Encyclopaedia Britannica [9, 3 ed.]

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VOL.

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INDOCTI OlSCfttf, ET AMENT MEMINtSSK FERITl.

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MOCCXCVII.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA B RITANNICA.

HYDROSTATICS; have vacuities, or are not perfeftly A SCIENCE which treats of the weight, modgn, denfeAnd; itasis fluids alfo probable, that they are compounded

and equilibria of liquid bodies. Under this h&d, not only accounts of the nature and properties of fluids in general are introduced, and the laws by which they aft ; but alfo the art of weighing folid bodies in fluids, in order to difcover their fpecific gravities. SECT. I.

FLUIDS

in general.

Fluid deS1R Ifaac Newton’s definition of a fluid is, That it is Sntd, &c. a body yielding to any force impreffed, and which hath its parts very eafily moved one among another. See FLUIDITY. This definition fuppofes the motion fpoken of produced by a partial preffure ; for in the cafe of an incompreffible fluid, it is demonftrated by Dr Keil, that under a total or an equal preflure, it would be impoffible that the yielding body (hould move. The original and conftituent parts of fluids are by the moderns conceived to be particles fmall, fmooth, hard, and fpherical: according to which opinion, everjr particle is of itfelf a folid or a fixed body ; and, when confidered fingly, is no fluid, but becomes fo only by being joined with other particles of the fame kind. From this definition, it hath been concluded by fome philpfophers, that fome fubftances, fuch as mercury, are eflentially fluid, on account of the particular'configuration of their particles ; but later difcoveries have evinced the fallacy of this opinion, and that fluidity is truly to be reckoned an effeft of heat. See FLUIDITY. That fluids have vacuities, will appear upon mixing fait with water, a certain quantity whereof will be diflblved, and thereby imbibed, without enlarging the dimenfions. A fluid’s becoming more buoyant, is a certain proof that its fpecific gravity is iucreafed, and of confequence that many of its vacuities are thereby filled: after which it may ftill receive a certain quantity of other dilfoluble bodies, the particles whereof are adapted to the vacancies remaining, without adding any thing to its bulk, though the abfolute^veight of the whole fluid be thereby increafed. This might be demonflrated, by weighing a phial of rain-water critically, with a nice balance: pour this water into a cup, and add fait to it; refund of the clear liquor what will again fill the phial; an increafe of weight will be found Under the fame dimenfions, from a repletion, as has been faid, of the vacuities of the frefli water with faline particles. VOL. IX. Part I,

of fmall fpheres of different diameters, whole interftices may be fucceffively filled with apt materials for that purpofe : and the fmaller thefe interftices are, the greater will the gravity of the fluid always be. For inftance, fuppofe a barrel be filled with bulleta in the molt compaft manner, a great many fmall-fhot may afterwards be placed in the inter dices of thofe balls, the vacuities of the fhot may then be replenifhed with a certain quantity of fea-fand ; the interdices of the grains of the fand may again be filled with water; and thus may the weight of the barrel be greatly augmented, without increafing the general bulk.— ® Now this being true with, regard to folids, is appli- ’“(inaJ“r° cable alfo to fluids. For indance, river-water will perties?' diffolve a certain quantity of fait; after which it will V receive a certain quantity of fugar; and after that, a certain quantity of alum, and perhaps other diflbluble bodies, and hot increafe its firfl dimenfions. _ The more perfeft a fluid is, the more eafily will it yield to all impreffions, and the more eafily will the parts unite and coalefce when feparated. A perfeft fluid is that whofe parts are pfit into motion by the kaji force imaginable : an imperfeft one is that whofe parts yield to a fmall force, not the leaf. It is probable, that in nature there is no perfeft fluid, the element of fire perhaps excepted ; fince we fee that the mutual attraftion of the parts of all the fluids, fubjeft to our experiments, renders them cohefive in fome degree ; and the more they cling together, the lefs perfeft their fluidity is. If, for indance, a glafs be filled with water above the brim, it will vifibly rife to a convex furface, which, was it a perfeft fluid, free from either tenacity or cohefion, would be impoffible. Mercury, the mod perfeft fluid we know, is not exempt from this attraftion ; for fliould the bottom of a flat glafs, having a gentle rifing toward the middle, be covered thin with quickfilver, a little motion of the machine will caufe the fluid foon to feparate from the middle, and lie round it like a ring, having edges of a confiderable thicknefs. But if a like quantity thereof be poured into a golden cup, it will, on the contrary, appear higher confiderably on the fides than in the middle. Which may proceed in part, perhaps, from the gold’s being of great denfity, and therefore capable of exerting thereon a greater degree of attraftion than other metals. Probably too it may happen from its having pores of

2

HYDROS T A T I

PreHcre »f an apter difpolition and magnitude to receive the mi, Flmds. ^ nute mercurial particles, than thofe of iron and fome v

other metals ; and therefore the attraftion of cohefion in this experiment may obtain alfo : and every one knows how eafdy thefe two bodies incorporate, and make a perfect amalgama. But the reafon commonly given for the two phenomena is, tha?*mercury, in the firft cafe, attra&s itfelf more than it does glafs; and, in the laft cafe, mercury attrafts gold more than it does itfelf. Sir Ifaac Newton held all matter to be originally homogeneous; and that from the different modifications and texture of it alone, all bodies receive their various ftrufture, compofition, and form. In his defi-1 nition of a fluid, he feems to irhply, that he thought fluids to be compofed of primary folids ; and, in the beginning of his Princlpia, he, fpeaks of fand and powders as of imperfect fluids. Borelli has demonftrated, that the conftituent parts of fluids are not fluid, but confident bodies ; and that 3 the elements of all bodies are perfectly firm and hard. Florentine The incompreffibility of water, proved by the Flo«xpenment.rent;ne eXperjment, is a fuffieient evidence alfo, that each primary particle or fpherule thereof is a perfect and impenetrable folid. Mr Locke too, in his EJfay on Human Underjlanding, admits this to be fo. This famous experiment was firft attempted by the great lord Verulam, who inclofed a quantity of water in lead, and found that it inclined rather to make its way through the pores of the metal, than be reduced into lefs compafs by any force that could be applied. The academics of Florence made this experiment afterwards more accurately with a globe of filver, as being a metal .lefs yielding and duftile than gold. This being filled with water, and well clofed, they found, by hammering gently thereon, that the fphericity of the globe was altered to a lefs capacious figure (as might geometrically be proved); but a part of the water always like dew came through its lides before this could be obtained. This has been attempted by Sir Ifaac Newton, and fo many competent judges, on gold and feveral other metals iince, with equal fuc; cefs, that we do not hold any fluid in its natural ftate, except the air, to be either comprefiible or elaflic.— In fome experiments by Mr Canton, it hath been obferved, that water is more or lefs compreffed according to the different conftitution of the atmofphere ; whence it hath been concluded that the Florentine experiment Was erroneous: but it will not follow, that water can be compreffed by any artificial force, becaufe nature hath a method of compreffing it; any more than that folid metal can be compreffed artificially, though we know that very flight degrees of heat and cold will expand or contrail its dimenfions. See WATER. SECT.

II. Of the Gravity and Preffure of Fluids.

FUlidfprefs ALL bodies, both fluid and folid, prefs downwards a* much by the force of gravity : but fluids have this wonderupward as ful property, that their preflure upwards and fidewife Uuwnvvard, js eqllal to their preflure downwards; and this is always in proportion to their perpendicular height,without any regard to their quantity: for, as each particle is quite free to move, it will move towards that

C S.

Sea. II.

part or fide in which the preffure is leaf!;. And hence, Preffure of no particle or quantity of a fluid can be at reft till it is Flu5dfevery way equally preffed. To fhow by experiment that fluids prefs upward as Piate well as downward, let AB be a long upright tube ccxxxix. filled with water near to its top; and CD a fmall tube open at both ends, and immerfed into the water in the large one : if the immeriion be quick, you wii! fee the water rife in the fmall cube to the fame height that it ftands in the great one, or until the furfaces of the water in both are on the fame level : which fhows that the water is prefled upward into the fmall tube by the weight of what is in the great one ; otherwife it could never rife therein, contrary to its natural gravity, unlefs the diameter of the bore were fo fmall, that the attraftion of the tube would raife the water; which will never happen, if the tube be as wide as that in a common barometer. And, as the water rifes no higher in the fmall tube than till its , furface be on a level with the furface of the water in the great one, this ihows that the preflure is not in proportion to the quantity of water in the great tube, but in proportion to its perpendicular height therein for there is much more water in the great tube all around the fmall one, than what is raifed to the fame height in the fmall one as it ftands in the great. Take out the fmall tube, and let the water run out of it; then it will be filled with air. Stop its upper end with the cork C, and it will be full of air all below the cork: this done, plunge it again to the bottom of the water in the great tube, and you Will fee the water rife up in it to the height E. Which fliows that the air is a body, otherwife it could not hinder the water from riling up to the fame height as it did before, namely, to A ; and in fo doing, it drove the air out at the top ; but now the air is confined by the cork C: And it alfo Ihows that the air is a comprefiible body; for if it were not fo, a drop of water could not enter into the tube. The pieflure of fluids being equal in all dire&ions, it follows, that the fidesof a veffel are as much prefied by a fluid in it, all around in any given ring of points,, as the fluid below that ring is preffed by the weight of all that ftands above it. Hence the preffure upon every point in the lides, immediately above the bottom, is equal to the preffure upon every point of the bottom. —To (how this by experiment, let a hole be made at e Fig. 3. in the fide of the tube AB clofe by the bottom, and another hole of the fame fize in the bottom at C ; then pour your water into the tube, keeping it full as long as you choofe the holes Ihould run, and have two bafons ready to receive the water that runs through the two holes, until you think there is enough in each bafon ; and you will find by meafuring the quantities, that they are equal. Which fhows that the water run with equal fpeed through both holes; which it could not have done, if it had not been equally preffed fhrough them both. For, if a hole of the fame fize be made in the fide of the tube, as about/,, and if all three are permitted to run together, you will find that the quantity run through the hole at f is much lefs than what has run in the fame time through either of the holes C or e. In the fame figure, let the tube be re curved from the bottom at C into the fhape DE, and the hole at C

Sea.n. Preffure of Fluid?.

H

Y

D

R

O

S

C be Ilopt with a cork. Then pour water into the any height, as Ag, and it will fpout up in a jet EFG, nearly as high as it is kept in the tube AB, by continuing to pour in as much there as runs through the hole E ; which will be the cafe whilft the furface A g keeps at the fame height. And if a little ball of cork G be laid upon the top of the jet, it will be fupported thereby, and dance upon it. The reafon why the jet rifes not quite fo high as the furface of the water A^, is owing to the refiftance it meets with in the open air : for if a tube, either great or fmall, was fcrewed upon the pipe at E, the water would rife in it Until the furfaces of the water in both tubes were on the fame level; as will be Ihown by the next experiment. The hydro- Any quantity of a fluid, how fmall foever, may be flatic para- made to balance and fupport any quantity, how great dox. foever. This is defervedly termed the hydrojlatical paradox ; which we (hall firft (how by an experiment, and then account for it upon the principle above mentioned, namely, that the prejfure of fluids is direSly as tutjC

t0

their perpendicular height, without any regard to their quantity.

Let a fmall glafs tube DCG, open at both ends, ccxxx?x. and bended at B, be joined to the end of a great one 4' AI at cd, where the great one is alfo open ; fo that thefe tubes in their openings may freely communicate with each other. Then pour water through a fmali necked funnel into the fmall tube at H ; this water will run through the joining of the tubes at cd, and rife up into the great tube; and if you continue pouring until the furface of the water comes to any part, as A, in the great tube, and then leave off, you will fee that the furface of the water in the fmall tube will be juft as high at D ; fo that the perpendicular altitude of the water will be the fame in both tubes, however fmall the one be in proportion to the other. This (hows, that the fmall column DCG balances and fupports the great column A«/; which it could not do if their prelfures were not equal againft one another in the recurved bottom at B.—If the fmall tube be made longer, and inclined in the fituation GEF, the furface of the water in it will ftand at F, on the fame level with the furface A in the great tube : that is, the water will have the fame perpendicular height in both tubes, although the column in the fmall tube is longer than that in the great one; the former being oblique, and the latter perpendicular. Since then the preffure of fluids is dire&ly as their perpendicular heights, without any regard to their quantities, it appears, that whatever the figure or fize of veffels be, if they are of equal heights, and if the areas of their bottoms are equal, the preffures of equal heights of water are equal upon the bottoms of thefe veffels; even though the one fhould hold a thoufand or ten thoufand times as much water as would fill the other. To confirm this part of the hydroftatical paradox by an experiment, let two veffels be prepared of equal heights, but very unequal contents, fuch as AB fig. 5. and AB in fig. 6. Let each veffel be open at both ends, and their bottoms D D t. to fink the indrument to I on the ftem ; then put tfte ftar to 50° of heat, and againft I on the Hiding rule you have 524gallons to 100 over proof, concentration 2^- gallons, and the fpecific gravity 854. If the inftrument with the weight n° 2. fhould fink to Q^on the ftem, and the heat 41°, it ftiows the ftrength tq gallons to the too over proof, concentration ^ fpecific gravity 905. If the fpirit be at 320 of heat, and the weight n° 3. finks the inftrument to letter S on the ftem on the Hiding rule, it ftiows the liquor to be 13 gallons in the 100 under proof, concentration fpecitie gravity 945. So of the reft. In afcertaining the ftrength or gravity of worts, the weight n° 4. is always to continue on the hydrometer ; and the weights n° 1, 2,3, are adapted to the fides n° 1, 2, 3, of the Square ftem j which difcovers the exaft gravity of the worts. The inftrument is adjufted fo as to fink in rain water at 6o° of the thermometer with the weight n° 1. to W, on the fide of the ftem n° 1. and ftiows to 26° heavier than water. The fide n° 2. with its correfponding weight n° 2. ftiows from 26° to 53°, and the fide n° 3. afcertains from 530 to 8i°, or 404- pounds per barrel heavier than water; two degrees on the ftera being a pound per barrel. To ufe the hydrometer in afcertaining the gravity of two or more ’worts. Rule. Multiply the gravity of each wort by its refpecfive number of barrels or gallons; divide the fum of the produfts by the number of gallons or barrels ; the quotient will be the mean gravity required. Suppofe firft wort 30 barrels, at 6o° gravity, fecond wort 20 barrels, at 350 gravity, 6o° 350 30 barrels 20 barrels 1800 700

700

50)2500(50° mean gravity required. 2500 When the heat of the worts cannot be conveniently tried at 6o° of the thermometer, the following finall table ftiows the number of divifions to be added for the heat: Degrees of the thermometer 60 Degrees of 72 thehydrometer to be 9i added. 99

This table is not philofophically true ; yet the error from it will not exceed a quarter of a pound per barrel in any gravity, and for fermentation ; but for more accuracy in this particular Mr Quin completes a fcale which may be applied to any particular degree of heat. B Mr

9 Specific Gravitne3

’

-j ■

IO

Sea. irr.

HYDROSTATICS.

Specific Mr Nieholfon has lately improved the conftruftion Gravities. 0f tjie hydrometer, and made it a new inftrument for ^ meafuring the fpecific gravity of bodies ; and for that purpofe it appears the mofl. accurate of any yet conftru&ed. See fig. 9. where A A reprefents a fmall fcale, which may be taken off at D; diameter 1-5 inch, weight 44. grains. B a ftem of hardened fteel wire; diameter 3~inch. E a hollow copper globe ; diameter 2T8S inches, weight with ftem 369 grains. FF a ftirrup of wire fcrewed to the globe at C. G a fmall fcale ferving likewife as a counterpoife’; diameter 14 inch, weight with ftirrup 1634 grains. The other dimenfions may be had from the figure, which is y of the linear magnitude of the inftrument itfelf. In the conftru&ion, it is affumed, that the upper fcale (hall conftantly carry 1000 grains when the lower fcale is empty, and the inftrument funk in diftilled water at the temperature of 6o° Fahrenheit to the middle of the wire or ftem. The length of the ftem is arbitrary, as is likewife the diftance of the lower fcale from the furface of the globe. But the length of the ftem being fettled, the lower fcale may be made lighter, and confequently the globe lefs, the greater its diftance is taken from the furface of the globe ; and the contrary. It is to be noted that the diameter of each fcale muft not be lefs than the fide of a cube of water weighing 1000 grains. The diftances of the upper and lower fcales refpectively from the neareft furface of the globe being fettled, add half the fide of a cube of water weighing 1000 grains to the diftance of the upper fcale. This increafed diftance, and the faid diftance of the lower fcale, may be confidercd as the two arms of a lever ; and, by the property of that mechanical power, As the number expreffing the lower diftance, Is to the whole weight above ; namely 1000 grains added to the weight of the upper fcale ; So is the number exprelfing the upper diftance, To the lower weight, when the inftrument has no tendency to any one pofition. This laft found weight muft be confiderably increafed, in order that the inftruments may acquire and prcferve a perpendicular pofition. Add together into one fum the weight of the lower fcale thus found, the weight of the upper fcale and its load, and the eflimate weight of the ball and wires. Find the folid content of an equal weight, of water ; and thence, by the common rules of menfuration the diameter of an equal fphere. This will be the diameter, from outfide to outfide, of the globe that will float the whole. As this procefs, and every other part of the prefent defcription, may be eafily deduced from the well known laws of hydroftatics, it is unneceffary to enlarge here on the demonftrative part. To mcafure the fpecific gravities and thermometrical expanjions of fluids. If the extreme length or height «f the inftrument be moderate, its weight, when loaded, will be about 3100 grains. It is, however, neceffary in praftice, that its weight fhould be accurately found by experiment. This whole weight is equal to that of a quantity of diftilled water at the temperature ©f 6o°, whofe bulk is equal to that part of the inftrument which is below the middle of the ftem. If, therefore, the inftrument be immerfed to the middle of the ftem in any other fluid at the fame temperature

(which may be done by altering the load), the differ- Specific ence between this laft load and 1000 grains will be the Gravities, difference between equal bulks of water and of the —“"V"—-. other fluid, the weight or the mafs of water being known to be 3100 grains. If the faid difference be excefs above 1000 grains it muft be added, or if it be defeft fubtra&ed from 3100 grains: the fum or remainder will be a number whofe ratio to 3100 will exprefs the ratio of the fpecific gravity of the affumed fluid to that of water. And this ratio will be expreffed with confiderable accuracy ; for the inftrument having a cylindrical ftem of no more than of an inch diameter, will be raifed or depreffed near one inch by the fubtradlion or addition of of a grain, and will therefore indicate with eafe fuch mutations of weight as do not fall ihort of of a grain, or y-T^trs-th part of the whole. Confequently, the fpecific gravities of all fluids, in which this inftrument can be immerfed, will be found to five places of figures. It is evident, that this inftrument is a kind of thermometer, perhaps better adapted than the common one for meafuring the expanfions of fluids by heat. As the fluid, in the common thermometer, rifes by the excefs of expanfion of the fluid beyond the expanfion of the glafs veffel; fo this inftrument will fall by the excefs of the fame expanfion beyond the proper expanfion of the materials it is compofed of. To meafure the fpecific gravities of folid bodies. The folid bodies to be tried by this inftrument muft not exceed lodo grains in weight. Place the inftrument in diftilled water, and load the upper fcale or difh till the* furface of the water interfe&s the middle of the ftem. If the weights required to effeft this be exa&ly 1000* grains, the temperature of the water anfwers to 6o° of Fahrenheit’s fcale ; if they be more or lefs than* 1000 grains, it follows, that the water is colder or warmer. Having taken a note of this weight, unload the fcale, and place therein the body whofe fpecific gravity is required. Add more weight, till the furface of the water again bifedts the ftem. The difference between the added weight and the former load is the weight of the body in air. Place now the body in* the lower fcale or difh under water, and add weights on the upper fcale till the furface of the water once more bifedts the ftem. This laft added weight will be the difference between 1000 grains and the weight of the body in water. To illuftrate this by an example. N. B. The fpecific gravity of lead and tin, and (probably other metals) will vary in the third figure when the fame piece of metal is melted and cooled a fecond time. This difference probably arifes from the arrangement of the parts in cooling more or lefs fuddenly Grains.

The load was found by experiment A piece of caft lead required the additional weight -

999,10. 210,85

Difference is abfolute weight in air 788,25 Additional weight when the lead was in the lower fcale 280,09 Difference between the two additional weights or lofs by immerfion 69,24 788.25 11384 Hence fpecific gravity =. —69.24 1000

When

Sea.IIT. Specific

I

I

1 Gravities.

*"

HYDROS T A T I C S.

II

When the inftrument is once adjufted in diftilled wa{erj common water may be afterwards ufed. For the ratio of the fpecific gravity of the water made ufe of

A TABLE of the SpEcrrrc GaAvirrES of feveral Solid and Fluid Bodies.

Specific Gravities.

to that of dillilled water being known ( = -)> and the

jTroy weight. Avoirdu, Comparative A cubic inch of .oz. pw. gr. 3Z. drams. veight

Tabic of fpecifie gravities.

ratio of the fpecific gravity of the folid to the water made ufe of being alfo known (=:^), the ratio of the fpecific gravity of the folid to that of diftilled water cb will be compounded of both (that is, There is reafon to conclude from the experiments of various authors, that they have not paid much attention either to the temperature or fpecific gravity of the water they made ufe of. They who are inclined to be contented with a lefs degree of precifion than is intended in the conftru6tion here deferibed, may change the ftetn, which for that purpofe may be made to take out for a larger. One of the greateft difficulties that attends hydroftatical experiments, arifes from the attra&ion or repulfion that obtains at the furface of the water. After trying many expedients to obviate the irregularities ariiing from this caufe, Mr Nicholfon finds reafon to prefer the Ample one, of carefully wiping the wffiole iriftrument, and efpecially the ftem, with a clean cloth. The weights in the dilh muft not be efteemed accurate while there is either a cumulus or a cavity in the water round the ftem. _ . Yet, after all, we cannot with great geometrical certainty rely upon either the hydrometer or the hydroftatic balance ; for there are fome natural inconveniences that difturb the exaftnefs with which they difcover the fpecific gravities of different bodies. Thus, if the weather be hotter at one time than another, all fluids will fwell, and confequently they will be lighter than when the weather is cold : the air itfelf is at one time heavier than at another, and will buoy up bodies weighed in it; they will therefore appear lighter, and will of confequence feem heavier in water. In fhort, there are many caufes that would prevent us from making tables of the fpecific gravities of bodies, if rigorous exaftnefs were only expe&ed ; for the individuals of every kind of fubftauce differ from each other, gold from gold, and water from water. In fuch tables, therefore, all that is expefted is to come as near the exaft weight as we can ; and from an infpe&ion into feveral, we may make an average near the truth. Thus, Mufchenbroek’s table makes the fpecific gravity of rain-water to be nearly eighteen times and an half lefs than that of a guinea; whereas our Englifh tables make it to be but feventeen times and an half, nearly, lefs than the fame. But though there may be fome minute variation in all our tables, yet they ia general may ferve to condudt us with fufficient accuracy. In conftrufting tables of fpecific gravities with accuracy, the gravity of water muft be reprefented by unity or i.ooo, where three cyphers are added to give room for expreffing the ra'ios of other gravities in decimal parts, as in the following table. /

Very fine gold 3-83 1 5.80 19-63 7 Standard gold 6.44 10 14.90 '.888 Guinea gold 10 4.76 17 793 19.84 9 147 Moidore gold 140 Qmckfilver 11.61 8 1.45 019 Lead '7-55 6 9.08 325 Fine filver 087 5 16 23.23 6 6.66 6 6 Standard filver 1.54 3-3 535 Copper 3 7.04 5 i.r 843 Plate-brafs 4 9.60 4 10.09 000 Steel 2 20.12 4 852 8.70 Iron o 15-20 4 6-77 645 c8 2 Block-tin 7 54 3-79 3 Spelter 4 12.86 4 i-42 065 Lead ore 1 17.76 3 I4-96 800 6.89 3 0.89 Glafs of antimony 280 4.8c 2 5-°4 German antimony 000 2 Copper ore 4-43 75 20.c Diamond 1 15.48 400 5.58 1 ,3.16 Clear glafs 5° Lapis lazuli 12 5. 1 12.27 °54 Welch afteftos 1 10.97 tio 17.57 9i3 White marble 8 13.4 1 9.06 707 Black ditto 8 12.65 r 9.02 704 Rock cryllal 8 1.00 1 8.6 658 8 1 Green glafs 8.26 620 7 »5-3 1 Cornelian ftone 568 7 7-73 2 6 19.63 1 7-53 Flint 54 Hard paving ftone 5 22.87 1 6.77 [.60 Live fulphur 1 2.40 1 2.52 000 Nitre o 1.08 1 1.59 900 Alabafter o 19 18.74 1 I-35 875 o 19 6.09 1 0.89 Dry ivory 825 O r8 23.76 1 0.66 Brimftone 800 o 17 21.92 o 15.72 Alum 7'4 o u 18 82 O IO.34 Ebony 17 o II 2.89 o 9.76 Human blood 054 o lO 20.79 o 9.54 Amber 030 o 10 20.79 O 9.54 Cow’s milk 030 o 10 20.79 O 9.54 Sea-water 030 o TO 13.30 0 9.26 Pump-water 000 O 10 12.94 Spring-water o 9. 5 999 O 10 11.42 o 9.20 Diftilled water 993 o 10 11.42 o 9.20 Red wine 993 o 10 7.63 o 9.06 Oil of amber 978 o 9 19.73 o 8.62 1 Proof fpirits 93 o 9 18.00 o 8 56 Dry oak 925 1 Olive oil 15- ? o 8.45 9i3 Pure fpirits 66 3‘27 o 8.02 Spirit of turpent. 2.76 o 7.99 64 8 Oil of turpentine 72 -53 ° 7-33 Dry crabtree 1.69 o 7.08 65 2.04 o 4.46 Saffafras wood .82 2, Cork 40 77i O 2.21 Take away the decimal point from the numbers i._ the right-hand column, or (which is the fame) multiply them by 1000, and they will fhow how many B 2 ounces

HYDROS T A T

12

I

C S.

Sea. IV.

Hydranlies.ounces avoirdupois are contained in a cubic foot of by water are entirely conftru&ed; feveral different en- Hydraulica.J gines ufed in the mechanic arts, various kinds of mills, ^ \ *"1 ' each body. pumps, and fountains, are the refuk of this theory, jut ie ta w How to ^ie U^e ^ ^ ^Pec^c >^ beft; zi : find out appear by an example. Suppofe a body to be cotn- dicioufiy applied. And what is thus demonflrated of the bottom of the The v/la“ the quan. pounded of gold and filver, and it is required to End tky of adu’.- the quantity of each metal in the compound. veffel, is equally true at every other depth whatfoever. T.pf ii« Let us tlipn then tpilnpp teduce this mm into a theorem theorem:! 'Hhe irplnntv velocity^L . . 1 n t ie ec c metals' ' ' fp ‘fi gravity of the compound, by weighing it in air and in water; and dividing its aerial

**

weight by what it lofes thereof in water, the quotient will {how its fpecific gravity, or how many times it is heavier than its bulk of water. Then fubtraft the fpecific gravity of filver (found in the table) from that of the compound, and the fpecific gravity of the compound from that of gold ; the firll remainder {hows the bulk of gold, and the latter the bulk of filver, in the whole compound: and if thefe remainders be multiplied by the refpe&ive fpecific gravities, the products will lhow the proportion of weights of each metal in the body. Suppofe the fpecific gravity of the compounded body be 13; that of ftandard filver (by the table) is J0.5, and that of gold 19.63: therefore 10.5 from 13, remains 2.3, the proportional bulk of the gold; and 13 from 19.63, remains 6.63, the proportional bulk of filver in the compound. Then, the firft. remainder 2.5, multiplied by 19.63, the fpecific gravity of gold, produces 49.075 for the proportional weight of gold; and the laft remainder 6.63 multiplied by 10.5, the fpecific gravity of filver, produces 69.6x5 for the proportional weight of filver in the whole body. So that for every 49.07 ounces or pounds of gold, there are 69.6 pounds Or ounces of filver in the body. Hence it is eafy to know whether any fufpe&ed metal be genuine, or allayed, or counterfeit; by finding how much it is heavier than its bulk of water, and comparing the fame with the table: if they agree, the metal is good; if they differ, it is allayed or counterfeited. A cubical inch of good brandy, rum, or other proof

^imouf7fP ‘ ’ weighs 235-7 grains; therefore, if a true inch hiuors. cube of any metal weighs 235.7 grains lefs in fpirits than in air, it {hows the fpirits are proof. If it lofes lefs of its aerial weight in fpirits, they are above proof; if it lofes more, they are under: For, the better the fpirits are, they are the lighter; and the worfc, the heavier. ir t3

SECT.

IV. Hydraulics.

HYDRAULICS is that part of hydroftatics, which teaches to eftimate the fwiftnefs or the force of fluids in motion. It has been always thought an inquiry of great curiofity, and ftill greater advantage, to know the caufes by which water fpouts from velfels to different heights and diftances. We have obferved, for inftance, an open veffel of liquor upon its ftand, pierced at the bottom: the liquor, when the opening is firft. made, fpouts out with great force; but as it continues to run, becomes lefs violent, and the liquor flows more feebly. A knowledge of hydraulics will inftruft us in the caufe of this diminution of its ftrength; it will {how precifely how far the liquor will fpout from any veffel, and how fall or in what quantities it will flow. Upon the principles of this Icience, many machines worked

101th which water fpouts out at a hole in- the Jide or bottom of a vejfet, is as the fquare root of the depth or SJlance of the hole below the furface of the water. For, in order

to make double the quantity of a fluid run through one hole as through another of the fame fize, it will require four times the preffure of the other, and therefoie mull be four times the depth of the other below the furface of the water: anti for the fame reafon, three times the quantity running in an equal time through the fame fort of hole, muft run with three times the velocity ; which will require nine times the preffure, and confequently muft be nine times as deep below the furface of the fluid : and fo on.— To prove P]ate this by an experiment: Let two pipes, as C andg, ofcexxxna equal-fixed bores, be fixed into the fide of the veffel ^•9-, AB ; the pipe g being four times as deep below the furface of the water at b in the veffel as the pipe C is: and whilft thefe pipes run, let water be conftantly poured into the veffel, to keep the furface ftill at the fame height. Then if a cup that holds a pint be fo placed as to receive the water that fpouts from the pipe C, and at the fame moment a cup that holds a quart be fo placed as to receive the water that fpouts , from the pipe g, both cups will be filled at the fame time by their refpeftive pipes. The horizontal dillance to which a fluid will fpout The hori-: from a horizontal pipe in any part of the fide of an^^di* upright veffel below the furface of the fluid, is equal t0!y3njch wa. twice the length of a perpendicular to the fide of the ter will veffel, drawn from the mouth of the pipe to a femi-fpout from circle deferibed upon the altitude of the fluid : andP'P®* therefore, the fluid will fpout to the greateft diftance pofiible from a pipe whofe mouth is at the centre of the femicircle; becaufe a perpendicular to its diameter (fuppofed parallel to the fide of the veffel) drawn from that point, is the longeft that can poffibly be drawn from any part of the diameter to the circumference of the femicircle. Thus, if the veffel AB be full of water, the horizontal pipe D be in the middle of its fide, and the femicircle be deferibed upon D as a centre, with the radius or femrdiameter D £ N, or the perpendicular D d to the diameter ND£,is the longeft that can be drawn from any part of the diameter to the circumference N e d c b. And if the veffel be kept full, the jet G will fpout from the pipe D, to the horizontal diftance N M, which is double the length of the perpendicular D d. If two other pipes, as C and E, be fixed into the fide of the veffel at equal diftances above and below the pipe D, the perpendiculars C c and E e, from thefe pipes to the femicircle, will be equal: and the jets F and H fpouting from them will each go to the horizontal diftance NK; which is double the length of either of the equal perpendiculars C c or D or ZT 20 6, or half an inch 30, or er : by the former it may, by the general preffure of the Ditto 33, or 2jr atmofphere on the furface of the well-water, be raifed 25 Ditto no more than 33 feet, as was before hinted, though in 3° 6 or 3 40 7, or 8 y 1, or 4|. pradtice it is feldom applied to the raifing it much 8, or 10 50 65, or si above 28 ; becaufe from the variations obferved on the 60 10, or 12 — 72, or 6 barometer, it is apprehended that the air may, on cer80 12, or 14. — 84, or 7 tain occafions, be fomething lighter than 33 feet of 100 . 12, 14, or 15 96, or 8 water ; and whenever that ftiall happen, for want of Hence it may be remarked, that there is a certain the due counterpoife, this pump may fail in its perand fit proportion to be obferved between the adjutage formance.

zi

$,

The*

HYDROSTATICS.

*

Sea. V,

The. common fucling-pump, with which we draw wa- barrel B ; and as the water cannot be driven back Hydraulic ;g an engine both pneumatic and hy- through the now clofe valve b, it will raife the valve a £ng|nes- ^ v 1 v draulic. It confifts of a pipe open at both ends, in as the bucket defeends, and will be lifted up by the The com- which is a moveable pifton, bucket, or fucker, as bucket when it is next raifed. And now, the whole mon pump, big as the bore of the pipe in that part wherein it fpace below the bucket being full, the water above it works; and is leathered round, fo as to fit the bore cannot fink when it is next deprdfed ; but upon its deexaftly; and may be moved up and down, without prefiion, the valve a will rife to let the bucket go •fuffering any air to come between it and the pipe or down ; and when it is quite down, the valve a will fall by its weight, and ftop the hole in the bucket. When pump-barrel. We (hall explain the ccnftru&ion of this and the the bucket is next raifed, all the water above it will forcing-pump by pi&ures of glafs models, in which be lifted up, and begin to run off by the pipe F. And both the a&ion of the pitlons and motion of the valves thus, by raifing and deprefiing the bucket alternately, there is ilill more water raifed by it ; which getting are feen. Hold the model DCBL upright in the veflel of wa- above the pipe F, into the wide top I, will fupply the T'CXLI. ter.K, the water being deep enough to rife at lead as •pipe, and make it run with a continued ftream. So at every time the bucket is raifed, the valve 3 V' high as from A to I. The valve a on the moveable bucket G, and the valve l on the fixed box H (which rifes, and the valve a falls; and at every time the bucbox quite fills the bore of the pipe or barrel at H), will ket is depreffed, the valve b falls, and a rifes. As it is the preffure of the air or atmofphere which each lie clofe, by its own weight, upon the hole in the . bucket and box, until the engine begins to work. The caufes the water to rife and follow the pifton or bucvalves are made of brafs, and covered underneath with ket G as it is drawn up ; and -fince a column of water leather for clofing the holes the more exaftly : and the 33 feet high is of equal weight with as thick a column bucket G is railed and depreffed alternately by the of the atmofphere from the earth to the very top of handle E and rod D d, the bucket being fuppofed at the air ; therefore, the perpendicular height of the pifton or bucket from the furface of the water in the well B before the working begins. Take hold of the handle E, and thereby draw up muft always be lefs than 33 feet; otherwife the water the bucket from B to C, which will make room for will never get above the bucket. But when the height the air in the pump all the way below the bucket to is lefs, the preffure of the atmofphere will be greater dilate itfelf, by which its fpring is weakened, and then than the weight of the water in the pump, and will its force is not equivalent to the weight or preiTure of therefore raife it above the bucket: and when the wathe outward air upon the water in the veffel K : and ter has once got above the bucket, it may be lifted therefore, at the firft ftroke, the outward air will prefs thereby to any height, if the rod D be nsade long up the water through the notched foot A, into the enough, and a fufficient degree of ftrength be emlower pipe, about as far as e: this will condenfe the ployed to raife it with the weight of the water above rarefied air in the pipe between e and C to the fame the bucket. The force required to work a pump, will be as the flate it was in before; and then, as its fpring within the pipe is equal to the force or prefl’ure of the out- height to which the water is raifed, and as the fquare ward air, the water will rife no higher by the firft of the diameter of the pump bore in that part where dlroke ; and the valve £, which was rkifed a little by the pifton works. So that, if two pumps be of equal the dilation of the air in the pipe, will fall, and ftop heights, and one of them Be twice as wide in the bore the hole in the box H ; and the furface of the water as the other, the vvideft will raife four times as much •will Hand at e. Then deprefs the pifton or bucket from water as the narroweft ; and will therefore require four C to B ; and as the air in the part B cannot get back times as much ftrength to work it. The widenefs or narrownefs of the pump, in any again through the valve b, it will (as the bucket descends) raife the valve a, and fo make its way through other part befides that in which the pifton works, does the upper part of the barrel d into the open air. But not make the pump either more or lefs difficult to upon raifing the bucket G a fecond time, the air be- work, except what difference may arife from the frictween it and the water in the lower pipe at a will be tion of the water in the bore ; which is always greater again left at liberty to fill a larger fpace ; and fo its in a narrow bore than in a wide one, becaufe of the ipring being again weakened, the preiTure of the out- greater velocity of the water. The pump-rod is never raifed dire&ly by fnch a ward air on the water in the veifel K will force more water up into the lower pipe from e to f; and when handle as E at the top, but by means of a lever, whofe the bucket is at its greateft height C, the lower valve longer arm (at the end of which the power is applied) b will fall, and ftop the hole in the box H as before. generally exceeds the length of the fhorter arm five or At the next ftroke of the bucket or pifion, the water fix times; a’nd, by that means, it gives five or fix will rife through the box H towards B ; and then tkp times as much advantage to the power. Upon thefe valve b, which was raifed by it, will fall when the principles, it will be eafy to find the dimenfions of a bucket G is at its greateft height. Upon deprefiing pump that {hall work with a given force, and draw wathe bucket again, the water cannot be pufhed back ter from any given depth. But as thefe calculations through the valve which keeps clofe upon the hole have been generally negle&ed.by pump-makers (either whilft the pifton defeends. And upon raifing the pifton for want of (kill or induftry), the following table was again, the outward preflure of the air will force the calculated by the late ingenious Mr Booth for their bewater up through H, where it will raife the valve, and nefit. In this calculation, he fuppofed the handle of follow the bucket to C. Upon the next deprefiion of the pump to be a lever increafing the po\*er five times;

161.

HX I) It OS TAT I C S

Plate COXU.

HYDROS T

Sea. V.

inches diameter and 30 feet high, and difeharge 27^ F-ngines. ^ gallons of water (Englifh wine-meafurej in a minute. v ' ' Now, if it be required to find the diameter of a pump that (hall raife water with the fame eafe from any other height above the fufface of the well; look for that height in the firll column, and over againft it in the fecond you have the diameter or width of the pump, and in the third you find the quantity of water which a man of ordinary ftrength can difeharge in a minute. Hydraulic

t

Height of the Diameter of the Water difeharged in pump above bore where the a minute, Englifli wine-meafure. the furface of bucket works. the well. o a & S

•93

25 30 35

40 45 5°

% 65 70

.66 .90 •38 .00 .70 .46 .27 .10 •95

.84 .72 .62

75

•53 •45

85

•38 •3i

95

•25 •J9

80

So

TOO

81 54

40 32 27 2

3

20 18 16 H J

3

,0 The forcing-pump raifes water through the box H •Theforcing in the fame maner as the fucking-pump does, when the plunger or pifton g is lifted up by the rod D d. E But this plunger has no hole through it, to let the waCCXLI. ter in the barrel BC get above it, when it is deprefled fig. 4. to B, and the valve b (which rofe by the afeent of the water through the box H when the plunger g was drawn up) falls down and Hops the hole in H, the moment that the plunger i? raifed to its greateft height. Therefore, as the water between the plunger g and box H can neither get through the plunger upon its defeent, nor back again into the lower part of the pump L e, but has a free paflfage by the cavity around H into the pipe MM, which opens into the air-vefiel KK at P; the water is forced through the pipe MM by the defeent of the plunger, and driven into the air-vefiel ; and in running up through the pipe at P, it opens the valve a; which ihuts at the moment the plunger begins to be raifed, becaufe the aftion of the water againfi. the under fide of the valve then ceafes. The water, being thus forced into the air-veffel KK by repeated ftrokes of the plunger, gets above the lower end of the pipe GHI, and then begins to conclenfe the air in the veffel KK. For, as the pipe GH Vot. IX. Part I.

A

T

I

C

S.

17

is fixed air-tight into the veffel below F, and the air Hydraulic has no way to get out of the vefltl but through the . mouth of the pipe at I, and cannot get out when the mouth I is covered with water, and is more and more condenfed as the water rifes upon the pipe, the air then begins to aft forcibly by its fpring againft the furface of the water at H : and this aftion drives the water up through the pipe IHGF, from whence it fpouts in a jet S to a great height; and is fupplied by alternately raifing and deprefling of the plunger g, which conftantly forces the water that it raifes through the valve H, along the pipe MM, into the air-veffel KK. The higher that the furface of the water H is raifed in the air-veffd, the lefs fpace will the air be condenfed into which before filled that vefl'el; and therefore the force of its fpring will be fo much the ftrongcr upon the water, and will drive it with the greater force through the pipe at F: and as the fpring of the air continues whilft the plunger g is rifing, the ftream or jet S will be uniform, as long as the aftion of the plunger continues; and when the valve b opens, to let the water follow the plunger upward, the valve a ftiuts, to hinder the water, which is forced into the air-veffel, from running back by the pipe MM into the barrel of the pump. If there was no air-veffel to this engine, the pipe GHI would be joined to the pipe MMN at P; and then %he jet S would flop every time the plunger is raifed, and run only when the plunger is depreffed. Of lifting-pumps there are feveral forts ; the moft 3* , tin common is thus conftrufted. AB is the barrel, fixed ** in the frame KILM ; which is alfo fixed immoveable, pjate with the lower part in the water that is to be pumped ccxxxtx. I up. GEQHO is a frame with two ftrong iron rods, 3moveable through holes in the upper and lower parts of the pump, IK and LM. In the bottom of this frame is fixed an inverted pifton BD, with its bucket and valve uppermoft at D. From the top of the barrel there goes off a part KH, cither fixed to the barrel, or moveable by a ball and focket (as here reprefented at F) ; but in either cafe fo very exaft and tight, that no water or air can pofliby get into the barrel, as that would prevent the effeft of the pump. In this part, at C, is fixed a valve opening upward. When the piflon frame is thruft down into the water, the pifton D will defeend, and the water beneath it rufh up through the valve at D, and get above the pifton ; where, upon the frame’s being lifted up, the pifton will force the water through the valve C, into the ciftern P, there to run off by the fpout. It is to be remembered, that this fort of pump muft he fet fo far in the water, that the pifton may play below its furface. It appears by the above defeription, that this is only a different manner of conftrufting a forcing-pump. By means of forcing-pumps, water may be raifed to any height above the level of a river or fpn’ng ; and machines may be contrived to work thefe pumps, either by a running ftream, a fall of water, or by horfes. An inltance in each fort will be fufficient to /how the method. I. By a running ftream, or a fall of water. Let Plate AA be a wheel, turned by the fall of water BB ; and CCXLT. 4 C have % 3*

,8

HYDROS

T A T I C S.

Sea.V*

Hydraulic have any number of cranks (fuppofe fix) as C, D, E, manner. The levers M N are fixteen feet long ; from Hydraulic Engines, on ;ts ax;8| according to the ftrength of the M the fulcrum of the lever to O the gudgeon of Ungwea- ^ ’ fall of water, and the height to which the water is in- the water-wheel, fix feet; and from O to the arch tended to be raifed by the engine. As the wheel turns at N, ten feet. To the bottom of the arch N is fixed 3a A pump- round, thefe cranks move the levers, c, d, e, f,g, b, up a ftrong triple chain P, made after the fafhion of a engine to and down, by the iron rods i, k, /, m, n, o ; which al- watch-chain, but the links arched to a circle of one go by wa- ternately raife and deprefs the piftons by the other iron foot diameter, having notches or teeth to take hold of *8r' rods p, q, r^J, t> «, w, ^,y, in 12 pumps; nine where- the leaves of a pinion of call iron Q^ten inches diaof, as L, M, N, O, P, Q^R, S, T, appear in the meter, with eight teeth in it moving on an axis. The plate ; the other three being hid behind the work at V. other loofe end of this chain has a large weight hangAnd as pipes may go from all thefe pumps, to con- ing at it to help to counterpoife the wheel, and prevey the water (drawn up by them to a fmall height) ferve the chain from Aiding on the pinion. On the into a clofe cillem, from which the main pipe pro- fame axis is fixed a jeog-wheel R, fix feet diameter, ceeds, the water will be forced into this ciftern by the with forty-eight cogs. To this is applied a trundle, defcent of the piftons. And as each pipe, going from or pinion S of fix rounds or teeth ; and upon the fame its refpeftive pump into the ciftern, has a valve at its axis is fixed T, a cog-wheel of fifty-one cogs, into end in the ciftern, thefe valves will hinder the return of which the trundle V of fix rounds works, on whofe the water by the pipes; and therefore, when the ci- axis is a winch or windlafs W, by which one man with ftern is once full, each pifton upon its defcent will the two windlafles raifes or lets down the wheel as there force the water (conveyed into the ciftern by a former is occafion. And becaufc the fulcrums of thefe levers ftroke) up the main pipe, to the height the engine was M N are in the axis of the trundle K, vzz. at M or intended to raife it: which height depends upon the X, in what fituation foever the wheel is raifed or let quantity raifed, and the power that turns the wheel. down, the cog-wheel I, I, is always equidiftant from M, When the power upon the wheel is leffened by any de- and works or geers truly. By means of this machine fed of the quantity of water turning it, a proportion- the ftrength of an ordinary man will raife about fifty able number of the pumps may be laid afide, by aifen- ton weight. gaging their rods from the vibrating levers. I, I, is a cog-wheel fixed near the end of the This figure is a reprefentation of the engine ere&ed greet axis eight feet diameter, and forty-four cogs 8t Blenheim for the duke of Marlborough, by the late working into a trundle K, of four feet and an half ingenious Mr Alderfea. The water-wheel is 73- feet diameter, and twenty rounds, whofe axis or fpindle is. in diameter, according to Mr Switzer’s account in his of call iron four inches in diameter, lying in braflea Hydraulics. at each end as at X. ZZ is a quadruple crank of call When fuch a machine is placed in a ftream that iron, the metal being fix inches fquare, each of the runs upon a fmall declivity, the motion of the levers necks being turned one foot from the centre, which is and adion of the pumps will be but flow; fince the fixed in braffes at each end in two headftocks faftened wheel muft go once round for each ftroke of the down by caps. One end of this crank at Y is placed pumps. But when there is a large body of flow run- clofe abutting to the end of the axle-tree X, where ning water, a cog or fpur-wheel may be placed upon they are at thofe ends fix inches diameter, each having each fide of the water-wheel AA, upon its axis, to a flit in the ends where an iron wedge is put one half turn a trundle upon each fide; the cranks being upon into the end X, the other half into Y, by means of the axis of the trundle. And by proportioning the which the axis X turns about the crank ZZ. The four cog-wheels to the trundles, the motion of the pumps necks of the crank have each an iron fpear or rod fixed may be made quicker, according to the quantity and at their upper ends to the refpedtive libra or lever,, ftrength of the water upon the firft wheel; which a 1, 2, 3, 4, within three feet at the end. Thefe may be as great as the workman pleafes, according to levers are twenty-four feet long, moving on centres ia the length and breadth of the float-boards or wings the frame bhbb ; at the end of which, at c 1, 2, 3, 4, of the wheel. In the fame manner the engine for are jointed four rods with their forcing plugs working raifing water at London-Bridge is conftruded. into d 1, 2,’3, 4, four call iron cylinders four feet iHate The wheels of the London-bridge water-works are three quarters long, feven inches bore above and nine «:XLI[. p]aCed under the arches of the bridge, and moved by below where the valves lie, faftened by ferewed flanches 7 ' the common ftream of the tide-water of the river. A B over the four holes of a hollow trunk of caft iron, har the axle-tree of the water-wheel is nineteen feet long, ving four valves in it juft over eeeetrt. the joining on of and three feet in diameter ; in which C, D, E, F, the bottom of the barrels or cylinders, and at one end are four fets of arms, eight in each place, on which a fucking pipe and grate f going into the water, which are fixed G G G G, four fets or rings of felloes twen- fupplies all the four cylinders alternately. ty feet in diameter, and the floats H H H fourteen From the lower part of the cylinders d l, d 1, d 3, feet long, and eighteen inches deep, being about d 4, come out necks turning upward arch-wife, as twenty-fix in number. The wheel lies with its two ggggt whofe upper parts are call with flanches to gudgeons, or centre pins, A, B, upon two braffes in ferew up to the trunk hhbh\ which necks have bores the pieces M N, whicK are two great levers, whofe of feven inches diameter, and holes in the trunk above fulcrum or prop is an arched piece of timber L; the communicating with them, at which joining are placed levers being made circular on their lower fides to an four valves. The trunk is caft witH four boffes or proarch of the radius M O, and kept in their places by tuberances Handing out againftthe valves to give room two arching ftuds fixed in the flock L, through two for their opening and {hutting ; and on the upper fide mortoifes in the lever M N. The wheel ia by thefe le- are four holes flopped with plugs to take out on, occavers made to rife and fall with the tide in the following fion to cleanfc _the valves. One end of this trunk is

^6

-

‘

flopped

19 Ssa.V. HYDROS T A T I C S. Hydraulic a plug through To the other of the ft iff leather commonly ufed. Dr Defagullers Hydraulic Engines. asflopped j 2f bybyflanches, whichiron the pipes waterareis joined forced has formed a comparifon of the powers of this engine ngtnes. ^ with thofe of the famous machine at Marly. Eftiup to any height or place required. Befides thefe four forcers there are four more placed mating the quantity of water merely raifed by thefe * at the other ends of the librae, or levers (not fhown machines, the former raifes almoft twice and a quarter here to avoid confufion, but to be feen on the left as much as the latter ; but confidering that the Lonhand), the rods being fixed at rf I, 2, 3,4, working in don bridge water-works raife this water but 120 feet four fuch cylinders, with their parts dd, &c. e e,f, gg, high, and that the Marly engine raifes its water 533 feet high, he deduces from a calculation formed on and i, as before defcribed. Handing near h h. At the other end of the wheelJ (at B) is placed all pthefe different heights, and on the difference of the a]j 0f water on both engines, this conclufion, w*. is defcribed, the-cfamer— fort of work s at the end Aa r-j-r—.-l-j The cog-wheel I. The four levers a c, a c, &c. that the effect of the four wheels at London-bridge is 8 forcing rods ad, ad, &c. three times greater than that of four of the wheels at The trundle K. Marly. The fpindle X. 8 Cylinders de, de, &c. The crank Y, Z. 4 Trunks fuch as ee, hh. The engine at London-bridge was put up by Mr The fucking pipes f. 2 Forcing pipes as i. Sorocold towards the beginning of this century : the So that one Angle wheel works 16 pumps. contrivance for raffing and falling the water-wheel was All which work could not be drawn in one perfpec- the invention of Mr Hadley, who put up the firlt of tive view without making it very much confufed. that kind at Worcefter, for which he obtained a pa* Mr Beighton, who has defcribed the ftru&ure and tent. 33 operation of this engine (fee Phil. Tranf. abr. vol. vi. ABCD is a wheel turned by water according to the A quadrap. 358.) has calculated the quantity of water raifed by order of the letters. On the horizontal axis are four it in a given time. In the firll arch next the city there fmall w’heels, toothed almoft half round ; and the parts raiGng Wa« is one wheel with double work of fixteen forcers; and of their edges on which there are no teeth are cutter, in the third arch one wheel with double work at one down fo as to be even with the bottoms of the teeth plate 1 end and fingle at the other, having twelve forcers 5 a where they ftand. figfif *' fecond wheel in the middle having eight forcers, and The teeth of thefe four wheels take alternately ina third wheel with fixteen : fo that there are in all to the teeth of four racks, which hang by two chains fifty-two forcers ; one revolution of a wheel produces over the pullies Q^_and L ; and to the lower ends of in every forcer 2f ftrokes; fo that one turn of the thefe racks there are four iron rods fixed, which go four wheels makes 114 ftrokes. When the river a&s down into the four forcing-pumps, S, R, M, and N. with moft advantage, the wheels go fix times round in And, as the wheels turn, the racks and pump-rods are minute, and but 44- at middle water : hence the num- alternately moved up and down. ber of ftrokes in a minute is 684 ; and as the ftxoke is Thus fuppofe the wheel G has pulled down the rack I, and drawn up the rack K by the chain : as the laft 24 feet bore, it2052 raifesalethree ale gallons j aodin aallfeven-inch raife per minute gallons; i. e. tooth of G juft leaves the uppermoft tooth of I, the 23120 gallons = 1954 hogftieads per hour, and at the firft tooth of H is ready to take into the lowermoft rate of 46896 hoglheads in a day, to the height of tooth of the rack K, and pull it down as far as the 120 feet. Such is the utmoft quantity they can raife, teeth go ; and then the rack I is pulled upward thro’ fuppofing that there were ne imperfedtions or lofs at the whole fpace of its teeth, and the wheel G is ready all ; but Mr Beighton infers, from experiments per- to take hold of it, and pull it down again, and to formed on engines whofe parts were large and excel- draw up the other.—In the fame manner, the wheels lently conftrudted, that they will lofe one fifth and E and F work the racks O ajid P. fometimes one fourth of the calculated quantity. For Thefe four wheels are fixed on the axle of the great an eftimate of the power by which the wheels are wheel in fuch a manner, with refpedt to the pofitions moved, fee Phil. Tranf. ubi fupra. of their teeth, that, whilft they continue turning round, Mr Beighton obferves, that though thefe water- there is never one inftant of time in which one or other works may juftly be efteemed as good as any in Europe, of the pump-rods is not going down and forcing the yet fome things might be altered much for the better. water. So that, in this engine, there is no occafion If (he fays), inftead of fixteen forcers, they worked for having a general air-veflel to all the pumps, to proonly eight, the ftroke might be five feet in each forcer, cure a conftant ftream of water flowing from the upwhich would draw much more water with the fame per end of the main pipe. power in the wheel; becaufe much water is loft by From each of thefe pumps, near the loweft end, in the two frequent opening and (hutting of the valves ; the water, there goes off a pipe, with a valve on its and that the bores that carry off the -water from the fartheft end from the pump ; and thefe ends of the forcers are too fmall; and that they fhould be near pipes all enter one clofe box, into which they de' nine inches in diameter. This obje&ion Dr Defagu- liver the water : and into this box the lower end of Hers fays isgreat of no; force, unlefsthethevelocity velocity ofof the conduft-pipe So that, as thepufhed wawas very but here the piftons water the ter ismain forced or puflied isintofixed. the box, it is alfo paffing through the bores is much lefs than two feet up the main pipe to the height that it is intended to in a fecond. This laft writer obferves, that a triple be raifed. crank diftrrbutes the power better than a quadruple Where a ftream or fall of water cannot be had, e ,ineM one. He adds, that forcers made, with thin leather and...gentlemen have water raifed,; and go'by tanned, of about the thicknefs of the upper-leather of to their houfes want fromtoa rivulet or fpring thisbrought may be hoifea. a countryman’s ihoe, would be much better than thofe effected by a horfe-engine, wprking three forcingC2 pumps,

Sea. V. 20 HYDROS T A T I C S. Hydraulic wlijch ftand in a refervoir filkd by the fpring Now, fince a column of water 18 inches long, and Hydraulic ..Engine-. ^ pamps or rjvu]tt: the piftons being moved up and down in 4 inches thick, contains 226.18 cubic inches, tins j>late* the pumps by means of a triple crank ABC, which, number multiplied by 1683 (the ftrokes in an hour) ^ " ^ CCXLI. as it is turned round by the trundle G, raifes and de* gives 380661 for the number of cubic inches of water ihj- 6. preffes the rods D, E, F. If the wheel has three raifed in an hour. times as many cogs as the trundle has ftaves or rounds, A gallon, in wine-meafure, contains 231 cubic the trundle and cranks will make three revolutions for inches, by which divide 380661, and it quotes 146? every one of the wheel: and as each crank will fetch in round numbers, for the number of gallons raifed in a itroke in the time it goes round, the three cranks an hour; which, divided by 63, gives 26^ hogiheads. will make nine ftrokes for every turn of the great If the horfes go falter, the quantity raifed will be fo much the greater. wheel. The cranks Ihould be made of call iron, becaufe In this calculation it is fuppofed that no water is that will not bend ; and they fhould each make an wafted by the engine. But as no forcing engine can be angle of 120 with both of the others, as at a, b, c; fuppofed to lofe lefs than a fifth part of the calculated which is (as it were) a view of their radii in looking quantity of water, between the piftons and barrels, and endwife at the axis : and then there will be always one by the opening and (hutting of the valves, the borfes or other of them going downward, which will pulh the ought to walk almoft 2x miles per hour to fetch up water forward with a continued iiream into the main this lofs. pipe. For when b is almoft at its lowed fituation, A column of water 4 inches thick and 64 feet high, and is therefore juft beginning to lofe its a&ion upon weighs 349rV pounds avoirdupois, or 424^ pounds the pifton which it moves, c is beginning to move troy; and this weight, together with the friction of the downward, which will by its pifton continue the engine, is the refiftance that muft be overcome by the propelling force upon the water : and when c is come ftrength of the horfes. down to the pofition of b, a will be in the pofition The horfe-tackle (hould be fo contrived, that the horfes may rather puih on than drag the levers after of c. The more perpendicularly the pifton rods move up them. For, If they draw, in going round the walk, and down in the pumps, the freer and better will their the outfide leather-ftraps will rub againft. their fides ftrokes be : but a little deviation from the perpendicu- and hams ; which will hinder them from drawing at lar will not be material. Therefore, when the pump- right angles to the levers, and fo make them pull at a. rods D, E, and F, go down into a deep well, they difadvantage. But if they pufh the levers before their may be moved direftly by the cranks, as is done in'a breafts, inftead of dragging them, they can always very good horfe-engine of this fort at the late Sir walk at right angles to thefe levers. James Creed’s at Greenwich, which forces up water It is no ways material what the diameter of the about 64 feet from a well under ground, to a refervoir main dr conduct pipe be : for the whole refiftance of on the top of his houfe. But when the cranks are the water therein againft the horfes will be according only at a fmall height above the pumps, the piftons to the height to which it is raifed, and the diameter of muft be moved by vibrating levers, as in the above en- that part of the pump in which the pifton works, as gine at Blenheim : and the longer the levers are, the we have already obferved. So that by the fame pump, nearer will the ftrokes be to a perpendicular. an equal quantity of water may be raifed in .(and conLet us fuppofe, that in fuch an engine .as Sir James fequently made to run from) a pipe of a foot diameter,. 35 with the fame eafe as ima pipe of five or fix inches: AtioncakulaCreed’s, the great wheel is 12 feet diameter, the of the trundle 4 feet, and the radius or length of each crank or rather with more eafe, becaufe its velocity in a nc es large pipe will be lefs than in a fmall one, and there* t ree um water*that^^ * ^ > working a pifton in its pump. Let there be fore its fri&ion againft the- fides of the. pipe will be maybyberai^ P diameter. ps in all, Then, and theifbore eachwheel pumphasbethree four lefs alfo. fed a inches the ofgreat horfe entimes as many cogs as the trundle has ftaves, the trunforce required to raife water depends not gine. dle and cranks will go three times round for each re- uponAndthethelength of the pipe, but upon tire perpendivolution of the horfes and wheel, and the three cranks cular height to which it is raifed therein above the le- Plate will make nine ftrokes of the pumps in that time, each vel of the fpring. So that the fame force which CCXLI, ttroke being 18 inches (or double the length of the would raife water to the height AB in the upright 7* crank) in a four-inch bore. Let the diameter of the pipe Ai k.lmn 0 p q ¥>, will raife it to the fame height horfe-walk be 18 feet, and the perpendicular height or level BIH in the oblique pipe AEFGH. For the to which the water is raifed above the furface of the preffure of the water at the end A of the latter is well be 64 feet; no more, than its preffure againft. the end A of the. If the horfes go at the rate of-two miles an hour former. (which is very moderate, walking) they will turn the The weight or preffure of water at the lower end : great wheel' 187 times round in an hour. of the pipe, is always as the fine of the angle to In each turn of the wheel the piftons make nine which the pipe is elevated above the level parallel to ftrokes in the pumps, which amount to 1683 in an the horizon. For although-the water in the upright hour. pipe AB would require a force applied immediately to Each ftroke raifes a column of water 18 inches long the lower end A equal to the weight of all the water and four inches thick, in the pump-barrels; which co- in it, to fupport the water, and a little more to drive lumn, upon the defeent of the pifton, is forced into it up and out of the pipe ; yet, if that pipe be inthe main pipe, whofe perpendicular altitude above the clined from its upright pofition to an angle of 80 defurface. of the well is dpTeet* grees (as in A 80), the force required to fuppert or to

HYDROSTATICS. Sea. V. Hydraulic raife the fame cylinder of water will then be as much Engine?. Ids as the fine 80 A is leis than the radius AB ; or as v the fine of 80 degrees is lefs than' the fine of 90. And fo, decrealing as the fine of the angle of elevation lef875 17 D.3. 5'5 fens, until it arrives® at its level AC or place of reft, 883 35 S2 530 where the force* of the water is nothing at either end 891 5*70 33 545 of the pipe. For although the aofbliite weight of the 899 34 559 water is the fame inhll pofitipns, yet its preffure at the 87 3536 573 906 lower end decreafes as the fine of the angle of eleva104' 588 913 tion detreafes ; asi will appeaf plainly by a farther con122 37 602 920 fideration of the figure. 38 616 927 139 Let two pipes AB and AC, of equal lengths and 156 629 39 934 j bores, join each other at A ; and let the pipe AB 40 648 940 74 be divided into 100 equal parts, as the fcale S is ; 191 41 656 945 whofe length is equal to the length of the pipe.— 208 669 42 95i Upon this length, as a radius, defciibe the quadrant 225 43 682 956 BDC, and divide it into 90 equal parts or degrees. 242 44' 695 961 Let the pipe AC be elevated to to degrees upon 259 707 966 45 the quadrant, and filled with water : then, part of the 276 46 719 970 water that is in it will rife in the pipe AB; and if it be 292 47 73i 974 kept full of water, it will raife the water in the pipe Z°9 48 743 978 AB from A to i; that is, to a level i 10 with the 982 325 49 755 mouth of the pipe at 10 : and the upright line a 10, 342 5°1 766 985 equal to A e, will be the fine of 10 degiees elevation ; 988 358 5 777 which being meafuredjupon, the fcale S, will be about 375l 52 788 990 17.4 of fuch parts as the pipe contains ioo„'in length : 39 53 799 992 and therefore, the force or preffure of the water at A, 407 54 809 994 in the pipe A 10, will be to the force or preflure at A 423 55 819 996 an the pipe AB, as 17.3 to !ioo. 829 438 56 997 Let the fame pipe be elevated to 20 degrees in the 454 998 57 839 quadrant ; and if it be kept full of water, park of that 469 58 84.8 999 water will run into the pipe AB, and rife therein to the 485 59 1000 857 height A i>. which ,is equal to the length_ of the up500 60 865 right line b 20, or to the fine of 20 degrees elevation ; which, being meafured upon the fcale S, will be 34.2 e ma ,e of fuch parts as the pipe contains 100 in length. . ®^Hcau1 ---to have thelulengths all S^" 3 yJ n ufe yu,ofwetheofhave nave And .f the r - ^ J3Fable, * ro^ 51 0 degrees f f foregoing , therefore, . „ the .5prefTure . . of. the water „ at...A, in the . given mven roreo-oino-raKip./hr>,,„n>T ftiowihg the f t, length * to 90, fine ofever 3 were raifed to the perpendicular fituatien AB, as 34*2 degreeof inthefuchquadrant) parts ascontains the wholetooo. pipe (equal to the >’radius Then to ,QO> int ra Elevate tire pipe to the pofition A 30 on the qua- y!16, ^g ^ or whole parts in length, drant, and if it be fupplied with water, the water VButd if you _ fuppofe the length of the pipe to be diwill rife from it, into the pipe AB, to the height A /, ‘ rf r°n^ lnt0 mU ‘ e^ a^ ^ figure of each or to the fame level with the mouth of the pipe at 30. ffth r° • cu.t khfs,hand decimal; and then f W ,hich r ma,n The fine of this elevation, or of the angle of 30 de- W1° ?e . " or at,the of this feparation e a grees, is r 30; which is juft equal to half the length of rp, US> 1 1^ ^ °^ P rts. the pipe, or to 50 of fuch parts of the feale as the , e ec ua , 0 « eradius en of the quadrant (fuppofed to kngth of the pipe contains 100. Therefore, the pref- 10. lI0 0 ua a gth of the pipe AC) be divided fure of the water at A, in a pipe elevated 30 degrees ° P6 5^ Pt ^ts1> auvatl d then welevation be 45 deabove the horizontal level, will berrequal to oner half e re ar^3 Z -r t , e ra °lus ‘d be equal to 707 & ° of■ .t--r. what it •would, be if the fame pipe flood upright f ' ^ only only 70.7 a tj 100 equal parts, the fame fined willhe behedivided nr,*intoc..• in the fituatiort_ AB of thefe parts. For, as 1000-is to 707, fo is And thus, by elevating the pipe to 40, 50,.60, 70,, 7PtV and 8o" degrees on the quadrant, the fines of thefe 100 to 70.7. elevations will be d 40, e 50, f 60, g.^o, and 80 ; As it is of great importance to all engine-makers. which will be equal to the heights Am, An, Ao, . , n W . at - . • -o— Ap, and Aq; and thefe heights meafured upon the co° tam.° e , . PuanUty and weight of water will be feale S will be 64.3, 76.6, 86.6. 94.0, and 98.5; anci" C1. dhtin5 anfo upright round as b k! )OW pipe of a given diameter which exprefs the prefibres at A in all thefe eleva- j g > >' . ’‘ug what weight is to be tions, confidering the preffure in the upright pipe AB ra'ie 1710.6 902.7 985.6 1995.7 .053.2 1149.9 2280.8 1203.6 '478.4 2565.9 1354 1 1314-2 2851.0 1504.6 1642.7 5702.0 3009.1 3255.4 1 8 3-7 4928.1 553-°o 45 6018.2 6570.8 11404 7522.8 82.3.5 142550 17x06.0 9027.4 9856.2 19957.0 10531.9 X149S.9 l 22808.0 112036.5 4784.3-6 25659.0 354l x3‘4’ 29510.0 .15045.6 16426.9 >.o I-30091.2 i 32853, HYDR®*

HYDROSTATICS. 25 Under the article SrEjM-Engine, the reader will find Hydraulic a particular account of that ufeful invention, with a £ngine» t HYDRO STATICAL TABLES. corredt defcription and plate of it in its improved (late. ^ The multiplying machine, has no dependence on the Steam6 Inches diameter. aftion of the atmofphere ; but, by the weight of wa- engine, ter only, and without pump-work of any kind, raifes 37 Solidity- Weight In avoirwater fufficient to ferve a gentleman's feat, with an in cubic in troy dupois overplus for fountains, fiih-ponds, &c. cr by a inches. ounces. ounces. AB are two copper pans or buckets of unequal tmultiplying weight and fize, fufpended to chains, which alternately wheelwind off and on the multiplying-wheel YZ; whereof 1966 339-3 179 the wheel Y is fmaller in diameter, and Z larger, in fig $ 678.6 358 393-3 proportion to the different lifts each is defigned to per- t 589.9 1017.9 537 form. 786.5 7x6 »3S7-2 When the buckets are empty, they are flopped le983.1 1696.5 895 vel with the fpring at X, whence they are both filled with water in the fame time. 1074 XI79.8 2035-7 2 The greater of the two, A, being the heavier when 375-o 1253 >376.4 full, preponderates and defcends ten feet, perhaps from >573-0 2714-3 16>432 1769.6 C to D ; and the leffer, B, depending on the fame 3053-6 axis, is thereby weighed up or railed from E to F, 3392.9 1790 1966.3 fuppofe 30 feet. Here, by particular little contrivances, opening the 6785.8 358i 3932-5 valves placed at bottom of each of thefe buckets, they 10178.8 5371 5898.8 both difcharge their water in the fame time, through 7162 7865.1 13571-7 apertures proportionable to their capacities; the fmall16964.6 8952 9831.4 er into the ciftern W, whence it is conveyed for fer11797.6 20357.5 >0743 vice by the pipe T, and the larger at D, to run wafte by the drain below at H. The bucket B being emp23750-5 12533 >3763-9 ty, is fo adjufted as then to overweigh; and defcending 15730.2 27'43-4 14324 fteadily as it rofe betwixt the guiding rods VV, brings 17696.5 16115 30536.3 17905 19662.7 or weighs up A to its former level at X, where both 3392.92 being again replenilhed from the fpring, they thence 67858.4 358i 39325-4 proceed as before. And thus will they continue conftantly moving (merely by their circumftantial differ6y Inches diameter. ence of water-weight, and without any other affiftance than that of fometimes giving the iron-work a little Solidity Weight In avoiroil) fo long as the materials ihall laft, or the fpring in cubic in troy dupois fupply water. inches. ounces. ounces. The fteadinefs of the motion is in part regulated by a worm turning a jack-fly, and a little Ample wheelwork at LM; which communicating with the multi398.2 230.7 plying wheel axle at M, is thereby moved forward or 461.4 797-4 420.3 backward as the buckets either rife or defcend. But 1195.6 630.4 692.1 what principally keeps the whole movement fteady, is 840.6 922.8 >593-8 the equilibrium preferved in the whole operation by a >991.9 1050.8 1153.6 certain weight of lead, at the end of a lever of fit length, and fixed on one of the fpindles of the wheel2390.1 1260.9 1384.3 work, the numbers whereof are fo calculated as, du2788.3 1471.1 1615.0 ring the whole performance up and down, to let it 3186.5 1681.2 1845.7 move no more than one-fourth of a circle, from G to 1891.3 2076.4 3584-7 K 5 by which contrivance, as more or lefs of the 3982.9 2101.5 2307.1 chains fufpending the buckets come to be wound off their refpeclive wheels Y and Z, this weight gradu7965.8 4202.9 4614.3 ally falls in as a counterbalance, and fo continues the 11948.8 6304.4 6921.4 1 motion equable and eafy in all its parts. 8405.9 9228.6 >5931.7 10507.4 The water wafted by this machine is not above the 199.4.6 >'535-7 hundredth part of what a water-wheel will expend, to 23897.6 12608.9 13842.9 raife an equal quantity. But where a fall, proportionable to the intended rife of water, cannot be had, 70 27880.5 147x0.4 16150.0 with a convenient fewer to carry off the wafte water 80 31863.4 16811.8 18457.2 over and above, this device cannot be well put in prac90 35846.3 >8913-3 20764.3 tice. s 100 39829.3 21014.8 23071.5 Water may alfo be railed by means of a ftream AB lianwhee The 3PerJOO 79658.6 42029.6 46143-° turning a wheel CDE, according to the order of the ^ Vol. IX. Part I. D let-

Sea.V. 26 HYDROS T A T I C S. Hydraulic letters, with buckets a, a, a, a, 8cc huncr upon the The ftream is made continual from the fpring of air Hydraulic ^ , E:isrll1 andvery which, not fonotextenfive in itsliable va- dredths ^ ure^' nations, firm,if and in the leaft mits of extreme drynefs and extreme humidity. The to be deranged by carriage and agitation. Fig. 8. is a interior edge of the' dial carries at the diftance h i a E2 kind

H T G r 6 ] H Y G Hyprome kind of proje&ing bridle or ftay it, made of brafs wire, S to make an inftrument generally ufeful, and eafy Hj ^ curved to the arch, and fixed in the points/j. This and convenient in its ufe. The hygrometer with the ^ ' _¥ bridle retains and guards the index, at the fame time arbor may be ufed for obfervations which require an leaving it to play with the requifite freedom; The extreme fenfibility. ferew pincers in which is faltened the upper extre- The variations of this iaftrument may be augmentmity of the hair, is carried by a moveable arm, which ed by making it higher, becaufe in that cafe longer hairs afeends and defeends at pleafure the length of the frame might be adapted : but it would be then lefs portable. K&. This frame is cylindrical every where elfe, ex- Befidcs, if the hair is too long when obfervations are cept its being here flattened at the hinder part to made in the open air, the wind has too great an effect; about half its thicknefs, in order that the piece with upon it, and thus communicates to the index inthe ferew which carries the arm fhould not project out convenient vibrations. It ist. not proper therefore to underneath, and that the arm may not turn. The make it more than a foot'in height.* When it is of arm may be Hopped at any defired height' by means this dimenfion, an hair properly prepared can be apof the palling ferew .v. But as it is of ufe fometimes plied to it, and its variations from extreme drynefs toto be able to give the inflrument a very fmalk and ac- extreme humidity are 80 or even ipo degrees; which . curate motion, fo as to bring the index exactly to the on a circle of 3 inches radius forms an extent fufficient part that may be wanted, the Hide piece /, which car- for obfervatrons of this kind. M. Sauflure has even ries the pincers y, to which the hair is fixed, is to be made fmaller inftruments that may be carried convemoved by:the adjufting ferew in. niently in the pocket, and to make experiments with At the bafe of the inftrument is a great lever nopqj under fmall receivers: they were hut feven inches high*, which ferves to fix the index and its counterpoife when by two inches of breadth; which,motwithftanding their ^ the hygrometer is to be moved. The lever turns an variations, were very fenfible. axis n, terminated by a ferew which goes into the Thus much for the conftru&ion of the various parts frame; in tightening this ferew, the lever is fixed in of the inftrumenti.. The limits of this work will not: the defired pefition. When the motion of the index admit of our inferting the whole of M. Sauflure’s fub- is to be Hopped, the intended pofition is given to this fequent account of the preparation of the hair, the lever, as reprefented in the dotted lines of the figure. manner of determining the limits of extreme humidity The long neck p of the lever lays hold of the double and of *extreme drynefs, the pyrometrical variations of pulley b of the index, and the Ihort neefe o of the coun- the hair, and the graduation of the hygrometer. The terpoife:.the tightening ferew q faHens the two necks following abftraft muft therefore fuffice. at once. In confining the index, it muH be fo placed, In the: preparation of the hair, it was found nethat the hair be very flack; fo that, if whilfi it is cefi'ary to free: it* of a certain' unftuofity it always . moved the hair fhould get dry, it may have room to has in its natural Hate, which in a great meafure decontrail itfelf. Afterwards, when the inflrument is prives it of its hygrometrical fenfibility Anumber placed for ufe, the firfl thing to be dene is to relax of hairs are boiled in a lye. of vegetable.alkali; and ■ the ferew n, and turn back the double lever with great among thefe are to be- chofen for ufe fuch as are care, taking equal caution at'the fame time not to moft tranfparent, bright, and foft: particular preflrain the hair. It is better to apply one hand to the cautions are neceffary for preventing the ftraining of >: index near its centre, whilfl the other hand is difenga- the hair, which renders it unfit for the intended ptirging the pulley -and the counterpoife from the lever pofe. that holds them Heady. The hook r ferves to fufpend The two fixed points of the hygrometer are the ex-: a thermometer upon ; it fliould be a mercurial one, tremes both of moifture and drynefs. The former is > with a very fmall naked bulb or ball, foas to fhow in the obtained by expofing the inftrument to air completely mofl fenfible manner the changes of the air: it fhould faturated with water; and this is effe&ed by placing be mounted in metal, and guarded in fuch a manner as it in a glafs receiver Handing in water, the fides of not to vibrate fo as to break the hair. Laflly, a which are kept continually moiltened. The point on • notch is made under the top of the frame s, to mark the dial, at which the hand after a certain interval rethe point of fufpenfion, about which the inflrument is mains ftationary, is marked 100. The point of exin equilibrium, and keeps a vertical fituation. treme drynefs, not abfolute drynefs, for that does not All the inftrument fliould be made of braft : though exift, but the greateft degree of it that can be obtainthe axis of the index and its tube work more pleafantly ed, is produced by introducing repeatedly into the fame together if made of bell metal. receiver containing the inftrument, and ftanding now The extent of this hygrometer’s variations is not upon quickfilver, certain quantities of deliquefeent almore than the fourth or fifth part of the hygrometer kaline falts, which abforb the moifture of the air. - The ■with the arbor. It may be augmented by making the higheft point to which the hand can be brought by fegment of the pulley to which the hair is fixed of a this operation, not only when it will rife no higher, frnaller diameter ; but then the hair, in moving about but when it becomes retrograde from the dilatation it, would fret and contraft a ftiffntfs, which would caufe occafioned by heat, is called o ; and the arch between it to adhere to the bottom of the neck. M. Sauflure thefe two points isdivrded into 100 equal parts, being is of opinion, that the radius of this pulley Ihould not degrees of the hygrometer. The arch pp, upon which: lie lefs than two lines, at leaft that there fliould be the fcale is marked in the inftrument (reprefented in adapted a plate of frlver or fome other contrivance; fig. 2.) being part of a circle of three inches diameter; but then the hygrometer would be too difficult to con- hence every degree meafures about of a line. In ftruft, and it would require too much attention and the ftationary hygrometer, fig. r. the fcale upon the care on the part of thole who ufe it; his objeft was, complete circular dial is fo much larger, that every degree

H Y G l 37 3 H Y G Mfimme. degree raeafures about five lines : but this M. Sauflure je& fomewhat beyond the ivory tube; and thus it is to Hygromefe,j confiders as far from being a perfection, that it is ra- be turned on a proper machine, till the thicknefs of, ter- , ivory is exactly of a line, except at the two BT '' ther an inconvenience ; fince the inftrument becomes the thereby fo very fufceptible of the leafl impreffion, that extremities. At the bottom b the tube ends in a point { there is even no approaching it without a fenfible and at the top a a it muft for about two lines be left a variation. The thermometer, adapted as before men- little thicker, to enable it to bear the preflure of anotioned, fervee to correCt the changes of tempera- ther piece put into it. Thus the thin or hygrometriture : towards the extreme drynefs, i° of the thermo- cal part of the tube will be reduced to 24 French meter produces on the hair an effeCt of 4 deg. of the inches, including the concavity of the bottom. Before hygrometer ; but towards the extreme of moifture, the this piece is ufed, it muft be put into water, fo that fame difference of temperature caufes an effedt no lefs the external part alone may be wetted by it ; and here than 30 on the hygrometer. He conftru&ed two it is to remain till the water penetrates to the infide, tables, chat'gave the intermediate hygrometrical varia- and appears in the form of dew, which will happen tions for fingle degrees of the thermometer at different in a few hours. The reafon of this is, that the ivory tdie remains fomewhat larger ever after it is wetted parts of the fcale. The whole range of the atmofpherical variations the tirft time. takes in0 about 75? of this fcale; a drynefs of more For this hygrometer, a glafs tube mufl be provided 14 inches long, the lower end of which is ftiown than 25 being always the effeft of art The fenfibi- about d e e. Its internal diameter is about 4 of a line. Iky of this inftrument is fo very great, that being ex- inIf dnow ivory tube is exa&Iy filled with mercury, pofed to the dew, he mentions that it varies above 40° and the the glafs one affixed to it, as the capacity of the in about 20 minutes of time. Being removed from a former decreases by being dried, the mercury will be very moift into a 0very dry air, it varied in-one inftance forced up into the glafs one. no lefs than 35 in three minutes. He fays that piece ffg g.w intended to join the ivory with its variations were always found uniform in diffe- theThe brafs, (haped as in the figure. rent inftruments fufpended in different parts of the glafs tube. holeIt isis ofbored through it, which holds fame atmofphere. This hygrometer is confldered by Athecylindrical glafs tube as tight as poffible without danger of the author as'pofTeffed of all the properties requifite in breaking and its lower part is to enter with fome fuch an inftrument. Th’efe are, 1. That the degrees in degree ofit;difficulty the ivory pipe. To hinder the fcale be fufhciently large, and to point out even that part of the tubeintowhich inclofes the brafs piece the leaft variation in the drynefs or moifture of the at- from being affe&ed by the variations of the moifture, xnofphere. 2. That it be quick in its indications. 3. That it be at all times confiftent with itfelf; w«. it is covered with a brafs verrel reprefented in. b h i i. pieces muft be united together with gum-lac or that in the fame iUte of the hair it always points to The the fame degree. 4- That feveral of them agree with maftic. introdu&ioa of the mercury is the next operaone another. 5, That it be affefted only by the aque- tion.The For purpofe, a flip of paper three inches ous vapours. 6 That its variations be ever propor- wide is firft this to be rolled over the glafs tube, and tied tionate to the changes in the air. Not many of thefe hygrometers have yet been made fall to the extremity neareft the ivory pipe. A horfeis then to be introduced into the tube, long enough in London. A confiderable degree of trouble and aton v - ment of Alexandria, Oreftes was governor of the Aurati bis fex radii fulgentia cingunt, ^ ' fame place for the emperor Theodofius, and Cyril was Solis avifpecimen : bigis it Turnus in albis, bifhop or patriarch. Oreftes having had a liberal eduBina manu lato crifpans haftilia ferro : cation, could not but admire Hypatia ; and as a wife Bine Pater JEneas, RomanceJlirpis origo, governor frequently confulted her. This, together SidereoJlagrans clypeo et celejlibus armis ; with an averfion which Cyril had againft Oreftes, Etjuxta Afcanius, magnee fpes altera Rometi proved fatal to the lady. About $oo monks affemProcedunt cajlris. bling, attacked the governor one day, and would have killed him, had he not been refcued by the townfmen; HYPERBOLA, a curve formed by cutting a end the refpeft which Oreftes had for Hypatia cau- cone in a direction parallel to its axis. See Conicsing her to be traduced among the Chriftian multitude, Sedions. they dragged her from her chair, tore her to pieces, HYPERBOLE, in rhetoric, a figure, whereby the and burned her limbs. Cyril is not clear from a fuf- truth and reality of things are exceffively either enlarpicion of fomenting this tragedy. Cave indeed en- ged or diminiftred. See Oratory, n° 58. Elements ep deavours to remove the imputation of fuch an horrid An objeft uncommon with refpeft to fize, a&ion from the patriarch ; and lays it upon the Alex- very great of its kind or very little, ftrikes us with Criticifmandrian mob in general, whom he calls kvijfimum ho- furprife ; and this emotion forces upon the mind a motninum genus, “ a very trifling inconftant people.” mentary convidtion that the objeft is greater or lefs But though Cyril fhould be allowed neither to have than it is in reality: the fame effedl, precifely, attends been the perpetrator, nor even the contriver of it, figurative grandeur or littlenefs; and hence the hyyet it is much to be fufpefted that he did not difcoun- perbole, which exprefles this momentary convidion. tenance it in the manner he ought to have done : A writer, taking advantage of this natural delufion, which fufpicion muft needs be greatly confirmed by enriches his defeription greatly by the hyperbole : and reflefting, that he was fo far from blaming the out- the reader, even in his cooleft moments, relifhes this rage committed by the monks upon Oreftes, that he figure, being fenfible that it is the operation of nature afterwards received the dead body of Ammonius, one upon a warm fancy. of the moft forward in that outrage, who had grie- It capnot have efcaped obfervation that a writer is voufly wounded the governor, and who was juftly pu- generally more fuccefsful in magnifying by a hypernilhed with death. Upon this riotous ruffian Cyril bole than in diminiihing. The reafon is, that a miobjeft contrads the mind, and fetters its powers made a panegyric in the church where he was laid, ofnuteimagination ; but that the mind, dilated and inin which he extolled his courage and conftancy, as one that had contended for the truth ; and changing flamed with a grand objed, moulds objeds for its grahis name to ’Thaumaftus, or the “Admirable,” or- tification with great facility. Longinus, with refped dered him to be confidered as a martyr. “ However, to a diniiniftiing hyperbole, cites the following ludi(continues Socrates), the wifeft part of Chriftians did crous thought from a comic poet: “ He was owner not approve the zeal which Cyril (howed on this man’s of a bit of ground not larger than a Lacedemonian behalf, being convinced that Ammonius had juftly letter.” But, for the reafon now given, the hyperbole has by far the greater force in magnifying objeds; of fuffered for his defperate attempt.” HYPECOUM, wild cumin : A genus of the di- which take the following examples: gynia order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of plants; which thou feeft, to thee will I and in the natural method ranking under the 24th or- giveForit,allandthetoland thy feed for ever. And I will make der, Corydales. The calyx is diphyllous; the petals thy feed as the duft the earth : fo that if a man four; the exterior two larger and trifid; the fruit a can number the duft ofof the earth, then {hall thy feed pod. There are four fpecies, all of them low herbace- alfo be numbered. xiii, 15. j6. ous plants with yellow flowers. The juice of thefe Ilia vel intadae fegetis per fummaGen. plants is of a yellow colour, refembling that of celan- Gramina: nec teneras curfu laefifietvolaret ariftas. dine, and is affirmed by fome eminent phyficians to be JEneid. vii. 808. as narcotic as opium. From the neftarium of the —— Atque imo barathri ter gurgite vaftos bloflom the bees colleft great quantities of honey. Sorbet in abruptum fludus, rurfufque fub auras All the fpecies are eafily propagated by feeds. unda. HYPER, a Greek prepofition frequently ufed in Erigit alternos, et fidera verberat JEneid. iii. 42X. compofition, where it denotes excels; its literal fignifi— Horrificis juxta tonat iEtna ruinis, cation being above, or beyond. Interdumque atram prorumpit ad sethera nubem, HYPERBATON, in grammar, a figurative con- Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla : ftru&ion inverting the natural and proper order of words and fentences. The feveral fpecies of the hy- Attollitque globos flammarum, et fidera lambit. JEneid. iii. 571. perbaton are, the anaftrophe, the hyfteron-proteron, the hypallage, fynchyfis, tmefis, parenthefis, and the hyperbaton ftriAly fo called. See Anastrophe, &c. Speaking of Polyphemus, Ipfe arduus, altaque pulfat Hyperbaton, ftri&ly fo called, is a long retention Sidera. JEneid. iii. 619. F2 —When

HYP ri y p [ 44 ] 1 Draw them to Tyber’s bank, and weep your tears Hype Hyperbole. V-—v~—-J — >phe air, a charter’d—When libertine,he isfpeaks, ftill. Into the channel, till the lowed dream Henry V. aB I. Jc. I. Do kifs the moft exalted (hores of all. Julius Cafar, aft i.Jc. 1. Now fhield with fhield, with helmet helmet clos’d, Thirdly, A writer, if he wi(h to fucceed, ought alTo armour armour, laute to lance oppos’d. Holt again ft hoft with lhadowy fquadrons drew, ways to have the reader in his eye : he ought, in particular, never to venture a bold thought or exprefiion, The founding darts in iron tempells flew. till the reader be warmed and prepared. For this reaVigors and vanquilh’d join'promifcuous cries. fon, an hyperbole in the beginning of a work can neAnd flrrilling fliouts and dying groans arife ; With dreaming blood the flipp’ry fields are dy’d, ver be in its place. Example : And flaughter’d heroes fwell the dreadful tide. Jam pauca aratro jugera regise Iliad iv. 508. Moles relinquent. Horat. Carm. lib. 2. ode 15. Quintilian is fenfible that this figure is natural: In the fourth place, The niceft point of all, is to * For (fays he), not contented with truth, we natu- afcertain the natural limits of an hyperbole, beyond rally incline to augment or diminifh beyond it; and which being overftraiaed, it has a bad effe&. Longifor that reafon the hyperbole is familiar even among nus (chap, iii.), with great propriety of thought, eathe vulgar and illiterate and he adds, very juftly, ters a caveat againft an hyperbole of this kind : he “ That the hyperbole is then proper, when the objeft compares it to a bow-ftring, which relaxes by overof itfelf exceeds the common meafure.” From thefe and produceth an effedt dire&ly oppofite to premifes, one would not expeft the following infe- ftraining, what is intended. any precife boundary, rence, the only reafon he can find for juftifying this would be difficult,Toif afcertain not impracticable. We (hall figure of fpeech, “ Conceditur enim amplius dicere, therefore only give a fpecimen what may be recquia did quantum eft, non poteft : meliufque ultra koned overftrained hyperboles. of No fault is more quam citra flat oratio.” (We are indulged to fay among writers of inferior rank ; and inftanmore than enough, becaufe we cannot fay enough j common ces are, found even among thofe of the tafte j and it is better to be above than under.) In the name witnefs the following hyperbole, too bold fined even for an of wonder, why this flight and childifli reafoning, Hotfpur. when immediately before he had obferved, that the Hotfpur talking of Mortimer : hyperbole is founded on human nature ? We could not refift this perfonal flroke of criticifm ; intended not In fingle oppofition hand to hand. againft our author, for no human creature is exempt He did confound the bed part of an hour from error; but againft the blind veneration that is In changing hardiment with great Glendower. paid to the ancient claffic writers, without diftinguilh- Three times they breath’d, and three times did they drink. ing their blemifhes from their beauties. Having examined the nature of this figure, and the Upon agreement, of fwift Severn’s flood ; principle on which it is 1 ere&ed ; let us proceed to the Who then affrighted with their bloody looks, rules by which it ought to be governed. And, in the Ran fearfully among the trembling reeds, firft place, it is a capital fault to introduce an hy- And hid his crifp’d head in the hollow bank, perbole in the defcription of an ordinary objeft or Blood-ftained with thefe -valiant combatants. Firjl Part Henry IV. aft l.Jc.Cc. event; for in fuch a cafe, k is altogether unnatural,, being deftitute of furprife, its only foundation. Take Speaking of Henry V. the following inftance, wdiere the fubjetf is extremely England ne’er had a King until his time; familiar, viz. fwimming to gain the fhore after a (hip- Virtue he had, deferring to command: wreck. His brandifh’d fword did blind men with its beamss His arms fpread wider than a dragon’s wings: I faw him beat the furges under him. His fparkling eyes, replete with awful fire, And ride upon their backs: he trod the water p More dazzled, and drove back his enemies. Whofe enmity he flung afide, and breafted The furge moft fwoln that met him : his bold head Than mid-day fun fierce bent againft their faces* What (hould I fay ? his deeds exceed all fpeech : ’Bove the contentious waves he kept, and oar’d He never lifted up his hand, but conquer’d. Himfelf with his good arms, in lufty ftrokes Firjl Part Henry VI. aft l. Jc. t, To Jhore, that o’er his wave-born bafis bow’d, As Hooping to relieve him. Tempejl, aSi z. Jc. 1. Laftly, An hyperbole, after it is introduced with In the next place, it may be gathered from what is all advantages, ought to be comprehended within the faid, that an hyperbole can never fuit the tone of any fevveft words poffible : as it cannot be relilhed but in difpiriting paffion : forrow in particular will never the hurry and fwelling of the mind, aleifurely view difprompt fuch a figure, and for that reafon the follow- folves the charm, and difcovers the defcription to be ing hyperboles muft be condemned as unnatural: extravagant at lead, and perhaps alfo ridiculous. This is palpable in a fonnet which paffeth for one of K. Richi Aumerle, thou weep’ft, my tender- fault the moft complete in the French language: Phillis, inhearted coufin ! a long and florid defcription, is made as far to out» We’ll make foul weather with defpifed tears; Gur fighs, and they, (hall lodge the fummer-corn. (hine the fun as he outfhines the ftars: And make a dearth in this revolving land. Le filence regnoit fur la terre et fur 1’onde, Richard II. aft fc. 6, L’air devenoit ferain et 1’Olimp vermeil, 4 Es

HYP L 45 ] HYP yond and xpihx©-, of judex, of judico, Hyperdulia Hyperbo- Et Pamourex Zephir affranchi du fomei!, Reflufcitoit les fleurs d’une hakine feconde. H YPERDU LIA, in the Romifh theology, is the L’Aurora deployoit Por de fa trefle blonde, worfhip rendered to the holy virgin. The word is J Eet femoit de rubis le cbemin du foleil; Greek, virtpUteix, compofed of above, and Enfin ce Dieu venoit au plus grand apparell nvorjhip, fervicc. The worfhip offered to faints is callQu’il foil jamais venu pour eclairer le monde : ed dulia ; and that to the mother of God, hyperdulia, as being fupeiior to the former. Quand la jeune Philis au vifage riant, HYPERIA (anc. geog.) the feat of the PhasaSortant de fon palais plusdair que Porient, cians near the Cyclops, (Homer): fome commentators Fit voir une lumiere et plus vive et plus belle. take to be Camarina in Sicily ; but, according to Sacre Flambeau du jour, n’en foiea point jaloux, others,it isfuppofed to be an adjoining ifland, which they Vous parutes alors auffi peu devant elk, take to lying in fight of Sicily. And this Que les feux de la nuit avoient fait devant vous. feems tobebeMelita, confirmed by Apollonius Rhodius. Whence MaUevtUe. the Phaeacians afterwards removed to Corcyra, called Scheria, Phaacia, and Maoris; having been expelled There is in Chaucer a thought expreffed in a Tingle by the Phoenicians, who fettled in Melita for comline, which fets a young beauty in a more advanta- merce, for commodious harbours, before the war geous light than the whole of this much laboured of Troy.and(Diodorus Siculus.) poem : HYPERICUM, St John’s wort : A genus of the Up rofe the fun, and up rofe Emelie. polyandria order, belonging to the poiyadelphia clafs of ; and in the natural method ranking under the HYPERBOREAN, in the ancient geography. plants 20th order, Rotacea. The calyx is quinquepartite ; The ancients denominated thofe people and places Hy- the petals five; the filaments many, and coalited at the perborean which were to the northward of the Scy- bafe into five ; the feed-veffel is a pencil. thians. They had but very little acquaintance with Species. Ofpencils genus there are 29 fpecies, moft thefe Hyperborean regions; and all they tell us of of them hardy this deciduous and under-fhrubby them is very precarious, much of it falfe. Diodorus plants, adorned with oblongfhrubs, and oval Ample foliage, Siculus fays, the Hyperboreans were thus called by and pentapetalous yellow flowers in clufters. The reafon they dwelt beyond the wind Boreas; fig- moft remarkable are, 1. The hircinum, or (linking St nifying “ above, or beyond,” and Boreas, the This rifes three or four feet high, with “ north wind.” This etymology is very natural and John’s-wort. feveral fhrubby two-edged flalks from the root, branchplaufible ; notwithftanding all that Rudbeck has faid ing by pairs oppofite at every joint; oblong, oval,. againft it, who would have the word to be Gothic, clofe-fitting oppofite leaves; and at the all and to fignify nobility. Herodotus doubts whether the young fhouts, clufters of yellow flowers.ends Ofof this or no there were any fuch nations as the Hyperare three varieties; one with ftrong ftalks, fix borean. Strabo, who profefTes that he believes there there feet high, broad leaves, and large flowers ; are, does not take hyperborean to fignify beyond Boreas orthe eight with ftrong ftalks, broad leaves, and without or the north, as Herodotus underflood it: the prepo- any other difagreeable the third hath variegated fition w’T'p, in this cafe, he fuppofes only to help to leaves. All thefe odour; are fhiubby ; and flower form a fuperlative; fo that hyperborean, on his prin- in June aad July varieties in fuch numerous clufters, that ciple, means no more than moji northern : by which it the fhrubs appear covered with them; and proappears the ancients fcarce knew themfelves what the duce abundance of feed in autumn. 2. The canarienname meant.—Moll of our modern geographers, as fu hath fhrubby ftalks, dividing and branching fix or Hoffman, Cellarius, &c. have placed the Hyperboreans feven feet high ; oblong, clofe-fitting leaves by pairs in the northern parts of the European continent, among and, at the ends of the branches, clufters of yellow; the Siberians and Samoieds: according to them, the flowers appearing in June and July. 5. The afcyron, Hyperboreans of the ancients were thofe in general American St John’s-wort, hath fpreading who lived fartheft to'the north. The Hyperboreans orroots,dwarf fending up numerous, {lender, fquare ftalks, a of our days are thofe Ruffians who inhabit between foot long ; oval, fpear-fhaped, clofe-fitting, fmooth the Volga and the White fea. According to Cluvier, leaves by pairs oppoftte ; and, at the end of the ftalks, the name Celtes was fynonymous with that of Hy- large yellow flowers. 4. The androfamum, commonly perboreans. called tutfan, or hath an upright underHYPERCATALECTIC, in the Greek and La- fhrubby ftalk, twopark-leaves, feet branching by pairs optin poetry, is applied to a verfe that has one or two pofite ; and at the endshigh, of the ftalks, clufters of fmall fyllables too much, or beyond the regular and. juft yellow flowers appearing in July and Auguft, and meafure ; as, fucceeded by roundifh berry-like black capfules. This Mufa forores funt Minerva : grows naturally in many parts of Britain. 5. The balearicum, or wart-leaved St John’s-wort, is a native Alfo, of Majorca ; and hath a fhrubby ftalk, branching two Mufe forores Palladis lugent. feet high, with reddifh fcarified branches, .fmall oval HYPERCRITIC, an over-rigid cenfor or critic: leaves warted underneath, and large yellow flowers sne who will let nothing pafs, but animadverts fe- appearing great part of the year. 6. The moncgynum, , verely on the flighteft fault. See Criticism. The or one-ftyled China hypericum, hath a fhrubby purplifh, word is compounded of /'‘per, “ over, above, be- ftalk, about two feet high; oblong, fmooth, ftiff, clofe- ■ fitting.

HYP HYP [ 46 1 Hypericum fitting leaves, of a {hining green above, and white gated with fpots of white, and is a very fatal kind in Hypnuwpa I 0t . underneath ; clufters of fmall yellow flowers, with coits poifon ; its bite always bringing on a fleep which I < ure and only one ftyle, flowering the greateft endsHYPNUM, in death. FEATHER-MOSS, in botany: A gpnno 1Hypoch*^!* ^.,r—^tns ' I l°part dnfcups, the year. _ ■— Culture. The four firft fpecies are hardy, and will of the natural order of mufci, belonging to the crypto*i grow in any foil or fituation ; the three lafl muft be gamia clafs of plants. The anther* is operculated, or potted, in order to have fhelter in the green-houfe in covered with a lid ; the calyptra fmooth; the filament winter. The two firft fpccies propagate very faft by lateral, and rifing oat of a perichaetium, or tuft of leaffuckers, which are every year fent up plentifully from lets different from the other leaves of the plant. There the root; and in autumn or fpring may be readily flip- are 46 fpecies, all of them natives of Great Britain ; ped off from the old plants with roots to each, or the none of them, however, have any remarkable properwhole plant may be taken up and divided into as many ty, except the proliferum and parietinum. The firft parts as there are fuckers and flips with roots, planting is of a very Angular ftrufture, one (hoot growing out the ftrongeft where they are to remain, and the weakeft from the centre of another ; the veil is yellow and in nurfery-rows, where they are to remain a year in Alining; the lid with a kind of long bill; the leaves order to acquire ftrength. They may alfo be propa- not ihining; fometimes of a yellowifh, and fometimes gated by feeds fown in autumn, in a bed of common of a deep green. This mofs covers the furface of the earth, in drills an inch deep. The other two hardy earth in the thickeft (hades, through which the fun forts are alfo propagated by flipping the roots in au- never ftiines, and where no other plant can grow. The tumn, or early in the fpring ; and may likewife be raifed fecond hath (hoots nearly flat and winged, undivided in great plenty from feeds. The three other fpecies for a confiderable length, and the leaves Ihining ; but are propagated by layers and cuttings, planted in pots, the old (hoots do not branch into new ones as in the preceding fpecies. It grows in woods and (hady places; and plunged in a hot bed. Properties. The tutfan hath long held a place in and, as well as the former, is ufed for filling up the jhe medicinal catalogues ; but its ufes are very much chinks in wooden houfes. undetermined. The leaves given in fubftance are faid HYPO, a Greek particle, retained in the compofito deftroy worms. By diftillation they yield an effen- tion of divers words borrowed from that language ; filial oil. The flowers tinge fpirits and oils of a fine terally denoting under, beneath.—In which fenfe it purple colour. Cows, goats, and (heep, eat the plant; (lands oppofed to urtp fupra, “ above.” horfes and fwine refufe it. The dried plant boiled in HYPOBOLE, or subjection,(from vwo, and/5«xM», water with alum, dyes yarn of a yellow colour; and / cajl), in rhetoric, a figure; fo called, when feveral the Swedes give a fine purple tinge to their fpirits with things are mentioned, that feem to make for the contrary fide, and each of them refuted in order. This the flowers. HYPE RIDES, an orator of Greece, was the dif- figure, when complete, confifts of three parts ; a propociple of Plato and Ifocrates, and governed the Republic fition, an enumeration of particulars with their anfwer, of Athens. He defended with great zeal and courage and a conclufion. Thus Cicero, upon his return from the liberties of Greece ; but was put to death by Anti- banifhment, vindicates his conduit in withdrawing fo pater’s order, 322 B. C. He compofed many orations, quietly, and not oppofing the faition that ejeited him. of which only one now remains. He was one of the See Oratory, n® 81. ten celebrated Greek orators. HYPOCATHARSIS (compounded of under, HYPERMNESTRA, in fabulous hiftory, one of and medicine, a too faint or feeble the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. She purgation, alone refufed to obey the cruel order Danaus had given HYPOCAUSTUM, among the Greeks and Roto all his daughters, to murder their hufbands the firft mans, a fubterraneous place, where was a furnace to night of their marriage ; and therefore faved the fife heat the baths. The word is Greek, formed of the of Lynceus, after (he had made him promife not to prepofition va-o under; and the verb ** phabet, is pronounced by throwing the breath fuddenly againfl the palate, as it comes out of the larynx, with a fmall hollowing of the tongue, and nearly the fame opening of the lips and talk as in pronouncing ^ or r. Its found varies: in fome' words it is long as high, .mind, &c. ; in others fhort, as bid, bid, fin, &c.; in others, again, it is pronounced like y, as in collier, onion. See.; and in a few, it founds like ee, as in machine, maga%ine. Sec. No Englifh word ends in i, e being either added to it, 01 elfe the i turned intoy. But befides the vowel, there is the jod confonant ; which, becaufe of its different pronunciation, has likewife a different form, thus J, j. In Englifh, it has the foft found of g; nor is ufed, but when^foftis required before vowels, where g is ufually hard : thus we fay, jack, jet, join, See. inflead of gack, get, gain, 4cc. which would be contrary to the genius of the Englifh language. I, ufed as a numeral, fignifies one, and ftands for fo many unites as it is repeated times : thus I, one ; II, two; III, three, &c. ; and when put before a higher numeral, it fubcra&s ilfelf, as IV, four; IX, nine, &c. But when fet after it, fo many are added to the higher fixnumeral as there are I’s added: thus VI is 5+1. or * V1I» 5+2> or leven » VIlI> 5+3, ■or eight. The ancient Romans likewife ufed 13 for 500, CIO for 1000, 133 for 5000, CCI33 for 10,000,. 1333 for 50,000, and CCCI333 for 100,000. Farther than this, as Pliny obferves, they did not go in their notation ; but, when neceffary, repeated the lafl number, as CCCI333, CCCI333, for 200,000; CCCI333, CCCI333, CCCI333, for 300,000 ; and fo on. The ancients fometimes changed i into u ; as decumus for decimus ; maxumus for maximus, &c. According to Plato, the vowel i is proper to exprefs delicate, but humble things, as in this verfe in Virgil which abounds in i’s, and is generally admired : Jccipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimifque fatifeunt.

I, ufed as an abbreviature, is often fubflituted for the whole word Jesus, of which it is the firtt letter. JABBOK, a brook on the other file of the Jordan, the fpring whereof is in the mountains of Gilead. It falls into Jordan pretty near the fea of Tiberias, to the fouth of this fea. Near this brook the patriarch Jacob wreftled with the angel (Gen. xxxii. 22). The Jabbok feparated the land of the Ammonites from the Gaulanitis, and the territories of Og king of Bafhan. Jabesh, or Jabesh-gilead, was the name of a city, in the half tribe of Manaffeh, beyond Jordan. The feripture calls it generally Jabefh-Gilead, becaufe it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains which go by this name. Eufebius places it fix miles from Pella, towards Gerafa; and confequently it mull be eaflward of the fea of Tiberias. JABIRU. See Mycteria. JABLONSKI (Daniel Errteft), a learned Polifh Proteftant divine, born at Damztck in 1660. He became fucceffively minifter of Magdeburg, Eiffa, Koningiherg, and Berlin ; and was at length ecclefiaftical counfellor, and prefident of the academy of fciences at the latter. He took great pains to effefl an union between the Lutherans and Calvinifts ; and wrote fome works which are in good efteem, particularly Meditations on the origin of the Scriptures, &c. He died in 1741. Jablonski (Theodore), counfellor of the court of Pruflia, and fecretary of the royal academy of fciences at Berlin, was alfo a man of diftinguifhed merit. He loved the fciences, and did them honour, without that ambition which is generally feen in men of learn ing: it was owing to this modefty that the greateft. part of his works were publiihed without his name. He publifhed, in 1711, a French and German Dictionary ; a Courfe of Morality, in 1713 ; a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, in 1721 ; and tranflated Tacitus de moribus Germanorum into High Dutch, in 1724. JABNE.

J A C A a Ctown of Paleltine, inear51 i >bne JABNE ( anc. Jgeog.), divinity at Oxford in 1622 ; and at laft was made Jac°l» ? a chaplain in ordinary, prebendary and H . It•' if. J°PP yamniaxv.orityamnial, and dean of Peterborough. He was aofveryWinchefter, great fcholar ; Jaco 1 e*,l Romans.• called In Joflina feems tobybe the calledGreeks yabrieel; but in 2 Chron. xxvi. yabne. It was taken from the and died in 1640. His performance upon the Creed Phihilines by Uzziah, who demolifhed its fortifications. is a learned and valuable piece ; which, with his other Its port, called yamnitarum partus., lay between Joppa works, was publiihtd in 1673. JACOB, the fon of Ifaac and Rebekah, was born and Azotus. in the year of the world 2168, before Jefus Chrift JACAMAR, in ornithology. See Alcedo. JACCA, an ancient town of Spain, in the king- 1836. The hiftory of this patriarch is given at large dom of Arragon, with a bifhop’s fee, and a fort ; in the book of Genefis. He died in Egypt in the feated on a river of the fame name, among the moun- 147th year of his age. Jofeph dire&ed that the body tains of Jacca, which are part of the Pyrenees. W. Ihould be embalmed, after the manner of the Egyptians ; and there was a general mourning for him Long, o. 19. N. Lat. 44. 22. JACK, in mechanics, a well-known inftrument of throughout Egypt for feventy days. After this, Jocommon ufe for railing great weights of any kind. feph and his brethren, accompanied with the principal The common kitchen-jack is a compound engine, men of Egypt, carried him, with the king of Egypt’* where the weight is the power applied to overcome permifiion, to the burying-place of his fathers near the fri&ion of the parts and the weight with which Hebron, where his wife Leah had been interred. the fpit is charged ; and a fteady arid uniform motion When they were come into the land of Canaan, they mourned for him again for feven days; upon which is obtained by means of the fly. Jack, in the fea-language, a fort of flag or colours, occafion the place where' they ftaid was called Abeldifplayed from a malt eredted on the outer end of a mifraim, or the mourning of the Egyptians. Ihip’s bowfprit. In the Britifh navy the jack is no- Jacob (Ben Hajim), a rabbi famous for the colthing more than a fmall union flag, compofed of the It&ion of the Maforah in 1525; together with the interfedtion of the red and white crofles ; but in mer- text of the bible, the Chaldaic paraphrafe, and Rabbichant-lhips this union is bordered with a red field. See nical commentaries. Jacob (Ben Naphthali), a famous rabbi of the 5th the article Union. Jack is ufed alfo for a horfe or wooden frame to century : he was one of the principal mafforets, and faw timber upon ; for an inftrument to pull off a pair bred at the fchool of Tiberias in Paleftine with Ben of boots ; for a great leathern pitcher to carry drink Afer, another principal mafforet. The invention of in ; for a fmall bowl that ferves as a mark at the exer- points in Hebrew to ferve for vowels, and of accents to facilitate the reading of that language, are acife of bowling ; and for a young pike. yACK-Flag, in a Ihip, that hoifted up at the fprit- fcribed to thefe two rabbis; and faid to be done in an affembly of the Jews held at Tiberias, A. D. fail top-maft head. yACK-Daiv, the Englilh name of a fpecies of cor- 476. Jacob (Giles), an eminent law-writer, born at vus. See Corvus. This bird is very mifchievous to the farmer and Romfey in the county of Southampton, in 1686. He gardener; and is of fuch a thievilh difpofition, that was bred under a confiderable attorney ; and is prinhe will carry away much more than he can make ufe cipally known for his Law Di&ionary in one vol. of. There is a method of deftroying them by a kind folio, which has been often printed ; a new and imof fprings much ufed in England ; and is fo ufeful, proved edition having been lately given by counfellors that it ought to be made univerfal.—A ftake of about Ruffhead and Morgan. Mr Jacob alfo wrote two five feet long is to be driven firmly into the ground, dramatic pieces ; and a Poetical Regifter, containing and made fo fail that it cannot move, and fo lharp in the lives and characters of Engliih dramatic poets. the point that the bird cannot fettle upon it. Within The time of his death is not known. a foot of the top there muft be a hole bored through JACOBiEUS (Oliger), a celebrated profeffor of it, of three quarters of an inch diameter; through phyfic and philofophy at Copenhagen, was born in this hole is to be put a ftick of about eight inches 1651 at Arhufen in the peninfula of Jutland, where long ; then a horfe-hair fpringe or noofe is to be made his father was biihop. Chriitian V. intrufted him fail to a thin hazel-wand, and this brought up to the with the management of his grand cabinet of curioplace where the ihort ftick is placed, and carried with fities; and Frederic IV. in 1698, made him counit through the hole, the remainder being left open un- fellor of his court of juilice. He wrote many medical der that ftick. The other end of the hazel rod is to works, and fame excellent poems. be put through a hole in the ftake near the ground, JACOBINE monks, the fame with Dominicans. and faftened there. The ilake is to be planted among JACOBITES, a term of reproach beftowed on the the jack daw’s food, and he will naturally be led to perfons who, vindicating the doftrines of paflive obefettle on it; but finding the point too iharp, he will dience and non-reiiftance with refpeil to the arbitrary defcend to the little crofs ftick. This will fink with proceedings of princes, difavow the revolution in 1688, his weight, and the fpringe will receive his leg, and and affert the fuppofed rights and adhere to the inhold him fail. terells of the late abdicated King James and his faJACKALL, in zoology. See Canis. mfly. JACKSON (Thomas), an eminent Engliih divine, Jacobites, in church hiftory, a fe6l of Chriftiana was I born aat Witton in the biihopric of Durham in in Syria and Mefopotamia ; fo called, either from Jaemperor 579» g°od family. He commenced doctor of cob a Syrian who livedGin2 the reign of theMauritius,

J A D [ 52 3 JAG Jacobui thc Mauritius, or from one Jacob a monk who flourilhed They are joined together by flioals or funk rocks; .are ear JafLeer.* TheyJacobites 55°- are of two fefts, fome following . the crooked or bent like half bow; andtherearefeems dangerous for Ihips in the night-time,a becaufe to be rites of the Latin church, and others continuing fe- a paffage between them, to which while the pilots are parated from the church of Rome. There is alfo a payingattention,theynegle&twofmallfunkrockswhich divifion among the latter, who have two rival patri- lie almoft in the middle of the entrance in deep water, archs. As to their belief, they hold but one nature JAFNAPATAN, a fea port town, feated at the in Jefus Chrift ; with refpeft to purgatory and prayers north-eaft end of the ifland of Ceylon in the Eaft Infer the dead, they are of the fame opinion with the dies. The Dutch took it from the Portuguefe in Greeks and other eaftern Chri.tians: they confecrate >658, and have continued in the pofTtffion of it fince unleavened bread at the eucharift, and are againft that time. They export from thence great quantities confeflion, believing that it is not of divine inftitu- of tobacco, and fome elephants, which are accounted tion. the moft docile of any in the whole world. E. Long. JACOBUS, a gold coin, worth 25 (hillings; fo 80. 25. N. Lat. 9. 30. called from King James I. of England, in whofe reign JAGENDORF, a town and caftle of Silefia, cait was ftruck. See Coin. pital of a province of the fame name, feated on the riWe ufually diftinguifh two kinds of Jacobus, the old ver Oppa. E. Long. 17. 47. N. Lat. 50.4. and the new; the former valued at 25 (hillings, weigh- JAGGE RM AUT, a black pyramidal (lone woring fix pennvweight ten grains; the latter, called alfo (hipped by the Gentoos, who pretend that it fell from Carolus, valued at 23 (hillings, in weight five penny- heaven or was miraculoufly prefented on the place weight twenty grains. whereoftheir templein(lands. many areother JACQUINIA, in botany : A genus cf the mono idols this figure India; There which, are however, all gynia order, belonging to the hexandria clafs of but accounted copies from the Jaggernaut. According plants; and in the natural method ranking with thofe to the bell information Mr Grofe could obtain, this of which the order is doubriul. The corolla is de- (lone is meant to reprefent the power prefiding over cemfid; the (lamina inferted into the receptacle ; the univerfal generation, which they attribute to the gefeerry monofpermous. neral heat and influence of the fun adling in fubordinaJACULATOR, or shooting-fish. See Ch-e- tion to it. Domeltic idols of the form of the Jagtodon. gernaut. and dillinguilhed by the fame name, are made JADDESSES is the name of an inferior order of by the Gentoos. Thefe are niched up in a kind of priefts in Ceylon, who have the care of the chapels ap- triumphal car, decorated with gilding and tinfel; propriated to the genii, who form a third order of which for fome days they keep in the bed apartment gods among tbefe idolaters. Thefe priefts are applied in their houfe. During this time their devotion conto by the people in a time of difeafe or calamity, who fills in exhibiting the moft obfeene pollutes, and aftoffer a cock on their behalf to appeafe the anger of the ing all manner of lafeivioufnefs, in fight as it were of daemons. *dol, and as the mod acceptable mode of worlhip TADE-stone, Laims K£-?HwviCV&, or Jafpachates, to that deity it reprefents ; after which they carry it a genus of filiceous earths. It gives fire with (leel, and in its gilded car in proceffion to the Ganges, and is femitranfparent like flint. It does not harden in the throw in all together as an acknowledgment to that fire, but melts in the focus of a burning glafs into a river of its congenial fertilization with that of the fun. tranfparent green glafs with fome bubbles. A kind Formerly this machine was decorated with jewels and brought from the river of the Amazons in America, other expenfive ornaments; but the Indians are now and called circoncifton Jione, melts more eafily in the become lefj extravagant, as they found that the Moors focus into a brown opaque glafs, far lefs hard than the and Chriftians, watching the places where they threw ftone itfelf. The jade-ftone is unftuous to the touch; in their idols, dived for them for the fake of the jewels whence Mr Kirwan feems to fufpeft, that it contains with which they were adorned. aTheportion argillaceous authoridolconjeftures, that thistaken pyramidal fpecificofgravity is fromearth, 2.970orto rather 3.389; magnefia. the tex- theOur Gentoo was originally from form that ofof ture granular, with a greafy look, but exceedingly flame, which always inclines to point upwards. From hard, being fuperior in this refpeft even to quartz it- this Indian deity he fuppofes the (hape of the Paphiaa felf. It is infufible in the fire, nor can it be diffolved Venus to have been derived, for which Tacitus could in acids without a particular management ; though not account. This image had nothing of the human M. Sauffureit feems haveof extrafted it. informtheinnature it, butofrofe from atobroad bafis,conand Sometimes is mettowith a whitifh iron milkyfrom colour a raceorbicularly goal tapering a narrow front China; but moftly of a deep or pale green from vex a-top ; which is exaftly the figure of the idol in America. The common lapis nephriticus is of a grey, India, confecrated to fuch an office as that heathen yellowiffi, or olive colour. It has its name from a fup- deity was fuppofed to prefide over, and to which, on pofition of its being capable of giving eafe in nephritic the borders of the Ganges efpeciallys the Gentoo virpains, by being applied externally to the loins. It gins are brought to undergo a kind of fuperficial demay be diftinguiftied from all other (tones by its hard- floration before they are prefented to their huibands. nefs, femipellucidity, and fpecific gravity. (Richard), an ingenious poet, was vicar of and reftorfriend of Kimcote jU(JAFFA, ]ea_ the modern name of the city of Joppa in Snitterfield Leicefterihire.in Wamickfture, He was the intimate and corre-in JAFFATEEN islands, the name of four ifiands fpondent of Mr Shenftone, contemporary with him at in the Red Sea, vifited by Mr Bruce in his late travels. Oxford, and, it is believed,5 his fchoolfellow ; wasniverfity of U-

JAG [ 53 ] J A L Jaj#.1 niverfityCollege} took the degree of M. A. July9.1739; May, Auguft, and November, and fits three weeks.— was author rf feveral poems in the 4th and 5th volumes St Jago de la Vega is the county-town of Middlefex, of Dodfley’s Poems; publifhed a fermon, in 1755, on and belongs to the parifh of St Catharine ; in which u the Caufes of Impenitence confidered, preached May 4. parifh there are 11 fugar-plantations, 108 pens, and 1755, at Harbury in Warwickfliire, where he was vi- other fettlements, and about 10,000 flaves. car, on occafion of a converfation faid to have pafled JAGUAR, or Jaquar, a name given to the Brafibetween one of the inhabitants and an apparition in lian once, a fpecies of Feus. See Felis, fpec. vi. the church yard there; wrote “ Edge-hill,” a poem, JAGUEER, in Eaft India affairs, any penfion from for which he obtained a large fubfcription in 1767; the Grand Mogul, or king of Delhi; generally fuch as and was alfo author of “ Labour and Genius,”, 1 768, are afiigned for military (ervices. 410 ; of “ The Blackbirds,” a beautiful elegy in the JAGUEERDAR, the holder or poffeffor of a jaAdventurer ; and of many other ingenious performan- gueer. It comes from three Perfian words, Ja ” a ces. He died May 28. 1781. place ;” gueriftun “ to take and da/hlun “ to hold St Jago, a large river of South America, which rifcs qtiaft “ a place holder or penfioner.” In the times of in the audience of Quito and Peru. It is navigable; the Mo^ul empire, all the great officers of the court, and falls into the South Sea, after having watered a fer- called omrahs. were allowed jagueers, either in lands of tile country abounding in cottOn-trees, and inhabited which they colle&ed the revenues, or affignments upon by wild Americans. the revenues for fpecified fums, payable by the lord lieuSt Jago, the largeft, moft populous and fertile of tenant of a province : which fums were for their mainthe Cape Verd iflands, on the coall of Africa, and the tenance, and the fupport of fuch troops as they were refidence of the Portuguefe viceroy. It lies about neceffitated to bring into the field when demanded by 13 miles eaftward from the ifland of Mayo, and a- the emperor, as the condition of their jagueers, which bounds with high barren mountains; but the air, in were always revokable at pleafure. the rainy feafon, is very unwholefome to llrangers. Its JAIL-fever, a very dangerous diftemper of the produce is fugar, cotton, wine, and feme excellent contagious kind, arifing from the putrefeent difpofifruits. The animals are black cattle, horfes, affes, deer, tion of the blood and juices. See (the Index fubjoined goats, hogs, civet-cats, and fome very pretty green to) Medicine. JALAP, in botany and the materia medica, the monkeys with black faces. St Jagg, a handfome and confiderable town of South root of a fpecies of convolvulus or bind-weed. See America, the capital of Chili, with a good harbour, a Convolvulus. bifliop’s fee, and a royal audience. It is feated in a This root is brought to us in thin tranfverfe flices large and beautiful plain, abounding with all the ne- from Xalapa, a province of New Spain. Such pieces ceffaries of life, at the foot of the Cordilleras, on the ri- fhould be chofen as are moft compaA, hard, weighty, ver Mapocho, which runs acrofs it from eaft to weft. dark-coloured, and abound moll with black circular Here are feveral canals and a dyke, by means of which ftrise. Slices of bryony root are faid to be fometimes they water the gardens and cool the ftreets.—It is very mixed with thofe of jalap : thefe may be eafily diftinmuch fubjeft to earthquakes. W. Long. 69. 35. S. guilhed by their whiter colour and left compaft texLat. 33. 40. ture. This root has no fmell, and very little talte upon St Jago de Cula, a town in North America, fitu- the tongue ; but when fwallowed, it affedls the throat ated on the fouthern coaft of the ifland of Cuba, in the with a fenfe of heat, and occafions a plentiful difeharge bottom of a bay, with a good harbour, and on a river of faliva. Jalap in fubftance, taken in a dofe of about of the fame name. W. Long. 76. 44. N. Lat. 20. o half a dram (left or more, according to the circumJago de los Cavalieros, a town of America, and ftances of the patient) in plethoric, or cold phlegmaticone of the principal of the ifland of Hifpaniola. It is habits, proves an effediual, and in general a fafe purgafeated on the river Yague, in a fertile foil, but bad air. tive, performing its office mildly, feldom occaiioning naufea or gripes, which too frequently accompany the W. Long. 70. 5. N. Lat. 19. 40. St Jago del Entero, a town of South America,, one other flrong cathartics. In hypochondriacal diforde,rs, of the moft confiderable of Tucuman, and the ufual and hot bilious temperaments, it gripes violently if the refidence of the inquifitor of the province. It is jalap be good ; but rarely takes due. effedl as a purge. feated on a large river, in a flat country, where there An extrad made by water purges almoft univerfally, is game, tygers, guanacos, commonly called camel- but weakly ; and at the fame time has a confiderable effed by urine. The root remaining after this procefaJheep, &c. Jago de la Vega, otherwife called Spanljh town, is giipes violently. The pure refin, prepared by fpirit of the capital of the ifland0 of Jamaica, in the Weft In- wine, occafions moft violent gripings, and other diltref— dies 5 and Hands in 18 it north latitude, and 76° 45' fing fymptoms, but fcarce proves at all cathartic: triweft longitude. It is about a mile in length, and little turated with fugar. or with almonds into the form of more than a quarter of a mile in breadth ; and contains an emulfion. or diffolved in fpirit, and mixed with fybetween 500 and 6qo houfes, with about 4000 inhabi- rups, it purges plentifully in a fmall dofe, without octants of all colours and denominations. This town is cafioning much diforder : the part of the jalap remainfituated in a delightful plain, on the banks of the Rio ing after the reparation of the refin. yields to water an Cobre, 13 miles from Kingfton, and 10 from Port extrad, which has no effed as a cathartic, but operates Royal. It is the refidence of the commander in chief: powerfully by urine. Its officinal preparations are an and here the fupreme court of judicature is held, four extrad made with water and fpirit, a Ample tindure,, times in the year, viz. on the laft Tuefdays of February, and a compound powder.—Frederick Hoffman particalarly

JAM [ J4 1 JAM Jaiemus cularly cautions againft giving this medicine to chil- mate, like that of all countries between the tropics, is very warm towards the fea, in marfhy places unl i dren ; and allures us, that it will dellroy appetite, weaJamaica. ken tjje body, and perhaps occafion even death. In healthy ; but in more elevatedandfituations, cooler; and, ^ this point, this celebrated praftitioner was probably de- where people live temperately, to the full as wholefome ceived : children, whole veffels are lax, and the food as in any part of the Weft Indies. The rains fall heafoft and lubricating, bear thefe kinds of medicines, as vy for about a fortnight in the months of May and Geoffrey obferves, better than adults ; and accordingly O&ober; and, as they are thecaufe of fertility, are ftyled inoculators make much ufe of the tindture mixed with feafons. Thunder is pretty frequent, and fometimes Ample fyrup. The compound powder is employed in (howers of hail: but ice or fnow, except on the tops of dropfy, as a hydragogue purge ; and where ftimulus is the mountains, are never feen ; but on them, and at no not contraindicated, jalap is confidered asafafe cathartic. very great height, the air is exceedingly cold. JALEMUS, in antiquity, a kind of mournful The moft eaftern parts of this ridge are famous unfong, ufed upon occafion of death, or any other af- der the name of the Blue Mountains. This great fecting accident. Hence the Greek proverbs had their chain of rugged rocks defends the fouth fide of the original, oixgoTtpof or j. e. more fad or ifland from thofe boifterous north-weft winds, which colder than a jaiemus, “( tr»f icc/uMf lylgarrioc, worthy to might be fatal to their produce. Their ftreams, though fmall, fupply the inhabitants with good water, which be ranked among jalemufes. JAMADAR: An officer of horfe or foot, in Hin- is a great blelfing, as their wells are generally brackifti. dollan. Alfo the head or fuperintendant of the Peons The Spaniards were perfuaded that thefe hills abounded in the Sewaury, or train of any great man. with metals: but we do not find that they wrought any JAMAICA, an ifland of the Weft Indies, the largeft mines ; or if they did, it was only copper, of which they of the Antilles, lying0 between i f and 190 N. Lat. and faid the bells in the church of St Jago were made. between 76° and 79 W. Long. > in length near 170 They have feveral hot fprings, which have done great miles, and about 60 in breadth. It approaches in its cures. The climate was certainly more temperate befigure to an oval. The windward paffage right before fore the great earthquake ; and the ifland was fuppofed it hath the ifland of Cuba on the weft, and Hifpaniola to be out of the reach of hurricanes, which fince then it hath feverely felt. The heat, however, is very much on the eaft, and is about 20 leagues in breadth. This ifland was difeovered by admiral Chriftopher tempered by land and fea breezes ; and it is afierted, Columbus in his fecond voyage, who landed upon it that the hotteft time of the day is about eight in the May 5. 1494 ; and was fo much charmed with it, as al- morning. In the night, the wind blows from the land ways to prefer it to the reft of the iflands: in confe- on all fides, fo that no (hips can then enter their ports. quence of which, his fon chofe it for his dukedom. It In an ifland fo large as this, which contains above was fettled by Juan d’ Efquivel A. I). 1509, who built five millions of acres, it may be very reafonably conthe town, which, from the place of his birth, he called ceived that there are great variety of foils. Some of Seville, and 11 leagues farther to the eaft flood Me- thefe are deep, black, and rich, and mixed with a kind lilla. Orifton was on the fouth fide of the ifland, feated of potter’s earth; others (hallow and fandy; and fome of on what is now called Blue Fields River. All thefe a middle nature. There are many favannahs, or wide are gone to decay ; but St Jago, now Spanilh Town, plains, without ftones, in which the native Indians had is ftill the capital. The Spaniards held this country luxuriant crops of maize, which the Spaniards turned 160 years, and in their time the principal commodity into meadows, and kept in them prodigious herds of was cacao; they had an immesfe flock of horfes, afles, cattle. Some of thefe favannahs are to be met with and mules, and prodigious quantities of cattle. The even amongft the mountains. All thefe different foils Englifh landed here under Penn and Venables, May may be juftly pronounced fertile, as they would cer11. 1654, and quickly reduced the ifland. Cacao was tainly be found, if tolerably cultivated, and applied to alfo their principal commodity till the old trees decay- proper purpofes. A fufficient proof of this will arife ed, and the new ones did not thrive ; and then the from a very curfory review of the natural and artificial planters from Barbadoes introduced fugar-canes, which produce of this fpacious country. It abounds in maize, pulfe, vegetables of all kinds, hath been the great ftaple ever fince. The profpeA of this ifland from the fea, by reafon meadows of fine grafs, a variety of beautiful flowers, of its conftant verdure, and many fair and fafe bays, is and as great a variety of oranges, lemons, citrons, and wonderfully pleafant. The coaft, and for fome miles other rich fruits. Ufeful animals there are of all forts, within, the land is low ; but removing farther, it rifes horfes, affes, mules, black cattle of a large fize, and flieep, and becomes hilly. The whole ifle is divided by a the flefh of which is well tailed, though their wool is ridge of mountains running eaft and weft, fome rifing hairy and bad. Here are alfo goats and hogs in great to a great height: and thefe are compofed of rock, and plenty ; fea and river fifli; wild, tame, and water-fowl. a very hard clay ; through which, however, the rains Amongft other commodities of great value, they have that fall inceffantly upon them have worn long and the fugar-cane, cacao, indigo, pimento, cotton, ginger, deep cavities, which they call gullies. Thefe moun- and coffee; trees for timber and other ufes, fuch as tains, however, are far from being unpleafant, as they mahogany, manchineel, white wood, which no worm are crowned even to their fummits by a variety of fine will touch, cedar, olives, and many more. Befides trees. There are alfo about a hundred rivers that iffue thefe, they have fuftick, red wood, and various other from them on both fides; and, though none of them materials for dyeing. To thefe we may add a multiare navigable for any thing but canoes, are both plea- tude of valuable drugs, fuch as guaiacum, china, farfafing and profitable in many other refpe&s, The cli- parilla, caffia, tamarinds, vanellas, and the prickle-pear

jam [55 1 JAM with no in- The honourable the council confifts of a prefident Jamaica, confickrable number of odoriferous gums. Near the and 10 members; with a clerk, at L.270, chaplain cdafl they have falt-ponds, with which they fupply L. 100, ulher of the black rod and meflenger L. 250. their own confumption, and might make any quantity The honourable the afiembly confifts of 43 members, one of whom is chofen fpeaker. To this affembly be; they pleafed. As this ifland abounds with rich commodities, it is long a clerk, with L. 1000 falary ; a chaplain, L. 150 ; happy likewife in having a number of tine and fafe meflenger, L. 700 ; deputy, L. 140 ; and printer, ports. Point Morant, the eaftern extremity of the L. 200. ifland, hath a fair and commodious bay. Faffing on The number of members returned by each parifh and to the fouth, there is Port Royal : on a neck.of land county are, for Middlefex 17, viz. St Catharine 3, St which forms one fide of it, there flood once the faireft Dorothy 2, St John 2, St Thomas in the Vale 2, Clatown in the ifland ; and the harbour is as fine a one as rendon 2, Vere 2, St Mary 2, St Ann 2 : For Surry can be withed, capable of holding a thoufand large 16, viz. Kingfton 3, Port Royal 3, St Andrew 2, St veflels, and ftill the ftation of our fquadron. Old David 2, St Thomas in the Eaft 2, Portland 2, St Harbour is alfo a convenient port, fo is Maccary Bay ; George 2 : For Cornwall IQ, viz. St Elizabeth 2, and there are at lead twelve mo.re between this and Weftmoreland 2, Hanover 2, St James 2, Trelawthe weftern extremity, which is point Negrillo, where ney 2. our ihips of war lie when there is a war with Spain. The high court of chancery confifts of the chancelOn the north fide there is Grange Bay, Cold Harbour, lor (governor for the time being), 25 mafters in ordiRio Novo, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, one of the nary, and 20 mafters extraordinary; a regifter, and fineft in the ifland, and feveral others. The north- clerk of the patents ; ferjeant at arms, and mace-bearweft winds, which fometimes blow furioufly on this er. The court of vice admiralty has a foie judge, judg( coaft, render the country on that fide lefs fit for canes, furrogate, and commiflary, King’s advocate, principal but pimento thrives wonderfully ; and certainly many regifter, marlhal, and a deputy-marlhal. The court of other ftaples might be raifed in fmall plantations, which ordinary, confifts of the ordinary (governor for the time are frequent in Barbadoes, and might be very advan- being), and a clerk. The fupreme court of judicature, has a chief juftice, L. 120, and 16 affiftant judges; attageous here in many refpeCts. The town of Port Royal flood on a point of land torney-general, L. 400 ; clerk of the courts, L. 100; running far out into the fea, narrow, fandy, and inca- clerk of the crown, E. 350; folicitor for the crown ; pable of producing anything. Yet the excellence of 33 commiffioners for taking affidavits; a provoft-marthe port, the convenience of having Ihips of feven hun- dial-general, and eight deputies; J 8 barrifters, befides dred tons coming clofe up to their wharfs, and other the attorney-general and advocate-general; and upward advantages, gradually attrafted inhabitants in fuch a of 120 praftifing attornies at law. manner, that though many of their habitations were The commerce of Jamaica is very confiderable, not built on piles, there were near two thoufand houfes in only with all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, but the town in its moft flourilhing ftate, and which let at with Africa, North and South America, the Weft In« high rents. The earthquake by which it was over- dia iflands, and the Spanifti main. The fliips annually thrown happened on the 7th of June >692, and num- employed are upwards of 500 fail. bers of people periftied in it. This earthquake was The following account of the exports of this ifland" followed by an epidemic difeafe, of which upwards of in 1770, as given by Abbe Raynal, but which in fevethree thoufand died : yet the place was rebuilt; but the ral particulars appears to be under rated, will contrigreateft part was reduced to allies by a fire that hap- bute more than all that hath been faid, to fliow the pened on the 9th of January 1703, and then the. inha- importance of Jamaica. They conlifted in 2249 bales bitants removed moftly to Kingfton. It was, however, of cotton, which at 10 pounds per bale, the price in rebuilt for the third time; and was raifing towards its the ifland, amountsto 22,490!. ; 1873 hundredweight former grandeur, when it was overwhelmed by the fea, of coffee, at three pounds five ftiillings per hundred, Auguft 28. 1722. There is, notwithftanding, a fmall 6088 I ; 2753 bags of ginger, at two pounds five town there at this day. Hurricanes fince that time fhilhngs per bag, 6194I. ; 2211 hides, at feven Ihilhave often happened,andoccafionedterrible devaftations. lings per hide, 773 1. ; 16,475 puncheons of rum, at The ifland is divided into three counties, Middlefex, 10I. per puncheon, 164,7501.' Mahogany, 15,282 Surry, and Cornwall; containing zoparifhes, over each pieces and 8500 feet, 50,000 L Gf pimento, 2,089,734 of which prefides a magiftrate ftyled a cu/los; but thefe pounds weight, 52,243 1. Sugar, 57,675 hoglheadsrparilhes in point of fize are a kind of hundreds. The 6425 tierces, 52 barrels, at feventeen pounds ten Ihilwhole contain 36 towns and villages, 18 churches and lings per hoglhead; twelve pounds per tierce, and four chapels, and about 23,000 white inhabitants. pounds per barrel; amounting in the whole to The adminiftratiou of public affairs is by a gover- 1,086,620 1. Sarfaparilla, 305 bags, at ten pounds nor and council of royal.appointment, and the repre- per bag, 22501. Exports to Gfeat Britain andlrefentatives of the people in the lower houfe of affembly. land, 1,391,210!. To North • America, 146,324!. They meet at Spanilh Town, and things are conduced To the other iflands, 595 1. Total of the exports, with great order and dignity. The lieutenant-gover- 1,538,730!. nor and commander in chief has L. 5000 currency, or The following is a general view of the property and' L. 35571 : 8 : 6^, Sterl. befides which, he has a houfe in chief produce of the whole ifland in 1786, as prefixed. Spanilh-town, a pen or a farm adjoining, and a polink or by Mr Beckford to his deferintive account of Ja- f JntroiJ mountain for provifions ; a fecretary, an under-fecreta- matca f ry, and a. domeftic chaplain. Counties. P 2^*

J or opuntia, which produces the cochineal 5

A M iProdace, Jamaica Other Sugar Settle Slaves. Hhds. of Counties. Eftates. lanbic j Sugar. Ptents, 917 87100 ( 31500 Middlefex 540 75600 | 34900 Surry Cornwall 56f 90000 39000 2018 255700 105400 Total

JAM [ 56 J It fhould be here obferved, that where two hogs- Jamaica Cattle. heads of fugar are made, there is at lealt one puncheon . . of rum ; but the proportion has been of late years■* , —— more confiderable: the quantity of the latter will 75000 therefore be 52,700 puacheona. 80000 69500 22450a

A comparative view between the years 1768 and 1786. Amount Middlefex j Surry Cornwall Total in in in of in 1768 1786 1768 1786 1768 1786 1768 1786 Increale. Sugar Eltates; 239 323 146 350}) 266 388 651 1061 41a Sugar Hhds. j 24050 31500 15010 34900 J: 29100 39000 68160 105400 3724a 66744 87100 39542 75600 jj 60614 93000 166900 255700 88800 Negroes 59510 75000 21465 80000 ji 54775 69500 135750 224500 88750 Cattle From the above fcheme it appears, how confider- con fill wholly of iambus’s, as in the two following vorable has been the increafe of fugar-eftates, and confe- fes of Horace : 1234 5 6 quently of produce of negroes and cattle m eighteen years: and in the fame portion of time (it is faid), Dim. Inar\fit a\Jluo\fius\ if proper encouragement were given, they might be Trim. Suis\ iff i\pfa Ro\ma vi\ribus\ruit. Or, a dadtylus, fpondeus, anapeltus, and fometimes augmented in a threefold proportion. The common valuation of an eftate in Jamaica as tribrachys, obtain in the odd places; and the tribrachys alfo in the even places, excepting the laft. follows : Examples of all which may be feen in Horace ; as. Cane land (the canes upon it valued Sterling Dimeter. feparately) at ^ 22 per acre. ditto. Plants 1.2tra\£lavit\dapes\ 3.4 5 6 Canieli\a Cane land, i: 1 ratoons and young plants 15 ditto. ditto. Vide\re prope\rantes domum\ Failure land Trimeter. Wood land 4 ditto. Quo qub\fcek\Jli rui\tis\aut\cur dex\teris. Provifions 14 ditto. ditto. Prius\que ca\lumin\ferius\mari. Negroes 57 ditto. Jlliti\bus at\que cant\bus hoini\cid' He\£lofvm-. Mules ditto. Pavidum\que lepo\r' aut ad\venam laqueo\gruem. Steei s ditto. JAMBLICUS, the name of two celebrated Plato* Breeding cattle, &c. Works, water, carts, &c. - - from 7 to 10,000 nie philofophers, one of whom was of Colchis, and the If a planter would wiih to leafe his eilate for a num- other of Apamea in Syria. The firft., whom Julian ber of years, his income would be large if he could equals to Plato, was the difciple ol Anatolius and get only led. fterling a day for his negroes (the lofs Porphyry, and died under the reign of the emperor made good), without requiring any thing for his land Conftantine.—The fecond alfo enjoyed great reputation. Julian wrote feveral letters to him, and it is or works. faid he was poifoned under the reign of Valens. It is known to which of the two we ought to attribute JAMBI, or Jambis, a fea-port town and fmall not kingdom of Afia, on the eaftern coaft of the iiland of the works we have in Greek under the name of Jamviz. 1. The hiftory of the life of Pythagoras, Sumatra. It is a trading place. The Dutch have a blicus, the feft of the Pythagoreans. 2. An exhortation fort here; and export pepper from thence, with the and to the (ludy of philofophy. 3. A piece againft Porbeft fort of canes. E. Long. 103. 55. S. Lat. o. 30. phyry’s letter on the myfteries of the Egyptians. JAMBIA Vicus. See Yambo. IAMBIC, in ancient poetry, a fort of verfe, fo JAMBOLIFERA, in botany: A genus of the called from its cor.fifting either wholly, or in great monogynia order, belonging to the o&andria cl afs of plants ; and in the natural method ranking with thofe part, of iambus’s. See Iambus. Ruddiman makes two kinds of iambic, viz. dimeter of which the order is doubtful. The calyx is quadriand trimeter ; the former containing four feet, and the dented ; the corolla tetrapetalous, and funnel-lhaped ; latter fix. And as to the variety of their feet, they the filaments a little plane ; the ftigma fimple. IAMBUS, N° 162.

JAM t J7 . 3 JAM lamkis IAMBUS, in the Gteek andfyllable Latin followed profody, bya faid anceftors have neither been Jews, Saracens, nor James, poetical foot, confifting of a fliort heretics ; nor even to have been called in queftion by the inquifition. The novices are obliged to ferve fix months a long One ; as in in the galleys, and to live a month in amonaftery. Here9fw s-t.ya, £)ci, meas. tofore they were truly religious, and took a Vow of celiSyllaba longa Irevi fuljeHa vacatur iambus, as Horace bacy ; but Alexander HI. gave them a permiffion to exprefles it; who alfo calls the iambus a fwift, rapid marry. They now make no vows but of poverty, obedience, and conjugal fidelity ; to which, fince the year foot, pcs citus. The word, according to feme, took its rife from 1652, they have added that of defending the immacuiambus, the fon of Pan and Echo, who invented this late conception of the holy Virgin. Their habit is a foot; or, perhaps, who only ufed {harp-biting expref- white cloak, with a red crofs on the breaft. This is •fions to Ceres, when afllifted for the death of Profer- efteemed the moft confiderable of all the military orin Spain : the king carefully preferves the office ’pine. Others rather derive it from the Greek ve- ders netmm “ poifon or from malcdico “ I rail, of grand mafter in his own family, on account of the or revile becaufe the verfes compofcd of iambus’s rich revenues and offices, whereof it gives him the dif pofal. The number of knights is much greater now* •were at firft only ufed in fatire. JAMES (St.) called the Greater, the fon of Zebe- than formerly, all the grandees choofing rather to be received into this than into the order of the golden idee, and the brother of John the evangelift, was born fleece as this puts them in a fair way of atat Bcthfaida, in Galilee. He was called to be an taining; inafmuch to commands, and gives them many confiderapoftle, together with St John, as they were mending able in all the provinces of Spain, but efpetheir nets with their father Zebedee, who was a filher- ciallyprivileges in Catalonia. man ; when Chrift gave them the name of Boanerges^ or Sons of Thunder. They then followed Chrift, were James, the name of feveral kings of Scotland witneffes with St Peter of the transfiguration on mount and of Great Britain. See {Hijlaries of) Scotland Britain. Tabor, and accompanied our Lord in the garden of andJames I. king of Scotland in 1425, the firft of the ‘‘olives. It is believed that St James firft preached the houfe Stuart, .was not only the moil learned king, •gofpel to the difperfed Jews ; and afterwards returned •but theof moft man of the age in which he \o Judea, where he preached at Jerufalerr, when the flourilhed. Thislearned and amiable prince fell inJews raifed up Herod Agrippa againft him, who put to the hands of theingenipns of his country in his tenhim to a cruel death about the year 44. Thus St der youth, when he enemies? flying from the fnares of his James was the firft of the apoftles who fuffered martyr- unnatural ambitious was uncle, who governed his domidom. St Clement of Alexandria relates, that his ac- nions, and was fufpefted of defigns againft Iris life. 'cufcr was fo ftruck with his conftancy, that he became Having fecretly embarked fijr France, the fhip was taconverted and fuffered with him. There is a magni- ken by an Engliih privateer off Flamborough-head; ficent church at Jerufalem which bears the name of St and the prince and his attendants (among whom was James, and belongs to the Armenians. The Spa- the earl Orkney) were confined in a neighbouring niards pretend, that they had St James for their a- caftle untilof they ’pofile, and boaft of pofleffing his body ; but Baronius, Scotland. were fent to London. See (Hijlory of) •in his Annals, refutes their pretenfions. of England knew the value of the prize James (St.), called the Lefs, an apoflle, the brother The king obtained, and kept it with the moft anxious of Jude, and the fon of Cleophas and Mary the fifter hecare.hadThe prince was conduced to the Tower of of the mother of our Lord, is called in Scripture the London immediately after he was foized, April 12. JuJl, and the brother of Jefus, who appeared to him D. 1405, in the 13th year of his age ; and there in particular after his refurre&ion. He was the firft A. prifoner till June 10. A. D. 1407, when hifhop of Jerufalem, when Ananias II. high prieft of hekeptwasa clofe to the caftle of Nottingham, from the Jews, caufed him to be condemned, and delivered whence heremoved brought back to the Tower, March 1. him into the hands of the people and the Pharifees, D. 1414,wasand there confined till Auguft 3. in the who threw him down from the fteps of the temple, A. fame year, when he was conveyed to the caftle of ■when a fuller dafhed out his brains with a club, about Windfor, where he was detained till the fummer of the year 6a. His life was fo holy, that jofephus con- A. D. 1417; when Henry V. for political reafons, fiders the ruin of -Jerufalem as a punifhment infli&ed him with him into France in his fecond expeon that city for his death. He was the author of the carried dition. In all thefe fortrelfes, his confinement, from epiftle which bears his name. account of it, was fo fevere and ftridl, that he St James of the Sword, (San Jago del EfpadaJ, his own not fo much as permitted to take the air. In this a military order in Spain, inftituted in i 170, under was melancholy fituation, fo unfuitable to his age and the reign of Ferdinand II. king of Leon and Gallicia. rank, books were his chief companions, and ftudy his Its end was to put a ftop to the incurfions of the pleafure. He rofe early in the morning, imMoors; three knights obliging themfelves by a vow to greateft mediately applied to reading, to divert him from painfecure the roads. An union was propofed and agreed ful refleftions misfortunes, and continued his to in n 70 between thefe and the canons of St Eloy ; ftudies, with onlittlehisinterruption, till late at night. and the order was confirmed by the pope in 1175. The James being naturally fenfible, ingenious, and fond of higheft. dignity in that order is that of grand mafter, ■which lias been united to the crown of Spain. The knowledge, and having received a good education in knights are obliged to make proof of their defeent from his early youth, under the direction of Walter Wardfamilies that have been noble for four generations on law bifhop of St Andrew’s, by this clofe application both fides; they mull alfo make it appear, that their to ftudy, became an univerfal fcholar, an excellent H poet. Vox,. IX. Part I.

A MThat he wrote asCwell58life. ] In the monumentsJAM James, poet, and exquiliteJ mufician. of his genius, he hath been James4 as read much, we have his own tellimony, and that of almoft equally unfortunate. No veftiges are now r all our hiftorians who lived near his time. Bowma- maining of his Mil in architecture, gardening, and ker, the continuator of Fordun, who was his con- painting ; though we are affured by one who was well temporary, and perfonally acquainted with him, acquainted with him, that he excelled in all thefe arts li,> l6 fpends ten chapters in his praifes, and in lamenta- Many of the productions of his pen have alfo perilh- ’ ‘ , tions on his death ; and, amongft other things, fays, ed ; for he tells us himfelf that he wrote much f ; and ^King's * that his knowledge of the fcriptures, of law, and we know of only three of his poems that are now ex- Quc 1 philofophy, was incredible. HeCtor Boyfe tells , us, tant, viz. Chrift’s Kirk on the Green—Peebles at the Cant0 that Henry IV. and V. furnithed their royal pri- Play—and the King’s Quair, which was lately difco* ftaiK r3* foner with the beft teachers in all the arts and fcien- vered by Mr Warton, and hath been publifhed by ano- See Pee L ces; and that, by their afliftance, he made great pro- ther gentleman J. But flender as thefe remains are, 1 ficiency in every part of learning and the line arts; they afford fufficient evidence, that the genius of th\scaj~ema,% that he became a perfeCt mafter in grammar, rhetoric, royal poet was not inferior to that of any of his conpoetry, mufic, and all the fecrets of natural philofo- temporaries; and that it was equally fitted for the and ton sWar-1 phy, and was inferior to none in divinity and law. He gayeft or the graveft ftrains. ’ ©bferves further, that the poems he compofed in his James II. king of Scotland, 1457, fucceeded biSp0^vol,| aative tongue were fo beautiful, that you might eafily father, being then not feven years of age ; and was^ perceive he was born a poet ; but that his Latin killed at the fiege of Roxburgh in 1460, aged 29. poems were not fo faultlefs ; for though they abounded James III. king of Scotland, fucceeded his father, in the moft fublime fentiments, their langrfege was not in 1460, in the 7th year of his age. The moll ftriking fo pure, owing to the rudenefs of the times in which feature in the character of this prince, unjuftly reprehe lived. This prince’s fie ill in mufic was remarkable. fented as tyrannical by feveral hiftorians, was his fond■Walter Bower abbot of Inch-colm, who was intimate- nefs for the fine arts, and for thofe who excelled in ly acquainted with that prince, affures us, that he ex- them, on whom he beftowed more of his company, celled all mankind in that art both vocal and inftru- confidence, and favour, than became a king in his mental; and that he played on eight different circumftances. This excited in his fierce and haughftruments (which he names), and efpecially on the ty nobles diflike and contempt of their fovereign, and harp, with fuch exquifite fkill, that he feemed to be indignation againft the objefts of his favour^; which produced the moft; pernicious confequences, and ended *Hi.Seethren. performer, infpired *. butKing not onlyboth an ofexcellent alfo James a capitalwascompofer, facred in a rebellion that proved fatal to James, who was flain 9.48. and fecular mufic; and his fame on that account was in 1488, aged 36. extenfive, and of long duration. Above a century af- James IV. king of Scotland, fucceeded his father ter his death, he was celebrated in Italy as the inven- in 1488. He was a pious and valiant prince ; fubtor of a new and pleafing kind of melody, which had dued his rebellious fubjefts ; and afterwards, taking been admired and imitated in that country. This part with Louis XII. againft Henry VIII. of Engappears from the following teftimony of Aleffandro land, he was flain in the battle of Flouden-Field in Tafibni, a w'riter who was well informed, and of un- 1513, aged 41.—This king is acknowledged to have doubted credit. “ We may reckon among us mo- had great accomplilhments both of mind and body. derns, James king of Scotland, who not only compo- His Latin epiftles are claffical, compared with the barfed many facred pieces of vocal mufic, but alfo of him- barous ftyle of the foreign princes with whom he corfelf invented a new kind of mufic, plaintive and melan- refponded. Like his father, he had a tafte for the fine choly, different from all other ; in which he hath been arts, particularly that of fculpture. The attention 'mitated by Carlo Gefualdo prince of Venofa, who, in he paid to the civilization of his people, and his diltriour age, hath improved mufic with new and admi bution of juftice, merit the higheft praife. After all,. table inventions. ”f As the prince of Venofa imitated the virtues of James appear to have been more fliining ^TaJJ^Pen- king James, the other muficians of Italy imitated the than folid ; and his charadler was that of a fine gentle.prince of Venofa. “ The moft noble Carlo Gefual- man and a brave knight, rather than a wife or a great "Hb. the prince of muficians of our age, introduced fuch monarch. At the time of his death, he was only in John10.Sir Haw-4.’ do, forty-firft year. Like all the princes of his family (to a ftyle of modulation, that other muficians yielded the his kin’s, vo). preference to him ; and all fingers and players on his _great ugrandfon James VI-) his perfon was handP.5,6. ftringed inftruments, laying afide that of others, every fome, vigorous, and active, From their coins it does where embraced his J. All the lovers, therefore, of not appear, that either he, • any of his predeceflbrs jp.J Id.a 13.vol. 3. Italian or of Scotch mufic, are much indebted to the of the Stuart race, wore their beards, as did all hi». admirable genius of king James I. who, in the gloom fuccefibrs, to the reign of Charles II. -and folitude of a prifon, invented a new kind of mufic, James V. king of Scotland, in 1513, was bnt 18 plaintive indeed, and.fuited to his fituation, but at the months old when his father loft his life. When of age, fame time fo fweet and fopthing, that it hath given he affifted Francis I. king of France againft the emperor Charles le Quint; for which fervice Francis gave pleafure to millions in every fucceeding age. As James I. of Scotland was one of the moft ac- him his eldeft daughter in marriage, in 1535, This complilhed princes that ever filled a throne, he was princefs died in two years ; and James married Mary of alfo one of the moft unfortunate. After fpending al- Lorraine, daughter of Claud duke of Guife, and wimoft 20 years in captivity, and encountering many dow of Louis d’Orleans, by whom he had only one difficulties on his return into his native kingdom, he child, the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots, born onwas murdered by barbarous affaffins in the prime of ly eight days before his death, which happened De 3. cembev

JAM [ 59 ] JAM James, 1 eember 13. 1542, in the 35th year of his age. This injured fubjeds, he fled like a coward, inftead of dif- Jatfies. was the firft prince of his family who died a natural arming their rage by a difmiffion of his Popilh mini- -v— death, fince its elevation to the throne. He died, fters and priefts. He rather chofe to live and die a bim however, of a broken heart, occafioned by differences got, or, as he believed, a faint, than to fupport the with his barons. He was formed by nature to be the dignity of his anceftors, or perifh beneath the ruins of ornament of a throne and a blefling to his people ; but his throne. The confequence was the revolution in his excellent endowments were rendered in a great 1689. James IL died in France in 1710, aged 68. meafure ineffeftual by an improper education. Like He wrote Memoirs of his own life and campaigns to moft of his predeceffors, he was born with a vigorous, the reftoration; the original of which is preferved in graceful perfon, which, in the early part of his reign, the Scotch college at Paris. This piece is printed at was improved by all the manly exercifes then in ufe. the end of Ramfay’s life of Marihal Turenne. 2. MeThis prince was the author of a humourous compofx- moirs of the Englilh affairs, hechiefly naval, from the tion in poetry, whiclvgoes by the name of the Gaber- year 1660 to 1673. 3- T ro>'al fufferer, king lun’z.te Man* James II. confiding of meditations, foliloquies, vows, James VI. king of Scotland in 1567, and of Eng- &c. faid to be compofed by his majefty at St Gerland in 1603, was fonof Mary queen of Scots; whomhe mains. 4. Three letters ; which were publilhcd by fucceeded in Scotland, as he did Elizabeth in England. William Fuller, gent, in 1702, with other papers reStrongly attached to the Proteftant religion, he figna- lating to the court of St Germains, and are faid in the lized himfelf in its fupport; which gave rife to the title-page to be printed by command. horrid confpiracy of the Papifts to dellroy him and James (Thomas), a learned Englifli critic and diall the Englifh nobility by the Gunpowder Plot, dif vine, born about the year 1571. He recommended covered November 5. J605. The following year, a himfelf to the office of keeper of the public library at political left of loyalty was required, which fecured Oxford, by the arduous undertaking of publiihing a ■ the king’s perfon, by clearing the kingdom of thofe catalogue of the MSS in each college library at both difaffeded Roman-Catholic fubjeds who would not univerfities. He was ele&ed to this office in 1602, fubmit to it. The chief glory of this king’s reign con- and held it 18 years, when he refigned it to profecute hfted in the eftablifhment of new colonies, and the his (Indies with more freedom. In the convocation introdudion of fome manufadures. The nation enjoy- held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625, of which ed peace, and commerce flourifhed during his reign. he was a member, he moved to have proper commifYet his adminiftration was defpifed both at home and fioners appointed to collate the MSS of the fathers in abroad : for, being the head of the Proteflant caufe in all the libraries in England, with the Popiflt editions, Europe, he did not fupport it in that great crifrs, the in order to deteft the forgeries in the latter ; but this war of Bohemia ; abandoning his fon-in-law the eledor propofal not meeting with the defired encouragement, Palatine ; negotiating when he fhould have fought, he engaged in. the laborious talk himfelf, which he deceived at the fame time by the courts of Vienna and continued until his death in 1629. He left behind Madrid 5 continually fending illuftrious ambaifadors to him a great number of learned works. foreign powers, but never making a Angle ally. He James (Richard), nephew of the former, entered valued himfelf much upon his polemical writings ; and into orders in 1615 : but, being a man of humour, of fo fond was he of theological difputations, that to three fermons preached before the univcrfity, one conkeep them alive, he founded, for this exprefs purpofe, cerning the obfervation of Lent was without a text, Chelfea-college ; which was converted to a much bet- according to the moft ancient manner; another againft ter ufe by Charles II. His Bafilicon Doron, Com- the text; and the third befide it. About the year mentary on the Revelation, writings againft Bellar- 1619, he travelled through Wales, Scotland, Shetmine, and his Damonologia, or dodrine of witchcraft, land, into Greenland and Ruffia, of which he wrote are fufficiently known. There is a colledion of his obfervations. He affifted Selden in compofing his writings and fpeeches in one folio volume. Several Marmora Arunddiana; and was very ferviceable to other pieces of his are extant; fome of them in the Sir Robert Cotton, and his fon Sir Thomas, in difCaballa, others in manufcnpt in the Britifh Mufeum, pofing and fettling their noble library. He died in and others in Howard’s colledion. He died in 1625, 1638 ; and has an extraordinary chara&er given him in the 59th year of his age, and 23d of his reign. by Wood for learning and abilities. James II. king of England, Scotland, &c. 1685, James (Dr Robert), an Engliftr phyfician of great grandfon of James I. fuccteded his brother Char. II. eminence, and particularly diftinguifhed by the prepaIt is remarkable, that this prince wanted neither cou- ration of a moft excellent fever-powder, was born at rage nor political abilities whilil he was duke of York ; Kinverfton in Staffordffiire, A. D. 1703 : his father a on the contrary, he was eminent for both : but when major in the army, his mother a filter of Sir Robert he afcended the throne, he was no longer the fame Clarke. He was of St Jbhn’s-college in Oxford, man. A bigot from his infancy to the Romilh reli- where he took the degree of A. B. and afterwards gion and to its hierarchy, he facrificed every thing to pradtifed phyfic at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingeflablifh them, in dired contradidion to the experi- ham fucceffively. Then he removed to London, and ence he had acquired, during the long reign of his became a licentiate in the college of phyficians; but in brother, of the genius and charader of the people he what years we cannot fay. At London he applied was to govern. Guided by the Jefuit Peters his con- himlelf to writing as well as praftifing phyfic ; and in feffor, and the infamous chancellor Jeffries, he violated 1743, publifhed a Medicinal Didtionary, 3 vols folio. every law enaded for the fecurity of the Proteftant re- Soon after he publiflied an Engliftr tranflation, with a ligion ; and then, unable to face the refentment of his Supplement by himfdf, of Ramazzini de morbis artifi-

1 JAM f 60 ] JAM James'* ^ cum; to wHich he alfo prefixed a piece theTady for twenty-four hours, and in that James’s 1 Powder. Hoffman upon Endemial Dillempers, 8vo.of InFrederic 1746, vomited time gave her between twenty and thirty flools ; at o- ^owj'ler ^ * The Praftice of Phyfic, 2 vols 8vo; in 1760, On Ca- ther times I have feen a. fcruple produce little or no Tameibne. L j nine Madnefs, 8vo; in 1764, A Difpenfatory, 8vo. vifible effect. June 2J. 1755* when the king was at Cambridge, “ So far as I have obferved,. I think that the dofe James was admitted by mandamus to the do&orfhip of this powder to an adult, is from five to twenty of phyfic. In 1778, were publifhed, A Differtation grains ; and that, when it is adminiflered, one ought upon Fevers, and A Vindication of the Fever-Powder, to begin by giving fmall dofes. 8vo; with A fhort Treatife on the Diforders of Chil- “ Where patients are ftrong, and a free evacuation dren, and a very good print of Dr James. This was is wanted, this is a ufeful remedy tand it may be given the 8th edition of the Differtation, of which the firfl in fmall repeated dofes as an alterative itv many cafes j was printed in 17515 and the purpofe of it was, to but where patients are weakly and in, low fevers, it offet forth the fuccefs of this powder, as well as to de- ten a&s with too great violence ; and I have myfelf fcribe more particularly the manner of adminiftering feen inilances, and have heard of others from other it. The Vindication was pofthuraous and unfiniihed: pra&itioners, where patients have been hurried to their for he died March 23. 1776, while he was employed graves by the ufe of this powder in a very fhort. upon it.— Dr James was married, and left feveral fons time. and daughters. “ It has been called Dr James’s Fever-Powder ; and James's Powder, a medicine prepared by the late Dr many have believed it to be a certain remedy for feRobert James, of which the bafishas been long known vers, and that Dr James had cured molt of the patients to chemifts, though the particular receipt for making whom he attended, and who recovered, by the ufe of it lay concealed in Chancery till made public by Dr{-. this powder. But the bark, and not the antimonialf Vol. I. Monro in his Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemijlry was the remedy which Dr James almoft alJ>. 366* The following (Dr Monro informs us) is a copy of the powder, ways trufted to for the cure of fevers : he gave his receipt, extracted from the Records of Chancery ; the powders only to clear che ftomach and bowels ; and inventor, when he took out a patent for felling his pow- after he had effected that, he poured in the bark as der, having fworn, in the mod folemn manner, that freely as the patient could fwallow it. The Dodtor it was the true and genuine receipt for preparing it: believed all fevers to be more or lefs of the intermit‘ Take antimony, calcine it with a continued pro- ting kind; and that if there was a poffibility of curing, trafted heat, in a flat, unglazed,earthen veffel, add- a fever, the bark was the remedy to effectuate the ing to it from time to time a fufficient quantity of cure ; for if the fever did not yield to that, he any animal oil and fait, well dephlegmated ; then was fure that it wouli yield to no other remedy whatboil it in melted nitre for a coniiderable time, and ever, as he has more than once declared to me when feparate the powder from the nitre, by diffolving I have attended patients in fevers along with him.” it in water.’ James Town, a borough and fair-town of Ireland, This extraft Dr Monro accompanies with the fol- in the county of Leitrim, and province of Connaught ; lowing obfervations. “ When the Doftor firlt admi- fituated 5 miles north-weft of Carrick, on Shannon, niftered his powder, he ufed to join one grain of the and 73 north-weft of Dublin, in north lat. 53. 44. weft following mercurial preparation to thirty grains of his long. 8. 15. It has a barrack for a company of foot,, antimonial powder ; but in the latter part of his life and returns two members to parliament; patronage in Le often declared that he had long laid aiide the addi- the family of King.—It has three fairs. tion of the mercurial. His mercurial, which he called St James Day, a feftival of the Chriftian church,, a pill, appears by the records of chancery to have obferved on the 25th of July, in honour of St James been made in the following manner: ‘ Purify quickiilver, the greater, fon of Zebedee. by diftilling it nine times from an amalgam, made with Epijlle of St James, a canonical book of the New martial regains of antimony, and a proportional quan- Teftament, being the firft of the catholic or general tity of fal ammoniac ; diffolve this purified quicklilver epiflles ; which are fo called, as not being written to ta fpirit of nitre, evaporate to drynefs, calcine the one but to feveral Chriftian churches. powder till it becomes of a gold colour ; burn fpirits This general epiftle is addreffed partly to the belieof wine upon it, and keep it for ufe.’ Dr James, at ving and partly to the infidel Jews ; and is defigned tothe end of the receipt given into chancery, fays, ‘ The corredl the errors, foften the ungoverned zeal, and redofe of thefe medicines is uncertain ; but in general form the indecent behaviour of the latter ; and to comthirty grains of the antimonial and one grain of the fort the former under the great hardihips they then mercurial is a moderate dofe. Signed and fworn to, did, or fhortly were to fuffer, for the fake of Chrifby Robert James.’ tianity. “ I have frequently direffed this powder to be gi- JAMESONE (George), an excellent painter, juftven, and have often feen Dr James himfelf as well as ly termed the Vandyck of Scotland, was the Con of Another praftitioners adrainifter it, in fevers and in other drew Jamefone, an architect; and was born at Abercomplaints. Like other aftive preparations of anti- deen, in 1586. He ftudied under Rubens, at Antmony, it fometimes operates with great violence, even werp ; and, after his return, applied with indefatiwhen given in fmall dofes ; at other times a large dofe gable induftry to portraits in oil, though he fometimes , produces very little vifible effe&s. I have feen three pra&ifed in miniature, and alfo in hiftory and landgrains operate briikly, both upwards and downwards ; fcapes. His largeft portraits were fo me what lefs than and I was once called to a patient to whom Dr James life. His earlieft works are chiefly on board, afterhad himfelf given five grains of it, and it purged and wards oa a fine linca cloth fxaoothly primed with a prow*

JAN JAN t 6l ] JaiByn, proper tone to help the harmony of his fhadows. His per, who being forced upon them by the intrigues of J-m* , excellence is faid to confiil in delicacy and foftnefs, France, would, as a mark of his gratitude, facrifice the lnu.Vrie with a clear and beautiful colouring; his (hades not liberties of Brittany to his prote&or. The people, J ^ *' charged, but helped by varnifh, with little appearance moved by the affeftiug appearance, and animated by pf the pencil. When king Charles I. vifited Scotland the noble coudu6l of tfic princefs, vowed to live and die in 1633, the magiltrates of Edinburgh, knowing his with her in defending the rights of her family ; and majeily’s tafte, employed this artilt to make drawings their example was followed by almoft all the Bretons. of the Scottifh monarchs; with which the king was The conntefs went from place to place, encouraging fo pleafed, that, inquiring for the painter, he fat to the garrifons of the feveral fortreffes, and providing him, and rewarded him with a diamond-ring from his them with every thing neceffary for their fobliilence ; own finger. It is obfervable, that Jamefone always after which (lie (hut herfelf up with her fon in Henncdrew himfelf with his hat on, either in imitation of bon, where (he refolved to wait for the fuccours which hi$ mafter Rubens, or on having been indulged in that the king of England (Edward III.) had promiied to Liberty by the king when he fat to him. Many of fend to her afliilance. Charles de Blois, accompanied Jamefone’s works are in both the colleges of Aber- by the Dukes pf Burgundy and Bourbon, and many deen ; and the Sybils there he is faid to have drawn other nrblemen, took the field with a numerous army, from living beauties in that city. His bell works are and having reduced Rennes, laid fiege to Hennebon, from the year 1630 to bis death, which happened at which was defended by the couutefs in perfon. This heroine repulfed the affailants in all their attacks with Edinburgh in 1644. JAMYN (Amadis), a celebrated French poet in the moll undaunted courage, and obferving one day the 16th century. He is eileemed the rival of Ron- that their whole army had left the camp to join in a fard, who was his cotempurary and friend. He was general dorm, (he ruftied forth at a poilern-gate, with k cretary and chamber-reader in ordinary to Char. IX. three hundred horfe, fet fire to their tents and baggage, and died about if&y. He wrote, 1. Poetical works, killed their futlers and fervants, and raifed fuch a ter7 vols. 2. Philofophical difeoutfes to Paficharis and ror and confternation through all their quarters, that the Rodantbe, with feven academical dilbourfes. 3. A enemy gave over their affault, and getting betwixt her tranflation of the Iliad of Homer, begun by Hugh and the walls, endeavoured to cut off her retreat to Sabel, and finiflied by Jamyn ; with a tranflation into the city. Thus intercepted, (he put the fpurs to her French verfe of the three firll books of the Odyffey. horfe, and, without halting, galloped diredly to Breft, JANE o/Tla.mders, a remarkable lady, who feems which lay at thediftance of two-and twenty miles from' to have pofl'efled in her own perfon all the excellent qua- the feeae of a&ion. There being fupplied with a bolities of both fexes,. was the wife of John de Mountfort, dy of five hundred horfe, (lie immediately returned, a competitor for the dukedom of Brittany upon the and fighting her way through one part of the French death of John III. This duke, dying without iffue, camp, was received into Hennebon, amidft the acclaleft his dominions to his niece Jane, married to Charles mations of the people. Soon after this the Englifli de Blois nephew to the king of France; but John de fuccours appeared, and obliged the enemy to raife the Mountfort, brother to the late duke though ly a fecond fiege. marriage, claimed the duchy, and was received as fuc- JANEIRO, a province of Brafil in South AmeripdTor by the people of Nantes. The greateft part of ca, feated between the tropic of Capricorn and 220 the nobility fwore fealty to Charles de Blois, thinking of S’. Lat. It is bounded on the north by the province him bed fupported. This difpute occafioned a civil of Spirito San&o, on the call and fouth by the Atwar ; in the courfe of which John was taken prifoner, lantic Ocean, and on the weft by the mountains which and fentto Paris. This misfortune would have entire- feparate it from Guiara, in Spanifh America. This is ly ruined his party, had not his intereft been fupport- the moft valuable province which the Portuguefe are ed by the extraordinary abilities of his wife, Jane of mailers of; for they import from thence yearly great Flanders. Bold, daring, and intrepid, fhe fought like quantities of gold and precious ftones, which they find a warrior in the field; fhrewd, fenfible, and fagacious, in the mountains, to a prodigious value. fhe fpoke like a politician in the council ; and endow- JANICULUM, or Janicularis, a hill of ancient ed with the moll amiable manners, and winning addrefs, Rome, added by Ancus Martius; the burial-place of fhe was able to move the minds of her fubjefts by the Noma, and of Statius Csecilius the poet: to the eaft and force of her eloquence, and mould them exactly accord- fouth, having the Tiber ; to the weft, the fields; to the ing to her pleafure. She happened to be at Rennca north, a part of the Vatican. So called, either from when fhe received the news of her hufband’s captivity; an ancient city, (Virgil) ; or becaufe it was a janua, but that difafler, inftead of depreffing her fpirits, ferved or gate, from which to iffue out and make incurliona only to roufe her native courage and fortitude. She on the Tufcans, (Verrius Flaccus.) Now called Mans forthwith affembled the citizens ; and, holding in her Aureut corruptly Montonus, from its fparkling fands. arms her infant fon, recommended him to their care From this hill, on account of its height, is the moft andprote&ion in the moft pathetic terms, as the male extenfive profpeil of Rome : but it is lefs inhabited, heir of their ancient dukes, who had always governed becaufe of its grofs air ; neither is it reckoned among them with lenity and indulgence, and to whom they the feven hills. Hither the people retired, and were had ever profefled the moll zealous attachment. She hence afterwards recalled by Hortenfias the di&adeclared herfelf willing to run all hazards with them in (Pliny.) fo juft a caufe; pointed out the refources that flill re- tor,JANIZARIES, an order of infantry in the Turkifla a mained in the alliance of England ; earneftly befeech- armies; reputed the grand feignior’s foot guards. ing them to make one vigorous effort agalnft an ufur- Vo thus derives the word ft am genizers, which in the Turkifc

JAN f 64 1 JAN Turk ifh language; figriifies rwvi homines or miIkes, third ofjanizaries ; who are a kind of correftors and Janfcn, D’ Herbelot tells us, thatjeuitcberi fignifies a new bank, revifors of the pope’s bulls. Janfenitls.V or troop; and that the name was firft given by Amu- JANSEN (Cornelius), bilhop of Ypres, one of the rath I. called the Conqueror, who chobfing out one fifth moft learned divines of the 17th century, and principart of the Chriftian prifoners whom he had taken pal of the fe& called from his name JanfeniJls. He from the Greeks, and inftru&ing them in the difcipline was born in Holland of Catholic parents, and (ludied of war and the do&rinesof their religion, fent them to at Louvain. Being fent to tranfadl fome bufinefs of Hagi Bektafche (a perfonwhofe ptetended piety render- confequence relating to the univerfity, into Spain,; the ed him extremely revered among the Turks), to the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing end that he might confer his bleffing on them, and at policy of France, engaged him to write a book to the fame time give them fome mark to diftinguifh them expofe the French to the pope as no good Catholics, from the reft of the troops.—Bektafche, after blefiing fince they made no fcruple of forming alliances with them in his manner. Cut off one of the fleeves of the Proteftant Hates. Janfen performed this talk in his fur-gown which he had on, and put it on the head of Mars Gallicus ; and was rewarded with a mitre, being the leader of this new rtiilitia ; from which time, viz. promoted to the fee of Ypres in 1635. He had, a* ’the year of Chrift 1361, they have Hill retained the mong other writings, before this, maintained a connamejenitchert, and the fur-cap. tnverfy againft the Proteftants upon the points of As, in the Turkifh army, the European troops are grace and predeftination 5 but his Augujlinus was the diftinguifhed from thofe of Afia; the janizaries are al- principal labour of his life, on which he fpent above 20 fo diftinguifhed into jdnizarks of Conjiantmople, and of years. See the next article. Damafcus. Their pay is from two afpers to twelve JANSENISTS, in church-hiftory, a feft of the per diem ; for when they have a child, or do any fig- Roman Catholics in France, who followed the opinions nal piece of fervice, their pay is augmented.—Their of Janfenius, bifhop of Ypres, and dodtor of divinity drefs confifts of a dolyman, or long gown, with fhort of the univerfitieS of Louvain and Douay, in rdation fleeves, which is given them annually by the grand to grace and predeftination. feignior on the firft day of Ramazan. They wear no In the year 1640, the two oniverfities juft mentlonturbeau ; but, in lieu of that, a kind of cap, which ed, and particularly father Molina and father Leonard they call %arcola, and a long hood ©f the fame fluff Celfus, thought fit to condemn the opinions of the Jehanging on their (boulders. On folemn days they are fuits on grace and free-will. This having fet the conadorned with feathers, which are ftuck in a little cafe troverfy on foot, Janfenius oppofed to the dodtrine of on the fore-part of the bonnet.—Their arms,in Europe, the Jefuits the fentiments of St Auguftine; and wrote in time of war, are a fabre, a carabine or mu(ket, a treatife on grace, which he intitled Augujlinus. and a cartouch-box hanging on the left fide. At Con- This treatife was attacked by the Jefuits, who accufed ftantinople, in time of peace, they wear only a long Janfenius of maintaining dangerous and heretical opU ftaff in their hand. In Afia, where powder and fire- nions ; and afterwards, in 1642, obtained of pope Unarms are more uncommon, they wear a bow and ar- ban VIII. a formal condemnation of the treatife wrote rows, with a poingard, which they call haniare.— by Janfenius: when the partifans of Janfenius gave Though the janizaries are not prohibited marriage, out that this bull was fpurious, and compofed by a per-. yet they rarely marry, nor then but with the confent fon entirely devoted to the Jefuits. After the death of their officers ; as imagining a married man to make of Urban VIII, the affair of Janfenifm began to be a worfe foldier than a bachelor.—It was Ofman, or more warmly controverted, and gave birth to an infi'Ottoman, or, as others will have it, Amurath, who nite number of polemical writings concerning graced firft inftituted the order of janizaries. They were at And what occafioned fome mirth, was the titles which firft called jaja, that is, footmen, to diftingiiiftt them each party gave to their writings: one writer publilhfrom the other Turks, the troops whereof confided ed The torch of St Augujline, another found Snujferi moftly of cavalry. The number of janizaries is gene- for St Augufline’s torch, and father Veron formed A gag rally above 40,000; divided into 162 companies or for the JanfeniJls, &c. In the year 1650, 68 bifhops chambers called odas, in which they live together at of France fubfcribed a letter to pope Innocent X. to Conftantinople as in a convent. They are of a fupe- obtain an inquiry into and condemnation of the five rior rank to all other foldiers, and are alfo more arro- following propofitions, extra6ted from Janfenius’s Augant and factious, and it is by them that the public guftinus; 1. Some of God’s commandments are imtranquillity is moftly difturbed. The government may poffible to be obferved by the righteous, even though therefore be faid to be in the hands of the janizaries, they endeavour with all their power to accomplilh They have, however, fome good qualities : they are them. 2. In the ftate of corrupted nature, we are inemployed to efcort travellers, and efpecially ambaf- capable of refifting inward grace 3. Merit and defadors and perfons of high rank, on the road ; in which merit, in a ftate of corrupted nature, does not depend cafe, they behave with the utmoft zeal and fidelity. on a liberty which excludes neceffity, but on a liberty Janizaries, at Rome, are officers or penfioners of which excludes eonftraint. 4. The Semipelagians ad-' the pope, called alfo participantes, on account of certain mitted the neceffity of an inward preventing grace for rites or duties which they enjoy in the annates, bulls, the performance of each particular ad, even for the or expeditions, and the Roman chancery.—Moft beginning of faith; but they were heretics in main* authors are miftaken in the nature of their office : taining that this grace was of fuch a nature, that the 'the truth is, they are officers of the third bench or will of man was able either to refift or obey it. It is college of the Roman chancery. The firft bench Semipelagianifm to fay, that Jefus Chrift died, or (hed confifts of writers, the fecond of abbrcviators, and the his blood, for all mankind in general. In

1 JanfFens. 1

J A N [ 63 ] J theA popeN appointed a congregaI the year 1652, Janflens compofcd hiftorical fubje&s, both in a fniall Jaflffens, tionnfor examining into the difpute in relation to grace, and a large fize ; but he found the demand for his Januarv *us In this congregation Janfenius was condemned ; and fmall pidlures fo confiderable, that he was induced to ' the bull of condemnation, publifhed in May 1653, fill- paint mofi frequently in that fize. During 11 years ed all the pulpits in Paris with violent outcries and hefinifhing continued at Rome, which barely fufficed for his thofe pictures for which he was engaged ; alarms againft the herefy of the Janfenifts. In the year 1656, pope Alexander VII. iffued out another bull, could he have been even then at his liberty, had he not in which he condemned the five propofitions of Janfe- limited himfelf to a number, and determined not to v thus. However, the Janfenifts affirm, that thefe pro- dertakemore.—Returning to Bnffftls,.his performances pofitions are not to be found in this book ; but that were as much admired there as they had before been fome of his enemies having caufed them to be printed in Italy ; but having married, and gradually become on a ffieet, inferted them in the book, and thereby de- the father of 11 children, he was compelled to change ceived the pope. At laft Clement XL put an end to the his manner of painting in fmall, and to undertake ondifpute by his conftitution of July 17. 1.705; in which, ly thofe of the large kind, as being more lucrative, after having recited the conftitutions of his «’T’u,.. predecef- more expeditious, and alfo more agreeable to his ger.._„ j—1—— fors in; relation to this affair, he declares, “ That nius and inclination. He adorned moft of the churchesorder to pay a proper obedience to the papal conftitu- and palaces of his own country with his compofitions. tions concerning the prefent queftion, it is neceffary to —The invention of this artift was fruitful; he defignreceive them with a refpe&ful filence.” The clergy of ed corre&ly, his colouring is natural and pleafing, hiV Paris, the fame year, approved and accepted this bull, pencil free, and the airs of his heads have beauty and elegance. As to the difference between his large and and none dared to oppofe it. This is the famous bull Unigenitus, fo called from fmall paintings, it is obferved,. that in correftnefs and. its beginning with the words Unigenitus Dei Filmst tafte they had an equal degree of merit; but the c &c. which has occafioned fo much confufion in louring of the former appears more raw and cold than France. the colouring of the latter and it is agreed, that for JANSSENS(Abraham),hiftory-painter, was born at fmall hiftorical pidfures, he was preferable to all the Antwerp in 1569. He was cotemporary with Rubens, painters of his time, and alfo his competitor, and in many of the fineft parts Janssen (Cornelius), called Johnfon, an eminent of the art was accounted not inferior to that celebrated painter of portraits, was born at Amfterdam (though mailer. It is reported, that having wafted his time in the Chronological tables, and in Sandrart, it is inland his fubftance by a life of diffipacion and pleafure, properly afferted, that he was born in London), andand falling into neceffitous circumftances, which he he refided in England for feveral years ; where he was imputed more to ill fortune than to his own negledt of engaged in the fervice of king James I. and painted his bufinefs, he grew envious at the grandeur fh which feveral excellent portraits of that monarch, as alfo of Rubens appeared, and impatient at his merit and fuc- his children and of the principal nobility of his court. cefs; and with peevifh infolence challenged him to He had not the freedom of hand, nor the grace of paint a pidture with him only for fame, which he was Vandyck ; but in other refpedls he was accounted his willing to fubmit to impartial judges. But Rubens equal, and in the finifhing his pictures fuperior. His rejedted the propofal, anfwering with modefty, that he paintings areeafily diftinguifhed by their fmooth, clear. freely fubmitted to him, and the world would certain- and delicate tints, and by that charadler of truth and ly do juftice to them both. nature with which they are ftrongly marked. He geSandrart, who had feen feveral of his works, allures nerally painted on board ; and, for the moft part, his us, that he not only gave a fine roundnefs and relief draperies are black ; probably becaufe the opposition to his figures, but alfo fuch a warmth and clearnefs to of that tint made his flefh colours appear more beautithe carnations, that they had all the look of real flefh; fully bright, efpecially in his female figures. It is faid and his colouring was as durable as it was beautiful, that he ufed a quantity of ultra marine in the black retaining its original luftre for a number of years. His colours, as well as in his carnations; which may be moft capital performance is faid to be a refurreftion of one great caufe of their preferving. their original luftre Lazarus, which is in the cabinet of the ele&or Pala- even, to this day. Frequently he painted in a fmall fize tine, and is an obje£ of admiration to all who behold in oil, and often copied his own works in that mank. ner. His fame began to be fomewhat obfcured, on the Janssens (Vidlor Honorius), hiftory-painter, was arrival of Vandyck in England ; and the civil war born at Bruflels in 1664, anle colours are where hardnefs, and a greater tenacity, are mod eflfen- concerned; and mud. confequently render another ditliltial, it mud be adhered to ; and where both are fo ne- lation neceffary. celfary, that it is proper one fhould give way to the The manner of ufing the feed lac or white varother in a certain degree reciprocally, a mixed varnilh nifhes is the fame, except with regard to the fubdance ufed in polilhing ; which, where a pure white or great mud be adopted. This mixed varnilh, as we have already obferved, clearnefs of other colours is in quedion, Ihould be itfhould be made of the picked feed lac. The com- felf white : whereas the browner forts of polilhing dud, mon feed-lac varnilh, which is the mod ufeful pre- as being cheaper, and doing their buiinefs with greater paration of the kind hitherto invented, may be thus difpatch, may be ufed in o her cafes. The pieces of work to be varnilhed Ihould be placed near a fire, or made: “ Take of feed-lac three ounces, and put it into in a room where there is a dove, and made perfetdly water to free it from the dicks and filth that are fre- dry ; and then the varnilh may be rubbed over them quently intermixed with it ; and which mud be done by the proper brulhes made for that purpofe, beginby fiirring it about, and then pouring off the water, ning in the middle, and palling the brulh to one end ; and adding frefh quantities in order to repeat the ope- and then with another droke from the middle, palling ration, till it be freed from all impurities, as it very it to the other. But no part Ihould be eroded or effe&ually may be by this means Dry it then, and twice paffed over, in forming one coat, where it can powder it grofsly, and put it, with a pint of re&ified poflibly be avoided. When one coat is dry, another fpirit of wine, into a bottle, of which it will not fill mud be laid over it; and this mud be continued at above two-thirds. Shake the mixture well together ; lead hve or fix times, or more, if on trial there be not and place the bottle in a gentle heat, till the feed fulficient thicknefs of varnilh to bear the polilh, appear to be diffolved ; the disking being in the mean without laying bare the painting or the ground colour time repeated as often as may be convenient: and underneath. then pout off all that can be obtained clear by this When a fufficient number of coats is thus laid on, method, and drain the remainder through a coarfe the work is fit to be polilhed : which mult be done, in cloth. The varnilh thus prepared mult be kept for ufe common cafes, by rubbing it with a rag dipped in Tripoli or pumice-Aone, commonly called rottenjlone in a bottle well dopt.” When the fpirit of wine is very drong, it will dif finely powdered: but towards the end of the rubbing,t folve a greater proportion of the feed lac : but this a little oil of any kind (h.iuld be ufed along with the will iaturate the common, which is feldom of a drength powder; and when the work appears fufficirntly bright fufficient for making varnilhes in perfeftion. As the and gloffy, it Ihould bts well rubbed with the oil alone, chilling, which is the mod inconvenient accident at- to clean it from the powder, and give it a dill brighter tending thofe of this kind, is prevented, or produced luilre. more frequently, according to the drength of the In the cafe of white grounds, inftead of the Tripoli fpirit ; we lhall therefore take this opportunity of or pumice-done, fine putty or whiting mult be ufed ; fhowing a method by which weaker rectified fpirits both which Ihould be walhed over to prevent the danmay with great eafe, at any time, be freed from ger of damaging the work from any fand or other the phlegm, and rendered of the fird degree of gritty matter that may happen to be commixed with drength. them. “ Take a pint of the common reftified fpirit of It is a great improvement of all kinds of japan wine, and put it into a bottle, of which it will not fill woik, to harden the vaniilh by means 01 heae; winch.

J A Q [ 76 ] JAR Japheth In every degree that it can be applied ihort of what by the king of Pruffia, who, hearing him preach, made J*r him his French minifter ordinary at Berlin ; to arcjj 11, M ' would burn or calcine the matter, tends to give it a j.:he operation for two or mineral acids, he found that they heated the thermo- three minutes, the water will be frozen as it were in meter inread of cooling it; which effedl he attri- an in'tant; and the opacity will afeend to C in lefs butes to the heat they themlelves aequired by uniting than half a fecondof time which makes a beautiful apwith the moifture of the atmofphere. The vitriolic pearance. This congelation, however, is only fuperacid, which was very ftrong and tranfparent, railed fioial ; and in order to congeal the whole quantity of the mercury to i are devoured by all the leffer fiy that frequent the the bufonitae; and are of very various figures, fome fhores, by water-fowl in fhallow waters, and by the broad and fhort, others longer and flender ; fome very larger fifhes in deep waters. Such a prodigious increafe, gibbofe, and others plainly arched. They are likewife if permitted to come to maturity, would overftock na- of various fizes, from the tenth of an inch to two inchesture ; even the ocean itfelf would not be able to con- in length, and an inch in breadth, tain, much lefs provide for, one half of its inhabitants. ICKENILD-street, is that old Roman highway,. But two wife purpofes are anfwered by this amazing in- denominated from the Icenians, which extended from creafe ; it preferves the fpecies in the midft of number- Yarmouth in Norfolk, the eaft part of the kingdom of lefs enemies, and ferves to furnifh the reft with a fufle- the Iceni, to Barley in Hertfordlhire, giving name in nance adapted to their nature. the way to feveral villages, as lekworth, Icklingham, With refpeA to the generation of many kinds of and Ickleton in that kingdom. From Barley to Royfilhes, the common opinion is, that the female depofits fton it divides the counties of Cambridge and Hert5 &r4.

ICO L 104 ] ICO koltukil ford. From Ickleford it runs by Tring, crofles Bucks gory II. in favour of image worfhip, was not only imi- le^nnciaI and Oxfordihire, pafles the Thames at Goring, and extated, but even furpaffed by his fucceflbr Gregory III. ftesC in confequence of which the Italian provinces were torn TS tends to the weft part of England. ICOLMKIL. See Iona. from the Grecian empire. ICONIUM, at prefent Cogni, formerly the capital Conftantine, called Copronymus, from xorpor « ftercity of Lycaonia in Afia Minor. St Paul coming to cus,” and om^a. “ name,” becaufe he was faid to have Iconium (Afts xiii. 51. xiv. 1. &c.) in the year of defiled the facred font at his baptifm, fucceeded his Chrift 45, converted many Jews and Gentiles there. father Leo in 74 r, and in 754 convened a council at It is believed, that in his firft journey to this city, he Conftantinople, regarded by the Greeks as the feventh converted St Thecla, fo celebrated in the writings of cecumenical council, which folemnly condemned the the ancient fathers. But fome incredulous Jews ex- worfhip and ufe of images. Thofe who, notwithftand* cited the Gentiles to rife againft Paul and Barnabas, ing this decree of the council, raifed commotions in fo that they were upon the point of offering violence the Rate, were feverely punifhed; and new laws were o them, which obliged St Paul and St Barnabas to ena&ed, to fet bounds to the violence of monaftic rage. fly for fecurity to the neighbouring cities. St Paul Leo IV. who was declared emperor in 775, purfued undertook a fecond journey to Iconium in the year the fame meafures, and had recourfe to the coercive 5 :: but we know no particulars of his journey, which influence of penal laws, in order to extirpate idolatry out of the Chriftian church. Irene, the wife of Leo, . .late peculiarly to Iconium. ICONOCLASTES, or Iconoclasts, breakers of poifoned her hufband in 780 ; affumed the reins of images; a name which the church of Rome gives to empire during the minority of her fon Conftantine, g:l who rejeft the ufe of images in religious matters.— and in 786 fummoned a council at Nice in Bithynia, The word is Greek, formed from imago, and known by the name of the fecond Nicene council, which *; rumpere, “ to break.” abrogated the laws and decrees againft the new idoIn *his fenfe, not only the reformed, but fome of latry, reftored the worfhip of images and of the crofs, :' . ; rn churches, are called Iconoclajies, and efteem- and denounced fevere punifhments againft thofe who m heretics, as oppofing the worfhip of the maintained that God was the only objeft of religious >t’God and the faints, and breaking their fi- adoration. In this couteft, the Britons, Germans, and Gauls, were of opinion, that images might be lawfully gures and reprefentations in churches. The opppfition to images began in Greece under the continued in churches, but they confidered the worfhip reign of Bardanes, who was created emperor of the of them as highly injurious and offenfive to the SuGreeks a little after the commencement of the eighth preme Being. Charlemagne diftinguiflied himfelf as a century, when the worfhip of them became common. mediator in this controverfy: he ordered four books See Image. But the tumults occafioned by it were concerning images to be compofed, refuting the reaquelled by a revolution, which, in 713, deprived Bar- fons urged by the Nicene bifhops to juftify the worfhip danes of the imperial throne. The difpute, however, of images, which he fent to Adrian the Roman ponbroke out with redoubled fury under Leo the Ifaurian, tiff in 790, in order to engage him to withdraw his apwho iffued out an edi& in the year 726, abrogating, as probation of the decrees of the laft council of Nice. fome fay, the worfhip of images, and ordering all the Adrian wrote an anfwer ; and in 794, a council of images, except that of Chrift’s crucifixion, to be re- 300 bifhops, aflembled by Charlemagne at Francfort moved out of the churches ; but according to others, this on the Maine, confirmed the opinion contained in the edift only prohibited the paying to them anykindof ado- four books, and folemnly condemned the worfhip of ration or worfhip. This ediA occafioned a civil war, images. In the Greek church, after the banifhment which broke out in the iflands of the Archipelago, and of Irene, the controverfy concerning images broke out by the fuggeftions of the priefts and monks, ravaged a anew, and was carried on by the contending parties, part of Afia, and afterwards reached Italy. The civil during the half of the ninth century, with various and commotions and infurre&ions in Italy were chiefly pro- uncertain fuccefs. The emperor Nicephorus appears moted by the Roman pontiffs, Gregory I. and II. Leo upon the whole to have been an enemy to this idolawas excommunicated, and his fubjefts in the Italian trous worfhip. His fucceflbr, Michael Curopalates, provinces violated their allegiance, and rifing in arms furnamed Rhangabe, patronized and encouraged it. But either (uaffacred or banifhed all the emperor’s deputiei the feene changed on the acceffion of Leo the Armeand officers. In confequence of thefe proceedings, Leo nian to the empire ; who aflemhled a council at Conaffembled a council at Conftantinople in 730, which de- ftantinople in 814, that abolifhed the decrees of the graded Germanus, the bifhop of that city, who was a Nicene council. His fucceflbr Michael, furnamed Bal.patron of images ; and he ordered all the images to be ius, difapproved the worfhip of images, and his fon publicly burnt, and infli&ed a variety of fevere puniflt- Theophilus treated them with great feverity. Howments upon fuch as were attached to that idolatrous wor- ever, the emprefs Theodora, after his death, and dufhip. Hence arofe two fa&ions ; one of which adopted ring the minority of her fon, affembled a council at theadoration and worfhip of images, and on that account Conftantinople in 842, which reinftated the decrees of were called iconoduli or iconolatra ; and the other main- the fecond Nicene council, and encouraged image tained *hat fuch worfhip was unlawful, and that nothing worfhip by a law. The council held at the fame place was more worthy the zeal of Chriftians than to demolilh under Photius, in 879, and reckoned by the Greeks and deftroy thofe ftatues and pi&ures which were the the eighth general council, confirmed and renewed the occafions of this grofs idolatry; and hence etheyv were Nicene decrees. In commemoration of this council, a diftinguifned by the titles of iconomachi, (from ‘*" image, feftival was inftituted by the fuperftitious Greeks, calland 0*«-xu I contend,) and iconocla/he. The zeal of Grc- ed the feajl of orthodoxy. The Latins were generally ,N 163.

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ICO I 1^5 1 1 D Z rrogra- of opinion, that images might be {offered as the means feribe it ; and therefore have their height and bafts tiofandti* Phia oft0 aiding the memory of the faithful, and of calling equal: wherefore the folidity of one of thefe pyramids H l e r remem multiplied by 20, the number of Wes gives the folid _ . ^ ' hrance the pious exploits and virtuous j-ofahe ’ actions of the perfons whom they reprefented; but contents of the icofahedron. ron they d'etefted all thoughts of paying them the lead ICOSANDR1A (from [5 ] J E R fey. wall out of the reach of man, and to be afeended by a Philadelphia markets, and many of them keep large Jerfey. ladder afterwards drawn up. This ifland, with thofe dairies. The markets of New York and Philadelphia' Y of Guernfey, Sark, Alderney, and their appendages, receive a very confiderable proportion of their fupwere parcel of the duchy of Normandy, and were plies from the contiguous parts of New Jerfey. And united to the crown of England by the firft princes of it is worthy of remark that thefe contiguous parts are the Norman line. The language of the pulpit, and exceedingly well calculated, as to the nature and fertithe bar, is the French, which is alfo that generally lity of their foils, to afford thefe fupplies ; and the infpoken by the people at large. They are governed by tervention of a great number of navigable rivers and their own laws, which are for the mod part the ducal creeks renders it very convenient to market their procuftoms of Normandy, being colledled in an ancient duce. Thefe fupplies confift of vegetables of marry book of cuftoms intitled Le grand coujlumkr. The kinds, apples, pears, peaches, plums, ftrawberries, king’s writ, or procefs from the courts of Weft- cherries, and other fruits; cyder in large quantities minfter, is here of no force ; but his commiffion is. and of the beft quality, butter, cheefe, beef, pork, They are not bound by any common adts of our par- mutton, and the leffer meats. liaments, unlefs particularly named. All caufes are The trade of this ftate is carried on almoft folely originally determined by their own officers, the bailiff with and from thofe two great commercial cities, New and jurats of the iflands. But an appeal lies from York on one fide, and Philadelphia on the other; them to the king and council in the laft refort.—Jer- though it wants not good ports of its own. The articles exported, befides thofe already mentioned, are fey is an earldom in the Villiers’s family. New Jersey, or, as it is commonly called, the Jer- wheat, flour, horfes, live cattle, hams, which are celeJeys (being two' provinces united into one govern- brated as being the beft in the world, lumber, flax, ment), one of the united ftates of North America, ly- feed, leather, and iron in great quantities in pigs and ing from 39 to 41 degrees of north latitude, and from bars. Formerly copper ore was reckoned among their 74 to 75 degrees 30 minutes longitude weft from moft valuable exports; but the mines' have not been worked fince the commencement of the late war. London; in length 160 miles, in breadth 52. It is bounded 'on the eaft by Hudfon’s river and The iron manufa&ure is the greateft fource of wealth the fea; on the fouth, by the fea ; on the weft, by to the ftate. Iron works are ere&ed in Gloucefter, Delaware bay and river, which divides it from the Burlington, Morris, and other counties. The mounftates of Delaware, and Pennfylvania ; and on the tains in the county of Morris give rife to a number of north, by a line drawn from the mouth of Mahak- ftreams neceffary and convenient for thefe works, and. kamak river, in latitude 410 24', to a point on Hudfon’s at the fame time furnilh a copious fupply of wood and river, in latitude 41'; cortaining about 8320 fquare ore of a fuperior quality. In this county alone are miles, equal to 5,324,800 acres. New Jerfey is divided no lefs than feven rich iron mines, from which might into 13 counties, which are fubdivided into 94 town- be taken ore fufficient to fupply the United States; Ihipsorprecin&s. In 1784, a cenfus of the inhabitants and to work it into iron arc two furnaces, two rolling was made by order of the legillature, when they and flitting mills, and about thirty forges, containing amounted to 140,435, of which 10,501 were blacks. from two to four fires each. Thefe works produce Of thefe blacks 1939 only were flaves ; fo that the annually about 540 tons of bar iron, 800 tons of pigs, proportion of flaves to the whole of the inhabitants in befides large quantities of hollow ware, fheet iron, and the ftate is as one to feventy-fix. The population for nail rods. In the whole; ftate, it is fuppofed there is every fquare mile is eighteen. As to the face of the yearly made about I200 : or.t of bar iron, 1200 do. of country, foil, and produftions; the counties of pigs, 80 do. of nail rods, exclufive of hollow ware, Suflex, Morris, and the northern part of Bergin, are and various other caftings, of which vaft quantities are mountainous. As much as five-eighths of molt of the made. ioutbern counties, qr one fourth of the whole ftate, is The charailer, manners, and cuftoms of the people a fandy barren, unfit for cultivation. The land on the are various in different parts of the ftate. The inhafea coaft in this, like that in the more fouthern ftates, bitants are a colle&ion of Low Dutch, Germans, has every appearance of made ground. The foil is ge- Englifli, Scotch, Irifti, and New Englanders, or their nerally a light fand ; and by digging, on an average, defeendants. National attachment and mutual conabout fifty feet below the furface (which can be done, venience have generally induced thefe feveral kinds of even at the diftance of twenty or thirty miles from the people to fettle together in a body ; and in this way fea, without any impediment from rocks or ftones), their peculiar national manners, cuftoms, and characyou come to fait marlh. This ftate has all the va- ter, are ftill preferved, efpecially among the lower clafs rieties of foil from the vvorft to the belt kind. It has a of people, who have little intercourfe with any but greater proportion of barrens than any of the ftates. thofe of their own nation. Religion, although its The barrens produce little elfe but ftirub oaks and tendency is to unite people in thofe things that are white and yellow pines. In the hilly and moun- effential to happinefs, occafions wide differences as to tainous parts of the ftate, w’hich are not too rocky for manners, cuftoms, and even chara&er. The Prefbycultivation, the foil is of a ftronger kind, and covered terian, the Quaker, the Epifcopalian, the Baptift, the in its natural ftate with ftately oaks, hickoties, chef- German and Low Dutch Calvinift, the Methodift, and nuts, . &c. &c. and, when cultivated, produces wheat, the Moravian, have each their diftinguiflring characrye, Indian corn, buck wheat, oats, barley, flax, and teriftics, either in their worlhip, their difeipline, or fruits of all kinds common to the climate. The land their drefs. There is ftill another very perceptible in this hilly country is good for grazing, and the far- charafteriftical difference, diftinft from either of the mers feed great numbers ef cattle for New York and others, which ariies from the intercourfe of the inha-. P2 bitanta - 4

H6 ] J E R J E ftates. R The people in[ Weft Jeifey. bitants with different meets, the fupreme court fits, and the public offices Jerfejr. Jerfey trade to Philadelphia, and of courfe imitate are all kept, except the fecretary’s, which is at Burtheir fafhions, and imbibe their manners. The inha- lington. On thefe accounts it is confidered as the cabitants of Eaft Jerfey trade to New York, and regu- pital of the ftate.—Burlington Hands on the eaft fide of late their faihions and manners according to thofe of the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia by water, New York. So that the difference in regard to and 17 by land. The ifland, which is the moft popufaihions and manners between Eaft and Weft Jerfey, lous part of the city, is a mile and a quarter in length, is nearly as gieat as between New York and Phila- and three quarters of a mile in breadth. On the ifland delphia. The people of New Jerfey are generally in- are 160 houfes, 900 white and 100 black inhabitants. duftrious, frugal, and hofpitable. There are, compa- There are two houfes for public worlhip in the town, ratively, but few men of learning in the Hate, nor can one for the Friends or Quakers, who are the molt nuit be faid that the people in general have a tafte for merous, and one for the Epifcopalians. The other the fciences. The lower clafs, in which may be in- public buildings are two market-houfes, a court-houfe, t eluded three-fifths of the inhabitants of the whole ftate, and the beft gaol in the ftate. Befides thefe, there is an are ignorant, and are criminally negleftful in the edu- academy, a free fchool, a nail manufactory, and an excation of their children. There are, in this ftate, a- cellent diftillery, if that can be called excellent which boutyc Prelbyterian congregations, fubje&to the care produces a poifon both of health and morals.—Perth of three Prefbyteries, viz. that of New York, of New Amboy ftands on a neck of land included between RaBrunfwick, and Philadelphia; 40 congregations of the ritan river and Arthur Kull found. It lies open to Friends; 30 of the Baptifts; 25 of Epifcopalians; 28 Sandy Hook, and has one of the beft harbours on the of the Dutch, befides a few Moravians and Me- continent. Veffels f;om fea may enter it in one tide, in almoft any weather.—Brunjwich was incorporated thodifts. There are two colleges in New Jerfey ; one at in 1784, and is fituated on the fouth-weft fide of RariPrinceton, called NaJJau Hall; the other at Brunfwick, tan river, 12 miles above Amboy. It contains about called Queen’s-college. The college at Princeton was 200 houfes and 1600 inhabitants, one half of which firft founded about the year 1738, and enlarged by are Dutch. Its fituation is low and unpleafant, being governor Belcher in 1747. It has an annual income on the bank of the river, and under a high hill which of about L. 900 currency ; ,of which L. 200 arifes rifes back of the town.— Princeton is a pleafant healthy from funded public fecurities and lands, and the reft village, of about 80 houfes, 52 miles from New York, from the fees of the ftudents. There is a grammar- and 43 from Philadelphia.—Elizabeth town and Newfchod of about 30 fcholars, connefted with the col- ark are pleafant towns ; the former is 15, and the latlege, under the fuperintendance of the prefidfnt, and ter 9 miles from New York. Newark is famed for its taught by two mailers. Before the late revolution this good cyder. college was furnifhed with a philofophical apparatus The government of this ftate is veiled in a governor, worth L. 500, which (except the elegant orrery con- legiflative council, and general affembly. The goverilru&ed by Mr Rittenhoufe) was almoft entirely dc- nor is chofen annually by the council and affembly itroyed during the war, as w'as alfo the library, which jointly. The legiflative council is compofed of one now confifts of between 2000 and 3000 volumes.—The member from each county, chofen annually by the charter for Queen’s-college at Brunfwick was granted people. The general affembly is compofed of three juft before the war, in confequence of an application members from each county, chofen by the freemen. from a body of the Dutch church. Its funds, raifed The council choofe one of their members to be vicewholly by free donations, amounted foon after its prefident, who, when the governor is abfent from the eftablifhment to four thoufand pounds; but they were ftate, poffeffes the fupreme executive power. The confiderably diminilhed by the war. The ftudents are council may originate any bills, excepting preparing under the care of a prefident. This college has lately and altering any money bill, which is the foie preroincreafed both in numbers and reputation. There are gative of the affembly. alfo a number of flourilhing academies in this ftate ; The firft fettlers of New Jerfey were a number of one. at Trenton, another in Hakkenfak, others at Dutch emigrants from New York, who came over beOrangedale, Freehold, Elizabeth-town, Burlington, tween the years 1614 and 1620, and fettled in the Newark, Spring-field, Morriftown, Bordentown, and county of Bergen. Next after thefe, in 1627, came Amboy : but there are no regular cftablifhments for over a colony of Swedes and Finns, and fettled on the common fchools. The ufual mode of education is for river Delaware. The Dutch and Swedes, though not the inhabitants of a village or neighbourhood to join in harmony with each other, kept poffeffion of the in affording a temporary fupport for a fchoolmatter, country many years. In March 1634, Charles II. upon fuch terms as is mutually agreeable. But the granted all the territory called by the Dutch New Neencouragement which thefe occafional teachers meet therlands, to his brother the duke of York. And in with, is generally fuch as that no perfon of abilities June j 664, the duke granted that part now called New adequate to the bufinefs will undertake it, and of courfe Jerfey to Lord Berkeley of Stratton, and Sir Georgs Carteret, jointly; who in 1665 agreed upon certain little advantage is derived from thefe fchools. There are a number of towns in this ftate, nearly conceffions with the people for the government of the of equal fize and importance, and none that has more province, and appointed Philip Carteret, Efq; their than 200 houfes, compadtly built. — 7re«ts« is the lar- governor.—-The Dutch reduced the country in 1672; geft town in New Jerfey. This town, with Lamber- but it was reftored by the peace of Weftminfter, Feton, which joins it on the fouth, contains 200 houfes, bruary 9. 1674. and about ijoo inhabitants. Here the legiflature This ftate was the feat of war for feveral years, during

J E R [i 17 1 J E R Jerfey, ringi the. bloody conteft. between Great Britain and A- totally deftroyed the work, confumed the materials Jerufdc Jcrufaieny mer ca and her Ioffes, both of men and property, which had been collefted, and killed a great number' jn proportion to the population and wealth of the of the workmen. event hath been the fubjedl of much difpute. Hate, was greater than of any other of the thirteen MrThis Warburton, who hath publiflied a treatife exprefsftates. Jersey, among woblcombers, denotes the fineft ly on the truth of this fail, hath colledled the followwool, taken from the reft by dreffing it with a Jerfey ing teftimonies in favour of it. The firft is that of Ammianus Marcellinus, who tells us, “ Julian (hacomb. JERUSALEM, a very famous and ancient city, ving been already thrice conful), taking Salluft, prefect of the feveral Gaul&, for hia colleague, entered a capital of Judea or Paleftine, now a province of Turky fourth time on this high magiftracy ; and although in Afia. According to Manetho, an Egyptian hifto- his fenfibility of the many and great events which rian, it was founded by the fhepherds who invaded Ethis year was likely to produce made him very •gypt,n°». See E- {gypt in an unknown period of antiquity *. Accordng to Jofephus, it was the capital of Melchifedek’s anxious for the future, yet he both pufhed on the vakingdom, called Salem in the book of Genefis: and rious and complicated preparatives for this expedition the Arabians affeit, that it was built in honour of Mel- with the utmoft application, and, having an eye in. chifedek by 12 neighbouring kings; which when they every quarter, and being defirous to enternize his reign had done, he called it Jerufahm. We know nothing by the greatnefs of his atchievements, he projected to of it with certainty, however, till the time of king rebuild at an immenfe expence the proud and magniDavid, who took it from the Jebufites, and made it ficent temple of Jerufalem ; which (after many comattended with much bloodfhed on both fides^ the capital of his kingdom, which it ever after conti- bats, the iiege by Vefpafian) was with great diffinued to be. It was firft taken in the days of Je- during hoafh, by Hazael the king of Syria, who flew all the culty taken and deftroyed by Titus. He comnobility, but did not deftroy their city. It was af- mitted the conduct of this affair to Alypius of terwards taken by Nebuchadnezzar king of Baby- Antioch, who had formerly been lieutenant in Brilon, who deftroyed it, and carried away the inhabi- tain. When therefore this Alypius had fet himfelf tants. Seventy years after, permifiion was granted to the vigorous execution of his charge, in which he by Cyrus king of Perfia to the Jews to rebuild their had all the afliftance that the governor of the province city, which was done ; and it continued the capital of could afford him, horrible balls of fire breaking out Judea (though frequently fuffering much from the near the foundations, with frequent and reiterated atGrecian monarchs of Syria and Egypt), till the time tacks, rendered the place from time to time inacceflible of Vefpafian emperor of Rome, by whofe fon Titus it to the fcorched and blafted workmen ; and the victo..Seee Zlauj-Aconcerning this or the other miraculous works of ter of Zion, being built after it; on which flood the God. But ftill the thing moft wonderful and illuf- two magnificent palaces which Solomon built for trious was, a light which appeared in the heavens, of himfelf and his queen; that of the Maccabean princes; a crofs within a circle. That name and figure which and the {lately amphitheatre built by Herod, capable impious men before efteemed fo difhonourable upon of containing 80,000 fpe&ators ; the ftrong citadel, earth, was now raifed on high, and equally objefted built by Antiochus, to command and overtop the to the;common view of all men; advanced by God temple, but afterwards razed by Simon the Maccabee, himfelf as the trophy of his viftory over unbelievers ; who recovered the city from the Syrians; and laflly, a of all trophies the rr.oft exalted and fublime. Nay fecond citadel, built by Herod, upon a high and craggy further, they who were prefent, and partakers of the rock, and called by him Antonia. 3. The new city, miracle we are now about to fpeak of, fhow to this moftly inhabited by tradefmen, artificers, and mervery day the fign or figure of the crofs which was chants; and, 4. Mount Moriah, on which was built then marked or impreffed upon their garments. For the fo famed temple of Solomon, deferibed in the at that time, as thefe men (whether fuch as were of fixth and feventh chapters of the fecond book of Kings ; us or flrangers) were (bowing thefe marks, or attend- and, fince then, that rebuilt by the Jews on their reing to others who fhowed them, each prefently obferved turn from Babylon, and afterwards built almoft anew the wander, either on himfelf or his neighbour; having and greatly adorned and enriched by Herod, a radiant mark on his body or on his garment, in which Some idea of the magnificence of this temple may there is fomething that, in art and elegance, exceeded be had from the following confiderations. 1. That all painting or embroidery.” there were no lefs than 163,300 men employed in the Notwithftanding thefe teflimonies, however, this work. 2. That notwithftanding that prodigious numfacl hath been ftrenuoufly-contefled by others; and her of hands, it took up feven whole years in build, indeed it muft be owned .that the teftimonies above ing. 3. That the height of this building was 120 mentioned are by no means unexceptionable. In the cubits, or 82 yards, rather mofe than lefs; and the laft particularly, the propenfity to the marvellous is fo courts round it about half as high. 4. That the exceedingly great, that every one muft at firfl fight front, on the eaft fide, was fuftained by ramparts of be ftruck with it. It is true indeed, the moft mira- fquare ftone, of vaft bulk, and built up from the valculous part of it, as it feemed to be to Gregory, ley below, which laft was 300 cubits high, and benamely, the appearance of croffes upon the garments ing added to that of the edifice amounted to 420 and bodies of fome of the people who were ftruck, cubits; to which, if we add, 5. The height of the may be explained upon a natural principle; fince we principal tower above all the reft, viz. 60, will bring are affured that lightning will fometimes produce ef- it to 480 cubits, which, reckoning at two feet to a 4w'tSee this kind J : ofbuttheevenrelation this is; nothough decifive proof cubit, amount to 960 feet; but, the fjr. VtgU-tzCts of theofauthenticity it cannot length will of that meafure, as others reckonaccording it, viz. attotwo • by any means diferedit it, as fome think. On the feet and an half, it will amount to 1200 feet; a prowhole, however, it is not a matter of any confequence digious height. this from the ground, and fuch as whether this event happened with the circumftances might well make Jofephus fay, that the very defign of above mentioned or not. If Julian did make any at- it was fufficient to have turned the brain of any but tempt to rebuild the temple, it is certain that fome- Solomon. 6. Thefe ramparts, which were raifed in thing obftrufted the attempt, becaufe the temple was this manner, to fill up the prodigious chafm made by never actually rebuilt. If he made no fuch attempt, the deep valley below, and to make the area of a fufthe prophecy of our Saviour ftill holds good; and it ficient breadth and length for the edifice, were loco furely cannot be thought to detraft from the merit of cubits in length at the bottom, and 800 at the top, a prophecy, that no body ever attempted to elude it, and the breadth of them too more. 7. The huge or prove it to be a falfehood. buttreffes which fupported the ramparts were of the Jerufalem continued in the hands of the eaftern em- fame height, fquare at the top, and 50 cubits broad, perors till the reign of the Caliph Omar, who reduced and jutted out 150 cubits at the bottom. 8. The it under his fubjeflion. The Saracens continued in ftones, of which they were built, were, according to poflcffion of it till the year 1099, when it was taken Jofephus, 40 cubits long, 12 thick, and 8 high, all by the Crufeders. They founded a new kingdom, of of marble, and fo exquifitely joined, that they feemed which Jerufalem was the capital, which lafted 88 years one continued piece, or rather polifhed rock. cording 9- Ac-

J E it J E R [ n9 ] them, we refer the reader to Dodlors Shaw and Po- JerefalemJtrufalem. cording to the fame Jewiih hiftorian, there were ’-~~v columns of Parian marble, and twice that number of cocke. Moriah, on the fouth-eaft part of the cipilafters; and of fuch thicknefa, that three men could Onis anMount edifice called Solomon’s ’Temple^ (landing on or hardly embrace them, and their height and capitals ty, as the ancient; but when or by proportionable, and of the Corinthian order. But it near the fame fpot is uncertain. In the midft of it is a is likely Jofephus hath given us thefe two lail articles whom ereifted mofque, where the Jewiih fandtnm fanflorum from the temple of Herod, there being nothing like isTurkifti fuppofed to Jiave flood. The building, which Dr them mentioned by the facred hiflorians, but a great Pococke thinks muft have been' formerly a Chriftian deal about the prodigious cedars of Lebanon ufed in church, is held in the utmoft veneration by the Turks. that noble edifice, the excellent workmanfhip of them The city under the government of a fangiac, adapted to their feveral ends and defigns, together who refides inis now a houfe faid to have been that of Ponwith their gildings and other curious ornaments. The tius Pilate, over-againft of Antonia built by only thing more we (hall venture to add is, what is Herod the Great. Manytheofcaftle churches erefted in affirmed in Scripture, that all the materials of this memory of fome remarkable the gofpel-tranfa&ion, have ftupendous fabric were finiffied and adapted to their been fince converted into mofques ; into fome of which feveral ends before they were brought to Jerufalem, money will procure admittance, but into others. that is, the ftones in their quarries, and the cedars Both the friars and other Chritlians arenotkept fo poor in Lebanon ; fo that there was no noife of ax, hamby the tyranny of the government, that the chief fupmer, or any tool, heard in the rearing of it. At prefent Jerufalem is called by the Turks Cud- port and trade of the place confifts in providing ft ranwith food and other accommodations, and felling fembaric, and Coudjheriff'; and is reduced to a poor gers beads, relics, and other trinkets, for which they thinly inhabited town, about three miles in circumfe- themobliged to pay confiderable fums to,the fangiac, as rence, fituated on a rocky mountain, furrounded on are well as to his officers ; and thofe are feldom fo well all fides, except the north, with fteep afcents and deep contented with ufual duties, but they frequently valleys ; and thefe again environed with other hills, extort fome freftitheir ones, efpecially from the Francifcans, at fome diftance from them. In the neighbourhood of the city there grow fome corn, vines, olives, &c. whofe convent is the common receptacle for all pilThe (lately church erected by the emprefs Helena, on grims, and for which they have confiderable allowanthe pope, and other crowned heads, befides mount Calvary, is dill (landing. It is called the church ces from prefents which (Dangers generally make them at of the fepulchre ; and is kept in good repair by the the generous offerings of a confiant concourfe of pil- their departure. The mod remarkable antiquities in grims, who annually refort to it, as well as by the the neighbourhood of Jerufalem are, i. The pools of contributions of feveral Chriftian princes. The walls Bethefda and Gihon ; the former 120 paces long, 40 of this church are of (lone, and the roof of cedar; the broad, and at lead eight deep, but now without waeaff end inclofes Mount Calvary, and the weft the holy ter ; and the old arches, which it dill difeovers at the fepulchre : the former is covered with a noble cupola, weft end, are quite dammed up : the other, which is open at top, and fupported by 16 mafiive columns. about a quarter of a mile without Bethlehem-gate, is Over the high altar, at the eaft end, is another (lately a very (lately relic, ic$ paces long, and 60 broad, dome. The nave of the church conftitutes the choir; lined with a wall and plafter, and dill well ftored with and in the infide ides are (hown the places where the water. 2. The tomb of the Virgin Mary, in the valmod remarkable circumftances of our Saviour’s paf- ley of Jehofliaphat, into which one defeends by a magfion were tranfa&ed, together with the tombs of God- nificent flight of 47 fteps. On the right hand as one frey and Baldwin, the two firft Chriftian kings of Je- goes down, is alfo the fepulchre of St Ann the morufalem. In the chapel of the crucifixion is (hown ther, and on the left that of Jofeph the hufband, of the very hole in the rock in which the crofs is faid to the virgin-mother: fome add iikewife that of Jehoiahave been fixed. The altar in this chapel hath three kim her father. In all thefe areere&ed altars for priefts crofles on it; and is richly adorned, particularly with of all forts to fay mafs, and the whole is cut into the four lamps of immenfe value that hang before it, and folid rock, 3. The tomb of king Jehofliaphat, cut are kept conftantly burning. At the weft end is that likewife into the rock, and divided into feveral apartof the fepulchre, which is hewn in that form out of ments ; in one of which is his tomb, which is adorned the folid rock, and hath a fmall dome fupported by with a {lately portico and entablature over it. 4. That pillars of porphyry. The cloifter round the fepulchre commonly called Abfalom’spillar or place, as being geis divided into fundry chapels, appropriated to the fe- nerally fuppofed to be that which he is faid to have veral forts of Chriftians who refide there ; as Greeks, erefted in his life-time to perpetuate his memory, as Armenians, Maronites, Jacobites, Copts, Abyffines, he had no male-iffue. The place, however, both withGeorgians, &c. and on the north-weft fide of it are in and without, hath more the refemblance of a fethe apartments of the Latins, who have the pare of pulchre than any. thing elfe: though we do not read the church, and are forced to refide conftantly in it; that he was buried there, neither- do the people here the Turks keeping the keys of it, and not fuffering affirm that he was. There is a great heap of (tones any of them to go out, but obliging them to re- about it, which is continually increafing ; the fuperftii ceive their provifions in at a wicket. At Eafter there tious.Jews and Turks always throwing fome as they are fome grand ceremonies performed in the church, pafs, in token of their abhorrence of Abfalom’s unreprefenting our Lord’s paffion, crucifixion, death, natural rebellion againft fo good' and holy a parent. and refurre&ion, at which a vaft concourfe of pil- The ftructure itfelf is about 20 cubits fquare, and 60 grims commonly, affift. For a particular account of. high, riling ia a lofty fquare, adorned below with*four columns

J E S J E S [ 20 ] jerufalem1 columns of the Ionic order, with their capitals, enta- fentences, where the figure itfelf coafifts in the fenfe, Jefmts. ^ JJ . blatures, &c. to each front. From the height of 20 but the wit turns upon the choice of the words. Jefttnfi j to 40 cubits, it is fomewhat lefs, and quite plain, ex- JESUI TS, or the Society of Jesus ; a famous relicepting a fmall fillet at the upper end; and from40 to gious order of the Romifli church, founded by Ignatius the top it changes into a round, which grows gradual- Loyola. See Ignatius.—The plan which this fana- Foundation of the orly into a point, the whole cut out of the folid rock. tic formed of its conftitution and laws was fuggefted,de^ There is a room within, confiderably higher than the as he gave out, and as his followers Hill teach, by the • level of the ground without, on the fides of which are immediate infpiration of heaven. But notwithftandniches, probably to receive coffins. 5. A little eaft- ing this high pretenfisn, his defign met at firft with ward of this is that called the tomb of Zechariah, the violent oppofition. The pope, to whom Loyola had fon of Barachiah, whom the Jews flew between the applied for the fanftion of his authority to confirm the temple and the altar, as is commonly fuppofed. This intlitution, referred his petition to a committee of car« fabric is all cut out of the natural rock, 18 feet high, dinals. They reprefented the eftablifhment to be unand as many fquare ; and adorned with Ionic columns neceffary as well as dangerous, and Paul refufed to on each front, cut out likewife of the fame rock, and grant his approbation of it. At laft, Loyola removed fupporting a cornice. The whole ends in a pointed all his fcruples by an offer which it was impoffible for top, like a diamond. But the moll curious, grand, any pope to refill. He propofed, that befides the and elaborate pieces, in this kind, are the grotts with- three vows of poverty, of chaftity, and of monaftic out the walls of Jerufalem, ftyled the royalfepukhres ; obedience, which are common to all the orders of rebut of what kings is not agreed on. They confift of gulars, the members of his fociety fhould take a fourth a great number of apartments, feme of them fpacious, vow of obedience to the pope, binding themfelves to all cut out of the folid marble rock ; and may juftly go whitherfoever he Ihould command for the fervice be pronounced a royal work, and one of the mod of religion, and without requiring any thing from the noble, furprifing, and magnificent. For a particular holy fee for their fupport. At a time when the papal account of them we muft refer the reader, for want of authority had received fuch a Ihock by the revolt of fo room, to Pococke's Travels. In the neighbourhood many nations from the Romifh church ; at a time when of Jerufalem is a fpot of ground, about 30 yards long every part of the popilh fyftem was attacked with fo and 15 broad, now the burying-place of the Arme- much violence and fuccefs, the acquilition of a body t nians, which is (hown as the Aceldama, or Field of of men, thus peculiarly devoted to the fee of Rome, Confirmed Blood, formerly the Potter’s Field, and fince ftyled and whom it might fet in oppofition to all its enemies, au n by the Campo Sanffo, or the Holy Field, purchafed with the was an objec? I I . much defirous to be at the end of his race, as his lights into marffiy places, where have periffied ; . '* keepers, weary of their voyage, were to be at the end whence the names of Ignis fatuus,theyWill-with-a-wfp, of their journey. vuith-a-hmthorn, as if this appearance was The Chriftians at Rome, daily expefting his arrival, anandevil'Jach-' fpirit which took delight in doing mifehief of were come out to meet and entertain him, and accorkind. For a further account of the nature and dingly received him with a mixture of joy and forrow ; that properties of the ignis-fatuus, fee the articles Light but when feme of them intimated, that poffibly the and Meteor. populace might be taken off from defiring his death, IGNITION, fignifies the fetting fire t« he expreffed a pious indignation, intreating them to any fubdance ; butproperly the fenfe is commonly redrained caft no rubs in his way, nor do any thing that might to that kind of burning is not accompanied hinder him, now he washafteningto his crown. There with flame, fuch as that ofwhich charcoal, cinders, metals, are many fuch expreffions as this in his epiftle to the and other folid fubdances. Romans, which plainly fhow that he was highly am- dones, The effefts of ignition are fird to diffipate what is bitious of the crown of martyrdom. Yet it does not called the phlogiflon of the ignited fubdance, after appear that he rafhly fought or provoked danger. Ait is reduced to afhes. Vitrification next folmong other expreflions of his ardor for fuffering, he which and ladly, the fubdance is totally diffipated in faid, that the wild beads had feared and refufed to lows; All thefe effe&s, however, depend on the touch feme that had been thrown to them, which he vapour. of the air ; for in vacuo the phlogidon of any hoped would not happen to him. Being conduced prefence cannot be diffipated. Neither can a body to Rome, he was prefented to the prasfedf, and the fubdance which is totally deditute of philogidon be ignited in emperor’s letters probably delivered concerning him. fuch manner as thofe which are not deprived of it: The interval before his martyrdom was fpent in pray- for asa long as the phlogidon remains, the heat is kept ers for the peace and profperity of the church. That up in the body by the a&ion of the external air upon his punifhment might be the more pompous and pub- it; but when the phlogidon is totally gone, the air lic, one of their folemn feflivals, the time of their Sa- always dedroys, indead of augmenting, the heat. Phiturnalia, and that part of it when they celebrated their lofophers therefore been greatly tmbarraffed in ex* Sigillaria, was pitched on for his execution ; at which plainingthehavephenomena ofignition. See Phlogiston. time it was their cuflom to entertain the people with IGNOBILES, amongd was the defigthe bloodywithconfli&s of gladiators, and the onhunting and nation of fuch perfons as hadthenoRomans, right of uiing piftures fighting v/ild beads. Accordingly, -the 13th datues. See Jvs Imaginis. kal. January, i. e. December 20. he was brought out andIGNOMINIA, a fpecies of punifhment arnongd into the amphitheatre, and the lions being let loofe the Romans, whereby the offender fuffered public upon him, quickly difpatched their meal, leaving noeither by virtue of the praetor’s edift, or by thing but a few of the harded of his bones. Thefe fliame, of the cenfor. This puniffiment, befides the remains were gathered up by two deacons who had order deprived the party of the privilege of bearing been the companions of his journey ; and being tranf- fcandal, offices, and almod all other liberties of a Roman ported to Antioch, were interred in the cemetery, any without the gate that leads to Daphne; whence, by citizen. in law is a word properly uthe command of the emperor Theodofius, they were fedIGNORAMUS, the grand fnqued empanelled in the inquifiremoved with great pomp and folemnity to the Ty- tion byof caufes criminal and public, and written upon the cheon, a temple within the city, dedicated to the pubwhereby any crime is offered to their confideration, lic genius of it, but now coufecrated to the memory bill when as they millike their evidence as defc&iveor too of the martyr. weak to make good the prefentment; the effedf of St Ignatius dands at the head of thofe Antinicene which word fo written is, that all farther inquiry upon fathers, who have occafionally delivered their opinions that party for that'fault is thereby dopped, and lie in defence of the true divinity of Clirid, whom he calls without farther anfwer. It hath a refemthe Son of God, and his eternal Word. He is alfo reck- delivered with that^cudom of the ancient Romans, where oned the great champion of the doftrine of the epif- blance judges, when they abfolved a perfon accufed, did copal order, as didinft and fuperior to that of pried the and deacon. And one, the molt important, ufe'of his write /l. upon a little table provided for that purpofe, writings refpedts the authenticity of the holy Scrip- i. e. abfohimus ; if they judged him guilty, they wrote C. i. e. condemnamus; if they found the caufe difficult tures, which he frequently alludes to, in the very ex- and doubtful, they wrote N. L. i. e. non liquet. preffions as they Hand at this day.—Archbiffiop Ulher’s edition of his works, printed in 1647, is thought IGNORANCE, the privation or abfence of knowThe caufes of ignorance, according to Locke, * the bed : yet there is a freffier edition extant at Am- ledge. •fterdam, where, befide the bed notes, there are the are chiefly thefe three. I. Want of ideas. 2. Want of a difcoverable connexion between the ideas we differtations of Uffier and Pearfon. have. 3. Want of tracing and examining our ideas. St Ignatius's Bean. See Ignatia. IGNIS-fatuus, a kind of light, fuppofed to be of See Metaphysics. an eleftric nature, appearing frequently in mines, Ignorance, in a more particular fenfe, is ufed to mailhy places, and neat dagnating waters. It was denote illiteracy. Previous to the taking of Rome by formerly thought, and is dill by the fuperditious the Gauls, fuch grofs ignorance prevailed among the believed, to have fomething ominous in its nature. Romans, that few of the citizenscould read or write,and T2 the

JIB [ t48 1 J I D ignorance the alphabet was almoft unknown. During three ages age, an affemblage of many very rocky mountains in I e there were no public fchools, but the little learning their Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers. Here Mr Bruce . -1' ‘ , children had was taught them by their parents; and how met with a lace of people much fairer in the comlittle that was may be partly concluded from this circum- plexion than any of the nations to the fouthward of fiance, that a nail was ufually driven into the wall of Britain : their hair was red, and their eyes blue : they the temple of Jupiter Capitolinusy on the 15th of Sep- maintain their independence, and are of a favage diftember, to affifi the ignorance of the people in reckon- pofition, fo that our traveller found it difficult to aping the years, becaufe they were unacquainted with proach them with fafety. They are called Neardia; letters or figures. The driving of the nail was after- and each of them has a Greek crofs in the middle bewards converted into a religious ceremony, and per- tween the eyes, marked with antimony. They are formed by the Difiator, to avert public calamities. divided into tribes, but, unlike the other Arabs, have Ignorance, or miftake, in law, a defeft of will, huts in the mountains built of mud and ftraw ; and whereby a perfon is excufed from the guilt of a crime, are, by our author, fuppofed to be a remnant of the when, intending to do a lawful a£t, he does that which Vandals He even thinks that they may be defcended is unlawful. For here the deed and the will adting from the remainder of an army of Vandals mentioned feparately, there is not that conjun&ion between them by Procopius, which was defeated among thefe mounwhich is necelfary to form a criminal aft. But this tains. They live in perpetual war with the Moors, mull be ah ignorance or miftake of faft, and not an and boaft that their ancettors were Chriftians. They error in point of law. As if a man intending to kill pay no taxes. a thief or houfe-breaker in his own houfe, by miftake JIDDA, a town of Arabia, fituated, according to kills one of his own family, this is no criminal aftion : Mr Bruce, in|N. Lat. 28° a v' E. Long. 390 16' 45'', but if a man thinks he has a right to kill a perfon It is fituated in a very unwholefome, barren, and. excommunicated or outlawed wherever he, meets him, defert part of the country. Immediately without the. and does fo; this is wilful murder. For a miftake in gate to the eaftward is a.defert plain filled with the point of law, which every perfon of difcretion not huts of the Bedoweens or country Arabs, built of long only may, but is bound and prefumed to know, is, in bundles of fpartum or bent-grafs put together like criminal cafes, no fort of defence. Ignorantia juris fafcines. Thefe people fupply the town with milk arid quod quifque tenetur fare, neminem excufat, is as well the butter. “ There is no ftirring out of the town (fays maxim of our own law as it was of the Roman. Mr Bruce) even fora walk, unlcfsfor about half a mile IGUANA, in zoology, a fpecies of Lacerta. in the fouth-fide by the fea, wheie there is a number Mud-IaujiNA. See Muraena. of ftinking pools of ftagnant water, which contributes 1HOR, Johor, or Jor, a town of A fia, is Ma- to make the town very unwholefome.”1 lacca, and capital of a province of the fame name in From the difagreeable and inconvenient fifuation of the peninfula beyond the Ganges. It was taken by this port, it is probable, that it would have been long the Portuguefe in 1603, who deftroyed it, and car- ago abandoned, had it not been .for its vicinity to ried off the cannon ; but it has fince been rebuilt, and Mecca, and the vaft annual influx of wealth occalioned is now in pofieffion of the Dutch. E. Long. 93. 55. by the India trade; which, however, does not continue,. N. Lat. x. 15. but pafles on to Mecca, whence it is difperfed all over JIB, the foremoft fail of a Ihip, being a large ftay- the call. The town of Jidda itfelf receives but little fail extended from the outer end of the bowfprit pro- advantage, for all the cuftoms are immediately fent. to longed by the jib-boom, towards the fore-top mail- the needy and rapacious Iheriff of Mecca and his dehead. See Sail. pendents, “ The gold (fays Mr Bruce) is returned The jib is a fail of great command with any fide- in bags and boxes, and palfes on as rapidly to the wind, but efpecially when the (hip is clofe hauled, or ftxips as the goods do to the market, and leaves as little has the wind upon her beam; and its effort in profit behind. In the mean time provifions rile to a the fhip, or turning her head to leeward, is very prodigious price, and this falls upon the townfmen, powerful, and of great utility, particularly when the while all the profit of the traffic is in the hands of Ihip is working through a narrow channel. ftrangers ; moft of whom, after the market is over JiB-Boom, a boom run out from the extremity of (which does not laft fix weeks), retire to Yemen andthe bowfprit, parallel to its length, and ferving to other neighbouring countries, which abound in every extend the bottom of the jib, and the ftay of the fore- fort of provifion. top-gallant mail. This boom, which is nothing more From this fcarcity, Mr Bruce fuppofes it is thatthan a continuation of the bowfprit forward, to which polygamy is lefs common, here than in any other part it may be confidered as a top maft, is ufually attached of Arabia. “ Few of the inhabitants of Jidda (fays to the bowfprit by means of two large boom irons, our author) can avail tliemfelves of the privilege grantor by one boom iron, and a cap on the outer end of ed by Mahomet. He cannot marry more than one the bowfprit; or, finally, by the cap without and a wife,.becaufe he cannot maintain more; and from this, ilrong lalhing within, inftead of a boom-iron, which caufe arifes the want of people and the number of unis generally the method of fecuring it in fmall mer- married women.” chant-Ihips. It may therefore be drawn in upon the The trade at Jidda is carried on in a manner which bowfprit as eccafion requires; which is ufually prac- appeared very ftrange to our traveller^ “ Nine fliipa tifed when the (hip enters a harbour, where it might (lays he) were there from India ; fome of them v/orth, very foon be broken or carried away, by the veffels I fuppofe, 200,000!. One merchant, a Turk, living which are moored therein, or palling by under fail. at Mecca, 30 hours journey off, where no Chriftian. TIBBEL-Ajjrez, the oious aurafuis of the middle dares go whiift, the continent is open to the Turk for efcapej

J I D [ 149 1 I L A Captain Newland’s, which he kept in the middle of J'ar Jidda, efcape, offers to purchafe the cargoes of four out of —y——' thefe nine fhips himfelf; another of the fame call the channel, full of (harp angles and (hort ftretches ; ^ » comes and fays he will buy none unlefs he has them you would think every yard was meafured and. all. The famples are Ihown, and the cargoes of the founded !” 0 whole nine Ihips are carried into the wildeft parts of JIG. See Music, n 252. Arabia by men with whom one would not wifh to JIN. See Genii. trull himfelf alone in the field. This is not all; two 1KENILD street, one of the four famous ways India brokers come into the room to fettle the price; which the Romans made in England, called Stratum one on the part of the India Captain, the other on Icenorum, becaufe it began in the country of the Iceni, that of the buyer the Turk. They are neither Ma who inhabited Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgehometans nor Chriflians, but have credit with both. (hire. They fit down on the carpet, and take an India (bawl IL A, Ilay or IJla, one of the Weftern Ides of Scotwhich they carry on their Ihoulder like a napkin, and land, lying to the weft of Jura, from which it is fepafpread it over their hands. They talk in the mean time rated by a narrow channel. It extends 28 miles in length indifferent converfation. as if they were employed in from north to fouth. and is 18 in breadth from eall no ferious bufinefs whatever. After about 20 minutes to weft. On the eaft fide, it is full of mountains cofpent in handling each others fingers below the lhawl, vered with heath; to the fouthward, the land is tolethe bargain is concluded, fay for nine Ihips, without rably well cultivated. In fome parts the inhabitants one word ever having been fpoken on the fubjedt, or have found great plenty of limellone, and lead-mines pen or ink ufed in any lhape whatever* There never are worked in three different places. The only harwas one inllance of a difpute happening in thefe fales. bour in Ida is at Lochdale, near the north end-of the But this is not all; the money is yet to be paid. A idand. Here are feveral rivers and lakes well ftored private Moor, who has nothing to fupport him but with trout, eels, and falmon. In the centre is Loch his charadter, becomes refponfible for. the payment of Finlagan, about three miles in circuit, with the little thefe cargoes. This man delivers a number of coarfe ide of that name in the middle. Here the great lord hempen bags full of what is fuppofed to be money. of the ides once refided in all the pomp of royalty ; He marks the contents upon the bag, and puts his but his palaces and offices are now in ruins. Inilead ftal upon the firing that ties the mouth of it. This is of a throne, Macdonald flood on a ftone feven feet received for what is marked upon it without apy one fqtiare, in which there was an impreffion made to reever having opened one of the bags ; and in India it is ceive his feet; here he was crowned and anointed by current for the value marked upon it as long as the the bi(hop of Argyle and feven inferior priefts, in prefence of the chieftains. This ftone ftill exifts. The bag lafts. The port of Jidda is very extenfive, and contains ceremony (after the new lord had colledled his kinnumberlefs Ihoals, fmall illands, and funk rocks, with drt*d and vad'als) was truly patriarchal. After putting deep channels, however, between them ; but in the on his armour, his helmet, and his fvvord, he took an harbour itfelf Ihips may ride fecure, whatever wind oath to rule as his anceftors had done ; that is, to goblows. The only danger is in the coming in or going vern as a father would his children : his people in reout; but as the pilots are very Ikilful, accidents are ne- turn fwore that they would pay the fame obedience to ver known to happen. The charts of this harbour, as him as children would to their parent. The domiMr Bruce informs us, are exceedingly erroneous. nions of this potentate, about the year 1586, confided While he ftaid here, he was defired by Captain only of Ilay, Jura, Knapdale, and Cantyre ; fo reduThornhill to make a new chart of the harbour; but ced were they from what they had been before the definding that it had been undertaken by another gentle- privation of the great earl of Rofs in the reign of man, Captain Newland, he dropped it. He argues in the James III. Near this is another little ifle, where he ftroitgeft terms againil the old maps, which he fays affembled his council, Ilan na Corlle, or “ the ifland of can be of no ufe, but the contrary ; and he gives it as council;” where 13 judges conftantly fat to decide a chara&eriftic of the Red fea, “ fcarce to have differences among his fubjedls ; and received for their foundings in any part of the channel, and often on trouble the nth part of the value of the affair tried both fides ; whilft alhore, foundings are hardly found before them. In the firft ifland were buried the wives a boat length from the main. To this, fays he, I will and children of the lords of the ifl.es; but their own add, that there is fcarce one ifland on which I ever perfons were depofited in the more facred ground of was, where the boltfprit was not over the land, while Iona. On the (hores of the lake are fome marks of there were no foundings by a line heaved over the the quarters of his Carnauch and Gilli glajfes, “ the miftern. Of all the veflels in Jidda, only two had litary of the ifles:” the firft fignifying a ftrong man, their log lines properly divided, and yet all were the laft a grim looking fellow. The firft were lightfo fond of their fuppofed accuracy, as to aver they armed, and fought with darts and daggers; the lad had kept their courfe within five leagues between In- with (harp hatchets. Thefe are the troops that Shakedia and Babelmandel. Yet they had made no eftima- fpeare alludes to, when he fpeaks of a Donald, who "-Of Kernes and Oallow-glaffes From the Weftern Hies tion of the currents without the ftraits,nor the different was fuppiied. very firong onesfoon after paffing Socotra; their halfminute glaffes, upon a medium, ran 57 feconds ; they Befides thofe already mentioned, the lords had a hoiife had made no obfet rations on the tides or currents in and chapel at Laganon, on the fouth fide of Loch-anthe Red fea, either in the channel or in the inward daal: a ftrong caftle on a rock in the fea, at Dunojaaffage ; yet there is delineated in this map a courfe of waik, at the fouth.-eaft end of the country ; for they, made..-

T LA f 15 ° ] I L A II* matle this ifland their refidence after their cxpulfion power of fafeination is as ftrongly believed here as it of Italy in times of old. from that of Man in 1304.—There is a tradition, that was by theA efetiheplterds teneros oculii mihi fafeinat agnos? while the Ifle of Man was part of the kingdom of the But here theo quis power of the evil-eye aflfeds more the ifles, the rents were for a time paid in this counthan lambs. If the good houfewife pertry : thofe in filver were paid on a rock, ftill called milch-cows Creig-a-nione, or “the rock of the filver-rentthe ceives the effeCt of the malicious on any of her kine, other, Creg a nairgidy or “ the rock of rents in kind.” die takes as much milk as file can drain from the enThefe lie oppofite to each other, at the mouth of a chanted herd (for the witch commonly leaves very harbour on the fouth fide of this ifland. There are little). She then boils it with certain herbs, and adds feveral forts built on the ifles in fte/h-water lakes, and to them flints and untempered fteel: after that ihe divers caverns in different parts of the ifland, which fecuresthe door, and invokes the three facrcd perfons. have been ufed occafionally as places of ftrength. The This puts the witch into fuch an agony, that ihe comes ifland is divided into four parifires, viz.. Kildalton, nilling-willing to the houfe, begs to be admitted, to Kilaron, Kilchoman, and Kilmenie. The produce is obtain relief by touching the powerful pot: the good corn of different kinds; fuch as bear, which fometimes woman then makes her terms; the witch reftores the yields eleven fold; and oats fix fold. Much flax is milk to. the cattle, and in return is freed from her raifed here, and about L. 2060 worth fold out of the pains. But fometimes, to fave the trouble of thofe ifland in yarn, which might better be manufadhrred charms (for it may happen that the diforder may arife on the fpot, to give employ to the poor natives. Not- from other caufes than an evil eye), the trial is' made withflanding the excellency of the land, above L. 1000 by immerging in milk a certain herb, and if the cows worth of meal is annually imported. Ale is frequent- are fupernaturally affefted, it inftantly diitills blood. ly made in this ifland of the young , tops of heath, The unfuccefsful lover revenges himfelf on his happy mixing two-thirds of that plant with one of malt, rival by charms potent as thofe of the ihepherd Alfometimes adding hops. Boethius relates, that this pheiibasus, and exacily fimilar : liquor was much ufed among the Pidfs; but when that JS.Kccle, e6ie tribus nodis modo. ternos ^ AmaryHiy colores: Amarylli, nation was extirpated by the Scots, the fecret of making it periihed with them. Numbers of cattle are Donald takes three threads of different hues, and bred here, and about 1700 arc annually exported at ties three knots on each, three times imprecating the the price of 50 fhillings each. The ifland is often moft cruel difappointments on the nuptial bed : but overftocked, and numbers die in March for want of the bridegroom, to avert the harm, Hands at the altar fodder. None but milch-cows are houfed : cattle of with an untied ftioe, and puts a iixpence beneath his all other kinds, except the faddle-horfes, run out du- foot. ring winter. Hiftory furnifties very few materials for the great The number of inhabitants.is computed to be be- events or revolutions of Hay.- It feems to have been tween feven and eight thoufand. About 700 are em- long a feat of empire, probably jointly with the Ifie of ployed in the mines and in the fifhery; the reft are Man, as being moft conveniently fitnated for the gogentlemen-farmers, and fubtenants or fervants. The vernment of the reft of the Hebrides ; for Crovan the women fpin. The fervants are paid in kind; the fixth Norwegian, after his conqueft of that ifiand in 1066, part of the crop. They have houfes gratis: the ma- retired and finiftied his days in Hay. There are more iler gives them the feed for the firft year, and lends Danifti or Norwegian names of places in this ifland them horfes to plough annually the land annexed. than any other : almoft all the prefent farms derive The quadrupeds of this ifland, as enumerated by their titles from them; fuch as Perlibus, Torridale, Mr Pennant f, are ftots, weefels, otters, andj hares : Torribolfe, and the like. On the retreat of the Danes the laft fmall, dark-coloured, and bad runners. The it became the feat of their fucceffors the lords of the birds are eagles, peregrine falcons, black and red game, ifles ; and continued, after their po ver was broken, in fto Voyage and verythefew(bore ptarmigans, reign of James III. in their defeendants the Macthe Hetreeda on among theRed-breafted loofe ftones, goofanders wild geefe the donalds, who held or ought to have held it from the fnrfw. u' in the moors, and herons in the ifland in Loch-guirm. crown. It was in the poffeflion of a Sir James MacThe fiih are plaife, fmeardab, large dabs, mullets, bal- donald, in the year 1598, the fame who won the lan, lump-fifh, black goby, greater dragonet, and that battle of Trail-dhruinard. His power gave umbrage rare filh the lepadogafter of M. Geuan. Vipers fwarm to James VI. who direfted the lord of Macleod, in the heath: the natives retain the vulgar error of Cameron of Lochiel, and the Micneiles of Barra, their Hinging with their forked tongues; that a fword to fupport the Macleans in another invafion. The rion which the poifon has fallen will hifs in water like a val parties met near the hill of Benb’igger, eaft of Kilred-hot iron ; and that a poultice of human ordure is arow; a fierce engagement enfued, and the Macdoan infallible cure for the bite. nalds were defeated and alnioft entirely cut off. Sir In this ifland, Mr Pennant informs us, feveral an- James efcaped to Spain; but returned in 1620, was cient diverfions and fuperftitions are ftill preferred: the pardoned, received a penfion, and died the fame year laft indeed are almoft extindf, or at moft lurk only a- at Glafgow; and in him expired the laft of the great mongft the very meaneft of the people. The late- Macdonalds. But the king, irritated by the difturwakes or funerals, like thofe of the Romans, were at- bances raifed by private wars, waged between thefe and tended wuth fports, and dramatic entertainments com- other clans, refumed the grant made by his predecefpofed of many parts, and the aftors often changed their for, and transferred it to Sir John Campbell of Calder, drefles fuitably to their characters. The fubjeft of the who held it on paying an annual feu-duty of five hundrama was hiftorical, and preferred by memory.—The dred pounds tierling, which is paid to this day. The xfland 5

I L D [ 151 ] 1 L D tlchefter, ifland was granted to Sir John as a reward for his nance, and the manner of holding his trident, announce _ und«rtaking the conqudi ; but the family confidered that he has juft impofed lilence 011 the mutinous waves; it as a dear acquifition, by the lofs of many gallant and the calm which reigns in the bafon, defended followers, and by the expences incurred in fupport from every wind by the triple wall of vet dure by which it is furrounded, feem to indicate that he has not of it. ILCHESTER, a town of Somerfetlhire in Eng- iffued his commands in vain. Often have I feated land, feated on the river Yeovil, 129 rtiiles from Lon- myfeif, with Virgil in my hand, by the fide of this don, is fo called, becaufe it once had a caftle, and filent water, under the fltadeof the verdant foliage, nor hands on the river Ivel. It is a place of great an- ever did I fail to recolletl the famous Qms Ego ! tiquity, as appears by the Roman coins which are “ There are other fountains worthy of the attention fometimes dug up. It is likewife evident, from the of the curious; fuch as that of Latona, where the (heaves, fome perpendicularly, and others in ruins and from two towers on the bridge, that it was limpid once a large place, and encompafied with a double wall. every dire&ion, fall from the hoarfe throats of the It alfo had fevcral parilh churches, though now but Lycian peafants, half transformed into frogs, and one. It is governed by two bailiffs, who with the twelve fpouting them forth in fuch abundance, that the ftatue burgefles are lords of the manor. In the reign of Ed- of the goddefe difappears under the wide mantle of ward III. the affizes for the county were fixed here, liquid cryftal; that alfo of Diana in the bath, furwhich have fince been held alternately at Wells, Taun- rounded by her nymphs; in the twinkling of an eye ton, and Bridgewater. The knights of the fhire are all the chafte court is hidden beneath the waters; the always chofen here, and it is the place for the county- fpeohator imagines he hears the whiftling of aquatic courts and jail. On the latter is its chief dependence, birds, and the roaring of lions, from the place whence and therefore it cannot be very polite. It is noted for this momentary deluge efcapes by a hundred canals. being the birth-place of Roger the famous Friar Ba- The fountain of Fame is formed by a fingle jet-d’eau, which rife 130 feet, exhibiting to the diftance of fevecon. Ilchefter is an earldom in the Fox family. ILDEFONSO (St), a celebrated royal refidence ral leagues round the triumph of art over nature, of Spain, diltant about two miles from Segovia. It and falls in a gentle Ihower upon the gazing fpe&awas erefted by Philip V. in the midft of a folitary tors. There are fome fituations in the gardens of St wood, and in the bofom of deep mountains. It is Udefonfo, whence the eye takes in the whole of the chiefly remarkable for its gardens. There is nothing greater part of thefe fountains, and. where the ear i@ magnificent in the palace, particularly in its exterior delighted with the harmony of their murmurs. The appearance. The front on the fide of the garden is of traveller who wifhes to charm all his fenfes at once, his ftation on the high flat ground in front the Corinthian order, and not de.ftitute of elegance. ofmuftthetake king’s apartment. In the thick part of the Here are the king’s apartments, which look upon a parterre furrounded with vafes and marble flatues, and foliage are contrived two large arbours, from the top a cafcade which, for the richnefs of its decorations, of which are feen tewenty cryftal columns rifing inta the air to the height of the furrounding trees, mixingmay he compared with the finellof the kind. The purity and clearnefs of the water is indeed in- their refplendent whitenefs with the verdure of the comparable. Philip V. could not, in this refpeft, be foliage, uniting their confufed noife to the ruftling of branches, and refreihing and embalming the air; better ferved by nature. From the mountains which the fhade the palace defcend feveral rivulets, which fupply if the traveller here experience no pleafing fenfations, him return home, he is utterly incapable of feeling the refervoirs. Thefe waters anfwer the double pur- let the beauties of art or nature. pofe of fupplying numerous fountains, and of diffufing either “ The reader may here imagine (continues our aulife and verdure through the magnificent gardens, the thor) enthufiafin too extravagant. He is miftafight of which alone is a fufficient recompence for a ken; letmyhim follow me to the great refervoir of abunjourney into Spain. They are on the in fide a league in circumference. The inequality of the ground af- dant and limpid waters. He will have to climb for minutes, but will not regret the trouble he has fords every moment new points of view. The princi- fume taken. Let us fuppofe ourfelves arrived at the long pal alleys anfwer to different fummics of neighbouring and mountains; and one in particular produces the moft narrow alley which takes up the whole of the uppart of the gardens; proceed to the middle, and agreeable effe&. It is terminated at one end by the per turn your face toward the caftle. To the vail horizon grand front of the palace. From this point are feen, around you, no other boundaries are difeovered but at one view, five fountains, ornamented with elegant thofe which the human fight; thefe alone pregroups, rifing into an amphitheatre, above which ap- vent you fromlimit the Pyrenees. Obferve the pear the fummits of lofty mountains. The moft ele- fteeple, which difeovering feems but a point in the immenfe exvated of thefe groups is that of Andromeda faftened tent : you will perhaps imagine it to be that of the to a rock. When feen at a little diftance it is perhaps parifh church of St Ildefonfo; but, in reality, it is defe&ive, becaufe the rock appears too diminutive by the cathedral of Segovia, at two leagues diftance. The the fide of the monfter which threatens Andromeda; gardens, which you have pafled, become narand of Perfeus, by whom it is attacked ^ but the whole rower to through the eye. You fuppofe yourfelf clofe to the contributes to the beauty of the view. The moft reroyal habitation ; the alleys, fountains, and parterres, markable of the five groups is that of Neptune. f Travc/s in “ Genius (fays M. Bourgoanne f) preiided at the have all difappeared ; you fee but one road, which, in form of a veffel, upon the prow of which you feem iS/um,!. 68. corJ1p0fition and in the choice of the fituation ; the the deity of the ocean appears ere£t, furrounded by his to (land, has its ftern on the top of the palace. Afmarine court. His attitude, his threatening counte- terward turn and take a view of the little lake behind you*

L |

T L D [ 15 2 1 I L D you, of which the irregular borders do not, like what the centre is the group of Pandora, the only one which Udefonf*. ^ we call our Englilh gardens, nierely ape the diforder is of whitened ftone, all the others are of white marble of nature. Nature herfelf has traced them, except on or lead painted of a bronze colour. Eight alleys anthe fide where you Hand. This llraight alley is uni- fwer to this centre, and each is terminated by a founted at each end to the curve which furrounds the re- tain. Plats of verdure fill up the intervals between the fervoir. The waters, which ftream in abundance from alleys, and each has an altar under a portico of white the fides of the mountain in front, meet in this refer- marble by the fide of a bafon facred to fome god or voir, and thence defcend by a thoufand invifible tubes goddefs. Thefe eight altars, placed at equal diftances, to other refervoirs, whence they are fpouted in columns and decorated among other jets-d’eau, have two which or flreets upon the flowery foil to which they were rife in the form of tapers on each fide of their diviniftrangers. The birds} drawn by their clearnefs, come ties. This cold regularity difpleafed Philip V. who to fltim and agitate their cryftal. The image of the a little before his death, when vifiting the gardens, tufted woods which furround them is reflefted from made fome fevere reproaches to the inventor upon the their immoveable furface, as is alfo that of fome fimple fubjedt. Philip had not the pleafure of completely and rural houfes, thrown, as by accident, into this de- enjoying what he had created ; death furprifed him lightful pi&ure, which Loirain would have imitated, when the works he had begun were but half finiftied. but perhaps could mot have imagined. The oppofite The undertaking was however the moft expenfive one bank is obfcured by thick lhades. Some hollows, of his reign. The finances of Spain, fo deranged unoveifliadowed by arching trees, feem to be the afylums der the princes of the houfe of Auftria (thanks to the of the Naiades. Difturb them not by indifcreet lo- wife calculations of Orry, to the fubfidies of France, and quacity, but filently admire and meditate. ftill more to the courageous efforts of the faithful Cafti•“ It is impoffiblc, however, not to go to the fource lians), would have been fufficient for three long and of thefe waters ; let us follow the meandring of their ruinous wars, and for all the operations of a monarchy courfe, and obferve the winding paths which there ter- which Philip V. had conquered and formed anew, fninate, after appearing and difappearing at intervals as well as to have refifted the fhocks of ambition and through the copfe. Let us liften to the bubbling of political intrigue; but they funk beneath the expenfive the rivulets which from time to time efcape from our efforts of magnificence.” fight, and haften to the rendezvous affigned them by It is Angular that the caftle and gardens of St Ildethe defcendants of Louis XIV. They formerly loft fonfo fliould have coft about 45,000,000 of piaftres,prethemfelves in the valleys, where they quenched the cifely the fum in which Philip died indebted. This enorthirft of the humble inhabitants, but are now confe- mous expence will appear credible, when it is known crated to the pleafures of kings. Afcending the back that the fituation of the royal palace was at the beginof the pyramidical mountain, behind which their fource ning of this century the floping top of a pile of rocks; is concealed, we arrive at the wall which confines a part that it was neceffary to dig and hew out the ftones, of them in the garden, and which was hidden by the and in feveral places to level the rock ; to cut out of trees; nothing, however, ought here to recal to mind its fides a paffage fora hundred different canals, to carry earth to every place in which it was intended exclufive property and flavery. Woods, waters, and vegetative the majeftic folitude of mountains, which are at a di- to fubftitute cultivation for fterility, and to work a mine clear a paffage to the roots of the numerous trees llance from the tumult of courts and cities, are the towhich there planted. All thefe efforts were crownproperty of every man.—Beyond this wall, which ed witharefuccefs. kitchen gardens, forms the exterior enclofure of the gardens, is an empty and parterres, thereInarethebutorchards, few flowers, efpaliers, or and flat ground, where the infant Don Louis, brother plants, which do not thrive ; but the trees, naturally of to the king, chofe a place which he confecrated to a lofty growth, and which confequently muft ftrike cultivation. Farther on, the mountain becomes more their roots deep into the earth, already prove the infteep, and is covered with trees to its fummit. Let us fufficiency of art when it attempts to ftruggle againft now return ; as we feek amufement and not fatigue. nature. Many of them languifti with withered trunks, We will follow the courfe of the waters, they defcend and with difficulty keep life in their almoft naked in bubbling ftreams from one level of the gardens to branches. Every year it is neceffary to call in the aid the other. In their courfe, in one place they water gunpowder to make new beds for thofe which are the feet of the trees, in others they crofs an alley to toof fupply place ; and none of them are covered nourifh more flowly the plants of a parterre. From with that their foliage which belongs only to thofe the bafon of Andromeda they run between two rows that grow intufted a natural foil. In a word, there are in the of trees in the form of a canal, the too fudden incli- groves of St Ildefonfo, ftatues, bafons, cafcadfiS, nation of which is taken off by cafcades and windings. limpid waters, verdure, marble and delightful profpefts, every They receive and carry with them from the gardens thing but that which would the rivulets; which after having played amongft the all the reft, thick ftiades. be more charming than gods and nymphs, and moiftened the throats of the court of Spain comes hither annually during fwans, tritons, and lions, humbly defcend under ground, theThe heat of the dog-days. It arrives towards the end and run on into the bofom of the neighbouring mea- of July, and returns at the beginning of O&ober. The dows, where they fulfil purpofes lefs brilliant but more u eful of St Ildefonfo, upon the declivity of the ^ “ We - muft not quit thefe magnificent gardens j with-i fituation mountains which feparate the two Caftiles, and fronting a vail plain where there is no obftacle to the pafout flopping at a place which appears to promife much, but produces not any very great effeift. This is the fage of the north wind, renders this abode delightful fiquare of the eight alleys, Pla$a dc las oobo calks. In in fummer. The mornings and evenings of the hotteft day* No 164.

I X E [ 155 ] ILF days are agreeably cool. Yet as this palace is upwards bout Michaelmas, and continue on the trees, if they Hex, Ilfracomb. of 20 leagues from Madrid, and half of the road which are not deftroyed, till after Chriftmas. leads to it crolfes the broad tops of mountains, ex- The common holly is a very beautiful tree in winter; tremely deep in many places, it is much more agreeable therefore deferves a place in all plantations of evergreen to the lovers of the chace and folitude than to others. trees and ftirubs, where its ihining leaves and red berILERDA (anc. geog.), the capital of the Hi- ries make a fine variety ; and if a few of the beft variegertes* fituated on an eminence between the rivers Si- gated kinds are properly intermixed, they will enliven coris and Cinga: An unhappy city, often befieged, and the feene. It is propagated by feeds, which never often taken, becaufe lying expofed to the iucurfions come up the firft year, but lie in the ground as the from Gaul; and under GalHenus it was deftroyed by haws do; therefore the berries (hould be buried in the the Germans. Now Lerida, in Catalonia, on the river ground one year, and then taken up and fown at Michaelmas, upon a bed expofed only to the morning Segra. ILEX, the Holm or Holly 7m : A genus of the fun; the following fpring the plants will appear, which tetragynia order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of muft be kept clean from weeds; and if the fpring .plants; and'in the natural method ranking under the ftiould prove dry, it will be of great fervice to the 43d order, Dumofa.' The calyx is quadridentated ; plants if they are watered once a-week; but they muft the corolla rotaceous; there is no ftyle; the berry is not have it oftener, nor in too great quantity, for too much moifture is very injurious to thefe plants when tnonofpermous. There are feveral fpecies of this genus; but the moft young. In this feed-bed the plants may remain two remarkable is the aquifolium, or common holly. Of years; and then (hould be tranfplanted in the autumn, .this there are a great number of -varieties with variega- into beds at about fix inches afunder, where they may ted leaves, which are propagated by the nurfery-gar- (land two years longer ; during which time they muft deners for fale, and fome years paft were in very great be conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and if the plants redeem, but at prefent are but little regarded, the old have thriven well, they will be ftrong enough to tranftafte of filling gardens with Ihorn evergreens being plant where they are defigned to remain : for when pretty well abolifhed ; however, in the difpofition of they are tranfplanted at that age; there will be lefs clumps, or rather plantations-, of evergreen trees and danger of their failing, and they will grow to a larger fhrubs, a few of the moft lively colours may be admit- fize than thofe which are removed when they are much ted, which will have a good effed. in the winter feafon, larger; but if the ground is not ready to receive them at that time, they {hould be tranfplanted into a nur-if they are properly difpofed. The beft of thefe varieties are the painted lady-holly, fery in rows at two feet diftance. and one foot afunder Britilh holly, Bradley’s heft holly, phyllis or cream- in the rows, in which place the plants may remain two holly, mdkmaid holly, Prichet’s beft holly, gold- years longer; and if they are defigned to be grafted or edged hedgehog holly, Chyney’s holly, glory-of-the- budded with any of the variegated kinds, that {hould be -weft holly, Broaderick’s holly, Partridge’s holly. Here* performed after the plants have grown one year in the fordfhire white holly, Blind’s cream holly, Longftaff’s nurfery ; but the plants fo budded or grafted {hould holly, Eales s holly, filver-edged hedgehog holly. All continue two years after in the nurfery, that they may■ thefe varieties are propagated by budding or graft- make good {hoots before they are removed ; though ing them upon docks of the common green holly : the plain ones {hould not ftand longer than two years there is -alfo a variety of the common holly with in the nurfery, becaufe when they are older they do fmooth leaves ; but this is frequently found intermixed not tranfplant fo well. The beft: time for removing -with the prickly-leaved on the fame tree, and often on hollies is in the autumn, efpecially in dry land ; but where the foil is cold and moift, they may be tranfthe fame branch there are both forts of leaves. The common holly grows naturally in woods and fo- plant-ed with great (afety in the fpring, if the plants ■ reds in many parts of England, where it rifes from 20 are not too old, or have not ftood long unremoved, foi" to 30 feet high, and fometimes more, but their ordi- if they have, there is great doubt of their growing nary height is not above 25 feet: the ftem by age be- when removed. comes large, and is covered with a greyifh fmooth bark; Ufes. Sheep in the winter are fed with croppings and thofe trees which are not loped or browfed by of holly. Birds eat the berries. The bark fermentcattle, are commonly furnifhed with branches the great ed and afterwards wafhed from the woody fibres, makes eft part of their length, fo form a fort of cone ; the the common bird-lime. The plant makes an impenebranches are gar-nilhed with oblong oval leaves, of trable fence, and bears cropping ; however, it is not -a lucid green on their upper furface, but are pale on found in all refpefts to anfwer for this purpofe equally their under, having a ftrong midrib : the edges are in- well with the hawthorn. The wood is ufed in fineerdented and waved, with (harp thorns terminating each ing, and is fometimes ftained black to imitate ebony. of the points, fo that fome of the thorns are raifed up- Handles for knives and cogs for mill-wheels are made ward, and others are bent downward, and being very of it. It is alfo made into hones for whetting of raftiff they, are troubiefome to handle. The leaves are zors. Mr Miller fays, he has feen the floor of a room placed alternate on every fide of the branches; and from laid with compartments of holly and mahogany, which the bafe of their footftalks come out the flowers in had a very pretty effeft. cluflers, Handing on very fhort footftalks; each of a town of Devonfliire, feated on •thefe fuftain five, fix, or more flowers. They are of theILFRACOMB Severn fea, almoft oppofite to Swgnfea in Glamora dirty white, and appear in May ; but are fucceeded ganftire, 186 miles from London. It is a populous, By roundiflt berries, which turn to a beautiful red a- rich, trading fea-port, efpecially with herrings in the Vou IX. Part I. U rich.

ILK [ 154 ] ILL Iliac toBriftol-channcl; noted for maintaining conllant lights ILLECEBRUM, in botany: A genus of the mo- Ilkcebrum c re< t e a or8 or ta nogynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs of Illlclum U ^Ilkuch ** ^ ^ f ^ » ^ * convenience of building . 1 and reparing fhips ; and for. the fafe (belter (hips plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the y ° ^ from Ireland find here, when it is extremely dangerous 12th order, Holoracee. The calyx is pentaphyllous, for them to run into the mouth of the Taw, which and cartilaginous ; there is no corolla; the ffigma is they call Barnftaple-water ; and this is one reafon why Ample ; fthe capfule quinquevalved, and monofperthe Barnftaple merchants do fo much of their bufinefs mous. There are feveral fpecies, of which the mod at this port. The harbour, with its quay, warp-houfe, remarkable are the paronychia and the capitatum. Both light-houfe, pilot-boats, and tow-boats, were formerly thefe have trailing flalks near two feet long, which maintained at the expence of the anceftors of the lord fpread on the ground, garnifhed with fmall leaves like-, of the manor; and then it had a quay or pier 850 thofe of knot-grafs. The heads of the flowers come feet long ; but by time and the violence of the fea all out from the joints of the ffalks, having neat filvery went to decay ; to remedy which, the parliament paffed braftea furrounding them, which make a pretty appearan aft in 1731, for both repairing and enlarging the ance. Their flowers appear in June, and there is piers, harbour, &c. It is governed by a mayor, bai- generally a fucceflion of them for at lead two months; liffs, See. and confifts chiefly of one ftreet of fcattered and when the autumn proves warm, they will ripen houfes almoft a mile long. The parifh is large, con- their feeds in Oftober. They are propagated by feeds taining feveral tythings and manors. which fhould be fown in a bed of light earth in thcILIAC Passion, a violent and dangerous kind of beginning of April: the plants will come up in May, colic ; called alfo volvulus, miferere mei, and chordapfus. when they fhould be kept clean from weeds till they It takes its name from the inteftine ilion, on account of are fit to remove. S >me fhould be planted in fmalf its being ufually affefted in this diltemper ; or per- pots, and the red in a warm border, obferving to wahaps from the Greek verb « to wind or twill” ; ter and fhade them till they have taken new root. whence alfo it is the Latins call it volvulus. See Me- Thefe plants are fometimes killed in fevere winters ;, for which reafon it is direfted to plant fome of them dicine Index. ILIAD, the name of an ancient epic poem, the firfl in pots, that they may be fheltered during that feafon. ILLENOIS, a people of North America, inhabiand fined of thofe compofed by Homer. The poet’s defign in the Iliad was to fhow the ting a country lying near a large lake of the fame Greeks, who were divided into feveial little dates, how name (called alfo Michigan), formed by the river St much it was their intered to preferve a harmony and Laurence. The country is fertile ; and the people ood underdanding among themfelves ; for which end plant Indian corn, on which they chiefly fubfiff. They e fets before them the calamities that befel their an- are civil, aftive, lively, and robud ; and are much lefs cedors from the wrath of Achilles, and his mifunder- cruel in their difpofitions than the other Indian nadanding with Agamemnon ; and the advantages that tions. They are, however, faid to be great libertines, afterwards accrued to them from their union. The and to marry a number of wives; but fome of their iliad is divided into 24 books or rhapfodies, which are villages have embraced Chriftianity. ILLICIUM, in botany : A genus of the pentagymarked with the letters of the alphabet. ILISSUS, a river running to the ead of Athens; nia order, belonging to the dodecandria clafs of plants ; which, with the Eridanus running on the wed fide, and in the natural method ranking with thofe of which falls below the city into the fea. Sacred to the mufes, the order is doubtful. The calyx is tetraphyllous, and called Hiflladcs ; on whofe bank their altar flood, and deciduous; there are eight petals, and eight petaloid where the ludration in the lefs myfleries was ufual- Tubulated neftaria. There are 16 flamina with bifid. antherse 5 the capfules are ovate, compreffed, and moly performed. ILIUM; Ilion, or Ilios, (anc. geog.) a name for nofpermous. There are two fpecies, viz. x. The flothe city of Troy, but mod commonly ufed by the ridanum, with red flowers, and very odorous fruit. It poets, and didinguifhed by the epithet F'etus ; at a is a native of China. 2. The anifatum, a nagreater didance from the fea than what was afterwards tive of the woods of China and Japan. It rifes called Ilium Novum, and thought to be the IJienJium with an ereft branched flem to the height of a Pagus of Strabo. New or modern Ilium was a village cherry-tree ; and is covered with an afh-colourcd bark, nearer the fea, with a temple of Minerva; where A- under which is another bark that is green, flefhy, fomeiexander, after the battle of Granicus, offered gifts, what mucous, and of an aromatic taffe, combined with and called it a city, which he ordered to be enlarged. a fmall degree of aflringency. The wood is hard and His orders were executed by Lyfimachus, who en- brittle ; the pith fmall in quantity, fungous, and of a eompafled it with a wall of 40 ffadia. It was after- green herbaceous colour. The leaves refemble thofe wards adorned by the Romans, who granted it immu- of laurel ; the flowers, in fome fort, thofe of narciffus. nities as to their mother-city. From this city the /- Thefe lad generally ftand fingle, are of a pale white, lias of Homer takes its name, containing an account and confiff of 16 petals, which differ in their form. of the war carried on between the Greeks and Trojans The extremity of the flower-flalk being continued into on account of the rape of Helen ; a variety of difafters the germcn or feed-bud of the flower, forms eight conbeing the confequence, gave rife to the proverb Idas joined capfules, or one deeply divided into eight parts. Of thefe capfules, fome frequently decay ; the red inMalorum. ILKUCH, a royal town of Poland, in the palati- clofe each a fingle feed, fomewhat refembling that of nate of Cracow, remarkable for its filver mines mixed palma chridi, and which, when the hardifh corticle with lead. It is feated in a barren and mountainous that clofely covers and involves it is broken, exhibits sountry, in E. Eong. 20. o. N. Lat. 50. 26, a kernel that is white, flefhy, foft, and of a vapid tade*

ILL [ 155 1 . ILL ‘•tITiiminac tafte. The bonz-es, or priefts of China and Japan, in- A very ancient MS. of Genefis, which Was in the lilutninatin , £' , fufe into the inhabitants a fuperftitious belief, that the Cottonian library, and almolt deftroyed by a fire in tinS' l ^ gods delighted withplace the before prefencetheirof idols this tree. two hundred and fifty curious which paintings >in contained water colours. Twenty-one fragments, Hencearethey generally gar- }73 lands and bundles made of the branches. A fimilar efcaped the fire, are engraven by the fociety of antiopinion the Bramins inculcate into the Indians, of the quaries of London. Several fpecimens of curious Malabar fig, orJiais religSo/a. The bark of the anife- paintings alfo appear in Lambecius’s catalogue of tin*' tree, reduced to powder, and equally burnt, the public imperial library at Vienna, particularly in Vol. Ilk watchmen in Japan, by a very curious contrivance de- where forty-tight drawings of nearly equal antiquity fcribed by Kempfer, render ufeful in the meafuring of with thofe in the Cottonian library are engraven ; and time during the darknefs of the night. The fame pow- feveral others may be found in various catalogues of der is frequently burnt in brazen veflels on the Japanefe the Italian libraries. The drawings in the Vatican altars, as incenfe is in other countries, from a belief Virgil made in the fourth century, before the art* that the idols in whofe honour the ceremony is per- were entirely negle&ed, illullrate the different fubje&s Formed are greatly refrefhed with the agreeable fra- treated of by the Roman poet. A miniature drawing grancy of its odour. It is remarkable, that a branch is prefixed to each of the gofpels brought over to Engof this tree being added to the decoftion of the poi- land by St Auguftin in the fixth century, which is prefonous fifli, termed by the Dutch de opllafer (a fifh ferved in the library of Corpus Chrifti college, Camthe moft delicate, if the poifonous matter be firft pro- bridge : in the compartments of thofe drawings are deperly expelled), increafes its noxious quality, and ex- puted reprefentations of feveral tranfadtions in each goafperates the poifon to an aftonifhing degree of aftivity fpel. The curious drawings, and elaborate ornaments’ in St Cuthbert’s gofpels jmade by St Eihelwald, and now and power. ILLUMINATING, a kind of miniature-painting, in the Cottonian library, exhibit a ftriking fpecimen of anciently much pradtifed for illuftrating and adorning the ftate of the arts in England in the feventh century. books. Befides the writers of books, there were ar- The fame may be obferved with refpedl to the drawtifts whofe profeffion was to ornament and paint manu- ings in the ancient copy of the four gofpels preferved fcripts, who were called illuminators ; the writers of in the cathedral church of Litchfield, and thofe in the books firft finifhed their part, and the illuminators em- Codex Rufhworthianus in the Bodleian library at OxThe life of St Paul the hermit, now remaining belliftied them with ornamented letters and paintings. inford.Corpus Chrifti college, Cambridge, (G 2), afWe frequently find blanks left in manufcripts for the illuminators, which were never filled up. Some of the fords an example of the ftyle of drawing and ornamen--- ~:i. --J are 1 gilt :n--Jand -burnifhed a..i„ ining letters ancient manufcripts a ftyle in England in the eighth century ; and the fuperior to later times. Their colours were excellent, copy of Prudentius’s -Pfycomachia in the Cottonian liand their ikill in preparing them muft have been very brary (Cleop. c. 8.) exhibits the ftyle of drawing in Italy in the ninth century. Of the tenth century great. of a Angular kind in the The practice of introducing ornaments, drawmgs> there are Roman drawings 0 'emblematical figures, and even portraits, into manu- Harleian library (N 2820.) ^5280, 1802, and fcripts, is of great antiquity. Varro wrote the lives 432, in the fame librar}", contain fpecimens of ornaof feven hundred illuftrious Romans, which he enrich- mented letters, which are to be found in Irifti MSS. ed with their portraits, as Pliny attefts in his Natural from the twelfth to the fourteenth century. Ctedmon’s Hiftory (lib. xxxv. chap. 2.) Pomponius Atticus, Poetical Paraphrafe of the book of Genefis, written the friend of Cicero, was the author of a work on the in the eleventh century, which is preferved amongft F. a&ions of the great men amongft the Romans, which Junius’s MSS. in the Bodleian library, exhibits many he ornamented with their portraits, as appears in his fpecimens of utenfils, weapons, inftruments of mufic, life by Cornelius Nepos (chap. 18.) But thefe works and implements of huibandry ufed by the Anglo-Saxhave not been tranfmitted to pofterity. There are, ons. The like may be feen in extrafts from the Penr however, many- precious documents remaining, which• tateuch of the^ fame age, in the Cottonian library . arts T'U,> manufcript (Claud. B. 4.) The copy ofI- rr.Terence .in exhibit the advancement and.... decline of- the in the Bodleian library (D. 17.) difplays the dreffes, different ages and countries. Thefe ineilimable paint&c. worn by comedians in the twelfth century, ings and illuminations difplay the manners, cuftoms, ifmalks, habits ecclefiaftical, civil, and military, weapons and not earlier. The very elegant Pfalter in the library inftruments of war, utenfils and architefture of the of Trinity College, Cambridge, exhibits fpecimens of ancients ; they are of the greateft ufe in illuftrating the art of drawing in England in the fame century, many important fafts relative to the hiftory of the times The Virgil in the Lambeth library of the 13th century in which they were executed. In thefe treafures of (NJ 471.), written in Italy, fhows both by the drawantiquity are preferved a great number of fpecimens ings and writing, that the Italians produced works of Grecian and Roman art, which were executed be- much inferior to ours at that period. The cogy of fore the arts and fciences fell into negledt and contempt, the Apocalypfe in the fame library (N- 209), contains The manufcripts containing thefe fpecimens form a a curious example of the manner of painting in the valuable part of the riches preferved in the principal fourteenth century.—The beautiful* paintings in the libraries of Europe. The Royal, Cottonian, and Har- hiftory of the latter part of the reign of king Rich. II. leian libraries, as alfo thofe in the two univeifities in in the Harleian library (N° 1319), afford curious England, the Vatican at Rome, the imperial at Vienna, fpecimens of manners and cuftoms, both civil and mithe royal at Paris, St Mark’s at Venice, and many litary, at the clofe of the fourteenth and in the be©thers. ginning of the fifteenth century ; as dees NJ 2278 U2 itt

ILL [ 156 1 IMA lllumina. jn the fame library.—Many other Jnflances might be ently applied to fuch perfons as had received baptifna. IllunsInsAi This name was occafioned by a ceremony in the bap- 1'^ ‘‘"S rna produced con u; but thofe who defire farther information tifm. of adults; which confided in- putting alighted Illumined ties,y qto,f handStrutt’s Regal and Ecclefiaftical u—y——' his Horda-Angel-cynnan latelyAntiquipublilhr taper in the hand of the perfon baptized, as a. fymbol of the faith and grace he had received in the faciaed in three vols. This art was much praftifed by the clergy* and men t. even by fome in the higheit ftations in the church. Illumined, Iliuminati, is alfo the name of a fe£t of “ The famous Ofmund (fays Bromton), who was heretics, who fprang up in Spain about the year 1575, confecrated bifhop of Salifbury A. D. 1076, did not and were called by the Spaniards Alambrados. Their difdain to fpend fome part of his time in writing, principal do&rines were, that by means of a fublime binding, and illuminating books.” Mr Strutt, as al- -manner of prayer, which they, had attained to, they ready noticed, has given the public an opportunity of entered into fo perfect a date, that they, had.no ocforming fome judgment of the degree of delicacy and cafion for ordinances, facraments, nor good works; art with which thefe illuminations were executed, by and that they could give way, even to the vileft adtions,. publifhing prints of a prodigious number of them, in without fin. The left of Illumined was revived in his Regal and ecclejiajlical antiquities of England, and France in the year 1634, and were foon after joined . View of the cujloms, l$c. of England. In the fir ft of thefe by the Guerinets, or difciples of Peter Guerin, who works we are prefented with the genuine portraits, in together made but one body, called alfo Illumined : miniature, of all the kings, and feveral of the queens but they were fo hotly purfued by Louis XHI. that, of England, from Edward the Confeflbr to Henry they were foon deftroyed. The brothers of. th^ Rofy. VII. moftly in their crowns and royal robes, together Grofs, are fometimes alfo called Illumined. See. with the portraits of many other eminent perfons of Rosycrusian. ILLUSTRIOUS, Illustris, was heretofore,, both fexes. The illuminators and painters of this period feem to in the Roman empire, a title of honour peculiar have been in poffeffion of a confiderable number of co- to people of a certain rank. It was fir ft given to louring materials, and to have known the arts of pre- the moft diftinguifhed. among the knights, who paring and mixing them, fo as to form a great variety had a right to. bear the latus clavus : afterwards,. of colours: for in the fpecimens of their miniature- thofe were intitled illujlrious who held the firft rank, paintings that are ftill extant, we perceive not only among thofe called honorati; that is, the prsefefti the five primary colours, but alfo various combinations prsetorii, prsefefi i urbis, treafurers, comites, &c. of them. Though Strutt’s prints do not exhibit the There were, however, different degrees among the bright and vivid colours of the originals, they give us illujlrious.: as in Spain they have grandees of the firft equally a view, not only of the perfons and dreffes of and fecond clafs,.fo in Rome they had their illujlres, our anceftors, but alfo of their cuftoms, manneis, arts, whom they called great, majqres ; and others lefs, called and employments, their arms, fhips, houfes, furniture, illujlres minores.—For inftance ; the praeftflus praetorii &c. and enable us to judge of their Ikill in drawing. was a degree below the. mailer of the offices, though The figures in thofe paintings are often ftiff and for- they were both illujlres. mal ; but the ornaments are in general fine and deli- The Novels of .Valentinian diftinguilh as far as five cate, and the colours clear and bright, particularly the kinds of illujlres ;. among whom, the illujlres adminijlrabear the firft rank. gold and azure. In fome of thefe illuminations the toresILLYRICUM,, fSo/Km.perhaps underftood) Livy, paffions are ftrongly painted. How ftrongly, for ex- Herodian, Paul; called Illyris by the Greeks, and. ample, is terror painted in the faces of the earl of fometimes St.Illyria: the country extending from the Warwick’s failors, when they were threatened with a Qupwreck, and grief in the countenances of thofe Adriatic to Pannonia thus called. Its boundaries are. • See .%>•»«, who were prefent at the death of that hero * ? Af- varioully afligned. Pliny makes it extend in length from vof. ii.56, ter the introduftion printing,andthis elegantwasart.quiteof the river Arfia to the Drinius, thus including Liburnia, plates illuminating graduallyofdeclined, at length to the weft, and Dalmatia to the eaft : which is alfo, the opinion of Ptolemy; who fettles its limits from * neglected. Before concluding, it may not be improper to ob- mount Scardus and the Upper Moefia on the eaft, to ferve, that from the fifth to the tenth century, the Iftria in the weft. A Roman, province, divided by miniature paintings which we meet with in Greek MSS. Auguftus into the Superior and Inferior, but of whichthe limits are left undetermined both by ancient hiare generally good, as are fome which we find among ftorians Illyrii the people ; called thofe of. Italy, England, and France. From the tenth Illyres byand.thegeographers. to the middle of the fourteenth century they are com- Sclavonia. Greeks. The country is now called monly very bad, and may be confidered as fo many ILLYRIUS, (Matthias, Flaccus, or Francowitz),. monuments of the barbarity of thofe ages; towards of the moft learned divines of the Augfburgh conthe latter end of the fourteenth, the paintings in ma- one nufcripts were much improved ; and in the two fuc- feffion,born in Iftria, anciently called Illyrica, in 1520, He is faid to have been a man of vaft genius, extenfive. ceeding centuries, many excellent performances were learning, of great zeal againft Popery ; but of fuch a produced, efpecially after the happy period of the re Iteration of the arts, when great attention was paid to reftlefs and paflionate temper, as overbalanced all hisqualities, and occafioned much difturbance in the the works of the ancients, and the ftudy of antiquity good Proteftant church. He publilhed a great number of became falhionable. books, and died in 1575. ILLUMINATORS. See Illuminating. repreILLUMINED, Illuminati, a church term, anci- IMAGE, in a religious fenfe, is an artificialfentatioa

IMA [ 157 ] IMA Image, fentation or fimilitude of fome perfon or thing, ufed this ftatue of our Saviour was a pagan, and afcribes it ' either by way of decoration and ornament, or as an to a pagan, cuftom. Farther, Philoftorgius, Eccl. c. 3. exprefsly fays, that this ftatue was objeft of religious worfhip and adoration ; in which Hift. lib. vii. preferved by the Chriftians, but that they laid fenfe, it is ufed.indifferently with the word Idol. carefully no kind of worfhip to it, becaufe it is not lawful The noble Romans preferved the images of their paid Chriilians to worfhip brafs or any other matter. anceftors with a great deal of care and concern, and for had them carried in procefiion at their funerals and The primitive Chriftians abllained from the worfhip of triumphs: thefe were commonly made of wax, or images, not, as the Papifts pretendr from tendernefs to idolaters, but becaufe they thought it unlawwood, though fometirnes of marble or brafs. They heathen to make any images oi the Deity. Juftin placed them in the veftibules of their houfes; and they ful in itfelf Apol. ii. p. 44. Clem. Alex. Strom. 5. Strom. were to flay there, even if the houfes happened to be Mart. 1. and Protr. p. 46. Aug. de Civic. Dei. lib. vii. c. 5. fold, it being accounted impious to difplace them. and lib. iv. c. 3,2. Id. de Fide et Symb. c. 7. La&ant. Appius Claudius was the firft who brought them into the temples, in the year of Rome 2.59, and he added lib. ii. c. 3. Tertull. Apol. c. 12. Arnob. lib. vi. infcriptions to them, fhowing the origin of the perfons p. 202. Some of the fathers, as Tertullian, Clemens reprefented, and their brave and virtuous atchieve- Alexandrinus, and Origin, were of opinion, that, the fecond commandment, the arts of painting and ments.—It was not, however, allowed for all, who had by engraving were rendered unlawful to a Chriftian, ftyling the images of their anceftors in their houfes, to have them evil and wicked arts. Tert. de Idol, cap.3. Clem. them carried at their funerals; this was a thing only Admon. ad Gent, p- 41. Orig. contra Celfumlib. granted to fuch as had honourably difcharged them- vi.Alex. 1-82. The ufe of images in churches as ornaments, felves of their offices : for thofe who failed itr this re- wasp.firft by fome Chriftians in Spain, in the fpecl, forfeited that privilege ; and in cafe they had beginningintroduced of the fourth century; but the practice been guilty of any great crime, their images were was condemned as a dangerous innovation, in a coun-* broken in pieces-. See Ignowl£s and Jus. The Jews abfolutely condemn all images, and do not cil held at Eliberis in 305, Epiphanius, in a letter fo much as fuffer any ftatues or figures in their preferved by Jerom, tom. ii. ep. 6. bears ftrong teftimony againft images, and may be confidered as one of houfes, much lefs in their fynagogues or places of the firft Iconoclasts. The cuftom of admitting worfhip. pidlures of faints and martyrs into the churches (for The ufe and adoration of images are things that this was the firft fource of z»zwird that he had naturally this power ; that the e- penis, where neither the mind nor the tefticles are ftireftioiis were accompanied with defire, which are all mulated to aftion; and the fecond is where the tefticles the natural powers wanted ; but that there was ftill a performs the aftion of fecretion too readily for the defeft fomewhere, which I fuppofed to be from the penis, which has not a correfponding ereftion. The mind. I inquired if all women were alike to him ? his firft is called priapifm ; and the fecond is what ought anfwer was. No; fome women he could have conneftion to be called feminal 'weaknefs. with as well as ever. This brought the defeft, what- “ The mind has confiderable effeftapn the correever it was, into a fmaller compafs:' and it appeared fpondence of the aftions of thefe. two parts : but it there was but one woman that produced this inability, would appear in many inftances, that ereftions of the depend more on the ftate of the mind than and that it arofe from a defire to perform the aft with penis this woman well; which defire produced in the mind the fecretion of the femen does ; for many have the a doubt or fear of the want of fuccefs, which was the fecretion, but not the ereftion ; but in fuch, the want caufe of the inability of performing the aft. As this of ereftion appears to be owing to the mind only. ai ofe entirely from the ftate of the mind produced by “ Priapifm often arifes fpontaneoufly ; and often from vifible irrigation of the penis, as in the venea particular circumftance, the mind was to be applied real gonorrhoea, efpecially when violent. The ftnfato for the cure ; and I told him that he might be cured, if he could perfeftly rely on his own power of tion of fuch ereftions is rather uneafy than pleafant; felf-denial. When I explained what I meant, he told nor is the fenfation of the glans at the time fimilar to arifingTrom the ereftions of defire, but more like me that he could depend upon every aft of his will or that refolution. 1 then told him, that, if he had a perfeft to the Tenfatfon of the parts immediately after coition. confidence in himfelf in that refpeft, he was to go to Such as arife fpontaneoufly are of more ferrous confethan thofe from inflammation, as they proceed bed to this woman, but firft promife to himfelf that quence from caufes not curable in themfelves 01 by he would not have any conneftion with her for fix probably nights, let his inclinations and powers be what they any known methods. The priapifm arifing from in* would which he engaged to do, and alfo to let me flammation of the parts, as in a gonorrhoea, is attendknow the refult. About a fortnight after, he told tended with nearly the fame fymptoms ; but generally fenfation is that of pain, proceeding from the inme, that this relolution had produced fuch a total al- the teration in the ftate of his mind, that the power foon flammation of the parts. It may be obferved, that took place ^ for inftead of going to bed with the fear what is faid of priapifm is only applicable to it when of inability, he went with fears that he ftiould be pof- a difeafe in itfelf, and not when a fy raptom of other diffefled with too much defire, too much power, fo as to eafes, which is frequently the cafe. become uneafy to him : which really happened; for he “ The common praftice in the cure of this comis to order all the nervous and ftrengthening mewould have been happy to have Ihortened the time ; plaint ; fuch as bark, valerian, mulk, camphor, and and when he had once broke the fpell, the mind and dicines powers went on together, and his mind never return- aifo the cold bath. I have feen good effefts from the cold bath ; but fometimes it does not agree with the , ed to its former ftate” 2. Of impotency from a 'want of proper correfpondence conftitution, in which cafe I have found the warm let'ween the atiions of the different organs. Our author, bath of fervice. Opium appears to be a fpecific in cafes; from which circumftance I Ihould be apt, in a former part of his Treatife, when conlidering the many difeafes of the urethra and bladder, had remarked, upon the whole, to try a foothing plan. that every organ in an animal body, without excep- *< Seminal weaknefs, or a fecretion and eraifiion\of tion, was made up of different parts, whole funftions the femen without ereftions, is the reverfe of a prifctw the fecn.tmn ana evacuation of the femen. But in iome caies • ven the ereftion going off without the fpauns on the emifhon, fhall produce the lame debility as if they nad taken plate.’'

IMP r 166 1 IMP Imprefling IMPRESSING si amen. The power of impref- No perfon is to be imprifoned but as the law direfts, tmprifon^ ea either by the command or order of a court of record, ' nt Im"rrent"* rifon commiflion, f -faringhas men the feaoffervice the king’s beenfora matter fome bydifpute, and or by lawful warrant; or the king’s procefs, on which Im na Y-—' fubmitted to with great reluftance; though it hath one may be lawfully detained. And at common law, ^r®P * very clearly and learnedly been fliown by Sir Michael a perfon could not be imprifoned unlefs he were guilty. ^ I. j Fofter, that the praftice of imprefling, and granting of fome force and violence, for which his body was powers to the admiralty for that purpofe, is of very fubjeft to imprifonment, as one of the higheft execuancient date, and hath been uniformly continued by a tions. Where the law gives power to imprifon, in regular feries of precedents to the prefent time : whence fuch cafe it is juftifiable, provided he that does it in he concludes it to be part of the common law. The purfuance of a ftatute exaftly purfues the ftatute in difliculty arifes from hence, that no ftatute has exprefsly the manner of doing it; for otlierwife it will be deemdeclared this power to be in the crown, though many ed falfe imprifonment, and of confequence it is unjufof them veryftrongly imply it. The ftatute 2 Ric. II. tifiable. Every warrant of commitment for impric. 4. fpeaks of mariners being arrefted and retained foning a perfon, ought to run, “ till delivered by due for the king’s fervice, as of a thing well known, and courfe of law,” and not “ until farther order praftifed without difpute ; and provides a remedy a- which has been held ill: ind thus it alfo is, where one gainft their running away. By a later ftatute, if any is imprifoned on a warrant not mentioning any caufe waterman, who ufes the river Thames, ftiall hide him- for which he is committed. See Arrest and Comfelf during the execution of any commiflion of prefling mitment. Falfe Imprisonment. Every confinement of the for the king’s fervice, he is liable to heavy penalties. perfon is an imprifonment, whether it be in a common By another (5 Eli%. c. 5.) no fifherman (hall be taken by the queen’s commiflion to ferve as a mariner; prifon, or in a private houfe, or in the ftocks, or even forcibly detaining one in the public ftreets. Unbut the commiflion ftiall be flrft brought to two juftices by falfs imprifonment, confifts in fuch confineof the peace, inhabiting near the fea-coaft where the lawfulorordetention without fufficient authority : which mariners are to be taken, to the intent that the juftices ment may choofe out and return fuch a number of able- authority may arife either from fome procefs from the bodied men, as in the commiflion are contained, to courts of juftice ; or from fome warrant from a legal power to commit, under his hand and feal, and exferve her majefty. And by others, efpecially protec- preffing the caufe of fuch commitment; or from fome tions are allowed to feamen in particular circumftances, other fpecial warranted, for the nccefiUy of the to prevent them from being imprefled. Ferrymen are thing, either caufe by common law or aft of parliament; alio faid to be privileged from being imprefled, at comfuch as the arrefting of a felon by a private perfon mon law. All which do moft evidently imply a power without warrant, the impreffing of mariners for the of imprefling to refide fomewhere ; and if any where, public fervice, apprehending of waggoners for it muft, from the fpirit of our conftitution, as well as mifbehaviour inorthethepublic highways. Falfe imprifrom the frequent mention of the king’s commiflion, fonment arife by executing a lawful warrant refide in the crown alone.—After all, however, this or procefsalfoat anmayunlawful time, as on a Sunday ; or in method of manning the navy is to be confidered as a place privileged from arrefls, as in the verge of the only defenfible from public neceflity, to which all pri- king’s court. This is the injury. The remedy is of vate confiderations muft give way. two forts ; the one removing the injury, the other maThe following perfons are exempted from being im- lting fatisfatiion for it. prefled : Apprentices for three years ; the mafter, mate, The means of removing the aftual injury of falfe imand carpenter, and one man for every too tons, of are four-fold, 1. By writ of Mainprize. veflels employed in the coal trade ; all under 18 years prifonment of age, and above 55 ; foreigners in merchant-ftiips 2. By writ De Odio et Atia. 3. By writ HoMine. Replegiando. 4. By writ of Habeas Corpus. See and privateers ; landmen betaking themfelves to fea for thofe articles. two years; feamen in the Greenland fiftiery, and harpooners, employed, during the interval of the filhing The fatisfaElory remedy for this injury of falfe imfeafon, in the coal-trade, and giving fecurity to go to prifonment, is by an aftion of trefpafs vi et armis, ufually called an attwn of falfe imprifonment ; which is the fiftiing next feafon. IMPRESSION is applied to the fpecies of objefts generally, and almoil unavoidably, accompanied with which arc fuppofed to make fome mark or impreflion a charge of aflault and battery alfo : and therein the on the fenfes, the mind, and the memory. The Peripa- party (hall recover damages for the injuries he has retetics aflert, that bodies emit fpecies refembling them, ceived ; and alfo the defendant is, as for all other inwhich are conveyed to the common fenforium, and they juries committed with force, or vi et armis, liable to pay to the king for the violation of the public peace. are rendered intelligible by the aftive intelleft ; and, a fine when thus fpiritualized, are called expreffiom, or exprefs IMPROMPTU, or Inpromptu, a Latin word frequently ufed among the French, and fometimes in fpecies, as being exprefled from the others. Impression alfo denotes the edition of a book, re- Englifh, to fignify a piece made off-hand, ox extempore, garding the mechanical part only ; whereas edition, be- without any previous meditation, by mere force and of imagination. tides this, takes in the care of the editor, who cor- vivacity refted or augmented the copy, adding notes, &c. to IMPROBATION, in Scots law, the name of any aftion brought for fetting any deed or writing afide render the work more ufeful. IMPRISONMENT, the ftate of a perfon reftrain- upon the head of forgery. IMPROPRIATION, in ecclefiaftical law’. See ed of his liberty, and detained under the cuftody of Appropriation. another. IM-

r N A [ 167 ] INC Impurity IMPURITY, in the law of Mofes, is any legal de- a minor, &c. are inalienable, otherwife than with a re- Inanimate ferve of the right of redemption. there werea dead feveralbody, forts.or any Someanimal were INANIMATE, a body that has either loft its foul, , n^I a‘ . Inalic,ll -hie. vofilement. luntary, Of as thefe the touching ^ that died of itfelf, or any creature that was efteemed or that is not of a nature capable of having any. among phyficians, denotes the unclean ; or the touching things holy, by one who was ftateINANITION, of the ftomach when empty, in oppofition to renot clean, or was not a prieft ; the touching one who had a leprofy, one who had a gonorrhoea, or who was pletion. INANITY, the fchool term for emptinefs or abpolluted by a dead carcafe, &c. Sometimes thefe im- folute vacuity, and implies the abfence of all body purities were involuntary ; as when any one inadver- and matter whatfoever, fo that nothing remains but tently touched bones, or a fepulchrc, or any thing pol- mere fpace. luted ; or fell into fuch difeafes as pollute, as the le- INARCHING, in gardening, is a method of profy, See. commonly called grafting by approach ; and is The beds, clothes, and moveables, which had touch- grafting, when the flock intended to graft on, and the tree ed any thing unclean, contra&ed alfo a kind of impuri- ufed from which the graft is to be taken, Hand fo near, or ty, and in fome cafes communicated it to bthers. can be brought fo near, that they may be joined toThefe legal pollutions were generally removed by gether. The branch to be inarched is to be fitted to bathing, and latted no longer than the evening. The that part of the ftock where it is to be joined; the perfon polluted plunged over head in the water, and either had his clothes on when he did fo, or wafhed rind and wood are to be pared away on one fide for himfelf and his clothes feparately. Other pollutions the length of three inches, and the ftock or branch continued feven days, as that which was contra&ed by where the graft is to be united muft be ferved in the touching a dead body. That of women in their month- fame manner, fo that the two may join equally and the ly courfes lafted till this was over with them. Other fap meet. A little tongue is then to be cut upwards impurities lafted 40 or 50 days; as that of women in the graft, and a notch made in the ftock to admit who were lately delivered, who were unclean 40 days it; fo that when they are joined, the tongue will preafter the birth of a boy, and 50 after the birth of a girl. vent their flipping, and the graft will more clofely unite to the ftock. Having thus brought them exOthers again lafted till the perfon was cured. Many of thefe pollutions were expiated by facrifices; actly together, they muft be tied with fome bafs, or or other foft tying ; and then the place mufl; and others by a certain water or lye made with the bewotfted, afhes of a red heifer, facrificed on the great day of ex- covered with fome grafting clay, to prevent the air piation. When the leper was cured, he went to the from drying the wound, and the wet from rotting the temple, and offered a facrifice of two birds, one of ftock. A flake muft be fixed in the ground, to which, which was killed and the other fet at liberty. He who both the ftock and the graft muft be tied to prevent had touched a dead body, or had beep prefent at a fu- the winds from difplacing them. When they have reneral, was to be purified with the water of expiation, mained in this flate for four months, they will be fufand this upon pain of death. The woman who had ficiently united, and the graft may then be cut off been delivered, offered a turtle and a lamb for her ex- from the mother-tree, obferving to flope it clofe to the piation ; or if ftre was poor, two turtles or two young ftock; and at this time there fhould be frefli clay laid all round-the part. This operation Ihould be performpigeons. Thefe impurities, which the law of Mofes has ex- ed in April or May, that the graft may be perfe&ly prefled with the greateft accuracy and care, were only united to the ftock before the enfuing winter. figures of other more important impurities, fuch as the Inarching is chiefly praftifed upon oranges, myrfins and iniquities committed againft God, or faults tles, jeffamines, walnuts, firs, and fome other trees committed againft our neighbour. The faints and pro- which do not fucceed well in the common way of graftphets of the Old Teftament were fenfible of this; and ing. But it is a wrong pra&ice when orange-trees are our Saviour, in the gofpel, has ftrongly inculcated, that deligned to grow large, for thefe are feldom long-lived: they are not outward and corporeal pollutions- which after the operation. render us unacceptable to God, but fuch inward pol- INAUGURATION, the coronation of an emperor lutions as infeft the foul, and are violations of ju-ftice, or king, or the confecration of a prelate: fo called from the ceremonies ufed by the Romans, when they were truth, and charity. IMPUTATION, in general, the charging fome received into the college of augurs. thing to the account of one which belonged to ano- INCA, or Ynca, a name given- by the natives of ther: thus, the affertors of original fin maintain, that Peru to their kings and the princes of the blood. Pedro de Cieca, in his Chronicles of Peru, gives the oriAdam’s fin is imputed to all his pofterity. In the fame fenfe, the righteoufnefs and merits of gin of the incas; and fays, that that country was, for Chrift are imputed to true believers. a long time, the theatre of all manner of crimes, of INACCESSIBLE, fomething that cannot be come war, diffention, and the moft dreadful diforders, till at at, or approached, by reafon of intervening obftades, laft two brothers appeared, one of whom was called as a river, rock, &c, It is chiefly ufed in {peaking of Mangocapa; of this perfon the Peruvians relate maheights and diftances. See Geometry. ny wonderful ftories. Pie built the city of Cufco* INACHUS, founder of the kingdom of Argos, made laws, eftablilhed order and harmony by his wife 1856 B. C. See Argos. regulations; and he and his defeendants took the name INALIENABLE, that which cannot be legally of inca, which fignifies king or great lord. Thefe in? alienated or made over to another: thus the dominions cas became fo powerful, that they rendered themfelves of the king, the revenues of the church, the eHates of mailers of all the country from Pafto to Chili, and ftom. the-

INC r 168 1 IN Incamerat on the river Maule on the fouth to the river Augafmago oeherwife it is only a trefpais. This offence is called Incenfe | | onof tbe!r the north; thefe two rivers forming the bounds arfon in our law. Among the ancients, criminals of this kind were to InctA Incendiary. empire, which extended ■ -v— * dred leagues in length. This theyabove enjoyedthirteen till thehundi- be burnt. Qui edes, acervumque frumenti juxta domum v "_ vifions between Inca Guafcar and Atabalipa ; which pojitum fciens, prudenfque dolo malo combujjerit, vinflus igni the Spaniards laying hold of, made themfelves mailers necatur. The punilhment of arfon was death by our ancient of the country, and deftroyed the empire of the incas. Saxon laws and by the Gothic conftitutions: and in See Peru. INCAMERATION, a term ufed in the chancery the reign of Edward I. incendiaries were burnt to The flat. 8 Hen VI c. 6. made the wilful of Rome, for the uniting of lands, revenues, or other death. burning of houfes, under fpecial circumftances, high -rights, to the pope’s domain. INCANTATION, denotes certain ceremonies, ac- treafon ; but it was reduced to felony by the general companied with a formula of words, and fuppofed to a&s of Edward VI. and Queen Mary. This offence be capable of raifing devils, fpirits, &c. See Charm, was denied the benefit of clergy by 21 Hen. VIII c. 1. which ilatute was repealed by 1 Edw. VI. c. 12 ; and &c INCAPACITY, in the canon-law, is of two arfon was held to be oufted of clergy, with rekinds: 1. The want of a difpenfation for age in a mi- fpedl to the principal, by inference from the flat. 4 nor, for legitimation in a baftard, and the like : this and 5 P. and M. c. 4. which exprefsly denied it to the renders the provifion of a benefice void in its original. acceffory; though now it is exprefsly denied to the 2. Crimes and heinous offences, which annul provifions principal alfo, by 9 Geo. I. c. 22. INCENSE, or Frankincense, in the materia meat firft valid. INCARNATION, in theology, fignifies the a& dica, &c. a dry refinous fubftance, known among auwhereby the Son of God aflumed the human na- thors by the names thus and olibanum. ture ; or the myftery by which Jefus Chrift, the Incenfe is a rich perfume, with which the Pagans, eternal word, was made man, in order to accom- and the Roman-Catholics Hill, perfume their temples, plilh the work of our falvation. The era ufed among altars, &c.—The word comes from the Latin incenfum, ChriIlians, whence they number their years, is the time q. d. burnt; as taking the effeft for the thing itfelf. of the incarnation, that is, of Chrilt’s conception- in The burning of incenfe made part of the daily fervice of the ancient Jcwilh church. The prieils drew the virgin’s womb. This era was firlt eftablilhed by Dionyfius Exiguus, lots to know who Ihould offer it: the deflined perfon about the beginning of the fixth century, till which time took a large filver difh, in with was a cenfer full of incenfe ; and being accompanied by another prieft the era of Dioclefian had been in ufe. Some time after this, it was confidered, that the carrying fome live coals from the altar, went into the years of a man’s life were not numbered from the time temple. There, in order to give notice to the peoof his conception, but from that of his birth : which ple, they flruck upon an inflrument of brafs placed occafioned them to pollpone the beginning of this era between the temple and the altar ; and being returned for the fpace of one year, retaining the cycle of Diony- to the altar, he who brought the fire left it there, and went away. Then the offerer of incenfe having faid fius entire in every thing elfe At Rome they reckon their years from the incar- a prayer or two, waited the fignal, which was the nation or birth of Chjril, that is, from the 25th of burning of the holocauft ; immediately upon which he December, which cuftom has obtained from the year fet fire to the incenfe, the whole multitude continuing time in prayer. The quantity of incenfe offer1431. In France, and feveral other countries, they alfo all the each day was half a pound in the morning and as reckon from the incarnation: but then they differ edmuch night. from each other in the day of the incarnation, fixing Oneatreafon of this continual burning of incenfe might it, after the primitive manner, not to the day of the that the multitude of viftims that were continually birth, but conception of our Saviour. Though the be, offered up, would have made the temple fmell like a Florentines retain the day of the birth, and begin their flaughter-houfe, and confequently have infpired the year from Chriftmas. Incarnation (formed from in, and caro ‘ flelh”,) comers rather with difgufl and averfion, than awe and had it not been overpowered by the agreein furgery, fignifies the healing and filling up of ulcers reverence, able fragrance of thofe perfumes. and wounds with new flelh. See Surgery. INCA RNATIVES, in furgery, medicines which INCEPTIVE, a word ufed by Dr Wallis to exaffilt nature in filling up wounds or ulcers with flelh; prefs fuch moments, or firfl principles, which, though of no magnitude themfelves, are yet capable of produor rather remove the obftruftions thereto. INCENDIARY, in law, is applied to one who cing fuch as are. Thus a point has no magnitude itfelf, but is inceptive of a line which it produces by ita is guilty of malicioufly fetting fire to another’s dwell- motion. a line, though it have no breadth, is yet ing houfe, and all outhoufes that are parcel thereof, inceptive ofSobreadth that is, it is capable, by its mothough not contiguous to it or under the fame roof, tion, of producing a ;furface which has breadth, &c. as barns and llables. A bare intent or attempt to do INCEST, the crime of venereal between this, by actually fetting fire to a houfe, unlefs it ab- perfons who are related in a degreecommerce folutely burns, does not fall within the defcription of is prohibited by the law of the country.wherein marriage incendit et comlufrt. But the burning and confuming of Some are of opinion, that marriage ought to be any part is lufficient; though the fire be afterwards permitted between kinsfolks, to the end that fection. the afextinguilhed. It muft alfo be a malicious burning; N° 165.

INC t 169 ] INC Inch. feftion fo neceffary in marriage might be heightened form, and the fntface ornamented with fcale-like fi- Inch V by this double tie : yet the rules of the church have gures. At each end is the reprefentation of a human jlicijent formerly extended this prohibition even to the feventh head. ‘. degree; but time has now brought it down to the third Inch-Keith, a fmall ifland fituated in the fame frith, or fourth degree. midway between the port of Leith and Kinghorn on Mod nations look on inceft with horror, Perfia and the oppofite fhore. See Forth. Egypt alone excepted. In the hiftory of the ancient This ifland is faid to derive its name from the galkings of thofe countries we meet with inftances of the lant Keith who fo greatly fignalized himfelf by his brother’s marrying the filler; the reafon was, becaufe valour in 1010, in the battle of Barry, in Angus, nthey thought it too mean to join in alliance with their gainft the Danes ; after which he received in reward own fubjefts, and ftill more fo to have married into the barony of Keith, in Lothian, and this little any foreign family. ifle. In 1549 the Englilh fleet, fent by Edward VI. Incest Spiritual, a crime committed in like manner to aflift the lords of the congregation againfl. the between perfons who have a fpiritual alliance by means queen-dowager, landed, and began to fortify this of baptifm or confirmation. ifland, of the importance of which they grew fenSpiritual inceft is alfo underftood of a vicar, or other fible after their negleft of fecuring the port of Leith, beneficiary, who enjoys both the mother and daughter; fo lately in their power. They left here five comthat is, holds two benefices, the one whereof depends panics to cover the workmen under the command of upon the collation of the other. Cotterel; but their operations were foon interrupted Such a fpiritual inceft renders both the one and the by M. Defle, general of the French auxiliaries, who other of thefe benefices vacant. took the place, after a gallant defence on the part of INCH, a well-known meafure of length ; being the the Englifh. The Scots kept poflelfion for fome years; twelfth part of a foot, and equal tp three barly-corns but at Taft the fortifications were deftroyed by aft of in length. parliament, to prevent it from being of any ufe to the Inch of Candle, (fale by). See Candle. former. The French gave it the name of L’ijle des INCH(contraftedfromthe Gaelic innw “an ifland”), chevaux, from its property of foon fattening horfes. a word prefixed to the names of different places in —In 1497, by order of council, all venereaTpatients Scotland and Ireland. in the neighbourhood of the capital were tranfported Inch- Calm or Columba, the ifle of Columba, an ifland there, ne quid detrimenti refpublica eaperet. fituated on the frith of Forth in Scotland, and faipous INCH-Garvie, a fmall ifland, alfo lying in. the frith for its monaftery. See Forth. of Forth. See Forth. This monaftery was founded about 1123, by Alex- INCHANTMENT. See Witchcraft. ander I. on the following occafion. In palling the frith INCHOATIVE, a term fignifying the beginning of Forth he was overtaken with a violent ftorm, which of a thing or aftion ; the fame with what is otherwifc drove him to this ifland, where he met with the moft called inceptive. hofpitable reception from a poor hermit, then refiding Inchoative verbs, denote, according to Prifcian and here in the chapel of St Columba, who, for the three other grammarians, verbs that are charafterifed by the days that the king continued there tempeft-bound, en- terminationyco oxfcor, added to their primitives: as tertained him with the milk of his cow, and a few augefco from augeo, calefco from caleo, dulcefco from dulcis, fhell-fifti. His majefty, from the fenfe of the danger irafcor from ira, &c. he had efcaped, and in gratitude to the faint to whom INCIDENCE, denotes the direftion in which one he attributed his fafety, vowed fome token of refpeft; body ftrikeson another. See Optics and Mechanics. and accordingly founded here a monaftery of Auguf- Angle of Incidence. See Angle. tines, and dedicated it to St Columba. Allan de Mor- INCIDENT, in a general fenfe, denotes an event, timer, lord of Aberdour,who attended Edward lll.inhis or a particular circumftance of fome event. Scotch expedition, bellowed half of thofe lands on the Incident, in law, is a thing appertaining to, or monks of this ifland, for the privilege of a family burial- following another, that is more worthy or principal, placeintheirchurch.—Thebuildingsmadeinconfequence A court-baron is infeparably incident to a manor; and of the piety of Alexander were very confiderable. There a court of pie-powders to a fair, are ftill to be feen a large fquare tower belonging to Incident diligence, in Scots law, a warrant granted the church, the ruins of the church, and of feveral by a lord ordinary in the court of fefiion, for citing other buildings. The wealth of this place in the time witneffes for proving any point, or for produftion of of Edward III. proved fo ftrong a temptation to his any writing neceffary for preparing the caufe for a fleet, then lying in the Forth, as to fupprefs all the final determination, or before it goes to a general horror of facrilege and refpeft to the fanftity of the proof. inhabitants. The Englilh landed, and fpared not even Incident, in a poem, is an epifode, or particular the furniture more immediately confecrated to divine aftion, joined to the principal aftion, or depending' worlhip. But due vengeance overtook them ; for in on it. a ftorm which inftantly followed, many of them pe- A good comedy is to be full of agreeable incidents, riflred; thofe who efcaped, ftruck with the juftice of which divert the fpeftators, and form the intrigue’ the judgment, vowed to make ample recompence to The poet ought always to make choice of fuch incithe injured faint. 1 he tempeft ceafed; and they made dents as are fufceptible of ornament fuitable to the the promiled atonement.—The Danifh monument, fi- nature of his poem. The variety of incidents wellcongured Sir Robert lies on theItfouth-eaft fide dufted makestothetakebeauty of an heroic which -of the by building, on aSibbald, rifing ground. is of a rigid ought always in a certain numberpoem, of incidents Vol. IX. Part I. y t@

INC [ 170 1 INC Indnera- to fufpend the cataftrophe, that would otherwife break petite ; lull. It is the oppofite of chaftity. See Chas Incontltity aad Continence. cence out too foon. INCINERATION, (derived from in, and rims, Incontinence, in the eye of law, is of divers kinds; i nbent. “ afhes,”) in Chemiftry, the reduction of vegetables as in cafes of bigamy, rapes, fodomy, or buggery, get- ncut^ - t ting baftards; all which are punifhed by ftaiute. See 25 into afhes, by burning them gently. INCISIVE, an appellation given to whatever cuts Hen. VIII. cap. 6. 18 Eliz. cap. 7. 1 Jac. I. cap. 11. or divides: thus, the foreteeth are called dentes incifi- Incontinency of priefts is punilhable by the ordinary, vi, or cutters; and medicines of an attenua'ting nature, by imprifonment, &c. 1 Hen. VII. cap, 4. Incontinence, in medicine, fignifies an inability incidents, or incifive medicines. in any of the organs to retain what (hould not be difINCLE, a kind of tape made of linen yarn. INCLINATION, is a word frequently ufed by charged without the concurrence of the will. But inmathematicians, and fignifies the mutual approach, continence is moft frequently ufed with regard to an tendency, or leaning of two lines or two planes to- involuntary difcharge ot urine otherwife called diabetes. See Medicine-/W«c. wards each other, fo as to make an angle. INCLINATION in a moral fenfe. See Appetite. INCORPORATION, in pharmacy, is much the INCLINED Plane, in mechanics, one that makes fame as impaltation, being a redu&ion of dry fubftanan oblique an,. le with the horizon. See Mechanics. ces to the confidence of a palle, by the admixture of INCOGNITO, or incog, is applied to a perfon fome fluid : thus pills, boles, troches, and plafters, who is in any place where he would not be known : are made by incorporation. Another incorporation is but it is more particularly applied to princes, or great when things of different confiftencies are by digeftion men, who enter towns, or walk the llreets, without reduced to one common confiftence. their ordinary train or the ufual marks of their diftinc- Incorporation or Body-Corporate. See Corporation and quality. « tion. INCOMBUSTIBLE cloth. See Asbestos. INCORPOREAL, fpiritual; a thing, or fubftance, On this Cronftedt obierves, that the natural ftore of which has no body. Thus the foul of man is incorthe afbefti is in proportion to their economical ufe, poreal,. and may fubfift independent of the body. See both being very inconfidevable. with confiderable enlargements. Another Sea ( a) to India ; while the army led by himfelf marchindexJ was publiffied in Spain in 1584; a copy of which ed through Afia, and fubdued all the countries to the N 165. Ganges; (a) This muft not be confounded with the Red Sea, notwithftanding the fimilarity of names. The Erythrean fea was that part of the ocean which is rnterpofed betwixt the ftraits of Babelmandel and the Malabar coaft, now called the Indian fea or ocean.

1 N D [ 177 ] I N D India. Ganges; after which he crofled that river, and ad- give little or no account of them The moll particu- India, lar defcription we have of the wealth, power, and vasced to the eaftern ocean. of ancient Tyre, is in the prophefies of EzeGreat difputes have been carried on with refpeft to commerce kiel; fo that if the Tyrians themfelves kept any jour4 this] ted conqueror, and the famous expedition juft now Dr Robertre a 19 1 ; but the le arned Dr Robertfon, in his D'if- nals of their voyages, it is probable that they were entirely loft when the city was deftroyed by Alexander fons^foTcif Quifit' *whether concerning India, declares himfelf forin the Great. doubtfollowing anyms.ancient fuchI.expedition ever was Though the Jews, under the reign of David and Tews it.believing the reaf Few hiftorical fa&smade, feem to Solomon, carried on an extenfive and lucrative com-did not vj. be better eftabliftied than that of the averfion the Egyptians entertained to feafaring people and naval af- merce, yet our author is of opinion that they did not fit India, trade to any part of India. There are only two places fairs ; and the Doftor confiders it as impoffible even mentioned to which their (hips failed, n;^. Ophir and for the moll powerful monarch to change in a few years Tarftiilh; both of which are now fup;< fed to have a-national habit confirmed by time and fan&ified by been fituated on the eaftern coaft e . Aftica : the religion. The very magnitude of the armaments is an Tarftiilh, according to Mr Bruce, wasthe prefent argument againft their exiftence ; for befides the 400 ancient Mocha ; and Ophir the kingdom of Sofala, foremark{hips of war, he had another fleet in the Mediterra- able in former times for its mines, that it was called by nean ; and fuch a mighty na,vy could not have been con- Oriental v. riterss the golden Sofala *. • g(. oplit •ftru&ed in any nation unaccuftomed to maritime affairs, the Indians continued for a long time unknown a deTarin a few years 2. Herodotus makes no mention of to Thus the weftern nations, and undifturbed by them; pro-J®^* the conquefts of India by Sefoftris, though he telates bably in fubjeftion to the mighty empire of Babylon, his hiftory at fome length. Our author is of opinion from which the country was originally peopled, or in that the ftory was fabricated betwixt the time of Heall ance with it; and the pofleffion of this va:( region rodotus and that of Diodorus Siculus, from whurn we will account for the immenfe and otherwife alhave the firft account of this expedition. Diodorus mofteafily incredible wealth and power of the ancient Babyhimfelf informs us that he had it from the Egyptian monarchs. Soon after the deftruftion of that p, n ^ « priefts; and gives it as his opinion, that “ many lonifli monarchy by the Perfians, h >wever, we find their mo- .o/'t^Verthings they related flowed rather from a defire to pro- narch Hyftafpes undertaking an expedition a- fun- in Inmote the honour of their country than from attention gain ft Darius the Indians f. His conquefts were not exten-°iaee to truth and he takes notice that both the Egypas they did not reach beyond the territory wateredn \’ z tian priefts and Greek writers differ widely from one five, neverthelefs, fuch as they were, the * another in the accounts which they give of the aftions by the Indies; feems to have been very important, as the of Sefoftris. 3. Though Diodorus declares that he acquifition has fele&ed the moft probable parts of the Egyptian revenue derived from the conquered territory, according narrative, yet there are ftill fo many improbabilities, to Herodotus, was near a third of that of the whole or rather impoffibilities. contained in his relation, that Perfian empire. According to his account, however, we cannot by any means give credit to it. 4. For the we mull form a much core diminutive opinion of the reafon juft mentioned, the judicious geographer Strabo riches of the Perfian monarchs than has commonly been rejefted the account altogether, and ranks the exploits done ; fince Herodotus tells us, that the empire was into io fatrapies or governments ; all of which of Sefoftris in India with the fabulous ones of Bacchus divided yielded a revenue of 14,560 Euboic talents, amount5 'tntercourfe and ButHercules. whatevers certa may ben determined with regard to the ing in the whole to 2,807,437 1. fterling The amount E tians of the revenue from the conquered provinces of India , liat s Wlt gyP ’ ^' with‘ fome that the keptbyupnavigaa con- therefore mull have been confiderably fhort of a mil|ud«. ftant intercourfe partsTyrians of India Very little knowledge of the country was difting the Arabian Gulf, now the Red Sea. Ofthis na- lion. vigation they became mailers by taking from the fufed by the expedition of Darius, or the voyage of Idumeans fome maritime places on the coaft of the Scylax whom he employed to explore the coafts : for Greeks paid no regard to the tranfa&ions of thofe Red Sea : but as the diftance betwixt the neareft place the whom they called Barbarians ; and as for Scylax himof that Sea and Tyre was ftill confi erable, the land- felf, he told fo many incredible ftories in the account carriage would have been very tedious and expenfive; gave of his voyage, that he had the misfortune to for which reafon it was neceffary to become mafters of hebe dilbelieved in almoft every thing, whether true or a port on the eaftern part of the Mediterranean, near falfe. g er to the Red Sea than Tyre, that fo the goods The expedition of Alexander is fo fully taken notice °I Alexaw might be (hipped from thence to Tyre itfelf.. With of under the article Hindostan, that nothing more re-the this view they took poffeffion of Rhinvelura, the neareft mains to be faid upon it in this place, than that he went ljreat‘ port on the Mediterranean to the Arabian Gulf; and no farther into the country than the prefent territory to that port all the goods from India were conveyed by a much (hotter and lefs expenfive route than over of the Panjab, all of which he did not traverfe. Its land.—This is the firft authentic account of any in- fouth weft boundary is formed by a river anciently caltercourfe betwixt India and the weftern part of the led the Hyfudrus, now the Settege. The breadth of world : and to this we are without doubt in a great this diftrift from Ludhana on the Setlege, to Attock meafure to afcribe the vaft wealth and power for which on the Indus, is computed to be 259 geographical the city of Tyre was anciently renov ned; for in o- miles in a ftraight line; and .ilexander’s march, comther refpefts the whole territory of Phenicia was but puted in the fame manner, did not exceed 200 ; neof little confequence. Noiwithftanding the frequency verthelefs, by the fpreading of his numerous army over of thefe voyages, howevet, the ancients are able to the country, and the exadt meafurement and delineaVoi. IX. Fart L Z tioa

I N D [ i73 1 I N D India, tion of all his movements by men of fcience whom he monarch on the banks of the Ganges. The navigable India. employed, a very extenfive knowledge of the wdtern rivers with which the Panjab country abounds, afford- ' part of India was obtained. It is, however, furpri- ed then, and ftill continue to afford, an intercourfe from fmg, that having marched through fo many countries one part to another by water : and as at that time in the neighbourhood of India, where the people mud thefe rivers probably had many fhips on them for the have been well acquainted with the nature of the cli- purpofes of commerce, Alexander might eafily colleft mate, the Macedonian conqueror did not receive any all the number he is faid to have had, viz. 2000; fince information concerning the difficulties he would meet it is reported that Semiramis was oppofed by double the with from the rains which fell periodically at a certain number on the Indus when fhe invaded India. When feafon of the. year. It was the extreme diftrefs occa- Mahmud Gazni alfo invaded this country, a fleet was fjoned by them which made his foldiers finally refolve collefted upon the Indus to oppofe him, confifting of to proceed no farther; and no wonder indeed that they the fame number of veffels. From the Aycen Akbery, did adopt this refolution, fince Diodorus informs us, alfo, we learn that the inhabitants of this part of India that it had rained inceffantly for 70 days before their ftill continue ta carry on all their communication with departure. Thefe rains, however, according to the each other by water; and the inhabitants of the Cirteftimony both of ancient and modern writers, fall car of Tatta alone have 40,000 veffels of various cononly in the mountainous parts, little or none being ever ftruftions. feen in the plains. Ariftobulus informs us, that in Under the article Hindostan we have mentioned Why 10Alexthe country through which Alexander marched, though Major Rennel’s opinion concerning the filence of Alex- ander’s Inlheavy rains fell among the mountains, not a fiiower ander’s hiftorians about the expedition of Scylax ; no^nodee o£ was feen in the plains below. The diftrift is now fel- Dr Robcrtfon accounts for it in another manner. “ It the voyage dom vifited by Europeans; but major Rennel was in- is remarkable (fays he), that neither Nearchus, norofScylas. formed by a perfon of credit, who had refided in the Ptolemy, nor Ariftobulus, nor even Arrian, once menPanjab, that during great part of the S. W. monfoon, tion the voyage of Scylax. This could not proceed or at leaft in the months July, Auguft, and part of from their being unacquainted with it, for Herodotus September, which is the rainy feafon in mod other was a favourite author in the hands of every Greek parts of India, very little rain falls in the Delta of the who had any pretenfions to literature. It was probaIndies, except very near the fea, though the at mofphere bly occafioned by the reafons they had to diftruft the is generally clouded, and very few ihowers fall through- veracity of Scylax, of which I have already taken noout the whole feafon. Captain Hamilton relates, that tice. Accordingly, in a fpeech which Arrian puts in when he vifited Tatta, no rain had fallen there for three the mouth of Alexander, he afferts, that, except Bacyears before. We may have fame idea of what the chus, he was the firft who had paffed the Indus ; which Macedonians fuffered by what happened afterwards to implies that he difbelieved what is related concerning Nadir Shah, who, though poffeffed of vaft wealth and Scylax, and was not acquainted with what Darius power, as well as great experience in military affairs, Hyftafpes is faid to have done in order to fubjeft that yet loll a great part of his army in croffing the moun- part of India to the Perfian crown. This opinion is tains and rivers of the Panjab, and in battles with the confirmed by Megafthencs, who refided a confiderable favage inhabitants who inhabit the countries betwixt time in India. He afferts, that, except Bacchus and the Oxus and the frontiers of Perfia. He marched Hercules (to whofe fabulous expeditions Strabo is through the fame countries, and nearly in the fame aftonifhed that he (hould have given any credit), Alexander was the firft who h?d invaded India. Arrian direftion, that Alexander did. By his voyage down the river Indus, Alexander informs us that the Affaceni, and other people who incontributed much more to enlarge our geographical habited the country now called Candahar, had been knowledge of India than by all his marches and con- tributary fit ft to the Affyrians and then to the Medes quefts by land. According to Major Rennel, the fpace and Perfians. As all the fertile provinces on the of country through which he failed on the Indus, from narth weft of the Indus were anciently reckoned to the Hyphafis to the ocean, was not lefs than 1000 be part of India, it is probable that what was levied miles ; and as, during the whole of that navigation, from them is the fum mentioned, in the tribute rollhe obliged the nations on both fides the river to fub- from which Herodotus drew his account of the annual mit to him, we may be very certain that the country revenue of the Perfian empire, and that none of the on each fide was explored to feme diftance. An ex- provinces to the fouth of the Indus were ever fubjeft aft account not only of his military operations, but of to the kings of Perfia.”—The Doftor differs from Mr every thing wrorthy of notice relating to the countries Rennel with refpeft to the furprife which Alexander through which he paffed, w^as preferved in the journals and his army expreffed when they faw the high tides of his three officers, Lagus, Nearchus, and Ariflobu- at the mouth of the Indus. This he thinks might 9 lus; and thefe journals, Arrian informs us, he followed veiy naturally have been the cafe, notwithftanding whatState of In-jn of his hiftory. From thefe authors Herodotus had written concerning the flux and reflux dia in the weartthe iearnjcompefiu’on tjiatva;n the time of Alexander, the vveftern obfervable in the Red Sea. All that has been mentioned by Herodotus concerning this phenomenon is, lewnderf* feven P very powerful ft traftmonarchs. named India poffeffed by that “ in the Red Sea there is a regular ebb and flow* The was territory of king Porus, which Alexander firft conquered, and then re- of the tide every day.” No wonder therefore that ftored to him, is faid to have contained no fewer than the Macedonians ftrould be furprifed and terrified at 2000 towns ; and the king of the Prafii had affembled the very high tides which prefented themfelves in the an army of 20,000 cavalry, 2000 armed chariots, and Indian ocean, which the few words of Herodotus aexa.great number^of elephants, to oppofe the Macedonian bove mentioned had by no meaps led them topefti.

I N D [ 179 ] I N D India, peft. In the like manner the Romans were furprifed fubje&ion. With this view he undertook an ex- India, at the tides in the Atlantic, when they had conquered pedition into that country, partly to eftablilh his more perfedly, and partly to defend the E)(;pe^t;on fome.of the countries bordering upon that ocean. Cec- authority^ Macedonian territories againft Sandracottus king ofofSeleneus far defcribes the aftonilhment of his foldiers at a fpring the Prafii, who threatened to attack them. The par- to India, tide in Britain which greatly damaged his fleet; and ticulars expedition are very little known; Juftin indeed, confidering the very little rife of the tide in the being theof his only author who mentions them, and his Mediterranean, to which alone the Greeks and Romans had accefs, we may reckon the account given us by authority is but of little weight, unlefs corroborated by the teftimony of other hiftorians. Plutarch, who Arrian highly probable. The country on each fide the Indus was found, in the tells us that Seleucus carried his arms farther into Intime of Alexander, to be in no degree inferior in popula- dia than Alexander, is fubjedt to an imputation of the tion to the kingdom of Porus already mentioned. The fame kind ; but Pliny, whofe authority is of conficlimate, foil, and productions of India, as well as the derably greater weight, corroborates the teftimony of manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants, are exaftly Plutarch in this inftance, tho’ his words are fo obfeure, deferred, and the deferiptions found to correfpond in that learned men differ in opinion concerning their a furprifing manner with modern accounts. The Ha- meaning. Bayer thinks they imply that Seleucus ted change of feafons, now known by the name of marched from the Hyphafis, the boundary of Alexantnonfoons, the periodical rains, the fwellings and in- der’s conquefts, to the Hy fudrus, from thence to Palibothundations of the rivers, with the appearance of the ra,and then to the month of the Ganges; the diftances of country during the time they continue, are particu- the principal ftations being marked, and amounting in larly deferibed. The deferiptions of the inhabitants all to 2244 Roman miles. Notwithftanding this auare equally particular ; their living entirely upon vege- thority, however, Dr Robertfon thinks it very improtable food, their divifion into tribes or calls, with ma- bable that the expedition of Seleucus Ihould have conny of the particularities related under the article Hin- tinued fo long, as in that cafe “ the ancients would doo, are to be wret with in the accounts of Alexander’s have had a more accurate knowledge of that part of the expedition. His military operations, however, ex- country than they feem ever to have poffeffed.” tended but a very little way intc^India properly fo The career of Seleucus in the eaft was flopped by called ; no farther indeed than the modern province of Antigonus, who prepared to invade the weftern part Labor, and the countries on the banks of the Indus of his dominions. The former was therefore obliged from Moultan to the fea ; though, had he lived to un- to conclude a treaty with Sandracottus, whom he aldertake another expedition as he intended, it is very lowed to remain in quiet poffdlion of his territories: probable that he would have fubdued a vaftly greater but Dr Robertfon is of opinion, that during the lifetraft of country ; nor indeed could any thing proba- time of Seleucus, which continued 42 years after the bly have fet bounds to his conquefts but death or re- death of Alexander, 'no diminution of the Macedovolts in diftant provinces of his empire. In order to nian territories took place. With a view of keeping Conjedtufe# fecure the obedience of thofe countries he fubdued, up a friendly intercourfe with the Indian Prince, Se-concerning jj Alexander found it neceffary to build a number of for- leucus fent Megafthenes, one of Alexander’s officers, tj1611 Palibothra, capital of the kingdom of the Prafri, jlf0t a Cities built tifed citiesthe; andmore the neceflary farther eallward extended his tofituated by Alex conquefts, did hehefind this talk, on the banks of the Ganges. This city is by * * snderinln-'j'hree he built in India itfelf; two on the banks of Dr Robertfon fuppofed to be the modern Allahabad, la ' the Hydafpes, and a third on the Acefines, both na» feated at the conflux of the Juruna and Gauges, con* , vigable rivers, falling into the Indus after they have trary to the opinion of Major Rennel, who fuppofes united their ftreams. By means of thefe cities he in- it to be Patna.* As Megafthenes refided in this city • gcc G tended not only to keep the adjacent countties in awe, for a confiderable fpace of time, he had an opportunity doflan, n 4. but to promote a commercial intercourfe betwixt dif- of making many obfervations on the country of India ferent parts both by land and water. With this view in general; and thefe'obfervations he w'as induced afalfo, on his return to Sufa, he furveyed in perfon the terwards to publilh. Unhappily, however, he mingled courfe of the Euphrates and Tigris, caufing the cata- with his relations the moil extravagant fables. To ia£ts or dams to be removed which the Perfian mo- him may be traced the ridiculous accounts of men with narchs had built to obilruft the navigation of thefe ears fo large that they could wrap themfelves up in rivers, in conformity to a maxim of their fuperftition, them; of tribes with one eye, without mouths or nofes, that it was unlawful to defile any of the elements, which &c. whence the extra&s from his book given by Ar* they imagined was done by navigators. After the na- rian, Diodorus, and other ancient writers, can fcarcely vigation was opened in this manner, he propofed that be credited, unlefs confirmed by other evidence. the valuable commodities of India Ihould be imported After the embaffy of Megafthenes to Sandracottus, into the other parts of his dominions by means of the and that of his fon Damaichus to Allitrochidas, the Perfian Gulf; while through the Red Sea they were fucceff r of Sandracottus, we hear no more of the afconveyed to Alexandria in Egypt, and thence difper- fairs of India with regard to the Macedonians, until the time of Antiochus the Great, who made a (hort fed all over Europe. The death of Alexander having put an end to all incurfion into India about 197 years after the death of his great fchemes, the eaftern part of his dominions Seleucus. All that we know of this expedition is, Expedition devolved firfi on Pytho the fon of Agenor, and after- that the Syrian monarch, after finifhing a war he car- chu of Antiowards on Seleucus. The latter was very fenfible of ried on sgainft the two revolted provinces of Paithia ‘' th.e the advantages to be derived from keeping India in and Baftria, entered India, where he obliged SophaZ2 gafenus,

1 N D [ 180 ] I N D India. gafeaus,king of the country which he invaded, to pay 258 Roman miles through the barren defart of The- India. e fum of money, and give him a number of elephants, bais: but Ptolemy caufed diligent fearch to be made ——v—*#’It is probable that the fucceffors of Seleucus were obli- every where for fprings, and wherever thefe were found, ged foon after his death to abandon all their Indian ter- he built inns or caravanferas for the acconmodation of and thusbecame the commerce was The carJ5 of ritories. After the lofs of India by the Syrians, an intercourfe travellers ried on till; Egypt fubjeft towith the India Romans. Account the Grecian was kept up for fome time betwixt it and the Greek Ihips during this period fet fail from Berenice, and; kingdom of Baftria. This laft became an independent coalling along the Arabian ihore to the promontoryEahtna. of kingdom ilate about 69 years after the death of Alexander ; and, of Syagrus, now Cape Rafalgate, held their courfe a-according to the few hints we have concerning it long the coaft of Perlia till they arrived at the mouth 1 in ancient authors, carried on a great traffic with of the weflern branch of the river Indus. They either India. Nay, the Baftrian monarchs are faid to have failed up this branch till they came to Pattala, nowconquered more extenfive tra&s in that region than Tatta, fituated at the upper part of the Delta, onAlexander himfelf had done. Six princes reigned o- continued their courfe to fome other emporium on thever this new kingdom in fueceffion; fome of whom, weftern part of the Indian coaft: A more.convenientelated with the conquefts they had made and the power ~ courfe was afterwards found by failisg direcity to Zithey had acquired, alfumed the title of Great King, zenis, a place concerning which there is now fome by which the Perfian monarchs were diftinguiffied m difpute. Montefquieu will have it to be the kingdomtheir higheft fplendor. Strabo informs us, that the of Sigertis, on the coaft adjacent to the Indus,and which Ba&rian princes were deprived of their territories by was conquered by the Bacirian monarchs ; but Major1 the Scythian Nomades, who came from the country Rennel is of opinion that it was a port on the Malabar beyond the laxartes, and were known by the names of coaft. Dr Robertfon does not pretend to decide this Afii, Pafiani, Tachari, and Scarauli. This is confirmed difpute; but is of opinion, that during, the time eft by the tellimony of fome Chinefe hiftorians quoted by the Ptolemies very little progrefs was made in the. M. de Guignes. According to them, about 126 years difeovery of India. He contefts, the opinion of Ma-. before the Chriftian aera, a powerful horde of Tartars, jor Rennel, that “ under the Ptolemies the Egypt;pufhed from their native feats on the confines of China, ans extended their navigation to the extreme point of and obliged to move farther to the weft, palfed the the Indian continent, and even failed up the Ganges laxartes, pouring in that uponkingdom, Ba&ria like an irrefiftithis have cafe been he thinks ble torrent,and,overwhelmed and put an end tothatPalibothra, the interiornow partsPatna.” of IndiaInmuft much to the dominion of the Greeks after it had lafted near better known to the ancients than we have any reafoit 130 years. to believe they were. He owns indeed that Strabo Jntercourfe this time to the clofe of the 15th century, mentions the failing up the Ganges, but then it is betwixt dE- all From thoughts of eftablifhing any dominion in India were only curforily and in a fingle fentence ; “ whereas if totally abandoned by the Europeans. The only ob- fuch a confiderable inland voyage of above 400. .miles, . EE“ jedt now was to promote a commercial intercourfe with through a populous and rich country, had been cuf-. that country ; and Egypt was the medium by which tomary, or even if it had been ever performed by the that intercourfe was to be promoted. Ptolemy the fon Roman, Greek, or Egyptian traders, it muft have of Lagus, and firft king of Egypt, firft raifed the merited a particular defciipiion, and muft have been power and fplendor of Alexandria, which he knew mentioned by Pliny and other writers, as there was had been Built by Alexander with a view to carry on nothing fimilar to it in the pradtice of navigation aa trade to India : and in order to make the navigation mong the ancients.”—The extreme danger of navimore fecure, he built the celebrated light-houfe at gating the Red Sea in ancient times (which even ir». Pharos; a work fo magnificent as to be reckoned one the prefent improved ftate of navigation is not, entirely of the wonders of the world. His fon Ptolemy’ Phi- got over) feems to have been the principal reafon which ladclphus profecuted the fame plan very vigoroufiy. induced Ptolemy to remove the communication with In his time the Indian commerce once more began to India from Arfinoe to Berenice, as there were other centre remove Arfinoe it effedtually the fame Nil© thence, inhe Tyre; formed abut canaltobetween on the from Red harbours than it. onAfter the coaft ruin confiderably of Coptos bynearer the the emperor. Sea, not far from the place where Suez now Hands, Dioclefian,theIndian commodities were conveyed fron* and the Pelufiac or eaftern branch ot the Nile. This the Red Sea to the Nile from Cbffeir, fuppofed by Drcanal was iqo cubits broad and 30 deep ; fo that by Robenfon to be the Pbiloteras Portus of Ptolemy, tomeans of it the productions of India might have been Cous, the Vicus Apollmis, a journey ot four days, conveyed to Alexandria entirely by water. We know Hence Cous from a fmall village became an opulent not whether this work was ever finilhed, or whether it city ; but in procefs of time, the trade from India re* was found ufelefs on account of the dangerous naviga- moved from Cous to Kene, farther down the river. la lion towards the northern extremityoftheRcdSea; but modern times fuch Indian goods as are brought by the whateverwas the caufe, it is certain that no ufe was made Red Sea come from Gidda to Suez, and are carried of it, and a new city named Berenice, fituated almoft acrofs the Ifthmus on camels, or brought by the cara-. under the tropic upon the weftern thore of the Red van returning Bom the pilgrimage to Mecca. Sea, became the Itaple of Indian commerce From It was to this monopoly oi Indian commerce thatwh)rtj,e thence the goods were tranfported|by land to Coptos, a Egypt owed its vaft wealth and power during thesyr.an m*. city diftant only three miles from the Nile, to which time of its Macedonian monarchs; but it appears ma fur-narchs did it was joined by a navigable canal. Thus, however, pnting that no attempt was, made by the Syrian * "y rfval the there was a very tedious laad-carriage of no lefs than narchs to rival them in it, efpecially as the latter were Egyptians.

I N D I N D [ i Si 1 Mia. of the Perfian gulf, from whence they emperor Aurelian, however, it did not any more recover India, -y—w min;ghpoflefiion L have imported the Indian commodities by a its fplendoi*; the trade gradually turned intoother -“'Y*— much fhorter navigation than could be done by the channels, and the city was reduced to ruins, which itill Egyptians. For this negleA feveral reafons are alfi /n- exi.i, and manifeft its former grandeur. See Palmyra. ed by our learned author, r. The Egyptians, under The excelfive eagernefs of the Romans for Aiiatic theirGreekmonarchs, appliedthemfelves tomaritimeaf- luxuries of all kinds kept up an unceafing intercourfe fairs ; and were in polfeffion of fuch a powerful fleet as with India during the whole time that tile empire con-gave them a decided fuperiority at fea. 2. No intercourfe tinued in its power; and even after the deftradtion of by fea was ever kept up betwixt Perlia and India, the weftern part, it was kept up betwixt Conitantmople on account of the averfion which the Perlians had to and thofe parts of India which had been viliced former- Newig maritime affairs. All the Indian commodities were ly by, merchants from the weftern empire. Long be- routes ■ then conveyed in the moll tedious and difficult manner fore this period, however, a much better method of over land, and difperfed throughout the various pro- failing to India had been difeovered by one Hippalus Hippalus. vinces, partly by means of navigable rivers and partly the commander of an i ndian (hip, who li vedabout bo years Egypt hadbeen annexedtoche Roman empire. This by means of the Cafpian fea. 3. Many of the ancients, after by an unaccountable error in geography, imagined the man having obferved the periodical ihifting of the Gafpian fea to be a part of the great northern ocean ; monfoons, and how fteadily they blew from the eaft and thus the kin^s of Syria might hope to convey the or weft during fome months, ventured to leave the Indian commodities tothe European countries without coaft, and fail boldly acrofs the Indian ocean from the attempting to navigate thofe feas which the Egyptian mouth of the Arabian gulf to Muliris, a port on the Malabar coaft ; which difeovery was reckoned a matmonarchs deemedtheirown property. Seleucus Nicator, ter importance, that the name of Hippalus was the firil and greateft of the Syro-Macedonian monarchs, givenof fuch to the wind by which he performed the voyage. formed a proje6tof joining the Euxine and Cafp:an feas Piiny gives a very particular account of the manner in by a navigable canal, which would have effedlually which the Indian was now carried on, mentionanfwered the purpofe, but was affalfiaated before he ing the particulartraffic ftages, and the diftances between could put'it in execution, and none of his fucceffors had abilities-to execute fuch an undertaking. Alexan- them, which are as follow. From Alexandria to der the Great had given orders, a little before his Juliopolis was two miles ; and there the cargo deftined death, to fit out a fquadron on the Cafpian fea, in order tor India was Ihipped on the Nile, and carried to Coptos, 303 miles, the voyage being ufually performed to difeover whether it had any communication with diftant the northern ocean, the Euxine fea, or Indian ocean ; in twelve days. From Coptos they were conveyed by but Dr Robertfon juifly thinks it furprifing that fuch- land to Berenice, diftant 258 miles, and halting at diferrors concerning this fea fhould have exifted among ferent ilations as occafion required. The journey was the ancients, as Herodotus had long before deferibed it finiftied on the 12th day ; but by reafon ®f the heat properly in the following words : “ The Cafpian is the caravan travelled only in the night. The fhips a fea by itfelf, uuconne&ed with any other. Its left Berenice about midlummer, and in 30 days reached length is as much as a vtflel with oars can fail in 15 Qcelis, now Ge//a, at the mouth of the Arabian gulf, ' days; and its greateft. breadth as much as it can fail or Cane (now cape Fartaque) on the coaft of Arabia in eight days.” Ariftotle deferibes it in like manner, Felix ; from whence they tailed in 40 days to Mufiris mentioned. Their homeward voyage began and infills that it ought to be called a great lake, and already early in the month of December ; when letting fail not a fea. with a north-eaft meeting with a fouth or Intercourfe Oa the conqueft of Egypt by the Romans the of theWRo-£ 1:0Inciiane commodities continued as ufualto be imported fouth-weft one whenwind,theyandentered the Arabian gulf, an r a n the voyage was completed in lefs than a year. With todia * but•A-lbefides * d this, ' * theEgypt, fromcommunication thence to Romebe-; regard to the fituation of Mufiris, as well as of Barace moft and ancient Indian port to which the ancients- traded. twixt the eaftern and weftern parts of Afia feems never another Rennel is of opinion, and Dr Robertfon agrees to have been entirely- given up. Syria and Paleiiine Major with him, that they ftood fomewhere between Goa and are feparated from Mdopotamia by a defart; but the Tellicherry that probably the modern Meerzaw paffage through it was much facilitated by its afford-' or Merjee is ;theandMufiris, and Barcelore the Barace of ing a ftation which abounded in water. Hence the ancients.1 poffeffion of this ftation became an objeft of fuch con- thePtolemy, who flouriftied about 200 years after the^ie*^., , fequence, that Solomon built upon it the city called in of the Chriftian asra, having the ad-^ccount of . .Syria Tadmor, and in Greek Palmyra. Both thefe commencement of fo many previous diicoveries, gives a more India, ^names are expreffive of its ficuation in a fpot adorned vantage defenption of India than what is to be met’ with palm-trees. Though its fituation for trade may particular in any of the ancient writers; notwithftanding to us feem very unfavourable (being 60 miles from the with Euphrates, by which alone it could receive the Indian which, his accounts are frequently inconfiftent not only commodities, and 203 from the neareft coaft of the with modern diicoveries, but with thofe of more ancient geographers than himlelf. A moft capital error in his Mediterranean,) yet the value and fmall bulk of the geography is, that he makes the peninfula of -India goods in queftion rendered the conveyance of them ftretch from the-dinus Barygazenus, or gulf ot Cambay, by a long carriage over land not only pradtieable but from weft to eaft, infteau of extending, according to lucrative and advantageous. Hence the inhabitants became opulent and powerful, and long maintained its in- its real direction, from north to iouth ; and this error* dependence even alter the Syrian empire became fubjedl mult appear the more extraordinary, when we confider* of thi$& to Rome. After the, redutlion of Palmyra by the that Megaithenes had publilhed a meafurementpeniafula 3

I N D [182 ] I N D India. peninfula nearly confonant to truth, which had been Thus we fee that the peninfula of Malacca was in all India, * adopted with fome variations by Eratofthenes, Strabo, probability the boundary of the ancient difeoveries by ’ Diodorus Siculus and Pliny. His information con- lea; but by land they had correfpondence with coun- Boundary cerning the fituation of places, however, was much tries ftill farther diftant. While the Seleucidse conti- of the namore accurate. With refpeA to fome diftrifts on the nued to enjoy the empire of Syria, the trade with In- v^ation thean eaftern part of the peninfula, as far as the Ganges, he dia continued to be carried on by land in the way al-°fCientS comes nearer the truth than in his defcriptions of any ready mentioned. The Romans having extended " of the reft. Thefe are particularly pointed out by their dominions as far as the river Euphrates, found M. D’Anville, who has determined the modern names this method of conveyance ftill eftablilhed, and the of many of Plolemy’s ftations, as Kilkare, Negapatam, trade was by them encouraged and prote&ed. The prothe mouth of the river Cauveri, Mafulipatam, See. The grefs of the caravans being frequently interrupted by river Cauveri is the Chalaru of Ptolemy; the kingdom the Parthians, particularly when they travelled towards of Arcot, Arcati Regio ; and probably, fays Dr Robert- thofe countries where lilk and other of the moft valufon, the whole coaft has received its prefent name of able manufa&ures were procured, it thence became an Coromandel from Sor Mandulam, or the kingdom of objeft to the Romans to conciliate the friendlhip of Soras, which is fituated upon it. Ptolemy had like wife the fovereigns of thofe diftant countries. That fuch an attempt was aftually made, we know from the Chincquired fo much knowledge concerning the Ganges, that he deferibes fix of its mouths, though his nefe hiftorians, who tell us, that Antoun, by whom they delineation of that part of India which lies beyond the mean the Emperor Marcus Antoninus, the king of Ganges is bardly lefs erroneous than that of the nearer the people of the weftern ocean, fent an embaffy to Ounti, who reigned in China in the 166th year of the peninfnla. M. D’ Anville, however, has been at Chriltian era ; but though the fad is mentioned, we great pains to elucidate thefe matters, and to iiluftrate thofe parts of the writings of Ptolemy w'hich appear are left entirely in the dark as to the iflue of the ncto be beft founded. According to him, the golden gociations. It is certain, however, that during the Cherfonefus of Ptolemy is the peninfula of Malacca; times of the Romans fuch a trade was carried on ; and we cannot fuppofe all thofe who vifited that diftant he fuppofes the gulf of Siam to be the great bay of asregion to be entirely deftitute of fcience, we may reaPtolemy ; and the Sinse Metropolis of the fame writer he looks upon to be Sin-hoa in the weftern part of the fonabiy enough conclude, that by means of fome of kingdom of Cochin-China, though Ptolemy has erred thefe adventurers, Ptolemy was enabled to determine fituatioh no lefs than 50 degrees of longitude the fituation of many places which he has laid down in and 20 of latitude. M. Gofielin, however, differs his geography, and which correfpond very nearly with * from his countryman M. D’Anville, in a late work the obfervations of modern times. entitled “ The Geography of the Greeks analyfed ; With regard to the Indian ifiands, confidering the Few India* r the fyftems of Eratofthenes, Strabo, and Ptolemy, little way they extended their navigation, they couldcovered ifiands dif-b compared with each other, and with the knowledge not be acquainted with many of them. The principal y which the moderns have acquired.” In the opinion one was that of Ceylon, called by the ancients Taproof M. Goffelin, the Magnum Promontorium of Ptole- bane. The name was entirely unknown in Europe bemy is not Cape Romania at the fouthern extremity of fore the time of Alexander the Great ; but that conthe peninfula of Malacca, as M. D’ Anville fuppofes, queror, though he did not viiit, had fome how or other but the point Bragu, at the mouth of the river Ava, heard of it; with regard to any particulars, however, The great bay of Ptolemy he fuppofes not to be the he feems to have been very ilenderly informed ; and the gulf of Siam, but of Martaban. He endeavours to accounts of ancient geographers concerning it prove that the pofition of Cattipnara, as laid down by confufed and contradictory. Strabo fays, it is as Ptolemy, correfponds with that of Mergui, a fea-port large as Britain, and fituated at the diftance of feven on the weft of Siam; and that Thin*) or Sine Metropolis, days according to fome reports, or 20 days failing acis not Sin-hoa, but Tana-ferim, a city on the fame river cording to others, from the fouthern extremity of the with Mergui; and he contends, that the Ibbadii infula ptninfula. Pomponius Mela is uncertain whether to of Ptolemy is not Sumatra, as D’Anville would have it, confider Taprobane as an iOand, or the beginning of anbut one of the fmall ifles which lie in a clufter off this other world ; but inclines to the latter opinion, as nocoaft. M- Goflelin is of opinion that the ancients ne- body had ever failed round it. The account of Pliny ver failed through the ftraits of Malacca, nor had any is ftill more obfeure ; and by his defeription he would knowledge of the ifland of Sumatra, or of the eaftern make us believe, that it was feated in the fouthern ocean. hemifphere beyond the tropic of Capricorn. PtoleThe errors of Ptolemy have given occafion to a my places it oppofite to Cape Comorin, at no great miftake of more modern date, viz. that the ancients diftance from ihe continent; but errs greatly with were acquainted with China. This arofe from the re- regard to its magnitude, making it no lefs than 15 femblance betwixt the name of that empire and the degrees in length from north to fouth. And AgatheSine of the ancients. The Ayeen Akbery informs us, marus, who wrote after Ptolemy, makes Taprobane that Cheen was an ancient name of Pegu; whence, the iargeft iiland in the world, aftigning the fecond favs Dr T)r Robertfon, RnVierffnn. “as Ttnta.'n To-om fays “ as that rnnntrv country borders nnnn upon nlare place to Britain. From thefe difeordant accounts, Ava, where M. Goffelin places the great promontory, fome learned men have fuppofed that the Taprobane this near refemblance of names may appear perhaps to of the ancients is not Ceylon, as is generally believed, confirm his opinion that Sinas Metropolis was fituated but the ifland of Sumatra ; though the defeription of on this coaft, and not fo far call as M. D’Anville has it by Ptolemy, with the figure delineated in his maps, placed it*** r/-»r»rl a slnaili*. 1 Ceylon, 1 and^ 1 not feems to ssiif’ put it K#»i beyond doubt, *.that 3 Sumatra,

I N t) [ 183 ] I N I> Indi'a. Sumatra, is the ifland to which'Ptolemy applies the of the Euphrates with the Tigris. Thus the com- 1 India. ^ defignation of Taprobane. The other iflands defcribed mand of both rivers was fecured, and the new city v——J by that geographer to the eaft ward of Taprobane, are, foon became a place of fuch confequence as fearce to according to Ur Robertfon, thofe called Andaman and yield to Alexandria itfelf. Here Ur Robertfon takes Nicobar in the gulf of Bengal. notice, that from the evidence of an Arabian merchant From the time of Ptolemy to that of the Emperor who wrote in the year 851, it appears, that not only Juftinian, we have no account of any intercourfe of the the Saracens, but the Chinefe alfo, were deftitute of the 26 Europeans with India, or of any progrefs made in the mariner’s eompafs ; contrary to the general opinion, Voyages of emperor geographical ofEgyptian the country. Undermade that itthatmade this its inftrument was known in the east longthisbefore theof con Cofmas to one knowledge Cofmas, merchant, in Europe. Fromfays ludia. fome voyages to India, anwhence he acquired the furname tion, as well asappearance much concurring evidence, ourrela-the au- ner’smariV of Indicoplertjlcs. •htaving afterwards turned monk, he thor, “ it is manifeft, that not only the Arabians but publilhed feveral works ; one of which, named Chr'tjlian the Chiqefe were deftitute of this faithful guide, and Topography, has reached us. In this, though mixed that their mode of navigation was not more adventuwith many ftrange reveries, he relates with great fim- rous than that of the Greeks and Romans. They plicity and appearance of truth what he had feen in fleered fervilely along the coall, feldom ftretching out his travels or had learned from others. He deferibes to fea fo far as to lofe fight of land ; and as they fhafeveral places on the weftern coaft of the hither penin- ped their courfe in this timid manner, their mode of fula, which he calls the chief feat of the pepper-trade ; reckoning was defeftive, and liable to the fame errors and from one of the ports on that coaft named Male, with that of the Greeks and Romans.” NotwithUr Robertfon thinks that, the name may pro- Handing this difadvantage, however, they penetrated bably be derived, as well as that of Maldives given to far beyond Siam, which had fet bounds to the navigaa clufter of iflands lying at no great diftance. Cofmas tion of the Europeans. They became acquainted .with informs us alfo, that in his time the ifland of Tapro- Sumatra and other India iflands ; extending their nabane had become a great ftaple of trade. He fuppofed vigation as far as the city of Canton in China. A it to lie about half wmy betwixt the Perfian Gulf and regular commerce was now carried on from the Perfian the country of the Sins ; in confequence of which Gulf to all the countries lying betwixt it and China, commodious fituation it received the filk of the Sinas, and even with China itfelf. Many Saracens fettled and the precious fpices of the remote regions of the in India properly fo called, and in the countries beeaft, which were from thence conveyed to all parts of yond it. In the city of Canton particularly, they were India, Perfia, and the Arabian Gulf. He calls it not fo numerous, that the emperor permitted them to have Taprolane, but Sieldibia, derived from Selendlb, or Sc- a cadi or judge of their own religion ; the Arabian rendib, the fame by which it is Hill known all over the language was underftood and fpoken in every place of eaft. From him alfo we learn, that the Perfians having confequtnce; and flrips from China are even faid to overthrown the empire of the Parthians, applied them- have vifited the Perfian Gulf. ^ State of Ini fielves with great diligence and fuccefs to maritime af- According to the Arabian accounts of thofe days,(lia fairs ; in confequence of which they became formidable the peninfula of India was at that time divided into lltedwhcby« rivals to the Romans in the India trade. The latter four kingdoms. The firft was compofed of the pro- '? Ara finding themfelves thus in danger of lofing entirely niial vinces fituated on theTVfmiJfan. Indus and itsf ter. They now abandoned a vaft traA of country; and from Calcutta to Sujah Dowla, propofing an alliance India. tho’ there were feveral very defetifible pofts one behind with him and the Mogul, who was along with him, an’other, fo much were they difheartened by this mif- and offering to affift them againlt Meer Coffim or any fortune, that they never attempted to ftop the pro- other enemy who fhould attempt an invafion of their ' grefs of the Engliih, but laid open the whole country dominions; in return for which, it was expe&ed that^ jpofed to the very gates of Mongheer. they fhould declare themfelves open enemies to Meer D th Sujah The next operation was the fiege of Mongheer it- Cefiim, and ufe their utmoit endeavours to feiie and felf; which, notwithftanding all the pains Meer Coffim deliver him up with all his efte&s. This defign was had been at to fortify it, held out no more than nine communicated to Major Adams on the 8th of Decemdays after the trenches were opened i fo that nothing ber 1763 ; but as he was next day to refign the comnow remained to complete the conqueft of Bengal but mand of the army, Major Carnac was delired to take the redmflion of’the city of Patna. The unfortunate the command upon him, and to watch the motions of Meer Coffim, in the mean time, enraged at the irre- Meet Coffim, as well as to guard the dominions of Meer fiftible progrefs of the Englifh, vented his rage on the Jaffier againlt any hoftilities which might be attemptIOI prifonere taken at Patna; all of whom, to the ed. It was alio refolved, that in cafe Mter Coffim fhould '•murder -Xrhurmnof unbappy number about 200, he caufed to be inhumanly mur- prevail upon the Mogul and tiujah Dowla to affift; '^prifonert the Eng'iatih dered. ofThis villany was perpetrated by one ■So»?«\r, a him, Major Carnac was defired to advance to the German, who had originally been in the French fer- banks of the river Carumnafia, and there oppofe the -i'atna. ^ vice, but deferted from them to the Englifh Eaft In- entrance of any hoitile army. dia company, and from the company to Meer Coffim. It foon appeared that the friendfhip of the Englifh This afiaffin, by the Indians called .SWtzfhje, having in- was not what Sujah Dowla defired. Pie confidered vited the Englifh gentlemen to fup with him, took the them as rapacious ufurpers, who having got a footopportunity of borrowing their knives and forks, on ing in the country under pretence of commerce, could pretence of entertaining them after the Englifh manner, be fatisfied with nothing lefs than the entire pofieffion At night, when he arrived, he flood at feme diftance in of it, to the ruin of the natural inhabitants. In theailPr re* the cook-room to give his orders ; and as foon as the two beginning of February 1764, therefore, it was known fi.nce firft: gentlemen, Mr Ellis and Lufhington, entered, the that Sujah Dowla had determined to affift Mter Coffim l ed by former was feized by the hair, hiV head pulled backward, in attempting to recover Bengal. Pbe prefident andj^j ihDoW. •and his throat cm by another On this Mr Lufhington council on this wrote him, that though they heard fuch •knocked down the murderer with his fill, feized his a report, they could not believe it, confidering the fword, wounded one and killed two before he himfelf former connexions 1 fubfifting between him and the •was cut down. The other gentlemen being now a- chiefs of the company, and were perfuaded he would larmed, defended themfelves, and even repulfed the fe- not aX in fuch an unjuft; manner : but if it really was ■poys with plates and bottles. Somers then ordered his intention to efpoufe the caufc of Meer Coffim, they them on the top of the houfe to fire down on the pri- informed him that they were refolved to keep Bengal foners; which they obeyed with reluXance, alleging free from troubles, and carry the war into the domitha; they could not think of murdering them in that nions of Sujah Dowla himfelf. To this the nabob remanner, but if he would give the prifoners arms, they plied by enumerating the many favours conferred on would fight them ; on which he knocked feveral of the Englifh by the Mogul. “ Notwithftanding t iefe them down with bamboes. The confequence was. that (fays he) you have interfered in the king’s country, all the gentlemen were either fhot or had their throats poflefled yourfelves of diftriXs belonging to thegoverncut . Dr Fullartcn was the only perfon who efcaped ment, and turned out and eftablifhed nabobs at pieafure, having received a pardon from the tyrant a few days without the confent of the imperial court. Since you before the maflacre. have impriioned dependants on the court, and expofed This inhumanity was far from being of any fervice the government of the king of kings to contempt and to the caufe of Meer C ffim. Major Adams marched diftionour ; fince you have ruined the trade of the merwithout delay from Mongheer to Patna ; and as the chants of the councry, granted prottXion to the king** place was but indifferently fortified, it could make but fervants, injured the revenues of the imperial court, and a feeble refiftance The cannon of the Englifh foon crufhed the inhabitants by your aXs of violence ; and made a praXicabk breach, and in no longer time than fince you are continually fending fiefh people from iaa Patna tadays this great city was taken by (form. Thus Calcutta, and invading different parts of the royal doken, anden- eight the nabob was deprived of all his fortified places, his minions; to what can all thofe wrong proceedings be Bengal army reduced to a fmall body, and himfelf obliged to attributed, but to an abfolute diiregard to the court, tirely redo to Sujah Dowla nabob of Oude, who aXed as and a wicked defign of feizing the country to yottrfelves? ced '■) the •fly Enghih. grand vizier to the Mogul. Here he was kindly re- If thefe difturbances have arifen from your own improceived, and an afylum promifed for his perfon, but ad- per defires, defift from fuch behaviour in future ; inmittance was refufed to his army, nor would this prince terfere not in the affairs of government; withdraw confent at any rate to make his country a feat of war. your people from every pare, and fend them to their The Englifti were now entire mafters of Bengal ; for own country ; carry on the company’s trade as formerthough Meer Jaffier was proclaimed nabob, if is not to ly, and confine yourfelves to commercial affairs,” &c. be fuppofed that he had now any authority farther than Another letter, much to the fame purpofe, was fent to what they pleafed to give him Major Adams did not Major Carnac ; but the prefident and council of Callong furvive the conquett of Patna, which was taken cutta, mftead of paying any regard to the remonflrahon the 6th of November 1763; he died in the month ecs of the nabob, determined to commence an immee>f March 1764. diate and oftenltve war againit him. Meer Coffim being thus driven out, an agent was lent Notwithftanding this refolution, feveral difficulties Vot. IX. Parti, Cc occurred

I N D [ 202 1 I N D India, occurred in carrying on a war at this time. The prin- before which the late commander had been foiled. India. -—v ' cipal were the death of Major Adams, whofe name had His fuccefs would in all probability have been no {y*t- ™~v—^ ter than that of his predeceffor, had not the gatWfon 108 to theTheIndians, mutinous Sir 105 Hedfor becortie y Sujah Dowlah. An army of 50,000 men was col- with the Englifh foonMogul, the battle of Buxard. He^^1*11’ !e