Encyclopaedia Britannica [3, 3 ed.]

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ENCTCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICAJ

D I C T I 6 NARY O F

A R T.S, S C I E N C E S, AND

MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE; Conftru£ted on a PLAN, B Y WH ICH

DIFFERENT SCIENCES AND ARTS Are digefted into the FORM of Diftinft

TREATISES

SYSTEMS;

OR

COMPREHENDING

The

and PRACTICE, of according to the Lateft Difcoveries and Improvements;

HISTORY, THEORY,

AND FULL

EXPLANATIONS

each,

GIVEN OF THE

VARIOUS DETACHED PARTS OF KNOWLEDGE, WHETHER RELATING TO

NATURAL

and

ARTIFICIAL

Obje&s, or to Matters

ECCLESIASTICAL,

CIVIL, MILITARY, COMMERCIAL,

Including ELUCIDATIONS of the moft important Topics relative to MANNERS, . and the OECONOMY of LIFE : A

DESCRIPTION

A General

RELIGION, MORALS,,

of all the Countries, Cities; principal Mountains, Seas, Rivers, 6c. throughout the WORLD;

HISTORY,

Ancient and Modern, of the different Empires, Kingdoms, and States;

• An Account of the LIVES of the mofl Eminent Perfons in every Nation, from the earlieft ages down to the prefent times. Compiledfr»m the •writings of the hejl Authors, in feveru! languages ; the mofl approved Dieiionaries, as ncell of-general fcience as of iti parti* tutor branches ; the TranfaBions, Journals,, and Memoirs, of Learned Societies, both'at home and abroad-, the MS. LeSlures of . Eminent Proffhrs on differentfciences ; and a variety of Original Materials, furnifhed by an Extenfie e Correfpondence. THE THIRD EDITION, IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES, GREATLY IMPROVED.

ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED AND FORTY-TWO COPPERPLATES. VOL.

III.

INDOC^t DISCANT, E T AMENT MEMtNISSE PERtTl.

EDINBURG H. PRINTED FOR A. BELL AND C. MACFARQ^HAA MDCCXCViL

entered in ©tattonertf |)atl in Cerms of tfte aa of parliament.

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA

BAR fcarharu% T) ARBARUS (Francis), a noble Venetian, was a Barbary. fj man 0f great fame in the 15th century, not only for learning, but likewife for a Ikilful addrefs in the management of public affairs. He is author of a book De Re l/xoria, and fome fpeeches. BARBARUs(Hermolaus), grandfon of the preceding, one of the moft learned men in the 15th century. The public employments he was entrufted with early, did not prevent him from cultivating polite learning with great application. As he was very Ikilful in the Greek, he undertook the moft difficult tranflations, and began with a famous paraphrafe upon Ariftotle. He then attempted Diofcorides, whofe text he corre&ed, gave a tranflation of him, and added a commentary. But ' of all his works, there is none which has gained him fo much reputation as that which he made upon Pliny ; he corre&ed in him above yoco paffages, and occafionally reftored 300 in Pomponius Mela. Pope Innocent VIII. to whom he was ambaffador, conferred the patriarchate of Acpiileia upon him. He was fo imprudent as to accept of it without waiting for the confent of his fuperiors; though he could not be ignorant that the republic of Venice had made laws to forbid all the minifters they fent to the court of Rome to accept any benefice. His fuperiors were inflexible; and not being able to gain any thing upon them either by his flattery or his father’s intereft, the father died of grief, and the fon foon followed him. BARBARUS (Daniel), of the fame family with the preceding, was patriarch of Aquileia, and famous for his learning. He was ambaffador from Venice to England; and was One of theffathers of the council of Trent, where he a died with great zeal for the intereft of the pope. He wrote, I. A commentary upon Vitruvius. 2. Catena Grxcorum Patrum in 'quinquaginta Pfnlmos Latine verfa. 3. La Pr attic a deila PerJpsttiva. He died in at 41 years of age. BARBARY, a kingdom of Africa, including the ftates of Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis; (fee thofe articles). This country contain almoft the whole , of what the Romans poffeffed of the continent of Aixtent, &c. frica, excepting Egypt. It ftretches itfelf in length from call to weft, beginning at the fouthern limits of Egypt, to the ftraits of Gibraltar full 35 degrees of longitude ; and from thence to Santa Cruz, the utmoft Weftem edge of it, about fix more, in all 41 degrees ; fo that the utmoft length of Barbary from eaft to weft is computed at above 759 German leagues. On the fouth, indeed, it is confined within much narrower bounds, extending no farther than from 27 to 354-degrees of north latitude; fo that its utmoft breadth from VOL. III. Part I.

BAR north to fouth, does not exceed ii8 German miles. Barbary. More particularly, Barbary begins on the weft of the y—»= famed mount Atlas, called by the Arabs Ay Du'jcal, or Al Duacal, inclofing the ancient kingdoms of Suez and Dela, now provinces of Morocco; thence ftietching north-eaftward along the Atlantic to the pillars of Hercules at Cape Finifterre, then along the coaft of the Mediterranean, it is at laft bounded by the city of Alexandria in Egypt. a Concerning the origin of the name Barbaty, there Wh -ce are many conjectures; According to fome, the Ro-named* mans, after they had conquered this large country, gave it that name out of contempt and diflike to the barbarous manners of the natives, according to their cuftom of calling all other people blit themfelves Barbarians. Marmol, on the contrary, derives the word Barbary from Berber, a name which the Arabs gave to.its ancient inhabitants, and which they retain to this day in many parts of the Country, efpecially along the great ridge of the mountains of Atlas ; and which name was given them on account of the barrennefs of their country. According to Leo Africanus, the name cf Barbary was given by the Arabs on account of the ft range language of the natives, which appeared to them more like a mUrmur or grumbling of fome brute animals than articulate founds. Others, however, derive it from the Arabic word bar, fignifying a defart, twice repeated; which was given by one Ifric, or Africus, a king of Arabia, frOrti whom the whole continent of Africa is pretended to have taken its name. According to them, this king being driven out of his own dominions, and clofely purfued by his enemies, fome of his retinue called out to him Bar, bar ; that is, Td the defart. To the defart; from Which the country was afterwards called Barbary. Among the Romans this Country was divided into Subjeil to the provinces of Mauritania, Africa Propria, &c. and the Rothey Continued abfolute mafters of it from the time of mans. Julius Caefar till the year of Chrift 428. At that time Bonifacius the Roman governor of thefe provinces, having through the treachery of Etius been forced to ^ revolt, called in to his affiftance Genferic king of the B . Aldus Vandals, who had been fome time fettled in Spain, calls in ch* Van The terms offered, according to Procopius, were, that dab. Genferic ftiould have two thirds, and Bonifacius one third, of Africa, provided they could maintain themfelves againftthe Roman power; and to accomplifh this they were to affift each other to the utmoft.—This propofal was inftantly complied with ; audGenferic fet fail from Spain in May 428, with an army of 80,000 men, according to fome, or only 24,000 according to o-

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Barbary. tTiers, together with their wives, children, and all their efFefts. In the mean time, however, the EmprefsPlacidia having difcovered the true caufe of Bonifacius’s revolt, wrote a moft kind and obliging letter to him, in which fhe affured him of her favour and proteftion for ^he future, exhorting him to return to his duty, and exert his ufual zeal for the welfare of the empire, by driving out the Barbarians whom the malice of his enemies had obliged him to call in for his own fafety and prefervation. Endeavours Bonifacius readily complied with this requeft, and nnfuccefs- offered the Vandals confiderable fums if they would fully to per-retjre out 0f Africa and return to Spain. But GenfetoTreturn1” r‘c> a^rea(^y tnafter of the greateft part of the country, firft returned a fcoffing anfwer, and then, falling unexpe&edly on him, cut moft of his men in pieces, and obliged Bonifacius himfelf to fly to Hippo, which place he invefted in May 430. The fiege lafted till the month of July the following year; when the Vandals were forced, by a famine that began to rage in their camp, to drop the enterprize, and retire. Soon after, Bonifacius having received two reinforcements, one from Rome, and the other, under the conduft of the celebrated Afpar, from Conftantinople, a refolution g was taken by the Roman generals to offer the enemy Romans battle. The Vandals readily accepting the challenge, a defeated by bloody engagement enfued, in which the Romans were utterl y defeated, a prodigious number of them taken, an d the reft obliged to fhelter themfelves among the rocks and mountains. Afpar, who commanded the eaftern troops, efcaped with difficulty to Conftantinople, and Bonifacius was recalled to Italy. Upon their departure, the Vandals over-ran all Africa, committing every where the moft terrible ravages ; which ftruck the inhabitants of Hippo-with fuch terror, that they abandoned their city, which was firft plundered, and then fet on fire by the vi&orious enemy; fo that Cirtha and Carthage were now the ^only ftrong places JJ poffeffed by the Romans. Peace con1:1435, Genferic, probably being afraid of an atcludeJ with taCk by the united forces of the eaftern, and weftern empires, concluded a peace with the Romans, who yielded to him part of Numidia, the province of Pro confularis, and likewife Byzacene; for which, according to Profper, he was to pay a yearly tribute to the emperor of the eaft. Genferic delivered up his fon Hunneric by way of hoftage ; but fo great was the confidence which the Romans placed in this Barbarian, ^ that fome time after they fent him back his fon. Of this they foon had reafon to repent; for in 439, the 8 Romans being engaged in a war with the Goths in Gcnferic’s Gaul, Genferic laid hold of that opportunity to feize treachery. Cp0n t}ie city of Carthage ; by which he confiderably

kin of theC Vandals.

enlarged his African dominions. Valentinran, the Roman emperor, however, maintained as long as he lived, the two Mauritanias, with Tripolitana, Tingitana, and that part of Numidia where Cirtha flood. On the taking of Carthage, Genferic made it the feat of his empire ; and in 440 made a defcent on the iftand of Sicily, where he ravaged the open country, and even laid fiege to Palermo. Not being able, however, to reduce that place, he foon returned to Africa with an immenfe booty and a vaft number of captives. Being now become formidable to both empires, Theodofius emperor of the eaft refolved to afiift Valentinian

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againft fo powerful an enemy. Accordingly, he fitted Barbary* out a fleet confifting of x too large fhips; and putting v■ ■' on board of it the flower of his army, under the condu& of Arcovindas, Anfilus, and Germanus, he ordered them to land in Africa, and, joining the weftern forces there, to drive Genferic out of the countries he had feized. But Genferic in the mean time pretending a defire to be reconciled with both empires, amufed the Roman general with propofals of peace, till the feafon for a£lion was over; and, next year, Theodofius being obliged to recall his forces to oppqfe the Huns, Valentinian found it neceffary to conclude a peace with the Vandals ; and this he could obtain on no other terms than yielding to them the quiet pofieffion of the countries they had feized. So powerful was Genferic now become, or rather fo low was the Roman empire by this time reduced, that in 455, he took and plundered the city of Rome itfelf, as is fully related under the article ROME; and, after his return to Africa, made himfelf mailer of the Makes remaining countries held by the Romans in that part himfelf maof the world. Hereupon Avitus, who had fucceeded!le1' °I a‘! Valentinian in the empire, diipatched ambaffadors t0the^"maar Genfenc, putting him in mind or the treaty he had concluded with the empire in 442 ; and threatening, if he did not obferve the articles at that time agreed upon, to make war upon him not only with his- own forces, but with thofe of his allies tire Vefigoths, who were ready to pafs over into Africa. To this Genferic was fo far from paying any regard, that he immediateI0 ly put to fea with a fleet of 60 fhips; but being at- Defeated tacked by the Roman Heet under Ricimer, he was ut- by Rltinier terly defeated, and forced to fly back into Africa : he returned, however, foon after with a more powerful fleet, committing great ravages on the coaft of Italy : but in a fecond expedition he was not attended witkio good fuccefs ; the Romans falling unexpectedly upon his men while bufied in plundering the country, put great numbers of them to the fword, and among the reft the brother-in-law of Genferic himfelf. Not content with this fmall advantage, Majorianus, at that time emperor, refolved to pafs over into Africa, and attempt the recovery of that country. For this purpofe he made great preparations ; but his fleet being furprifed and defeated by the Vandals, through the treachery, it is faid, of fome of his commanders, the enterprize mifearried. Notwithftanding this misfortune, however, Majorianus perftfted in his refolution ; and would in all likelihood have accomplifhed his purpofe, had not he himfelf been murdered foon after by Ricimer. After his death, Genferic committed what ravages he pleafed in the poor remains of the weftern empire, and even made defeents on Peloponnefus and the iflands belonging to ,j the emperor of Conftantinople. To revenge this affront, Genferic Leo made vaft preparations for the kivafion of Africa, defeats the ea e n er,i infomuch, that, according to Procopius, he laid out ^ J, ~ 130,000 pounds weight of gold in the equipment of his * army and navy. The forces employed on this occafion were fufficient for expelling the Vandals, had they been much more powerful than they were ; but the command being given to Bafilifcus a covetous and ambitious man, the fleet was utterly defeated through his treachery, and all the vaft preparations came to nothing. By this laft defeat the power of the Vandals in Africa 6 was-

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Barbary. was fully eftabliilied, and Genferic made himfelf matter time engaged in a war with Parfia, he fent a power- Barbary. ^ “ —v——' of Sicily, as well as of all the other iflands between ful fleet and army to Africa, under the command of 11 Italy and Africa, without oppofition from the weftern the celebrated general Belifarius, who was for that the0 Vanda Is emperors, whofe power was entirely taken away in the reafon recalled from Perfia. founded, year 476. So much was Gilimer, all this time, taken up with Thus was the Vandalic monarchy in Barbary founded his own pleafures, or with opprdling his fubje&s, that Barbarity by Genferic, between the years 428 and 468. If we he knew little or nothing of the formidable preparaOn the arrival of ■and tyran- take a view of that prince's government in his newdo- tions that were making againft him. ny of Gen- minions, it prefents no very agreeable profpeft. Being Belifarius, however, he was conftrained to put himfelf fcric. himfelf an abfolute barbarian in the ftrifteft. fenfe of the into.a pofture of defence. The management of his word, and an utter ftranger to every ufeful art, he did army he committed to his two brothers Gundimer and not fail t® (how his own prowefs by the deftrudtion of Gelamund, who accordingly attacked the Romans at all the monuments of Roman greatnefs which were fo the head of a numerous force. The engagement v numerous in the country he had conquered. AcCord- long and bloody; but at laft the Vandals were defeated. Defeat? tha ingly, inftead of improving his country, he laid it and the two princes flain. Gilimer, grown defperate Vann ^or» ^)Unci means to raife fuch a ftrong party, that the Yezidh khalif was obliged to fhut himfelf up in the caftle of Mohedia. Yezid, being then at the head of a powerful army, foon reduced the capital of Kairwan, the cities of A1 Rtkkada and Tunis, and feveral other forcrefles. He was no lefs fuccefsful in defeating a confiderable number of troops which A1 Kayem had raifed and fent againft him ; after which he clofely befieged the khalif himfelf in the caftle where he had fliut himfelf up. The fiege continued feven months ; during which time the place was reduced to fuch ftraits, that the khalif muft either have furrendered it or been ftarved, when death put an end to his anxiety in the j zth year of his reign, and 334th of the Hegira. Al Manfur A1 Kayem was fucceeded by his fon Ifhmael, who khalif. immediately took upon himfelf the title of AY Manfr. This khalif thought proper to conceal the death of his father till he had made the preparations neceffary for reducing the rebels. In this he was fo fuccefsful, that he obliged Yezid to raife the liege of Mohedia the fame year; and in the following gave him two great overthrows, obliging him to ihut himfelf up in the fertrefs of Kothama, or Cutama, where he befieged him in his turn. Yezid defended the place a long time with defperate bravery ; but finding the garrifon at lait obliged to capitulate, he made ftiift to efcape privately. Al Maniur immediately difpatched a body of forces in purfuit of him ; who overtook, and brought him back in fetters; but not till after a vigorous defence, in which Death of 'Yerid received feveral dangerous wounds, of which he Yezid. died in prifon. After his death, AL Manfur caufed his body to be flayed, and his fkin fluffed and expofed to public view. Of Al Manfur’S exploits in SICILY an account is given under that article. Nothing farther remarkable happened in his African dominions; and he died alter a reign of feven years and 1,6 days, in. the ,2 341ft of the Hegira. Al Moez Al Manfur was fucceeded by his fon Abu Zammin Leciiniilah Moad, who affumed the furname of Al Moez Ledinilkhaiif. He proved a very warlike prince, and maintained a bloody conteft with Abdalrahman, khalif of Apdalufia ; for a particular account of which fee the article SPAIN. Indue 347th year of the Hegira, beginning March 25th, 958, Al Moez fent a powerful army to the wefternextremityof Africa,under the command ofAbul Hafan Javvhar, one of his Haves, whom he had advanced to the dignity of Vizir. Jawhar firft advanced to a city called Tah irt, which he befieged for fome time ineff-clually. From thence he marched to Fez; and made the proper difpofitions for attacking that city. But finding that Ahmed Ebn Beer,, the Emir of the place, was refolved to defend-it to the laft,. he thought proper to abandon the enterprize. However, having tiaverfed all the traft between that capital and the Atlantic ocean,, he again fat down before Fez, and took it by ftorm the following year. But the greateft atchievement performed by this khalif was his conqueft of Egypt, and the removal of the khalifat to that country. This conqueft, though long projected, he did not attempt till the year of the R:gira 35R Having then made all neceffary preparations for it, he committed the care of that expedition to a faithful and experienced general called. Giafar, or Jaa-

particularly thofe of Sicily and Sardinia : to the laft ■ ^ f of which he failed in the year of the Hegira 361, continning a whole year in it, and leaving the care of his African dominions to an experienced officer named Tufef Ben Zetri. He failed thence the following year for Tripoli in Barbary, where he had not flaid long before he received the agreeable news that his general had made himfelf mailer of Alexandria. He loft no time, but immediately embarked for it, leaving the government of his old African dominions in the hands of his trufty fervant Yufef abovementioned, and arri-4 ving fafely at that port was received with all the demon- And transfeat ftrations of joy. Here he began to lay the foundations of his new Egyptian dynally, which was to put a final£le^®n' end to the old one of Kairwan after it had continued ,hat counabout 65 years. try. Al Moez preferved- all his old dominions of Kairwan or Africa Proper. But the ambition or avarice of the governors whom he appointed fuffered them to run quickly to a lhanieful decay ; particularly the new and opulent metropolis of Mohedia, on which immenfefums had been lavilhed, as well as labour and care, fo as to render it not only one c£ the richeft and ftatelieft, but one of the ftrongtft, cities in the world: fo that we may truly fay, the wealth and fplendor of this once famed,though Ihort-lived Hate, took their final leave of it with” the departure of the khalif Ai Moez, feeing the whole maritime tra£l from the Egyptian confines to the Straits of Gibraltar hath fince become the neft of the molt odious pkuical crew that can be imagined. Under the article ALGIERS we have given afhortac** count of the eredtion of a new kingdom in Barbary byTextfien; which, however, is there no farther continued than is neceffary for the proper underftanding the hiftory of that country. A general hiftory might here be given of the whole country of Barbary; but ; that would neceffarily occafion repetitions under the articles MOROCCO, TRIPOLI, TUNIS, &C. we muft refer to thofe articles for the hiftorical part, as well as for an account of the climate, inhabitants, &c. BARBATELLI (-Bernardino), otherwife called Pochetti, a painter of hiftory, fruit, animals, and flowei was borrr at Florence in 1542. He was the difciple of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio at Florence; from whole fchcol he went to Rome, and ftuditd there with fuch uncommon afliduity, that he was frequently fo abftradled, and fo ahfolutely engroffed by the objefts of his contemplations, as to forget the neceffary rcfrefhments of fleep and food. He was excellent in painting every fpecies of animals, fruit, or flowers; and in thofe fubjedls not only imitated, but equalled nature. His touch was free, light, and delicate, and the colouring of his objedls inexpreffibly true ;. and, liefide Bis merit his moil ufual ilyle of painting, the hiftorical fubjedls which he dtiigned from faertd or profane authors were much efteemed and admired. He died in 1612. BARBE, or BARB. See BARB. BARBE, in the military art. To fire in barbe,.mean» to fire the cannon over the parapet, inftead of firing through the embrafurea; in which cafe, the parapet muft not be above three feet and a half high, BARBE, or BARBE, is an old word, denoting the armour of the horfes.ol the ancient knights and foldieus,. who.

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Barl’e who were accoutred at all points. It is laid to have •' been an armour of iron and leather, wherewith the neck, _*ar et‘ , breait, and (boulders of the horfe were covered. BAR.BE (St), a town of Bifcay in Mexico, near which are rich lilver mines. W. Long. 109. 55. N. Lat. 26. o. BARBED, in a general fenfe, bearded like a fi(hhook fet with barbs; alfo (haved or trimmed. BARBRD and Crejled, in heraldry, an appellation given to the combs and gills of a cock, wdien particularized for being of a different tinfture from the body. A barbed croft, is a ciofs the extremities whereof are like the barbed irons ufed for ftriking of fi(h. BARBEL, in ichthyology. See CYPRINUS. BARBELICOT7E, an ancient fed of Gnoftics, fpoken of by Theodoret. Their doctrines were abfurd, and their ceremonies too abominable to be repeated. BARBER, one who makes a trade of (having or trimming the beards of other men for morfey. Anciently, a lute dr viol, or fome fuch mufical inftrument, was part of the furniture of a barber’s (hop, wdiich was ufed then to be frequented by perfons above the ordinary level of the people, who reforted to the barber either for the cure of wounds, or to undergo fome chirurgical operations, or, as it was then called, to be trimmed, a word that fignified either (having or cutting and curling the hair; thefe, together with letting blood, ' were the ancient occupations of the barber-furgeon. As to the other important branch of furgery, the fetting of fractured limbs, that was pradllfed by another clafs of men called bone-fetters, of whom there are hardly any now remaining. The mufical inftruments in his (hop were for the entertainment of waiting cuilomers; and anfwered the end of a newfpaper, with which at this day thofe who wait for their turn at the barber’s amufe themfelves. For the origin of the barber’s pole, fee the article APPELLATION. BARBERINI (Francis), one of the mod excellent poets of his age, was born at Barberino, in Tufcany, in the year 1264. As his mother was of Florence, he fettled in that city; where his profeffion of the law, but efpecially the beauty of his poetry, railed him a very confiderable charadter. The greateft part of his works are loft ; but that which is intitled the Precepts of Love, which is a moral poem calculated to inftrudt thofe in their duty who have a regard for glory, virtue, and eternity, has had a better fate. It was publilhed at Rome, adorned with beautiful figures, in 1640, by Frederic Ubaldini: he prefixed the author’s life ; and, as there are in the poem many words which are grown obfolete, he added a gloffary to explain them, which illuftrates the fenfe by the authority of contemporary poets. BARBERINO, a town of Tufcany in Italy, fitpated at the foot of the Apennine mountains, in E. Long. 12. 15. N. Lat. 43. 40. BARBERRY, in botany. See BERBERIS. BARBESUL (anc. geqg.), a town and river of Boetica, and a colony in the refort of the Conventus Gaditanus in Spain : now Marbslla in Grenada. BARBET, in natural hiftory, a name given by M. Reaumur, and other of the French writers, to a peculiar fpecies of the worms which feed on the pueerons or aphides. See Arms.

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BARBF.TS, the name of the inhabitants of feveral BarbctJ. valleys in Piedmont, particularly thofe of Lucern, Angrona, Perufa, and St Martin. * BARBEYRAC (John), was born in Befiers in Lower Languedoc in 1674. He was made profeffor of law and hiftory at Lufanne in 1710; which he enjoyed for feven years, and during that time was three times rector : in 1717-, he was profeffor of public and private law at Groningen. He tranflated into French the two celebrated works of Puffendorf, his Law oj Nature and Nations, and his Duties of a Man and a Citizen ; to both which he wrote excellent notes, and to the former an introduftory preface. He tranflated alfo Grotius’s treatife De Jure Belli ac Pads, with large and excellent notes; and feveral of Tillotfon’s fermons. He wrote a Work intitled Traite de Jeu, 2 vols 8 vo. BARBEZIEUX, a town of Saintonge in France, with the title of a marquifate. It hath a manufa&ure of linen cloth ; and lies in W. Long. o. 5. N. Lat 45. z

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BARBICAN, or BARBACAN. SCCBARBACAN. BARBIERI (Giovanni Francefco), otherwife called Guercino da Cento, an eminent hiftorical painter, was born at Cento, a village not far from Bologna, in 1590. At firft he was the difciple of Benedetto Gennari; but he aftemards ftudied for fome time in the fchool of the Caracci, though he did not adopt the manner of that famous academy. He feemed to prefer the ftyle of Caravaggio to that of Guido or Albano, imagining it impoffible to imitate nature truly, without the afliftance of ftrong lights and ftrong (hadows; and from that principle, his light was admitted into his painting room from above. In effeft, by the oppofition of his ftrong lights and (hadows, he gave fuch force to his pi£Iures, that few, except thofe of Caravaggio, can ftand near them, and not feem feeble in their effetl: however, that manner is cenfured as not being like nature, becaufe it makes obje&s appear as if they were feen by candle light, or by the brightnefs of a fun-beam, which alone can juftify the deepnefs of his fhadowing. The principal attention of Guercino feems to have been fixed on arriving at perfection in colouring; he faw the aftonilhing effehis produced by the colouring of the celebrated Venetian mafters; and obferved, that notwithftanding any imperfe&ions in regard to glace, correctnefs, or elegance, the works of thofe mafters were the objedls of univerfal admiration. From which obfervation, he feems to have devoted his whole ftudy to excel in colouring; as if he were convinced, that few are qualified to difeern the elevation of thought, which conftitutes the excellence of a compofition ; few may be touched with the grandeur or beauty of the defign, or perhaps have a capacity to examine even the corre&nefs of any part of a painting ; and yet every eye, and even every imperfect judge of a picture, may be fenfibly affedted by the force and beauty of the colouring. His tafte of defign was natural, eafy, and often grand, but without any extraordinary (hare of elevation, corredtnefs, or elegance. The airs of his heads often want dignity, and his local colours want truth. However, there is great union and harmony in his colours, although his carnations are not very frefh; and in all his wertes there is a powerful and expreflive imitation of life, which will

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Barbieri f0f ever render them eftimable. Towards the decline hurricanes. It labours almoft every where under a !l of his life, he obferved that the clearer and brighter great fcarcity of water; and except in the neighbourarca ' , ftyle of Guido and Albano had attra&ed the admira- hood of towns and villages, where the ground produces tion of all Europe ; and therefore he altered his man- fome fmall quantities of grain, fuch as millet, and fome ner, even againft his own judgment. But he apologized maize, the reft is in a manner quite barren and unculfor that conduit, by declaring, that in his former time tivated, or to fpeak more properly, uncultivable : and he painted for fame, and to pleafe the judicious; and even of that fmall quantity which thofe few Ipots prohe now painted to pleafe the ignorant, and enrich him- duce, the poor inhabitants are obliged to exchange felf. He died in 1666.—The moft capital performance fome part with their indigent neighbours, for dates, of Guercino, is the hiftory of S. Petronilla, which is Iheep, and camels, which they ftand in greater need of confidered. as one of the ornaments of S. Peter’s at than they, by reafon of their great fcarcity of grafs and other proper food ; for want of which, thofe that Rome. are brought to them feldom thrive or live long. In this BARBIERI (Paolo Antonio), da Cento, painter of ftill life and animals, was the brother of Guercino, and country flood the famed temple of Jupiter Ammon \ born at Cento in 1596. He chofe for his fubjeits and notwithftanding the pleafantnefs of the fpot where fruit, flowers, infeils, and animals; which he painted it flood, this part of the country is faid to have been after nature with a lively tint of colour, great tender- the moft dangerous of any, being furrounded with fuch nefs of pencil, and a ftrong character of truth and life. quick and burning fands as are very detrimental to travellers ; not only as they fink under their feet, but beHe died in 1640. BARBITOS, or BARBITON, an ancient inllrument ing light, and heated by the rays of the fun, are eafily of mufic, mounted with three, others fay feven, ftrings; raifed by every breath of wind ; which, if it chance to much ufed by Sappho and Alcaeus, whence it is alfo be in their faces, almoft burns their eyes out, andftifflea denominated Lejbeum. them for want of breath; or if vehement, often overBARBLES, or BARBS, in farriery, the knots or whelms whole caravans, Againft this temple Cambyfes fuperfluous flelh that grow up in the channels of a king of Perfia difpatched an army of 50,000 men. horfe’s mouth ; that is, in the intervals that feparate t jie They fet out from Thebes in upper Egypt, and under bars, and lie under the tongue. Thefe, which are alfo the conduft of proper guides reached the city of Oafis called barbesy obtain in black cattle vas well as horfes, feven days journey from that place: but what was their and obftruft their eating. , For the cure, they caft the fate afterwards is uncertain ; for they never returned beaft, take out his tongue, and clip off the barbies with either to Egypt or to their own country. The Ama pair of fciflars, or cut them with a fharp knife; others monians informed Herodotus, that, after the army had entered the fandy defart which lies beyond Oafis, choofe to burn them off with a hot iron. BARBOUR (John), archdeacon of Aberdeen, was a violent wind began to blow from the fouth at ti e efteemed an elegant poet in the reign of David 1= He time of their dinner, and raifed the fand to fuch a dewrote the hiftory of Robert the Bruce, in an heroic gree, that the whole army was overwhelmed and bupoem, which is ftill extant, and which contains many ried alive. Concerning the government or commerce of this fa&s and anecdotes omitted by other hiftorians. The lateft edition of this book is that of Glafgow, 8vo, country we know nothing certain. Moft probably the printed in the year 1672. It is intitled, “ The adfs maritime towns are under the proteftion of the Porte ; and life of the moft viftorious conqueror Robert Bruce but whether under the baftia of Egypt or Tripoli, or king of Scotland; wherein alfo are contained the mar- whether they have formed themfelves into independent tial deeds of the valiant princes Edward Bruce, Sir Hates like thofe of Algiers and Tunis, we cannot fay James Dowglafs, Earl Thomas Randal, Walter Stew- only we are told that the inhabitants of the maritime ard, and fundry others.” In one paffage, he calls it a towns are more civilized than thofe that dwell in the romance; but that word was then of good reputation: inland parts. The firft profefs Mahometanifm, and every body knows that the ‘ Romaunt of romaunts’ have imbibed fome notions of humanity and juftice; has been innocently applied to true hiftory; as well as whilft the latter, who have neither religion nor any fign oi worfhip among them, are altogether favage and the * Ballad of ballads’ to a facred fong. BARBUDA, one of the Britifti Caribbee iflands, brutifh. They are a fort of Arabs, and like them live about 20 miles long and 1 2 broad. It is lowland, but entirely upon theft and plunder. By them this tracf^ fruitful and pretty populous. The inhabitants addift which before was a continued defart, was firft inhabited. themfelves to hufbandry, and find always a ready mar- At their firft coming in, they fettled themfelves in one ket for their corn and cattle in the fugar iflands. Bar- of the belt places of the country; but as they multibuda is the property of the Codrington family, who plied, and had frequent wars with one another, the have great numbers of negroes here as well as in Bar- ftrongeft drove the weakeft out of the belt fpots, and fent them to wander in the defart parts, where they live badoes. It lies in W. Long. 61.3. N. Lat.^iS. 5. BARCA, a large country of Africa, lying on the in the moft miferable manner, their country hardly afcoafts of the Mediterranean fea, between the kingdoms fording one fingle neceflary of life. Hence it is that of Egypt and Tripoli, extending iffelf in length from -they are faid to be the uglieft of all the Arabs : their eaft to weft from the 39th to the 46th degree of eaft bodies having fcarcely any thing but Hein and bone,, longitude, and in breadth from north to fouth about their faces meagre, with fierce ravenous looks; their 30 leagues, as is generally fuppofed. It is for the moft garb, which is commonly what they take from the pafpart, efpecially in the middle, a dry fandy defart; on fengers who go through thefe parts, tattered with long which account the Arabs call it Sahart, or Ceyart -wearing; wdiile the pooreft of them have fcarce a rag Barka, that is, the defart or road of whirlwinds or to cover their nakednefs. They are moft expert and refolute

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ragon, out of hatred to his queen Donna Juanna ; the Barcelona, confequence of which was, that Barcelona was befieged 1 * '" " ’ " few, that the Barcans are often neceffitated to make by that monarch in 1471. Various efforts were made ^tliftant excurfxons into Numidia, Libya, and other by Lewis XI. of France and the duke of Lorrain in fouthern countries. Thofe that fall into their hands order to raife the fiege, but without effedt. Things arr made to drink plenty of warm milk: then they at length were brought to the utmoft extremity, when hang them up by the feet, and (hake them, in order to the king offered to pardon them all, without the fmallmake them vomit up any money they think they have eft punifhment either in perfon or property, provided fwallowed ; after which, they ftrip them of all their they would fubmit j but thefe terms they rejefted* clothes, even to the laft rag: but with all this inhu- chiefly through the influence of the count de Pailhars, manity, they commonly fpare their life, which is more who had been pardoned the year before. The army, than the other African robbers do. Yet notwithftand- on the other hand, was very earneft in being led on to ing every artifice they can ufe, the Barcans are fo poor, the affault, in hopes of plunder. The king, however, that they commonly let, pledge, or even fell, their chiL wrote a letter to the citizens, dated the 6th of Odt rdren to the Sicilians and others from whom they have ber, in terms as affedb'onate as if he had been writ} ig their corn, efpecially before they fet out on any long to his children, bewailing the miferies they had brou: ht oh themfelves, and concluding with a proteftation t ,at excurfion. BARCALON, an appellation given to the prime they, and not he, mutt be anfwerable for the cor- eminifter of the king of Siam. The barealon has in his quenees. Upon this, at the petfuafion of a prieft w o department every thing relating to commerce, both at had a reputation for fandlity, they fent deputies to t: e home and abroad. He is likewife fuperintendant of king, and made a capitulation on the 17th of the fame month. In this the -king acknowledged they had the king’s magazines. BARCELONA, a handfome, rich, and ftrong city taken up arms on juft motives ; and forgave everybody of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, of which it is except Pailhars, who was, hpwever, fufftred to efcape. the capital. This city was originally founded by Ha- On the 2 2d of Odfober the king made his entry into milcar Barcas, and from him called Barcino. It was the city, and Confirmed all their ancient privileges. In reduced by the Romans, and continued fubjeft to them • 697, Barcelona was taken by the French, after a till the kingdom of Spain was over-run by the Goths bloody fiege of 52 days; and the lofs of this city had and Vandals, and afterwards by the Saracens or Moors* a confiderable effe& in difpoiing the Spaniards to agree In the beginning of the 9th century, Barcelona was in to the treaty of Ryfwick In Queen Anne’s time it the hands of the Moors, and Under the government of was taken by the allies under the Lari of Peterborough ; one Zacle. This governor having more than once abu- but being afterwards fhamefully denied afliftance by the fed the clemency of Charlemagne, at laft irritated Lewis Englifh miniftry, was obliged to fubmit to Philip XL king of Aquitain, and fon to Charles, to fuch a degree, by whom the whole province was deprived of its an» that he gave orders to his generals to inveft the city, cient privileges ; for a particular account of which, fee and not to rife from before it till they had put Zade the article SPAIN. into his hands. The Moor- made a moft obftinate reBarcelona is fituated by the fea-fide, of a form befiftance, fo that the fiege lafted many months! at laft, tween a fquare and an oval; it is furrounded with a finding it impoffible to preferve the city much longer, good brick wall, round which is another, with 14 bdand being deftitute of all hopes of relief, he determined, ftions, horn-works, ramparts, and ditches ; the ramor rather was compelled by the inhabitants, to go to the parts are high, broad, and fpacious, infomuch that Chriftian camp and implore the emperor’s mercy 5 but 100. coaches maybe feen every evening driving thereon here he was no fooner arrived than he was arrefted and for pleafure. The city is divided into two parts, the fent prifoner to Charlemagne, who condemned him to Old and the New, which are feparated from each other perpetual baniftiment. The people gaining nothing by by a wall and a large ditch ; the ftreets are handfome, this expedient, continued to hold out for fix weeks w'ell paved with large ftones, wide, and very clean. It longer, when the king of Aquitain himfelf took the is the refidence of a viceroy, is a biftiop’s fee, has a command of the fiege. To him they made a propofal, fine univerfity, a mint, a good port, and is adorned that if he would allow them to march out and go with handfome buildings. Here is a court of inquiwhere they pleafed, they would furrender the place. fition, which the inhabitants look upon as an advantage. Lewis having agreed to this, made his public entry in- The remarkable buildings are the cathedral, which is to Barcelona, where he formed a defign of extending large, handfome, and adorned with two high towers, his father’s dominions as far as the Ebro ; but being the church of the Virgin Mary, the palace of the biftiop, recalled before he could put his defign in execution, that of the inquifition, and feveral religious houfes : he appointed one Bera count of Barcelona. The city add to thefe the palace of the viceroy ; the arfenal, continued fubjeft to him and his fuccefibrs, who ftill which contains arms for 1000 men ; the exchange, enjoyed the title of counts of Barcelona, from the year where the merchants meet j the terfana, where they 802 to 1131 ; during which time we find nothing re- build the galleys; and the palace where the nobility markable, except that -the city was once taken by the of the country meet, called Ba Cafa de la Deputation. Moors, but foon after retaken by the affiltance of I his laft is built with fine large free ftone, and adorned Lewis IV. king of France. In 1131 it was united to with columns of marble: there is in it a large hall, the crown of Arragon by the marriage of Don Ray- with a gilt cieling and a handfome portico, wherein mond V. count of Barcelona with the daughter of Don perfons may either walk or fit; the hall is adorned Ramiro the Monk, king of Arragon. In 1465 the with the portraits of all the counts of Barcelona, Catalonians revolted againft Don Juan II. king of Ar- There are feveral fine fquares, particularly that of St N6 41 4 Michael, Ba celona

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livelihood; but the travellers in thefe parts are fo

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Sarct'onct- Michael, into which all the great ftreets run. The *1^ port is wide, fpacious, deep, and fafe ; defended on Barclay. t^e one by a great mole, and on the other Ihelter~~y—L—. ed from the weft wind by two mountains that advance into the fea, and form a kind of promontory: the mole is 750 paces long, with a quay, at the end of which is a light-houfe and a fmall fort. One of the mountains, called Mount Joy, is very high, and rifes in the middle of the plain near the city : it is covered with gardens, vineyards, groves of trees, and has a ftrong fort for the defence of the city : this mountain, being a rock, yields an inexhauftible quarry of fine hard free ftone. Barcelona is a place of great trade, on account of the conveniency, of its harbour; and it has a manufacture of knives greatly efteemed in Spain, as alfo of blankets. Here are alfo feveralglafs-houfes. The inhabitants are diligent, and equally fit for labour and trade ; they are alfo very civil to ftrangers. The women are well fliaped, and as handfome as any in Spain ; they are brilk and lively in their converfation, and more • free and unreftrained in their behaviour than in other parts of Spain. E. Long. 2. 5. N. Lat. 41. 26. BARCELONETTA, a town of France in the government of Dauphiny, and capital of the valley of its own name. It belonged to the Duke of Savoy, and was ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht in 1712. E. Long. 6. 40. N. Lat. 44. 26. BARCELOR, a town of Afia, in thfe Eaft Indies, on the coaft of Malabar. It is a Dutch faCtory, where they carry on a confiderable trade in pepper. E. Long. 74. 15.. N. Lat. 13. 45. BARCELOS, a town of Portugal, with the title of a duchy. It is feated on the river Cavado, over which there is a handfome bridge. W. Long. 7. o. N. Lat. 41. 20. BARCINO (anc. geog.), a town of the Terraconenfis in Spain, and capital of the Laletani. Now BARCELONA. See that article. BARCLAY (Alexander), a learned monk in the reign of Henry VIII. Where he was born, though of no great importance, was neverthelefs a matter of virulent contention among his former biographers. Bale, who was his cotemporary, is of opinion he was born in Somerfetfhire, There is indeed a village of his name, and a numerous family, in that county. Pits thinks he was born in Devonlhire. Mackenzie is pofitive he was a Scotchman ; but without proof, unlefs we admit as fuch his name Alexander. He was, however, educated in Oriel college Oxford. After leaving the univerfity he went abroad, and continued fome time in France, Italy, and Germany, where he acquired a competent knowledge of the languages of thofe countries, as appears from feveral tranllations of books, which he afterwards publiihed. On his return to England, he was made chaplain to his patron the bifhop of Tyne, who likewife appointed him a prieft of St Mary, at the college of Ottery in Devonihire, founded by Grandifon biihop of Exeter. After the death of his patron, he became a Benediftine monk of Ely. On the diffolution of that monaftery, he firft obtained the vicarage of St Matthew at Wokey in Somerfetihire ; and, in 1549, being then dodtor of divinity, was prefented to the vicarage of Much Badew in Effex. In 1552 he was appointed redtor of Allhallows, Lombard-ftreet, which he lived to enjoy but a very VOL. III. Parti.

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ihort time. He died at Croydon in Surrey in June Barclay. 1552. He is generally allowed to have improved the 1 v-—J Englifii language, and to have been one of the politeft writers of his time. He compofed feveral original works; but was chiefly remarkable for his tranflations from the Latin, Italian, French, and German languages. His verfion from Salluft of the war of Jugurtha is accurate, and not without elegance. His lives of feveral faints, in heroic verfe, are ftill unpublilhed. His Stultifera navis, or The Jhip of fools, is the moft Angular of his performances. It was printed by Richard Pynfon at London 1509 in folio ; and contains a variety of wooden plates, which are worthy the infpedtion of the curious. BARCLAY (William), a learned civilian, was born in Aberdeenfliire in the year 1541. He fpent the early part of his life, and much of his fortune, at the court of Mary Queen of Scots, from whofe favour he had reafon to expedl preferment. In 1573 he went over to France, and at Bourges commenced ftudent of civil law under the famous Cujacius. He continued fome years in that feminary, where he took a dodtor’s degree ; and was foon after appointed profefibr of civil law in the univerfity of Pont-a-Mouffon, then firft founded by the Duke of Lorraine. That prince afterwards made him counfellor of ftate and mafter of requefts. Barclay, in the year 1581, married Ann de Mallaville, a French lady, by whom he had a fon, who became a celebrated author, and of whom the reader will find an account in the next article. This youth the Jefuits would gladly have received into their fociety. Plis father refufed his confent, and for that reafon thefe difciples of Jefus foon contrived to ruin him with the duke his patron. Barclay now embarked for Britain, where King James I. offered him confiderable preferment, provided he would become a member of the church of England: but, not choofing to comply, he returned to France in 1604; and, foon after his arrival, was appointed, profeflbr of civil law in the univerfity of Angers, where he died the year following, and was buried in the Francifcan church. He was efteemed a learned civilian ; and wrote elaborately in defence of the divine right of kings, in anfwer to Buchanan and others. The titles of his works are, x. De regno et regali potefate, 8cc. z. Commentarius in tit. pandeftarum de rebus creditis, et de jurajurando. 3. De potejlate papa. See. 4. Prametia in vitam Agricolce. BARCLAY (John), fon of the former, was, as we have above mentioned, fo great a favourite of the Jefuits, that they ufed all their efforts to engage him in their fociety. His father would not confent, and carried his fon with him into England, who was already an author, for he had publifhed A commentary upon the Thebais of Statius, and a Latin poem on the coronation of King James, and the firft part of Euphormio, 1603. He returned to France with his father ; and after his father’s death went to Paris, and foon after came back to London : he was there in 1606. He publilhed The fiifory of the Gun-powder- Plot, a pamphlet of fix leaves, printed at Amfterdam. He publiihed at London in 1610 An Apology for the Euphormio, and his father’s treatife De potefate papa. A nd at Paris, 1612, he publiflied a bpok intitled Pietas, in anfwer to Cardinal Bellarmin, who had written againft William BarB clay1*

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Barclay, clay’s book concerning the power of the Pope. Two Burcohebas. years after he publiihed Icon Animorum. He was inv ‘ vited to Rome by Pope Paul V. and received a great deal of civility from Cardinal Beilarmin, though he had written again!! him. He died at Rome in 1621, while his Argents was printing at Paris. This celebrated work has fmce gone through a great number of editions, and has been tranflated into moft languages. M. de Peirefe, who had the care of the firft edition, caufed the effigies of the author to be placed before the book ; and the following dillich, written by GrotiuS, was put under it: Gente Caledonius, Gallus natalibus, hie eft, Rom am Romano qui docet ere loqui. BARCLAY (Robert), one of the moft eminent among the Quakers, the fon of Colonel David Barclay, defeended of the ancient family of Barclays, was born at Edinburgh in 1648. He was educated under an uncle at Paris, where the Papifts ufed all their efforts to draw him over to their religion. He joined the Quakers in 1669, and diftinguifhed hlmfelf by his zeal and abilities in defence of their, doftrines. In 1676 he publifhed in Latin at Amfterdam his Apology for the Quakers ; which is the moft celebrated of his works, and efteemed the ftandard of the dodlrine of the Quakers. The Thefis Theologies, which were the foundation of this work, and addreffed to the clergy of what fort' foever, were publiffied before the writing of the Apology, and printed in Latin, French, High-Dutch, LowDutch, and Engliffi. The dedication of his Apology to King Charles II. is very remarkable for the uncommon franknefs and fimplicity with which it is written. Amongft many other extraordinary paffages, we meet with the following : “ There is no king in the world who can fo experimentally teftify of God’s providence and goodnefs ; neither is there any who rules fo many free people, fo many true Chriftians ; which thing renders thy government more honourable, thyfelf more confiderable, than the acceffion of many nations filled with flavifh and fuperftitious fouls. Thou haft tafted of profperity and adverfity ; thou knoweft what it is to be banifhed thy native country, to be over-ruled as well as to rule and fit upon the throne ; and being oppreffed, thou haft reafon to know how hateful the oppreffor is both to God and man : if, after all thofe warnings and advertifements, thou doft not turn unto the Lord with all thy heart, but forget him who remembered thee in thy diftrefs, and give up thyfelf to follow luft and vanity, furely great will be thy condemnation.”—He travelled with the famous Mr William Penn through the greateft part of England, Holland, and Germany, and was every where received with the higheft refpeft ; for though both his converfation and behaviour were fuitable to his principles, yet there was fuch livelinefs and fpirit in his difeourfe, and fuch ferenity and cheerfulnefs in his deportment, as rendered him extremely agreeable to all forts of people. When he returned to his native country he fpent the remainder of his life in a quiet and retired manner. He died at his own houfe at Ury on the 3d of O&ober 1690* in the q-zd year of his age. BARCOCHEBAS, or rather BARCOCHAB, a Jewiffi impoftor, whofe real name was ; but he took that of Barccehab, which fignifies the Son of a

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Star ; in allufion to the prophecy of Balaam, “ There Bird, (hall a ftar arife out of Jacob.” He proclaimed himfelf -7—v“*“ the Meffiah; and talking of nothing but wars, vi£tories, and triumphs, made his countiymen rife again!! the Romans, by which means he was the author of innumerable diforders: he ravaged many places, took a great number of fortreffes, and maffacred an infinite multitude of people, particularly the Chriftians. The emperor fent troops to Rufus, governor of Judea, to fupprefs the fedition. Rufus, in obedience, exercifed a thoufand cruelties, but could not finiih his attempt. The emperor was therefore obliged to fend Julius Severus, the greateft general of that time ; who attained his end without a dired! battle : he fell on them feparately ; cut off their provifions ; and at laft the whole conteft was reduced to the fiege of Bitter, in the 18thyear of Hadrian. The impoftor periftied there. This war coft the Romans a great deal of blood. BARD, a word denoting one who was a poet by his genius and profeffion; and “ who fung of the battles of heroes, or the heaving-brealls of love.” Ojfian’s Poems, I. 37. The curiolity of man is great with refpedf to the tranfadlions of his own fpecies; and when fuch tranfadlions are deferibed in verfe, accompanied with mufic, the performance is enchanting. An ear, a voice, fkill Ka'ms't in inftrumental mufic, and, above all, a poetical genius, Sketches, are requifite to excel in that complicated art. As fuch sk- Y; talents are rare, the few that poffeffed them were high' ly efteemed; and hence the profeffion of a bard, which, befide natural talents, required more culture and exercife than any other known art. Bards were capital perfons at every feftival and at every folemnity. Their fongs, which, by recording the atchievements of kings and heroes, animated every hearer, mill! have been the entertainment of every warlike nation. We have Hefiod’s authority, that in his time bards were as common as potters or joiners, and as liable to envy. Demodocus is mentioned by Homer as a celebrated bard; and Phemius, another bard, is introduced by him deprecating the wrath of Ulyffes in the following words: “ O King! to mercy be thy foul inclin’d, “ And fpare the poet’s ever-gentle kind r “ A deed like this thy future fame would wrong* “ For dear to gods and men is facredfong. Self-taught I fing; by heav’n, and heav’n alone* “ The genuine feeds of poefy are fown; “ And (what the gods bellow) the lofty lay, 41 To gods alone, and godlike worth, we pay.

ends, fuppofe about 20 inches long ; fill this tube withtlon 0 lU mercury, flopping the lower orifice with your thumb: Then clofing the upper end with your finger, and immerging the lower in flagnant mercury, you fhall perceive, upon the removal of your thumb, a manifeft fu&ion of your finger into the tube ; and the tube and mercury will both flick fo clofe to it, that you may carry them about the room. Therefore, fays he, the internal cylinder of mercury in the tube is not held up by the preponderate air without ; for if fo, whence comes fo ftrong a fuclion, and fo firm an adhefion of the tube to the finger ?—The fame effeft follows, though the tube be not quite filled with mercury ; for if a little fpace of air is left at the top, after the tube is immerged in the ftagnant mercury, there will be a coniiderable fu&ion as before. Thefe experiments, which are themfelves clear proofs Re£; ^e(j of the preffure of the air, fupported for fome time the funicular hypothefis, as it was called, of Linus. But when it wasdifeovered, that if the tube was carried to the top of an high mountain the mercury flood lower than on the plain, and that if removed into the vacifum of an air-pump it fell out altogether, the hypothefis of g Linus was rejedled by every body.—There are, how-Remark_ ever, two experiments which create a confiderable dif- able experificulty. One is mentioned by Mr Huygens, viz. that*"60 s Ay if a glafs tube 75 inches long, or perhaps longer, is^^ u,v* ^ filled with mercury well purged of its air, and then inverted, the whole will remain fufpended; whereas, according to the Torricellian experiment, it ought to fubfide immediately to the height of 29 or 30 inches. It is true indeed, that, upon fliaking the tube, the mercury prefently fubfides to that height; but why it fhoujd remain fufpended at all, more than twic.e the height to which it can be raifed by the preffure of the moft denfe atmofphere, feems not eafily accounted for; and accordingly, in the Philofophical Tranfadtions, we find 7 * attempts to account for it by the preffure of a mediumac*C" more fubtile than the common air, and capable of per-counteti for vading both the mercury and glafs. We find therein the Phialfo another very furprifing fadt of the fame kind men-M°i''i'cal tioned ; viz. that a pretty large tube under 29 inches^^ "c* in length, filled with mercury, and inverted into a bafon of the fame will remain full, though there be a fmall hole in th . top. This, too, is there accounted for by the preffi e of a medium more fubtile than common air; but by no means in a fatisfadlqry manner. Mr 8 Rowning, who mentions the phenomenon of the 75 inch^Ir ^ovv’ , tube, accounts for it in the following manner. “ Thes °‘J; C 2 caufe

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Baromafer. caufe of this phenomenon feems to be, that by the great ^—v-"-' weight of fo long a column of mercury, it was preffed into fo clofe contatt with the glafs in pouring in, that, by the mutual attra&ion of eohefion between the mercury and the glafs, the whole column was fuilained af_ J? . f ter the tube was inverted.”—Here, however, we mult n u cient. 0^perve> tjxat tys f^ution feems equally unfatisfacfory with that of the fubtile medium already mentioned; becaufe it is only one end of the column which fuftains fo great a preflure frdm the weight of the mercury; and therefore, though five or fix inches of the upper part of the tube, where the prelfure had been ftrongeft, might thus remain full of mercury, yet the reft ought to fall down. Befides, it is only the outfide of-the mercurial column that is in contact with the glafs, and Confeqpently thefe parts only ought to be attrafted. Therefore, even granting the preffure to be equally violent, on the inverfion of the tube, all the way from 29 to 75 inches, yet the glafs ought to be only as it were iilvered over by a very thin film of mercury, while the middle parts of the column ought to fall out by reafon of their fluidity. The other experiment hinted at, is with regard to

V5

experiment Aprons; which though it belongs more properly to the with fiarticle HYDROSTATICS, yet feems necelfary to be menphons. tinned here. It is this: That a fiphon, once fet a running, will continue to do fo though fet under the receiver of an air-pump and the air exhaufted in the moft perfect manner; or if a fiphon is filled, and then fet under a receiver and the air exhaufted, if by any contrivance the end of the lower leg is opened, it will immediately begin to run, and difcharge thq water of any veffel in which the other leg is placed, as though it was in the open air. The caufe of this phenomenon, as well as the former, feems very difficult to be invefti-. Solution by gatetfi In Chambers’s Dictionary, under the word Mr Chsm- siphon, we have a folution fomething fimilar to the fusers. nicular hypothefis of Linus abovementionednamely, that “ fluids in fiphons feem as it were to form one continued body; fo that the heavier part, defcending,Jike a. chain pulls the lighter after it.” This might be deemed a fufficient explication, if the fiphon was only ’a. to empty the water it at firft contains in itfelf: but n u men . w j1£n we CQnflc}er that the water in the veflel, which

Another folution from the

ci

t

much exceeds the quantity contained in the fiphon, is likewife evacuated, Mr Chambers’s hypothefis can by no means be admitted; becaufe this would be like the lighter part of a chain pulling the heavier after it. Concerning the caufe of thefe fingular phenomena, we can only offer the following conjetture. The exiftence of a medium much more fubtile than air, and which pervades the vacuum of an air-pump with the utmoft facility, is now fufficiently afcertained in the phenomena of ele&ricity. It is ajfo well known, that this fluid furrounds the whole earth to an indeterminate height. If therefore this fluid either is the power of gravity itfelf, or is afited upon by that power, it muft neceffarily prefs upon all terreftrial bodies in a manner fimilar to the preffure of the atmofphere. If then we could from any veffel entirely exclude this fubtile fluid, and form an electrical vacuum, as well as we can do an aerial one by means of the air-pump, we would in that cafe fee fluids as evidently raifed by the preffure of the electric matter, as we now fee them raifed by that of the air. But tho’ this cannot be done, we are

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affured that there are certain fubftances, of which glafs Barometer, is one, through which the eleftric matter cannot pafs ^ but with difficulty. We are likewife certain, that tho’ the eleiStric matter paffes through the pores of water, metals, See. with very great facility, yet it ftill muft meet with feme refiftance from their folid and impenetrable parts, which cannnot be pervaded by any material fubftance. We know alfo, that all fubftances do naturally contain a certain quantity of this eleftric matter, which they are not always ready to part with; and when by any means the fluid they contain is fet in motion, they are then faid to be ekftrifted. Now, though we are certain, that the friftion of glafs by mercury does fet* in motion the eleftric fluid contained in the mercury or in the glafs ; yet when the tube is filled with the metallic fluid, whatever quantity has been extricated either from the glafs or mercury during the time of filling, will be reabforbed by the metal and conveyed to the earth during the time of inverfion ;. and confequently the mercurial tube, when inverted, will not be eleifrified, but both glafs and., mercury will be in their natural ftate. Here, then, the preffure of the electrical fluid is kept off in fome meafure from the upper part of the mercury by the glafs, which it cannot penetrate eafily at leaft. To the mercury in the baton it has free accefs, and therefore preffes more upon the lower than the upper part; the confequence of which is a fufpenfion of the mercury. It is true, this fluid very eafily penetrates the metallic matter; but it muft be conlidered, that the ele&vic fluid itfelf is in fome meafure entangled in. the particles of the quickfilver, and cannot be extricated without motion. As foon therefore as the tube is lhaken, fome part of the ele&ricity is extricated, and the mercury begins, to defeend.. The lubtilty of the medium is fuch, that no fooner has it begun to extricate itfelf, than, by the motion of the metal downwards, it iffues forth in great quantities, fo as to become vifible, like a blue flame, in the dark. The equilibrium is therefore deItroyed in an inftant, as it would be were we to admit air to the top of the Barometer; nay, in a more effectual manner. For if a fmall quantity of air was admitted to the top of a barometer,, the mercury would, only defeend in proportion to the quantity of air admitted ;. but here, no fooner is a quantity of cleClric matter admitted, than it procures admifiion for a vaft deal more, and confequently the mercury defeends with accelerated velocity.— On this principle the afeent of water in the fiphon while in vacuo is fo eafiiy accounted for, that we need not take up time in explaining it farther.—But why an inverted glafs tube Ihould remain full of mercury when it has a hole either great or final! in the top, is more difficult to be accounted for, and requires this farther circumftance to be taken into confideration, viz, that though all folid bodies will, by the aftion of gravity, or by any other impulfe, eafily approach very near to one another, yet they cannot be brought into abfolute contaft without a very confiderable force, much greater than is fufficient to overcome their gravity; and thus it appears from fome experiments, that the links of a chain are by no means in contafl with one another, till the chain has a confiderable weight appended to it. This may be the cafe with the tube in queftion. The air by its gravity defeends upon it, and 15 ready to enter the finallhule in the

top;

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[

top ; but, by a repulfive power from the glafs, its action is prevented, fo that the mercury cannot fall. It was, however, fome time after the Torricellian experiment had been made, and even after it had been univerfally agreed that the fufpenfion of the mercury was owing to the weight of the atmofphere, before it was difcovered that this preffure of the air was different at different times though the tube was kept in the fame place. But the variations of altitude in the mercurial column were too obvious to remain long unobferved; and accordingly philofophers foon became careful enough to mark them. When this was done, it was impoffible to avoid obferving alfo, that the changes in the height of the mercury were accompanied, or very quickly fucceeded, by changes in the weather. Hence the inftrument obtained the name of the weather-glafs, and was generally made ufe of with a view to the foreknowledge of the weather. In this character, its principal phenomena are as follow, I> r ln ^ g rhe mercury prefages, in general, fair weat her; and its falling, foul weather, as rain, fnow, high winds, and ftorms. gl-fs by 2. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury Mr Patrick. forefhovvs thunder. 3. In winter, the riling prefages froft; and in frofty weather, if the mercury falls three or four divifions, there will certainly follow a thaw. But in a continued froll, if the mercury rifes, it will certainly fnow. 4. When foul weather happens foon after the falling of the mercury, expeft but little of it; and, on the contrary, expedt but little fair weather when it proves fair fhortly after the mercury has rifen. 3. In foul weather, when the mercury rifes much and high, and fo continues for two or three days before the foul weather is quite over, .then expert a continuance of fair weather to follow. 6. In fair weather, when the mercury falls much and low, and thus continues for two or three days before the rain comes; then expett a great deal of wet, and probably high winds. 7. The unfettled motion of the mercury denotes uncertain and changeable weather. 8. You are not fo ftriftly to obferve the words engraved on the plates (though in general it will agree with them), as the mercury’s rijing and falling. Forif it Hands at much rain, and then rifes up to changeable, it prefages fair weather ; though not to continue fo long as if the mercury had rifen higher: and fo, on the contrary, if the mercury Hood at fair, and falls to changeable, it prefages foul weather; though not fo much of it as if it had funk lower. * 16 Thefe are the obfervations of Mr Patrick, on which

hcno

men a as a weather-

t

ZtU. Mr Rowning makes the following remarks. “ From ° thefe obfervations it appears, That it is not fo much the height of the mercury in the tube that indicates the weather, as the motion of it up and down: wherefore, in order to pafs a right judgment of what weather is to be expefted, we ought to know whether the mercury is actually rifing or falling ; to which end the following rules ate of ufe. “ 1. If the furface of the mercury is convex, Handing higher in the middle of the tube than at the fides, it is generally a fign that the mercury is then rifing. “ 2. If the furface is concave, it is then finking; and,

ng lodged in them ; occafioning dyfenteries, intermitting pounds ; and of Suffolk butter, 2 56 pounds. The fevers, coughs, rheumatic pains, &c* For which rea- barrel of herrings ought to contain 32 gallons winefon, quarter-mailers ought to be careful in examining meafure, which amount to about 28 gallons old ftandevery barrack offered by the magillrates of a place ; ard, containing about 1000 herrings. The barrel rejecting all ground-flours in houfes that have either of falmon muft contain 42 gallons ; the’ barrel of eels the fame. The barrel of foap muft weigh 2561b. been uninhabited, or have any figns of moifture. BARRATOR, or Barretor, in law, a perfon Barrel, in mechanics, a term given by watchguilty of barretry. ■ See Barretry. makers to the cylinder about which the fpring isLambert derives the word barretor from the Latin wrapped'; and by gun-fmiths to the cylindrical tube lalatro, “ a vile knave but the proper derivation of a gun, piftol, &c. through which the ball is difis from the French barrateur, i. e. a “ deceiver;” and charged. this agrees with the defeription of a commoa barretor Barrel, in anatomy, a pretty large cavity behind in my Lord Coke’s report, viz. that he is a com- the tympanum of the ear, about four or five lines deep, mon mover and maintainer of -fuits in dillurbance of and five or fix wide. the peace, and in taking and detaining the pofleffion Fire Barrels. Stt FiRE-Ship. * -of houfes and lands dr goods by falfe inventions, &c. Thundering Barrels, in the military art, are filled, And therefore it was adjudged that the indiftment a- with bombs, grenades, and other fire-works to be.roli■gainft him ought to be in thefe words, viz. That he is ed down a breach. communis malefactor, calumniator et feminator htium BARRENNESS, the fame witJr fterility. See et difeordiarum inter vicinos funs, et pads regis pertur- Stertlity. bator. See. And there it is faid that a common barre- BARRETRY, in law, is the offence of frequently tor is the moft dangerous oppreffor in the law, for be exciting and ftirring up fuits and quarrels between his oppreffeth the innocent by colour of law, which was Majefty’s fubjeCls, either at law or otherwife. The puniftiment for this offence, in a common perfon, is by made to protedl them from oppreffion. BARRATRY, in law. See Barretry. fine and imprifonment : but if the offender (as is too Barratry, in a Ihipmafter, is his cheating the frequently the cafe) belongs to the profeffion of the ©wners. If goods delivered on Ihip-board are em- law, a barretor who is thus able as well as willing to bezzled, all the mariners ought to contribute to the do mifehief ought alfo to be difabled from pradliiing fatisfaftion of the party tdiat loft his- goods, by the for the future. And indeed it is enafted by ftatute maritime law; and the caufe is to be tried in the ad- 12 Geo. L c. 29. that if any one, who hath been miralty. In a cafe where a Ihip was infured againft the convi&ed of forgery, perjury, fubordination of perbarratry of the mafter, &c. and the jury found that jury, or common barretry; lhall pra&ife as an attorthe Ihip was loll by the fraud and negligence of the ney, folicitor, or agent, in any fuit;. the court, upon mafter, the court agreed, that the fraud was barratry, complaint, fhall examine it in a fummary way; and, if though mot named in the covenant; but that negli- proved, ftiall direft the offender to be tranfported for feven years. Hereunto alfo may be referred another gence was not.. BARRAUX, a fortrefs of Dauphiny belonging to offence,.of equal malignity and audacioufnefs ; that of France. It Hands in the valley of Grefivaudan, and fuing another in the name of a ftflitious plaintiff, eiwas built by a Duke of Savoy in 1597. The French ther one not in being at all, or one who is ignorant of took it in 1598, and have kept it. ever fince. It is the fuit. This offence, if committed in any of the feated on the river Ifer, in E. Long. 4. 35;, N. Lat, king’s fuperior courts, is left, as a high contempt, to be punifhed at their diferetion : but in. courts of a : 45.-BARRAY, one of. the Hebrides', or Weftern ifles lower degree, where the crime is equally pernicious, of6 Scotland, fituated in W. Long. 6. 30. N. Lat. but the authority of the judges not equally extenfive, it is direfted by ftatute 8 Elisi. c. 2. to be. punilhed by fix 5 55V BARRE (Louis Francois Joleph de la), of Tbur- months imprifonment, and treble damages to the paraay, author of feveral works printed at Paris. A- ty injured. mongft others, Imper. Orientale, Recueil des Meiailles BARRICADE, or Barricado, a military term des esnpereurs, “ Memoirs for the hiftory of France, for a fence formed in hafte with veffcls, baikets of &c.” He died in 173^. earth, trees, pallifades, or the like, to preferve an arBARREL, in commerce, a round veffel, extending my from the fhot or affault of the enemy.—The moll more in length, than in breadth, made of wood, in ufual materials for barricades confrit of pales or Hakes, crofted

BAR [ 38 1 BAR Barricade crofled with batoons, and {hod with iron at the feet, within the bar, as the king, queen, or prince’s counil fet up in paffages or breaches. fel are. Barrifter. ufually Barricade, in naval architefture, a ftrong wooden BARRITUSis a word of German original, adoprail, fupported by ftanchions, extending acrofs the ted by the Romans to fignify the general fhout ufually foremolt part of the quarter-deck. In a veffel of-war, given by the foldiers of their armies on their fir ft enthe vacant fpaces between the flanchions are commonly counter after the dafficum or alarm. This cuftom* idled with, rope-matts, cork, or pieces of old cable ; however, of fetting up a general ftiout was not pecuand the tipper part, which contains a double rope- liar to the Romans, but prevailed amongft the Tronetting above the rail, is {tufted with full hammocks jans according to Homer, amongft the Germans, the to intercept the motion, and prevent the execution of Gauls, Macedonians, and Perfians. See Classicom. imall-ihot in time of battle. BARROS (John), a celebrated Portuguefe hiftoBARRIER, in fortification, a kind of fence made rian, born at Vifco, in 1496. He was educated at at a paftage, retrenchment, 5cc. to (top up the'entry the court of king Emanuel, among the princes of the thereof. It is compofed of great {takes, about four or blood, and made a great progrefs in Greek and Latin. live feet high, placed at the diftance of eight Or ten feet The Infant John, to whom he attached himfelf, and from one another, with tranfums, or overthwart rafters, became preceptor, having fucceeded the king his fato flop either horfe and foot, that would enter or rufti ther in 1521, Barros obtained a place in this prince’s in with violence : in the middle is a moveable bar of houfthold ; and in 1522, was made governor of St wood, that opens or {huts at pleafure. A barrier is George del Mina, on the coaft of Guinea. Three commonly fet up in a void fpace, between the citadel years after, the king having recalled him to court, and the town, in half moons, &c. ‘ made him treafurer of the Indies, and this poft infpired Barriers, fignifies that which the French call jeu with the-thought of writing this hiftory; for which is barres, i. e. palasjlra ; a martial exercile of men him purpofehe to Ponipas, where he died, in 1570armed and fighting together with fhort fwords, within His hiftoryretired of Alia and the Indies is divided into decertain bars or rails which feparated them from the cades; the firft of which he published in 1552, the fpe&iftors : it is now difufed in this country. fecond in 1553, and the third in 1563; but the BARRING A Vein, in farriery, an operation per- fourth decade was not publiftied till the year 1615, formed upon the veins of a horfe*s legs, and other parts when it appeared by order of King Philip III. who of his body, with intent to flop the courfe, and lefien had the manufeript purchafed of the heirs of John Barthe quantity, of the malignanthumours thatprevail there. ros. Several authors have continued it, fo that we BARRINGTON. SeeSnurE. have at prefent 12 decades. He left many other BARRINGTONIA, in botany ; a genus of the works ; fome of which have been printed, and others polyandria order, belonging to the monadelphia clafs "remain in manufeript. of plants, the characters of which are : one female, the BARROW (Ifaac),an eminent mathematician and calyx dephyllous above ; with a drupa, which it crowns; divine, of the laft century, was the fon of Mr Thomas and the feed is a quadrilocular nut. There is but one a linen draper in London, where he was born, fpecies known, the fpeciofa, a native of China and Ota- Barrow in 1630. He was at firft placed at the charter-houfe heite. fchool, for or three years ; where his behaviour afBARRISTER, is a counfellor learned in the law, forded but two little hopes of fuccefs in the profeftion of admitted to plead at the bar, and there to take upon a fcholar,. he being fond of fighting, and promoting him the protection and defence of clients. They are it among his fchpoi-fellows: being removed from termed jurifconfulti ; and in other countries called //- thence, his difpofition took abuthappier turn; and hacentiati in jure: and anciently banifters at law were ving foon made a great progrefs in learning, he was called apprentices of the law, in Latin apprenticii jurh admitted a penfioner of Peter Houfe in Cambridge. nobiliores. The time before they ought to be called He now applied himfelf with great diligence to the to the bar, by the ancient orders, was eight years, ftiidy of all parts of literature, efpecially to that of now reduced to five ; and the exercifes done by them natnral philofophy. He afterwards turned his thoughts (if they were not called ex gratia) were twelve grand of phyfic, and made a confiderable moots performed in the inns of Chancery in the time to the proftflion in anatomy, botany, and chemiftry; after of the grand readings', and 24 petty moots in the progrefs this he ftudied chronology, aftrohomy, and geometry. term times,_ before the readers of the refpe&ive inns: He then travelled into France and Italy, and in a and a barrifter newly called is to attend the fix (or voyage from Leghorn to Smyrna, gave a proof of four) next long vacations the,exercife of thetioufe, viz. his bravery ; for the Ihip being attacked an Alin Lent and Summer, and is thereupon for thofe three gerine pirate, he ftaid upon deck, and with by the great(or two) years ftyled a vacation barrijler. Alfo they eft intrepidity fought, till the pirate, perceiving ths are called utter barrijiers, i. e. pleaders oujler the bar, flout refiftance the {hip made, Iheered off and left to diftinguilh them from benchers, or thofe that have her (a). been readers, who are fometimea admitted to plead At Smyrna he met with a moft kind reception from Mr (a) There is another anecdote told of him, which not only fliowed his intrepidity, but an uncommon goodneis of difpofition, in circumftances where an ordinary {hare of it would have been probably extinguifhed. He was once in a gentle man’s houfe in the country-, where the neceffary was at the end of a long garden, and confequently at a great diftance from the room where he lodged: as he was going to it before day, for he

BAR [ 39 J BAR jrrovf. Mr'Bretton, the EngliTh conful, upon wliofe death he 3. Optical Letters, read in the public fchool of Cam- Biin Bar "V*—' afterwards wrote a Latin elegy'. From thence he pro- bridge. 4. Thirteen Geometrical Letters. 5. The ceeded to Conftantinople, where he received the like Works of Archimedes, the four Books of Appolonicivilities from Sir Thomas Bendifh the Englifh ambaf- us’s Conic Se&ions, and Theodofius’s Spherics explainfador, and Sir Jonathan Dawes, with whom he after- ed in a new Method. ‘ 6. A Lerfture, in which Archiwards preferved an intimate friendfliip. At Conftanti- medes’s Theorems of the Sphere and Cylinder are innople he read over the works of St Chryfoflom, once veftigated and briefly demonftrated. 7. Mathematical biihop of that fee, whom he preferred to all the oth^r Le&ures, read in the public fchoolsof the univerfity of fathers. When he had been in Tnrkey fomewhat Cambridge : the above were all printed in Latin ; and more than a year, he returned to Venice. From as to his Englifh works, they are printed together in thence he came home in 1659, through Germany and four volumes folio.—“ The name of Dr BarroVv (fays Holland ; and was epifcopally ordained by biihop the reverend and learned Mr Granger) will ever be ilBrownrig. In 1660, he was chofen to the Greek luftrious for a ftrength of mind and a compafs of knowprofefforfhip at Cambridge. When he entered upon ledge that did honour to his country. He was unrithis province, he intended to have read upon the tra- valled in mathematical learning, and efpccially in the gedies of Sophocles; but he altered his intention, and fublime geometry ; in which he has been excelled only made choice of Ariftotle’s rhetoric. Thefe ledlures by one man, and that man was his pupil the great Sir having been lent to a friend who never returned them, Ifaac Newtom The fame genius that feemed to be are irrecoverably loft. July the i6thj66z, he was born only to bring hidden truths to light, to rife to elefted profefibr of geometry in Grefham college, by the heights or defcend to the depths of fcience, would the recommendation of Dr Wilkins, mafter of Trinity- fometimes amufe itfelf in the flowery paths of poetry, college, and afterwards biihop of Chtfter. Upon the and he compofed verfes both in Greek and Latin. 20th of May 1663 he was elected a fellow of the He at length gavehimfelf up entirely to divinity ; and Royal Society, in the firft choice made by the council particularly tp the moft uft-ful part of it, that which after their charter. The fame year the executors of has a tendency to make men wifer and better. He Mr Lucas having, according to his appointment, has, in his-excellent fermons on the Creed, folved every founded a mathematical ledture at Cambridge, they difficulty and removed every obffacle thatoppofed itfelF fixed upon Mr Barrow for the firft profeifor; and though to our faith, and made divine revelation as clear as the his two profefforihips were not inconfiftent with each demonftrations in his own Euclid. In his fermons he other, he chofe to refign that of Grefham college, knew not, how to leave off writing till he had exhaufted which he did May the 20th 1664. In 1669 he re- his fubjeft; and his admirable Difcourfe o« the Duty figned his mathematical chair to his learned friend and Reward of Bounty to the Poot, took him up three Mr Ifaac Newton, being now determined to give up hours and an half in preaching. This excellent perthe ftudy of mathematics for that of divinity. Upon fon, who was a bright example of Chriftian virtue, as* quitting his profeftbrfhip, he was only a fellow of well as a prodigy of learning, died on the 4th of May Trinity college, till his uncle gave him a fmall fine- 1 677, in the 47th year of his age and was-interred cure in Wales, and Dr Seth Ward bifhop of Salif- in Weftminfter abbey, where a monument, adorned bury conferred upon him a prebend in his church. with his buft, was foon after ere&ed, by the contribuIn the year 1670 he was created dodlor in divinity by tion of his friends. mandate ; and, upon the promotion of Dr Pearfou BARROWS, in ancient topography, artificial hilmafter of Trinity college to the fee of Chefter, he was locks or mounts, met with in many parts of the world, appointed to fucceed him by the king’s patent bear- intended as repofitories for the dead, and formed eiing date the 13th of February 1672. When the king ther of ftones heaped up, or of earth. For the former, advanced him to this dignity, he was pleafed to fay; more generally knocwn by the name of cairns, fee “ he had given it to the heft fcholar in England.” Cairns.—Of the latter Dr Plott takes notice of two His majefty did not fpeak from report, but from his forts in Oxfordfhire : one placed on the military ways ; own knowledge : the doftor being then his chaplain, the other in the fields, meadows, or woods; the firit be ufed often to converfe with him, and in his humour- fort doubtlefs of Roman eredfion, the other more proous way, to call him an “ unfair preacher,” becaufe bably erected by the Britons or Danes. We have an he exha-ufted every fubjedl, and left no room for others examination of the barrows in Cornwall by Dr Wilto come after him. In 1677 was chofen vice-chan- liams, in {he Phil. Tranf. N° 458. from whofe obcellor of the univerfity.—The doftor’s works are very fervations we find that they are compofed of foreign or numerous, and fuch as do honour to the Englifh nation. adventitious earth ; that is, fuch as does not rife on the They are, 1. Euclid’s Elements. 2. Euclid’s Data. place, but is fetched from fome diftance.—Monumentsof he was a very early rifer, a fierce maftiff, who ufed to be chained up all day, and let loofe at night for the fecurity of the houfe, perceiving a ftrange perfon in the garden at that Unfeafonable time, fet upon him with great fury. The Doftor catched him by .the throat, threw him, and lay upon him ; and whilft he kept him down, confidered what lie ffiould do in that exigence: once he had a mind to kill him; but he altered this rcfolution, upon recollefting that this would be unjuft, fince the dog did only bis duty, and he himfelf was in fault for rambling out of his room before it was light. At length he called out fo loud, that he was heard by fome of the houfe, who came prefently out, and freed the Debtor and the dog froixv the danger they were both in.

BAR [ 40 ] BAR ■Barrow*,y pf tills kind are alfo very frequent in Scotland, On dig- works of the Egyptians and Babylonians. It was a Ba ~ ■'“ ging into the barrows, urns have been found in fomq vaft mound of earth heaped on a bafement of large claffes of the people T oue of which was of them, made of calcined earth, and containing burnt ftones by three of girls, who were proftitutes. Alyattes bones and afhes ; in others, ftone chefts containing compofed died, after a long reign, in the year 56* before the bones entire in others, bones neither lodged in chefts Chriftian sera. Above a century intervened, but the nor depofited in urns. Thefe tumuli are round, not greatly elevated, and generally at their bafts furrounded hiftorian relates, that to his time five ftones (s,?^ termini with a fofs. They are of different fixes; in proportion, or flelx) on which letters were engraved, had remained it is fuppofed, to the greatnefs, rank, and power, of the on the top, recording what each clafs had performed ; deceafed perfon. The links or fands of Skail, in Sandr and from the meafurement it had appeared, that the wich, one of the Orkneys, abound in round barrows. greater portion was done by the girls. Strabo like\^lome are formed of earth alone, others of ftone cover- wife has mentioned it as a huge mound raifed on a lofty ed with earth. In the former was found a coffin, bafement by the multitude of the city. The circummade offfix flat ftones. They are too fliort to receive ference was fix ftadia or three quarters of a mile; the a body at full length : the Ikeletons found in them lie height two plethra or two hundred feet; and the width with the knees preffed to the breaft, and the legs thirteen plethra. It was cuftomary among the Greeks doubled along the thighs. A bag, made of ruffles, has to place on barrows either the image of fome animal been found at the feet of fome of-thefe flteletons, con- or Jlelx, commonly round pillars with infcriptions. taining the bones, moft probably, of another of the fa- The famous barrow of the Athenians in the plain of mily. In one were to be feen multitudes of fmall Marathon, defcribed by Paufanias, is an inftance of the beetles ; and as fimilar infe&s have been difcovered in latter ufage. An ancient monument in Italy by the the bag which inclofed the facred Ibis, we may fup- Appian way, called without reafon thefepulchre of the pofe that the Egyptians,"'and the nation to whom Curiatii, has the fame number of termini as remained thefe tumuli did belong, might have had the fame fu- on the barrow of Alyattes; the bafement, which is perftition rcfpe&ing them. On fome of the corpfes fquare, fupporting five round pyramids—Of the barinterred in this ifland, the mode of burning was obfer- row of Alyattes the apparent magnitude is defcribed ved. The allies, depofited in an urn which was co- by travellers as now much diminifhed, and the bottom vered on the top-with a flat ftone, have been found in rendered wider and lefs diftinft than before, by the gra- . the cell of one of the barrows. This coffin or cell was dual increafe of the foil below. It ftands in the midft placed on the ground, then covered with a heap of of others by the lake Gygasus; where the buryingftones, and that again cafed with earth and fods. Both place of the Lydian princes was Atuated. The barbarrow and contents evince them to be of a different rows are of various fixes, the fmaller made perhaps for age from the former. Thefe tumuli were in the na- children of the younger branches of the royal family. ture of family vaults : in them have been found two Four or five are diftinguiftied by their fuperior magnitiers of coffins. It is probable, that on the death of tude, and are vifible as hills at a great diftance. That any one of the family, the tumulus was opened, and of Alyattes is greatly fupereminent. The lake it is the body interred near its kindred bones. likely furniftred the foil. All of them are covered Ancient Greece and Latium concurred in the with green turf; and all retain their conical form fame practice with the natives of this ifland. Patro- without any finking in of the top. clus among the Greeks, and Heftor among the Tro- Barrows, or fimilar tumuli, are alfo found in great jans, received but the fame funeral honours with our numbers in America. Thefe are of different fixes, acCaledonian heroes ; and the allies of Dercennus the cording to Mr Jefferfon’s* account; fome of them con- * . Lauren tine monarch had the fame Ample prote&ion. ftrufted of earth, and fome of loofe ftones. That they ^,r The urn and pall of the Trojan warrior might perhaps were repofitories of the dead has been obvious to all; ^ be more fuperb than thofe of a Britilh leader: the ri- but on what particular occafion conftrufted, was matling monument of each had the common materials from ter of doubt. - Some have thought they covered the our mother earth. bones of thofe who have fallen in battles fought on the of interment. Some afcribed them to the cuftom The fnowy bones his friends and brothers place, fpot faid to prevail among the Indians, of collefting at cerWith tears collected, in a golden vafe. tain periods the bones of all their.dead, wherefoever deThe golden vafe in purple palls they roll’d pofited at the time of death. Others again fuppofed Of fofteft texture and inwrought with gold. them the general fepulchres for towns, conjectured to JLaft o’er the urn the facred earth they fpread, have been on or near thefe grounds ; and this opinion And rais’d a tomb, memorial of the dead. was fupported by the quality of the lands in which they Pope's Homer's Iliad, xxiv. 1003. are found (thofe conftrudted of earth being generally Or, as it is more ftrongly expreffed by the fame ele- in the fofteft and moft: fertile meadow-grounds on river gant tranflator, in the account of the funeral of Pa- fides), and by a tradition faid to be handed down from troclus; the aboriginal Indians, that when they fettled in a town, the iirft perfon who died was placed eredt, and High in the midft they heap the fwelling bed earth put about him, fo as to cover and fupport him ; Of rifing earth,memorial of the dead. lb. xxiii. 319. that when another died, a narrow paffage was dug to The Grecian barrows, however, do not feem to have the firft, the fecond reclined againft him, and the cover been all equally Ample. The barrow of Alyattes, fa- of earth replaced, and fo on. “ There being one of ther of Croefusking of Lydia, is.defcribed by Hero- thefcbarrows in.my neighbourhood (fays Mr Jefferfon), dotus as a moft fuperb monument inferior only to the I wiftied to fatisfy myfelf whether any,- and which of 1 * thefe N°4i.

BAR [' 41 J BA R Barrow, theic opinions were juft. For this purpofe 1 deter- from the river one-eighth of a mile off; then a large Barrow H mined to open and examine it thoroughly. It was fi- interval of earth, then a ftratum of bones, and fo on. arry '.. tuated on the low grounds of the Rivanna, about two At one end of the feCtion were four ftrata of bones miles above its principal fork, and oppofite to fome plainly diftinguifliable ; at the other, three; the ftrata hills, on which had been an Indian town. It was of a in one part not ranging with thofe in another. The fpheroidicalform, of about 40 feet diameter at the bafe, bones neareft the furface were lead decayed. No holes and had been of about 12 feet altitude, though now were difcovered in any of them, as if made with bulreduced by the plough to feven and a half, having been lets, arrows, or other weapons. I conje&ured that under cultivation about a dozen years. Before this it in this barrow might have been a thoufand flceletons. was covered with trees of twelve inches diameter, and Every one will readily feize the circumftances above round the bafe was an excavation of five feet depth and related, which militate againft the opinion that it cowfidth, from whence the earth had been taken of which vered the bones only of perfons fallen in battle ; and the hillock was formed. I firft dug fuperficially in fe- againft the tradition alfo which would make it the comveral parts of it, and came to collections of human mon fepulchre of a town, in which the bodies were bones, at different depths, from fix inches to three feet placed upright, and touching each other. Appearbelow the furface. Thefe were lying in the utmoft ances certainly indicate that it has derived both oriconfufion, fome vertical, fome oblique, fome horizon- gin and growth from the accuftomary colle&ion of tal, and direCted to every point of the compafs, entan- bones, and depofition of them together; that the firll gled, and held together in clufters by the earth. Bones colletftion had been depofited on the common furof the moft diftant parts were found together; as, for face of the earth, a few ftones put over it, and then a inltance, the fmall bones of the foot in. the hollow of covering of earth; that the fecond had been laid on a Ik nil, many Ikulls would fometimes be in contaCt, ly- this, had covered more or lefs of it in proportion to ing on the face, on the fide, on the back, top or bot- the number of bones, and was then alfo covered with tom, fo as on the whole to give the idea of bones emp- earth, and fo on. The following are the particular tied promifcuoufly from a bag or balket, and covered circumftances which give it this afpeft. I. The numover with earth, without any attention to their order. ber of bones. 2. Their confufed pofition. 3. Their The bones of which the greateft numbers remained, being in different ftrata. 4. The ftrata in one part were (kulls, jaw-bones, teeth, .the bones of the arms, having no correfpondence with thofe in another. 5. thighs, legs, feet, and hands. A few ribs remained^ The different ftates of decay in thefe ftrata, which feem fome vertebras of the neck and fpine, without their pro- to indicate a difference in the time of inhumation. 6. ceffes, and one inftance only of the bone which ferves The exiftence of infant bones among them. But on as a bafe to the vertebral column. The Ikulls were fo whatever occafion they may have been made, they tender, that they generally fell to pieces on being are of confiderable notoriety among the Indians: for touched. The other bones were ftronger. There a party palling, about thirty years ago, through the ■ were fome teeth which were judged tb be fmaller than part of the country where this barrow is, went through thofe of an adult; a flcull which, on a flight view, ap- the woods dire&ly to it, without any inftru&ions or peared to be that of an infant, but it fell to pieces on enquiry; and having llaid about it fome time, with being taken out, fo as to prevent fatisfaCtory examina- expreffions which were conftrued to be thofe of for-tion ; a rib, and a fragment of the under-jaw of a per- row, they returned to the high road, which they had fon about half-grown ; another rib of an infant; and left about half a dozen miles to pay this vifit, and purpart of the jaw of a child, which had not yet cut its fued their journey. There is another barrow, much teeth. This laft furnilhing the moft decifive proof of refembling this in the low grounds of the South the burial of children here, I was particular in my at- branch of Shenandoah, where it is croffed by the road tention to it. It was part of the right half of the un- leading from the Rock-filh gap to Staunton. Both der jaw. The proceffes by which it was articulated to of thefe have, within thefe dozen years, been cleared the temporal bones were entire ; and the bone itfelf of their trees and put under cultivation, are much refirm to where it had been broken off, which, as nearly duced in their height, and fpread in width, by the as I cmrld judge, was about the place of the eye-tooth. plough, and will probably difappear in time. There Its upper edge, wherein would have been the fockets is another on a hill in the blue ridge of mountains, a of the teeth, was perfectly fmooth. Meafuring it few miles north of Wood’s gap, which is made up of with that of an adult, by placing their hinder procef- fmall ftones thrown together. This has been opened fes together, its broken end extended to the penulti- and found to contain human bones as the others do. mate grinder of the adult. This bone was white, all There are alfo many others in other parts of the the others of a fand colour. The bones of infants be- Country.” ing foft, they probably decay fooner, which might be Barrow, in the falt-works,are wicker-cafes, almoft in the caufe fo few were found here. I proceeded then the Ihape of a fugar-loaf, wherein the fait is put to drain. to make a perpendicular cut through the body of the BARRULET, in heraldry, the fourth part of the barrow, that I might examine its internal ftruCture. bar, or the one half of the cloflet: an ufual bearing in This paffed about three feet from its centre, was open- coat-armour. ed to the former furface cf the earth, and Was wide BARRULY, in heraldry, iswhen the field is divienough for a man to walk through and examine its ded bar-ways, that is, acrofs from fide to fide, into fefides. At the bottom, that is, on the level of the veral parts. circumjacent plain, I found bones; above thefe a few BARRY (Girald), commonly called Giraldiu Ca?/ift ones, brought from a cliff a quarter of a mile off, and brenfis, i. e. Giratd of Wales, an hiftorian and eccleVol. III. Part I. F fiaftid

BAR BAR [42 } fiaftic in the reigns of Henry IX. and Richard I. was day he read the firft book to a great concoiirfe of peo- Barry, born at the caftle of Mainarper, near Pembroke, A. D. pie, and afterwards entertained ail the poor of the 1146. By'his mother he was defcended from the prin- town ; on the fecond day he read the fecond book, and ces of South Wales; and his father, William Barry, entertained all the dodlors and chief fcholars; and, on was one of the chief men of that principality. Being the third day, he read the third book, and entertained a younger brother, and intended for the church, he was the younger fcholars,. foldiers, and burgeffes. “ A moft lent to St David’s, arid educated in the family of his . glorious fpedlacle ! (fays he)-which revived the ancient uncle, who was bifliop of that fee. He acknowledges, times of the poets, and of which no example had been in his hiftory of his own life and a&ions, that in his feen in England,” He attended Baldwin archbilhop early youth he was too playful; but being feverely re- of Canterbury, in his progrefs through Wales, A. D* proached for it by his preceptors, he became a very 1186, in preaching a croifade for the recovery of the hard ftudent, and greatly excelled all his fchool-fellows Holy Land; in which, he tells us, he was far more in learning. When he was about 20 years of age, he fuccefsful than the primate ; and particularly, that the was fent, A.D. 1166, for his further improvement, to people were prodigioufly affefted with his Latin ferthe univerfity of Paris; where he continued three years, mons, wdiich they did not underftand, melting into and became, according to his own account, a moft ex- tears, and coming in crowds to take the crofs. Alcellent rhetorician ; which rendered him very famous. though Henry II. as our author affures us, entertained On his return into Britain, he entered into holy orders, the higheft opinion of his virtues and abilities; yet he and obtained feveral benefices both in England and never would advance him to any higher dignity in the Wales. Obferving, with much concern, that his coun- church, on account of his relation to the princes and trymen, the Welflr, were very backward in paying the great men of Wales. But on the acceffion of Richard L tithes of wool and cheefe, which he was afraid would (A. D. 1189), his profpefts of preferment became betinvolve them in eternal damnation, he appliedto Richard ter : for-he was fent for: by that Prince into Wales to archbifhop of Canterbury, and was appointed his le- preferve the peace of that country, and was even joined gate in Wales for rectifying that diforder, and for other in commiffion with William Longchamp, bifhop of purpofes. tie executed this commiffion with great Ely, as one of the regents of the kingdom. He did fpirit; excommunicating all, without diftinftion, who not, however, improve this favourable opportunity; refufed to fave their fouls by furrendering the tithes refufing the bifhopric of Bangor in A. D. 1190, of their cheefe and wool- Not fatisfied with enriching, and that of Landaff the year after, having fixed his Re alfo attempted to reform, the clergy; and dilated the heart on the fee of St David’s, the bifliop of which was archdeacon of Brechin to the archbilhop, for the un- very old and infirm. In A. D. 1192, the ftate of pupardonable crime of matrimony; and the poor old man, blic affairs, and the courfe of intereft at court, became refufing, to put away his wife, was.deprived of his arch- fo unfavourable to our author’s views, that he determideaconry ; which was bellowed upon our zealous le- ned to retire. At firft he refolved to return to Paris to gate. In difcharging the duties of this new office, he profecute his ftudies; but meeting with fome difficula died with great vigour, which involved him in many ties in this, he went to Lincoln, where William de quarrels; but, if we may believe himfelf, he was al- Monte read leftures in theology with great applaufe. ways in the right, and always, victorious. His uncle, Here he fpent about fix years in the ftudy of divinity, the bilhop of St David’s, dying A. D. 1176, he was and in compofing feveral works. The fee of St Dadefied lus fucceffor by the chapter: but this eleftion vid’s, which had long been the great objeft of his amhaving been made without the permiffion, and contrary bition, became vacant, A. D. 1198, and brought him to the inclination of Henry IL our- author prudently again upon the ftage.. He was unanimoufly ele£led by declined to infill upon it, and went again to Paris to the chapter; but met with fo powerful an adverfary in profecute his ftudies, particularly in the civil and canon Hubert archbiftiop of Canterbury (who oppofed his. law, and theology.. He fpeaks with great raptures of promotion with great violence), that it involved him the prodigious fame he acquired by his eloqnent decla- in a litigation which lafted five years, coft him three mations in the fchools, and of the crowded audiences journeys to Rome, at a great expence, and in whichwho attended them, who were at a lofs to know whe- he was at laft defeated, A. D. 1203. Soon after this ther the fweetnefs of his-voice, the beauty of his lan- he retired from the world, and fpent the laft 17 years guage, or the irrefiftible force of his. arguments, were of his life in a ftudious privacy, compofing many moll to be admired. Having fpent about four years at books, of which we have a very correct catalogue in Paris, he returned to St David’s; where he found e- the Biographia Britannica.. That Girald of Wales very thing in confufion; and the biffiop being expelled was a man of uncommon aftivity, genius, and learning,. by the people, he was appointed adminillrator by the is undeniable; but thefe and his other good qualities archbifhop. of Canterbury, and governed the diocefe in were much tarniflied by his infufferable vanity, which , that capacity to A. D. 1184, when the bilhop was redos- mull have been very offenfive to his contemporaries, as red. About the fame time he was called to court by it is highly difgufting to his readers. Henry II. appointed one of his chaplains, and fent BARRY,, in heraldry, is when an efcutcheon is diinto Ireland A. D. 1185, with prince John. By this vided bar-ways, that is, acrofsfrom fide to fide, into, prince he was offered the united bifhoprics of Femes an even number of partitions, confifting ofitwo or more and Leighlin ; but declined them, and employed his tinftures, interchangeably difpofed : it is to be expreffed time in collefting materials for his Topography of Ire- in the blazon by the word harry, and the number of pieland, and l*is Hiftory of the conqueft of that illand. ces muft be fpecified; but if the divifions be odd, the field Having finiffied his Topography, which confifted of muft be firft named, and the numberof bars expreffed.. three books, he publilhed it. at Oxford, A. D. 1087, BARRr-Bendy is when an efcutcheon is divided evenm the following manner, in three days. On the firlt ly, bar and bend-ways, by lines drawn tranfrerfe and diagonal,.

BAR BAR r as i Barfary diagonal,' interchangeably varying the tindures of tion to fettle in England, and came thither with Ge- Bartar Bartjs, miniani, who was alfo a Luccefe, in the year x 7 f 4., „ I . which it confifts.' . ^ '* . Barry-PH} is when a coat is divided by feveral lines He was a good performer on the hautboy, and alfo " " drawn obliquely from fide to fide, where they form on the flute ; in the former capacity he found employment in the opera band, and in the latter derived acute angles. BARSA (anc. geog.), an ifland on the coaft of confiderable advantages by teaching. He publiflied France, in the Englifh Channel, Itinerary: Bafepool with a dedication to the earl of Burlington, fix folos for according to fome; but according to others, Bardfey. a flute with a thorough bafs, and afterwards fix folos BARSALLI, a kingdom of Africa, bordering on for a German flute and a bafs. He alfo made into the river Gambia, inhabited by a tribe of negroes called 'fonatas, for two violins and .a bafs, the firit fix folos of Jaloffs. The government of this kingdom is a ,moft Geminiani. He continued many years a performer at defpotic monarchy; all people being obliged to pro- the opera-houfe : at length, reflecting that there was a ftrate themfelves on the earth when any of the royal prpfpedl of advantage for one of his profeffion in Scotfamily makes his appearance. In time of war, every land, he went thither ; and, with greater truth than foldier has his fhare of the booty, and the king but a the fame is afferted of David Rizzo, may be faid to certain proportion, which is moderate, confidering that have meliorated the mufic of this country, by collecif he pleafed he might keep the whole. The kingd< ting and making bafles to a great number of the moil is divided into a number of provinces, over which go- popular Scots tunes. About the year 1750 Barfanti vernors called bumeys are appointed by the king. Thefe returned to England; but, being advanced in years, bumeys are abfolute within their jurifdi&ions ; but they he was glad to be taken into the opera band as a perfeldom carry their prerogative fo far as to incur the former on the tenor violin ; and in the fummer feafon diilike of the people, which would quickly prove fatal into that of Vauxhall. At this time he'publiflied 12 to them. The Mohemetan religion is profeffed by the concertos for violins; and fliortly after, Sei Antifone, king and his court; though little regard is paid to that in which he endeavoured to imitate the ftyle of Papart of . the impoilor’s creed which forbids the ufe of leftrina, and the old compofers of motets: but from wine; for the king cannot live without brandy, nor is thefe publications fo little profit refulted, that, tohe ever more devout than when he1 is drunk. When his wards the end of his life, the induflry and ceconomy majefty is in want of brandy or other neceflaries, he of an excellent wife, whom he had married in Scotfends to beg of the governor of James-fort that he will land, and the ftudies and labours of a daughter, whom difpatch a boat with the merchandize he has oocafion he had qualified for the profeffion of a finger, but who is for ; and to purchafe this he plunders the neighbour- now an aftrefs at Covent-Garden, werehis chief fupport. ing towns, and feizes a certain number of his fubje&s, BART AS (William de Salufte du), a French poet, whom he fells for flaves to the Europeans in exchange who lived in the 16th century. He was employed by for their commodities. This is his method of fupply- Henry IV. of France in England, Denmark, and Scoting himfelf if he happens to be at peace with his land ; and commanded a troop of horfe in Gafcony, neighbours; for which reafon the people are never fo under the marechal de Martignan. He was a Calvihappy as when at war; and hence they purfue war nift ; and died in 1590, aged 46. He wrote a great with great vigour, and continue it with obftinacy.— number of poems; the moft famous of which are, 1. The The general drefs of the people is a kind of loofe calli- Week, or the Creation of the World, in feven books. coe furplice, that hangs down below the knee ; which 2. The Poem of Judith; and 3. the battle of Ivry, they fometimes plait about the waiftin a very agreeable gained by Henry IV. in 1590. Du Bartas wrote in manner. They wear a great number of gold trinkets a bombatt ftyle. in their hair, ears, nofes, and round their necks, arms, BARTAR, or Truck, is the exchanging of one and legs ; but the women efpecially are fond of thefe commodity for another. The word comes from the ornaments. The king of Barfalli, whom Moore faw Spanifti baratortto deceive or circumvent in bargaining, in 1732, had a prodigious number of women: but perhaps becaufe thofe who deal this way ufually enwhen he went abroad he was feldom attended by more deavour to over-reach one another. than two, who feemed to be dreffed out in the whole To tranfaft properly, the price of one of the comfinery and jewels of the feraglio. He had likewife a modities, and an equivalent quantity of the other, mutt number of brethren ; but it was feldom that he deigned be found either by praftice, or by the rule of three. to fpeak to them : if ever he did them that honour, ^uej}. 1. How many pounds of cotton, at 9d. per they were forced to treat him with the fame refpeft as lb. mutt be given in bartar for 13 C. 3 0^14. lb. of other fubje&s, and fall proftrate on the earth the mo- pepper, at 2 1. 16 s. per C. ? ment they came into his prefence, notwithilanding Firji'. Find the price or value of the commodity they were the prefumptive heirs of the crown. It is whofe quantity is given as follows: indeed ufual for the king’s children to difpute the right of fucceflion with his brethren, and the longefl; fword 4>; lb. L. s. generally carries away the prize. 3 14 at 2 16. BARSANTI (Francifco), an eminent mufical performer and compofer, was born at Lucca about the year 1690. He ftudied the civil law in the univerfity 2l. 16 s. 8 of Padua; but, after a fliort flay there, chofe mufic for his profeffion. Accordingly he put himfelf under aCb 14 the tuition of fome of the ableft matters in Italy ; and 7 having attained to a confiderable degree of proficiency I4lb. ia the fcience of practical compofition, took a refoluL.38 17 Secondly,

BAR [ 44 1 BAR Bartar Secondly, Find how much cotton, at pd. per lb. as well as ancient languages, and his tranflations from Bartholinus the Spanifh and French fhow that he was not content —y”"-* II. ?81. 17 s. will purchafe as under : Barthiue. with a fuperficial knowledge. Upon his return to Ger/ lb. L. s. many, he took up his refidence at Leipfic, where he led If 9 : i :: 38 17 a retired life, his palfion for ftudy having made him re20 nounce all fort of employment. He wrote a vaft number of books ; the principal of which are, 1. His /id7771 2 verfaria, a large volume in folio ; the fecond and third volumes of which he left in manufcript. 2. A Tranflation of iEneas Gazieus. 3. A large volume of Notes 9-)93*4( C.^ ^^ upon Claudian, in 410. 4. Three large volumes upon Statius 5 &c. He died at Leipfic, in 1658, aged Anf 1036 lb. = 9 1 (Cafpar), a learned phyfician If the above queftion be wrought decimally, the andBARTHOLINUS anatomift in the 17th century, was born at Malmoe, @peration may Hand as follows 1 a town in the province of Schonen, which then beC. L. C. longed to Denmark. At three years of age he had If i : 2. 8 :: 13.875fuch a quick capacity, that in 14 days he learned to 2.8 read ; and in his 13th year he compofed Greek and Latin orations, and. pronounced them in public. When 111000 he was about 18 he went to the univerfity of Copen27750 lb. C, hagen, and afterwards ftudied at Roftock and Wirtemberg. He nextfet out upon his travels; during which ..o375)38.85oo( 1036=9 1 Anfi he neglected no opportunity of improving himfelf at 37'5* • • the different univerfities to which he came, and every where receiving marks of refpecft. He was in 1613 *35° chofen profeffor of phyfic in that univerfity, which he 1125 enjoyed 11 years; when, falling into a dangerous illfiefs, he made a vow, that if it fhould pleafe God to 2250 reftore him, he would folejy apply himfelf to the lludy 2250 of divinity. He recovered, and kept his word ; and after obtained the profefforfhip of divinity, and The value or price of the goods received and deli- foon the canonry of Rofchild. He died on the 13th of vered in bartar being always equal, it is obvious that July after having written feveral fmall works, the produ£t of the quantities received and delivered, chiefly162.9, on metaphyfics, logic, and rhetoric. multiplied in their refpedlive rates, will be equal. (Thomas), a celebrated phyfician, Hence arife a rule which may be ufed with advan- fonBartholinus of the former, was bom at Copenhagen in tage in* working feveral queftions ; namely, Multiply After ftudying fome years in his own country, the given quantity and rate of the one commodity, and he1616. the produft divided by the rate of the other commodity in 1637 went to Leyden, where he ftudied phyfic quotes the quantity fought; or divided by the quanr during three years. He then travelled into France ; and refided two years at Paris and Montpelier, in ortity quotes the rate. ghtejl. 2. How many yards of linen, at 4 s. per der to improve himfelf under the famous phyficians of yard, {hould I have in bartar for 120 yards of velvet, thofe univerfities. Afterwards going to Italy, he continued three years at Padua; and at length went to at 15 s. 6 d. ? Bafil, where he obtained the degree of doftor of phiTds. Si/p. Sixp. Tds. lofophy. Soon after, he returned to Copenhagen ; 120 X 31 = 3720, and 8)3720(459 BARTH, or Bart (John), a brave fifherman of where in 1647 he was appointed profeffor of the maDunkirk, who rofe to the rank of an admiral; and is thematics ; and next year was nominated to the anacelebrated for his fignal valour and naval exploits, in tomical chair, an employment better fuited to his gethe annals of France. He died in 1702, aged 51. nius and inclination ; which he difcharged with great, BARTHIUS (Gafpar), a very learned and copi- afiiduity for i 3 years, and diilinguiihed himfelf by maous writer, born at Cuftrin in Brandenbutgh, the 2 2d king feveral difcoveries with refpeft to the lafteal veins of June 1576. Mr Baillet has inferted him in his En- and lymphatic veffels. His clofe application, however, fans Celebres ; where he tells us, that at 12 years of age having rendered his conftitution very infirm, he, in he tranflated David’s Pfalms into Latin verfe of every 1661, refigned his chair; but the king of Denmark meafure', and publifhed feveral Latin Poems. Upon the allowed him the title of honorary profeffor. He now death of his father (who was profefibr of civil law at retired to a little eftate he had purchafed at Hagefted, Francfort, counfellor to the eleftor of Brandenburg, near Copenhagen, where he hoped to have fpent the and his chancellor at Cuftrin), he was fent to Gotha, remainder of his days in peace and tranquillity; but then to Eifenach, and afterwards, according to cuftom, his houfe being burnt in 1650, his library, with all his went through all the different univeffities in Germany. books and manufcripts, was deftroyed. In confideraWhen he had finiftied his ftudies, he began his travels ; tion of this lofs the king appointed him his phyfician he vilited Italy, France, Spain, England, and Holland, with a handfome falary, and exempted his land from improving himfelf by the converfation and works of all taxes ; the univerfity of Copenhagen alfo appointed, the learned in every country. He ftudied the modern him their librarian ; and, in 1675, the king did him.

BAR [45 ] BAS |Barthohonour toHegive him 1.a feat in theCafpart grand council fcience though would hardly fuffer himthem to draw nakedHefiimew s the Demnark. wrote, Anat&mia Bariholi-of gures, nobodyeverunderftood better. ^ ni Parentis navis Olfervationibus primum locupletata, died Ain 1517, aged 48. 5 a town of Lincolnlhire, feated on the cjjiu'tolomeo 8vo. 2. De Monftns in Natura S3 Medecina, 4to. riverBARTON, " Humber, where there is a confiderable ferry to 3. De Armillis Veterum, pr^fcrtim Danorum Scbedion, 8vo. ; and feveral other works. This great man died pafs over into Yorkfliire. W. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. IIP on the 44b of December 1680. 534°' St BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, a feft'ival of the BARTSIA, painted cup: A genus of the anChriftiaa church, celebrated on the 24th of Auguft. giofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of ; and in the natural method ranking under the St Bartholomew was one, of the twelve ApofUes ; and plants is efteemed to be the fame as Nathanael, one of the 40th order, Perfonata. The calyx, is bilbous, emarginated and coloured; the corolla lefs coloured than the firft difciples that came to Chrift. It is thought this apoitle travelled as far as India, calyx, with its upper lip longer than the under one. The vifcofa or marfhy, called alfo yellow marJJj eye* to propagate the goipel; for Eufeblus relates, that a bright, was found by Mr Lightfoot in bogs and marfhy famous philofopher and Chriftian, named Pantienus, defiring to imitate the apoltolical zeal in propagating places about Loch-Goyl,'near Loch-Long in the dithe faith, and travelling for that purpofe as far as In- itridt of Cowal in Argylefhire. The 'plant is about dia, found there, among thofe who yet retained the ten or twelve inches high, with an eredl ftalk downy knowledge of Chrift, the gofpel of St Matthew, writ- and unbranched : the leaves are feffile, fpear-fhaped, and ten, as the tradition afferts, by St Bartholomew, one a Little vifcous ; the flowers are yellow, and the plant of the twelve appftles, when he preached the gofpel in dries black. It is likewife found in marfhy places in that country. From thence he returned to the more Cornwall in England. The alpina, or mountain eyenorthern and weftern parts of Afia, and preached to the bright cow-wheat, hath heart-fhaped leaves placed oppeople of Hierapolis ; then in Lycaonia ; and laftly at pofite, and bluntly ferrated, with purple bloflbms in Albania, a city upon the Cafpian Sea; where his eri- leafy fpikes. It is likewife a native of Britain, and is deavours to reclaim the people from idolatry were found near rivulets in hilly countries. Sheep and goats crowned with martyrdom, he being (according to fome eat it. There are two other fpecies.. writers) flea’d alive, and crucified with his head down- BARUCH (the prophecy of), one of the apocrywards.—There is mention made of a Gofpel of St Bar- phal books, fubjoined to the canon of the Old Teftatholomew, in the preface to Origen’s Homilies on St ment. Baruch was the fon of Neriah, who was the difLuke, and in the preface to St Jerome’s commentary eiple and amanuenfis of the prophet Jeremiah. It hason St Matthew : but it is generally looked upon as. been reckoned part of Jeremiah’s prophecy, and is offpurious, and is placed by pope Gelafius among the ten cited by the ancient fathers as fuch. Jofephus tells, us, Baruch was defcended of a noble family ; and it is apocryphal books. BartAolomew (St), one of the Carihbee iflands faid in the book itfelf, that he wrote this prophecy at belonging to the French, who fent a colony thither in Babylon ; but at what time is uncertain. It is difficult 1648. It is about 24 miles in compafs, and has a to determine in what language this prophecy was originally written. There are extant three copies of it; good haven. W. Long. 62. 15. N. Lat. 18. 6. B ARTHOLOMITES, a religious order founded one in Greek, the other two in Syriac ; but which of at Genoa in the year 1307 ; but the monks leading thefe, or whether any one of them, he the original, is very irregular lives, the order was fupprefled by pope uncertain. Innocent X. in 1650, and their effects were confifca- BA RULES, in church-hiftory, certain heretics,, ted. In the church .of the monaftery of this order at who held, that the Son of God had only a phantom of Genoa is preferved the image which it is pretended a body ; that fouls were created before the world, and that they lived all at one time., Chrift fent to king Abgarus. See Abgarus. BARTOLOCCI (Julius), a learned monk, and BARUTH, an ancient town ofTurkyin Syria, profeffor of Hebrew at Rome, was bora at Celeno, in with a Chriftian church of the Neftorian perfuafiou. 1613; and diftinguifhed himfelf by writing an ex- It is fituated in a fine fertile foil, but is ineonfiderable cellent Hebrew and Latin catalogue of the Hebrew now to what it was formerly. E. Long. 34. 20.-N. writers and writings, in 4 vols folio, a continuation of Lat. 33. 30. which was performed by Imbonati his difciple. He Baruth, an Indian meafure, containing 17gantaijs: It ought to weigh about three pounds and an half Endied in idSy. BARTOLOMEO (Franeifco), a celebrated pain- glifti avoirdupois. ter, born at Savignano, a village ro miles from Flo- BARYTONUM, in the Greek, grammar, denotes rence, in the year 1469, was the difciple of Coflmo a verb, which having no accent marked on the laft fylRoffelli, but was much more beholden to the works of lable, a grave accent is to be underftood. In Italian, Leonarda da Vinci for his extraordinary flcill in paint- mulic, baryteno anfwers to our common pitch of bafs. ing. He was wdl verfed in the fundamentals of defign. BAS chevalier. See Bachelor. Raphael, after quitting the fchool of Perugino,.ap- BAS-Relkf. See Bjsso-Relievo. plied to this mafter ; and under him ftudied the rules Bas (James Philip le) a modern French engraver,. «f perfpedtrve, with the art of managing' and uniting by whom we have foijie excellent prints. His great his colours. In the year 1500, he turned Dominican force feems to lie in landfcapes and fmall figures, which friar; and fome time after was fent by his fuperiors to be executed in a fupefior manner. His ftyle of enthe convent of St Martin, in Florence. He painted graving is extremely neat; but yet he proves the freeboth portiaits and hiftories j but his fcrupulous con- dom of the etching, and harmoaiace the whole witkthe-

B A S T B^Ues tlie graver and dry point. We have alfb a variety of pretty vignettes by this artift. He fiourifhed about the middle of the prefent century ; but we have no account of the time of his birth or death. Name, de-' BASALTLS, (from bafal, “iron,” or rivation, diligent er examino')-, in natural hiftory, an heavy, hard ftone, chiefly black or green, conlifting of prifmatic -cryftals, the number of whofe fides is uncertain. The Englifli miners call it cockle-, the Germanfcheerl. Its fpecific gravity is to that of water as 3000 or upwards to 1000. It frequently contains iron ; and confifts either of particles of an indeterminate figure, or of a fpairy, ftriated, or fibrous texture. It has a flinty hardnefs, is infoluble by acids, and is fufible by fire, The following is an analylls of feme bafaltes by Mr ■Bergman ; and as the refemblance of it to lava will be frequently mentioned in the fucceeding part of this article, we fhall here contrail this analyfis with that of lava by the fame author. Bafaltes, 100 parts con- Lava, 100 parts contains tive anal)-tains fistesaudlava. of hafal- Siliceous earth 50 Siliceous earth "Argillaceous 15 Argillaceous Calcareous 8 Calcareous Magnefia 2 Iron Iron 25 The moft remarkable property of this fubftance is its figure, being never found in ftrata, like other marbles. but always Handing up in the form of regular angular •columns, compofed of a number of joints, one placed upon, and nicely fitted to another, as if formed by the hands of a fliilful workman. See Plate XCII. fig. 15. Bafaltes was originally found in columns in EthioBafaltes, where pia, fragments of it in the river Tmolus, and found. fome and other places. We now have it frequently, both in columns and fmall pieces, in Spain, Ruflia, Poland, near Drefden, and in Silefia ; but the nobleft ftore in the world feems to be that called the Giant’s Caufeway in Ireland, and Staffa, one of the weftern ifles of Scotland*. Great quantities of bafaltes are likewife *Caufeviay Seedant’ found neighbourhood of Mount iEtna in Sicily, and Staffa. of Heclain the in Iceland, and of the volcano in the ifland of Bourbon. Thefe are the only three active volcanoes in whofe neighbourhood it is to be met with ; but it is alfo found in the extinguiflred volcanoes in Italy, though not in the neighbourhood of Vefimus. the bafaltes rifes far up the country, runs Of ■Canfeway Giant'thes •intoIntheIreland fea, crofles at the bottom, and rifes again on the oppofite land. In Staffa the whole end of the in Ireland. •ifland is fupported by natural ranges of pillars, moftly above 50 feet high, Handing in natural colonnades, according as the bays and points of land have formed themfelves, upon a firm bafis of folid unformed rock. Above thefe, the ftratum, which reaches to the foil or furface of the ifland, varies in thicknefs, as the ifland itfelf is formed into hills or valleys, each hill, which hangs over the valleys-below, forming an ample pediment. Some of thefe, above 60 feet in thicknels from the bafe to the point, are formed by the Hoping of the hill on each fide, almoft into the fliape of thofe ufed in architefture. The pillars of the Giant’s Caufeway have been very particularly deferibed and examined. The moft accurate account of them is to be met with in a work 3

BAS ] intitled, “ Letters concerning the northern coaft of Bafaltes. the county of Antrim from which the following particulars relative to the prefent fubjeft are extrafted. ^ “ i. The pillars of the Caufeway are fmall, not very Particular much exceeding i foot in breadth and 30 in length ; account of fharply defined, neat in their articulation, w'ith con- t*le ph'ars. cave or convex terminations to each point. In many of the capes and hills they are of a larger fize ; more Pi. XCIII. imperfect and irregular in their figure and articulation,®?-I* having often flat terminations to their joints.^ At Fairhead they are of a gigantic magnitude, fometimes exceeding 5 feet in breadth and 100 in length ; pftentimes apparently deftitnte of joints altogether. Thro’ many parts of the country, this Ipecies of ftone is entirely rude and unformed, feparating in loefe blocks; in which ftate it refembles the ftone known in Sweden by the name of trapps. “ 2. The pillars of the Giant’s Caufeway Hand on the level of the beach; from whence they may be traced through all degrees of elevation to the fummit of the higheft grounds in the neighbourhood. “ 3. At the Caufeway, and in moft other places, they Hand perpendicular to the horizon. . In fome of the capes, and particularly near Ulhet harbour, in the Ille of Baghery, they lie in an oblique pofition. At Doon point in the fame ifland, and along the Balintoy Ihore, they form variety of regular curves. “ 4. The ftone is black, clofe, and uniform ; the varieties of colour are blue, reddilh, and grey ; and of all kinds of grain, from extreme finenefs to the coarfe granulated appearance of a ftone which refembles imperfeft granite, abounding in cryftals of fchorl chiefly black, though fohietimes of various colours. “ 5. Though the ftone of the Giant’s Caufeway be in general compaci and homogeneous; yet* it is remarkable, that the upper joint of each pillar, where it can be afcertained with any certainty, is always rudely formed and cellular. The grofs pillars alfo in the capes and mountains frequently abound in thefe air-holes through all their parts, which fometimes contain fine clay, and other apparently foreign bodies: and the irregular bafaltes beginning where the pillars ceafe, or lying over them, is in general extremely honey-combed ; containing in its cells cryftals of zeolite, little morfels of fine brown clay, fometimes very pure fteatite, and in a few inftances bits of agate.” Sir Jofeph Banks obferves, that the bending pillars Account ofj of Staffa differ confiderably from thofe of the GiantVho®r10 Cauleway. In Staffa, they lie down on their fides,Sta a* each forming the fegment of a circle; and in one place, a fmall mafs of them very much refembles the ribs of a fhip. Thofe of; the Giant’s Caufeway which he faw, ran along the face of a high cliff, bent ftrangely in the middle, as if unable, at their firft formation, while in a foft ftate, to fupport the mafs of incumbent earth. 7 The rocks of the Cyclops, in the neighbourhood of °[ jEtna, exhibit very magnificent bafaltic pillars. A defcribe(2^ general view of them is given on Plate XCIII. fig. 2. where a, b, c, are the three principal rocks ; e is the extremity of an ifland, one half of which is compofed of lava, on a bafe of bafaltes, of no uncommon nature; above which there is a cruft of pozzolana, combined with a certain white calcareous matter, which is pretty hard and compacij and which^ as it is compofed by the action

BAS _ [ 47 1 'BAS tion of the air, appears like a piece of knotty, porous, meter of fix inches to that of twentyTeet. Some of 1 Bafaltes. at fome period, becametended fo thefe arein folid, cannon;offome ex- v— ^ wood,’ That r_i.u rock, -1-^-former — layers,others othershollow fimilarlike to carrots tobacco hard as. to fplit; andJ .1... the clefts were then filled up with a very hard and porous matter like fcorice. This mat- tnfifting of a number of pieces fqueezed together.^ ter afterwards acquiring new hardnefs, alfo fplit, lea- Some of thefe cylinders are llraight, others curved into ving large interilices, which in their turn have been a variety of forms. Some look like globes inclofed in filled up with a fpecies of compoufid yellow matter. the rocks; and in the fra&ures of thefe globes we perThe ifland was formerly inhabited ; and there Hill re- ceive the ftrata of which they are compofed. mains a flight of fteps leading from the fhore to the Fig. 2. reprefents the bafaltes at the foot of. tbia. ruins of fome houfes which appear to have been hewn promontory, on the fouth fide. The little mounts, into which it appears to be colle&ed, are fometimes in the rock. The rock£has the ftraighteftand moft regular columns only one French foot in diameter, fometimes fix. of any. It is reprefented diilindtly in PlateXCIV. fig. t. They are compofed of fmall prifms or needles, or of and likewife a general view of c and d, with the foot cubic trapezoids, and conlift of a matter diftinguilhed of iEtna leading to Catanea. Thefe bafaltic columns, by the name of dirty lava.. It is made up of pozzolana, at firfl; view, feem to refemble thofe of the Giant’s eonfolidated by a certain liquid, which while it has. Caufeway, and others commonly met with: but on a communicated folidity to the pozzolano, has at the nearer infpeftion, we find a remarkable difference; be- fame timefuffered that fubftance to ihrink confiderably, ing affembled in groups of five or fix about one, which in fuch a manner as to leave large chinks between the ferves as their common centre. They are of various pieces of bafaltes,. which are thus formed by the operafizes and forms ; fome fquare,. others hexagonal, hep- tioh of the liquid on the pozzolana. It appears alfo. tagonal, or Cwffogonal. One half of this rock is com- to have infinuated itfelf into the clay, with which the pofed of perpendicular columns ; the other of another promontory is covered ; which has become hard in its fpecies of bafaltes difpofed in inclined, and almoft rec- turn, and which has alfo fplit into chinks that appear. tilinear, layers. Thefe are in contadl with the to contain a kind of hard matter. lumns, and are as clofely conne&ed with them as they Thefe defcriptions and figures will ferve to give an are with one another. The layers are longer at the idea of the appearance of the bafaltes, which is now bafe than towards the top of the rock. It is further generally accounted a kind of marble. Wallerius conto be remarked, that moft of thefe layers are fubdivided iiders it as a fpecies of the corneous or horn rock; and as they rife upwards; fo that towards thefe upper ex- Cronftedt enumerates it among thofe fubftances which 9 tremities, one layer prefents to the eye fometimes one, he Calls garnet earths. The largeft block of this ftone Bafaltes fometimes two, and fometimes three, divifions. The that ever was feen, was placed, according to Pliny, by “fed in fragments of bafaltes taken off from.thefe layers are of Vefpafian in the temple of peace. It reprefented the ®re"t au7 a rhomboidal figure, becaufe the layers break oblique- figure of Nilus, with 16 children playing about it, denoting as many cubits of the rife of the river. The Thefe layers, though inclined towards the bafe, be- ftatue of Memnon,, in the temple of Serapis at Thebes, come almoft perpendicular towards the upper part of which founded at the rifing of the fun, was alfo made the rock, where they appear united in a point, and of the fame material, if rve may believe this author. overtop moft of the vifible and elevated parts of the Moft of the Egyptian figures are likewife made of bar prifmatic columns. Thefe columns terminate in fuch faltes. Some of the ancients call it Lapis Lydius, a manner as to form a kind of ftair-cafe. They appear from Lydia, where it feems it was formerly found ii even to rife under a fpecies of clay with which they are greateft abundance. The moderns denominate it the covered at one extremity, till they reunite themfelves touch-Jlene, as being ufed for the. trial of gold and filwith the point which is formed by tire moft elevated Various fubftances are found intermixed with ba- Subftaneess parts of the layers of bafaltes befide them. This extraneous matter with which thefe columns faltes ; of which Mr Hamilton, in the letters above-mixed e covered, and of which the fummit of this pyramid mentioned,, enumerates the following. i, Exten-!^ia confifts; appears to be of the fame fpecies with the five flayers of red ochre, varying in all degrees former, compofing the upper part of the Hand already from a dull ferruginous colour to a bright red, anfwering very well for coarfe painting, z. Veins of deferibed. iron ore, fometimes very rich, commonly of a very The bafaltes of that ifland has one particularity, that it is full of fmall cryftals of about the fize of brown or reddiflr.caft, at other times of a blue colour. peas. Thefe appear no. lefs beautiful than rock-cryftal; 3.. Steatites, generally of a greenifti foapy appearance, but they are much fofter,. and yield even to the, aftion more rarely of a pure white, and railing an imperfect of the air. We fee here large fragments of bafaltes faponaceous froth when agitated with water. 4. Zeowhich were formerly full of cryftals, but deftroyed by lite, of a bright and pure white colour ; in maffes, var time. They are now not unlike a fponge, from, the rying in weight from a grain to a. pound; generally great number of holes which appear all over their fur- difpofed in cavities of the cellular bafaltes; often al> face. Thofe pieces of bafaltes which contain moft of fefting a cryftallization, in which the fibres proceed as thefe cryftals are not fo hard as thofe which, contain rays from a centre; and in fome inftances have a beaur fewer of them. tiful fpangled appearance, refembling that of thiftleThe promontory of Caftel d’laci, which terminates down. The moft remarkable property of this fub-Ifltthe iBafaltesi prothe bafis of iEtna, is almoft entirely compofed of bais, that with any of the mineral acids, but efpe!«ion tory of faltes, but of a kind very different from the former. It ftance daily with that of nitre, it forms a gelatinous mixture the Cartel confifts of a great number of cylinders from the diame- jn the courfe of a few hours. 5. Peperino ftone, « jd’laci deifcribed. friablec

BAS BAS [4 5 ] T?afakes. friable matrix of indurated clay and iron, fludded with durits ; and that of the Giant’s Canfeway agrees exarit- 1 Bafaltes. the peperino of Iceland and Bourbon. v——' little bits of zeolite or other fubftances; and which is ly 9.withPuzzolane earth is met with among the bafaltes often of a reddifh burnt colour. 6. Pumice {tone of France ; and there is very little reafon to doubt that of a black colour, containing iron not entirely dephlo- our bafaltes, if pulverifed, would agree with it in every ,x gifticated, but {till adting on the magnetical needle. Of the na- Thefe fubftances are met with among the bafaltes refperit; that is, it would produce a fine ftiarp pow-Jure a tesof ba- of the Giant’s Caufeway in Ireland. In other places der, containing the fame elementary parts, and probaagreeing with it in its valuable ufes as a cement. ’ its attendants may perhaps vary according to circum- bly earth is alfo found in the Canary {(lands, which stances. The bafaltes itfelf has been confidered by This to have other marks of fire ; it is met with feme as. a cryftallizatiori from water ; but others Itre- inareallthought the volcanifed parts of Italy, and is never found nuoufly maintain that it is only a fpecies of lava, and in defence of thefe opinions very confiderable difputes excepting where there are other evident marks of Ia Mr Hamil-have. been Carried on. The following is a ftate of the fire. ftate ar uments on ftone is univerfally allowed to be produg both fxdes from Mr Hamilton’s treatife ced10.by Pumice fire, and indeed bears the refemblance of a cingunients" already n mentioned. der fo obvioufly, that one muft be inftantly convinced concerning I fupport of the volcanic origin of the bafaltes it of its original. This is alfo found among the bafaltes it. has been argued, 1. That it agrees almoft entirely with lava in its ele- of Ireland. mentary principles, in its grain, the fpecies of the fo- 11. There are three living volcanoes, within whofe reign bodies it includes, and all the diverfities of its neighbourhood the bafaltes and moft of its ufual attendant fofiils have been obferved, viz. ./Etna in Sicily, texture. 2. The iron of the bafaltes is found to be in a me- Hecla in Iceland, and the ifland of Bourbon on the tallic ftate, capable of adling on the magnetical needle, coaft of Africa. To which it may be added, that it which is alfo the cafe with that found in compact is found throughout all the volcanifed parts of Italy, though not any where immediately in the neighbour- ,. lava. 3. The bafaltes is fufible per fe\ a property which it hood of Vefuvius. Sir William Hamilton, however, Of the informs us, that in the year 1779 he “ picked up fome bafaltes has in common with lavas. )w out >> 4. The bafaltes is a foreign fubftance fuperinduced fragments of large and regular cryftals of clofe-grained Jbyhr'V£fuvlu * on the original limeftone-foil of the country, in a ftate lava or bafalt; the diameter of which, when the^rifms of foftnefs capable of allowing the flints to penetrate are complete, might have been eight or nine inches.” He obferves, that Vefuvius does not exhibit any lavas oonfiderably within its lower furface. y. Thofe extenlive beds of red ochre which abound regularly cryftallized, and forming what are called among our bafaltes are fuppofed to be an iron earth Giants Caufenv&ys, except a lava that ran into the fea, reduced to this ftate by the powerful adtion of heat; near Torre del Graeco, in the year 1631, which has a for fuch a change may be produced on iron in our com- fmall degree of fuch an appearance. As the fragments mon furnaces, provided there be a fufficient afflux of of bafaltes which he found on this mountain, however, frefti air ; and the bafaltes itfelf, in fuch circumftances, had been evidently thrown out of the crater in their is eafily reducible to an impure ochre. This is alfo proper form, he puts the queftion, “ May not lavas found to take place in the living volcanoes, particular- be more ready to cryftallizc within the bowels of a volly within their craters ; and is therefore fuppofed to af- cano than after their emiffion ? And may not many ford a prefumptive argument of the adlion of fire in of the Giants Caufeways already difeovered be the nuclei of volcanic mountains, whofe lighter and lefs folid the neighbourhood of bafaltes, 6. Though zeolite is not yet proved to be the aritual parts may have been worn away by the hand of time ? production of a volcano, yet its prefence is always fup- Mr Faujais de St Fond gives an example of bafalt copofed to give countenance to this hypothefis ; becaufe lumns placed deep within the crater of an extinguiftied zeolite is found in countries where the adtion of fub- volcano. terraneous fire is {till vifible, and where there is reafon 12. It is well afeertained by experience, that there to believe that the whole foil has been ravaged by that are vaft beds of pyrites difperfed through the interior principle. Thus it abounds in Iceland, where the parts of the earth at all depths ; and it is alfo a certain flames of Hecla yet continue to blaze; and in the ifle farit, that thi. compound fubftance may be decomof Bourbon, where there is ftill a volcano in force. pounded by the accidental affufion of water, in fuch a It is therefore fuppofed to arife from the decompafition manner as to become hot, and at laft to burn with great of the produrits of a volcano, where the fires have been fury. This accenfton of pyrites is by many fuppofed to he the true origin of the volcanic fire; and an arlong extinft. 7. Cryftals of fchorl appear in great plenty among gument for this is, that the prefent volcanoes do pour many kinds of our bafaltcs; and thefe, though not forth great quantities of the component parts of pyabfolutely limited to volcanic countries, yet being found rites, particularly fuiphur, iron, and clay. Now, ain great abundance among the Italian lavas, in circum- mong the fuperinduced fubftances of the county of (lances exaritly eorrefponding to thofe of our bafaltes, Antrim, and the fame may probably be faid of every are thought to fupply a good probable argument in the ■other bafaltic country, it is certain that the quantity prefent cafe. of iron and clay diffufed through almoft every fpecies •fl. The peperino ftone is thought to be undoubted- of fulfil, amounts to more than one-half of the whole ly of a volcanic origin. It has frequently the burnt -material; fo that two of the principal elements of the and fpongy appearance of many of the volcanic pre- pyrites are {till found there, reduced in many inftances N° 42. 2

BAS [ 49 1 BAS Bafaltes. to a flag or fcoria. The third principle, .viz. the ful- the regularity of a Giant’s Caufeway, luch as might be Bafaltes. phur, cannot be expefted to remain ; becaui'e fulphur fuppofed to refult from the cryftallization of a bed of ' is totally confumed by combuftion ; and what might melted lava, where reft and a gradual refrigeration conperhaps efcape and be fublimed would no doubt have tributed to render the phenomenon as perfeft as poffmce perifhed by decompofition, in conftquence of be- fible. i8 ing expofed to the air. ... . To thefe arguments ftated by Mr Hamilton we ihall ber Mr sFerar ;: nt G'times afs fome13. Another argument, which to Sir William Hamiladd another from Mr Ferber; viz. That at the time he ’ ap-the ton appears very convincing, is, orthatcryftallizes glafs fometimes takes with went afrom Rome to Oftia theyInwere paving thebroken road found^ "^ g1 *? pears in j appearance of prifms, in cooling, fpecies of black lava. fome of the ie orm O on treceived fome fpecimens of this kind from Mr Par- pieces he obferved little empty holes, of the bignefs of black lava, prifmatic cryftali. ker of Fleet-ftreet, who informed him that a quantity of a walnut, incruftated all around their fides by white or his glafs had been rendered unferviceable by taking fuch amethyftine femipellucid, pointed, or truncated pyra* a form. Some of thefe were in laminae which may midal cryftallizations, entirely refembling the agate be eafily feparated, and others refemble bafaltic co- nodules or geodes, which are commonly filled with lumns in miniature, having regular faces. “ Many of quartz cryftallizations. There was no crack or fiffure the rocks of lava in the ifland of Ponza (fays he) are, in the ambient compaft lava 5 the cryftal ftierls were with 1 r L ftrikingly like the pretty hard, and might rather be called quartz. Some " • relpeftof toMrtheir ’ configurations, ’ glafs 1 ; none fine brownilh duft lay in the reft of the holes, as impalfpecimens Parker’s above mentioned being very regularly formed bafaltes, but all having a pable and light as aflies. He tells us alfo, that in the tendency towards it. Mr Parker could not account greateft the Paduan, Vicentine lavas, wepart meetofwith an infiniteVeronefe, quantityand of white pofor the accident that occafioned his glafs to take the lygonal cryftallizations, whofe figure is as regular, bafaltic form ; but I have remarked, both in Naples and ft ill fherl polygonal, than the bafaltes. and Sicily, that fuch lavas as have run into the fea are Thefemore be confidered as the principal arguments either formed into regular bafaltes, or have a great in favour may of the volcanic theory of bafaltes. On the Mr .„.rfea iEtna, tendencywhich towards fuch athe form.fea.near TheJacic, lavas are of Mount other hand, the late celebPated Mr Bergman expreffes man’s theinio' t he ran into perfect have a lavadelthat ran ininto the has fea from Vefu- himfelf to the following purpofe. ory. dencyatoten- vbafaltes; jUS} nearandTorre Grasco 1631, an evident “ Ten years ago it was a general opinion, that the furface of the earth, together with the mountains, had bafaltes. tendency to the bafaltic form.”arguments it is urged, been produced by moifture. It is true that fome deIn oppofition to thefe clared fire to be the firft original caufe, but the greaterr‘ent that in many of the countries where bafaltes moft A 5 number paid little attention to this opinion. Now, intionoppoliabound, there are They none aflert, of the therefore, charafteriftics of volon the contrary, the opinion that fubterraneous fire had to the canic mountains. that the bavi'lcanic fifites is a foffil, very extenfively fpread over the fur- been the principal agent gains ground daily; and every face of the earth; and that, where it is found in the thing is fuppofed to have been melted, even to the 2d n !r J we ought to granite. My own opinion is, that both the fire andand ater ighbourhood of volcanic • ' mountains, contributed their fhare in this operation ; Bothv!'fire fuppofe thefe to be’ accidentally raifed- on— -a bafaltic water have in fuch a proportion, that the force of the for- tofo'rmbafoil rather than to have created it. But the advocates though mer extends much farther than the latter; and, on the fakes, for the volcanic fyftem are not much embaraffed with contrary, I7 that the fire has only worked in fome parts Anfwered. this According them, and the bafaltes has of the furface of the earth. It cannot be doubted beenargument. formed under the earthto itfelf, within the that there Has been fome connexion betwixt the babowels of thefe very mountains; where it could never faltic pillars and fubterraneous fire ; as they are found have been expofed to view until, by length of time or in places the marks of fire are yet vifible ; and fome violent ftiock of nature, the incumbent mafs muft as they arewhere even found mixed with lava, tophus, and have undergone a very confiderable alteration, fuch as other fubftances produced by fire. fhould go near to deftroy every exterior volcanic feaAs far as we know-, nature makes ufe of three of themeture. In fupport of this it may alfo be obferved, that the promontories of Antrim do bdar evident marks of methods forms in the mineral king-; thodswb,ch 1.to produce That ofregular cryftallization or precipitation fome very violent convulfion, which has left them in dom.The crufting or fettling of the external furface of acMflakaw their prefent fituation; and that the ifland of Ragherry* and fome of the weftern ifles of Scotland, do liquid mafs while it is cooling; and, 3. The burftingnamndly^ really appear like the furviving fragments of a country, of a moift fubftance while it is drying. formed, great part of which might have been buried in the ocean. “ The firft method is the moft common ; but to all It is further added, that though the exterior volcanic fent appearance, nature has not made ufe of it in the precafe. Cryftals are feldom or never found in any character be in great meafure loft in the bafaltic counquantity running in the fame dire&ion ; but either intries ; yet this negative evidence can be of little weight, clining from one another, or, what is ftill more comwhen we confider, that the few inftances where the mon, placed one another in Hoping directions. features have been preferved afford a fufficient anfwer to They are alfotowards feparated a little from one anothis objection. Thus the Montagne de la Coupe in ther when theygenerally are regular. The nature of the thing France ftill bears the marks of its having been former- requires this, becaufe the feveral particles of which the ly a volcano: and this mountain is obferved to Hand on a bate of bafaltic pillars, not difpofed in the tumul- yftals are compofed ^ muft have the liberty of obeying„ tuary heap into which they muft have been throw-n by that power which affeCts theii conftitution. The bathe furious aCtion of a volcanic eruption, tearing up faltic columns, on the contrary, whofe height is frethe natural foil of the country; but arranged in all quently from 30 to 40 feet, are placed parallel to one Vol. III. Part I. G another

BAS [ 5° ] BAS B ifalte?. another in confiderable numbers, and fo clofe together ding in its effeft; but it is different from it by the Bafaltes. ' that the point of a knife can hardly be introduced be- mafs being foaked in water, and by the burfting of it effedt of the con traftion while it is tween them. Befides, in moft places, each pillar is afunder, beingwethefuppofe fuch a bed to be fpread over a divided into feveral parts or joints, which feem to be drying.fpace,If the drying advances in the fame manner placed on one another. And indeed it is not uncom- level as the refrigeration in the former cafe. This reparamon for cryftals to be formed above one another in tion into ftrata properly happens when a confiderable different layers, while the folvent has been vifibly di- quantity clay enters into the whole compofition, beminifhed at different times: but then the upper cryffals eaufe theofclay never fit fo exadlly upon one another as to produce earth in drying.decreafes more than any other kind of ^ connefted prifms of the fame length or depth in all moft probable, therefore, that the pillars How the the ft rata taken together; but each ftratum, feparately have“ Itbeenis produced out of the bafaltic fubftance while bafaltes taken, produces its own cryftals. it was yet foft, or at leaft not too hard to be foftened “ Precipitation, both in the wet and dry way, re- by exhalations. If we therefore fuppofe a bed to be cording to quires that the particles fhould be free enough to ar- fpread over a place where a volcano begins to work, it this theory, range themfelves in a certain order; and as this is not is evident that a great quantity of the water always pra&icable in a large melted mafs, no cryftallizations appear, excepting on its furface or in its cavities. Add prefent on fuch occafions muft be driven upwards in exhalations or vapours ; which, it is well known, pofto this, that the bafaltes in a frefh fra&ure do not Ihow fefs a plain fmooth furface under the microfcope ; but ap- a penetrating, foftening power, by means of which pear fometimes like grains of different magnitude, and they produce their firft effedt: but when they are into a fufficient quantity, they force this tough at other times refemble fine rays running in different creafed direftions, which does not correfpond with the inter- moift fubftance upwards; which then gradually falls, and during this time burfts in the manner above denal ftru&ure of cryftals. “ Hence the opinion of bafaltes being formed by fcribed. cryftallization either in the wet or dry method muft “ The reafons for this fuppofition are as follows : J^ become lefs probable; but it muft not be omitted, that i. We do not find the internal fubftance of the bafaltes fReUpp0fmg3 for the fpars exhibit a kind of cryftallization, which at firft melted or vitrified ; which, however, foon happens by that a testhe ba» fight refembles a heap of bafaltes, but upon a clofer fufion ; and for which only a very fmall degree of fire i ' has examination a very great difference is to be found. is requifite. It is of confequence very hard to explain The form of the fpar is every where alike, but the how this fubftance could have been fo fluid that no bafaltes differ from one another in fize and the num- traces of bubbles appear in it; and yet, when broken, ber of their fides. The former, when broken, confifls feem dull and uneven. Lava is feldom vitrified withof many fmall unequal cubes; but the bafalt does not in ; but the great number of bubbles and pores which are found in the whole mafs, are more than fufficient {Separate in regular parts, &c. &c. “ Nature’s fecond method of producing regular proofs, that it has not been perfedtly melted to its forms is that of crufting the outer furface of a melted fmalleft parts, but has only been brought to be near mafs. By a fudden refrigeration, nature, to effeft fluid. Secondly, the bafaltes fo much refemble the finer this purpofe, makes ufe of polyhedrous and irregular trapp, both in their grain and original compofitioh,, forms. If we fuppofe a confiderable bed which is that they can hardly be diftinguifticd in fmall fragmade fluid by fire, and fpread over a plain, it evident- ments.” ly appears, that the furface muft firft of all lofe the Mr Kirwan is of opinion, that the bafaltes owe their jyrr opidegree of heat requifite for melting, and begin to con- origin both to fire and water: they feem to have been nwan’s geal. But the cold requifite for this purpofe likewife at firft a lava ; but this, while immerfed in water, was. i°n> contra&s the uppermoft congealed ftratum into a nar- fo diffufed or diffolved in it with the afliftance of heat, rower fpace; and confequently caufes it to feparate as to cryftallize when cold, or coalefce into regular from the remaining liquid mafs, as the fide expofed to forms. That bafaltes is not the effeft of mere fufion. the air is already too ftiff to give way. In this man- he concludes from comparing its form with its texture. ner a ftratum is produced, running in a parallel direc- Its form, if produced by fufion, ought to be the effeft tion with the whole mafs; others are ftill produced by of having flowed very thin ; but in that cafe its texture the fame caufe in proportion as the refrigeration pene- fliould be glaffy : whereas it is merely earthy and detrates deeper. Hence we may very plainly fee how a void of cavities. Hence we may underftand how it bed may be divided into ftrata. In the fame manner comes to pafs that lava perfeftly vitrified, and even the refrigeration advances on the fides ; which confe- water, have been found inclofed in bafaltes. quently divides the ftrata into polyhedrous pillars, Mr Houel in his Voyage Pitturefgue, is at confider- i(OUt, which can hardly ever be exaftly fquare, as the ftrongeft able pains to account for the origin of the different Mr el’s theory, refrigeration into the inner parts of the mafs advances fpecies of bafakes he met with in the neighbourhood almoft in a diagonal line from the corners. If we add of /Etna. “ Some modern writers (fays he) attribute to this, that a large mafs cannot be equal through its the configuration of the bafaltes to the fudden cooling compofition, nor every where liquid in the fame de- of the lava in confequence .of the effefts produced upgree, it will be eafy to difcover the caufe of feveral ir- on it by the coldnefs of fea-water, when it reaches the regularities. If the depth of the bed be very confider- fea in a ftate of fufion. They fuppofe that the {hock, able in proportion to' its breadth, prifmatic pillars which it then receives, is the caufe of thofe different without crofs divifions will be formed at leaft length- configurations which this fubftance affumes; the moft wife from the uppermott furface downwards. remarkable of which have been already mentioned. “ The third way is perfcdlly fimilar to the prece- This affertion,. however, feems to be ill founded. By confidering

B A S . BAS [5 I ] confidering the bafaltic rock, the firft of the cyclops cave, and the other convex; a divifion which feems the Bafahe*. —«; reprefented in the plate, tve find that the pile is not moft Angular curiofity of the whole. in its original ftate, and that the feries of columns is “ A third peculiarity might ftill be found in the in- v at prefent incomplete. It is very probable, that the terior part of thefe columns, if we were to meet wfith any fpecies of clay found there, and which is extraneous that had fuffered more by the lapfe of time than thofe to the bafaltes, has by fome means taken poffefiion of already defcribed; but it is impoffible for all this to its place ; and it likewife appears, that not one of the be effedfed by water. How can water, which is every where the fame, and which may be expedled always to bafaltes here defcribed is entire. , “ It feems incredible, however, that a mafs of mat- produce the fame effedts, produce fuch a variety on bater reduced by fire to a ftate of liquefa&ion, and flow- faltes by mere contadt ? ing into the fea, ftiould be fuddenly changed into regu- “ The caufe of all thefe varieties, therefore, feems lar figures by the ftiock of coming into contadl with to be this, that thefe lavas are originally compofed of cold water ; and that all the figures which are thus materials extremely different in their natures, and from formed flrould be difpofed in the fame manner with which fuch a variety of effedfs naturally proceed. The regard to one another. For if we fuppofe that the fame fpccies of matter, when adluated by the fame water made its way into the cavity of the lava at the caufe, will conftantly produce the fame effedls. This inftant when it retreated backwards, then might the variety of effedls therefore is much lefs owing to the fame quantity of water penetrate into the moft remote influence of the water, than to the variety of materials parts of the mafs ; and by that means prolong the ca- of which thofe lavas are compofed ; and thefe are comvity which it had begun to form when it firft entered bined in different forms and quantities, according to the mafs. The water then being lodged within this the nature and quantity of the various materials which burning mafs, and being in a ftate of dilatation, would have been reduced by the volcano to a ftate of fufion. have expelled whatever oppofed it, and fwelled the “ The forms of the bafaltes therefore proceed from whole mafs in fuch a manner as to form much larger two caufes. One of them, viz. the cooling, belongs indifinterftices than thofe which appear between the baial- ferently to every fpecies, independent of its meetingwith tic columns; fince thefe are every where in clofe con- water. The other is the diverfity of the quantities and tad! with one another. Befides, how could the fudden of the materials of wdiich the lava is compofed. From cooling of the Java divide the upper part and fides of thefe caufes alone proceed all the beauties and varieties fuch an enormous mafs as exadtly as if they had been which are beheld with admiration in this clafs of bocall in a mould made on purpofe ? dies. Thefe take place, from the moft irregular frac“ It remains alfo for thofe who adopt the hypothefis tures in the lava, to thofe which difplay the greateft in queftion to explain how the ftiock occafioned by the exadlnefs and fymmetry. Every new erupted lava difcoldwater (houldmake itfelf felt beyond a certain depth; fers from thofe which preceded it, and from thofe fince the very firft moment it comes into contadl with which will follow. In the various principles of thefe the liquid lava, it muft ceafe to be cold ; for the lava lavas wt muft feek for the caufes of thofe cavities difcannot but communicate to it a greater degree of heat coverable in the bafaltes, and for the caufes which than it communicates of cold in return, as the water produce thofe bafaltes, at the time when the matter of is more eafily penetrable by the burning lava than the which it is compofed contrafted itfelf, and confolidamafs of lava by the furrounding water. But farther, ted all its parts. In the aft of condenfation, it apif at the firft moment after the lava enters the water pears to have formed various foci, around which we it were cooled and contra died, the water would foon may diftinguifti the line which fets bounds to the power prevent, by the contradtion of its whole furface, any of each of them ; and this is the line which marks the continuation of the effedl which it had firft occa- fpaces intervening between the different pieces ; befioned. caufe all of them are poffeffed of the fame attraftive “ This feems to be the great difficulty : for how is force. The fire emitted by the lava, at the time the it thus poffible for the water to extend its influence to' bafaltes is formed, produces upon it the fame effeft the centre of any very confiderable mafs; and even that is produced by the evaporation of the aqueous fuppofing it to adl at the centre, how. could it be able moifture from thofe bodies where water forms a part to fix the common centre of all the different columns ? of the original conftitution ; which bodies harden in “ Let us next confider what a degree of ebullition proportion as they become dry, by reafon of the apmuft take place in the water when it receives fuch a proach of their conftituent parts to one another. The vaft quantity of lava heated not only more intenfely abftraftion of fire produces the fame effeft upon bathan common fire, but than red-hot iron ! Though that faltes, by fuffering its component parts to come into mafs, 100 fathoms in diameter, were to proceed from clofer union. the bottom of the fea ; or though it were immerfed in “ A new proof of this theory is deducible from the it, 'The degree of ebullition would fiill be the fame ; form of the bafakes reprefented Plate XCIV. fig. 2. ahd it is difficult to conceive what fhock can be occa- The interftices there are pretty numerous ; becaufe the fioned by a cold which does not exift, on a mafs which lava being of that fpecies denominated dirty, and conburns, or caufes to boil, wdratever comes near it. fiding of parts, moft of wdiich have but little folidity, “ One peculiarity attending the bafaltes is, that it they have left much larger fpaces between them at their remains fixed in the recefs which it has once occupied. contraftion.r From this want of folidity we may perAnother, not lefs efiential, is its power of dividing it- ceive how much the bafaltic mafs loft of the fire by in the midft of any one of its hardeft parts f, and which it was dilated wdiile in a ftate of fufion. ■i PIf SeeXCIII. tofelfform two diftind pieces, one of which is always con- “ The void fpaCes left by the contraftion of the baIK*.Gz fakes,

Bafaltes 1 fchik1'*

BAS [ 52 ] BAS fakes, are filled with a fpongy matter, which by dry- and hath clean and broad ftreets; has a great trade ; Safari,eo is fituated on the river Meritz, in E. Long. 24. ing hasn alfo left large ioterilices; and thefe have been and 30. N. Lat. 41. 49. .. fiUed their turn kind of yellow matterd’fimilar to that> which coverswith the apromontory of Caftel laci. BASARUCO, in commerce, a fmall bafe coin in “ Whatever variety of forms we meet with among the Eaft Indies, being made only of very bad tin. are, however, two forts of this coin, a good the bafaltes, and whatever divifions and fubdivifions There a bad ; the bad is one fixth in value lower than the may be obfervable among thefe varieties, they are and owing, 1. To the minutenefs, 2. To the homogeneous good. BASE, in geometry, the lowed fide of the perinature, or, 3. To the diveriity among the particles meter of a figure : Thus, the bafe of a triangle may which compofe the bafaltes. Among the varieties alfaid of any of its fides,. but more properly of the ready enumerated, we find redilh, earthy, foft and po- beloweft, or that which is1 parallel to the horizon. In rous fubftances, together with the zeolite cryftals. We redtangled triangles, the bafe is properly that fide opfee others extremely hard and compact, very finely grained, and containing likewife fchoerl and zeolite pofite to the right angle. cryftals. Others are very hard and denfe, which ap- Base of a Solid Figure, the loweft fide, or that on pear to be a mixture of fmall grey and white bodies ; which it Hands. and of each of thefe colours many different (hades, from Base of a Conic SeElion, a right line in the hyperbolight to darker, containing alfo zeolite cryftals. Laft- la and parabola, arifing from the common interfedion ly, we find fome confifting of a matter fimilar to clay, of the fecant plain and the bafe of the cone. Base, in architedure, is ufed for any body which mixed with round black fand. “ It may be objected, that the late eruptions of bears another, but particularly for the lower part of a jEtna afford no bafaltes, nor have they any divifions column and pedeftal.—The ancients, in the early times fimilar to thofe above mentioned. But to this we may of architedure, ufed, no bafes. The Doric columns reply, that if they afford neither fuch bafaltes, nor in the temple of Minerva at Athens have none, but fuch regular divifions, the reafon is, that neither their Hand immediately upon the floor of the porch. Coquantity, nor the ingredients of which they are com- lumns afterwards came to be fupported on fquare pieces pofed, are fuch as are neceffary for the produftion of called plinths, and after that on pedeftals. When we bafaltes : and for a proof of this we may refer to lavas fee a column, of whatfoever order, on a pedeftal, the of the moft remote antiquity, which have no more re- bafe is that part which comes between the top of the femblance to bafaltes than thofe that are more mo- pedeftal and the bottom of the (haft of the column when there is no pedeftal, it is the part between the dern. “ Laftly, an argument, to which no plaufible reply bottom of the column and the plinth : fome. have incan be made,, that the bafaltes are not formed by fea- cluded the plinth as a part of the bafe ; but it is prowater, is, that in the year 1669, the lava of mount perly the piece on which the bafe ftands, as the column JEtna ran into the fea for two leagues and an half, ftands upon that.—The pedeftal alfo has its bafe as without having the leaft appearance of being converted well as the column, and the pilafter. The bafe of cointo bafakes.” lumns is differently formed in the different orders ; but BASAN, or Bashan, (anc. geog.), a territory be- in general it is compofed of certain fpires or circles, And yond Jordan, mentioned in fcripture. By Jofephus, was thence in early times called the fpire of a column. Eufebius, and Jerom, it is called Batancta. On the en- Thefe circles were in this cafe fuppofed to reprefent the tering of the Ifraelites into the land of Canaan, the folds of a fnake as it lies rolled up 5 but they are prowhole of the country beyond Jordan,, from that of the perly the reprefentations of feveral larger and fmaller Moabites, or Arabia, as far as mount Hermon and Le- rings or circles of iron, with which the trunk of treesbanon, was divided into two kingdoms, viz. that of which were the ancient columns were furrounded to Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Ba- prevent their burfting : thefe were rude and irregular,, fan or Bajban; the former to the fouth, and the lat- but the fculptor who imitated them in ftone found'the ter to the north. The kingdom of Sihon extended wray to make them elegant. from the river Afnon and the country of Moab, to the Base, in fortification, the exterior fide of the poriver Jabbok which running in an oblique courfe from lygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the the eaft, was at the fame time the boundary of the Am- flanked angle of a baftion to the angle oppofite to it. monites, as appears from Numb. xxi. 24. and Deut. Base, in gunnery, the leaft fort of ordnance, the ii. 37. and iii. 16. The kingdom of Sihon fell to the of whofe bore is 1inch, weight 200 pound, lot of the Reubenites and Gadites, and Bafan to the diameter length 4 feet, load 5 pound, ftiot 1J- pound weight, and half-tribe of Manaffeh. To this was annexed a part diameter 1 ^ inch. of the hilly country of Gilead, and the diftrr& of Ar- Base, in chemiftry. See Basis. gob*; yet fo that Bafan continued to be the principal Base, in law. Bafe eftate, fuch as bafe tenants and greateft part : but, after the Babylonifti captivity, have in their hands. Bafe tenure, the holding by vilBafan was fubdivided t fo that only a part was called lenage, or other cuftomary fervices ; as diitinguiflied Batanea or Bafan, another Trahonitis, a third Bu- from tenures in capite, or by military ferrunitis or Ituraa, and fome part alfo Gaulonitis ; but vice. theBafehigher fee, is to hold in fee at the will of the lord, to fettle the limits of each of thefe parts is a thing as diftinguiihed from now impoffible.—Bafhan was a country famous for its court not of record. foccage tenure. Bafe court, any paftures and breed of large cattle. climbing nightshade from MalaBASARTSCHIK, a confiderable town of Ro- barBASELLA, : A genus of the trigynia order, belonging to the mania in Turkey of Europe. It is pretty Well built, gentandria clafs of giants j and in the natural method. ranking-

Plate XCIV.

BAS BAS t 53 ] them. When glutted with wealth, the emperor ranking under the 12 th order, Holoracete. The calyx with frequently makes them a prefent of a bow firing, and is wanting ; the corolla is feven-cleft, with the two j oppofxte divillons broader, and at laft berried ; there is becomes heir to all their fpoils. The appellation bajhaiu is given by way of courtefy one feed. Species. 1. The rubra, with red leaves and Ample to almoft every perfon of any figure at the grand figfootftalks, has thick, flrong, fucculent ftalks and leaves, nior’s court. which are of a deep purple colour. The plant will BASIL (St) the Great, one of the moft learned climb to the height of ten or twelve feet, provided it and eloquent doftors of the church, was born at Gaels kept in a Hove ; but in the open air it will not grow farea, Cappadocia, year 328 ; and wenta to finifhin his ftudies at about Athens,thewhere he contra&ed fo large in this country; nor will the feeds come to ftrift friendfhip with St Gregory Nazianzen. He reperfection in the open air, unlefs in very warm feafons. The flowers of this plant have no great beauty, but it turned to his native country in 355, where he taught is cultivated on account of the odd appearance of its rhetoric. Some time after, he travelled into Syria, Eftalks and leaves. There is a variety of this with green gypt, and Lybia, to vifit the monafteriesqf thefe counflalks and leaves, and the flowers of a whitifh green tries ; and the monaftic life fo much fuitcd his difpocolour tipped with purple. 2. The alba, with oval fition, that upon his return home he refolved to follow waved leaves. This fort hath flaccid leaves, and fmaller it, and he was the firfl. inflitutor thereof in Pontus and flowers and fruit than the firft. The plants will climb Cappadocia. His reputation became fo great, that, to a confiderable height, and fend forth a great num- upon the death of Eufebius bilhop of Casfarea, in 370,. ber of branches; fo they Ihould be trained up to a he was chol'en his fuceeflbr. It was with fome diffitrellis,‘or faftened to the back of the Hove, otherwife culty that he accepted of this dignity ; and no fooner they will twill themfelves about whatever plants Hand was he raifed to it, than the emperor Valens began to near them, which will make a very difagreeable ap- perfecute him becaufe he refufed to embrace the doctrine of the Arians. Being at length let alone, he bepearance. Thefe plants are propagated from feeds, gan to ufe his utmoil endeavours to bring about a r which ffiould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the union betwixt the eaftern and weflern churches, who fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they were then much divided about fome points of faith, and Ihould be each planted in a feparate pot, and plunged in regard to Meletius and Paulinas two bilhops of Aninto the tan bed, where they are to be treated like o- tiochia. But qll his efforts were ineffectual, this difther tender exotics. They may be :alfo propagated pute not being terminated till nine months after his from cuttings; but as they arifc fo eafily from the death. Bal'd had a lhare in all the difputes which happened in his time in the call in regard to the doftrine feeds, the latter method is feldom pra£lifed. Ufes. The berries of the firll fpecies are faid to be of the church ; and died the i ll of January, 379.— ufed for Itaining callicoes in India. Mr Miller aflures There have been feveral editions of his works in Greek as, that he has feen a very beautiful colour drawn from and Latin. The bell is that of Father Gamier, printed them, but which did not continue long when ufed in in Greek and Latin, in three volumes folio. St Bald’s painting. He is of Opinion, however, that a method flyle is pure and elegant, his expreffions are grand and of fixing the colour might be invented, in which cafe fublime, and his thoughts noble and full of majefty. the plant would be very ufeful.—This, we apprehend, Erafmus places him among the greatell orators of anmight be accomplilhed by means of folution of tin in tiquity. aqua regia, which hath a furprifing effeft both in Basil, a Canton of Switzerland, which joined the brightning and giving durability to other vegetable confederacy in 1501. It is bounded on the fouth by colours. the canton of Solothurn ; on the north by part of the BASEMENT, in architecture. See Architec- margravate of Baden Dourlach, and the territory of ture, N" 70. 71. Rheinfelden on the call by Frickthal; and on the well BASHARIANS, a fed of Mahometans, being a by part of Solothurn, the diocefe of Bafil, and the branch or fubdivifion of the Motazalites.. The Bafha- Sundgare ; being upwards of 20 miles in length, and rians are thofe who maintain the tenets of Balhar Ebn about 18 in breadth. It is entirely proteftant; and Motamer, a principal man among the Motazalites, contains 27 parilhes, and feven bailiwics. The lower who varied, in fome points, from the general tenets parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and alfo fit for of the fed, as carrying man’s free agency to a great pafture; but the mountains are extremely barren. Here length, and even to the making him independent are many medicinal fprings and baths, and the air is BASHAW, aTurkilh governor of a province, city, wholefome and temperate. Both men and women for or other dillrid. the moft part wear the French drefs; but the language A balhaw is made with the folemnity of carrying a commonly fpoken is the High-Dutch, tho’ the French flag or banner before him, accompanied with mufic alfo is much ufed. The government is ariftocratical j. and fongs, by the mirialem, an officer on purpofe for and its revenues arife chiefly from fecularized abbeys. the inveftiture of balhaws. Ba/ba'w, ufed abfolutely, and imports on goods carried through the country, to denotes the prime vizier ; the reft of the denomination and from France, Italy, and Germany. Bcfides the being diftinguilhed by the addition of the province, military eftablilhment of the city of Bafil, there are two city, or the like, which they have the command of; provincial regiments, confifting each of ten companies, as the balhaw of Egypt, of Paleftine, &c. The ba- and a troop of dragoons.—The places of moft note areftiaws are the emperor’s fponges. We find loud com- Bafil the capital, Wallenburg, St Jacob, Neue-Haus, plaints among Chriftians of their avarice and extortions. &c. As they buy their governments, every thing is venal Basil, the capital of the canton of that name, is; the4-

BAS [S4] BAS the targell city in all Switzerland, having 220 ftreets, turned to the road by which the enemy was to have Bafil I and fix market-places or fquares. Its environs are ex- entered. This fame head lolls out its tongqe every Bafilian. ceeding beautiful, confiding of a fine level traft of fields minute, in the mod infulting manner polfible. This and meadows. The city is divided into two parts by was originally a piece of mechanical wit of the famous the Rhine, over which there is a handfome bridge. It clockmaker’s who faved the town. He framed it in is thought by fome to have rifen on the ruins of the old derilion of the enemy, whom he had fo dexteroufiy deAuguda Rauracorum. For its name of Bajtlia it is ceived. It has been repaired, renewed, and enabled indebted to Julian the Apodate, who would have it fo to thrud out its tongue every minute for thefe four Called in honour of his mother Bafilina. It is forti- hundred years, by the care of the magidrates, who fied with walls, moatsj towers, and badions, and con- think fo excellent a joke cannot be too often repeated. tains feveral churches, befides the cathedral, which is Trade dill flourifhes here, efpecially in filk, ribbons, an old Gothic drutdure ; a commandery of the order and wines; and the police is under excellent regulations. of St John, and another of the Teutonic order; a pu- Mod of the offices are bedowed by lot among well quablic granary and arfenal; a dately town-houfe, in lified perfons. No perfon, without the city, mud wear which is an exquifite piece of the fufferings of Chrid, lace ot gold or filver. All young women are prohibited by Holbein, and a datue of Munatius Plancus, a Ro- from wearing filks ; and the neared relations only are man general, who, about 50 years before Chrid, built to be invited to a marriage-fead. For the government the ancient city of Auguda Rauracorum; an univerfity, of the city there are feveral councils or colleges, and which was founded in 1459, and has a curious phyfic- officers. Of the lad, the two burgomaders, and two garden, library, and mufeum ; a gymnafmm ; a dately wardens of trades, are the chief. The great council palace, belonging to the margrave of Baden-Dourlach ; is compofed of the reprefentatives of the feveral combefides a chamber of curiofities, feveral hofpitals, &c. panies of the greater and leffer city. Bafil was the fee In the arfenal is (hown the armour in which Charles the of a biffiop till the Reformation ; but though there is Bald lod his life, with the furniture of his horfe, and one that dill bears the title, he has now no jurifdi&ion the kettle-drums and trumpets of his army. On the here, and lives at Porentru, near the Upper Alface. ftair-cafe of the council-houfe, is a pidfure of the lad The two Buxtorffs, father and fon, and the famous judgment, in which, though drawn before the refor- painter Holbein, were natives of this place. The counmation, popes, cardinals, monks, and prieds, are re- cil held here, in 1431, fat in the vedry of the catheprefented in the torments of hell. Over-againd the dral. French church, on a long covered wall, is painted the Basil, in botany. See Ocymum. dance of death ; where the king of terrors is reprefented Basil, among joiners, the doping edge of a chide!, as mixing with all ranks and ages, and complimenting or of the iron of a plane, to work on foft wood : they them, in German verfes, on their arrival at the grave. ufually make the bafil 12 degrees, and for hard wood ■St Peter’s fquare, planted with elm and lime-trees, 18 ; it being remarked, that the more acute the bafil makes a pleafant walk ; but a fpot regularly planted is, the better the indrument cuts ; and the more obwith trees, clofe by the river, and near the minder, tufe, the dronger, and fitter it is for fervice. makes dill a finer, as commanding a mod beautiful BASILEUS, IZcce bafon of a jet rence, in the mouth of the Frith of Forth, at a fmall d'eau, the bafon of a fountain, and likewife the bafon of diltance from the town of North Berwick in Eafl Lothian. Itris fteep and inacceffible on all fides, except a port or harbour. Bason, in Jewilh antiquities, the laver of the taber- to the fouth-wefl; and even there it is with great difnacle, made of the brafs looking-glaffes belonging to ficulty that a Angle man can climb up with the help of thofe devout women that watched and flood centinels a rope or ladder. It was formerly kept as a garrifon. A party of King James’s adherents furprifed it at the at the door .of the tabernacle. Bason, or Dijh, among glafs-grinders. Thefe ar- Revolution, and it was the lait place in the three kingtificers ufe various kinds of bafons, of copper, iron, doms that fubmitted to the new government; upon &c. and of various forms, fome deeper, others fhal- which, its fortifications were ordered to be negledted. lower, according to the focus of the glades that are to In fummer, this remarkable rock, which rifes to a great be ground. In thefe bafons it is that convex glafies height above the water, in form of a cone, is quite coare formed, as concave ones are formed on fpheres or vered with fea-fowl which come hither to breed. The bowls. chief of thefe are the folon geefef, which arrive in June, f See /’ and the of violins ; a practice which is liable to objection, as it punter, or arty one wdio plays againft the banker. affimilates church-mufic too nearly to that of the cham- Befides thefe, there are other terms ufed in this ber ; and of his folo-motets it muft be cortfeffed that game ; as, 1. Thcfajje or face, which is the firft card they differ in ftyle but little from opera airs and can- turned up by the tailleur belonging to the pack, by tatas : two operas of them, the eighth and thir- which he gains half the value of the money laid down teenth, were printed in London by Pearfon above on every card of that fort by the punters. 2. The Couch, or firft money which every punter puts on each years ago, with the title of Harmonia Fefliya. BASSANTIN (James), a Scotch aftronomer, Ton card ; each perfon that plays having a book of 13 feof the Laird of Baffantin in Mers, was born in the reign veral cards before him, on which he may lay his 1 of James IV. He was educated at the univerfity of ney, more r lefs, : diferetion. 3. The paroli; Glafgow, travelled through Germany and Italy, and which is, when a punter having won the firft ftake, then fixed his abode in the univerfity of Paris, where and having a mind to purfue his good fortune, crooks he taught mathematics with great applanfe. Having the corner of his card, and lets his prize lie, aiming at acquired fome fortune in this occupation in 1562, he a fept et k va. 4. The majj'e ; when having won the returned to Scotland, where he died in the year 1568. firft ftake, the punter U willing to venture more money From his writings, he appears to have been no con- on the fame card. 5. The pay; when the punter hatemptible aftronomer, conlidering the times; but, like ving won the firft ftake, be it a ftiilling, half-crown, *noft of the mathematicians of that age, he was not a guinea,- or whatever he laid down on his card, and not little addi&ed to judicial aftrology. Sir James Melvil, caring to hazard the paroli, leaves off, or goes the pay ; in his Memoirs, fays that his brother Sir Kobert, when in which cafe, if the card turn up wrong, he lofes nohe was exerting his abilities to reconcile the two queens thing, having won the couch before ; whereas, if it Elizabeth and Mary, met with one Baffantin, a man turn right, he by this adventure wons double the molearned in the high fciences, who told him, “ that all ney ftaked. 6. The alpieov; much the fame with his travel would be in vain; for, faid he, they will 1 paroli, and ufed when a Couch is won by turning up ver meet together; and next, there will never be any or crooking the corner of the winning card. 7. Sept thing but difiembling and fecret hatred for a while, and et le va, the firft great chance or prize, when the punat length captivity and utter wreck to our queen from ter, having won the couch, makes a paroli, and goes England.” He ac!' in; “ that the kingdom of Eng- on to a fecond chance; fo that if his winning card turns land at length fhall fall, of right, to the crown of Scot- up again, it comes to fept et le va, which is feven .land : but it lhall coft many bloody battles; and the times as much as he laid down on his card. 8. Shiinzt Spaniards ihall be helpers, and take a part to themfelves et le va is the next higher prize, when the punter ha* for their labour.” Sir James Melvil is an author of ving w'un the former, is refolved to pulh his fortune, credit; therefore it is probable that our aftrologer ven- and lay his money a fecond time on the fame card by tured to utter his prediction : but, as it proved true crooking another corner; in which cafe, if it comes pnly in part, either he mifunderftood the ftars, or they up, he wins fifteen times the money he laid down. deceived the aftrologer.—His works are, 1. Ajlrono- 9. Trent et le va is the next higher prize, when the mia Jacobi Bajfantini Scoti, opus cthfolutifimum, See. ter punter, crooking the fourth corner of his winning card, editum Latins et Galilee. Genev. 1599, fol. This is if it turn up, wins 33 times the money he firft ftaked. the title given it by Torntefius, who tranflated it into 1 o. Soixant et le va is the higheft prize, and intitles Latin from the French, in which language it was firft the winner to 67 times his firft money ; which, if it publifned. 2. Paraphrafe de 1‘Aftnlabc, avec un am* were confiderable, Hands a chance to break the bank ; H2 but

BAS BAS [ 60 ] 'Baffet, ^ut pthet bankThis Handscannot manybechances of breaking a depth that it is rarely, if ever, followed to the Ikfll* Baffeting. won butfirft by the tailleur’s fuch snd. - _ H Un er< v BASSIA ; a genus of the monogynia order, belong- ^ jra" dealing the cards over again. to the dodecandria clafsof plants; the characters of The rules of the game of baflet are as follow: i. The ing ; The calyx is quadriphyllous; the corolla banker holds a pack of 52 cards, and having Ihuffled which arewith the tube inflated; the flamina are 16; them, he turns the whole pack at once, fo as to dif- oClofid, the drupe is quinquefpermous. There is but one cover the lait card ; after which he lays down all the and the longifolia, a native of Malabar, cards by couples. 2^ The punter has his book of 13 fpecies, REi-iEvo^or Bass-relief; apiece of fculpcards in hfs hand, from the king to the ace; out of ture,BASSO the figures or images do not protuberate, thefe he takes one card, or more, at pleafure, upon j^t, orwhere Hand out, far above the plane on which they which he lays a flake. 3. The punter may, at his are formed.—Whatever figures or reprefentations are choice, either lay down his Hake before the pack is thus cut, flamped, or otheiwife fo that not turned, or immediately after it is turned, or after any the entire body, but only part ofwrought, raifed above the number of couples are down. 4. Suppofing the pun- plane, are faid to be done in reliefit,orisrelievo; whea ter to lay down his flake-after the pack is turned, and that work is low, flat, and but little raifed, itandis called calling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. the places of thofe cards lonu relief. When a piece of fculpture, a coin, ora mewhich follow the card in view, either immediately after dal, has its figure raifed fo as to be well diftinguifhed, the pack is turned, or after any number of couples are it is called bold, and we fay its relief is jlrong. drawn. Then, 5. If the card upon which the punter BASSOON, a mufical inflrument of the wind fort, has laid a flake comes out in any even place, except blown a reed, furniftied-with 11 holes, and ufed as the firll, he wins a flake equal to his own. 6. If the a bafs inwitha concert of hautboys,, flutes, bt by European fliips, which have the advantage Baibrd, f0 „a :conftderabla freight. r j'j1|s merchandife is fold for ready money ; and pafTes through the hands of the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. The Banians are employed in changing the coin current at Baflbra, for that which is of higher value in India. “ The different commodities colle&ed at Baffora are didvibuted into three channels. One half of them goes to Perfia, whither they are conveyed by the caravans ; there being no navigable river in the whole empire. The chief confumption is in the northern provinces, which have not been fo much ravaged as thofe of the foutb. Both of them formerly made their payments in precious ftones, which were become common by the plunder of India. They' had afterwards recourfe to copper utenfils, which had been exceedingly multiplied from the great abundance of copper mines. At laft they gave gold and filver in exchange, which had been concealed during a long feene of tyranny, and are continually dug out of the bowels of the earth. If they do not allow time for the trees that produce gum, and have been cut to make frefh (hoots ; if they negledt to multiply the breed of goats which afford fuch fine wool; and if the lilks, which are hardly fufficient to fupply the few manufadlures remaining in Perfia, continue to be fo fcarce; in a word, if this empire does not rife again from its afhes; the mines will be exhaufted, and this fource of commerce mull be given up.” BASTARD, a natural child, or one begotten and born out of lawful wedlock. Wacifione' s civil and ifcarton laws do afterwards not allow aintermarry: child to reomment. mainThea baftard, the parents and herein they differ moft materially from our law ; wdiich though not fo ftridf as to require that the child fhall be begotten, yet makes it an indifpenfable condition that it (hall be born, after lawful wedlock. And the reafon of our law is furely much fuperiorto that of the Roman, if we confider the principal end and defign of eftablifhing the contradl of marriage, taken in a civil light ; abftrafitedly from any religious view, which has nothing to do with the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the children. The main end and defign of marriage, therefore, being to afeertain and fix upon fome certain perfon, to whom the care, the prote&ion, the maintenance, and the education of the children, ftiould belong ; this end is undoubtedly better anfwered by legitimating all rffue born after wedlock, than by legitimating ail iffue of the fame parties, even born before wedlock, fo as wedlock afterwards enfues: I. Becaufe of the very great uncertainty there will generally be, in the proof that the iffue was really begotten by the fame map t whereas, by confining the proof to the birth, and not to the begetting, our law has rendered it perfeftly certain, what child is legitimate, and who is to take care of the child. 2. Becaufe by the Roman law a child may be continued a baftard, or made legitimate, at the option of the father and mother, by L; ^ a marriage ex pojl fatto ; thereby opening a door to many frauds and partialities, which by our law are prevented. 3. Becaufe by thofe laws a man may remain a baftard till 40 years of age, and then become legitimate by the fubfequent marriage of his parents; whereby the main end of marriage, the proteftion of Infants, it totally fruftrated. 4. Becaufe this rule of the Ro-

B A S ] man law admits of no limitation as to the time, or num- Baftarcb her, of baltards to be £0 legitimated; but a dozen of v~~“ them may, 20 years after their birth, by the fubfequent marriage of their parents, be admitted to all the privileges oflegitimate children. This is plainly a great difeouragement to the matrimonial Hate; fo which one main inducement is ufually not only the defire of having children, but alfo the defire of procreating lawful heirs. Whereas ourconftitution guards againft this indecency, and at the fame time give fufficient allowance to the frailties of human nature. For if a child be begotten while the parents are fingle, and they will endeavour to make an early reparation for the offence, by marrying within a few months after, our law is fo indulgent as not to baftardize the child, if it be born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock; for this is an incident that can happen but once; lince all future children will be begotten, as well as born, within the rules of honour and civil fociety. From what has been ft.id it appears, that all children born before matrimony are baftards by our law: andfo it is of all children born fo long after the death of the hufband, that-, by the ufual courfe of geftation, they could not be begotten, by him. But this being a matter of fome uncertainty, the law is not exa£t as to a few days. But if a man dies, and his widow foonafter marries again, and a child is born within fuch 4 time as that by the courfe of nature it might have been the child of either hufband: in thiscafe, he is faid to be more than ordinarily legitimate ; for he may', when he arrives to years of diferetion, choofe which of the fathers he pleafes. To prevent this, among other inconveniences, the civil law ordained that no widow fhould marry vifra annum luflus ; a rule which obtained fo early as to the reign of Auguftus, if not of Romulus and the fame conffitution was probably handed 'down to our early anceftors from the Romans, during their ftay in this ifland; for we find it eitablifhed under the Saxon and Danifh governments. As baftards may be born before the coverture or marriage-ftate is begun, or after it is determined, fo alfo children born during wedlock, may in fome circumftances be baftards. As if the hufband be out of the kingdom of England (or as the law loofely phrafes ity extra quatuor maria} for above nine months, fo that no accefs to his wife can be prefumed, her iffue during that period fhall be. baftards. But generally during the coverture, accefs of the hufband fhall be prefumed, unlefs the contrary fhall be fhown; which is fuch a negative as can only be proved by fhowing him to be elfewhere; for the general rule is, prrejumitur pro legitimatione. In a divorce a rnenfa et tboro, if the wife breeds? children, they are baftards ; for the law will prefume the hufband and wife conformable to the fentence of feparation, unlels accefs be proved : but in a voluntary feparation by agreement, the law will fuppofe accefs, unlefs the negative be fhown. So alfo, if there is an apparent impoffibility of procreation on the part of the hufband, as if he be only eight years old, or the like,, there the iffue of the wife fhall be baftard. Likewife, in cafe of divorce in the fpiritual court a vinculo matrimonii, all the iffue born during the coverture are baftards ; becaufe fuch divorce is always upon fome caufe that rendered the marriage unlawful and null from the beginning.-

BAS [ 62 ] BAS Bailard. As to the duty of parents to their baftard children, the fee. A baftard was alfo, in ftriclnefs, incapable of Baftard. ■—-V'"'-' by our law, it is principally that of maintenance. For holy orders; and though that were difpenfed with, v~“ though baftards are not looked upon as children to any yet he was utteijy difqualified from holding any digcivil purpofes; yet the ties of nature, of which mainte- nity in the church ; but this doftrine feems now obfo; and in all other refpefts, there is no diftindfion nance is one, ate not fo eafily diffolved: and they hold lete indeed as to many other intentions; as particularly between a baftard and another man. And really any that a man {hall not marry his baftard lifter or daugh- other diftindtion but that of not inheriting, which civil ter. The method in which the Englifti law provides policy renders neceft'ary, would, with regard to the inmaintenance for them is as follows: When a woman is nocent offspring of his parent’s crimes, be odius, unjuft, delivered, or declares herfelf with child, of a baftard, and cruel to the laft degree ; and yet the civil law, fo and will by oath before a juftice of the peace charge boafted of for its equitable decifions, made baftards in any perfon having got her with child, the juftice fhall fome cafes incapable even of a gift from their parents. caufe fuch perfon to be apprehended, and commit him A baftard may, laftly, be made legitimate, and capatill he gives fecurity, either te maintain the child, or ble of inheriting, by the tranfcendant power of an adt appear at the next quarter- feflxons to difpute and try of parliament, and not otherwife : as was done in the the fadl. But if the woman dies, or is married, before cafe of John of Gaunt’s baftard children, by a ftatute delivery, or mifcarries, or proves not to have been with of Richard II. child, the perfon lhall be difcharged: otherwifethe fef- As to the punijhment for having baftard children ; hons, or two juftices out of feffions, upon original ap- By the ftatute 18 Eliz. c. 3. two juftices may take orplication to them, may take order for the keeping of der for the puniftiment of the mother and reputed fathe baftard, by charging the mother or the reputed fa- ther ; but what that puniftiment (hall be, is not therein ther with the payment of money or other fuftentation afcertained : though the cotemporary expofition was, for that purpofe. And if fuch putative father, or lewd that a corporeal puniftiment was intended. By ftatute mother, run away from the parilh, the overfeers by di- 7 Jac. I. c. 4. a fpeciiic puniftiment (ivz. commitment reftion of two juftices may feize their rent, goods, and to the houfe of corredtion) is inflifted on the woman chattels, in order to bring up the faid baftard child. only. But in both cafes, it feems that the penalty-can Yet fuch is the humanity of our laws, that no woman only be inflidted, if the baftard becomes chargeable to can be compulfively queftioned concerning the father the parifti; for otherwife the very maintenance of the ef her child till one month after her delivery : which child is confidered as a degree of pliniftiment. By the indulgence is however very frequently a hardftup upon laft mentioned ftatute the juftices may commit the moparifhes, by giving the paients opportunity to efcape. ther to the houfe of corredtion, there to be puniftied As to the rights and incapacities which appertain to and fet on work for one year; and in cafe of a fecond a baftard: The former are very few, being only fuch as offence, till flie find fureties never to offend again. he can acquire; for he cm inherit nothing, being look- He that gets a baftard in the hundred of Middleton ed upon as the fon of nobody, and fometimes called in Kent, forfeits all his goods and chattels to the filius nullius, fometimes filius pcpuli. Yet he may gain king*. _ * Chamb, a firname by reputation, though he has none by inhe- If a baftard be got under the umbrage of a certain 'Did. ritance. All other children have their primary fettle- oak in Knollvvood in Staffordftiire, belonging to the ment in their father’s parifh; but a baftard in the pr.rifh manor of Terley-caftle, no puniftiment can be inflidtwhere born, for he hath no father. However, in cafe ed, nor can the lord nor the bifhop take cognizance of fraud, as if a woman either be fent by order of ju- of it ff flat. NaU, ftices, or comes to beg as a vagrant, to a parifti which It is enadled by ftatute 21 Jac. I. c. 27. that if any Hip. Staff: fhe does not belong to, and drops her baftard there; woman be delivered of a child, which if born alive P *79* the baftard {hall, in the firft cafe, be fettled in the pa- ftiould by law be a baftard ; and endeavours privately rifti from whence fhe was illegally removed; or in the to conceal its death, by burying the child or the like ; latter cafe, in the mother’s own parifti, if the mother the mother fo offending {hall fuffer death, as in the cafe be apprehended for her vagrancy. Baftards alfo, born of murder, unlefs ftie can prove by one witnefs at leaft in any licenfed hofpital for pregnant women, are fettled that the child was adtually born dead. This law, which in the parifties to which the mothers belong.—The in- favours pretty ftrongly of feverity, in making the concapacity of 3. baftard confifts principally in this, that he cealment of the death almoft conclufive evidence of cannot be heir to any one; for being nullius filius, he the child’s being murdered by the mother, is neis therefore of kin to nobody, and has no anceftor from verthelefs to be alfo met with in the criminal codes whom any inheritable blood can be derived: Therefore, of many other nations of Europe; as the Danes, if there be no other claimant upon an inheritance than the Swedes, and the French : but it has of late fuch illegitimate child, it ftiall el'cheat to the lord. And years been ufual with us, upon trials for this offence, as baftards cannot be heirs themfelves, fo neither can to require fome fort of prefumptive evidence that the they have any heirs but thofe of their own bodies. For child was born alive, before the other conftrained preas all collateral kindred confifts in being derived from fumption (that the child, whofe death is concealed, was the fame common anceftor, and as a baftard has no le- theretofore killed by its parent) is admitted to convitl gal anceftors, he can have no collateral kindred ; and the prifoner. confequently can have no legal heirs, but fuch as claim Concerning baftards in Scotland, fee Law, Part III. by a lineal defcent from himfelf. And therefore, if a N° clxxxii. 3, 4, and clxxii. 33. baftard purchafes land, and dies feifed thereof without Bastard, in refpedl of artillery, is applied to thofe iffue, and inteftate, the land {hall efcheat to the lord of pieces which are of an unufual or illegitimate make or 5 pro-

BAR [ 63 ] BAR Baftard proportion. Thefe are of two kinds, long and fliort, the mouth of the Ifter and the Euxine; and were di- Bafternir* vided into feveral nations. I according as the defeft is on the redundant or defeftive a anne. jQn^ j3a^ar(js aga;n5 are either common or BASTARNICiE alpes, (anc. geog.), mountains, | uncommon. To the common kind belong the double extending between Poland, Hungary, and Tranfylculverin extraordinary, half culverin extraordinary, vania, called alfo the Carpates, and now the Carpathian quarter culverin extraordinary, falcon extraordinary, mountains. &c. The ordinary baliard culverin carries a ball of BASTI (anc. geog.), a town of the province of eight pounds. Bstica in Spain, fituated to the weft of the Campus Bastards are alfo an appellation given to a kind Spartarius. Now Baza in Granada. of faction or troop of banditti who rofe in Guienne BASTIA, a fea-port town of Albania in Turkey about the beginning of the fourteenth century, and in Europe, over againft the ifland of Corfu, at the joining with fome Englifn parties, ravaged the coun- mouth of the river Calamu. E. Long. 1 o. 35. N. Lat. try, and fet fire to the city of Xaintes.— Mezeray fup- 39. 40. pofes them to have eonfifted of the natural fons of the Bastia, the capital of the ifland of Corfica in the nobility of Guienne, Who\being excluded the right of Mediterranean. It has a good harbour; and is feated inheriting from their fathers, put themfelves at the on the eaftern part of the coaft, in E. Long. 9. 42. head of robbers and plunderers to maintain them- N Lat. 42. 35. BASTlLE, denotes a fmall antique caftle, fortified felves. Bastard Flvwer-fsnce. See Adenanthera.— with turrets. Such is the baftile of Paris, which feems The flowers of this plant bruifed and fteeped in breaft- the only caftle that has retained the name: it was begun milk are a gentle anodyne ; for ivhich purpofe they are to be built in 1369 by order of Charles V. and was often given in the Well Indies to quiet very young finilhed in 1383 under the reign of his fucceftbr.— Its children. The leaves are ufed infiead of fena in Bar- chief ufe is for the cuftody of ftate-prifoners ; or, more badoes and the Leeward Iflands. In Jamaica, the plant properly fpeaking, for the clandeftine purpofes of unfeeling defpotifm. js called fena. BASTARD-Hemp. SccDatisca. The lieutenant-general of the police of Paris is BASTARD-Rocket, Dyers-’weed, or Wild Woad. See the fub-delegate of the miniftry for the department of the Baftile. He has under him a titular commifReseda. fary, who is called the commiflary of the Baftile. He Bastard Star-of-Bethlehem. See Albuca. BASTARD-Searlet is a name given to red dyed with has a fixed falary for drawing up what are called inftrucbale-madder, as coming neareft the bow-dye, or neAV tions, but he does not this exclufively. He has no infpe&ion nor function but in cafes where he receives fcarlet. BASTARDY is a defeft of birth objedted to one orders ; the reafon of which is, that all that is done iu born out of wedlock. Euftathius will have baftards this caftle is arbitrary. among the Greeks to have been in equal favour with Every prifoner on coming to the Baftile has an inlegitimate children, as low as the Trojan war ; but the ventory made of every thing about him. His trunkij, courfe of antiquity feems againft him. Potter and o- deaths, linen, and pockets are fearched, to difcover thers (how, that there never was a time when baftardy whether there be any papers in them relative to the was not in difgrace. matter for which he is apprehended. It is not ufual In the time of William the Conqueror, however, ba- to fearch perfons of a certain rank; but they are alkftardy feems not to have implied any reproach, if we ed for their knives, razors, fcifiars, watches, canes, jewmay judge from the circumftance of that monarch him- els, and money. After this examination, the prifoner felf not fcrupling to affume the appellation of baftard. is conduced into an apartment, where he is locked up His epiftle to Alan count of Bretagne begins, E^o within three doors. They wdio have no fervants make ftjG/^r T>* Caige. cognomento bajlardus\. fire. The hour of dining is eleven, Lot.C3 Willielmus Bastardy, in relation to its trial in law, is diftin- their own bed and fix. I .i P'i -guifhed into general and fpecial. Gr/zera/baftardy is a andAtof fupping the beginning of their confinement, they have certificate from the bilhop of the diocefe, to the king’s neither books, ink or paper; they go neither to mafs, juftices, after inquiry made, whether the party is a nor on the walks; they are not allowed to write to baftard or not, upon fome queftion of inheritance. Ba» any one, not even to the lieutenant of the police, on ftardy fpecial is a fuit commenced in the king’s courts, whom all depends, and of whom permiffion muft firft againft a perfon that calls another baftard. be aflced by means of the major, who feldom refufes. Arms of Bastardt (hould be crofted with a bar, At firft they go to mafs only every other Sunday. fillet, or traverfe, from the left to the right. They were When a perfon has obtained leave to write to the Hem. not formerly allowed to carry the arms of their father, tenant of the police, he may afk his pevmiffion to write and therefore they invented arms for themfelves; and to his family, and to receive their anfwers; to have this is ftill done by the natural fons of a king. with him his. fervant or an attendant, &c. which reRight ofBastardy, Droit debatardife, in the French quefts are either granted or refufed according to cirI laws, is a right, in virtue whereof the effedls of baftards cumftances. Nothing can be obtained but through dying inteftate devolve to the king or the lord. this channel. BASTARNaE, orBASTERKAE, a people of German The officers of the ftaff take the charge of conveying original, manners, and language ; who extended them- the letters of the prifoners to the police. They are fent felves a great way to the call of the Viftula, the eaft regularly at noon and at night: but if they defire it, their boundary of Germany, among the Sarmatse, as far as letters are feat at any hour by exprefles, who are paid eut

BAS [ 61 3 BAS The examiners tell a prifoner that his life is at BafUIe. out of the money of thofe who are Confined. The an- flake day his fate depends upon himfelf; fwers are always addrefied to the major, who commu- that if; hethatwillthismake declaration, they are authonicates them to the prifoner. If no notice is taken of nied to promife hima afairfpeedy releafe ; but if he reany requeft contained in the letter of the prifoner, it fufes he will be given up to a fpecial comis a refufah The attendants whom they appoint for miffionto : confefs, that they are in poffeffion of decifive docuthofe who are not allowed their own fervants, or who of authentic proofs, more than fufficient to ruiu have none of their own, are commonly invalid foldiers. ments, that his accomplices have difcovered all ; that Thefe people lie near the prifoners, and wait upon him; government has unknown refources, of which he them. A perfon ought always to be upon his guard the have no fufpiciou. They fatigue prifoners by vawith thefe men, as well as with the turnkeys ; for all can and infinitely multiplied interrogatories. Achis words are noticed, and carried to the officers, who ried to the perfons, they employ promifes, careffes, report them to the police: it is thus they ftudy the cording characters of the prifoners. In this caftle, all is my- and menaces. Sometimes they ufe infults, and treat unhappy fufferers with an infolence that fills up ilery, trick, artifice, fnare, and treachery. The offi- the the meafure of that tyranny of which they are the bale cers, attendants, turnkeys, and valets, often attempt inftruments. to draw a man on to fpeak againlt the government, If the prifoner makes the required confeffion, the and then inform of all. Sometimes a prifouer obtains perraiffion of having. commiffioners then tell him that they have no precife books, his watch, knife, and razors, and even -paper authority for his enlargement, but that they have every and ink. He may aft to fee the lieutenant of the po- reafon to expeffi it; that they are going to folicit it, See. The prifoner’s confeffions, far from bettering lice when he xomes to the Baftile. This officer com- his monly caufes prifoners to be brought down fome days condition, give occafion to new interrogatories, after their arrival. Sometimes he goes to viiit them often lengthen his confinement, draw in the perfona with whom he has had connexions, and expofe himin their chambers 4 efpecially the ladies. When the lieutenant of the police fees a prifoner, felf to new vexations. the converfation turns upon the caufe of his confine- Although there are rules for all occafions, yet every ment. He fometimes a!ks for written and figned de- thing is fubject to exceptions arifing from influence, clarations. In general, as much circumfpedxion fhould recommendations, proteXion, intrigue, &c. becaufe the be ufed in thefe conferences as in the examination it- firft principle in this place is arbitrary will. Very frefelf, fince nothing that a perfon may have faid or writ- quently, perfons confined on the fame account are treated very differently, according as their recommenten is forgotten. When a prifoner wants to tranfmit any thing to the dations are more or lefs confiderable. lieutenant of the police, it is always by means of the There is a library, founded by a foreign prifoner major. Notes may be fent to this officer by the turn- who died-in the Baftile in the beginning of the prekeys. A perfon is never anticipated in any thing— fent century. Some prifoners obtain leave to go to it} he muft aik for every things even for permiffion to be others, to have the books carried to their chambers. fhaved. This office is performed by the furgeon ; who The falfeft things are told the prifoners with an air alfo furniffies Tick or indifpofed prifoners with fugar, of fincerity and concern. “It is very unfortunate coffee, tea, chocolate, confe&ions, and the neceffary that the king has bxen prejudiced againft ypu. His remedies. majefty cannot hear your name mentioned without beThe time for walking is an hour a-day ; fometimes ing irritated. The affair for which you have loft your an hour in the morning and an hour in the evening, in liberty is only a pretext—they had dejigns againft you the great court. before—you have powerful enemies.” Thefe difA prifoner may be interrogated a few days after his courfes are the etiquette of the place. entrance into the Baftile, but frequently this is not It would be. in vain for a prifoner to alk leave to -done till after fome weeks. Sometimes he is previouf- write to the king—he can never obtain it. ly informed of the day when this is to be done ; often The perpetual and moft infupportable torment of he is only acquainted with it the moment he is brought this cruel and odious inquifition, are vague, indetermidown to the council-chamber. This commifikm of nate, falfe, or equivocal promifes, inexhauftible and interrogatory is executed by the lieutenant of the po- conftantly deceitful hopes of a fpeedy releafe, exhortalice, a counfellor of flute, a mafter of requefts, a coun- tions to patience, and blind conjeXures, of which the fellor or a commiffioner of the Chatelet. When the lieutenant of the police and officers are very laviih. lieutenant of the police does not himfelf interrogate, To coverthe odium of the barbarities exercifed here, he ufually comes at the end of the examination. and flacken the zeal of relations or patrons, the moft Thefe commiffioners are purely paffive beings. Fre- abfurd and contradiXory flanders againft a prifoner are quently they attempt to frighten a prifoner; 'they lay frequently publilhed. The true caufes of imprifonfnares for him, and employ the meaneft artifices to get ment, and real obftacles to releafe, are concealed, a confeffion from him. They pretend proofs, exhibit Thefe refources, which are infinitely varied, are inexpapers .without fuffering him to read, them} afferting hauftible. that they are inftruments of unavoidable convidfion. When a prifoner who is known and preteXed has Their interrogatories are always vague. They turn entirely loft his health, and his life is thought in danger, not only on the prifoner’s words and actions, but on he is always fent out. The miniftry do not choofe his moft fecret thoughts, and on the difcourfe and conperfons well known fhould die in the Baftile. If duft of perfons of his acquaintance, whom it is wifhed that a prifoner does die there, he is interred in the pariffi to bring into q.ueltion. of St Paul, under the name of a domeftic j and this N° 42. 1 falfity

B A s [ 65 1 BAS Baftile. falfity is written in the regifter of deaths, in order to young author was difcovered, taken up, and put into Baltile. '“’“'v—deceive poftenty. There is another regifter in which the Baftile. The implacable fociety caufed him, as a "' v' ■' the true names of the deceafed are entered ; but it is matter oi favour, to be condemned to perpetual imnot without great difficulty that extracts can be pro- prifonment; and he was transferred to the citadel of cured from it. The commiffary of the Baftile muft the ille Sainte Marguerite. ’ Several years after, he was firft be informed of the ufe the family intends to make brought back to the Baftile. In 1705 he had been a prifoner 31 years. Having become heir to all his faof the extraft. In 1674 the baggage of Louis chevalier de Rohan, mily, who poflefled great property, the Jefuit Riquegrand huntfman of France, having been taken and let, then confeflbr of the Baftile, remonttrated to his rummaged in a Ikirmiffi, fome letters were found which brethren on the negeffity of reftoring the prifoner to caufed a fufpicion that he had treated with the Engliffi liberty. The golden Ihower which forced the tower for the furrender of Havre de Grace. He was arrett- of Danae had the fame effedl on the cattle of the ed and put into the Baftile. The Sieur de la Tuan- Baftile. The Jefuits made a merit with the prifoner derie, his agent, concealed himfelf. The proof was of the protection they granted him ; and this man of not fufficient A commiffion was named to proceed rank, whofe family would have become extindt withagainft the accufed for treafon. La Tuanderie was out the aid of the fociety, did not fail to give them difcovered at Rouen : an attempt was made to arreft extenfive proofs of his gratitude. him ; but he fired on the affailahts, and obliged them to Nowhere elfe on earth, perhaps, has human mifery, kill him on the fpot. Perfons attached to the chevalier by human means, been rendered fo lafting, fo comde Rohan went every evening round the Baftile, crying plete, or fo remedilefs. This the following cafe may through a fpeaking trumpet, “ La Tuanderie is dead, fuffice to evince ; the particulars of which are tranfand has faid nothing but the chevalier did not hear lated from that elegant and energetic writer M. Merthem. The commiffioners, not being able to get any cier. The heinous offence which merited an imprifonthing from him, told him, “ that the king knew all, ment furpaffing torture and rendering death a bleffing, that they had proofs, but only wifhed for his own con- though for obvious reafons not fpecified by our author, feffion, and that they were authorifed to promife him is known from other fources to have confifted in fome pardon if he would declare the truth.” The chevalier, unguarded expreffions implying difrefpedl concerning too credulous, confefled the whole. Then the perfi- the late Gallic monarch Louis XV. dious commiffioners changed their language. They Upon the acceffion of Louis XVI. to the throne, faid, “ that with refpect to the pardon, they could the minilters now in office, and moved by humanity, not anfwer for it; but that they had hopes of obtain- begun their adminiftration with an aft of clemency ing it, and would go and folicit it.” This they trou- and juftice j they infpefted the regifters of the Baftile, bled themfelves little about, and condemned the cri- and fet many prifoners at liberty. Among thofe there minal to lofe his head. He was conducted on a plat- was an old man who had groaned in confinement for form to the fcaffold, by means of a gallery raifed to 47 years between four thick and cold ftone-walls. Harthe height of the window of the armoury in the arfe- dened by adverfity, which ftrengthens both the mind nal, which looks towards the little fquare at the end of and the conftitution, when they are not overpowered the Rue des Tournelles. He was beheaded on Novem- by it, he had refitted the horrors of his long imprifonment with an invincible and manly fpirit. His locks ber 27. 1674. The Jefuits of the college of Clermont, in the white, thin, and fcattered, had almoft acquired the Rue St Jacques Paris, having this fame year (1674) rigidity of iron ; whilft his body, environed for fo long invited the king (Louis XIV.) to honour with his a time by a coffin of ftone, had borrowed from it a prefence a tragedy to be performed by their fcholars, firm and compaft habit. The narrow door of his that prince accepted the invitation. Thefe able cour- tomb, turning upon its grating hinges, opened not tiers took care to infert in the piece feveral ftrokes of as ufual by halves ; and an unknown voice announced flattery, with which the monarch, greedy of fuch in- his liberty, and bade him depart. Believing this to be cenfe, was greatly pleafed. When the reftor of the a dream, he hefitated ; but at length rofe up and walkcollege was conducing the king home, a nobleman in ed forth with trembling fteps, amazed at the fpace he the train applauded the fuccefs of the tragedy. Louis traverfed : The ftairs of the prifon, the halls, the court, faid, “ Do you wonder at it ? this is my college.” The feemed to him vail, immenfe, and almoft without Jefuits did not lofe a word of this. The very fame bounds. He flopped from time to time, and gazed night they got engraved in large golden letters on around like a bewildered traveller : His vifion was with black marble, Collegium Lodovici Magni, inftead of difficulty reconciled to the clear light of day : He conthe former infcription which was placed beneath the templated the heavens as a new objeft : His eyes rename of Jefus on the principal gate of the college mained fixed, and he could not even weep. Stupified (Collegium Claramontanum Societatis Jefus) ; and in with the newly acquired power of changing his pofithe morning the new infcription was put up in place tion, his limbs, like his tongue, refufed, in fpite of ©f the old one. A young fcholar of quality, aged 13, his efforts, to perform their office} at length he got who was witnels to the zeal of the reverend fathers, through the formidable gate. made the two following verfes, which he polled up at When he felt the motion of the carriage prepared night on the college gate : to tranfport him to his former habitation, he fcreamed out, and uttered fome inarticulate founds; and as he ydhflulit hinc Jefunt, pofuitque infignia regis could not bear this new movement, he was obliged to Impia gens : aliurn non colit ilia Dewn. defcend. Supported by a benevolent arm, he fought The Jefuits did not fail to cry out facrilege : the out the ftreet where he had formerly refided: he found Von. IIL Part L I it.

BAS E A S [ 66 ] B it, but no trace of his houfe remained; one of the near Terra Firms in South America, at the mouth of the bay of Nombre de Dios. public edifices, occupied the fpot where it had flood. He now faw nothing that brought to his recollection, BASTINADO. See Bastonaeo. either that particular quarter, the city itfelf, or the BASTION, in the modem fortification, a huge objeCts with which he had formerly been acquainted. mafs of earth, faced ufually with fods, fometimes with The houfes of his neareft neighbours, which were brick, and rarely with (lone, Handing out from a ramfrefh in his memory, had affumed a new appearance. part whereof it is a principal part, and is what, in the In vain were his looks direCted to all the objects around ancient fortification, was called a bulwark. him ; he could difcover nothing of which he had the Solid Bastions, are thofe that have the void fpace I'm ailed remembrance. Terrified,he dopped and fetch- within them filled up entirely, and raifed of an equal ed a deep fxgh. To him, what did it import that the height with the rampart. city was peopled with living creatures ? None of them Void and Hollow Bastions, are thofe that are only were alive to him ; he was unknown to all the world, furrounded with a rampart and parapet,, having the and he knew nobody : And whild he wept, he re- fpace within void and empty, where the ground is fo low, that, if the rampart be taken, no retrenchment can gretted his dungeon. At the name of the Badile, which he often pro- be made in the centre, but what will lie under the firenounced and even claimed as an afylura, and the fight of the befieged. of his clothes that marked a former age, the crowd Flat Bastion, is a baftion built in the middle of the gathered round him: .curiofity, blended with pity, curtain, when it is too long to be defended by the baexcited their attention. The mod aged afked him ma- ftion at its extremes. ny quedions, but had no remembrance of the circum- Cut Bastion, is that whofe point is cut off, and indances he recapitulated. At length accident brought ftead thereof has a re-entering angle, or an angle inin his way an ancient domedic, now a fuperannuated wards, with two points outwards; and is ufed either porter, who, confined to his lodge for 15 years, had when without fuch a contrivance the angle would be barely fufficient drength to open the gate :—Even he too acute, or when water or fome other impediment did not know the mader he had ferved ; but informed hinders the carrying on the baftion to its full extent. him that grief and misfortune had brought hi& wife to Compofed Bastion, is when two fides of the interior the grave 30 years before, that his children were gone polygon are very unequal, which makes the gorges alfo abroad to didant climes, and that of all his relations unequal. and friends none now remained. This recital was Deformed Bastion, is when the irregularity of the made with the indifference which people difcover for lines and angles makes the baftion out of lhape; as when events long paffed, and almod forgot. The miferable it wants one of its demigorges, one fide of the interior man groaned, and groaned alone. The crowd around, polygon bdng too ftiort. offering only unknown features to his view, made him Demi Bastion, is compofed of one face only, and feel the excels of his calamities even more than he but one flank, and a demigorge. would have done in the dreadful folitude that he had Double Bastion, is that which is raifed on the plane left. of another baftion. Overcome with forrow, he prefented himfelf before Regular Bastion, is that which has its true proporthe minifter to whofe humanity he owed that liberty tion of faces, flanks, and gorges. which rvas now a burden to him. Bowing down, he Bastion of France, a fortrefs on the coaft of Barfaid, “ Reftore me again to that prifon from which bary, belonging to the French. you have taken me : I cannot furvive the lofs of my BASTITANI (anc. geog.), a people of the proneareft relations ; of my friends; and, in one word, of vince of Bsetica in Spain. See B^tica. a whole generation : Is it poffible in the fame moment BASTOIGNE, a fmall town of the Netherlands, to be informed of this univerfal deftrudtion, and not in the duchy of Luxemburgh. E. Long. 6. o. N. Lat. to wifh for death This general mortality, which to 50. ro. the reft of mankind comes flowly and by degrees, has BASTON, in law, one of the fervants to the warto me been inftantaneous, the operation of a moment. den of the Fleet-prifon, who attended the king’s courts Whilft fecluded from fociety, I lived with myfelf only; with a red ftaff, for taking into cuftody fuch as are but here I neither can live with myfelf nor with this committed by the court. He alfo attends on fuch prineyv race, to whom my anguilh and defpair appear on- foners as are permitted to go at large by licence. ly as a dream. There is nothing terrible in dying ; Baston., or Batoon, in architecture, a moulding in but it is dreadful indeed to be the laft.” The mini- bafe of a column, called allb a tore. See Plate fter was melted he caufed the old domeftic to attend the fig. 3. this unfortunate perfon, as only he could talk to him XXXVIII. Baton, or Batune. This word is French, of his family. This difcourfe was the fingle confola- andBaston, fignifies a ftaff or cudgel: itlhouldbe fpelt Baton; tion that he received : for he fhunned all intercourfe but is, by moft writers, corruptly fpelt as with a new race, born lince he had been exiled from above. It is OnlyEngKfti borne in Englifli coats of arms, as the world ; and he paffed his time in the midft of Pa- a badge of illegitimacy; but heralds introris in the fame folitude as he had done whilft confined duce it in arms as a difference,French or mark of confanin a dungeon for almoft half a century. But the cha- guinity, grin and mortification of meeting no perfon who could BASTON (Robert), a Carmelite monk, afterfay to him, We were formerly known to one another, wards prior of the convent of that order at Scarbofoon put an end to his exiftence. rough, and alfo poet laureat and public orator at OxBASTIMENTOS, the name of fome fmall iflands ford, flouriftied in the foiuteenth century. King Edward L

BAT [ 67 ] BAT JJaftonado ward I. in his expedition into Scotland in 1304, took Bat, Bate, or Batz, a fmall copper coin, mixed I! Robert Bafton with him, in order to celebrate his with a little filver, currrent in feveral cities of Germa. ^ , viftories over the Scots; but our poet being taken pri- ny : it is worth four crutzers. It is alfo a coin in foner, was obliged to change his note, and fing the Switzerland, current at five livres, or 100 fols, French fuccefles of Robert Bruce. He wrote feveral books money. in Latin-, on the Wars of Scotland, the Luxury of EATABLE, or Debatable, ground, that land Priefts, Synodical Sermons, &c.; and alfo a volume of which lay between Scotland and England, when the tragedies and comedies, in Englilh. He died about kingdoms were diftinft, to which both nations pretended a right. the year tj io. BASTQMADO, Bastonade, the punifhment of BATAQALA, a fmall kingdom on the coaft of beating or drubbing a criminal with a ftick. The word Malabar in the Eafft Indies. It had a very large town is formed of the French bajlon, a “ flick” or “ ftaff.” of the fame name ; but there is nothing now left, ex* The baftonade is a punifliment ufed both among the cept ix or 12 fmaff pagods covered with copper and ancient Greeks, Romans, and Jews, and ftill obtains ftone. The country produces a good deal of pepper : among the Turks. The Romans called it fujligatio, the Englifti formerly had a factory here; but were all fijliutn admonitio, or fujiibus cadi ; which differed from maffacred by the natives, becaufe one of their bull-dogs the fiageilatio, as the former was done with a ftick, the had killed a confecrated cow. latter with a rod, or fcourge. The fuftigation was a Batacala, a fortified town and caftle on the eaft lighter punifliment, and inflifted on freemen ; the fla- coaft of the ifland of Ceylon in the Eaft Indies. The gellation a feverer, and referved for flaves. It was alfo Dutch drove away the Portuguefe, and poffeffed themcalled tympanum, becaufe the patient here was beat with felves of part of the adjacent country. E> Long. 18. flicks, like a drum.—The punifliment is much in ufe in 3. N. Lat. 7. 55. the eail to this day. The method there praftifed is BATANISTS, oi-Batenites. See Batenites. thus : the criminal being laid on his belly, his feet are BATASEK, a town of lower Hungary, feated on railed, and tied to a flake, held faft by officers for the the Danube, in E. Long. 19. 50. N. Lat. 46. 30. purpofe ; in which pofture he is beaten by a cudgel on BATAVA, {Cajlra underftood), a citadel of Vinthe foies of his feet, back, chin, &c. to the number of delicia, fo called from the Cohors Batava, in garrifon under the commander in Rhaetia: now Paffau ; being 100 or more blows. BAST WICK (Dr John), born at Writtlein Effex, firft called Batau, from the Batavi; then Bajfau, and in 1593 ; praftifed phyfic at Colchefter ; but being a PaJJ'au ; fuuated in Bavaria at the confluence of the man of warm imagination, and a gopd Latin fchelar, Danube, Inn, and Ills. See Passau. applied himfclf to writing books againft popery . A- BATAVIA, the capital of the Dutch fettlements bout the year 1633, he printed in Holland a Latin in the Eaft Indies,; a city of the kingdom of Bantam treatife intitled, Elenchus religionis Papijiicx, with Fla- in the ifland of Java. See Java. gellum pontijicis et epifcoporu??i Latialiiim, in which the BATAVORUM insula, the ifland of the BataEnglifti prelates thinking themfelves alfo aimed at, he vians, (anc. geog.). Of this ifland Tacitus gives the was fined L. 1000 in the high commiffion court, excom- following defcription. “ The Rhine flowing in one municated, prohibited pradtifing phyfic, his books or- channel, or only broken by fmall iflands, is divided at dered to be burnt, and himfelf to remain in prifon its entering Batavia, as it were into two rivers. One until he made a recantation. Inftead of recanting, he continues.its courfe through Germany, retaining the wrote in prifon, Apologeiicus ad prajhles Anglicanos ; fame name, and violent current, till it falls into the and another book called, Fbe Litany ; wherein he fe- ocean. The other walking the coaft; of Gaul, with a verely exclaimed againft the proceedings of that court, broader and more gentle ftream, is called by the inhabiand taxed the biftiops with an inclination towards tants Vahalis ; which name it foon changes for that of popery. Prynne and Burton coming under the lafti of Mofa, by the immenfe mouth of which river it difthe ftar-chamber court at the fame time, they were all charges itfelf into the fame ocean.” According to cenfured as fcandalous feditious perfons, condemned to Tacitus, therefore, the ifland of the Batavians was a fine of L. 5000 each, to be pilloried, to lofe their bounded by the ocean, the Rhine, and the Vahalis, eats, and to perpetual imprifonment in three remote now the JVale. Caefar extends it to the Mofa, or parts of the kingdom. The parliament in 1640 reverfed Meufe; but Pliny agrees with Tacitus. However, this thefe proceedings; and ordered Dr Baftwick a repara- ifland was of greater extent in Tacitus’s time than in tion of L.5000 out of the eftatesof the commiflloners Caefar’s; Drufus, the father of Germanicus, having by and lords who had profecuted him, which the enfuing a new canal conveyed the waters of the Rhine into confufions prevented his receiving : however, his wife the ocean a confiderable way north of the former mouth had, in 1644, an allowance ordered for her and her huf- of that river. The Batavi wete a branch of the Catti, band’s maintenance. What became of him afterward who in a domellic fedition, being expelled their counis not known. try, occupied the extremity of the coaft of Gaul, at “ BAT, in zoology. See Vespertilio. that time uninhabited, together with this ifland fituated JiAr-Eowling, a method of catching birds in the among fhoals. Their name Batavi they carried with night, by lighting fome ftraw, or torches, near the them from Germany ; there being fome towns in the place where they are at rooft; for upon beating them territory of the Catti called Battenberg, and Battenup, they fly to the flame, where, being amazed, they baufen. The bravery of the Batavi, efpecially the are eafily caught in nets, or beat down with bufties horfe, procured them not only great honour, from the fixed to the end of poles, &c. Romans, being called their brothers and friends ; but I2 an

BAT f 68 1 BAT an exemption from taxes, being obliged only to furnifli in W. Long. 2/30. N. Lat. 51. 27. All the different Bath, men and arms. The modern name of this ifland is names that this city has borne in different ages and —v~~ languages have beeen taken from its medicinal waters, as Betu, or Beta™. or “hot waters,” of Ptolemy; the^a^ Bata forum Oppidum (anc. geog.), a town in the the viarx ifland of the Batavi, mentioned by Tacitus, without Solis, or “waters of the fun,” of Antoninus; the Cair any particular name ; which has given rife to feveral Baden, and Caer Ennant, i. e. “ the city of baths,” and furmifes about it, fome fuppofing it to be Nimeguen, “ the city ef ointment,” of the Britons; and the Ackbut Cluverius, Batavadurum or Batemburg, both with- ntancbejler, i. e. “ the city of valetudinarians,” of the out the ifland ; which fxtuation renders both thefe pla- Saxons. The baths confift of the King’s bath, the ces inadmiflible, fince Tacitus places this namelefs Queen’s-bath, the Crofs-bath, the Hot-bath, the Leper’s bath, and the duke of Kingfton’s-bath. This town within the ifland. place was of old a refort only for cripples and difeafed BATCHELOR. See Bachelor. BATE (George), an eminent phyfician, born at perfens; but now it is more frequented by the found Maid’s Morton, near Buckingham, in the year 1608. for pleafure than by the fick for health. The waters are In 1629 he obtained a licence, and for fome years very pleafant to the tafte; and impregnated with a vipradlifed in and about Oxford: his pra&ifce was chiefly triolic principle, yielding, upon evaporation, a little amongft the puritans, who at that time confidered him neutral fait, and a calcarious earth and iron. They as one of their party. In 1637, he took his degree are very efficacious in ftrengthening the bowels and of dodtor in phyfic, and became very eminent in his ftomach, bracing the relaxed fibres, and invigorating profeffion, fa that when king Charles kept his court at the circulation. In bilious complaints they are counted Oxford, he was his principal phyfician. When the fpecific; and prove ferviceable in moft nervous, paraking’s affairs declined. Dr Bate removed to London, lytic, rheumatic, and gouty, complaints. At the King’s where he accommodated himfelf fowell to the times, that bath is a handfome pump-room, where the gentlemen he became phyfician to the Charter-houfe, fellow of the and ladies go in a morning to drink the waters ; and college of phyiicians, and afterwards principal phyfician . there is a Joand of mufic that plays all the time. La to Oliver Cromwell. Upon the reftoration, he got into the Crofs-bath is a monument of marble, reprefenting favour with the royal party, was made principal phy- the defeent of the Holy Ghoft attended by angels, fician to the king, and fellow of the Royal Society ; eredted by the earl of Melfort (who was fecretary of and this, we are told, was owing to a report raifed on ftate for Scotland) when king James IF. met his queen purpofe by his friends, according to Mr Wood, that here. The King’s-bath is a large bafon of 65 feet he gave the protedlor a dofe which haftened his death. 10 inches by 40 feet 10 inches, containing 346 tuns Dr Bate wrote in Latin an account of the late commo- 2 hoglheads and 36 gallons of water when filled to tions in England, and fome other pieces. He died its ufual height. In the middle is a wooden building at his houfe in Hatton-garden, and was buried at with niches and feats for the accommodation of the Kingfton upon Thames in Surry.—There was another bathers. There are alfo iron rings all round for them George Bate, who wrote a work intitled, “ The Lives, to hold by ; and guides, both male and female, to atAftions, and Execution, of the prime Adlors and prin- tend them in the bath. The perfon intending to bathe cipal Contrivers of that horrid Murther of our late puts on, at his own lodgings, a bathing drefs of brown pious and facred king Charles I.” canvas hired for the purpofe; and is carried in a clofe BATENITES, a fe£t of apoftates from Mahome- chair, of a particular make, to one of the flips which tanifm difperfed through the Eaft, who profeffed the open into the bath. There he defeends by fteps into fame abominable practices with the Ifmaelians and the water, where he is attended by a guide. Having Karmatians. The word properly fignifies efotsric, or ftaid his ftated time in the bath, he afeends again into the flip, where he puts off his bathing-drefs, and being people of inward or hidden light. BATES (William), D. D. an eminent prelbyterian wrapt up in blankets, is carried home to bed, where divine, born in November 1625. He was admitted in he lies for fome time to encourage perfpiration. The Emanuel college, Cambridge, and from thence removed King’s-bath is overlooked by the company in the pumpto King’s college in 1644. He was one of the com- room ; and adjoining to it are places furnilhed with mifiioners, at the conference in the Savoy, for review- pumps to pour the hot ftreams on any particular part ing the public liturgy, and was concerned in drawing of the body. The Queen’s-bath communicates with up the exceptions againft the common Prayer: how- the King’s, from which it is filled; therefore the water ever, foon after the reftoration, he was appointed chap- of it is not fo hot, being at a'greater diftance from the lain to king Charles II. and became minifter of St fource. As the heat is here more moderate, the bathers, Dunftan’sjn the weft, but was deprived of that benifice defeend firft into the Queen’s-bath, and advance grafor nonconformity. Dr Bates bore a good and amiable dually to the centre of the other. In the year 1755, ehara&er; and was honoured with the friendftiip of the abbey-houfe, or priory, belonging to the duke of the lord keeper Bridgman, the lord chancellor Finch, Kingfton, was taken down, in order to ereft a more, the earl of Nottingham, and archbifhop Tillotfon. He commodious pile of building ; and in digging for the was offered, at the reftoration, the deanery of Litch- foundation, the workmen difeovered, about twenty feet jfleld; which he refufed. Fie publiflied Seledt Lives of below the furface of the, earth, the remains of Roman,illuftrious and pious perfops, in Latin; ‘and fince his baths and fudatories conftrudted upon an elegant plan, death all his works, except his Select Lives, have beeen with floors fufpended on pillars, and furrounded with printed in one volume in folio. He died in July 14. tubulated bricks, for the conveyance of heat and va1O99, in the 74th year of his age. pour. Thefe were fupplied by a fpring of hot water*, BATH, a city of Soiperfetfhire in England, feated of the fame properties and temperature with thofe of the.

BAT [ 69 ] B A T Bath, the King’s-bath ; and the fewer was found Ml entire, rebuilt in a different ftyle. The hall is ornamented with Bath, —v—that conveyed the wa!le water into the river. The fome portraits of the late prince of Wales and other re- —v—duke, having cleared the fpring-and the fewer, has e- markable perfonages: but the greateft curiofity of the refted feveral convenient baths and fudatories on the place is a Minerva’s head in bronze, a real antique, dug fpot, where invalids may be accommodated at all hours, up in Stall-ftreet, in the year 1725. Bath boafts a infirmary, or general hofpital, for the reception by night as well as by day. The two feafons are the ofnoble fpring and fall; but thofe who take the waters purely the fick and lame from all parts of the three kingfor their health do not regard the feafons, hut drink doms. It extends. 100 feet in front, and 90 in depth, them all the year round. There are a number of gen- being capable of receiving 150 patients. Here wasteel fedan chairs, which carry people to any diftance, anciently a monaftery, of which the prefent cathedral not exceeding half a mile, for fixpence. The company was the church. It is a venerable pile ; the principal affemble in the afternoon alternately, at two llately front of which is adorned with angels afeending and rooms, to converfe together, or play at cards. At .a defeending. There are three other churches in Bath, very pretty new theatre near the parades, plays are and feveral chapels and meeting-houfes. Befides the afted every other night; and there are balls twice a- infirmary, there are feveral other hofpitals, almsweek; for which and the rooms, and books at the li- houfes, and charity fchools. The corporation c'onfxfts braries, the gentry generally fubfcribe. The city is of a mayoreight aldermen, of whom two are juftices furrounded with hills on all fides, except a little open- of the peace; and 24 common-council men. The ing to the Call and weft, through which the Avon runs. city is extremely well provided with ftage-coaches, This river, which has been made navigable to Briftol poft-coaches, chaifes, machines, and waggons. Bath by aft of parliament, walhes the city on the eaft and is the general hofpital of the nation, and a great numfouth fides, and there is an elegant bridge over it. ber of invalids find benefit from the waters : but as the This city hath formerly had a flight wall, of which city lies in a bottom furrounded by very high hilla^ the fome part ftill remains, as well as one or two of its air is conftantly furcharged with damps; and indeed gates; but almoft all the new buildings, and much the this place is more fubjeft to rain than any other part in greateft and fineftpart of the city, is without, the walls, England. The markets are remarkably well fupplied particularly the fine fquare called ^ueen s~fquare, in with- provifions of all kinds at reafonable rates, partithe middle of which is a fmall garden, with gravel cularly fifti and poultry. They alfo afford excellent walks, and an obelifle in the centre. But the greateft mutton fed upon Lanfdown, one of the higheft hills ornament at Bath is the circuS: it is of a circular that overlook the city. This down, remarkable for its form confifting of houfes built on an uniform plan, pure air, extends about three miles; and at the extrewith three openings at equal diftances to the fouth, mity of it there is a ftone monument, with an inferipeaft, and weft, leading into as many ftreets. The tion, erefted to the memory of Sir Beville Granville, fronts of the houfes, which are all three ftories high, who was here killed in a battle which he fought with are adorned with three rows of columns in pairs, of the the parliament’s army in the reign of Charles I. Bath Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, the frize em- fends two members to parliament. The earldom of belliflied with fculpture. The whole has an air of mag- Bath was beftowed on William Pultney in the end of nificence, which cannot fail to ftrike the moft indifferent Sir Robert Walpole’s adminiftration as a reward for his, fpeftator. In the centre of the area is a fefervoir, or patriotifm, but is now extinft for want of-heirs-male. bafon, filled by two or three fprings rifing in the neigh- Bath is joined with Wells to form a bilhopric, called bouring hills; whence the ftreets in this diftrift are the diocefe of Bath and Wells. The bifhop’s feat is at fupplied with water. On the fouth fide of the town Wells, whofe cathedral church was built by Ina, king are the north and fouth parades, two noble walks, of the Weft Saxons in 7 04,. and by him dedicated to paved with hewn ftone, raifed upon arches, facing each St Andrew. Several other of the Weft Saxon kings. an elegant row of houfes on one fide, and having a ftone endowed it, and was erefted into a bilhopric in 905, baluftrade on the other. Thefe, with the two ftreets during the reign of king Edward the Elder. The that join them, were planned and executed by one prefent church was begun by Robert the 18th bifhop Mr Wood, an able architeft, who likewife built the of this fee, and completed by his immediate fucceffor, fquare and projefted the circus. The two public John de Villula, the 16th bilhop, having purchafed the: rooms ftand betwixt the north parade and Orange- city of Bath for 500 merks of king Henry I. transgrove ; which laft is a fquare planted with trees, ha- ferred his feat to that city in 1088. ' From this, dif* ving in the middle a ftone obelilk, infcribed in, Latin putes arofe between the monks of Bath and the canons. to the late prince of Orange, who recovered, his health of Wells, about the eleftion of a biftiop ; but they were in confequence of drinking the Bath waters,, and gave at laft compromifed: by Robert the 18th biftiop, who » his name to this part of the town. Several new ftreets decreed, that, from henceforward the bilhop Ihould Be and rows have of late years been built on the north- ftyled from both plaices, and that the precedency Ihould fide of Bath, in the neighbourhood of the fquare, fuch : be given to Bath ; that in the vacancy of the fee, the as Gay-ftreet, Milfom-ftreet, Edgar-row, Harlequin- biftiop fhould be elefted by a- certain number of delerow, Bladud’s-buildings, King’s-mead-ftreet, and gates from both churches; and that he ftiould be inBrock-ftreet. Their advantages for building here are ftalled in them- both ; both of them, to conftitute the very great, having excellent free-ftone, limeftone, and bifhop’s-chapter ; and all his grants and patents to be flate, in the neighbourhood. One fort of their lime is confirmed in both. So it ftood till the reformation-. as white as fnow. The guild-hall of Bath hands in But in the 35th of king Henry VIII. an aft of Parthe market-place, and is faid to. be built on a plan of liament palled for the dean and chapter of Wells t® Inigo Jones, which however, exhibits nothing worthy make one foie chapter for the bilhop. This diocefe of that great architeft:. befides, one end of it has beetf hath yielded to the church of Rome one cardinal, and. tab

BAT [ 7° J BAT Bath, to the civil ftate of England fix lord chancellors* five the order, and ordered that each knight’s banner, with ^ ”~'v lord treafurers, one lord privy feal, one lord prefident plates of his arms and ftyles, ffiould be placed over their "1 'r"" ftalls, in like manner as the knights of the Garof Wales, and principal lecretary of ftate. The dio- feveral in St George Chapel in the caftle of Windfor ; cefe contains the whole county of Somerfet, except a ter he allowed them fupporters to their arms. His few churches in the city of Brillol; the number of pa- and Kighnefs Prince William, fecond fon to the rifhes amounting to 388, and the churches and cha- Royal Prince of Wales, on this occafion, was made the firft pels to 503- Of the parifhes 160 are impropriate. It knight-companion, Grace the Duke of Monis valued in the king’s books at L. 535 : 1 : 3, and tagu grand mafter ofandthehisorder, the dean of Weftmincomputed to be worth annually L. 2200. The clergy’s tenth is L. 353 : 18 : o|-. To the cathedral belong a fter (for the time being) dean of the order; the other bilhop, a dean, three archdeacons, a chancellor, a trea- officers of which are, Bath king of arms, a genealofurer, a fub-dean, fifty-nine prebendaries, four prieft- gift, regifter and fecretary, gentleman uiher, and mefvicars, eight lay vicars, an organift, fix chorifters, and_ fenger. Bath, Balneum, a convenient receptacle of water other officers. Knights of the Bath, a military order in England, for perfons to waftx or plunge in, either for health or concerning the origin of which antiquaries differ in pleafure.—Baths are diftinguiihed into hot and cold; their accounts. The moft probable deduction feems and thefe again are either natural or artificial. The natural hot baths are formed of the water of hot to be the following. The knighthood of the Bath is fuppofed to have fprings, of which there are many in different parts of been praftifed by the ancient Franks, the inhabitants the world ; efpecially in thofe countries where there of Lower Germany, with whom it is highly probable are or have evidently been volcanoes. The artificial the Saxons, who invaded England, had the fame com- hot baths eonfift either of water or of fome other fluid mon defcent, and, with other cuftoms, upon their fet- made hot by art. The cold bath confifts of water, tling here, introduced the fame method of knighthood. either freflr or fait, in its natural degree of heat; or it Thefe ancient Franks, when they conferred knight- may be made colder by art, as by a mixture of nitre, hood, obferved, amongft other folemn rites, bathing be- fal-ammoniac, &e. The chief hot baths in our country fore they performed their vigils; which cuftom con- are thofe of Bath and Briftol, in Somerfetfhire ; and tinues to be pradtifed in England: they were from thofe others of Buxton and Matlock, in Derbyfhire ; w'hich latter, however, are rather warm or tepid than thence denominated Knights of the Bath. In the reign of Henry IV. there was a degree of hot. The ufe of thefe baths is found beneficial in difknighthood fpecified under the exprefs appellation of eafes of the head, as palfies, &c. in articular difeafes, the Bath. That king, on the day of his coronation as leprofies, &c. obftruftions and conftipations of the in the tower of London, conferred the fame upon 46 bowels, the feurvy and ftone, and in moft difeafes of efquires, who had watched all the night before, and women and children. The baths have performed many had bathed themfelves. From that time it was cufto- cures, and are commonly ufed as a laft remedy in obmary with our kings to confer this dignity preceding ftinate chronic difeafes ; where they fucceed well, if their coronations, the coronations of their queens, the they agree with the conftitution of the patient: but birth and marriage of the royal iffiie, and their firft whether they will agree or not, cannot be known advancement to honours, upon their defigned expedi- without trial. tions againft their foreign enemies, upon inftallations As to the origin of thofe hot waters, of which the naof knights of the garter, and when fame grand anni- tural hot baths are formed, we are very much in the dark. verfary feftivals were celebrated. The laft knights of All that can be affirmed with certainty is, that where the Bath fo made were at the coronation of King there are volcanoes, there alfo there are hot fprings in Charles II. in 1661 } after which the order was ne- great abundance; but how the heat of the volcano gleffed until the year 1 725, when George I. was plea- ftiould be conftantly communicated to the waters of a fed to revive it, and to order a book of ftatutesfor the fpring for many ages, during a great part of which government of the order. By this the number of the volcano itfelf has lain in a dormant ftate, feems . knights is fixed to 38, viz. the Sovereign, and 37 almoft beyond the reach of inveftigation. Another knights-companions. thing that creates a great difficulty is, that the fire The apparel of a knight of the Bath is a red fur- of a volcano muft certainly lie very deep in the earth, coat, lined and edged with white, girded about with and moft probably Ihifts from place to place ; but the a white girdle, without any ornament thereon ; the waters of a fpving muft. always iffue from a place fituated mantle is of the fame colour and lining, made fall a- lower than the origin of the fpring itfelf. Befides, bout the neck with a lace of white filk, having a pair though we flrould fuppofe the water to come from the of white gloves tied therein, with taifels of filk and top of a volcano itfelf, and confequently boiling hot, gold at the end; which mantles are adorned upon the it could not be fuppofed to percolate far through cold left ftioulders with the eniign of the order, being three earth, without lofing all the heat it acquired from the imperial crowns or, furrounded with the ancient mot- volcano. From fome obfervations, however, it certainly to of this knighthood, Tria junfta in uno, wrought does appear, that there are fome fpots on the earth upon a circle gules, with a glory or rays iffuing from which have a power of producing heat within themfelves, the centre, and under it the lace of white filk hereto- independent of any thing foreign ; and that water is fo fore worn by the knights of the Bath. They have far from being able to deftroy this power, that it feems red breeches and ftockings, and have white hats, with rather to promote and continue it. We know that ajplume of white feathers thereon. The king allowed water hath this effe& upon a mixture of iron filings the chapel oi King Henry VII. 'to be the chapel of and fulphur; but whatever quantities of fimilar fub3 fiances

BAT [ 71 ] BAT ftances we may fuppofe to be contained in the earth, flops up the air-hole. He then throws water upon the we muft alfo fuppofe to be deftroyed by one great con- hot ftones, from which immediately arifes a thick fteam flagration foon after they have begun to aft upon each to the top of the temazcalli. While the fick perfon other, fo that by their means no lafting heat in waters lies upon the mat, the domeftic drives the vapour could be produced. Dr Stukely indeed would.folve downwards, and gently beats the fick perfon, partithis, and feveral other phenomena, by making the cularly on the hiling part, with the bunch of herbs,, Are and fmoke of volcanoes the effefts of eleftri- which are dipped for a little while in the water of the city : but here fufficient proof is wanting; for elec- pitcher, which has then become a little warm. The tricity, even in its moft powerful ftate, is not very apt fick perfon falls immediately into a foft and copious: to fet bodies on fire. The thought, however, deferves fweat, which is increafed or diminifhed at pleafure, acattention ; for if eleftricity is capable of fetting a vol- cording as the cafe requires. When the evacuation cano on fire, it is undoubtedly capable of producing defired is obtained, the vapour is let off, the entrance folfaterras where it meets with proper- materials, and is cleared, and the fick perfon clothes himfelf, or is tranfported on the mat to his chamber; as the entrance from them fprings of any degree of heat. The cold bath is found one of the moft; univerfal to the bath is ufually within fome chamber of his haand innocent remedies yet difeovered, though ftill its bitation.—This fort of bath, called temazcalli by the natives, has been regularly ufed in feveral diforders, ufe is not to be adopted without precautions. Baths in vapour, the fume or fteam of fome de- particularly in fevers occafioned by coftivenefs. The coftion is received upon the body to promote a per- Indian women ufe it commonly after childbirth, and. fpiration.—Thefe are alfo by fome called Balnea La~ alfo thofe perfons who have been ftung or wounded by any poifonous animal. It is undoubtedly a powerful conica. Vapour baths are, when the patient is not plunged remedy for all thofe who have occafion to carry off into what is prepared for the bath, but only receives grofs humours; and certainly it would be moft ufeful its fteam upon thofe parts of his body which require in Italy, where the rheumatifm is fo frequent and afit i as in fome diftempers of the fundament and womb, flifting. When a very copious fweat is defired, the. where the patient fits and receives the fumes of fome fick perfon is railed up and held in the vapour; as he proper fomentation, &c. To thefe may be added the fweats the more the nearer he is to it. The temazbagnio j where people are made to fweat by the heat calli is fo common, that in every place inhabited by of a room, and pouring on of hot water; after which the Indians there are many of them. Baths [Dry), are thofe made of afhes, fait, fand,, they generally go into a hot bath or bagnio. A peculiar fort of vapour-bath was much ufed by fhreds of leather, and the like.—The ancients had dithe ancient Mexicans, and is ftill in ufe among the pre- vers ways of fweating by a dry heat; as by the means fent Indians their defeendants. According to the of a hot fand, ftove-rooms, or artificial bagnios, and Abbe Clavigero, thefe baths are built of raw bricks, certain natural hot fleams of the earth, received under and their form is fimilar to that of ovens for baking a proper arch, or hot-houfe, as we learn from Celfus. bread : but with this difference, that the pavement of They alfo had another kind of bath by infolation, the bath is a little convex, and lower than the furface where the body was expofed to the fun for fome time,, of the earth ; whereas that of moft ovens is plain, and in order to draw forth the fuperfluous moifture from a little elevated for the accommodation of the baker. the inward parts; and to this day it is a praftice in The greateft diameter of a bath is about eight feet, fome nations to cover the body over with horfe-dung, and its greateft height fix. The entrance, like the efpecially in chronical difeafes, to digeft and breathe mouth of an oven, is wide enough to allow a man to out the humour that caufes the diftemper. In New creep eafily in. In the place oppofite to the entrance England they make a kind of ftoves of turf, wherein there is a furnace of ftone or raw bricks, with its mouth the fick are Unit up to bathe or fweat. outwards to receive the fire, and a hole above it to The fame name is fometimes alfo given to another carry off the fmoke. The part which unites the fur- kind of bath, made of kindled coals, or burning fpirit nace to the bath, and which is about two feet and a of wine; the patient being placed in a convenient clofe half fquare, is fhut with a certain dry ftone of a porous chair for the reception of the fume, which rifes and texture. In the upperpart of the vault there is an air- provokes fweat in a plentiful manner: care is here tahole, like that to the furnace. This is the ufual ftrufture ken to keep the head out, and to feeure refpiration. of the temazcalli; but there are others that are without This bath has been found very effeftual in removing vault or furnace, mere little fquare chambers, yet well old obftinate pains in the limbs, and venereal comcovered and defended from the air.—When any perfon plaints ; and will often complete a cure left unpergoes to bathe, he firft lays a mat within the temazcalli, formed by falivation. a pitcher of water, and a bunch of herbs or leaves of Some authors fpeak of bloody baths, balnea fanguimaize. He then caufes a fire to be made in the fur- ndenta, prepared efpecially of the blood of infants, nace, which is kept burning until the ftones which join anciently fuppofed to be a kind of fpecific for the the bath and furnace are quite hot. The perfon who leprofy. is to ufe the bath enters commonly naked, and gene- Baths {Metalline}, thofe made of water impregnated rally accompanied for the fake of convenience, or on with the fcoriee of metals. The naoft common and ufeaccount of infirmity, by one of his domeftics. As ful of this kind are thofe prepared with the fcoriee of foon as he enters, he fhuts the entrance clofe, but iron, which abound with the earthy, faline, and fulphuleaves the air-hole at top for a little time -open, to let rcous of the metal; and thefe are of excellent out any fmoke which may have been introduced thro’ fervicefubftance for ftrengthening and bracing up the part to the chinks of the ftone; when it is all out he likewife which they are applied, and recovering weak and decayed

BAT [ 72 ] BAT cayed limbs ; {lopping various kinds of bleeding ; and feftions of the people, creeled baths laid with the reftoring the menftrual and hemorrhoidal flux where rLcheft marble, and wrought according to the rules of obftrudled ; infomuch, that they may well be fubfli- the moft delicate architecture. The rich had baths at tuted for the natural iron baths. home, and frequently very magnificent ones, efpecialAdjacent to the fmelting huts where metals are run ly after the time that the praftice of pillaging the from their ore, are to be found large quantities of the provinces had begun ; but they only ufed them on exflag of copper, antimony, and cobalt, which abound- traordinary occafions. The great men, and even eming with fulphur, vitriolic fait, and an earthy principle, perors themfelves, fometimes bathed in public with reft of the people. Alexander Severus was the make ferviceable baths for ftrengthening the loft tone the who allowed the public baths to be opened in the of the fibres, and relaxing them when they are too firft ftiff. Thefe baths have likewife a deterfive and clean- night-time during the heats of fummer. fing virtue ; fo that with prudence, and due regard to The Greek baths were ufually annexed to palejlrue ■circumftances, they may be ufed on many occafions. or gymnafta, of which they were confidered as a part. The way of making thefe artificial baths is, either to Thefe baths confifted of feven different apartments, take the flags* as they come hot from the furnace, or ufually feparated from each other, and intermixed with elfe to heat them afeefh, and throw them into hot wa- other buildings belonging to the other forts of exerter; which is afterwards to be ufed either in the way cifes. Thefe were, firft, the cold bath, frigida lavatio; of bath, or fomentation, occafionally. There are other zdly, The elcccthefium, or room where they were anointartificial baths, prepared of alum and quicklime, by ed with oil; 3dly, The frigidarium, or cooling room ; boiling them together in fine rain-water. Such baths 4thly, The propnigeum, or entrance of the hypocaujhint, are highly ferviceable in paralytic diforders and weak- or ftove ; ythly, The vaulted room for fweating in, or vapour-bath, called cor.canwrataJudatio, or iepidarhun; nefs of the limbs. The pepper bath, or peffer waffer, on the Alps, is 6thly, The laconicutn, Ir dry ftove ; ythly, The hot one of the moft celebrated in Europe, and has been the bath, called callida lavatio. fubjeft of treatifes exprefs, befides what has been faid As for the baths .feparate from the palejlrce, they ■of it occafionally by Scheuchzer and others. It was appear to have been ufually double, one for men, the firft difeovered in the year 1240, and is of the periodi- other for women ; but fo near, that the fame furnace cal kind. The water breaks forth in a dreadful place, heated both. The middle part was poffeffed by a large fcarce acceffible to the fun-beams, or indeed to men, bafon that received water by feveral pipes, and was unlefs of the greateft boldnefs, and fuch as are not in fuirounded by a baluftrade, behind which there was the leaft fubjedt to dizzinefs. Thefe baths have this an area for the reception of thofe who waited to ufe Angularity above all others, that they commonly break the bath. They were vaulted over, and only received forth in May, and that with a fort of impetuofity, light from the top. ■bringing with them beech-leaves, crabs, or other wood- In the Roman .baths, the firft part that appeared in Greek, and na~ fruit ; and that their courfe defifts in September or was a large bafon, called Odlober. Scheuchzer profeffes hiipfelf of opinion, tatio or pifeina in Latin. In the middle was the hythat thefe waters are not impregnated with any mine- pocaujlum, which had a row of four apartments on each rals, or if they do contain any, that their virtues in fide, called balnearia : thefe were the ftove, the bath, curing diftempers and preferving health do not proceed cold bath, and tepidarium. The two ftoves, called from them. They are exceeding clear, deftitute of laconicum and tepidarium, were circular and joined to■colour, tafte,.or fmell. gether. Their floor was hollow and fufpended, in orBaths, [Balnea), in architedture, denote large der to receive the heat of a large furnace, which was pompous buildings among the ancients, erected for the communicated to the ftoves through the vacuities of fake of bathing. Baths made a part of the ancient their floor. This furnace alfo heated another room gymnafia, though they were frequented more for the called vafarium, in which were three large brazen veffake of pleafure than health. fels called milliaria, refpedlively containing hot, warm, The moft magnificent baths vyere thofe of Titus, and cold water; which were fo difpofed, that the waPaulus iEmilius, and Dioclefian, of which there are ter might be made to pafs by fyphons and pipes out of fome ruins ftill remaining. It is faid that at Rome one or other of them into the bath, in order to adjuft there were 856 public baths. Fabricius adds, that its temperature. The defeription is given by Vitruvithe exceflive luxury of the Romans appeared in no- us. At three in the afternoon, which is what Pliny thingimore vifible than in their baths. Seneca com- calls bora ottava et nona, the Romans all repaired to plains, that the baths of plebeians were filled from the baths, either the public or the private ones: this filver pumps; and that the freedmen trod on gems. called the bath hour, bora balnei, which in winter Macrobius tells1 us of one Sergius a voluptuary, was at_iinine, in1 »fummer The publie L „ had T 1 pendant : ‘inOratus, r atjeight. -I bathsat4. who baths hanging the air. were all opened by_ the found of°r a_ 1bell,11 and always According to Dion, Mascenas was the firft who made the fame hour. Thofe who came too* late, ftood a a bath at Rome: yet there are inftances of public chance for bathing in cold water. baths prior to this ; but they were of cold water, fmall, They began with hot water; after which, as the and poorly decorated. Agrippa, in his sedilate, built pores were now opened, and might give room for too 160 places for bathing, where the citizens might be plentiful a perfpiration, they thought it neceffary for accommodated, either with hot or cold, gratis. Af- their health to clofe them again, either with the cold ter this example, Nero, Vefpafian, Titus, Domitian, bath, or at leaft with a fprinkling of cold water. Du.Severus, Gordian, Aurelian, Maximian, Dioclefian, ring the bath, the body was feraped with a kind of and moft of the emperors who ftudied to gain the af- knives, or fmali ftrigils, fuch as are ftill found in the N° 42. 2 cabinets

BAT BAT [ 73 3 cabinets of the curious. After bathing fucceeded ries. Nothing is requifite for the fand bath, but an Bath undtion and perfuming, from which they went frefh to earthen or iron veffel filled with fine fand, which is at 11.mg fitted into a furnace, and capable of containing the . * fupper. The Romans, when they found their ftomachs over- cucurbits, retorts, matrafles, or other veffels Containing charged with meat, went to the bath, as we learn from the matter to be operated Upon. Juvenal, who inveighs againft thafe who, having gor- Bath, in metallurgy, is ufed to fignify the fufion ged themfelves with eating, were forced to go into the of metallic matter in certain operations. In refining baths to give themfelves relief. They found alfo that a or cupelling, for example, the metals are faid to be in " > bath was good to refrefh themfelves after fome confi- bath when they are melted. When gold is purified derable fatigue or travel, as Celfus tells us ; which by antimony, this femi-metal melted, is called by fome makes Plautus fay, that all the baths in this world the bath of gold; alchemifts, who confider gold as the were not fufficient to remove the wearinefs he felt. king of metals, call antimony the hath ofthe king 0 :ly ; After Pompey’s time, the humour of bathing was car- becaufe in fadt gold only can refift the adtion of antiried to great excefs, by which many were ruined, feve- mony. ral having-brought themfelves to fuch a pitch, that Bath, in Hebrew antiquity, a meafure of capacity, they could not bear food without bathing firft. The containing the tenth part of an omar, or feven gallons emperor Titus is faid to have loft his life thereby. and four pints, as a meafure for things liquid; or three Hence Pliny inveighs feverely againft thofe phyficians pecks and three pints, as a meafure for things dry. who held, that hot baths digefted the food. The em- Bath-KoI, the daughter of a voice. So the Jews peror Hadrian firft laid a reftraint on the immoderate call one of their oracles, which is frequently mentioned humour of bathing, by a public edift, prohibiting all in their books, efpecially the Talmud ; being a fantaftical way of divination invented by the Jews themperfons to bathe before the eighth hour. Baths of Agrippa, (therm# Agrippina,) were built felves, though called by them a revelation from God’s of brick, but painted in enamel: thofe of Nero, therm# will, which he made to his chofen people, after all verNeroniana, were not only furnifhed with frelh water, bal prophecies had ceafed in Ifrael. It was in fadl a but even had the fea brought into them : thofe of Ca- method of divination fimilar to the firtes Vitgilian# of racalla were adorned with 200 marble columns, and the Heathens. For as, with them, the firft words they furnifhed with 1600 feats of the fame matter, Lip- happened to dip into, in the Works of that poet, were fius affures us they were fo large, that 1800 perfons a kind of oracle whereby they predldled future events ; might conveniently bathe in them at the fame time. fo, with the Jews, when they appealed to Bath-kol, the But the baths of Dioclefian, therm# Diodefan#, fur- firft words they heard from any man’s mouth were looked paffed all the reft in magnificence. One hundred and upon as a voice from heaven, diredtlng them in the forty thoufand men were employed many years in matter they inquired about. The Chriftians Were not building them. Great part of thefe, as well as thofe quite free from this fuperftition, making the fame ufe of Caracalla, are ftill ftanding ; and with the vaft high of the book of the Scriptures as the Pagans did of the arches, the beautiful and ftately pillars, the extraordi- Works of Virgil. It was pra&ifed by Heraclius, emnary plenty of foreign marble, the curious vaulting of peror of the Eaft, in the beginning of the feventh centhe roofs, the prodigious number of fpacioUS apart- tury : for, being at war with Chofroes king of Perfia, ments, and a thoufand other ornaments, make one of and in doubt, after a fuccefsful campaign, where to the greateft curiofities of modern Rome, take up his winter quarters, he confulted the book of Bath, in chemiftry. Several matters employed to the Scriptures in this way of divination, and was detranfmit heat are called baths; but the fubftances moft termined thereby. In France, it was the practice for frequently ufed by chemifts for this purpofes, are water feveral ages to ule this kind of divination at the conand fand. When water is employed, it is called Bal- fecration of a biihop, in order to difeover his life, manneum Mari#, or nvater hath; which is Very much ufed, ners, and future behaviour. This ufage came into very convenient for many operations, and may be em- England with the Norman conqueft ; for we are told, ployed fuccefsfuliy for all degrees of heat inferior to that at the confecration of William the fecond Northat of boiling water. As water, when expofed to man bilhop of the diocefe of Norwich, the words which fire in any veffel from which it can evaporate, does firft occurred on dipping into the Bible Were, Not this only receive a determinate degree of heat, which al- man, but Barabbus t foon after which, William died, ways remains the fame when once it has arrived to the and Herbert de Lozinga, chief fimony-brOker to King boiling heat, it follows, that by the water bath, a de- William Rufus, fucceeded him ; at whofe confecration gree of heat always equal may be tranfmitted with the words at which the Bible opened were the fame • certainty. Farther, this degree of heat being inca- which Jefus fpoke to Judas the traitor; friend, wherepable of burning, or of communicating an empyreu- fore art thou come? This circumftahce fo affefted Hermatic quality to matters fufceptible of it, the water bert, that it brought him to a thorough repentance of bath has alfo the advantage of not expofing fubftances his crime; in expiation of which he built the cathedral to this inconvenience. When veftels in which diftilla- church of Norwich, the firft ftone of which he laid in tions and digeftions are made, are placed in fand, then the year 10964 ■* a fand bath is formed. This intermediate fubftance of BATHA, Bath, or Bachia, a town of Hungary, fand is very convenient to moderate the too great ac- and capital of a county of the fame name, feated on the tivity of the naked fire, and to tranfmit any degree of E. Long. 20. 40. N. Lat. 46. 40. heat, from the weakeft to a red heat. As this bath Danube. the aft pf ufing or applying a bath j is attended with lefs trouble, and requires lefs appara- thatBATHING, is, of immerging the body, or part of it, in water tus than the water bath, it is much ufed in laborato- or- other fluid. Vol. III. Part I. K Bathing

BAT [ 74 1 BAT ^Battling, ^ Bathing is a practice of great antiquity. The Greeks, though they are not agreed as to the manner in which Bathing, as eariy as the heroic age, are faid to have bathed them- they operate on the human body. See Medicine- v"”"* felves in the fea, in rivers, &c. We even find mention Index. in Homer of hot baths in the Trojan times ; but thefe Bathing among the Turks, as among the ancients, feem to have been very rare, and only ufed on extra- makes a part of diet and luxury; and in every town, ordinary occafions. Athenasus fpeaks of hot baths as and even village, there is a public bath. Indeed, the unufual even in his age. In reality, public baths ap- neceflity of cleanlinefs, in a climate where one perpear to'have been difcouraged, and even prohibited, by fpires fo copioufly, has rendered bathing indifpenfthe ancient Greeks, who were contented to wafh them- able ; the comfort it produces preferves the ufe of it y felves at home in a fort of bathing-tubs. The method and Mahomet, who knew its utility, has reduced it precept. Of thefe baths, and the manner of bathof bathing among the ancient Greeks was, by heating toinga particularly at Cairo, the following account is water in a large veffel with three feet, and thence pouring it on the head and (boulders of the perfon feated given by M, Savary in his Letters on Egyptin a tub for that purpofe, who at coming out was a- “ The firft apartment one finds in going to the bath, is a large hall, which rifes in'the form of a rotunda. nointed with oil. at the top, to give a free circulation to the The Romans were alfo long before they came into It is open A fpacions ettrade, or raifed floor, covered with the ufe of baths ; the very name of which, therm*, air. Ihows they borrowed it from the Greeks. As the an- a carpet, and divided into compartments, goes around which one lays one’s clothes. In the middle of cient Romans were chiefly employed in agriculture, it,theonbuilding, a jet-d’au fpouts up from a bafon, and their cuflom was, every evening after work to wafh their arms and legs, that they might fit down to flip- agreeably entertains the eye. When you are yndrefled, per with more decency: for it is to be obferved, the you tie a napkin round your loins, take a pair of fa*dals, and enter into a narrow paCage, where you beufe of linen was then unknown ; and the people of that gin to be fenfible of the heat. The door (huts to ^ age went with their arms and legs bare, and confequently expofed to dull and filth. But this was not all; and, at 20 paces off, you open a fecond, and go along for every ninth day, when they repaired to the city, a paffage, which forms a right angle with the former. They who are afraid of fudeither to the nundinae or to attend at the aflemblies of Here the heat increafes. themfelves to a ftronger degree of it, the people, they bathed all over in the Tiber, or fome denlyinexpofing a marble hall, in the way to the bath properly ether river which happened to be neareft them. This foflopcalled. The bath is a fpacious and vaulted apartment, feems to have been all the bathing known till the time ■of Pompey, when the cuftom began of bathing every paved and lined with marble, around which there are fomj clofets. The vapour inceffantly rifing from a founday. See Bath. The Celtic nations were not without the ufe of bath- tain and ciftern of hot water, mixes itfelf with the ing : the ancient Germans bathed every day in warm burning perfumes. Thefe, however, are never burnt water in winter, and in fummer in cold. In England, except the perfons who are in the bath defire it. They the famous bath in Somerfetlhire it faid by fome to mix with the fteam of the water, and produce a molt have been in ufe 800 years before Chrift. Of this, agreeable effeft. however, it mud be owned, we have but very flender “ The bathers are not imprifoned here, as in Europe, evidence : but Dr Mufgrave makes it probable that it in a fort of tub, where one is never at one’s eafe. Exwas a place of confiderable refort in Geta’s time; there tended on a cloth fpread out, the head fupported by a being ftill the remains of a ftatue erefted to that gene- fmall culhion, they ftretch themfelves ‘ freely in every ral, in gratitude for fome benefactions he had confer- pofturc, whilft they are wrapped up in a cloud of odoriferous vapours, which penetrates into all their pores. red upon it. Although bathing, among the ancients, made, as After repofing there fome time, until there is a gentle it were, a part of diet, and was ufed as familiarly as moifture over the whole body, a fervant comes, preffes eating or lleep; yet it was in high efteem among their you gently, turfis you over, and when the limbs are phyficians for the cure of difeafes, as appears from become fupple and flexible he makes all the joints crack Strabo, Pliny, Hippocrates, and Oribafius; whence without any difficulty. He maffes* and feems to knead * Maf-'*" **1 frequent exhortations to waffling in the fea, and plun- the fleflv without making you feel the fmalleft pain. c.omes. fr“n® i i ging into cold water. The firft inftance of cold bath- This operation finilhed, he puts on a fluff glove, and^j, ^ ing, as a medicine, is Mdampus’s bathing the daughters rubs you a long time- During this operation, he de-which fig- i of the king of Argos; and the firft inftance of warm taches from the body of the patient, which is running nifies _ | bathing is Medea’s ufe of it, who was faid to boil with fweat, a fort of fmall fcaies, and removes even t0“cllin?i people alive, becaufe Pelias king of Theflaly died in the imperceptible dirt that flops the pores. The (kinH a warm bath under her hands. The cold bath was becomes foft and fmooth like fatin. He then condu&s ' ufed with fuccefs by Antonius Mufa, phyfician to the you into a clofet, pours- the lather of perfumed foap emperor Auguftus, for the recovery of that prince; upon your head, and withdraws. The ancients did but fell into negleCl after the death of Marcellus, who more honour to their guefts, and treated them in a was thought to have been deftroyed by the improper more voluptuous manner. Whilft Telemachus was at ufe of it. It was again brought into requeft towards the court of Neftor, ‘ the beautifuTPolycafta, the the clofe of the reign of Nero, by means of a phyfi- handfomeft of the daughters of the king of Pylos, led cian of Marfeilles named Charms; but during the ig- the fon of Ulyffes to the bath; walhed him with her norance of the fucceeding ages, the pra&ice was again own hands; and, after anointing his body with precious banifhed for a long time.—Both hot and cold bathing oils, covered him with rich habks and a fplendid cloak.*' are now preferibed in many cafes by the phyficians, Pififtratus aud Tekmackus were not worfc treated in the

BAT [ 75 1 BAT Bathing, the palace of McnchlS. ‘ When they had admired But, according to Mr Savary, this is an error which Bathinp, ‘“—'v its beauties, they were condufted to bafons of marble, further experience would have corretted. There are ,Bathur(tno people who make more frequent ufe of them than v"~“ where a bath was prepared: Beautiful female flaves the waihed them; and, after anointing them with oil, co- Egyptians, and there is no country where there are fewer afthmatic people. The afthma is fcarcely vered them with rich tunics and fuperb pellices.’ “ The clofetto which one is conduced is furnifhed known there. with a ciftern and two cocks; one for cold and the The women are paflionately fond of thefe baths. other for hot water. There you wafh yourfelf. Soon They frequent them at le; ft once a-week, and take after the fervant returns with a depilatory pomatum, with them flaves properly qualified for the purpofe. which in an inftant makes the hair fall off the places it More luxurious than the men, after undergoing the is applied to. Both men and women make general ufe ufual preparations, they wafli their bodies, and ab@ve of it in Egypt. It is compofed of a mineral called all their heads, with rofe-water. It is there that ferufma, which is of a deep brown. The Egyptians male head-drefiers form their long black hair into trefles, burn it lightly, knead it with water, mixing it with which they mix with precious effences inftead of powder half the quantity of flaked lime. This greyifh pafte and pomatum. It is there that they blacken the edge applied to the hair, makes it fall off in two or three of their eye-lids,and lengthen their eye-brows withcohel, a preparation of tin burnt with gall-nuts; it is there minutes, without giving the' flighteft pain. “After being well wafhed and purified, you are wrap- they ftain the finger and toe nails with the leaves of ped up in hot linen, and follow the guide through henne, a fhrub common in Egypt, and which gives the windings that lead to the outer apartment. This them a golden colour. The linen and clothing they infenfible tranikion from heat to cold prevents one from make ufe of are palled through the fweet fteam of the fuffering any inconvenience from it. On arriving at wood of aloes; and when the work of the toilet is at the eilrade, you find a bed prepared for you; and an end, they remain in the outer apartment, and pafs fcarcely are you laid down before a child comes to prefs the day in entertainments. Females entertain them •every part of your body with his delicate fingers, in with voluptuous fongs and dances, or tell them tales of order to dry you thoroughly. You change linen a fe- love. •cond time, and the child gently grates the callofity ©f BATHURST (Ralph), M. D. an eminent phyyour feet with pumice Home. He then brings you a fician, poet, and divine, born in the year 1620. He ftudied divinity in Trinity college, Oxford; but the pipe and Moka coffee. “Comingout of aftove where one was furrounded by times of confufion coming on, he changed the courfe a hot and moift fog, where the fweat gufhed from every of his ftudies, and applied himfeif to phyfic. He took limb, and tranfported into a fpacious apartment open a do&or’s degree in that faculty 5 in w'hich he rofe to to the external air, the breaft dilates, and one breathes fuch eminence, that he was, in the time of the ufurpawith voluptuoufnefs. Perfe&ly maffed, and as it were tion, appointed phyfician to the Hate. Upon the reregenerated, one experiences an univerfal comfort. The ftoration, he quitted his profeffion of phyfic ; was elecblood circulates with freedom; and one feels as if difen- ted a fellow of the Royal Society, and prefident of his gaged from an enormous weight, together with a fup- college ; and having entered into holy orders, he was plenefs and lightnefs to which one has been hitherto a made chaplain to the king, and afterwards dean of ftranger. A lively fentiment of exiflence diffufes itfelf Wells. Soon after, he ferved the office of vice-chancelto the very extremities of the body. Whilft it is loft lor of Oxford, and was nominated by King William in delicate fenfations, the foul, fympathifing with the and Queen Mary to the fee of Briftol; which he refufed delight, enjoys the moft agreeable ideas. The ima- to accept. His learning and talents were various. He gination, wandering over the univerfe, which it em- was an orator, a philofopher, and a poet: he pofleffed bellifhes, fees on every fide the moft enchanting pic- an inexhauftible fund of wit, and was a facetious comtures, every where the image of happinefs. If life be panion at 80 years of age. Ridicule was the weapon nothing but the fucceffion of our ideas, the rapidity with which he ufed to correct the delinquents of his with which they then recur to the memory, the vigour college ; and he was fo abfolute a mafter of it, that he with which the mind runs over the extended chain of had it always at hand. His poetical pieces in the Muthem, would itiduce a belief that in the two hours of fa! Anglican# are excellent in their kind. He wrote that delicious calm that fucceeds the bath, one has feveral poems, both in Engliftr and Latin ; and died lived a number of years.” June 14. 1704, in the 34th year of his age. Such ara the baths, the ufe of which were fo ftrong- Bathurst (Allen), Earl ofBathurft, one of thelaft ly recommended by the ancients, and which are ftill worthies of Queen Anne’s reign, that Alining period the delight of the Egyptians. It is by means of them of triumphs, tafte, genius, and elegance, was born in that they prevent or difpel rheumatifms, catarrhs, and the year 1684. His ftudies and his education were fuch cutaneous diforders as are produced by want of equally conducive to the brilliant figure he was deftined * perfpiration. Hence likewife they find a radical cure to make in focial life and in the fenate, as a polite fchofor that fatal evil which attacks the fources of genera- lar, a patriot, and a ftatefman. Thefe talents he had tion, the remedy for which is fo dangerous in Europe. an opportunity to difplay as early as the year 1705 ; By the fame i eiource they get rid of that uncomfort- when, at the requeft of his father Sir Benjamin Baable feeling fo common to all nations who do not pay thurft, and the folicitation of the conftituents of Cirenfo much attention to the cleanlinefs of their bodies.— chefter, he ferved in parliament for that borough, his Mr Tournefort, indeed, who had ufed fleam baths at native foil, with reputation and integrity. He diftinConftantinople, where there is lefs refinement in them gyifhed himfeif particularly in the ftruggles and dethan at Cairo, is of opinion that they injure the breaft. bates relative to the. union between the two kingdoms, K 2^ firmly

BAT [ 76] BAT firmly fupporting this meafure, calculated to ftrengthen whofe thoughts were turned to foreign concerns and Bathurft.1 1 the vigour of goverment by uniting its force. Though alliances which could never be ufeful; complaining of '“—'v he was contented to aft a fubordinate chara&er in the the immenfe fums laviftied in fubfidies to needy and ragreat oppofition planned by Mr Harley and Mr St pacious princes. John, his intimate friends, to fap the credit of the The direftors of the charitable corporation having Duke of Marlborough and his adherents, he was of in- embezzled 500,000 1. of the proprietors capital, Lord finite fervice to his party in arraigning, with fpirit and Bathurft declared, in the Houfe of Lords, his abhoreloquence, the conduft of the General and the Earl of rence of this moft iniquitous fcene of fraud ; afferting, Godolphin, who had long governed the Queen, and that not one Ihilling of the money was ever applied to lavifhed the treafures of the nation on conquefts more the proper fervice, but became the re ward, of avarice fplendid than ferviceable. The lofs of the battle of and venality. Almanza feconded his efforts to difpel the intoxica- His Lordfliip concurred, with all his power, in the: tion of former fucceffes. His perfonal regard for Lord oppolition to Sir Robert Walpole, who now tottered Somers, prefident of the council, was never altered, on the brink of ruin. This minifter, after obftinate though they were of different opinions in politics ; and ftruggles, having been forced to refign all his employwhen he was divefted of his office, Mr Bathurft adted ments, Lord Bathurff was fworn of the privy-council, with fuch tendernefs and delicacy, as to preferve the and made captain of the gentlemen-penfioners, which efteem of Lord Somers in a private ftation. In confi- poll he refigned in 1744. He was appointed treafurer deration of his zeal and fervices, the Queen advanced to the prefent king, then Prince of Wales, in 1757,, him, in 1711, to the dignity of a peer,, by the title of and continued in the lift of privy-counfellors at his acBaron Bathnrft, of Battlefden, in Bedfordffiire. ceffion to the throne ; but, on account of his great age, His Lordfliip continued to fpeak his fentiments with he chofe to enjoy otium cum dignitate. an undaunted freedom in the upper houfe; and ftept Lord Bathurft’s integrity gained him the efteem even forth as a formidable opponent to the court-meafures of his opponents; and his humanity and benevolence, in the reign of George I. and during Sir Robert Wal- the affeiffion of all that knew him more intimately. pole’s adminiftration. The acrimony of the profecu- He added ta his public virtues all the good breeding, tion carried, on againff the Earl of Oxford, Lord Bo- politenefs, and elegance, of focial intercourfe. Dr lingbroke, and the Duke of Ormond, ftimulated his in- Freind, Congreve, Vanbrugh, Swift, Prior, Rowe, dignation and his eloquence againft fuch vindiftive pro- Addifon, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and moft men of ceedings; and he obferved, “ that the king of afaftion genius in his own time, cultivated his friendlhip, and was but the fovereign of half his fubje&s.” were proud of his correfpondence. The fouth-fea fcheme having infedted the whole na- Pope, in his Epiftle to him on the Ufe of Riches j tion with a fpirit of avaricious enterprize, the people thus adreffes him: awaked from their delirium, and an infinite number of fenfe to value riches, with the art families was involved in ruin- Lord Bathurff publicly The them, and the virtue to impart; impeached the dire&ors, whofe arts had enabled them by T’enjoy balance fortune by a juft expence, thefe vain expe&ations'to amafs furprifing fortunes: he To with oeconomy magnificence ; reprefented that the national honour was concerned in Join fplendor, charity with plenty, health : ftripping them of their ill acquired wealth ; and moved With O teach us, Bathurft, yet unfpoil’d by wealth ! for having all the direftors of the fouth-fea company That fecret rare, between th’ extremes to move, punilhed by a forfeiture of their eftates, for fuch a no- „ Of mad good-nature, and of mean felf-love. torious a& of fordid, knavery. When the bill, was brought into the houfe of Lords And Sterne, in his letters to Eliza, thus fpeaks of. againtt Dr Atterbury bifhop of Rochefter, that learned him : “ This nobleman is an old friend of mine: he, prelate, who joined to the graces of flyle and elocution was always the proteftor of men of wit and genius 5; all the elegance of a juft delivery ; among the many and has had thofe of the laft century always at his table.. friends the biffiop’s eloquence, poltienefs, and inge- The manner in which his notice began of me, was asnuity had procured him, was Lord Bathurft. He fpoke fingular as it was polite.—He came up to me one day, againft the bill with great vehemence and propriety ; as I was at the Princefs of Wales’s court, ‘ I want, obferving, “ that if fuch extraordinary proceedings to know you, Mr Sterne ; but it is fit you fhould were countenanced, he faw nothing remaining for him know alfo who it is that wifhes this pleafure: you have, and others to, do, but tp retire to their country-houfes, heard (continued he) of an old Lord Bathurft, of and there, if poffible, quietly enjoy their eftates with-, whom your Popes and Swifts have fung and fpoke-n foip their own families, fince theleaft correfpondence, or much : I have lived my life with geniufes of that call,, intercepted letter, might be made criminal.” Then but have furvived them; and defpairing ever to findturning to the biftiops, he faid, he “ could hardly their equals, it is fome years fince I have clofed my acaccount for the inveterate hatred and malice fome and (hut up my books, with thoughts of neperfons bore the ingenious biihop of Rpchefter, un- counts, ver opening them again: but you have kindled a delire lefs it was that, they were infatuated like* the wild in me of opening them once more before I die, which Americans, who fondly believe they, inherit not only I. now do; fo go home, and dine with me.’ This the fpoils, but even the abilities, of the man they de- nobleman, I fay, is a prodigy:, for at 8,5 he has all the flioy.” He was one of the Lords who entered hispro- wit and promptnefs of a man of 30 ; a difpofition to be teft againft the bill. pleafed, and a power to pleafe others beyond what-, His Lordlhip was entirely averfe to continental con- ever I knew! added to which, a man of learning, couracdtionsj and. animadverted feverely upon the monarch tefy, and feeling.” Hi*.

BAT L 77 J BAT BatHurft His Lordfhip, in the latter part of his life, preferved The chief ufe of Batifte is for neck-cloths, head- Batman II I his natural cheerfulnefs and vivacity, always acceffible, cloths, furplices, &c. Batlfte ^ - hofpitable, and beneficent. Lately he delighted in BATMAN, in commerce, a kind of weight ufed at Smyrna, containing fix okes of 400 drams each, which rural amufements; and enjoyed, with a philofbphical amount to 16 pounds 6 ounces and 15 drams of Engliih fatisfa&ion, the (hade of the lofty trees he had planted himfelf. Till within a month of his death he conftantly weight. BATMANSON (John), prior of the Carthufian rode out on horfeback two hours before dinner, and monaftery,. or Charter-houfe in the fuburbs of Lonconftantly drank his bottle of claret or Madeira after He was forne time a Undent at Oxford, but it dinner. He ufed to declare, in ajocofe manner, he don. does not appear that he took any degree in that unxnever could think of adopting Dr Cadogan’s method, verfity. He was intimately acquainted with Edward as Dr Cheyne had affured him, 50 years ago, he would Lee archbiftiop of York, at whofe requeft he wrote never live feven years longer unlefs he abridged him^ Erafmus and- Luther. He died in the yearfelf of his wine. Purfuant to this maxim, his Lord- againft 15.31, and was buried in the chapel belonging to the (hip having, fome years ago, invited feveral of his charter-houfe. to Bale, he was a proud friends to fpend a few cheerful days with him at forward perfon ; According he fays that Erafmus, in one of his feat at Cirencefter, and being one evening very his letters to the and biihop of Winchefter, calls him anloth to part with them ; on his fon the late chan- ignorant fellow. Pits, on the contrary, gives him the cellor’s objecting to their fitting up any longer, and character of a man of lingular genius, zeal, piety, and adding that health and long life were beft fecured by learning. He wrote, \. Animadverfiones annotationes regularity, he fuffered him to retire: but, as foon as Eraf?ni in Nov. Teftamentum. 2. A intreatife againft he was gone, the cheerful father faid, “ Come, my fome of Luther i nuorks. Thefe two he afterwards regood friends, fince the old gentleman is gone to bed, I traCted. 3. Commeniaria.in proverbia Solomonis. 4. In. think we may venture to crack another bottle.” 5. De unica Magdalena. 6. In~ His Lordlhip was advanced to the dignity of Earl cantica canticorum. noviciorum. 7. De centemppu- mundi. 8. De' in 1772 ; and lived, to fee the above nobleman, his el- ftitutiones duodenni. 9. On the words, Miffus eft, &C. deft fon, feveral years Lord High Chancellor of Great Chrifto Britain, and promoted to the peerage in 1771 by the BATON, or Baston. See Baston. the battle of the title of Baron Apfley. Lord Bathurft married Ca- BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, and the mice, the title of a fine burlefque poem therine daughter of Sir Peter Apiley, by whom he frogs afcribed to Homer.—.The fubjeCt of the work had two other fons, and five daughters. His death generally the death of Pfycharpax, a moufe, fon to Toxartes,. happened, after a few days illnefs, at his feat near Ci- iswho, mounted on the back of Phyfignathus, a rencefter, in the 91ft year of his age, and on the 16th frog, onbeing a voyage to her palace, to which fhe had inof September 1775. him, was feized with fear when he faw himfelf BATHYLLUS rz/n/ Pylades, inventors of panto- vited middle of the pond, fo that he tumbled off and mime entertainments on the ftage. Bathyllus fucceeded in thedrowned. Phyfignathus being fufpefted to have - in reprefenting comedy ; Pylades, in tragedy. The art was (haken him off with defign, the mice demanded fatisconfifted in expreffing the paffions by geftures, attiand unanimoufly declared war againft the frogs. tudes, and dumb (hew; not, as in modern times, in faCiion, (anc. geog.), a people of Germany, formachinery, and the fooleries of Harlequin. They BATTiE, inhabitants of what is now called Heffe. Being flouriftied at Rome, under Auguftus, about A. D. 10. merly with their fituation there, they fettled on Each of them kept fcholars, who perpetuated their diffatisfied the ifland formed by the Vahalis and Rhine, which matter’s name : for the followers of Bathyllus, who ex- from them took the name of Batavia, or Batavoruni celled in the comic part, called themfelves Batbylli; Infula. Their government was a mixture of monarchy,, and thofe of Pylades, vv ho excelled in the tragic, called ariftocracy, and democracy. Their chief, was, prothemfelves Pylada. BATILLUS, a mufical inftrument made of metal, perly fpeaking, nothing more than a principal citizen, bufinefs was rather to advife than to command. in the form of a ftaff, furnilhed with metalline rings, whofe The principal men who exercifed jurifditftion, and comwhich being ftruck, yielded a kind of harmonical manded troops, in their refpeCUve diftrifts, were founds ; ufed by the Armenians in their church-fer- chofen, asthewell as the kings, in an affembly of the peovice. ple. A hundred perfons ieleCled from among the peoBAITS ; a genus of the tetrandria order, belong- ple ing to the disecia clafs of. plants,, the characters of prefided over every county, and afted as chiefs in which are : Of the male, the amentum is four ways the different hamlets. The whole nation was, in fome imbricated, and both the calyx and corolla are want- meafure, an army always in readinefs. Each family ing : of the female, the amentum is ovate, the involm compofed a body of militia, which ferved under a capcrum diphyllous; calyx and corolla wanting ; the ftig- tain of their own choofing. See Batavorum Infula. ma is bilobate and fefiile ; the berries condunate and BATTALIA, an army ranged in order of battle, four-feeded. There is but one fpecies, the mantima, or ready for engagement. The word feems formed from the Latin balualia, fometimes alfo written bataa native of Jamaica. BATISTE, in commerce, a fine white kind of li- lia, denoting a fort of military or gladiatorial exercife, as fighting with foils, or tilting at a poft. In this nen cloth, manufactured in Flanders and Picardy. There are three kinds of batifte ; the firft very thin; fenfe, we meet with the depth of a battalia ;• to march the fecond lefs thin ; and the third much thicker, cal- in battalia, with the baggage in the middle ; to break led Holland batijle, as coming very near the goodnefs the battalia, &c. In the Roman battalia, the haftati made the front. of Hollands. BAT-

BAT [ 73 ] BAT in them appeal to the decifion of Providence. AnBATTALION, a fmall body of infantry, ranged not other pretext for allowing it, upon thefe final writs of in form of battle, and ready to engage. for the fake of fuch claimants as might A battalion ufually contains from 500 to 800 men ; right,thewastruealforight, but yet by the death of witneffes but the number it confifts of is not determined. They have or other defect of evidence be unable to prove it to a are armed with firelocks, fwords, and bayonets ; and jury. the moft curious reafon of all is given in the divided into 13 companies, one of which is grenadiers. hjirror,But that it is allowable upon warrant of the combat Thsy are ufually drawn up three men deep. Some reDavid for the people of Ifrael of the one party, giments confilt of but one battalion, others are divided between and Goliah for the Philiftines of the other party: a into four or five. which Pope Nicholas I. very ferioufly decides BATTATAS, the Indian name of the potatoe. reafon to be inconclufive. Of battel therefore on a writ of See Convolvulus. BATTEL, a town of Suffex, five miles north-weft right we ffiall firft fpeak : and although the writ of itfelf, and of courfe this trial thereof, be at preof Hattings, fitliated in E. Long. o. 35. N. Lat. 50. right 55. It was formerly called A/zAvz; and is the place fent difufed ; yet, as it is law at this day, it may be of curiofity, at leaft, to inquire into the forms where William the Conqueror vanquifhed Harold king matter of England on Oftober 14th 1066. William, in me- of this proceeding, as we may gather them from anmory of this victory, erefted an abbey, which he cal- cient authors. led Battel Abbey; and if a criminal could but reach 1. The laft trial by battel that was waged in the this abbey, he was difmiffed from thence, and was af- court of common pleas at Weftminfter (though there terwards in no danger for his pail faults. The abbey was afterwards one in the eaurt of chivalry in 1631, was a large and noble ftrufture, as may be judged by and another in the county palatine of Durham in 1638) the gateway which is ftill entire, as well as from the was in the 13th year of Queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1571, other remains. This place is noted for making gun- as reported by Sir James Dyer ; and was held in Totpowder equal to that of Dantzick ; and the beft goes hill-fields, Weftminfter, “ non fne rnagna juris confultorum perturbatione,” faith Sir Henry Spelman, who by the name of Battel gunponuder. Battel, in law, or Trial by •wager of Battel, a fpe- was himfelf a witnefs of the ceremony. The form, as cies of trial of great antiquity, but now much difufed. appears from the authors before citecj, is as follows. It feems to have owed its original to the military fpi- When the tenant in a writ of right pleads the gerit of our anceftors, joined to a fuperftitious frame of neral iffue, viz. that he hath more right to hold than mind; it being in the nature of an appeal to Provi- the demandant hath to recover ; and offers to prove it dence, under an apprehenfion and hope (however pre- by the body of his champion, which tender is accepted fumptuous and unwarrantable), thst heaven would give by the demandant; the tenant in the firft place muft the vi&ory to him who had the right. The decifion of produce his champion, who, by throwing down his fuits, by this appeal to the God of battels, is by fome glove as a gage or pledge, thus wages or ftipulates batfaid to have been invented by the Burgundi, one of the tel with the champion of the demandant; who, by tanorthern or German clans that planted themfelves in king up the gage or glove, ftipulates on his part to acGaul. And it is true, that the firft written injun&ion cept the challenge. The reafon why it is waged by of judiciary combats that we meet with, is in the laws champions, and not by the parties themfelves, in civil of Gundebald, A. D. 501, which are preferved in the aftions, is becaufe, if any party to the fuit dies, the Burgundian code. Yet it does not feem to have been fuit muft abate and be at an end for the prefent; and merely a local cullom of this or that particular tribe, therefore no judgment could be given for the lands in but to have been the common ufage of all thofe war- queftion, if either of the parties were flain in battel: like people from the earlieft times. And it may alfo and alfo that no perfon might claim an exemption from feem, from a paffage in Velleius Paterculus, that the this trial, as was allowed in criminal cafes, where the Germans, when firft they became known to the Ro- battel was waged in perfon. mans, were wont to decide all contefts of right by the A piece of ground is then in due time fet out, of 60 fword : for when Quintilius Varus endeavoured to in- feet fquare, inclofed with lifts, and on one fide a court troduce among them the Roman laws and method of ere&ed for the judges of the court of common pleas, trial, it was looked upon (fays the hiftorian) as a no- who attend there in their fcarlet robes ; and alfo a bar vitas incognita difciplina, ut folita armis decerni jure is prepared for the learned ferjeants at law. When the tenninarentur. And among the ancient Goths in Swe- court fits, which ought to be by funriiing, proclamaden we find the practice of judiciary duels eftabliftied tion is made for the parties and their champions; who upon much the fame footing as they formerly were in are introduced by two knights, and are dreffed in a coat of armour, with red fandals, barelegged from the knee our own country. This trial was introduced in England among other downwards, bareheaded, and with bare arms to the Norman cuftoms by William the Conqueror ; but was elbows. The weapons allowed them are only batons, only ufed in three cafes, one military, one criminal, and or Haves, of an ell long, and a four-cornered leather the third civil. The firft: in the court martial, or court target; fo that death very feldom enfued this civil comof chivalry and honour ; the fecond in appeals of fe- bat. In the court military, indeed, they fought with lony ; and the third uponjflue joined in a writ of right, fword and lance, according to Spelman and Ruffithe laft and moft folemn decifion of real property. For worth ; as likewife in France, only villeins fought wiih in writs of right the jus proprietatis, which is frequently the buckler and baton, gentlemen armed at all points. a matter of difficulty, is in queftion ; but other real ac- And upon this, and other circumftances, the preiident tions Being merely queflions of the jus pojfjjjioms, which Montefquieu hath with great ingenuity not only deduare ufualiy more plain and obvious, our anceftors did ced the impious cuftom of private duels upon imaginary

BAT BAT f 79 ] Battel, nary points of honour, but hath alfo traced the heroic therefore, if the appellant or approver be a woman, a Battel, an infant, or of the age of 60, or lame, or blind, Batten. ^ -v—^ madnefs of knight-errantry from the fame original of prieft, he or (he may counterplead and refufe the wager of bat- ' ~y judicial combats. But to proceed : and compel the appellee to put himfelf upon the When the champions, thus armed with batons, ar- tel; rive within the lifts or place of combat, the champion country. Alfo peers of the realm, bringing an appeal, of the tenant then takes his adverfary by the hand, and (hall not be challenged to wage battel, on account of dignity of their perfons ; nor Cue citizens of Lonmakes oath that the tenements in difpute are not the the by fpec.al charter, becaufe fighting feems foreign right of the demandant; and the champion of the de- todon,their and employment. So likewifi:,. if mandant, then taking the other by the hand, fwears in the crimeeducation ; as if the thief be taken wth the fame manner that they are ; fo that each champion the mainour,be ornotorious the murderer in the room with a whyis, or ought to be, thoroughly perfuaded of the truth knife, the appellant may refufe the tender 01 ! ..el ©f the caufe he fights for. Next an oath againft forthe appellee ; and it is unreafonabie an imu.certt cery and enchantment is to be taken by both the cham- from pions, in this or a fimilar form : “ Hear this, ye ju- man (hould (lake his life againft one who is already ftices, that I have this day neither eat, drank, nor have half-convidfed. upon me neither bone, ftone, ne grafs; nor any in- The form and manner of waging battel upon apchantment, forcery, or witchcraft, whereby the law of peals are much the fame as upon a writ of right; only God may be abafed, or the law of the devil exalted. the oaths of the two combatants are vaftly more (Inking and folemn. The appellee, when appealed of feSo help me God and his faints.” The battel is thus begun, and the combatants are lony, pleads not guilty; and throws down his glove, and bound to fight till the ftars appear in the evening: and, declares he will defend the fame by his body: the apif the champion of the tenant can defend himfelf till pellant takes up the glove; and replies that he is ready make good the appeal, body for body. And therethe ftars appear, the tenant (hall prevail in his caufe ; toupon, the appellee taking the book in his right hand,, for it is fufneient for him to maintain his ground, and make it a drawn battel, he being already in pofleflion ; and in his left the right hand of his antagonift, fwears Hoc audi, homo, quern per manum tebut, if victory declares itfelf for either party, for him toneo,this&c.efftdl: “ Hear this, O man, whom I hold by the is judgment finally given. This vidory may arife from hand, who called thyfelf John by the name of bapthe death of either of the champions : which indeed tifm, that I, who call myfelf ’Thomas by the name of hath rarely happened; the whole ceremony, to fay the truth, bearing a near refemblance to certain rural ath- baptifm, did not felonioufly murder thy father, Willetic diverfions, which are probably derived from this Uam by name, nor am any way guilty of the faid feoriginal. Or victory is obtained if either champion lony. So help me God, and the laints; and this I will' proves recreant, that is, yields, and pronounces the defend againft thee by my body, as this court (halfi horrible word of craven ; a word of difgrace and ob- award.” To which the appellant replies, holding the loquy, rather than of any determinate meaning. But bible and his antagonift’s hand in the fame manner as a horrible word it indeed is to the vanquifhed cham- the other: “ Hear this, O man, whom I hold by the pion : fince, as a punKhment to him for forfeiting the hand, who called thyfelf Thomas by the name of bapland of his principal by pronouncing that fhameful tifm, that thou art perjured and therefore perjured, word, he is condemned as a recreant, amittere liberam becaufe that thou felonioufly didfl murder my father,, legem, that is, to become infamous, and not to be ac- William by name. So help me God,, and the faints: counted liber et legalis homo ; being fuppofed by the and this I will prove againft thee by my body, as this event to be proved forfworn, and therefore never to court (hall award.” The battel is then to be fought, be put upon a jury, or admitted as a witnefs in any with the fame weapons, viz. batons, the fame folemnity, and the fame oath againft amulets and forcery, caufe. This is the form of a trial by battel; a trial which that are ufed in the civil combat: and if the appellee be the tenant, or defendant in a writ of right, has it in his fo far vanquilhed that he cannot or will not fight any ekftion at this day to demand; and which was the only longer, he (hall be adjudged to be hanged immediatedecifion of fuch writ of right after the conqueft, till ly; and then, as well as if he be killed in battel,. ProHenry II. by confent of parliament introduced the vidence is deemed to have determined in favour of the. grand afftfe, a peculiar fpecies of trial by jury, in con- truth, and his blood (hall be attainted. But if he kills currence therewith ; giving the tenant his choice of the appellant, or can maintain the fight from funrifing; either the one or the other. Which example, of dif- till the ftars appear in the evening, he (hall be acquiteountenancing thefe judicial combats, was imitated ed. So alfo, if the appellant becomes recreant, and about a century afterwards in France, by an edi& of pronounces the horrible word craven, he (hall lofe his Louis the Pious, A. D. 1260, and foon after by the liberam legem, and become infamous; and the appellee reft of Europe. The eftabliftunent of this alternative, (hall recover his damages, and alfo be for ever quit, not Glanvil, chief juftice to Henry II. and probably his only of the appeal, but of all indi&ments likewife for advifer herein, confiders as a moft noble improvement,, the fame offence. as in fa& it was, of the law. BATTEN, a name that workmen give to a fcant' talsSee Ap~ 2. In appeals * of felony, the trial by battel may be ling of wooden ftuff, from two to four inches broad, and' demanded, at the election of the appellee, in either an- about one inch thick; the length is pretty confiderable,. appeal or an approvement; and it is carried on with but undetermined.—This term is chiefly ufed in fpeakequal fokmnity as that on a writ of right; but with ing of doors and windows of (hops, &c. which are not this difference, that there each party hires a champion, framed of whole deal, &c. with ft ilea, rails, and panbut here they muft fight in their proper perlons. And nek like wainfeot; but are made to appear as if they.

BAT [ 8© ] BAT ISattenburg thefe andbattens braddedcrofsonthem, the plain arms refembling the military engine of the fame Battery, Battering. were ^oar'' tions ; and fuch was the refpeA paid to military merit cation of himfelf as to thefe particulars, with which the in that age, that the duke of Savoy commanded it to author of the anonymous letter declared himfelf fatisbe received with royal honours in all the cities of his fied, excepting what related to “ the remainder of dominions : in Dauphine, Bayard’s native country, the Protedantifm.” He would not admit of the defence people of .all ranks came out in a folemn proceffion to with regard to that expreffion ; and in another letter, advifed him to retraft that expreflion. He adds in a neet it. LAYEUX, a confiderable town of France in Nor- poftfeript, “You mention, in your Journal of Augud, mandy, and capital of Beflin, with a rich bifhop’s fee. a fecond letter of the queen, which you fcruple to pubThe cathedral church is accounted the fined in that lifh. Her majedy would be glad to fee that letter; and province ; and its front and three high fteeples are faid you will do a thing agreeable to her if you would fend to be the bed in France. W. Long. o. 33. N. Lat. it to her. You might take this opportunity of writing to her majedy. This council may be of fome ufe to 49. 16. BAYLE (Peter), author of the Hidorical and Cri- you; do not negleft it.” Mr Bayle took the hint, and tical Di&ionary, was born November- 18. 1657, at wrote a letter to her majedy, dated the 14 th of NovemCarla, a village in the county of Foix, in France, ber 1686; to which the queen, on the 14th of Decern* where his father John Bayle was a Protedant minider. qer, wrote the following anfwer :—“ Mr Bayle, I have In 1666, he went to the Protedant univerfity at Puy- received your excufes ; and am willing you diould laureus, where he ftudicd with the greated applica- know by this letter, that I am fatisfied with them. I tion ; and in 1669, removed to the univeriity of Tou- am obliged to the zeal of the perfon who gave you oc* loufe, whether the Protedants at that time frequently cafion of writing to me : for I am very glad to know lent their children to dudy under the Jefuits: hut you. You exprefs fo much refpetff and affe&ion for .here, to the great grief of his father, he embraced the me, that I pardon you fincerely ; and I w'ould have Romifa religion; however, being foon fenfible of his you know, that nothing gave me offence but that reerror, he left that univerfity, and went to dudy at Ge- mainder ofPtotejlantijm, of which you accufed me. I neva. After which he was chofen profefibr of philofo- am Very delicate on that head, becaufe nobody can phy at Sedan : but that protedant univerfity being fup- fufpeft me of it, without leffening my glory, and injupreffed by Lewis XIV. in 1681, he was obliged to ring me in the mod fenfible manner. You would do leave the city ; and was foon after chofen prefeuor of well if you fliould even acquaint the public with the philofophy and hidory at Rotterdam, with a falary of midake you have made, and with your regret for it. about L. 45 a-year. The year following he publifhed This is all that remains to be done by you, in order to his Letter concerning'Comets. And Father Maimbourg deferve my being entirely fatisfied with you. As to having publifhed about this time his Hidory of Cal- the letter which you have fent me, it is mine without vinifm, wherein he endeavours to draw upon the Pro- doubt ; and fince you tell me that it is printed, you tedants the contempt and refentment of the Catholics, will do me a pleafure if you fend me fome copies of it. Mr Bayle wrote a piece to confute his hidory. The As I fear nothing in France, fo neither do I fear any reputation which he had now acquired, induced the thing at Rome. My fortune, toy blood, and even my States of Friezland, in 1684, to offer him a profeffor- life, are entirely devoted to the fervice of the church ; Ihip in their univerfity ; but he wrote them a letter of but I flatter nobody, and will never fpeak any tiring thanks, and declined the offer. This fame year he but the truth. I am obliged to thole who have been began to publidi his Kouvelles de la republique des let- pleafed to publifh my letter, for I do not at all difguife tres. my fentiments. I thank God, they are too noble and In 1686, he was drawn into a difpute in relation to too honourable to be difowned. However, it is not the famous Chridina queen of Sweden. In his Journal true that this letter was written to one of my miniders. for April, he took notice of a printed letter, fuppofed As I have every where enemies and perfons who envy to have been written by her Swedifh majedy to the che- me, fo in all places I have friends and fervants: and valier de Terlon, wherein (he condemns the perfecution I have poffibly as many in France, notwithdanding of of the Protedants in France. He inferted the letter it- the court, as any where in the world. This is purely felf in his Journal for May; and in that of June follow- the truth, and you may regulate yourfelf accordingly. ing he fays, “ What we hinted at in our lad month, But you lhall not get off- fo cheap as you imagine. I is confirmed to us from day to day, that Chridina is will unjoin you a penance; which is, that you will the real author of the letter concerning the perfecu- henceforth take the trouble of fending me all curious tions in France, which is aferibed to her: it is a re- books that fhall be publifhed in Latin, French, Spa* mainder of Protedantifm.” Mr Bayle received an a- nifh, or Italian, on whatever fubjeft or fcience, prononymous letter ; the author of which fays, that he vided they are worthy of being looked into; I do not wrote to him of his own accord, being in duty bound even except romances or fatires ; and above all, if there to it as a fervant of the queen. He complains that are any books of chemidry, I defire you may fend Mr Bayle, fpeaking of her majedy, called her only them to me as foon as pofiible. Do not forget likewlfe Chrifiina^ without any title; he finds alfo great fault to fend me your Journal. I lhall order that you be with his calling the letter “ a remainder of Protedan- paid for whatever you lay out, do but fend me an actifm.” He blames him likewife for inferting the words count of it. This will be the mod agreeable and moft “ I am,” in the conclufion of the letter. “ Thefe important fervice that can be done me. May God pro* words (fays this anonymous writer) are not her maje- fper Christina AnEXANDkA.” dy’s; a queen, as die is, cannot employ thefe words Ityou. now only remained that Mr Bayle Ihould acquaint but with regard to a very few perfons, and Mr de Ter* the public with the midake he had made, in order to N°43‘ ' 5 merit

BAY [ 8.9 ]' BAY 'fcaylc. tfterit that prlncefs’s entire fatisfaAion; and this he publiihed in 1702, with many additions and improve- Bayjy —-v ' did in the beginning of his Journal of the month of ments. li Mr Bayle was a moll laborious and indefatigable. ay°net~ January, 1687. * The perfecution which the Proteftants at this time writer. In one of his letters to Maizeux, he fays, fuffered in France affe&ed Mr Bayle extremely. He that fioce his 20th year he hardly remembers to have made occafionally fome reflexions on their fulferings in had any leifure.- His intenfe application contributed his Journal j and he wrote a pamphlet alfo on the fub- perhaps to impair his conftitution, for it foon began to jeX. Some time afterwards he publilhed his Commen- decline. He had a decay of the lungs, which weak, taira Phiiofcphique upon thefe words, “ Compel thern ened him confiderably; and as this was a diftemper to come in:” but the great application he gave to this, which had cut off feveral of his-family, he judged it to and his other works, threw him into a fit of_fickncfs, be mortal, and would take no remedies. He died the which obliged him to difcohtinue his Literary Journal. 28th of December 1706, after he had been writing the Being advifed to try a change of air, he left Rotter- greateft part of the day. He wrote feveral books bedam on the 8th of Auguft, and went to Cleves; whence fides what we have mentioned, many of which were in after having continued fome time, he removed to Aix his own defence againft attacks he had received -from la Chapelle, and from thence returned to Rotterdam on the abbe Renaudot, Mr Clerk, M. Jaquelot, and others. the 18th of OXober. In the year 1690, the famous Among the produXions which do honour to the age book, intitled. Avis aux Refugiez, &c. made its ap- of Louis XIV. Mr Voltaire has not omitted the Cripearance. Mr Jurieu, who took Mr Bayle for the au- tical DiXionary of our author: “ It is the firft work thor thereof, wrote a piece againfl; it; and he prefixed of the kind (he fays) in which a man may learn to an advice to the public, wherein he calls Mr Bayle a think.” He cenfures indeed thofe articles which conprofane perfon, and a traitor engaged in a confpiracy tain only a detail of minute faXs, as unworthy either againfl; the ftate. As foon as Mr Bayle had read this of Bayle, an underftanding reader, or pofterity. “ In libel againft him, he went to the grand Schout of Rot- placing him (continues the fame author) amongft the terdam, and offered to go to prifon, provided his accu- writers who do honour to the age of Louis- XIV. fer would accgmpany him, and undergo the puuilhment ftotwithftanding his being a refugee in Holland, I he deferved if the accufation was found unjuft. He only conform to the decree of the parliament of Tho, publifhed alfo an anfwer to Mr Jurieu’s charge ; and as loufe, which, when it declared his will valid in France, his reputation, nay his very life, was at ftake in cafe notwithilanding the rigour of the law's, exprefsly the accufation of treafon was proved, he therefore faid, that fuch a man could not be cortjidcred as a fothought himfeff not obliged to keep any terms with reigner.” his accufer, and attacked him with the utmoft feverity. BAYLY (Lewis), author of that moft memorable Mr Jurieu loft all patience: he applied himfelf to the book, intitled The Pr afiica of Piety. He was born at magiftrates of Amfterdam; who advifed him to a re- Caermai then in Wales, educated at Oxford, ma^e miconciliation with Mr Bayle, and enjoined them not to nifter of Eveftiam in Worcefterihire about 1S11, bepubliftx any thing againft each other till it was examined came chaplain to king James, and promoted to the by Mr Boyer, the penfioner of Rotterdam. But not- fee of Bangor in 1616. His book is dedicated to the withftanding this prohibition, Mr Jurieu attacked Mr high and mighty prince, Charles prince of Wales; and Bayle again with fo much paffion, that he forced him the author tells his highnefs, that “ he had endeavoured to write a riew vindication of himfelf. to extraX out of the chaos of endlefs controverfies the In November 1690, Mr de Beauval advertifed in old praXice of true piety, which flourilhed before thefe his Journal. Afcheme fir a Critical Difiionary. This controverfies were hatched.” The defign w'as good ; was the work of Mr Bayle. The articles of the three and the reception this book has met with may be firft letters of the alphabet were already prepared; but knowm from the number of its editions, that in 8vo, a difpute happening betwixt him and Mr de Beauval, 1734, being the fifty-ninth. This prelate died in obliged him for fome time to lay afide the work. Nor 1632. did he refume it till May 1692, when he publiftied his BAYON, a town of France, in Lorrain, feated o» fcheme : but the public not approving of his plan, he the river Mofelle. E. Long. 14. 42. N. Lat. 48. 30. threw it into a different form; and the firft volume was Bavon, or. Bayona, a town of Galicia, in Spain, publiftied in Auguft 1695, and the fecond in OXober feated on a fmall gulph of the Atlantic ocean, about following. The work was extremely well received by 12 miles from Tuy. It has a very commodious harthe public ; but it engaged him in frelh difputes, par- bour, and the countr y about it is fertile. W. Long. ticularly with Mr Jurieu and the abbe Renaudot. Mr 9. 30. N. Lat. 43. 3. ' Jurieu publiflied a piece, wherein he endeavoured to en- BAYONET, in the military art, a flrort broad gage the ecclefiaftical affemblies to condemn the dic- dagger, formerly with a round handle fitted for the tionary; he prefented it to the fenate fitting at Delft, bore of a firelock, to be fixed there after the foldier but they took no notice of the affair. The confiftory had fired; but they are now made with iron handles ■of Rotterdam granted Mr Bayle a hearing ; and after and rings, that go over the muzzle of the firelock, and Raving heard his anfwers to their remarks on his dic- are fcrewed fall, fo that the foldier fires with his bayonet tionary, declared themfelves fatisfied, and advifed him on .the muzzle of his piece, and is ready to aX againfl: to communicate this to the public. Mr Jurieu made the horfe. This ufe of the bayonet fattened on the another attempt with the confiftory in 1698 ; and fo of the firelock was a great improvement, firft far he prevailed with them, that they exhorted Mr muzzle introduced by the French, and to which, according to Bayle to be more cautious with regard to his princi- M. Folard, they owed a great part of th^ir viXories in ples in the fecond edition of his diXionary; which was the laft century; and to the negleX of this in the next : Vol. III. Part I. M fuc-

BAY [ 90 ] BAY Bayonne, fucceeding war, and trufting to tlieir fire, the fame au- my. The looking-glafs makers alfo ufe them behind BazadoU . , 'Bays‘ , thor attributes molt of the Ioffes they fuffained. At their glaffes, to preferve the tin or quickfilver; and Bdeilium it. ' y the fiege of Malta, a weapon called pila ignea was con- the cafemakers, to line their cafes. The breadth of y trived to oppofe the bayonets, being in fome meafure bays is commonly a yard and a half, a yard and three ' the converfe thereof; as the latter confilts of a dagger quarters, or two yards, by 42 to 48 in length. Thofe added to a fire-arm, the former confifted of a fire-arm of a yard and three quarters are moft proper for the added to a pilum or pike. Spanilh trade. Of late the bayonet has come into very general ufe; BAZADOIS, a province of Guienne in France, and battles have been won by it without firing a fhot. which makes part of Lower Gafcony. It is a barren This way of fighting was chiefly reftored by the late heathy country. Its capital is Bazas. king of Pruffia, who made his troops rufh forward at BAZAR, or Basar, a denomination among the Turks and Perfians, given to a kind of exchanges, or once with bayonets on the enemy. BAYONNE, a city of Gafcony, in France; feated places where their fineft fluffs and other wares are near the mouth of the river Adour, which forms a fold. Thefe are alfo called bezcjlins. The word bazar good harbour. It is moderately large, and of great feems of- Arabic origin, where it denotes fale, or ex-. importance. It is divided into three parts. The great change of goods. Some of the eaftern bazars are town is on this fide the river Nive : the little town is open, like the market-places in Europe, and ferve for between the Nive and the Adour; and the fuburbs of the fame ufes, more particularly for the fale of the Saint Efprit is beyond this laft river. Both the former bulky and lefs valuable commodities. Others are coare furrounded with an old wall and a dry ditch, and vered with lofty ceilings, or even domes, pierced toi give there is a fmall caftle in each. That of Great Bayonne light; and it is in thefe the jewellers, goldfmiths, and is flanked with four round towers, and is the place other dealers in the richer wares, have their Ihops. where the governor refides. The new caftle is flanked The bazar or maidan of Ifpahan is one of the fineft with four towers, in the form of baftions. The firft places in Perfia, and even furpaffes all the exchanges inclofure is covered with another, compofed of eight in Europe; yet, notwithftanding its magnificence, it baftions, with a great horn-work, and a half-moon; all is excelled by the bazar of Tauris, which is the largeft which are encompaffed with a ditch, and a covered that is known, having feveral times held 30,000 men way. There is a communication between the city and ranged in order of battle. At Conftantinople, there the fuburbs by a bridge, and the fuburbs is well forti- is the old and the new bazar, which are large fquare covered with domes, and fuftained by arches fied. The citadel is feated beyond the Adour, on the buildings, fide of the fuburbs abovementioned. The public build- and pilaftres; the former chiefly for arms, harneffes, the like ; the latter for goldfmiths, jewelers, furings have nothing remarkable; it is the only city in the and kingdom that has the advantage of two rivers, wherein riers, and all forts of manufafturers. a town of Guienne in France, capital of the tide ebbs and flows. The river Nive is deeper than theBAZAS, with a biftiop’s fee. It is built on a the Adour, but lefs rapid, by which means fhips come rock,Bazadois, in W. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 44. 20. up into the middle of the city. There are two bridges over this river, by which the old and new town com- BAZAT, or Baza, in commerce, a long, fine, fpun municate with each other. The trade of this town is cotton, which comes from Jerufalem, whence it is alfo the more confiderable, on account of its neighbourhood called Jerufalem-cctton. , to Spain, and the great quantity of wines which are BAZGENDGES, in natural hiftory, the name of a ufed by the Turks and other eaftern nations brought hither from the adjacent country- The Dutch fubftance carry off a great number of pipes in exchange for fpi- in their fcarlet-dying. They mix it for this purpofe ces and other commodities, which they bring thither. with cochineal and tartar; the proportions being two of the bazgendges tq one ounce of cochineal. The inhabitants have the privilege of guarding two of ounces their three gates, and the third is kept by the king. Thefe are generally efteemed a fort of fruit, and are produced on certain trees in Syria and other places W. Long. 1. 20. N, Lat. 43. 20. BAYS, in commerce, a fort of open woollen fluff, and it is ufually fuppofed, that the fcarcity and dearnefs having a long nap, fometimes frized, and fometimes of them is the only thing that makes them not ufed in not. This fluff is without wale; and is wrought in a Europe. But the bazgendges feem to be no other than loom with two treddles, like flannel. It is chiefly ma- the horns of the turpentine-tree in the eaftern parts of hufaftured at Colchefter and Bockin in Effex, where the world; and it is not only in Syria that they are there is a hall called the Dutch-bay hall or ra'w-hall. found, but China alfo affords them. Many things- of This manufafture was firft- introduced into England, this kind were fent over to Mr Geoffroy at Paris from with that of fays, farges, &c. by the Flemings; China as the fubftances ufed in the fcarlet-dying of who being perfecuted by the duke of Alva for their that country, and they all proved wholly the fame with religion, fled thither about the fifth of Queen Eliza- the Syrian and Turkilh bazgendges, and with the combeth’s reign; and had afterwards peculiar privileges mon turpentine horns. The lentilk, or maftic-tree, is granted them by aft of parliament 12 Charles II. 1660, alfo frequently found producing many horns of a like which the bays-makers in the above places ftill enjoy.— kind with thefe, and of theTame origin, all being owing | The exportation of bays was formerly much more con- to the pucerons, which make their way into the leaves fiderable than at prefent when the French have learned to breed their young there. to imitate them. However, the Englifh bays are ftill BDELLIUM, a gummy refinous juice, produced fent in great quantities to Spain and Portugal, and by a tree in the Eaft Indies, of which we have no faeven to Italy. Their chief ufe is for dreffing the tisfaftory account. It is brought into Europe both monk.? and rtuns,. and for linings, efpecially in the ar- from the Eaft Indies and Arabia. It is in pieces of different-

B E A B E A [ 91 1 Beachy different fizes and figures, externally of a dark reddilh their Ave-Marias and Pater-nofters; and the like IBead. brown, fomewhat like myrrh ; internally it is clear, ufage is found among the dervifes and other religious and not unlike to glue ; to the tafte it is flightly bit- throughout the Eaft, as well Mahometan as Heathen. terifh and pungent ; its odour is very, agreeable. If The ancient Druids appear alfo to have had their held in the mouth, it foon becomes foft and tenacious, beads, many of which are ftill found 5 at leaft, if the flicking to the teeth. Laid on a red-hot iron, it rea- conjecture of an ingenious author may be admitted, dily catches flame, and burns with a crackling noife, who takes thofe antique glafs globules, having a fnake and in proportion to its goodnefs it is more or lefs painted round them, and called adder-beads, or fnakefragrant. Near half of its fubflance diffolves either in buttons, to have been the beads of our ancient Druids. water or in fpirit of wine ; but the tin&ure made with See Anguis. fpirit is fomewhat ftronger, and by much more agree- Beads are alfo ufed in fpeaking of thofe glafs gloable. Vinegar, or verjuice, diffolves it wholly. The bules vended to the favages on the coaft of Africa ; limple gum is a better medicine than any preparation thus denominated, becaufe they are ftrung together for from it. It is one of the weakeft of the deobftruent the convenience of traffic. gums, but it is ufed as a pedtoral and an emmena- The common black glafs of which beads are made for necklaces, &c. is coloured with manganefe only: gogue. BEAGHY-head, a promontory on thecoaft of Suf- one part of manganefe is fufficient to give a black cofex, between Haflings and Shoreham, where the French lour to near twenty of glafs. Bead, in architecture, a round moulding, commonly defeated the Englilh and Dutch fleet in 1690. BEACON, a fignal for the better fecuring the king- made upon the edge of a piece of fluff, in the Corinthian and Roman orders, cut or carved in ftiort embofsdom from foreign invafions. See Signal. On certain eminent places of the country are placed ments, like beads in necklaces. long poles erett, whereon are faftened pitch-barrels BEAD-Makers, called by the French paternojlriers, to be fired by night, and fmoke made by day, to give are thofe employed in the making, ftringing, and fellnotice in a few hours to the whole kingdom of an ap- ing of beads. At Paris there are three companies of proaching invafion. Thefe are commonly called bea- paternoftriers, or bead-makers; one who make them of cons; whence alfo comes beaconage.—We find beacons glafs or cryftal; another in wood and horn; and the familiarly in ufe among the primitive Britons and third m amber, coral, jet, &c. Weftern Highlanders. The befieged capital of one of Bead-Proof, a term ufed by our diftillers to exprefs our northern dies in the third century aftually lighted that fort of proof of the ftandard ftrength of fpirituup a fire upon a tower; and Fingal inflantly knew ous liquors, which confifts in their having, when fliaken “ the green flame edged with fmoke” to be a token in a phial, or poured from on high into a glafs, a crown of attack and dillrefs *. And' there are to this day of bubbles, which ftand on the furface fome time after. vof?”’ feveral cairns or heaps of Hones upon the heights along This is efteemed a proof that the fpirit confifts of equal 198. P the coafts of the Harries, on which the inhabitants ufed parts of rectified fpirits and phlegm. This is a falto burn heath as a fignal of an approaching enemy. lacious rule as to the degree of ftrength in the goods; Beacons are alfo marks and figns ere&ed on the becaufe any thing that will increafe the tenacity of the coafts, for guiding and preferving veffels at fea, by fpirit, will give it this proof, though it be under the night as well as by day. due ftrength. Our malt-diftillers fpoil the greater The erection of beacons, light-houfes, and fea-marks, part of their goods, by leaving too much of the {linkis a branch of the royal prerogative. The king hath ing oil of the malt in their fpirit, in order to give it the exclufive power, by commiffion under his great feal, this proof when fomewhat under the ftandard ftrength. to'canfe them to be eredted in fit and convenient places, But this is a great deceit on the purchafers of malt fpias well upon the lands of the fubjedt as upon the de- rits, as they have them by this means not only weaker mefnes of the crown: which power is ufually vefted by than they ought to be, but {linking with an oil that letters patent in the office of lord high admiral. And they are not eafily cleared of afterwards. On the other by ftatute 8 Eliz. c. 13. the corporation of the trinity- hand, the dealers in brandy, who ufually have the art houfe are impowered to fet up any beacons or fea- of fophifticating it to a great nicety, are in the right marks wherever they {hall think them neceffary ; and when they buy it by the ftrongeft bread-proof, as the if the owner of the land or any other perfon (hall de- grand mark of the beft; for being a proof of the brandy ftroy them, or fhall take down any fteeple, tree, or other containing a large quantity of its oil, it is, at the fame known fea-mark, he fhall forfeit 100I. or, in cafe of in- time, a token of its high flavour, and of its being caability to pay it, fhall be ipfo fafto outlawed. pable of bearing a very large addition of the common BEACONAGE, money paid towards the mainte- fpirits of our own produce, without betraying their flanance of a beacon. See Beacon.—The word is de- vour, or lofing its own. We value the French brandy rived from the Saxon beacnian, to nod, or ftiow by a for the quantity of this effential oil of the grape which iign,; hence alfo the word beckon. it contains; and that with good' reafon, as it is with us BE ACONSFIELD, a town of Buckinghamfhire in principally ufed for drinking as an agreeably flavoured England, feated en a hill in the road between London cordial: but the French themfelves, when they want it and Oxford. It has feveral good inns, though not above for any curious purpofes, are as careful in the rectifi100 houfes. W. Long. o. 25. N. Lat. 51. 36. cations of it, and take as much pains to clear it from BEAD, a fmall globule 01 ball ufed in necklaces; oil, as we do to free our malt fpirit from that nauand made of different materials, as pearl, Heel, garnet, .this feous and fetid oil which it originally contains. coral, diamond, amber, cryftal, paftes, jglafs, &c.— Bead-RoII, among Papifts, a lift of fuch perfons, for The Romanifts make great ufe of beads in rehearfing the reft of whofe fouls they are obliged to repeat a ccrM2 tain

it; B E A [ 92 ] B E A Eeadls tain number of prayers, which they count by means of fupport the principal rafters of the roof, and into which Beam j the feet of thefe rafters are framed. No building has jJT ■! I ) their beads. Beam. BeAix-Tree. See Melia. lefs than two of thefe beams, viz. one at each end ; and < ■ t ’ n* thefe the girders of the garret roof are alfo framed. BEADLE, (from the Saxon bydel, a monger), a into The proportion of beams in or near London, are fixed crier or meffenger of a court, who cites perfons to ap- by pear and anfwer. Called alio a fummoner or apparitor. llatute, as follows: a beam 15 feet long, muft be —Beadle is alfo an officer at an univerixty, whofe chief 7 inches on one fide its fquare, and 5 on the other ; if long, one fide mull be 8 inches, the other bufinefs is to walk before the mafters with a mace, at it6, beand16fo feet to their lengths. In the counall public proceffioits.—There are alfo church-beadles, try, whereproportionably wood is more plenty, they ufually make whofe office is well known. BEAGLES, a fmall fort of hounds or hunting dogs. their beams- ftronger. Beagles are of divers kinds} as the fouthern beagle, Beams of a Ship are the great main , crofs-timbers fomething lefs and Ihorter, but thicker, than the deep- which hold the fides of the fliip from falling together, mouthed hound; thefleet, northern or cat beagle, fmaller,. and which alfo fupport the decks and orlops : the main and of a finer lhape than the fouthern, and a harder -beam is next the main-maft, and from it they are recrunner. From the two, by croffing the lirains, is bred koned by firft:, fecond, third beam, &c. the greateit a third fort held preferable to either. To thefe may beam of all ic called the midjhip beam. be added a ftill fmaller fort of beagles, fcarce bigger BEAM-Compafs, an inftrument confifting of a fquare than lap-dogs, which make pretty diverfion in hunting wooden or brafs beam, having Aiding fockets, thatthe coney, or even fmall hare in dry weather ; but o- carry fteel or pencil points; they are ufed fordefcribing large circles, where the Common compafles are ufelefs. therwife unferviceable, by reafon of their fize. BEAK, the bill or nib of a bird. See Ornitho- BsAM-Bird, or Petty-chaps. See Mot.acilla. Beam alfo denotes the lath, or iron, of a pair of' logy. Beak, or Beak-head, of a (hip, that part without fcales ; fometimes the whole apparatus for weighing of the Ihip, before the fore-caftle, which is faftened to the goods is fo called : Thus we fay, it weighs fo much at' the king’s beam. " ' Hem, and is fupported by the main knee. The beak, called by the Greeks ^So\ov, by the La- Beam of a Plough, that in which all the parts of tins rojlrum, was an important part in the ancient Ihips the plough-tail are fixed. See Agriculture, n° 83. of war, which were hence denominated naves rojh atec. &c. The beak was made of wood ; but fortified with brafs,. Beam, or Roller, among- weavers, a long and thick and faftened to the prow, ferving to annoy the enemies wooden cylinder, placed kngthwife on the back-part veflels. Its invention is attributed to Pifceus an Italian. of the loofti of thofe who work with a ftuittle. That The firft beaks were niade long and high ; but after- cylinder, on which the ftuff is rolled as it is weaved, is. wards a Corinthian, named Arijlo, contrived t'o make alfo called the beam, or roller, and is placed on the forethem Ihort and ftrong, and placed fo low, as'to pierce part of the loom. the enemies veflels under water. By the help of thefe BE AMINSTER, a town ofDorfetlhire in England, great havock was made by the Syracufians in the A- feated on the river Bert, inW. Long. 2. 50. N» Lat. 52. thenian fleet. BEAKED, in heraldry, a term ufed to exprefs the 45-BEAN, in botany-. See Vicia, beak or bill of a bird. When the beak and legs of a The andents made ufe of beans in gathering the fowl are of a different tin ft are from the body, we fay. votes of the people, and for the eleftion of magibeaked and tnembered offuch a tindure. ftrates. A white bean fignified ahfolution, and a black BEALE (Mary), particularly diftinguifhed by her one condemnation. . Beans had a myfterious ufe in the Ikill in painting, was the daughter of Mr Craddock, leniuralia and parentalia ; where the mafter of the nknifter of Waltham upon Thames, and learned the ru- family, after wafhing, was to throw a fort of black diments of her art from Sir Peter Lely. She painted beans over his head, ftill repeating the words, “ I rein oil, water-colours, and crayons, and had much bufi- deem myfelf and family by thefe beans.” Ovid * givesv*Fafl. H£.$i nefs ; her portraits were in the Italian ftyle, which fhe a lively defcription of the whole ceremony in verfe.— - 43a* I acquired by copying piftures and drawings from Sir Abftinence from beans was enjoined by Pythagoras, one Peter Lely’s and the royal colleftions. Her mafter, of whofe fymbols is, arf^fo-Sai, abfline ft fabis. fays Mr Walpole, was fuppofed to have had a tender The Egyptian priefts held it a crime 1to look at beans, attachment to her j but as he was referved in commu- judging the very fight unclean. The flamsn dialis wasnicating to her all the refources of his pencil, it pro- not permitted even to mention the name. The precept, bably was a gallant rather than a fuccefsful one. Dr of Pythagoras has been varioully interpreted : fome Woodfall wrote feveral pieces to her honour, under the underftand it of forbearing to meddle in trials and vername of Belejia. Mrs Beale died in Pall-mall, on the difts,. which were then by throwing beans into an urn ; 28th of Dec. 1697, aged 65. Her paintings have others, building on the equivoque of the word much nature, but the colouring is ftiff and heavy. which equally fignifies a bean and a human tejlicle, exBEALT, Bealth, or Builth, a town of Breck- plain it by abftaining from venery. Clemens Alexannockfhire in South Wales, pleafantly feated on the ri- drinus grounds the abftinence from beans on this, that ver Wye. It confifts of about 100 houfes, whofe in- they render women barren ; which is confirmed by habitants have a trade in dockings. W. Long. 4. 10. Theophraftus, who extends the effeft even to plants. N. Lat. 52. 4. Cicero fuggefts another reafon for this abftinence, vizt BEAM, in architefture, the largeft piece of wood that beans are great enemies to tranquillity of mind. in a building, which Kes crofs the walls, and ferves to For a reafon of this kind # is, thatAmphiaraus is faitl to

B E A [ 93 ] B E A to have aUlaioed from beans, even before Pythagoras, medy againft cold diforders, efpecially rheumatifms. BeaP that he might enjoy'a clearer divinatioa by dreams. It is now much ufed in dreffing ladies and gentlemens Beard. v. Beans, as"food for horfes. See Farriery, $ i. 6. hair. Bean-Caper. See Zygofhyllum. Bear’s Skin makes a fur in great efleem, and on Bran-Cod, a fmall fifhing veffel, or pilot-boat, com- which depends a confiderable article of commerce,being mon on the fea-coads and in the rivers of Portugal. It ufed in houlings, on coach-boxes, &c. In fome counis extremely (harp forward, having its ftem bent inward tries, clothes are made of it, more efpecially bags above into a great curve : the item is alfo plated on the wherein to keep the feet warm in fevere colds. Of the fore-fide with iron, into which a number of bolts are flcins of bears cubs are made gloves, muffs, and the like. driven, to fortify it, and reiiil the ftroke of another BEARALSTON, a poor town of Devonftnre, veifel, which may fall athwart-haufe. It is commonly which, howeyer, is a borough by prcfcription, and navigated wdth a large lateen fail, which extends over fends two members to parliament. the whole length of the deck, and is accordingly well BEARD, the hair growing on the chin and adjafitted to ply-to wind ward. cent parts of the face, chiefly of adults and males. • BEAN-Fiour, called by the Romans lomentum, was Various have been the ceremonies and cuftomsof moll of fome repute among- the ancient ladies as a cof- nations in regard of the beard. The'Tartars, out of metic, wherewith to fmooth the ilcin, and take away a religious principle, waged a long and bloody war wrinkles. with the Perfians, declaring them infidels, merely beBean-FIj, in natural hiilory, the name given by caufe they. Would not cut their whilkers after the rite authors to a very beautiful (ly, of a pale purple colour, of Tartary :. and we find, that a confiderable branch frequently found on bean-flowers. It is produced from ©f the religion of the ancients confifled in tire managethe worm or maggot called by authors midm. ment of their beard. The Greeks wore their beards BuAN-GoeJ'e, in ornithology. See Anas. till the time of Alexander the Great-; that prince haKidney-BEAN. Seg Phaseolus. ving ordered the Macedonians to be fliaved, for fear it Makicca-BEAN$, or /Jnacardta, the fruit of a tree ftrould give a handle to their enemies. According to growing in Malabar and other parts of the Eait Indies, Pliny, the Romans did not begin to flrave till the yeay fuppofed by fome to be the Avicennia tomentofa} of Rome 4?4, when P. Ticinius brought over a flock by others, the J!>outia germinanj. The fruit is of a of barbers from Sicily.—Perfons ,of quality had their fliining black colour, of the fhape of a heart flattened, children {hared tire firft time by others of the-fame or about an inch long, terminating at one end in an ob- greater quality, who, by this means, became godtufe point, and adhering by the other to a wrinkled father or adoptive.father of the children. Anciently,, ftalk : it contains within two fhells a kernel, of a fweet- indeed, a perfon became god-father of the child by ifh tafte : betwixt the fhells is lodged a thick and acrid barely touching his beard : thus hiflorians relajte, that juice. one of the articles of the treaty between Alaric and The medicinal virtues of anacardia have been great- Clovis was, that Alaric flieuld touch the beard of ly difputed. Many have attributed to them the facul- Clovis to become his god-father. ty of comforting the brain and nerves,, fortifying th» As to ecclefiaftics, the diicipline has been very difmemory, and quickening the intellectand hence a ferent on the article of beards fometimes they have confedtion made from them has been dignified with the been enjoined to wear them, from a notion oftoo much title of confettio fapientum ; others think it better de- effeminacy in {having, and that a long beard was more ferves the name of confettio fulcrum, and mention in- fuitahle to the ecclefiaftical gravity ; and fometimea. ftances of its continued ufe having rendered people ma- again they were forbid it, as imagining pride to lurk niacal. But. the kernej. of anacardium is not different beneath a venerable beard. The Greek and Roman in quality from that of almonds. The ill effedts attri- churches have been long together by the ears about buted to this fruit belong only to the juice contained their beards: fince the time of their feparation, the betwixt the kernels, whofe acrimony is fo great, that Romanifts feem to have given more into the pradb'ce of it is faid to be employed by the Indians as a cauliic. {having, by way of oppofition to the Greeks; and have This juice is recommended externally fortetters,freckles, even made fome exprefs conflitutions de radendis barhit° and other cutaneous deformities; which it removes The Greeks, on the contrary, efpoufe veiy zealoufly only by exculcerating or excoriating the part, fa that the caufe 6f long beards, and are extremely fcandalized a new fkin comes-underneath. at the beardlefs images of faints in the Roman churches. BEAR, in-zoology. See Uasus. By the flatties of fome monafteries it appears, that theSea-BEAR. See Phoca. lay-monks were to let their beards grow, and the prieftsBear, in aftronomy. See Ursa. among them to .fhave ; and that the beards of all that Order ofthe Bear was a military order in Switzerreceived into the monafteries, were bleffed with aland, eredted by the Emperor Frederick II. in 1213, were great deal of ceremony.. There are ftill extant the by way of acknowledgment for the fervice the Swiis prayers ufed in the folemnity of confecrating the beards had done him, and* in favour of the abbey of St Gaul. to God,, when an ecclefiaftic was.{haven. To the collar of the order hung a medal, on which was Le Comte obferves, that the Chinefe affhft longreprefented a bear raifed on an eminence of earth.. beards extravagantly ; but nature has balked them, and BEAR’s-Breecb,.mbotmy. See Acanthus. only given them very little ones, which, however, they Bear’s-Flejh was much, efleemed by the ancients.-: with infinite care: the Europeans are ftrangeeven at this day, the paw of a bear falted and fmoked lycultivate envied by them on this account, and efteemed the is ferved up at the table of princes. greateft men in the world. Chryfoftom obferves, that Bear’s Greafe, was formerly efteemed a fovereign re- the kings of Perfia had their beards wove or matted to gether

B E A [ 94 J B E A ■Bear'd, gather with gold-thread; and fome of the firft kings of To touch any one’s beard, or cut off a bit of it, was, among the firft French, the moft facred pledge of —"V France had their beards knotted and buttoned with proteftion and confidence. For a longtime all letters g°ldAmong the Turks, it is more infamous for any that came from the fovereign had, for greater fan£tion, one to have his beard cut off, than among us to be three hairs of his beard in the feal. There is ftill in publicly whipt or branded with a hot iron. There being a charter of 1121, which concludes with the are abundance in that country, who would pre- following words : Quod ut ratum etflabile perfeveret in fer death to this kind of punifhment. The Arabs poferum, prafentis fcripto Jigilli mei robur appofui eum make the prefervation of their beards a capital point tribus pilis barba meee. of religion, becaufe Mahomet never cut his. Hence the Several great men have honoured themfelves with razor is never drawn over the Grand Signior’s face. the furname of Bearded. The Emperor Conftaritine The Perfians, who clip them, and (have above the jaw, is diftinguilhed by the epithet of -Pogonate, which figare reputed heretics. It is likewife a mark of autho- nifies the Bearded. In the time of the Crufades, we rity and liberty among them, as well as among the find there was a Geffrey the Bearded; Baldwin IV. Turks. They who ferve in the feraglio, have their Earl of Flanders, was fufnamed Handfome-beard; and, beards rtiaven, as a fign of their fervitude. They do in the illuftrious houfe of Montmorenci, there was a not fuffer it to grow till the fultan has fet them at liber- famous Bouchard, who took a pride in the furname of ty, which is beftowed as a reward upon them, and is Bearded: he w'as always the declared enemy of the monks, without doubt, becaufe of tHeir being lhaved. always accompanied with, fome employment. The moil celebrated ancient writers, and feveral In the tenth century, we find, that King Robert modern ones, have fpoken honourably of the fine ^of France) the rival of Charles the Simple, was not beards of antiquity. Homer fpeaks highly of the .more famous for his exploits than for his long white white beard of Neftor and that of old king Priam. beard. In order that it might be more confpicuous to Virgil defcribes Mezentius’s to us, which was fo thick the foldiers when he w'as in the field, he ufed to let it and long as to cover all-his breaft ; Chryfippus praifes hang down outfide his cuirafs : this venerable fight enthe noble beard of Timothy, a famous ^player on the couraged the troops in battle, and ferved to rally them flute. Pliny the younger tells us of the white beard when they were defeated. of Euphrates, a Syrian philofoph.er ; and he takes plea- A celebrated painter in Germany, called John Mayo, fure in relating the refpeft mixed with fear with which had fuch a large beard that he was nicknamed John it infpired the people. Plutarch fpeaks of the long the Bearded: it was fo long that he wore it faftened white beard of an old Laconian, who, being alked why to his girdle; and though he was a very tall man, it he let it grow fo, replied, 'Tis that, feeing continually would hang upon the ground when he ftood upright. my nuhite heard, I.may do nothing unworthy ofits white- Fie took the greateft care of this extraordinary beard ; tieft. Strabo relates, that the Indian philofophers, the fometimes he would untie it before the Emperor Gymnofophifts, were particularly attentive to make the Charles V. who took great pleafure to fee the wind length of their beards contribute to captivate the vene- make it fly againft the faces of the lords of his court. ration of the people. Diodorus, after him, gives a In England, the famous chancellor Thomas More, very particular and circumftantial hiftory of the beards one of the greateft men of his time, being on the point of the Indians. Juvenal does not forget that of An- of falling a viftim to court intrigues, was able, when tilochus the fon of Neftor. • Fenelon, in defcribing a on the fatal fcaffold, to procure refpecl to his beard in prieft of Apollo in all his magnificence, tells us, that prefence of all the people, and faved it, as one may he had a white beard down to his girdle. But Per- fay, from the fatal ftroke which he could not efcape fius feems to outdo all thefe anthors : this poet was himfelf. When he had laid his head on the block, he fo convinced that a beard was the fymbol of wifdom, perceived that his beard was likely to be hurt by the that he thought he could not beftow a greater enco- axe of the executioner; on which he took it away, mium on the divine Socrates, than by calling him the faying. My beard has not been guilty of treafon; it would be an injuflice to p'unijh it. Bearded mafter, Magifrum harbatum. While the Gauls were under their fovereignty, But let us turn our eyes to a more flattering none but the nobles and Chriftian priefts were per- objeft, and admire the beard of the belt of kings, the mitted to wear long beards. The Franks having ever precious beard of the great Henry IV. of France, made themfelves mailers of Gaul, afiumed the fame which diffufed over the countenance of that prince a authority as the Romans: the bondfmen were ex- majeftic fweetnefs and amiable opennefs, a beard ever prefsly ordered to (have their chins ; and this law dear to pofterity, and which fhould ferve as a model continued in force until the entire aboliihment of fer- for that of every great king ; as the beard of his ilvitude in France. So likewife, in the time of the firft luftrious minifter flrould for that of every minifter. race of kings, a long beard was a fign of nobility and But what dependence is there to be put on the liabifreedom. The kings, as being the higheft nobles lity of the things of this world ? By an event, as fatal in their kingdom, were emulous likewife to have the as unforefeen, the beard, which was arrived at its higheft largeft beard: Eginard, fecretary to Charlemain, degree of glory, all of a fudden loft its favour, and was fpeaking of the laft kings of the firft race, fays, they at length entirely profcribed. The unexpefted death came to the aflemblies in the Field of Mars in a car- of Henry the Great, and the youth of his fucceffor, riage drawn by oxen, and fat on the throne with their were the foie caufe of it. hair diftieyelled, and a very long beard, crine profafo, Louis XIII. mounted the throne of his glorious harla fuhnijfa, folio reftderent, et fpeciem dominantis ef- anceftors without a beard. Every one concluded1 imdngerent. mediately, that the courtiers, feeing their-young king 2 with

B E A B E A Beard, with a fmooth chin, would look upon their own as[too 95Cuftro1 had juft taken in India the caftle of Diu : vie- Beard. rough. The conjefture proved right; for they pre- torious, but in want of every thing, he found himfelf ill fently reduced their beards to whiflters, and a fmall obliged to aik the inhabitants of Goa to lend him a thoufand piftoles for the maintenance of his fleet; and, tuft of hair under the nether lip. a fecurity for that fum, he fent them one of his IThe people at firll would not follow this dangerous aswhifkers, telling them, “ All the gold in the world example. The Duke of Sully never would adopt this effeminate cuftom. This man, great both as a gene- cannot equal the value of this natural ornament of my valour; and Ldepofite it in your hands as a fecurity ral and a minifter, was likewife fp in his retirement: for the money.” The whole town was penetrated he had the courage to- keep his long beard, and to appear with it at the court of Louis XIII. where he with this heroifm, and every one interefted himfelf awas called to give his advice in an affair of importance. bout this invaluable whifker: even the women were The young crop-bearded courtiers laughed at the fight defirous to give marks of their zeal for fo brave a man: H* of his grave look and old-fafhioned phiz. The duke, feveral fold their bracelets to increafe the fum afkcd 1 , nettled at the affront put on his fine beard, faid to the for; and the inhabitants of Goa fent him immediately king, “ Sir, when your father, of glorious memory, both the money and his whifker. A number of other jr . did me the honour to confult me on his great and im- examples of this kind might be produced., which do portant affairs, the firft thing he did was to fend away as much honour to whifkers as to the good.faith of thofe days. all the buffoons and ftage-dancers of his court.” 1 The Czar Peter, who had fo many claims to the In Louis XIII.’s reign, whifkers attained the higheft furname pf Great, feems to have been but little wor- degree of favour, at the expence of the expiring thy of it on this occafion. He had the holdnefs to beards. In thofe days of gallantry, not yet empoifonlay a tax on the beards of his fubjedls. He ordered ed by wit, they became the favourite occupation of that the noblemen and gentlemen, tradefmen and ar- lovers. A fine black whifker, elegantly turned up, tifans (the priefts and peafants excepted), fhould pay was a very powerful mark of dignity with the fair fex. loo rubles to be able to retain their beards ; that the Whifkers were ftill in fafhion in the beginning of lower clafs of people fhould pay a copeck for the fame Louis XIV.’s reign. This king, and all the great liberty ; and he eftablifhed clerks at the gates of the men of his reign, took a pride in wearing them. They different towns to colled! thefe duties, Such a new were the ornament of Turenne, Conde, Colbert, CorI and fingular impoft troubled the vaft empire of Rufiia. neille, Moliere, See. It was then no uncommon thing Both religion and manners were thought in danger. for a favourite lover to have his whifkers turned up, Complaints were heard from all parts; they even went combed, and pomatumed, by his mifttefs; and, for fo far as to write libels againft the fovereign ; but he this purpofe, a man of fafhion took care to be always was inflexible, and at that time powerful. Even the provided with every little neceffary article, efpecially. fatal fcenes of St Bartholomew were renewed againft whifker-wax. It was highly flattering to a lady'to have thefe unfortunate beards, and the moft unlawful vio- it in her power to praife the beauty of her lover’s whiflences were publicly exercifed. The razor and fciffars kers ; which, far from being difgulting, gave his perwere every where made ufe of. A great number, to fon an air of vivacity : feveral even thought them an avoid thefe cruel extremities, obeyed with reludlant incitement to love. It feems the levity of the French fighs. Some of them carefully preferved the fad trim- made them undergo feveral changes, both in form and mings of their chins: and, in order to be never fepara- name : there were Spanijb, Turkijh, guard-dagger. See. in Ihort, royal ones, which were the laft | ted from thefe dear locks, ordered that they fhould be whifkers; worn : their fmallnefsproclaimed their approaching fall. placed with them in their coffins. . Example, more powerful than authority, produced Confecration of the Bears was a ceremony among in Spain what it had not been able to bring about in the Roman youth, who,, when they were fhaved the Ruffia without great difficulty. Philip V. afcended firft time, kept a day of rejoicing, and were particuthe throne with a (haved chin. The courtiers imitated larly careful to put the hair of their beard into a filver the prince, and the people, in turn, the courtiers. or gold box, and make an offering of it to fome god, However, though this revolution was brought about particularly to Jupiter Capitolinus, as was done by without violence and by degrees, it caufed much la- Nero, according to Suetonius. mentation and murmuring; the gravity of the Spaniards Kijfing the Bears. The Turkifh wives kifs their loft by the change. The favourite cuftom of a nation hufbands beards, and children their fathers, as often as can never be altered without incurring difpleafure. they come to falute them. The men kifs one another’s . They have this old faying in Spain : Defde que no hay beards reciprocally on both fides, when they falute in barba, no hay mas alma. “ Since wc have loft'our the ftreets, or come off from any journey. beards, we have loft our fouls.” The Fajhion of the Beard has varied in, different Among the European nations that have been moft ages and countries; fome cultivating and entertaining curious in beards and whifkers, we> muft diftinguilh one part of it, fome another. Thus the Hebrews wear , Spain. This grave romantic nation has always regard- a beard on their chin ; hut not on the upper-lip or i ed the beard as the ornament which ffiould be moft cheeks. Mofes forbids them to cut off entirely the prized; and the Spaniards have often made the lofs-of angle or extremity of their beard; that is, to manage honour confift in that of their whiflcers. The Portu- it after the Egyptian fafhion, who left only a little tuft guefe, whofe national charafter is much the fame, are of beard at the extremity of their chin ; whereas the not the lead behind them in that refpeft. In the reign Jew’s to this day fuffer a little fillet of hair to grow of Catherine Queen of Portugal, the brave John de from the,lower end of their ears to. their chins, where, as.

B E A C 96 ] B E A Duke of Saxony had the portrait of a poor Swifs Beard. as well as on their lower-lips, their beards are in a pretty the woman taken, remarkable for her long bufhy beard ; long bunch. The Jews, in time of mourning, ne- and thofe who were at the carnival at Venice in 1726, gledted to trim their beards, that is, to cut off what faw a female dancer aftonifli the fpeftators more by grew fuperfluous on the upper-lips and cheeks. In her talents than by her chin covered with anot black bufhy time of grief and great afflidion they alfo plucked off beard.—Charles XII. had in his army a female grenathe hair of their beards. Anointing the Beard with unguents is an ancient dier: it was neither courage nor a beard that fhe wanted to be a man. She was taken at the battle of Pulpradice both among the Jews and Romans, and itill towa, and carried to. Peterfburg, where fhe was precontinues in ufe among the Turks; where one of the principal ceremonies obferved in ferious viiits is to fented to the Czar in 1724: her beard meafured a throw fvveet-fcented water on the beard of the vifi- yard and a half.—We read in the Trevoux Dhftionary, there was a woman feen at Paris, who had not tant, and to perfume it afterwards with aloes-wood, that which flicks to this moifture, and gives it an agreeable only a buftiy beard on her face, but her body likewife fmell, &c. In middle-age writers we meet with adlen- covered all over with hair. Among a number of other tare barbam, ufed for ftroking and combing it, to examples of this nature, that of Margaret, the goof the Netherlands, is very remarkable. She render it foft .and flexible. The Turks, when they vernefs a very long fliff beard, which fiie -prided herfelf comb their beards, hold a handkerchief,on their knees, had on ; and being perfuaded that it contributed to give and gather very carefully the hairs that fall; and when her fhe took'care not to lofe a hair they have got together a certain quantity, they fold of it.an airThisof majefty, Margaret was a very great woman.—It them up in paper, and carry them to the place where is .faid, that the Lombard women, when they were at they bury the dead. Beard of a Comet, the rays which the comet emits war, made themfelves beards with the hair of their which they ingenioufly arranged on their cheeks, towards that part of the heaven to which its proper heads, motion feems to dired it; in which the beard of a co- in order that the enemy, deceived by the likenefs, met is diflinguifhed from the tail, which is underflood might take them for men. It is afierted, after Suidas, of the rays emitted towards that part from whence its that in a fimilar cafe the Athenian women did as much. Thefe women were more men than (Jur Jemmy-Jeffamy motion feems to carry it. Beard of a Horfe, that part underneath the lower countrymen. —About a century ago, the French ladies the mode of dreffing their hair in fuch a manmandible on the outfide and above the chin, which bears adopted ner that curls hung down their cheeks as far as their the curb. It is alfo called the chuck. It fhould have bofom. Thefe curls went by the name of ivhi/kers. bu! little flefh upon it, without any chops, hardnefs, This cuftom undoubtedly was not invented, after the orfwelling; and be neither too high raifednor too flat, example of the Lombard women, to fright the men. but fuch as the curb may reft in its right place. Neither is it vrith intention to carry on a very bloody Beard of a Mufcle, oyfter, or the like, denotes an war, that in our time they have affedled to bring for■affemblage of threads or hairs, by which thofe animals ward the h^ir of the temple on the cheeks. The diffallen themfelves to flones. The hairs of this beard covery to have been a fortunate one: it gives terminate -in a fiat fpongy fubftance, which being ap- them a feems tempting, roguifh look. plied to the furface of a ftone, flicks thereto, like the BEARERS, in heraldry. See Supporters. wet leather ufed by boys. Beards, in the hiftory of infeds, are two fmall, BEARING, in navigation, an arch of the horizon between the neareft meridian and any dioblong, flefliy bodies, placed juft above the trunk, as intercepted ftinct objedl, either difcovered by the eye, or refulting in the gnats, and in the moths and butterflies. the finical proportion ; as in the firft cafe, at BEARDED, denotes a perfon or thing with a beard, from 4 P. M. Cape Spade, in the ifie of Candia, bore S. by or fome refemblance thereof. The faces on ancient W. by the compafs. In the fecond, the longitudes Greek and Roman medals are generally bearded. Some latitudes of any two places being given, and conare denominated pogonati, as having long beards, e^g. and the Parthian kings. Others have only a lanugo about fequently the difference pf latitude and longitude bethe chin, as the Seleucid family. Adrian was the firft tween them, the bearing from one to the other is difof the Rpman emperors who nourifhed his beard: covefed by the following analogy: As the meridional difference of latitude hence all imperial medals before him are leardlefs; Is to the difference of longitude ; after him, bearded. So is radius Bearded Women have been all obferved to want the To the tangent bearing. menftrual difeharge ; and feveral inftances are given by Hippocrates, and other phyficians, of grown women, Bearing is alfo the fituation of any diftant objecl, efpecially widows, in whom the menfes coming to flop, eftimated from fome part of the ftffp according to her beards appeared. Eufebius Nierembergius mentions a pofition. In this fenfe, an objeft fo difeovered muft be either ahead, aftern, abreaft on the bow, or on the woman who had a beard reaching to her navel. Of women remarkably bearded we have feveral in- quarter. Thefe bearings, therefore, which may be ftances. In the cabinet of curiofities of Stutgard in called mechanical, are on the beam, before the beam, Germany, there is the portrait of a woman called Bartel abaft the beam, on the bow, on the quarter, ahead, Graetje, whofechin is covered with a very large beard. or aftern. If the fhip fails with a fide-wind, it alters She was drawn in 1587, at which time fhe was but the names of fuch bearings in fome meafure, fince a 25 years of age. There is likewife in the fame cabi- diftant objeft on the beam is then faid to be to leeward net another portrait of her when fhe was more advan- or to windward; on the lee-quarter or bow, and on ced in life, but likewife with a beard.— It is faid, that the weather-quarter or bow. Bearing N°433

B E A L 97 1 B E A Bearing war Bearing, in the fea-knguage. When a ihip'fails play, and troilet. Three, four, or five, may play; Beat s and to every one is dealt cards. However, before eatCl N e Beift A® land fhore,or before wind,let fhe bear the play begins, every onefiveHakes to the three heaps.. * int° with^ the harbour.the To the isfhipfaidfailtomore He that wins moft tricks, takes up the heap called the before the wind, is to bear up. To put her right be- play; he that hath the king, takes up the heap fo fore the wind, is to bear round. A fhip that keeps off from the land, is faid to bear off. When a fhip that called; and he that hath three of any fort, that is, was to windward comes under a fhip’s flern, and fo three fours, three fives, three fixes, &c. takes up the gives her the wind, fhe is faid to bear under her lee, Sec. troilet heap. There is another fenfe of this word, in reference to the BEAT, in a general fignification, fignifies to chafburden of a fhip; for they fay a fhip bears, when, life, ftrike, knock, or vanquifh. having too flender or lean a quarter, fhe will fink too This word has feveral other fignifications in the madeep into the water with an overlight freight, and nufactures, and in the arts and trades. Sometimes it fignifies to forge aqd hammer; in which fenfe fmiths thereby can c; .ry but a fmall quantity of goods. Bearings, in heraldry, a term ufed to exprefs a and farriers fay, to beat iron. Sometimes it means to coat of arms, or the figures of armories by which the pound, to reduce into powder: Thus we fay, to beat nobility and gentry are diftinguifhed from the vulgar drugs, to beat pepper, to beat fpices; that is to fay, to pulverize them. and from one another. See Heraldry. Bearing-CIwws, among cock-fighters, denote the Beat, in fencing, denotes a blow or ftreke given foremoft toes, on which the bird goes; and if they be with the fword. There are two kinds of beats; the firft performed with the foible of a man's fword on the hurt or gravelled, he cannot fight. Bearing of a Stag, is ufed in refpeft of the ftate of foible of his adverfary’s, which in the fchools is comhis head, or the croches which he bears on his horns. monly called baterie, from the French batre, and is If you be afked what a Hag bears, you are only to rec- chiefly ufed in a purfuit, to make an open upon the kon the croches, and never to exprefs an odd number: adverfary. The fecond and bett kind of beat is peras, if he have four croches on his near horn and five formed with the fort of a man’s fword upon the foible on his far, you mutt fay he bears ten ; a falfe right on of his adverfary’s, not with a fpring, as in binding, his near horn : if but four on the near horn and fix on but with a jerk or dry beat; and is therefore moft prothe far horn, you mutt fay he bears twelve ; a double per for the parades without or within the fword, becatife of the rebound a man’s fword has thereby from falfe right on the near horn. BEARN, a province of France, bounded on the his adverfary’s, whereby he procures to himfelf the beteaft by Bigorre, on the fouth by the mountains of Ar- ter and furer Opportunity of rifpofting. ragon, on the well by Soule and part of Navarre, Beat, in the manege. A horfe is faid to beat the and on the north by Gafcony and Armagnac. It lies duft, w’hen at each Itroke or motion he does not take at the foot of the Pyrenasan mountains, being about in ground or way enough with his fore-legs.—He is 16 leagues in length and f2 in breadth. In general more particularly faid to beat the duft at terra d terra, it is but a barren country ; yet the plains yield con- when he does not take in ground enough with his liderable quantities of flax, and a good quantity of {boulders, making his ftrokes or motions too {hort, as Indian corn called masthc. The mountains are rich if he made them all in one place. He beats the dujl in mines of iron, copper, and lead; fome of them at curvets, when he does them too precipitantly and alfo are covered with vines, and others with pine trees; too low. He beats upon a walk, when he walks too and they give rife to feveral mineral fprings, and two fhort, and thus rids but little ground, whether it be in confiderable rivers, the one called the Gave of Oleron, ftraight lines, rounds, or paflings. and the other the Gave of Beam. Some wine is ex- Beat of Drum, in the military art, is to give notice ported from this country ; and the Spaniards buy up by beat of drum of a fudden danger; or, that fcattered great numbers of the horfes and cattle, together with foldiers may repair to their arms and quarters, is to moft of their linen, of which there is a confiderable beat an alarm, or to arms. Alfo to fignify, by different manufactory. The principal places are Pau, Lefcar, manners of founding a drum, that the foldiers are to Ortez, Novarreins, Sallies, and Oleron. fall on ,the enemy; to retreat before, in, or after, an BEAST, in a general fenfe, an appellation given to attack ; to move or march from one place to another; all four-footed animals, fit either for food, labour, or to permit the foldiers to come out of their quarters at fport. break of day ; to order to repair to their colours, &c.; Beasts of Burden, in a commercial fenfe, all four- is to beat a charge, a retreat, a march, &c. footed animals which ferve to carry merchandizes on Beat (St), a town of France, in the county of Comtheir backs. The beatts generally ufed for this pur- minges, at the confluence of the Garonne and the Pique. pofe, are elephants, dromedaries, camels, horfes, mules, It is feated between two mountains which are clofe to attes, and the fiieep of Mexico and Peru. the town on each fide. All the houfes are built with Beasts of the Chafe are five, viz. the buck, the doe, marble, becaufe they have no ether materials. W. the fox, the roe, and the martin. Long. i. 6. N. Lat. 42. 50. Beasts and Fowls of the Warren, are the hare, the BEATER is applied, in matters of commerce, to coney, the pheafant, and partridge. divers forts of workmen, whofe bufinefs is to hammer Beasts of the Foreft are the hart, hind, hare, boar, or flatten certain matters, particularly metals. and wolf. GoU-Beaters, are artifans, who, by beating gold Beast, among gamefters, a game at cards, played and filver with a hammer on a marble in moulds of velin this manner: The beft cards are the king, queen, lum and bullocks guts, reduce them to thin leaves fit &c. whereof they make three heaps, the king, the for gilding, or lilvering of copper, iron, fteel, wood, Vol. III. Parti. N &c.

B E A [ 98 ] B E A Beatificatl 1 &c. Gold-beaters differ from flatters of gold or filver; and marking the time for performers in concert, by a 1JBeating, motion of the hand and foot up or down fucceffively ' •r~mm °} as the former bring their metal into leaves by the hamand in equal times. Knowing the true time of a crotBeating. mer J whereas the latter only flatten it by preffing it chet, and fuppofing the meafure a(finally fubdivided through a mill preparatory to beating. There are alfo Tin-BujrERS employed in the look- into four crotchets, and the half meafure into two, ing-glafs trade, whofe bufmefs is to beat tin on large the hand or foot being up, if we put it down with the blocks of marble till it be reduced to thin leaves fit to very beginning of the firft note or crotchet, and then be applied with quickfilver behind looking-glafles. See raife it with the third, and then down with the beginning of the next meafure; this is called heating the Foliating, GoiD-Beating. BEATIFICATION, an aft by which the pope time; and, by prafiice, a habit is acquired of making declares a perfon beatified or bleffed after his death. this motion very equal. Each down and up is fomeIt is the firit ftep towards canonization, or raifing any times called a time or meafwe. The general rule is,, one to the honour and dignity ©f a faint. No perfon to contrive the divifion of the meafure f°» that every can be beatified till 50 years after his or her death. down and up of the beating (hall end with a particular All certificates or atteftations of virtues and miracles, note, on which very much depends the diftimfinefs, and, the neceflary qualifications for faintfhip, are examined as it were, the fenfe of the melody. Hence the beginby the congregation of rites. This examination often ning of every time or beating ia the meafure is reccontinues for feveral years; after which his holinefs koned the accented part thereofdecrees the beatification. The corps and relics of the Beating time is denoted, in the Italian mufic, by future faint are from thenceforth expofed to the vene- the term a battuta, which is ufually put after what ration of all good Chriftians ; his images are crowned they call recitative, where little or no time is obferved, with rays, and a particular office is fet apart for him ; to denote, that here they are to begin again to mark but his body and relics are not carried in proceffien.: or beat the time exafily., indulgences likewife, and remiffion of fins, are granted The Romans .aimed at fomewhat of harmony in the on the day of his beatification ; which though not fo ftrokes of their oars; and had an officer called portifcihpompous as- that of canonization,, is however very lus in each, galley, whofe bufinefs was to beat time to fplendid. the rowers, fometimes by a pole or mallet, and fomeBEATING, or Pulsation, in medicine the re- times by his voice alone. ciprocal agitation or palpitation of the heart ror pulfe. The ancients marked the rhyme in their mufical comBesting Flax or Hemp, is an operation in the dref- pofitions; but.to. make it more obfervable in theprac-fing of thefe matters, contrived to render them more tice, they beat the meafure or time, and this in diffefoft and pliant.—When hemp has been fwingled a fe- rent manners. The. moft ufual confifted in a motion cond time, and the hurds laid by, they take the ftrikes, of the foot, which was taifed from, and ftruck alteraad dividing them into dozens and half dozens, make nately againft, the ground,, according to the modern them up into large thick rolls,, which being broached method. Doing this was commonly the province of on long flrikes, are fet in the chimney-corner to dry ; the mafter of the mufic, who was thence called after which they lay them in a round trough made for and xoft/pai©-, becaufe placed in the middle of the choir the purpofe, and there with beetles beat them well till of muficians, and in an elevated fituation, to be feen; they handle both without and within as pliant as pof- and heard more eafily by the whole company. Thefe fible, without any hardnefs or roughnefs to be felt: beaters of meafure were alfoofcalled becaufe the noifeby ofthetheirGreeks, feet,;.. that done, they take them from the trough, open and a-oJoxIujrof and ' divide the ftrikes as before ; and if any be found not and cnjvhvocpwi, becaufe of the uniformity or monotony iufficiently beaten, they roll them up and beat them of the rhyme. The Latins denominated them pedarii, over as before. ptdaiii, and pedicularii. To make the beats or ftrokes Beating hemp is a puniffiment Inflidted on loofe or more audible, their feet were generally (hod with a fort diforderly perfons. of fandals either of wood or iron, called by the Greeks Beating, in book-binding, denotes the knocking xfouT£fs«, xfoujraxa, Kgivxtfa, and by the Latins pedicula, a book in quires on a marble block, with a heavy fcabella, or fcabilla, becaufe like to little ftools or footbroad-faced hammer, after folding, and before binding ftools. Sometimes they beat upon fonorous foot-ftools* or ftitching it. On the beating it properly, the ele- with the foot (hod with a wooden or iron foie. They gance and excellence of the binding, and the eafy open- beat the meafure not only with the foot, but alfo with , ing of the book, principally depends. the right-hand, all the fingers whereof they joined toBeating, in the paper works, fignifies the beating to ftrike into the hollow of the left. He who of paper on a ftone with a heavy hammer, with a large gether, marked the rhythm, was called manuduttor. The fmooth head and fliort handle, in order to render it thus ancients alfo beat time or meafure with fhells, as oyftermore fmooth and uniform, and fit for writings ffiells and bones of animals, which they ftrufi; againft Beating the Wind, was a praftice in ufe in the an- one another, much as the moderns now ufe caftanets,. cient method of trial by combat. If either of the and the like inftruments. This the Greeks called ^d/k.combatants did not appear in the field at the time ap- CaxiafEiv, as is noted by Hefychius. The fcholiaft on, pointed, the other was to beat the wind, or make fo Ariftophanes fpeaks much to the fame purpofe. Other many flourifties with his weapon j, by which he was in- noify inftruments,. as drums, cymbals, citterns, &c. titled to all the advantages of a conqueror. alfo ufed on the fame occafion. They beat the Beating the Hands or Feet, by way of praife or ap- were meafure generally in two equal or unequal times; at probation. See Applause. leaft, holds of the ufual rhythm of a piece of mufic, Beating Time, in mufic, a method of meafuring markedthiseither by the noife of fandals, or the flapping 4

B E A C 99 1 B E A •Beating of the hands. But the other rhythmic inftruments laft- defeription, as appears from the writers on Alexander’s * I mentioned, and which were ufed principally to excite expedition thither. It was a place of relegation or ggaufort Bfcatorum. and animate the dancers, marked the cadence after banifhment for real or pretended criminals from which . “ L. another manner ; that is, the number of their percuf- there was no efcape, (Ulpian). fions equalled, or even fomctimes furpafled, that of BEATS, in a watch or clock, are the ftrokes made the different founds which compofed the air or fong by the fangs or pallets of the fpindle of the balance, played. or of the pads in a royal pendulum. Beating, with hunters, a term ufed of a flag, BEUCAIRE, a town of Languedoc in France, fiwhich runs firft one way and then another. He is tuated on the banks of the river Rhone, in E.Long. then faid to beat up and down.—The noife made by co- 5. 49. N. Lat. 43. 39. _ BEAUCE, a province of France, lying between sies in rutting time is alfo called beating or tapping. Beating, in navigation, the operation of making a the ifie of France, Blafois, and Orleannois. It is fo progrefs at fea againft the direction of the wind, in a very fertile in wheat, that it is called the Granary of zig-zag line, or traverfe, like that in which we afcend Paris. Chartres is the principal town. a deep hill. See Tacking. BEAVER, in zoology. See Castor. BEATITUDE, imports the fupreme good, or the BsArER-Skins, in commerce. Of thefe, merchants higheft degree of happinefs human nature is fufceptible dillinguifh three forts ; the new, the dry, and the fat. of; or the moft perfeft date of a rational being, where- The new beaver, which is alfo called the white beain the foul has attained to the utmoft excellency and ver, or Mufcovy beaver, becaufe it is commonly kept dignity it is framed for. In which fenfe, it amounts to be fent into Mufcovy, is that which the favages to the fame with what we otherwife call blejfednefs and catch in their winter hunting. It is the beft, and the fovereign felicity; by the Greeks, and by the moft proper for making fine furs, becaufe it has loft Eatins, fummum bonum, beatitude, and beatitai. none of its hair by fhedding. Beatitude, among divines, denotes the beatific The dry beaver, which is fometimes called lean beavifion, or the fruition of God in a future life to all e- ver, comes from the fummer hunting, which is the ternity. time when thefe animals lofe part of their hair. Tho’ Beatitude is alfo ufed in fpeaking of the thefes this fort of beaver be much inferior to the former, yet contained in Chrift’s fermon on the mount, whereby he it may alfo be employed in furs; but it is chiefly ufed pronounces bleffed the poor in fpirit, thofe that mourn, in the manufacture of hats. The French call xlfummer cajlor or beaver. the meek, &c. BEATON (David), archbifhop of St Andrew’s,and The fat beaver is that which has contracted a certain a cardinal of Rome, in the early part of the 16th cen- grofs and oily humour, from the fweat which exhales tury, was born in 1494. Pope Paul III. raifed him from the bodies of the favages, who wear it for fome to the degree of a cardinal in December 1538 ; and time. Though this fort be better than the dry beaver, being employed Tby James V. in negociating his mar- yet it is ufed only in the making of hats. riages with the court of France, he was there confe- Befides hats and furs, in which the beaver’s hair is crated bifliop of Mirepoix. Soon after his inftalment commonly ufed, they attempted in France, in the year as archbilhop of St Andrew’s, he promoted a furious 1699, to make other manufactures of it: and accordperfecution of the reformers in Scotland; when the ingly they made cloths, flannels, ftockings, &c. partly king’s death put a flop, for a time, to his arbitrary of beavePs hair, and partly of Segovia wool. This proceedings, he being then excluded from affairs of manufactory, which was fet up at Paris, in St Anthony’s government, and confined. He raifed however fo itrong fuburbs, fucceeded at firft pretty well; and according a party, that, upon the coronation of the young-queen to the genius of the French, the novelty of the thing Mary, he was admitted of the council, made chancel- brought into fome repute the fluffs, ftockings, gloves, lor, and procured commiffion as legate a latere from and cloth, made of beaver’s hair. But they went out the court of Rome. He now began to renew his per- of fafhion on a fudden, becaufe it was found, by exfecution of heretics; and among the reft, of the famous perience, that they were of a very bad wear, and beProteftant preacher Mr George Wifliart, whofe fuffer- fides that the colours faded very much: when they had ings at the flake the cardinal viewed from his window been wet, they became dry and hard, like felt, which with apparent exultation. It is pretgnded, that Wifh- occafioned the mifearriage of the manufaClory for that a> t at his death foretold the murder of Beaton ; which time. indeed happened fhortly after, he being affaffinated in When the hair has been cut off from the beavers his chamber, May 29th, 1547. He was a haughty fkins, to be ufed in the manufacturing of hats, thofe bigotted churchman, and thought feverity the proper fleins are ftill employed by feveral workmen ; namely, method -of fuppreffing herefy: he had great talents, by the trunk-makers, to cover trunks and boxes; by the and vices that were no lefs confpicuous. See Scot- fhoemakers, to put into flippers ; and by turners, to land. make fieves for lifting grain and feeds. iBEATORUM insula (anc. geog.), feven days BEAUFORT, a town of Anjou in France, with journey to the weft of Thebae, a diftridf of the Nomos a caftle, near the river Authion. It contains two paGafites; called an ifand, becaufe furrounded with fand, riflies and a convent of Recolets, and yet has not too like an ifland in the fea, (Ulpian); yet abounding in houfes. W. Long. o. 3. N. Lat. 47. 26. all the neceffaries of life, though encompaffed with Beaufort gives title of Duke in England to the vaft fandy defarts, (Stiabo); which fohne fuppofe to noble family of Somerfet, who are lineally defeended be a third Oafis, in the Regio Ammoniaca; and the from John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter, whofe duchefs feite of the temple of Ammon anfwers to the above refided in -this town. N2 Beau-

B E A [ ioo ] B E A Beaufort, a ftrong town of Savoy in Italy, on the the annual expence of the garrifon was feventeen hun- Beaumaris, dred and three pounds. Edward I. when he built the Beaumont,, river Oron. E. Long. 6. 48. N. Lat. 45.40. BEAUGENCY, a town of the Orleannoisin France, town, furrounded it with walls, made it a corporation, v * feated on the river Loire, in E. Long. 1. 46. N.Xat. and endowed it with great privileges, and lands to a confiderable value. He removed the ancient freehol47.48. BEAUJEU, a town of France in Beaujolois, with ders by exchange of property into other countries. an old caftle. It is fcated on the river Ardieres, at the Henllys, near the town, was the feat of Gwerydd ap foot of a mountain, in E. Long. 4. 40. N. Lat. 46. 9. Rhys Goch, one of fifteen tribes, and of his pofterity BEAUJOLOIS, a diftrift of France, bounded on till this period, when Edward removed them to Boddle the fouth by Lionnois proper, on the weft by Forez, Wyddan in Flintfhire, and beftowed their ancient paon the north by Burgundy, and on the weft by the trimony on the corporation. It fends one member to principality of Dombes. It is 25 miles in length, and parliament. Its firft reprefentative was Maurice Griffydd, who fat in the feventh year of Edward VI. 20 in breadth: Ville Franche is the capital town. BEAULIEU (Sebaftian de Pontault de), a cele- There is very good anchorage for fhips in the bay brated French engineer, and field marfhal under Louis which lies before the town ; and has feven fathom waXIV. He publifhed plans of all the military expedi- ter even at the loweft ebb. Veflels often find fecurity tions of his matter, with military lectures annexed. He here in hard gales. The town has no trade of any kind, yet has its cuftomhoufe for the cafual reception died in 1674. BEAUMARIS, a market-town of Anglefey in of goods. The ferry lies near the town, and is paflaNorth Wales, which fends one member to parliament. ble at low-water. It was granted by charter to the corporation in the 4th of Queen Elizabeth. There is W. Long. 4. 15. N. Lat. 53. 25. It is, as the name implies, pleafantly feated on a low an order from Edward II. to Robert Power, chamberland at the water’s edge; is neat and well built, and lain of North Wales, to infpect into the ftate of the One ftreet is very handfome. Edward I. created the boat, which was then out of repair ; and in cafe it was place; for after founding the cattles of Caernarvon feafible, to caufe it to be made fit for ufe, at the exand Conway, he difcovered that it was neeeffary to pence of the baileywick : but if the boat proved paft put another curb on the Welch. He therefore built repair, a new one was to be built, and the expence ala fortrefs here in 1295 ; and fixed on a marfhy fpot, lowed by the king. It appears, that the people of near the chapel of St Meugan, fuch as gave him Beaumaris payed annually for the privilege of a ferry opportunity of forming a great fofs round the caftle, thirty fhillings into the exchequer ; but by this order and of filling it with water from the fea. He alfo cut it feems that the king was to find the boat. After a canal, in order to permit veffels to difeharge their palling the channel, the diftance over the fands to Aber lading beneath the walls : and as a proof of the ex- in Caernarvonffiire, the point the paffenger generally iftence of fuch a conveniency, there were within this makes for, is four miles. The fands are called Iraeth century iron rings affixed to them, for the purpofe of Telavan, and Wylofaen, or the place of •weeping, from mooring the fhips or boats. The marfh was in early the fhrieks and lamentations of the inhabitants when it times of far greater extent than at prefent, and covered was overwhelmed by the fea, in the days of Helig ap with fine bulrufhes. The firft governor was Sir Wil- Clunog. The church is dependant on Llandegvan, liam Pickmore, a Gafcon knight appointed by Ed- which is in the gift of lord Bulkeley. The former is ward I. There was a conftable of the caftle, and a called the chapel of the hlejfed iiirgin; yet in ancient captain of the town. The firft had an annual fee of writings one aile is called lot Mar/s chapel, and another forty pounds, the laft of twelve pounds three fhillings that of St Nicholas. and four pence ; and the porter of the gate of Beau- BEAUMONT (Sir John), the elder brother of maris had nine pounds two fhillings and fixpence. Mr Francis Beaumont the famous dramatic poet, was Twenty-four foldiers were allowed for the guard of the born in the year 1582, and in 1626 had the dignity of caftle and town, at fourpence a-day to each. The a baronet conferred upon him by king Charles I. In conftable of the cattle was always captain of the town, his youth he applied himfelf to the Mufes with good except in one inftance: in the 36th of Henry VI. Sir fuccefs; and wrote. The Crowm of Thorns, a poem, John Boteler held the firft office, and Thomas Norreys in eight books: a mifcellany, intitled, Bofuorth Field: the other. The caftle was extremely burthenfome to Tranflations from the Latin Poets : and feveral poems the country : quarrels were frequent between the gar- on religious and political fubjedts; as, On the Feftivals; rifun and the country people. In the time of Henry On the Blefled Trinity ; A Dialogue between the VI. a bloody fray happened, in which David ap Evan World, a Pilgrim, and Virtue; Of the miferable State ap Howel of Llwydiarth, and many others, were flain. of Man ; Of Sicknefs, &c. He died in 1628 His From the time of Sir Rowland Villeville, alias Brit- poetic genius was celebrated by Ben Johnfon, Michael tayne, reputed bafe fen of Henry VII. and conftable Drayton, and others. of the caftle, the garrifon was withdrawn till the year Beaumont and Fletcher, two celebrated Englifh 1642, when Thomas Cheadle, deputy to the ear! of dramatic writers, who flourifhed in the reign of James I. Dorfet, then conftable, put into it men and ammunition. and fo clofely connedted both as authors and as friends, In 1643, Thomas Bulkeley, Efq; foon after created that it has been judged not improper to give them unLord Bulkeley, fucceeded: his fon Colonel Richard der one article. Bulkeley, and feveral gentlemen of the country, Mr Francis Beaumont was defeended from an an held it for the king till June 1646, when it furren- cient family of his name at Grace-dieu in Leicefterdered on honourable terms to general Mytton, who fhire, where he was born about the year 1585 or 1586, made captain Evans his deputy governor. In 1653, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. His grandfather, John

B E A [ io. ] B E A eaumont. John Beaumont, was matter of the rolls, and his father equal to his own, foon raifed him to one of the higheft Beaumont, —V Francis Beaumont one of the judges of the common- places in the temple of poetical fame. As he was bom w—-* pleas. He was educated at Cambridge, and afterwards near ten years before Mr Beaumont, fo did he alfo furadmitted of the Inner Temple. It is not, however, vive him by an equal number of years; the general caapparent that he made any great proficiency in the law, lamity of a plague, which happened in the year 1625, that being a ftudy probably too dry and unentertaining involving him in its great deftruftion, he being at that to be attended to by a man of his fertile and fprightly time 49 years of age. genius. And indeed, we ttiould fcarcely be furprifed During the joint lives of thefe two great poets, it to find that he had given no application to any ftudy appears that they wrote nothing feparately, excepting but poetry,ut nor attended on any court but that of the one little piece by each, which feemed of too trivial a Mufes: b on the contrary, our admiration might fix nature for either to require affiftance in, viz. The Faithttfelf in the oppofite extreme, and fill us with aftonifh- ful Shepherd, a paftoral, by Fletcher; and The Mafque ment at the extreme afiiduity of his genius and rapidity of Gray’s-Inn Gentlemen, by.Beaumont. Yet what of his pen, when we look back on the voluminoufnefs flrare each had in the writing or defigning of the pieces of his works, and then inquire into the time allowed thus compofed by them jointly, there is no poffibility him for them; works that might well have taken up a of determining. It is however generally allowed, that long life to have executed. For although, out of 5 ^ Fletcher’s peculiar talent was uwV, and Beaumont’s, plays which are colledled together as the labours of though much the younger man, judgment. Nay, fo thefe united authors, Mr Beaumont was concerned in extraordinary was the latter property in Mr Beaumont, much the greatett part of them, yet he did not live to that it is recorded of the great Ben Johnfon, who feems complete his 30th year, the king of terrors fummoning moreover to have had a fufficient degree of felf-opiniom him away in the beginning of March 1615, on the 9th of his own abilities, that he conftantly, fo long as this day of which he was interred in the entrance of St Be- gentleman lived, fubmitted his own writings to his nedidt’s chapel in Weftminfter-Abbey. There is no cenfure, and, as it is thought, availed himfelf of his infcription on his tomb: But there are two epitaphs to judgment at leaft in the correcting, if not even in the his memory; one by his elder brother Sir John Beau- contriving all his plots. It is probable, therefore, that the forming the plots and contriving the condudl of mont : the fable, the writing of the more ferious and pathetic On death, thy murderer, this revenge I take ; parts, and lopping the redundant branches of Fletcher’s I flight his terrors, and juft queftion make, wit, whofe luxuriance, we are told, frequently ftood in Which of us two the heft precedence have, might be in general Beaumont’s Mine to this wretched world, thine to the grave ? need of incaftigation, the work; while Fletcher, whofe converfaThou fliould’ll have followed me; but death, to blame, portion tion with the beau monde (which indeed both of them Mifcounted years, and meafur’d age by fame. from their births and ftations in life had been ever acSo dearly haft thou bought thy precious lines; cuftomcdto), added to the volatile and lively turn he Their praife grew fwiftly, fo thy life declines. rendered him perfeftly mafter of dialogue and Thy mufe, the hearer’s queen, the reader’s love, poffdled, polite language, might execute the defigns formed by All ears, all hearts (but death’s),could pleafe andmove. the other, and raife the fuperftrufture thofe lively Bofworth Field, p. 164. and fpirited fcenes which Beaumont hadofonly laid the The other is by Bifhop Corbet. {Poems, p. 68.) foundation of; and in this he was fo fuccefsful, that though his wit and raillery were extremely keen and He that hath fuch aciitenefs and fuch wit, poignant, yet they were at the fame time fo perfeftly As would afk ten good heads to hulband it: genteel, that they ufed rather to pleafe than difguft He that can write fo well, that no man dare the very perfons on whom they feemed to reftefty Yet Refume it for the heft; let him beware: Fletcher was not entirely excluded from a fhare Beaumont is dead; by whofe foie death appears, that in the conduft of the drama, may be gathered from a Wit’s a difeafe confumes men in few years. ftory related by Winftanley, viz. that our two bards He left a daughter, Frances Beaumont, who died in having concerted the rough draught of a tragedy over Leicefterftrire fince the year 1700. She had in her a bottle of wine at a tavern, Fletcher feid, he would poffeffion feveral poems of her father’s .writing; but undertake to kill the king, which words being overthey were loft at fea in her voyage from Ireland, where heard by the waiter, who had not happened to have (he had lived for fome time in the duke of Ormond’s been witnefs to the context of their converfetion, he family. lodged an information of treafon againft them. But Mr John Fletcher was not more meanly defcended on their explanation of it only to mean the deftru&ioo than his poetical colleague ; his father, the reverend of a theatrical monarch, their loyalty' moreover being Dr Fletcher, having been firft made bilhop of Briftol . unqueftioned, the affair ended in a jeft. by queen Elizabeth, and afterwards by the feme mo- On the whole, the works of thefe authors have unnarch, in the year 1593, tranflated to the rich and ho- doubtedly very great merit, and fome of their pieces nourable fee of London. Our poet was born in 1576 j defervedly Hand on the lift of the prefent ornaments of and was, as well as his friend, educated at Cambridge, the theatre. The plots are ingenious, interefting, and where he made a great proficiency in his ftudies, and well managed ; the chara&ers ftrongly marked ; and the was accounted a very good fcholar. His natural vi- dialogue fprightly and natural: yet there is in the latter vacity of wit, for which he was remarkable, foon ren- a coarfends which is not fuitable to the politenefe of dered him a devotee to the mufes; and his clofe attention the prefent age ; and a fondnefs of repartee, which freto their fervice, and fortunate connection with a genius quently runs into obfcenity ; and which we may fuppofe

B E A T ro2 H B E A Beaumont pofe was the vice of that time, fince even the delicate better than this author. 5. Several differtations in the Beauty. himfelf notofentirely free offrom Bibliotheque Britannique.—Mr Beaufobre .Seaufobre asShakefpeare thefe authors have ismore that kind witit.thanBut the fenfe with profound erudition, and was one had of theftrong belt v— laft-mentioned writer, it is not to be wondered if their writers among the Reformed : he preached as he wrote, - works were, in the licentious reign of Charles II. pre- and he did both with warmth and fpirit. ferred to his. Now, however, to the honour of the BEAUTY, in its native fignification, is appropriprefent taftebe it fpoken, the tables are entirely turned ; ated to objects of fight. Objects of the other fenfes and while Shakefpeare’s immortal works are our con- may be agreeable, fuch as the founds of mufical inftruftant and daily fare, thofe of Beaumont and Fletcher, ments, the fmoothnefs and foftnefs of fome furfaces; though delicate in their kind, are only occafionally but the agreeablenefs c'aMzA beauty belongs to objefts of ferved up ; and even then great pains are taken to clear 'fight. them of that fumet, which the haut gout of their con- Objects of fight are more complex than thofe of any temporariesconfideredastheirfupremefirelhhjbutwhich other fenfe: in the fimplelt, we perceive colour,figure,, the more undepraved tafte of ours has been juftly length, breadth, thicknefs. A tree is compofed of a taught to look on as what it really is, ho more than a trunk, branches, and leaves ; it has colour, figure, fize, corrupt and unwholefome taint. and fometimes motion: by means of each of thefe parSome of their plays were printed in quarto during ticulars, feparately confidered, it appears beautiful; the lives of the authors; and in the year 1645 there but a complex perception of the whole greatly augvras publifhed in folio a collection of fuch plays as had ments the beauty of the objeCb. The human body is not been printed before, amounting to between 30 and a cornpofition of numberlefs beauties arifing from the .40. This collection was publilhed by Mr Shirley, af- parts and qualities of the objeCt, various colours, variter the {hutting up of the theatres ; and dedicated to ous motions, figures, fize, &c. all united in one comthe Earl of Pembrokeanby ten of the moft famous aftors. plex object, and fl.rik.ing the eye with combined force. In 1679 there was edition of all their plays pub- Hence it is, that beauty, a quality fo remarkable in lilhed in folio.; another edition in 171 x by Mr Ton- vilible objeCls, lends its name to everything that is fbn in feven volumes 8vo, and the lafl in 1751. eminently agreeable. Thus, by a figure of fpeech, we Beaumont, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- fay, * beautifulfound, a beauliful thought, a beautiful ault, on the confines of the territory of Liege. It was difcovery, &c. ceded to the.French in 1684; and taken in 1691 by the Confidering attentively the beauty of vifible objeCb, 1 Englifli, who blew up the caftle. It is fituated be- two kinds are difcovered. The firft may be termed Cntidjm. tween the rivers Maefe and Sambre, in E. Long. 4. 1. intrirific bfeauty, becaufe it is difcovered in a Angle obN. Lat. 50. X2. jeCl, without relation to any other: the other may be Beaumont le Roger, a town of Upper Normandy termed relative, being founded on the relation of obin France. E. Long. o. 56. N. Lat. 49. 2. jeCts. Intrinfic beamy is a perception of fenfe merely; Beaumont le Vicompte, a town of Maine in France, for to perceive the beauty of a fpreading oak, or of a E. Long. o. ro. N. Lat. 48. 12. flowing river, no more is required but fingly an aft of Beaumont fur Oife, a town in the Ifle of France, vifior). Relative beauty is accompanied: with an aib of featcd on the declivity of a hill, with a bridge over underftandirig and refleCbion : for we perceive not the the river Oife. E. Long. 2. 29. N. Lat. 49. 9. relative beauty of a fine inftrument or engine until we BEAUNE, a handfome town of France, in Bur- learn its ufe and deftination. In a word, intrinfic gundy, remarkable for its excellent wine, and for'an beauty is ultimate ; and relative beauty is that of means hofpital founded here in 1443. Its collegiate church relating to fome good end or purpofe. Thefe different is alfo one of the fineft in France : the great altar is beauties agree in one capital circumftance, that both adorned with a table enriched with jewels ; and its or- are equally perceived as belonging to the objeft ; which gans are placed on a piece of architefture which is the will be readily admitted with refpedb to intrinfic beauty, admiration of the curious. E. Long. 4. 50. N. Lat. but is not- fo obvious with refpeft to the other. The 47* 2. utility of the plough, for example, may make it an objedt BEAUSOBRE (Ifaac de), a very learned Prote- of admiration or of defire; but why ihould utility make ftant writer, of French original, was born at Niort in it beautiful ? A natural propenfity of the human mind 1659. He was forced into Holland to avoid the exe- will explain this difficulty: By an eafy tranfition of cution of a fentence upon him, which condemned him ideas, the beauty of the effedt is transferred to the caufe, to make the amende honorable; and this for having and is perceived as one of the qualities of the caufe. broken the royal fignet, which was put upon the door Thus a fubjedl void of intrinfic beauty appears beauof a church of the Reformed, to prevent the public tiful by its utility ; a dwelling-houfe void of all reguprofeffion of their religion. He went to Berlin in larity is however beautiful in the view of convenience ; 1694 ; was made chaplain to the king of Pruffia, and and the want of fymmetry in a tree will not prevent ceunfellor of the royal confifiory. He died in 1738, its appearing beautiful, if it be known to produce aged 79, after having publiffied feveral works: as, good fruit. 1. Defenfe de la Doftrive des Reformes. 2. A Tranf- When thefe two beauties concur in any objedt, it lation of the New Teftament and Notes, jointly with appears delightful. Every member of the human body M. Lenfant; much efteemed by the Reformed. 3. polfefies both in a high degree. Dijfcrtationfur les Adamites deBoheme; a curious work. The beauty of utility, being accurately proportioned 4. Hifloire Critique de Manicbee et du Manicheifme, to the degree of utility, requires no illuftration : But 2 tom. in qto. This has been deemed by philofophers intrinfic beauty, being more complex, cannot be handled an interefting queftion, and nobody has developed it diftindlly without being analyfed. If a tree be beautiful

B E A [ 103 ] B E A Beauty. tiful by means of its colour, figure, motion, fize, See. tion. Very different are the artificial manners of mo- Beauty, it is in reality poffefled of fo many different beauties. dern times. A gradual progrefs from fimplicity to complex forms and profufe ornament, feems to be the The beauty of colour is too familiar to need explana- fate of all the fine arts; refembling behaviour, which tion. The beauty of figure is more : for example, viewing any body as a whole, the beauty of its figure from original candour and fimplicity has degenerated into duplicity of heart and artificial refinements. At arifes from regularity and fimplicity ; viewing the parts prefent, literary productions are crowded with words, with relation to each other, uniformity, proportion, and order, contribute to its beauty. The beauties of epithets, figures: In mufic, fentiment is negledted for grandeur and motion are confidered feparately. See the luxury of harmony,, and for difficult movement. With regard to the final caufe of beauty, one thing Grandeur and Motion. We fhall here make a few obfervations on fimplicity, is evident, that our reliffi of regularity, uniformity, order, and fimplicity, contributes greatly which may be of ufe in examining the beauty of Angle proportion, objefts. A multitude of objefts crowding into the to enhance the beauty of the objects that furround us, mind at once, difturb the attention, and pafs without and of courfe tends to our happinefs. We may be making'any lafting imprefiion : In the fame manner, confirmed in this thought, upon reflefting, that our even a Angle objetf, confifting of a multiplicity of tafte for thefe particulars is not accidental, but uniform parts, equals not, in ftrength of impreffion, a more and univerfal, making a. branch of our nature. At the Ample object comprehended in one view. This juftifies fame time, regularity, uniformity, order, and fimplicity, fimplicity in works of art, as oppofed to complicated contribute each of them to readinefs of apprehenfion, and enable, us to form more diftincf ideas of objects circumftances and crowded ornaments. It would be endlefs to enumerate the effefts that are than can be done where thefe particulars are wanting. produced by the various combinations of the principles In fome inftances, as in animals, proportion is evidently of beauty. A few examples will be fufficient to give connected with utility, and is the more agreeable on the reader fome idea of this fubjeft. A circle and a that account. fquare are each perfectly regular: a fquare, however, Beauty, in many inftances, promotes induftry; .and is Lefs beautiful than a circle; and the reafon is, that as it is frequently conne&ed with utility, it proves an the attention is divided among the fides and angles of additional incitement to enrich our fields and improve a fquare ; whereas the circumference of a circle, being our manufactures. Thefe, however, are but flight a Angle objtft, makes one entire impreffion : And thus effedts, compared with the connections that are formed fimplicity contributes to beauty. For the fame reafon among individuals in fociety by means of beauty. a fquare is more beautiful than a hexagon or oftagon. The qualifications of the head and heart are undoubtthe moft folid and molt permanent foundations of A fquare is likewife more beautiful than a parallelo- edly gram, becaufe it is more regular and uniform. But fuch conneftiona:. But as external beauty lies more this holds with refpedi to intrinfic beauty only : for in in view, and is more obvious to the bulk of mankind, many inllances, as in the doors and windows of a than the qualities now mentioned,, the fenfe of beauty dwelling-houfe, utility turns the feales on the fide of has a more extenfive influence in forming thefe connedlionsi At any rate, it concurs in an eminent dethe parallelogram. Again, a parallelogram depends, for its beauty, on gree with mental qualifications, in producing focial inthe proportion of its fides : A great inequality of its tercourfe,. mutual good-will,, and confequently mutual fides annihilates its beauty: Approximation■ toward aid and fupport, which are the life of fopiety: it mull equality hath the fame effeeft ; for proportion there de- not however be overlooked, that the fenfe of beauty generates into imperfeft uniformity,, and the figure ap- does not tend to advance the interefts of fbciety, but pears an unfuccefsful attempt toward a fquare. And when in a due mean with refpect to ftrength. Love, in particular, arifing from a fenfe of beauty, lofes, hence proportion contributes to beauty.. An equilateral triangle yields not to a. fquare, in re- when exceffive, its focial charadler: the appetite for gularity nor in uniformity of parts,, and it is-more Am- gratification, prevailing over affedtion for the beloved ple. But an equilateral triangle is lefs beautiful than objedl, is ungovernable, and tends violently to its end, a fquare ; which muft be owing, to inferiority of order regardlefs of the mifery that muft. follow. Love, in in the pofition of its parts ; the order arifing from the this Hate, is no longer a fweet agreeable paffion : it equal inclination of the fides of fuch an angle is more becomes painful, like hunger or third; and produceth obfeure than the parallelifm of: the fides of a fquare. no happinefs-, but in the inftant of fruition. This And hence order contributes to beauty, not.lefs than fuggefts an important leffon, that moderation in our defires and appetites, which fits us for doing our duty, fimplicity, regularity, or.proportion. Uniformity is lingular in one circumftance, that it contributes at the fame time the moft to happinefs ; is apt to difguft. by excels. A number of things-def- even focial paffions, when moderate, are more plealant tined for the fame ufe, as windows, chairs, &c. can- than when they fwell beyond proper bounds. not be too uniform. But a fcrupulous uniformity of Human or Perjonal Beauty, only flightly touched parts in a large garden or field is far from being agree- upon in the preceding article, merits more particular dife-uffion ; and may be confidered under thefe four able. In all the works of nature fimplicity makes a capital heads: Colour, Form, Expreffion, and Grace ; ,the two figure. It alfo makes a figure in works of art;.. Pro- fbrmer being, as it were, the Body, the two latter the fufe ornament in painting, gardening, or architefture, Soul, of beauty. as well as in drefs or in language, fhows a mean or cor- 1. Colour. Although this be the loweft of all the rupted tafte. Simplicity in behaviour and manners has conftituent parts of beauty, yet it is vulgarly the moll an inchanting effect, and never foils to gain our affec- ftriking, and the moft obferved.. For which there, is.

B E A [ 104 1 B E A very obvious reafon to be given ; that “ every body than the fprtng. They prefer the variety of ihades Besuty,can fee, and very few can judge the beauties of co- and colours, though in their decline, to all their freihlour requiring much lefs of judgment than either of the nefs and verdure in their infancy; and think all the charms and livelinefs even of the fpring, more than other three. As to the colour of the body in general, the moft compenfated by the choice, oppofition, and richnefs of beautiful perhaps that ever was imagined, was that colours, that appear almoft on every tree in the auwhich Apelles expreffed in his famous Venus; and tumn. which, though the.pi&ure itfelf be loft, Cicero has in Though one’s judgment is apt to be guided by parfome degree preferved to us, in his excellent de- ticular attachments (and that more perhaps in this part fcription of it. It was (as we learn from him) a fine of beauty than any other), yet the general perfuafion red, beautifully intermixed and incorporated with feems well founded, that a complete brown beauty is white ; and diffufed, in its due proportions, through really preferable to a perfect fair one ; the bright brown a luftre to all the other colours, a vivacity to the ■ each part of the body. Such are the defcriptions of giving eyes, and a richnefs to the whole look, which one a moft beautiful Ikin, in feveral of the Roman poets; feeks in vain in the whiteft and moft tranfparent (kins. and fuch often is the colouring of Titian, and particularly in his fleeping Venus, or whatever other beauty Raphael’s moft charming Madonna is a brunette beauty; and his earlier Madonnas (or thofe of his that charming piece was meant to reprefent. The reafon why thefe colours pleafe fo much, is middle ftyle) are generally of a lighter and lefs pleafing not only their natural livelinefs, nor the much greater complexion. All the heft artifts in the nobleft age of charms they obtain from their being properly blended painting, about Leo the tenth’s time, ufed this deeper together, but is alfo owing in fome degree to the idea and richer kind of colouring; and perhaps one might they carry with them of good health; without which add, that the glaring lights introduced by Guido, went all beauty grows languid and lefs engaging ; and with a great way towards the declenfion of that art; as the which it always recovers an additional life and luftre. enfeebling of the colours by Carlo Marat (or his folAs to the colour of the face in particular, a great lowers) hath fince almoft; completed the fall of it in deal of beauty is owing (befidc the caufes already men- Italy. tioned) to variety ; that being defigned by nature for Under this article colour, it feems doubtful whether the greateft concourfe of different colours, of any part fome things ought not to be comprehended which are in the human body. Colours pleafe by oppofition; not perhaps commonly meant by that name : As that and it is in the face that they are the moft diverfified, appearing foftnefs or filkinefs of fome fkins ;'that (a) Magdalen-look in fome fine faces, after weeping -t that and the moft oppofed. of It is an obfervation apparently whimfical, but per- brightnefs, as well as tint, of the hair ; that luftre haps not unjuft, that the fame thing which makes a health that (bines forth upon the features ; that lumifine evening, makes a fine face ; that is, as to the par- noufnefs that appears in feme eyes, and that fluid fire, or gliftening, in others : Some of which are of a naticular part of beauty now under confideration. The beauty of an evening iky, about the felting of ture fo much fuperior to the common beauties of cothe fun, is owing to the variety of colours that are lour, that they make it doubtful whether they ftiould fcattered along the face of the heavens. It is the fine not have been ranked under a higher clafs, and referred clouds, intermixed with white, and fometimes dark- ved for the expreffion of the paflions. They are, hower ones, with the' azure bottom appearing here and ever, mentioned here ; becaufe even the moft doubtful there between them, which makes all that beautiful of them appear to belong partly to this head, as well as 19 compofition that delights the eye fo much, and gives partly to the other. fuch a ferene pleafure to the heart. In the fame man- 2. Form. This takes in the turn of each part, as ner, if you confider fome beautiful faces, you may ob- well.as the fymmetry of the whole body, even to ferve, that it is much the fame variety of colours which the turn of an eye-brow, or the falling of the hair. gives them that pleafing look; which is fo apt to at- Perhaps, too, the attitude, while fixed, ought to be traft the eye, and but too often to engage the heart. reckoned under this article : By which is not only For all this fort of beauty is refolvable into a proper, meant the pofture of the perfon, but the pofition of variation of flefh colour and red, with the clear blue- each part; as the turning of the neck, the extending nefs of the veins pleafingly intermixed about the temples of the hand, the placing of a foot; and fo on to the |I and the going off of the cheeks, and fet off by the moft minute particulars. fhades of full eye-brows; and of the hair, when it falls The general caufe of beauty in the form or ihape in in a proper manner round the face. both fexes is a proportion, or an union and harmony, It is for much the fame reafon that the heft land- in all parts of the body. fcape-painters have been generally obferved to choofe The diftinguifhing charafter of beauty in the female the autumnal part of the year for their pieces, rather form, is delicacy and foftnefs ; and in the male, either 5 apparent N° 43. a

(a) The look here meant is moft frequently expreffed by the heft painters in their Magdalens; in which, if there were no tears on the face, you would fee, by the humid redntfs of the Ikin, that fhe had been weeping extremely. There is a very ftrong xnftance of this in a Magdalen by Le Brun, in one of the churches at Paris ; and ftveral by Titian, in It-Jy ; the very beft of which is at the Barberino palace at Venice. In fpeaking of which, Rofalba hardly went too far, when fixe faid, “ It wept all over or (in the very words Ihe ufed) “ Elle pleure jufqu* aux bouts de doigts.”

B E A [ 105 ] B E A Beauty, apparent ftrength or agility. The finelt exemplars beauties they had before fo much admired in his face. ■V-"*”' that can be' feeh for the former, is the Venus of Me- Much the fame effeCt may be felt in viewing the Vedici; and for the two latter, the Hercules Farnefe and nus of Medici. If you obferve the face onlf, it appears extremely beautiful; but if you confider all the I the Apollo Belvedere. v There is one thing indeed in the laft of thefe figures other elegancies of her make, the beauty of her face which exceeds the bounds of our prefent inquiry becomes Tefs ftriking, and is almoft loft in fuch a mulwhat an Italian artift called 11fovra urnano; and what tiplicity of charms. we may call the tranfcendent, or celeftial. It is fome- Whoever would learn what makes the beauty of thing diftinft from all human beauty, and of a nature each part of the human body, may find it laid down greatly fuperior to it; fomething that feems like an pretty much at large, by (c) Felibien ; or may ftudy air of divinity : Which is expreffed, or at leaft is to be it with more pleafure to himfelf, in the fineft pictures | traced out, in but very few works of the artifts ; and ■and ftatues ; for in life we commonly fee but a fmall of which fcarce any of the poets have caught any ray part of the human body, moft of it being either diiin their defcriptions (or perhaps even in their imagi- guifed or altered by what we call drefs. gination), except Homer and Virgil, among the an- In fad; we do not only thus, in a great meafure, cients ; and our Shakefpear and Milton among the hide beauty ; but even injure, and kill it, by fome parts of drefs. A child is no fooner born into the world, moderns. The beauty of the mere human form is much fupe- than it is bound up, almoft as firmly as an old Egyprior to that of colour; and it may be partly for this tian mummy, in feveral folds of linen. It is in vain reafon, that when one is obferving the fineft works of for him to give all the figns of diftrefs that nature has the artifts at Rome (where there is ftill the nobleft put in his power, to ftww how much he fuffers whilft r colleftion of. any in the world), one feels the mind they are thus imprifoning his limbs ; or all the figns more ftruck and more charmed with the capital fta- of joy, every time they are fet at liberty. In a few tues, than with the pictures of the greateft mafters. minutes, the old witch who prefides over his infirmeft One of the old Roman poets, in fpeaking of a very days, falls to tormenting him afrefli, and winds him up 1 handfome man, who was candidate for the prize in again jn his deftined confinement. When he comes to fome of the public games, fays, that he was much ex- be dreft like a man, he has ligatures applied to his pected and much admired by all the fpedtators at his arms', legs, and middle ; in ftiort, all over him ; to prethe natural circulation of his blood, and make ^ firft an appearance ; but that, when he flung off his robes, vent him lefs aCtiye and healthy : and if it be a child of the [Thd’vi d difcovered wholethat beauty of hisextinguifhed fhape altoge1573.' ' ther, it was fo the fuperior, it quite the tenderer fex, ftie muft be bound yet more ftraitly aVol. III. Part I. O bout !

(c) In his Entretiens, vol. ii. p. 14—45. The chief of what he fays there, on the beauty of the different parts of the female form, is as follows: That the head Ihould be well rounded; and look rather inclining to fmall than large. The forehead, white, fmooth, and open (not with the hair growing down too deep upon it) ; neither flat nor prominent, but like-the head, well rounded; and rather fmall in proportion than large. The hair, either bright, black, or brown ; not thin, but full and waving ; and if it falls in moderate curls the better. The black is particularly ufeful for fetting off the whitenefs of the neck and fkin. The eyes, black, chefnut, or blue ; clear, bright, and lively ; and rather large in proportion than fmall. The eye-brows, well divided, rather full than thin ; femicircular, and-broader in the middle than at the ends ; of a neat turn, but not formal. The cheeks fhould not be wide ; ftiould have a degree of plumpnefs, with the red and white finely blended together; and fhould look firm and foft. The ear fhould be rather fmall than large ; well folded, and with an agreeable tinge of red. The nofe fhould be placed fo as to divide the face into two equal parts; fhould be of a moderate fize, ftrait, and well-fquared ; though fometimes a little rifing in the nofe, which is but juft perceivable, may give a very graceful look to it. The mouth fhould be fmall; and the lips not of equal thicknefs : They fhould be well turned, fmall rather than grofs ; foft, even to the eye 7 and with a living red in them. A truly pretty mouth is like a rofe-budr that is beginning to blow. The teeth fhould be middle-fized, white, well-ranged, and even. The chin of a moderate fize ; white, foft, and.agreeably rounded. The neck fhould be white, firaight, and of a foft, eafy, and flexible make, rather long than fhort; lefs above, and encreafing gently toward the fhoulders : The wbitenefs and delicacy of its fkin fhould be continued, or rather go on improving to the bofom. 1 he fkin in general fhould be white, properly tinged with red ; with an apparent foftnefs, and a look of thriving health in it. The flroulders fhould be white, gently fpread, and with a much fofter appearance of ftrength than in thofe of men. The arm fhould be white, round, firm, and foft; and more particularly fo from the elbow to the hands. The hand fhould unite infenfibly with the arm ; juft as it does in the ftatue. of tire Venus of Medici. They fhould be long and delicate, and even the joints and nervous parts of them fhould be without either any hardnefs or drynefs. The fingers fhould be fine, long, round, and foft; fmall, and leffening towards the tips of them : 'And the nails long, rounded at the ends, and pellucid. The bofom fhouldTe white and charming; and the breafts equal in rouudnefs, whitenefs, and firm-, nefs; neither too much elevated nor too much depreffed ; rifing gently, and very diftinftly feparated ; in one wrord, juft like thofe of the Venus'of Medici. The fides fhould be long, and the hips wider than the fhoulders ; and fhould turn off as they do in the fame Venus ; and go down rounding and leffening gradually to the knee. The knee fhould be even,' and well rounded ;,the legs firaight, but varied by a proper rounding of the more flefhy part of them ; and the feet finely turned, white, and little.

B E A [ 10S ] B E A bout the waift and ftomacb, to acquire a difproportion Having hitherto fpoken only of the paffions in ge- Bear neral, we will now confider a little which of them add that nature never meant in her fa ape. The two other cenftituent parts of beauty, are ex- to beauty, and which of them take from it. preffion and grace ; the former of which is common to We may fay, in general, that all the tender and all perfons and faces ; and the latter is to be met with kind paffions add to beauty ; and all the cruel and unkind ones add to deformity : And it is on this account in very few. 3. Exprefton. By this is meant the expreffion of that good nature may very juflly be faid to be “ the the paffions ; the turns and changes of the mind, fo beft feature even in the finefl face.” far as they are made vifible to the eye by our looks or Mr Pope has included the principal paffion of each fort in two very pretty lines ; geftures. Though the mind appears principally in the face hope, and joy, fair pleafurejs fmiling train ; and attitudes of the head ; yet every part aimoft of Love, the human body, on fome occafion or other, may be- Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain. come exp^eflive. Thus the languifhing hanging of The former of which naturally give an additional the arm, or the vehement exertion of itthe pain ex- lullre and enlivening to beauty ; as the latter are too preffed by the fingers of one of the fons in the famous apt to fling a gloom and cloud over it. group of Laocoon,jand in the toes of the dying gladi- Yet in thefe, and all the otfyer paffions, moderation ator. But this again is often lott among us by our ought perhaps to be confidered in a great meafure the drefs; and indeed fs of the lefs concern, becaufe the rule of their beauty, almoft. as far as moderation in expreffion of the paffions pafles chiefly in the face, aftions is the rule of virtue. Thus an exceffive joy which we (by good luck) have not as yet concealed. may be too boisterous in the face to be pleafing ; and The parts of the face in which the paffions moft a degree of grief, in fome faces, and on fome occafions, frequently make their appearance, are the eyes and may be extremely beaiitiful. Some degrees of anger, mouth ; but from the eyes, they diffufe themfelves ffiame, furprife, fear, and concern, are beautiful; but very ftrongly about the eye-brows ; as, in the other all excefs is hurtful, and all excefs ugly. Dulnefs, aucafe, they appear often in the parts all round the fterity, impudence, pride, afledtation, malice, and envy, mouth. are always ugly. Philofophers may difpute as much as they pleafe The fineft union of paffions that can perhaps be obabout the feat of the foul; but, where-ever it refides, ferved in any face, confifts of a juft mixture of modefty,. we are fure that it fpeaks in the eyes. Perhaps it is fenfibility, and fweetnefs; each of which when taken injuring the eye-brows, to make them only depend- fingly is very pleafing : but when they are all blended ents on the eye ; for they, efpecially in lively fa'ces, together, in fuch a manner as either to enliven or cor-have, as it were, a language of their own ; and are ex- re£t each other, they give almoft as much attna&ion tremely varied, according to the different fentiments as the paffions are capable of adding to a very pretty and paffions of the mind. face. Degree of difpleafure may be often difeerned in a The prevailing paffion in the Venus of Medici is lady’s eye-brow, though fhe have addrefs enough not modefty: It is expreft by each of her hands, in her to let it appear in her eyes y and at other times may looks, and in the turn of her head. And by the way, be difeovered fo much of her thoughts^ in the line juft it may be queftioned, whether one of the chief reafons above her eye-brows, that fhe would probably be ama- why fide-faces pleafe one more than full ones, be not zed how any body could tell what paffed in her mind, from the former having more of the air of modefty than and (as fhe thought) undifeovered by her face, fo par- the latter. This atleaft is certain, that the beft artifts ticularly and diftin&ly. ufually choofe to give a fide-face rather than a full one ; Homer makes the eye-brows the feat of (D)majefty, in which attitude, the turn of the neck too has more Virgil of (e) dejedtion, Horace of (f) modefly, and beauty, and the paffions more a&ivity and force. Thus, Juvenal of (o) pride; and it is not certain whether as to hatred and affedtion in particular, the look that every one of the paffions be not affigned, by one or was formerly fuppofed to carry an infe&ion with it other of the poets, to the fame part. fi-om malignant eyes, was a flanting regard ; like that which (D) H,ApiGpocrixi’S’ £ xvaviriirtvapxit’ eppwrmua-t fapovtav i7r!ppa‘‘i.a ; of favour is more than that of colour; and that ofP‘ ^ * man and decent motion, more than.that^of faPars minima eft ipfapuella Jut, Ovid. gracious vour.” There are two very diftinft (and, as it were, oppo- Virgil in one place points out the majefty of Juno, j. 46, fite) forts of grace ; the majeftic and the familiar. and in another the graceful air of Apollo, by onlyiv. 1^7. The former belongs chiefly to the very pine women, faying that they move ; and poffiblyhe means no more and the latter to the very pretty ones : That is more when he makes the motion of Venus the principal commanding, and this the more delightful and enga- thing by which iEneas difcovers her under all her difging. The Grecian painters and fculptors ufed to ex- guife ; though the commentators, as ufual, would fain prefs the former molt itrongly in the looks and atti- find out a more dark and myfterious meaning for it. tudes of their Minervas, and the latter in thofe of All the belt ftatues are reprefented as in fome a&ion Venus. or motion ; and the moft graceful ftatue in the world Xenophon, in his Choice of , Hercules (or at leaft (the Apollo Belvedere) is k> much fo,‘ that when one the excellent tranflator of that piece) has made juft faces it at a little diftance, one is almoft apt to imathe fame diftin&ion in the perfonages of wiidom and gine that he is actually going to move on toward you. pleafure ; the former of which he defcribes as moving All graceful heads, even in the portraits of the beft on to that young hero with the majeftic fort of grace ; painters, are in motion ; and very ftrongly on thofe of and the latter with the familiar : Guido in particular ; which are all either cafting their up toward heaven, or down toward the ground, Graceful, yet each'with different grace they move ; looksfide-way, as regarding fome objedt- A head that This ftriking facitd awe, that fofter winning love. oris quite unattive, and flung flat upon the canvas (like No poet feems to have underftood this part of beau- the faces on medals after the fall of the Roman emty fo well as our own Milton. He fpeaks of thefe pire, or the Gothic hea^s before the revival of the two forts of grace very diftindtly ; and gives the ma- arts), will be fo far from having any grace, that it will jeftic to his Adam, and both the familiar and majeftic not even have any life in it. to Eve ; but the latter in a lefs degree than the for- The fecond obfervation is, “ That there can be no mer : grace with improprietyor, in other words, that nothing can be graceful that is not adapted to the Two of far nobler drape, ere£l and tall, charafters of the perfon. Godlike ereft, with native honour clad, The graces of a little lively beauty would become In naked majefty, feem’d lords of all; ungraceful in a charafter of majefty ; as the majeftie And worthy feem’d. For in their looks divine airs of an emprefs would quite deftroy the prettinefs The image of their glorious Maker fhone : of the former. The vivacity that adds a grace to Truth, wifdom, fanftitude fevere and pure ; beauty in youth would give an additional deformity to Severe, but in true filial freedom plac’d ; old age ; and the very fame airs which would be Whence true authority in men : Though both charming on fome occafions may be quite {hocking Not equal, as their fex not equal, feem’d. when extremely miftimed or extremely mifplaced. For contemplation he, and valour, form’d ; The infeparable union of propriety and grace feems For foftnefs (he, and fweet attraftive grace. have been the general fenfe of mankind, as we may Milton’s Par. Lcfti B. iv. 298. toguefs from the languages of feveral nations j in which fome

BEA [109] BEA Perfuafive fpeech, and more perfuafive fighs, Beauty, fome words that anfwer to our proper or becoming,,are Silence that fpoke, and eloquence of eyes. “’■'V”""' ufed indifferently for beautiful or graceful. Thus, This on her hand the Cyprian goddefs laid ; among the Greeks, the words tip.™* and Kaxov, and Take this, and with it all thy wilh, Ihe faid: among the Romans pulchrum and decern, or decorum, With fmilts Ihe took the charm; and fmiling preft are ufed indifferently for one another. The pow’rful Ceftus to her fnowy breaft. It appears wrong, however, to think (as fome have Pope, II. xiv. 256. done) that grace confifts entirely in propriety ; becaufe propriety is a thing eafy enough to be underftood, and Although people in general are more capable of grace (after all we can fay about it) very difficult. judging right of beauty, at leaft in fome parts of it, Propriety, therefore, and grace are no more one and than they are of moft other things; yet there are a the fame thing than grace and motion are. It is true, great many caufes apt to fhillead the generality in their it cannot fubfift without either ; but then there feems judgments beauty. Thus, if the affe&ion is entirely to be fomething elfe,' which cannot be explained, that engaged byofany objeft,^ a man is apt to allow all goes to the compofition, and which poffibly may give perfe&ions to thatoneperfon, and very little in compaiifon its greatefl force and pleafingnefs. to any body elfe; or if they ever commend others highWhatever are the caufes of it, this is certain, that ly, it is for fome circumftance in which they bear fome grace is the chief-of all the conftituent parts of beau- refemblance to their favourite objeft. ty ; and fo much fo, that it feems to be the only one Again,peopleatevery often milled in theirjudgments, which is abfolutely and univerfally admired : All the by a limilitude either of their own temper or perfonage reft are only relative. One likes a brunette beauty in-others. It is hence that a perfon of a mild temper better than a fair one ; I may love a little woman, and apt to be pleafed with the gentler paffions in you a large one, beft ; a perfon of a mild temper will isthemore of his miftrefs ; and one of a very lively turn be fond of the gentler paffions in the face, and one wouldfacechoofe of fpirit and vivacity in his; that of a bolder caft may choofe to have more vivacity and little people aremore inclined to prefer pretty women, and more vigorous -paffions expreffed there : But grace is larger people majeftic ones; and fo on in a great variefound in few, and is plealing to all. Grace, like poeinftances. This may be called falling in love try, muft be born with a perfon, and is never wholly tywithof ourfelves hand; and felf-love (whatever to be acquired by art. The moft celebrated of all the other love mayatbe)fecond fo falfe-fighted, that ancient painters was Apelles ; and the moft celebrated it may make the moftis fometimes plain, and even the moft difaof all the modern Raphael: And it is remarkable, greeable things, feem beautiful and pleafing. that the diftinguifhing charafter of each of them Sometimes an idea of ufefulnefs may give a turn to was grace. Indeed, that alone could have given them our ideas of beauty ; as the very fame things reckfo high a pre-eminence over all their other competi- oned beauties in acoach-horfe which would bearefo many tors. in a race-horfe. Grace has nothing to do with the loweft part of blemifties But the greateft and moft general milleader of our beauty or colour; very little with ffiape, and very judgments, in relation to beauty, is cuftom, or the difmuch with the paffions ; for it is (he who gives their ferent national taftes for beauty, which turn chiefly on' higheft zeft, and the moft delicious part of their plea- the two lower parts of it, colour and form. fingnefs to the expreffions of each of them. It was from the moft common ffiape of his countryAll the other parts of beauty are pleafing in fome women, that Rubens, his piftures, delights fo much degree, but grace is pleafingnefs itfelf. And the old in plumpnefs ; not to ingive a worfe name. WhenRomans in general feem to have had this notion of ever he was to reprefent the itmoft women, he it, as may be inferred from the original import of the is fure to give them a good ffiarebeautiful corpulence. It names which they ufed for this part of beauty: Gra- feems as if nobody could be a beautyof with tia from grains, or “ pleafingand decor from de- two hundred weight. His very graces are allhimfat.under cent, or “ becoming.” this may go much farther than mere bulk; it The Greeks as well as the Romans muft have been willButreach even to very great deformities; which fomeof this opinion ; when in fettling their mythology, they times into beauties, where they are habitual and made the graces the conftant attendants of Venus or general.growOne of our own countrymen (who was a the caufe of love. In fadt, there is nothing caufes love handfome man) in his travelling over the fo generally and fo irrefiftibly as grace. It is like the particularly Alps, w'as detained by a fever in one of thole villages, Ceftus of the fame goddefs, which was fuppofed to com- •where grown perfon has that fort of fwellings in prehend every thing that was winning and engaging the neckeverywhich they call goitres; and of which fome in it; and befide all, to oblige the heart to love by a are very near as big their heads. The firft Sunday fecret and inexplicable force like that of fome magic that he was able, heaswent to their church (for he was charm. a Roman catholic) to return thanks to heaven for his She faid, with awe divine, the queen of love recovery. A man of fo good a figure, and fo well Obey’d the lifter and the wife of Jove: dreft, had probably never before been within the walls And from her fragrant breaft the zone unbrac’d, of that chapel. Every body’s eyes were fixed upon With various Ikill and high embroidery grac’d. him; and as they went out, they cried out loud In this was every art, and every charm, enough for him to hear them, “ O how completely To win the wifeft, and the coldeft warm: handfome would that man be, if he had but a goitre! Fond love, the gentle vow, the gay defire, In fome of the moft military nations of Africa, no The kind deceit, the Hill reviving fire. man is reckoned handfome that has not five or fix fears

B E A [ no ] B E B in His face. This cuftom might poffibly at firft be fo.me in a gentle natural rofmefs of complexion, others Beauty ' introduced among them to make them lefs afraid- in a high exalted artificial red ; fome nations in waifts e rli cii> of wounds in that part in battle: but however that difproportionably large, and another in waifts as difpro- y was, it grew at lad to have fo great a fhare in their portionably fmall. In Ihort, the moft oppofite things idea of beauty, that they now cut and flaih the faces imaginable may each be looked upon as beautiful in of their poor little infants, in order to give them thofe whole different countries, or by different people in the graces, when they are grown" up, which are fo neceffa- fame country. ry to win the hearts of their mittreffes; and which, We fhould perhaps make a diftindtiofi here again, as with the afliftance of fome jewels or ingots of gold in to the two former parts of beauty and the two latter. Fancy has much more to do in the articles of form and their nofes, ears, and lips, mull certainly be irreiiftible colour than in thofe of the paflions and grace. The to the ladies of that country. The covering each cheek all over with a burning good paffipns, as they are vifible on the face, are apgoodnefs ; and that muft be generally amiable: fort of ted colour, has long been looked upon in a parent neighbouring country to be as neceffary to render a and true grace, wherever it appears to any degree, fine lady’s face completely beautiful, as thefe fears are one fhould think muft be pleaiing, to every human creature ; or perhaps this may never appear in the wofor the beaux in Africa. The natural complexion of the Italian ladies is of a men of any nation, where the men are grown fo lahigher glow than ours ufiially are ; and yet Mr Addi- vage and brutal as to have loft all tafte for it. fetn is very juft, in making a Numidian call the ladies Yet even as to grace itfelf, under the notion of pleafingnefs, it may become almoft univerfal, and be as of the fame country/>«/