most аt traсt ivе areas bеing thе Bluе ] V1ountains eЬ hind Sуd ney. Othеr еn аr e in thе Laming­ с trеs thе old time u Ь shwаkс еr s.

ton National Park' and thе mountainous Gold Coast. 73 kms (48 milеs) out of Aliсe Spгings, thе hеaтt of thе Rеd Cеn tге of thе Gгеat outbaсk, thе Ross Rivег rеsoгt offеr s riding _ plus a h с anсе to beсomе a boomerаn g throwеr . Shеep sta­ tions too oftеn takе paying guеsts' allow­ ing а touсh of gгiас ous living with thе гiding aсt ivitiеs. paгt s of thе

Nеw

Zеalаn d

is onе of thе worlds

lаr gеst farming o с untries, and holidays in a pastoral sеt ting arе inсr еasingly popular. a М ny farms offer othеr opportunitiеs suсh

­ J

as fishing, tеn nis and sailing аs wеll as horsе­ riding. Trail riding is not ovег­ ,!Иandеr lust

lookеd : thе trеkking еn с tе at Elanmеr Springs in the South I sland havе 14 tеams for

ridеr s. a wеek

both expеI iеn еd с

Camping тгips aге

and amatеu r arrаn gеd for up to

or morе.

Although vаst

arеas

havе

not bеen

o с vегеd fullу by this survеy, holidаy гiding in somе other plaсе of youг h с oiсе nееd not bе rulеd out. Dееn с t horsеs аn с be found

in North Afriсa; thеr е is trеkking in thе Upper Galilее, I sгael, and most towns and resoгt s offеr riding in South Afгiа.с A Nеw Yorkeг runs, and arranges holi­ daуs at, thе sЕ u с еl a u с Е еstrе at sаn iМ guеl dе Allеn dе in &lехioс , two еx­ nЕ glish army offrсeгs гu n mountain trеks in tiny Andorra, and Argеntinа ranсh­ housе holidays with horsеs arе avаilablе through аn othеr nЕ glish oс nсeгn . I n Jаm aiсa tгy riding аt thе Good Hope estatе oг at the Upton Countrу CluЬ, Oсh o Rios, in a М laysia ­ thе o с untry lс ub on Langkawi island offеr s гiding among its ottrеr sports аn d a Himalау an pony tгek is opеr аt ed

by а leading travеl

o с nсеr n.

No doubt other oс untriеs havе еquаlly as attraсt ivе riding. Somе might еvеn spring somе Worthwhilе suprisеs' I f so sharе your sеrс et with othеr s. or, on seс­ ond thoughts, kееp

it to yourself! 165

has lost this ability and a с n

movе its limbs

еithеr forwards or bаkс wards. This providеs it with the optimum mеt hod of propulsion. Thе forсе is pгovidеd bу thе highly dеvelopеd musсlеs аt taсh еd to thе bonеs of thе forearm, thigh and body, thе suгf еsас bonе having bеen bгoadеn еd to mееt this inсr еasеd o с mmitmеn t.

onlу

vЕ o1ution Wе know from fossil rеoс rds

how thе

horsе' s skеlеt on adаp tеd hаs bеo с mе in thе o с ursе of somе 40 million years, from thе

tш horsе' s body is a finе examplе of naturе' s аb ility to relatе strЦrс urе to funсt ion, eхp rеssed еlsеw heге in thе shаr p a с rnassial tееt h с stomеd of thе dog aсu to

f

.l.

at flеsh and using its .Ьitе' for or in thе fins of a fish dеvеlopеd for thе purpose of propulsion through water. Thе horsе' s o Ь dy is adaptеd for tеaring dеf еne с ,

spееd and

u Ь t not as iЬ g,

o с mЬination фе

other animаls

sizе.

thе horsе, horsе' s

that givеs

bodу

thе

sш uсt ure.

are as fast аs

and

it is this

lс uе to muсh of I t aсo с unts foт

highlу

spеiс alizеd limbs in whiсh thе of oЬ nеs has eЬ еn rеd uсеd to a minimum' so that thе horse stands on thе tips of four fingеr s and toеs, o с mparеd with sixtееn in thе dog and еight in аtс tlе. The thе

numbег

loss of musсlе

e Ь low the

has aсoс mpaniеd

.knеd

аn d .hoсК

thе rеduсt ion in the for it is thеsе musсlеs,

numЬеr of oЬ nеs, togеt hеr with thе еxtra bonеs, that provide grаsp and thе human or animаl aЬility to manipulatе with thе extrеm ity of its limЬs. Through the o с ursе of evolution, thе horsе

fox­likе rс еаt urе Eohippus' or Dаw n Elorse, to Equus аb thе modеr n с аllus, horsе. From thеse reсords we a с n follow, not only thе elongation and simplifiсаt ion of the extrеm itiеs of thе limbs' but also suсh h с angеs as the lengthening of thе nеkс аn d skull, assoсiatеd with thе altеr а­ tion from browsing hаb its (iе еаt ing soft'

ftuits аbove ground levеl) to gtazing habits (iе rс opping hard, fibrous gгass at ground levеl). The first fossil rеoс rd is of thе Dаw n IЕ orse but thе horsе prеsumably evolved suсu с lent

from stoсk having thе mаm malian pro­ totype appеn dages offivе fingеr s and toеs' The whiсh human bеings hаve rеt аinеd . The modern horse qЕ и u s caballus has evo| ved from the now extinсt foгm oЕ hippus whiсh is first reсorded from the Eoсene period about 40 mi| | ion years ago. The o с at o с | our аn d pattern of the tiny с njeсt ura| аs it is known oЕ hippus are o onlv from fossil bones.

of

sеq uеnес

of thе

dеvеlopmеn t

and those whiсh

еxtrеm itiеs

thе skull аn d tееt h

wеll mirror the h с ange in

the needs of the еq uinе

аn d pur­ spеiс еs; imposеd by mаn arе only inсidеn tаl. This must be rеoс gnizеd so as to undеr ­ stand the еsЬ t mеt hods of a с ring for the horsе, in order to gain maximum advan­

posеs

fгom its prowеss while intеr fеr ing minimally with its natural funсt ions. vЕ olutionary h с angеs hеlp in undеr ­ tаg е

standing the horse oftoday, but it hаs also aсеp с tеd that thе struсt urе ofthе body ofthе horse is unaltеr ablе, in the sensе thаt minor fаm ily diffеr ­ within thе rеlаt ivеly а horsе is a horse; and no amount of еnеsс , to bе

artifiсiаl or man­inspirеd influеnеsс аn с it is h с ange it. I t is truе thаt by sеltес ion possiblе to brееd a miniаt ure Shеt land pony or an еn ormous ThoroughЬr ed or arе still just dif­ drаu ght horsе, but thеsе

ferеn t brееd s

of thе domestiс

u Ь t are nonеt heless iden­ as bеlonging tifiable in their body struсt urе Е uidae. to thе o of h с romosomеs,

/ ­dor/ r.

groоve neсk sttouldеr of shouldef

tю | | y

girth line

stifle

elbow

briskel

hind a с nnon fore аn с non

o с ronet wall of hoof neel

oЕ hippus

qЕ uus

horsе'

еlЬ onging to thе spеiс es Equus cаb аllus. (iе in­ They all possess 64 h с romosomеs herited material in the e с ll nuсlеi). Near rеlаt ivеs suсh as the zеb ra, Przewalski,s horsе and wild аss have differеn t numbеr s

­­­dOuP

fore arm

has front

for rс opping grass аn d baсk tееt h with flat surfaсеs so that the upper and grind the hard, fibrous lowеr molars a с n o с ntеn t of its diеt . The horse's body is struсt urеd to mееt tееt h

point of hiр

oсйn t

in

havе bееn

rеsеаr h с еd . Thе tееt h feeding habits; thе modеr n horsе

muzz€ ­

lUgulаr

limЬ

took plaсe

­

тHE BoDY 0F тHЕ

H0RSE

Tissues Тh е с mmon with othеr mam­ horsе, in o is mаdе up of four basiс maliаn speсiеs' nеr vе' o с nnе­с rЬsues known as musсlе, with its own spe­ h е ас to thе с ntributе whiсh o wholе bodv.

еp ithеlium,

tivе аn d

iс аl h с аr aсt eristiсs funсt ion of thе

pЕ ithelial

Tissue

and thе o с vеr ing tissuе inсludеs liл ing of thе outside of thе body (thе skin), аn d thе innеr tubеs and hollow organs gut, bile duсt , bladdеr and sцh с as thе hor­ utеr us. The glands whiсh produсе arе foгm еd of monеs and othет substanсеs epithеlial tissuе.

pЕ ithеlial

Conneсt ive Tissue is that whiсh oс ntri­ Conneсt ivе tissuе butеs

| v| esohippus ­­­­.> MerYchippus

­­­­­­+

­­­*

P| bhippus

1

qЕ uus

funсt ions suсh as thе bony (the skelеt on) whiсh support form to the oЬ dy and its softеr form of Blood is a vеr y spеiс аl

spеiс al

sгutс urеs аn d

oЕ hipрt us

givе

sЕutс ц геs.

o с nnеtс ivе tissuе, while morе simplе foгm s inсludе tеn dons, ligaments and sheеt s of fibrous matеr ial whiсh bind or Pгotеtс

vаr ious

organs or musсlеs.

u М sсцlar Tissue .Чu sсu lаr tissuе is thаt whiсh has thе and pгopеr ty of movеm ent (сonш aсt ion

b А ove

гelаxation) and is thus rеsponsible for thе as in gallop­ pеr formеd тr 'oгk bу thе bodу, iтr g or, in standing, by resisting thе pull of gтаvity. Body funсt ions arе also pеr formеd suсh аs that in thе УЬ othеr typеs of musсlе'

As the horse evo| ved from a с nspiсu ous cryptiс forest browser to a o plains­dwelling grazer, and the need for the speed to esсape predators inсr eаsed, body size enI arged and the numbeг of toes diet from с аn ge of wаs гeduсed. The h easi| у h с ewed soft fгUits to toUgh grass

(] st o с ruiо€ |

at| аs

whiсh neеd ed grinding resU| ted in the development of hard enamel ridges on the teeth (drawings not to scalel. Below The uo of some 2] 0 bones to form framework; a knowI edge of the and funсt ions of the bones is

ske| eton is mаd e

а supporting гelаt ionshios

alwavs useful.

vort€ b rа)

facial

7th (| аst)

cв r uiса|

vertebrа

rс ost sсapulаr агсt i| аg e

h с eek teeth

18th (last) thorаiс с vertebra

mаn dibI e lnс| sors

­

diаstemа

6th

(| аst)

I umbаr

vortobrа

sвrс um voгt obrа

1st o с yс g€ sI

(bаr )

sternum 'l8th (last) rib

хiphoid аrс ti| age

humorus

costа|

оаr ti| agв

Pаt в | | а

fibu| а

ii

rаd ius­­Е оаr pа|

­­­­­a:i:.,"

(one of the taгsа| boп es forming point of hoсk)

oones

G

{ tsсh niса| | уt he Wrist but а| Wаys a с | | ed the knee)

fore spI iп t

ind spI iл t

bone

boп e

hind аn с non

fore a с nnoп

.

(metarсarpa| ,)

­f

i

(metаt аr sа|

­

.

­sesamoids

­

­+ ­

3)

sesаm oids

.­navlсu | аr

169

тHE B0DY 0t тHЕ

H0RsЕ

,l

sсаp uI a

­

infraфinаt Us

bieps aЫ hс ii нЕ D sHoULDЕR L вY в AксWARDS s{ JPffдsP| NAтI Js BяH сА l| Ес s N А D B| P

аrс paI extensor

rаd ia|

м UsGls

o с mmon

lateral аrс pа|

digital

flexor

еxteп sor | аt eraI

bones

a с rpа|

bone

аn с noп

deep d g tа

digitaI

flexor

eкeп ю r ann U| аr

_

I

digitaI f| eхors

igаr nents

cheсk

rаd iа|

fibrosUs

|e ас гt Us

ligament

sesаm olos

long pastern bone

KNEЕ HЕLD

short pаsteгп o с ffin

(i

bone

BАксWARDS

e. sтRlА Gн т)

BY

FlBRosljs

LдR Ес rus

bone аrс pa|

H с EсK

propelling food ftom onе taltiс movеm еn t еn d of the alimentary traсt (gut) to thе с nsists mostly of othеr . The heart too o musсlе doing thе work of a pump.

Nervoц s

Tissц е

с pacity to trаn smit tissuе hаs thе a messages over long distanсes, and forms the brain, spinal o с rd and nervе paтh ways whiсh o с ntrol most of the body funсt ions.

Nеr тous

Thе

Skеlеt on

and

The hoгse's skеleton

u М sсlеs

is

o с mposed of 210 individual bonеs (ех­ of the tail). Thе skеlеt on

аp proхimatеly lс uding thosе givеs support for thе musсles, protеtс ion for ttre intеr nal orgаn s, аn d possesses thе neсessary mobility of its pаr ts foг the horsе liе down or to movе at various spееd s or gtaze.

Vаr ying dеgreеs of moЬiliry are providеd by diffеr ing typ€ s of ioints; foг еxamplе, that еtЬ wееn thе femur and tibia, forming

thе .stifle', gives grеat

mobility' whilе in thе aЬ kс ­ o Ь ne аllow restriсt ed movement onlv. Thе those еtЬ wееn

two vertеb rае

с ppеd with bonеs forming all joints arе a с n bonе аn d a a с rtilage, whiсh is softеr thаn of wеar аn d tear at makе good thе еf fеtс s a Thе joint is oс mplеt еd bу thе sцr faсе. synovia (joint oil) a с psulе whiсh produсеs to lubriсаt e thе joint surfaсеs, аn d it is by ligamеn ts, iе fibrous strеn gthenеd thе bonеs on еither side bands o с nneсt ing of thе joint. Thе way in whiсh a joint aс n movе is thе j oint surfaсe by thе shapе of o с ntrollеd position of thе ligamеn ts and ottrer аn d thе whiсh pаss ovеr it. supporting struсt ц r еs

for еxamplе

Thе fеt loсk

naturе' s

partiсцlar

fаe с

Three aspeсt s of the horse,s | eft fore| eg seen from the | eft side. / : Тh e skeleton is made up of 20 bones; there are no oс | I аr bones linking the shoulder blades in the horse.2: Тh e deep musс| es; the bones below the knee аr e moved by tendons aгising from musс| es muсh higher up the system of musсles, | eg. 3: A speсiа| tendons and I igaments forms the stay whiсh prevents the leg from appаr аt us buсk| ing and enab| es the horse to reI aX and even doze in the stаn ding position; a similar sУstem exists in the hindI eg. for thе

stifle joint

housing thе eyеs whiсh

in sevеr al

aЬove

of to meet

or funсt ion.

The

of the sсapula or shoul­ rЬ oad flat suгf aсe proсеssеs of аn d thе transvегse dеr lЬ adе providе ample spаe с thе lumЬar vеr tеrЬ ae, of the powеr ful musсlеs for thе аt taсh mеn t forе and hind limЬs. rеq uirеd to move фе Thе spеiс al fеaturеs of the skull arе the

relatively еlongatеd

suspensory ligаm ent aп d extensI on sesаm oideаn

flехеd thе .knеd

hаs sеvеr al ехamples

way of adapting struсt uге

requirёm еn ts

.

a с n bе

с n bе еxtеn ded; furttrer than it a thе аn с only bе flеxed whеr eas a с n bе movеd , to somе еxtent,

direсt ions. Thе skеlеt on

I igament

тN сд G

UGАN м Е тS

тHRoUGн D| GI тALFLЕxoR

lining of thе gut whiсh produсes the pеr is­

h с eсk

providing spaсе

tееt h and

their roots; and * re orbits

are plaсed

wеll

ground level when thе horsе is gтaz­ of ing. Thesе providе it with a greatеr arеа vision to look out for impеn ding dangеr . The pаr ts of thе skelеt on whiсh hаvе for horsе partiсu lar praсt iсal importanсе

ownеr s аr е: (i) the splint bonеs, on еithеr side of thе of a с nnon bonеs, whiсh аr e rеm nаn ts thе digits lost during еv olution. These bone by с non arе o Ь und to the аn of thе shaft of ligamеn ts. I t is a fraсt urе this bone, or inflammation of the liga­

o Ь nеs

тHЕ

ment whiсh

binds

it to thе

a с nnon

с uses the painful еn lаr ge­ bonе, that a mеn ts known as .splints'. [ ii) otheг small bonеs whiсh аr e somе­ timеs troublesomе' thе sеsаm oids. Thesе arе two smаll bones forming thе

baсk of thе naviсu lаr

o Ь nе

joint, and

fеt loсk e Ь low

pеd al

thе

thе

bonе.

The Foot Thе Ь

horsе' s

surroundеd

foot is o с mplеt еly

similaг to а human's fingеI a substanсе п аi l to proteсt it against having to sustain and tear of a с rrying onе quаr tег of thе wеаr ovеr аn y tеr ­ тh е horsе' s weight in tас ion

A

с nsists of аn outеr horsе' s foot o с n­ of horn (hoof) inside whiсh is o в inеd thе pedal and naviсu lar bonеs, part phalanx and thе dееp digital of ttrе sеo с nd flеxoг tеn doц thе еn d ofwhiсh is аt taсh еd to thе pеd al bonе. Thе foot also o с ntаins с rtilages, o с rono­ thе digital pad, latеr al a pеd al joint' blood vessеls and nеr vеs. Thе outеr layer oс nsists of the walls, solе, bars and frog. Thе hoof is an inеr t substanсе o с mposеd largely of kеr аt in whiсh is sеrс etеd by thе o с ronary o с rium. Thе hoof grows аt a ratе of approximatеlу 0.5сm (0.2in) pеr month and it rееiс ves nouгishmеn t from thе sеn sitivе laminaе leаf ­likе struсt urеs whiсh linе the pedal bonе and whiсh bind the hoof to thе bonе as thеy intеr loсk lеaves with o с mpaгablе from thе insеn sitivе laminае of thе hoof. Thе foot as а wholе aЬsorbs oс nсu ssion and by its o с ntinuous growтh it is ablе to геp laсe thе surfaсе as this is lost yЬ еvеr y­ daу wеаr аn d tеаr ..

гain. lаyег

wеen

parts tфа

suffeг friсt ion.

varying Most musсles hаvе tеn dons of lengths and not all aге as long as those whiсh run bеlow thе kneе oг hoсk ioints. М st are Ligamеn ts, too) vary in length. o аs those alreadу mеn ­ геlativеly short' sцh с joints. The h с kес tioned whiсh strеn gthеn and suspensory ligaments of thе foгelimb liga­ с kес speсial mеn tion. Thе h dеsеr vе mеn t is attaсh еd to t} rе ligаm ent at thе baсk еn d, it knеe joint and, at its lowег of фе joins the deep digital flexor tendon in thе bonе. I t thе a с nnon rеg ion of thе aЬ kс of forms paгt of thе stay appaгatus whiсh prе­ Thе sus­ vents ovеr еxtension of thе toе. pensory ligamеn t is also o in this с nсеr nеd аb ove, to thе bаk с of aсt ion and is attaсh еd and lowеr row of knее o Ь nе thе a с nnon (сarpаl) bonеs' and eЬ low to thе sеsamoid o Ь nes e Ь hind the fetloсk ioint. From hеr е it sеn ds two rЬ aп hс es around the front of е ас the first phalangeal (pastеr n) bonе on h

B0DY

0t тHE

H0RSE

sidе to join the o с mmon digital extensor tendon, through whiсh thеy аr е insеr tеd into thе front of thе sеo с nd

pеd аl mеn t

phalangeal and

bones. Thеr e is a similar arгangе­ in the hind limb.

Digestive Systеm The horse's digеstivе

o с nsists of with digestion, or food materiаl suсh

systеm

thosе organs o с nсеr ned

turning of o с mplеx с rп , into simple sub­ as hay, grass and o pгotеin staп e с s suсh as aс rЬohydratе, (amino aсids), fatry aсids, еt ,с whiсh aс n bе usеd by the body for еn ergy, stoгage or

thе

Ь ilding body u

proсеsses' Thе organs oс n­ sist of the alimentary traсt whiсh is the

tц b е

еxtending from

thе

and known also as thе

mouth to the anus

gut, intеstines or

and thе aсеs с sory alimеn tary a с nal, suсh аs thе teеt h, tonguе' salivary livеr and panсr еas.

digitа|

oгg ans glands,

f| exor tendon

sesamoideап

ligаm ent

digitol еxtensor tendon

u М sсles Thе musсles thаt enаb le the hoгsе to move с еd to bonе o с nsist of musсle massеs аt tаh at onе end аn d to tlrеir гespеtс ivе tеn dons the supеr fiсial at thе other. Foг еx amplе, с еd to digital flеxor of thе forelimb is attаh thе humеr us bonе аn d thе posteгior aspеtс Ь nе. At its lowеr еn d it foгm s of the rаd ius o тt rе tendon whiсh runs behind thе knеe аn d

fеt loсk ioints

bulb of heol

inseгt еd on

to beсomе

еn с tra|

of еn d of the first and uppеr еn d ttre seсond phalаn x. I ts aсt ion is to flеx thе elЬow i oint. toе and knee аn d to extеn d thе

9гoove l I| aterа 'o9". l­ offroo " | groovв | apex _]

the lowеr

The tendon is enсasеd shеath

as it runs bеh ind

in a

synoviаl

the knеe and thе fibrous sheеt t] rat

joints. Thе thin fеt loсk o с mposes this pгoduсes tеn don oil oг synovia whiсh has similar lubriсаt ing propеr tiеs

to joint oil. Similar sheаsф

tendons whеr ever thеге еnlс osе bе friсt ion betweеn thе tеn don

oг othеr

struсt urеs.

A

ground border of wа| |

to is likеlу аn d bonе,

bursa is а

similar

it doеs not surround a struсt ure exсеp t that likе a uс shion bеt ­ tеn don, but aсt s morе

insensitive | аm inаe

struсt ure of the foot. fop: a seсt ion down the mid­line. middle: The sole surfaсe of an unshod hoof ' bottom right.. The hoof detаh from the foot shows the с еd insensitive | aminae on the inside faсe of the wall and heels. bottom / eft: a magnified rс oss seсt ion of the insensitive/ sensitive | aminar junсt ion; the sensitive I aminаe hаve I itt| e room to expand if injured or inf| аm ed аn d a с n thus be a sourсe of extreme oаin to the horse. Тh e

111

lзolitl6)

oesopnаg Us diаp hragm

­* * ..i smа| l

mlon

аe с U с m I arge o с I on

The spеiс al hс araсt eristiсs of тh е horse's the highly prеh еn sile lips for gathеr ing food whiсh work in o с njunсt ion with the shаr p front teeth Whеn rс opping mouth аr е

grass, аn d the lаiЬ lе

oprning of п аsа| аvс ity

into phаr ynx

whiсh o с nvеys tеeth. Thеsе have tablе­ likе suтf aсеs rс ossеd by ridgеs that form an idеal grinding surfaсе еtЬ wеen the jaws. upper and lowег tonguе

the food to thе baсk

An adult horsе has 40 teeth arrаn ged follows: in еah с

as

lеf t

and right, upper and lower jaw thеr е arе thrеe inсisors, one The mouth and teeth аr e speсiа| | y adаp ted for grazing. far left:The | агg e mobi| e lips a с n enfo| d bu nсh es of g rаss whiсh are torn free by the h с ise| ­I ike inсisor teeth. / eft: the skuI I viewed from be| oW; the soft pа| ate ­аn extension of the mouth I ining _сovers pаr t of the nasa| a с vity opening;the I oWer jаW is narrower thаn the upperjаw аn d moves sideways as we| | аs up and down to grind the tough food between the h с eek teeth (molars). above i the moI ar surfаe is fI at с and formed of sharp enamel ridges; opposing teeth move aсr oss eаh с other with a shearing action. right'. the milk teeth a гe rep| еd ас by the time the hoгse is f ive years o| d; here a permanent inсisor is erupting through the gu m to repI aсe the miI k tooth in

front.

gUttUra|

pouф

siп u sеs

froп t а|

Pnаr yп x supеr ior

mахi| | ary

iп f erior mаxi| | arv

п аsа| аvс ity (oPeп to

bucса|

sinUs

___1

phаr ynх)

siп u s

.t { . g'

cаvity

PAвL А YZED

Left above The а| imentary traсt , showing its disposition in the abdomen (here in the mагe), аn d the sequenсe of its parts' тh e sma| | size of the stomach restriсt s the amount Which аn с be ingested and the intаke must be sma| | but f reouent. The stomaсh and most of the sma| | intestiп e аг e h с ief| y in the I eft side аn d a с nnot be seen in the mаiп drawiп g

oN LЕп

аn с inе

(present only in o с lts

аn d geldings), (three prеm olагs and threе molars). A young horse has tеm por­ ary teeth, whiсh are replaсеd by thе per­ mаn ent tеeth by the time it is five yеars old.

and siх

h с еk

teеt h

Duсt s whiсh disсh arge digеstive juiсes pаr odd mаn diЬu laг and subling. ual salivary glands open into thе mouth. The roof of thе mouth is formеd yЬ the hard palatе in front, whiсh o с ntinuеs into the soft palate bеh ind. Thе soft palаt e forms part of the pharynx whеr е thе аir passages and digestivе traсt rс oss one from thе

another. As a horsе swаllows,

the food rс osses

pharynx and enteгs the gullеt oеsophagus, thе stomаh с

thе oг to

from where it is o с nveуеd аn d thеnес to thе small intes­ tinеs, lаr gе o с lon, smаll o с lon and reсt um. The alimentary traсt ' from the stomaсh to the reсt um' togethеr with the Panсr еas and liver (glands whiсh o с ntributе morе digestive juiсеs and bile) are o с ntаinеd in

the abdominal aс vity. This a с n

bе

desсr iЬеd as a largе .bo/ , thе sides of whiсh аr е thе diaphragm in front, thе mus­ lс еs bеlow thе spinе forming thе top, and thе musсlеs of the.bellf , the o Ь ttom. Thе baсk pаr t ofthе .bot' is lс osеd by thе pеlviс outlеt through whiсh the гtес llm' urinary аn d rеp roduсt ivе traсt rеah с thе outsidе. Thе аb dominal a с vity also o с ntаins, in thе femаlе, the ovaries аn d thе uterus; and in both malе аn d fеm alе, thе urinary organs, o с mprising thе kidnеy, urеt еr s and blad­

Thе

аb dominal

a с vity

is lined by the

peritoneum аn d all the organs arе sus­ pended bу reflеtс ions (mеsеn tеr ies аn d lig­

The respiгatory system' A | aгg e vo| ume in the head is oсcupied by h с ambers which do not seem to have a respiratory function but do o с nneсt With the nasаI a с vity аn d aгe fiI I ed with аir' The drawings on the I eft show the opening of the larynx into the pharynx; the nerve to the voсa| o с rd on either side (usua| | y the | eft) may beсome damaged due to overstгetсh ing or injury, resu| tiп g in the o с ndition known аs roaring or whist| ing' аu с sed by vibгаt ion of the para| уzed voсal o с rd When the horse bгeаt hes

in.

amеn ts)

of thе

A spеiс al frее is known as thе

peritonеu m,

fold of thе pеr itonеu m omеn tum.

The anatomiсal pеuс liaritiеs horsе' s digеstivе sуstеm o с mpаr еd

of

thе

with

othеr mammals are: (i) that thе greatest volumе of thе traсt is in thе hiл d еn d, nаm еlу thе a с u ес m, and o с lon, whеr е proсеss thе majoг of

digеsting

fibrе

fеr mentation (ii) тh е relativеly

(iii) the аbsenсе

oсu с rs

by baсt еr ial

small stomaсh of a gаll

btaddеr

(probably

assoсiаt еd

with thе nееd for a oс n­ tinual supplу of bilе in an animal whiсh is a o с nтinuous fееd еr )

The Respiratory System Thе rеspiratory sуstem o с nsists of thе air passagеs of thе heаd (nosш ils to pharynx), thе pharynx, lаr ynx, trаh с еa or windpipе, rЬ onсh i and lungs. Thе lungs arе the two organs in whiсh oxygеn and a с rbon diox­ ide are еxh с angеd еtЬ weеn the blood and | 7з

"

тHЕ

B0DY 0t тHE н 0RsE

аoftа to body head ап d

puI monary аr tery

puI monary агt еr y to lungs

pu| moп аr y veins

pulmonary verns from lungs

I eft аt rium

posterior from body

аvс a

Ventriс| e

right ventriсle rrght atnum

in the hс est aс vity the walls (ribs and с n­ a с n ехp and or o or traсt ' thus allowing the lungs to еn largе o с mpress. The movеm еn ts of тh e hс еst altеr natеly drаw in and expеl аir into аn d out of the lungs. Thе anаt omiсаl fеaturеs of thе еq uine rеspiratory systеm whiсh аr е of partiсu lar air. Theу

are situatеd

known аs thе thorаx, diaphragm) of whiсh

intеr est to hoгsemen (i) thе air sinusеs

arе:

of thе

hеad and

thе

guttural pouсh еs, whiсh arе largе с nneсt ing with thе еus­ blind saсs o taсh ian tubеs of thе еar and whiсh may bе thе sitе of irrfeсt ion

(ii) thе

lar1тr x, onе sidе

or bleеd ing.

of whiсh

may an obstruсt ion to thе inflorv of air, thus resulting in whistling or roaring. (iii) thе minutе еn dings of the airwaу s in

and aс use

pаr alyzеd

bеo с mе

tubes, known as bronсh iolеs' whiсh in o с nnеtс with thе air saсs (аlvеoli) struсt urеs whiсh the lung. I t is thеsе с ndition of arе involvеd in the o .brokеn

wind.

The Heart and Vasсu lar Systеm As in othеr mammals, thе horsе's heart o с nsists of four h с ambеr s valvеs. Raсеh orsеs,

have hearts whiсh thе averagе; that 6'5 kg (14lbs).

with four sеt s of аs might be expеtс еd ' arе rather larger than

ofЕlс ipsе

wеighеd

o аЬ ut

Blood is pumped bу thе heart into artеr ies whiсh еxtend to аll parts of the o Ь dy,

Fеw

bеf orе

rеt urning

in veins. to know the horsе' s vas­ to thе hеart

pеoplе nееd in dеt ail, but the following sуstеm artеr iеs and vеins arе worthy of notе: (i) The jugulаr vеin that liеs on eithег the blood from side of thе neсk , аrс riеs

u с lar

174

Тh e heаr t is situated between the I ungs in I t is effeсt iveI y a doubI e the thorаiс с a с vity. musсu I ar pump; the гight side reсeives deoxygenated blood through the vena a с vae from the body and pumps it to the I eft side reсeives I ungs; the moгe musсu I аr blood from the lungs (where the blood is oxygenаt ed) and pumps it oUt thгoUgh the through aorta to begin its I ong iс rсu I ation the body. the hеad

and nеk с

to thе

hеart.

prеssure

in

bаkс

is easilу .raisеd bу

It

the lowеr part of thе neсk and maу bе used blood samplеs for o с llеtс ing thеr еf orе

or in thе oс ursе

of

administering

fluid thеr apу. (ii) Thе aortа is thе mаin аr tery leaving с rries blood to all the hеart, and it a I t runs parts postеr ior to thе h с еst. and abdom­ с еst along thе roofofthе h intravеn ous

inal aс vity, аn d in the lattеr it distri­ u Ь tes

thе

a

branсh

to thе

anterior mesеn tеr iс

a с llеd

intеstines,

artеr y.

this branсh whiсh may

I t is

bеo с mе

ofthе bloсked as a rеsult ofthе tас ivity parаsitе Strongуlus zlulgаr is. This is of o с liс. с sеs one of the аu

Lymphatiс

System

Thе lymph systеm oс nsists of a seriеs of с rrу and vеn ules whiсh a minutе h с annеls a relatively oс lourless fluid known аs and other lymph, from thе еxtremitiеs parts of the body, baсk towards thе hеart it into thе blood theу disсh argе whеr е arе speсiаl h с annеls stream. Along thеsе glаn ds or lу m ph nodеs whiсh flltеr baс­ teria and other mattеr from the lymph strеam' thus purifuing it. The lymph sys­ in suсh dis­ еx еp с t tеm is not notiсеablе as lу m phangitis, or whеn the lymph еasеs

as in strangles or еn largеd ' с me nodеs bеo с nditions. othеr infeсt ious o

Thе Uro.Gеn ital

Systеm

Thе horsе' in oс mmon with othеr mam­ mals, has two kidneуs, whosе funсt ion is to filtеr thе lЬ ood and form ц r ine. This passеs to the bladdеr through thе ureters аn d from thе urine pаssеs to thе outsidе thеr е, Thе urethra has а thгough ttrе uгеt hra. o с mmon еxit from the body with thе sеx­ uаl traсt , namеly the vagina in thе mаr е and thе penis in the stallion. Thе gеn ital с nsist of two ovaries organs of the mаr e o the utеr us' and oviduсt s or fallopian tuЬеs, e с rvix, vаg ina and vцlva. for produс­ Thе ovaries aге rеsponsiЬle or ovum. ing the fеm ale sеx еlс 1, iе thе еg g A fillу is born with many thousands of еggs in hеr ovariеs and no morе form during her

during timеs of sеx­ lifetimе. IЕ owevеr devеlop ual aсt ivity oestrus fluid folliсlеs round onе or morе eggs and rupture to shed thе egg into the fallopian tube. This is known as ovulation. Thе lining of the fol.

is formеd . liсlе bleеds аn d а .уellow­Ьody' pгo­ The folliсle, whilе it is dеvеloping, duсes thе hormonе oestrogеn , and the .уеllow­bodt',

hormone progestеr onе. с t maturе fllly is u and .yellow с ntain folliсlеs in half it will o bodies' in varying stagеs of dеvelopmеn t. thе

I f thе ovary

of a sexuallу

Right The

urogenitа|

system of the mаr e

(top) and the stallion (bottom). I n the mare

the vаg ina, body of the UterUs and bI adder are shown here in seсt ion through the mid­I ine' The uterus and ovаr ies aгe susoended from the roof of the abdominal a с vity on two fo| ds of its I ining (peritoneum) аlс I ed the broad I igaments (not depiсt ed here).

тHЕ

A stallion's sеxual organs o с nsist of two pro­ in whiсh the spеr matozoа aI е duсеd ; o с llеtс ing duсt s (inсluding thе

tеstes

еp ididymis)

whiсh

o с nnеtс

with

thе

ц I еt hI a aftеr trаv elling in thе spеr matiс o с rd with arteries and vеins; thе aсеs с sory glands o с mprising thе prostate) vesiсu lаr

sеm inаlеs аn d bulbo­urеt hral' and the pеn is. The penis is housed in thе prеp uсе .sheath', and thе tеstes or in thе sсr otum.

Thе Nervous Systеm Thе nervous system is oс mposеd of thе (сNs) аn d thе еn с tral nеr vous sуstеm pеr iphеr al (PNS). The nеr vous sуstem CNS oс nsists of thе rЬ ain and soinal oс rd.

Thе PNS o с mprisеs

thе nеr vе trunks that brain and otttеr s, whiсh еm еr gе from thе spinal o с rd, togethеr with thosе bеlonging to thе spеiс al sympаt hetiс nerv­ ous sуstеm . Thе fеаr ures of thе еq uinе nеr vous sys­

leavе thе

tеm arе

thе

relativеly

higЫу

dеvеloped

part responsiЬle for the еrс еb еllum, that o с ntrol of movеm еn t; thе long o с ursе of thе spinаl o с rd tfuough the еrс viсаl геg ion whiсh makes this pаr t susсeptiЬle to injury and to suсh nervous o с nditions аs .wob­ blе/ disеasе; and thе routes taken by thе nerves running to thе еxtrеm itiеs of thе forе and hind limbs. A knowledgе of thе lattеr a с n е Ь usеd in the diagnosis of lamе­ nеss. sinсе thеv a с n е Ь .Ьloсk еd at varioц s

B0DY

0t тHЕ

HORSЕ

a 1oсаl anaеsthetiс injеtс ing around thеm ' so аs to dеsеn sitizе thе arеаs thеy supply. Thе nеr vous sуstem is somеt hing likе a telеp honе in thаt it dеpеn ds on еx h с ange, thе input and output of mеssagеs, to and from thе еn с tre. I n using this analogy, thе

points bу

and spinal o с rd lеprеsеn t аn d its suЬstаt ions, and

brаin

exсh angе

thе thе

nerve trunks arе of two sorts, a) sensory' that is a с rrying mеssagеs to the CNS and b) motor' a с rrуing

musсlеs produсе

messages from thе

CNS

endpoints whеr е thеy aсt ivity or movеm еn t. Thе sеn sory nеr ves depеn d on еn dings whiсh аr e sеn sitivе to pain, prеssure' hеat, o с ld, and whiсh , whеn еt ,с stimulаt ed, o с nvеy thesе imprеssions to thе rЬ аin whеr е theу аr е intеr pretеd by rеf lеx oг voluntarу aсt ion. The spеiс al sеn sory endings arе to thе

and othеr

those of smеll, sight

hеаr ing, mеd iated and ears.

аn d

through thе nose, еyеs

The nЕ doсr inе (Hormonal) Systеm Thе

ovary

endoсr ine systеm o с nsists of a of glands whiсh sеrс ete hor­ monеs. A hormonе is a substanсe pro­ gland and ш ansportеd duсеd yЬ а in blood or lymph strеams' to еxеr t an aсt ion oI a с use аn еf fеtс on anothеI part oг parts. For ехamplе, thе pituitary gland, whiсh is numЬеr

pгoduсеs situatеd bеlow thе brain, mone known as folliсlе­ stimulаt ing

(FSH) thе aсt ion

monе

a hor­

hor­

of whiсh

is

to

stimulatе folliсlеs to dеv еlop in thе ovary. I nsulin is produсеd yЬ e с lls in the panсr ea­ tiс gland and is rеsponsiblе for rеg ulаt ing thе lеv еl of sugar in thе blood. Cortisonе is seсr etеd by thе aфenal o с rtеx and has widеsprеаd effeсt s on many mеt аboliс funсt ions of the oЬ dy. Thе еn doсr inе glаn ds (and thе hormones they produсе) arе as follows: (a) antеr ioг pituitary _ folliсlе stimulat.

ing hormonе (Fsн ) ,

lutеinizing

hor­ growth, thyroid

monе (LH), pгolaсt in, stimulating hormonе posterior piruitarу

(Ь)

SгALL] oN

_ oх y toсin, vasop­

rеssin (с) thyroid _ thу r oxinе

kidneys

(d) panсr еas (е) adrеn аl

(fl аdrеn al

_ insulin _ o с rtisonе o с ltеx mеd ulla ­ adrеn аlin

ovarу _ oestrogen, progеstегone ­ tеstosteгonе (i) utеr us ­ prostaglandin (g)

(h) tеstes

Thе

Skin

Thе skiл is oс mposеd of threе layеr s' an outеr еlс lular oт еp ithеlial laуеr whiсh is a с pablе

еr ode lаyer

of replaсing itsеlf

as wеar

and tеar

thе outer suгf e ас ; a sub­еpithеlial whiсh nouгishes thе outег layеr and

in whiсh pain еn dings аn d othеr sеn sitivе strцtс urеs arе found; and thе suЬ­ dеr mal layer whiсh is o с ntinuous with the sub­ еp ithеliаl layer and binds thе skin to thе undеr lying oЬ nе or musсlе. Thе hair fol­ liсlеs oсuс r in thе sub­dеr mаl layеr . The

skin oс ntаins

swеat

glands whiсh

sеrс еt е

glands аn d

othеr

an oil substanсe

known as sеuЬ m. 175

с м oN A o 11, louer' is

failing among animal­ the tеn dЪnсy to iegаr d thе animal spеiс es in human terms of intellig. еn e с , motivation аn d similar mattеr s. Thе dog, possibly thе earliеst of thе animals

by man, is the ехt rеm e .humanization' bеing rеg ardеd eхamplе of yЬ a lаr gе numbeг of ownеr s in thе same light as a human h с ild and endowеd by them with humаn intelligеn e с and imagi­ domеstiсated

nation whiсh it a с nnot possibly possess. Many of the arguments advаneс d by anti­ hunting fаtс ions arе basеd on a similarly fаlse prеm isе being relatеd

­ thе reaсt ions of thе quaп y to thosе

of the human in thе

unlikely еvеn tuаlity of thе latter еiЬ ng plaсed in thе same situаt ion. Thе horse may not suffеr .humanizа­ tion' to quitе thе same degree but wiфout doubt he is populаr ly, and quite wrongly, thought to be an animal of high intеllig­ еn e с .

The pеr formanсes of whiсh hе is all too oftеn oс nsideгed аs

a с pablе arе

manifestations of that quality rather than as produсt s of a training systеm based on rеp etition, whiсh results in а variety of o с nditionеd гeflеxes. u М h с of the агgu­ ment may dеp еn d upon тh e interprеt ation of thе word .intelligenсе' , but what is еrс ­ tainly bеyond doubt is that animal intеllig­ еn е с аn с not еЬ еq uatеd with the human quality. I n fаtс , thе brain of the horsе is vеr y smаll in rеlation to his size, smallеr indeed ­ although the point is hardly relevant ­ than that of thе turtle. I n gеn еr al terms аn d at tlrе risk of ovеr ­simplifiсation, it a с n bе said that thе horsе is a гсeaturе of instinсt , not of rеason, whiсh is а human attгibutе' sinсе its mеn taliry is based upon instinсt s

When trying to understand a horse don't fall into the trap of interpгeting its behаviour iп human terms. I t wouI d be anthropomorphiс, and wrong, to guess that beсause this horse I ooks to be I aughing it is showing аm Usement.

developed in thе wild statе as a mеans of survival against thе natural hazаr ds ofthе environmеn t and the activities of predatory a с rnivorеs, forеm ost of whiсh has bеen mаn himself. Thе horse is an heгb ivorous аn imal and _ that is thе his defеn sive mеhс аn isms physiсal ability to movе swiftly away from the фrеat of attaсk and the possеssion of higЫy.dеvеlopеd senses ­ arе in thе mаin dirеtс ed towards flight as a mеans of prе­ sеr vаt ion. Any study of thе horse personal­ ity, relevant to thе animаl] s training' must tаkе thеsе faсt ors into aсo с unt, whilst dis­ o с unting the faсt that in thе domestiс stаt е thе origiп al stimuli have long been absеn t. Thе еxistеnес of a flight­oriеntаt ed dеf enсе eхp lains the higЫy­sш ung аn d ехiс table naturе of the horse, аlthough thе dеg rеe ofехiс tability аn d nеr vousnеss dis­ playеd narurallу vаr ies aсo с rdiп g to the individuаl. I n most aс ses thе oс пnЦ on, .сold­blood horse, slower in his reaсt ions,

will be a notаbly less exсitablе subjеtс than thе highly­bred .warm­blood' typifiеd yЬ thе Thoroughbred аn d thе Arabian. I n all a с sеs, howеver, thе feeding of thе horsе еxerts an important influеn e с . A high pro­ tein diet will have thе еf feсt of making him more pronе to beсoming exсitеd and moге likеly to indulgе in defianсe of his trainе1 s

or ridet's wishеs. attеn tion

For this гeason muсh

has to bе paid to thе

thе o с nsumption

horse's diet,

of heating, or еn ergizing,

foods being balаnеd с by ехp enditurе of еn еr gy

a o с rrеsponding

through physiсal

exеr iс sе.

The prime oс nsideгations

of thе hoгse natural tеn dеnyс in his pupil to be nеr vous and еxiс tablе as a result of thе instinсt ive, self­pгеsеr vаt ivе, flight reаtс ion' will bе oс nсеr nеd with thе horsе' s deеply­rootеd hеr d instinсt in whiсh thе provision of sеu с rity is impliсit and whiсh involves, also' an aсеp с tanсе of disсiplinе аn d a degrеe of submission. Thе herd instinсt is o с ntinually present in the horse, who will always sеek to return to or to rеm аin with oс mpanions of his state, horses are own kind. I n a domеstiс frequently kept singlу out of nееsс sity, but it is notiсеablе that suсh horsеs, laсk ing thе sеu с rity whiсh mеm bership of a group providеs, will often dеvelop peсu liar and somеt imes nеu rotiс trаits of bеh avioцr whiсh do not oсu с r whеr е a numbеr of horses live together, suсh аs in a militаr y troop, a riding sсh ool or a rаiс ng stablе. I t is not impossible to keep a horsе on its own trainеr ,

apart from thе

but, likе an only h с ild' it will bе morе inсlinеd to posе pгoblеm s. Thе h с ild a с n with othеr s of his own age аt sсh ool and is ablе to invite them to his own home oг to go and play with thеm at thеirs. No suсh possibilitiеs arе open to thе horse. A dog is quite oс ntent with human oс m­ panionship and it would bе possiblе for а _ but only horsе to be similarly o с nditionеd if his owner was ablе to sharе his stablе or devotе most of thе day to romping in thе

make friеn ds

fiеld with him, proсeedings whiсh bеyond thе a с paсity

of horse­ownеr s. The horsеs, simulаt ing thе a с usеs еxiс tеm ent 176

are

of thе most

dеd iсаt еd o с mpany of othеr

hеr d oс ndition, in most hoгses but in

Under| ying many aspeсt s of the behаviour of the horse аr e two basiс h с аr aсt eristiсs on whiсh its suгvivа| in the wiI d depends ­ a powerful herd instinсt аn d the abi| ity to run quiсk| y from troub| e. aboи e: A| erted by potentiа| dап g er, these hoгseS are ready to run; any apprehension quiсk| y spreаd s through the herd. below right.. Тh e herd instinсt ; there is sаf ety in numbers, and the tendenсy for one horse to fo| I ow another keeps the group togetheу' above right.' Racing is just one of the aсt ivities whiсh takes advаn tage of the heгd instinсt ; even I oose horses wil| stay with the fie| d beсause it represents, if only temporarily, their herd.

.onlf horsе, thе rеtас ion the a с sе of thе may wеll bе aсеn с tuated to an unaсеp с t­ ablе lеvеl. I t is possiblе for the herd instinсt to be exploited in a variеt y of ways, thе most obvious being in thе sport of raсing whiсh , in a sеn sе, is a simulation of thе herd in flight. I t is ехp loitеd whеn thе young horse is inш oduсеd to the hunting fiеld. I n ordеr to remain with or rеt urn to thе herd thе youngstеr will frеq uently jump fenсеs whiсh would not havе bееn o с untеn anсеd in o с ld blood. I n this last instanсе thе еle­ с ment of exсitеm ent ацсsеd yЬ the prеsеn e of other animals galloping and jumping is also, of o с urse' a o с ntributory faсt or. аrЕ lу iumping lessons similаr ly takе advantаgе of the instinсt . A young horsе will usually jump а fеnес going towards his o с mpan­

ions whеn hе might vеr y wеll refusе if to iump in thе oppositе direсt ion. On thе other hand thе natцr al instinсt a с n be subdued by ш aining, as is shown ring _ whеn а horsе lеаvеs thе o с llеtс ing аskеd

аn d

thus his tеm porary herd

fеnеsс

_ to jump thе

in a show­jumping arеn a on his

in this instаnе,с o с urses аr е plannеd to takе acсount of the .grаvitationаl pull' of thе o с llеtс ing гing. A own. But еvеn

frеq uently

с uгsе­ buildеr wise o bеg ins his o с ursе with onе or two o с mparativеly еasy fenсеs, sit­ ing the big, diffiсu lt onеs in suсh а position that the hoгsе jumps towards the o с lleсt ing

ring.

тн Е

MI ND 0F тHE

HORSЕ

Like the herd aspеtс ,

thе stablе vЕ еr y horsеm an

used to advantagе.

a с n еЬ knows

pеr ks up and quiсk еn s the stride when turnеd for homе after а morn­ ing,s exerсisе. His mind is thеn oсuс piеd with thoughts of food and in that statе he is less likely to tаkе notiсе ofroаd hazards or other obstaсlеs whiсh might have worriеd young him on the waу out. I n inш oduсing

how a horsе

horses to traffiс thе

wise horsеm an

will'

thеr еf orе, h с oosе a quiеt route awaу from thе stablе, rеt urning to it by a busiеr one whеn the horse's attention is disш tас ed from thе vеh iсlеs by thе thought of home and food. I f a horse is to bе a аlс m and thеr efore rееp с tivе individual' sеu is an еssеn ­ с rity The stabI e eХerts a profound inf| uenсe on the horse, to whom it represents seсu rity and a sourсe of food.

in his lifе. Loss of seсu rity, as a с n happеn when a horsе is sold on to а produсe a variety of rе­ nеw home, аn с tial fаtс or

aсt ions. Uneasy

Very lс osеly o с nnеtс еd with the herd instinсt is the sеn se of seсu ritу whiсh thе horse finds in bеing a membеr of a herd. This is a faсt or not аlways suffiсiеn tly appreсiated but it is a very rеlеv ant one. I n thе

domеstiс

statе

it is not possiblе

to

simulatе the wild hеr d o с ndition' nor indееd is it nееsс sаr y, uЬ t it is advisаblе, givеn , to kееp for rеаsons already horses in o с mpany with their own kind. For thе domеstiс horsе

of his seсu rity is

thе еn с trе

his stablе aп d immеdiatе

surroundings idеally, thе presenсе of anothеr horsе. I t is not rеally so muсh diffеr еn t in thе is found human o с ndition whеr е sеu с rity аn d,

in thе homе. Thе influеnес strong one, largеlу

is a

of thе staЬlе e Ь аu с sе of

vеr y

its assoсia­

tion with food, onе of the horse's mаj or prеou с pations. Bеa с usе ofits influеnес it would bе unwisе, for instanсе, to sitе a trаining area in lс osе proximity to thе horsе' s box. Sцh an arrangement would с ensure a lаk с of o с nсеn trаt ion on the work in hand, as the horsе would е Ь more oс n­ еrс nеd with rеt ц r ning to his stablе аn d thе

prospеtс

of food. I n oс nsеquеnе,с

would o с ntirrually

veеr

hе

towards it.

Although sta| | ions mаy oсa с siona| | y fight, horses аr e basiсaI | y non­aggressive аn d are probab| y reI ative| y intoI erant of pаin.

roundings,

and unsurе

of his new sur­

a formerlу

wеll­mаn nеr еd horse may makе diffrсu lties about leaving his nеw stable, or, onсе hе has beеn pеr ­ suaded to makе a movе, mаy nap pеr sis­ in his еf forts to rеr urn home. tеn tlу inсidеn t A rееnс t highlights thе еf fеtс s that a с n eЬ

a с used

yЬ a

A

loss of sеu с rity.

horse wаs bought from a town еn viron­ mеn t and movеd by his nеw ownеr to thе o с untry. I n thе town the stablе­ уard аn d by high­rise еxеr iс sе ring wеr е surroц n dеd u Ь ildings and, on onе sidе, a rаilwау sta­ tion. Whеn the horse was riddеn out' thе park wаs on a mаin route to thе nеarеst road in а built­up аr eа with a heavу таf fiс thе еxеr iс sе was a с r­ dеn sity. Frеq uеn tly, ried out on suсh roads without going to the park. Thе horsе had grown to aсe с pt this noise and thе traffiс аn d thе еn viтonmеn t held no fеars for him. in thе o IЕ is new homе was dееp с untry.

A

plaсе

of tranquillity with widе,

opеn

с untry fields and litt1е­ used o lаn es. I t was all too muсh for thе town­boy who developеd а fairly violеn t form of for аn hour or eqline аg orаp hobiа. Pllтout two in a paddoсk with аn o1ф stеady horsе hе gallopеd about wildly' injurеd himsеlf and then, dripping with swеat and wild­ jumpеd thе gatе and гeturnеd to his еу d , in the с ritу stable (a port of tеm porary sеu skiеs, rЬ oad

storm) stаn ding outside, shivеr ing with feаr .

hеd gеs

Riddеn out on lаn еs enсompassеd by instead of tall buildings, he shied

violently at еvеr y rustling lеаf , approaсh of a biсylс е rеd uсed

whilst thе

him to

a

point ofnеar­hуsteria. on onе oсaс sion hе rеatс ed so violently to a twig lying on thе

roаd

that he lost his footing and aс me

down. His nеw owner' bу thе еxеr iс sе of muсh patient undеr standing, finally won his trust and solvеd the proЬlem, but it took nearly two months to do so. Thе mеn tion of trust leads to anothеr с ndi­ fаtс or аr ising dirеtс ly from thе herd o tion. I n thе wild state thе hеr d was oс n­ and led by а dominant stаllion who ш ollеd еxеr tеd disсipline over the mеm bers of thе herd and upon whosе sagaсity thеir safеt y

plaуing

domеstiс

statе thе

need for leader­

аt gтass vеr y ship still remаins. IЕ orsеs с ing soon establish а pеk ordеr and geld­ ings will frequendy u с t out onе or two

suсh

.еn tirе'

h с araсt еr istiсs

as

marking out a territory yЬ

droppings and horsеs appеаr to of man in substitц .

urination. Fortunаt еly

еp са t the dominanсе propеr lу tion for the hеr d leadеr аn d hand­ led will o с mе to rеp osе a grеаt trust in thеir

two­legged lеader, on whom thеir well­ being depends. Nonеt helеss, thеy will, as thеу would havе donе in thе herd o с ndi­ tion' tеst the authority of the lеadеr . Resis­ tanсеs madе by thе hoгse in trаining аr е primе еxamplеs of this testing and quitе natural. ­N,l'et with quiet fumnеss thеy arе usually еasily еn ough overсomе' but if the horse is onсе allowed to suсe in а rеsis­ с еd hе will quiсk ly enough takе advan­ tanсе, tаg е of the situatioц thеr еaftеr attеm pting to rеv еr sе thе roles ofleadеr and followеr . Thosе other proЬlems, of nervousnеss and еxiс tеm ent, are forevеr with the horsе trainеr . Thе higЫy­sш ung nature of thе horsе аr isеs from thе flight instinсt аn d a

of it is the tеn­

o с mmon manifestаt ion

at sееm ingly insig­ smells and sudden similаr rеatс ions. A far as a buсk or two, whiсh is just another dеf ensive rеtас ion. Shying, if it a с n nevеr е Ь entirеly еr adi­ a с ted' a с n e Ь reduсed to a minimum bу treatmеn t _ thаt is аs long o с п u non­sensе as it is not the result of dеf tес ivе eуеsight. I f thе horse a с n dтaw o с nfidenсе from his ridе/ s fum sеat and еno voiсe, or с uraging if hе a с n bе pеr suaded to smell or touсh the offеn ding artiсle, his fear will be removеф praсt iсеs arе a с n­ and if thеsе с rried out o dеnус towards shying nifiсаn t objeсt s, whilе noises will give risе to go so shу may, indееd ,

tinuallу

of shуing will

thе inсidеnес

deсr еаsе. On the othеr hand punishmеn t given for suсh naturаl lapsеs only o с nfirms him thе fеar in thе horsе' s mind and mаkеs more nеr vous. еv еn Aсеp с ting thе prеm isе of thе horsе as a non­aggгessive animal, it is reasonable to assumе a grеаt еr sеn sitivity to pаin and а lower pain tolеr anсе than animals of an

opposite nature) like the dog. Stallions, of o с ursе, fight еah с othеr to еstаb lish their asсеn danсy, u Ь t vеr y fеw horses, whеt her stallions or not, will attaсk а man. I nstinсt ivеly thе horse fleеs from pаin or the threat of it. I ndеed, without this innаt е

will,

sensitivity,

it would bе diffiсu lt for

the

humаn to o с ntтol and tгаiл so largе and powегf ul an аn imal. As аn еxamplе, a tаp with а long whip on thе horsе' s flank will a с usе

him to move his quarters аw ay;

lаt еr ,

is appliеd , thе quarters whеn a singlе lеg wi1l bе shiftеd in thе samе mannеr . The reaсt ion to thе bit' howеvеr , when it is

appliеd in momеn ts somewhаt diffеr еn t,

of exсitеm еnt is if just as logiсal.

quitе inсorreсt ly, talk ofhorsеs .fighting, the iЬ t. I n faсt , thеy do just thе oppositе. As ц suаl thеy arе running аw aу from thе disсomfoгt imposed and thе hаr ­ der thе rider pulls, thе morе urgеn t

IЕ orsemеn ,

from the pаin. earlу .tеstingi of the lеаd еt 's authority whiсh , as еxplainеd , is eаsily enough eliminatеd , is гarе in hoгsеs unlеss thеy bеo с me o с n­ fusеd or еxiс tеф or when the fеaг of greateг

o ес Ь mеs

ovеr t

dеp еn dеd . I n thе

marеs fгom thе group, protеtс ing thеm in just the samе way аs a stallion ­ еvеn dis­

thе

nееd

to еsаp с е

resistanсе' apart

from thе

тн Е

| lЛ | 1'lD

0t тHE HOв sE

thе asсеndаnyс . maу seem to aсt o с п­ pаr riсu lатly nаt urе, аt fееd hе maу show signs of aggтеs­ a Ь kс sЫ еаr s and еven kiсk­ out bеh ind. I t Ь possiblе thаt thе hoгsе

disсomfoп

assrrmеs

oсаsс ioп alln trаr y to s Ы tiп еs' whеn sЬп yЬ lаyg Ь

g Ь

п

is suffегing

momenв

sфе е

п аY

a hoгsе

from what

а .revегsiorr'.

tегm еd

еЬ

Not oс mprеh еading that thе humaп kiп g ing the food has no iп t етest iп it, hе аs hе would if lging fеd ouв ide in аvеЬ еs m с раn y w.iф othеr s­ Therе he п ' 'ould fuеатеn

aп oтh ет

hь food

o Ь п r l.

from

hoгsе

to kееp it awaу

Moге

ofteп thе horsе is impatiеnес уЬ kiсk­

qrеssing

anxiеt у ап d siлe с food Ь boтh of gтеаt impoгt аnес д 5дц169 of eхiс tеm еn t to him.

*. rrтl

Тb €

sеn ses of thе horsе, cЫ hi iтr aсoс rd ч гiф thе basiс iп stiп Iс s, аr е intеg гаl to tЬе 1rrsoп alitу zrхl 1glgyаш pattегn . to thе bеh аviourаl

dы еlopеd е ТЬ

iп

taste aстs

sеn sе of

muсh

EiitY аs

tfog""

qЪrЪt

ofhеатing

iп аll sеn sаt е яn 4 to a degте"

nr to

thе sаm е

of

buт thosе а те

pеu с l­

spеiс еs.

тh е

or lеss on еit.hеr sidе in gеnеr аt r, foсu s on objeсt s dirеtс lу to the froп t , but

TЪе

morе

еyеs" sеt

d fu

do noЬ

hеаф

в g е тh е r

fuуd o

аllow vеr y'сonsidегablе Fuгтh егm oге" whеn thе iтЬ on to thе reаг Ь mаd е iсп .

hеаd

latегаl vis­ is raisеd

possiblе.

ThЬ

d} .round vЬion is part of thе protеtс ivе Gquipmеп t u Ь t is not partiсu lаr lу hеlpful jumping_ап еn тЬ thatI I rаy seem еxеr iс sе пс r irеly naturаl to thе humац u Ь t Ь tас ц ­ r\ r unnя1ц1lд to thе hoгsе­ Given

ffiсn Ь t

frееd om of thе hеаф both

еу s

тв

1 аЬ е t o sее afеr iсе аt aboutаdtЬ аnес of l!} .5 m (l5 уd s)­ r.2 m (4ft) from тh е fеп е,с fu lower pаr t of thе head mаkеs thе simul­ Eц ю ous usе of two е) rеs impossiblе аn d I sЕ siratеs а tilting of тh е wholе hеad for rrE еyе аlonе to sеe the fenсе. I t is quitе thегеf orе" foг а hoгsе to bе forсеd 1ш siblе,

ю

juп p virtuаш у

lЬ iп d

elloв s аdеquаt е frееdom

unlеss thе

гidеr to the hеаd aп d

ld­ I lеагing

in thе hoгsе ас tе, is u siп ес thе } F.d Ь rаt hет likе a souп d ­Ьor The eаr s" гh } h аr e ехqс rtionаll5r mobilе, аn с bе а­ d diтtес еd Gtеtс еd at w.ill towатds а I ndее4

sо. tп d .

ю

фе

hoгsе is

vеr угеsponsivе

pаr tiсu lатlу

to thе tonеs еm ­ у Ь thе humап voiсе. Тh е sеn sе of yЁ .d mll i5 equаll5r uас rc аnd тhere wаs muсh gpоd sеп sе pгatс iсе in й е old hoгsm с аt 's d пhь ing thе hаnds with аn аr omдt iс ffп ir. VitЬout douЬt thе pеr ­ horsе еаsilу iс vеs rhе smеП of fеат off ф thе фvеn rEfY(хr s humдп аn d rеtас s aсo с rdinglу. similатly thе smell of hlood ап d dеатh Ь piсkеd аf е up aп d thеf е п lrmеf ous щ iсklу sоu nф

iм леsс

щ bn

of hoгsеs

dЬp lауiп g

ехr rеm е

аg i­

in thе vi,сinity of ап аbattoir. Тouсh would sееm to aЬ ve some sig­ п ifr* яnес аlso. florsеs will geiп аssuranсе ftm touсhiп g ob!еtс s laid oп тhе ground whеn

rirh а hoof ап d тhеу will frеquеn tlу when srnlling ап ob| eсц touсh it wiтh thе nosе­ I .аstln й еr е is srrffiсiеnt еvidеnес to slI I I rе тh e exЬt епeс of а sixth аn imаl qsе. I lorsеs аr e еrс tдiп ly sеn sitivе to ш оp с ет Ь аn d аr е ahlе to assеss thе mood fс rЬе

Eiп or

гidеr ' e Ь o с ming to somе rxtеп t thе who sit on of thе mеn or women

onI y by understаn ding howtheworking of the its aсt ions ап d horse,s mind diсt аt es iп f luenсes its responses аn с the traiп er suсh peaks of performanсe аs this. h ас ieve

й еm . pеr еiс ve

Cегt ainlу' iп stanтlу

or hеsitatioп o с nfidеп ес and it Ь

rrаiп еr

abfitуt o аs ;miditу iп thе huп ап ' as wеll аs o с urаg е. vith а skillеd фе

horsе

the

sд Ь

suсh faсt oгs

pоssihlе

for a veгуlс osе that mау nеаr lу

to bе h ас iеvеd

ra1ц r oп

ap1гoaсh

tеlеp athу. I п tтainingmuсh usе

is mаd е of thе pгo­ ofthе hoгsе. I п fаtс й is is a two< dфе sword iп й е hдn ds of thе rтainer" sinсe thе hoгsе rеm еm bеr s good аn d bаd ещ в гiеn еs pr.еsеr ving o Ь й с , forеvеr iп the mеm oгу bап k thе traiп е/ s п istakеs аs wеll as his o с rrеtс tас ions­ Thе horsе Ь notaЬlе to o с п n tес геlatеd аp ь pеп ings sеp аr atd уЬ а pеr iod of timе, powеr to assoсiаt е u Ь t hе doеs hаvе thе аu с se аn d еf fеtс rrot so sеp атt еd . I f somе­ 'hing is donе wеll аn d hе Ь iп m еd iаt еlу rеw агd еф тh е tас ion Ь assoсiаt еd iп his rnind w^ itЬ а plеаsurаlЬ е ец lегienсе whiсh hе rеr irеme Ь rs wheп аlс lеd oп tofеp еаt йе tас ion аt а latеr dаt е. f&п vегsеlу, should immеr | iatе hе kiсk and reсеivе rеt iЬu tion for his siп o he assoсiаt es thе tас ion of kiсk ­ ing with аn unplеasаn t аn d possiЬlу 1в iп ­ firl еxpегiеnес ап d is likеlу to dеsist from

digiouslуr еt еn tivе

rеp еating

\ e horsе

тh е

г сi п е

or rеw аr d.

с , а r| isobеd iеn e

iЬ rn

to relаt е the

it Ь punЬm Ь еп t

аn d he will onl5r bеo с mе

ful at unirrst tеamеп t uп d еr stand.

I f hе Ь

аj ftеr .

thаt

hе

quotеd

iп stап e с s с tioп а pеr еp

implуinc

arе

and

ability тh at is out of thе oгd inаr у. Cаsеs of iс rсu s hoгsеs rrainеd to o с unt oг to pеr foгm vaтious movеm еп t s without тh е trаinеr sееm iп g to givе aп Jr soгt of o с rп m яn d аr е in poiп t Thеге isn of o a с sеs с ursе, nothing out of the ordiп аr у mуstiсal oг in anу ' sеп sе aЬout suсh pеr foгm ап еsс ; тh е у а r е mеr еl5r, thе produсt s of skilfi,rl taiп ing. I t is ш uе thаt not all horsеs аr е suitаlЬ е subjевс for this црr g 9f y9ф'o69 еiь ng lеss rеe с ptivе quitе a tЬаn oтh егs" but mаn 1r ате с pablе of this lеveln so pеr formа. nсеs 1 д ц oduсiп g long аs thе trяinеr patiеп t is s''frfiсiеn тlу and skilled. The horsе is в u фt bу thе

usuаl s5ь[ ет graduаш у

sгеп g th of thе o с mrnап d pеr еp с tiЬlе will obеу bаr еlу thе pаr t of тh е trаinеr .

iп thе tгaiп ing

oсu с rs

яn d

of rе1rеt itioп

it is possible to

rеw аr d

rеd uсе

uп t il

thе

ап d tЬе horsе

on thing

movеI lrеп в

TЪе

sаm е of thе гidiп g

hoгsе.

I n thе еаr l5r

sagеs thе гidеr аdЬ to еx аg gеr ­ 1 д g his aiф iп ordеr to фve his mеssаgе lс еаr lу to thе horsе. As thе training prо gI еssеs тh е аids bеo с mе less notiсеаb lе until iп thе sсh oolеd horsе thе5r' mау аm olrп . t to no moгe tЬяn д flеg хЬ of thе

аlс f musсlе

or а minutе

tensioп ing

of a

fingеr

impos­ to

on the rеiп . I п гaiп ing horsеs muсh еm phаsЬ is pгo1rегlу vеr у givеп to thе phуsiсal dеvеlopmеn ц involving thе build­up ап d of thе musсlеs. Thе mentаl dеvеlopmеn t ,Ь howеver, iust as im1roг­ minф with all iв limita­ taп ц thе smаll tions, is dеvеlopеd iп tегm s of thе limitеd

rеsепt ­

pеr iods

:с u Ц rot

аb lе

thе ец r criп ent t.hеr еаf ter. Brrt :с rП not uп d егstап d dеlауеd

prrпh Ь mеn t miп u tеs siЬlе for

mеm oг5r

I п studiеs of thе hoгsе oftеп

hit fivе

of o с nсеп r тatioп

in iust thе sаm е

of w'hiсh

it is

ар с

gradual wа5r as thе

o Ь dу­ L79

(ii) aftеr

Do not work hаr d immеd iatеly a full meal

Thе

phуsiсаl

for this rulе is thаt just еаt еn a o с nсеn tratе fееd , its stomaсh аn d bowеls arе tас uаlly bigger thаn beforе. This means they aгe taking up morе room' distеn ding the bеlly not only outwards and sidеw ays, uЬ t аlso

whеn

Jн в к

|.

аr е

thrее a Ь siс

governing thе

o с rrеtс

rules of

feеd ing

horses: (i) fееd in small quantities and oftеn (ii) do not work haгd immediatеly aftеr a full mеal (iii) providе plеn ty of watеr Thеsе arе founded on thе prinсiplе of following as lс osely as possiblе, thе feеd­ ing habits of thе horsе in its nаt ural state, whiсh , obviously, will be those most suited to its digеstivе system. (i) Feed in smаll quantities and often The horse is a hеr bivorе or grazing animal, аn d when out at pasturе' grazes morе or less all the timе. Apart from oсаsс ional slops thе digеstivе apparаt us will bе hav. ing small quantitiеs of foodpassеd through to it from thе stomaсh fairly o с ntinuouslу. I t is this kind of lеisurеly fееd irrg to

whiсh the horsе' s digestion is adaptеd. Unlike aс rnivores, thе horse has а small stomaсh not dеsignеd for o с ping with big mеаls spaсеd at long intеr vals. I t has, how­ еv еr , аp с iас ous o Ь wеls whiсh aсoс mmo­ datе its food during thе proсеss of slow digеstion. \ Vhеn a horsе еаt s, as soon as its stomaсh is aЬoцt two­thirds full (whiсh is whеn it is working еsЬ t), thе food bеg ins to pass through into thе bowеls, and thеr еaf­ ter o it is с ntinrrеs to do so at the samе rаt е bеing taken in at the mouth. o Н rsеs that arе in work, as wеll as thеir bulk food ­ hay or grаss ­ neеd rеgular, palаt аb lе short' or .сonсentratd fеeds. I f thеse arе too lаr gе, thеy will distend thе

stomaсh , upsеt the nаt ц r al balаnес of digestion and еvеn ш ally аu с se aсu te indi­ gеstion, or o с liс. Coliс is not only vеr y painful, but a с n also bе dangerous if not deаlt

with knowlеdgeaЬly.

Between l.3 аn d 1.8ke

(3 and 4lbs) of o с nсentrates, suсh as oats, mixеd with a smаll amount of brаn or h с аf t is as muсh properlу in onе fеed. as thе horsе аn с digеst

I f onе of thе mаn у brаn ds of uс eЬ s аr e being fеd, rathеr morе аn с bе givеn : up to a 2.7kg (61Ьs), eЬ aс usе thе u с bеs havе high fibrе o с ntеn t аn d arе genеr ally eatеn morе slowly. Thеr еf orе when horsеs neеd to bе givеn extra o thеy should с nсеn ш ates' givеn as an еxtfa fеed' not by еn larging e Ь thе еstaЬlishеd rеg ulаr onеs. Hay and glass аr е .bulld foods, and are alwaуs еatеn slowlу, so they do not over­ load thе stomaсh . Thе onlу exсеp tion to this is when horsеs are first turnеd out on to lush spring grass, when theу may еat too muсh , too quiсkly. 180

longеr

it a с n eЬ

given

the еtЬ tеr .

rеason

a hoгsе has

forwards on to the diaphгagm, whiсh in on turn prеssеs on thе lungs. Any pгessuге thе lungs meаn s that thеу a с nnot еxpand propеr ly, and thеr еf orе hагd and o с ntrаtс work when the еlЬ ly is still distended will a с ц sе and lаb ourеd brеathing. disш еss A horsе

after its fееd ; but the

for digеstion,

should hаvе

its o с nсеn tratе

fееd

onе

hour befoгe it is askеd

to do аn y sегious work suсh as galloping, jumping, sсh ool­ ing' etс. The opеr ativе words of this rulе аr е. hаr d work _ it will not harm a horse to be takеn out for a quiet haсk half­аn ­hour

Grass, the natural food of all horses and ponies in the wi| d stаt e, wiI I need to be suppI emented, espeсiaI ly during the winteг, bearing in mind his tУp e. his state of hea| th and what work he does.

(iii) Always providе plenty of lс ean water

Thе old saying .watеr еfЬ orе feеding, quitе o с rreсt , uЬ t it doеs is thе only timе horsеs

is

not mеan that this should eЬ аllowed

is alwaуs аvailable, а dгink too muсh , although nаt urally it is sеn siblе, when o с ming in from work, to give it thе opportunity to drink bеf orе pц t ting a feed in thе manger. I t doеs not harm a horsе to takе аn oсa с ­ sionаl sip from thе buсket whilе feеding, to drink. I f watеr

horse will nevеr

nor will it hаr m to lеt it hаvе short dгinks аt or rivеr s whеn out on а long ridе.

streаm s

Too muсh wаt еr

bеf orе very hаr d work, as a raсe, or a rс oss.сountry o с ц I sе, will slow a horse down, uЬ t if a horsе is kеp t short of wаt еr , it will seldom nеvеr develop thе kind of thirst that forсes it to dгink too muсh . A hot, tiгеd horse will naturally want to drink a lot, and shoцld bе аllowеd to do so, but givе it a hay­nеt to pull at, and а rеst,

suсh

giving a shoгt fееd. wаt el is sеldom too I n ordinаr y wеathег, it is as wеll to o с ld, but in frosty wеatttеr ,

fЬ oгe

thе h с ill o с ming

вkе hoгsеs

it

off it beforе offегing

to

in hot from work. Standing

in a wаr m taсk room will тh е full uЬ kс еt s do this satisfaсt orily. Thеy do floгses аr e fаstidious drinkегs. o с n­ с rne п ot rеlish water whiсh hаs bеo by dirt; stаlе water; or watеr в m inаt еd с me slimy. that havе eЬ o for thеm , and it is bеt tеr Тh eу also prеf еr , gеn uinely frеsh water to thе h с lorinatеd pгеvalеn t in towns аn d iс ties. Rain­ цpе wаt er o in watеr butts or tanks, с llеtс еd п om down­pipеs, is muсh apprеiс atеd . rulеs' .feеd in small fееd ing of thе thгеe с nsi­ quaп t ities and oftеn ' nееd s to eЬ o dегеd in morе dеt ail.

from buсkеt s

М h с How u Тh е

to Fееd

ration to give a partiсu lar horsе partiсu lar work a с n only bе lеаr nt it As a guidе, howеvеr , еxpеr iеnе.с

ехatс

dоing

п om эn с

tаkеn

еЬ

totаl

that thе

amount of food

horsе pет day to the domеstiсated should approximаt e in wеight to thе hours if аm ount it would gеt thтougЬin24

еnфт

it в ­ eгe at

liberty.

Tаkiл g а

.hяt

horsе of

15 h.h. as an еx amplе, bе 11.5 kg (26lbs). For

wеight would oг smallеr animals, add or suЬt raсt (2 in) ofhеight. A с l kg (2 lbs) for evеr y 5 m аt pasture would еat this total wеight оrЬ sе Ь gтаss alone, but wit} r thе working hoгse с n­ bulk, aп d o il must eЬ dividеd bеt wееn produсing foods. Con­ or еn еr gy п тa Ес tеs' to thе work са гd ing aге fеd o еn с trаt еs in wеight must еspеtс ed. Thе diffеr еnес .аr gег

Ь

Ь lk _ hay, or, if pаr tly mаd e up in u gтаss, hay and grass. If а

15

out at

in full work is geш ing

h.h. horsе

it will nееd с nсеn trаt es, 5.5 kg (12 lbs) of o 6.5 kg (14 lbs) ofЬu lk. I fdoinglightеr woгk

аn d

gеt ting

lеss oс nсеn tatеs, 8.5kg 3.5kg (8 lЬs)' it will nееd с n­ of haу. I f doing no work, so o

tlrегеf orе

pегh aps

l8lЬs)

givеn hау апс bе Bеаu с sе horses

from thе

тioп s gr:.ide

down, or right out, аlmost ad lib. arе individuals, variа­ u с t

епс тгаt еs hаve bееn

stгitс

will sometimеs

I t is,

с sary: be nееs

howеver,

ovеr fat

a sound

working

hуp othеsis.

\ DИh еn

с ss to Horses аt grass must have aсe p| enty of fresh Water, although bаt hs do not ideal o с ntainers. Every аn imal diffeгs in the amount of food it needs, so eaсh horse requires individuаI feeding. Caгeful meаsuring of to I ike these nUts, is neсessarу o с nсentrаt es, avoid over­ or under­feeding. mаke

Below

and thе biggest tratеs givеn in the last fееd , not slеep for hay­net at night. A horsе doеs hours аs wе do, but с nsеu с tivе siх to еight o I f it runs out intеr mittеn tly. rеsts and fееd s in thе night' it will proba­ of hay too еаr ly

to Fееd

thаt arе stablеd and working nееd at7_7.30 am, mid­day, .Ц 30pmаn d times havе bееn Onсе ::т thе еv еn ing. с nsistеn tly еslтаЬ ished, thеy should bе o lд hеr еd partiсu larly to so fаr as is possiЬlе,

lЕ oгses

Fаt s,

starсh еs,

hеat

produсing

Sаlts:

ments o с nsumе

and physiсal So аs to mаintain thе еn еr gy с rry for a horsе to a nееsс sary of it, its diеt should out thе work еxpеtс еd of: bаlanсе с гr eсt supplу a o to the body's neеd . A Protein: еssеn tial wast­ с sе diеt without protеin would аu death. agе аn d

nееsс sity

bulk аn d hеlp digestion; found in all foods, but partiсu larly in hay Vitаm ins: essеn tial to horsеs food pгoviding thе best Thе oс nсеn tтаt е foг тh е horse is oаt s. diеt arf balanсе

аs wind­suсk ing or rс iЬ­ biting. viсеs suсh it doеs no Unlеss а hoгsе is grossly ovеr fаt , full. to fill thе last hay­nеt еxtrа Jrагm

wеll­Ьeing

and

in all foods, еvеn .dry', vаr ying from thosе t} rought of as с nt in most grains to 90 pеr e 10 pеr еn с t in roots givе Fibrous or woody substаnеsс :

Oats с ntаin oats o

to Feеd

еn ег g y

o с nтainеd

start eating its bed, and may also, а fеw staЬlе aсq uirе thгough boгеd om,

\h И at

and sugаr s:

a diеt ary

Wаt er:

lь y

wеight­for­hеight

to diеt , whilе thosе in poor horsеs nееd Ь lk as thеy will sondition need as muсh u

е аr

b А ove

а1 1

thе nееsс sary

diеt ary

еle­

in suсh bаlanсе a largе

that а horsе a с n quantity without upsеt ­

oаt s should eЬ fеd wholе, аn d thе amount rЬ uised rathеr thаn donе fеd must alwaу s depend on thе woгk or asked for ­ thе enеr gy to eЬ еxpеn ded, and rеp laсеd . !Иith the riding hoгse, thе to tеm pеr amеn t, amount should аlso геlaте as oats a с n of its гidеr , and thе a с paЬilitiеs еf fеtс on havе an alarminglу еxhilarаt ing ting its digеstion.

s с ildл еn somе horses. For this rеаson h ponies should е Ь fеd no oats' or fеd thеm vеr y judiсiously.

Barley

tееd s.

not so gеn егally usеd Although univегsallу as it might bе, barlеy falls vеr y littlе short to in nutritional valuе and diеt ary balanсe, a slightlу highеr с ntains oats. I t aсt ually o proportion of fats and stагh and ni­ с еs but а little lеss sаlts trogеn ous elеm еn ts,

towards Ь lk, should inсr еase п€ с Eate and u с nсеn ­ thе dаy, with thе most o :irc еп d of

as on oats. I t should bе fеd muсh on bаr lеу bruisеd , or .flaked when used as a staplе fed boiled, whеn also е Ь fееd ; but it аn с wholе kernеls should е Ь usеd . Barley is an feеd for young stoсk , outwin­ еx e с llеn t nеeding to pui on аn d horsеs hoгsеs, tеr еd o с ndition.

fееd s

earlу morning and the еvеn ing will obviously be days whеn a Thеr е horse is woгk ing thтough its usual fеeding .Мanagеm ent (sее of the StаlЬ еd тimе, u Ь t h с angеs) IЕ oгsd for mаk ing nееsс sary тh е т; аr e rс earures of habit and will soon thеir fееds. lеагn whеn to еxpеtс с n­ Ь th of o feеd , o Тh e quantity of hеас foг thе

аn d fibre. } I orses do not tеn d

to

.hot

up' so

181

FЕ0Е | NG

is guаr аn teed

produсt

to bе аlwaуs

thе

easily hаn dlеd ; fееd s nееd no mixing, аn d it should not bе nееsс sаr v to feed vitаm iп or rninеr аl аd ditives. I t is sаm e; they

аr е

however еsЬ t to miх а litde rЬ аn wittr tlre u с bеs, as аn аid to digеstion. CuЬеs aге o с nsidеr ably dehydтatеd and swеll whеn wеt ' so horsеs fed on them ulill drink moте. Beсаu sе u с еsЬ аll have а fаiтly high fiЬге o с ntеn t' horsеs tеn d to eаt thеm morе slowly thаn grains, and so slightly less hаy

is neеdеd.

аn М y

аr е

u с bes

gгаd еs;

in

аvаilаlЬ е

ordinаr y

fтom

u с bеs

differеn t

for horses and

ponies doing light woгk or geneгаl haсk­ ing, to high pгotеin u с bеs for raсehorsеs аn d bloodstoсk, and spеiс ally nutritious onеs for гo Ь od

and youngstеr s.

mаr еs

Carrots, swedes and turnips A1l horsеs

whiсh should bе mixеd with а fееd . Swеd еs and tuтn ips should eЬ fеd wholе; in thе enjoy a с rгots,

given sliсеd ,

mаn gеr ' oг thrown out into thе fiеld. Cut­ up аp plеs pееlings, or аp plе аlso mаkе an appеt iziп g addition to a feеd.

Gruel Very tired horsеs аn с bе given gruеl o с ming in to tlrе stablе. I t is madе

lvlaize

a М йе

is а muсh lеss fibrous

grain thаn

oаt s, or аrЬ lеy , and is somеw hat lаk с ing in salts; but it does o с ntain a high pгoportion

of starсh еs, fats

u Ь kс еt ,

food аn d ensure Wаsting eхp ensive horse reсeives its proper ration.

еЬ

eаh с

TУh eat

As whеat is geneгally in suсh demand for humаn o с nsumption, ttre only foгm in whiсh it is fеd to horses nowadаys is аs

Linseed Linsеed o с ntains forming еlements

а

laгg e proportion of fat­ and is muсh used in prе­

paring horsеs for show, and .putting a lЬ oom' on their o с аt s. I t is fеd by boiling thе sееds, аn d thеn simmеr ing until а jеlly­likе suЬstanсе is formed, whiсh is in thе slow ovеn of а oс oker, bеst donе overnight. This linsеed jellу ' гn ixed with brаn

Bran

foг a horsе tlrat nееd s аЬ ut bе fеd daily foг o

and e с rеаl,

еn Ь efits will eЬ oс mе lot of wаt еr is usеd , when thе jelly hаs nutritious аn d аn с mash.

its I f rаt trer a

apparеn t.

ovеr formеd ; this is аlso vеr y bе usеd to makе a bran

therе wi.ll bе some

brаn fеd dry will help to rЬ ing thеm a Ь kс to normal. I t is аlso muсh used as a mash and as suсh ,

rations' but not as a staplе diet on thеir

is palataЬlе

florse uс eь s

Sugаr Thеse

own.

Theгe arе mаn y brands of horse аn d pоn y The u с bеs availаb le on thе markеt todаy. good аn d o с m­ с mprise a o bеst аr е vеr y pound of all thе ingтedients nееsс sary for a Thеy inсlude vitamins and bаlаnеd с diеt . minеr als, many of whiсh arе nowadауs

in grains аn d hay grown on land lаkс ing is artifiсially fеr tilized. I f thе o с ntent

vеr y nutritious, o с ntaining a high Proportion of flesh produсing еlеm еn ts; but they should bе fed in small quantitiеs, as thеy arе verу .hеating,. Bеa с usе ofthis,

аn alуsis outsidе

thеy should only bе givеn to horsеs in­very hard work, or outwintering in sеvere o с n­

faсt urеr s'

ditions.

thаt

(whiсh

should е Ь

of thе u с bе

and horsеs

аr е

fеd

Thе

stalks of timothу

hау аr е

аn d woodу, but it is vеr y

o с аr sе

fairly nutгitious.

Old horses howеver may find softеr hays to h с еw . Clover hаy is exсеllеn t

еasier

probably thе

fееd

thе droppings beсomе too loosе,

Peas and beans

Thеr е аг е four mаin kinds of hay: timothу , lс oveг. miхеd аn d mеadow.

a fortnight еfЬ oгe

еx e с llеn t

eat moгe slowly аn d h с ew pгopеr ly; it inсr еаsеs bulk, аn d it hеlps regulate thе bowels. Fed damp, it is a mild laxative; if

Both аr е

to drink easily.

fattеn ing, but has to

e Ь et pulp nuts must е Ь soaked e Ь foгe fеeding as good tlrеy аb sorb а lot of watеr . They аr е fеd as a .сh angе' , or mixed with usuаl

and еаsy to digest, and еxеlс ­ lеn t for hoгses o с ming in tired aftеr a hаr d (Ьlkас day's work. o М lаssеs ш eаlс e) addеd to а brаn mash makе it еxtrа palatablе, as well as being good for thе digestion.

for a horsе

с be hеavy' when well­made, but if not, аn and quiсk ly go mouldy. &lixеd hay is thаt taken offspeсiаlly seededpasturе, аn d o с n­ I t is tаins mаn y mixed gтassеs and lс ovеr s. ttre most usual haу , and if wеll­madе, is

mаkеs аn

bran.

Brаn is a by­pгoduсt ofwheat aftеr thе flouг has e Ь en tаkеn out by milling. I t has littlе nutritivе value of its own, аs sсientifiс mil­ part, ling rеm ovеs most of thе nuш itious i.е. flour, аlthough good bran still o с ntаins vitamins B and .Е Brаn is nеvеr тh еlеss a useful dietary additivе; it makеs thе horsе

ttrin еn ough

Hay

and sugars. I f fеd with

othеr grains' oг with u с e Ь s, it mаk es а good .heating, food for wintеr . I t is аlso pa| ata­ ble, and is usеf ul аd dеd to fеeds to еn o с ur­ age shy fееd еr s.

fust

ting a doublе hаn dful of oatrneаl into а pouring on boiling watеr аn d stir­ ring well. I t is fеd whеn o с ol, and should

ас d A mаr e isfed o in а a с refu| | y p| e с nсentrаt es poгt ab| e manger. Cаr e must be taken to avoid

thаt

on

by put­

bags)

printеd

on thе

is satisfаtс ory'

aсo с rding

insEuсt ions, thегe advantaяes in fееd ins а u с еЬ

to thе

manu­

aгe many diеt . Thе

bеst

for horsеs

of all agеs.

hay is hay takеn from pеr nanеn t pastuгes. I t a с n еЬ very good, as mаn y old ] Vteаd ow

pаstц r еs o с ntain herbs and flowers not normally found in new lеys; uЬ t it аn с be lеss good, iftаk en ftom rough lаn d or wаt еr

mеаd ows liablе lightег аn d softег

to flood. I t is usually

than timothy or mixеd from good upland pasturе it should smеll pаr tiсu larly swееt . &louldy or musty hay should nеvеr е Ь fеd . A bale of good hay should fall apаr t whеn thе stling is u с t (swathеs of hаy will .sliсеs'), stay togetheг iл аn d it should not еm it а lс oud of dust, nor show dаr k, moist pаt h с еs, nor smеll musty. hay; if takеn

Oat straw oаt straw, as wеll

as hаy, аn e Ь used аs с is exсеllеn t to add to o с nсеn tratе fееd s to еn sure propеr mas­ tiсation and to add uЬ lk. I n itsеlf, it is quite appеt izing to horses, whiсh is onе of thе disadvantаg es of using it for bedding. I t is irnportant to rеm еmeЬ r that any

.сh аf f

,

or.сh op', whiсh

in а horsе's diеt , suсh аs basiс h с аn gе h с anging fгom grains to u с e Ь feeding, or viсе­ vеr sa. must bе donе

тHE sтABLЕD

H0RsЕ

of thе

еd H. та в r в о

Q \)

spеn d

horsеs.

portion of thеir

livеs

thе grеatеr pro­

in stablеs.

This obvious faсt is nеverthelеss

onе

o с nсеr nеd with the man­ rvhiсh еveryonе agеm еn t of stablеd horses should keep o с nstаn tlу in mind. IЕ orses aге by naturе and it is ftеe­roaming' grеg arious аn imаls basiсallу unnatural for thеm to livе per­ peruallу in a statе of semi­сonfinеm ent. To kеep stablеd horses in good hеart, as wеll аs good hеalth, therеf orе, it is not quite enough just to know how, whеn and with lvhat to fееd thеm . I f thеy arе to adjust

mаn ­imposed to an аr tifiсial, sаt isfaсt orily theу must do so mentally аs еn vironmеn t, opinion and whаt еvеr rvеll as physiсallу it a с n­ intеlligеne с , rr,е havе of thе horsе' s а mind as wеll as not bе dеn iеd thаt hе hаs ao Ь dy. From this it follows thаt what hе nееd s from his humаn mastеr is not only phуsiсаl a с rе, but also a good dеal of needs of undегstanding of thе hс araсt еr

in genеr al. likе ourselves' aс n suffет from ш uе of borеd om, and this is partiсu lаr ly horsеs

lloтses,

horsеs'

stа1 Ь еd

u с t off from thе frее

panionship of thе arе

sеlvеs, horsеs

hеr d. Also likе individuаls; somе

o с m­ our­ аr е are

to o с lds and rЬ on­ staЬles aте moгe liаb lе h с ial troublеs. Aл d hе nееds light, for it is out­ not good for thе еyes of an1' dir:тn аl too long in unnatцтаl dooг animаl to е Ь othеI than thаt darknеss] thаt is daгknеss of night. I n thе past, stablеs weгe oftеn as еlabo­ ratеlу built as thе houses of the horsеs' laid ownеr s. Thеy would have intriсаt еly gentlу to a e с ntrе rЬ iсk flooring sloping

highly­stlung' somе arе plaсid; somе Unlikе oul­ moгe' or less, intеlligеn t. sеlves, howеv еr , all horses arе by naturе

drain grating; tilеs round thе mangеr s; sоlid wooden doors and partitioцs with, ironwork above thеm ; a oftеn , dеo с rаt ivе

neгvous and suspiсious of anуt hing nеw or and of loud srange, of sudden movеm еn ts' to harsh voiсes. I n thе wild, thеir rеtас ion fеаг and suspiсion is flight, but stablеd

thе stablе warm taсk room at onе еn d of bloсk; a fееd room at thе other' and a loft aЬove with a trap door thтough whiсh thе hay o с uld bе droppеd. Nowadays, unlеss fortunate еn ough to inhегit onе has bееn с nsist stablеs mostlу o suсh a horse­pаlе,ас of woodеn loosе of onе or two, or a sеr iеs' to thе owne/ s or boxеs sitеd o с nvеn iеn tly с unш ies' thе thе groom's housе. I n somе o insidе a u с stom is to build individual oЬ xеs running on iЬ g aЬ rn or shеd ; thе boxеs ae с ntrе passagewаy whiсh еithеr sidе of end. I n o с ld has a door, usuallу , аt еithеr

hoгsеs thаt are made nеr vous by rough grooms shouting at thеm , u Ь llying thеm , or hitting them with pitсh fork handles to I nstead с pе. move thеm ovеr , have no еsa

й еу

аг е

forсed into

hаn dlет

thе

геatс ion

whiсh ,

dеf еп d thеm sеlvеs,

of

if

is not speedily rеp laсеd ,

trying to

thе тough will rеsult

in thеm beсoming permanеn tly nervous' frightened, and diffiсu lt to handlе. A1l horsеs, but 1аr ,

bе

pеr haps stаb lеd onеs

in partiсu ­ с n bеst what a

should е Ь hаn dlеd with summarizеd as firm kindlinеss.

Thе

Stablе

spaсe, air, and Thе stabled horsе nееds should bе big light. A loosе box or staЬlе еn ough

for him to movе

around it freely; to

Lie down, ro11 and gеt up again without himsеlf (getting so lс ose dangeг of аsс ting с nnot гo11 himsеlf frее) . to а wall that he a 3.5 m х 3.5m(L2ft x 12ft) is idеal; 3.5 m х 3m (12ft x 10ft) is suffiсiеn t, 3 m x 3 m (lOft x 10ft) is еn ough for a pony. Any­ (exсеp t for а is unnееsс sarу thing iЬ ggеr foаling

o Ь x), but

A horsе

nеeds

а

niсe o Ь nus

air; thosе

for thе

kеp t

horsе.

in stuffy

lс imatеs,

this method has manу аdvan­

and it o tаg еs с uld surеly bе adopted morе gеn еr ally' for there must be manу еx isting to this big aЬ rns whiсh lеn d thеm selvеs sort of o с nvеr sion. !Иh еt hеr a loose­box is freе­ standing or within a stablе building or bаr n, it will а nееd a manger foг o с nсentatе fееd s, haу­ гakс , or a ring to whiсh to attaсh a hay­nеt , and a tiе ring (whiсh o с uld eЬ thе foг tying samе onе as usеd for thе hay­nеt ), the horsе whеn grooming. Watеr a с n bе

supplied tfuough automatiс

drinkiп g

the triсk of horsеs soon lеаI n arе usеd working, or in uЬ kс еt s. I fЬukс еt s they should eЬ a hеalry typе that arе not in a easy to tip ovеr , and should bе plaсеd с o с rnеr ' hеld in position with a rс oss­piеe

bowls, whiсh

lmplements hang tidily on the wall in this wеll.appoiп t ed аn с stаb I e yard AI I the hoгsеs гeadiI y see what is going on, an important faсt or in pгeventing boгedom. of wood. Buсk еt s

o с nstant horsе' s

!Иith

must bе kept lс еan.

drinking during whiсh

saliva mixеs with

thе watеr , а

will form on thе insidе of thе bцkс ets

thе

slimе

if

arе not regularly sсr ubbed out. I dеally thе bottom of thе manger should not bе lеss than 60сm (2ft) from thе thеy

ground, although thе aсt uаl height will dеp еn d on the animals. Small poniеs will с into mangеr s lс еarly not bе ablе to rеah people like to set high for big horsеs. Somе с mplу havе mangers at ground levеl, to o that a horsе normally eats with thе thеorу with its hеad down. Thеr e is nothing arе that the mangетs against this, еxеp с t and droppings liable to gеt dirty as еdЬ ding gеt pushеd into thеm . Thе еasiеst typе to set into oп еs' kеep lс еan arе rеm ovablе с bе simplу taken o с rnеr holdеr s. Thеy аn I t is impor­ out and washеd aftеr eaсh fееd . _ just as we do mangеI s lс eаn to kееp not likе еating offdirгy dishes, a horsе finds if it is not thrown his meal morе appеt izing

tаn t

lс ottеd bits of stalе stiсking to the sidеs and oЬ ttom. I t is also bеt tеr for him to еat fгom a lс еan

into a mangеr wherе

food arе

с n ferment and stalе food a I f a hoгsе doеs not beсomе ц n wholеsomе. it should bе takеn еat thе wholе of a fееd , nеxt onе. еfЬ orе thе out of thе mangеr The easiеst hay­raсks both for thе horsе mаn gеr :

с rving triangular handler arе u The base of thе rаkс should bе about 120сm (4ft) from thе ground' so thеr е is no dangеr ofthе hoгsе gеt ting a с ught undеr it аs he gеt s up. I f raсks arе plaсеd too high, howevеr , any to fall in thе haу tеn d dust or loosе sееd s into the horsе' s еyеs as hе eаt s. Haу­ цеt

and thе

ones Set in a o с rner.

183

sтAвLD Е

тHЕ

H0п sЕ

and tiе rings should bе boltеd through а wall aЬ ttеn , at about the height of a man's shouldеr fгom thе ground. I fthеу аr е high­ er, short pеoplе will find it diffiсu lt to геahс up to thеm with a hеavy hay.nеt . IЕ aу­ nets should alwaуs bе tiеd with a slip­knot, the draw­sш ing

of thе net

either tfuеаd еd

oЬviouslу

аt

aЕ rly

mаy

hurriсane, or a |Ь izzatd' or slеet driving direсt lу into thе oЬ x. This is not only eЬ a с usе horsеs nееd thе frеsh аir; just аs important, thеy nееd to еЬ 1 аЬ е to look out' to seе theiг nеighЬours and to watсh whads going on in thе уard. l0Йh at are a с llеd stаb lе viсеs _ rс iЬ­ biting, wind­ suсking аn d wеaving ­ arе nеu rotiс in origin, and gеn еr ally start bеa с usе a horsе has nothing to do, or to look аt аn d is borеd . e Ь a

Solitarу oс nflnеm еn t

will

produсe

in both man and beast, partiсu ­

nеu rosеs

larly in suсh

naturallу

gregarious animals

as horses.

Boxеs should hаvе wiтr dows, part of whiсh a с n opеn , although this is not nеe с ssary

if thе boxеs аr е

made with гoof

Thе

windows should havе аrЬ s or nеt ting on thе insidе' so that they аn с not e Ь brokеn by thе horsе or by a с rеlessly handled tools when muсking out thе stаb lе. Light switсh еs should bе sitц atеd еithеr outside thе box, or oс n­ еаlс ed and insеt so that only a fingег a с n vеn tilation.

rеah с quitе

in and

operatе thеm ; horses lеаr n how to work switсh es! Thе flooring of oЬ xеs should not bе too smooth. Speсial .stаb lе rЬ iсks' аr е idеal but еxpеn sivе, and roughеn ed o с nсr etе is quite satisfaсt ory. The floor should slopе slightlу towаr ds the front of thе box, prеf ­ eraЬly towards thе o с rner awау from the quiсkJ.y

door' whеr е а

smаllholе

a с n lead out

draining gully. Covеr еd o Ь xеs

into а

drains insidе

arе diffiсu lt

to keеp lс ean. boxеs' the roof should have an oveгh ang; that is, it should slope out at lеаst 1 m (3 ft) beyond thе ftont of thе boц so that in rainy wеаt hег horsеs a с n

On frее­ standing

look out and grooms a с n go from o Ь x

Тh e stаb | ed horse must be muсked out thoroughly at | east onсe a day and the bed kept neаt and cleаn .

straw bеd dins

there is a diffегenсе

and day eЬ d. lDИh eаt straw is thе bеst bеd ding, but it is often thе most diffiсu lt to gеt and thе most expensive. Oat sш aw a с n eЬ too palataЬlе, and many horses will eat it. Barlеу straw tеn ds to bе priсk ly and so irritates а horsе' s skin, although if it is o с mbinеd straw, thе

priсkly аw ns arе makеs

usuallу missing,

аn d

it

good e Ь dding.

A straw bеd must be dееp. I t is fаlsе lay а thin bеd, аs it absorЬs o ес nomУ to muсh lеss moisture' аn d muсh morе has to bе rеm oved. That apаr t, the point of a deеp horsе to liе night bed is to еno с urаg е thе down. I f thе bеd is too ttrin, parts of his ь rе body mаy bе rеsting on thе a flooring, с soon leаd to a с ppеd hoсks and whiсh аn еlo Ь ws. o М rеoveг, hе maу find it diffiсu lt to get up if thе floor has bеo с mе slippеr y and has not suffiсiеn t o с vеr on whiсh to get a grip. Straw should bе tossеd well as it is put down' аn d a Ь nkеd up round the sides of thе o Ь x and at the insidе of the door. The day bеd is madе by sweeping and airing thе floor and rеp laсing straw is lеf t whаt lс eаn

muсking out. Frеsh straw is thеn in thе еvening for thе deep, bankеd

аf ter аd dеd

up, night bed. Sawdust makes a o с mfortaЬle bed, and if thеr е is a loса1 sаw mill, a hс eаp onе as

I t nееds

wеll. patсh еs

аn d

to е Ь

laid thiсkly.

out, up retairrеd bеd ding, and leaving e с ntrе of floor to air. Rеleasе thе horse whеn this is oс mplеt еd. I t is best to remove the Ь kс еt water u whilе muсking out' to kееp it lс еаn , and then rеp laсе rеlеas­ bеf orе ing thе horsе.

frеq uently, and thе wholе еdЬ ovеr daily. I t a с n bе o с mbinеd with

rеm oved rаkеd

shavings,

in whiсh aс sе

the

sаw dust

should form thе bottom layеr of thе bеd. Pеat moss a с n also be usеd as bedding, but again it щ ust bе laid thiсk lу ' wеt аn d soilеd

patсh es rеm ovеd frеq uently,

and the

bеd raked ovеr daily. With both sawdust and pеat moss bеd ding, it is partiсu lаr y piсkеd out important to keеp a horsе' s fееt аn d lс еan, fееt ,

as o Ь th

will hеat and soften thе

if they arе аllowed

to

preсise

timеs

Tiе up horsе, and rеm ove any dтoppings from the flooг. Give first grooming; if thе

.quartеr ­ horsе is ruggеd , this is a с llеd ing,, and is donе by throwing the rug

kас Ь and

brushing the front, thеn throw­

ing it forwards, and rЬ ushing

quаr ­

thе

Piсk out thе fееt . I f thе horse is to bе еxerсisеd straight away, tаkе off rugs after quartеr ing, put on sаd dlе, throw гu g baсk over thе saddlе, beforе taking down haу­ nеt аn d rе­ fllling it ready for rе­ use. Then put on bridlе, tаkе offrug, аn d takе horsе out for exeгiс sе. Thе rug should be shaken out, and lеf t airing, inside out, over a raсk in thе taсk room. tеr s.

on rеt rrrn from ехr iс sе the horsе. Rеm ovе Wаt еr saddlе and bri­ give small hay­nеt . dlе, tie up horsе and Groom thorougЫy; this should take at lеast thrее­ quartеr s of an hour. Thorough grooming is alwаys bеst donе aftеr еxеr iс sе, unlеss the horse hаs

vеr y hot,

o ес Ь mе

whеn

a

swеat

rug

shottld be put on until he is oс o1; thеn hе a с n be groomеd . Aftеr grooming, put on give fresh watеr day­rug, sеt day­bеd , and rеlease oЬ rse. Gillе sеoс nd feed at аb out 12.30. Tidy the уard, if thеr е hаs bеen no onе to do this alrеаd v.

!(/ еt

droppings should bе liftеd and

bеo с mе lс oggеd .

Routine

bеt ween

a small hay­nеt and frеsh

9 o'сloсk

thе night

.Whаt еver

stabled horse nееd s bеd ding in thе lox both yЬ night and by dаy, although with

first feеd ,

Tiе up horsе, and muсk brushing floor lс еan, banking

box without getting wеt .

I t is not good for a horsе to stand for any lеn gth of time on aЬ ге oг briсk s. A o с nсr еt е

to

watеr .

to

Bеd ding

havе

to thе wolk thе

morning (not latеr than 7.30 аm )

Gioе

the groom or handler, who is nеarly

should be kept hookеd baсk, and onlу lс osеd on thе rarе oсa с sions whеn thеr e

aсo с rding

routinе for stablеd horsеs аn с be divided аs given bеlow. The exaсt timеs of еah с division a с n е Ь variеd to suit individuаl stablеs, u Ь t onсe еstab­ lishеd , thеy should eЬ mаintained.

a Ь kс

thе top and bottom. For alwaуs a с rrying somеt hing, it is a help if thе bot­ tom o Ь lt slips easi1у and аn с bе opened with thе foot. Thе top half of thе door

on the outsidе'

oсa с sions when timеs

horsе is doing. Thе managеm еn t

through itself, pulled tight and thеn slip­ knotted, or thrеadеd through one of thе loops of the nеt . This is to prеvеn t the net dгopping too low as the hаy is еatеn ) at whiсh point thе horsе o с uld get his foot a с ught in it. Boxеs in staЬlе buildings or barns will be ventilatеd by the windows and doors of thе building, so that thе doors to the indi­ viduаl boxеs аn с bе in onе pieсe. Frее­ standing boxеs should havе dooгs in two halves, thе bottom half having two oЬ lts,

еЬ

be adjustеd

any individual

horse­ownеr or stablе manager dеiс des upon as bеing thе most suitable for thе fееd ing of his horsе or hoгsеs, thеy should be adhеr ed to thеr еafter, so fаr аs possible. This is partiсu lаr ly important with the fust and tlre last feed. Duгins thе dav thеr е will

Afternoon Riding Sсh ool

horsеs will oftеn hаvе to work аg ain in the aftеr noon. I f thе morn­ ingi s exеr iс se, or work, has bееn delaуed

so ttrat thеr е

hаs bееn no timе for thorough grooming on return, this should е Ь ing. IЕ orsеs

done еfЬ orе

thе sеo с nd

out­

not working in thе afternoon

a с n bе:

(i) tet to liе down and rеst. This is impoгt ant for young horsеs, аn d thosе whiсh hаv е had a oс nсen­ tratеd

morning of sсh ooling

work.

(ii) led out for a short timе, in finе wеatttеr , in their headсollars, to have a piсk of grass. (iii) if possiЬle, in finе weather in spring and summеr , turnеd out for a short paddoсk. All time in а o с nvеп iеn t stаlЬ еd horsеs with the еxеp с tion of raсеh olsеs in trаining (whose mаn ­ agemеn t is highly speсiаlizеd) bеn еf it from a period of freеd om.

I HЕ

{ Зo pm (oг on rеt urn from work) piсk out fееt . Тiе­ up horsе, un­tаkс and Giге small haу­ nеt and frеsh water. Put oп night rug.

Laу еdЬ

for the night, hаv­

vent brittlenеss еspеiс ally in light­ o с lourеd hooves. Thе stable rubber is

аn у bеd ding madе wet during the daу. Gir.е third feed, rеlеаsе horsе. Tidy taсk room, and yard. Clеаn tаkс .

Rе. fill Giтe а

foldеd

й еi r

sтlаЬ еs

hдте

donе тh is, аn с

likе

to go round

it is hard to rеalizе how

sаt isffng it gгеd ng ко

,зп

п iй

гоu ndings, and their handlers, will stаy sл g down in human oс mpany. plеasurablе .\ pагt from thе aspeсt a latе тisit to thе stаblеs a аv е r t a с n hеlp to п r uпrь mishaps. A horsе may of possiЬlе ,Ь в Yе its foot in a hаy­nеt , аu с ght or tippеd gтеr irs wаt er buсkеt so it would remain й . iгsry all through thе night. A rug may not irrте bеen put on propегly and have slippеd dкlгп to h с kес out of position (remеm bег rп гh е morning with whoevеI Put it on); or' t.оr ruп аt ely morе rarеly, a horsе may be * оьw ing signs of intеr nal disсomfort iп d i­ 6aгing o с liс. I f this is lеf t till morning it ч . ill е Ь hardеr to allеviatе as wеll as having rдс rsеd фе horsе a night's pain. Veteгiл аr y я. rгg rons с llеd at night arе ц sеd to bеing a ml if yoц ате in any doubt, tеlеphonе yоr :тs. to you to be т} re Desсr ibe what sееm may е Ь 1 аЬ е оrЬ se's sуm ptoms and thе vеt lо те1l you what to do on thе tеlephonе. If п оь he wi.ll o с mе to yoц r help right away.

Gгooming' Clipping and Rugs SтlаЬ еd

horsеs should

bе

groomed

й оr ougЫy еv еr y day. not simply to mаk е m фе their oс ats look smart) uЬ t to keеp

End thеir skins in hеalthy oс ndition. florsеs at libeгt y, although they aс nnot groom тh еm sеlvеs, a с n do a lot foг thеir о с аъ and skins. Thеy a с n ro11 if thеy fееl irch.т or arе sweaty; they аn с rub thеm ­ treеs to help thеm shed thеir ­lr.еs аgаinst o с аt s in spring and autumn; thеу aс n sсгаt h с likе it, h е ас othеr whеn thеy fееl ап d if thеy havе itсh у plaсеs undеr thеir еШ Ь еs thеir thighs, thеу a or bеt wееn с n find handy shrubs or bushеs

to гu b

against.

Grooming doеs not o с nstitute a gеn tle going ovеr with а brush. On thе o it с ntrаr y, groom, who Ь а stеn uous еxerсise for фе етn in o should gеt quite hot с ld wеathеr , Ь the proсеss. Grooming kit o с nsists of a dandy brush, o Ь dу с rry oс mb, brusl1 watеr brus\ u mаn е o с mb, hoof piсk , hoof oil and brush, sтlаЬ e гu bbеr , small spongеs' a rubbеr u с гr y o с mb аn d a swеat sсr apеr . Thе dandy brush is used onlу for rеm ov­ iп g suгf aсе mud аn d dirt, and never on thе hoгsе' s more sеn sitive paгt s suсh as thе uп d eг bеlly, bеt wееп thе thighs, and thе t.аe с . Noг should it bе used on thе manе or

a

pad and usеd to give thе horsе bе usеd also to dry

с mеs in wеt and thе horsе' s еаr s if hе o o с ld. Thе small spongеs arе for the еyes and nostrils, аn d foг thе doсk. A ruЬbеr u с rry o с mb a с n bе hеlpful whеn a horse is a с sting his o с at and, used with а iс rсu lar movеm еn t, it will геm ovе a lot of loosе hair. The mаssaging еf fеtс is also ap,prе­ iс atеd bу фе horsе. The sweаt sсr аp еr has a

last thing at night. Until you

еЬ to hear soft whiсkers уou and to sее horses lying down jump rеlaхеd thеy do not immеd iatеly your footstеps. onlу horsеs hеатing in thеir sur­ o с mplеt е o с nfidenсе

into

a final polish but it a с n

(not еarliеr than 7 pm) wаt еr buсket. Remove droppings. full nеt of hay, and the fourth fе е d.

.\ hnу horsе ownеr s

H0п sE

plaiting аn d manе aftеr rЬ ushing, or bеf orе also for laying thе tail bеf ore a Ь ndаg ing or plaiting. Thе hoof piсk s usе is oЬvious and very important. Hoof oil hеlps to prе­

ing гemoved droppings and takеn out

vЕ Gf,iп g

sТABLED

tас ion or watеr

squeegeе

с at and Тh e bodv bгu sh both |с eans the o promotel iс rсu | аt ion; the u с rry o с mb is used to lс ean the brush everу few strokes'

tаil

as it breaks thе haiгs,

produсing

a

fringe effеtс on thе manе and brеaking thе flow of the tail. Thе body brushis the main grеasе rеm ovеr , and should bе usеd with (whiсh doеs not mеаn bang­ firm prеssurе ing it down on thе oс at). Thе grеase is rеm ovеd с nstantly by from the гuЬ sh o с mЬ. This is thе sсr aping it with thе u с rry o u с rry o с mb's sole purpose. Thе wаt еr

brush is usеd dampеn еd ,

foг laying thе

The basiс grooming kit: 1. dandy bгu sh 2. body brush З. Wаt er bгu sh 4. u с mb 5. mane с rry o brush 8. o с mb 6. hoof oiсk 7. hoof oi| ап d stab| e rubber9. sponge 10. rubbeгu с rryсomb .l,l sWеat sсr aoer

swеаt

and is usеd

to removе

exсess

from thе oс at.

Grooming, pаr tiсu larly of thе bodу with thе body bгu sh, should bе donе without glovеs, so that thе sеn sitive tips of thе fingеr s a с n bе usеd to fееl for anу lumps or sсr atсh еs in the skin. or irrеgularitiеs

Alwаys run your hаn ds down thе

lеg s.

They should fееl oс o1, almost o с ld, and thе tеn dons should be fum. I f you fееl littlе nodulеs of mud or dirt work тh еse out gently with thе fingеr s, and thеn usе thе rЬ ush afterwards. I f mud or dirt are lеf t on

thе

legs, thеy

porеs,

аn d

will еventuаllу

may produсе

a

lс og the

o с ndiтion known

аs mud fеver. Feеl foг mud аlso on thе insidе of thе pastеr ns' bеt wееn the o с ronеt joint. аn d thе fеt loсk

W'hеn

grooming thе

o с llаг shculd round the neсk.

hеad'

thе hеad­

bе undone and uЬ kс lеd Carе should

bе

takеn

not

тl.| Е

sтABLED H0RsЕ

Propeг a с re of the stab| ed horse requires a good deal of attention and a с n take Up a | ot of time' above.. The first job in аn y grooming routine is to piсk out the feet to remove аn y dirt and foreign obieсt s. right.' rhe proсess of |с ipping the o с аt shouI d be attempted on| y by аn experienсed person, аs it is high| y skiI I ed woгk. Тh ree types of |с ip are below: a traсe |с ip, usefuI for a horse oг poп y thаt Wi| | be turned out part of the time during the winter; right topi а bI anket |с ip, whiсh keeps the bаkс area Warm; right bottom: а hunter |с ip, with saddI e patсh аn d I eg hаir I eft on for proteсt ion against soreness аn d sсгаt h с es.

I HE sТABLED

H0RsE

to bump ttrе horsds faсe with 1he baсk of Ь sh' thе гu or get it into his еyеs. yЕ еs and

п ostгils аn d the doсk should bе sponged with tеp id watеr . lVlarеs' udders should bе kept lс еan, and with gеldings, thе shеаt h

should bе

washеd

everyone reаlizes this

if thе sheath bеoс mеs grease аn d

diп '

find it diffiсu lt, Fеet should

pегiodiсаlly. to bе

a

Not

nеe с ssity,

too lс oggеd

but

with

thе animal a с n eventually еven painful, to stаlе. а be piсk еd out at lеast twiсе

day, duгing thе fust grooming and on rеt urn from woгk. Hoof oil should bе not simply to give a smaгt bгu shеd oI Ь it is good foг thе appеaranсе u Ь t e Ь a с ц sе hoof. I t should be appliеd right up to the growth of thе o с ronеt ' whiсh is whеге фе hoof starts. A .wisp' of straw aс n be madе for sш aр

ping, a Partiсu larly

еn егg еt iс form of Ь ild up thе hеlps to u аn d quar­ on the nеkс as toning up the skin. Thе

gгooming whiсh musсlе еspеiс ally tеr s' as wеll

into a firm pad аn stаb lе rubbеr madе с usеd to h ас iеvе the same гesult.

h с аn ge,

IЕ orses

or .саst',

thеir

bе

o с ats

гoughly six month intеr vqls, twiсе in spring аn d аu tumn. The summer oс at is muсh lеss dеn sе, and finer, than thе winteг с t rаe с horses and o с at. Fеw horses еxеp pгеp arеd for showing nееd thosе bеing although а o rugging in summег, с tton day grooming will hеlp keep put on аf tеr shееt and is paгt iсu larly the o с at slееk and lс еan, advantagеous whеn travelling. A horse should аlso havе a swеat rug put on if it is a

yеaг

at

brought in very hot aftеr work or if it has to stand аb out whilе it is hot aftег any kind of long гidе or o с mpеt ition. Swеat п r gs r€rе

madе of o с tton and arе similаr to mеn 's string vеsts. .!D7intег is a differеn t mаt tег. IЕ orsеs in lс ippеd , аs in thеir work will nееd to bе

hеaviеr

wintеr

o с ats, they arе

likely to

unduly еvеr y time thеy go out, аn d o с nsequеn tly will losе oс ndition. Therе arе thrее prinсipal tуpеs of lс ip known as a full lс ip, a hunter lс ip, and а tгaес lс ip. I n a full lс ip, the o с at is rеm ovеd from a hunteг lс ip, thе hаir is the еn tiл е body. I n lеf t on фе lеg s as far up as thе еlbows and thе thighs, аn d on thе saddlе patсh . Thе swеаt

thеory is that thе hair left on thе legs offегs protеtс ion injury ftom thorns against o с lф or other hazards that might a с use slight teаr s and sсгatсh еs, аn d wеt , muddy o с ndi­ tions that o с uld lead to mud fеvеr and patсh a rс aсkеd heеls. Thе sаd dlе с n help

prеvеn t a sorе oг sсaldеd aЬ kс resulting from a long day's riding. I n a tгaес lс ip, thе hair is rеm oved from thе bеlly, betwееn the thighs аn d the forearms, гасoss с еst tlrе h аn d up thе undeгsidе of tlre nеk с . I t is usеd mostly on hoгsеs or poniеs that are kеp t out, гathеr than those тh at are stabled. Somеt imes the is further lс ippеd off thе neсk аn d hеad, leaving a lЬ ankеt shape ofhair ovеr фе baсk and quartеr s. This is known as а

haiл

blankеt

lс ip.

that havе had a full, or a huntеr , As the lс ip will nееd rugging аl1 thе timе. first lс ipping is usually donе in Oсt ober, thеy will probably initiаlly neеd ontу IЕ orses

187

singlе rugs, that is a wool­linеd jutе night rug, and a woollеn day rug. Nowadаy s sеv­

eral patent variations of thе traditional These are morе еxpensivе to buy, but havе many advаn ­ tagеs. Thеy аr е muсh lightеr than thе old typе, but just as warm. Thе samе rug a с n

forms of rug arе аvailaЬle.

worn during thе

еЬ

night and

day,

although it is bеt tеr to hаve two, as night rugs invariаb ly gеt diгt y. IЕ owеvеr thе new rugs are both еasy to wash and quiсk to dry, so а dirty night rug a с n bе washed in thе moгn ing, аn d bе dry bу the еvеn ing. As thе weatheг gеt s oс lder, the horse will nеed eхt гa walmth, whiсh is providеd bу putting on onе' somеt imеs еv еn two' soft woollen blankets undеr thе top rug. Thesе must eЬ largе, аs about a quarter of thе blankеt should o right ovеr thе с mе neсk

с n when it is put on, so that it a

foldеd baсk

ovеr

thе top rug аn d аu с ght ro1lеr . Onсе а horsе

bе

in

plaсe undеr thе hаs stаr tеd wеaring a rug, or rugs, he must gеt s o с ntinuе to do so until thе weathеr warmer in spring. I f hе is wеaring undеr blankеt s, thеsе аn с bе disсardеd in suсеsс ­ sion until finally it is waгm еn ough to dis­ a с rd thе top rug as wеll. I f thе days arе o с nsiderably wаr mеr thаn thе nights, as often happеn s in wintеr , the hoгsе mаy not

During the winter |с ipped horses need а jute night rug, and also a warm woollen are under­blаn ket in o с ld weаt her. Тh ey seсu red with а webbing or I eаt her surсingle or roller.

lс ip before wintеr horse will nеed a sеo с nd nееd is out, and somе horsеs еv еn a thftd. The last lс ip should be donе by the еn d of January.

Tail aЬ ndages

should be in daily usе for horses, and aгe put on aftеr groom­ linе of thе tаil. ing to lay аn d smаr tеn thе Two othеr types ofbandages arе nееsс sary bandagеs. ­ stable bandagеs аnd еxerсisе аn d Stable bandages arе mаd е offlаn nеl, usеd to providе are fairly widе. Thеy аге с ld; to с illеd oг has а o warmth if a horsе is h dry off the legs if hе o с mes in wеt and muddу so tlrat thе mud a с n е Ь rЬ ushеd off latеr ; on top of o с tton wool or gamgее­ с ld watеr as o с ld watеr tissuе soakеd in o bandagеs, аn d for trаv еlling when thеу aге staЬlеd

put on over dry o с tton wool or gаm gее. nowadаys many patеn t lеg pro­ Thеr е аr е tеtс oгs аvailablе for travеlling that arе to put on and, un.lеss

a Ь ndaging

is

nееd

_ this is his under blankеt s in dаytimе must е Ь usеd . Somе whеr е o с mmonsense

morе rеliablе. skilfully donе, proЬalЬ y Stablе bandagеs should run from thе

horsеs, likе somе pеople, fееl thе o с ld morе than othеr s. During the winter if a stablеd horsе is lеd out for а walk, or turnеd out for a short timе, hе should wеar а Nеw

knее down

Zea| and rug, whiсh is madе of wаt еr ­ proofed a с nvas) and linеd with wool. Alternativеly onе of ttrе new patentеd rugs arе аlso mаd е in watеr proof ver­

whiсh

sions аn еЬ usеd . All rugs in usе should bе с airеd and shaken out dаily. Aftеr lс ipping, grow' although thе o с at will o с ntinuе to

not so fully as beforе. Nеvеr thеlеss,

the

to' and oveг thе

joint, at fеt loсk should bе гolled

whiсh point thе bаn dagе Ь low upwards agаin, to finish just e knее.

Bandagеs

should nеvеr

tightly; it should е Ь

thе bе put on too

possible to inseгt

a

e Ь tween thе bandagе аn d the lеg , both top and bottom. Thе tapеs should not еЬ tiеd tighteг than thе bandage itsеlf and thеy should bе tiеd oп thе outside of thе lеg , in a bow, with the ends tuсk еd in. xЕ erсisе bandagеs arе madе of stoсk­ inеt tе usеd to support the or rс еp е, аn d arе

fingеr

They arе put on with oс tton wool

or

underneath, a small part of whiсh the ban­ should pfotп ' rdе abovе аn d bеlow to put dagе itself. I t takes a lot of prаtс iсе thesе on so that thеy will stay in plaсe during work. I t is oftеn bettеr for еxamplе, if а horse is going to bе asked to go fаst gamgеe

aсr oss o с untry,

pеr hаp s

in heavy going'

and it is felt he needs ехt ra support' o Ь ots. Young hoгsеs spеiс аl tendon

Bandagеs

quiсkеr

tendons and to proteсt thе lеg from thorns undеr growй in rough o с untry. or priсk lу

to ц se

should or boots during wear exerсisе bandаg еs they lungеing, аn d еarlу sсh ooling, whеn awkwaгd with thеir lеg s. This will a с n еЬ prеvеn t and bruisеs. ц n nеe с ssаr y bumps bandagеs are also usеf ul for put­ xЕ еr iс sе whiсh ting on ovеr a poultiсе, or a linimеn t is гeliеv ing a sprained tеn don. Agаin, thеy should nеvеr bе put on too tightly, or thе bandaging will dеf еat its own еn ds у Ь Aftеr taking off stopping thе iс гu с lаt ion.

given a any bandagе, ttrе lеg shoц ld bе rЬ isk rub with thе hands. Bandagеs should bе kept lс еan, whiсh mеаn s washing them after usе, drying thеm , and putting them away rе­ rolled. Thеу should bе rollеd with part of thе tapеs inwаr ds, so тlrаt thе sеw n whеn thе bandagе is put on thе lеg , the tapеs willЬe on thе outsidе of thе bandаg e.

еd М iсinе I t is not a good idеа to indulge in a lot of Ь siс amatеu r doсt oring with horses, but a еЬ kept in every stаb lе. nееsс sitiеs should The horse has а vеr y sеn ­ DI SI NFЕтA с Nт: sitivе skin, аn d only thе mildest disinfе­с tants should bе used to lс еan out or bathе

any u с t or

injury. Dettol, or similar, is provided it is usеd hеavily I f thеr е is nonе to hand when it is wantеd , salt аn d wateг is an еf fiсiеn t aсеp с taЬle dilutеd .

еm егg еnyс

disinfеtс ant.

A

strongеI ,

rfit

dmеstiс

tеp

thе stаlЬ е

should е Ь usеd

disinfеtс ant lс еаn

Thеr е

LL\ 1\ ,{ N Е т: E ь ал d s on тh е

maгkеt ,

somе stronger than

Takе уouг piсk, аn d usе manufаtс urе1s instruсt ions

егsоф .

йe

to

smelling' are many еxeс llеn t

and sweеt

aсo с rding

for thе and strains. rl­тI SЕPтI с PowDЕR: Vеr y important, as mll gц15 and sсгatсhеs, hеal onсе lс еan, еп Ьт ifthеy aге kеpt dry and proteсt еd by

по

rcliеf

of spгаins

bу your

гo ес п ш nеn dеd

Usе thе

powdеr .

wiтh antiseptiс

'dп r sц ig д

о] Е

vеt еr inary

flI rgеon.

Any good, soft, oI NтN м Е т: ointmеn t will hеlp to prеvеn t

­д \ ­тI SЕPтI с

?iт­аsЬ еd

e'

forming oп ес

tЬsue

hеаlеd . щ BI n.

I t аlso enсourages

a wound thе

has

worms, and it is only by regular worming a dangеr ous infеstаt ion аn с be pre­ vеn tеd . For a horse in hеаlthy o с ndition, dosing eveгy three months should kееp him rеlаt ivеly vЕ ery yеar, nеw worm­frее. put on thе mаI ­ drugs arе disсovегed and ф to thе kеt , all reputеd to bе morе lеal Thе woгm s, and lеss harmful to thе hoгsе. bеst solution to this еver­present pгoblеm is to ask thе vеt еr inary surgеon whiсh hе if possi­ o с nsidеr s most suitаb lе аn d thеn , blе, gеt him to makе up a number of indi­ viduаl dosеs whiсh a с n bе kеp t in the sta­ givеn whеn neсessary. New horses lЬ е and o с ming into a staЬlе should bе wormеd on arrival.

thаt

hair to grow

is not that this is in itsеlf diffiсu lt,

but it must е Ь known just wherе to put thе nее­ dlе, and how to usе the syгinge skilfully and quiсk ly.

Stalls A last word. I t hаs e Ь o с me

so еstablished a u с stom to stablеd horsеs in loosе boxеs that it is forgottеn how mаn y thousands of horsеs, in thе rеal hеy­dаy of thе horse, werе sta­

kееp

bled pеr feсt ly

and o с mfort­

o с mpеt еn tly,

ably, in stаlls. I t is еrс tainly not an impos­ sibility to kееp a staЬled hoгsе in a stall, providеd it is wide enough for thе horse to e Ь

bed­

dееp ly, thе stI aw bаn kеd up wеll towаr ds thе bаk and sidеs. The haltег с going tfuough thе tiе­ ring, ropе, aftеr

dеd

RtoLI N PoULTI :Ес This has manу usеs: hot, as a poultiсе undеr a аnЬ dagе, it ;в J'iеr .еs and strаins; put on a u spгаins с t or' pаr tiсu larly а punсt urе wound whiсh ­л ге is I rot sез y

аоisоц

should е Ь pаssеd through a solid wooden bloсk, whiсh should bе at floor lеvеl whеn thе horse's head is in its normаl position. This bloсk kееps thе ropе taut and prе­

to lс еan, it will draw oц t diгt and whiсh will be seеn as pus or dis­

pad with thе kaolin is a nаt ural substanсе аn d drug, kaolin аn с nеvеr do any harm,

snloгetion ш ot а

Ь

whеn

fаtс

фLDЕN

in thеir

еyеs;

by a o с ld, or sсr atсh an a sharp obieсt . Thе еy е should

with a very weak solution of

Dеп ol

аn d water, аn d somе eye ointrnеn t s.guееzed into thе o с rnеr to help givе rеlief. o с UGн LЕ тU с Е ARY: This should bе suр surgeon, but it is a diеd yЬ thе vetеr inаr y it always in stoсk. E:оod thine to hаv е Sоm еt imеs a oс ugh aс n be simply thе rеsцlt ofeating haу too quiсklу, but it nеv ег

hurts to givе sгaight аw aу. o с LI с

the horsе some еltес uary

DRЕNнс : I n most

a с ses

of

o с liс' all

pеoplе tЬ rt thе most experiеn еd с would rclеp hone their vеt . I t is quitе likеlу , how­ rс ег, thаt unlеss hе a с n o с me at onсe, hе тill suggеst giving a dтenсh, so it is useful то kееp it аg аinst suсh аn еm еr gеnyс . good for horsеs sЕ oм sArтs: Thеsе аr е гh я t mаy havе beеn on too heating a diеt ; trrt all will еn Ь еf it from a small handful in trеir weеklу brаn mash.

\ lrT

AND wATЕR: This геf rеshing and helps to hаr dеn

is

o с oling,

the skin. over a hoгsе' s bаk аn d bеh ind с , л n d undеr thе elbows where the girth liеs, prеvеn t galls and sorеs. i.т will hеl p rп ' oRlvr DosI NG DRUGs: IЕ orsеs should bе Spoп g ed

тoгm gd

еn tаn glеd

in

havе

eyes a с usеd

аtЬ hеd

gеt ting

lying down, or gеt ting up.

oI NтN м Е т:

of dust еt .с

qе аgаinst

it whеn

does a gteal deal of good. get IЕ orsеs mаy

oftеn Y Е Е

щ п ilс еs

п r rurт

vents thе horsе' s lеg s

thе

Bеing

геm oгed.

еЬ

tAtsLtu t­tuн st

liе down in o с mfort. Stalls should

gп п тon

пш l

s

rеg ularly.

All

horsеs

harbour

Bandages and boots аr e foг veterinary use аn d to give the horse support, proteсt ion and Wаr mth. / eft: тh e eI astiсt аil bаn dage Wi| | keep the taiI neat and tidy and proteсt the upper part when travelling. lt should not be left on А ove: WooI I en I eg bandages overnight. b warm and proteсt the legs' and are used when tгave| | ing or after a | ong day,s hunting, to heI p the horse dry off; they may also be used to keep a veteгinaгy dressing in p| aсe on an injured leg. Although usually of wool, they are avaiI abI e in other mаt eriа| s as we| | . right.' Brushing boots аr e padded to prevent injury shouI d the horse strike itself' or ,bгu sh', whiI e at work or eхerсise.

A

sharp but blunt­еn ded paiг for u с tting away thе hаir from thе edges ofwounds or u с ts thаt need drеssiп g . I n addition to а11 thesе itеm s it is a good pieсеs of linen as drеs­ idеa to kееp some pads, togеt hеr sings, or poultiсе with somе sсI ssoRs:

should bе kеp t

long strips of linеn

for undеr ­Ьandaging

wounds _ a largе paсk of o с tton wool, sеv­ еr al paсk s of gamgее tissuе and onе or two ordinary rс epe bandages. Thе ехp еr iеne с d stаb lе manageг will also keеp a hypodеr ­ miс syringe and a supply of nеedles; uЬ t only thosе who reallу know what thеy arе doing should аt tеm pt to givе injеtс ions. I t

Divisions eЬ tweеn stalls should eЬ high enough to stop hoгsеs nipping at eaсh othеr ovеr thе top; in fаtс bars are best, аt thе top, so the horses a с n sее onе another without e Ь ing аb le ес Ь me to o too mаliсi­ ously pеr sonal. '!tratel buсkеt s should е Ь plaсеd on thе sidе away from thе haу raсk or net, so thеy arе not o с nstantly filling up with dust аn d bits of hay. Pаr tiсu lar аrс е must eЬ tаkеn to piсk out thе hind fееt of stalled horses, as obviously all thе dung will е Ь аt the aЬ kс . I f thе hind feеt аr е not kеp t lс ean, thеy will bеo с me hot and lс og­ gеd , and тh е horsе maу dеvеlop thrush. \ DИh eгe horses arе stablеd in stalls, it is

often thе u с stom' whеn

thе horses arе

taсked up, to turn them round and stаn d thеm faсing outwards attaсh ed to .pillar rеins'. Thеsе arе short leаt hеr straps oг pillar and h с ains attaсh еd to еah с sidе lс ipped on to thе bridlе. 189

ridе, for horsеs tlrat live mostly out­of­ doors woгk off muсh of thеir suгplus enеr gy on thеir own and аr e sеldom so pеr mаn enтly as thosе тh at аr е eЬu lliеn t stаb led.

There arе eс rtаilr

rulеs

с rding kept aсo is not quite good еn ough

foг hoгsеs

of mаn agеm еn t to this sу stеm . to lеavе thеm

for days, and thеn

and unattendеd

thеm for a ridе. I deаlly' living out should bе brought in еahс dеn ly

f

J.

rш

tегm

.gтаss­kеp d

altogеt hеr u с а г аt е l y o с ndition of horsеs and

a с tсh

quiсkly

ing, givеn а fееф gеn еr аlly h с kес еd

doеs

not

dеsrс ibе thе poniеs that livе

instead of in staЬlеs. Unless thе lс irnate is so idylliс thаt ttrе point, tеm pеr at'rте nеvеr dтops to frееzing the snow nevеr fаlls and thе grass is always not only grееn but lusсious, аt еrс tаin of Nloun­ timеs of уeаr еven tlrе toughest food еxш а tain and .Nloorland ponies nееd find for tlrеm sеlves, to thаt whiсh thеy апс even when tlret'гe not working. A hoгsе that has to work must havе morе tlran а plain gтаss diеt if hе is to have еn егg y аn d keep his o с ndition. V'hеn horses aгe kеpt out' аn d геq uired should bе somе kind of shеd ' to work, thеr е с n еЬ shеltеr or stаblе into whiсh тt reу a tакс­ brought for feeding, gтooming, аn d of ing up. For working horses, thе systеm in bеf orе rid­ liviп g out аn d еiЬ ng brought ing is eЬ st tеr med thе .Combined Sуstеm '. I t is an eхеlс lеn t one; tlrе horse is living а natural life, keеp ing fit and o с mparativelу с sity of healтh y without tlre absolute nееs lеss aс гe and nееd s daily гiddеn exеr iс se' and аt tention. I t will also givе an еasier mostly out­of­dooгs

Do not аssume Good quality gгаzing. horses wilI know the hаr mful plаn ts.

that

It out

sud­ horsеs moгn ­

rЬ ushеd

ovеr ,

for uс ts,

sсгatсh es, bumps or lameness, and thеn , if not nеeded foг woг\ tцr nеd out again. I n summег,

they

will neеd no fuтt hеr attеn tion until I n winter, most hofsеs'

next moгn ing. еx еp с t

t} rе

the timе,

higЫy

vегy

аn с

brеф

although most' ехe с pt

livе оu t аll Nloun­

а rм ill nееd to wеаr tаins аn d N1oorlаn ds, howevег, ids rug. I f they are to bе workеф plaп ; thаt is to еsЬ t to геvеr sе thе sш rrmеr out bring thеm in at night, and tцгп thеm pап of tlre day thеy during аll oг whatеvег usеd . This systеm wогk s wеll arе not еiЬ ng for all horsеs otlrer than thosе in training, and hunt аn d show horsеs and pоn iеs, I ds аlso с mpetitivе еvеn ts. tlrosе usеd for o for most owner­ridеr s. thе eаsiеst e с гt аinly horsеs timеs whеп Therе атe of oс uтsе thе benеf it w.iй оu t lеf t out еn tiтel5 a с n еЬ

of stables _ huntеr s turnеd

out for tlrе

с il­ с ildгеr f s pоn ies whеn thе h srrmmеr ; h drеn arе аWаy at sсh ool; hoгsеs aп d poniеs summеr , or holidaу ' riding' used h с iеf lуf or ,\ ll will still nеed a whiсh aс n out­wintег. and аt tention. T'hеy егсt аin аm ount о f а те с

should е Ь

in suitaЬle fiеlds,

pгopеr ly

of for when and suitаb le аm еn itiеs _ nееsс sitiеs iл еx п а fееd ing nееd й еy to а l l hoг sеs living out, faсt , o с mmon

fеne с d

and gаt eф

wittr

a

watеf '

whеt } rеr

woгking

oг noт.

o с nstaп t

souтес

аn d iп speсt ed Atl fie| ds should be a с гefullу poisoп ous piants' suсh as this lс eаr ed of yellow­f| owered rаg woгt whiсh is highly toхiс to hoгses.

Fiеlds,

living out do bеst if

flогsеs plеn tу

and Gatеs

Fеnеsс

of spaсе, aп d

тh erеf ore"

ofherЬagе.

a

т. lrеу have ап d variеt y ofterгаiп " I n mаn paгt s of thе

а те s :!rе how.evеr , оп ly smаll o с untгy very onе п ot аvailablе; sometimеs oп 1у pаr гiu с lатly I t nфе beсomеs lаr ge fiеld. the quаt rity of thе i­mpогв n t to oс nsегI rе grаzing у Ь noт аo П wing tlrе 1'o".g5 16 ga1 яll graz­ wаstеf ul time. tloгses ате good trampling down a lot of peгf тlес у pегp еt uа. tr sеаr h с feediтr g gfassеs in thеiт for thе tаstiest. с nseгving vray of o Thе most o ес noniсal so a pasturе is to dividе it iтlto tЬr е }Е аI ­ts' olrе is rмiЬ lе с n eЬ rеstеd that two parts a e Ь shut off fог а onе a с ir I n spгg Ь , е аt е n . of it" а] l tlre

еr s,

u с t

ofhаvi

с п thе horsеs a

bе tuгlrеd out

iл

or so aftеr thе hay is :i а o с rrple of wееks ­;kеn . I n smаll fiеlds it is wisе to rеm ovе ­.зе dтoppings regularlу , or thеy will еvеn ­ :эа] lг foul up so muсh of thе grazing that remains. I n largеr .rгг] 'е that is pаlatаb lе but thеse еlз ds this is often impraсt iсal, с sionallу. аn с еЬ harrowed oсa

Тh е

quality of pasturе

a с n only

bе

assеs­

and most t} re grееn еst bу an еxpеI t; .ush looking grass is not always the bеst. pasturе, however, will not г еn Е thе еsЬ t it .< еp с its qualiгy indеf initely and to kееp appliсаt ions ::l hеaгt it will neеd pеr iodiс what it limе, or slag. xЕ aсt ly ..i tЪгLi­lizer, rееd s аn d in what proportion is detеr ­ of rlnеd bу soil analysis; rеpresentativеs

­d

will gеn еr аllу

of Agriсu lturе oС llegеs frее. :"­гп r this sеr viсе

pеr ­

Fiеlds, or divisions ,эi fiеlds, should bе fегt ilized' limеd or а1l at not in annual suс e с ssion, = ^ аg gеd rlсе' and horsеs should not grazе a fеr ­ _.izеd

fiеld for at lеаst thrее wееks. should bе somе I t possible thеr е

еlЕ ow _Эm

­sе

natural

A poп y in a New Zealand гUg she| ters the winter o с I d, and wi| | probablу mаk e of the fiеld she| ter in summer as We| | to buzzing inseсt s.

:,.oid the heat aп d

b А ove

Тh is

we| | ­designеd

trough, seгving

two fields. has rounded edges, stands well off

piped in. the ground, and has fгеsh wateг Below rhe best type of fenсing foг а| l equines is so| id posts and rаiI s The field on the I eft is being rested on rotаt ion to provide fresh

tiсking, ttrey ignore thе fеneс ! A1l main and boundary fenсеs should е Ь The bеst and most eхpеn ­ stгong and sаf е. sive, is post and гails. Hedges, whеr e thеy and are kеp t in good order, arе u с stomагy,

havе

thе

on running watеr foг them­ sеlves. I n troughs, it will have to be bгoken for thеm аs it frеezеs morе solidly. and Ь kеp t lс еan, Troughs must e positionеd lс еar of trеes, and away from gatеw ays wherе the ground will probaЬlу muddiеd in wеt weathеr . bеo с mе fеn­с A fiеld aс n е Ь divided with еltес iс ing, whiсh is еasy to put up and movе, and horsеs, aftеr one smаll shoсk, will not go nеаг it again. Somе poniеs, howevег, have

pгoperly еr tес еd , bly гсеosotеd,

is not

just the

nееsс sаr y;

and morе strаw

геш rovеd

droppings

added when

nееd ed.

Тh e strеаm .

fiеld watеr supplу is а running A stаgnant pool is worsе than usе­

idеаl

1еss for thе

is unappetizing, and the

watеr

pоn d will rЬ еed fliеs and mosquitoеs. hЕ егe is no running wаt er, a long, thеге solid uЬ t not too dееp, galvanizеd iron тough, with no sharp еdgеs, аn с

bе suppliеd

by watеr

seгvеs wеll. I t to thе fiеld,

pipеd

systеm ' or it аn d opеr аt еd on a ball­сokс sгill have to bе fillеd manuallу from buсk­ еt s oг a hosе. Troughs should hаv e a plug­ qеd holе in thе bottom so they a с n be еm p гiеd and lс еanеd out аn d ttrey should bе sёt r еr y fumlу bloсks, so с nсr еt е on briсk s, or o

.iаt

the bаsе

of the tlough is 15_30сm

6_12 ins) from thе

I n wintеr '

hoгsеs

ground. will аlways mаn agе

to

brеаk

thе iсе

с nnеtс ion known to work out thе o and tlrе thе tiсk ing of thе аtЬ tеr y; and if they hеaг no shoсk from thе fеnе,с

bееn

еtЬ ween

Ь bly is pгoa

Wiгe fеniс ng

shеltеr .

to bе

univегsal; а bеlt of trееs, fiеld ­ hеd gеs, banks or hol­ sтоn е walls, or maybе somе edge off the wind. Failing .orтs to takе the .­hesе' а fiеld shеltеr should bе providеd . I t Ь kс to set with its a should bе thге­ sidеd , frе pгevai'ling wind and with a wide opеn ­ с n get in аn d out easily. iтr g so that horsеs a Т h ег e should eЬ a long raсk for haу against .,trе baсk wall; and in winter, it's аn to usе it if stгaw еп o с uI agеm ent for hoгsеs М kс ing­out rs laid on thе ground insidе. u

shеltеr in

of pгoviding most йе

thе addеd advantаgе

pastu re.

satisfaсt ory,

it must

bе

wittr good posts' pгеf eга­ as with thе wiтеs strung thеm . Thrеe betwееn

tightly as possiblе

aгe еn ough

stтands

с t foг hoгses, eхеp

foг

с uld push foals аn d small poniеs who o еah с . through thе widе spaсes betwееn Thе oЬ ttom wiте should be 30сm (lft) from the gгound;

thеir аrЬ bеd

fееt wirе

if lowеr ,

horsеs a с n

in it. On no aсoс unt bе used foг eitlrег

a с tсh should

tlre top or ttre

o Ь ttom sfrаn d. The only possiblе pегm is­ usе foг aЬ гb еd wirе is if hoгses are siЬlе fеne с ­leanегs, when onе strand o с nfumеd с a с n be run аlong thе inside of thе fеne

тHt

H0в sЕ

GRAss.KЕPт

guidеs

good gгazing aгound, thеy

prеf еr

good repair.

autumn, if they arе spеn ding

a lot of timе nеar thе gatе,

on hingеs,

еаsily

Gаt еs should swing

and have propеr fastеn ings, idеally a patеn t hook, thе hingеd tonguе of whiсh pгevеn ts it bеing lifted by horses. I tis a wastе of timе to havе to strugglе and a trial to thе tеm pег wi* r bits of twisted wire or knottеd stгing. I n urbаn distriсt s, padloсks arе аd vised.

Fiеld somewhat aсo с rding

to thе

distгitс

how muсh

to stаr t

с usе to feеd ' bеa

it. I n

just standing about, proЬаb ly you a с n takе it that thе grazing is poor and thеy need hay. I f thеy eat up еvery wisp of its being put out' it within hаlf­an­houг somе, and was not еn ough. I f thеy lеave wandеr off to grazе agаin, it's еnЬ more

thеy will thгough from 7,9kg

By mid­wintеr

than they nееd .

gеt

probаb ly

par­ М е day pеr hoгse. аk in oс ld, havе еn ough surе thеy wеt and windу or frosty wеattrer. Flakеd maizе is a good wintег addition ь t it ration, u to a horsе's oс nсеn tratе с bеs or should be mixеd with brаn , and u on its own it is plеasantly oats or bагley; warming, but somewhat laсk ing in fiЬr е. Boiled bаr ley, well mixеd with bran and

(16_20 lbs) pеr

Fеeding

During spring and summеr '

as to whеn

tiсu larly varying аn d

thе

no horsеs living out will nееd food othеr than grаss, although thеy will thе аp prеiс atе a salt or minеr al liсk . аtЕ ing аr е not a Ь гk с ewing fenсеs of trеes and h

latitudе,

habits the horse indulgеs in simply to annoy its ownеr ; they usually mеan it is supplied с n еЬ short of minеr als, whiсh a by the liсk . \ 0Иh еn

hay, to fееd it bеo с mes nеe с ssary it should bе put into thе raсk in thе fiеld it aс n be given in Altеr nativеly shеltеr . с s similaг to thosе usеd hayrrеt s' or in rаk on I t is wastеf ul to fееd it foг fееd ing a с ttlе. gеt s trodden thе ground аs it pеr pеt uallу

fеd

warm

is an еxеlс lеn t

winter moгn ings,

fееd

along togethеr quitе peaсеf ully of a fairly long tI ough. Fееd ing whiсh from buсkets is wastеf ul _ of fееd ' will be spillеd and tгoddеn on, and of and buсkets, whiсh will bе tippеd ovеr Buсkеt s sеt in holders аr e аvaila­ kiсkеd . impossiblе to tip ovеr . For blе, guarantееd

horsе kept out will during a winter. I t will depend on thе

(the o с nсen­ с lder it is the morе o wеathеr body warmth) and to rс еatе trates nееd еd

М untаin of horse. o poniеs аr e proveгiЬ ally

.good doеr s',

will nееd

than non­nativе typеs Thе аgе of the hoгsе

relativеly lеss of the same sizеs.

is also

геlеvant: and elderly onеs,

young horsеs, undеr fivе, rather morе than thе ovеr 15, will nееd group. So is thе and middlе­ agеd matц r е fouт аm ount of land whiсh is bеing grаzеd :

in аn

well­shеltеr ed ехt еn sive, maу eat no pasturе with variеd hеraЬ ge, morе during а wintеr than two in a small, l exposеd paddoсk. Roughlу , howеv еr , estimated pеr с n bе tonnе (1 ton) of haу a аn imal per winter. I f wintеr starts еartу' it if the lс imate с nversely, may nеed morе: o is mild, less. IЕ orses themsеlvеs are good

animals

o с г n еr ,

in a fеnе,с

in whiсh

to lеavе

\ $Иorking

or lying is it siсk , or

аsс e

it mаy

havе

fтont

IЕ orsе

Spring and sц m mer Тh e f I y fringe, a speсia | | y­designed browbа nd, fI ies in summer, wards off irгitаt ing effeсt ivelУ but for some highly­strung horses the fringe itse| f mаy prove to be as muсh of an as the fI ies. annoУanсe

аn d typе and

а

Thе Grass­kept

bе

hay, any individuаl

М oгland and o

it is not aс ught

shoеs on thosе farrier should to trim аn d eight wееks, inspeсt feet еvеr y during thе fееt Chеkс shapе as nееsс sary. thе daily visit; hoofs that arе splitting or mis.shapеn , neеd attention. o ес Ь ming

or thе rail hookеd on to thе top aЬ r of a gаt е, but с llent, of a post аn d rail fenсe arе еxe с s. not suitaЬle for hooking on to wirе fеne

on the sizе

and ponies living out and notwork­ ing should still eЬ visitеd evеr y day, fustlу, they are all present. I f mаn y аr е to h с kес kеp t in a iЬ g pasture, thеy will proЬably

IЕ orsеs

may bе bеt tеr

thеse are satis­ fеd togеt her, may lead (as buсk еt if morе, thеу fаtс ory; to in­fighting bеt ween doеф fееd ing oftеn quiсk еatеr s, and thе less thе grееdy, grееd y will defеn d thеiт who nevеr thеlеss

nееd

Daily Carе

with brittle, shelly feеt . Thе

just two hoгsеs

exaсt ly how I t's not possiblе to spеiс fy or of с nсеn trates either of o muсh fееd ing,

с nsume thе worm lar­ but o are impervious. thеу

horses rejеtс , vae, to whiсh

jumped out, pushеd its way through thе gate. Cheсk thаt all fеniс ng oг rЬ okеn a horsеs are soц n d аn d look ovеr eaсh for or lumps. Grooming is not u с ts' sсr atсh еs but it will be appreсiated if nеe с ssary) in manеs аn d tails Ь rrs a с ught ш vigs or u and eaгlу arе removеd. I n latе wintеr spring, manes' thе гoots of tails and any lс osely Ь feathеr on the lеg s should e anу с n аt tаkс for liсe whiсh a inspеtс ed daily dusting with a prop­ horsе. A hеavу day for a wееk гietary louse powdеr еvеr y should eliminаt e thеm . for work and ponies not rеq uirеd IЕ orsеs a с n havе thеir shoеs removеd , although it

either sidе

аn с

I f,

worm­ is a bit

ings, an animal has a pot­bеlly, .ribby' and hаs a rough, staring o с at' it should bе givеn aп other dosе. Fields on ftom eЬ ing whiсh horsеs graze еnЬ еf it с tde, whiсh will grazеd oсa by a с sionally grasses the not only eat up the гoughеr

just rеsting? Altеr nativеly

ally еаt

whiсh

the pasturе.

rе­ infеtс s

in spite of rеgular thrее­ monthly

down in

а soddеn mess in and blows awaу in wind. out с nсеn tгates Thе еasiеst way to feеd o of doors is in a long, solid woodеn trough. horses tend to fight I f givеn in thе shеltеr , but thеy will genеr ­ and bully onе аn othеr ,

mangеr s,

dung o с ntinuаlly

sее

arе good for thе digеstions whеn mаshеs therе is little oг no green food about.

wеt wеathеr ,

feеd . Portablе

Worming is important for аll horsеs; but partiсu larly for ttrosе living out аs thеir

form into groups' and maу gгazе quitе long с kес to apart. I f onе is missing' h distanсеs

for o с ld

and bran and molаsses

on, bеo с mеs

and dungеd

.$Иorming

feеd ing hay, аn d if thеr e is any

about 15сm (6ins) bеlow the top srand. This disсouragеs leaning. Fеnеsс should с nstant regularly, аn d kеpt in o be h с eсkеd

I n mild, opеn wintеr еn с tratе

feеd

wеathеr '

с n­ one o

a day is enough, with hаy ,

to

с ndition. I n vеr y horsеs in good o a morning аn d еvеn ing wеathеr , sеvеr е Prеg nant marеs must be fed feеd is bеt tеr ' wеll if out­wintеr ing' and to ensurе they gеt all thе vitаm ins аn d minеr als nееsс ­ kееp

stц d u с bеs. аlЬ anсed sаr y, it is safest to fееd Weanеd foals should аlways be rЬ ought in livеs at night during thе first wintеr of thеiг (two a с n sharе a loose box), givеn a fеed in аn'd anotlrеr in thе с mе whеn thеy o morning, and plеn ty of hay ovеr night. I t is for с mpеn satе diffiсu lt in later yeaгs to o at this timе so makе undеr ­nourishment surе that foals gеt all thеy nееd .

time to bring in a working horse in thе morning, so it that lives out is еarlу a с n have a fеed while ownег or groom has From thеn on, the routine is his rЬ еakfast. very similar to that of thе stabled horsе. I t will nев d a boх with bеdding, еquivalent to of stablеd horses, from whiсh thе day­bеd and haуn еt s droppings must еь rеm ovеф I t will neеd groom­ out and rеf illеd . tаkеn

Thе еsЬ t

ing, although not so thoroughly аs its sta­

blеs oс unterpart, as too muсh (whiсh givеs naturаl protеtс ion inсlеm ent

grеasе

from

weathеr ) should not bе removеd с n bе I f it is to bе riddеn it a o с аt .

from thе until later if not wаn tеd up аt onсе; taсkеd it aс n bе untiеd aftеr grooming and left. On rеt urn from work' or at about 12.30, it will bе timе for a seсond feed and a smаll haynet. I f the horse has been ridden, it piсked out' е Ь lightlу should havе its fееt с , and dried brushed over the saddlе pаt h off' if it hаs sweatеd , еither by putting on а

ТHЕ

GRAss­кEPT H0в sЕ

ing. As in winter this will bе аb out 4.30,

will neеd a big hаynеt later in thе and a final fеed, the o с ntents of whiсh will dеpеn d on what is eхptес еd of him nёxt day. For privatе ownеr s who mау hаve littlе timе to ridе during thе wеek in winter, u с e Ь s arе bеt tеr thаn oats. I f thе horse is going to havе an enегgеt iс wееkend, hе a с n have oats on Friday еven­ ings, and ovеr thе wееkend, dеrс easing thе thе horse

еvеn ing,

amount on Sundаy

and going bаkс

to

\ 0Иh еn еvеr u с еsЬ during thе wееk. a hoгsе is only doing very light work, its oat гation should е Ь u с t down; if off work through lamеn еss or injury, oats should bе u с t out altogеt hег; Ь lk (hay) inсr еasеd but thе u to kееp the balаnес of wеight. IЕ orsеs that are going to work hаr d in if only on егсt ain days' winteг, еvеn will I fthey arе living partly nееd to bе lс ippеd . lс ip will bе еn ough; out­of­dooгs, a traсе

but this will mеan

ш ЕП [

I ug or rubbing wittr a sш аw wisp. for work in thе afternoon, thе ш rв q ц irеd friш п е rЦс bе lеf t in pеaес until somе tеn mй п ш т6 еfЬ orе the ridе starts. Thеn it мt sg lаk с еd up' аn d dтoppings should going out. hсш moтеd from thе box bеf orе Thв рr cеd uте dеsrс ibеd abovе should fol­ givеn . Thеr е Txш 'r й A ridе, аn d a third fееd sд ш п,еэd to givе a haynеt now, as whеn is fiп ished,

ttre hoгsе a с n bе tuгn ed haynеt box will thеn bе lс еanеd , п FlБilrЁd rеf lllеd , аn d hung up, water buсk еt ffiе таr d tidiеd and taсk lс еanеd . а horsе Tlrе аm ouп t of o с nсentrate fееd rhis way needs will depеn d, as еvеr , bч lп in sork he is doing, his tеm pеr ament, щ m. т} е @.i й е аp с аb ilities of his гidеr , or riders. Тt е of dividing it will bе thе рr inсiple * m es for stаlЬ ed horses; the total wеight portions foш г' ы еr . еiЬ ng divided into thrее imsв аd of four. The last poгt ion is still thе тf iп а1fugd

ТЬ

шш.

I n spгing and summer а

I ш ц sst п еigЬt of

(l2 lbs) of food othег

аb out 5.5 kg

йа

total

o с uld bе the avеr аgе for the ruгп еd out at night. o М гn ing and

gгаss

foдr sе

ш

аyЬ п eъ

tд ш t

need onlу

o с ntаin

thеr еf orе

l.5_2kg (3­4lbs) еahс . dаss

Ь

йg

thе

plеn ty of bе, but will еn surе for thе nеxt day. For the pгivatе ownеr who aс nnot гide ш ег. г dау, aftеr thе moгn ing fееd thе horsе

яould

пс Aтg т

$Ьould

bе rЬ ushеd

ovеr

to rеm ovе

dirt. eDd his fеet piсkеd rеI urnеd sв t rеаd у

to thе fiеld.

dust аn d

out' beforе

bеing

Thе

boх a с n thеn bе foг thе nеxt day. \ 0Иith praсt iсe, й is ш Б onlу tаkе about half­an­hour, pro­ тldв d thе field is near the house.

Wintеr .lраr t

advantages. I f а galе blows up in ес Ь usе no nееd to woгr y a is out without a гu g and no neеd a fееd . to the fiеld with hау and The гoutine for wintеr should

thегd s

from hаving to muсk out ttrе box, I itгlе ехп a time and tгouble is involvеd in kееp ing а horse in аt night, and it has many

the night, thе hoгse to go out

be to give and muсk out' bеf oге hаynеt , gI oom аn d prе­ brеаkfast. Aftеr bгеаkfаst' pare for riding as in summеr , followеd by

a fееd and

thе sеo с nd

feеd

and sеo с nd small

haynеt

at

middаy. rVhеn thе horse has finishеd its sеo с nd fееd it is turnеd out. I f it is to eЬ riddеn in thе aftеr noon and not the moгn ­ ing, it should be turned out aftеr breаkfast, brought in about 12.30 foг thе seсond fееd , gгoomеd аn d prеp ared for riding. I f not required for riding at all, thе horsе with a a с n еЬ turnеd out afteг гeЬ akfаst haynеt in thе fiеld and гo Ь ught in eЬ forе dark, to a good feеd , a haynet, and а groom­

A New Zeа| аn d rug, waterproof and warm| y it possib| e to |с ip

whiсh is kept аt grass during the winter. The rug must be a с refu| | v fitted.

I ined, mаk es

grhen a horse is not nеedеd to aftеr noons, it a с n eithеr bе lеf t iп го rеst, or turnеd out аf tеr the sеo с nd ffiэоt I fthе grаss is vеr y good and thе horsе rs inсliп еd to a с rry a lot of flеslц it is bettеr fuсf t iп until аf tег fееd , thе thiтd whеn а mnllgт onе аnс be given. This fеed will ш t е Ь so fattеn ing as an aftеr noon's graz­

oп

п ш rk

feed in the Most horses need hаy and еxtrа winter. Haynets must be tied high enough to prevent the horse,s feet getting entаn gI ed, but not so high thаt seeds fa| l in his eyes.

a horse

that whеn thеy

arе

tuгn еd out, thеy must wеar а Nеw Zealаn d, or a modегn light­wеight watеr proof rug. Thе majority of horsеs turnеd out during the day in wintеr arе еtЬ ter ruggеd еvеn if not lс ipped. \ D7hethеr thеy also havе to bе ruggеd at night will depеn d on thе weath­ ег' thе o с siness of thеir boxes and the grow thiсknеss с ats' Some horsеs ofthеir o

very dеn sе, gтow

wintеr

o с ats;

othеr s

somewhat longеr hаir than

simply

in sum­

mеr . I Jnlеss is еxеp thе wеather с tionallу part of thеir o с ld, few horsеs that spеn d nееd morе days outsidе in wintеr will еvеr at night than a single wool­linеd jutе rug. Thе important thing to rеm ember aЬout rugging is that onсе ruggеd thе horsе must

till spring. A horsе's ears arе guides

stay ruggеd

to whethеr or not hе is o с ld; o с ld еаr s mеаn a o с ld horsе. I f a horsе o с mеs in o с ld and wеt in wintеr ' from work or from thе fiеld, dryiп g thе ears with a staЬle rubber will hеlp to rеstorе warmth, as will putting a layeг of lс еan

stгaw along the bаk and putting a rug с (insidе out) on top. Sп ow is no hardship to horsеs when it hаs fallеn аn d is rс isp, and thе day if finе and sunny. What thеу find haгdest to еn durе

arе o с ld

wеt

winds, and dтiving

rain

this kind of wеаt hеr a с n take o с n­ dition off thеm quiсkly, unlеss they havе plеn ty of food and plеn ty of shеltеr . or sleеt ;

should bе

DI sтI NстI oN A .f1. b.t* ..n thе

mаd е

and words .saddlец / .harnеss'' thе lаt tеr , in partiсu lar, bеing to thе oftеn misusеd . Saddlerу rеf еr s еq uipmеn t of thе riding horse, whilst hаr ­

thе aсo с utrеm еn ts nеss is usеd to dеsrс ibе furthеr thе с nfusе of thе driving horse. To o

uninitiated, horsеm еn will frequеn tly refer to both as.taсl{ (i.е. taсkle). is o с nсernеd I n general tеr ms, saddlеr y with thе sаddlе and bridlе and thеir o са mpanying auxiliariеs, suсh as girths, с n eхt еn d to lеathеr s and martingales. I t a if аl1 items mаd е of lеаt her; еvеn o с vеr с l­ some of thosе itеm s' е. g. muzzlеs, hеаdo Ь th riding and lаr s еt .с , are appliсablе to o rugs andЬlank­ harness horsеs. Bandagеs, с m­ еt s, however, are groupеd under thе o positе tеr m .horse lс othing'. theiг Thе еarly horsе pеoples managеd horsеs with thе minimum of equipmеn t, o с nсеn trating, naturally еn ough, on с nш ol of thе methods of o с ntrol. I nitially, o aсh iеvеd bу а form of horsе maу havе bееn jaws thе lowеr nosеb and enсompаssing and fittеd аb ovе thе nostrils. I llustrations с n­ of Syrian horsеm еn of thе fourtееn th e show this rudimеn tary form of bri­ tury в с Thеr e is, howеvеr , еvi­ dlе quitе lс еarly. dеnес of a more sophistiсated rЬ idlе, at an еarliеr involving thе usе ofa iЬ t, usеd dаt е. On the tomЬ of Horenhab of gЕ ypt (datеd iс rсa a horseman is 1600 в )с depiсt еd on an obviouslу spiritеd horse riddеn in a snaffle bridle of surprisingly modern dеsign. As thе usе of mountеd horsеm еn

with knobs or (tikе thе Spanish аrс еt а si71 lsed todаy), and with thе addition of a strap to hаvе beеn

sееm s spikеs

our modеr n

drop nosеb and.

еx еp с tions

howеvеr intеr еst

in o с ntrol.

whiсh

mаr h с еd

Thете

werе obsеssivе Thе Numidian aс valry

to the

Н nnibаl, with a

mаn agеd

instаnе,с

similar to

thе bit that is vеr y

bеlow

fаstеn еd

sеt

for

poniеs of anу sort' stееr ­

еf fеtс еd . how thе halt wаs in gеn eral tеr ms' the trend of exerting a с aЬle towardS stI ongеI bits, аp grеаt еr forсe, and thus allow­ mеh с аn iсal to position and rеstrain ing thе horsemаn

not rеvеal

Nonethеless,

his horse morе

с rn' an with hаn d­feeding (i.e. with o pтoduсed horsеs of fееd stuff) еn етg izing

more quality and spirit, so a greatеr

o с ntinuеd . effeсt ivеly, From thе siхt h еnс tury в с onwaтds, iЬ ts sеvеr е' with both inсr еasingly bеa с mе с s Greeks and Persians using mouthpiеe

emphasis was plaсеd

that inсorpoтatеd sharp

inсr еаsed

and selеtс ivе

brееd ing,

o с m­

iЬ ned

on thе

mеans

с n­ of o

of thе bridlе. trol through thе agеnyс thе time the Assyrians hаd еm еr gеd

Bу аs a

peoplе, a bitting arlangеm еn t mаj or horsе had eЬ еn dеvised thаt gavе to the ridеr a over his very e са ptablе degrее of o с nш ol mount. Two hundred yеars latеr , whеn thе в с had supеr ­ Pеr sians ofthе sixth еn с tury nation sеd ed thе Assyrians as thе lеаd ing of horsemеn , thе bridlе had beсomе an

еv еn

more forсеf ul

instrumеn t,

largеlу

to a hеaviеr с angе bеa с usе of a notablе h type of horsе. bееn Thesе horsеs would havе еrс tainly in vаr ious and they aге dеp iсt еd o с rn­fеd postц I е in a heаvily oс llеtс еd sсu lpturеs with thе hеad ovеr ­bеn t, a aс rriage that givе morе o с ntrol to thе с гt аinlу would e еf feсt this imposеd ridеr . Thе iЬ ts usеd to a Ь lanсe wеге thе

fаm iliar

phalliс­ h с eekеd a nosеa Ь nd

whiсh

rider.

thеiт small

without теsort to a bridlе ing their mounts with a switсh applied to thе hеad. History thе appropriatе sidе of doеs

,taсk, on saI e at аn auсt ion. тh e SaddI ery or saddle and brid| е arе the basiс pieсes of equipment needed for аn ordinаr y riding horse and therе are many different tуp es; whiсh ones to use depеn ds not on| у on the type of horse but also its stage in training, the use to whiсh it is being put and the abiI ity of the

rollегs

around 300 в с

and spikеs.

o с nsеq uеnе.с Thе usе

the horsе in of the iЬ t to plaсе persistеd wеll into thе Rеn ais­ pеr iod whiсh markеd thе bеg innings sаne с М stеr s, аr t'. Thе еarly a of the .сlassiсal Grisonе in Naplеs and his like Fеd еr iсo pupil Pignatеlli' did, howevеr , strеss thе thе lightnеss of importаnес of prеsеr ving bу thе thеir obiеtс thе mouth' aсh iеving usе' onсe more' of thе spiked noseband.

balanсе

so from а study of thеir oЬ oks was Gli ordiп i di Cаllаlcаr e that littlе in 1550) it is 1с еаr

vЕ еn

(Grisonе' s publishеd

u с rb bit, an instrumеn t to monstrous propor­ that was to dеvеlop с tulies thаt followеd . tions in thе еn Thе uс rb bit of the armourеd knights of

on the suppling of thе emphasis was plaсеd and thе dеv elopmеn t of his posturе hoгsе of еxеr iс sеs' whilst grеat yЬ a pгogrеssion с ntinuеd to bе sеt on brеaking the storе o by forсeful mеans. animаl's rеsistanсe

in only Agеs, whiсh еxistеd thе iМ ddlе slightlу altered form well into the еight­ and evеn lateг, wаs made с tuly еenth еn

During this pеr iod thе prototypе of thе with the bridlе еm еr ged modеr n doublе bit of a thin bridoon, addition to thе u с rЬ

sizе and strеn gth of уЬ thе sheеr neсеssary с rrу to a the hеavy horses that werе nееd еd a fullу armoured man and his wеapons' as well as thе weight of their own proteсt ivе с ntrol suсh an animаl, and armour. To o to put him in a statе of morе partiсu larlу thе man­ whiсh would faсilitаt е balanсе rеq uired in battlе, or latеr at thе oеu vrеs joust аn d tournamеn t' a meсh aniсal forсе if thе аn imal's of some power was neеd еd

thе

Somеw hеr e

Gaul produсеd

wеight quагt еr s

Celts of

thе

plаеd с ovеr thе hind­ lightenеd in thе forеh аn d

was to bе

аn d

thе

.flying trenсh ',

whiсh

was opеr atеd

by a

that thе fаtс rеin. Reсognition of с mpanied flexion at the poll has to bе aсo sеo с nd

bу a o с rrеsponding jaw, was mаr ked

mеt al

.kеуs'

уЬ

fittеd

rеlaxation of the lowеr usе of thе oсa с sional

to thе еn с tre

of the

thе horsе to play mouthpiеe с to еn o с uragе saliva in the mouth. with the iЬ t and теaс tе gеn еr al had, in faсt , еn Х ophon Thе Grееk iЬ t some a snаf flе usеd thе samе dеv iсе on previously аn d thе modеr n 1800 уеаr s .mouthing, bit usеd in thе sш аight­Ьar

So muсh so in faсt ' that thе mod­ dеviсеs. in еssеn tially' ern horsеm an is rеstriсt еd , groups or to onе of five аsЬ iс his h с oiсе familiеs of bits, of whiсh , if his horsе has sсh ooled, he will only rarely o с rrеtс ly bееn to еm ploy more than two. nееd the snаf fl,е, с mprisе: fivе groups o Thеsе in its various forms; the double rЬ idle' i.e. u с rb iЬ t and rЬ idoon (thе lattеr is' in faсt , a light version of thе ordinary snafflе but good reаson,

its nаm e, for no vегy h с angеs с rb iЬ t)i whеn usеd with a u

Pelhаm '

t} :.e

bit

с rb hybrid deгived from the u

a

and

as rеsцlt sаm е to pгoduсе thе аt tеm pting bridlе with thе usе of a single thе douЬlе Ь r­ a gadgеt o the gаg snаf flе, mouthpieсе; hoгse, аn d' finallу , rowеd from thе hаr nеss

ttre bitless bridlе,

termеd

freqlеn tly

a

solely on prеssurе rеliеs hаckаm ore,whiсh on thе nose for its effеtс . еxеr tеd Of thesе

iЬ tting' o с п u тr on.

fne snaffle is thе

the most simplе I t is mаd е

in

keуs, vaгies only slightly in

;оm

nilп . m

by thе

ц sеd

thаr

Spartan

­тIд lЕ ll­д] .­

lщ е5 з

thiсk

.sofd.

'Thе prinсi­ by thе I rish as pal division within thе group howеver, is those with a jointed mouthpieсе betwееn .half­ and thosе madе without a joint in a mouth, mullen a moon' shape known аs thе mildеst of thе two. еiЬ ng thе lattеr The aсt ion of thе snafflе depends upon thе position ofthе horse's hеad аn d, thеr е­ fore, upon thе stage of uainiл g thаt hаs I n thе уoung, геlаt ivеly rеah с ed. bееn his wеight on horsе, аrс rying unsсh oolеd low с rrеspondingly with а o the forеh аn d

of

mп : rЦ* .ЕёJ

mп |

Ет

thе art of lс аs­ ilе :оJtoк­ ing еnс tuтy estаlЬ ished, hаd bеoс mе гiд iп q ugh thе tеahс ings of thе FranEois dе la Guёr iniёr е'

ф siш :п , i

qгш л

as thе

:s .* ] ral.ттr

Eщ ш :ъз. .с. .

sз а

] тш JrA:

:ЕrЕ ,Е

rеg аr dеd

of Classiсal bit oс n­

u с rЬ

аn d rvhilst thе prеd oгr rinant

:r­ bе

iш .Е xЕ ­с Е

.Fathеr

influеne с ,

it

аs an instrц m еn t

of

­hяl pоiтr t on, the tеn denсy тi] dег obsеssion Ь t thе bits. u

xъп r Ё гш ­frш :дгэs

was

with

с ntrol and thе o to с ntinuеd thе iЬ t o ­iт minds of horsеm en right up to f,iц . щ ry despitе thе inсr еasing е т1 с п . ц г. п[ ] п, oгш i. эn d гolumе of thе еxhortation .!ш в щ hяn ф.. тt ет. oге

tr frе

a

:rrI еDтЪ

iй m гr

Шд

fu!ш '

г. *

аn d й e fust pаr t hugе variеr y of (at leаst lса aimеd

еn с tur1.

produсеd

:геп r iетh ­.

пm е

hеаd

й r ough

взr sс

lгt d

оf the

;м r s.:п оп ing

il!ш е

a

h ск Ы sr­еr е аs vЬ еп t ors) iл g еn ious iiulг аJ.l eqr'ine ills. IЕ ou'еv eг,

.­ц .

п ш 8rEa

thе t} lе

тш N­mJЕ miц :G

ns of

щ .пffi. ф

тh ods

toгg ­

тsith togеt hеr hmowledgе of еquеstгiаn

mг lmifss ц " п illсгion.

!ш mЕ* sгg lдз . fuл r т. iЕш Д i

=

д

геsu1теd = l.:,сh

iп

simptjfiеd

thе pаst гаn gе

a с rriagе,

ofthe lips. I n the aс se. state of oi th. ho''. in a morе аdvаnеdс training morе wеight is quaI tеr s' thе

lс аssiсal and Nеw aс stlе, latеr

thе

еn с turу,

.iikе Pluvinеl thе individual studу of horsеs аn d gеn tler methods 3ц lgg pаt iеn t iл thеir ш аining. :Ь тLта[ еd

Л lщ s'ш = т*

ttrе aсt ion is upwаr ds

sliеa

until, at the bеg inning

аn

30 oг 40

Ь of bitгg

muсh

mouthpiее,с

с rnеr s againSt thе o

s* п е. .эеn th

] fuе

of wеights,

moi. aсеpс tаble

hеad

с еk ­ howеver, with its h аs long as 37сm (15in) held h с ief wеapon in thе horsе­

variеt y

thе most

to thе

.­r:тb iЬ t.

1Гh е

аn d

ranging ftom thе penсil thin dеsrс iЬеd

f уoung horses, and similаr ly

a

form of

mildеst

forеh and

is

and thе hеad raisеd t of thе the nose is hеld a littlе in аd vаnес The snаf flе thеn aсt s aсr oss thе vеr tiсal. lowеr jаw , lying ovеr thе tonguе and plaс­ ing morе pressurе on thе bals of thе mouth thе inсisors (i.е. thе arеa of gum bеt wееn tееt h). с еek and thе h a strongег bеo с mе с The snаf flе аn с ntrol by variations bеing made mеans of o

enеd

b А ove right Тh e haсkamoгe ­ a bit| ess bridI e on a с eekpieсes, in whiсh the reins aсt , viа the h bаn d over the nose, insteаd of a metaI bаr in the mouth. Right тhethree bаsiс bit pаt terns used for the riding horse. bottom: The snaff I e; this one has a jointed mouthpieсe. fop: The doubI e brid| e o с nsisting of а thin snaff I e, or bridoon, с rb (Weymouth) bit'middle:The and a u с mbine both tас ions PeI ha m _аn attemptto o of the double bridle in one bit by providing an extra ring in I ine with the mouthpieсe for a с ntre ofthe bridoon rein; the poгt in the e с mfortabI e over mouthpieсe mаkes it more o the tongUe thаn the usuaI stгаight­barred version. Double bridles and Pelhams are both woгn with a f| at­| inked uс гb chаin. This is fitted in the h с in g гoovе underthe horse,s I oweг jaw' and is attaсh ed to hooks on the top ri ngs of the bit h с eekpieces. lt is sometimes kept in pI aсe by а | eather I ip strap whiсh is passed through n аn d attaсh ed с аi с ntre I ink on the h the spаr e e с eekpieсes. to thе smalI dees on the h

sADDLЕRY

mouthpiеe с . This aс n, for instanсe, bе twisted, or serratеd, so as to givе

to thе

shаr pеr fi

a

с n on the mouth, or it a

pгessuге

bе ned with rollers, set horizontally within thе

mouthpiеe с or round its iс rсu mfеr еneс . The aсt ion of thе bit aс n аlso bе altered and/ or assistеd by thе usе of auxiliаr iеs suсh as drop nosebands or martingalеs. A drop nosеbаn d, the п osеpieсе rеsting (3 in) abovе the nosш ils аn d some 7 m с thе rear strap fastеn ing bеlow thе bit, fulflls a numbеr of puгp osеs. Bу lс osing thе mouth

it prеvеnts еvasions of thе bit's aсt ions jaws or a с usеd yЬ thе horsе opеn ing thе attеm pting

to rс oss thеm .

maintain а o с rlеtс

I t hеlps, also,

to

position of thе hеad

by еxerting a downwards and baсkwards pres­ surе on thе nosе, trаn smitted to it thтough the aсt ion of thе rein. Thе rеsult of a o с r­ s reсt ly positionеd hеad, allowing thе гidеt ' hands to bе highеr than thе mouth, is to givе а grеаt еr с ntrol. A еrс tain, dеg rеe of o if slight, rеstriсt ion of thе brеathing, is involved in the use ofthе drop nosеb and ­ a violent upward movеm ent of thе head inсr еasе being o с untеr еd yЬ a momеn tary of pressure upon thе nasal passаg es. Thе use of mаr tingalеs is also oс n­ of an aсеp с t­ еrс ned with thе maintеn anсe ablе head

position. Thе two prinсipal

types

arе thе standing martingale attaсh ed to а (nеvеr a с vеsson nosеb and to a drop), thus rеstriсt ing any upwаr d movement of thе .running' type h ас iеving head, and thе the on the samе rеsult through prеssurе

Below А

in aсt ion' Тh e running maгt ingа| e running rings exert a downward aсt ion on the

bit when the horse ra ises its heаd too high, but

a с refuI fitting

is required to ensure гeаsonаb | e

freedom of movemеn t.

SAUULI I I

u с гb

Y

геin is hеld in a similar mаn ner. on the othеr hand, is The .gagi rЬ idlе,

littlе

morе

than an еxtеn sion

thе

aсеn с tuating

of thе

snaffle,

upward, head­raising,

с nstruс­ aсt ion of thе lattеr by its peсu liar o tion. I n the gag, thе bit rings arе madе with

holes in thе ring с tral two aligned еn of roundеd с еkpiеес through whiсh а h lеather

is passed, thе rеin

bеing

to

attaсh еd

This a ring on thе bottom of thе lаt tег. thе bit to movе еn ablеs arгangemёn t upwaгd s in thе horsе' s mouth еxerting prеssurе с г n еr s on thе o с nsidеr ablе vеr y o the aсt ion с ursе, of thе lips. I n faсt , of o onе produсеs o с ntrаd iсt ory Pгеssurеs' upwards on the mouth and onе downwаr ds thе gag is hеld to on the poll. Nonеt hеlеss с ntrolling an imPetllous be а usеf ul aid in o more partiсu larly, foг horsе and pеr hаp s, гathеr fastеr his fеnеsс с еs one that apProаh whilst hold­ dеsirablе, с nsidеr еd thаn is o his knееs. ing his hеad firmly bеt wееn

last of the bгidle groups is that gives o thгough pressurе on с ntгol This typе is often aс llеd thе nosе alonе. tttе namе dеr iving from thе a.hаkс amorе' , Spanish jаq uiш a ­ а noseЬand, usеd bу thе dornаd or (ш ainer) in prеp aring the hoгse с гb bit with a solid for thе .spadе' bit (а u

Thе

whiсh

high port rеsting

on thе tonguе

and

roof of loп g to tас against thе thе mouth) whiсh was usеd by thе trаinеr of thе advanсеd horsе, the or .rеinе/ аr rendador. This bitlеss bгidle is part of a mеt hod of sсhooling sophistiсatеd originating in thе I berian Pеn insula and passing from therе, by mеans of thе six­ to thе e с ntury oс nquistаdorеs' tееn th suffiсiеn tly

Amеr iсas.

it rеm ains intеgral

Thеге

in

r0festeгn

Тh е

!ш !rш йд.

running martingаlе

o с m­

srap, eaсh еn d of whiсh iаЬ furсatеd щ ­ш еs whiсh thе rеin ш rfrmтеr i п . ith а гing thтough

Б sР s6d. mш rф с ТЬ

ш ш idп ) n]

щ ш ш rlm

Thus pгеssuге

is put on

the of thе hеad. with its u с rb bit аn d doublе rЬ idlе, liеs аt tlrе oppositе еn d of thе It thе snafflе. iп o с mparison with a lowеr ing

еf fеtс

то

most йе 'mgmе пt s r} р

:iв

аn d еd uсated

м ilт

of thе bitting within the provinсe of

soptristiсаt ed

rider аn d tlrе еd uсаt еd suggеst a thе formеr to of тh e hеad with a far greater щ itЬn ing fimке­ or bridooщ aсt s to Тh е snаf flе, mist frе hеаd, whilst фе it u с rb whеn ts'rтr еs in аn angle of about 45 degrееs " . ш uth, induсеs a lowеr ing of thе nosе, ] mп ioп of thе lower jаw and of thе poll. of thе u с rb is most usu­ в ТЬ ш outhpieсe with а eс ntral rr[ it.т а sraight baг mаd е fiп m в .с llgd thе poп . Thе puгposе of thе thus thе tonguе, щ t Ь тo oса mmodate of thе e Ь а г i тr g surfaсеs ш lп гiп g thе sidе of * rе port, to on еitirег ш rй p iее,с ,,"m iп t o direсt oс ntaсt with the baгs. I f " ­ mouthpiеe с wаs madе without a port' moгe upon thе tonguе would bеаг фе bit тf l.tгп be аn d would, therеf oге' thе атsЬ in its гш dетеd less effrсiеn t and dirеtс foоr sе.

pегm itting

tеlов

head­sш аp .

of a man wrapped аr ound

с mmonI y used types of bгidI е. The two most o с mplete with above left: Тh e snaffle brid| e o drop nosebаn d, whiсh prevents the horse opening its moUth and evаd ing the iь t. abovei The double bridle with the two bits and double reins, used mаin| y on show horses and ponies' аn d

for dressage.

h с еk

The Pеlhаm bridlе o с mpromisе

bеt wееn

or otlrегw ise sегеity u1ron thе length

тh е

moutlrpiеe с ,

of thе

цс r b

bit

of thе hс еk thе longеr thе

is somеt hirrg of tlrе еxtrеm еs

resеn tеd by the snaffle аn d the doublе used in thе dlе (thе two basiс bridlеs

rеtс

sсh ooling

of the hoгsе) .

Vith

a

rep­

bгi­ o с г­ onе

usually of the hаlf­moon typе, an addi­ and а h с еk whiсh inсoгp oratеs tional ring for thе fixing of a bridoon rеin, of tlre thе еf fеtс s to rеp roduсe it аt tеm pts aсt ion of thе thе snafflе lаt tеr . I n praсt iсе,

mouthpieсе,

bit will prеd ominаt e

E ЕП I о I L

Тh е

thе grеatеr bеing the possiblе lеvег­ tl:e с еek аb ollе agе. Thе lеn gth of thе h thе .еye' mouthpieсе, whiсh inсorpoгatеs of thе bridle is to whiсh thе hеаdpiеeс sig­ howеveг' of almost еq uаl аt taсh ed, is, nifiсaп е.с A long hс еek will aс usе a grеa­ on the poll as й е tеr downward prеssurе .eyе' moves forward in rеsponsе to thе appliсation of the rеin, ш ansmitting that to thе plеssuгe through the h с еekpiеe с

a гiding, uЬ t it has аlso aсh iеved yеars. a М ny с nt usе in rеe morе gеn еr al riders employing thе Euгopean systеm of ш aining use' or morе frequently misuse, the bridle, mistakenly supposing it to bе a .kinde/ form of oс ntтol. I n faсt , in thе wrong hands, thе bridlе is a verу sevеr е instrument. bеg аn of thе гiЬ dlе Thе devеlopmеn t еarly in tlrе history of mаn 's аssoсiation with horsеs аn d in oс mPaгative tеr ms it was not long beforе a satisfaсt ory form of Pеr haps suгp risingly, thе harnеss еvolvеd . saddlе and moгe partiсu larly the stirrup, &tost of ttrе was a muсh latеr inш oduсt ion. pre­Chтistiаn usеd oс ver­ hoгse pеoplеs ings аn d pads, some of thе lаt tеr bеing quitе еlaboгatе' of thеir on tlrе bаkс s Х nophon (430_355 в)с , horsеs, although e possibly bеаu hе was a Spartan, dеrс iеd с se thе praсt iсе mаintaining that thе barе lеg s

when thе bridoon rein

is hеld outsidе thе little finger and oppositе

геsult

thе

whеn тh e will е Ь obtаinеd and thе is revеr sеd

position of tlrе rеins

of his horsе

gave morе

the sweating o с аt sеu с rity.

The limitations of аvс alry operating аf fordеd by а saddlе without thе sеu с rity to be obvious. and stiл гu ps would sееn Pгimarilу, of oс ursе, it pгohibited thе аvс alry soldier еn еm y' but

from lс osing with

it was not until фe

thе

fourth еn с ­ on a wood

tury that a saddlе o с nstгutс еd foundation, the .trеd , was in usе and it took almost anothеr 100 yeагs eЬ fore thе stirrup was invеn ted

and madе

possiЬle

thе

against bodies of infаn try.. Trenсh , autlror of А Charles Chеn еvix с ntribu.tor History of Horsemanship and a o a с valry h с argе

197

Left

A disp| ay of oI d |с assiса| sаd dlеs at Haras du Pin in Fгаne с , inсluding examp| es with high pomme| s and a с nt| es to enс| ose the rider and mаke him diffiсu | t to dis| odge b А ovе An examp| e ottheselle roуаle, a | ess extreme form of enclosing saddle still used by the Spanish Riding Sсh oo| in Viennа. to this book' has this o с mment

to makе:

.I t

is

surprising that horsemеn took 1500 yеаr s to think up something so simple. Onе is reluсt аn tly drivеn to thе distаstеf ul that wе are not rеally a vеr у bright sеt of pеople'.

o с nсlusion

I t is probablе that it was thе Sarmatians, a pеoplе latеr absorbеd by thе Goths, who

usеd

a trее аn d

produсеd

a saddlе

built

high at thе pommеl

and аn с tlе to еnlс ose thе гidеr . Crеd it for thе stirrup goеs to thе Huns of Attila аn d a Chinеsе offiсеr writ­ ing ln 477 Aо o с nfirms its use yЬ thеsе o М ngolian horsеm еn . Thе same rypе of еnlс osing sаddlе servеd thе mеd iаеv аl knight' whose long stirrups were hung wеll forward so as to allow thе ridеr to rЬ aсе himsеlf against thе a с ntle. This position prеvеn ted his bеing thrown forward and еn ablеd him to with­ stand the impaсt of the h с argе agаinst

infаn try

without dеp arting

unсеr еm oni­

ously ovеr his horse's rump. That sаd dlе todаy as thе еxists in reсognй ablе form !(estеr n saddlе. Tt,e sеllе roуаlе, still used

at thе lс assiсal sсh ools of Saumur and Vienna, thе homе of thе Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool,

u с rrently in rrsе in Portugal and Spain arе its dirеtс dеsеn с dants and littlе differеn t from thе pеr iod. saddlеs of thе latе Rеn aissanсе Thе only major alteration is in the posi and thosе saddles

tioning of the stirrup aЬ rs, plaсed of

йе

whiсh

arе

furthеr to thе rеar than in thе saddlе mounted knight. I n turn, thе modeгn

drеssage saddle, although o с nsideraЬly more strеamlinеd in appеaranсе' has its origins in these saddlеs. Like that of thе aгm oured knight, thе drеssagе saddlе is idеally suitеd to its puгpose, fulfilling thе ride1s rеq uirements in this partiсu laг and spеiс alized branсh of equitation. Drеssagе involves movеm еn ts dеm аn d­ ing а statе of o с llеtс ion, the hoгse moving

witir the heаd held high аn d the grеatет pаr t of thе wеight bеing a с rriеd over aсt ively engaged qualtеr s. I n oгd еr to in­balanсе rеm аin with thе horse it is nеe с ssary for the ride1s oЬ dy weight to bе positioned аs nеаr ly as possiblе over thе еn с trе ofbаlanсе ofthe horse. I n thе horsе at rest' this a с n е Ь takеn to eЬ at thе junс­ tion of an imaginаr y vertiсal linе, drawn (6 in) bеh ind thе withеr s from somе 15 m с to the ground, and а horizontal onе drawn from thе point of thе shouldеr to thе rear. I n movеm еn t с ntre of balanсе the horsе' s e govеr nеd shifts forward, its position еiЬ ng by thе аt titudе of thе hеad and neсk whiсh aсt as thе a Ь lanсing agеn t of thе oЬ dy

mass.

I n thе galloping horsе,

whiсh

thе point nеkс , movеs forward. At thе oppositе еxtremе. с lleсt ion, when the horsе is in a state of o thе еlеvated hеad a с rriage and lowеr еd еn с trе to movе rс oup a с usе thе of balаn ес strеt h с es

out its hеad аn d

sADDLЕRY

/ 1 ooo hеаlth is somеt hing \ r mа',y pеople тakе t,or granted.

whiсh I n rhе

horse, it is usuallу regarded as synonуm ­ ous with normal funсt ion, that is thе abil­ ity to pегf orm thе purposе for whiсh thе

animal is kеp t.

I n oс mmon terms'

a

healthу horsе is а sound horse; o с nvеr sеly, an unsound horse is onе in whiсh usеf ul­ nеss hаs beеn diminishеd , eiтh еr tеm porar­ ily or pеr manеntly, by somе diseasе or

unhеаlthy o с ndition. Thе interrelationship of soundnеss and disеasе sums up thе horseman's approaсh to thе suЬieсt ; and it is a praсt iсal аp proaсh . IЕ owеvеr , arе еrс tain thеr е aspеtс s thаt liе outsidе this partiсu lar o с n­ еp с t. For ехаm ple, a horsе maу havе a disеase, suсh as а mild infеtс ion or a o с ndi­ tion ofbonе, suсh as a.splint', у еt bе aЬlе to a с rry out a usеf ul funсt ion. At this point' thеr е hаs to eЬ a morе striсt dеf lnition of disеasе, albеit prаtс iсal. Dis­ еase is anу o с ndition whеr е body struсt urе is abnormally altеr еd . This alterаt ion has a (etiology), a o аu с sе с urse of developmеn t (pathogеn esis), a likеly out­ and rеo с vеr y o с mе

(prognosis) and

or o с ntrol.

Thеse

rс itеr iа

a

mеans of trеatmсn t a с n bе applied to

all o с nditions, from whеnес

b А ove

they a с n еЬ

broken down into finer divisions of know­

ledge suсh as, is thе a infеtс ivе, с usе oг an underlying doеs thе o с ndition hаvе (prеd isposing) I t is nееs с sary

a с usе? to

lс аssify

disеasе both

thе purpose of dеsrс iption and so as

for to

undеr standing of thе sub­ jеtс . Thе following is a broad lс assifiсation of thosе diseаses whiсh аn у onе o с nсеr nеd with the welfаr е of horsеs o с ц ld еxpeсt to find: infеtс ivе diseases, parasitiс diseasеs, disеаses and o с nditions of bone, disеasеs of thе alimеn tаr y traсt ' disеasеs of thе livеr , disеаsеs of the gеn ital organs' infеr tilitу ,

develop а bеt ter

of pregnanсу,

disеаsеs

born foal, disеasеs yеaгling.

disеasеs

disеasеs

of thе

new­

of thе оldеr foal and of thе urinary systеm ,

sуstem, disеases of a с гd io­vasсu lar systеm , diseаsеs of thе rеspiratory traсt , disеаsеs of thе еyе and disеasеs of thе skin.

disеases of thе nеr vous thе

I nfеtс ivе I nfеtс ivе disеasеs miсr o­organisms

Disеases arе thosе аu с sеd bу (germs or miсr oЬеs).

_ Thеr e атe thrеe main gloups of miсr oЬеs group is virus, aЬ tс еr ia and Е h с fungus. a

subdividеd into familiеs, gеn еr a and just as mammals arе lс assified speсiеs, aсo с тd ing to thеir partiсu lar h с araсt еr is­ tiсs. Thus within the group of baсt еr iа thеr е

arе

Strеp toсoiс ' Stаp hуloсocci and

Modern equine veterinaгy praсt iсe is we| l­equipped to hand| e suсh problems as manoeuvering an anaesthetised horse on the opеr ating tab| e. Below хaЕ mo| еs of miсr obial infeсt ions. left: n А аn gI eberry on the inside of the с used by thigh ­ a semi­malignant tumor, a

a virus, whiсh requires speсiaI treatmеn t middle: Spasm for suсоessfuI erаd iсation. when the side of thе faсе of the thiгd eyе| id is lightly tapped with the finger is a symptom of tеt аn us | | ockiaw| ' right: Craсked heel _ an infeсt ion of the skin in the hollow of the oastern.

тHЕ

b сЮ siella,

o са гd ing

пt ш t

miсr obes

еsтЬ е

to фе h с aгtас еr istiсs displaу under miсr o­ bioсh еm iсal, sеr ologiсal

u с ltural, 'Елп тt! tpiс' 6фg1 mеaп s of еxаm ination whiсh tсф to distinguish еvеn thе most lс osеlу forms from one аn oфer.

ш dlш в d

ltiсr oЬеs аn с livе on thе surfaсe of the 3ь; n Ф on tlrе muсous membгanes lining

йе

в гious

щ rтh . "

.

body a с vities suсh аs thе etс. Thеy a с n also invadе

gш EtEtures,

and livе within the various body such as the bonеs, livеr or kid­

щ s. Not all miсr obеs grm ехist within thе

arе harmful and body in а state of п М u аl еn Ь efit, suсh as the baсt еr iа in thе .сц[ оn ап d u ае с m whiсh digest thе e с l­ hilсе ard fibге in а horsе's fееd. Bеt wееn thяt do a й оsе с usе diseasе, and the host п t sе еxists quitе a o с mpliсatеd relаt ion­ shф hас Е type of miсr obе hаs a morе or ] I uк фvеlopеd a с paсity for invading thе

tоd тяn d

toгп l Eс iсе' [Е I I sеs' п irm

5*

thе sеvеr ity

of thе illnеss it

еxяm Plе, thе whiсh аu с ses

rзsш iаt еd with loсаlizеd o с nditions, suсh as infeсt ion of thе uterus, whiсh агe pеu с ­ givеn timе to аn individual. trieт ат aп у \ riп r lenсе a с n bе variablе aсo с rding to .

­

environmentаl

it is somеt imеs

fЕ oтеvеr ,

foаl rliяr гh oea

rеsponsible

and during epidеm iсs

for

of this

its virulеne с maу inсr еasе as it suсe с ssively тh rough onе a с sе aftеr

m с dition, pesЪs

rthег, onе

Ь ils and/ or wееp ing Smаll o sorеs in skin

S

Bruсеllosis* *

poll еvil Lamеn еss; fistulous withers

Brucellа

Glаn dегs* *

Nаsal

геsulting in a oс rrеsponding in the sеverity of thе epidemiс. of the h с iеf

fаtс ors hеr е

Sуm proms

Cаu sе

аn d

is thе laсk of

аu rеu s

tаp | ц lloсoccus

аb ortus

Leofflеr еllа mаllеi

a с tarrh; fеvеr ; oеd еm аt ous swеllings;

pnеu monia jaundiсе;

Lеp tospinosis* *

Fеvеr ;

Loсkjаw *

Painful spasms

Sаlmonellosis*

Diаr rhoеa,

usually blood­ suddеn

stainеd ;

Slеepy foal

diseasе*

anaеm ia

\ DИeakness

dеаt h

and fеver

Leptospirа

pon1onа

lС ostridium

tеt аn i

S аlmo S

in

rrc l

l

а

hi mur

tуp

iun

аlmorrcllа еn tеr itidis

еq uuli

Actinobаcillus

nеw born foаl Strangles*

Fеvег; аb sсеssеs

nаsal

disсh argе;

еq ui

Strеp toсoccus

in glands,

mainly of hеad and nеkс \ 0Иasting;

TuЬеr u с losis* *

stiffness of thе

nеkс

Mуcobаctеr iurn tuberсu losis

* Common disеasеs

* * Lеss

o с rш non

diseasеs

Table 2 _ DI sЕAsЕs

A с USЕD

Diseаsе

Chief Sзпllptoms

Virus

Cough; fevеr

I nfluenza

pЕ idеm iс

o с ugh

Sporadiс o с ugh

or stаlЬ е

BY vI RUsЕs

Rhinovirus

Cough; nasal a с tarrh; fevег

somеt imеs

IЕ erpеsvirus

Adеn oviл u s

For

iс rсu mstaп еsс .

ш srаnес thе baсt еr lum known as E. coli is ш iЬ quitous and is found in lаr ge quantitiеs gut аn d fаеsс rn й е of horses. I t also livеs Ь thе soil and rarely aс usеs problеm s.

rnстеаsе

Chiеf

Aсn е*

and the еаsе with whiсh thе o с ndi­ spreаd s through thе horse population.

baсt еr ium Streptococcus thе disеasе Stranglеs, is rssш tЬ еd with а fеvеr ish o с ndition whiсh through the inmatеs of stц d ryrcads гаp idly E srаblе. on thе othеr hand its lс osе rеla­ tivе Sttеp tococcus pуogеn еs is more oftеn

щ в o­

Disеаse

аu с sing damagе. This propеr ty is аs viл u lеn ес and is rеoс gnized in

уЬ

0F тHЕ н OпsE

тЕ I AL DI sЕAsЕs ­ BAсR

TaЬle r

vаg ina,

..suеs

HЕALTH

Pneumoniа

Afriсan

horsе

Fеvеr ; difflсu lt or abnoгm al bгеаt hing (еspеiс allу in foals)

Adеn ovirus

Pneц m onia

Rеoviтu s

Hеr pesviл u s

and enteritis

siсknеss Sma] l disсr еt е o с rnifiеiс

!Иarts

virus

Pаp ova

growths usually aгound

rп lzzle Prolifеr ating growths with tеn denсy to

AnglееrЬ riеs (sarсoids)

ulсеr atе

Papova viгu s

and bleеd

Spots (сoital

Small ulсеr s

еxanthema)

mare and pеn is

qЕ uinе

Fever; anaеm ia; swеllings on lеg s and dependеn t

infeсt ious

anaеm ia

on l'ц lva

of

qЕ uid

hеr pеsvirus

of stallion

Unсlassifiеd

parts

Table

3

_DI sЕAsЕs

Disеаse

A с USЕD

BY FUNGUS AND oTнR Е Microbе

Sуm ptoms

Ringworm

SсаЬ o с vеr еd

lеsions on off to геveаl

Brokеn

wind

Abortion

IЕ eaves,

] vI I R с oBЕs

iс rсu lar skin pееling ulсеr

Fungus: (Miсr osporum) (Triсh ophуt on)

o с ugh

Thiсkеn ed

plaсеn ta

Various spеiс еs of fungus

Gutturаl

pouсh

myсosrs

Biliaгy

fеver

(Piл oplasmosis, Babеsiosis)

llaemoгr hagе down nosе Fеvеr ; anaemia;

jaundiсе

Protozoa (spеiс еs of Piroplаsmа)

201

0t тн E

тн E A н Е Lтн

H0RsЕ

rеsistаne с

of a foаl. whiсh doеs not havе immunity against bаtс erial infе­с tions аs has usually bееn developеd bу

thе same

adults.

I mmunity is another faсt or in thе rela­ tionship еtЬ weеn miсr obе and host. An individual gathers immunity yЬ thе aс pa­ iс ty of spеiс аl еlс ls in thе body to produсе protеtс ivе substanсes (antibodiеs) whiсh nеu tralize the invading miсr obе. The anti­ must of o to thе miс­ с ursе bе speсifiс robe, or it will havе little or no effeсt in prеventing it from beсoming еstablishеd in thе body tissuеs. For example thеr е arе two strains of influеn za virus whiсh are popu­ larly аlс lеd thе iМ ami and Praguе strains. Thе horsе mаy bе immunе to thе Praguе o Ь dy

strain, bеa с usе it has еxperiеnеdс this infеtс ion bеf orе and is aс paЬle, thеr еf orе, of produсing Praguе­ sш ain antibodies, u Ь t the same individuаl may е Ь susсeptiьlе the iМ ami strain bеa с use no previous eхpеr ienсe

had samе if the individual had onе' but not thе othеr

diffеr еnес would exist vаiс natеd with straln.

bееn

Vаiс nеs

thе body has

of it. Thе

way in

anothеr

illusш ate

whiсh an individuаl may devеlop immun­ ity. I n this a immunity is artifiсial, с sе thе but thе prinсiple of naturally devеloping immunity is similar. Protеin, in the form of the whole or pаr t

miсr obe, еn ters the by thе host tissuеs

of thе

с gnized bodу аn d is rеo

as foreign. Thе antigеn

3rd stage infeсt ive | аr uae

to

protеin

is known

of stimulаt ing

and is a с paЬlе

as thе

produсt ion of antibody. The immunitу and thе vaсiс nе' with thе miсr obe whiсh is solid and lasting in somе aс sеs с sе and weak or limitеd in othегs. I n the a

vаr iеs

Ь ostеr oг tеt anus (loсk jaw), o rеq uired following vаiс nаt ion, sinсе immunity gradually dеrс еаsеs. Quite apart fгom immunity, individuals vary in their rеsponse to infeсt ion bеa с use of prеd isposing fаtс ors, whiсh make thе

of influеn zа dosеs arе

rhe I ife yс |с e of Strongуlus vulgaгis. I nfeсt ive I arvaе (third stage on| у) are eaten b\ r the horse and in the gut theУ burrow into bI ood vesseI s аn d migrate to the main afteriaI root where they deve| op fuгt heг. Adults return to the intestine and lay eggs whiсh are pаssedout to repeat the yс |с e. Right Mаggots of the bot f| y in the stomaсh ' gЕ gs, I aid on the hairs by the aduI t f| ies, are | iсked off by the horse and hatсh in the stomaсh . Тh e maggots attaсh to the stomaсh wаI I and I aгg e infestations may rupture it.

b А ove

TaЬlе

4

o с nformation,

utеr us to beсomе infeсt ion.

morе

The oс mmon equinе miсr obёs

arе

pгonе disеases

shown in Tаb lеs

a с uses

the

Sуm Dtoms

Pаr аsitе

Strongylosis

Diarrhoеa; loss of с liс; аn aеm ia o с ndition; o

Strongуlus Strongуlus Strongуlus

lLulgаr is

еq uorum

Asсariasis

Diarrhoea in foals; o с liс; rЬ onсh o­pnеu morria

Pаr аsаrс is

Oxyuriasis

Rubbing tаil

Oхуu ris

Tapеw orm

Nonе

n А oploсephаlа

to bаtс еr iаl a с used yЬ I , 2 and З.

oF TI I Е HoRsЕ

Diseаse

a marе that body susсeptible. For еxаm plе takеs air into thе genital trаtс bеa с usе of

faulty perinеal

DI sEAsЕs

Е DOPARASI TI с ­N

edеn tаt us

еq uinus

еq ui

pеr foliаt а

Parasitiс

Diseasеs

organisms whiсh

Bot maggot

live at the

Pаr аsitеs

аr е

еxpеn sе

of another, but whiсh do not

nеe с ssarilу аu с se dеath.

Gastritis ; pеr foration reсt аl haemorrhagе

Gаstrophilus

intеst­

inаlis

of thе stomаh с ;

harm it, nor do they usually

Thеy

arе thеr еf ore

distinсt

although somе parаsitеs do from miсr obеs, produсe sevеr e effeсt s, whiсh may havе is the fatal oс nsequеneс s. An еxаm plе ,zlulgаr is andS. еd еn ­ redwoгm , Strongуlus

DI sЕAsЕs oF

с Е OPARASI TI с Table 5 _ T

TI { Е

н oRsЕ

Disеаsе

Sуm ptorns

P аr аsite

Liсe

I rritation; rubbing; loss of hаir

Boaicolа

in larval phase spеn t in the lЬ ood vеssels in the peritoneum in thе former a с sе and

Tiсks

с rry disеasе I rritation; a

I xodidaе and Argasidaе spеiс es

the lаt tеr .

.N,l.ange

tаn ls,

I } :e

life yс lс е of

whiсh inсludes

a

Parasites may spend pаr t of thеir in a frее­ living statе' that is, dеvelopmеn t unassoсiated with the host. Their parasitiс existenсe may е Ь spеn t inside (endopаr а­ (еtс oparasitеs) or on thе surfaсе of thе body. Thе main еn do­ and eсt opara­ sitiс disеаsеs of thе horsе arе shown in

suсh

as enсеp halomyеlitis

Sсаb s; intеn se

irritation;

loss of hair; skin thiсkеn еd aЕ r

mangе

sitеs),

Autumn itсh ing

Hеаd shаking; rubbing Pimplеs

Sarсoptеs

equi

and

Psoroptеs

stamping;

and sсasЬ

on legs

hС orioptеs

Trombiсu lа

equi

аu tumnаlis

(harvest mites)

тHЕ

Disеasеs and Conditions of Bonе

and еn dostеu m oц t er surfaсе on its inner surfaсe. These two memЬr anes mould thе shapе ofthe o Ь nе yЬ u Ь ilding and brеaking

down thе 3;п е

cisеasе'

аs suсh , is rare in the horsе,

:s oс nfiл ed

* гц :

g:а­ ­h .­­= ­­s

mainly to disordеr s of

rn horsеs up

эll. I n oldеr

to the agе of

about two

it maу oсu in с r :дsеs оt nutrirional imЬalanсе. From thе .тl.:г­ = ­:nаn 's viеw point, thеsе arе o с ndi­ (sometimеs pаinful) :з ­s of еnlargеm еnts ;г: n:л d thе fеt loсk and abovе thе knееs or rз .:с: < s iл foаls and yеarlings aс usеd by

г= ,тm аt ion

:?Цh isiris)' 1.г\ еs

=е

horsеs.

of thе growth plate oт rеoс gnizaЬle in older

.Ьig аs head' in whiсh thе bonеs of and distortеd . п еаd bеo с mе softеn еd

\ [ оsт o с nditions affeсt ing bonе in !L] .­s. apaгt ftom nutritionаl disturЬ­ т­ ^ ­:s. аn с

bе traсеd to trаu ma or infеtс ion. undегstanding is aсh ievеd by rе­с is not a stаt iс Struсt urе' ­r= _.zino thаt bonе a] г .аn it be regardеd in isolаt ion from its ::­= iоn ship with ioints or from its attаhс ­ = r.i lo ligamеnts and musсle (sее Thе ­Ь: d1 of thе Horsе) . Bone is linеd bу a finе _­е= гаn Ь е known as pеr iostеu m on its

­Ч

тп е г

bony substаneс

whiсh

is

nourishеd by blood vеssels аn d is oс m­ posеd mainly of a с lсium and phosphoгu s laid down in a systеm of a с nаls or spaсes sц r roundеd by o Ь ne e с lls. I n praсt iсе, wе e Ь o с me aware of bony disordеr s in thе form of lumps whiсh may painful or painlеss, smаll oг lаr gе, and еЬ may or maу not a с usе lаm еn еss. Thеse аr е known as .splints', high and low тingbonе, ossеlеt s, bonе spаvin' soге or buсkеd shins' pеd al ostitis or' as thе vеt еr inarian would saу' exostosеs, i.е. o Ь ny outgrowths. Col­ leсt ivеly, thеy arе thе rеsult of inflamma­ tion ofthе pеr iostеu m and thе raising up of the finе mеm brane from thе surfaсe of thе bonе. The rеatс ion usually sprеads to nеighbouring tissuеs a с using a fibrous с еs swеlling whiсh prееd thе laying down of nеw o Ь nе

beneath thе

pеr iostеal

lining.

in .splints'. I I erе thе lig­ thе dеvеlopment of amеn t binding thе splint to thе a с nnon This rеatс ion is

bonе

mav o ес Ь mе

at its most typiсal

sееn

and a fibrous

аf fеtс еd

HЕALтH

0t тHE H0RsЕ

reaсt ion devеlops, whiсh аn с bе sееn dis­ plaсing thе skin outwards over the sitе of rеatс ion. After a timе nеw bonе is laid с llousеd , down and thе splint beсomes a quitе a gradually diminishing in sizе ovеr long period of time. .Splints' mаy also be a с ц sеd bу fraсt urе

of тh е slеn dеr shаf t of thе o Ь nе, whiсh rеsults in a a с llus, that is nеw bonе devеloped in the fiЬr ous rеatс ion betwееn the sеvеr еd еn ds of the shaft. Thе a с llus part, as fгatс ц r еd fixеs аn d rе­ unitеs thе also oсu с rs whеn laгg еr o Ь nes are fraс­ tuгed, providing thе

еn ds

of thе bonе

arе

immobilizеd . Soге and buсkеd shins arе rеsult of stress fraсt uтеs oftеn thе of thе a с nnon bone. Resembling nothing molе thаn rс aсks in hс ina, thеy arе difflсu lt to dеm onstrate on ­Х ray. Nonеt helеss thеy еvoke a rеatс ion of thе periostеu m аn d painful еn largеm еn t at thе sitе of fraсt ц r e. The I ower parts of the I egs, where the bonе is |с ose to the skin, аr e the regions where exostoses o с mmon| y oсu с r. Тh ese show аs bulges through the skin. Areas likely to be affeсt ed on the foreI eq aгe shown below.

high ring boп e

low ring bone

pеd aI

ostitis

20з

a

тHE HЕALтH

0F

тн E

н oRsE

Thе pеr iosteum may bеoс mе damagеd whеn ligamеn ts or joint a с psules are torn аt

thе point whеr е

insеI t into

thеy

lining of the oЬ nе. ossеlets

the outеr

and

sеsаm oiditis аr е еxamplеs. I n thеsе a с ses thе rеatс ion takеs muсh thе samе o с urse, typifiеd by heat, pain аn d swelling. Arthritis mеаn s inflammation of a joint and the sу m ptoms arе swеlling, hеat and pain when the joint is movеd. Joints arе o с mposеd of sеvеr аl struсt urеs, onе or more of whiсh may bе damagеd , thus giv­ ing the symptoms of a sprainеd joint, uЬ t

requiring vеt erinary

investigаt ion

to

dеt ermine thе еxaсt natц r е of thе o с ndi­ tion. For еxamplе а swollеn , pаinful fet­ loсk joint may bе a с used bу a sprain of thе joint a с psulе' a suppolting ligаm еn t, or of thе artiсu lar surfаеsс of thе ioint. Thе surfaсe of the oЬ nеs forming a ioint is linеd yЬ a с rtilagе, whiсh is softеr than bone and is aЬlе

to

rеp laсе

I ost through wеar.

thе еlс ls

that arе

Anу pгoеsс s

whiсh

dаm agеs thе surfaсe, suсh as infеtс ion or trauma. sеt s up an inflammatory rеatс ion'

i.е. аr thritis. The swеlling of аr thritis is a с usеd bу an inсr easе in sуn ovial fluid (joint oil) whiсh mаkеs the a с psulе bulge. A soft swеlling is produсеd аnd this aс n е Ь points around the joint. Thе fеlt at e с rtаin arthlitiс arеa oп thе joinds suгf aсе maу be likened to an ulсеr . It a с n hеal or o ес Ь me progrеssivеly с es deeper until it rеah thе pro­ bone beneath, whiсh maу rеspond yЬ duсing new bone in an еf fort to rеp air thе damagе. llowevеr , this new bone is usu­ allу too fragilе or too profusе to aсh ievе funсt ional rеp air of thе joint. The oс nsе­ quеnес is sееn as bony outgrowths from

the ioint suгf aсе from whiсh small piееsс bеo с mе detaсh ed. Thеse piееsс liе frее in

thе joint a с vitу

and arе

o с mmonlу

as joint miсе.

dеsrс iЬed

Any oЬ nе

in thе oЬ dу maу

bе

fraсt ured, u Ь t

affеtс еd arе thе pastегn ) pedal, sesamoid, a с rpal, a с nnon may bе simplе and pelviс bonеs. Fraсt urеs с mpound and the broken pieсes widеlу or o _ that is proш ud­ separated or o с mminutеd ing й r ough thе skin. Trеatmеn t of frа­с tures o с nsists of immobilizing thе part yЬ a Ь ndagе support or yЬ intеr nal or plаstеr fixation.

most o с mmonly

between the tarsа| bones right A horse with a broken leg is usuaI I y put doWn beсause the h of с аn e с s its being sound after the fraсt ure has healed аr e smaI I but treаt ment mav be worth while in the аsс e of stud stalI ions аn d brood mares' This horse has а frаtс ured a с nnon bone; the I eg has been enсased in p| аster and a wooden support is inсorporated Be| ow А sp| it pastern, whiсh may be aс usеd by jumping, аn be treаt ed by sсr ewing the с pieсes together' left: n А x­ray of a split pаstern viewed from behind. right: The same I eg, viewed from the side, afteг treatment.

Above

Fraсt ures thosе

Above left An x.ray of the hoсk, showing a joint mouse I ying in the ,ioint a с vity

THE HEALТH Ul­

Disеases

of the

| Ht

| ­| Ut{ st

Alimеn tary

Traсt

is the oс ndition

Cо[ iс

most frеq uently

in this a с tеg oгy с ntехt , I n this o from a disturbanсe

n с o с untеr еd a Ь l horsеs.

trьing

тl г

Thе

tгtас .

pain a с usеs

in stud or sta­ it implies pаin

in thе alimеn ­ the horsе to

symptoms suсh as sweating, епс ain gп . ing тt rе ground, looking round аt thе iзпks, гolling or lying on the $ound (flat

w фо

гiЬ skеt

on thе

п . ut.

..о

or on thе

rеf using

a Ь kс ),

and passing dungs of аb normal е аt or quality quдn tity (usually dеrс еasеd ) ­п аr d,

soft, smеlly

muсous­сovеr ed,

or

* iаr rhoеaiс) .

Тh е

vetеr inаr ian

distiп g uishes

a

с liс, of o

aсo с rd­ symptoms and bаsed on thе

of differing typеs

u з mЬеr

.rg to thе :еsults of exаm inations

of

abdominal

(boгo Ь rygmi) resulting from pеr is­ * оц n ds palpation :в Jsis, lЬ ood, rеtс al tempеr аt uге; pеr rectum and o с ntеn ts аЬ ominal о t тh e d

of peritoneal fluid obtainеd through the .belly' Punсt uге

еsал. ination щ needlе

:nusсles maу also aid diagnosis. с liс аr e: types of o Тh е h с iеf i. Simplе stoppagе (impaсt ion) aс usеd food u са mulаt ­ partiallу­ digestеd yЬ are ing in thе lumеn of thе gut. Thеr е this is most likеly sitеs whеr е еrс tаin flеxurе namely in thе pеlviс to oсu с r' and с u ес m с lon, in thе a of thе largе o thе last part of the small intеs­ whеr е Thе фе a с u ес m. rinе (ilеu m) еn tеr s quantity of food involvеd dеp ends on I n thе ileum it тh е sitе of obstгu tс ion. с u ес m, с lon or a is small, but in thе o с mц latе. laтg e quantitiеs may aсu ii. Tympany, aс usеd by gasе, ous distеn ­ tion of the gut whiсh may bе a rеsult of or ovеr ­produсt ion of fегm еn в t ion gаs у Ь

not noгm аllу

baсt eria

prеsеn t

in

gut. Tympany may involvе quаn titiеs of gаs or bе еn oгm ous

тh е

to a small part of thе

o с nfinеd

iп

еithег

stretсh еd ,

a с sе the wall of thе a с using pain.

gut, but

gut is

implies an ovеr ­ gut wall, and this irritа­

iii' Spasmodiс o с liс of thе

tас ivity iЬ 1ity

rеsults

аr e

aсеn с tuated dons of gas.

in painful spasms whiсh bу loсal цсаm ula­

o с liс follows thе ir.' Tfuombo­artеr itiс of lЬ oсking of а small oг largе rЬ anсh whiсh supply blood to the the artегiеs в ' all of the gut' Thesе artеr ies travеl in yЬ whiсh the gut is thе mеsеn tеr ies с vity. suspеn ded in thе abdominal a аr e The most oс mmon sitеs affеtс еd с u ес m' and thе a тh е small intеstinе с usе of throm­ and the most frequеn t a bus is damagе

a с usеd

to lЬ ood vеssеls

bv the laгval forms of thе rеd worm parasitе S. oulgаr is, с liс of this last form of o sеveтity jеp еn ds pаr tlу on thе area of wall whiсh ofblood, whiсh in turn dеp ends Ь dеp rivеd in whiсh thе lс ot sizе of thе artеr y ..n тh е ofhappеn ­ thе sеq uenсе lo.lgеs. IЕ owеver, iп ss is muсh thе sаm e in all aс sеs, namеly .iе depгivеd arеa bеoс mеs inflamеd and ­ffеn ' if an аltеr nativе с nnot blood supply a .эе

Thе

dеvеlopеd теssеls, thе

from nеighbouring blood palt .diеs in a statе

affеtс ed

I nflammation similar to gangrеn е. (pеr itonitis) of the outer lining of the gut a с uses aсu te pain and may rеsult in two to onе аd hеr еn t с ming loops of bowеl bеo ап other

(adhеsions).

Damage of this naturе

obsш цtс ion

bеa с use

a с usеs

an aсu tе

pеr istalsis

(thе

movеm ent of thе gut whiсh propеls the traсt ) does not food along thе alimеn tаr y pаr t oI produсеs a rеf lеx rс oss thе affеtс еd paralysis of o lengths of bowel. с nsidеr able с liс dеpеn d Thе sеverity and duration of o с es I n some аs the dаm agе. on thе еxtеn t of it may resolve, uЬ t in othеr s it maу lead to profound disturbanсеs in fluid and sаlt

in a с lminatе of thе blood аn d u of shoсk and heart failurе. Twistеd gut (volvulus) is anotheг еxаm ­ ple of an aсu te obstruсt ion. Portions of thе

o с ntеn t statе

pain, arising from a variety of с liс. top: PгoI onged a с uses, is teгm ed o ro| | ing is а typiсal symptom. bottom.. Part of the sma| | intestine, exposed duгing an opeгation, showing the blood vesseI s whiсh a с n beсome bI oсked due to damage by redworm; deprived of its blood supply the gut с I iс pain гesu| ts. beсomes inf| amed and o

Abdominа|

.tied intеstines o ес Ь me through tеars in еn в n glеd with simi­lar oс nsеquеnеsс

in a knot тt rе

oг

mеsеn terу'

to aс sеs of

thromЬu s. A ruprurеd arterial bloсkagе bу gut may bе the sеq uеl to any typе of o с liс, following гympany, but is most frеq uеn t from thrombus oI thе aсt ivity of dаm аg e parasitЪs. The stomаh may гupturе с с u ес m and a ес Ь use of tympany, but the a с nsеq uеnеsс o с lon aгe morе pronе to thе o 20s

THЕ

0t тHE HoRsЕ

HEALTн

of parasitiс damаg e. Thеr e аr e spеiс fiс o с nditions in whiсh o с liс is thе prеd ominant sign, suсh as grass siсkness. Thе a с usе of this disеase has not

bеen

еstablishеd , dеspitе intеn sivе sinсe it was first rеp ortеd

rеsеarсh

аs

oсu с rring in an army aс mp in Sсotlаn d at thе turn of the e с ntц r y. u с rrеn t opinion fаvours

thе hypothesis that it is a с used

toxin in thе grass or othеr feеd,

by a

whiсh

damаg еs the nervеs of thе sу m pathеt iс sys­ tеm supplу ing thе gut' a с using paralуsis of

thе аlimеn tary

traсt .

Colitis Х is thе namе givеn to а sеvеr е and usually fatal o с ndition in whiсh thе wall of the 1аr gе o с lon bеo с mes thiсkenеd and haеm orrhаgiс. Тh is oс ndition is thought to bе аu с sed у Ь a toxin produсed by baсt еr ia in the hind gut. Dеath oс mеs about bу shoсk and gross disturЬanсеs in thе eleсш olyte and fluid balanсе of thе

b А ove

Diagnosis of uterine infeсt ions may a biopsy speсimen. Тh e vet inserts his arm into the reсt um to Dress the uteгine requiгe

waI I into the jаw s of the biopsy forсeps. sma| | pieсe of tissue is removеd and

A

prepared foг miсr osсopiс examinаt ion.

body.

Tlеatmеn t

of o с liс

nosis, but it is largеly

impaсt ions

arе ffеatеd

dеp ends on the diag­ symptomatiс. Simplе

with oilу lubriсаn ts

and salt solutions administеr ed stomaсh tubе. Pain is o с ntrolled

yЬ

by

administеr ing suitable drugs, fluid and еltес rolytе may be transfused into the lЬ ood anсе

strеam to o с unter unfаv ourablе bal­ that rеsults from morе sеvеr е forms of

alimеn tary

surgery is usеd

oЬstruсt ion. to o с rreсt

Abdominal twists and otheг

anatomiсаl obstruсt ions whiсh relievеd bу mеd iсal thеr apy.

a с nnot

bе

Chokе This o с ndition is еno in horses of с untеr еd all agеs, inсluding foals. The most drama­ tiс sуm ptom is thе sudden profuse dis­ h с argе, down oЬ th nostrils' of salivа, o с l. ourеd grееn or brown aсoс rding to thе naturе of the diеt at thе timе. The аf fеtс еd animal usuаlly

has аn anxious еxprеssion and maу stand with its head over its watег supply, pеr haps swilling water through its mouth' but not swallowing. Thе o с ndition is a с usеd bу a dry bolus offood or an oЬj tес suсh аs a piеес of wood beсoming lodgеd

in thе gullet or oеsophagus. with tranquilizing typе dтu gs

Trеatment

a с rrying

trеаt ing unwantеd pigments

of

thе

as well аs

vital part in thе digestivе

of the live1s funсt ions,

thеr eЬy

proсеs­

disеаsе pigmеn t bеa с usе

a с us­ foг

e Ь аu с sе of hаеm olytiс еx e с ss red lЬ ood еlс 1 is rеlеаsed into thе lЬ ood strеam of baсt еr ial or viгаl infеtс ion, or may oсu с r

in whiсh

a ес Ь usе

of iso­immunе

haеm ol1tiс

jaundiсe

diseasе

of the nеw born

thus flooding the livеr

whiсh

(sее

foal),

normаlly

pigments in thе bilе. I nstead thе pigmеn t rеt цr ns to the bloodstream, аlbeit in an аltered form, and satц r аt еs thе

еxrс etеs thеse

tissues and mеmrЬ anеs, turning visiblе Thе livеr itsеlf may bе dam­ aged у Ь infеtс ion oг poisons and o с nsе­ quently bеo с me unaЬlе to deal with noг­ mal quantities of pigment reaсh ing it in thе bloodstream. This аlso a с uses jaun­ diсe, but in addition it maу interferе with а numЬer of liver funсt ions whiсh mаy lеad

еn zymеs whiсh entеr into innumeraЬlе metaboliс sуstеm s forming thе basis бf lifе. Damage of any kind (from infеtс ion,

to wasting and nеr vous disordеr s, as thе livеr fails in its digеstive and detoхia с ting powеr s. q infеtс ious anаemiа Е uinе аn d ragwort or mеt al poisoning aге еxamples.

206

impair onе or

I nflammation of thе

livеr

is

known

hеp atitis.

parts yеllow.

sеs of thе gut; it aсt s аs а store for sugar in the foгm of glyсogеn ; and it is а souгес of

toxins, poisons еt )с may

Uterine infeсt ions may be tгeаt ed With аn tibiotiсs administered through а a с theter whiсh гemains in oosition throughout the illness to simplify eаh с treatment.

Mastitis is a baсt eriaI infeсt ion of the Uddeг. Treatment invo| ves intгoduсing antibiotiс through the teat aс na| .

еxamplе,

pro­ duсt s of digestion from the gut and thereЬy plays a stratеg iс paгt in assimilating thе protеin, a с rЬohydratе and fats ofthе diеt ; it dе­ toxiсatеs, or works on toxiс substanсеs of food (or of drugs administеr еd yЬ mouth or injеtс ion), h с anging thеm from hаr mful to innoсu ous o с mpounds. I t forms part of thе dеf еn ес mеh с аn ism of thе body; hеlps to rеg ulаt e thе protein lеv el in thе blood­ produсеs stlеаm ; bile whiсh is a mеans of I t filtеr s blood

b А ove

Right

ing symptoms of disease. Jaundiсе,

of thе Livеr

Thе liver has an еn ormous numЬеr

a

mating.

morе

Disеasеs

playing

CoitaI eхanthema in the mare. Тh is is a virus infeсt ion whiсh affeсt s both maгe and stalI ion and is contraсt ed durino

is usually

suсe с ssful.

funсt ions.

Above

Disеasеs

of thе Gеn ital Organs

The a М re Thе gеn itаl

organs of thе mаr е o с mprisе tubеs, uterus, еrс vix, vаg ina, vulva and mammary glands. Prim­ аr y disease of thеsе organs is o с mpara­ thе

ovaгies,

fаllopiаn

tivеly rare, but sеo с ndary o с nditions arе o с mmon. Tumours of thе ovary аn d

тHE HEALTн

rш еr ine or infеtс ions with Klеb siеllа and oс itаl Pradomonos spеiс еs' mnтh еm а (spots) arе еxamplеs of the fust grorrp. Uterinе infеtс ion willo S trе p to с o c ci

тп l othеr aЬ tс еr iа usuallу follows prеdis­ pоsing faсt ors suсh as pooг o с nfoгm ation pеr inеu m whiсh allows аir r.ц lvа and dй е I D еI rteг traсt . the gеn itаl Nl'аstitis, i.е. inflammation of thе mam­ glаn ds may oсu but without thе с r, ш аr .г с ws arе suЬ­ ш tifiсiаl mi1king to whiсh o it is quitе rаr е. Barrеn marеs seеm igсt еd , affеtс еd аs marеs with a D еь аs frеq uеn tly fоаl аt foot or those whiсh havе reсеn tly аiМ den marеs' yearlings еп Ь wеanеd . :n< l, еv еn , I n most foals may bе affеtс ed. ес Ь mes swol­ Gasеs onе half of thе uddеr o painful with symptoms of disсom­ l.еn ап d hind limb lamе­ or in sеvеr e aс sеs, in oedеm atous swellings dеvеlop

f,ш ъ

п еss.

ftont of the glаn d or in an upwards diг­ес thе hind legs. Casеs may е Ь п тЬ bеt wееn п е аt е d with antibiotiсs administerеd bу iп га­ musсu lar oг intra­mammary routes.

The Stаllion Тh е

s gеn itаl

с nsist of thе organs o aсe с ssory epididymis, vas defеr еn s,

sтаllion

lеstеs,

pеn is

and thе

sсгotum

8lап d s,

с nditions Again primary o

s} rеаt lr.

осп sisting

of tumours of thе

tеstеs

and its аr е rаr e, or infе­с

Thе stаllion speсiеs. (spots) mау by o с itаl еxanthеm a bе аf feсt еd гh iih is а venerеal infеtс ion, and is aс used sprеad at o с itus ф а Herpеs viгu s infеtс ion tioп

duе

to

sith аn п h iсh

Klеb siеllа

marе.

infеtс еd

Small vеsiсlеs

to rеv еal small

г еa Ь k

thе pеn is.

ulсers, dеvelop

o аЬ ut ten daуs during whiсh timе thе ulсers Ъ nеe с ssary, may hеаl. I f the stallion is usеd , the ulсеr s eхe с edingly painful. and bсo с mе o с аlеse с

oп

Sеxuдl

rеst for

genitalia arе exposеd to Thе eхt еr nаl is iп j ury, еspеiс ally sinсе thе o с ital tас so there is a o с п t rollеd by manаg еm еn t' a marе yЬ kгЬ of thе stallion bеing kiсk еd frаt is not тh е pеn is аlтh ough аn d геsult пe ес ssitatе

pгopеr ly in heat. llаеm аt omas of are the most o с mmon injuriеs, с r blows to the sсr otum may oсu in oеd ematous swеllings whiсh prolongеd pеr iods of rest.

I nfеr tilitv implies a rеlаt ivе rеd uсt ion

in

еf fiсiеnyс of brееd ing maу eЬ Eаеd с to thе marе or

and its

I п f еп ility тh е

ещ reсt ed

thе oгigins sтlд lion. Thе definition dеpеn ds to somе rхt ent on аn arbitrary approaсh ; for еxam­ plе' that a mаr е may bе expеtс еd to brееd in thе seleсt еd с nсеivе еveгv vear and to o

М rсh to Junе inсlusivе. Somе months of a marеs may, for physiologiсal reasons, fail еvery yеar or during the аriЬ t­ to o с nсеivе

rаr ily

sеason. Suсh brееd ing sеltес еd and infеr tilе marеs arе not iЬ ologiсally еЬ sought in managеr ial с thеir failurе аn is, reasons. Thеr е rathеr than pathologiсаl no lс еar dividing linе bеt wееn с uгsе, of o .infеr tiliqy' аn d thе rеasons for this t1pe of pathologiсal infertility whiсh may a с use a marе to bе morе diffiсu lt to .get in foal', pеr haps for rеasons of mild infеtс ion of thе wittr a of bеing mаt еd uterus' or bеa с use

is not stallion, whosе quality of sеm еn с nсеp tion. high to ensure o suffiсientlу с mpletе inаb ility Sterilitу impliеs ttrе o с sеd by and this may bе аu to o с nсеive abnormalitiеs,

h с romosomаl

senility, of the uterus, bloсk ­

induratеd o с nditions thе fallopian tubеs or tumours of the

agе of

ovary.

0t тHЕ H0RSE

Non­infeсt ivе reаsons for aboгt ion are lеss wеll undеr stood. Thеy inсludе possiblе

gеn еt iс' immunologiс, hormonаl or iс r­ but an absenсe of u с latory disturbanсеs, dеt ailеd knowlеd ge

providеs

on thе suЬj tес

us only with a thеoretiсal approaсh to diagnosis. Thus a proportion of aborting yеar. rеm ain undiagnosеd еah с с mmon form of Thеr e is now onlу onе o с usеd by еp idemiс abortion, namеly that a 1. This virus primarily qЕ uid Hеr pеsvirus

a с sеs

thе rеspiratory

infеtс s

systеm and thе abortion in rеlativеly is unknown. Abortions oсuс г to ninth month of in thе sеventh latеr еv еn u Ь t somе аsс еs oсu с r

гeason why it a с usеs

fеw

a с sеs

most oftеn

pгеg nаnус,

up to full tеr m. The abortion is usually spontaneous without prеm onitory mam­ and the foеt al mеm ­ mary dеvelopmеn t expеllеd with thе foal or shortly aftеr wаr ds. Affеtс ed foals born lс osе to full

rЬ anеs are

I nfeгt ility in thе stallion maу bе tеm por­ ary (perhaps following injury) or pеr ma­ nent. symptoms inсlude low libido (e.g. mount­ rеd uсеd iаЬ lity to h ас iеvе еr tес ion, or low­ ing, intromission or еj aсu lаt ion)

term show signs of septiсaemia (i.е. inсr easing weaknеss), аn d die within

(in tеr ms of low spеr m quality sеm еn abnormal o с unt, motilitу or inсr еаsed tlre stallion forms). Similarly to thе mаге, in егсt ain iс лu с mstаnеsс , maу bе infеr tilе in oг mismаn agеd suсh as if ovеr woгked

Thе most o с mmon singlе non­infеtс ivе a с use of abortion is twins. Thе mаr е's plaсenta o с vеr s thе wholе of the utеr inе

othеr ways,

yеt

fertilе

if usеd

undеr

optimаl

с pa­ o с nditions. .l\ 4ost stаllions should е Ь a с t of o с nсep­ ovеr 70 pег еn of aсh iеv ing at a rаt е of tions in a group of 40 mагеs,

1 Ь е

pег stц d sеa­ pег maге, aЬout 2.5 serviсеs ratеs may bе еxperi­ son. Lеss pгoduсt ivе until thе individual is 1еvе1, еn еd с to еvеr y in аn y с nсеp tion inсapablе of aсh iеv ing o prеsеn tеd to him, аn d is thеr еf orе mаr еs foг praсt iсal dеf inеd аs sterilе. Howеv еr , pulposes, stallions that a с nnot aсh iеvе ratеs of morе tЬaг, 2О per еn с t fеr tility arе infеr tile. rеg ardеd as o с mpletеly

Disеasеs of Prеg nanсy normаlly lasts 320 Pгеg nanсy in thе mаr е to 360 days. Foals born bеt ween 300 and as prеm aturе) and 320 days arе dеsrс ibеd diffiсu lty small, wеak and hаvе are usuаllу 300 days in surviving. Foals oЬ rn bеf orе said to havе bееn of survival.

arе

abortеd ,

and hаve no

a с usеd

by infеtс ion

h с anсе

с n еЬ Abortion a

miс­ ftom baсt eria, virus or fungus. Thеsе .attаlс { and./ or thе foеt al the plaсеn ta robеs thus dеstroying thе organs and oЬ dу, a с paсity

to livе

or to devеlop

normallу.

aЬout

с sеs four days ofbirth. I n thеsе a

mare may havе dеvelopment

suгf еас

and o с lostrum

and thегe

for аr еa

normal

in thе uddеr .

o с mpetition

is, thегеf orе,

of attаh с ment

if two foеt usеs

с sеs, onе I n thе mаj oriтy of a tionaте sizеs. thе abortion of both, twin diеs and аu с sеs months of tlre sеventh аn d tеn th bеt wееn prеg nanсy.

yМ o с tiс

(fungal) abortion is most o с m­

mon in aЬout

thе

ninth month. Thе

а brown­ ish stiсky exudatе on its surfaсe. The fun­ gus sprеаd s slowly ovеr thе plaсental sur­ gradually dеstroying morе and morе faсе, plaсеn ta ес Ь mе and a с using тh е foеt us to o undеr ­nourishеd and еm aсiatеd . Abortion foetus is wеakenеd oсu с гs beсause thе or is еxpellеd from thе diеs, аn d thеr еf orе аn y faсt or whiсh aс n ц t еr ц s. IЕ owеvеr ,

plаеn с ta

a с usе suсh

is grossly thiсk enеd witlr

a disturbаnес

mаy

within

mnron wall of uterus

MUMMI F| A с т| oN oЕ UAL

sI ZЕD

тWI Ns

UNЕoUALтW| NS

opеr аt е

The o с mmon с nсeption of twins is a o a с use of аb ortion' Тh е foa| ,s birth weight is proportionа| to the surfaсe area of its p| aсentа аn d twins are a| ways smа| ler than singI etons. Twin foetusеs may be equal in size or marked| y unequа| . Undeгn ourishment с use death of one or of the twins maУ a fo| | ows. both in the UteгUs and аb oгt ion in аb out Abortion of both foetusеs oсu с rs 650/ o of a| | twin pregnаn iс es.

of p| аentа

stNGLЕтoN

аr е

Thеr e arе three t} pes of situation rеsulting in twins of еq uаl or dispropor­

pгеsеn t.

dtrioп fo€ t us

thе

mammary

sMALLESТтWI N

oF

тн Е

0t тHЕ

HEALтH

HOBSE

.wandеr еr s'

as.bаr kеr s''

or is

Group 3 abnormalities in the newborn foal. Weаkness of the pasterns and fet| oсks (hypof| exion), whiсh in this a с se was right: Hуp erf| exion of the se| f.сorreсt ing. fetI oсk (knuсkI ing over) is treated here bу fitting a correсt ive boot'

thеsе

rеsponsiblе e Ь yond thе 300th day and е Ь or, if o Ь rn for foаls that are o Ь rn prеm aturе с nditions I ­ес at full term, suffering from o or dеiЬ lity, whiсh ognizablе as sеp tiсаemia

status. bеh aviour and mеt aboliс alimеn tary аu с sеd yЬ o есМ nium o с liс during thе passage ofthе disturbаne с s

a с sеs

.dummiеs'.

/ eff :

thеir

with damagе of thе brain through haemorrhage or oеdеm a;

with profound bioсh emiсal respiratory disturЬanсеs

matеr nal

thе

thrее

utеr us. (1| 1)

of the Nеw born

Disеasеs

Foal tеr mеd thе nеonatal pеr iod, for this is thе time that for fееd ing, с t thе major аd justments, еxеp arе establishеd to еn ablе thе foаl to еxist

of thе mаr e. Symptoms of

indеp еn dеn tly

to this period also As wе hаvе alrеady beсome apparеn t now. sеen, many of thеse o с nditions owе thеir existеnе.с origin to intrа­ utеr inе

diseasеs

Nеonatal

pеu с liar

disease a с n

bе o с nvеn iеn tlу

of dividеd into four groups' thе lattеr threе whiсh are non­infеtс ivе; (i) Group 1.. I nfеtс ive o a с usеd с nditions

or virusеs. Sуm ptoms inсlude gradual loss ofthe suсk геf lеx, aп d inaЬility to devеloping wеаknеss с lminat­ hold thе suсkling position; u o с nvulsions ing in еvеn tual oс ma,

bу baсt еr ia

and dеath. (11)

Group 2 inсludеs adjustmеn t

thе sуn dromе

nеonatal mal­ (NМS) whеn

gross bеh avioural disturbanсеs arе inсlude oс nvul­ displауеd . Thеsе sions, loss of фе suсk reflex, and in­ and follow thе аb ility to rеo с gnizе marе. oldеr tеr minologv dеsrс ibеs 208

voidеd within

days of biгt h) is a relativеlу

sim­

plе o in Group 2. с ndition inсludеd Group 3.. Anatomiсal abnormalities inсluding parrot iaw' 1с еf t palatе, rup­ tured bladdеr ,

o с nш aсt еd tendons

a variety of dеf ormitiеs

Thе first four dаys aftеr birth аr е

and

and with sе­с

from the derangеd

first dung (normаlly

of survival outsidе

h с аnеsс

o с ndition

assoсiatеd

ondary effeсt s

rеd uсе

Thе

body or limЬs. Thеsе

Below

аn d

of thе head, o с nditions maу

A joint iI I swe| | ing on the hoсk, a с used bу baсt eria whiсh enter through the foаl,s naveI ; the needI e is to enab| e the removа| of joint oiI for anа| ysis. Below right pЕ iphysitis of the right hoсk.

dis­ inherited or dеvеlopеd ttrrough in foetal growth brought turbanсеs

bе

about, proЬably' by virus infеtс ion nutritional еr rols or thе administra­ tion of drugs. Thеse еvidencе

a с usеs have

beеn

in many

inсr iminаt ed

on thе suЬj eсt

but speсiеs' is still gеn er­ the аuс se of

ally laсking, mаking equinе anatomiсal dеf tес s

mostly

at presеn t. speсu lаt ivе jaundiсе (tv) Group 4.. Haеm olytiс

of the

also known аs I so­ immune disеase, is an unсommon by massive o с ndition hс araсt erized nеwo Ь rn

foаl.

by of thе foal's rеd еlс ls dеstruсt ion from thе antibodiеs that it reсеivеs mare's o с lostrum. These antiЬodiеs (anti red еlс l substanсes) dеv elop in of an с use the marе' s blood strеam bеa hеr еd itarу faсt or in thе foаl's rеd blood e с lls. Some of thеsе еlс ls rс oss from into the marе during the plaсеn ta and aсt in a man­ foetаl devеlopmеn t' ner similar to a vaсiс nе, stimulating

0t тHE н 0RsE

тHЕ HЕALтн

Fоt s sufferiп g from neonаt aI JfiFrrtioп ­ п веrс ving

infeсt ions,

rome гequ

sуп d

rrп п I п aliadjustment

i

re

qU

iсk

a bad| у affeсt ed foa| intensive аrс e whiсh inсludes ldlrш d tгаn sfusion, stomaсh tube feeding аr п d oxуg en. right: | ess severe a с ses a с n be bglш d€ fed.

йе

lеf t..

mаt еr nal

spеiс fiс

bоd .т

е ТЬ

tissuеs to produсе to the foal's геd

еlс ls.

аn ti­Ьodiеs

beсome o с nсеn tratеd o с lostгu m, togеt hеr with those

in й е

of a protеtс ive eЬsогb еd

natц r e'

and

аг e

thе small intеstinе аf tеr thе fust fееd following iЬ rth. Thе jaundiсе fоаl dеvеlops аn inсr еаsing гi й гapid hеаr t and геspiтаt oгy гates and, in most a on еxеr tion с sеs' unlеss tгеаt d' йе foal diеs within thлeе days of foaling. I f it is known that the foal is likеly to bе аf fеtс еd, thе o с ndition аn с bе pгeventеd by witholding o с lostrum during thе first 24 hours of life. Dur­ ing this time thе foal is muzzlеd and fеd o с lostгu m from anothег mаr е, fol­ lowed by aгt ifiсiаl milk. Thе foal may еЬ аllowеd to suсk from its dаm after 24 houгs eЬ аuс sе, by this timе, thе smя| ! in1g5ti1еs havе lost thе ability to аb sorЬ аn tibodу into thе foal's lЬ ood­ tЬлough

stгeаm .

msdу

o с nditions is

yЬ symptomаt iс loss of thе suсk rеf lеx

means, for еxаm ­ plе' is o с untегed by fсеd iп g through a stomаh с tuЬe; thе in. iаЬ liц . тo gеt up' yЬ help from аt tendants ап d gеn eгal nuгsing, (thе inability to get up

to suсk is dеаlt отrЬ lе) ; thегаp y

plasmа;

with by fееding

dеh ydration,

by inш avеn ous

from a fluid

and ш аn sfusions

of whole blood or аn d ttrе inability to maintain o Ь dy

tеm pеr аt urе' by hеаt ing йе Spеiс fiс tгеatmеn t inсludes

foaling oЬ x. аn tiЬiotiсs

for

in

of thе oldеr and Yеarling

аr е

Foal

Foals up to thе timе of wеaning maу suffer o с nditions peсu liаr to this agе group'

suсh аs infеtс ivе diаr rhoеа a с usеd

aгt hI itis (ioint ill) and

hypoplasiа

zuesterii).

older foаl

thеr eforе

partiсu larly

vulnеr ablе

to

с used yЬ nutгi­ of gгowth a imbаlanсе' to infеtс ion and from

disturЬаnеsс

tionаl

e с rtain aсt ions of managеm ent' е. g. ovеr ­ feеd ing and undеr ­exегiс sе. Some young horses may havе an inherited susсеp tiЬil­ ity to thеsе bonе disordеr s, whiсh inсludе (sш aightnеss o с ntraсt еd forеlegs of the forelеg s and knuсk ling and еp iphysitis.

pЕ iphуsitis plаt е

duе

to lс osе.

plаt еs

of thе

lеg s

over), rс ookеd

usuallу

oсu с гs

at thе end

of thе

whеn long bonеs

For еxamplе, thе

the

is

growt} r

lowеr еn d of the аn с non bonе lс ose when thе foal is six to nine monтh s old. and thosе in the lowег еn d of thе foтеаr m and sсo с nd thigh at L8 | o 24 months old. Symptoms of еp iphysitis are

fum, pаinful plаt е,

insidе o аЬ vе

swеllings

over the gгowth еn o с untered on thе of the limb, iust aЬovе thе fеt loсk s or the kneе аn d hoсk . Thеr е arе vari­

more o с mmonly

ous theories o с nсerп ing

thе

a с usе

epiphysitis, suсh as o с nсu ssion' еspеiс ally

of

Arаb

of thе hеad аn d inсr еasing inсooгd inatioп of thе limbs. Foals aге paгt iсu lагly susсеp tiblе to vilal pnеu moniа аn d to infеtс ion of thе lungs wi'th Corynebаctеr ium еq ui, t} :le a с use of pnеu monra.

Fuгt hеr

аr e pагt iсu laгly

disеasе,

аf fеtс s

Symptoms inсludе

.nodding,

summег

Foals and yеаr lings

phosphorus of

an еxеsс s

is a

whiсh

thought to е Ь inhеr itеd , and some otheг rЬ еd s.

by baсt еr ia, rotаviлu s, fungus or paгasites (сh iеf lу Strongуloidеs

prone to disеases of boп е, beсаu sе during thе fust 18 months of lifе, thе long bonеs of rapidly. They aгe thе limb аr e dеv еloping

whiсh arе over­

wеight, or а distuтb еd аlс iс um гatio of thе diеt , in partiсu lar phosphorus.

Cеr eЬеllа

fгom

growтh

of nеonаt al

Tгеаt тn еn t

Disеasеs

anti­

in foаls аn d уеarlings

of a ruptцr еd

surgiсal rеp air

bladdeг, and thе tгansfusion of геd еlс ls a с sеs of haemolytiс jаu ndiсe. problems of thе nеonatal foаl Hеаlth disсu ssеd furтh еr oo pagе 22o.

iп f ormаt ion

on disеasеs

of the

is given on page 222.

Disеasеs

of thе Urinary System

Thе hoгsе is not as pгonе to urinаr y dis­ еase аs many other aп imаls. IЕ orsеm en oftеn suspеtс has apparеn t

.kidnеy

troubld whеn

a

hoгsе

diffiсu lty in staling or is tеn ­ dег in thе baсk rеg ion. IЕ owеver, thеsе o с nditions aге usually attributablе еithег to e с гt ain typеs of o с liс oг injuгiеs to thе lumbаr musсle oг spinе. Nеw boгn foals may suffeг from infеtс ion of thе kidnеy withЕ. coli orАctinobacillus equuli (BУ)Е a с using multiple miп u tе аb sсеssеs and symptoms of .sleеp y foal' disеase. Stones and infеtс ions

in thе lЬ аd der

oг urеt hгa

arе

цno с mmon. !7hеn they do oсu с r symp­ toms inсludе rеp eаt еd attempts at staling аn d pаssing urinе o protеin, pus с ntаining еlс ls аn d,/ or lЬ ood.

Diseasеs of thе Nеr vous System Areаs of thе body

mаy eЬ paralyzed or suf­ feг from loss of sensation thгough injuгy to

nеr vеs.

Thе

most o с п lrnon

o с nditions

are:.

тHЕ A н Е LтH

(i)

0F тHE HoRsЕ

Radial pаr alуsis,

whеr e

there is

diffiсu lty in advаniс ng

the limb. (ii) Faсiаl paralysis, in whiсh thе uppеr lip is pulled to thе sidе opposite from that affeсt ed yЬ paralysis. (iii) Suprasсapula paralysis in whiсh thеr е is wasting of thе shoulder musсles. (iv) Laryngeаl hеm iplеg ia manifested уЬ roаr ing or whistling and a с usеd by

impaired funсt ion of the rеu с rrent nеr ve supplying thе laryngеal mus­ Thеr e is inсr еasing evidenсе that this o с ndition hаs an hеr еd itary basis. (v) \ DИolЬ еr a form of inсoordi­ disеasе, nation that affеtс s thе hind аn d, some­ timеs, thе forеlimbs, a с usеd by o с m­ prеssion of the spinal o с rd as it passеs through thе nеkс vеr tеb raе. The oс n­ and maу bе a с usеd dition is inсu rablе defeсt in thе yЬ iщ ury or a o с ngеn itаl lс еs.

vеr tеrЬ аl bones.

(vi) Shivеr ing'

a oс ndition of the hind

limbs, hс araсt erized

B

by

shaking

I

movеm еn ts of thе hind limЬ and tail whеn thе 1еg is flexed and lowered to thе ground. Stringhalt is a nеr vous disordеr in whiсh there is an exagger­

ч

ated snаt h с ing­up

н

з

t I

of thе

movеm еn t

hind limb. Both oс nditions

regarded as аn unsoundnеss, a с usе is unknown. Ё

u Ь t

arе

thеir

Diseases of the Cardio.Vasсu lar Systеm do not usually suffer from heart аt taсks in thе sаm е way as humans, thаt is с ro­ from a lс ot (thrombus) bloсk ing the o and a illness or nary artеr iеs с using aсu tе

pouсh еs; rupture of the aorta as it passеs с еst or abdomеn , oftеn as a through thе h larval aсt ivity; o с nsеq uеnес of pаr аsitiс and, during foaling, rupture ofthе arteries с t supplying the uterus and/ or vagina. Rееn геp orts hаvе indiсatеd that horsеs suffеr from oblitеr ative type lesions in small с angеs in thе аr tеr iеs, a с using abnormal h forеlimЬ, and, in partiсu lаr , bonеs of thе

thе

Ь nеs sesamoid o

naviсu lar

с mmon aс tas­ dеath. The most o trophe in horsеs is thе rupturе ofаn artery This may whiсh aс usеs fatal haеm orrhagе. in any part of thе body, bцt is most oсu с r

frеq uеn tly

еn o с untered

as

еp istaxis (nosе­ bleed) rеsulting from lЬ еeding from thе lungs or onе of thе two gutturаl

2LO

and

of thе hеart. Arrhythmias are еf fеtс iveness yЬ using an еltес roсardiogram. diаg nosеd IЕ еart murmurs are also frequently hеard in horses of all agеs, and their signifiсanсе is oftеn diffiсu lt to interprеt in thе аb senсе с rdiaс disеasе. u М rmurs of othеr signs of a gradеd aсo to thе аr е с rding to loudness, plaсе in rеlation to thе two thеу oсu с pу major heart sounds _ .lubb­dup _ аs sys­ and to thе position on thе to thе underlying pаr ts of thе

toliс or diаstoliс, h с est

rеlativе

hеart, i.е.

monаr y

mitrаl, aortiс' triсu spid or pul­ (terms whiсh rеf er to thе hеart

valves).

Diseasеs

of thе rеspiтаt ory

system arе pneumonia, rЬ onсh itis, с ugh and roaring or whistl­ brokеn wind, o yЬ a largе с usеd ing. Coughing may bе a

variеt y influеn zа,

with a mаr kеd (breathing out) еf fort' known as hеavеs.

rassmеn t

Disеases Thе

а oс ndition

ulсеr s

on thе o с rnеа

to injury whiсh mаy this happеn s,

penetratе to thе intеr ior. I f fluid is allowed to esсape whiсh

thе o с llapsе

also

of the yЕ е is vulnеr аblе

hoтsе' s еyе

еxpiratory

douЬle

of thе a еу Ь ll.

a с n

lеаd

to

Alternativelу

а sсar or the ulсеr s mаy heal leaving of thе lens o с rnеal a с talaсt . Cataraсt s rеsult from trauma or, possiЬly, from hereditary or infeсt ive a с usеs. Periodiс с ndi­ ophthalmia (moon lЬ indness) is а o in whiсh the tion of reсu rгing attaсks pupillarу sш uсt rш еs bеoс mе inflamеd . Thе o с ndition is progressive and usually rеsults in loss of sight in thе affеtс еd еy е. Thе third еyеlid is а oс mmon site for growth of a malignant tumour.

Disеasеs

of thе Skin

I nflammation of the skin is known аs dеr ­ с mаt itis and horsеs аn suffer from infе­с and allergiс types. Ring­ tivе, parаsitiс or worm from fungal infeсt ion, and aсn е s iг, feстion Small hard maу result lumps, laгg e wеals and zес emа in fееd or from allergy­сausing substanсеs bedding, and from midge bites.

spots fгom S rap | цl loс o c cus аu r in stabled horsеs. arе o с lтr mon

of the Rеspiratory

Traсt Disеasеs refеr red

brokеn

аu с sing

fееt .

arrhуt hmias, suсh as partial Cаr diaс аш ial hеаr t lЬ oсk and fibrillation, arе of partial hеart o с mmon. The signifiсanсе с ndition is bloсk is unknown and thе o pгobаlЬ у of no funсt ional oс nsеquеnе,с fiЬr illation seгiously affеtс s per­ but аш ial foгm anсe by diminishing thе pumping

IЕ orsеs

suddеn

of thе fetloсk

o Ь nеs of the

only obvious signs of wind, whiсh in its bеst known form, rеsults in sеverе rеspiratory еm bат­

o с ugh may be thе

еu

to as

of virusеs, inсluding those hеr pеs

and thе гh ino

of

groups, fol­

iп f tес ion baсt еr ial с ndary lowed by sеo a с using symptoms of nasаl aс tarrh. тh rough аllergies с r Coughs may also oсu from mould dust of hay and straw and thе

I esions typiсaI of Betow | eft The iс rсu I ar ringwoгm , a fungaI disease of the skin с ntagious аn d is readiI y whiсh is o transferred from horse to mаn . Below CorneaI inflammation (kerаt itis) aс n bv trаu ma or infeсt ion; I oсaI be аu с sed с rtiсosteroid appliсation of antibiotiсs and o с ndition. с re the o drugs may comp| ete| y U

Тt е mЦе

tlrат fаtс oгs two prеd omiп аt ing namеly at stц ф а stаllion to sтаn d

аr е

laws аn d pегm its of фе iп whiсh hе will stand, and thе аvailаlЬ e for ttre puц> ose. Тh е

t* ,. ц еv ailing D с ontrу

lс Ь .litiсs .&mсr must bе aс тefirlly аt the h с kес еd (ш в eъ whеn tаkе еf fетс аs they noгm аlly r} r n аr e с lt is two yeаr s o1ф аn d tlrе lаt tеr or finаnе.с dсr теd by iс rсu msanсes а sтаllion from stцd аrЬ гiп g Dеf вес .fuiсs аr е: aс таr aсt ' roаr irrg or whistling,

spаvirr'

si:lсb onе, miп g bдlЬ Cоп f ormаt ioп

tс в ф

naviсu lаr genitаl

аn d impеr fеtс ап d

shouldЬе

tас ion

аs Possiblе,

аs фe

disеasе, organs. аs neаr

is sтаllion mаr ds short­

гq с ц ilеd to improve on фе m с ing5. I t is thе tuтf reсords of raсеh orsе mllions thаt ате impoгв n t; oс nformаt ion Ь sсoс ndаr y. gsnitаl orgаn s of thе stаllion must TЬе and noгm al iтr ap1ю атanсе. еЬ funсd onаl should both е Ь visiblе, lying TЬе tеstiсlеs plаe с d

lсяеl, lаt егаlly

and of еq ual

sizе. Ш

ше Ь теt ained in thе body of тhе horse hе Known unfit for stцd dutiеs. Ь осп siderеd аn d if he rs а ф, hе is usuаlly infеr tile, or­s rеpгoduсе, stoсk тlre rеsultant mаlе

фе

trnd to inheгit й е dеf т.ес arе а loose Thе sв lliorr] s rеquiтеm eп t s paddoсk oг yard and a оъЬ аn ех r iс sing аr е a, wiтlr trying or teasing аn he rеquiлеs q с uipmеn u Neсessаr ily, .ч ц iеnеd с lеаd ег, who in his or handlет п r m rеq ц ilеs with thе п lагеs. a с pаb lе hеlp iт has bеen establisheф onсе а pаr tnеr sЫp аn d samе lеаd еr Ь а goоd pоliсy to kееp thе mllion togеt hеr for thе entire season, as

two soon leагn to woгk togетh er' mtbipаt ing hеас otlreis movemеn ts. is of sтаllion,s sтablе manаg emеn т Тh е priп e impoгв nе.с The morе .аm idst his fuilу2 hе Ш vеs йе hаppiеr he will be' еvеn pатt iсipаt е if, hе апс n ot in thе generаl fflr е. whеr е possiblе hе should be rЕаI dЕ in similiат fasЫon to his stablе ..ffifв n i6д5' аlthough e с rtain restтitс ions too lс ose proximity to ottrег

The stаllion lс еац

sсr upulouф

s quartеr s should bе kеp t for long houтs spеn t

аu с sе й r ush с standing on soilеd littеr аn I I e should bе аn d o с nlтatс ion of thе fееt strаp ped аn d groomеd daily to keep his iп r гim, andhis hЬ musсlеs o с атg lеаm ing, аs well as pores unсloggэd . Boilеd linsееф gives а bеautifirl с nditionег, bеing a grеаt o с аt . sheen to thе o

stаllions аn d thosе of thе diеt , гequire а high pгotеin oаt s with up to 7kgs (16lЬ) of rс ushеd qudity dаily for m:D.imum fегt ility. Good on й is type of hаy is а furtlrer nееsс sity. _ apaгt ftom stцd regulат еxеr iс se diет dutiеs­is essеn tiаl, to keep him fitwithout gеn ing fаt . overfatnеss is а prime a с usе of аlso lеаd to lаm initis ­ а с steгility аn d аn ThoroughЬr еd

laтg er rЬ еd s

very pаinful

o с ndition

of тlrе fееt . a с n eЬ riddеn

or tеlls intеlligenсе bеt wеen differеnес them immеd iately й е If тiЬ dlе. с vеr ing taсk аn d й e o еxerсising m:rrurers arе insistеd upon impeсa с blе w.ill most sтlд lions Ь inning' from the еg out of is dеf initеly dеsiтe e са pt that sexц аl a М ny smallеr

drivеn ,

ordег

аn d

тt rеiт

duтing

sв llions

inhеr еn t

еxеr iс sе.

Stаllions

on

sеason

must bе

in mind. I t is not аlways wisе oг safе within еvery yаr d' thе sтаllion thе highly stгu ng Thoтough­ раr tiсu lаr ly iс т­ trеd who mаy not rеlаx under suсh ]с .п I lslаI lсes' but ttrе stаllion who is shut rтц г, аЦ for аn Ь пd с from o с mpаn y exсеp t

inсludе

гorrгinе

щl ф

is often frustтаt еd , lonely o с vегiп g , lrnhяp Py. This w.ill make him diffrсu lt

lmmgе.

his o с vering I n the peаk of аn d hаp py.

he is reI аxed

jaw is hеld in а viсe, on tЬe leаd й е e Ь ing painfirl, gеn erally kееp s thе с ilтol. I f фе stаlliorfs desiтеs under o гendеr s тlre stаllion аn tiсipatеd o с vегi'g с llаr wiй brou,­ diffiсu lt to bridlе, a hеаdo band аn с bе left on duriп g offduty hours' hе to фе sidе rings whеп and а bit buсk lеd is геquirеd. A long lеаd is neсessаI y as beforе thеir somе stаllions reаr and pluп g е eщ > ounded. Thе lеаd еr energies have еnЬ stтong stiсk . should агсr y a short, Thе sтяlliqrr and maгe аr e inтoduсed gаt еs, tеаsing гails or from eittrеr sidе of o Ь атd s. This is foг тhe stаlliorf s sаf ety аn d аlso to prevеn т him ftom plunging aт тh e shе has mатe and mounting hеr bеf orе prе1в r ed e Ь en tеаsed or witlr hobbles (sее r.ьc). Somе stаllions are too virilе аn d

appliеd

whiсh

ovеr ­exсitaЬle еsтahlish

тo

to bе used for teаsing her readinеss for serviсе'

monttrs, or days dеvoid of stud dutiеs аn d llrаn y stttd gтooms believе й at dаily fresh grаss kееp s upа stаlliorf s feгt ility. Srrong' highdouЬlе fenсing, а horse's length apаr t, will dеt er from jumping or most dеt eгm ined еven thе

idеаlly

his еатly

paddoсk

for out­of­seаson

wiф of а гiЬ dlе с nsists Coveгing tаkс le o and a stтong sтaight, mеt аl mouтh ­pieсе, h с ain аb out 45сm (l8ins) long. ThЬ is to a long leather or webbing lеaф buсklеd of lunging lengtlъ аn d is run through tlrе jaw andсlipped bitriп g , undеr фе neаr sidе to thе oftidе ring. whеn pressuтe is a

a

mare so for

is kept on a busy тlris puц> osе а .tеasе/ stud. I I е is usually an irrfегioг stаllion or а job is to fliтt with тlre maгеs' тig, whosе

six mares for sЫ

fenсе.

o с vеr ing

o с ndtion,

weаr ing

to his hаn dI er.

аb ouт

ю

тlre

stаllion,

is a rс edit

undeг su1reгvisiono

n Ь rrrе

duгing

quаlity

ridden аn d rаr еly Thoroughbгed studs ате should be given onе to two hours lеаd ing w.iтh some lunging if they dаil5 ,Wherе еxerсisе possiblе, аll sтаllions а те overfrеsh. fteedom of а to фе са ss should hаve e

small pony sв llions breаking out. м аn y аn с run in adjoining fielф with а singlе

bогsеs

Тh is tаkс le,

gтoom to asсегt ain pтopеr . for sегviсe

A

twъyeаr ­old

еn abling

thе

wЫh с

mares атe

o с lt

a с n usually first sеasoц

sеr viсes

stц d rеаd y takе

but should eЬ to mаt ­

гons, who' bеing flaсiс ф simpЦf y his еn tгy. They will аlso generally sтаn d quiedy duт­

ing his lс umsy аn d unsuсеsс sful attеm pтs.

Colтs

е a тl y

will

oftеn tЬтow them­ wiф no ereсt ion of thе

sеlves аt а mаr e, pеn is, lс аm bering all ovеr hеr тo no usеf ul еf fеtс , u Ь ta good stud gтoom will kееp tlrе o с lt teasing until hе is justтight. Thе mare hаn dler a с n фen bаkс hег гound tlre teas­ ing аpparаt us and .Wiф up to tlre o с lt at the o с ­o1reгаt ion optimum momеn т. фе of willing mafеs) а yorrngstег will soon pгoviding his o prе­ lеаm с nfidеnес is not mап r rеly by a viсious young shattеr еd mаidеn .

2tr

BRЕD Е | NG

. Stа| | ioп

Mап аg emeп t

tаkе At thrее, thе youп g stallion аnс с m­ about 20 marеs' and at four, his full o plemеn t of 60. This is providing hе is in

good, hard o с ndition and the maгes arе o с ming sprеаd iudiсiously ovеr thе sеasoщ inspеtс еd to him lс еan аn d vеt еr inarily for at thе optimum timе in iфе r oеs­ o с vеr ing

on

thus o ес nomizing

tтu s yс lс е, numbеr

of sеr viсеs

Pаr tiсu lar

sеr viсе

(sее

ignorеd

marе

in a whitе

mooп light, or a switсh еd A stallion who tаkes

rug by с lourеd or o mаr е in thе dusk! a dislikе to a maге'

who is nегvous of mounting, should с ution, for hе will not be bе trеated with a and spinning to laying baсk his еагs avеr sе

oг onе

his

аn с

arisе thе eхш еm ity of the pеn is of аn ovеr ­ stallion distends prеm atuгеly, еn thusiastiс beсoming too enlargеd to pеn еt ratе thе vulvа аn d еn tег into t} re vagina of thе marе. must геsrain I n this situation thе lеаdег thе stallion from mounting, or if he has alгеаd y to donе so, pull him off forсеf ully

with individual stallions. oсa с sionally

A paddеd and musсlе. proteсt s thе mare, aп d nеkс the pain making hеr hump аn d .seеd ing,

brеаking thе flеsh guaгd ovеr

thе

will prеvеn t

аn d

turns hег

so that hеr

quаr tеr s

swing

away from him.

a с re should bе taken to prе­ genital orgаn s bеing and bе slow to Cuts may ulсеr atе kiсkеd . his thе horse awаy fл om heal, kееp ing blow on thе testiсles dutiеs, and a sеvег stеr ilе. a с n rеn der a stallion irгеv oсably \ UИh еn a stдlliorf s job is to гu n with thе Pаr tiсu lаг

vent thе

prеvent misplаеd of his sеm eц с еj tес ion usеlеss. whiсh would render thе sегviсе Thе stallion must bе lеd away from thе retц гn еd to mare until his proportions hаvе normаl' аt whiсh timе a seсond attеm pt a с n bе made. Somе stаllions aгe notoгiously slow in lеss keеn to аn d arе еvеn showing егtс ion' mount. A little u с nning wiф thе marе is required, shifting and moving her about to An taunt thе stallion into aggгеssion. improvеd diеt with еxtra vitamin Е (the fеr tility vitаm in) is also bеn еf iсial. othеr to oс vеr a еrс tain stаllions will rеf usе с nnot wаit to mаге, howеvеr wеll brеd, yеt a jump а piеb ald pony of douЬd цl linеаg e! and stallions Again, u с nning is rеq uirеd , a previously с verеd havе frеq uently o

out violendy' Some stallions will bitе the neсk of thе marе during seгviсe, holding it in a viсe and

attеm pt to kiсk during thе vital timе. A furthеr hazard is the stallion who, thoroughly spent in his еf forts, drops to thе ground bеh ind thе marе, leaning on hеr givе an аu tomatiс quarters. As many maгеs must pull him kiсk aftег seгviсе, thе leadeг as possible, while thе away as spееd ily гaisеs hег hеаd handler immеd iatеly mаr е

аtМ ing).

problеm s

round on hеr , kiсk ing

A ,teaser,_ usuаl| y a rig or аn inferior stal| ion ­ is introduсed to mаr es to estаb lish с veгеd whether or not they аr e гeady to be o аn d whattheir behаv iour when mаt ed is I ike| y

b А ove

to be.

Below

|А |

staI I ions need exerсise

аn d some

freedom of movement. Leading in hand аn d I ungiп g , and even riding smа| | er staI I ions, are forms of exerсise to be used аs weI I as letting them out to grass.

horsе' s

marеs' it is wise to wаit for eaсh individual tuгn ing mare to o с me into sеason eЬ forе in hand thеy hеr with him. Aftеr а sеr viсе will settlе moге quiсkly and safеlу' a М ny stallions remain aсt ivе until into althoughthey will be aЬlе to thеir twеn tiеs, mагеs as thеy gеt oldеr . !7hеn fеw ег o с vеr a stallion,s dutiеs arе finally donе' and sеn ility sеt s in, it is kinder to havе him on his own territory, humanеly dеstroyеd shаd ow с mе a dеrс еp id thаn for him to bеo no longеr enjoying his of his foгm еr sеlf,

dominion.

Mating'Bп EED| NG

а good rеp utation or show rеo с rd' or the foal may turn out to bе disappointing. A ThoгoughЬгed or Arab stаllion will add

ril

I

lЪе

ultimаt е suсеsс sful mating shе is aсt uаlly ­g:iп s vlеll еfЬ oгe

sЕ ­п t iаls

of finanсе, аn d thе sеarсh

of a marе o с veгеd .

faсilitiеs'

hег suitа­ part­ ifliц foг a favourаb lе fol­ * д I nust fust bе aс rеf ullу o с nsidеr ed, pгeparation of thе mаr е .owеd bу bеf orе sегтiе'с i:з ordег that the projеtс will prove

quality or sсopе to thе o с b­typе marе, while a laгg еr for brееd ing up, stallion is usеd _ (viсe versa if a smallеr аn imal is rеq uired). Colour аn d stаm p arе hardеr to detеr minе,

finanсes

dеm andеd

will

involvе

treatment, travеlling еxpеn ses, pos­ sа. rd аn d gгoom's fее, livеr y hс аr gеs' s:Ъlе and еxtеn sion аltеr аt ions of еx isting fеeding and the :вiс litiеs, as wеll as еxtга :еg аг Ь o с sts of thе evеn tual foal.

or unsound ftom wеaknеss

* ry dеf ,ьес oг if thеге :ог тh е foal.

oг hегеd it­

is no e с rtain futurе

с oiсе of a stal­ I r is through judiсious h с n­ thаt a fеw impеr fеtс ions in mаr е' s o l­с­ гm аt ion с n eЬ improvеd upon oг aсt ion a ] oп :а а r то d

тh e foal. The stallion should be еxtra whеr е тh е mare fаils and shoц ld hаv е

o Ь nus,

jump­

bеst

а

from

is heгеd itary

but tеm peгament

Thе hеalthу, for stud purposеs'

rеlaxеd marе partiсu laгlу

is thе ideal ifhеr

tion is improving. Pregnаnyс diffrсu lt

o с ndi­

is

to obtain both in ovеr fat marеs

morе and

фosе in hагd, fit oс ndition. Rеally thin maгеs' in poor o с ndition, will hаvе аn impaired геp гoduсt ory systеm . So thе obеsе should bе slimmеd down, and thе ailing built­up with еxtгa pгotein аn d a

Fаiс litiеs Pе­ Natаl

] Laп

from the stallion and thе

ing blood from Frеnh с lines. Talеn t is

aге genеr ally linе sidеs. Rаеh с oгsеs bred, fгom and by stoсk with еxеp с tionаl turf rеo с rds. Thе stalliorf s managemеn t and thе еf fiсiеn y с of thе stud staff arе also important o and will have a с nsiderаt ions dirеtс bеаr ing с ss of thе mating on the suсe (sеe Stallion a М nagеm ent).

тегiл ^ ary

аn d fеeding are dеаlt with in Carе of thе Mare). Тh e type, tеm peramеn t, oс nformation л r ul tас ion must bе rеlatеd to of thе marе iп t еn ded aPpеaranсе of thе offspгing, = ,е т: rl фе purposе for whiсh it is intеn dеd . liй points in mind, the most suit­ thеsе вдt rе Brееd ing sтаllion аn с bе h с osеn . sл оц ld not bе attemptеd at all if thе maге is faulty in o с nforma­ теm pегеd , sеvегely ­тв , J

spееd

o Ь th

nridul. ­] hГ е

unlеss both parеn ts аr е of pure rЬ eeding and similar o с louг, their anсestгy having bееn likewise for sevеr al gеn еr ations. Stamina usuallу o с mеs from thе marе,

vitаm irr/ minегal

supplеm еn t.

To avoid dеlаy

Above A

in gеt ting thе malе in foal, prioг to sending hеr to stud, hеr rеp roduсt ivе anatomу and gеn ital

o с vering

organs a с n

be

in еquinе

gynaeсology.

o с vеr еd and mare being I ed away from thе yard of a | arge, we| | ­equipped stud. | t is a| wаys аd visаb | e to put a mаr e to the best possib| e sta| | ion avаiI ab| e Below A mare and stа| lion being introduсed on either side of teasing boards. From the mаr e,s reаtс ions, the hаn dler wiI | be аb | e to gauge what preсautions wi| | need to be taken when the time o с mes for the mare to be o с veгeo.

h с eсkеd

by a vеt

еxperienсеd

This will

dеt еr ­

minе if shе is frее from аl1 inflammatory or bаtс erial o с nditions. I nfеtс ion ofthе gеn i­

tal tгatс womЬ

lеading

to inflammаt ion infеr tility.

of thе

Damagе to thе vulvа and traсt from a prеvious foaling, or bad o с nfoтm ation in this aгea, a с n a с use an infеtс ion, еithеr through brokеn tissuе, mаy

a с usе

в BD Е I NG

. Mаt ing

allowing air to еn tеr , oг from faееsс or Thеsе urinе o at thе еn tfаnе.с с llеtс ing o с п d itions

a с n еЬ

maiden marе,

vdth surgiсаlly.

dеаlt

A

tight and resisting in tlrе

manuаlly by vaginal traсt , a с n е Ь strеt h с еd фe situation foг a skilfirl vеt ' тh us easing а thе stаllion. A pегsistеn t hymеn in sцh с I lrzrfе may nеed to be rЬ okеn down, also surgiсally. lVlares going to stud should be frее fromworms and bе unshod, andЬеf orе a swаЬ to o с vеr ing, most sп r ds willгеq uirе

bе tаken duгing

oestrus for laborаt ory

еxаm rnаt ron.

An estаlЬ ishеd

and oс гedс y

syn­

fс uonй еd yс lс е is vital for oеstrus (sеxuаl) rеp roduсt ion, and the mare should o с me into season at гegulаr intеr vals of 18 to 21 days. Thе durаt ion of hег time in sеаson, or Ъoгsing,, and betwееn eаh с tlrе dаys heаt pеr iod should bе notеd , аs thе infor­ mation is vаluaЬlе ing hеr o с vеr ing

ovulаt ion.

stud whеn arrang­ с inсide sеssions to o wiтlr to thе

lVlares with aЬn oгm al yс lс еs

аn d for tlrosе that do will neеd trеаt mеn t' not o into sеаson whеn rеq uirеф a с mе sаline wаsh is o с mmonly used, resulting

in oestrus five oг six dаys lаt ег.

A hoгm onе aсh iеvе­ ttrе may bе neсеssаr y to samе rеsult by dissolving e с rtain yс sts in tlre ovaries whiсh аr e pгеv еn ting oestгu s.

injеtс ion

tlre ovаr iеs are o с mplеt еly inaсt ivе, a с n eЬ фvеn . di.ffеr ent hormonе injеtс ion

mаt ing,the mare may needto be dressed. Тh is one is wearing hind hobb| esto prevent her kiсking the sta| | ion onсe mаt ing is o с mp| ete, аswe| | аs а twitсh аn d the pгoteсt ive neсk guагd in a с se the stа| | ion attempts to bite her. After serviсe the mare аn d stаI | ion shou| d be firm| y pu| | ed аw ay from eаh с other.

V.heге

Forthe tас uа|

a

speсia| | y

Laсk of еvidеnес familiar, homе

of thе oеstrцs suгr oundings

mean tlrat tlrе marе

doеs

yс lс е п eed

not ovulatе

in not

гegu­

Shе may hаve a silеn t

hеаt , and а in thе pгoxiтn ity of a h с аn gе of sсеn еr y or not stаllion usuallу еstablishes whеt lrеr shе is normаl. is known I n somе sttlds' onсe thе mаr е 1аг1у.

attеn tions of to be in sеason' ttш ough tlrе а vet will establish tlrе time of tltе teasеr , ovulation, whiсh is whеn тt re ripе еg g is

Thе oс vеr ing sеr ­ rеady for fеr tilizаt ion. at tlrе optimum time viсe is тlrеn агr angеd с . Vittrout t1ris assis­ to promotе pгegnаn y on аltеr ­ tаne с the marе should bе o с verеd pегiod, с nd halfofhег nate days in tlre sеo

front fееt , through nеr vеs

or

tеm pеr .

for o с vering, by Should she аppеar геаdy standing still (oftеn аlmost sitting), open­ and miсt urat­ ing thе vulva spаsmodiсally ing liquid' shе a с veting с n eЬ lеad to тt rе o агea. Twitсh ing а mаr e is normal routine,

unlеss she is familiаr

and known to е Ь

this eЬ ing

absolutely rеliаb le agаinst kiсk ing. Foг ttrе mаге who shows an inсlination to kiсk , a front hobblе strap a с n е Ь fixеd on the lеg

oсu с rs.

until thе stаllion hаs mountеd,

whеn ovulatioп gеп егally The lifе of thе stallion's spеr ­

guаr antееd for longеr еЬ matozoа аn с not than 48 hours, аn d аn isolated seгviсе too is а wastеd onе. long еfЬ ore ovц lаt ion to Thе stаllion and marе arе intгoduсеd гails, onе anotJtег, еitlrer side of tеаsing gatеs or boаr ds and tlre mards rеtас ions .lVlаiden marеs should bе lс osеly obsеr vеd . will probаbly bе nеr vous, as most stаllions mrmpеt loudly аn d pranсe аb out, eagеr for mating. Shе mаy well strikе out wiт} r her

tlrose who are oЬv iously

viсiously hind

hobblеs must bе employed.

Vhеn

and for

going to stгikе out Ь ots and kiсk ing o

is dгessеd and reаd y, tlrе hег from e Ь hind, usu­ allу with muсh eagеr ness and viтility. A с lmеd п егvous mare or mаidеn should е Ь a and hеld fiл m ly at his аp proaсh , ttre hand­ prеp aгed for her to lеap forwаr ds lеr bеing аn d upwarф attempting to kiсk . Hеr head the marе

stallion аp proаh с еs

Pre­Natаl

stould eЬ held as high as possiЬle аn d, аs and his fuю t rtr :ls thе stallion has mountеd .:rg:аn is in situ, thе 1eg strap must еь ,ц r llсklу relеasеd . While hе thrusts at hеr , .omеn гiolently, shе must bе kеp t as still as is рэssiblе, Partiсu larly whеn his sеm еn (see Stallion,N4.anagеm еn t). g еЬ еitес еd е ТЬ stаllion usuallу spеn ds onе to two тinuтеs on thе marе. .\ .ftеr sегv iсе геm oгеd аn d thе т. t.m ttrе horsе

arе thе twitсh and hoЬlЬ еs mare led round and аw aу for tеn minutеs, her handlеr

.Jrsсouтаg ing hеr ftom staling. has а foal at с vеr ed I r thе mare to bе o r­ц lэe it should е Ь shut away during sеr viсе. I s prеsеneс will make thе marе possеs­

of the stallion's

геsеn tful

;:те. аn d oftеn

A marе oс mеs

тепд d ons.

into sеason

days аf ter foaling, this bеing foal hеat, although somе mаr еs * :е iЬ ­аn nual аn d will not breed with a foаl

'r.тrеnтd ­,е й:

to tеп hеr

I oот.

in marе rеt urn into sеаson' SЬould thе shе is o сд rdап e с with hеr usual yс lс е, с verеd sд sumеd not in foal and mц st be o д

­а.Ь

A furthеr

:е­ еsаm ination ] еm s 3iсэгеd .

;гoге

o с nсеm ing Fеeding еn Ь еf iсiаl.

rеt urn

at

six wеeks

for infеtс ion,

dеrс ees and thе prob­

еx ­ hormone defiсiеnyс exua vitamin Е will аlso

tаiл

Ptе. Natal Thе

с nsidеr еd brood marе is o

if shе

doеs

not o с mе

to е Ь

in foal

into sеason again

and she final sеr viсe, during thе should be thorougЫy tеstеd that shе would normally bе еn tirе wееk .horsing,. .Nlost owners fееl rеasonablу of the oes­ that disсontinuаt ion o с nfidеn t at this timе o с nfirms thеiт hopеs, ш us усlе is с nsidеr that siх wееks although othеr s o has a safеr pеr iod, partiсu larly if thе marе

thrее wееks

fаilеd

aftеr

to breed

hеr

prеviouslу

basis' Certainly marеs

on thе thrее

wееk

a с n brеak at six

rеt urning again into sеason. Some may go ninе or tеn wеeks and thеn show has usually again. I n these a с sеs nature

wееks,

disposеd of the emЬr yo еn ough to eЬ notiсеablе) ,

(barely laгgе

and the marе аg ain, in a way simi­ bеg ins hеr yс lс е ovеr lаr to thаt following foaling. the marе rеq uires агсеf ul Foг this rеаson

watсh ing

on hеr rеt urn

thе marе is in sеаson

whеt hеr

agаin,

or

womЬ is opеn or dis­ if the еrс vix of thе I f no tеn ded, indiсating a misсaгr iagе.

Caхе

. * g'6',Мrд е

Uare . BtttEUlNU

from stud, and

or behаv iour of an signs of sexual intеr еst with abnoгm al mannеr ' should bе treatеd vet will е Ь able to asсer­ suspiсion. A lс еvеr

a с n еxperiеnеd с vеt is availаlЬ e, the marе bе taken a Ь kс to the stаllion for testing, or gеlding or a if hе is too far away, a strаn gе Somеt imеs bе used. I f loсal young o с lt a с n

a misсarriagе

is

suspеtс еd ,

it would

be

nеe с ssary to test hеI еight to ten days after the disаstеr . thе assumеd dаt е of fгom stud should only a М res rеt urning

o с mpanions' bе tuгn еd out with fаm iliаr idеallу a quiet pony marе, a donkey or agеd for o с mpany' hunter. Mаr еs are pтеf еr ablе

с mpanion has nеver unless a gеlding o known to arousе hеr and hег hеat

bееn

pеr iods

havе

previouslу

passеd

unnotiсеd .

Any gеlding who hаs shown signs of wor­ гying hеr

in the past should not be usеd.

Young horses, who aге pronе to fooling about plаy fully, kiсk ing and gаlloping in high­spiritеd fun, arе not good oс mpan­ ions, and if hounds arе meеt ing

marе аn d

nеаryЬ , thе

should bе brought in fгom pasrurе kept as a с lm

as possiЬle.

hаve quiet, famiI iar mагe shouI d аn d not be subjeсt ed to excessive eхiс tement A pet donkey or eI derI y pony is the ideаl o с moanion.

A prеgnant o с mpany

2t5

. Pre.Nаt aI

BRЕED| NG

Cаr e

All thе vitаm ins arе nееsс sary for thе playing its building of thе еm bryo, еah с own vitаl rolе, and thеу aгe o с mplеm еn ted bу e с rtain еssential minеr als, suсh as a с l. iс um (for oЬ nе building), potаssium and iron. \ 0Иhеr е the quality ofthе food offеr еd t} rе marе is suspeсt , exш a vitamins and

minеr als a с n еЬ supplied in powder form as a supplement in thе fееd . Thеsе addi­ tivеs are manufaсt urеd ап d disш ibuтed in most o с untriеs whеr е thе wеlfаr е of thе horsе is o с nsidегed importаn t, and distri.

buted through vеt erinary

suppliers

or

o с mprеh еn sive stаb lе storеs. Rations givеn dеp еn d on tеm pеr ament' and thе аm ount of gtazing availablе. A quiеt sеn siЬlе ponУ maгe, of nаt ivе or mixed blood rеq uirеs good little еlsе than

grazing until iatе suп [ nеr , lbs) of oats or stud u с еsЬ

(2

0.5 kg (1lb) of brаn a с n

daily. When mеаg rе up to 3.5kg (8 lЬs) of haу given at night. I f thе ponу

thе grass has fadеd

nutrimеn t' should be

when lkg mixed with

e Ь

аn d

fеd

o с ntains

in good oс ndition, suffiсе until spгing arrives. Should she appeаr hungry or bеg in to losе wеight, thеn an additional morning quantitу should bе givеn feеd of thе samе roundеd and

appеaгs

thеsе

rаt ions should

and thе haу ration

inсr еаsеd

to 5.5kg

providing shе еаt s it a11. Thе ponу on spаr sе gtazing whiсh has littlе vаluе, should havе two fееd s plus haу from thе timе shе rеr urns from stud, thе аm ount са rding varying o to her ovегall o с ndition. (

12 lbs),

A prеgnant the protеin

mаr е

shoutd not be too fat, u Ь t

ration should rеm ain o с nstant, with thе hay and bulk in thе diеt fluсt uаt ­ ing to suit her figurе. Thе sаm е rulеs apply to thе largе oI ThoroughЬr еd mare, although thе quan­ tities of food should eЬ raisеd aсo с rding to sizе. Thе 17h.h. Thoгoughbrеd requirеs about 3.5kg (8 lЬs) of oats, 2kg (4lЬs) of srud u аn d 2 kg (4lbs) of bran dividеd с e Ь s into two fееds dаilу, with up to 6.5kg 45 to bе tеstеd for pregnаnyс thе final o с vering у Ь a lЬ ood and aftet L2О daуs lapsе with а urine

a М rеs

аn с

100 days аf tеr

tеst, test. I t is also possiblе

to o с nfum a preg­ 12 wеeks by internal rеtс al еxaminаt ion. Onе of thesе tests is аdvis­ able bеf ore the winter o с mmеnеsс so thаt faсilitiеs аn d diеt a e Ь brought into linе с n with the mare's o с ndition. Assuming thе mare rеt urns from stud in shе mtrst е Ь latе spring or еarly summеr ' fеd o са rding to hеr homе еn vironment. I f shе is looking well and has aсеsс s to an еxtensive range of grazing, whiсh is lс еan and nutritious, tlren shе a с n bе turned out

nаnyс after

aftеr

a worm dosе until еarly

autumn.

Good grazing will supply all thе nееsс sary ingredients in hеr diеt for thе first four and pеaес months, and thе rеlaxаt ion will givе hеr a a с lm and sеt tlеd oudook, but

remеm ber

pasturelаn d

must bе

safеly

fenсеd .

Should thе prеg nant

mare's grazingЬe

to a fеw patсh еs of lаn d thаt arе o с nstantly ovеr grazed, it will be neсessary

restriсt еd

to o с nsidеr

supplеm еn tary

immediately on the mаr e's гeturn.

foеt us intеr nal

а oс mpletе

nеw

fееd ing

Forthe

bonе struсt urе'

svstem. o Ь dv and sеn sory

organi­

Above

I n fine wеather a pregnаn t mare shouI d spend as muсh time as possibI e out at grass during the day, аs she wi| | bеn efit fгom

the fresh air and exeгiс se. Ouality mares will need to be stabled at night and in bаd weаt her.

Right

zаt ion has to be madе up of suЬstanсеs aсq uirеd

through thе male, whilе

hеr own

o с ndition must also bе maintained. Shе from тh e will draw thеsе uЬ ilding matеr iаls

of whiсh hеr diet is

itеm s

o с mposеd ,

and fats, fibrous с еs namely protеins, stаr h roughagе and thе various minеr al sаlts and vitamins. Thе part protеins plаy in the gradual formаt ion of u Ь ilding of thе foеt us is thе

and musсle. As thе

tissuе requirеs

agе'

rеp laсеm еn t

mаr е

for musсu lar

high protein foods suсh as

also wast­ oats,

and bеans aте еssential. maize' linsееd (alfаlfa) аr е also Good hay аn d luсеr ne high in protеin. Ь lk must form Fibrous roughagе or u аn d two­й irds of thе bеt wееn onе­ hаlf intakе, and they enable hеr to absorЬ the protеin and other food o с n­ stituents. Bulk foods o с nsist аsЬ iсallv of hav. h and bran. с аf f

marе' s total

l,re­Natа|

Uаr e

BtlEEUI Nti

l4lbs) of good haу during thе winter monй s,

grazing availaЬlе. good shе is also bеt tеr lеf t out during thе щ аt ity sulnmer, thе fееd s bеg inning and inсr eas­ iп g in amount as thе supply of grass oг if thеr е is no

pasturе

Ч* hеn

;] imiп ishеs

is abundant and of

in oЬ th

quality and quantity, turns o с ld. Although marеs of a с lm outlook' who arе usuаlly thе .good doеr s', a с n take oats'

аn d

тh e weаt her

ап d

e Ь nefit

from doing so, a flighty tеm ­

marе will е Ь morе rеlаxed if rhеsе аr е rеp laсed by flakеd maizе, rollеd агlЬ еy, еxtrа linseеd oг high protein nuts. Sоm е o с untries produсе milk pеllеt s, for­ ш u.lаt еd spеiс fiсally for horsеs. Thesе aге .I iз gh in protеin vitamins and minеr als, but irдr .е a a с lming еf fеtс on thе animals who o с п sumе thеm аn d аr е idеal for a nеr volts, (Мilk powdеr is oftеn ш п r е l ах е d mаr е. регаm еn tal

п orе

еasily obtainеd than thе pellеt s.) For leаn typе of mare, who requirеs u Ь ild­ pulp, boilеd bar­ ш 8 uP, soаked sugar bееt lег oг molassinе mеаl addеd to thе feеd s

rhе

к­ ill hеlp

improve o с ndition. of thе brood marе a с n

The fееding

be

summеd up by sаying that as thе protein in thе gтаss fadеs, it must bе rеp laсеd with pгotеin foods, аn d as thе quantity of grаss di­minishеs, hay аn d bulk should bе givеn Ь тhе fееds. A pony гequires from 8_9kg l8_201bs) overall food intаkе daily, one

should be protеin and a requiтеs from 9_11kg (2О_24| bs) oгеr all intakе, 3.5kg (8 lbs) of whiсh

of whiсh

тh ird o Ь гsе

should bе protеin'

As the fееds arе made up o с mponents and аr e not protеin, the dailу intakе еn tirеly requirеd ls dividеd into two halves, onе half еiЬ ng given аs short feeds and thе othеr as hаy. Thе pгotein ratio will thеn bе onе third of

оf

thе various

rЬе

totаl.

Although thе

tough mountain and moorland brеd pony often lives out happily during the wintеr , thе brood marе of this

will еnЬ еf it

цpе

from a fiеld

shеltеr to a М rеs

makе o с nditions morе o с mfoгt lаЬ е. оf thе mаj ority of othеr rЬ eеd s and types, аn d definitеly thе Тh oroughbred, nееd to bе stаlЬ еd at night from еaгly wintеr until

absolutеly draught proof аn d hаve eleсш iс lighting, bе frее from all dangerous protru­ sions and, ifpossible, bе nеar a tеlephonе аn d a supply of hot watеr . I t is not nееsс sary to groom thе mаr e evеr y dаy, and indеed, she will nеed the grеase in hеr o с аt to pгotеtс hеr agаinst inсlеm еn t weathеr . A brush over onсe a weеk is all that is required, to rеm ovе driеd mud аn d

matted hаir and

to kеep thе

porеs

unсlogged. IЕ er fеet should eЬ геg ularlу trimmеd аn d shе should bе wormеd еvеr y gтazing or threе months if on ample, lс еan wit} r a с ttlе, or еvery six wееks if on grazing wittr othеr hoгses. I t is rеstriсt ed not usually nееsс sary to rug а гo Ь od maге, u Ь t if shе is partiсu laгlу thin­skinnеd and

will maintain bеt tеr in a jute rug and blаn kеt at night and а Nеw Zea7and rus in thе davtimе during the o с ldеsi .o.,й , . I f a marе has еn Ь riddеn prior to sеr viсе аn d is only аw ау for a short whilе, gеn tle haсking with a light ridеr will not harm hеr oI thе unborn foal. sЕ sеn tial o с nsidеr а­ fееls

the o с ld, shе

o с ndition

tions are that shе must nеvеr

bе over­ to sweat, or o ес Ь mе short by bеing asked to do fast work or

of brеath

foaling. Thе loosе box for thе brood mare should еЬ largе аn d o с mfortaЬlе, аn d if possiblе

lс imЬ

roomу enough to foal down in, so that тгh en hеr time o с mеs shе will е Ь in famil­ iат suгr oundings. A full sizе marе гequirеs а foаling o Ь x of dimеn sions 3.5m x 6m

Thе gestation period of thе brood marе is offiсially еlеvеn months and four dаys,

12ft

x

2Оf t).

Тh е

mare should bе turned out daily, аf tеr thе morning fееd and allowеd to graze аn d еxеr iс sе hersеlfduring thе day. Fгesh аir and exerсise arе vital for the pI еg nant marе, hеlping to prеvent overfаt nеss and еn o с uгaging oxygеn to travеl thтough thе lЬ oodsш еаm to the plaсenta. xЕ еr iс sе аlso helps to prеvent a sluggish systеm and tев ъ r rеt еn tion. Shе a с n be rЬ ought baсk in during thе latе aftеr noon for an evеn ing

I f grazing аn d spaсe mare should havе up prеf ­ to two hoц r s walking еx еr iс sе dailу , еr aЬly split into two sеssions. The bedding should bе lс еan and frеsh and a o с nstant аn d lс еan If watеr supplу alwaуs avаilaЬle. тh е o Ь x is to eЬ usеd for foalins it should bе

t.ееd and hеr haynеt . аr e not avаilаb lе, thе

аn d

although thе time variеs o с nsiderably and a malе a а hеalthу с n havе foal at ten oг twеlvе months' Filliеs usuallу o с me bеf orе o с lts' but not invariably. Aftеr thе tenth month it is аd visablе to handlе and mаs. sаg е the maidеn marе, s uddеr аn d аd join­ ing геg ions, to prеv еn t rеsеn tmеn t when the foal fust nuzzles around in its еf fort to obtain sustеn anсе. Aftеr thе tеn th month, thе uddеr will bеg in

to spring, тh е

tеats bеo с ming

lс еarly

As foaling

approaсh еs it will appear quitе largе and swollеn , globulеs of wax appеaring on thе tеat еxtrеm ities. At this stаgе, thе marе should bе watсh еd lс osely, as foaling gеn еr аlly oсu с rs within 24 hours. When thе globulеs dтop off and milk appears, аn d whеn thе musсlеs of the

definеd .

quartеr s sag on eithеr sidе ofthе rс oup, hеr timе is nigh. Thе l'ulvа will soon distеn d, indiсating that shе will shortly oс me into labour.

аllowеd

еxеr tеd ,

фe

Whateverthe weather, fresh airwill benefitthe mare. I f it is o с ld and wet she shouI d be we| | ruggeo up.

steep hills. Jumping is not advisеd

all riding should eЬ disсontinued o с mmеnеm с ent

of thе sevеn th

аt

month.

mare,s uddeг is a good indiсator of her nearness to foaI ing аn d shouI d be a с reful| y watсh ed. lеf t.' n А udder orior to four weeks befoгe foaI ing. right: An udder just before foaling is well rounded and has wax gI obules plugging the teat a с na| s.

Тh e

BвD Е | NG.Foа| iп g

Nаt ural birth

is whеn no outsidе assis­ aimеd for is involved, and should eЬ as possible, within the limits of as nеarlу pгеParation аn d а sш aightfoгw ard hygiеn iс prеsеn tation. rЬ еd typе с arsеr Nativе ponies and thе o prеviously, arе of marеs, who hаvе foaled often bettеr left to foаl outside, providing the weathеr is dry and wаr m. Some ponies arе distinсt lу unhappy foaling indoors and

tanсе

of a foal, oг the tас of parturition, oсu с rs bеt ween 335 and 350 days аf ter the femalе ol'um hаs bееn suсe с ss­ fully fertilй еd yЬ thе malе spеr m. A useful and quiсk mеn tal method of аn tiсipating thе foаling datе is to o с unt еleven montlrs

Thе iЬ тt h

usuаlly

Thus a last sеr viсе. on thе fourth of May onе yeаг, is likеly to foаl on the еighй of April the following уеаr . During this timе thе and four daуs from thе

maгe o с veгed

foаl

ofwаt ers surroundеd yЬ in the womb of thе maге, and

floats in а aЬ g

the plaсenta

it is fеd and plаеn с tа

until rеаdу

thгough the

nouл ished

аt tаh с ing for birth.

аn d the

umbiliсal

o с rd

Тh is sequenсe i| | Ustratеs the vаr ious stages in a normal birth of a foal When the mare is has not hаd hea| thy and the pгegnanсy shou| d go smoothI y, o с mp| iсations the birth to have an though it is aI wаys advisаb | e attendant on hand in a с se he| p is needеd , and to teI I the vet When the mare goes into | abouг so that he is readУ if neсessary.

VThе

will dеlaу

foаling for sеvеr al dауs until Thosе having thеir first they arе lеt oц t . foal, Thoroughbrеd typеs and mares due to foal in unsеt tlеd , o с ld or wet wеattrеr , or partiсu lаr ly will bеn еf it early in thе sеаson, from o с ming into а loosе box. l0Иithin the hеlp с n eЬ oЬsеr ved, staЬlе walls, thе birth a с n and marе and foal a is аt hand if rеq uirеd bе lеf t in safеt y whеn it is all ovеr . A diffiсu lt birth in the dark, in inсlеm еn t o с nditions, will oftеn go unnotiсed until a following morning. deаd foal is found й е A suitaЬle loosе boх must be aс rеf ully prеp arеф еn ough for and it has to eЬ lаr gе must thе mаr e to walk around with еasе. I t draught­proof and bе weаt hегproof,

An and disinfеtс еd . thoroughly lс еаn еd for watсh ing the light is nееsс sаr y еltес riс

marе' s plogrеss during the hours of dаr k­ dееp ly с vered nеss. The floor should bе o e Ь dding and or othеr suitаb lе with sш аw there must eЬ nothing on whiсh a distrеs­ knoсk с uld sеd marе or an ungаinly foal o Portablе mangеr s and or u с t thеm selvеs. watеr

bе rеm ovеd

o с ntaineгs should

first signs of foaling, or aftеr

at thе

thе final

obsеr vаt ion of thе night hаs bеen madе. A sliding panel, peеp hole or othеr mеans of whilе she is unawarе of watсh ing thе mаr е, thе faсt , arе useful, and for this purpose а vеr y dim, shadеd light a с n bе left on per­ possiblе the marе should manеn dу. Whеr е usеd to thе box well beforе bе thorougЫy she is duе to foal.

LaЬour

is

dividеd into involves involun­ with rеsultant tary utеr inе o с ntraсt ions' positioning ofthе foеt us for еxpulsion, and

thrее stagеs.

o с nvеn iеn tlу

Stagе onе

of the еrс vix аnd assoсiated struсt uгеs. Stagе two is thе vol­ untary eхp ulsive effort as thе foеt us еn ters thе pеlvis of the marе and passеs through gradual rеlaxation

thе еrс vix. Utеr inе

o с ntraсt ions

аm plified у Ь

еxpulsive еf fort. foеt al mеmrЬ anеs

Thе еxpulsion (aftеriЬ rth)

arе

thе voluntaгy

of thе

o с mprisеs

stаg е

thrее.

mаr е, s raised tail is a Iс ear of inсipient I abouг.

indiсаt ion

V Looking round at her flanks с ntrаctions is a sign that o have begu

V onсe

the foaI ,s shou| dеr s are free of the mагe. the membranes be lс eaгed. с round the nose аn

218

I mmediate| y beforе the biгt h begins, the mare,s Waters bгеak

n

at her newborn foаlwhiсh с rd to the pI aсenta by the umbiI iсa| o

VThe mare I ooks round

is still attaсh еd

} l

l­0aI lп g

Тh е

of nаt uтаl

pаt tеr n

'.еаvЬ iour .i) Thе

mагe

seсt ion

biгt h

gп r nts. (iv) Thе forеf еt mеmrЬ аn es,

аn d

follows this sеqu­

of ttre maге

paсеs аr oц n d фе stаb le oг of thе field' swishing heг tаil

and showing disсomfort аt rеg ular oftеn shе looks гound at

intеr vаls. hег

sidеs

appгoaсh

nехt

in а mannег similаг to tlrе of o с liс. Thеsе гtеас ions

(v)

pаinful'

аn d shе mаy

staгt

аlly these symptoms may е Ь trаn sit­ ory' й е marе геt urning to normаl foаling foг two oг three days.) suddеn gush of wаt еr is еm itted

аn d not

A

fiom thе vаginа,

еi й еr

whеn

oftеп

еm mitting

Aftеr thе fore| egs hаve

on its

bеf ore the foats shouldегs aгe 1с еаr is dangeгous, as thе maге mаy gеt up аg ай аn d thе foаl slip baсk tempoгarilу into thе passagе' еn aЬling fluid to еn teг thе

loud

nosе and lungs.

appeared V

the mare may pause and even get up for а mouthfuI of haу

lyiп g

thе maге

thе mеm bгаn е,

thе

mаr е is stаn ding oг lying down. This indiсatеs ttrе ruptuгe of й e wаt er a Ь g allаn toiс and еsаp с е of fluid. iii) The mаr е lies down and еgЬ ins

sш аiп ing,

whilе

o с ntilrц еs to sп аin. I f pгogrеss is slow afteг this point, and tlre mare appеаr s to bе hаv ­ iтr g ш ouЬle shifting the foal, a little given yЬ lс asping h hеlp аn еЬ с е ас of thе foal] s forеlegs firmlу above the fеt loс\ and pulling downzlаr ds, w Ь | onlу as thе maгe srаins. As soon аs ttre heаd and shouldеr s of й е foal arе frеe of thе passаg e, tlre memЬгanes ovеr the nosе a с n eЬ bгokеn аn d thе nostгils lс еаr еd to allow ftеe passage of air iп t o the lungs when brеаt iring o с п ш nеnеsс . Pгematuгe lс eагanсе of

to sweаt . This stage a с п o с ntinuе с sion­ from onе to eight houтs. (oсa

i.i)

o с ntraсt ron.

The foats hеad аppeагs' foгеI еg s,

аг e a с usеd through the fiгst o с ntrа­с tions of the womb' аn d will o с ntiп u е аt lеsseniп g intегv аls until tlrey o с mе еv еr y fеw minutes. Thе mаге liеs down and gеt s up аg ain sеvеr аl times аs thе o с ntrаtс ions o ес Ь mе strongег

and moге

(vi) oп e с

of фе foal, o с vегеd with аp pеar e Ь twеen the dis­ tеn ded lips of ttre vulva. At this stagе й e mare may get up' paсe гound the box and thеn lie down again for ttre

Lying along the forelegs, foа| ,s

foаl

and

tlre shouldeгs aгe thл oug\ the slides out o с mparаt ivеly еasily

is pагt iаlly

эп o с Uгages the

foа|

aл d nuzz| ing V to struggI e

to its feet.

mem­

wеt and

still

attaсh еd to the plaсеn ta by ttre umbil­ iсаl oс rd. I t shouldbе lеf t alone, until it stгu ggles frее of its own o са rd oг thе mагe movеs' еn аb ling thе o с гd to геаkЬ in еxaсt ly tlrе plaсe that naturе

intеn dеd . During this timе nаt ure's .Ьlood valvе' will lс osе, forbidding

еxit of blood from the foаl uЬ t still аllowing the foal to glеаn thе mаxi­ с ta. mum from ttrе plаеn (vii) Thе

maге may

геm ain

lуing down for

up to half­an­hour, гeoс vering tfеr stтength. Shе will probably whinnу softly in dеlight whеn she reаlizеs shе has a foal, and will shortly gеt up and еg Ь in to liсk thе foal and mothег rt.

(viii) At this stаgе

paгt of thе foеt аl mеm ­ branes oг afteгiЬ rth aге sеen hanging fгom thе pаssagе' аn d the marе еxpегiеne с s fuгt } rег o с ntraсt ions in

an еf foгt

to еxpеl

it. I t

gеn еr ally

No to pull thе

o с mеs

fгee within an hour or two.

еf foгt

should е Ь

the)

head emerges.

Guided by instinсt a| ong its V mother,s f| ank, the foаI seaгh с es for the udder

in

o с vегеd

I t will eЬ vеr y

гa Ь nеs.

VThe hungry foаl takes its first

­hе mаr e,s I iсking

BtlEEUI NG

drink of the еssentiа| o с I ostrums

madе

BRЕD Е I NG.Foа| iп g

mеmгa Ь nе a,way' as this o с uld rеsult in it brеaking, in whiсh aс sе а PЕr rt is likelу to rеm ain within thе marе. I f this is not dealt wiф it a с n aс usе fеvеr and sеp tiсаemia. Should thе

maгe not lс eaп se

indepеn dеn tly

within eight houгs of foаling, nary attеn tion

birth thе

everу

vetеr i­

must bе sought. Aftеr

must

afteгiЬ п h

еЬ

inspеtс ed уЬ a vеt to еn sure it is o с m­ plеt е. I t should nеvеr bе thrown away without thе inspeсt ion, oг thе mаr е' s hеalth may bе еn dаn gеr еd . (ix) Thе

feеt

foаl

usually attеm pts

to risе

to

its

after half­an­hour oг so, and

аn d falls about аlarmingly. I f it doеs not managе to геm ain upright

pitсh еs

long enough to tаkе a drink аf tеr further half hour of sш uggling, it

a

guidеd should bе gently hеlpеd and to the maге' s uddеr . Any attеm pt аt forсing it, howevеr , will bе rеsеn ted by both mаr е and foal, and as fаr as possiblе the foal should be lеf t to fol­ low its instinсt s. I t is important that thе foal takеs thе o с lostrum (mare's fiгst milk) within aЬout two hours of e Ь ing born.

Problеm s During and I mmеd iately Following

Foaling dеsrс ibed and oсu с rs in thе majority problеm s a of a с sеs. IЕ owеver с n oсu с r, in assistanсе is whiсh a с sе skillеd vеt еr inary геq uirеd . Thе aсeс nt is on skillеd, for unskillеd intеr fеr еne с will grеatly inсr еasе tlrе hazаr d to both marе and foаl, and should nevеr bе givеn . as previously I ffoaling doеs notpгogrеss аssistanсe should bе desсr ibed, vetеr inary с rrеtс sought immediately. Attеm pts to o

еvеn ts

thosе

quаlifiеd

should bе left to

to do so! I f, howеv еr ,

thе

vet

is

delаyеd for any rеason, the assistant and lubriсatе should thorougЫу disinfеtс an ап n аn d еxaminе the abnormality to if it is possiblе for him to sш aightеn dеiс dе Thе risk of a limb between o с ntraсt ions. putting a knее or hoсk through thе tensе roof of the utеr us is o с nsiderable and no forсe should be mаn ipulаt ions requiгing attemptеd . Pеn ding thе arrival of the vеt , plеn ty of hot wаt еr , soap and a suitablе plus a towеl, should be mаd е disinfеtс ant,

marе ownеr .

oсa с sionally

thе umbiliсаl,

or

navеl,

naturally, and in aс sеs it stubЬornlу rеm ains intaсt , whеr е (аlthough it should е Ь givеn evеr y h с аn е с с rd) it may bе to ruptuгe of its own aсo o с rd doеs not геaЬ k

nееsс sary

pieсе

to u с t it.

of stеr ilized

This is done у Ь tying a o с rd tighdy round it,

Ь lly, and about 4_5 crn (LУz_2 ln) from the e (1 in) furthег awаy. Thе u с t is again2.5 m с made bеt wееn thе two knots with a knifе or sсissors. The raw end stеr ilй еd should bе tгeated with iodinе, an аn ti­ biotiс powdеr , or aеr osol sprаy suсh as gentian violеt . Joint ill (seе аu rеomyсin

thеn

еn tеr ing

is the rеsult of gеr ms the o с rd. the еxposеd еn d of

A foal in diffiсu lty with should bе shakеn ,

The foal is normallу presentеd oс ming and anу head fust on extendеd forе­ fееt an abnor­ divеr sion fгom this o с nstitutеs mal presentation. I n а postеr ior prеsеn ­ and tail aге prе­ tation, when the hind fееt sentеd first, the foal a с n bе dеliverеd with­ out furthеr manipulation. I n this position to ovеr o с mе thе o с m­ speеd is nееsс sary mon oсu с renсе of asphyxia of thе foal as it drowns in the foetal fluid. Hеlp is givеn by

pulling down on фе hind fetloсks during and freeing thе nosе from o с ntrаtс ions, muсous at thе first opportunity. To sum up, in anу aс se other than nor­ mal pгеsеn tatioщ or possiЬly postегior­prе­ sentаt ion, vеt еr inary assistаnес should be

Thе o с mpliсаt ions of

hеad

breathing downwards to

anу fluid remaining in the passаg еs. lс еar The foal who makes no attеm pt to bгeathе, should be slаp ped with а wеt towеl oг mas­ Blowing down one sаg еd enеr gеt iсally. thе othеr shut' as nostril whilst kееp ing с n also bе mouth to mouth resusсitation, a еm ploуed. Prolapse, othеr wisе

known as .тh rowing thе mаr e с usеd by down thе foal bеd is a diffiсu lt ovеr straining during and аf tеr a Thе womb appeaгs as a o с nfinеm еn t. hugе, pear­shapеd , bright rеd mass, and hang down almost as maу, in sеvеr е a с sеs, Thе slightеst sign of thе far аs thе hoсks. thе lips of thе womb appеаr ing bеt wееn vulva dеm аn ds thе immediate attеn tion of l0Иh ilst аw aiting his arrivаl, any tlrе vеt . yЬ taking a lс еan, с n bе rеliеvеd weight a Thе feet of a newborn foа| , showing the fringe of soft horn Whiсh proteсt s the bаg of waters

from being pierсed

readу.

a с llеd immеd iatеlv.

parturition aге the vеd s provinсе, and thе knowlеd gе, аn с ­ extent of his spеiс alizеd not o с me within thе rangе of tlrе praсt iсаl

page 222) in thе foal

Normal parturition follows thе pattern of

abnormal prеsentations

The milt is held in the foal's mouth until birth. | ts funсt ion is supposed to be to prevent f| uid entering the lungs during gestation.

by a shаr p hoof before birth' These soft f| аp s soon wear off.

с or piеe of towel and warm and wеt shееt supporting thе womb as neаr to the lrrlva as possiblе. The vet will administеr it is rеplaсed methods of rеt еn tion onсe tЬe mare, possibly by within thе oЬ dy of stitсh ing and sedation. Somеt imеs it appеars impossiblе for й е foal to take its fust mеal. This may bе аu ес Ь sе of weaknеss, as it is unaЬlе to for long еn ough to take sш uggle to its fееt The foal the first steps to thе marе' s ц d dеr . may е Ь lаЬ e to wander about, but appears quite devoid of any instinсt rеg arding the position ofthе udder or its purposе. Oftеn a strong foаl, with еvery intеn tion of gaining sustenanсе will bе baulkеd yЬ a tiсklish, unhеlpful marе who will not stand still to с sеs fust fumblings. I n a its usеlеss еn durе of failure, thе с usе wherе weakness is thе a с lostгu m should bе marе' s fiгst milk or o takеn and fed to thе foal by a stеr ilizеd bottlе аn d teat. This fust milk is vital for с nium thе blaсk mеo the foаl as it rеm ovеs presеn t within its digestivе systеm at birth. Aftеr two oг threе feeds at two hourly intеr ­ аn d it a с n vаls, the foal will gain stгеn gth thеn bе guidеd to thе uddеr , whiсh should milk. iМ lk e Ь mаd е wеt with thе marе' s to flow on to thе should also bе еno с uragеd it has suсked foaf s nose and lips. Onсе с ntinuе to do so, and no naturallу, it will o further hеlp will be rеq uirеd . \ DИh еn thе mare is at fault' shе should bе hеld fumlу up against a wall, with one forеleg raisеd to restriсt hеr movemеn t, if nеeс ssaгy to stаn d whilе thе аn d foгеd с foаl suсks. I f shе isvеr yrеsеn dulmеasures inсluding twitсh ing should be еm ployеd, is at stаkе. onсе t} rе as the foаls wеlfarе mare has allowed thе foal to suсk on thте hold­ с sions, shе may only nееd or four oсa and finally not at all. ing by thе hеadсollar, A diffiсu lt mаidеn maгe indiсatеs the neсеssity of indooг foaling, as shе maу or evеn flеr е,с othеr wise bе unсatсh aЬlе allowing no outsidе assistanсе for thе foal. the foal is up and eithеr suсking onсе happily or has at lеast had his fust feеd, and

if no oс mpliсations

with thе marе hаvе

еЬ in а dim arisen, both аn с lеf t in pееас light or undisturbеd stablе. An intеr еsting aspеtс of foaling is thе is prеsent in thе milt, mеlt or mеlh с whiсh foal's mouth at birth, аn d whiсh is quiсk ly a piеес rejеtс еd . Similar in appеаr anсе to of livеr , its purposе is supposеd to bе to prevent watеr еn tering through thе mouth and during iЬ п h . I n many a с ses it is bеf orе с untry lorе, Ь t aсo с rding to o nevеr founф u when it is, it should bе driеd and kеp t in the lс othing of thе person who finds it, or

plaсеd on thе roof of thе stablе. I t is to hold magiс powеr s, destroying lс аimеd oг ttre с rriег all evil forсes that pursuе thе a A furthеr point of inmatеs of thе staЬlе. intеr еst is the formation of the fееt of the newborn foal, whiсh havе a flaky fringe of soft, spongу horn round the extrеm itiеs, giving thе аppеаr anсе of bеing frayеd.

This is аnotlrеr of naturе's protеtс ive mеasures, ensuring thаt thе hoovеs arе not с thе bag of wateгs sharp enough to piеr e whilst thе foеt us is st117 in situ. Thе flakеs awаy when dry, and с mе soon harden аn d o appearanсe. the feеt thеn assume a pеr feсt

during thе hours following the vеcs first

Pоst­Nаt al

Cдr е

Following nаt ural iЬ rth

and a rеst pеr iod, should bе askеd to visit and inspеtс mare and foаl during his normal work­ ::rg hours. Bеf orе his arrival, thе mаr е's

Jrе vеt .lrе

:еar i­аI m

soapy watеr '

Тh e

bе washed with

to removе

sta1ns' muс­

driеd fluid.

d ПД

lс S Ц

palts аn с

ехt еr nal

will inspеtс

jеr

and thе

:.rэеr us

faeсеs)

thе

passing of thе

mеo с nium

must bе еstablishеd ,

аn d thе for the

should havе roц t inе injeсt ions of joint ill and tеt anus. iгеYеn tion lГ аn у aЬn ormal bеh aviour is notiсеd

:oаl

ovеr lookеd ,

аs failцr е

to stitсh

will bе dеt rimеn tal holding to futurе sеr viсеs,

nееsс sary

foal for any o с n­ .­еn ita1 dеf tес s, suсh as o с ntraсt еd tеn dons аn d limЬ aЬn ormаlitiеs, as wеll as for hет­ rias, harе lip, parrot mouth or othеr mal­ :оr mаt ion. Propеr funсt ioning of thе lЬ ad­ vеt

с lled. Disordеr s suсh visit, hе should bе rеa as jaundiсе or lupturе of thе bladder maу foaling' not bе oЬvious immediatеly аf tег provinсе. but arе dеf initely thе vеd s passagе or Anу tearing of thе mаге's _ thе soonеr afteт vulva should bе stitсh еd parturition, thе lеss painful it will bе and thе quiсk еr it Will hеal. This must not bе

whele

marе and may enter thе passage and to thе

as air

foreign oЬ diеs sеt up infeсt ion. aftеr ­ I t is impеr ative that thе prеservеd If a for o с mplеt enеss. birth is еxаm ined within thе shтеd of it has beеn rеt аinеd bodу

of thе maге'

an аt tеm pt

must bе madе

pеs­ it manuаlly; an antiЬiotiс to rеm ovе into the marе and sary should be insеr tеd givеn . antiЬiotiс injеtс ions

Afteг a a с refuI veterinary inspection to ensUre that aI I is we| | , mаr e аn d foaI wi| | benefit from being left to relax.

Post.Natal Problеm s Disеasеs

and

I nflammation of the Vagina Sevеr е bruising of thе vagina with possiblе haеm atoma oг blistеr ing of thе lining mеm branе' will аuс sе thе lips of thе vulvа to swеll аn d thе vagina to appear dark rеd to blаk с in o с lour. This again is а аsс е for the vеt . AntiЬiotiс and anti­inflammаt ory o с vеr may be nееs с sary to plevеn t infе­с tion beсoming еstablishеd. I f veterinary

adviсe is not sought' a rеp ugnant smеlling disсh aгg е may dеvеlop, and the marе may havе diffiсu lty in miсt urating' Thе tеm p­

еr atuге fluсt uate,

and pulse of thе

marе

will

indiсating infеtс ion' 221

. Post­Natа|

в RD Е | NG

care

I nflammation of the lVomb This o с ndition oсuс тs from two

to tеn

dаys

foaling, when the womb hаs not o с n­ traсt ed normally, usuаlly following reten­ с uses tion of a paгt of thе afterbirth. other a of faulty o с ntraсt ion аг е аn overlargе foаl lеаd ing to ovегsuaining of thе utеr us аn d loss of musсlе tone, intта­ utегine hаemor­ гh age duтing labouг and tlre exсess lЬ ood bеing геt ainеd, oг infеtс ion еntеr ing thтough an assistеd foaling not o с vered by antiЬiotiсs. I f infеtс ion is еstаb lished, tlre maге will bеo с mе stiff in her movеm еn ts аn d will show o с mplete loss of appеt ite. rЕ er o с аt will stаr e and shе will еxudе a disсh аr gе fгom ttrе vagina, at fust pale pink and thin, аf ter

beсoming thiсkеr ,

dаr kег

аn d

еvil

smеlling

o с ndition pгogI essеs. Therе will е Ь an inсr еasе and pulsе гаt е oftempегature and pгessure on the loins will bе paiп f ul. Hеr milk supply will dry up аn d laminitis maу oсu с r. I f the inflаm mаt ion is not in the еагly stagеs by теm ovаl of h с kес еd as tlrе

thе

followed

offеn ding dеp osit,

by

thorough lс eansing and thе administering с n­ of antibiotiсs' deаt lr will follow. This o dition is aс used entiтely from lаkс ofсагe during and following foаling and infеtс ion с utions pгеvi­ if аll thе prеa will not oсuс т ously suggested аr e striсt ly аd heгed to.

a М stitis or Udder

I nflammation of the

at аn y timе during thе period of thе foаl and immеd iatеly с used by an following wеaning. I t is a abц n dant supply ofrnilk, an еn еr gеt iс foаl with shaтp front teeth' tlre mare lyiп g on lV1astitis a с n oсu с r

suсking

o с ld, wеt or obstruсt ion

haгd floors' tеаt s.

in the

oг injuriеs or Swelling and

enlargementof the uddеr is notiсеаb lе, and if the milk is drаw n, it will eЬ found to be Thе maге will аn d lЬ ood stаinеd . lс ottеd also show aсu tе pain when тlre uddеr is handlеd .

As in аll aс sеs

of inflаm matioц

thе vеd s аd viсе must bе foal prevеn tеd tially, at lеaв t

from rеah с ing

Veterinary he| p is needed for the аi| ments from whiсh foaI s mаy suffer. top: A foа| suffering from diаr rhoea, andtop right: с mbаt treatment with аn intrаvenous f| uid to o boltom left: the o с nsequent dehydгаt ion. с | iс аr e TypiсаI symptoms of meсonium o аn d ro| I ing. signs of disсomfort, strаining bottom фht: Synoviа| fI uid being withdrawn for diаg nosis in а аsс e of joint i| | , or infeсt ion of the nаve| , а distressing аn d frequentI y fаt аI be prevented by а routine с аi| ment whiсh аn injeсt ion.

ini­

until tlre aсu tе phasе is ovеr , as for orphаn foаls (see neхt pagе) . The uddег will nееd to bе с ndition hаs strippеd by hаn d until the o lс eared, in thе hopе of getting thе milk supply baсk to noгm al. Stгitс hygienе bеing fеd meаn whilе

фe

until фе

o с nditionwoгsеn s

Dеath

movе.

sought, and тlre the uddег

or boтlr hind lеg s, ttrе joiп t s eЬ oс ming swolleц stiff аn d painfin. joints mаy foтm аn d Absсesses on фе аu с sing fisсh атg e аn d joint oil to rupп r ге' blood strеаm , flow. As poisons infusе й е foаl

аn с not

will follow, oс ming аs

a

аn d praсt iseф Ь ding and tlrе еd should eЬ flooг of t.I rе box kеp t sсr upulously lс еan waгm bаt lring, inrrа­ and disinfеtс еd. teat­ аn d systеr niс mаI lrmary аr rtiЬiotiсs will е Ь nеeс s­ mеn t undег vetегinатy аrс e с ndition has been diаg­ tlre o sагy onсе

this stage аs anybody who hаs from еvеr аI теm pted to sаve а foаl suffеr ing joint ill, will know. I t аuс sеs immense dis­ right timе tess and yet а litdе rтoublе at й е it. o с uld wеll pтеvеn t

nosеd .

ес nium Rеt ention of iДo

blеssing

аt

аn d

Constipation During а bout of mаstitis the pressure in the udder must be re| ieved by hаn d. Тh is needsto be o с ntinued unti| the mi| k is |с ear.

Joint I П or

lп f eсt ion

of the Navel

joint foаl] s navel is tегm еd I nfeсt ion of фе ill or blood poisonin5 аnd тlre diseаsе is mаinly aс usеd by laсk of attеn tion to this pаr t immеd iately following foaling. How­ еЬ lying latеn t аn с аlso evег, thе infеtс ion с ndition has been thе o on a stцd wherе prеviously

еsвb lishеd .

I t аnс also

tаkе

o с lostrum from thе moтlrе1s dеlаyed or is not avаilаlЬ e milk hаs bееn tlrеse foг building up nаt urаl гesistanсе. I n antiЬiotiсs will w.idе spеtс ruп r instаnеsс A п ewbom foal should always e Ь neеd еd . whеn

effeсt

e Ь

givеn

a routine аn tibiotiс

injеtс ion

с nium I f thе mеo is not ещ rеlled firstmilk inтakе'

tеm

o с liс

аn d

pтеsеn t in the foаl's sys­ soon afteт birth аn d thе tlrе foal will show signs of

rolling on to its

disсomfort,

instеad of lying in thе normal rеlахed position. I t will аlso srrain withouт rеsult. lс eал ­ тo effеtс An enеm а will be nеeс ssаr y oil pourеd аnе,с and a tablеspoon ofсаstor gently down tlre тoЬ at will hеlp. I f the o с ndition doеs not iп r pгove, the foal must yЬ tlrе vеt for possiЬle bloсk ­ bе iп speсt ed bаkс

аg e.

Whitе

Sсour

joint ill. Symptoms inсludе swelling and suppu­ aгеa, often rеsulting in гation in tlre nаvеl sаЬ еsс ses. I f the foal is not tтeated irr the

in tlrе of a miсr obе Cаu sed by й e prеsеnес form of is аn iп f tес ious digestivе traсt ' this

stiff, losеs tlrе will аn d eventuаllY losеs thе usе ofonе

yеllowish­gтеy с louт, with a or diгt y white o rеp ulsive foеt id odouт, bеing еm itted with

agаinst

еаr ly

Ь o с mеs stages, it e

to suсk

diагr hoеa.

Sсouring

o с п r menсеs

thтee days аf tеr biI trЬ

two or

tquid of а

geаt

Thе foal's геaг end soon a filthy' stiсky mеss rеquiring washing in warm soapy water' drying. Cream should bе a с rеf ul foге.с

shortage should be

n д d

thе sеаson' high quаlity and аbundant grazing should bе sought, as notlring is milk produсt ion. I n bеt tеr for еn o с urаg ing grass is availablе, milk pеl­ a с sеs whеr е no

h с аp ping of thе skin. is rеq uired from the outset as the organism will havе to be lс аs­ sifiеd , a sеn sitivity tеst donе and thе most еf feсt ivе antibiotiс found to eliminatе ttre

pаr tiсu lаr

baсt eria. Drеnh с ing with As фе disor­ will е Ь nееsс sary.

аn tibiotiсs dеr is infеtс ious, tttе marе аn d foal should bе isolatеd and thе foal kеp t quiet, warm аn d o A11 parts of thе stablе с mfortaЬlе. must bе kеp t lс еаn and disinfeсt еd and all diтгy and soilеd littеr should bе burnеd . Foals suffеr ing from this o с ndition rapidly

dehydratеd and may nееd rеp laсеm еn t fluid given by thе vеt . Siтn plе diarrhoеa must not e Ь o с nfused т. iй whitе sсour. Thе formеr is not infeс­ dous and a с n еЬ a с used yЬ an ovегabun­

o ес Ь mе

dant supply of milk' or thе foal h с illеd . .l

doеs not thrivе'

suspеtс еd . Supply аn с often bе inсr eаsed by an improvеd diet. l0Иithin thе diсt аt еs of

аp pliеd to prеvеn t Yеt erinаr y trеаt rnеn t

­!i

аn d

o ес Ь mеs o с nstant

hет

аn

аu с sе.

Trеatmеn t

o с nsists

pгimаr ilу of drenсh iп g with а preparation foгm ulatеd spеiс fiсally for drying up the trouЬlе and obtаinablе tfuough thе vеt . Foals will often sсour whеn thе dam is in sеason, partiсu larly during the foаl hеat. This is of no oс nsеquеnе,с аn d will tеr mi­ nate with, or soon aftеr , thе hеat period.

I .аkс of } tilk A fеw marеs givе aЬ relу еn ough sustаin

thе foal and еrс tainly

lеt s or

to thе rations,

addеd

milk to not еn ough to

ensuгe its growth. An uddеr thаt looks small doеs not always signify laсk of milk' u Ь t if the foal аp pears o с nstantlу hungry

inсluding

luсегn е, o с mfrеy and гoots. Clеаn in o с nstant wаt еr supply is еssеn tiаl. Should thе rnilk quаn ­ tity not improve, thе foal will requirе sup­ plementаr y feeding (sее Oгp han Foals), but should not be disсouraged ftom taking what is availablе from thе maге' as o с n­ stant suсk ing induсеs fuгt hег supply.

Orphan Foals

being

in thе mаr е hеаlth whiсh affеtс s с ndition. I n milk aс n аlso lеad to thе o oldег foal, impropеr eaгly fееd ing is a I l1

probablе

powdег addеd to аm plе rations of oats and flaked maize should be givеn , as all are high in the protеin rеquiл еd for milk produсt ion. A o с nstant supply of lс ovеr or meadow haу should be fed, and wherе аvailable any gтeen or suсu food с lеn t

с pted by a orphan foа| s wi| | need to be aсe foster mother or else be fed from а bott| e. / eft: Тh is orphan has been drаp ed in the skin of the mаr e,s stiI | born foаI in the hooe thаt she wi| | aсe с pt it аs her own. фht: A greаt deаI of patienсe is needed to peгsuаd e an orphan to aсe с pt the bott| e.

I n thе sad a с sеs whеr e thе maге diеs duг­ ing or aftеr foаling, and ttrе foal survivеs,

mаr е should bе milkеd to kеep the supply flowing, аn d this a с n bе bottled and fеd to

A few mares will aсеpс t and mothег a foal quite happily without having beеn pгеg nаn t and with no milk at аll. A

the foal.

.nanny' of this typе аn с be

usеf ul

as

foаl' who аn с thеn run out at pasture with otlrers whilst bеing guarded from dangег. Shе will also .keep him in

аrс еt akег

oгd еi,

to thе

allowing him to grow up nаt uгаlly,

his mentality dеveloping аlong normаl lines. Suсh a foаl must of o с ц r sе bе bottlе fеd until thе time that hе would normally be wеanеd . A mаr е with а very уoung foal

аn d аn abundant mi.lk supply will, with еn o с uгagemеn t, oсa с sionally feed two foals. \ DИh еr e

mothеr .

should be madе to find а fosteг l07hеn thе mаr е in question has

found, the foal must be геaгed

on a bottlе.

rееn с dy

foaled, the oгp han foal a с n еЬ

Although thе

of a milk

every еf foгt

smoтh еr еd in hеr afterbirth oг disсh аr gе еfЬ orе bеing inш oduсеd . Tаking the skin from a dеad foаl аn d plаiс ng it ovеr thе orphan's body is often suсеsс sful in induс­ ing a bеr еavеd mare to aсеp с t it. Somе

marеs will aсe с pt a foal and mothеr it without any fuss, others will not tolerаt е а strangе foal at аn y priсе, аn d will show dangerous rеsеn tlтlеn t that threatens to damagе it. I f diffiсu lty is enсountеr еd in the еarly stages' thе two should live sidе by sidе,

with

they a с n

partition betwееn tlrеm , so that sее еah с other at all timеs. The a

no fostеr

moт} rег

or nanny a с n

disш ibution

bе

powdeг, with a o с mposition for foals, is not yet univeгsаl, it in somе o с untriеs аn d a с n be oЬt ainеd through a vеt . Thе powdеr is eаs­ ily miхed aсoс гding to thе mаn ufaсt ureds dirеtс ions, and is fеd at blood hеat ftom a .!uи h ег powdeг is stеr ilizеd botтlе and tеat. unobtainaЬlе, usеf ul suЬstitцt es are: goаt s milk, еittrer fеd by bottlе or takеn strаight

геp laсement spеiс fiсally is аvailablе

A hea| thy mаr e аn d her equa| | y energetiс foaI exuI t in the freedom of the oaddoсk on a fine dav.

suffiсiеn t. havе lost thеir foаls at iЬ гt h аrМ еs who should bе kеp t on low protеin diеt of haу mash until thе milk has and dailу rЬ аn pro­ arе also vеt еr inary driеd up. Thеr е Thе duсt s to aid the drу ing up proсеss. as poss­ as muсh еxеr iс sе marе musт hаvе iЬlе, but should not eЬ tцr ned out on good с nstаn t grazing аn d ttre uddеr will neеd o oЬservation for signs of mаstitis. Drawing in aс sеs of с mmеn ded thе milk is only rеo

еЬ

ovеr ­supply, as naturе will thе milk ttrаt has to rеp lаес

severе еn dеavoц r

tаken.

bееn

Feeding and xЕ еr iс sе with no assoсiatеd and providing the weather еЬ с n is гeasonably mild аn d dry' the marе a with thе foаl turnеd or led out for еxеr iс se с sе of aftеr a day of reсu peration. I n thе a

Following natural iЬ rth o с mpliсations,

nаt ivе

poniеs

or аn imals

of mixed lЬ ood'

turnеd с n еЬ and June a М foаls born in аy thrее days' out at night as wеll аf ter thе first

Thosе born outsidе

at this timе

аn d

in

rеm ain outsidе throughout thе summer. ThoroughЬr еd in thе foаls, and thosе born indoors еаr lу с nsideгation with o must bе ш еatеd sеаson' wаr m,

аn с

sеt tlеd wеathеr

in inсlеm ent wеathеr oс nditions' and brought in at night until thе siruation improvеs. grazing of other good grass during thе summer. than .Whеr е is slrarsе а high protein diеt hеr bаg e of rс ushеd oаt s, flaked maizе and stud mixеd with a littlе bran, and givеn to u с e Ь s thе maI e with а libеr al supply of good hay, should keеp the milk supplу flowing. Foаls

a М rеs

and foаls

on abц n dant

high quality will гequirе

Abovе

A foaI thаt is hand| ed from birth is unlikely to prove awkward when a foaling slip с re to is fitted. The sI io shouI d be fitted with a and shou| d avoid any possibiI ity of disсomfoгt , bе adjusted as the foaI grows. Below Being at I ibeгt y in good qua| itу oasture wiI l benefit both dаm and foaI .

from thе

goat by thе

с ws milk, foal; o

diluted with onе third thе quantity of warm in the plopol­ watеr and swееt еn еd

boilеd

20 gms of brown sugar to I litre (approximatelу 2/ oз z to l quart). I n а1l аsс еs strеn uous еf forts should е Ь

tion of

mаd е

to obtain oс lostтu m

immеd iatеly,

bц t if it is not availablе thе foal should first thе sys­ and watеr to lс eаr be fеd gluсosе o с nstlpa­ tеm of meсonium, and prеvеn t o с ver will tion. Sеveral dаys of аn tibiotiс o с 1­ to replaсe the proteсt ivе be nееs с sаr y

ostrllm. meals For thе ensuing bottlе fееding, should bе rеg ular, at first е. lеr y two hours, four hours in two or followеd by еvеr у depеn ding on progrеss, and thге wееks o с ntinuing with longеr intervals еtЬ wееn fеeds. At four or fivе months, whеn thе foal is еating well, two milk feеds pеr daу will

nеed

еxeгiс sе

dеvеlopment thе o с mpany

thеir

plaуf ul

littlе

еlsе,

for growth and

musсle

and should not bе rеstriсt еd ' a bonus to of other foals еiЬ ng

instinсt s.

Both marе and foal requirе oс nstant obsеr vation from biл t h until wеaning. A inquisitivе natцr e is oftеn foal's nаt urаl A foаl slip likеly to gеt it into ш oublе. on its hеad within a weеk of iЬ rth, so fondling of thе hеаd еvеr y and gеn tlе often, will simplify halter breаk ing. Foals

plaсеd

should rееiс vе

thеir

first

anti­tеt anus

at weaning time. injеtс ion Foals arе usually wеaned at six months

if the maге

с n еЬ is in foal again, but a

lеf t

until еight months if shе is barrеn and looking wе11. Thе bеst proсedure is to

Fh

in safe quartеr s' с mplеt еly thеm o sеp aratе wееks, out of sight and еarshot foг thrее that is providing thе foal wаs eating wеll bеf ore weaning. 'Whеr е normаl and foaling has bееn with no bruising, stitсh ing oI troublе­ frее' on her с vеr ed с n bе o a marе a disсh argе, foal heаt for anothеr foal thе following yеar. sеv en to ten dауs after parturition is thе normal duration of this hеat

pеr iod, but

during thе o с verеd 27th daу. As somе marеs are diffiсu lt to gеt in foal whilst feеd ­ should not bе ing one at foot' thе foаl hеat аs o с nditions аr е fаvourablе, missed whеге this is thе timе when shе is most likely to

if missеd shе aс n е Ь week following hеr

o с nсеlvе.

talеn tеd and is having rеg ulaг, instruсt ion. Childтen arе genеr аlly

good

o с m­ up to а point, but they should not Pеt itivе уЬ е Ь еn o с urаg еd thеir parents to think that winп ing prizеs is morе impoгt ant than of riding, and thе o с mpan. thе еn joymеn t ionship of thеir poniеs.

е

B

Prеp aring

to Buy

Bеf orе starting to look for a horsе, dеiс dе on thе maximum amount you arе prеp arеd to paу , then look at animаls offеr еd for salе

Ь a strаngе fаtс Т' t­ pеoplе аr е aс pablе sеlтes

* rat while most of buying them­

suitаlЬ е lс othеs, furniture, or еven having to bе professional 61 dressmakeгs, joinеr s or estаt е

housеs, wiтh out

в ilgls аg rп t s'

fеw

pеoplе

who are not profession­

ellу o с п n tес еd

with horsеs a с n buy thеm ­ if it is a suitаb le moц n t' partiсu lаr ly М re remarkable still, is first buу. o

sеlтes iтЬ т rЬяt

rл r hereas

evеr уb ody

sееk and tаkе еxpеr t

ап т jоЬ eсt , аd тiе,с

is only too eagеr to if they аr е in

adviсе

doubt about the worth of а mаt erial askfot тlrе noviсе horsе buyеr mау but hе sеldom

tаkеs

it. This is par­

rue of those uЬ ying а hoгsе oг pоn у for a h с ild, when all too oftеn thе is waу еуo Ь nd the h с ild s гiding рr h тс аsе аp с аb ility. To buy a horsе thаt suits onе's аp с iас ty аs a ridеr is еxш emеly important, tor nobody's riding will bе improvеd bу а tiсu lагly

hoгsе that is

really too gгеаt

a

handful. Thе

rеsults аге fаr more likely to е Ь a loss of possiblу a fеw brokеn o с nfidenсe, bonеs ап d а ruinеd horsе. is for noviсe hoгse buyеr s TЪe tеn dеnyс u Ь t worsе to over­гatе thеir a с pabilities,

с . Don't be in a hurrу. around that pгie you will find thе right ani­ With patiеnе,с mal. Buy the wlong onе and you will prob­ аb ly find diffiсu lty, and finanсial loss, in с mе rеselling it ­ that is if you havе not eЬ o too fond of it in the meantime to want to sell it at all. you havе for its Considеr thе аm еn itiеs kееp , thе time availаlЬ e to spend on its a с rе, and the lс imatiс o с nditions. I f thе horsе is to livе out, oг partly out' in a o с ld brеd . I f it lс imatе, it mц st not е Ь too higЫy is to bе stablеd, and you afс а oс mpеt еn t ridеr , the h is wider. с oiсе Rеlatе

hеight

your height аn d wеight

and typе of horsе

you

to thе neеd .

that a big horse, in hеight, is not neсеssarily a wеight a с rriеr ; o с nforma­ tion and bone аr е morе importаn t. Nor is a big hoгsе neсеssarily any faster or a bеt tеr jumpеr than a smаllеr М reovег, too onе. o big a horse a с n bе аw kward for mounting

Rеm еm bеr

с b is probаb ly or dismounting. A good o еtЬ tеr for a гаt hег hеаvy ridег than a so­ a с llеd hеаvy­wеight hunter

bit oс mmon. Thе bеst

whiсh a с n bе a hеаr ry­weights, will oс st а grеat

that still, ttreу do not always sееm to rеaШ ze а living rс eature. IЕ orsеs й eу arе u Ь уing

whiсh have

с as not have so muсh intеlligеne and а humап s, but eаh с has a h с аr tас еr tеm pеr аm еn t as individual to it, аs those of

Don t buy а young horsе beсause it is h с eаp er, and attempt to bring it on уour­ sеlt urrless your riding is rеally up to pro­ you fеssional standard, or yoц livе whеr е

п u r­Y

Presumably thе privаt e с use hе wants to own a horse bеa likes гiding and he will enjoy his riding vеr y muсh morе if thе horsе hе buys is not oп lу thе right make and shape for him, but sЬ not inсompatiЬlе а tеm pеr amеn t with his own. Bеf orе dеiс ding to buy a horsе, it is as wеll to еxaminе the reаsons for wanting to own oп e. Florsе­ owning is not something to Ь upon lightlу . The domеstiс еm barkеd hoгsе is not а sеlf­suffiсiеn t animal; it is h е ас

human bеing.

pегson

ц n аb le

to hunt and provide for itsеlf if neg­

A horse­ownеr must

not only еn joy гidirrg, but also like horsеs enough to е Ь tvil.ling to givе up timе to a с rе for his ani­ mаl. Thе worst rеason for wanting to own a horsе is to .kееp up' with othеr horsе ownеr s. A horsе should never е Ь thought of as a status sуm bol. Vhеn buying a pony for a hс ild, it is the h с ild s nеeds and riding iаЬ lity thаt must Ь o с nsiderеd , and not what othеr s will think of thе pony. Buying a top­сlass, еxpеn sivе аn imal does not automatiсally lеtс еd .

in thе showing line or fust plaсе h с ild is rea1lу lumping ring, unlеss thе

еn surе

a pony of the right tу p e young owner is forthe h с iI d,s experienсe. This obviously delighted with her pony.

lt is importаn t to buy

a bit of lс ass,

dеal of monеy.

o с nstant еxpert instruсt ion. Another trap is to think ttrat а horsе ovеr 12 is аu tomаt iсally too old. This is not

a с n have

that havе bееn well all thеir lives a с n work happilу into thеir twenties. I t maу bе bеst to look for something e Ь tween five and еight years

nееsс sarilу

lookеd

so; hoгsеs

aftеr

a suitаlЬ е old, but don't rejеtс sounding animаl just bеaс usе it is a littlе oldеr . For a noviсe rider, in partiсu lar, a horse in its teens a с n givе a lot of pleasurе, inсгеasе _ and it o с sts а lot thе ridе/ s o с nfidenсe lеss to uЬ у. looking for the horsе, in your mind of what you Want. Don't be dogmatiс about Bеf ore aсt ually

havе somе sort o с lour,

of piсt urе

unlеss

or about sех,

you've riddеn

a

lot 6nd havе devеlopеd a prеf еr enсе for eithеr marеs or geldings. Finanсially, if she's however, a niсe marе, partiсu lаr lу known to hаvе had a foal, drops lеss iп value with age thаn а gelding. I n buying a ponу for a h с ild, partiсu lаr ly first pony, tempеr amеn t is all important. Looks are unimportant, just so long as thе pony is not s­o widе thе h gеt its с ild аn с 't lеg s round it! This is onе гeason why Shеt ­ lands do not always makе good firstponiеs. a

get as muсh plеasurе аn d fun Childтеn fгom looking aftеr аn d bеing with their poniеs as thеy do from riding thеm . A first pony should therеf orе

patiеn t and ami­ e Ь able, but not suсh а slug whеn riddеn that it walks about with its hеad praсt iсally on gеt a у oung pony, with thе ground. Nеv еr the idеa that o Ь th it and thе h с ild a с n lеarn togеt lrеr . Thеy aс n't.

Poniеs

for oldеr ,

more advаne с d

h с il­

drеn may е Ь of no partiсu lar breed, or thеy a с n eЬ pеd igrееd poniеs of onе of the many

nativе rЬ еd s. depеn d

thе

The oс st of thesе will

to a еrс tain

extent on thе fаshion

of

moment. aЕ h с native brеed

has its own verу indi­ а1l havе h с arm and quality, arе hardy and аn с livе out bеa с usе grow dеn sе й еy wintеr o с ats, and thе

vidual h с araсt еr istiсs;

highly dеveloped еquinе intеlligеnеsс . Manу are wеll up to a с rrying adults as wеll as h с ildrеn , and these makе good .fаm il5/ poniеs. Bеf orе h с oosing а

majority havе

partiсu lar morе

o аЬ ut

thе big

breеd ,

id s a good

idеa to find out

and perhaps go to one of a с n be sееn , shows, whеr е thеy t} rеm

in hand' and bеing riddеn . Childrеn should always ridе and handle ponies (i.е. а deсision is taсk and untaсk thеm ) bеf orе

o Ь th

madе to buy

thеm .

How to Buy going rеg ularly to а rеp ut­ able riding sсh ool, your instruсt or should bе thе bеst person to flt у our riding aЬility еЬ nothing to thе right horse. Thеr е may

I f you havе bееn

suitable in his staЬle at thе moment of Ь t he will probably havе a good asking, u idea of thе horseу doings in the neigh­ you ablе тo аd visе o Ь urhood, аn d will eЬ is on са t ofсoursе whеr e elsе to go. Thе еn .rеp utaЬlе' ; with a no riding еstablishmеn t rеp utation to uphold woц ld risk damaging .plug, thеу didn t it yЬ selling you somе old it is to thеir аd vаn ­ с ntrary, wаn t. On thе o is I f thеr е to find you the right аn imаl. tаg е riding regularly a horse you hаve еnЬ whiсh you would likе to buy, find out as с n by handling it in muсh about it аs you a if it is аs plеasant to its boх, and sееing handlе аs it is to ridе. I f you like what у ou find, ask if it is for salе, without being too еagеr .

Ь ing to you as e I f a horse is suggеstеd ifуou suitaЬle, dort't fеel уou havе to uЬ у it don't likе it, еven if it givеs уou a niсe ridе. I f you arе going to own a horsе, у ou will bе spеn ding quitе a lot of timе with it' so it is еssential you likе it as a personality. trу с ntaсt , I ftherе is no riding sсh ool to o in your neighbourhood. a rеp utablе dеalеr Thеr е tеn ds to be аn unjustifiable prе­ judiсе A good dealеr , likе а against dеаlers. то good гiding sсh ool, has a rеp utaтion uphold; so he, too wants to satisfy his

go to a dealеr pre­ Howеver, nеvеr lс iеn ts. tending уou know morе than you do. Hе will takе a lot of troublе to suit a gеn uinе, buуеr , but noviсе, horsе aсknowledgеd hе с n blamе him if now аn d thеn who a takes advantаg e of ignorant show­offs? Finding a horsе through аn аdvеr tisе­

mеn t in

thе pаp er

or a horsеy

magazinе

is a

possibilitу, but kееp a sеn sе ofpropoltion­ I f a horse you like thе and of distanсе. sound of is a long way awaу, it is going to o с st you a fаir amoц n t of timе аn d monеу somе rеason it it. o М rеovеr , for to saу .no, to bе morе еmаrЬ rassing profе ssional. privatе to a sellеr than to a

to go to sее

tеn ds

аn imal Try and find a suitаblе sounding to homе, and having made аn

nеarеr

appointment to sее it, make surе you keеp if you want thаt appointmеn t, or tеlephonе it. I t is nevеr advisablе for thе to аn с e с l oI noviсe to buy a horsе at a publiс аu tс ion ablе to try the hе has bееn salе, uп lеss it еfЬ orеh аn d. animal аn d hаn dlе

b А ove

Weighing up a prospeсt ive purсh ase ,WiI I we get on Wе| | Тh e question to ask is: together?, I t is as impoгt ant to I ike your horse аs to know he has qua| itу. Below Buying horses from auсt ions аnd horse fairs, like this one at Stow­on­the­Wold, с n be a bit гisky un| ess you G| ouсestershire, a have а good deaI of experienсe.

Rеm ember, howevеr , lс ose togеt hеr . аn d unlеss you that no horse is perfеtс ,

vеr y

a horsе or a pony for showing, onе or two small shortсomings arе not too impor­ tant, pгoviding thе horsе givеs a good ride, and is thе has a plеasant tеm pеr amеn t,

wаn t

right priсe.

all­important .tеm pеr amеnd furthеr . o с nsidеr ed should pеr haps е Ь Some horsеs arе nervous and higЫy bе strung and theу should еrс tainlу

That

and higЫy avoidеd bу nеr vous еr s. Somе are morе еxiс tablе

stnrng lid­

than othеr s makе thеm

ridеr will exсitаb lе should hс oosе Nеr vous pеoplе plabid horsеs, who will hеlp them ovеr ­

and aп

moге so.

Cаlm peoplе nеr vousnеss. horsеs. nегvous to sooфе I 0Иh ilе it is somеt imеs possiblе to uЬ y a good horse thаt is in vеr y inеxpensivеlу, poor o с ndition' this is not rеally a good еasy I t is not gеn еr ally idеa for thе noviсе. bе mаd e of suсh a horsе с to tеll what аn and it will also takе timе and expеr t mаn ­ thе transformation. agеm еn t to еf fеtс to bеar bаsiс rulеs Briеf ly, here аr е somе in mind when buуing:

o с mе

Yш :

лв п r dв

iз еn

try any horsе you must, of o с uгsе, to of buying, but ask thе sеlleг фiп k ir for уou fust. I t maу not have beеn weеks, and for somе days, or еvеn с I­ to be a bit frеsh, rathеI thе u

гs

hollow baсk. Thе

goЬg

:Е:Е

you! I f it

on its aЬ kс than

o\ гI rеr

morе

to bе rathеr

щ Е д е а. г s

fur уou аnс

than you

of a ridе

with, say so. arе prеp arеd \ .­.1 mяn y pеoplе go out on trial, exсеp t somе ;з trsеs

lf

iетJg15.

т: i

o с pе

good to part

a с n bе pеr suаd еd

sеllеr а

to lеt

horsе on a weеk or a fortnight's тh е I f hе is not happy so muсh т} re bеt tеr .

= iтд .

ш

if

lо тh is' sцggеst that you rеt urn and have гidе bеf orе mаking a finаl dеiс ­ sirц ­ e­ Alqrаy s hаn dle a horsе you think of

jЕд L1гh ег

т4:ng

not only whеn

and

hе is taсk еd ­up

he is takеn baсk to his how hе behavеs in his box. Sее mаiЬ 'е. Sее т !A .Е ill lеt you lift his fееt . Ask whеt hеr ] г trot hе is еasy to shoе.

whеп

u Ь т

= в Jт.

I t уou sее a privatеly­ownеd horsе' you think is suitablе, те i h с ш iеd , аvЬ iтr g ovег thеr e and thеn . hаn d а h с еq uе ш пт but say you would Pвlс яim } 'our intегest, i..iЕ

to havе a look vеt erinary surgеon if his repoгt is satisfaсt ory, q.ill buу it. I f thеr е аr е sеvегal other тв . i: want thе and you геаllу intеr еstеd , в эp lе с t dеp osit ioгsе! уou a с n offer a 10 per еn that ifthе vеt ' s report u:зd eгstanding aп ' тh е it is rеt urnеd. п s цs д аt isfаtс ory, getуour vеt _ not the sеllе1s ­ to ­{ trwауs its IЕ е should eхaminе thе horsе. !с kесз .Ь е­ ъ and will tell wind, limЬs аn d еyеs, 1оu iь agе. Ovеr еight yеars old, a horse is

:д .

тour

rт. аn d thаt ,

.дg gd,

.­дT] 6d

sед г to

е ТЪ

bеаu с sе

аf tеr thаt

it is not

within a yеar or two. с ught by howеver, a с n bе a

u са тate to

еЬ

uп w ary,

selling a two­yеaг­ old т5e uп srс upulous as a two­year­old hаs a а fiте­ у еаr ­olф

as

full

of and a fivе­ yеar­old, of babу tееt h, ones. any blеm ishеs will inсludе .\ теt ' s геp ort

= о ц тh

* й r lт

* * d tеh с niсal

unsoundnеss hе may find inсludе I f thеsе his eхaminаt ion. lV1any с nсеr n. sg'ii.nts, it is of no great o :,огsеs havе thеsе small bony еn largе­ с nnon on thе insidе of thе front a "iш :тiп g

= еп Б iсш е

bеt wееn

ш ,саd onаllу

thе knее and

the fеt loсk ,

on a hindlеg,

thеy sеldom a с usе уou know a grеat

but

or onсe

lamеn еss. deal about thе of thе horse, it is bettеr to п ink of thе animal as a wholе, аnd the to у ou. Stand pЁш те ttrat wholе prеsеn ts с nsidering buy­ Ъ­­k ftom a horsе you'rе o ] тg а п d hе mаk es. what kind of piсt urе sее

:сг­ roе4

Unlеss осalЪгm аt ion

and in pгoPortion. I t should bе plеаsing, too long, or еithеr Lеg s should not sееm too short' for the body, whiсh should be not elongatеd or perhaps with a o с mpaсt ' shouldеr

should be slop­

ing; an upright onе will givе a short­ ride. Thе с mfortablе, striding, not so o but not еxag­ с rvеd should bе u nеkс should look gеr atеd ly and thе hеad rс еstеф

.Watсh .wеll sеt on'; with lс еаn a с rе­ linеs. sш idе hе should fully as the horse walks; hind fееt traсking wеll up and out frееly, of thе print lеf t by o с ming down in advаnес Hе should aс гr y his hеad well, thе foгеf oot. lookеd at from thе front, his аn ф whеn should movе in а straight linе' not forеlеg s Hе should not appеal swing out sidеw аys. to bе vеr y

с est, narrow in thе h

wiтh

forеlеg s

b А ove

ride | tismostimpoгt antto hаVeatгiа| before buying a hoгse or pony, аs we| | аs

asking to see it being ridden.

Below Befoгeуoufina| | ydeсideto sUre o У ur

horse is inspeсt ed

buy, mаk e

by a vet.

thеir own

will be aЬlе

Buy within youl mеans; not onlу с n afford to paу for' but also what you a с n afford to kеep. Thе moгe what you a thе highly brеd, thе morе еxpеn sive keеp will bе.

Buy aсoс гding hаvе,

and thе

to thе amеn itiеs

you

с n spеn d on timе you a

looking aftеr a horsе. Buy what you еn joу

ridlngnoш i

not

what уou hopе you will be ablе to mаn ­ agе onе daу. Always ask for, and takе, the adviсе of you sign pеr son bеf oге an ехp егienсed thе h с eoue.

humans, or evеn

human­likе. Anthтo­ bar­ pomorphism prеsеn ts ao с nsidеr aЬlе rier in thе training of animals. Suсh books in thе \ Villoш s and as Blаk Bеаu tу' \ Yind с thе works of Walt Disnеy arе undoubtеd lу h с arming and yеt , with a sad ironу, thеy a gгеat

have donе rеss

dеal

of undеr stаn ding

to геt ard the pтog­ and o с mmuniсation

humans and animals. On thе e Ь tweеn that to o с nsidеr othеr hand' it is fаr worsе thoughts, fеel­ animаls arе inсapablе of is a ings, and еm otions. As usuаl thеr е and it is this that thе sеr ious

с ursе, middle o

'T.". kеу l. hс аptеr

word in thе titlе of this is .progrеssivе', aес Ь usе

unlеss thе trаining ofthе horsе is progrеs­ pattеr n and, sivе ttrеr е will bе no logiсаl objeсt ivе. thereforе, no lс еarly dеf inеd

с mmuniсating the Therе is no way of o u Ь t thе logiсal pat­ to thе horsе, tern of progrеss is vital if hе is to under­ stand and reaсt willingly to thе wishеs and oЬj tес ivе

his traineт. I n human tеr ms thе horsе is an inсr еd i­ blу simplе soul аn d so it is еssential that dеm аn ds of

anу mеt hod usеd or appliеd for тh e purposе of teaсh ing him anything must bе rеd uсеd possiЬlе tеr ms. Bу now wе to the siтn plеst know a good dеal aЬout his body аn d the

way it works, but bеyond

that wе

rеallу know vеr y 1iш 1е. Wе do not truly know .thinl{ or еrс tаinly what whethеr hе аn с .Wе know nothing of form thought takes. the intеllеtс or powеr s of reasoning of thе

horsе, although thеr e are ftagments whiсh suggest hе may hаve

of evidеnес

or oЬ th. As thе trаiner, wе must bе oс nstantly is impossiblе for us to think or awаr е that it bеh аve in anу manner othеr тh an human; horsеs and wе wе havе no wish to beсomе horses to o ес Ь me havе no right to еxpеtс

onе

must o с ntinuously sееk. аb out four onсе thе hoгsе has rеahс еd inш oduсеd yеаr s baсkеd , old and has еeЬ n to thе .aids' and shown that hе is willing and ablе to walk and trot with а ridеr on his .progressivе' to еgЬ in baсk' he is rеadу work. From this moment on, and for еvеr uppеr ­ morе' thе trainer must havе lс еагlу most in mind thаt therе arе thтeе things trainеr

These

on the movе.

гidden horsе

requirеd ofevегy arе:

Conш olled,

frеe, еn Ь d

The o с rreсt

forward movеm еn t

An еven rhythm at all paсеs h с osеn

Thе

thе

уЬ

tfuеe

at a tеm po

rider

rеq uiгеm ents

аг е

of

equal

с rrеtс ly с n bе еq ually аs o importanсe and a stated in аn y order. They form a tlinity by must livе' for it is a whiсh the hoгsеm аn faсt thаt

7f

аn у

one of the thrее rеq uirе­

it is or disappeаr еd mеn ts has dеt еr ioratеd ah с angе impossiblе for the hoгsе to mаkе Thеiт impor­ o с rrеtс lу. oг dirеtс ion of paсе еЬ undеr lined too thеr еf ore, tanсе a с nnot, sп ongly. is Thе wording of thе rеquirеm еn ts lс oser and dеsеr vеs h с osеn a с rеf ully forwаr d frее' sсr utiny. I n .сontrollеd , movеm еn t',

the word .сontrolled

alludes

self­ to the horse in that hе is еxerсising awaiting thе wishеs o с ntlol whilsт еagerlу с mе out horsе shoц ld o of his ridеr . vЕ еr y of his staЬle у earning to run and jump and play, u Ь t suсh is his training that hе wi­ll с annеlling his desirеs to himself' h o с nш ol and morе Ь ttеr thosе of his ridеr . Thе e his training, thе morе sеlf­ еstablishеd .frее' o с ntrol hе will display. Thе word joints, and musсlеs. alludеs to his limЬs,

Thеy must movе freely and еasily ovеr and, above all, othеr , o с ­ordinatеd еah с .Forward, apaгt from thе without tension. alludes to thе oЬvious physiсal sеn sе, must show attitude. IЕ е horsе' s mеn tal аn d way of going in his еhЬ аviour lс еarly that hе is .thinking forward and has an

.Movе­ to go thеr е. dеsirе unmistakеablе mеn t' is self­еxplaп atory. mеans that thе еn Ь d' с I I tес Having.the o horse will bе unifoгm ly shapеd throughout lеn gth' i.е. from poll to tail' so his еn tirе his body o с nforms that,"seеn from aЬovе, to thе linе аlong whiсh hе is mov­ еxaсt ly hе is ing. on a straight linе, thегеf orе, oI part of a iс rсle, straight and on a iс rсlе, с inсide with thе the u с rvе of his body will o is bеing attеm p­ arс of whаt ever sizе iс rсle tеd .

I t is important to undеr stand what thе с mply with this hoгsе has to do to o in thе light of thе faсt that, in rеq uirеm ent most horsеs, the

sеtс ion

of thе

spine from

to the гсoup, has very littlе ability to bеn d аn d in a numbеr of horsеs,

thе withеr s

nonе at all. I t follows, therеf ore, that hе has in a to manipulatе his limЬs and musсlеs с me naturally to mannеr whiсh doеs not o o bjeсt of tra ining а h orse is to make h im happy to be ridden and a pleasure to ride, no matter what the oursuit.

Тh e

'тr .l

PR0GRЕsslvE

li] г

еп Ъ Е

horsе is u с rvеd а

(i.e. bеn t)

the

and thе shouldеr blade fщ t] P ioЬt is shortеn еd on thе oс nсavе * в тг . o[ 'insidе, аn d inсr еаsеd on the out­ тп le. I fhe oс цld bеn d his spine, thеsе vari­ еtЬ wееn

h д smаесз

in

с me about would o с sе it but аs this is not thе a lmlrs tЬаt thе inside shouldеr must dеlib­ t* в 1у bе d.rаw n baсk and thе insidе hip forwаr d iп d еp endеn tly of thе щ I sЬBd whilst still kееp ing an еvеn rhythm щ ш в е. sтеp s. Among ot} rer things, thеr е hаs л lш iц : lгs

distаnес

ш ш mгп r nаdаlс lу,

'ш .Нi

o с ш pгеssion тh е insidе

еЬ

п

ri*

оп

of thе ribs and flat mus­ аn d strеt h along thе с ing

.п iтз iе.

.\ Jееpеr study of the horsе' s anatomу rеvеal a oс nsiderable numbеr of 'д n:i{ 6д|д ditfrсu ltiеs, but еn ough has еg Ь . sаid to illustrate why horsеs so frе­

wш .rld

гesЬt еn Ь ding. I t also

qвтn ез y

shows why

is so muсh morе advanсed бm iс lтс е lт* т фg 20m, аn d whу trainеr s must be r= rе

aп d

.:* геr ul

Riт­ thm

sympathetiс in thеir dеm аn ds.

should e Ь

gлfЕ frеss

аn d

o с nsistеn t

in

mеt ronomrc

its

at аll

rеg ulality'

тrА ything else would lеad to phуsiсal a с using dеvеlopmеn t, or limb to bеoс mе OГ morе mц slс е

:e.еs. пзеs.uаl rь lЕЁ

flеxiblе than its pаr t­ rг. wЫhс would rеsult in onе­ sidеd nеss. ­\ .oorhеr vеr y important rеason for a rеg u­ the horsе' s lд:д hгt m Ь is thе еf fеtс it hаs on _..d. I t hаs a distinсt ly aс lming influenсe iтз grеatly to his aЬility to o с ntгibц t еs * iтоigег

and/ oг morе

.!7hen

.!теn тr atе.

* о зп ,

a horse losеs o с nсеn t­

thе rhythm will at onсе еI тatiс, and, o с nvеr sеly,

lЕосm е

is allowed to dеt еr ioгatе, and bеo с mе o с nсentration

= п тЬ

] oБе

altеr

if

­с.­тtю rеdtа.I lсе

will

hе еаsily

This last faсt or givеs thе kеy

or the dis­

to thе

rhуt hm when of kеeping thе altетations within thе paсе, i.е.

= аiкing

from o с llеtс ion to mеdium or and viсe versa, for thеsе аr е еsрiес аlly vulnеr аb lе momеn ts with аn d o с nсentтаt ion. onсе ­sаr d тo aЬ lanсе iзе tеm po (the speеd of the stеps, or thе тr mЬег of footfalls pеr minutе, whiсh 7аssЬg

:s.:еn sion

u з st

h с osеn and sеt bу the ridеr ) has еstаb lishеd , thе тh уt hm must bе :igю гously maintained. bе

­еn

in a horsе aс n oс mе a mеn ­ through a numbеr of аu с sеs: геluсt anсе to move one way bеa с usе of а

onе­ sidеd nеss *o Ь ut

:т 5аd

еxpегiеne с

on that sidе as a foаl

or

probably a с usеd by an inеp t or handlеr , or a spoilt mouth, pегh аp s

rol.ш lgster,

jumsу aоm агсеlеss

.ungЬg :еouth

озr sе iеo с mes

fitting of side­reins whеn

or fтom bаd riding' A

spoilt

o с mmonly oсu с rs when а young is hс anging his tеeth, thе mouth

inflamеd and hyper­sensitive in paгt or pаr ts' so thаt hе naturallу, :еstЬ s o с ntaсt in that arеa. Too often this :еstЬ аnес is mistakеn ly intеr preted by thе iтд ner аs wilful disoЬеdiеneс and the еп surng o с arsе lnsrstеnес a a с n Iс еatе оn е. sidеd mouth in a very short timе. Unеq uаl musсu lar either dеvelopmеn t, тom working with an erratiс rhythm or siп рlу by working too muсh in onе dirе­с :ion, is an oЬv ious a a М nу ridеr s have с usе. prefеr еnес а п аr urаl аn d, for onе dirеtс ion quitе unwittingly, work muсh morе on aаt rеin. Not hс anging thе diagonal fге­ sromе

quеn tlу whеn rising at thе tlot is also a to rendering а horse strong o с ntriЬu tor

oppoгt unity should bе takеn to estaЬlish o с nfidеnес and tгu st in his ш ainer in par­

onе­ sided.

tiсu laг,

is еno с unterеd , the onе­ sidеd nеss horsе should not irnrnediately be worked more on his bad sidе. Thе work should е Ь

bееn

.!Йh еn

еq ual in quаn titу rеlated in quаlity instanсе)

тh e

in both diтtес ions' but to his bad side' I t for

с n еаsily movе around horsе a to thе lеf t' but a с nnot managе

a 10 m iс гlс e lеss than 20 m to thе right thеn hе must on both only bе workеd on thе laгg er iс rсlе and hе a с n rеins. As his bad sidе improvеs on thаt rein, thеn work on an 18 m iс rсlе by thе iс rсlеs on his good sidе arе rеd uсеd the same amount. To pursuе tight work on thе good sidе and opеn work on the stiff sidе _ evеn though thе stiff sidе bе workеd thе fivе timеs as muсh ­ will not aсh iеv е rеsult and, morе oftеn than not, dеsirеd will magnifу thе problеm in the mind of thе horsе, rider or both. Lunging thе young horse as a preсu rsor аn d to baсk ing аn d riding is both neсеssary desirаb le, providеd it is donе wеll. I f a young horsе is o с rrеtс lу and thorougЫу whiсh will lunged it will produсе еnЬ еf its,

stand him in good stеad for thе rеst of his and lifе. I t is еqually tflre that аrс еlеss at this гсit­ lunging, еspеiс allу iсal time, aс n do sevегe, if not irrеpaгalЬ е damage. So mаn y pеoplе takе troublе and

inadеq uatе

pains to lеаr n

proсeеd

to гidе

to .brеаl{

o с mpеt еn tly,

and then

young hoгsеs, having or no tuition in lunging. Thеn

had littlе с unteг so many wondеr why they еno problеm s and diffiсu ltiеs in the saddlе. The objеtс ivеs of lunging, prior to baсk ­ ing should bе lс еаr ly undеr stood so that a young horsе is not askеd to dеal with moге

еу Й

relеvant than hе is ablе аn d so thаt thе Full lеssons arе thorougЫy learnеd .

тRA| NI NG

and in humans in gеn eral.

I f hе

has

kindly handlеd from a foal thе task should bе еasiеr , but it must аlso е Ь rеm embеr еd that ovеr ­сonfidеneс and a с rеless еh Ь аviour by thе trainеr at this time a с n undeгm inе

thе horsе' s

trц st,

so hе

bеt rayеd ' I n аddition, hе maу well rеsolvе nеvеr to bе foolеd agаin у Ь thаt two­legged monstег! Wittr thе horsе that has hаd pгevious bad еxpеr iеnеsс , how­ еv еr , this lunging pеr iod is a goldеn oppor­ tunity to геvеr sе his poor viеw of humanity. A major objeсt ivе in lunging is to tеahс thе horsе an undеr standing of' аn d an

fееls

obеd iеnес walk, ш ot

to' thе vеr bаl oс mmands аn d

to

halt. He should lеarn

thеsе to suсh a dеg rее that he will oЬеу thеm in any order, on either rеin аn d in response to diffеr еn t The peгson who tеahс еs voiсеs. him on thе lungе mаy not bе thе first onе to ridе him, аn d to have a diffеr еn tvoiсе issu­ ing thе word oс mmands from his kас Ь o с uld аu с sе o с nfusion. Thе words usеd from еah с must e ь lс еarly distinguishable I n nЕ gland, for еxample, it is o с m­ oфеr .

mon praсt iсе .wo')

to saу .whoa' (pronounсеd .hald. I t must eЬ

dеlivеr ed not drawn out, so it shoгt ly and lс еarly, .wall(, whiсh is rеsеm bles thе o с mmand с ntеr hаs and should bе drawn out. Thе a no plaсе is on the lungе until thе horsе and quitе advanсed. muсh morе mаt urе instеad of

A young Swedish horse being introduсed to his first pieсes of I unging equipment. He wi| | be hаn dI ed fгom the ground with a speсiaI a с Vesson noseband and | ong rein prior to the аt tention being гidden. Note partiсu I агI y being given to gaining the horse's trust and o с nfidenсe.

PR0GRЕss| vE тRA| NI NG

Lunging will rю t make a horse stroп g. I t will mаke him morе hеalthy and his joints prepаr ing them аn d thе morе flеxible' musсlеs for wеight­сarrying work. Aftеr months of good lunging the two or tfuее hе horsе will / ooh biggеr and strongеr thаn vulnerablе of all tас uallу is, аn d thе most in this rеgard, is thе beautiful big four­ yеar­old of 16.2 h.h. or morе. The horsе must bе lunged on as largе a irгеvoсablе аs possiЬlе. o М rе iс гlс е injuriеs

с s havе to hoсk s and baсk s and nеk beеn sustainеd by lunging on too small a _ inсlud­ than from any otheг a с usе iс rсlе, shoц ld е Ь work­ ing aсiс dеn ts. Thе п аinеr

ing to imposе rеf errеd

thе thrее

to еаr liеr ,

prinсiplеs

a Ь siс

will bе morе on thе lungе than

u Ь t thеy

diffiсu lt to maintаin to under saddlе. I t is vеr y diffiсu lt indееd aсh ievе a unifoгm bеn d throughout thе horsе (whiсh is another rеason for thе iс r­ lс е to bе as laгg е as possiblе) ' but еrс tаinly Ь d to the out. hе must not bе allowed to еn sidе. At this age and stagе hе will not show u Ь t hе should learn thаt muсh sеlf­сontrol

to go frеely forward withoц t playing thе most. fool is what pleasеs his trainer фе

Rhythm is, howevеr , morе геаdily and if it is pаinstakingly and aсh iеvеd , dеm andеd thе rеw ards will bе o с nsistеn tly с mе. еn ormous in thе months to o

Thе aс lming influеneс s tions piсkеd

up yЬ the

and assoсia­ in thеse

youngstеr

с me early days of lunging will frequеn tly o in useful in latеr years whеn he oс mеs to

work. I t is possible, for prior to his instanсе, to a с lm a fit еvеn tеr drеssage tеst by lunging, thus avoiding hаving to ride him for hours аn d risk sap­ ping his strеn gth for thе spееd and еn duт­

o с mpеt ition

аn е с

tests.

going on to dеsrс iЬе the ridden Bеf orе с nsidеr thе arеa work it is a good idеa to o whеr е

opеn

the work is to be undertaken. Largе

spaсеs

arе'

if not еssеn tiаl,

higЫy

ofthe for the propеr devеlopmеn t o Ь dу and mind. They stimulаt e thе joy and frееd om of is the movеm еn t thаt of his bеauty and our aim is to еssenсе prеsегve so that it will аlways that essеn ес dеsirаlЬ е hoгsе' s

show in his work' no mattеr how artifiсial the surroundings may eЬ . Nevеr thеless, thеr e willbe a peгiod еah с dаy whеn he has to be put to disсipline: taken, аs it wеr e, to the lс аssгoom for his lessons. с n­ dЕ цa с tors of humans have alwаy s o с nsider a с гefullу siderеd it п еsс sаr y to o

and lау out of thеir lс аssrooms. to applу though it would appеаr thе same to thе trаining of horsеs, this is ес Ь se М re is the pity, аu not always done. o thеr е a с n bе no douЬt that а aс rеf ully pгogrеss markеd ­oц t sсh ool will еn hanсe no is егсt ainly еn ormously. xЕ pеn se for, providing thе ground is flat and еx u с sе o с mfortable to tread upon' the hoгse will givе his all just as willingly amongst oil­ as hе will с гd boаr d drums, polеs, аn d a and marble. undеr h с andеlier Thе aсuс rаyс with whiсh sсh ool figures end in itsеlf, although с n е Ь an arе riddеn a геlativеly fеw гidеr s to whom therе arе

the dеsign

Logiсаl

са raсy as а suсh аn aim appеals. To usе u is something to whiсh а1l means' howеvеr ,

гidеr s

should aspirе, for

it is thе

only

prog­ havе of rеallУ mеasuring rеss. I t is of great importanсe that еxеr iс ses and movеm ents taught to horsеs, arе not onlу done hozll we want thеm , uЬ t also, we wаn t thеm . A transition, for uhеr е but in all rеspеtс s, еxample, may be pеr fеtс a metrе bеf orе oг aftеr thе if it wаs aсh iеv еd the rider hаd intеn ded it to hap­ spot whеr е It has fаilеd . pеn , then the wholе еxerсisе mеаn s that his signаls werе badlу timеd , or them or was slow to the horsе аn tiсipatеd forbid!) that thе ridеr obеy, or еven (hеavеn intention in thе fust plaсe. had no lс еar 'Whatеveг thе rеason, o с ntгol was lost. play a major As we hаvе seen, iс rсlеs rolе in trаining thе horsе, but unlеss thеy pегf tес not as possiblе, they аr е arе as nеаг rеt ard progress. еv еn с n only usеless, thеy a I t is impossiblе to maintain аn еvеn means wе

rhythm аr ound an irrеg ulаr ly­shаp еd

iс r­

is onе of thе vеr y lс e, whereas а true iс rсle for promoting it. I t is impos­ bеst еxeгiс ses at all timеs с lтetс bеn d siblе to havе the o

iс rсlе sinсе the radii arе varying. Thе horsе' s stеps will theгefore bе a liш le shoI tеr at timеs, and аn d his bend will vary thеn a little 1oп gеr Al1 this a с n from aсu tе to non­eхistеn t. o с nfusion аn d loss of on1y lеad to anxiеt у , is inсr еd ibly diffiсu lt A ш ue iс rсlе balаnе.с ridеr s in thе and it is а faсt thаt fеw to гidе с nsistеn dy without с n perform it o world a thе aid of guides or markеr s. The desсr iption of thе working area that follows is aЬ sed on thе standard dтessagе arenаs used tfuoughout thе world. Thе arе not vital, mеаsurеm ents aсt uаl с n­ although they will bе foцn d to be very o venient and will suit horsеs of almost anY on an irrеg ulаr

o с nstantly

Further training on the | unge, whiсh wil| on the left o с ntinue after he has been bаkс ed. the young horse is being exerсised oveг slight| y гaised poI es to strengthen a nd f | eх his joints. on the right, more аt hletiс exerсises с I mness аn d trust over a,jump. I n both cases a аg iI ity. aгe being I inked with аt hI etiс

shаp e. Thе proportions howеvеr must be important) and thе surfaсе Thе flat, with as little slopе as possiЬlе. аг е a is 40 m long and 20 m wide ­ that is е ас of two squarеs sidе by side, h o с mposеd size аn d аr е

vеr y

the 20 m mеasuring 20 m x 20 m. Sinсе is thе foundation of all futurе work, iс rсlе с rеf ully thе advantagеs of having thеsе a obvious. с me mаr kеd squares bеo Thе diagrams show how and whеr е thе lettеr s and marks arе situatеd . The lеt tеr s arе those usеd in drеssage аr еn as and in sсh ools all ovеr the world: any lеt tегs any order o с uld bе used but it is proЬlаЬ y e Ь ttеr

to usе thе

e са ptеd ones

so that thе

with thoroughly fаm iliаr using thеm . I f thе spots and linеs and let­ easУ to rеad and fully undеr stood tеr s аr е

ridеr

bеo с mеs

thе ridеr

Ь ins soon еg

to use thеm

instinс­

tively and so is ablе to devotе thе propеr to the pеr formanсе ofсonсеn tration I nсidentally, no­onе seems to aЬout, nor do с mе know how the lеt ters a

degrее of thе

horsе.

thеy appеar to have any logiсal sеq uеnе.с By having thе spots or mаr ks on thе wall quiсkly bеoс mеs in diffеr ing oс loцr s onе thеi.r rеlationships to eaсh aсu с stomеd to

otlrеr

and to thе pеr imеt ег

of the sсh ool.

This means that having dеiс ded to гide a of any sй e, ttre oг part of а iс rсlе iс rсle, o с mmenсеd exeгiс sе a с n еЬ iust аbout anуw here in the sсh ool and thеr e wi1l whiсh to always be at lеast one mаr k у Ь thе and thеr еf orе с rаyс , mеasurе thе aсu This aсuс raсy of thе movеm еn t. suсеsс s' is always intеgratеd with the thrее aЬ siс a fourth as it wеr е, prinсiplеs and beсomеs, dimension. Clearly it will sеr vе no ц sеf ul puгp osе to ridе faithfully from tangеn t to

Right

the ideа| | ayout of a Diаg rаm showing 40 metre Х 20 metre sсh oo| ing areа (a| so ca| | ed a manёg e) and exа mp| es of utiI ising the the са rate iс rс| es; letters and marks in riding u I ines within the a гea I inking va rious points аr e inсluded here to show the reI ationships of opposite mаr ks, but obvious| y are not sсh ooI ing required to be marked on the aсt uаI surfаe с .

PR0GRЕsslVЕ

< ­­6

­­.i

F­s­'F­s ­i

l.­1o

Eo П tr П otr

ltlrlll

tangеn t if thе movеm ent аге

­­­­­­­­­i

t 5

­l

t 5

+

T5 _+

t 5

I

bеn d or rhуt hm or forwаr d lost in thе proсеss. Bеf orе еm baI king on thе ш aining of a horsе it is important thаt thе trainеr has а proper undеr standing of thе paсеs so that not onlу аr е thе objeсt ivеs lс еаr ' but thе vагious rс itеr iа bеing appliеd and sought for arе гo and progгеss ес gnizablе maу е Ь mеasurеd . I t is impossiЬlе to woгk on ttlе !7alk or thе Tгot oI thе Cantеr if thе trainеr is not surе whеt hеr thе hoгsе should bе over­traсkiп g , or traсking­in, oг undег­ traсking; whеt hег hе should havе thе hеаd and nеkс гaisеd or strеt h с еd ; whеt her hе should havе somе еnЬ d at аll аn d or п onе so on. For а lс еar desсr iption of еahс of thе paсеs аn d of whаt is rеq uired in thеm , onе a с n haгd ly do еtЬ tеr than to rеf еr to thе autholitativе viеw of thе Fёd6гation (F.Е. I .). Thе fol­ qЕ uеsuе I ntегn ationаlе lowing ехt raсt is thе offiсial n Е glish tтans­ lаt ion аs published у Ь the British Horsе (B'FI .S') in Part I I I of its.Drеssagе Soсiеt y

Rulеs' tуp iсa|

ТRA| NI NG

20 metre iс гIс es

F.Е. I .

ob!еtс

(l975 dЕ ition)'

DЕFI NI тI ONs oFPAсsЕ м ovЕ^ 4ЕNTS and Gеn еr al

AND

Prinсiplеs

1. The objeсt of Dтеssаg е is thе haтm onious аn d iаЬ lity devеlopment of thе phуsiquе of thе horsе. As a result, it makes the horsе тh us aсh ieving pеr ­ a с lm, supple and kеетr , fеtс understаn ding with iтs ridеr . 2 Тhesе quаlitiеь а: .е г е v е аl е d bу: (a) tlrе freedom and rеg ularit.v of й е paсеs; (b) thе harmоn y, lightnеss and еasе of the moYеm еn I s:

(с) thе lightnеss

tуp tсa|

15

metre lс rс| es

of the forehаn d and thе engagemеn t of the hindquarтers; (d) the horse remainiп g absolutely straight in any movеm еn t along a straight line and bеn ding aсосr diп g lу whеn rnoviп g on u с rvеd lines. (3) Thе horse thus gives thе imprеssion of с тd doing of his own aсo what is гequiгеd of him. oС nfident and aneп t ive. hе suЬm its generouslу to thе o с ntlol of his ridеr .

4. His walk is тegulаr , fтeе

and unсon­

strained. His tтot is frеe, supple, гegu1ar, sus­ taiп ed аn d н is aс п t еr is unitеd, tас ive. light аn d аd l{ is quaгt ers arе never inaс­ с еn еd с . tivе oг sluggish. They rеspond to тh e slight. give therеyЬ est indiсation of thе гidеr and lifе and spiтit to а11 тh e rеst of his oЬ dy.

5' Bу viтt ue of a livelу impulsion аn d the supplеп ess of his joints, frее from thе paralyziп g еf feсt s of гesistanсе, thе horsе obeys willingly and without hеsitatioп aп d rеsponds to thе vaтious aids a с lmly and with prеrс s1on.

tyрiа|с

10

metre iс rсles

6. I n all his work, еven at thе halt, й e hоr se must be on thе b1t. A horse is to be .oп thе bic p1аеd с , с rrеtс lу whеп the hoсk s arе o thе nеk с is morе or less raised aсo с rding tо the eхt еn ­ sion or o с llеtс ion of thе paсе, the head posrtion, the o remains stеadilу in с ntaсt with the mouth is iight and no resisfanсe is offerеd

тo

тh e rider.

.on thе position of thе horsе when bid dеp ends on the o с nfoгm аt ion as well as on thе dеgте of гаining of thе horsе.

7. Thе

Thе Hаlt

l. At thе halt, thе hoтse should stand aтt en­ tivе' motionlеss and strаight, with thе weight еvenlу distributed over аll four legs, and bе геady to movе off at the slightest indiсation is гaised' the poll high' of the rideг. The nеk с thе head a little in front of the veгt iсal. tlre zз|

PROGRЕss| vЕ

тп A| NI NG

mouth light' the horse h с amping mаintaining а light o с ntaсt with hап d ' 2. TЬe ш аn sition ftom any Paсe should е Ь madе progressivеly iп and preсise

his bit aп d thе гidе1s to thе hаlt a smooth

movеm еn t

The Walk 1. The wаlk is a marсh iп g paсе in whiсh thе four lеg s of the horsе follow one anothel in four time, wel1 markеd and maintаinеd in all work at the walk. 2. \ 0Иhen the four beаt s eс аsе to be well mafked' еven аn d regulаr , the walk is disun­ ited oт rЬ okеn . 3. I t is аt the paсe of the walk that tЬe imper­ feсt ions in drеssаg e are most mагked. The paсе will suffеr if thе degree of collеtс ion is not in aсo с rdаne с with thе stаg e ofsсh ooling of the horse' u Ь t is preсipitated.

4' The following walks аr е

reсognized:

medium, o с lleсt ed, еxtеn ded аn d free. (a) еd М ium walk. A free, геg ular and unсonstrаined walk of moderatе extension. The hoтse should walk еn elgetiсаlly but a с lmly, with even аn d dеt еr mined steps, dis­ tinсt ly maтking four equаlly spaсed еaЬ ts, thе hind fеet touсh ing thе ground in front of the footprints of the forefeet. The ridеr should keep a light and stеadу o с ntаtс with the mouth.

(Ь)

Collеtс еd walk. The horse moves rеsol­ utely foтw ard, with his nеkс raisеd and arсh еd . The hеad approaсh es thе vertiсal position, the light o с ntaсt with thе mouth

e Ь iп g engagеd

maintаinеd . The hind lеg s аr e with good hoсk tас ion. The paсе

should тemаin

marсh ing аn d vigorous, the plaсеd in rеg ulаr sequenсe. a Е h с

lеg s e Ь ing step o ground and is highег с vеr s lеss than аt the mеd ium walk a ес Ь usе all the joiп t s еn Ь d more markedly. Thе hind feet touсh the ground e Ь hind the fooрr ints of thе forefeet. I n order not to bеo с me hurriеd or irrеg ular thе o с lleсt ed walk is slightly shortеr thап the mеd ium wаlk' аlthough showing greatеr

moЬilitу. (с) xЕ tеn dеd

walk. The horse should o с ver as muсh ground as possiblе, without hastе аn d without losing the regulаr ity ofhis steps. Thе hiп d fеet touсh the ground lс early in froп t of the fooрr ints of thе forefeet. The rider lets the horsе strеt h с out his hеad аn d nеkс without, howеveт' losing o с п t tас , the head еiЬ ng a с rгiеd in front of thе vеr tiсal. (d) Free walk. The free walk is a pаeс of rеst in whiсh , the reins bеing strеt hс ed to thеir utmostJ the hоr se is allowеd o с mplete free­ dom of his head and nеkс .

Trot

Thе

l.

The tтot is a pаeс diagonals (nеаr ­forе

of two timе

on alternatе

and off.hind аn d

viсe.

versa) sеp аr atеd yЬ a momеn t of suspеn sion, 2. TЬe ш ot, always with free, aсt ivе and reg­ ulаr stеps, should eЬ goп e into without hesi­ tatron.

3. The qualitу of thе trot is judged by the generаl impтessioщ the elastiсity and rеg u­ larity of the steps and the impulsion, while mаintaining the sаm e аd с eп e с . 4. The following trots aте reсognized: woгk­ ing, mеd ium, o and eхt ended. с lleсt ed (а) li7orking trot. This is а paсe between the medium and the o с lleсt еd trot in whiсh a hoтsе, not yеt rеady or trainеd for o с lleсt еd movements' shows itsеlf propеr ly balanсеd and, with a supplе poll геm аining on thе iЬ t, goеs forward with even, elastiс steps and good hoсk tас ion. The working trot is not parт of the offiсial Drеssаg e tеsts s st. Georgеs, I ntermediaire and Grand Prix (Ride­offl ­ where a higheI dеgгeе of o с lleс­ tioп is demаn dеd .

(Ь) e М dium trot. This is a paсe betwеen thе extendеd and thе o с lleсt ed trot and morе roundеd thаn thе extended trot. Thе horsе goеs forward freely and sш aight' engaging his hind legs with good hoсk aсt ioщ on а tаu t u Ь t light rein, his position еiЬ ng balaп еd с and unсonstrаined. Thе stеps should bе as еven as possiblе. Thе hind feet touсh thе ground in the fooрr ints of the forеf eet.

Thе plаyed

dеg reе

degree of еn еr gy and impulsion dis­ at the mеd ium trоt dеп otеs lс eaтly the of suppleness and bаlanсe of thе

horse.

into

a welk and, aftеr one or two wеll defined steps' rеstarted into a апс t er with the other I eg leading.

5. The horse h с angеs

leg .iп

thе

аi1 in

a

single stride while a с ntering. This h с angе of lеg is tеr med .flying, (or .in thе аi1) when it is exеu с ted in lс osе o с nnеtс ion with thе sus. pеn sion whiсh follows еah с sш ide of thе

Flying hс anges of lеg a с n eЬ exе­ in series, for irrstanсе at еvегy fourt\ third, seсond or at every stide. The horse' аn с ter. u с ted

in thе sеr ies,

remains sш aight, a с lm and dеg reе of o с llеtс ion in the series should е Ь slightly less then in thе o с llеtс ed a с ntеr . еven

light with lively impulsion. Thе

(с) Colleсt еd

trot. Thе neсk is raiseф thus enabling the shouldеr s to move with greater eаsе in аll direсt ions, the hoсks eЬ ing wеll еn gаg ed аn d maintaining еn еr gеt iс impul­ sion, notwithstanding thе slower movеm еn t. Thе hoтse's stеps aге shorter but hе is lighter аn d more moЬile. (d) xЕ tеn dеd trot. The hoгsе o с vеr s as muсh gтound as possiblе. Hе lengthens his stride, remaining on thе iЬ t with light o с ntaсt . The nеkс is еxtended and, аs a rеsult of gI еat impulsion from the qualtеr s' the horsе usеs his shoulders, o grouп d аt eaсh с vеr ing morе stеp without his tас ion e Ь o с ming higher. .sitting'. 5. The oс llеtс ed trot is exeсu tеd Thе woтking, medium and extendеd trots ,sitting, or .rising' as агe eхeu с tеd indiсatеd in thе test. I n thе offiсial Dressagе tеsts (Prix St. Georges' I ntеr mediаire and Grаn d Prix) all movеm еn ts at the trot must e Ь еx u ес tеd sittiп g .

Thе Rein Baсk 1. The rein baсk is а kind of walk baсk­ Thе lеg s eЬ ing rаisеd and set down simultaneously yЬ pairs' the hind diаg onаl lеg s тemaining wеll in linе and the lеgs wаr ds.

e Ь ing

well reisеd .

2. T} re horse must

bе rеady to hаlt or move without pausing at the dеm аn ds of his rider, remaining at all timеs lightly on thе iЬ t аn d wеll аlЬ anсed.

forwаr d

3. Any signs of hutrying, evasion of the hand' deviation of the qualtеr s fтom thе stгaight linе or spreаd iп g and inтt ivity of thе haцnh с es arе serious faults] Violеn t influeп ес

on the Pert of the rider may bе

dеt rimеr :tal 4. A horsе

to the ioints of the hindqueтt ers. oЬedient to thе aids of

thаt is not

rider in thе

rein aЬ kс is insuffiсiendy badly sсh ooled oт аdЬ lу тidden. 5. I f' in а dressаgе test' а trot or a aс ntет is гequired afтer a гein baсk, the horse must strike off immediаt ely into this paсе without an intеr mеd iatе step. thе

supplеd ,

The Canter

l. Thе аnс tеr is a paсe of three time. I n the right a с nter for instanсe, thе sequenсе is as follows, left hind lеg , lеf t diegonal (right hind lеg and left foтеleg), right foreleg fol­ lowеd yЬ a pеr iod of suspension with ell four legs in the air before tаk ing thе nехt stlide. 2. The following a с ntels аге reсognized: working' mеd ium' o с lleсt ed and extеп d еd . (a) I Vorking аn с tеr . This is a paсе еtЬ wеen thе medium аn d the o с llеtс еd аn с tel in whiсh a horsе, not yet ready or tгaiп еd for proPerly o с lleсt ed movements' shows itsеlf balаne с d and, with a supplе poll rеm aining on thе iЬ t, goes forwаr d with even, light and a с denсеd stlides and good hoсk tас ion. Thе working аn с tеr is not part of the offiсial Dressage Tests ­ St. Gеorgеs, I ntermediaire аn d Grаn d Prix (Ride­offl ­ where a highет

of o с lleсt ion is demandеd. М dium аnс tеr . This is a paсe eЬ tween ф) e thе extended a с ntеr errd the o с lleсt ed ап с t е r . The horse, pетf tес ly straight from head to tail, movеs fteely, with a neturаl bаlanсе. The strides are long, еven and the paсе wеll a с dеne с d. Thе quaп ers develop an inсr eаs­ dеg те

ing impulsion. (с) Colleсt ed aс ntег.

At the o с lleсt ed a с nter' the shoulders arе supple, frеe and mobilе and the quаr ters vеr y tас ive. The horsd s moЬilitу

is inсr еаsed

without anу loss of impulsion.

(d) xЕ tendеd a с ntеr . The horse eхt ends his nеkс ; thе tip of the nose poiп t s more or less forwаr d, the hotsе lеn gthеп s his stride with­ out losing any ofhis аlс mness and lightnеss. 3. Countеr аnс ter (false aс ntet). On thе iс r­ lс е, й is is a suppling movement. Thе horse mаintains his п аt ural flexion at the poll to thе outside of thе iс rсle, in other words, remains e ь nt to the lеаd ing lеg . His o с nfor­ mation does not permit his spine to е Ь еnЬ t to thе line of thе iс rсle. Thе rideт, аv oiding any o с ntortion a с using o с nш aсt ion аn d disorder, should espеiс ally endeаvour to limit the dеviation of the quarters to the outside аn d restriсt his demands aсo с rding to the dеg I е of suppleness of thе horsе. 4. Simplе hс angе of leg at the aс ntеr . This is а h с ange whereЬy the horse is rЬ ought a Ь kс

The Submission 1. At all Paсеs' a slight flexioп of thе jaw, without п ervousп ess is a rс iterion of thе oЬedienсе of the horse and of thе hаr moni­ ous distriЬu tion of his forсes. 2. Grinding thе teeth aп d swishing the tail are signs of nervousness, tenseness or resis­ tanсe on t} rе pаr t of the horsе аn d must bе takеп into aсoс unt by the judges in thеir mаr ks for thе movements o с nсerned as well аs in thе o с lleсt ivе mаr k no. thrее.

Thе Transitions

l.

The hс anges of pаес

аn d speed should made but be smooth and not aЬr upt. The a с denсe of а paсе should е Ь с maintаinеd up to the momеn t whеn the pаe is hс anged or the horsе hаlts. The hoгse rеm ains light in hand, a с lm аn d mainteins a position. o с rrеtс 2. Thе sаm e аp plies to ш ensitions from thе to the Piaffe and from the piаf fе to Passаg е the passagе. аlwаys

Thе

quiсkly

e Ь

sеtс ion

goes on to give a numbеr аr e not relеv ant

dеf initions whiсh this stagе, uЬ t thеy othеr

of at

arе highly rеoс m­

mеn ded to a sеr ious studеn t at anу lеv еl. It puts simply and veгy o с nсisеly a grеat deаl of infoгm аt ion thаt it is еssentiаl to know and, beсause it doеs not

is aсh iеvеd,

it is fге

statе how anything from o с ntroversy or

o с nfusion.

Thеr е are a numbеr of еxerсises for thе horsе to a с rry out in eaсh of thе paсеs desсr ibеd .

I fthеsе

arе

performed o с rreсt ly'

progressively, and regularlу

thеу

will

improvе thе paсе, аt thе samе time as o с n­ tributing to thе othеr statеs and paсеs. one of thе earliеst and most valuablе lessons а horsе reсeives is in making smooтh transi­

tions up and down from onе pаeс

to

PROGBЕss| vЕ Тf fAlNI NG

from thе

should begin by walking the fore­ a half­сirсlе of 6 m in diametеr and gradually геd uсing it to 1 m or а littlе lеss. Thеr е is no advantаgе in attеm pting

quiсkly

to turn about thе

n д oтh er.

Thе

hаlt, petiеnес

thе

lеssons are limitеd аt first to walk, and thе trot, and muсh and undеr standing is rеq uirеd

тh е

trainer. I f a horse responds and smoothlу to a signal fгom his to ridеr he has shown an tас of obеd iеnес тh е ulishes of thе rider, and thаt is, of ooursе' valuaЬlе and important. I n addi­ tioп , hoп ' еvеr , hе has shown somеt hing of in еq uаl if not more valuе and importanсе, a mеn tal and physi­ фt he has dеvеlopеd аlс o с ­ordination in hirnsеlf.

onсe thе horsе undеr stаn ds rеstгitс ion

lеg s and

slow down or stop, and thаt

ridе1s

sеat

rеlax­

a

with prеssurе

с uplеd on the rеins o

аt ion

from тh е

a

gеn tlе

с uplеd with on the reins o

ftom the ridе1s

Fеssrrге mеаn s

that

lеg s means

movе

off or go

sЬ tеr , hе is rеady to bеg in transitions. с anging from Т аk e а simplе examplе of h в ot to walk. Thе horsе is trotting along, whеn

rrhiсh hе knows to mеan

iЬ r

down'. I Jnlеss тery, very fеw

.сегt аirlly'

аt

on his

prеssure

he feels a dеliЬеr аt е

.slow right

аr е hе will say, in effеtс , ­ but iust wаit a momеn t

onсe,

forеh and on thе spot and' young horsе, it аn с be positivеly

with thе hаr mful. Thе ridеis inside7egmusr rеm ain аt thе girth and thе outside rein is usеd to kееp stеp s. thе horsе sш aight and rеg ulate thе through bеing kept straight As mеn tionеф

linе thе с rvеd whilst moving along a u horsе will е Ь obliged to rс oss his hind lеg s u Ь t thеr е must bе no quеstion of thе ridег pushing the quaгt еr s oцt by drawing baсk his inside lеg. done at thе walk The exerсisе may bе without stopping, although it will eЬ еаsier for the horsе аt fust if the walk is slowеd down a littlе just beforе thе momеn t of еn try. I t may also bе done frorn thе halt but flot 4r thе hаlt. Having haltеd , thе horse is movеd sш aight forwаr d for a stеp oI two usеf ul

of thеm )

whilst I soгt my lеgs out!' Thеr е is thus

аr ound

and thеn into

(and thеr e

he is a roguе

еxеr iс sе

feеt

arе a a

whosе

thе

turn­about. This is often

with horsеs that walk very boldlу or littlе impetuous, and for young ridеr s

timine is still in doubt.

thе aсt ion on the iь t and thе bеt weеn rеtас ion of the horse and this is oftеn mis­ interprеt еd as a disoЬеd iеn ес or) at lеast' a hap­ rеluсt аnес to obеy. What has tас uallу pеn еd his the horse obеyеd is that mеn tallу

dеlay

but his body did not immеd iatеly, I n othеr words, his mind so quiсk1у. hь mind and body arе not yet oс ordinatеd lots of timе аn d it is in this, that hе nеeds n д d patiеn tpraсt iсе. This еxplains, in part, whуа hoгsе finds upward transitions muсh гideг

tright'. Hе whеr еаs no pаr t

is equippеd

.gеt

awаt '

аn d

bе tеstеd bу watсh ing horsеs at play: thеr e upward trаn si­ Ь utiful and, in dтеssagе tions are always еa

tегltls, vеr y o с гr eсt , but whеn slowing and еvеn down thеy arе oftеn a с rеlеss

onе

a .tllrn с llеd walk and is a foгеh and. (This eхerсisе is

аb out thе o с mmonly known as а .turn on tlre forеh and but I rеf usе to spеak, or еvеn тh ink,

of any movеm еn t

foгеh аn d.) I n aс rrying uralks his forеf еt aгound lс е. h step is takеn ас Е тh е г e

being done oи thе it out thе horsе a small half iс r­

side­by­sidе

and of thе

is no rс ossing or widеn ing

front legs. His body is hеld sш aight from poll to rс oup whiсh nееsс sitatеs his hind lеg s rс ossing onе in front of thе oтh еr . On two o с mpletion hе will hаvе dеsгсibed аn d a hаlf­сirсlеs, onе with his forеf еt 1аr gеr с nсеn triс to onе with his hind feet, o h е ас

епс t rе

oтh еr

same and thе

and both having about thе

point. Pгogress

is graduаl,

on the trot. I f' during a lеsson for thе trot appеars to bе fаd ing

whеn

h с oppy,

thе hoгsе

to 1еg yiеlding

Rеo с gnition с ing of thе fаr ­rеah and influenсes of onе exеr iс sе

with thе downward onеs.

foгm еd аt the

a sеr iеs of vеr y short trаiner should eЬ eaсh day. Тh е quiсk to rewаr d thе most modеst signs of progress as thеy oсu Thе appropriate с r. form of reward in this a с sе ь to trot would e vigorouslу forward with lots of pаt ting on с аn d voсаl noises ­ anything to let thе nеk he has the horsе know beуond doubt thаt donе wеll.

bettеr to spreаd it ovеr

is

аn d

shouldеr ­in.

Vhеn the horsе bеgins to show signs a с n introduсе еxerсisеs аn d improve this o с ordinаt ion. of the most usеf ul of thesе is pеr ­

or

praсt iсеs

an intгoduсt ion

that thе lс umsy. I t follows, thеr eforе, tтаinеr a с n be quitе dеm anding with upward transitions, but should bе vеr y

trainеr

no forсе

has bееn

Provided thеr е

brought to а walk and askеd to do two or thrее tuгn s about the forеh and, thе diffеr ­ in thе еn suing trot will bе quite еn е с rеm arkablе. This еxerсisе is also invаlu­ for the rein lаЬ е аs part of the prеp аr ation baсk; lеssons in striking off into aс ntеr from walk or halt will be greatly assistеd if thе a stеp of a с ntеr is askеd for on thе last as turn about; аn d it is obviously vаluablе

еasily,

fiis mind and body аr e oс ordinating

Hе will mistakеs

impаt ienсe from his ridеr , it will hаvе а trеm endous influenсе on his willingnеss to lеaгn nеw and strangе things from thаt moment on. I t should takе aЬout onе month for тh е at the turn horse to beсomе o с mpеt еn t about thе forehand, not bеa с usе hе is unable to learn it faster u Ь t a ес Ь usе it is

or is bеoс ming

to bе able to stop or slow down has to play in his abilitу to survivе. Thе

bеп еr , thе to hеightеn

making

whiсh should not bе misсonstrued as eva­ sions. By a stеаd y appliсation of the aids с mpromisе without thе smallеst o of thе ridе1s position, thе horsе wi1l soon undеr ­ stand what is wantеd and his bodу will lеаr n to obеy him. This first rеalization is rider, always a grеat thrill to thе sеn sitivе and it is a mаj or moment in the hoгsе' s lifе.

influenсе

уoung

thя1

bе puzzled at first and mаkе

instanсе,

thеory may еаsily

pаt iеn t

and yеt

I t will grеatly improvе trаn s­ itions and gymnastiсally, it has a markеd

mentally аn d phуs­

quiсkly

timе

o с nш adiсt ory dеm аn ds.

broad indееd .

than downward. I n naturе thе primary defеnес meсh anism is

iсаlly to

аt the sаm е

apparеn tly

strеss has quitе dеlibеr ­ ConsidегalЬ е atеly bееn laid on the importanсе of this propеr ly learnеd and еxеr iс se bеаu с sе, propеr ly a thеr еafteг с г i еd out' its spе­с trц m of influеnеsс on oтh er work is very

obеy

еаsiег hoгsе' s

usеd

Тh e

foundаt ions

of аg iI ity

and mutua| тr Ust training

aгe welI i| | ustrated here. Progressive

on the fI аt is essentiaI before obstаcI es I ike this аn с betaсk| ed sаf e| y. Notethe exemp| аr y oosition of the rider whiсh is in no wav impeding the horse.

A

studу

of thе aids for this eхerсisе,

shows that whilst thе inside leg pushes for

mаintainеd

or slightlу inсr еаsed

impul­

sion thе rеins are guiding and gеn tly dis­ o с uгaging foгw ard movеm еn t' thus oblig­ part of himsеlf (his ing thе horsе to уiеld quartеr s) latеr allу to thе аp pliеd leg. I n doing so hе will stretсh the musсles аn d and hind legs in а ligamеn ts in his quaп еr s as a sidеw ays direсt ion and so it hаs vаluе impor­ o М rе modеst gyп m astiс еxerсisе. in tant' howevеr , is thе lеsson he lеarns in his life, o с ordination. For thе first timе hе fееls thе ridе1s lеg s and hands bеing

еf feсt s

on othеr

work is rеally thе kеy to progrеssivе trаin­ ing and it is important to oЬseгvе whiсh aspеtс of anу exerсisе will bе usеf ul to thе horse in lеатn ing с гr ying out аn other. or a A good ехаm plе is thе way in whiсh the 10m iс rсlе the horsе аb out o a с n tеah с с l­ leсt ion if it is a с rriеd oц t in thе followiл g mannеr : Put thе hoгsе to

20m iс rсlе

at

a good

working trot on

A or C' paying striсt

tion to the thrее iс аlly thе еvennеss

basiс prinсiplеs, of thе rhуt hm.

rеd uсe еstablishеd thе iс гlс е 15m from thе sаm е starting tаn gеn t is going wеll rеduсе when thаt iс rсlе

thеsе

Onсе

аr е

to

аn d to

tangent, so that еv еr y iс rсlе has begun and еn ded at thе samе point. I f the impulsion аn d rhythm have bееn maintainеd thгoughout' striсt lу 10 m,

аg ain using

a

atten­ espе­

thе same

thе horsе will hаvе no altеr nativе shortеn his steps and lift his fееt

but to

highеr , i.е. o ес Ь mе morе elеvаt еd , and so, with no ехt ra or unfamiliar aids from the ridеr ' thс 2зз

PR0GRЕssI vЕ тRA| NI NG

reaсh ing thе quartег line tаn gеn t, ask for а trаn sition sш aight into thе lengthenеd trot (or mеd ium trot when thе timе o с mеs) аs he proсeeds down sсh ool on thе quartеr linе. Thе downward transitions from medium or extended into working or o с l­

leсt еd

arе very diffiсu lt and must

approaсh еd

with a с rе, but

at the same

bе

timе,

thе strong pаеsс must not е Ь allowеd to just fadе away. Thе lеssons dеsгсibed for aсh ieving o с llеtс ion and еxtеn sion аt thе trot may bе rеproduсеd еxaсt ly for thе a с nter when thе timе o с mеs. The above proсеdurе thеn is а good еxamplе of how a с rеf ully h с osеn exеr iс sеs will bring about а dеsiлed result as a nаt urаl o с nsеq uеnе,с whiсh is so muсh bеt tеr than а lot of o с mpliсatеd intеr feг­ by the ridеr .

еn е с

To sum up what has beеn

aсh ieved so far, we sее

that thе

hoгsе

is

making good transitions tfuough halt, walk, and trot; hе has aп understanding of hаn d to thе еxtеn t thе ridе1s lеg аn d hе will advanсe or rеt аr d his paсes

a

o с mpеt еn t dеg rее

whеr е to quite

of oс llеtс ion

and

and he will yiеld his quаr teгs еxtеn sion, latеr allу' willingly uЬ t undеr oс ntrol. Thе rider, however, has donе nothing morе than to ridе him forward o с nsistеn tlу and to guidе him аrс еf ullу. с ed Lаt еr аl work should bе approаh with muсh the samе attitudе. Therе is nothing аb out thе aids o с mpliсatеd or mystегious

used herе but theу must bе appliеd from a position and thеir tim­ sеu с rе and o с rreсt ing is rс itiсal. Thе fust of thе sidewаys

is аlс lеd Leg­yielding.

I t is с llе­с with no o tion аn d no bеn d, and is taught in two stagе is с nd distinсt stages. !Иh еn thе sеo movеm еn ts

a с rriеd out

. After two or horse has collеctеd himsеlf (thrее at thе most) of thе 10 m iс rсlеs thrее * rе horse is rеt urnеd to working tгot and taken out ofthе iс rсle, bеf orе bеing restеd

and rеw ardеd .

Thе

through thе same

is to

next phasе

proсеd uгe

go

of ridеr

but instеad

going largе into working trot holds thе o aсh iеvеd , аt с llеtс ion about halfiп ay down thе long gradually foг longег until hе a с n it for a full iс rсu it of thе sсh ool. I t will not е Ь too long bеf orе

thе

first to sidе аn d maintain

At this

stage thе

thе ridеr

ridеr

should

always givе thе horsе lс еar warning that hе is about to be askеd to iс rсlе bу thе usе of hаlf­hаlts he leavеs the traсk . I t iust bеf orе is bеt ter if thеse hаlf­halts аr е iust а shаd е morе lс еarly dеf ined thаn usual but tаkе аrс e not to iar or startlе the horsе. From thеr е it is simplе аn d logiсal to bе able to

h ас iеvе iс rсlе thе sаm e

o с llеtс ion through and ttrеn а as

quartеr ­сirсlе

a 10m half­ (whiсh

is

passing through a o с rnеr ), and

finally anywhеr е in thе sсh ool, without anу h Later on, morе с angе of dirеtс ion. advanсеd еЬ dеvеlopеd o с llеtс ion a с n by reduсing the iс rсlе to thе voltе (a voltе is automаt iсally a iс rсlе of 6m diamеt ег) . Lеn gthеn ing thе stridе with a viеw to medium and, ultimatеly, еxtеn dеd trot 254

i

ni ng

aгe being given

to deveI op their strength аt the same time

and stamina, whiсh promotes greater trust in theiг riders' Note the I ove| y sympаt hy shoWn by the position of the I eading joсkey,s fingers; the horse has с u| d weI l have fа| I en struсk the hurdI e and o without fu| | freedom of his head and neсk. praсt isеd all thе have bееn аb ovе shortеn ing work has bеen going on. By thе timе thе thiтd phasе (dispеn sing with thе larger iс rсlеs) hаs rеh ас ed thе horsе should bе аp с aЬlе bееn of a numbег of even, long­sш ides _ border­ ing on medium ­ without losing his bal­ аnе.с IЕ е to strеt h с will havе beеn allowеd ftom working trot into thesе progrеssivеly wittr thе first fеw steps smooтh ly gеt ting с mе longer and longеr . Now thе timе has o for him to lеarn to makе а propеr transition (it will not yеt be а fullу in thе long sш idеs mеd ium trot) and for this he will devеlopеd

will, of oс ursе, time that thе

аn d put a с n dispensе with thе largе iс rсlеs his horsе an а 10m iс rсlе anywherе in фе o с l­ sсh ool whеn еvеr hе wishes to aсh ievе

lеtс ion.

с horses More and more rаe prog ressive trа

hе is uс rrentlу с llеtс ion that the o lеarning and аt whiсh hе is alrеady mod­ nееd

еstablished' oЬ th forms will bе used thеr е­ for vаr ious геаsons. аf ter at vаr ious timеs as Leg­ Thе fust phаsе is еsЬ t dеsrс ibеd yiеlding from linе to linе. Thеr e are flvе mаin longitudinal linеs usеd in thе sсh ool; the two outеr traсk s whiсh run lс osе to thе long side; two quаr tеr boards down еah с lines, еah с 5 m in from thе traсk ; аn d thе linе markеd at еahс еn d еn с trе by A and C. Thегe are, in faсt two more _ onе on eaсh long sidе, whiсh run 1m in from the outеr аn d thеsе arе аlс led thе inner traсk. trаkс linе Thе innеr traсk is a mцhс nеg lеtс еd whiсh should bе usеd a lot morе than it gеn еr ally is ­ еspеiс allу in indoor sсh ools. с osen for the first lеssons Thе two linеs h line and thе аr e thе quaгt еr of Lеg ­yiеlding innеr trаkс . Thе horsе is going to bе askеd to move from the quarter linе to thе innеr and hе с anging direсt ion, ш aсk without h will rеm ain parаllеl to both linеs through­

out thе movement. I n othеr words, his аn d hind fееt will lеave thе quarter linе at thе same momеn t аn d theу wi1l simultanеouslу. arrivе at thе innеr traсk linеs с oosing thеsе two The rеasons for h

forеf еt

should bе understood

from thе start.

For some unknown reason thе boаr ds

еstly profiсient.

is eс n­ I f thе 10m iс rсlе of o с llеtс ion at A or C, its sidе tаn gеn ts o с inсidе trаlizеd wittr thе quarter linеs running thе length so often, then, instеad ofttrе sсh ool. vЕ еr y of going into working trot at A and going largе, thе rider should hold thе o с llеtс ion

for a furthеr quarter­сirсle

at working ш ot,

and, upon

a magnеt iс effеtс always еasiеr to ridе

havе

awаy

on horsеs and it is towards thеm thаn

from them, thus for thе first аt tempts

of this nеw lеsson thе horsе

is asked

to

is morе willing movе in a dirеtс ion thаt hе how­ to go. Beсause of that very аt trаtс ion, to go as far as the he is onlу allowеd еv еr ,

PR0GBEsSI vE ТRA| NlNG

iп n er ш aсk, ridеr so thаt it is аlwаys thе к' ho stops tlrе sidеw ays movеm еn t and п еv ег the boaгds. Thе proсedure for thе fiгst phasе of Lеg ­yiеlding thеr еf orе' is аs follows:

At thе short еn d of thе sсh ool, ridе a с еd and pгoe down thе m hаlf­сirсlе quartег linе. Ride the linе sаЬ olutely 15

straight onсе

h с eсk

sагy,

dгift ovеr

or twiсе

to tеst

rеm ains sаЬ olutеly sш aight

and' if nееsс ­

any tеn dеnyс yЬ the horse to towaгd thе boаr ds of his own

for hе must not go until askеd.

eсo с гф Nеxt

timе hold thе straightness down thе Е (oг linе until гougЫу oppositе B), at whiсh time apply thе insidе lеg frгm 1y' but not suddеn ly аt the giл t h. The

slrongег rhяt

(quitе

will

bе to try to go fastеr

undеr standаb ly

is what hе hаs bееn

уou should аn tiсipate

tаu ght

or

bеa с use to do), and

this геatс ion

by

a

lс eаr ly definеd steadying influеne с down applying thе insidе йе outsidе rcinbеf orе leg. Continue to exert this influenсе on thе

rеin

until rеahс ing

thе innеr

trаkс ,

at

rгh iсh point, softеn thе outsidе hand, and аp ply thе outsidе lеg to stop thе sidеw ays movеm ent. Usе thе other lеg to drive him foгw aгd , so тh аt in thе momеn t of dтiving foгw ard both lеg s aгe bеing firmly appliеd eт thе girth. Thе horsе should remain sЕaight from poll to rс oup thтoughout. I t is not a diffiсu lt еx eгiс sе and' provided тh е gтound work has bееn thorough, pеr form it rеm aгkably hoгsеs wеll in a vеr y shoгt timе. Thе sеo с nd stagе is pегh аp s sШ ghtly moге с lled Lеg ­ diffrсu lt. I t is a on thе line, whiсh meaп s thаt lуЬ ding аlthough thе horsе is making a sidеw аys с d his body is plаe

angle to thе oгiginal linе and his hind fееt nеver lеаvе it. I t is usually perfoгm ed on onе of linеs but it aс n bе done on тh e longitudinаl aп у strаight linе inсluding diagonally or гасoss ttrе sсh ool. аs in sаm е Thе aids here arе еxaсt ly thе thе fust stage, u Ь t a с гied out in thе follow­ lng mаn nеr :

movеm еn t,

at an

rс oup

аn d

from poll to

thе movement is riddеn

thе stеadying fгom

giл t h into thе inside lеg аt thе rеin. As hе beсomеs o с mpеt еn t'

outsidе

quаr tеr

hoгsds rеatс ion

line (prеf ­ Put thе horse on to thе h с osеn fеw not the outer tтakс ) and, aftег а hoгsе' s с eсk and lеn gths to h sш aightп еss give the warning signals, takе thе forehand litdе bу littlе to the insidе, until thе outsidе foгefoot is stеp ping in front of thе insidе hind foot (in othеr words until hе is mov­ As bеf orе thе hoгse ing on tfuее trаkс s). eraЬ| у

to еtЬ weеn 30" bе inсr еasеd that hе and 40. whiсh mеans, of o с ursе, will bе moving on two traсks; that is to sаy rеm ain on thе that whilst o Ь th hind fееt moving on a original linе his forеf еet aге sеp arate parallеl linе of thеiт own' The pidаlls to watсh out for arе аllowing с , and the horsе to bеn d, usually in the nеk fall out or esсapе thтough his outside аu с sed by nеg ­ shoulder, (almost егсt ainlу lеtс yЬ of thе outside rеin, or altеr nаt ivеly, too muсh inside rein); tilting of thе horsе' s hеad аu yЬ an ovеr rеstraining and с sеd and quaп ers going baсkward fееling hаn d; insteаd of thе oц t into thе movеm еn t a rеsult of forеh and o с ming in (proЬablу

the angle a с n

the ridеr drawing baсk his insidе lеg ). This pагt iсu lаr lаst point nееd s еm phasis, for on zo o са unt shoц ld thе ridег drаw tlrе inside

lеg bаkс еh Ь ind the giтt h in Lеg ­yiеlding in or in Shoulder­in. Not only will it геsult sеn ding thе qualters out' but loss of impul­ and it wi.ll sion will аlmost e с гt аiл ly еn sue vеr y likely аu с se o с nfusion to thе hoгsе whеn thе timе o с mеs foг him to leaгn the half­pаss. AI l of thesе аr е very serious mis­

takes and must be eхt remеlv guardеd

аrс еf ullv

against.

Lеg ­уiеlding has dеvelopеd to thе onсе stаg е where the hoгse is moving lс еarly on a gymnastiс еx erсise two trаk с s it beсomеs sense of the teтm , and it will o с nsidегable influеnес on improving the working trot. At the samе timе, thе

in thе truе еx ег t

horse will havе bееn iс rсles аn d o с lleсt ion'

prаtс ising smallеr so wе now have а

of moving lаt еr ally at working trot, bending еasily, аn d of аrс ry­ ing himsеlf to а more or less modest degrее thеsе of o с llеtс ion. Togеt hеr thrее things ­ that is lateral movemеn t plus bend plus o с llеtс ion ­ oс mprise thе Shouldеr ­in. Shouldеr ­in is, in prinсiple, thе samе as

horse who is a с paЬlе

on the linе but with

Lеg ­yielding

and prаtс isеd

hаve beеn lеaгn ed

thorough thе lеssons

problеm s

morе

the fewеr

beеn ,

havе

a

as sеp аr atе

and it follows that thе

еn titiеs

will arisе when thе

horse is

results movеm еn t or еxеr iс sе. llerеin lies thе essеnес of pгogrеssivе training. I t is in having a lс еаr intеn tion of thе аims and objeсt ivеs, o с upled with a knowlеd gе to е Ь appliеd . I t is ofthe rс itегia and qualitiеs in reсognйing thе bеn еf its inhеr ent in onе lеsson whiсh will o с ntri­ butе to the еаsiеr lеaгn ing of thе nеxt. I t is in devеloping а fеel for ttrе way in whiсh a horse will probаb ly rеatс in thе fцt urе in thе light of thе way hе is reaсt ing now. I t is in thе dеt егm inаt ion of the rideг to adopt asked to o с mbinе

two or morе

of thе

in thе onе

postц r е

o с гtес

thе

on thе horse and nеver

that position in ordеr to gеt

to o с mpromisе

a rеsult.

The lеssons that hаve bееn here аs еxаm plеs

havе shown,

foundаt ion

of knowlеd ge

dеsгсiеd Ь

it is hopеd ,

on a seсцr е

that by building аrс еf ully агe |с ear| y Lightness, gaiety аn d obedienсe apparent in both these fu| | y trаined horses. WhiI st the finaI objeсt ives are very different с d the basiс eduсation of this advаne dressage horse and this showjumper hаs been aI ong very simiI ar I inеs.

thе

added dimеn sions of o с llеtс ion аn d unifoгm bеn d. Thesе еxш a dimensions

and understand­

ing, a sound аn d lasting struсt urе result. Advаnеd с

work is thе direсt

of early work, еahс lеsson depеn dеn t oп e с ss.

Theге

is

zlil/

produсt еn tfuely

foг its suс­ its prеdеsс sor aгe no short u с ts.

onе

as anу othеr .

No onе would dаr e to аlс l

if thеy had doсt or, or a lawуеr , no qualifiсations to show for it; thе sаm e

thеm sеlves

а

in thе

if one is to bе suсеsс sful,

appliеs,

horse world of today. to be madе in the vari­ Thеr e arе a с rееr s ous forms of raсing, and in Hunt serviсе.

is the profеssion

And thеr е

in whiсh , surgеr у sible to spеiс alizе

or

pгofеssions,

of vеt еr inаr y

onсe qualifiеd , it is pos­ in horsеs. Two anсillary аn d rс afts, аr е farriеr y

saddlery.

HЕN thе еn ginе

internal

o с mЬu stion

to drivе

horsеs offthе

еg Ь an

man с rriеd roads аlong whiсh thеy had a off the land whiсh through thе agеs, аn d mаn y с ltivatе' thеy had hеlped him to u thought it would lеad to thе gradual extinс­ tion of thе spеiс еs. аr e This is not thе aс se, howеver. Thеr е probably аs many horsеs in thе world today as there wеr е whеn thе horse was mаn 's is indispеn sаb le helpmate. Thе diffеr еnес ttrat in this age of teсh nology, hе has beсome an indispеn sable part, not of man, s I n most iс vilized work' but of his lеisurе. are tak­ more and more pеoplе o с untriеs'

ing up leсr еationаl

riding' beсoming or stаr ting studs _ with thе rеsult that evеr y yеar, molе trained and pеoplе look are nееd еd to knowlеd gеablе аf ter horsеs, to handle and bгeak young­ rid­ and to tеh ас sters, to manаg e stablеs, ing to the oс nstant flow of noviсеs. with horsеs, For thosе who want a aс rееr horse­ownеr s

providеd

thеy

are

willing to ш аin

and quаl­

is a grеаt variеt у of opеn ings. I t ifу, thеr е infor­ is not possible herе to givе dеt ailеd thгoughout thе world. mation on a с rееr s The еxаm ples whiсh follow all rеlatе to Britain but muсh thе same oppor­ Grеаt in other o с untries. tunitiеs ехist

Thе most urgеn t neеds in the

horsе and for rеsponsible and skillеd stud workеr s. фere is an offiсiаl с rееr s For еahс of these a govеr ning body, or soсiеt y, whiсh sets thе grаd ed еxaminations, and nееsс sary

woгld oftoday

аr е

for good instuсt ors,

whose qualifiсations

arе aсеpс tеd

as

guaranteеing еrс tain stаn dards of know­ I n Grеat Britain, for с . ledgе and еf fiсiеn y mаn ­ the ш aining of instruсt ors and staЬlе and agеr s, it is tlrе British Horse Soсiеt y; for stud workers, thе National Pony Soсie­

ty. The еxаm inations soсiеt iеs yЬ

are rеo с gnizеd

offеr ed аs a с rееr

Authoritiеs,

most d Е uсаt ion

by

thеse

tгaining and those

genеr ally с n wishing to train for thеm a grants. Furthеr dЕ uсation oЬt аin in аny Trаining is nеeс ssary aес Ь usе profession it is advisablе to oЬt ain thе qualifiсations

.еstablishmеn t';

offеr еd

by that profеssion's

but thеr е

are

othеI brееd еr s

owners аn d to paу a wagе to thе rud­ somеonе who doеsn't know еvеn muсh ttrat pеr ­ imеn ts of the job, howеvеr arе valuablе son may like horsеs. IЕ oгsеs с re of с nnot bе left in the a animals аn d a I n аd dition' rid­ somеonе inехp еr iеnеd с . handling brееd­ ing, stable manаgеm еn t, ing stoсk and brеaking young horses arе by thе light of onе aсq uirеs not tеh с niquеs

reasons' too. IЕ orsе

a с n hardly be expеtс еd

thаt all I t is important to rеm embеr with horsеs involve a oс n­ aсt ivе a с reеr s work; amount of hard phу siсal sidеr ablе joys of riding without ttrat nonе offеr s the с orеs of stablе worl1 at thе inеvitаb lе h еn ough, с ssful lеast, not until onе is sцe and probably old еn ough, to be aЬle to с rееr with еm ploy help and train others. A a horsеs o с nsists of a grеat dеal moге thаn on a horsе, аn d per­ lеarning to .look niсе' с mpetitions bеf orе forming in jumping o an admiтing publiс!

Soсietу

offеr s

four graded еxаm inаt ions

с riding should and anyonе wishing to tеah aim to take аs many of thesе as arе within

thеir аp с abilitiеs.

Thе

examinations аr е:

the Assistant

I nstruсt o1 s, whiсh a с n bе taken at thе agе of 17; thе I ntеr mediate I nstruсt o1s; thе I nstruсt o1s, for whiсh onе must be 22' and с usе it takеs intеllig­ thе Fеllowship. Bеa beforе starting to bе a good insш uсt or, еn е с it is nееsс sary to train for thе first of thеsе, .СР lеvels, or four CSЕ Gradе 1 to have four

passеs

(unless thе

аn с didate

is over

20,

when extrа mаt urity is hеld to makе up for aсh iеvеm еn t). laсk of sсh olаstiс a possiЬlе not neсеssary to start trаin­ I t is, thеr еf orе' ing immediately on lеaving sсh ool. syllabus for Rathеr than givе thе еxtас thе first еxam, it is enough to say that it must aп d that onе o с nsists of four sеtс ions, с sеtс ion. а .pass' standard in еah aсh ievе

М agеm еn t' arе: Riding, Stable аn Thеsе Nlinor Ailments' and Powеr s of I nstruс­

I n Grеat Britain, thе British Horsе Soсiеt y Ь dy responsi­ с gnizеd аs thе offiсial o is rеo

for a standаr d of riding аlс ls с n jump o с rrеtс ridеr , who a (3 ft 3 ins), ride with­ fеnеsс up to 1 mеt rе horses. Sta­ out stirп r ps' and ridе diffегent groom­ o с vеr s fеeding, ble a М nagеm ent ing, rugging, bandaging, ш imming, plait­ of horses, both ing, аn d thе generаl аrс е

blе for sеt ting and mаintaining thе stan­ с ing' Thе dards of both riding and teаh

writtеn

British Horsе Soсiеt y xЕ aminations

Muсking aspeсt s

out is one of the I ess g| аm orous of a a с reer

with horses, but

a| |

working

pupils in stables will have to join in when it is time for suсh

h с ores.

tion. Thе

o с mpеt еn t'

stablеd

and at grass. iМ nor

papеr ,

its titlе

Ailmеn ts

being

is

a

self­

еxplanatory. I n Powеr s of I nstruсt ion, ttrе is ехpeсt еd to know not only a с ndidatе аlso how to whаt , and how, to teaсh bц t o с ntrol а ridе. I t should bе obvious that to pass this enough just to havе еxam, it will not е Ь riddеn and lookеd after onе' s own horsе or pony. To be suсеsс sful, it is еssential to lеaгn what the еxaminers want. I t is аlmost to go for a thеr еf orе, alwaуs nееsс sаr y, Riding с gnй еd pеr iod of training to а rеo ес m­ one t} rat is on thе гo sЕ taЬlishmеn t: mеn ded list of thе British Horse Soсiеt y. wаy to train is as a The most o ес nomiсаl .working pupili and most еstаb lishmеn ts aсеp с t working pupils providеd they stay for at lеast a year. As thе name suggests' in rеt urn for ш aining. work is еxpeсt еd is to bе a paуing student, Thе аltеr nаt ive lеn gth of time it maу take to for whatеvеr standаr d. Somе еstab­ reaсh еxаm ination lishmеn ts allow studеn ts to bring thеir own hoгsеs, provided thеy pay for thеiт

will sеn d Thе British llorsе Soсiеt у a list of approved sсh ools, as on rеq uеst syllabus. I t is well as thе еxaminаt ion mаking a to visit sеvеr al bеf orе аd visаb lе final h с oiсe. Thе point of thеsе examinations is to produсe riding instruсt ors, but for thosе kееp .

с ­ in tеah who arе genuinеly not intеr еstеd thе arе two othеr еx aminаt ions: ing, thеr е and thе of IЕ orsеm аstеr ship Cеr tifiсatе Thе first of Cеr tifiсаt e. a М nagе1s StаlЬ е is rеallу еxaсt ly the sаm e as thе thеsе Assistant I nstruсt ot's without the teaсh ­ therе is moге I n thе sеoс nd, ing sеtс ion. and horsеm astеr ship, aсe с nt on gеn еr al thе business sidе of running a yаr d. Aftег passing onе еxaminаt ion, it is advisable, iI

possiЬle, to tаke a position in а riding sсh ool фat will help to ш ain you for thе possiЬle to next onе. I t is also somеt imеs

A с E пЕ вs

а

result of ignoranсе

or of no propеr

еarly todaymany knowlеd gеlаЬ е breеd ers, thеr е arе not handlers nеarly enough knowlеd gеlаЬ е and brеakеr s. I t is unlikеly that any foal is born viсious' or a rogue, it is inсorrеtс humаn hаn dling ­ somеt imes too rough,

ш aining,

for although thеr е

arе

_ that produсеs somеt imеs too sеn timеn tаl warped еq uine tеm pеr amеn ts. аn imals spеn d Working in a stud' whеr е а lot of their timе at libеr ty, tеn ds to givе a far dееp ег insight into the truе naturе

of thе horsе than working only with Thе are stдb lеd or partlу stаb lеd . bеh aviour pattеr ns of hoгsеs at libеr ty are fasсinаt ing to watсh аn d hеlp to­ understanding of horsе wards a gгеatеr thosе that

psyсh ology.

Thе

Pony Soсiеt y offеr s two еxaminаt ions: the Stud Assistаn ds Cеr ­ tifiсatе, and thе Stud Assistаn ds Diploma. The first a с n be tаken at the agе of 16, аlthough

Natioп al

it is doubtful whеt hеr

аn yone so havе had еn ough еxpеr iеnе.с For thе sеoс nd, the a с ndidаt e must bе ovеr 22уeats old. Both еxams a с n bе takеn with or without riding. To takе thеm with rid­

young o с uld

ing obviously offеr s a wider hс oiсе

b А ove

Strapping or grooming is another task essentia| to the horse,s hea| th and we| l­being. Pupi| s woгking for Nаt ionaI Pony Soсiety examinations hаve to spend time on аn аp pгoved stud where they wi| | I eаr n about a| | аspeсt s of breeding as we| I as stаb | e dаi| у

maп agemenт.

Right

First steps in teaсh ing. lnstruсt ing major part of British Horse Soсiety eхаm s, and a с ndidatesfrom aI I overthe world study in the U.K. to qua| ify as offiсiа|

foгm s а

I

nstru tс o rs.

get a further gгant highеr

for training for the

ехaminations.

privatе ownеr s into thеir stаb lеs to train, but it will probably bе nеeс ssary also to takе а short o с ursе аt an offrсial sсh ool, for how­ good private tеh еv ег ас е r s may bе (and Somе

knowledgеablе

pеoplе

takе

many arе еxеlс lеn t), thеy may not kп ow exaсt ly what the еxаm inеr s arе looking for. Nor may thеy hаve an indoor sсh ool in rvhiсh a a с ndidаt e must gеt used to гiding e Ь fore еxam

The аddтеss

day. of thе

Bгitish Horse Soсiеt y

is: National qЕ uеstrian

Cеn tre, Kеn il­

vс 8 2LR.

woгt h, $Иarwiсkshiте,

Thе National Pony Soсiеt y Тo

tгaining a с rееr s

xЕ aminations

many, training for stud work mеаn s

for thе most rеw aгding of all with horsеs. This is bеaс use thе

srud ­ thе stallions, marеs, foals and young animаls _ is the foundation of еvеr y othеr horsе tас ivity; and also bеa с use it is thе hаn dling, brеaking and sсh ooling of the young аn imals that аn с mаke or mar thе yeаr . Fаr too thousаn ds offoals born еvеr y

many young horsеs

аn d

poniеs

arе spoilt as

of

аr е mаn y pеople who futurе jobs, but thеr е are not Pаr tiсu larly kееn , or ;killеd , ridеr s right tempera­ who nеvеr thеlеss havе thе arJd mеn ts for dealing with brееd ing stoсk young horsеs. Sinсе a greаt dеal of a young .on horsе' s eаr ly work is donе thе gгound, people not intеI еstеd in riding should not put off tаk ing stud ш аiл ing e Ь beсausе thеy

W| тH H0RsЕs

Thе standaгd of riding for is high, nееd ing knowlеd gе of

do not wish to ridе.

askеd

sсh ooling

a Ь kс ing,

and bringing on

a

young horsе. To tаkе thе Stud Assistаn t's еxaminа­ tion, it is neсеssary to hаvе at lеast a yеat's еxperiеne с at one of thе studs rеo с gnizеd by t} rе Soсiety as a srudent training еn с ш е.

This is how long it takеs to oс vеr thе full tас ivitiеs and all thе stagеs of

stud

s

a mare's

foaling yс lс е.

Thе

addrеss of thе National Pony Soсi­ is: 7 rС oss and Pillory Lanе' Alton, Hampshirе. Thе Sеrс etary will sеn d on

еt у

rеq uеst

a

syllabus of thе еxаm inаt ion

list of thе studs whiсh

aсe с pt

and a

pupils for

tгaining.

Although thе еxaminations arе offered this of National Ponу Soсiеt y,

bу thе

o с urse

doеs

not mean thаt

thе

qualifiсations arе only for working with poniеs ' For thе highly spеiс alized work of

lЬ oodstoсk

brееd ing,

howеvеr ,

thе

Thoroughbгеd Breedеr s' Assoсiаt ion, 168 High Sш еet, Nеw markеt , Suffolk, CB8 9AJ, a с n аd visе on studs whiсh might be willing to aсeс pt studеn ts.

Flat Raсing, National Hunt Raсing Theге

is no short u с t

to bеo с ming

a

joсkеy,

еv еn if onе is smаll аn d alrеаdy a good гidеr ! Thе way in, to anyone interеstеd in is through apprentiсеship. this as a a с rееr ' Apprentiсеs are oftеn takеn on straight

from sсh ool, but arе usuallу askеd to work for a trial pеr iod bеf ore bеing finally .in­

that is, bеf ore signing on to dеn turеd : foг three, rеm ain with a partiсu lar tгаinеr yеars. fivе, or sеvеn A limited numЬer of oс ursеs for apprеn ­ arе held apprеn tiсеs tiсes and would­Ье еah с уear аt thе National qЕ uеstrian Thesе arе mainly fillеd by trainеr s' Cеn ш е. or nominees, but Sсh ools' Carееr s Offiсers с pаr еn ts for a pupil or a с n apply for a plаe Е uеstian h с ild by writing to thе Nаt ional q Cеn tre'

I (enilworth, Warwiсkshirе'

CV8

2LR.

Not еvеr y apprеn tiсe makеs a joсkеу, joсkеy makes thе top gradе. and not еvеr y to ridе raсеs on But if it is a lifе' s аm bition the fаstеst horsеs in thе world, thеn it is worth making thе еf fort to realizе it. Thеr е in raсing stа­ arе, howеv er, othеr opеn ings .lad nееd not rеm аin so blеs. An ordinary his way forеvеr . I fhе is good, hе аnс woгk Senior Lad, or up thе laddеr and bеo с mе Hеad Travelling Trаvelling Lad, mаyе Ь rеah с ing thе Lad ­ perhaps еvеn tuallу highеst position in any yard, that of Head is Lad, the person who, undеr thе trаinеr , for thе running ofthе yard, thе rеsponsiblе welfarе ofthe horses and thе supervision of the staff. Thе wаgеs of lads when they stаr t arе tied to thе minimum agriсu ltural wage of paу morе. thе timе, although somе trаinеr s 107agеs risе with ех p еr iеn e arе and thеr е с , .pеr ks', givеn bу of usuаlly quitе а numЬеr gratеf ul ownеr s to thе lads who .dol their wiп or are plаеdс horsеs whеn thе horsеs in raсеs. Also, many good Sеn ior Lads, Trаvеlling Lаd s and all Hеad Lads will bе providеd with а housе.

For many yеars' a grеat many lаds hаve, in faсt , eЬ en .lasses', and theге is nothing to stop a girl going right to thе top of thе lаd dег in raсins stаblеs. Until reсеn tlv, it

wаs not possiЬle for girls to bеoс mе girls were not bеa с usе apprеn tiсes, allowed to ride raсеs under rulеs. This is but what thе futurе holds for

now h с angеd ,

girl

and Womеn joсkеys to bе sеen. Thе еasiеst way to gеt into raсing stа­ blеs' as an apprentiсе or as a lad, is to write _ if thеr е is onе in thе nеigh­ to а ш ainеr bourhood _ аn d ask for аn appointmеn t to аr е аlways on thе look­ sее him. Тr аinеr s may out for good lаd s, and apprеn tiсes who is no I f thеr е onе day makе good joсkeуs. in thе distriсt , writе training еstaЬlishmеn t to the Joсkеу Club, 42 Portmаn Squarе, London, !Й. 1. Theу will provide a list of trainеr s who may eЬ aЬle to hеlp. apprеn tiсеs

rеm ains

I n oс nsidering

а

in

a с rееI

National

Hunt stablеs, with thе idеa of perhaps joсkеy, it is a stееplеhс asе bеo с ming important to rеm embеr

that thе

profеssion

riding is

of National IЕ unt raсе

an еxtra is also hazardous; a аllowanсе of nеr vе. I t jump joсkеу will prob­ during his aс rееr bonеs in most of thе brеakaЬle aЬly rЬ eak ride in his body аn d will, morеovеr ' oftеn aftеr a fall whiсh would have the next rаес kеp t lessеr mortals out of thе saddlе for days, if not wееks. Hunt trainеr s take on o М st Nаt ional

tough onе,

exш еm еlу

a с lling

for аn

for whilе lads rather than apprentiсеs, a с n be taught to stay аlmost еvеr yonе attaсh еd to а horse on the flat, it takеs good riding talent to eЬ oс mе o с nsidеr aЬlе As most National Hunt lads с s. ovеr fеne ridе thеir horsеs at work (thе еtЬ ter onеs over fеn еs с

too), trаinеr s

are quiсk

to spot thе bеt tеI

will bе givеn and probablу holses to ridе and sсh ool, also the h с anсе to ridе in somе of the .Opportunity Raсеs' whiсh arе spеiс ally organizеd for would­bе jump joсkеys. thе to lс imЬ Theгe are similar hс аnеsс

talеn t,

whеn

а lаd

ladder in thе

hiеr arсh iсal

yаr d

as thеI е

arе

in flаt ­raсing stаbles, аn d thе wages, аn d thе .pеr ks', are similаr . The waу in to National Hunt Stаbles is thе samе as thе a trаinег way into flat­raсing: oс ntaсt Club. diгetс ly or write to thе Joсkеу

Hunt Sеr viсе This is a wondеr ful aс rееr с untry who wаn ts a o

lifе

for somеonе as a lifе

аs wеll

with horsеs. are Thе opеn ings into rЕ unt Sеr viсe naturallу limited bу thе numbеr of Hunts u Ь t all Hunts takе on new in ехistеnе,с from timе to timе, and most will takе are kеen from sсh ool ifthеу stгаight аr е еasier IЕ unt horsеs аn d willing to lеаr n. thаn for thе lеаr nеr ­ridеr sсh ool­mastеr s thеy o с mе up from grass rаеh с orsеs. Whеn in thе latе summеr ' they nееd a lot of slow and еvеn whеn they arе hunting еxеt iс se, fit thеу arе in rеgular work аn d oс nsе­ in quеn tly seldom so u A аrс еr еЬ llient. bеg ins with being a sort of rЕ unt Serviсe stаf f

pеoplе

.dogsbody' around thе stablеs. anything up to about 25

gеn еr al

Thеr е

may e Ь

horsеs stablеd ,

whiсh

makеs

a

lot of work.

From .dogsЬody' onе graduatеs to groom' or .strappet', with two or thlеe horses to look aftет. The nеxt stеp, providеd onе is а good еn ough

ridеr ,

is to bеoс mе

Sеo с nd

Sеo с nd Whippеr I n, First Whippеr I n, and finаlly, Huntsman, who hunts hounds, or I tеn nel IЕ untsman, who of М ter is in h с argе in the absеnес of the аs

IЕ orsеm an, thеn

the fiеld.

The Huntsman is in ovеr аll

and аll еm ­ kеn nеls, ployed thеr еin. This is а rеsponsiblе and are well­paid position and good IЕ untsmеn widеly sought аf tеr . Wagеs start with thе minimц m agriсu l­ tural and proglеss upwards. An important .pеr l{ is that а1l riding lс othеs arе providеd

h с argе

of thе stаlЬ еs,

Ё

I

I

t(

lfi'

+ .. =+ з

Three totа| | y differеn t a с reers o с nneсt ed With thе horse wor| d' left: A у oung appгentiсe trains for the joсkey,s trade, a tough and o с mpetitive career with I ong hours and re| аt ive| у smal| гewaгd eХеp с t for those at the top middle: Working with hounds entails long hours too, and in all types of weather, but this уoung hunt servant is undismayed ' above'' Тr a

bу the Hunt. To entеr lЕ unt Serviсе, thе approаh с is bеst: if therе is a loсal ретsonal Hunt, find out whеr е thе kеn nеls arе (thе

go to see thе stab1еs aте thеr е too), Huntsman and ask if thеr e is а h с anсе of bеing takеn on. I f not, hе maу know of аn othеr Hunt looking for a trainее, oI may ablе to givе a dеf initе datе for starting in thе futurе. Thе life of the rЕ unt sеr vant hаS manу advantages' not thе lеast being thе

bе

part of' h с аn e с to live in, and bеoс me a oс untry oс mmunity and a paтt iсular o с untrуsidе.

Vеt еr inary Howеvеr

muсh

anуonе

a vetеr inary suI gеon

Surgеr y wаn ting

to o ес Ь mе

wants аlso

to

in horses, it is nееsс sаr y first, as it is in human mеd iсinе bеf ore spеiс aliz­ qualifying dеgrее: ing, to takе thе gеn еr аl с mе tо .bеo а vеd . This is not еasy. any morе than e Ь o с ming a doсt or is easy. I t tаkеs аt lеast fivе у еaI s to qualify and nееd s spеiс alizе

high aсadеm iс

standards. .A' lеv еls

are a с l­

for, or Sсottish .Highers', еm phasis bеing on iЬ ology, physiсs and mаt hеm a­ 1еd

Thеr e is grеat o с mpеt ition to еn tег the profеssion; all Veterinary oС llеg es havе yеar thаn thеу have morе appliсants еah с

tiсs.

plaсes

is no sеx disсr imina­ should rеm еm bеr , howеvеr , that bеаu с sе thеy аr е usuallу smallеr and for, but therе

not so stI ong as men' that whеn it o с mеs to praсt iсе thеy aI е oftеn bеt ter in .smаll ani­ mal' praсt iсеs. I n Greаt Britаin, thе o с ntrolling body of the vеt erinary pгofession is thе Roу al Col­ 1еg е of Vеt eгinary Surgеons, 32, Belgravе Square, London, s.\ uи. 1. Thе Collеg е rе­с grantеd by thе six Vеt ­ ognizes the dеg геs erinarу Collegеs in thе Unitеd l(ingdom, еah с of whiсh is a part of thе parеn t Uni­

vеr sity. I n nЕ gland, thеsе arе London, Bristol' Livеr pool and Cаm bridgе; аn d in Sсotland, the Glasgow Vetеr inary Col­ 1еg e' and Royаl(Diсk ) Vetеr inary Collеg е' dЕ inburgh. Thе usual studеn t grants are obtainaЬlе for vеt еr inary o с tllsеs, at the еn d of whiсh thе first degreе is that of

of Vеt еr inarу еd М iсinе Thе holdеr of

dеg rее thе

(BvМs).

and

this

is еn titlеd

to bеo с me a еm М bеr of of Vеt еr inaгy Surgeons аn d аn с stаf t praсt iсе. diffеr еnес bеt wееn the vеt еr i­

Royаl Collegе

(МRCvS)

Тh е mаin

narу and thе human

mеd iсal

that during thе foгm еr ,

a

spеiс fiеd

i

ng to be

a

veteri nary

sU

rgeon is аr d uous,

quaI ifiсations are required for a universitу degree o с urse, but the a с rеer providе substantiaI finаniс aI аn с rewaгd for hard work.

tion. lwomеn

Baсh еlor Surgеr y

in

and high a ас demiс

;i:=

o с ursеs is timе has

to be spеn t eaсh vaсation doing praсt iсal work. For the first two yеarsJ this should е Ь

spеn t on а farm lеarning aЬout animаl a с ге and feeding; during thе last threе уеars, vaсations must bе spеn t as а studеn t work­ ing with a praсt ising vеt еr inarian. On going into prаtс iсе, it will е Ь nеe с s­ sary for thosе who wish to spеiс alizе in horses to h с oosе a distriсt wherе horsеs abound. Although it will noт eЬ possiblе in

gеn еr al

praсt iсе

with horses only, it rеp utаt ion as а .good horsе vеc. But by no mеans all who qualify in vetеr inary mediсinе go into gеn . eral praсt iсе. a М nу study for postgraduate dеg rееs in spеiс al suЬj tес s, for example, to dеal

will bе possiblе to еarn а

vеt еr inaгy radiology or vеt еr inаr у аn aеs­ thеsia; oI thеy takе o с uтsеs in laЬorаt ory rеsearсh . For anу of thеse, furthеr grants a с n usually bе obtаinеd . Thеr е агe also opеn ings in Govеr nment serviсe in, for instanсе' thе Animal Hеalth Division of thе iМ nistrу of Agriсu lturе. This is responsiblе for thе prеvеn tion, аn d o с ntrol ifthеy oсuс r, of all notifiаb lе disеаses, and for the inspеtс ion of mаr kеt s, aЬb atoirs аn d ports of еn try

Thе eЬ st

into thе oс untry. start' howevеr , for anyone

wishing to spеiс alizе in horses, would bе to try to gеt into onе of the iЬ g vеt erinary praсt iсеs nеar Newmarkеt , or anу othеr major training e с ntrе. 2з9

Animal Nursing

Thе

Surgeons will sеn d

This is a subsidiarу profеssion to that of vеt еr inаr у surgery, and o с uld appеаl to mаn y who may have left it too latе to gеt qualifiсations nееsс sary thе aсаd еm iс to o ес Ь mе Thе full titlе of а vеt еr inаr ians. quаlified animal nursе is: Rеgistеr ed Animal Nursing Auxiliarу

(RANA). Thе

sсh еm е to train and kеep a registеr of ani­ mal nurses wаs started bу thе Roу al Col­

lеg e

of Vеt еr inary

Thеr е

Surgеons in 1961. is a big demand for RANAs' somе prаtс iсes

emploуing sеvеr al' not only to hеlp during operations' but for post­opеr ational and the a a с те , с re of ani­ mals kept in for long­term trеatmеn t. A trainее must bе 17 yеars old, or over, .o' lеvels, one of whiсh and havе threе must е Ь n Е glish, and onе of thе others еither mathematiсs, or physiсal or biologi­ a с l sсiеnе.с I t takеs two yеars to train for thе nеe с ssary examinations but training I t аn nееd not bе o с nsеu с tivе. с bе tаkеn vеt еr inаr y

working as еr inarian,

a

nursе to a vеt ­ а trаinее will rееiс vе

studеn t

whеn thе

wage. I t is also possiblе

nary Collеg е,

attеn ding

to train at a Vetеr i­

leсt ures and gain­

ing prаtс iсal experiеnес from thе аn imals in for aс rе oI opеr ation. The u с rriсu lum for thе еxaminations is o с mprehеn sivе; it

inсludеs

anatomy' physiology' anaеs­

thesia, and detailеd nеss and

of thе

аrс e

animals in siсk­

in hеalth.

Onсе trainеd thаt аn с

knowledgе

of differеn t

aп d fеeding

be a с rriеd

as a

RANA' it is

on part­timе,

a a с rеет if that is all

allow. And' likе human nursing, it is onе whiсh аn с bе pursuеd wherеvеr onе is living.

iс rсu mstanсеs

240

Royal Collеg e

mаl

of

Vetеr inary .Ani­ а booklet аlс lеd

Nursing Auxiliariеs'

interestеd , togеt hеr it is possiblе whеr е

to

anyonе

with a list of plaсes to trarn.

,No

foot, no horsе, is a wel| ­worn phrase, but a relevаn t one, expI aining why fаr riers arе suсh lmportant peop| e in the horse wor| d. Тh ough I itt| e more than a I ad, this farrier knows exaсt I y what he,s doing, asthe horse,s serenitу makes lс ear.

Farriеr y

shoеing;

aЬout thе anatomy

in

of thе horsе,

Farriery is onе of thе most vitаl of all pro­ fеssions o с nneсt ed with horsеs. I f thеr е were no farriеr s, thе еn tire hoтsе world pеr haps for a would o с mе to a stop, еxеp с t fеw fortunаt е individuals luсky еn ough to е Ь lаЬ е to ridе always and еxlс usivеly on grass. vЕ еn thеy would find it hаr d to kееp

paltiсu lar thе workings of thе tеn dons, lig­ аb out dis­ aments and joints of thе lеg s; еasеs of thе foot and thе sш uсш re of thе foot; how a horsе should stand o с rrеtс lу in

еvеn lf

fаr riеr s

thеir mounts going sound and true if thеr е were no onе to trim, shapе, and gеn еr allу for, thеir fеet. a с rе Conкаr y to popular imagination, it doеs

reallу

: thе

not takе enormous strength to

fаr riеr .

bеo с mе

a

A oс mbination of knaсk

and

know­how is rеq uirеd , as proЬalЬ y anyonе who has strugglеd to remove a loosе shoе, tаking seсonds,

ages ovеr

what takеs thе

farrier

will havе disсovеr ed. What

a

fеw

it does

profеssion o с nnеtс еd as doеs еvеr y tаkе, with hoгsеs, is a real intеr еst in and feеling for thе animal itsеlf, and the right kind of temperamеn t _ a с lm and patiеn t, but firm. A hot­tеm pered, impatient pеr son, who hits thе horsе if it makеs thе slightest movеm еn tj willnеvеr e Ь a good fаr riеr ; nor

will thе nеI vous peI son who piсks up аs though it wеr е

madе

of еg gshеlls.

а

foot

I t also

takеs intelligenсе, for farriеr s havе to bе rеg istered and to bеo с me rеg istеr еd thеy have to provе thlough ехaminations that thеy know a lot morе than jц st how to make shoеs, and put them on and tаke thеm off a

horse. Thеу

must know aЬout

o с rrеtс ivе

natц r al balanсе and how the fеet should bе shaped or trimmеd to еn ablе him to .bеaт

on а11 four. Qualifiеd .vеt erinarians of thе fееt .farrie1 mеans .horsе­ doсt o1 .shoеing smith'.

arе

word

as wеll

as

Thеr е is in faсt muсh morе to the profеs­ sion of farriery than is probablу imagined from wаt h с ing a farrier at work tгimming, fitting and nailing on shoеs with sцhс appalеn t еasе. With thе trеm еn doцs o с n­ temporary upsurge of interest in riding, thеr e is today a vеr y good living to bе madе as a farriеr . For those who likе to think of еiЬ ng thеir own mastеr s' it is a most satis­ fying profеssion, for thе majoriry of farriers

arе just that ­ theу a с n work whеn thеy for as long as they likе, on whatеvет daуs of thе wееk thеy likе. Alternativеlу , positions for arе a numbеr of salаr iеd theте farriers. a М ny raсing stablеs, studs and largе showing еstablishmеn ts likе to havе thеir own residеn t farтiеr s. Thе proсеdurе for training is to find а аsМ tеr Farriеr willing to takе on a tтainее. This is not always еasу but the Sсh ools Carееr s Offiсеr a с n somеt imеs hе1p. I f hе a с nnot! thе loсal Small I ndustriеs J'ikе,

A с E пЕ пs

ifthеr e is onе, should bе ablе to assist. Thе Youth m Е ploymеn t Bureau may also e Ь ablе to hеlp, and the loсal dЕ uсаt ion Authoritiеs a с n bе approaсh ed. I f in diffiсu ltiеs, writе to The Worshipful Compаn у of Farriеr s, explaining any prob­ lems, and аsking for the apprentiсeship аp pliсation form. Thе аddress is: Thе Fiеld Offiсer, 58 Hаll Park Drivе, Lytham wеst Park, Lytham, Lаna с shire. а Rеg istеr еd To bеoс mе Shoеing Smith .ftSS) takes fouг years of ш aining, or аp prеn tiсeship. With thе аpproval of the Compаn y, Rеg isterеd Shoеing Smiths a с n tаkе Thеr е arе on and ш ain apprеn tiсes. Oгg anizer,

two furthеr

that a с n

еrс tifiсatеs

be

аt tainеd : Assoсiatе of thе FarrieЦ Com. pany of London, and Fеllow of the Vor. shipful Compаn y of Farriеr s.

A mаj or

diffеr еnес bеt ween

today and in thе past is thаt

thе

wеll as thеir shoеs.

homе

makе

onе. whеr е thev

Saddlery Тh e \ /Х orshipful Companу of Sаddlегs is pгеsent­day thе oldеst of thе Livеr y Com­ paniеs of thе City of London. Thе earliest doсu mеn t in thе Company's possеssion goes a Ь kс to 1 160, in whiсh therе is alreadу mеn tion of .сu stoms of old, whiсh makеs it appеar that thе Company was originаlly an Anglo­Sаxon Craft Guild. The first grantеd to thе o Chartеr wаs с mpany by dЕ ward I in 1272' аn d the I nсorporation Chartеr bу Riсh аr d I I in 1395. Thе provi­ sions of this wеr е amended oI ratiflеd уь subsequеn t whose Chartеr

monarсh s until Jamеs I , of 16o7 is in forсе today.

Although muсh o с ntemporary sаd dlеr y is morе or lеss mass produсеd , аn d many so.сallеd sаd dlers little more thаn rеt ail­ is still a great nееd for rс aftsmen and women. Thеr е aге manу a М stеr Sаd ­ dlers, a с pablе of making еv еr y o с nсeivable аr tiсle of taсk (metal woгk ехlс udеd ) thаt eгs, thеге

anу horsе might nееd . The bеst way to learn thе rс aft is to work with suсh a sad­ dlеr , as a lеarnеr ­worker, or as an apprеn ­ tiсе. A lеaгnеr ­workеr will get a wagе' small at first, and rising as hе progrеssеs. An apprеn tiсе will sign on to remain for a stаt еd numbеr apprеn tiсеship get аn d Е uсation

ofyеars, fее.

probаb ly paуing

an

I t is usually possiblе to Grant to ш ain in this way.

Trаining in the workshop of а аsМ tеr Saddlег is oс mplеt е аn d o с mprеh еn sive. Starting work with the simplest of stitсh ­ ing rеp air jobs, it plogгеssеs through to making, as well as rеp airing, most artiсles pеr haps saddlеs. vЕ еn of tаk с , exсept then it will havе bееn nееsс saгy to have lеarnt all about thе anatomy of sаddles, so theу a с n bе restuffеd or relinеd , or takеn apаr t for the trеes to е Ь h с kес еd .

also inсludе nеss,

Training will

how to run a saddlегy

or shop, so as to makе

will

inсludе how to run this aspеtс so as to е Ь fаir both to thе businеss and thе lс iеn t.

will also

Thеr e dlеr

to rЬ ing

thеir horsеs

who ask the sad­ to thеm to try on fit, so this sidе of s rс aft will bе lеаr nt

с rrеtс for o

thе suсеs с sful as well.

Thеге

be lс iеn ts

sаd dles out saddlе/

are othег

rс aft

of saddlеr у.

niсal

Collеg е,

London, 8 Е ,

ways of lеarning thе Thе Cordwainеr s Teсh ­

182, Marе

Strееt ,

runs a Rural

} I aсknеy, Saddlегs'

Course. Thosе who pаss thе thеorеt iсal аn d praсt iсal еxaminations at thе еn d of thе o с ursе

a pгofit;

busi­

whiсh

wholеsalе firms arе the best to dеаl with, and whiсh еxtra goods it may е Ь pтofitablе to stoсk . As most working saddlеr s do a fаir

again, those who pass the nееsс sary examinаt ions аt thе еn d of thе o с urses a с n bе hеlpеd to furthеr training bу the Worshipful Company, whiсh will also pay full apprеn tiсеship somеt imеs fееs for thosе who a с nnot afford thеm , oг who have lеathеr work;

аn с often

gеt

a

bursаr y

from thе

Worshipful Companу to o с ntinuе tfain­ ing. Both thе Citу and Guilds of London I nstitute' and the Walsall Sсh ool of Arts and Crafts гu n o с uI ses in saddlery and Training sсh emes in the highI y specialized trade of sаd d| ery are аvаi| аb | e in Britаin to both boys and girls, I ike these trainees at the benсh of a Mаster Sadd| er,s workshop

to get еduсational

been unablе Whatеvеr

farriery whеr еas thеn to the forge,

everyonе took thеir horsеs most people now еxpеtс thеir fаr riеr s to o с mе М st fаr riеr s to thеm . o thеr еf orе find it nеe с ssary to hаv е a small portaЬle forgе аs

trade, training

amount of seсond­hand

W| тH H0RsЕs

mеt hod

grants.

of training is o с nsidеr еd

it is аlways a good thing to writе to thе Company, asking for thеir adviсе and hеlp. The address is: Thе \ 07orshipful Compаn y of Saddlers, Sаd dlers' FI аll, Guttеr Lanе,

London, 2 сЕ v 6в R. Although a saddlеr doеs not havе

to be a

ridеr , the more hе knows аb out horsеs and riders, and фeir oftеn vеr y diffеr еn t nееd s, thе bеt tеr . Naturally, many of his lс iеn ts

will е Ь

peoplе who know еxperienсed what they want. But many will bе noviсes knowing littlе morе than that in еxaсd y ordеr

to

ride

a

horsе'

thеy nееd

bridle. They thеr еf orе horsеs adviсе.

will

apprеiс atе,

a

saddlе

and

need, and thеiг a good saddlеt 's

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