Webster's Collegiate Dictionary [5 ed.]

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https://archive.org/details/websterscollegia0000unse_j5a9

sie witiea)

THIN

PAPER

WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY FIFTH

EDITION

A Nevuam-Wrebsttr oe

REG. U.5.PAT.OFE

THE

CURE

ABRIDGMENT

OP

WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY SECOND

EDITION

G. & C. MERRIAM CO., PUBLISHERS SPRINGFIELD, MASS., U.S.A. 1947

COPYRIGHT, 1936

BY G. & C. MERRIAM

CO.

PREVIOUS EDITIONS COPYRIGHT,

1916, 1925, 1931

BY G. & C., MERRIAM

COPYRIGHT,

1941,

CO,

IN PHILIPPINE

BY G, & C. MERRIAM

PREVIOUS COPYRIGHT,

EDITION

1926, IN PHILIPPINE

BY G. & C, MERRIAM

COPYRIGHT ALL

RIGHTS

RESERVED

UNDER

UNDER

ISLANDS

CO.

INTERNATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL G. & C. MERRIAM

ISLANDS

CO,

COPYRIGHT

AMERICAN

UNION

CONVENTION

(1910) BY

CO.

BASED ON WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY COPYRIGHT, 1934 BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO.

SECOND EDITION

NEW WORDS SECTION COPYRIGHT, I941 COPYRIGHT UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT UNION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION (1910) COPYRIGHT, I941, IN PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BY G. & C, MERRIAM CO.

All rights reserved

MADE H. O, HOUGHTON THE

AND

COMPANY,

RIVERSIDE

IN THE U.S.A. ELECTROTYPERS,

PRESS,

CAMBRIDGE,

PRINTERS, MASS.,

U.S.A.

AND

BINDERS

CONTENTS Page

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Introductory Matter Guicdesto-eroninclationeyss.csi

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Orthography

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Explanatory, Notes...

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Abbreviations Used in this Work.

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XX-XxX1

walielics

XX1-XXIV

...

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Vii-xix

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XXV-XKV1

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XXVII-xxxiv

1-1174

A Dictionary of the English Language

Appendixes Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing Arbitrary Signs and Symbols

.

1175-1181

.

1182-1183

.

Population Figures (1940 Census) for Places in U.S. above 5000

1183a-F

Population Figures (1941 Census) for Places in Canada above 1000

1183¢—H

Pronouncing Gazetteer .

1184-1225

Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary

1226-1247

Pronouncing Vocabulary of Common English Christian Names

Foreign Words and Phrases

.

1248-1252 1253-1257

Vocabulary of Rhymes

1258-1263

Colleges and Universities in the United States and Canada

1264-1267

Punctuation, Compounds, Capitals, etc. .

1268-1272

Preparation of Copy for the Press

1273-1274

Index

°

.

*

°

°

.

°

e

°

e

°

°

1275

PREFACE History of the Collegiate. WernstTer’s CoLLeciaTeE Dictionary, Fifth Edition, is an entirely new work. Its newness, however, represents not a break with the past but rather a continuity. For many years the MERRIAM-WEBSTER dictionaries have formed a series, in which the unabridged dictionary has been the parent work and the COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY the largest abridgment. From each successive revision of the unabridged work, new abridged books have sprung. In 1898 the first edition of the COLLEGIATE appeared, based on WEBSTER’S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY. Its size, appearance, typography, and, above all, its weaith of material and scholarly presentation quickly won for it a high place in the regard of both general reader and scholar. In 1910 a second edition appeared. The publication of the first edition of the NEw INTERNATIONAL DicTIONARY began another MERRIAM-WEBSTER series and made necessary the Third Edition of the COLLEGIATE (1916), revised in 1931 as the Fourth Edition. The publication in 1934 of WEBSTER’Ss NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONAry, Second Edition, another complete revision of the unabridged dictionary, inaugurated a new MERRIAM-WEBSTER series to which this present work belongs. In its new edition, then, the COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY is carrying on two traditions— the tradition of a series and the tradition of a book. The editors, in preparing the present work, have had constantly before them its place in the series and the high standard of quality of its predecessors, the four earlier COLLEGIATES. Size so well general of this

and Scope. The size, general appearance, and scope of this dictionary have stood: the test of time and usage that any attempt to change them seems inadvisable. The nature and size of the vocabulary have long been accepted as excellent for a dictionary kind. Nevertheless, it will at once be obvious that, based as it is upon the New

INTERNATIONAL

DICTIONARY, Second Edition, this book must contain very much that is new

and much that is different from the material of its predecessors. The vocabularies of such comparatively new fields of knowledge as Aviation and Radio have been, during the past several years, both changing and growing. ‘The vocabularies of Economics, Commerce, and Finance have grown in bulk and in their importance and interest to the general reader. There have been new developments in literature and the arts, new discoveries and new terms

in all the sciences.

Above all, there has been an ever-increasing interest on the part of the

public in all these matters and in the words that describe them. To reflect these changes and developments without sacrificing any of the essential material

of the earlier COLLEGIATES has been the chief concern of the editors of the present revision. While its material has been taken or condensed from the NEw INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, every entry and every definition of the preceding edition of the COLLEGIATE has been carefully compared and each omission from the vocabulary of that book has been scrupulously weighed. And comparatively little has been omitted. Although the size of the book could not be materially changed, it has been found possible to increase the general

vocabulary by 32 pages, and a few more pages have been gained by a slight compression of some of the appendices. In the planning of the present COLLEGIATE, all important questions of policy and procedure were under the jurisdiction of an Editorial Board consisting of the following members: Chairman, Dr. William Allan Neilson, President of Smith College, Editor in Chief of the MERRIAMWEBSTER dictionaries; Dr. Thomas A. Knott, Dr. Asa G. Baker, Mr. Robert C. Munroe, Dr. John P. Bethel, Dr. Lucius H. Holt. The Literary Vocabulary. Once again the vocabulary of the CoLLEGIATE has been carefully selected to meet the needs both of the student throughout his college work and of the general reader seeking clear and accurate, but not encyclopedic, information. The definitions have been taken from the New INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, but have been frequently modified in statement to obtain greater brevity and directness. Wherever they are needed and, indeed, as freely as possible within the limitations of space, phrases and sentences have been given that illustrate the definitions. The literary vocabulary is substan-

tially that of the COLLEGIATE the treatment of the New

DicTIONARY,

INTERNATIONAL,

Fourth Edition, but revised in accordance with Second Edition, and augmented with new words

and meanings that properly belong within the limits of an abridged dictionary. The revision of this vocabulary has been carried out chiefly by Dr. John P. Bethel, General Editor, Dr. Lucius H. Holt, Managing Editor, Miss Rose F. Egan, and Mr. Edward F. Oakes, of the permanent editorial staff.

Dialectal Terms, Colloquialisms, and Slang. Many words formerly regarded as nonstandard or substandard have become accepted in good usage; and such changes in status are reflected by the inclusion in the present work of a number of words of this kind. The (iv)

Preface

Vv

size and scope of the CoLLEGIATE have always precluded, however, the inclusion of all save the most important and necessary Dialectal, Colloquial and Slang terms; and in this particular the Fifth Edition follows the practice of its predecessors. Special Subjects. It is in the vocabularies of special subjects that the present COLLEGIATE differs most from its predecessors. The growth not only of the vocabulary in such subjects as Aviation, Radio, Psychoanalysis,

Bacteriology, and Economics — to cull a few at

random— but also of popular interest in their subject matterand terminology has impelled the editors to include as wide a selection as possible from the newer terms in all such fields. The definitions of such terms are largely those prepared for the NEw INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, by distinguished scholars and represent the most careful study of all available material in the particular fields. The special interest displayed by users of the earlier COLLEGIATES in the vocabulary of Business and Commerce, of Banking and the Exchanges, has led to.a considerable increase in the number of entries in these fields, particularly of idiomatic phrases. The special vocabularies of the various Religious Denominations reflect the scholarship of the unabridged dictionary. For terms associated with the Protestant churches, the editors have followed the treatment approved by Dr. D. C. Macintosh; for those in the Roman Catholic field, that approved by Dr. P. J. Healy; for those in the Jewish field, that

approved by Dr. Ralph Marcus; for those in Christian Science, the treatment is in the exact words authorized by official sources. In the field of Science, nouns and adjectives which are used in naming or describing parts or characteristics of plants, animals, or minerals, or the significant phenomena of their growth and relations, have been included with great fullness. The common names of plants and animals, especially if of literary value, have been given freely. Classificatory names, however, such as the names of genera, orders, and the like (except for a very few special cases, as Drosophila), have been inserted only when they have also a popular character. Thus many words, as dahlia, freesia, junco, octopus, though originally only the names of genera, have through common use become vernacular names as well. Such vernacular names are freely entered, In the definitions of such names the genus name itself appears and, for botanical terms, the family name is often either stated or indicated by the use of its derivative adjective in -aceous; names of fishes are so defined that, wherever detailed description is not provided at an entry, reference is made to a classificatory adjective or to the name of a related fish where fuller descriptive particulars may be found. In the case of many scientific names an English derivative has, in popular use, replaced the Latin form of science. Preference has been given to such derivatives, but usually in the definition the scientific name is also given.

Thus, Nematoda and Cephalopoda will be found in the definitions of nematode and cephalo pod, respectively. The vocabulary of Chemistry has been carefully selected under the supervision of Dr. Austin M. Patterson, chemistry editor of the NEw INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, with a view to presenting the most recent information. The revision of terms in this field has been done by Mr. Hubert P. Kelsey, science editor on the office staff. The definitions of the names of Colors have been systematically edited and an extensive treatment of color is given at the entry of that term. Lowland Scottish terms, which formed a separate glossary in the previous edition of the COLLEGIATE, have in this book been made an integral part of the general vocabulary. The selection of these terms, based on their use by such authors as Burns and Scott, has been made under the supervision of the Editor in Chief, Dr. Neilson. Presentation of Material. The material of the general vocabulary is presented in the traditional MERRIAM-WEBSTER manner. For the first time in the series of COLLEGIATE DICTIONARIES a full set of Explanatory Notes is given (pages xxii-xxiv). These notes will enable the reader quickly to understand and familiarize himself with the arrangement of the material of the vocabulary entries and with the conventions used in this book. Special attention is paid to pronunciation, etymology, inflectional forms, and the question of alternative spellings. Pronunciation. The pronunciations given in this dictionary are based on those of the New INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, for which was collected a body of firsthand information on words of divided or disputed usage, such as has never been collected for any other dictionary. The information on which the MERRIAM-WEBSTER pronunciations of such words are based was obtained from hundreds of authentic sources. In addition to all available printed evidence, statesmen, university presidents, heads of university English departments, great actors, and other public speakers were consulted, and the pronunciations of scores of speakers over the radio were recorded. Besides the full pronunciations given in the vocabulary entries and explained by means of the key printed at the foot of every pair of open pages of the vocabulary, an extended article, the Guide to Pronunctation, not only fully explains the symbols used in indicating pronunciation but discusses in some detail many general matters of pronunciation. This article, condensed from the fuller article in the NEw _INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition, has been revised by the author of the latter, Dr. John S. Kenyon,

recognized American authority on pronunciation. Office assistants for the work on pronunciation and syllabification have been Miss Elsie Mag and Mr. Edward Artin.

vi

Preface

Etymologies. The etymologies have been condensed in accordance with certain: welldefined principles (see the Explanatory Notes) from those of the unabridged dictionary. This work has been done by a member of the editorial staff, Dr. Everett E. Thompson, in consultation with Professor Harold H. Bender, of Princeton University, special editor in

charge of the etymologies in the

NEw INTERNATIONAL, Second Edition.

Idiomatic Phrases. Hundreds of phrases are current in English with meanings that differ essentially from the natural meanings to be gathered from the component words. Such phrases are included in large numbers. When the meaning of the significant word is not too remote from its ordinary meanings, a special definition has been made to cover its use in the idiomatic phrase and the latter has been given as an illustrative example. In many other cases the phrase itself has been inserted with a suitable definition.

Synonyms. The invaluable paragraphs of the Fourth Edition of the COLLEGIATE in which were carefully discriminated words closely akin in meaning, or words liable to confusion in use, have been freely retained, with such revision as has been necessary. A few similar treatments have been added. The ‘“‘word-finding”’ lists of synonyms have been increased; and similar word-finding lists of Antonyms have been frequently added, often with cross references to a paragraph of synonymy where many of these antonyms are discriminated among themselves. The paragraphs of discriminated synonymy are set in a different size of type from the rest of the vocabulary entry, making them readily distinguishable. Typography.

The type faces used in this book are those of the NEw

INTERNATIONAL,

Second Edition, for which they were carefully and experimentally chosen for their appearance and readability.

- Pictorial Illustrations.

The pictures that were a feature of the Fourth Edition of the CoL-

LEGIATE have been increased in number, to more than 1,800. Wherever such information is of value the scale has been indicated. The selection and preparation of the illustrations has been done by Mr. H. Downing Jacobs and Mr. Malcolm R. Leete.

Special Articles.

Special treatment, such as that in the extended article on color and the

tables at the entries of element and periodic table, has been occasionally provided in this dictionary. Of particular interest is the treatment given at number and numeration. -Here the information previously scattered throughout a long series of individual entries has been brought together and treated as a unit, the clear and concise arrangement being supplemented by tables.

Supplementary Features. The supplementary features of the Fourth Edition of the CoLLEGIATE Dictionary have been largely retained and new ones added. ; The Pronouncing Gazetteer, while occupying about the same space as before has, by reason

of the more compact but clearer type used, been increased in number of entries. As before, the entries are accompanied with pronunciations and with brief descriptions showing location, political ownership, statistics as to population (in the latest census figures available), length (of rivers), elevation (of mountains), area (of states, lakes, etc.), all in the concise form found so effective in the NEw

INTERNATIONAL

DICTIONARY.

In addition, for the first time in the

COLLEGIATE, the syllabic division of entry forms is indicated — a feature that should prove

of especial value to writers and printers. A selected list of Universities and Colleges of the United States and Canada, with their locations and dates of founding,

provides a new and useful supplement

to the material of

the Gazetteer.

The Biographical Dictionary presents a selected list of names of general interest of persons, ancient and modern, with their accepted spelling, pronunciation,

given names,

nationality,

and some indication of their achievements, as well as dates of birth and death and of the reigns or terms of office of rulers..

The syllabic division of the entry forms is indicated.

The Vocabulary of Rhymes and the vocabulary of Common English Christian Names have been retained with necessary revisions.

The vocabulary of Foreign Words and Phrases has

been retained but many of its former entries have, because of their frequency of occurrence in English speech and writing, been transferred to the general vocabulary. The list of Abbreviations, the section of Arbitrary Signs and Symbols, the article on Punctua-

tjon, Capitals, etc., to which has been added a detailed article on Compounds and Hyphenation, and

the material

on

the Preparation

of Copy for the Press—which

have

proved

popular with users of the COLLEGIATE — have been revised and retained. * The proofreading and styling of the material, and the checking of cross references and the

like, have been largely done by Mr. Charles Westcott, Mr. Hubert Roe, Miss Ervina Foss,

and Mrs. Dorothy L. Artin, of the office staff.

The typesetting and electrotyping have been

done by The Riverside Press, whose staff have once again given their hearty co-operation

and have assisted with excellent proofreading.

A GUIDE KEY REFERENCES.

in this Gurpr.

TO THE

TO PRONUNCIATION

SYMBOLS USED IN THE PRONUNCIATION

RESPELLING

FOR

Numbers following the respelling for pronunciation of some words in the Vocabulary refer to sections

ACCENTS AND HyPHENS. The principal accent is indicated by a heavy mark (’), and the secondary accent by a lighter mark (/), at the end of the syllable. Syllabic division is indicated by a centered period, except where this is replaced by an accent mark or by a hyphen used to join the members of words written or printed with a hyphen.

Forrricn sounbs for which no special symbols are provided are represented by the nearest English equivalents. a,

asin ale, fate, 1a’/bor, cha/os, cham’ber

a, 4, 4,

“ “ cha-ot/ic, fa-tal/i-ty, cor/date (§ 12). “ “ care, par’ent, com-pAare’, bear, Air (§ 6). “ “ Add, 4m, fat, Ac-cept’ (§7).

(§ 5).

a, a,

“ “ de-count/, in’fant, guid’dnce (§ 14). “ “ drm, far, fa’/ther, 2h, palm (§ 8).

a,

“ “ ask, grass, dance, staff, path (§ 9).

a, “ “ so/fa, i-de’a, d-bound’, di’d-dem (§ 15). b, “ “ ba/by, be, bit, bob, but (§ 17). ch, “ “ chair, much; also for teh as in match; for ti as in ques’/tion ; for te as in right/eous (§ 21). d, as in day, add/ed; also for ed as in robbed (§ 25). du: for duasin ver’dure; for deu asin gran/deur

(§§ 25, 118). as in éve, méte, se-réne’, hé/li-om/e-ter (§ 26). “« “ hére, fear, weird, deer (dér) (§ 27). “ee

é.vent/, dé-pend’, cré-ate’ (§ 35).

« “ énd, éx-euse’, éf-face’ (§§ 28, 29). “« « silént, pru’dénce, nov/él (§ 37). sc Ge mak’ér, pér-vert’, in/fér-ence (§§ 32, 36). Dl De Or QC. FI “ fill, feel; for ph as in phan/tom, tri/umph; a5 for gh asin laugh (§ 43). g (always “hard”), as in go, be-gin’; also for gu as in guard; for gue asin plague; for gh as in ghost

(§ 44). gz: for x as in ex-ist’, ex-act’, ex-am/ple (§ 128). h, as in hat, hen, hide, hot, hurt, a-head/’ (§ 49). hw: for wh as in what, why, where (§ 127).

i, asin ice, sight, in-spire’, 51). if,as in ill, ad-mit’, hab/it, 7, “ & char/i-ty, pos’si-ble, J , * © joke, jolly; also for

1-de’a, bi-ol’/o-gy (§§ 50,

pit’y (pit’i) (§§ 52, 53). di-rect’, A’pril (§ 54). “soft” g, as in gem, gi’ant; for giand ge as in re-li/gion, pi’geon; for di as in sol/dier;

for dg(e)

as in edge,

judzg’/ment

(§ 59). k, as in keep, kick; also for “hard” ch, asin cho/rus, ep’och; for “hard” ¢, as in eube; for ck, asin pack; for qu as in con’/quer, co-quette’; for que as in pique (§ 60). K (small capital): for ch asin Germanich, ach, etc. (§60).

ks: for x as in vex, ex’e-cute, per-plex’ (§ 128). kw: for qu asin queen, quit, qual’i-ty (§ 91). 1, as in late, leg, lip, lot, lull, hol/ly (§ 61). m, asin man, men, mine, hum, ham/mer (§ 64). n, “

“ no, man, man/ner; also for gnasin sign ($66).

w (small capital): without sound of its own indicates the nasal tone (as in French or Portuguese) of the preceding vowel, as in bon (b6n), en/sem/ble (An/sain/bl’) (§ 67). ng, as in sing, long, sing’er; also for ngue, as in tongue; for n before the sound of k or “hard” gy, as in bank, june’tion, lin’ger, sin’gle, can’ker (§ 68).

6, as in Old, note, bold, he’rd, cal/i-cd (§ 69).

6, as in O-bey’, t0-bac’co, a-nat/6-my (§ 79).

~

6,

asin 6rb, lérd, 6r-dain’; law (16), bought

ce

caught (k6t), all (61) (§ 71). asin 6dd, not, tér’rid, fér’est,

(bot),

pos-ter’i-ty

(§§ 73 ff.). as in soft, ddg, cl6th, léss, cdst (§ 74). “ “ con-nect/, 6c-cur’, co/ldn, cdm-bine’ (§ 80).

6’ 6> o 1 coke oil, nois’y, a-void’, goi’ter (§ 82). o90, “ “ food, moon, fool, noon; rude (rd0d), ru/mor

(r00/mér) (§ 83).

00, as in foot, WOO; put (pddt), pull (pddl) (§ 85). ou, p,

“ “ out, thou, de-vour’ (§ 86). “ “ pa/pa, pen, pin, pop, put (§ 88).

r,

“eke

.

rap,red, rip, rod, horrid (§§ 92 ff.); also for

rh as in rho/do-den/dron, rhom/boid. s (always voiceless, or “sharp”), asin so, this, haste; also for “soft” e, as in cell, vice; for se asin scene, sci’ence; for ssasin hiss (§ 97). sh, as in she, ship, shop; also for ch as in ma-chine’, chaise; for ce as in 0/cean; for ci as in so’cial; for sci as in con/scious; for s as in sure; for se as in nau/seous; for si asin pen’sion; for ss as inis’sue; for ssi as in pas/sion; for ti as in na’tion (§§ 102 ff.). t, as in time, talk; also for ed as in baked, capped; for th as in thyme, Thom/as (§ 104). th (voiced): for th as in then, though, this, smooth, breathe (§ 107). th (voiceless), as in thin, through, wealth, worth, breadth, width (§ 107). tu: for tu as in na/ture, cul’ture, pic’ture (§ 118). ti, asin ciibe, pire, tine, lute, di’ty, hi’/man

(§§ 112-114). ii, as in Unite’, for’/miu-late, hu-mane’ (§ 118). a, “ “ tirn, farl, con-cfir’; her (hifir), fern (ffirn), fir (ffir) (§§ 117, 31); for Ger. 6, oe, as in sch6n (shfin), Goe’the (gfi’té); for Fr. eu, as in jeu (zhi), seul (sfil). ti, as in tip, tiib, sttid’y, tin/der, tin-do/ (§ 116). a, “ “ cir’ets, cau’cis, da/tim, cir’ciim-stance, de/mon (-miin), na/tion wu: for German Ui, as in griin,

(-shiin) (§ 119).

Stin’de; for French u, as

in me-nu/’ (mé-nii’) (§ 122). vy, as in van, vent, vote, re-voke’, re-vive’ (§ 123); also

for f as in of. w, as in want, win, weed, wood (§ 124); also for u as in per-suade’ (-swad’) or 0 as in choir (kwir). y, asin yet, yard, yel’/low, be-yond’ (§ 131); also for i as in un/ion (-ytin). z, “ * zone, haze; also for voiced (“soft”) s, as in is, lives, wise, music, ears, figs (§ 132); for x asin Xen/o-phon, xy-log’/ra:phy (§ 128). zh: for z as in az/ure; for zi as in gla/zier, bra/zier; for s asin pleas/ure, u’su-al; for si as in vi/sion; for ssias in ab-seis’sion; for g as in rouge,

gen’re

(§ 133). 2 as in par’don

(par’d’n),

eat’en

(ét’’n), evil (é’v'l),

indicates that the following consonant is syllabic (§ 38). (vii)

A Guide to Pronunciation THE ALPHABET

OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION (IPA)

PHONETIC

The IPA symbols and words The following symbols have each the sound values shown in the key words. respelled with them are in square brackets [ ]. CONSONANTS 0] i th

*

ne ue eect maim

in

chureh

ie ree

nie a ae

[f]

“fife

(r]a

“

[v]

% valve

aa]

; lull

—m]

“

[t]

nf toot

td]

i deed.

{s]

(k] [9]

cook “ gig

ap] [5]

[In] “ noon

[9] t

a

[z]

Pec year

Ch]

mission “ vision

[hw] “ whale (iJ =“ you

ie a

Cw]

be substituted for [g].

VOWELS :

Ob

ee beet ‘“ chaotic

fa] [Ca]

‘ father “ ask as often pronounced in Amer-

Pan). fe] [ae]

{3]

eae “ set “ sat

[op]

“© all, horse

‘“ sorry

as

the

pro-

of

nounced in England and often in America (between

[oJ] fou]

[vu]

fu] [a]

Ca] and [0]) ‘* notation “ go

“

{r]

pull

stressed syllables)

USED

[au] in house

[or] in boy

the usual sounds of “long a” and “long 0” (see §§ 5, 69).

NON-ENGLISH CONSONANTS (¢] =ch in German ich and Scottish heich “high” a E pee weieh ees ew es - 60). ; x] = ch in G. ach and Sc. loch [Inx], the voiceless

See Eng-

velar fricative (§ 60).

F NON-ENGLISH VOWELS in French pur, German fiihlen,— the high-frontround vowel (§ 122). , F. creuse, G. Goethe, — the mid-front-round vowel (§ 117). F. seul, G. kénnen,— the low-front-round

provowel (§ 117). by | The symbols [1], [mJ], [nJ, fr] represent 1, m, n, and

majority | r sounds that form syllables either alone or with nonsyllabic

Americans | sounds; as [bzet/], bzet/Id, keez’m, kzez’mz, feet’n,

(only stressed lables)

“ pool ‘“ sun (used only in

SYMBOLS

“ bird as nounced

d sound,

element is [j] as in use, instead of [1] Nore: [er] and [ov], given above, are also diphthongs,

ica (only in|[#] “ stressed syllables) [ce] “

{[#]

thi s

{1u] in mute: the symbols [ju] are used when the first

land and parts of eastern and|[y] southern Amer-

ica (between [ze] and [a]. See§ 9) fo]

se

in eater southern

biguous S SY. symbol Ol for no unampig TO)

Car] in ice

= wail

[In] “ sing Nore: For convenience in printing, the symbol [g] may

iy [e]

cmaas

DIPHTHONGS

sponte

ce Zones

in sofa (only in unstressed syllables)

Note: [a] is not a symbol of the IPA, which at present

in| syl-

feet/nd, bet’r, bet’rd]. The colon [:] after a symbol indicates that its sound is long in duration as compared with that of the unmarked

“better as pro-|symbol. The raised period [+] may be used for intermedinounced by | ate length. the majority The sign [+] after a vowel symbol (as [e+]) indicates a of _ Americans | pronunciation of it with slightly raised tongue; [+] (as (only in un-| [e+]), with slightly lowered tongue; [+] (as [o+]), with stressed syl- | slightly advanced tongue; and [—] (as [e—]), with slightly lables) retracted tongue.

TO INDICATE

PRONUNCIATION

WITHOUT

RESPELLING

To indicate PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING, the table below may be used in connection with the one on p. vii. For indicating PRONUNCIATION BY RESPELLING, however, the table on p. vii is complete in itself and is alone used throughout this Dictionary. The table below is to be used only when any letter of a word has a sound that is represented in the table on p. vii by a different letter. Thus, in the respelling table s is used for one sound only, that in sin or so. To show the z sound of s (as in his) without respelling, the marked s (g) from the table below should be used, — thus, hig. In the table below, the symbols in parentheses are the equivalent symbols from the respelling table. In digraphs, mark only the letter that is to be regarded as sounded, as in break, bréad, yiéld, veil, etc. tc. Silent e at the end of a syllable, as in fate, etc., need not be marked. ce, Ci, sci, se, si, or ti before a vowel, and immediately after an accented syllable, usually have the sound of sh, and need not be marked. Where desirable, any letter regarded as silent may be shown as an unmarked italic. In a few words, the pronunciation can be indicated only by respelling. RSS)

Foxe es s as in li/Ar, cow’ard, mus/tard.

a(= 56),

. “« “ what, was, qual/i-ty.

A, a(= @),... ce

“« « all, awe, swarm, talk.

vow’el.

Oy, oy (= oi),....

‘* ‘* oys’ter, boy, roy’al, en-joy’.

U, u(= 00),......

“ “ rude, ru/mor, in-trude’.

Au, au, aw (= 6), Bye (= a),... 2.6%

U, u(= 00),...... “ « full, put, push, hand/ful. ¥ (=i. cee oe « « Ry, sky, style, de-fy’, dy’-

6 (8)

DBA

PING(eth)

‘“ “ Au Sa/ble, au/thor, law. “ “ eight, prey, vein, o-bey’; or (= &) as in me-lee’. 5.500000 « « thére, héir, whére.in’. eee tases ér/mine, e-tér/nal, swérv’-

Ow, ow (= ou),.. as in owl, coward,

ing (§ 31). “ee

eel, feet, fee’ble, un-seen’. Ew, ew (= 0j),.... “ «© ewe, dew, hewn; or (= 00) as in brew. ik (ce) faeces e ns “ pique, ma-chine’, po-lice’;

Ee, ee (= 6),......

AS Ti(S'O) Newaradece

cc

ee

Q (= 00),...... Ono(=) ee

O(] 6); cea neer

ing.

CG In cea ane ¥ (S28) hacsekes

St/tri-a, hymn, lyr’ic. sat/¥r, martyr; or (= 0) as in myrrh, myr’tle (§ 129). Cre (= 1s)has ewes * * cat, con-eur’, OG; ©.(='S) tine states “ “ ell, vige. €h, eh (= k),........ “ “ eho/rus, eeh’o, ep’oeh.

Ch,¢h (= sh),.... or (= @) as in fi-as/co. G es) cmpoos CO vir-gin/i-ty, e-lix/ir; or (= 0) GIANG) ieee as in irk’some,

O, @ (= 00),......

ie

fir, bird

(§§ 32, 57). wolf, wom/an, wol’ver-ine’. “ “ goze, do, who, tomb. “oe

dg (= j);:..... MW(=NE)h... (12) aeste:ois'ele s KSA, Sener (= ks), ce...

se “©

“ “ chaise, ma-¢hine’. ee et, be-gin’, an/zZer.

« “ “ “* “* “*

gem, en’/gine. “ & « & “

edge, bridge, badg’er. an/chor, ink. 4g, has, wis’/dom. exist’, ex-am/ple. vex, ex/e-cute.

“« © 6th/er, son; or (= @) as in wel/come, wis’d6m.

Ph, ph (= f),.....

“ « sail/Sr, mi’ndr; or (= &) as

Qu, qu (= kw),...

“ “ queen, con/quest.

Wh, wh (= hw),..

“ “‘ when, what.

in work, worth.

‘* “* phan/tom,sylph,sul/phur.

-

A Guide to Pronunciation I. PRONUNCIATION Standard

Pronunciation.

OF MODERN

The term correct pronun-

ciation is often used. Yetitis probable that many who use the term would find it difficult to give a precise and clear definition of the sense in which they use it. When the essential facts are considered, ‘‘correctness of pronunciation” must bea flexible term. It is perhaps as accurate a definition as can be made to say that a pronunciation is correct when it is in actual use by a sufficient number of cultivated speakers. This is obviously elastic, depending both on knowledge — not always obtainable — of the number of users, and on judgment as to the cultivation of the speakers. The standard of English pronunciation, so far as a standard may be said to exist, is the usage that now prevails among the educated and cultured people to whom the language is vernacular; but, since somewhat different pronunciations are used by the cultivated in different regions too large to be ignored, we must frankly admit the fact that, at present, uniformity of pronunciation is not to be found throughout the English-speaking world, though there is a very large percentage of practical uniformity. The function of a pronouncing dictionary is to record as far as possible the pronunciations prevailing in the best present usage, rather than to attempt to dictate what that usage should be. In so far as a dictionary may be known and acknowledged as a faithful recorder and Seen es of such usage, so far and no farther may it be appealed to as an authority. f

A further factor in the determination of correct pronunciation is the style of speech, within the same regional form, used for different occasions. The most important of these different styles is what may be called the cultivated collo-

quial, which has been aptly termed the style of well-bred ease. This is the most used of the standard styles, it is acceptable to every class of society, whether used by them or not, and its sound system represents the main current of progress, change, and unification of the language as a whole. It is unfortunate that with some the term colloquial has

somewhat fallen into disrepute, the impression having gained ground that a word marked “‘Colloquial” in a dictionary or similar work, is thereby condemned as not in the best use. See the definition of colloquial in the Vocabulary.

In public worship, especially in reading from the Bible, the Prayer Book, or similar authoritative work, the rate of speech is often slower than in ordinary conversation or normal public utterance. The articulation of consonants is more distinct, and the vowels are often of greater length. The unaccented vowels are often sounded as if under secondary accent, as in vulgate (viil’gat), converse, v.

(kon.-viirs’), Saturday (sat/ér-da), yesterday (yés/tér-da), etc. Such pronunciations with full vowel are confined to solemn or other very deliberate style. | § 1. Accent may be defined as the prominence given to a syllable or a word which makes it stand out to the attention above adjacent syllables or words. Accent that dis-

tinguishes the syllables of words is called word accent, or

syllabic

accent.

Accent

that distinguishes

words

in a

group is called sentence accent. The term stress, which in a strict sense means force of expiration, is commonly used to mean accent, since it is the rincipal element of prominence. For clearness, stress will Were be used as a general term for accent (prominence) both

of syllables and words; accent will be used only of word accent, or word

stress; while the prominence

that distin-

guishes words in a sense group will here be called sense stress (other terms being sentence stress, sentence accent, and emphasis). Of the various degrees of accent, only the

primary (’) and the secondary (/) need be marked. § 2. Shifting Accent. In many words and phrases,

chiefly in adjectives and adverbs, the accent is often variable,

being stronger on one syllable or the other according to the rhythm of the syllablesin the context. Thus, we say, The room is air’tight’, but an air’tight/ room’. In addition to the influence of sense stress and sentence

rhythm, a number of other causes contribute to shifting and

ENGLISH

uses of the word, both equally correct. Usually, compound adjectives are entered in their predicate or absolute form, with even accent. Thisis taken as the basic, as it is in most cases the original, form, from which the attributive form (’’) is shifted. In some instances, however, the unevenly accented form is entered. § 3. British and American Accent. A considerable group of words of French and Latin origin show a historical difference of accentuation in British and American usage. The most numerous of these are words ending in -ary

(necessary),

-ery

(cemetery),

-ory

(dormi-

tory). In Old French these words had primary accent on -ar-, -er-, -or-, and secondary accent on the second syllable before (nec/essar’ie, etc.). In English thesecondary accent became the main one, and the former primary became secondary (nec’essar’y); or the primary sometimes fell on the third syllable before the secondary

(lab’orator’y).

But recently in southern England the secondary accent has been dropped, and the more usual British pronunciation is now nés/iséri, dér’/mitéri, etc. The older British pronunciation is, however, still frequently heard in England, and it is universal in America, except for the comparatively few instances in which there is recent influence from British practice. Those Americans who have adopted the newer pronunciation have usually done so in only a few of the large number of words of this class so pronounced in England. In England, on the other hand, it has affected all the words of the group. There the loss of the subordinate accent has naturally resulted in the reduction of the syllable that bore

it, insome words suppressing it entirely. Hence in England are often heard the pronunciations mil/itri, mil’tri, dik’sh’nri, dik’shnéri, 6rd’’nri, sék’/rétri. In a few words the accent has been moved from the first to the second syllable in British usage, as in labor’atory, axil’lary, corol/lary, thus preserving the unaccented syllables. In a group of words ending in -ative (appreciative, cumulative, legislative, etc.) often paralleling verbs in -ate, British pronunciation is in a transition state, a subordinate accent, or at least a full vowel, being sometimes retained (admin/is-tra/tive), or the accent being lost and the vowel obscured, as in cumulative (ku’/miula-tiv). In America such words as a rule have the full vowel and a subordinate accent; but when the main accent immediately precedes the syllable in which the a occurs, and in a few other words, the syllable is also reduced in

American use (d€mOn/strativ, dfir’mativ).

In the small group of words ending in -meny, usage differs in England and America as in those in -ary; as, testimony (Brit. tés/timéni, Amer. tés/timd/ni). In a few other words British practice tends to one accent and obscure vowel where America has two accents and fuller vowel; as holiday (Brit. h6l/idi, Amer. h6l/ida/), melancholy, necromancy,

difficult. In compound names in -borough (or -burgh), -bury (or -bery), British practice usually obscures or drops the vowel of the next to the last syllable, as in Aldborough

(6ld/biré; -brv%).

Sometimesanalternating rhythmical

secondary accent is heard with full vowel, as in Canterbury (kan/térbéri; -bri; or -bér/t). Incompounds with -berry (strawberry) the pronunciation -béri; -bri is there the rule, though sometimes -bér’i is heard. In the eastern U.S. sometimes the same obscuration is heard in strawberry, blackberry, etc., but in the country as a whole the full vowel is used (6ld’bftr’d, str6/bér’i).

§ 4. Stressed and Unstressed Monosyllables.

Prep-

ositions (at, for, from, to, etc.), auxiliary and copulative verbs (am, are, can, has, must, etc.), conjunctions (and, but, or, than, etc.), pronouns (he, her,

me, your, etc.), and occasionally some other words, under the conditions of sense stress may receive any degree of stress from the lowest to the highest. Accordingly the vowels of these words vary from the full and “proper” sound suggested by the spelling to an obscure sound.

Note

the sounds of to in the natural utterance of the sentence,

variable accent. One of the most potent of these is the emhasis of contrast. Such a word as exte/rior or inte’rior

It began to move to and fro. In normal speech the unstressed to is here pronounced t#, while stressed to is too. Such words, though having only one spelling form as a rule, in actual speech have one stressed pronunciation

down’stairs’, when contrasted, become up/stairs’, etc. Emphasis of intensity also frequently produces shift of accent, as in ab/solute/ly, emphatic form ab/solute/ly. It is especially common in adverbs ending in-arily, as ar’bitrar/ily, nec/essar‘ily, etc. Under emphasis these words are often pronounced ar’bitrar’ily, nec’essar’ily.

and one or more unstressed pronunciations, — the difference, though really marked, often passing unnoticed because of the identity of spelling and similarity of meaning.

by itself has the accent here marked; but when contrasted, these become ex/terior and in/terior. So up/stairs’,

As a consequence of the various influences mentioned,

in actual speech many words in English have no fixed accent. In this Dictionary, as a rule, one accentuation is given, to-

gether with a reference (2) to thissection.

But the accentu-

ation given in words of this sort may not be more “‘correct ” than the one not given: the two merely represent different

The stressed form is always used when the word is mentioned alone, not as part of a context; it is therefore necessary, in order to pronounce an unstressed form, to use it naturally, as if unconsciously, in a phrase, clause, or sentence; if pronounced by itself the stressed form will inevitably be spoken. Most of the words have more than one unstressed form, depending partly on the style of speech, partly on the preceding and following sounds, and partly on the rhythmic succession of syllables in the context.

A Guide to Pronunciation II. THE

SOUNDS

OF SPOKEN

A § 5. fiasin fate, ale, mak’er, etc., is commonly called

“long a.” In standard English, @ is not usually a pure, or simple, sound, but is a dipkthong, with several closely similar varieties. One of these begins with the tongue a little higher than for & (as in mét) and moves toward i (as in it). The second element, or vanish, of the @ sound appears in accented syllables in both England and America when the sound is final or before voiced consonants, as in day, ale. But in America, before voiceless consonants it is usually not prominent and is sometimes lacking, as in hate. In unaccented syllables, especially before vowels, the vanish may be absent in both England and America (cha-ot/ic). The sound (&) is also otherwise variously represented in the ordinary spelling, asin pain, day, break, veil, obey, and exceptionally in gaol, gauge, eh. § 6. A as in c&re is a relatively long vowel formerly identical with the & sound, but gradually lowered by the influence of a following r to a more open front sound, reaching and passing below the position for é in véry. The & sound may be described as a front vowel lying in tongue position between the 6 in véry and the 4 in man. Two principal varieties exist in standard speech; one somewhat nearer acoustically and organically to 6 than to a, and the other decidedly nearer to & than to 6. Both varieties are widespread in England and America alike, often

occurring with different speakers in the same locality. The typical occurrence of & is in accented syllables formerly (17th century) containing a long @ sound, of various origin and spelling, before r, as in aware, fare, there bear, chair, prayer, vary, fairy, various, etc.; and many longer words, as precarious, barbarian. As stated above, the pronunciation of these words is not

uniform in cultivated speech. In America @ may still be heard in vary, barbarian, and in names like Sarah, Mary. Some speakers use a lengthened & sound in Sarah, Hungarian, vary (nearly like very), Mary (nearly like merry), while insuch words as spare, com-

pare, they would use the lower sound 4, as also in wary, by analogy of aware, beware. When the vowel is followed by r and another vowel in longer words, the tendency (in America, at least) is toward the short 6 sound in popular words, as in Maryland (mér/%-land), necessary (nés/%-sér’i). For those words (barbarian, etc.) that may be pronounced either with @ or 4, the marking 4 is used in this Dictionary as conforming to the more general tendency to lower the vowel. In Latin words, however, the older a is retained in accord with the customary more formal and somewhat artificial pronunciation of Latin words and phrases and technical terms: mare (mA@/ré). Other spellings for 4 are seen in there, pear, air, heir, prayer,

e’er.

§ 7. 4 as in h&t, back, ran’/dom, par’ity, etc., is commonly called “‘short a.” Its spelling is almost invariably a, exceptionally ai, asin plaid. The standard sound & is low-front, the mouth being nearly or quite as wide open as for 4 in art, but the tongue somewhat farther forward and the front (but not the tip) elevated instead of the back, as it is (though less) for a. This is the sound often popularly called “flat a,” with reference to certain supposed acoustic qualities, in contrast to

“broad a,” as in father. § 8. & occurs in Arm, far, f4/ther, ih, 4lms, piilm, with equivalent spellings in hearth, ser’geant, and ex-

ceptionally in memoir (mém/war; -w6r), Gaird/ner. This sound is classed as mid-back (unrounded) by some phoneticians. Others, however, class it as low-back. The Southern British # is, however, pronounced with the tongue somewhat more advanced than for the usual American i. In Southern British and with some Americans the 4 sound occurs also in such words as chaff, path, grass, ask, chance, can’t, etc. For further treatment, see § 9. In the larger part of America and Canada the # sound is used in many words spelled with 0, as top, doll, etc., and in words like what, want, etc., with w before a (see

§§ 11, 73).

The stressed # sound in all words except those spelled with o (top) is now a relatively long sound. The symbol # is also used to represent a shorter & sound in unaccented syllables, as in 4r-tis’tic, ciir-toon’; or partly accented syllables, as in dr’tifi/cial, etc. § 9. The symbol a@ is used to represent an a sound somewhat variable in quality, intermediate between & in man and @ in art, and medium or long induration. It is used in the Vocabulary together with a reference to this section (§ 9) to identify a group of words that in this Dictionary and other works indicating pronunciation have long been familiarly marked with the symbol a. Of these

words typical examples were mentioned in § 8, above, as

ENGLISH

ask, chaff, path, grass, last, chance,

— words in which

the vowel is followed in the same syllable by a voiceless fricative, f, th, s (but not sh), or by m or n+ aconsonant, and derivatives. For convenience these may be referred to as the ‘“‘ask-words.”’ In standard speech three different pronunciations are current in these words. Jn southern England the long sound of @ is regular in them (ask, chance). This pronunciation is also used by large numbers of speakers in and near Boston, New York City, Richmond, Va., and by many individuals in the United States and Canada whose speech is anfipenced by that of these regions or by Southern British

speech. The sound of & (s&nd), usually somewhat lengthened, is used in these words by many educated speakers in England. In the United States and Canada this & sound used in the words by a large majority of speakers.

is

A third sound, the & sound mentioned above, interme-

diate between & and i, is used in these words by educated speakers of standard English in Scotland (called also Standard Scottish), though through Southern influence many are beginning to use a, and by large numbers of edu-

cated persons in northern England. These two regions have no native % sound, and also use the intermediate 4 in all ‘‘short a” words (hat, man, etc.). So they resemble the greater part of America and Canada in using one vowel for both ask-words and man-words, though the vowel is &@ in one country and & in the other. In America the intermediate vowel has long been approved in dictionaries and other works for the ask-words, and large numbers of people in New England and New York City regularly pronounce it in these words. As the & sound and the & sound are also in use in these places for the same words, reliable information is at present lacking as to how far the intermediate vowel prevails and the extent: to which its use covers the words of the group. In the small group of words calf, half, laugh, salve (n.), aunt, can’t, shan’t, rather, the # sound is more usualin Scottish standard English and Northern British Eng-

lish. In the United States and Canada, however, the situation is nearly the same as for the ask-words. In the country as a whole the & sound strongly preponderates in all three groups of words. In America the word graph and the suffix -graph are treated like ask, but derivatives like graphic, telegraphic, and the prefix grapho- regularly have a. Although the historical development of & from & took

place chiefly before f, s, th, and m

or n +a

consonant,

not all words that have these consonants after an a are

pronounced with @ or &. The only safe guide to the pronunciation of words like ask, half, command, etc., is

actual cultivated usage. 10. a as in all, talk, swarm, quar’ter, etc. — otherwise spelled as in haul, caught, draw, awe, and exceptionally in U’/tah, Ar’/kansas (-s6) — is equivalent to 6 in 6rb, bérn (see $71), and the symbol 6 is used in the respelling for pronunciation, however the sound may be ordinarily spelled; thus, all (61), talk (t6k), etc. When a (6) occurs in unaccented syllables it is briefer; asin aus-tere’, al-though’, au-thor/ity. The symbol 6 is used both for the short and the long sound. The short

6 is the same in quality as accented 6, higher in tongue position than 6 in 6dd and more lip-rounded.

11. a as in was, what, wan/der, wal/low, swan, qual’i-ty, etc., is equivalent to 6 (Sdd, ndt) (§ 73), and is represented in the respelling by 5; thus, was (wz), etc. a as in any, Thames = 6; see § 28.

, $12. 4 as

in cha-ot/ic,

fa-tal/ity,

va-ca’tion,

a-sep/tic, and numerous adjectives or nouns in -ate, as cor/date, du/pli-cate,representsasound called “half-long a,” with reference to its a-like quality, not to its quantity, or duration, which is short. This sound occurs in syllables without primary or secondary accent, with only enough accent (not usually marked) to preserve a recognizable a quality of the vowel, as in bi-fur/cate, adj., du’pli-cate, adj.orn. In standard pronunciation the a in words like duplicate, graduate (n. or adj.), varies from a recognizable € sound to ¥. Hence the symbol & in such cases may In practice represent a range of pronunciation from a toi. In some of the nouns or adjectives an J is usual in familiar speech (dél/€.git, dt/pli-kit; see § 13). : § 13. In many words, a in a similar situation to the a in cor/da te, as for example in cottage, is unaccented and is regularly pronounced asi; so in village (vil/ij), savage (stiv’ij), homage (h6m/Ij). So-ace = Ys, asin palace, preface, furnace; and -ate = it, as in climate, prel-

ate, separate, adj., etc. In some such endings many speakers replace i with @, asin immediate (i-me/di-t), ai and ay in final syllables are likewise pronounced ¥ in

the familiar words

Calais

(kal/is), always

(61l/wiz),

A Guide to Pronunciation holiday (-di in Brit. use), and regularly in the days of the week,

Monday

(miin/di),

etc.

Saturday

and

yesterday, when they have a light rhythmic accent on -day, are occasionally pronounced sit/ér-da, yés/tér-da, but ordinarily are sat’ér-d¥, yés/t@r-di. But when -day has a secondary accent, it is da’ (work’day’, week’day’). American pronunciation often retains & or a where British usually has i, as in delegate.

Unaccented ia is sounded i in parliament (also a),

marriage, and often colloquially in miniature. § 14. @ in unaccented initial syllables, ending in a consonant in thespelling, asin @b-hor’, ab-surd/, ac-count’, ac-crue’, etc.; and in final closed syllables, as in loy’d@l, va/cant, mad/am, myr’i-ad, is more or less obscured in ordinary speech, becoming almost or quite the same as the @ in so’fa, i-de’a (§ 15). Thereis considerable variation according to the style of speech used, whether very formal or familiarly colloquial. Hence as no single symbol can exactly express each variety of sound, the symbol @ is used to suggest a variable sound between the limits of @ in so/fa and & in ag/itate, tending, however, in the majority of words, and especially in familiar speech, to the neutral vowel @ The symbol @ is also used in some open syllables where it is desirable to suggest a tendency toward the a sound, as in the first a of pha-ryn/geal (fd@-rin’je-d)). Between certain consonants, articulated in the same or nearly the same place in the mouth, this @ sound may disappear entirely, as in mor/’tal, Sa’tan, where in ordinary speech the final consonant usually follows immediately after the preceding one without any vowel whatever. Since in most cases, however, it is possible to pronounce

the vowel, such words are often marked with both pronunciations (mér/tdl, -t’l; sa/tdn, -t’n). § 15. wasin &-bound’, ca-rouse’, di’a-dem, so’fa, i-de/a, etc., occurs in open unaccented syllables, including such as the first one of a-bridge’, in which two consonants begin the following syllable. In all styles of cultivated speech @ has the sound of the neutral vowel. See also § 36. au and aw § 16. The digraph au regularly spells the sound 6 (l6rd, law), as in aught, caught, haul, etc. When followed by n (haunt, launch, laundry), it is pronounced & by many speakers, and this is given as an alternative pronunciation in this Dictionary. The words aunt and laugh are never pronounced with 6, but with a, a, or & (§ 9). Re digraph aw, pronounced as 6 (6rb), is now the usual form finally and before k, 1,and n; asin law, hawk, lawn.

B § 17. b as in boy, cab, ebb, rob/ber, a/ble, etc., is the voiced bilabial oral stop corresponding to p, the voiceless bilabial oral stop, and to m, the voiced bilabial nasal continuant. All three are lip sounds. b is usually silent after min the samesyllable, as in bomb, climb, thumb, etc. On the other hand, a sounded b is excrescent in many words between m and 1 or er, as in thimble, timber. In debt, doubt, subtle, b is silent, Initial b before other consonants than 1 (blue), r (brig) is silent (bdellium).

Cc § 18. © spells three ‘‘soft” sounds

and one “hard” sound: (1) The voiceless s sound before e, i, or y, as in cede, civil, cypress, force; for this soundit is respelled with s, as cit’y (sit/1). It is sometimes written ¢, when not before e, i, or y, as in fagade, regularly so for pronunciation without respelling (¢it’/y).

sh sound,

(2) The voiceless

as in vicious, ocean, oceanic, in which the

c is combined

with the i or e (see § 103).

(8) Exception-

ally, the voiced z sound in one pronunciation of sacrifice, suffice (-fiz).

t

4

§ 19. cis “hard,” i-e., = k, before any letter but e, i, y, or h (see ch) and when final, asin Can, cup, cry, act, are, picnic,

picnicker;

exceptionally in sceptic, scir-

rhous. cc before e, iis pronounced ks (success, vaccinate); cc is pronounced k wherever € would be so sounded (accord, accrue).

:

RE

al:

,

§ 20. ¢ is silent in ezar and its derivatives, and in in-

dict, victuals, muscle, scene, etc. ch

§ 21. This digraph has four sounds in English: (1) ch, (2) j, (3) sh, (4) k. — (1) The most frequent (ch) is approximately t-+ sh. Though it is disputed whether ch is one or two sounds, in practice it functions as a single speech sound, as in church. It is the voiceless correlative of voiced j. In most native words ch has the sound ch, as in child, chin, much. It is also (except initially) spelled tch (satchel, catch, watch, etc.), chiefly after a short vowel; with ti (question, Christian); with te (righteous); and with t before u (nature); see § 118. (2) ch has been voiced to j in certain unaccented syl-

xi

lables. It is so regularly in the traditional pronunciation of -wivh in English place names: Greenwich (grin/ij), Hacwiwn (har/ij). In knowledge, cabbage, partriage, the spelling has conformed to the sound. In spinach it is pronounced ch or j.

§ 22. In loan words from modern French, ch has the

sh sound, as in chagrin, machine, moustache, etc. In some words borrowed early, as chivalry, association with modern French has introduced sh for the historically

correct ch. In champaign (level country) British still keeps the pronunciation champan, while in America the Frenchified pronunciation is usual (sh&an).— The sh sound of ch is indicated without respelling by ¢h. § 23. ch has the “hard” sound of k in most words from Greek, either directly or through Latin, as in chorus, echo, epoch; and from Hebrew, as Chaldea, Enoch. But some that entered Anglo-Saxon, or came from Old French popular forms, have the ch sound, as church, archbishop,

archduke,

cherub, chart, Rachel; but

k is the sound in archangel,

architect,

architrave.

— “Hard” ch (= k) is indicated without respelling by eh. In Italian, ch before e and i represents k. In some words from foreign languages, the corresponding ch has a fricative sound. (See § 60.) 24. chissilent in drachm, schism, yacht, fuchsia (common plant name).

D hard, robbed, is the voiced tongue-point alveolar oral stop, corresponding to t, its voiceless correlative. Both are tongue-point sounds, the

§ 25. d asin day, bed,

contact in English being on the upper teethridge (alveoli). The spelling d represents a t sound after a voiceless consonant in the same syllable, as in dropped, talked, puffed, etc. The past and past participle of dream, learn, spell are pronounced either drémt (§ 89), larnt, spélt, or drémd,lfirnd, spéld. Pronunciations with d are always

spelled -ed, but those with t are spelled either -ed or -t.

In archaic, poetic, or solemn style, the -ed sound is often retained, asin the pas/sed day, belov’ed brethren, etc. d is regularly silent in handkerchief, handsome,

and, ininformal speech, in grandfather, grandma, etc. Wednesday is ordinarily pronounced wénz’di.

d is palatalized before i and u in words like soldier, verdure (sol’/jér, viir/dur); see § 118. dg, dge, see g, § 45 E § 26. Gasin Eve, bé, méte, etc., is the high-front-tense vowel commonly known as “long e.” This sound is formed with the highest part of the tongue farthest forward and nearest the front (or hard) palate of any of the English

vowels. The sound € occurs only in syllables of some stress, as in keep/er, reclothe’ (cf. e, § 35). It is also otherwise variously represented in the ordinary spelling, as in feet, beam, de-ceive’, peo’ple, key, Cae’sar, ma-chine’, field, quay, Phoe’be.

§ 27. 6 inh6re, féar, drear’y, weird, etc., is the highfront-lax (or lowered) vowel when followed by an r sound. Just as long & is lowered to & in cAre by a following r (§ 6), so 6 is lowered to € in héreby the r. As with the sounds & and A, dictionaries till recently made no distinction between € and 6, though the difference between the vowels of he and here is now obvious.

The words hero, Nero, zero are pronounced either with 6 or with é. In the pronunciation of Latin words (technical terms, etc.) the older é is often retained before r, as in ec/tocine’ria, while in the Anglicized adjective the 6 is used, as in ec/tecinér’ial. In a few words, some speakers lower the 6 as in words where r follows, as in idea and derivatives, real and derivatives, often pronounced 1-d6/a, ré/al. The vowel 6 is spelled as in deer, dear, drear’y, mere, bier, weird, fa-kir’ (fa-kér’). 28. & as in énd, pét, ér’ror, etc., is the mid-frontlax vowel, slightly lower and laxer than a (Ale), commonly called “short e” but varying considerably in actual length, as, e.g., between pét and sénd or wéll. It is otherwise spelled in heifer, leopard, friend, Aetna, asafoetida, feather, bury, any, Thames, said, says. § 29. Unaccented short € in initial syllables of such words as ex-cuse’, en-large’, es-teem/’ varies from a

recognizable

€ sound to ani sound.

Obscuration toward

the neutral vowel is also not infrequent among good speak-

ers both in America and England, as é-fékt’, é-stat’.

In

medial syllables also, where a deliberate pronunciation often shows 6, as in con/cén-trate, con/stél-la/tion, obscuration takes place in ordinary speech, as kén/sté1a/sha%n. § 30. What was formerly a short 6 also occurs in unaccented final syllables, as in stream/let, Es/sex, kind’ness,

small’est,

col/lege;

very

often

in the

plural

A Guide to Pronunciation

Xi

or the genitive of nouns ending in a sibilant, as hors’es, match/es, Al’ice’s, etc.; in the third singular present of verbs, as push/es, urg’es, etc.; in verbs and adjectives like stat/ed, four-leg’ged, etc.; and in breth’ren, kitch’en, wom/en, wool’en (for another sound of final -en, see §§ 37 ff.).. These words vary in pronunciation of the e from é to Y¥. In stream/let, Es’sex the é sound is often heard in deliberate or formal speech, but i in more familiar speech, some speakers using Y in both styles. In the endings seen in kind/ness, small/est, hors’es, Al/ice’s, urg/es, stat/ed, and in -en of the words given above, the sound of e in the familiar type of educated speech has long been i. " Some words, however, are pronounced with the neutral vowel in the best speech, as claret (klar’/ét), diet (di/ét); so with -e- in a medial syllable, as in piety (pi’é-ti), etc. § 31. e in fern, err, herd, verge, er/mine, infer’ is identical with G in firn (§ 117), by which it is represented in respelling. When an originally short € is followed by r and a vowel, it usually retains the short é sound, as in vér’y, pér’il. § 32. Cf. § 36.

The sound é in the unaccented syllables

of mak’er, ev’er, rev’er-ent, per-form/, in/fer-ence, cav’ern — otherwise spelled as in li/ar, e-lix/ir, actor, au/’gur, sur-prise’, pres’/sure, glam/our, zeph/yr — is the unaccented vowel corresponding to ti (§ 117). In a large number

of words

the unaccented

sound

ér

is variously spelled with -ar, -er, -ir, -or, -our, -ur. The final syllables of bak’er, li/ar, sail/or, au/gur, na/-

dir, etc., are sounded with the same vowel 6r, which is established by long usage, unaffected by the various spellings. 33. ein sergeant — 4. & before r final or followed by a consonant, formerly often had the sound of 4 (arm). A large number of words like smart, dark, starve, darling, barn, Clark, etc., were formerly spelled with er and pronounced 6r (asinmé€rry). In most such words the spelling has also been changed from er to ar along with the sound change from ér to ar. But in some words the old spelling with er remains, as Derby, Berkeley, Berkshire, Hertford, etc. In England

Cherwell, clerk, Jervis, the normal pronunciation

which are accordingly marked déf’én, -’n; chip/él, -’1; etc. In many such cases the two pronunciations are possible where only one is given; and where both pronunciations are given for a main word, sometimes only one is given for its derivatives, though both are allowable.

9. eas a consonant. When unaccented e is closely followed by another vowel having slightly more stress, there

is formed a rising diphthong with a consonant y sound (or “consonantal” i) as its first element. A preceding t, d, 8, or Z sound is often palatalized (esp. in the common words) by the y element to ch, j, or sh, as in righteous (ri/chés), grandeur (grin/dur; collog. -jér), ocean (O/shdn). In some cases @ remains a syllabic vowel, as

in Gideon

(gid’/é.%én); but often either pronunciation

may occur, as in hideous (hid/é.%s; hid’yés), piteous (pit/é.is; pit’yw%s); but after w (aqueous) or a consonant+r (vitreous) the y sound is not heard

(a/kwe-tis, alone,

as

Cf. § 58.

vit/ré.tis),

though

in calcareous

See § 121.

it may

occur after r

(ka&l-kAr/é-dis;

-kAar/yis).

§ 40. e silent. eis frequently silent at the end of-a word. Final e is now written: (1) to show the vowel long, as cane, méte, hope (cf. can, mét, hdp); (2) to show a preceding ¢ or g ‘‘soft,” as in lace, rage (cf. lac, rag); (3) to show 1 or r syllabic after other consonants, as in apple (ap’’1); (4) to follow certain consonants or groups that are not usually written at the end, as in live, nurse, pulse, bronze; (5) for various traditional reasons (as a former long vowel, etc.), as in one, done, fertile, etc. The e in -ed of the past and past participles of verbs is

now silent except after t or d (stated, needed, though (§ 25). and of horses,

§ 30),

sometimes sounded in poetry or solemn style Itis also silent in the ending -es of verbs (goes) nouns (stones), except after sibilants (tosses, etc.; see § 30).

ee § 41. ee usually spells 6 (Eve), as in see, meet, etc.

Hervey, (dar’bi,

Before r it is lowered to € (hére), as in deer, cheer, etc. (§ 27). In been, it has been shortened to bin, the standard stressed and unstressed form in America. Many English speakers use stressed bém and unstressed bin; others use ben or bin for both. Insome other words also ee has been shortened to i, as in breeches, steelyards, sick, rick (formerly seek, reek), though spelling pronunciation tends to restore € in those still spelled ee.

pronunciations, as clerk, Clark; person, parson; Kerr,

§ 42. ei spells 6 (@ve), as in conceive, leisure; a

bark’li, etc.) is still used in these words, but a recent spelling pronunciation with fir is often substituted, esp. by those less familiar with them, — commonly so in America. Heart, hearth, hearken have a modified earlier spelling. In Clark the changed spelling has preserved the 4, while in the same word clerk, spelling has won the day for tir in America, and with some speakers in England. Seyeral words have double spellings, and sometimes double

Carr; sergeant, Sargent; etc. § 34. e in there, where, spelled also as in their, etc. (§ 6), occurs only before r, and is identical with 4 in care, by which it is represented in the respelling. It is indicated without respelling by é (thére). 4

§ 35. Unaccented @ in @-vade’, cré-ate’, dé-lin’/é-

ate, etc., is shorter than @in 6ve. This sound in formal or public speaking style is often a high but very brief €, as

ei, ey

(ale), as in deign, rein, etc.; before r, & (cAre), as in heir, their. When final, the spelling is usually ey, as in obey, they, etc. Unaccented ei, ey are sounded f, as in forfeit (fér’/fit), sovereign, money (miin’i).

Words containing this digraph when sounded € or & may be marked without respelling as in de-geive’, rein. For eu, ew, see U.

rr

in a/thé-ist, but in colloquial speech, and often in formal speech, it regularly becomes indistinguishable in common

§ 43. fas in fame, fly, left, cuff, etc., is the voiceless words from i as in jllu/sion. In some familiar words the lip-teeth fricative consonant, made by forcing the breath obscuration of € goes even farther, to the neutral vowel é, out between the lower lip and the upper teeth. Its voiced correlative is v (vine). It is also spelled in native English as in society (s0-si/é-ti), necessary (nés/é-sér’i). In Greek deriva§ 36. Unaccented e before r, as in mak’eér, is of the words with gh, asin laugh, cough. same quality as accented e in fern, but shorter and laxer. tives it is spelled ph, as in phantom, photograph, telephone, etc., and, by imitation, in nephew, for older Cf. §§ 31, 32. When é is sounded by itself, with no rsound, it is the same nevew, neffewe. In of the fis pronounced v. sound, with slight variations, as some other unaccented G vowels; as, ain sofa, e in fallen, iin terrible, etc. Words containing the sound ér can be marked without This letter spells three sounds: respelling thus: li/ar, elix/ir, ac/t6r, zeph’fr, etc. § 44. (1) “Hard” g, as in gay, go, egg, the voiced § 37. & as in concéntrate, angél, momént, quiét, tongue-back velar stop corresponding to k, its voiceless corsystém, is obscured in varying degrees in ordinary speech. relative, and to mg, the voiced tongue-back velar nasal conAll three are tongue-back velar sounds, the back In the great majority of everyday words, unaccented e tinuant. before n or 1, and in many words in other unaccented posi- of the tongue, by contact with the soft palate, or velum, For g and k tion, as in quiét, propriéty, is obscured to the neutral closing the air passage through the mouth. vowel in colloquial speech. But as in some cases like concentrate the e may have the sound of & without artificial effect, the symbol italic é may indicate a sound vary-

ing from 6 to the neutral vowel — the latter in the great majority of words. Most words in final -enm have the obscure vowel, as freshén, fallén, except a few words in which it is frequently pronounced in, as woolen (wool/in) (§ 30), or is quite silent, as in bitten (bit/’n) (§ 38).

§ 38. Unaccented e before m or 1 often disappears entirely, leaving n or 1 to forma syllable alone or with another consonant; as in eaten (ét/’n), garden (giar/d’n), model (m6d’’l), vessel (vés’’1). Such syllabic consonants are indicated in Webster symbols by an apostrophe before the consonant. When the apostrophe is used, there is no vowel whatever in the syllable. In some words, however, the syllable may be pronounced either with or without

a vowel,

as

in deafen,

freshen,

bushel,

chapel,

the nasal passage is also closed by the raised velum, while

for ng it is open.

In modern English g is ‘‘hard”’: (a) Always when final: beg, drug; and in derivatives from such words: begging, druggist, where g is doubled to distinguish between, e.g., ragged (rag’/éd) and raged (rajd). (b) Before a, 0, u, or a consonant in the same syllable: game, go, gun,

lingual, bags (except in the British gaol, gaoler). (c) In words of Germanic origin before e and i: get, give, and in some words of doubtful origin, as bogy; and usually when doubled (muggy, buggy, lagging). Hebrew words, as ge/rah, Gideon. For spelled x, see under x. “Hard” g is also spelled gh (ghost), guest), -gue (plague). It is indicated in

(d) Ina few gz and gzh gu (guard, respelling by

plain g, as in exist (€g-zist’), and without respelling by g (gun).

A Guide to Pronunciation § 45. (2) “Soft” g= 74 ($59). g usually is soft in Latin or Romance derivatives before e, i, y: gem, engine. At the end of a word this sound is usually spelled -ge, -dge (rage, judge); at the end of a syllable also by dg (badg/’er, judg/ing). Like voiceless teh, dg occurs after short vowels (edge, etc.). “Soft” g does not begin native words. It is respelled with j, and represented without respelling by g, as in gem, engine. § 46. (8) g as in French mirage = zh. This sound occurs in a few recent French loan words not fully Anglicized; as rouge (roozh), garage, etc. § 47. gis now silent before final m or n (diaphragm, sign, benign); inflectional endings do not affect it: diaphragming (-fram/ing); but in such derivatives as diaphragmatic, signal, benignity, g is sounded (-frig-maAt/ik, s¥g/ndl). It is also silent initially before n (gnat, gnaw). For gin the digraph ng, see § 68.

gh

§ 48. ghin aghast, ghastly, ghost isa

useless spell-

ing for “hard” g (go). In other English words gh has either become silent (high, bought, caught, eight, bough) or changed to f (draught, laugh, cough, rough). In hough, ghis sounded k. In Irish lough, etc., ghis like Scottish ch.

H § 49. h in hate, home,

behave, etc., is often called

the aspirate, because it is made with an impulse of breath. It is usually voiceless, but sometimes voiced when between vowels. The h sound occurs only at the beginning of syllables, and before vowels, or w, as in where (hw4r), or y, 6 in huge (hyooj), never at the end of syllables or

words. In native English words at the beginning of accented syllables, even if only slightly accented, h is sounded in standard English whenever it is spelled (har/dy, behoove’, green/house’).

Words that came from Old French into English had no h sound, though the h was often’spelled, as hospital, host, exhort, herb, humble, humor, hour, etc. In the 18th century there was a gradual adoption of the h sound where it was spelled in such words. The most popular of the words, however, as honest, honor, heir, hour, were in too frequent use to gain the h, and are still without it. Others still waver in general usage, as herb, hostler,

homage,

humble,

humor,

hotel.

Those

that lost the letter h are still without the sound, as able (OF. (h)able), ostler, arbor “bower.” The h sound has been dropped at the beginning of most unaccented syllables, as in shepherd

(shép’érd), Dur-

ham (dfir/dm), forehead (f5r/éd), vehement (vé/émént), vehicle (vé/%-k’l), etc. In many such words spelling pronunciation has partly restored the h sound. In the unstressed forms of he the h is regularly silent in ordinary speech, as in They said (h)e would; They

met (h)er; I saw (h)is father; etc.

At the beginning

of longer words, as histor/ical, hered/itar’y, h is commonly pronounced. But usage and sentence rhythm vary, so that either a or an is written before such words: a historical, an hereditary,

etc.

§ 50. 1 as in Ice, time, child, might’y, iscommonly called “long i.” It is also spelled as in vie, rye, height, eye, aisle, aye “yes,” sky, buy, choir. This diphthong i varies somewhat in both its elements. The last part is often nearer to 6 than toi. The diphthong in standard American and British speech is virtually the same, with the first element like the @ of ask assounded in New England and in many British local dialects. A form with the first element the & in father is also common in both countries. § 51. “Long” i when not under the main accent, as in i-de/a, bi-ol/ogy, di-am/eter, is still a diphthong, but somewhat briefer than when fully accented. § 52. Accented Y, as in bit, Yl, pit’y, ad-mit/, is also spelled as in sieve, English, pretty, been (bin), breeches, threepence(thrip’/éns), women(wim/én), busy, build, nymph, hymnal. This is the high-frontlax vowel corresponding to the high-front-tense 6 (€ve) (§ 26). The same sound occurs before r and a vowel in words like mir’ror, lyr’ic. § 53. Unaccented X occurs in such words as hab/it, cab/in, fam/ine, in-tend’, trag/i-cal, etc. When final,

to -y (cop’y,

i of accented (bit/ér). In America the tendency of final unaccented I is either to remain like accented i (bit), or to vary to a higher tongue position toward @. Phoneticians generally, however, use the symbol i (or an equivalent) for practical transcription of both accented and unaccented ¥. u

§ 54. In longer words unaccented short i before an accented syllable (as/pi-ra’/tion) or after it (pos/si-ble) very commonly is retracted further toward the neutral vowel (@ in so/f@). But there is great variation in good usage, and since many speakers sound i where others use a sound nearer to @ in sofa, and since the same speaker often uses either sound in different styles of speech, an italic short 7 is used in this Dictionary as an intentionally ambiguous symbol indicating that both pronunciations of words so marked are in general good use in England and America.

Thus the symbol 7 is used to mark such words as Charity, vanity, possible (and other words in -ible), principle, policy, similar, antmal, privilege, California,

anonymous (-i-mi#s), etc.; and occasionally in initial or final syllables, as in divide, April, etc. In a difference so slight and so variable as this, it is difficult to represent usage exactly in every word concerned. The marking here is conservative, ~ being used only if a pronunciation with @ is in unquestioned good use beside 3. In many words, therefore, where the symbol i instead of % is used, some speakers would probably pronounce @. Different derivatives of the same stem are not always pronounced alike; thus many speakers who pronounce the i in eradicate like @, would pronounce it as i in radical. Moreover, the words differ according to style: some words have i only in very careful speech (as policy), while others may have it also in colloquial speech (as editor). In general, the more common words are marked with 7@ (as also certain common endings, as -?ty, -tble, even in rarer words), while rarer words are usually marked with Y. § 55. i silent. In certain unaccented syllables, especially in colloquial speech, i often becomes silent before 1 or n, which thus becomes a syllabic consonant; cf. similarly silent e (§ 38). Thus in civil, devil, evil, pupil, basin, cousin, Latin, raisin, this is regular in colloguial speech (siv’’l, e’v’l, pu’p’l, etc.); and in some of them, in all styles of speech (dév’’1, ba/s’n, kiiz/’n); and likewise when an i sound is otherwise spelled, as in certain

(stir’/tin; -t’n), garden (giar/d’n, occas. giar’din); more rarely in initial syllables, as in sincere (sin-s6r’; s’n-s6r’). Likewise in many medial syllables, wherever the phonetic surroundings favor syllabic consonants; as in easily (€z/%-L1; éz/’1-1), ordinary (6r/di-nér'l; 6r’d’n-ér’T), etc. § 56. -Yle, -1le. The ending -ile in words from French or Latin is now pronounced sometimes YI and sometimes il.

The prevailing tendency in England is toward il (agile, fertile), and in America to Yl (agile, fertile). But there are exceptions, as gentile (n.) with il in both coun-

tries; both

Yl and

il are heard

in America

in infan-

tile, juvenile, mercantile, versatile. (Camomile, crocodile, exile, reconcile, with 11 in both countries,

contain a different suffix.) Some of the more familiar words lose the i sound (see § 55), as fertile (fGr/til; -t’1), futile (fa/til; -t’1), hostile, etc.

I

its spelling is changed

xl

The i of unaccented syllables is not always identical with

hap/py)

or -ey

§ 57. Stressed i before r final or followed by another

consonant,

as

in bird, fir, vir’gin,

irk’some,

the same sound as e in fern (fi) and @in arn. It is respelled G, as in stir (sttir).

etc., is

(Cf. § 31.)

Unaccented, as in na/dir, ta/pir, elix’ir, it is the same sound as € in mak’ér, by which symbol it is respelled. Without respelling, both the stressed and unstressed sounds may be marked i (stir, na/dir). For ir + a vowel (miracle, mirror, etc.), see § 117. § 58. iconsonant. The consonant y sound, as in yet, may be regarded as an unaccented X¥ (or €) sound gliding

quickly into a following vowel, as in such words as Indian, which

may

be

pronounced

in/di-@n,

or, more

rapidly,

ind/ydén. The increase in speed, with decrease in sonority, converts the vowel i into the consonant y, and the two syllabic vowels i-@ into a rising diphthong yd. Some

words are, however, fairly well fixed in usage with Y, as serious (s@r/I-?/s), esp. where y would be hard to pronounce, as after a consonant + r, as in pedestrian (-dés/tri-dn), or after a w sound, as in colloquial (-Il6’kwi-dl) (cf. § 39). Others usually have y, as opinion (6-pin’yzn), familiar (f@-mil/yér), etc. Though no exceptionless

(mon/ey, hon/’ey). It is represented by various other spellings, as in senate (sén/it), cottage (k6t/ij), sur-

tules can be stated, there is some tendency in America to keep the syllabic i (which is the older) and in England

face (-fis) (§ 13), added (ad/’éd, Ad/id), horses (bor’séz, hér’siz), smallest (sm6lést, sm6l/ist), mountain (moun/tin) (§ 30), foreign (f5r’/in), circuit (stir’kit), mischief (mYs/chif), guinea (gin/%),

6d’yéns); but sometimes vice versa, as in collier (Am. kOl/yér; Brit. kOl/i-ér; -yér). The same variation in

coffee (k6f/i), pigeon (pij/t%n, pij/in), always (61/-

waz, 6l’wiz), carriage (kir’ij), etc.

to change it to nonsyllabic y, as in audience

(6/di-éns;

sound between i and y applies to € in similar position, as

in lineal (lin/é.dl; lim/ydil), etc. For ia in Carriage, see § 13.

See § 39,

A Guide to Pronunciation

X1V

In certain combinations

J

§ 59. jasin jar, jest, jute, proj’ect, etc., is an affricate, or consonantal diphthong, nearly like d+ zh. It is the voiced correlative of ch (§ 21). It is also spelled with g (register, magic, clergy), ge (vengeance, page), dg (judgment, lodging), dge (judge, lodge), ch (Greenwich, § 21 (2)), di (soldier), and dj (in Oriental words, as hadj, hadji). In hallelujah, j has the sound of y, asin Latin and German. In some partly Anglicized words from French, j has its modern French sound zh, as

in déjeuner (da/zhii/na’), etc. § 60.

See also § 118.

K k as in kite, skill, ark, ink, oak is the voice-

less tongue-back velar stop, corresponding to its voiced correlative g (§ 44), and to the voiced tongue-back nasal continuant ng (sing, § 68). All three are tongue-back velar sounds, the back of the tongue making contact with the velum, or soft palate. The k sound is also spelled as in call, account,

back,

biscuit

(-kit), choir, baccha-

nal, acquire, sacque, liquor, queen, hough (hdk). k is also a part of the sounds of x in tax (taks), luxury (liik’shoo-ri), except (&k-sépt’).

alms,

salmon,

§ 63. 1 often forms a syllable by itself, as in battle (bat’’l), channel (chan/’]), trouble (triib/’1); or with other consonants, as inruffled (riif/’Id), handled (bAn/d’ld). Some words may be pronounced with either syl-

Jabic or nonsyllabic 1, as struggling strig/ling), awfully (0’f’1-1; 6/fli).

(strig’’l-ing;

M § 64. m asin me, smile, lamp, drachm is the voiced lip nasal continuant corresponding to the voiced lip stop b, and the voiceless lip stop p. All three sounds are made with closed lips, and are hence called labials. § 65. m may form a syllable by itself, as in the colloquial expression “Stop ’em” (st6p’’m); or with other consonants, as in chasmed (kaz’md). m is, however, less commonly syllabic than n and 1, and in many words in which the spelling suggests syllabic m, a vowel often actually intervenes, though not spelled, asin chasm, prism, spasm, and the numerous words like feudalism. Cf. §§ 63, 67.

For excrescent k , as in strength (stréngkth), see § 68.

Initial k before n is now silent, as in know, knot, knee.

the 1, originally sounded, has

regularly become silent, as in would, half, talk, folk, etc.

§ 66. n as in none,

N knit, canny,

inn, etc., is the

A small capital « is used in the respelling to indicate any of certain palatal or velar fricative sounds, often wrongly called “gutturals,’” which occur in German, Scottish, Dutch, and other languages. These sounds are of two typical classes: a palatal (front) or velar (back) voiceless fricative. The palatal sound results from a strong current of voiceless breath between the front (hard) palate and the front of the tongue (not the point) pressed close to it. It can be approximated by placing the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth, pressing the front part toward the front palate, and then whispering forcibly the word he. This is the sound of ch in German ich, hence called the “Ichlaut,” occurring after consonants and front vowels and initially. The velar (back) voiceless fricative is made with the back of the tongue pressed close to the roof of the mouth. It may be learned by first pronouncing the “‘Ich-laut” as above till it is familiar, and then passing from ich to 4ch with similar forcible whisper and upward and backward pressure of the back part of the tongue. Another method is to begin to say lock, taking care not to let the k quite cut off the current of

voiced tongue-point alveolar nasal continuant corresponding to the voiced tongue-point stop d and the voiceless tongue-point stop t. All three sounds are made with the tongue point on the alveolar ridge (teethridge), and are hence sometimes called alveolar consonants, or, less accurately, dentals. After m, a final n is silent (hymn, solemn), but before a vowel in derivatives like hymnology, solemnity, etc., the n is usually sounded (him-ndl’0.ji, etc.). Before a consonant the n of mn is always silent, as in condemns, solemnly. Usage is divided in the participles damned, damning, the familiar pronunciation being without n; or usage is inconsistent, as in limner (lim/nér) beside condemner (k6n-dém/ér), contemner (kéntém/ér; -tém/nér). In kiln, limekiln the historical pronunciation kil is used by those familiar with kilns, but kiln is pronounced by some others. § 67. m may form a syllable by itself, as in cotton

sound. This is called the “Ach—laut,” and occurs in German after back vowels. These two sounds are familiar in Scottish, the first after front vowels, as in heich “high,” and the second after back vowels, as in loch. Both front and back ch sounds are indicated in the respelling by small capital K, one symbol being sufficient, since the front or back sound in nearly all cases Nal automatically be determined by the preceding vowel.

Nn. A small capital n is used in the respelling to indicate

breath, continuing the loose k sound with a “hawking”

L § 61. 1 as in leave, low, clay, ill, etc., is a so-called liquid consonant, formed with the tongue point on the teethridge as for t, d, n, the nasal passage being closed and voiced breath passing out at one, or more commonly both, free sides of the tongue. Hence the name lateral consonant — usually bilateral, sometimes unilateral. Being a tongue-point alveolar sound (like t, d, m), 1 precedes or follows any of these without removal of the tongue point from the teethridge, as in salt, battle; sold, saddle; coolness, channel

§ 62.

(chan/’’]).

“Clear 1” and ‘‘dark!1.”

In sounding

1, since

the sides and back of the tongue are somewhat free to assume various positions while the point remains in contact

(k6t’’n), often (6f/’n), prison (priz/’n); or with other a

as in garden

(gir/d’n), pardoned

(par’-

nd).

that a preceding vowel is pronounced as a nasal, as in French bon (b6Nn). The nasal passage from the throat must be open, but no mis pronounced. The tongue point

makes no contact with the upper teethridge, as it must do to sound n. ng

§ 68. The digraph ng, as in sing, singing, represents the voiced tongue-back velar nasal continuant,. corresponding to the voiced tongue-back stop g, and the voiceless tongue-back stop k. The tongue back touches the velum (soft palate) for all three sounds. In sounding ng the contact of the tongue back with the velum prevents the voiced breath from issuing through the mouth, and, the velum being lowered, the sound passes out through the nose. Though commonly represented by two letters ng, this sound is a simple nasal sound, neither n nor g nor a combination of them. When followed by a g ora Ksound, ng is also spelled with n, asin anger (4ng/gér), ink (ingk), anxious (Angk’shits), uncle (ting’k’l), anchor (ang’kér), conquer (kéng/kér). It is represented by ng in respelling (fing’gér), and without respelling by n (fim/gér, Ynk). The letter n now invariably represents the ng sound when before a k or g sound in the same syllable. When k or g follows in the next syllable, usage varies somewhat. A few words suggest the rule that mg is sounded when its syllable is accented; as con’gress (kOng/grés), con/grega/tion (k6ng/gre.ga/shiin) beside con-gres’sional (k6éngrésh/un-al), congrat/ulate (kén-grat’-), or bron/chia (bréng/ki-@) beside bronchi/tis (br6én-ki’tis); but therule has many exceptions; as con/crete(kin/krét), in/crease(in/krés),orbron-chi’tis (also brong-ki’tis). In many words usage varies, as in conclave (kon/-; kong’-), con’/cord, mel/anchol’y, etc. Between ng and certain other consonants, a k or g sound is present or absent with different speakers, regardless of the spelling. Thus, k is sounded by some in anxious (Angk/shés) length(léngkth),strength(stréngkth), instinct (in’stingkt), or g in anxiety (Angg-z1’/é-ti),

with the teethridge, there is a large range of variation in the acoustic resonance, so that this consonant may take the “color” of various vowels. The term “clear 1” has been used to indicate an I sound having the resonance of a front vowel 6, ¥, A, 6, A, A, and “dark 1” to indicate an I with the resonance of a back vowel i, 6, 6, OO, 60, or of one of the central vowels ti, é, ti; i.e., 1’s formed with the tip of the tongue in the I position on the teethridge while the rest of the tongue approximates the position of one of these vowels. “Clear 1” occurs before vowels (lily, loose); and “dark 1” before consonants (shield), and when final (feel) or syllabic (battle). English initial lis “clearer” than finall. But even initial 1in English is not so “clear” as French 1, which is ‘‘clear” in all positions, all “dark I’s” having become the vowel u or having disappeared in older French. In America, sometimes initial lis noticeably “dark.” The acoustic difference between a final dark 1 and 1 pre- and by others it is omitted (Ang’shés, léngth, etc.). ceded by the neutral vowel is not easily perceptible. Hence 0) the difference of sound in real (ré/d@l) and reel (rel), or in ideal (1-dé/dl) and deal (dél), is not always observed in § 69. Das in° Old, note, 5’ver,. etc., isthe so-called “long ” ordinary speech. Cf. also vial and vile. ©” sound. It is also spelled as in oh, roam, foe, shoul’-

A Guide to Pronunciation

xV

der, grow, owe, sew, yeo’man, beau, haut/boy, brooch. When accented, 6 is usually a diphthong in standard English. It begins with the mid-back-tense vowel, a ‘‘pure” 6 sound, and glides to a vowel resembling oo

§ 74. 6. The following words containing a voiceless fricative (except sh), viz., off, oft, often, eroft, loft, soft,

lish, as board, sword, court, pork, borne, coarse, course, before, door, oar, story, and many others.

In the other two-syllable words the unrounded 6 (= &) pre-

nunciation are mostly pronounced either with @ or with 6,

is used to respell u or @ when the full tt or 5 sound is not a normal pronunciation. Compare the two 0’s in oblivion (6b-liv’i-dn).

soften,

cough,

trough;

(a)cress,

loss,

toss,

cost,

frost, lost; broth, cloth, froth, are prevailingly pro(good). In the speech of South England, however, the nounced with 6 in Southern England, though 6 is also heard. revailing tendency is to begin the 6 sound with the tongue In moss, moth, coffee, offer, office, officer, 6 is also heard there, but 6 prevails; while only 6, as a rule, is proarther forward toward the central position. In America the diphthongal character is less marked. nounced in doff, scoff, boss, dross, floss, gloss, Goth, Before voiceless consonants, as in note, oak, the G is often profit, prophet, accost, Boston, gossip, gospel, hosnearly or quite pure, without vanish. In any case, the be- tile, possible, and most other two-syllable words of the ginning of the American sound, like that of northerly Engroup. In Southern British also words with au (= 6) beore s (Austin, Austria, austere) are often sounded with land, is a back vowel, not advanced, though sometimes slightly lowered toward 6 (6rb). The one symbol 6 is here 6 (5s/tin, etc.). In the most general type of American pronunciation the used to indicate all standard varieties. § 70. When long 6 occurs before r, it has as its vanish 6 sound preyails in all the one-syllable words above (except the neutral vowel 6, representing the fore-glide of the r, doff (rare) and Goth (cf. Gdthic)), and alsoin the words which is slight in America. Thus the word more has the coffee, offer, office, officer, Boston. But it must be diphthong (66) (m6ér). This applies to a large group of remembered that American 6 is not the closely rounded, words that had a long 6 (occasionally Go) in Middle Eng- G-like vowel of British, being, in fact, not far from British 3. vails. But with those speakers in America who normally or frequently use a true 6, the latter sound is used in some or all of these words. The variation in the sound of o in this class of words is indicated in this Dictionary by the combined symbol 6, suggesting either 6 or 6. In another group of words having “short ©” followed by an r sound (spelled r or rr), as moral, sorry, etc., usage in England is fairly uniform in the use of 6. In America between hoarse and horse is still naturally made. It is, the influence of the r (often slightly rounded) has made 6 however, disappearing in the speech of some in America who or 6 in these words much commoner than the unrounded are influenced by Southern British practice. The dsound in & (&), which is rare in these words. The more general sound hoarse is not, however, identical with that in hdpe, but in America in these is an 6 of moderate length and more it is acoustically much nearer to that of hdpe than to that like 6 than is British 6, — as in sorry, moral, forest, etc. of hérse. Some speakers also use a sound midway between The same tendency is seen in the wa- words, as warrant, warrior, quarrel, quarry, the most general ‘American 6 and 6 for both groups of words. § 71. The sound of 6 as in Orb, lérd, dr’der, is also pronunciation being with 6, though 6 is fairly frequent. hen the r is final (war) or followed by a consonant spelled with a in all, talk, swarm; by au in fauit, haul, (warm), the pronunciation is everywhere 6 (w6ér, w6rm), caught; by aw inlaw, dawn, awful; by ouin fought, etc., just as in abhor, hérse. trough; by oa in broad; by agin Magdalen (m6d/lin); In a group of other words with 0, as bob, knob, rob, by iin memoir (mém/wér); and by u in one pronunciation of sure (shGér, § 84). This vowel is described as the sob; God, rod; bog, dog, fog, frog, hog, log, catalow-back-tense rounded vowel, which may be long, as in logue; doll, American usage is quite variable. The most pronunciations are with the unrounded © (big, law, or relatively short, asin auspi’cious. But its articu- frequent lation is not uniform. Jn South England the typical sound nab, etc.), except in dog, log, catalogue, which more is made with a low-back (but not the lowest) tongue posi- commonly have 6. In all these words, the true 6 is, of tion and decidedly rounded lips (nearly or quite as closely as course, proper, but most American speakers to whom the for 0), the British sound to an American ear often suggest- true 6 is not native are likely to pronounce 6 in attempting (but not reaching) a pure 6. The American sound is ing 5. In words like long, song, tongs, wrong, and in gone, made with less lip rounding, often very slight — only a little compression at the corners— in which case a little British speech has 6, but the more general American prohigher position of the tongue and jaw helps to distinguish nunciation is l6ng, géne, etc. In these words the unrounded 6 is seldom heard. the 6 sound from the low-back unrounded @ (rm). § 75. o in ado, do, lose, move, prove, to, tomb, The sound 6 is respelled with 6 (6rb); when spelled with a, au, aw, it may be marked without respelling with a two, who, is an occasional spelling for the 60 sound (fo00d), which is represented in respelling by G0, or indi(cali, fault, law). § 72. When 0 is followed by final r (for, abhor’), or cated without respelling by @ (dq). § 76. o in wolf, woman (woom/dn), Worcester by rand a consonant (horse, forty), its normal sound is 6 when it is not 6 as in ford (§ 70), or is not obscured by lack (wo0s/tér), etc., is an occasional spelling for Oo (foot), of stress as in actor (&k/tér). When the r sound is fol- respelled with O©, or indicated without respelling by 9 lowed by a vowel, as in moral, sorry, its regular sound is (wolf). 6 (mdr/dl, sbr’l) if it is not Gas in glory (glO/ri). But § 77. © in son (siin), come, dove, front, honey, derivatives from words like abhér (abhorring, etc.), London, some, tongue, won, etc., speilsthe m% sound although the r (rr) is followed by a vowel, usually keep the (sim). In some of the rarer words the 6 or & sound has 6 of the stem (abh6rring, abhérrer). In America this been adopted from the spelling (§3), as in cémbat, constable (ktin’/std@-b’1; kén/-), wont (wunt; wont). commonly is extended also to less immediate derivatives, such as abhérrent, abhérrence. But in British use a . sound of o may be marked without respelling by 6 son). and sometimes in American, these are pronounced with 6 § 78. oin work, worm, worse, attor’ney, etc.(chiefly (abhorrent, abhorrence). § 73. 6 as in nbt, ddd, bdg, dbff, prdp’er, préb/- in native words after w), is equivalent tofintrn. It may able, spelled also with (w)a- asin want, wan/der, wash, be indicated without respelling by 6 (w6rk). watch, is commonly called “short 0.’ As now pro§ 79. 6 as in the unaccented syllables of 6-bey’, ponounced in South England, this is a low-back-lax rounded et/ie, e’g0-ism, etc., represents a shorter variety of 6 vowel, the tongue being in the position lowest and farthest sound, without the vanish, occurring in unaccented syllables. back, and the lips having “open rounding,” a degree of It is also used to represent a more obscure vowel sound, in aperture only slightly less than the open unrounded posi- ordinary colloquial speech becoming the neutral vowel #, tion for # in #h. Since Southern British 6 has a higher tongue position and is much more closely lip-rounded, the as in anat/dmy, biol/dgy, pdta’to, etc. § 80. 6 in cdm-pact/, cdn-form’/, represents an unsounds 6 and 6 are there quite distinctly different sounds, accented sound which ranges from a full 6 sound (st®p) to not the short and long of the same sound. ; The 6 sound is sometimes found in syllables with little the obscure neutral vowel in nation (ni/shen). It occurs stress, as in Gar/bOn, Can’/nbt, ma/crén; but when it is in a very large number of words which in ordinary speech regularly have the neutral vowel, as in 6ecur, connect, quite stressless, it usually becomes 6 or @. ‘ The rounded & sound described above is not in general recollect, etc., which are marked with 6 to show that the use in America. It is used by a considerable part of the in- 6 sound has been obscured. § 81. 0 as in the unaccented syllables of nation (na/habitants of Eastern New England, by many in New York City, and to a considerable extent in the South. Words shin), lemon, hand/some, gal/lop, big’ot, ctc., always has the obscure sound, the neutral vowel. The symbol % historically containing “short 0” in general American pro-

These are to be distinguished from another large group now pronounced with 6, as border, horse, lord, etc., which had a short & in Middle English. In the prevailing speech of South England these two classes of words have fallen together, both having the sound 6. This is a recent change. In all other parts of England there are cultivated speakers who keep such words apart in sound. In the pronunciation of America asa whole the distinction

not with the intermediate 6. Some of these variations are discussed in the following section. Itis convenient to represent the “short 0” by 5, which may thus indicate, for

American pronunciation, either the true “short 0” or the unrounded variety &.

For 0 in actor = 6, see $§ 32, 36. In some words 0 may become quite silent, being replaced by a syllabic consonant, as in button (biit/’n), idol ’

A Guide to Pronunciation

Xvl

(1/d’1); or with loss of a syllable, as in reckoning ning), chocolate (chok’/lit).

R § 92. The letter r in rate, very, far, feared, hurt,

(rék/-

oi

A § 82. oi in oil, boil, etc., is a diphthong consisting of +i. 00

§ 83. 00 in modern English represents most commoaly the sounds oo in food and 00 in foot, by which these sounds, however spelled, are represented in the respelling. The letters 00 also spell the sounds of t in flood, blood, and 6 in door, floor, brooch. 00 asin food, fool, noon, proof — otherwise spelled as in rude (§ 114), group, drew, fruit, do, canoe,

rheum, maneuver, blue—is the high-back-tense rounded vowel. Sometimes, esp. in South England, it is slightly diphthongal, beginning a trifle more open and ending closer. § 84. Before r (moor, poor, tour, sure) the 60 sound is somewhat lowered by the rso as to become nearly or quite 00 (moor, poor, toor, shoor). Cf. the lowering effect of rin hére, care. Thesamelowering effect isalsoseen in the last part of the diphthongal sound spelled with long i = yoo before r.

Words like enditre’, Eu’rope, secu/rity

(§ 114), are commonly pronounced én-dyoor’ (-door’), yoor/zp, sé-kyoor/%-ti. In Southern British words like poor, sure, etc. are pronounced either por, shOr, or por, shor.

§ 85. The sound 60, asin foot, book, cook, crcok, etc., also spelled asin full (fool), wolf (wooif), would (wood), is the high-back-lax rounded vowel, with tongue slightly lower than for 60 and lips less closely rounded.

The pronunciation with 00 is well agreed on in the words book, brook, cook, crook, foot, good, hood, hook,

look, nook, rook, shook, stood, took, In the following words, cultivated usage tween 00 and 00: broom, coop, groom, pooh, roof, room, root, snook, soon, whoop, whooping cough.

wood, wool. is divided behoof, hoop, soot, spoon,

better, etc., spells a variety of sounds, the chief of which are described here. (I) Description of r. (1) The original English r, at least before vowels, was a tongue—point trill. The audible sound consists both of voice and the tongue-point vibrations. (2) Uvular r (velar x, less properly, guttural r) is made by the combined sound of voice and rapid vibrations of the uvula against the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, or soft palate. (3) Fricative ris made with the tongue raised to a position similar to that for the tongue-point trill, but with the point not vibrating. The point is close enough to the front

palate to cause audible friction of the voiced breath between. (4) Frictionless continuant r is formed by a tongue position much like that of fricative r, but with the tongue

sufficiently withdrawn from the front palate to eliminate the fricative sound. Though similar in tongue position to

fricative r, the difference is fundamental, no sound but

voice being heard. It is vowellike in sound. (5) Retroflex ris a further modification of the fricative and frictionless r, in that the tongue point is further turned up toward the hard palate, in some cases being bent back,

or “‘retroflexed.” Here, too, there is no sound but voice. Organically, (4) and (5) are characterized by a gliding movement of the tongue to or from a vowel.

(6) If the tongue be held in the position for (4) or (5) and the voice sounded without change of tongue position, an ‘“r-colored” vowel will result. This is the vowel & (stressed) and 6 (unstressed) of general American pronunciation.

§ 93. (ID Occurrence ofr. (1) Trilled r is still used by Scottish speakers of standard English, though not invariably in all positions of the word. It is also occasionally pronounced

between

vowels by Englishmen,

usually with

a

single flip of the tongue. The trilled ris still common with Welsh speakers of English and in Irish and Scotch dialect. ’ The point-trilled r is regular in German standard speech, and is common in some types of French. It is also regular in Welsh, Italian, and Spanish. (2) Uvular ris found in English chiefly in Northumbrian ou dialect, but not at all in standard English. The uvular § 86. ou is the regular spelling for the diphthong in trill, or a strong fricative (“uvular scrape”) articulated at out. The ou sound instandard British and American is a the same point, is regular for Parisian standard French, diphthong beginning with a (ask) and ending with (or near) and is also common in Germany. (3) Fricative or (4) Frictionless continuant r is the GO, sometimes about 3. In so-called fricaOther sounds represented by the letters ou in English usual one in standard Southern British. tive r, the fricative element is often a minor one. are: 0 (soul), 60 (soup), 00 (should), 6 (cough), (5) Some degree of retroflex r is common with educated (double), 5 (hough), & (journey); and unaccented, % speakers in Northern, Western, and Southwestern British, (grievous), 0 (borough), 6 (glamour). and is regular in the greater part of America and Canada.

Ow

§ 87. When final, the diphthong ou is usually spelled ow (cow, now), sometimes also medially (scowl, howl). Likewise when ou is sounded 6 (soul) it is spelled ow finally (know, tow) and sometimes medially (bowl).

Unaccented at the end of such words as sparrow, follow, etc., the generally accepted pronunciation is 6 (£61/6, etc.).

In regions where r is sounded finally and before consonants, retroflex r often affects the quality of a preceding vowel. In the most general type of educated American speech the r

coincides with the vowel & (ntirt) and with the correspond-

ing unstressed vowel € (pérceiye); i.e., the vowel is pronounced for its whole duration with the tongue in the raised

position

for r—the

so-called

retroflex,

vowel, no further consonant r being added.

or

‘“r-colored,”

Thisis the only

vowel in standard American English so affected.

P § 88. p asin pay, play, happy, cup, etc., is the voiceless lip stop, corresponding to the voiced lip stop b (§ 17), and the voiced nasal lip continuant m (§ 64), All three sounds are made with closed lips. p is silent in raspberry (raz’/bér/t), cupboard, receipt, accompt, corps; andalso in the commoner Greek derivatives psalm (sim), psalter, pneumatic, pneumonia, etc. Inless common words, as pseudo-, Psyche, pterodactyl, etc., some pronounce the p. § 89. The p sound is often excrescent, as in Thomp-

gon, glimpse, etc. The same excrescent sound often occurs when it is not spelled, as in warmth (w6rmpth), dreamt, comfort, triumph, though usage varies in this, as it does also when the letter p is spelled, as in em (p)ty, glim(p)se, jum(p)ed, sem(p)stress, etc.

Loss of r.

In the standard speech of South England,

of Eastern New England, of New York City, of most of the Southern United States, and of some speakers in the cities of Canada (esp. Eastern), ris sounded only before a vowel in the same or a closely following word, the letter r being retained in the spelling. The following will illustrate: fear (fgé), are (a), arm (am), form (f6ém, fom), bore (be), far away (far awa’), here and there (heér dn th 46), here they are (héé tha 4). When anr sound

is thus retained before a vowel of the next word, it is called linking r. § 94. As a result of sounding r only before a vowel,

many words, spelled with final r, exist in two forms but in one spelling, as seenin Here I am (héér I Am), Here they are (héé tha 4@), according as a vowel follows or not. Hence any word that ends in é (as does (h€é)), such as idea (id6/q), etc., is likely to be treated like those that

; ph end in r, and hence to take an rsound when a vowel follows. § 90. ph as in phantom, etc., usually spells the f Thus the speaker says, a good idea (@ good id@’a), but the idea of it (the 1de’ér Sv it). This is called intrusound (far), chiefly in Greek derivatives, as phantom, sylph, philosophy, etc. Exceptionally, it has the sound v, as in Stephen, and in nephew as pronounced by some. In diphthong,

triphthong,

diphtheria,

naphtha,

etc., ph is often sounded p, but fis usual. Initially before th (pbthalin) phis more oftensilent: thal/in; fthal/in.

Q § 91. qis regularly followed by u,with the sound of kw in native words, as quell, quake.

In loan words qu

is

also usually kw (quite, conquest), but is sometimes k,

as in liquor (Jik/ér), coquette’ (k0-két/). jis sounded k, as in unique (ti-nek’),

Final-que

sive r, and is common in England and Eastern America, less so in the South. § 95, In this Dictionary all r’s are marked in the respelling for pronunciation as being pronounced, with the understanding that those who omit r except before vowels willin these cases pronounce it or omit it just as they would

when it appears in the ordinary spelling.

Ss § 96. The letter s spells four different sounds, two voiceless and two voiced; viz.: (1) s as in sum (sitn), (2) Z asin easy (62/1), (3) sh asin sure (shoor), and (4) zh as in vision (vizh/%n).

A Guide to Pronunciation _ $97. (1) The usual method of forming English s as in sun is with the tip and blade of the tongue pressed close to the upper teethridge, and the point drawn into itselfsoas to form a very narrow, tubelike channel between the tip and the teethridge. A thread of voiceless breath forced through this channel strikes the points of the teeth (esp. the lower) and produces the characteristic “hissing”

sound.

It cannot be made with the mouth wide open, since

the air stream does not then strike the lower teeth. Somé speakers place the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth, pressing the front of the tongue toward the teethridge to form the channel. Voiceless s is heard in see, so, small, basis, yes, hats, etc. It is otherwise spelled as in pass, cell, rice, scene,

schism, tax, quartz.

It is silent in aisle, isle, island,

Carlisle, corps (k6r), chamois,

rendezvous, debris,

viscount, demesne, apropos, Grosvenor, varying frequency in bas-relief, Arkansas,

and with Illinois,

St. Louis, Louisville.

Xvill

combinations of sownd occur, the palatalization takes place, as in anxious (x = ks), nauseous. So, too, before ii, as in issue, pressure, luxury, though the y sound is not spelled at all, it is yet a part of the pronunciation of i, and the palatalization takes place as usual: ish/i, ish’oo; présh/ur, présh’ér. The corresponding palatalization also.takes place when the first sound is voiced s (z), which is changed to zh, the voiced correlative of sh; as in azure

(Azh/ur; Azh/ér), vision (vizh/ézn), etc. In some words, after the X or @ has become y and been absorbed into the sh or zh sound (mission, vision), it has sometimes been restored, as seen in Asia (a/zha@) but Asiatic (a/zhi-At/ik), etc. This is partly due to analogy, partly to spelling, and no doubt partly to the rhythm of

utterance. Thus the rhythm of a/zhat/Yk is a trifle difficult, owing to the adjacent accent, so that the more natural alternating rhythm is apt to be substituted (or kept from the beginning): a/zhi-At/ik.

§ 98. (2) Voiced s has the sound of z and is formed like voiceless s with the addition of voice. It is heard in easy,

T

voiced or voiceless, it is pronounced €z, 1z (§ 30); as in

lightly touches the backs or the points of the upper teeth, in some cases protruding a trifle between upper and lower

§ 104. t as in tie, note, apt, matter, etc. —also resolve, has, is, ribs. (Initial s does not spell z.) This sound of s is respelled with z, as in ribs (ribz), and is spelled as in Thomas, walked, or without spelling in eighth (atth) —is the voiceless tongue-point alveolar indicated without respelling by § (ribs). Two principal sources of voiced s (originally always voice- stop, corresponding to the voiced tongue-point alveolar less) are: (a) Lack of stress, as in the unaccented syllables stop d, and to the voiced tongue-point alveolar nasal conof words like Mary’s (mAr’iz), roses, etc., or in the fre- tinuant n. All three are made with the tongue point on the quently unstressed words is, was, has, etc. (b) Voice upper teethridge, as also is lL. t in words like question is palatalized to eh, as d in assimilation between voiced sounds, as in observe, pansy, easy; also in refuse, lose, etc., where final e was once soldier is to j. See §§ 103, 118. § 105. t is silent in Matthew, mortgage, hautboy, sounded, and hence s was between vowels. In certain nouns and adjectives spelled in the same way, chasten, listen, castle, chestnut, soften, often, must n’t; and commonly in combinations like sit down, the s sound was originally final, as it still is, as abuse (n.), loose (adj.)._ Hence some pairs of verbs and nouns or ad- must go — esp. when between two consonants. § 106. An excrescent t is pronounced in against (forjectives are distinguished by the sound of z or s, however spelled, as close, vb. (kKl6z) — adj. (kl6s); house, vb. merly agains), amongst (formerly amongs), midst, peasant, pheasant, pennant (also pennon). (houz) — n. (hous); use, vb. (iz) — n. (iis); etc. § 99. The ending -s or -es in the plural of nouns (ships, th bushes), or in the possessive case (Sack’s, George’s), § 107. thspells the tongue-point dental (or interdental) or in verbs (eats, goes), is pronounced according to the fricative, voiceless, as in thin, ether, tooth, or voiced, as preceding sound. After voiceless sounds except sibilants it is pronounced s; as in ships, Ruth’s, takes. After in this, either, smooth, the symbol th being used for the voiceless, and t#t for the voiced, whether with or withvoiced sounds except sibilants it is pronounced z; as in ribs, trees, Tom/’s, Joe’s; digs, goes. After sibilants, out respelling. In forming th, th, the point of the tongue

losses

(l0s’/éz), roses

(r0z/&z);

Grace’s

(gras/iz),

thrush’s ee) ; Ceases (ses/Ez), gazes (gaz/Ez). § 100. (8) s has the sh sound when it is palatalized by a following i or y sound (however spelled), as in mansion (man/shtwn), censure (sén’/shér), nauseous (n6é/shits). See § 103. § 161. (4) Likewise voiced s (= z) has the sound zh when palatalized by a following i or y sound, as in vision (vizh’/%n), measure (mézh/ér). See further in § 108. sh

§ 102. sh as in sharp, rashly, bush, etc., is pro-

nounced with the tip and blade of the tongue approaching the hard palate a little farther back than for s. The aperture is wider laterally, so that the current of air passing over the tongue is more spread out like a waterfall than for s, in which it is like a jet. The main body of the tongue is also higher toward the roof of the mouth. The broader stream of air rushes against the teeth much as for sg, the mouth requiring to be nearly closed. The position of the tongue is on the whole similar to that for y; hence sh and

its voiced correlative zh are often called palatal sounds, and are, in fact, often the result of palatalization (§ 103). The sound spelled sh is not a combination of s and h, contains no s or h sound, and is a simple sound. It does often result from pronouncing s next to a y sound, but when it becomes sh it ceases to be either s or y and becomes a different, simple sound. It is now also spelled as in machine, chandelier, schist (shist), issue, mission, conscience,

special, anxious.

See § 103.

teeth, while breath hisses through with a fricative sound — the only sound when th is voiceless, and combined with voice when it is voiced (this).

When spelled with final th, the sound is usually voiceless

(except in bequeath, booth, mouth, v., smooth, with); when final and voiced, it is usually spelled -the (bathe). The th sound is a simple sound, made with a single tongue position, not a combination of t and h sounds. § 108. Certain nouns ending in th have th in the singular (mouth) and thz in the plural (mouthz), etc. After a short vowel, there is a tendency to voiceless th, as

in the plurals breaths, deaths, etc., and likewise after consonants,

as in breadths,

months,

etc.

But

the

usage is divided in some words, as in truths (troothz; -ths), youths, wreaths, etc.; and some words with long vowel regularly have voiceless -ths, as heaths, growths. In cloths, a modern formation, some speakers distinguish

cléthz “pieces of cloth” from el6ths “‘kinds of cloth.” Initial th in pronominal words (the, this, then, there, thither) is now voiced (this, thither, etc.). In the word with usage is divided, the voiceless form being especially apt to occur before voiceless consonants (with certainty, with feeling, etc.). § 109, The th is voiced in several verbs, as bathe, breathe, clothe, loathe, sheathe, teetke, wreathe, in which the final -e was once sounded. It is likewise in the verbs bequeath, mouth, smooth, though the -e is no longer written. Thus the voiced th constitutes a distinction between nouns or adjectives and verbs; as bath, batke; mouth, mouth; loath, loathe.

When s and hare in separate syllables, each has its own § 110. th has the sound of t in thyme, phthisic sound, aS in sheepshead (shéps’/héd’). Insome names, (t¥z/Ik), Thomas, Thompson, Esther. ignorance has led to a wrong division and pronunciation When ¢ and hb are in separate syllables, each has its own that have come into good use, as in Lewisham (= Lewis (chat/dam). + ham), often pronounced 1u/ishama for the historically sound, as in nut/hateh’, Chat/ham_ Through ignorance, or reverence for the spelling, a th sound correct lu/is-a@m. § 103. The words issue, mission, Conscience, etc., has become standard in some such words; as Waltham (w6l/thdm; Brit. w6l’/tam, -thdm). mentioned above (§ 102), contain instances of palatalization of s to sh. The condition for this is a consonant y ti sound following the s, and followed by an unstressed or lightly stressed vowel. In words like Conscience, spe§ 111. tiinnation, patience, martial, ambitious, cial, nauseous, etc., this y sound was earlier an unacetc., has the sound of sh (shine). In ques/tion (kwés/cented ¥ or @ sound (still so spelled), which by lack of stress chiin), bestial (bés/chdl), etc., ti has a ch sound. became a y sound, just as unaccented i in Indian (in/Lag di-din) may become y (ind@’yédn), as explained in § 58. § 112. wasin tise, lute, dispute, mute, tube, duty, The sound s is thus, as the tongue anticipates the position for (palatal) y, transformed into the palatalized sh sound etc., is commonly called “long u.” It is otherwise spelled (cf. § 102, first {). Regardless of the spelling, when these| as in heauty, feud, pew, queue, lieu, view, cue, suit,

A Guide to Pronunciation

see

Xvi

yule, yew, you.

The sound marked di is chiefly used in

(tiip’éns) —is the “short u” sound.

For the frequent

As prosyllables having a full stress (cube, cu’bic), or a subor- spelling with 0 (dove, constable), see §77. dinate accent, whether marked or not, as in in’/ter-view/er nounced generally in America, this is a central unrounded vowel, the highest part of the tongue being a little lower (in/tér-vi/ér), per/fume, mil’/dew (mil/da). When and farther back than for the @ in sofa or 6 in bettér. quite unaccented, a different symbol (i) is used (§ 118). § 117. a as in Grn, hirt, bdr, is the central vowel § 113. The sound of @ varies both with different speak- described in § 31, being the accented form corresponding ers and according to neighboring sounds. ‘The main ele- to unaccented & (§ 32). Thesound @ is otherwise spelled in ment of His the sound 60 (fo60d), commonly with slightly fern, err, heard, sir, word, journal, myrrh. advanced tongue position. Preceding this is usually the The sound 4 occurs also in syllables with only a slight acsound of y (yes), or a more vowellike sound i (ill), some- cent, often not marked, as in btir-lesque’. There is often what retracted. After certain sounds, the initial element is a choice between @ and é according to speed of utterance or much lightened or absent, leaving only 060. (See § 114.) difference of usage (biir-lésk’, bér-lésk’). Wherever @ 114. The tisound, however spelled, varies in cultivated is frequently heard in such lightly accented syllables, they speech according to the phonetic nature of the preceding are marked with the symbol fi, it being understood that, sound. The same condition, with some modifications, also affects the unaccented & described in § 118.

when entirely unaccented, the sound changes, without a sharp dividing line, to 6. hen &, or its equivalent, is followed by rx or rr and a vowel, as in hurry, courage, worry, usage is divided as (i), eulogy (U/10-ji); the y is to the sound of the vowel. The earlier sound in such words

(1) When the @ sound is initial, the y sound is always fully heard in all types of cultivated English, as in use (uz),

union

(un/y#n), ewe

written in the phonetically identical sound in yew (yoo), yule (yool), youth (yooth). y is also sounded whenever unaccented W is initial, as in titility, etc. (2) After b (beauty), c(cube), f (few), g (gew’gaw), h (human), k (Kew), m (mute), p (pure), v (view),

corresponded to the present a, and this is preserved as the usual pronunciation in America. But in the prevailing speech of England this sound has become U, often somewhat

of the ii, leaving 00 alone: (@-soom/’,etc.). Thisis often criticized, but is in widespread use. (4) After d (duty), t (tune), n (new) — tongue-point stops and nasal — the 0 sounds are also accepted generally, but here too in America, at least, the 00 sound is widely used by the educated. It is to be observed, however, that the OO in these words is the advanced variety, and that suit, duty, thus pronounced, are not accurately repre-

fi of the stem. The word erring is also sometimes pronounced ér/ing —esp. in unerring — both probably influenced by érror, érrant; but tir’/ing is more usual. The symbol fi is also used to respell French words like jeu, having the mid-front rounded vowel, and jeune, having the low-front rounded vowel; or German words like’

modified by the following r so as to differ somewhat from ii in stin, come, etc. An intermediate type is also heard Thus there is in America, acoustically between @ and U, but @ is also no confusion between pairs like beauty—booty; cue— common even with those speakers whose speech in some recoo; feud—food; hew-—who; etc. spects resembles British, esp. in the Southern States. The (3) After s (assume), z (resume), th (enthusiast) varying use in such words as hurry, etc., is noted in the — tongue-point fricatives— though the same pronuncia- Vocabulary by frequent reference to this section. tions as in (2) are in accepted use, cultivated speakers in When words like ffir, cfir, stir, err, etc., take a vowel both England and America often suppress the first element suffix, as in furry, currish, erring, etc., they retain the

the sound w is regular, and 60 is not used.

sented by the spellings “‘soot” and ‘‘dooty,” and do not exactly rhyme with shoot, booty. (5) After 1 (lute) usage is divided both in England and in America, the pronunciations lute and loot both being in

schon, with mid-front rounded vowel, or k6nnen, with

low-front rounded vowel.

The tongue for these sounds is

somewhat farther forward than for English 4, which is usually not rounded.

§ 118. wu as in tinite, valiiable, insilar, nature,

good use. However, when another consonant precedes the 1 in the same syllable, as in blue, blew, in-clude’, etc., the oo sound is regular. But if the consonant is in the

verdure, etc., represents a modification of ti (§§ 112-114)

(u-zhoor’l-t%s, u-zbhu/ri-%s); and when unaccented, in issue (ish/U, ish/oo). (7 After r the y element is now completely silent in standard speech, as in rule (rool), brew (broo), crew, prune, true, threw, etc. But the advanced 00 is still common in these words, though they are regularly marked

idl), the y is often lost; but, asin accented syllables, there issome wavering. Afterr (prudential (proo-dén/shdil)), and a consonant + I, they is regularly lost. In unaccented syllables, however, the preceding consonant often belongs phonetically to the syllable before the u, as in val/t-a’tion, with the result that the wi is phonetically initial, and thus

in unaccented syllables, The sound w differs from @ in taking as its second element either the lower O90, or a briefer form of 06, the same word often varying between a brief that of lute. Thus in the word flu’ent, the marking is 00 or 60 according to conditions of speed, sense stress, or -floo-, while in af/flu-ent, it is Af/10-ént. sentence rhythm. (6) After ch (Chew) and j (June) the first element of i The treatment of the first element of ti is much like that is likewise usually omitted (choo, joon). But after the of accented @, according to the preceding consonants. palatalized sounds ch and j there is apt to be a noticeable When initial, the y sound is invariably heard, as in tinite, i glide to the following vowel, and the pronunciations often usurp, eugenic, etc. After s, y is sometimes lost, as in resemble (chu, jun). Likewise after the simple sounds sh and zh, of which are supreme, often (soo-prém/’), etc. In familiar speech compounded ch and j, as in sure, usu/rious, the y ele- the vowelis often obscured to (#) — (stprém/, etc.). After ment usually disappeared when sh or zh was palatalized ch (virtuous (vir/ti-ds)), j (judicious (jo0-dish/from sor Z. Butu is sometimes heard, as in usu/rious ts)), sh (sexual (sék’shoo-dl)), zh (visual (vizh/preceding syllable, as in ab-lude’, the pronunciation is like

with 60 in the respelling (or without respelling, with u, as inrule). By this advanced 60, often also with prefixed retracted ¥, many Americans preserve the historical dis-

tinction in sound between rude and reod, rheum-room,

takes a clear y sound (as above): (v3l/0-2’/shtn). Compare re-pute’ with rep/u-ta/tion, sa-liite’ with sal/u-

ta/tion. With these compare af/fluence (Af/lu-éns),in chews—-choose, lute—loot, etc. which the first element of ti is much less like y. Likewise (8) When & occurs before r, the 60 element of the ti after r in a preceding syllable the y sound is often clear, sound is commonly lowered to 0 just as is the simple 00 asin one pronunciation of erudite (ér/i-dit), garrulous sound, in such words as Europe, fury, bureau, mural, So with partly accented i in Matthew cure, mature, endure. Attention 1s often called to it (gir’G-l%s). in the Vocabulary by a reference to this section or to § 84. (maAth/u), with clear y sound. Thus a common pronunciation of the foregoing words is: For the difference between flu’ent (fldo’ént) and af’yoor/tup, fyoor’i, byoor’s, etc. The loweredsound oo fltient, see § 114 (5). is especially evident after those consonants where the first So far as the second element of the unaccented t is not (y-) element is sometimes omitted, as in sure (shoor), already lowered to 0 by lack of stress, it undergoes the threw-through,

rural (roor’da)), jury (joor’s).

Just as there is a tendency in Southern British speech to

change 00 before r into 6 or 6, likewise the second element

of U (yoo) in pure, endure, etc., varies to 6 or 6 (pyoor, pyor, py6r; én-dyoor’, én-dyor’, én-dy6r’; etc.). § 115. u as in pull, bull, push, etc. — otherwise spelled as in wolf, wood, woman — has the sound of do in foot (§ 85), being respelled with Go, or represented without respelling by u (pull) or 9 (wolf) (§ 76). Thisis the high-back-lax rounded vowel made with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, and with lips rounded a little less than for 00. The same sound of u is heard in sure and in sugar. § 116. tasinstin, tin’der, tin-do’— otherwise spelled as In son, in’/come, does, flood, dou/ble, two/pencse

same lowering effect of a following r that is seen in accented ti (endure’), or in simple 60 (poor); as in iranium,

duration, etc.

See §§ 84, 114 (8).

Before u in words like censure the s sound is palatalized to sh, and in words like measure the z sound is palatalized to zh, the s and z combining with the initial y element of the u. In the common words of this sort the u is reduced in ordinary speech to 6 when before r, as in censure (sén/shér), measure

(mézh/ér).

Other examples

are sensuous (sén/shoo-%s), visual (vizh/u-dl; -00-G1). Initial s is not thus palatalized, however, as in supreme?

(sii-prém’;

s%-prém/’),

superior, etc., and

occasionally when medial, as in consular

(kdn/st-lér;

kdn/s%-lér, the first element of i being weakened or lost).

A Guide to Pronunciation

X1x

Tn words like nature, verdure, the off-glide of the t or

lux’/ury (ltik’/shoo-ri); (4) gzh, as in luxurious (liig-

d combines with the first element of ti to form a sound that varies from ty or dy to a completely palatalized ch or j. The last is the natural pronunciation in general use by unaffected speakers in all the common words. This palataliza-

zhoor’i-%s); (5) z,in anxiety (Aang-zi/é-ti) and initially in Greek derivatives, as xylophone (zi/ld-), Kerxes (ztirk’s@z), etc.; (6) sh, as in one pronunciation of anxious (ang/shvs). In except (ék-sépt’), exscind (ék-sind/), the s element of x has merged with the ssound of the e, or se. In (3), (4), and (6) the s or z element of x has been palatalized by the following i, or by the y ele-

tion is indicated in the pronunciation by the tie bar tii, dui. This palatalization also takes place before the partly accented i, as in virtue (vfir’tu, vir’choo), etc. But before fully accented tt, dU, it does not occur in standard speech (tune, diity, etc.).

§ 119.

inthe unaccented syllablesof cireés, datém,

sa@bmit, circéémstance — otherwise spelled as in porPoise (pér’/p%s), pious, dungeon, righteous, gracious,

atom,

irksome,

nation,

etc. — represents

the

obscuration of a u or an o sound to the stage of the neutral vowel, the usual italic letter indicating the obscuration.

§ 120. A silent u occurs after g, as in guard, guess, rogue, etc. In these cases u does not form a digraph with a following vowel, but is a mere sign of “‘hard” g. In the common adjective ending -ful (awful, careful, etc.), the u is regularly silent in familiar speech, the 1 thus

becoming syllabic (6/f?1, kar’f’l). The noun ending -ful, as in cupful, etc., is pronounced with the vowel oo. § 121. u with consonant value. The letter u is an

equivalent spelling for w, esp. after q (= k) or g (quality, quite, language, etc.); occasionally elsewhere, as in persuade,

suave,

suite.

§ 122. u as in French menu (ménw’), German grun, etc., occurs only in foreign loan words not yet naturalized. The French sound may be imitated by firmly round-

ing the lips as if to pronounce 60 (moon), and then, while holding the lips in this position, pronouncing 6 (éve). The German sound is in some words the same as the French, in others it is approximately i (ill) pronounced with some-

what less rounding of the lips.

Vv § 123. vas in vain, vivid, ever, live, valve, wolves

— spelled phin Stephen (also Steven), nephew(néf’u; név’t), and fin of (Ov) — is the voiced lip-teeth fricative consonant corresponding to voiceless f (§ 43).

w § 124. w as in we, worse, dwarf,

twice — spelled

also u (persuade, queen), o (memoir (mém/war), choir (kwir)) — is a combined lip and tongue sound, the lips being rounded and the tongue back raised as for 60 or oo. It may be regarded as a gliding sound, made while the lips and tongue are moving toward the position of the fol-

lowing week

§ 125. The consonant w sound occurs only before vowels. It is now silent before r (write, wren, etc.). The letter is often written finally, asin snow, know, and now. In snow it is not needed, for 6 alone spells the same sound, asin go. In now, however, wis essential, representing the second element of the diphthong ou in out. Omission of w would change now to nod. The group aw(e) is the final form for the spelling au. § 126. Besides being silent before r (write), w is also silent before vowels in two classes of instances: (1) When not initial, w coalesced with its closely related 60 or GO sound, as in two (too, formerly twoo), who (hoo, formerly hwoo), sword (sord, formerly swoord). Initially w remains before 00, as in wound (woond; wound), woo, womb, etc. (2) Before the vowels of unaccented syllables or unstressed words w regularly disappeared, as in answer an/sér), toward (tord), boatswain (b0/s’n), I'll go from I/ will go’), and the endings -wich and -wick of lace names — Woolwich (wool/ij), Warwick (wor/tk). Many such silent w’s have been restored by spelling pronunciation. In one, once, wissounded but not spelled. wh

§ 127. whas in which, when, whale, etc., represents either h-++ w or a voiceless w sound. _Voiceless w and hw sound very much alike. The symbol hw is commonly used for either sound. w for hw is now usual in standard Southern British. In Scotland, in Ireland, in North England, and in America, hw is the usual pronunciation, though the w sound appears to be spreading in America. x § 128. The letter x spells six sounds in English: (1) ks, as in box, exclaim’, etc.; (2) gz, as in exact’, exist’, exag/gerate, etc.; (3) ksb, as in an/xious (Angk’sh%s),

ment of @ or & (§ 103). It will be seen in the above examples that when x immediately follows an accented vowel (ex/it, lux/ury), or is followed by a consonant sound (exclaim), it is voiceless (ks, ksh, sh); when it immediately follows an unaccented vowel (exact’, exhort’, luxur/ious, anxi/ety), it is voiced (gz, gzh, z). But the analogy of differently accented forms of related words disturbs this natural phonetic tendency; thus luxur’ious is also pronounced ltik-shoor’i-%s, by analogy of lux’ury; and conversely, lux/ury is sometimes Itg/zhoo-ri. Moreover, less familiar words are likely to have ks from the spelling, or from a foreign pronunciation, as in axil/la,

exar/chate,

etc.

Exhaust

(ég-zést’)

and

exhort (ég-zért’) are regular, the h being silent;\so is exhale’, being é6g-zal’, if h is silent, but 6ks-hal’ if it is sounded, ks being regular before a consonant sound.

Y § 129. y in English spells one consonant (yes) and the following four vowels: (1) I (sky, defy, style, etc.); (2) ¥ (lyric, nymph, pity, ready (§ 130), etc.); (3) i (myrrh, myrtle, etc.); (4) 6 (martyr, zephyr, etc.). y (or ey) is the regular spelling for the final sounds i (fly) and¥ (ready, money). Thesesounds of y may be indicated without respelling asin sky, nymph, myrrh, martyr. § 130. Unaccented final y as in ready, or ey as in money, varies considerably from accented ¥. For this variation and for that of medial y (analysis), the equivalent of medial unaccented % (charity), see §§ 53, 54. § 131. As a consonant, y is the typical palatal semivowel. It corresponds to the sound of j in German and Latin. English y differs from that of German and some other European languages in having no fricative or other sound but voice. _ It is analogous to w in being a gliding sound. It is spelled yin year, you, beyond, etc.; iin poniard, union, etc.; ein feud (fad), linear (lin/’é-ér; lin’yér); j inhallelujah; ginvignette. It issounded without being spelled by a separate letter in use, unite, value, etc. Like w, consonant y can occur only before vowels, not at the end of words. When written at the end of words, it is: (1) a vowel (ready); (2) a diphthong (sky); (3) the ‘‘vanish” of the partial diphthong a (day, they); or (4) the second element of a full diphthong oi (boy). Unlike w, y by itself can spell a vowel (ready) or a diphthong (sky).

Z § 132. z as in zeal, hazy, buzz, etc., is the voiced tongue-point alveolar fricative continuant corresponding to voiceless s. Z is oftenspelled with s, asin busy, his, ears, robs, roses, etc. Itis rarely spelled se (discern) or c (one pronunciation of suffice, sacrifice). 133. z as in azure, seizure, grazier, etc., has the sound of zh, the voiced correlative of sh. The same sound is spelled sin vision, measure, etc. In the foregoing, the zh sound results from the palatalization of z before i or y ($ 103). zh is also spelled in French derivatives by g (rouge) and by j (bijou). It forms the second element of the consonantal diphthong j.

RULES

FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN ENTRIES

Vowels not followed by a consonant in the same syllable

indicates otherwise. Consonants have the same value as in similar situations in English unless the respelling indicates

otherwise.

For those who prefer to pronounce the Latin

entries according to the ““Roman” method, the syllabification as indicated, together with the rules for such pronunci-

ation as set forth in the Latin grammars, will be a sufficient guide.

ORTHOGRAPHY The complexities and inconsistencies of Modern English spelling have been produced by a variety of causes., One was the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon literary tradition by the Norman Conquest, and the subsequent creation of a written language fundamentally English but spelled by French scribes and clerks. init The two major factors, however, have been: (1) The indif-

ference of scribe, writer, printer, and reader towards consistency in always spelling the same sownd in the same way;

it is, in fact, less than 200 years since writer, printer, an

reader set much value on always spelling the same word in the same way. (2) The large number of major sound changes that have occurred since spelling became generally fixed about the year 1500.

For example, some vowel and

consonant sounds have disappeared entirely (the final unaccented e of endings, as in alive; man’s, from mannés, gh in light); shift of accent, has produced other changes (older licour, pronounced li-koor’, has become liquor,

pronounced lik’ér). : The fundamental difficulty is that no alphabet ever adopted by the writers or the printers of English has been based on the policy of providing one character, and only one,

RULES

FOR

§ 1. Words ending in c have a k inserted when adding

a termination beginning with e, 2, or y, to prevent the c from being pronounced like s: as, colic, colicky; traffic, traf-

ficked, trafficking ;picnic,

picnicked, picnicker.

for each of the separate sounds of the English language.

Efforts to reform or to simplify English spelling have been frequent since the sixteenth century, but have failed tomake headway against popular sentiment and the conservatism of printers. Spelling changes advocated by Noah Webster in his Dictionary (1828) have had considerable influence upon orthography, especially in the United States. These alterations were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology and of analogy, from a desire, first, to make the words

correspond, as far as practicable, with their primitive forms in order to reveal more clearly their etymological affinities, and second, to reduce the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. roe It is to be observed that many of these deviations from the

usage of his time were not innovations, but restorations of older forms which were once very generally employed. For example, the spelling with the termination -er of words often written with -re, as in meter, and the spelling with -or of words often written with -our, as color, are but restorations of older spellings. Certain points in his orthography in

reference to which there is still difference of usage are treated in detail below.

SPELLING erally drop the e before terminations beginning with a vowel:

as, bride, bridal ;guide, guidance; plume, plumage ; use, usable, usage; shape, shaping; move, movable; sale, salable; force, forcible; true, truism. — _

§ 2. Final consonant doubled. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, when ending in a single

and toeing, to prevent mispronunciation, but is generally

with a vowel: as, clan, clan’nish;

tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, swinging,

consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before adding a termination beginning plan, planned, plan!-

ning, plan’ner; bag, baggage; hot, hot’ter, hot’test; wit, wit/ty; abet’, abet’ted, abet’ting, abet!tor ;infer’, in-

ferred’, infer’ring. The consonant is doubled to preserve the short sound of the vowel. Thus, pldnned, hottest, and abétted, would naturally be pronounced planed, hotest, and

abéted, if the consonant were not doubled. Words in which the final consonant is preceded by gu, followed by a single

vowel, form no exception to the rule, since the wu performs the office of consonant w; as, squat, squat’ting, squatter ; acquit’, acquit/ted. ; Exceptions: (1) Infer’able, transferable. (2) Derivatives of gas (except gassed, gas/sing and gas’sy): as, gas’-

cous, gas/ify.

(3) Derivatives in which the accent of the

primitive is thrown back upon another syllable: as, infer’, an'ference ; refer’, ref’erence ; defer’, def’erence.

3. Finalconsonant not doubled. Words accented on any syllable but the last, words ending in more than one consonant, and words ending in a single consonant preceded by a diphthong or vowel digraph, do not double the final con-

sonant before adding a termination beginning with a vowel: as, revel, reveled, reveling, reveler; benefit, benefited ; profit, profited; act, acted, actor; daub, daubed; need, Debio briefer, briefest. ‘

Exceptions: (1) In humbug anda few other words ending in g, the g is doubled (humbugged, humbugging) before e or iz, to prevent g from being pronounced likej.

(2) Deriva-

tives of kidnap, which properly

has a secondary accent,

or kid/napped’, kid’nap'ing or

kid!nap'ping, kid’nap/er

are spelled a7 4 or without the foe,

as, kid’naped!

or_kid’nap’per. | Py ; Note. There isa large class of words ending in a single

consonant and accented on some other syllable than the Jast (including all verbs ending in unaccented -el), the final consonants of which are, by many writers and lexicographers (see ;27, below), doubled in their derivatives: namely, apparel, bevel, cancel, carburet, cavil, counsel, cudgel, dial.

dishevel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, imperil, jewel, kidnap, label, level, libel, marshal, marvel, medal, metal, model, parcel, pencil, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, shrivel, travel, worship, yodel. Set

4. Double consonant retained.

Words ending in a

double consonant commonly retain both consonants when

adding terminations: as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff, stiffness ; skill, skillful; will, willful, willfulness; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also the double / is retained in

the preferred forms of the words installment, enthrallment,

thralldom, and enrollment, in order to prevent an erroneous pronunciation with short 4 or short 6. (See § 27.) Exceptions: (1) Pontific, pontifical. (2) Illy, dully,

fully. 3) Skilless and words ending in //, which moner forms in -/l-less, as § 5. Silente retained.

similar derivatives in -less of are alternate forms to the comskill-less. Words ending with silent e, gen-

erally retain this e when the termination begins with a consonant: as, pale, paleness ; hate, hateful ; incite, incitement. Exceptions: (1) Many words ending in silent e immediately. preceded by another vowel (except e) drop the e in forming derivatives: as, due, duly; argue, argument ; awe, awful. (2) Wholly, nursling, abridgment, judgment.

§ 6.

Silente omitted.

Words ending with silent e gen-

Exceptions:

(1) The ¢ is retained in hoeing, shoeing,

excluded from shoer. (2) The e is retained in dyeing, singeing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, swinge, ,

tinging (from die, sing, swing, ting). (3) Words ending in ce or gé retain the e before terminations beginning with a or o, to prevent the c or g from being pronounced with the hard

sound: as, notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; advantage, advantageous. Mortgagor, pronounced mor’gajor’, from mortgage, is exceptional. (4) Mileage. (5) A

few derivatives in -able in respect to which usage is di-

vided and often inconsistent: as, likeable, useable, saleable. § 7. Ending -ing added toie. Words ending in ze gen-

erally drop the e and change the 7 to y when adding -ing, so

as to prevent two 2’s from coming together: as, die, dying. 8. y preceded by a consonant. Words ending in y

preceded by a consonant usually change the y to 7 before any termination except one beginning with 7: as, icy, iciest,

teily; mercy, merciless; modify, modifiable, modifies; foggy, fogginess; pity, pitiable, pitiful. Exceptions: (1) Adjectives of one syllable have compar-

ative and superlative forms in both -ier, -iest and -yer,

-yest: as, dry, drier or dryer, driest or dryest ;spry, sprier or spryer, spriest or spryest. (2) Adjectives of one syllable usually retain the y before -ly and -ness: as, shy, shyness; dry, dryly. But slily and drily are also common. (3) Before -ship and -like, as secretaryship, citylike, and in derivatives formed from baby and lady, the y is retained. (4) The y is retained in the possessive case of nouns: as, country’s, everybody’s. :

5 9. y preceded by a vowel.

Words ending in y pre-

ceded by a vowel generally retain the y unchanged before all terminations: as, obey, obeying; joy, joyful. EXCEPTIONS: Daily, laid, said, slain (rom day, lay, say,

slay) ; dewiness.

. § 10. Adding a vowel toa vowelending.

Words end-

ing with a vowel sound generally retain the letter or letters representing such sound before a syllable beginning with a vowel: as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable; weigh, wena, ski, skied ;dough, doughy; echo, echoed ;bow, owed.

Exceptions: Words ending in silent e or double e drop the

final e when adding a termination beginning with e: as, hoe, oed ;sue,

sued ; free, freer, freest ; agree, agreed.

§ 11. Compound words formed by joining two or more words commonly retain all letters of the simple words: as, stiff-necked, well-bred, cure-all.

i-xceprions: (1) Words of which the second part is full: as, rueful. @) Somecompounds of all and well: as, withal, welfare.

(3) Compounds of mass: as, Candlemas.

PLURALS For irregular plurals, as of foot, mouse, ox, and for plurals

retained from foreign languages, as of genus, crisis, focus,

see the individual words and also the Note under the word PLURAL in the Vocabulary.

§ 12. The plural of English nouns regularly ends in S, or, in certain classes of words, in es.

When the singular ends in a sound with which s can unite and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in forming the plural: as, bay, bays; woe, woes;

virtue,

virtues; claw, claws; chief, chiefs;

path,

paths ; ache, aches; plague, plagues; cup, cups; act, acts.

(xx)

Orthography Nouns ending in 0 generally add s only to form their

plurals. Certain nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es to form their plurals: as, echo, echoes ;cargo,

cargoes (also cargos) ; motto, mottoes (also mottos), potato,

otatoes.

Those in which final o is preceded by a vowel

orm their plurals regularly: as, cameo, cameos ; punctilio, punctilios. Nouns ending in i preferably form their

plurals by adding s only: as, rabbi, rabbis.

When the singular ends in a sound (as that of ch in much,

xxi

ferred, as enclose; in some in-, as tnguire; in some en- is preferred for certain senses, in- for other senses, as ensure, insure. Inthis Dictionary the preferred form 1s given the primary definition; other forms are equated or referred to this. These words are chiefly derived from the Latin, either

directly or through the French, the prefix in- belonging to

the former language, and en- to the latter. §.16. -er or-re. There isa class of words ending in -er, some of which are written by many authors with the ter-

sh, J, 8, Z, or z) with which s cannot unite in pronunciation mination -re: as, center, meter, theater, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in often written centre, metre, theatre, etc. forming the plural, unless the word ends with silent e, which lucre, nacre, massacre, ogre, euchre, and then forms a separate syllable with s: as, church, churches ; termination -re,toshow the hard sound of rush, rushes; edge, edges; gas, gases; case, cases; box, _§ 17. -id or -ide. As to chemical words

boxes ; maze, mazes.

st

Plural of a letter, figure, sign, etc.

To express the

plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a

word mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended; as in, the two l’s in all; the two 0’s in 400; he uses too many Some writers omit the apostrophe.

.

7/’s.

13. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form

their plurals by adding es and changing y into 7: as, mercy, mercies ; sky, skies; army, armies ; colloquy, colloquies, in which uw, pronounced w, is a consonant. Nouns ending in y preceded by a, e, 0, or U (except u pronounced w), form their plurals by adding s only: as, key, keys ; alloy, alloys ;guy, guys. § 14. Nouns ending in f, fe, or ff for the most part

etc., which are Acre, chancre, ochre retain the

the ¢, g, and ch. ending in -7d or -ide, in present usage -tde is preferred to -dd. § 18. -izeor-ise.

Certain words ending, as pronounced,

with the sound of long 7 followed by z, are written with

either -ize or -¢se: as, criticize or criticise; civilize or ctvilise; naturalize or naturalise. ‘Those derived from Greek

words (in -izein; see -IZE in the Vocabulary) properly have

the termination -7ze: as_anathematize, baptize, characterize, dramatize, tantalize. The spelling ezorcise is,

however, commoner.

Those formed in an analogous man-

ner from English words are likewise written with -ize: as, albumenize,

bastardize,

memorize,

sensitize.

The

fol-

lowing are the principal verbs ending always in -ise: those

derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or prise) as, apprise (to inform), comprise, emprise, enterprise, surprise; also, advise, affranchise, arise, chascompromise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, enfranchise, excise, franchise, improvise, merchandise, revise, super-

form their plurals by the addition of s only; as, fife, fifes; tise, circumcise, tariff, tariffs.

Afew, moreover, change f or fe into ves: as,

life, lives; loaf, loaves;

beef, beeves;

half, halves;

elf,

vise, surmise.

Most of those in respect to which usage

elves; wolf, wolves. Scarf, staff, and wharf have two accepted plurals (see in the Vocabulary).

varies, are now by most authorities written with -ize, and

VARIATIONS IN USAGE _ § 15. en- or in-. Among words beginning with en- or

ogous terms. For advertise, however, the -tse spelling is preferred. Spellings with -ise are not generally given in this Dictionary where they are mere variants of -ize forms.

in-, as endorse or indorse usage varies.

In some en- is pre-

BRITISH

each country toward uniformity, there is a certain residuum of divergence, which is outlined in the following para-

graphs. Even these distinctions in spelling are breaking down with varying rapidity. Certain predilections persist

longer than others, as the British preference for -re to -er; the British predominance of -7se spellings, on the other hand, is rapidly being reversed. ‘ § 19. ae, oe. In common words derived from the Latin

or Greek in which American usage has pretty generally replaced ae or oe by e,British usage prefers the forms with ae or oe, often written as ligatures: as, aestivate (or zstivate), encyclopaedia, palaeontology, oecology, oecumenical, foetus, homoeopathy. Andin such semitechnical

words

oedema,

aS

anaemia,

anaesthetic,

oesophagus,

asafoetida,

whereas

these

faeces,

orthopaedic,

British usage

forms

in American

permits usage

have been superseded by, anemia, anesthetic, etc. § 20. em-, en-,im-, in-. British usage favors the emand en- forms practically to the exclusion of 2m- and in-

forms, which are in certain cases still the commoner in American usage: as, Brit., empanel, encase, encrust, enfold;

U. S., impanel, incase, incrust, infold.

A few British ex-

ceptions using in-_are: incrustation, ingrained, inquire,

inquiry, insure (financial sense), inure, inweave.

g 21. -ise, -ize.

|.

In British printing the forms in -7se

have in the past been the commoner, but the trend of usage, influenced by the Ozford English Dictionary and the practice of the Encyclopedia Britannica and the London Times, is to adopt more generally the -ize forms and their

derivatives in -ization, -izer, -izable. ogize, capitalize, dramatize,

the exclusive American

Thus, whereas apol-

satirize, visualize, etc., are

forms, both forms apologize and

apologise, capitalization and capitalisation, etc., are in

use in British works. The words of this class are not to be confused with the verbs not etymologically related which are always spelled -ise. See § 18, above. 2. -our,-or.

In words of the colour, color and hon-

our, honor class, the forms in -or are regarded as nonBritish, thus differing from particular words, as horror,

pallor, torpor, tremor, always spelled -or, which are indis-

tinguishable

in form and origin from this class.

Among the

derivatives of colour, honour, etc., those in -able, -er, -ite,

-less are regarded as formed from English words and retain the u, but those in -ation, -tfic, -ize (-1sé), -ism, -7st, -ous, -ously, -ousness generally drop the wu.

British preferences:

armour clamour

armourer, armoury clamouring :

See § 21, below.

SPELLING

Certain differences of spelling are noticeable in books and papers printed in England and in America. _Despite the general convergence in practice arising from efforts made in

only ae or o€;

there is a tendency to extend the use of the -7ze to all anal-

PREFERENCES Agent nouns (except saviour and paviour) in British use

have now generally gone over to -or, as governor.

3. -re, -er. The British predilection for centre, metre, theatre, etc., is still shared by a few American writers, but American usage almost invariably prefers -er ; as: Brit., accoutre, calibre, centring, fibre, lustre, mitre, sabre, sceptre, sombre, spectre; U.S., accouter, caliber, centering, fiber, luster, etc. 4. -ou-, -0-. British usage prefers mould, moult,

smoulder to mold, molt, smolder, which are commoner in American use; likewise, British plough, U.S. plow. § 25. -ce, -se. _ The words spelled defense, offense, and

pretense in American use are more often spelled defence,

offence, and pretence in British use; in their derivatives the British spell with ¢ before suffixes beginning with a consonant, as defenceless, but with s before suffixes beginning with a vowel, as offensive. In British use the verb practise

and the noun licence are the rule,

§ 26. -xion, -ction. The British prefer connexion, deflexion, inflexion (derived from Latin nouns in -zio) to

connection, deflection, inflection (from the influence of the corresponding verbs in -ct and analogy with nouns in -tion), which are the only forms used in the United States; they also use reflexion in the scientific sense (throwing back of light, heat, etc.) but generally use reflection in all other senses. § 27. Doubling and retaining final !. a In British use, words of more than one syllable ending in 7, in forming derivatives, double the / before a vowel, as before -ed, -ing, -ery, -ist, -1ze (-ise), whereas the more consistent American

usage authorizes the doubling of the final / only when the

accent is on the final syllable.

Thus: Brit., annulled, apparelled, councillor, jewellery, levelled, libelled, medallist, quarrelled, totalled, travelled, woollen; U.S., anallen: appareled, councilor, jewelry, leveled, libeled, medalist, guarreled, totaled, traveled, woolen. The Oz-

ford English

doubled letters.

Dictionary

Exception:

prefers

the forms

Brit., paralleled.

with

the

See § 3,

above. b A number of verbs accented upon, the final syllable haye preferably a single final / in British usage and

double final 7 in American usage, in the present tense and present infinitive. Thus: Brit., enrol, enrols, enthral, fulfil, instil; U.S., enroll, enrolls, etc., but both Brit. and

U.S., enrolled, enrolling. Exception: Brit., install, c¢In British printing it is customary in forming derivatives of two-syllable verbs ending in J and a few nouns ending in ii, to use a single 2 beforea consonant. Thus: Brit., thraldom, enrolment, instalment, skilful, wilful ; U. S., thrall-

dom, enrollment, installment, skillful, willful. The forms dulness and fulness occur in British printing, but dullness and fullness are recommended

by authorities in

colourable, colourist

coloration, colorific

accordance with the rule calling for 1 before -ness. § 28. Silent e retained. The former British preferred

labour odour

labourer, labourite odourless

laborious J odorous, odorific

ment, lodgement (in strict conformance to the rule presented in § 5, above) are yielding in favor of the forms abridgment,

vigour

vigourless

invigorate

standard in the United States.

colour

favour

vapour

favourite

vapourish

‘

clamorous

:

1

yaporize, vaporise

forms abridgement, acknowledgment,

acknowledgement, fledgeling, judge-

fledgling,

judgment,

lodgment,

i

long

EXPLANATORY

NOTES

A careful reading of the following Explanatory Notes will enable the user of this Dictionary to locate quickly and easily the answers to his questions and will make plain the significance of the different kinds of type, the labels, the symbols, and the other conventions that make possible its compactness and fullness. The regular order of arrangement of the parts of the entries in this Dictionary is as follows 2. (although, of course, not every entry has all of these parts): 1. The vocabulary entry. 4. Inflectional forms. 5. The 3. The part of speech. The pronunciation, in parentheses. 7. Synonyms and Anto6. The definition or definitions. etymology, in square brackets. nyms. 8. Run-on entries. In the following paragraphs, numbered to correspond with the numbers in the above list, each of these parts of the entry is discussed in detail with illustrations, usually in the form of references to entries in the Vocabulary, The sections numbered 9 and 10 deal with entries that receive special kinds of treatment.

1. The Vocabulary Entry (the term to be defined) is printed in heavy-faced type. The spelling, accent, syllable division, hyphenation, variant forms, and capitalization, are shown in the entry. If the entry is a word of more than one syllable, the syllables are indicated by a centered period [-], or by a heavy accent [’] or a light accent [’|. Each of these indicates the end of a syllable—the point where a word should be divided at the end of a line in writing and printing. The accents also show on what syllables the stress falls in pronouncing a word. In hyphened words, the hyphen marks a syllabic division of the word. When more than one spelling,or form is given, the one printed first is in general to be preferred. If the forms are of equal or nearly equal standing, they are separated by a comma (ax, axe) or by the word or (see sand-

the pronunciation, the word is respelled in the WEBSTER phonetic alphabet. (A working key to this alphabet is printed at the bottom of page 1 and of every open pair of pages in the Vocabulary; and a full key on page vii.) . In the pronunciation respelling, a heavy accent mark [’] is placed after the syllable on which the chief stress falls in pronouncing the word; a light accent mark [’] is placed after a syllable on which there is a lighter, or secondary, stress; and a centered period [-] is

placed after the syllables on which there is no stress.

In the pronunciation respelling the syllabic division sometimes differs from that of the heavy-faced entry because in the heavy-faced entry the division is according to printers’ usage; in the pronunciation respelling, the division is according to speech;

thus: dou’ble (dtib’’1).

box tree). If one form is distinctly preferFigures within the parentheses with the able, the second form is usually preceded by pronunciation refer to sections of the Guide the word ‘‘Also’”’ (see envelope, 7.) or its to Pronunciation in the Introduction, where status is otherwise plainly indicated (see additional information is given regarding the pronunciation of the word or the group of candelabrum). Proper Names and Proper Adjectives words to which it belongs. either are entered with a capital letter or are A part or the whole of a pronunciation is treated otherwise to show the capitalization often omitted when it is the same as that of a (see illuminati). Nouns which are proper word immediately preceding and may be nouns in one or more senses, but common readily supplied from such preceding entry. nouns in other senses, have the facts shown Accents and syllable division only are by bracketed notes (see dharma). given for some phrases and compounds, and Prefixes (such as pre-, sub-, un-), Suffixes for some derivatives ending in common suf(such as -ation, -hood, -ness), and Combining fixes such as -ess, -ing, -ist, -less, -ment, -ship, Forms (such as paleo-, -plasty) are entered if the pronunciation is perfectly regular and and defined. See also § 9, below. can therefore easily be learned from the sepa-

Foreign Words are indicated by prefixed parallel bars (see ||Anschluss, ||flaneur).

These are terms that occur frequently in speech and print in English, but are not yet completely Anglicized, as is shown by their being generally printed in italic type. For special types of treatment, see also §§ 9, 10, below.

rate parts.

When two or more pronunciations are recorded the general rule has been to place first the one that has been selected as preferable. Each form entered, however, has the support of good usage, and in some cases this usage is nearly or quite equally divided. Specific variations of usage have been indicated by limiting words, as often, sometimes, etc. Further explanations will be found on page

2. The Pronunciation is given, in parentheses, following the vocabulary entry. In vii and following. (xxii)

Explanatory Notes

Xxiii

3. The name of the Part of Speech follows like, or when the etymology begins with F., the pronunciation or (if no pronunciation is OF., etc., followed by a comma, the source given) the entry word. The part of speech is word in French or Latin is spelled in the same given as an italic abbreviation: n. for noun, way as the English word: front, 2. [OF ., forev. for verb, etc. (see list of abbreviations, page head, .. .] xxv). When the entry consists of two or more Occasionally, only the language source is separate words it is not labeled except, for given, the label being then preceded by clarity, in a few instances (see Nova Scotian). “from’”’ or “through.” Intermediate steps If a verb is both transitive and intransitive in an etymology are sometimes omitted, being and has more than one meaning, the Transi- indicated by the words “‘deriv. of’ (derivative tive and Intransitive meanings are usually of) or ‘‘ult. fr.”’ (ultimately from): almond, x. separated and labeled ». t. and v. ¢. respec- [From OF., ult. fr. L. amygdala, . .] tively, the second label being preceded by a Any prefix, suffix, or combining form used heavy dash (see break). If the transitive and without definition will be found defined in its intransitive definitions of a verb can be com- alphabetical place: geology, . [geo- + -logy.] bined without ambiguity or confusion, the laIn the case of many words descended origbel is v. t. & 2., for verb transitive and intransi- inally from Latin or Greek, the etymology gives also the primary Latin or Greek contive (see mismate). , stituents of the word: coleopterous, adj. [Gr. 4. Inflectional Forms (as the plural of a koleopteros, fr. koleos sheath + pteron wing.] noun, the past tense and the participles of a In words of Chinese origin, the small superior verb, and the comparative and superlative figures refer to the four tones of the Peking forms of an adjective or adverb) are given, in dialect which is the accepted standard of speech: SMALL CAPITALS (see mouse), when they are ginseng, n. ([Chin. (Pek.) jen?-shent.]. These irregular or present difficulties of spelling or tones are pitched in different keys to facilitate pronunciation. the recognition of many words that have the The plural of nouns is indicated by the same sound. prefixed italic abbreviation pl. Plurals The history of a word is in general traced formed regularly, by the addition of s or es back as far as it can be with certainty. Thus (see Orthography, § 12), are not ordinarily if a Middle English word is the only etymology given. Plurals of compounds (such as com- given, the source of the Middle English word pounds of man and berry) are often omitted is either unknown or doubtful: harbor, x. when they are formed in the same way as the [ME. herbore, herberwe.]} plurals of the main word. Ifa noun has the In accordance with these conventions, the same form in both singular and plural, the etymology of curfew [OF. cuevrefu, covrefeu, fr. label is n. sing. & pl. (see deer). When two covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] (or more) plurals are given, the first is in gen- will be read ‘‘curfew is from the Old French eral to be preferred. When different plurals word spelled either cuevrefu or covrefeu, are used for different senses of a word the which is derived from the Old French words usage is plainly indicated (see genius). See covriy meaning ‘to cover’ and few meaning also the note at the entry of plural in the ‘fire’; few is from the Latin word focus meanVocabulary. ing ‘hearth.’” The principal parts of verbs are separated by semicolons. When three forms are given 6. The Definition follows the Etymology. (see blow) the first is the past tense; the sec- Heavy-faced Arabic numerals (1., 2., 3., etc.) ond the past participle; the third the present are used to number definitions when the participle. When only two forms are given meanings are numerous or are quite divergent (see abase) the first is both past tense and from one another. Heavy-faced letters past participle. If alternative forms are (a, b. c) are used to group meanings that are given for any of the principal parts, these are set off from one another by commas (see bereave) or by words like or and also (see level). In complex situations, italic labels (past; past part.; and pres. part.) are added for complete clarity (see cleave). In the case of compound

very closely related; thus, several special senses

(as in Botany definitions) may be separately lettered and placed under one number.

In

general, the technical and scientific senses are arranged in the alphabetical order of their subject labels. So far as possible the order of verbs formed from a verb whose principal definitions is that of the historical order of parts are shown, a cross reference to the latter development of the meanings of a word. is often given instead of repeating the princia Various kinds of cross references somepal parts. For obvious compounds beginning

A mere spelling variant is entered thus: cafion. Var. of CANYON. 5. The Etymology, in square brackets, A term that has the same meaning as some precedes the definition. The following fa- more common term fully defined at its own place is often entered thus: miliar conventions are used: founder, x. Veter. = LAMINITIS. In the etymology the words in italic type are those, whether English or foreign, from A term whose meaning is recorded under the which the vocabulary word is derived; defini- entry of some other term is (if it seems to retions of the italicized words are in roman type: quire separate entry at its own alphabetical place) entered thus: cipher, x. [OF. cifre zero... ] Desdemona, 7. See OTHELLO. When the only etymology is [F.], [L.], or the with ve-, no principal parts are given; readers

should consult the main verb.

times take the place of a definition.

Xxiv

Explanatory Notes

Many proper adjectives and nouns formed The two kinds of synonymy are often comfrom geographical names are entered chiefly bined (see boast). Cross references in the synonymy: ‘See”’ for their identification with that name or for their spelling or pronunciation. As adjec- refers to a place where the word in question tives, such words have the meaning of: ‘‘Of or is itself discriminated (see feminine); “Cf.” pertaining to (the place in question)’; as refers to a place where related words are disnouns, the meaning of: ‘‘A native or inhabit- criminated (see decorous). Antonyms, when given, are in light-faced ant of (the place).”” Terms of this kind are type, following the synonyms, and are introentered thus: duced by the label Ant. The differences in Parthian, adj. & n. from PARTHIA, Gaz. (The abbreviation Gazg., sometimes omitted meaning among antonyms are often discussed where no confusion arises, indicates that under the synonymy of another word to Parthia is to be found as an entry in the which a cross reference is given. Pronouncing Gazetteer.) b. Labels, or italic epithets, are prefixed (often in abbreviated form: see page xxv) to many definitions. Subject Labels (as Law, Radio, Bot.) show the department of knowledge in which the word or the meaning occurs; Usage Labels (as Collog., Dial., Slang) show its status in actual usage; Geographical Labels indicate the area in which (only or chiefly) it is used. When such labels follow the number or letter introducing a definition, they apply only to that definition; when they precede a number or letter they apply to everything that follows them. c. Cross References, printed in SMALL CAPITALS, are made in order to guide the reader to further information. In such references in both the definitions and the etymologies: ‘‘See” leads to information that is either highly important or essential to an understanding of the meaning (see boldface, n.; and the etymology of foible); ‘“‘Cf.’”” means “compare,” and leads to useful, interesting, or related material (see impetus, 1; and the etymology of nib, 2.). For the use of cross references in connection with synonyms and antonyms, see § 7, below. A cross reference to one of two or more entries that are spelled alike, especially when the entries belong to the same part of speech, is sometimes by number thus: money, 2. [....See 2d MINT.] When the entries are of different parts of speech, a cross reference to one is usually made by ‘“‘part of speech,” thus: field of force. = FIELD, 7., 10. Cross references to entries in the Biographical Dictionary and the Pronouncing Gazetteer are indicated by means of the abbreviations

Biog. and Gaz. in the reference. 7. The Synonymy, when at the end of the entry and the label Syn. Sometimes, of a ‘word-finding”’ list of

8. Run-on Entries are placed at the end of the paragraphed entries, with an intervening light dash. Such entries are usually derivative adjectives, adverbs, and nouns, and are

of such a character that their meaning is easily inferred from the definition of the word to which they are attached (see colonize). Often, when the run-on entry is the same word as the main entry but used as a different part of speech and requiring definition, the run-on entry consists only of a short heavy dash and the part of speech label (see best). The heavy dash is to be interpreted as standing for all spellings of the entry word if more than ag is given (as: color, colour, 7.... —v.t.).

g. Lists of Self-explanatory Combinations are

inserted

frequently

after

prefixes

and

combining forms, and similar lists of combinations and phrases are sometimes given after nouns and adjectives (see non-, over-, micro-, air). These lists record the existence of hundreds of idiomatically formed expressions, and answer the question whether the terms included (and similar terms) are to be written or printed as hyphened compounds, compounds, or as two words.

as

solid

to. Phrases. Many phrases, such as those consisting of an adjective (or an attributive noun) and a noun are given main vocabulary entry in their alphabetical place (see flying buttress, mountain sheep, shore bird). Phrases that belong naturally with some main vocabulary entry have generally, however, been treated at that entry. Thus, the terms

house sparrow and English sparrow are both covered at the entry sparrow and not at their own alphabetical places. (See also covenant, electricity.) This method of treatment has

given, is placed is introduced by permitted the inclusion of information about it consists merely many two-word and three-word phrases, eswords of similar pecially names of varieties of plants and animeaning, often with semicolons separating mals, that would otherwise have been omitted words that are synonyms in one sense from for lack of space. those that are synonyms in another sense. Verb phrases are given following the entry Sometimes the synonymy contains a full of their verb, a group of such phrases being treatment of the distinction in meanings of a generally printed as a block paragraph alphagroup of words, the words to be discriminated betically arranged (see fall and make). being printed in heavy-faced type (see bodPrepositional phrases are run on, followily). A synonymy of this kind is printed as a ing an em dash, after the most important word separate paragraph, in distinctive type. of the phrase.

ABBREVIATIONS Gee, Saniaat. abou abbr., abbrev..abbreviated, abbreviation C1) ee ae ablative +++. accusative . Acoustics atte eee eees active Je ...anno Domini ap. ..adapted See eeiOn adjective Colts aera adverb, adverbial Ang!lo-French WAticas African Agriculture .. Alabama . Alchemy Algebra

. ante meridiem

. . . .

America, -ican Analytic, Analysis Anatomy Ancient . Anglican, -cized

. Anglo-Indian . Anglo-Irish . .Anglo-Latin Anonymous . answer ..Antonym . ......-Anthology Anthropol rscne Anthropology Anthropom. ... Anthropometry Antiquity, -ties . apparently April

aqua (L., water) . Arabic Arabian Aramaic

Architecture Archaeology Aras is.)ec/cletare Arithmetic

VAGaEEta eels\ rizona PAT Rates, slo oeieArkansas AMEN. oo .sos Armenian OB bainyaia\s|cistereisie article AS., A.-S. .... Anglo-Saxon GSSOC Heyes erAnions associated, -tion ASSH YN ectainite Assyrian

Assyr.-Bab. ...Assyro-Babylonian AStrol....c0000 Astrology Astron. ....... Astronomy

Gb. NO. 00.000 atomic number attrib. ........ attributive (ly) at, wt, Aug.

. atomic weight . August

aug., augm

‘augmentative

Austral. . . Australasia QUE aieeiesy ia;6 auxiliary Cli cQSACADOBOS average Ads cesic sien oe Avestan.

eaVigreusceciet Authorized

Ver

before Christ oar bundle

Belgian . between b . Bible, Biblical i ‘Bibliography i - Biochemistry _ GOR; iseis s melee Biographical Dictionary Biogeog. .....- Biogeography Bt Obatsta)s'aiatalelers Biology DS aaiereaiesstarcieis Book Bobs wane Botany, Botanical

bpl. ......... birthplace s Diluset

Braz... .. Brazilian : Bret. . ... Breton Brit. . ... Britain, British B.T.U. ......British Thermal Unit Useatersicleclenicie bushel(s) BIUP SEBO 208 Bulgarian Goceccccsccss circa (L., about), cent(s), century, cubic

(OO

ISRO ORIOGE Centigrade

Cal., Calif.

...California

hares gieieieieiee Canada, -dian Can. F. .......Canadian French

Cant. ........Cantonese

caus.

Govt. .........Government

Sie oroleaisiene os ultto. a5, veigs ee «dolar (s) doz. ..........dozen Vereoiisiele tre rarn ae)

Captain Carpentry Cartography Catholic

te baboo

. -causative

Debit,

a vislersiesie

Great Britain

Debtor,

Gunnery

Doctor .cubic centimeter (s) Celtic Dram. .......Dramatic dee 00 penny h Central Whe elee's etsisieit> ennyweight Central America (n) Dy Nsleciicise epoeywce century confer (L., comDistaeoie's a'sa\aete English, East, pare) .centigram (s) Eastern . Eastern . .centimeter-gram-

secon ch., chap. ..... chapter Haretetatetaystere]eis hur Chald. .... . .Chaldean Chem. .... . Chemistry (GUS aaoe cnn Chinese Chino-Jap. ... .Chino-Japanese Ch. of Eng.

Chiron

...Church ‘ofEngland

ieetanctets Chronicles

chron(ol). .....chronology

Cic. .. cit. ..

. Cicero ..circa (L., about)

Civ, Engin. . . Civil Engineering Clevaleiye rete centiliter (s) Classsmnrieriets Classical CMs a eteaisretseeatecentimeter(s) CO waxcateeeetas County COlnioainioa: Colonel, Colorado, Colossians Collar . College coll., colle collat. =... . Gollog..«:. «6 . Colo... 5. . COM. .-... . Conte aeiareea

Eccl(e. . Ecclesiastical Eccles. ...... Ecclesiastes Ecclus. ......Ecclesiasticus STS OO COD ALEconomics Poor Soo nOn Te edition BAUC. oo secu. Education Cs Rinevarctes eae exempli gratia (L.,

for example) EENDbsie o eictetes Egyptian Egyptol. ...... Egyptolo

Bleg errs

ERG arcceniantte England, English Engin. . Entom,

collective collateral colloquial (ly) .Colorado .common (ly) Commerce

. .Esquire

. established ...et cetera

pound

...+.. comparative

Congmas a Congregational COBJa ewer tieee conjunction, conugation

(Comptia: onnecticut CEs aooosc06 constitution COMSWishes cieatate constructed con-

.correlative . corresponding .corruption, -rupted cosine

COSEGE saiete naentate cosecant

Cosmog. ...... Cosmogony COliga aera ilarcotangent Cratasstacriote Credit, -itor Crantol.......- Craniology Craniom...... Craniometry CHUL icconterers Criminal Criminol. ..... Criminology Cite. teers: Criticism Crystallog. .... Crystallography (OS SoA eaonGd Court CO cncancae cent(s) -.eecubic

hundredweight

denarius,

-rii (L., penny, pence), died Balatersisye tore Dutch ee

....Ethiopic . .Ethnography - Ethnology ely., etym. .....etymology TES Waatalaletaye . Exodus CXC. 26

CEU.

descr.

«.....-feminine, fluid Fahrenheit French

Farriery . February feminine Feudal following eeatirataatele serefigurative (ly)

Fie fig(s). . Figure(s)

1 ET OOOO NCL OEFinance Binnsracrcensne Finnish Pisrereleleion eects flourished Hlacje weenie: Florida Plemere cieistestc Flemish EC OOO OSS Foreign formiseas sues formerly LR ogbouands . Fortification Paretetclete Sars from YF eq sVaie oe en frequentative IOP ACORGOAES Friday BriSiccaasiteiee Frisian -foot, feet

gram(s) German

Bible

i

few ntes derived, derivative . .descriptive Deuteronomy . .Dialect, -lectal . diameter Dictionary . .Dietetics different

Ut hese towne diminutive Distr ato ieDistrict disting. ....... distinguished (Ep aseechad divided

except

LtCiene es Exchange Bxronegs wenutacis Exchequer CLC ace elevate excluding exclam. . exclamation Boaehin oivss:eie aiciEzekiel

District of Columbia | DG pcre Nes December GefiKiiteny ree definition, definite deg. . degrees DEL EN AN Hee Delaware Detnncnwen. Denmark Dent eps Sacer Dentistry Depb dcr. raccSteke Department

2 Hebrew) . Heraldry High German . Hindustani . .Historical, History 5 hectoliter(s) His (or Her) Maj-

esty(’s)

Homeop. ...... Homeopathy Hordhe wads niaisye Horolo Hort... . Horticulture Hos. . . .Hosea IPs oveeesss-- horsepower Ut siedewcaut cine hour(s) Hung. ........ Hungarian Hunts sceraceveoks Huntin, Hydraul . Hydra aie (s) Hydrodyn..... Hydrodynamics Hydr0g; sfehstets Hydrography Hydros. sss.

gen. SAO Geneal.

oe - Gaelic gallon (s) eCalatians Gallo-Latin Galvanism Gazetteer General, Genesis ONS genitive, generally Genealogy

Gentleman

Geodesy . Geography . Geology . Geometry German(y)

..German East Af-

Hydrostatics a Hymnology hypothesis,

pothetical

hy-

intransitive . Island(s), Isle

-erroneous (ly) skimo especially

COMP Aeris etic composition, com-

Dojeleisvelerseraie's day,

é ‘Engineering . Entomology Ephesians . Episcopal

hour(s) . .hardness . -hectare(s) . Habakkuk

-equivalent

modore _ comb. ....... -combination

eu Oooaonaria contraction,

Electrical

Electrometal. ..Electrometallurgy Embryol. ..... Embryolo; GUAbenanced electromotive force CMDR. 0 0 ceeiiie erephatic Encyc. .......Encyclopedia

COmaeseceeeseCommander, Com-

compar.

Electric,

BAIR (S).

reek .. Grammar

C.Gu5 Ce . Celt. . Cen. . Cen. Amer. . . CONbe wciaic vane By OOGGGI5000C

correl corres, corrupt. . COS arate

Betaiste'e .. born Bab...........Babylonian Bacteriol. ..... Bacteriology Wd Siaadadocdade balance Banking barrel

oacine

SOO Coe ABO oS Cartoge ccesees (Gi odonaac a5

IN THIS WORK

Dis. .........Division

orbs). oe... capital(s)

tracted, -trasted Commicriiacact Corinthians

sion GD(OPF) sete slers sieavoirdupois

Dive

USED

-lowa

..ibidem (L., in the Feet)

Teelixe «ate letdete Icelandic id. 08 . -idem (L., the same) UEveleseleneeis eldest (L., that is) Til, .s00....--Illinois Illit. .. . Illiterate ilust. . . illustrated Illust. ........Illustration Immunol. . Immunology imp. .........imperfect tmper. ........imperative impers. .. improp. « IM. o0ese0 incho

incl. .

incor. ind. ...

Ind’.

. impersonal 3 eptoper: =» «sdnCh(es) . .inchoative inclusive incorrect (ly) . .independent

. India(n), Indiana

S7idefalelainre dette indefinite ING vecee eee indicative inf., infin. ....infinitive Unorgsvecdcucte Tnorganic

Ins. ...

. -Insurance

inst... tntens. .

. Instant . -intensive

inter. .. tnterj. ..

. interrogation . .Interjection

Internat. ...... International tnterrog. ....+- interrogatory; -tive

Tntrods veces. Introduction LOM, yale .Jonic :Trish, Ireland

CG Sixtonentcr January DGD svere center Japanese Tasers James JGas. Shee

Javanese

WE AOR Jeremiah Setonacmeetne Jewish NOt cee alaehers Joinery osh .. Joshua

Pudge tsa Kan., Kans.

Judges

..Kansas kilogram(s) .kilometer(s) . Kentucky

line, liter(s) . . Laine cates Uae oie steiateteinne

Late, Low Latin Louisiana Lamentations latitude

(xxv)

Xxvi

|

Abbreviations Used in this Work

B(s). 2002-0 pone)

Nehemiah Neptune - Netherlands

Co ooseees++.s lower case [small letter(s)] Lett, .........Lettish Lev, Leviticus .-Low German -Late Greek . Lieutenant liquid

i

ies

literal, -ally .... Literature

Ed

tae Lithuanian Bre ae Lithography lines

Soe

;

Bp onedoteS New Jersey

INO

Oe

SBSHSHA logarithm

WOttS

ye

(fh)

kh (x)

dal

d_

&)

uw sin

ss

() (m)

ae

Sila (8)

BY sadhe

ts

$

Wshin

sh

DP tav

2

¢) & ghayn

Pp, ph ©) ta

D sin

agp

pyle

© pe

ot

zta

2z (2) 33

H 7

eta

é (a)

[LTP

(s

3 af

sharp) J kif

(s)

)

ok

(k)

um

1

@

e

mim

m

(m)

nin

n(n)

(s)

(sh)

ha waw

t, th (t) Biya’

oy

, i)

(n) Si

(y)

Aine

gs

Bé

xi

2a

go)

fi

(f)

O o

omicron o (3)

Il aw pi PE Pe those

Tre T

v

©

tau upsilon

phi

X xX chi

P (p) it. rh

t (t)

psi

QO w

omega

6 (6)

(1)

(n)

(ts)

Do

,64, 6)

Ds

(a)

Bp

(p)

Uy

ch (ch, tsh)

D gtk) Teo?

Iii m

sh

Rr

(sh)

shch (shch)

—

brink cure the desired results. — bring round.

the liauor; hence, to let out; to shed, as blood.

To cause (one)

to change his opinions or conduct; to win (one), over, esp. gradually.— bring to. To resuscitate, as afainting person. — bring to bear, To cause to apply or have influ-

ence. — bring to — bring to terms.

To compel to, give an account. ‘o compel to agree, assent, or sub-

mit. — bring up. To rear; educate. brink (bringk), n. UME, brink, brenk, appar. of Scand. origin.] The edge, margin, or border at the top of a steep place; esp., the very edge. — Sym. See BORDER. brin’y (brin’Y), adj. ;BRIN‘T-ER (-I-@r); BRIN‘I-EST. Of or like Trine: salty, — beta mee, n. e

bri-oche’ (bré-dsh’; brédsh; F’. bré/6sh’),n.

[FJ

Bri-se’is (bri-sé/Ys), n.

broach

Used only in the phrase

to, to veer suddenly into the wind, so as to lay

the sails aback, and risk capsizing. broach’er (broch’ér), m.

broad (bréd), adj. breadth.

broad sea.

One who or that which broaches.

[AS. bréd.]

2. Extending

1. Wide; extended in

far and wide; spacious; as, the

3. Extended, in the sense of diffused or ex-

panded; open; clear; full. 4. Plain; obvious; as, a. broad hint. 5. Of language: a Of dialeetal nature, esp. in pronunciation. _ Coarse; indelicate; as, a broad joke. ¢ Unrestrained; outspoken. Free; unrestricted; as, broad farce. 7. Liberal; catholic; as, a broad man. 8. Extended in amount or range; extensive; as, education in the broadest sense. 9. Main and essential; as, the

A light

broad aspects of the case. 10. Phonet. a Of a vowel, uttered with a wide opening between the tongue and palate (a in father; @ in man). f the vowel a, sounded as in

P

A half curtain for the

[Gr. Brisés.]

4. To

5. To ut-

ter; publish first; introduce as a topic of conversation.

bri-quette’ (br¥-k&t’), n. [F., dim. of brique brick.) A mass of coal or ore dust pressed into a brick-shaped block; [F.}

tor the first time, as stores, a mine, ete.

broach (broch), v. 7. & ¢, Naut.

bri/o-lette’ (bré/6-lét’), nm. [F.} An oval or pear-shaped diamond cut in triangular facets. See BRILLIANT, Illust. — also spelled bri-quet’,

$3. To

enlarge, dress, or cut (a hole), by using a broach, open

roll made from yeast dough rich with eggs and butter.

||brise’—bise’ (bréz’béz’), n. lower part of a window.

brocaded

128

father, as contrasted with the @ in man.

In the Iliad,

Syn. Large, ample, roomy, expansive; tolerant. — Broad, wide are often convertible; as, a broad or wide street, ribbon, margin; but broad applies esp. to surfaces or areas as such, Wide applies also to apertures, or to that which opens or spreads; as, wide wounds; widespread. t. Narrow, strait; bigoted.

Achilles’ captive, taken away from him by Agamemnon.

Bri’sin-ga’men (bré/sén-gii’/mén), n. See FReya, brisk (brisk), adj, 1. Full of life; keenly alive or alert; energetic, 2. Of the air, sharply or freshly invigorating;

as, a brisk day; of liquors, effervescing; sparkling. — Syn, | — adv. Broadly; widely; — in phrases; as, broad awake. Alert, nimble, sprightly. See active. — Ant. Dull, slug- —n. The broad part of anything, as of the hand. gish. —v.#. 7, To make or become brisk; to enliven. broad arrow. 1. Anarrow witha broad head. 2. A mark brisk’ly, adv. — brisk’ness, n. (see the Illust.) placed upon British ordnance bris’ket (bris’két; -kit), n. [ME. brusket.] J quadruand government property, and upon the uniform peds used as food, the breast or lower part of the chest. worn by convicts. See cut, Illust. San broad’ax’, broad/axe’ (bréd/aks’), n. An ax

bris’ling (bris/ling), n. A small sardinelike European fish. bris’tle (bris’’l), nm. EAS. byrst.] A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine.

— 2. %.; BRIS/FLED (-’ld);

BRIS’/TLING (-ling). 1, To rise or stand stiff or erect, like bristles. 2. To take on an aggressive attitude, as that, of an. animal bristling. To appear as if covered_ with bristles; as, to bristle with difficulties.

—v.¢,

1. To

cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog. furnish with bristles.

3. To make

bris’tly (-I)), Ge bris’tle-tail’ (-tal), n. (orders

Thysanura

slender caudal

and

bristles.

2. To

bristly; to ruffle, —

f Any of various, insects Entotrophi)

with

with a broad blade, as any ofvarious battle-axes,

or a kind of ax used for hewing timber. broad bean. The bean Vicia faba. broad/bill’ (-bil’), ». 1. The scaup shoveler (duck).

broad’brim/ (-brim’), n._

[From Bristol, Eng.]

brit (brit), n. sing. & pl.

The young of the her-

Bri-tan/ni-a

(bri-tan’i-d; -vya), n.

[LJ

material broadcast; also, a single program of such material. — adv. So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions;

specif., so as to reach by radio transmission an unlimite number of receiving stations. — v. t.; BROAD/casT’, also, Radio, ~CAst/ED; -CAS®/ING.

cast.

1.

female figure symbolizing them. 2. [not cap.] Short for britannia metal, an alloy chiefly of tin, tableware.

and copper.

britannia ware.

it is largely used for

A

A

Ware made of britannia metal.

Bri-tan/nic (bri-tan/ik), adj.

[, Britannicus.]

1. To scatter or sow broad-

2. Radio. To send out broadcast from a radio

transmitting station, --v.7i. Radio. program, etc. — broad’cast’er, n.

Orig., Great Britain, esp, its southern part; now, Poet., Great Britain and the Dominions, or the antimony,

1. A hat with a very broad brim,

seed from the hand in sowing. 2. Radio. Transmitted by broadcasting. —. 1. A casting or scattering in all directions, as of seed from the hand in sowing. 2. Radio. a Broadcasting as a medium of transmission. b The

A kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. ring; also, certain small species of herring.

Broad Arrow, 2. 2. The

such as one worn by Quakers. 2. [cap.] Humorous. Hence, a Quaker. ; broad’cast’ (-kast’; 9), adj.. 1. Cast in all directions, as

two

Bris’tol board (bris’t’l).

duck.

Broad Church, Bristletail (Cam po-

dea). 214)

(X%

Of or

pertaining

to Great Britain; British; as, His Britannic

RITON.]

Of or pertaining to Great Britain, the British

To broadeast

a

In churches of the Anglican Communion,

a party holding liberal viewsas to doctrine and fellow. ship. — Broad’—Church’, adj. — Broad Churchman. broad’cloth’ (bréd’kl3th’; 74), n. aA fine napped and calendered woolen cloth. h A fine grade of cotton or silk cloth, having a firm, smooth surface.

‘

broad’en (-’n), v. 7. & t. To grow or make broad; to widen. | broad’~gauge! (-24j’; 2), -gauged’ (-2ajd’), adj. Having Majesty. &) Hi oncbhsr , Brit/i-cism (brit’7-siz’m), m. _ A Hnguistic usage, word, or | a gauge wider than the usual or standard gauge, as some idiom peculiar to Great Britain or the British. railways; hence, figuratively, large or generous; liberal. rit/ish (brit/ish), adj. ELAS. Brittise, Bryttise. . Cf. broad’ish (bréd’ish), adj. Somewhat broad.

Empire,or the British. of the British Empire.

British Empire.

broad jump.

Athletics,

— n. The language of the an2. The people of Great Britain or || Broad/leat’ (bréd/let’),) n.

cient Britons; Cymric,

A

The aggregation of political units under

more or less direct control of the British government. Brit/ish-er (brit/{sh-ér), n. A British subject.

British thermal unit. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1° F. at or

near its point of maximum density. Abbr. B.7.U. Brit/on (brit/tn; -’n),n. [After L. Brito, fr. ME. Breton,

fr. F. breton, fr. L. Britto a Briton or Breton.} 1. A member of one of the tribes inhabiting Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

Any of a group of varieties of

| broad’ly (bréd/l¥), adv. In a broad manner. |broad’—mind’ed (-min’déd; -did; 2), adj. ( 1 Tolerant of views. — broad/—mind’ed-ly, adv. — broad/] liberal mind/ed-ness, x. broad seal. The public seal of a country or state. broad/sheet’ (bréd/shét’), n. Print. A broadside. broad/side’ (-sid’), n. 1. Naut..a The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter. b All the guns, collectively, that can be trained to fire to one side of a ship; also, their simultaneous discharge. 2. A broad surface of any object, as of a house, etc. 3. Collog. A volley of

2. A native or subject of Great

Britain, esp. an Englishman.

brits’ka (brits’kd; Polish, brich’ki), ».

A jump for distance.

cigar tobaccos haying broad leaves.

;

[Pol. bryczka.]

A long roomy carriage, with a calash top. brit/tle (brit), adj. [From AS. bréotan

abuse.

4. Print.

A sheet of paper containing

one large page, or printed on one side only. | broad’sword/ (-sord’), 7. A sword with a broad ¢ blade for cutting rather than thrusting; esp., a Syn. Brittle, fragile, frail. Brittle refers to substances. Fragile claymore. has a wider range than brittle (as, spun glass is both brittle and fragile; to break.]

Easily broken or snapped; fragile. — brit/tle-ness, nm.

a spider’s web is fragile, but not brittle), and apphies esp. to.objects easily broken or of delicate constitution, Frail and, fragile are often convertible, but frail usually implies the greater weakness. — Ant. Tough, strong.

britz’ka, britz’ska. Vars. of BRITSKA. broach (broch), n. _ [OF. broche, fr. Celtic.]

| Brob/ding-nag (brob/ding-nag), m.v. ; Brob/dig-nag

In

Swift’s

Incorrectly, Gulliver's

(-nag/i-an), adj. & n.

Any of vari-

bro-cade’

meat, a tool for tapping casks, a reamer,

(bré-kad’), n.

[Sp. broeado; cf. ML.

brocare to prick, to.figure (textile fabrics).]

ous. pointed tools, implements, or parts, such as a spit for

roasting

(-dig-).

Travels, an imaginary country where everything is QN an enormous scale. — Brob/ding-nag’i-an

ete.

A

Broad-

rich fabric with a raised design, woven usually. of sword, —v,t, 1. Obs. To stab; to pierce, as with a spit; to fix | silk, silver, or gold, or of all three of these. — bro-cad’/ed on a spit. 2. To tap; to pierce, asa cask, in order to draw (-kad/éd; -Id), adj.

Ble,

chaotic,

charity;

cre,

Add,

@ccount,

arm,

ask,

Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect;

sofd;

=

éve,

food, fOot;

=

hére

(27),

Ai

€vent,

=

End,

out, oil; ciibe, Unite,

“y

silént,

~

makér;

=

ice,

YIl,

fim, tp, circe%s, menii;

brocatel

129

broc/a-tel’ (brdk/a-tél’), n. Also broc/astelle’.

telle, fr. It. broccatello.]

of silk

[F. broca-

heavy figured fabric, usually

and linen, formerly much used as upholstery.

broc’co-li (brok’6-li), n.

[It., pl. of broccolo sprout.]

A

hardy type of cauliflower; esp., a nonheading form (broccoli sprouts),

the green

cooked as a vegetable. broch’an (brok/iin), n.

tops and stalks of which are

__ [Gael.]

Scot. & Ir. Porridge. bro-ché’ (bré-sha’), adj. [F.] Woven witha raised figure. bro-chette’ (bré-shét’), n. [F.] A small spit or skewer.

—en

bro!chetie’ (An bré/shét’).

LF.)

Ona brochette.

bro-chure’ (bré-shir’; -shiir’), n. LF., fr. brocher to stitch.] A pamphlet; also, a treatise or article in pamphlet form.

brother

bro’mism (brd/miz’m), n.

Med.

A diseased condition

produced by the excessive use of bromine or its compounds.

bro’mize (-miz), v.t.

To treat with bromine.

bron/chi (brong’ki), ., pl. of BRONCHUS. bron’chi-a (brong’ki-a; 58), n. pl. LNL., ft. Gr. bronchia,

pl.]| Anat. The bronchial tubes, esp. the subdivisions of the bronchi. — bfon/chi-al (-al), adj. bron’chi-al tube. Any of the bronchi or their branches. bron-chi’tis (bron-ki’tis; bréng-),n. [NL., fr. bronch(o)-+ -1tis.]

Med.

Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bron-

ie plo or any part of them. — bron-chit/ic (-kit/,

a

‘J+

brock (brdk), n._ [AS. broc, of Celt. origin.] The European badger (Meles meles); — sometimes, because of the

bron/cho- (brSng’ké-). [Gr. bronehos windpipe.] A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the bronchi, as in bron/cho-pneu-mo/ni-a, bron’cho.cele,

brock’et (brok’ét; -it), n.

bron’cho-scope (-skop), n.

animal’s offensive smell, used as an opprobrious epithet. See BADGER, Jllust.

old, fr. bro’gan brogue brogue coarse brogue,

_[F. brocard fallow deer a year

broc, broche, point.] A male red deer two years old. (bro’gén; br6-gain’), n. A brogue (shoe). (brog), n. Scot. Trick; fraud. i (brog), n. [lIr. & Gael. brdg.] A kind of stout, shoe. n. [Ir. barrdg a grip, a hold, a bond (on the

tongue).]

A dialect pronunciation, esp. such as character-

izes the Irish pronunciation of English.

broi/der (broi/dér), v. ¢. origin.]

Archaic.

[F. broder, Pr. broidar, of Teut.

To embroider. — broi’der-y, n.

broil (broil), v. t. [OF. bruillir, fr. brwir, of Teut. origin.]

bron‘chor-rha/gi-a,

bron-chos/to-my,

[broncho-+--scope.]

treat other morbid conditions.

bron/chus (brong’kiis), 7. pl. -cHt (-ki).. [NL., fr. Gr. bronchos windpipe.] Anat. One of the subdivisions, esp.

thé two primary divisions, of the trachea, or windpipe. bron’co, bron/cho (bréng’k6), n.; pl. -cos, -CHOS (-k6z). {Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A small, half-wild horse or pony of the plains of western North America. bron’co-bust’er, bron’cho-bust/er (-bts/tér), n. Slang, U. One who breaks broncos; hence, a cowboy.

1. To cook by direct exposure to radiant heat, as on a

Bron’to-sau/rus (bron’td+sd/rts), n. Jurassic dinosaurs to a length of over bronze (brénz),n. 1. An alloy chiefly

over

live coals.

cessive heat.

broil, n.

To subject to great

(com-

2. Something broiled.

[F. browiller to disorder.]

a brawl; a fray.—Sym. See pisrute.

A noisy disturbance; — v.72.

To quarrel.

broiler (-ér), n.. 1. One who or that which broils. 2. A utensil, as a gridiron, used in broiling. 3. A chicken or

other bird fit for broiling. ‘ bro’kage (bro’kij), m. _The business or pay of a broker; brokerage; = now chiefly in marriage brokage. broke (brok), past & archaic.& poetic past part. of BREAK.

Hence: adj.

bro’ken

Slang. Out of funds; bankrupt.

(oS Ee

ee. part. of BREAK;

specif.: adj.

1.

Violently shattered. 2. a Fractured or ruptured; as, a broken leg. Violated by transgression; as, a broken vow. GC Made discontinuous or.changed in direction from bending; as, a broken ray. @ Interrupted; as, broken

sleep.

@ Made infirm or weak, as by disease, age, etc.

f Subdued; crushed; as, a broken spirit. g Ruined financially; bankrupt. _3. Imperfectly spoken, esp. by a

foreigner; as, broken bro’ken-ness, n.

English. —bro’ken-ly, ‘

adv. —

bro’ken-heart’ed (-hir/t&d; -tid; 2), adj.. Having spirits depressed; crushed by grief or despair. ;

the

broken wind. Veter. The heaves. — bro’ken-wind/ed (-win/déd; -dY¥d; 2), adj. bro’ker (bro’kér), n. [LONF. brokeor (QF. brocheor), fr.

brokier (brochier) to broach; orig.,a broacher, retailer of wine.] 1. One who, for a commission or fee, brings

parties together

and assists in negotiating contracts

be-

tween them. 2. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange,

etc. 3%. A dealer in securities, esp. stocks and bonds such as are dealt in by stock exchanges; a stockbroker. bro’ker-age (-ij), n. The business of a broker; also, the fee or commission for ae phere as ab rh . bro’ma (bro’ma@), n. _[NL., fr. Gr. brdma food, fr. bibroskein to eat.] a’ Med. Aliment}; food. b A form of cocoa from which the oil has ro i oe ot bro’mal (brd’mil), n. [G., fr. brom bromine + alkoho a ESL Chem.’ An oily, colorless fluid, CBr;COH, obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol. bro’mate (-mat),. Chem. Asaltofbromicacid. =». t. Pharm.

To treat or combine with bromine.

brome grass, or brome (brom), n. [L. bromos, fr. Gr. bromos, a kind of oats.] Any of a large genus (Bromus) of grasses having large, often drooping spikelets. Most species are troublesome weeds. _ :

Med.

narrow tubular instrument used for inspecting the large bronchi, and to remove foreign bodies from them or to

monly direct) heat. —v.7. To be subjected to heat, as meat over a fire. —m. 1. Act or state of broiling; an ex-

gridiron

bron-chot/o-my

(see =CELE, -RRHAGIA, -STOMY, -TOMY).

thunder +.-saurus.]_

etc., of bronze. .

Paleontol.

brown, yellowish red-yellow in hue,

of low saturation and medium

—v.t.

[NL., fr. Gr, bronté

A genus of American

of the order Sauropoda. They grew 65 feet and a height of 12 feet. [F., fr. It. bronzo, fr. ML. brundium.] of copper and tin. 2. A statue, bust, brilliance.

See conor.

To give the appearance of bronze to; to make of

bronze color. — bronz’y, adj.

Bronze Age. aA period of man’s cultural development following the Stone Age and characterized by varied use of

ronze, as in tools, weapons, etc. not caps.) Myth. The age of violence and warfare after the silver age. broo (broo; Scot. bri, brii), n. Scot., N. of Hng., & Ir. Broth; juice; water.

brooch (broch; brooch), n. [Var. of BRoAcH, n.] Anornas

mental clasp, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it:

brood (brood), n.

[AS. bréd.]

esp. of such as breed from eggs. breed; species.

—v.t.

1. The young of animals,

.2. A particular kind or

1. To sit on or incubate

for the purpose of hatching them; hence, to hatch.

(eggs)

2. To

think anxiously or moodily upon; to ponder. =v. 7. 1, To sit on eggs or cover young with the wings; — of hens; henee, to sit quietly, as if brooding. 2. To dwell continu-

ously or moodily on a subject; — usually with over or on; as, to brood over one’s wrongs.

ing purposes; as, a brood mare.

brood’er

(-€r), n.

— adj. ‘

Kept for breed-

1. A person or, animal that broods.

2. A building or enclosed place which can be artificially

heated, used for raising chicks and other young fowl. brood’y (-i), adj.

templative; moody.

a Of hens, inclined to brood.

b Con-

brook (brook), n. [AS. bréc.] A natural stream of water, smaller than a river or creek. brook, v. ¢. [AS. briican to use, enjoy.] To bear; endure; tolerate; — now chiefly with not. — Syn. See BEAR.

brook/let (-lét; -lit), n. A little brook. broom (broom; 85), n. [AS. brdm.] 1. Bot. Any of several European shrubs of the pea family; specif., the plant Cytisus scoparius, which has long slender branches, small leaves, and showy yellow, Mowers. 2. An implement for sweeping or brushing, originally one made of twigs of broom. —¥.t. Tosweep with or as with a broom. — broom’y, adj,

proom/corn’ (-kérn’), n. A tall sorghum which has a jointed stem bearing a stiff-branched elongated panicle, used for making brooms and brushes. _ broom/rape’ (-rap’), n. _a Any of various leafless rootarasitic herbs

(family Orobanchaceae,

esp. genus Oro-

anche). b The Indian pipe. bro-me/li-a’ceous (bré-m@/li-a’shiis), adj. _ [After Olaf Bromel (1639-1705), Sw. botanist.] Bot. Belonging to broom/stick’ (-stik’), n. The handle of a broom. a large family (Bromeliaceae) of monocotyledonous tropi-

cal plants, including the pineapple.

:

bro’/mic (bro’mik), adj. Chem. Of or containing bromine, esp. in its valence of five; as, bromic acid, HBrO,.

bro’mide

(bro’/mid; -mid), nm.

Also -mid.

1. Chem.

A binary compound of bromine with another element or a

radical.

2. Slang. a A cormmonplace or tiresome person.

b A flat, commonplace statement or notion. — bro-mid’ic (bré-mid/ik), adj.

bro/mi-nate (bro’/m%-nat), v.t.

bromine. — bro/mi-na’tion, 7.

bro’mine (bro’mén; -min),

n._

‘

:

Chem. To combine with F

Also bro’min.

([Gr. bro-

mos bad smell.]

Chem.

Anelement, normally a deep-red

smelling vapor.

Symbol, Br; at. no., 85; at. wt., 79.916.

caustic liquid emitting an irritating,

reddish-brown,

ill-

brose (brdéz),n. [ME. browwys, browesse. See BREWIS.] ‘Scot. A dish made by, pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal) and stirring it.

broth (br8th; 74), n. Boe Liquid in which meat, and often barley, rice, etc., have been gently boiled; thin soup. broth’el (brdéth’é1; brdth’él; -’l), mn. [ME,, fr. AS. bréothan to ruin, destroy, past part. brothen.]

or ill fame.

rm

A house of lewdness

Fe

broth/er (brtith’ér), n. ;pl. -ERs (-Erz) or, Archaic, BRETHREN. [AS. brdthor.] A male considered in his relation to another person or animal having the same parents (whole brother), or one brother). 2. A kinsman or race; in a more general ber of a profession, trade

pareht only in commen ee of a common family, fatherland, sense, a fellow mah, fellow miemunion, etc. 3.fel A member Paiet of 3 Aaah)

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdure (118); K= ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z

in azure.

Numbers scfer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary. ||Foreign Word.

Brynhild

130

brotherhood

men’s religious order who is not preparing for, or not yet ready for, holy orders; as, a lay brother. dress or treat as a brother.

—v.t.

To ad!

broth’er-hood (briith/ér-hddd), m. 1. State or quality of being brothers or,a brother. 2. An association for any

purpose, asa society of monks; a fraternity, guild, etc. 3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business or profession; as, the legal brotherhood. broth’er—-in-law’, 1.; pl. -ERs-1n-LAW. The brother of

one’s husband or wife; also, the husband of one’s sister. Broth’er Jon’a-than. Humorous. The United States. broth’er-ly (briith’ér-l¥), adj.. Of or pertaining to broth-

brume ter.]

(broom), n. LCF., mist, winter, fr. L. bruma winist; fog; vapors. — bru’/mous (broo’mits), adj.

brum/’ma-gem (brtim’a-jém), adj. [From Birmingham, Eng., a great market for gilt toys, etc.; Slang. Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. bru-nei’, bru-nette’ (DECeRs adj. F. brunet, bru-

nette, dim. of brun, fem. brune, brown, Of dark pigmentation;

having

brown

brown or black hair and eyes.

bru-net’, n. masc., bru-nette’, fem. predominant

brunet traits.

Brun/hild (broon’hilt), n._

[G. Brunhilde, MHG. Briin-

hilt, OHG. Brunthilt, a Valkyrie]

broth’er-li-ness, n.

later tames for Gunther.

adv.

brougham bro0’/um;

As a brother; affectionate; kindly. —

(broom;

bro/%m),.

(alll

n.

J i

[After Lord B rougham (1778-1868) .]

i

|

ass Ai

ai 4

having

|

roof over the driver’s seat, usually gasoline-driven.

brought (brét), past & past part. of BRING. [AS. 6ra.]

1. The eyebrow.

2. The

edge or projecting upper part of a steep place; as, the brow of a hill. 3. The forehead. 4. The general air of the

countenance; formerly, eflrontery; boldness. brow’beat’ (brou’bét’), v.t.; see BEAT. To depress or abash with haughty, stern looks or speech; to bully. brown (broun), adj. [AS. brin.] Of the color brown;

also, tanned or of dark complexion...

—n.

Any of a

group of colors averaging red-yellow in hue, of low satura-

See conor, 2. Any pigment or —v.¢. & 7. To make or become

brown algae. Bot. Algae of a class (Phaeophyceae) in which brown pigments mask the green. brown bread. U.S. Dark-colored steamed bread made usually of rye and. Indian meal, graham or wheat flour, molasses, soda, and milk or water.

brown coal. Lignite. Brown/i-an (broun/i-dn), adj. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the Brownian movement or motion, the rapid vibratory movement exhibited by microscopic particles suspended in a fluid. brown/ie (broun’Y), n._ 1. A good-natured goblin supposedto perform helpful services by night. 2. A member of a division of the Girl Guides for girls from 8 to 11 years. 3. A kind of small chocolate cake containing nuts. brown/ish (ish), adj. Somewhat brown. brown rice. Rice removed from the hulls but not polished, retaining the bran layers and most of the germs.

brown rot.

A

disease of stone and pome fruits caused by

certain fungi (genus Sclerolinia, esp. S. fructicola).

brown shirts. The Nazis. brown/stone’ (broun’stdn’), n. A reddish-brown sandstone used for building. brown study. A mood of serious absorption; reverie. Brown Swiss. An animal of a hardy breed of dairy cattle. brown’—tail’ meth. Also brown’tail’ (broun’tal’), n. tussock moth (Huproctis chrysorrhea) injurious to trees.

browse (brouz), m.. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot.] Tender shoots, twigs, and leaves, fit for food for cattle.

—v.t.

& 7. 1. To eat or nibble off as browse.

graze. 3. To read here and there in a book or ina — brows/er (brouz/ér), n.

2. To

library.

bruc/ine (br0os/én; -in), n. _Also bruc/in (in). [After yates Bruce, Scot. traveler.] Pharm. A poisonous alkaoid, CasHlagN Os, found, with strychnine, in the seeds of nux vomica and other plants of its genus (Sirychnos).

bru/in (bro0’in), n. bruise (bro0z), v.t.

[D., brown.] bear. LAS. brysan and OF. bruisier to

break, shiver, of Celt. origin.]_

1. To inflict a bruise on;

to contuse. 2. To break, as in a mortar; to crush. Figuratively, to wound or hurt, as the feelings. — Sym. Batter, pound; pulverize, triturate. — v.27. 1. To inflict a bruise or bruises. 2. To show the effects of, bruises. —n. A surface injury to flesh, without laceration, pro-

duced by a blunt instrument or a collision; a contusion. bruis’er (brooz/ér), n. A professional boxer; a pugilist. bruit (broot), n. LF., fr. LL. rugitus a roar, and the source of F. bratre.] Archaic. a Clamor; din. b Report; ru-

mor. —v.t. Now chiefly passive. To rumor or noise. brul’yie, brul’zie (brool’i; briil/yi), n. [See BROIL a brawl.] Scot. & N. of Hng. A disturbance; a broil. ||Bru/maire’ (brii/mar’), nm. [F.] See REVOLUTIONARY

CALENDAR.

bru/mal (bro0’mdl), adj. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma win-ter.]

Of or pertaining to winter; winterlike.

file, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

See Stecrriep.

[OF. broisse (F. brosse), prob. of Teut.

origin. ] device composed of bristles, wire, etc., set in a suitable back or handle and used for cleaning, scrub-

like that of a coupé, but

brown.

wins and

stress or strain in any Contention.

brush (british), n.

a

tion and low brilliance. dye which colors brown.

by magic,

When she learns the deceit from

brunt (briint), n. 1. Obs. An onset; attack. 2. The force (of a blow) or the shock (of an attack) ;also, the chief

Brougham. larger, usually electri5 cally driven, or (2) like that of a limousine, but without a

(brou), n,

In the Nibelwngen-

Siegfried,

Briin/ne-hil/de (briin’?-hYV/dz), n.

closed body either (1)

brow

lied, a young queen whom

Siegfried’s wife, Kriemhild, she induces Hagen to murder Siegfried.

light, closed. carriage, with seats inside for two or four. 2. An automobile

d

A person displaying

:

ers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as, broth-' erly love.

fr. OHG. briin.]

or olive skin and

Add,

dccount,

rm,

bing, painting, etc.

etc.

2. The bushy tail of a fox, squirrel,

Act of brushing; a rubbing or grazing with a

quick motion. 4. Hlec. a One of two or more plates, rods, or bundles of some conducting material, esp. copper or carbon, bearing against a commutator, collector ring, or slip ring, and providing a passage for electric current.

b A brush discharge. 5. Optics. A striated bundle of light rays, usually of feeble intensity. — brush’y, adj.

— v.t. 1. To rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. 2. To pass lightly over, as if with a brush;

passing. |

of brushing. perceived;

anything. brush, n.

to touch

in

To remove by brushing, or by an act like that — v.72.

to move

To move so lightly as scarcely to be

so

as to graze,

skim

[OF. broche, broce, brouce.]

over,

or sweep

1. Branches of

trees lopped off; brushwood. 2. A thicket of shrubs, bushes, small trees, etc. — brush’y, adj. brush, v.z. [ME. bruschen torush.] To move nimbly in haste; to rush. brush, nm. 1. A skirmish; a short, brisk encounter. 2. A brisk run or gallop. —

Syn. See ENCOUNTER.

brush discharge. A luminous, feathery discharge of electricity between two terminals, accompanied by a hissing sound but without a spark. brush’wood’ (brtish’wood’), m. [From BrusH branches.] The wood of small branches, esp. when cut or broken; also, a thicket of shrubs and small trees.

brusque (briisk; brodsk; F’. briisk), adj.

LF., fr. It. brusco

brusque, broom. ]

rough, fr. iis bruscum, bruscus, butcher’sRough and short in manner; blunt; abrupt. —

Brassica

oleracea

Syn. See BLUFF. — brusque/ly, adv. — brusque/ness, n. ||brus/que-rie’ (briis/ké-ré’), m. [F.J] Brusqueness. Brus/sels car’pet (briis/@lz; -’lz). [From Brussels, Belgium.] A carpet made of colored worsted yarns fixed in a web of strong linen thread. The worsted is drawn up in loops to form the pattern. Brussels lace. Any lace made in Brussels; specif., a kin of bobbin lace in which the pattern is made first, and id ground put in around it afterwards. t Brusseis sprouts. The edible small green heads, or “sprouts,” borne on the stem of the plant :

the cabbage and plant. | ¢ brut (briit), adj.

gemmifera,

cauliflower;

related to

also, the E [¥.] , Of wines, dry;

specif., of champagne, with one per cent or less of liqueur. bru/tal (broo/tdl; -t’l), adj. Of or pertaining to a brute; brutish; hence, savage; cruel; also, coarse; gross. — bru/tal-ly, adv. bru-tal/i-ty (broo-tal’7-ti), n.; pl. -rres (-tiz). State or quality of being brutal; savageness; also, a brutal act.

bru/tal-ize (broo/tdl-iz), v. t.: & ¢ To (40) miake or become brutal, unfeeling, or inhuman. — bru/tal-i-za’tion, n. brute oe adj. _ LE. brut, masc., brute, fem., rough, rude, fr. L. brutus irrational.] Not possessing reason;

unthinking; as, a brute beast. 2. Without life or sensibility; inanimate; soulless; as, the brute powers of nature. 3. Of, relating to, or characteristic of, a brute beast;

hence: a Brutal; cruel; savage. Coarse; sensual. — Syn. Brutish, animal, bestial, beastly. —n. 1. A beast. 2. A brutal person. 3. The animal passions and appetites in man. —

bru/ti-fy (bro0’t?-f1), v. . € 7.

brut/ish (broot/Ysh), adj.

Syn. See ANIMAL.

To brutalize.

Of, relating to, or like, a brute or

brutes; irrational; stupid; gross; rude. — Syn. Tnsensible; unfeeling, savage, cruel, brutal, barbarous, inhuman; carnal, sensual, bestial. — -ish-ly, adv. — -ish-ness, n.

Bryn/hild

(briin/hilt),

n.

[ON.

Brynhildr.J)

Norse

yth. A Valkyrie who, disobeying Odin, is condemned to

ask,

sofa;

Eve,

here (27),

évent,

dnd,

silént,

Sld, Gbhey, Grb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, tinite, Gn,

makér;

ice,

Yl,

Wp, circéis, ment;

bryological

Brynhild procures the murder of Sigurd, but slays herself

with the same sword and is burned on the same pyre. bry-ol’o-gy_

(bri-6)’/6-ji), nm.

buckshot

131

become a mortal. Sigurd wakes her from her enchanted sleep, but afterwards forgets her and marries Gudrun.

[Gr. bryon moss + -logy.]

The branch of botany which relates to the bryo hytes (mosses and liverworts). — bry’o-log’i-cal (bri/6-16j/1-k al),

‘ adj. — bry-ol’o-gist (bri-5)/6-jist), n.

1. To throw by bucking.

oppose; resist.

2. Collog.

Amer. Football.

To butt; also, to

To charge into (the

opponents’ line). — puck/er, n. buck up. Collog. a To dress up. b To take heart. buck (bik), adj. Male; as, buck shad. buck, n. [(D. zaagbok sawbuck.] 1. U.S. A sawhorse; asawbuck.

2. Gymnastics.

A short, thick, leather-cov-

ered vaulting block, usually adjustable for height.

bry’o-ny (bri/6-ni), n.; pl. -nres_(-niz).

[L. bryonda, fr. buck, n.. Eng. A basket for catching eels. Any ofa genus (Bry- buck/a-roo’ (btik’a-rd0’; buk’a-rd0’), n. Also buck-ay’ro

Gr. brydnia, fr. bryein to Saeed onia) of tendril-bearing plants of the gourd family. bry’o-phyte (-fit),. (Gr. bryon moss+ -phyte.] Any of

the mosses or liverworts (phylum Bryophyta). — bry/ophyt’ic (-fit’/ik), adj.

bry’o-zo’an (bri/6-z0’dn), adj. [Gr. bryon moss+ 20 life.]

ool.

Belonging to,a class (Bryozoa) of aquatic,

mosily

marine, animals which reproduce by budding and usually

form permanently attached colonies, often of a delicate,

branched, mosslike form, or flat and incrusting stonesor seaweeds. — bry/0-z0/an, n.

Bryth/on (brith’dn), n.

[W.]

A Briton.

Bry-thon/ic (bri-thon/ik), adj. | Of, belonging to, or designating, that division of the Celtic languages which includes

Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. bu’ba-line (bii’ba-lin; -lin), adj. _Of or belonging to the

group of antelopes typified by the hartebeest and the topi. bu’ba-lis (bu’bd-lis), m. Also bu/bal, bu/bale (-bdl). L. bubalis, fr. Gr. boubalis an African antelope.) A large antelope (Alcelaphus boselaphus) of Egypt, the Sahara, Arabia, and Syria, closely related to the hartebeest.

bub/ble (bitb’’l), m.. 1. A small globule of airor gas within aliquid. 2. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as, to blow soap bubbles. 3. A globule of air, ora globular vacuum, ina transparent solid; as, bubbles in window glass. 4. Anything that wants firmness, solidity, or reality; a false show;a delusive scheme. . bubbling, as of boiling or flowing water; also, a sound like that_of bubbling. — v. 1.; BUB/BLED (-’ld); BUB/BLING (-ling).

1. To rise in,

or form, bubbles; to foam. To run or pour_out with a gurgling noise, as if forming bubbles. —v.¢. 1. To send out in, or as in, bubbles; to cause to bubble. 2. Archaic. To cheat; deceive; delude. — bub/bly (-li), adj.

bubble and squeak. Beef and cabbage fried together. bub/bler (btb/lér), m. A drinking fountain from which a stream of water bubbles upward. : bu/bo

(bi/bo),

n.;, pl. -Bors

(-bdz).

[LL., the, groin,

swelling in the groin, fr. Gr. boubdn.]

. Med.

An inflam-

matory swelling of a lymph gland, esp. in the groin.

bu-bon/ic (bii-bdn/ik), adj. Of, or attended with, buboes. bubonic plague. Med. A pestilence in which sufferers are afflicted with fever and chills, prostration, and buboes.

bu-bon/o-cele (bii-bon’dssél), nm. (Gr. bowbdn groin + -cele.)|_ Med. An inguinal hernia, esp. onein which the

hernial pouch descends only to the groin, forming a swelling. buc’cal (bik/dl; -’l), adj. [L. bucca cheek.] Anat. Of or pertaining to the cheeks or the cavity of the mouth. buc/ca-neer’ (bik/da-nér’), n.. [F. bowcanter, fr. boucaner

to smoke meat on a wooden frame.]_ A pirate; esp., one of the freebooters preying upon early Spanish American ves-

sels and settlements, in the 17th and 18th centuries. bue/ci-na’/tor (biik/si-na/tér), n. [L., a trumpeter, ultimately

fr. bwcina,

buccina,

buck/board’ (biik’bord’; 70), x.

A four-wheeled driving

vehicle having an elastic platform carrying the

;:

seat.

buck-een’ (bik-én’), n. In Ireland, a young man aping the style.of living of the rich. buck/et (buk/ét; -Yt), n.

{>

Ree Uae ds AS: bie aos vessel, pitcher. ‘ J vessel for catching, holdBuekbooed ing, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids, or salt, coal,

ashes, etc.; a pail. 2%. Hence, something resembling a bucket, as one of the receptacles, floats, or paddles on the

rim of a water wheel, one of the cups of an endless-belt type of conyeyer, the valved piston of a lifting pump, ete. —v.t. 1. To draw or lift in or as if in buckets. 2. To ride (a horse) hard or mercilessly; hence, Collog., to drive or push forward hurriedly, -— v.27. 1. Collog., Eng. To

drive or push forward rapidly; to hurry..

2. Stock Deal-

ting. To deal with (an order) in or as in a bucket shop. — buck’et-ful, n.

bucket shop. An office where facilities are given for making bets in the form of orders or options based on current exchange prices of securities or commodities, but without any actual buying or selling of the property. buck’eye/’ (biik’1’), n. [buck animal -++ eye; — from the appearance of the seed.] % Any of several shrubs and trees (genus Aesculus, esp. A. glabra) resembling the horse chest-

nut.

2. [cap.] Collog., U.S.

A native of Ohio, the Buckeye State.

buck fever.

Collog., U.S. Ex-

citement at the sight of game, such as often umnerves a novice

in hunting,

buck’hound’ (btik’/hound’), n. buck/ish, adj.

Buckeye (A. ; glabra).}.

and Fruit.

Leaf

(42)

The Scottish deerhound.

Dandified; impetuous. — -ish-ly, adv.

buck/le (bik’’"l),n.

~

[OF. bocle, boucle, boss of a shield, fr.

L. buccula, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss resembling a cheek.] 1. A fastening for two loose ends, as of a belt or strap. 2. A similar device of ornamental design, used esp. by women, on girdles, shoes, etc. 3. Archaic. Akind

of crisp curl of hair.

A thin

— v.t.; BucK/LED (-’ld); BUCK’LING (-ling). 1. To fasten with a buckle. 2. To apply (oneself) with vigor. — v.17.

(CGr. bows ox + kentauros

1. Toprepare oneself for an undertaking, as, orig., by buckling onthe armor; hence, to apply oneself with vigor; — often with toordownto. 2. Tostruggle; grapple; contend,

trumpet.]

Anat.

broad muscle forming the wall of the cheek.

bu-cen’taur (bi-stn’t6r), n.

(btik-a/rd), [Corrupt. of Amer. Sp. vaquero cowboy.] Western U.S. & Canada. A broncobuster; a cowboy. buck bean. A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) growing in bogs, and having racemes of white or purplish flowers.

centaur.

fabulous monster, half ox, half man. , 2. [It. bucen- * toro.] State

buck’le, v.¢. & 7. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to crumple up; as, the freight train buckled in the middle. — 7. A distortion, as a bulge, bend, kink, or twist in a beam web, a tube, etc.

buck/ler (bik/lér), x.

barge of Ven-

ice in the time

of the doges.

Ree

Bu.ceph/a-lus

:

ntaur.

2

(900)

(bi-sef/d-lus), n.. CL., fr. Gr. bowkephalos, lit., ox-headed.] The war horse of Alexander the Great.

[OF. bouwcler a shield with a boss,

fr. bocle, boucle, boss.. See 1st BucKLE.] 1. A kind of shield worn on one of the arms to protect the front of the body. 2. Figuratively, one who or that which protects or defends. —v.t. To shield or defend. A domineering, buck’o (btik’d), .; pl. BUCKOES (-6z). bullying fellow; a bully. °

Buch/man-ism (book’mdn-iz’m), n.. [After Frank Buch- buck’ra (bik’ra),n. [In a Calabar coast dial. makara, man (b. 1878), its founder.] | A religious movement or cult mbakara.) A white man; master. == adj. White; white which professes a return to primitive Christianity, stressing

the confession of sin. — Buch’man.-ite (-it), n. buck (bitk), n. Now Dial. 1. Lye or suds in which clothes

are washed.

wash.

buck, x.

—v.t.

2. The cloth,

clothes, etc., so washed; a

Now Dial. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds.

[AS. bucca, buc, he-goat.]

1. The male of deer

or antelopes, or of goats, hares, rabbits, and rats.

2.

dashing fellow; a dandy. 3. Collog., U.S. A male Indian ornegro. 4. {E rom the verb.] The act, or an instance, of bucking; specif., Amer. Football, a charge into the oppos-

ing rush line.. 5. Poker. A counter or other object, possession of which by the dealer requires a jack pot. The

buck the buck, said

goes to the winner of each jack pot. Hence, to pass buck, to shift a responsibility to someone else. v.7. 1. To spring with a quick plunging leap; — of a horse or mule. 2. Collog., U.S. To charge

against something as if butting; as, to buck against fate. 3. Collog.

chair;

To start or move jerkily, asanenginc.

go; sing;

then, thin; natiire, verdre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

—v.¢,

(118);

man’s; strong; good.

Both Orig. Negro Dial.

buck’/ram (biik’/rdm),. (OF. boquerant, fr. Per. Buchara Bokhara.] 1. Formerly, a fabric of fine linen or cotton for garments. 2. aA coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with sizing. b A similar cloth of cotton, used for binding books, for wrappers, etc. 3%. Stiffness; precise formality. — adj. Made of buckram; hence, stiff; pree cise. —v.é. To strengthen with buckram; to make pretentious.

buck’saw’

(biik’s6’), n..

A saw

set in a deep H-shaped frame, used for sawing wood on a saw-

buck, or sawhorse. buck’shee (btik’/shé; btk/shé), adj. (See BAksaErsu.] Brit. Army Slang.

Free of charge; gratis.

:

buck/shot’ (bittk’shdt)), n. A coarse leaden shot for large game. K=ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

Bucksaw.

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

buckskin buck/skin’” (Uk/skin}, n.

1. The: skiniof a buck:

2.

a pl. Beeeohes oni of buckskin: b Ax person: clothed:in buckskin, esp. [cap.] an American.soldier of the Revolu-

tionary War. Western U.S. A buckskin-colored horse. 3. A strong soft leather, usually yellowish or grayish. 4. Gream-white, closely woven, woolen. cloth (buckskin. cloth.— huck’skin/, adj:

bac ‘thorn’ (-thérn’),. 7,

1. Any of a genus (Rhamnus, ‘amily Rhamnaceae) of trees or shrubs, some of which ave thorny branches, 2. A sapotaceous tree (Bumelia pave, (hon of the southern United States.

buck’tooth’ (-tooth’), n.. Any tooth that juts out. _ buck’wheat’ (-hwét’), n.. [buck beech tree+ wheat.] 1. An herb of the genus, “agopyrum

cultivated asa food plant.

Peerage [L. bucolicus, fr. Gr. bowkoli-

mae fr. ee oS cowherd,

—

(family Polygonaceae),

2. The triangular seed’ of this

plant ground into flour. u-col’ic (bi-kdI/ik), adj.

herdsman.] _ Pastoral; rustic.

Syn. See RURAL. — n- 1. A pastoral poem; an eclogue

of idyl..

2.. Humorous, A-rustic; a farmer. — bu-col’i-

Gal, adj, — bu-col/i-cal-ly, adv.

bud (bid), 2.

(ME. buddel

of Ash (Frazimus).

===

EE. dial., to cleanse ore

also 4 vessel for this purpose.] Mining. An incline trough or plané on which crushed ore is washed by running [NL., after Adam Bud-

dle (d. 1715), Eng. botanist.}” Any of a genus (Buddleia) of showy shrubs or trees gently Loganiaceae) of warm regions, with clusters of yellow or violet flowers.

bud/dy (biid’t), n. ; pl.-pins (ia). Collog., U.S. Companion; mate; pal; also, Mil. Slang, tentmate.. budge (bij), n. A fur prepared from lambskin dressed with

the wool outward. —adj. 1. Lined with budge, as a scholar’s gown. 2. Dial. Austere; pompous; solemn. budge (bis), v. ¢..& 7.; BUDGED (bujd); BuDG/ING (biij/ing).

{F. bouger to stir, fr.L. bullire., See BoiL, v.] ‘To move or stir in spite of inertia or disinclination; — usually with a negative.

budg’et (biij/ét; -ft), nm.

OF. boge, bouge, leather

:

&

b Either of these shrubs; — called’ also buffalo bush. buffalo bug. The carpet beetle.

buffalo fish.

Any of several large fishes of the sucker fam-

[From Burr to deaden the:shock.

bag, fr. L. bulga.]

strike; slap.

2. Fo strike repeatedly; also, to-strive with

or contend against.

=v. 7. 1. To strike; contend.

ag or

3. Li

[F.] 1. Asideboard, often without mirror. 2. A cupboardor set of shelves for the display of plate, china, ete: 3. (b00-fa/; boofa; I. bii/fé’) A counter for refreshments ' a restaurant, as at a railroad station.

Mach.

A wheel covered with

A man who makes a business of amusing others, by tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a clown. — Syn. Fool, zany, jester. — but-foon/er-y, n. — buf-ioon/ish, adj. bug (bitzg),n. CME. bugge; akin to E. big.] 1. Obs. A bugbear; bogy. 2. a In popular language, an insect of almost any kind, esp. a beetle, or an insect which creeps or _erawls like a beetle;.as, the potato bug. b The bedbug. bug/a-hoo! (biig’é-boo’), m. [bug goblin + boo, interj.] An imaginary object of fright; a bugbear; a bogy. bug’/bane’ (btig’ban’), m. A perennial herb (Cimicifuga racemosa) with flowers supposed to be distastefulto insects.

bug’bear’ (-bar’), n. fbue goblin + bear the animal.] A kind of imaginary goblin or specter, used to excite needless fear, as in children; now, any object of dread.

bug’ger (btig’ér), n. LF. bougre, fr. ML. Bulgarus a Bulgarian, also a heretic, sodomite. | A sodomite. 2. A low wretch; also, sportively, chap; person.

bog ger

n.

Sots.

tig’l),, adj.

In-

ug’gy, n.; pl. -GIES (-iz). A iieht vehicle or carriage.

My

(bi’g’1),

L. bugula.]

n.

CF., fr.

Any ofa genus

(Ajuga, esp. A. reptans) of Buggy. mintlike plants with spikes of blue flowers, adventive in the United States. bu’gle, n. (COF., fr. L. buculws a steer, dim. of bos ox.

1. A horn used by hunters. 2. Music. _ A brass-wind instrument with a cupped _mouth-

the buffalo, or of the oe elt

picce like the trumpet but haying a shoricc and more conical tube. _ It is sometimes keyed.

—v.t.

buffing wheel. : — adj. Made of or like buff; of the color of buff.

—v.t.1.

To polish with a buff.

buif, n. slow.

[OF. buffe. See Burrer a blow.]| w Dial., exc. in “blindman’s buff.”

2. To give a buff or vel-

vety surface to (leather); also, to color or stain buff.

A buffet; a —v. t. & 7.

‘o take, or deaden, the shock (of), as a buffer. biif/fa-lo (biif’a-l5), n.; pl. -LOES, -Los (-léz), -to. _ [Pg. tiifalo or It. buffalo, bufalo, fr. L. bufalus, bubalus, a

file, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Hdd,

d@ccount,

firm,

2.

1s make one’s way, as- by blows or struggling. — buf/et-er, 7. but-fet’ (b00.fa" or, esp. Brit., bufret; -it; F. bii/fé), nm.

ug/g

try for a period of time; also, a plan for financing a govern-

on such a statement.

See

A worker or machine that buffs; or polishes

[I. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of rested wk —

sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store. 2. A financial statement of estimated income and expenses of a counment; based

(Cs

beola), allied. to the goldeneye. ||buf’fo (bdof’f5), n. masc.; pl. BUFEI (-f@). [It.J] A bass singer of comic roles in: opera. buf-foon’ (bit-foon’; bi-),n. LF. bouffon, fr. It. buffone.}

attainable, and that. the way. of escape is the “Eightfold Path” of right belief, right [ra resolve, right. word, right act, right life, ¢

3

A

CoperBhaalor

buf’fle-head’ (bif/’]-héd’), n. [From obs. buffle buffalo+ ead.] A small North American duck (Charitonetta ad-

fess, from niortaéHty, is the highest goal

—Seée catx.]

[L. calcarius pert. to

Of the nature of, consisting of, or con-

taining, calcite, or calcium carbonate; also, containing calcium; as, calcareous soils. cal/ca-rif’er-ous (kal/ka@rif/€r-tis), adj. LL. calcar spur + -ferous.) Spur-bearing. cal/ce-i-form’ (kal/sé-7-f6rm/; kal-sé’7-form), adj. [L. calceus shoe + -form.] Shaved like a slipper, as the lip in flowers of certain orchid: cal/ce-o-la’ri-a (kal/st-6-la’ri-a), n.__ [NL., fr. L. calceo-

lariws shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.]

Any of a genus (Calceolaria) of tropical American plants of the figwort family, having pouch-shaped flowers. ||jcal’ces (kal’séz), n., pl. of CALX.

Gal’chas (kal’kds), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kalchas.] Iliad, a priest of Apollo in the Greek army before cal/cic (kal’/sik), adj. _[L. calx, calcis, lime.] Derived from, or containing, calcium or lime. cal-cif/er-ous (kal-sif’ér-tis), adj. {I. calx, calcis, -ferous.]

In the Troy. Chem. lime +-

Producing, or having, calcite.

eal-cif’ic (ik), adj. Calciferous. cal/ci-fi-ca/tion (kal/s7-fi-ka’shiin), n. 1. Process of calcifying; deposition of insoluble lime salts in a tissue, etc.

2. A calcified structure.

|

cal’/ci-fy (kal’s7-fi), v.t. & 7.; -FleD

(Id); -ry/Inc.

[L.

calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] To make or become stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of Jime salts. cal/ci-mine (kal’/si-min; -min), n. Also kal/so-mine

(kal’sé-). LL. calz, calcis, lime.] wasn for a ceiling or other plastering.

A white or colored == v.¢. To wash or

cover with calcimine: . cal-cine’ (kil-sin’; kal’sin; -sin), v.¢ &7. LF. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime.] 1. To make or become powdery by action of heat.

2. To oxidize, as by heat.

3. To frit. —

cal/ci-na’tion (kal/si-na’shiin), n. — cal-cin’a-to/ry (kalsin/a-to/ri; -tér-¥; kal/sin-), adj. & n. calcite

(kil’sit), n.

CL. calz, calcis, lime.]

Mineral.

Calcium carbonate, CaCOs, crystallized in hexagonal form,

thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. cal’/ci-um (kil’si-tim), n. _(UNL., fr. L. calz, calezs, lime.] Chem. A silver-white soft metal, occurring only in combination. Symbol, Ca; at. no., 20; at. wt., 40.08. calcium carbide. A crystalline solid, CaC, often resem-

bling gray limestone, used for generating acetylene, etc.

calcium chioride.

A crystalline compound, CaCk, which,

jn its anhydrous state as a white porous solid, is used as a drying agent, for laying dust, etc.

cale/—sin/ter (kilk/stn/tér), n.

[G. kalksinter, fr. kalk

lime + sinter sinter.} Calcareous sinter. calc’—spar’, cale/spay’ (-spiir’), n. Calcite. caic’—-tu’fa, cale’—tuff’, n. Calcareous tufa. cal’cu-la-ble (kal/kti-ld-b’l), adj. Subject to, or ascertainable by, calculation; hence, dependable.

cal/cu-late (-lat), v.¢. [L. calculatus, past part. of caleulare to calculate, fr. calculus a stone used in reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, limestone.]

To determine by mathemati-

cal processes; to reckon; compute. 2. To design or adapt for a purpose; as, calculated to succeed. 3. Collog., U.S. Yo plan; expect; “reckon.” —v. 7 To forecast consequences; estimate. 2. To count or rely; — with on.

ale, chaotic,

charity;

c&re,

Add,

calibrator

142

calamine cal/a-mine (kil/a@-min; -min), n.

G@ccount,

arm,

ask,

sofa;

cal/cu-la/tion (kal/ki-la/shtin), n.

1. Act or process, or re-

sult, of calculating; computation; reckoning; also, forecast. 2. Discretion; caution; care. — Sym. See PRUDENCE.

—cal/cu-la’tive (kal’kii-la/tiv), adj.

cal’cu-la/tor (kal/ku-la’tér), n. [L.J], 1. One who calculates. 2. A book of tables for facilitating computation. 8. A calculating machine (for the mechanical performance

of mathematical operations). cal/cu-lous (-liis), adj.

Med.

a calculus or calculi.

Caused or characterized by

cal’cu-lus (-lus), n.; pl. -11 (-li), -LusEs (-lts-éz; -{z) (in

sense 2 ¢).

See catcuLaTE.]

1. A solid concretion

formed in the body, asin the bladder or kidneys.

2. Math.

a A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics involving calculation. b Specif., a method of analysis, usually called differential calculus when dealing with the rate of change of a variable function, and integral calculus when concerned with the theory and application of integrals,

their

evaluation,

derivation,

etc.

cA

book

or

treatise on this science. cal/dron, caul’dron (k6l/drun), n. LONF, caudron, cauderon, fr. L. caldartus suitable for warming, fr. calidus warm, fr. calere to be warm.] A large kettle or boiler.

\ljca/léche’ (ka/lésh’), n.; pl. caticHes (-lésh’&z; -Iz; F. -lésh’). [F.] a Acalash. b In Quebec, Canada, a twowheeled vehicle with a folding hood or top. Cal/e-do/ni-a (kal/é-d0/ni-d; -nyd),n.

Scotland; — the an-

cient Latin name, still used poetically or rhetorically. — Cal/e-do/ni-an, adj. & n.

cal’e-fa/cient (kil/é-fa’shént), adj.

[L. calefaciens, pres.

part. of calefacere to make warm.] ing.

—n.

Making warm; heat-

A calefacient remedy.

cal/e-fac/tion (-fak/shtin), n.

(CL. calefactio.]

_A warm-

ing; state of being warmed. — Cal’e-fac’tive (-tiv), adj.

cal/e-fac’to-ry (-fak/td-rt), adj. [L. calefactorius.]

Mak-

ing hot; communicating heat. —m. An apartment in a monastery warmed and used as a sitting room.

cal’en-dar

(kal’én-dér), n. _ [L. calendarium an account

book, fr. calendae, kalendae, calends.] 1. A system of fixing the divisions of time, as years, months, weeks, and days, adapted to the purposes of civil life. 2. A tabular register of the divisions of a given year, referring the days

of each monthto the days of the week. Formerly, a guide or direction; pattern., 4. An orderly list; schedule; esp., a list of causes to be tried in court. =v. ¢. To enter or write in a calendar; to register.

cal’/en-der (-dér), n.

drus cylinder.]

(EF. calandre, prob. ult. fr. L. cylin-

A machine for calendering cloth, rubber,

paper, etc. —v.¢t. To press, as cloth, rubber, paper, etc., between rollers to make it smooth and glossy, or to water it. — cal/en-der-er, n.

cal/en-der,n.

[Per. qalandar.]

wandering mendicant dervishes.

One of a Sufistic order of

cal’ends, kal’ends (kalV’éndz), n. pl.

[AS. calend month,

fr. L. kalendae, calendae, calends.] ancient Roman month.

The first day of the

ca-len/du-la (kd-lén’dii-la), n. [NL., fr. L. calendae the calends, when the plant was supposed to blossom.] Any

of a small genus (Calendula) of herbs of the aster family,

the pot marigolds, natives of temperate regions. cal’en-ture (kal/én-tiir), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. L. calere to be warm.} Any of various fevers, formerly so called, occurring in the tropics, caused by exposure to excessive heat.

||ca-le’sa (kii-la’sd), nm. [Sp.] Phil. I. A kind of calash. ca-les/cent_ (ka-lés’ént; -’nt), adj. [L. calescens, pres. part. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Growing warm; increasing in heat. — ca-les’cence, n. calf (kaf; kaf; 9), m.; pl. CALVES (kiivz; kavz). [AS. cealf.] 1. The young of the cow, or of the bovine family of quadrupeds; also, the young of some other large mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, moose, and whale. 2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; esp., a fine, light-

colored bookbinder’s leather. 3. Collog. An awkward or silly youth, 4, A small mass of ice set free from a coast

glacier or from an iceberg or floe. calf, n.; pl. carves. (ON. kalfi.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. calf love. Collog. Transitory affection felt by a boy or a girl for one of the opposite sex. calf’s’—foot’ jelly (kavz/foot’; kavz’-; less commonly, kifs’-; kafs’-). Jelly made from calves’ feet; gelatin jelly. calf/skin/ (kaf’skin’; kaf’-), nm. The hide or skin of a calf;

also, the superior kind of leather made of the skin.

Cal/i-ban (kal/i-ban), n.

A savage and deformed slave of

Prospero in Shakespeare’s Tempest. cal’i-ber, cal/i-bre (kal/i-bér), n. LF. calibre, fr. It., fr.

Ar, galib a form, mold.]|

1. Gun.

a The diameter of a

bullet or other projectile. 1 The diameter of the bore, as of a cannon or other firearm. 2. The diameter of a round

body; esp., the internal diameter of a hollow cylinder. 3. Capacity of mind; hence, degree of excellence or impor-

tance; quality; ability. cal/i-brate (-brat), v.f.

To ascertain the caliber of, as of a

thermometer tube; also, to determine or to rectity the graduations of. — cal/i-bra/tion, n. — caVi-bra/tor, n.

Eve,

hére (27),

Event,

&nd,

silént,

makér;

ice,

{ll,

Sld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, connect; fOOd, foot; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Grn, tip, circ¥s, meni;

ealices

143

cal/i-ces (kal/Y-s€z), n., pl. of CALIX.

||ca-li’che (ka-lé’cha), n.. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. caliche a pebble in a brick, a flake of lime.] a Crude sodium nitrate,

NaNO;, of the Chilean deposits. b A crust of calcium carbonate, CaCO;, formed on stony soil in arid regions. cal/i-cle (kal/i-k’l), n. fl. caliculus, dim. of caliz, calicis, cup.] Zool. A calyculus.

calV/i-co (kal/%-k5), n. ;ye -COES or -cos (-k6z).

[So called

because first imported from Calicut, India. Originally, any cotton cloth from India and the East. 2. Later, any. of various cotton stuffs of European make. 3. Eng. Plain white cotton cloth. 4. U.S. Cheap cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern. = adj. 1. Made of calico.

2. Collog., U.S.

cal/i-co-back’

Looking like calico; spotted.

(-bik’), n,

a The calico bass. |bA hemip-

terous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures cab-

bages and other garden plants.

calico bass.

An edible fresh-water fish (Pomozis spa-

roides) of the central and eastern United States, allied

the sunfishes.

to

calico bush. U.S. The mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia; — called also calico flower and calico tree. ca/lif, cal/if-ate, etc. Vars. of CALIPH, etc. Cal/i-for/ni-a pop’py (kil/7-f6r/ni-4; -nyd). Any herb of a

eallus tain kind. 14. To estimate, reckon, or consider as being; as, they callit ten miles. 15. Billiards, Pool, etc. To name or designate the particulars (as to the balls, the pocket, etc.) of (a shot). 16. Poker. To summon, as toa show of hands, by an equalbet. —v.7. 1. Tospeak ina loud distinct voice; to cry; shout. 2. To make a call or brief

visit.

$. To get into contact with a person over the tele-

phone. 4. Card Playing. To make a demand of some kind, as for a card, or, in poker, as for a show of hands. — Sym. Shout, cry; waken;

assemble, collect, muster.

call back. _a Tosummon back; to recall. b To revoke or retract. ¢ To telephone in answer to a telephone call. —

call down. a To cause or invoke to descend. To rebuke or censure; to scold.

—n.

b Slang.

1. Act of calling with the yoice; esp., a shout; cry.

2. A summons or invitation; a bidding, as: a A summons

or signal on a drum, bugle, or pipe, etc. b A notice summoning persons to their work, as actors to rehearsal; a summons. c Act of signaling, as by a bell, to summon a person to listen at a telephone. 3. A requirement or appeal};

also, the occasion of the requirement; demand; claim; specif., a duty, need, or occasion. The cry of a bird or

other animal. 5. The call of a roll; a roll call. 6. A short, usually formal, visit. | name or thing called or indicated by calling; as, his calt was heads. 8. Card

genus (Hschscholtzia), esp. one species (4. californica), of

Playing.

eraceae).

grain, or other commodity, at a fixed price, at or within a

showy yellow-flowered herbs of the poppy family (PapayIt is the State flower of California.

Ca-lig/i-nous (kd-lij’I-nts), adj. (L. caliginosus.] dark; obscure. — ¢a-lig/i-nos/i-ty (-nds/7-ti), n. cal/i-pash (ka4l/i-paish; kal/i-pish’), n.

Dim;

A fatty, gelatinous,

dull-greenish substance next to the upper shell of a turtle, esteemed as a delicacy.

cal/i-pee (kal/¥-pé; kal/Y-pé’), n. The fatty, gelatinous, light-yellow substance attached to the lower shell of a turtle, esteemed as a delicacy.

cal’i-per, cal/li-per (kil/7-pér),n.[Cor-

rupt. fr. CALIBER.] 1. Usually ql. An instrument with two legs, usually curved, fastened together with a rivet or screw or with a spring and pivot. They are used for determining the

k

graduated

rod or rule (caliper rule)

eens

with one fixed and one sliding jaw, used for making similar

measurements. -——=v.t. To measure by or as by calipers. ca/liph, ca/lif (ka/lif; kaif), n. [OF. calife, fr. Ar. kha-

lifah.]

Successor; — a title of the successors of Moham-

med, both as temporal and spiritual rulers, formerly taken by the sultans of Turkey. fhe ;

cal/iph-ate (kil/i-fit), n. Office or dominion of a caliph. cal/i-sa’/ya bark (kil/l-sa’ya). [Sp. calisaya.]_ The yellow bark of a cinchona (Cinchona calisaya or C. ledgeriana), which yields quinine. : cal/is-then/ics, or, more properly but less usually, cal'lis-

then/ics (kil/fs-thén’iks), nm. (Gr. kallos_ beauty, + sthenos strength.] a The science of free bodily exercise, without apparatus or with light hand apparatus, to pro-

mote strength and, gracefulness; — usually construed as sing. The exercises or light gymnastics themselves; — usually construed as pl. — -then/ic, -then/i-cal, adj. ca/lix (ka/liks; kil’iks), n.; pl. catices (kil/Y-séz). A cup; esp., Hccl., a chalice.

[L.]

“ fr. [From ONF., fr. L. calcare, 1. To drive tarred oakum, or cotton twist or

calk, caulk (kok), v. t. calx heel.]

wicking, into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. 2. Mech. To tighten (a joint

formed by overlapping plates) by driving the edge of one plate into the surface of the other.

3. To stop up the

crevices of, as of windows. _ calk ee n. A pointed piece, as of of a horse or an ox, to prevent slipping;

also, U.S., a similar device worn on the

—v.t. 1. To furnish,

with calks, to prevent slipping. 2. To wound with a calk, as a horse’s leg. calk/er (k6k/ér), n. A calk on a shoe. calk’er, caulk’er, n. 1. One who calks ships, etc. 2. Mach. A tool for calking.

call (k6l), v.¢,

[AS. ceallian.]

1. To

C, C Calks ona Horseshoe.

f

utter in a loud or distinct voice; hence, to read over (a list of

names) loudly; to announce, esp. with authority; as, to call

ahalt. 2. Tosummon with a call; also, Archaic, to invite or bid. 3. To bring into action or discussion, as a case in court. 4. To invoke; to appeal to. 5. To rouse from sleep or summon to get up by acall. 6. To attract (animals) by an imitative call. 7. To communicate with by telephone. 8. Toconvoke, as Congress. 9. Tosummon to a particular duty, office, or employment. 10. To demand payment of, esp. by formal notice; as, to call a loan.

11. To demand presentation of for payment; as, to call an issue of bonds. 12. To give a name to; to address by a

specified name.

certain time agreed on.

1O. Hccl.

An invitation to be-

a A demand for the payment of money. presentation for payment, as ofa bond.

11.

Finance.

_b A demand for

12.

Hunting.

A

tone or a strain blown on the horn to encourage hounds or

signal hunters. — on call. Stock Exch. & Finance. Subject, as a call loan, to demand for payment or return withOut previous notice.

(k6l’a-b’l), adj.

_Capable

of being called; F7-

nance, subject to a demand for presentation for payment. cal’/lant Garant, cal/lan (-dn), n._LMD. calané fellow, fr. OF. chalant.] Scot. A boy; lad. call’er (kél’/ér), n. A person or thing that calls. cal/ler (kal/ér; kal’ér), adj. Scot. Fresh; in good condition; cool.

cal/let (kal/ét; kal’ét; -ft), n.

cal-lig/ra-:phy (kd-lig’ra-f1), n.

Dial.

A trul!; prostitute.

(Gr. kalligraphio.]

1.

Fair or elegant writing or penmanship; writing as a decorative art. 2. Handwriting or penmanship in general; hand. — cal-lig/ra-pher (-f€r), n. — cal/li-graph/ic (kal/-

I-graf/ik), adj. — cal-lig/ra-phist, n. call/ing (k6VYng),n.| 1. The action of the verb call (in any sense); a call; specif.: a A crying aloud; a shouting.

summoning, as of Parliament. d An invitation; a summons.

¢ A reading of a roll call. One’s usual occupation;

vocation; business; trade. — Sym. See OCCUPATION. calling card. A visiting card.

Cal-li’o-pe (kd-li’d-pé), n..

LL., fr. Gr. Kalliopé, fr. kallos

beauty +: ops, opos, voice.]

1. Gr, Myth.

The Muse

that_presides over eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. [not cap.] (pron. ka-li/6-pt; popularly kail’¥-op) A musical instrument consisting of a series of whistles, played by keys

arranged as in an organ. cal/li-op’sis (kil/I-dp’sis), n. [NL.] A coreopsis. cal/li-pash, cal/li-per. Vars. of CALIPASEH, etc. cal/lis-then/ic, -then/ics, etc. Vars. of CALISTHENIC, etc.

Cal-lis’to (kd-lis’td), n.

Astron.

The so-called fourth

(really the fifth) satellite of Jupiter. See GanyMeEDE, 3. call loan. Stock Exch. A loan which may be terminated on demand of either party at any time.

call market.

The market for lending money on call.

call money. Money loaned or ready to be loaned on call. cal-los’i-ty (kd-lds/7-tt), n.; pl. -Tles (-tiz). 1. State or quality of being callous; callousness. 2.. A hard or thickened area on the skin, or on the bark of a plant; a callus. cal’lous (kil’t%s), adj. _ (CL. callosus, fr. callum, callus, callous skin.] ah Having a callus; hardened; indurated. Hardened in sensibility, feeling, etc.; unfeeling. — Syn. Horny; pachydermatous, thick-skinned. — Ant. Soft, del-

metal, projecting downward on the shoe sole of a shoe.

The right which one

come the pastor or minister of a church.

call’a-ble

Outside and Inside Calipers.

side caliper internal, dimensions. 2. A

9. Com.

cal/la (kal’/a), n., or calla lily. Hort. A familiar house plant (Zantedeschia aethiopica), family Araceae, with a white showy spathe and yellow spadix.

thickness or diameter of objects or the distance between surfaces, etc. Anowt-

side caliper measures external, an in-

Act of calling.

party buys of another to demand a certain amount of stock,

13. To regard or characterize as of a cer(118);

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtre

icate; sensitive. — cal/lous-ly, adv. — cal/lous-ness, n. —v.t. &%. To make or become callous. callow oo adj. CAS. calu.] 1. Destitute of feathers; unfledged,

as a bird.

Immature; green; as, a cal-

low youth. — Sym. Unformed, unsophisticated. — Ant. Experienced, sophisticated, worldly-wise. call rate. The interest rate charged on call loans.

call to quarters. A bugle call fifteen minutes before taps, at which signal soldiers must repair to quarters. S. Army. cal/lus (kal/tis), n.; pl. CALLUSES (-€z; -z). [L. See cattous.] 1. aA hard thickened area on the skin; a callos-

ity. bA substance exuded around the fragments of a broken bone, ultimately convertedinto true bone. 2. Bot.

‘a The soft parenchymatous tissue which forms over any wounded or cut surface of astem. bAcallosity. — v.17. To form a callus.

K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh = 2 in azure.

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

|| Foreign Word,

y

calm calm (Kim), 2

heat, fr, Gr. kawma burning heat.]_

Freedom from, mo-

tion, agitation, or disturbance; — orig. of weather, eS or waves; hence, tranquillity; quiet. — adj. aot state of calm; still; quiet; serene. 2, Undisturbed eeem sion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil. Syn. Composed, collected, unruffled, steady, phlegmatic. — Calm, tranquil, serene, placid, ‘peaceful. Calm, primarily applied, to sea or weather, usually conveys an implicit contrast with its opposite,

stormy, and suggests freedom, real or assumed, from agitation of whatever sort. Tranquil implies a more settled inherent quiet than calm, with less suggestion of previous agitation overcome; as, “the tranquil beauty of Greek sculpture.” Serene suggests a lofty and unclouded tranquillity; as, a serenity unruffled by cares. Placid connotes contentment, and suggests an unruffled and equable aspect or temper; as, the placid common sense of Franklin.’ Peaceful implies repose, or attainment of undisturbed tranquillity. —Amt. Stormy; frenzied, feverish; boisterous,

—»v.t. &7. To make or Leg mi peaceful, or quiet. — Syn. Allay, lull; appease. — . Rouse, agitate. cal’ma.tive (k3l’ma-tiv; Pee ie adj. Producing a calming effect; sedative. — 7m. A calmative medicine.

calm/ly (kim’l¥), adv. calm/’ness, n.

Ina calm manner; with calmness,

Calm state; composure.

calm/y (kiim/i), adj.

[From cam, n.]

Poetic.

Calm.

cal’o-mel (kk. ml), x. ,[Gr. kalos beautiful + melas black.] Mercurous chloride, HegCl, much used in medicine as a mercurial, purgative, and anthelmintic.

ca-lor’ic (kd- lor'¥ky, n

{L. calor heat.]

1. Old Chem.

The principle of mae a supposed form of matter to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed. 2. Heat. — adj. Of or pertaining to caloric. — cal/o-ric/i-ty (kal/6-ris/%-tY), n. cal’o-rie (kal’6-ri), nm. Also-ry. [F. calorie, fr. L. calor heat.) Physics. Any of several thermal units: a The amount of heat required at a pressure of one ease eaontl to raise the be na tare of one gram of water one degree centigrade; — called small calorie. b The amount of heat required to raise one kilogram of water one degree centigrade; 1000 small calories; — called large, or great, calorie. It is used as a unit in Srpreseing the heat-producing or energy-producing value of food. The statement that a tablespoonful of honey contains about one hundred calories means that when oxidized in the tissues of the body it will release that amount of energy to be expended in bodily activities.

cal’o-rif/ic (-rif/ik), adj. [L. calorificus, fr. calor heat+ facere tomake.] Producing heat; heating. cal’/o-rim/e-ter (-rim/é-tér), 7. CL. calor heat+ -meter.] Physics. An apparatus for measuring quantities of heat, as those developed by friction combustion, etc. — cal’o-ri-

metric (kil/G-ri-mét/rik; "kelor'Y ), cal’/o-ri-met/ri-cal,

adj. — cal/o-ri-met’ri-cal-ly,_ adv. — cal/o-rim/e-try,n

Ca- lotte’ (ka-16t’), n. _CF., fr. Pr. or It.] _A close cap with: out visor or brim} a plain skullcap; esp., Hecl., a zucchetto. cal/o-yer (kal’é-yér; ka-loi’ér), n. [F., ‘fr. NGr. kalogeros, lit., good old man.] A monk of the Eastern Church.

cal/pac, cal’/pack (kal/pak), n.

(Turk. galpag.]

A large

cap of sheepskin felt, or thelike, worn by Tu Bie: Armeni-

ans, and some of their neighbors. cal’trop (kil’trdp), cal/trap (trip), n. [ONF. fa See CALK to stop up; TRAP a snare.

Mil. An instrument with four iron Sante so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. 2. Bot. Any of several plants with spined, caltroplike fruit or flower heads; as: a The star thistle. b Any of certain herbs seenee Tribulus and Kallstroemia) allied to the bean caper. c The water earn. caV’/u-met (kal/ti-mét), n. [F., fr.L. cala-

mus teed.]

Le

kauke-

Caltrop, 1.

the peace

lim/ni-at),

v. t. Games [L. calumniatus, ees past part. of calumniari to calumniate.] To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense; to slander. —v.%. To utter calumnies or slanders. — Syn. See AsPERSE. — Ant. Laud; praise.

Act of calumniating; slan-

niates.

ca-lum/ni-a- -to/ry (-a-to/ri; -tér-¥), adj. ca-lum/ni-ous (-%s), adj.

One who calumCalumnious.

"Marked by or given to calumny;

slanderous. — Syn. Defamatory, libelous. — Ant. Flattering, complimentary. — ca. lum/ni-ous-ly, adv. [F. and L.;

cal/um- eny (kal/tim-ni), n.; pl. -NrES (-niz). F.

calomnie,

fr.

L. calumnia,

fr.

calvi

to

deceive.

False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously reported to injure another; slander. Cal’va-ry (kiVvaeri), n. [L.calvariaa bare skull, deriv. of calvus bald.J] 1. The place, outside of the ancient city of foe where Christ was crucified. Luke xxiii. 33. 2. not ca pl. CALVARIES (-riz).] A representation of the crucifixion of Christ.

ale, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

dd,

account,

#rm,

so that a calf or calves become detached; — said of an iceberg or glacier. =—=v.t. 1. To bring forth, asacalf. 2. To let become detached, as a berg {rom an iceberg or glacier. calves (kivz; kavz), n. : pl. of CALF. Cal/vin-ism (kV vin-iz’m), 2. The doctrines of the French theologian John Calvin (1509-64), including election or predestination, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistibility of grace, and the perseverance, of the saints. Calvinism especially emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the bestowal of grace.

Cal/vin-ist (ist), n._ A follower of Calvin; an adherent of Calvinism.

— Gal’vin-ist, adj.

Cal’vin-is/tic (-Ys’tik), adj.

ask,

sofa;

Also -ti-cal (-ti-kdl).

taining to or characteristic of Calvinism or Calvinists.

Cal-vi'ti-es (kl-vYsh’Y-€z), n. calx (kalks), n.; pl. CALXES

séz).

[L.

See cHaLK.].

[L.]

Med.

(eels -siz),

Chem.

Per-

Baldness.

CALCES (kal/-

The friable residue left

when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion.

cal’y-ces (kaV"Y-séz; ka/ly-), n., pl. of CALYX. cal’y-cine (kal/i-stn; -sin), ad}. Also ca-lyc/i-nal (kd-lis’indi; -n’l). Pertaining to or resembling a calyx. cal/y- ale. (os kk’Dee [L. calyculus small flower bud, dim. of calyz.] eae An epicalyx. 2. Zool. A calyculus.

Calyc/wlus (ka@lik/i-lis),nm. ([L.] . Anat. & Zool. A small cup-shaped structure, as a taste bud, or a cavity of a coral containing the polyps. Cal’y-do’ni-an boar hunt ce do/ni-dn). Gr. Myth. The pursuit of the boar sent by the goddess Artemis to ravage Calydon (see Gaz.) and finally slain by Meleager. Ca-lyp’so (ka-lip’so), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kalypso.] 1. In the Odyssey, a sea ny mph who ‘kept Odysseus seven years on her island, Ogygia. 2. [not cap.] Hort. A bog orchid (genus Cytherea) having a single white flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow.

ca-lyp/tra (ka Wp/tra), n ENUE str: oe kalyptra a covering for the head.] Bot. a The archegonium of a liverwort or moss carried in some mosses on top of the capsule as a_ thin hood. b Any caplike covering of a flower or fruit.

ca/lyx (ka/liks; kal/iks), n.; pl. CALYXES (-€z;_-iz), CALYCES (KxVY-sez; ka/li-). [Ey tr. Gt. kalyzx.] Bot. The external, usually green or foliaceous, part of a flower, contrasted with the inner showy

portion, or corolla.

2 ‘eed

cam kim), [D. kam comb, MD. aes: cam.] Mach. A rotating or sliding piece or projection, as on a wheel, either for imparting desired peculiar movement to a roller moving against its edge, to a pin free to move in a groove on its face, etc., or for receiving motion from such a roller, pin, etc.; as, a neediebar cam, a cam shaped like a needle; a heart cam, pombe like a heart; a cam wheel, wheel set or shaped so that it acts as a cam.

ca:‘lum/ni- ate (kda-

dering; aspersion; also, a calumny. ca-lum/ni-a/tor (-‘Vim/ni-a /tér),n. [L.]

calve (kav; kav), v. 7. [AS. cealfian.]_ 1. To bring forth acalf. 2. To bring forth young. To separate or break

ca/ma-ra/de-rie

‘The ceremonial pipe of the North American

ca-lum/ni-a/tion (- a/shtin), n.

Cambrian

144

[F. calme, fr. It. calma, tr. LL. cauma

(ki/md-ri/dé-

re), n The good will that exists between comrades; good-fellowship. cam/a-ril/la_ (kim/a-ril/a; nee ka/ma-rel’yd), n. (Sp.] 1. A A Neer Cam; B Heart small chamber, as a king” -pri;C Cam Wheel. vate audience chamber. 2. A group of secret and irresponsible Miler a cabal. cam/ass (kam/as),n. Alsocam/as. [Amer. Indian name.] a Any of a genus ‘(Camassia, esp. C. quamash) of scapose herbs (family Beane of the western United States. The

bulbs are eaten by Indians. b The death camass. cam/ber (kim/bér), n. [OF. cambre bent, curved.]_ 1. Slight convexity of a member or part, as of a deck. 2. A

piece of timber having a camber. 3. Aeronautics. The convexity or rise of the curve of an airfoil from its chord. —v.t. &%. To give camber to; to have camber. cam/pbist (-bist),n. LF. cambiste, fr. It. cambista, fr.

cambiare to exchange]

One who deals in bills of ex-

change, or who is skilled in the science and practice of exchange; also, a book giving the exchange values of moneys, weights, and measures of various countries. cam/bi-um (kim/bi-tim), n. [LL., exchange.] Bot. The soft meristematic tissue which gives rise to new tissues (wood, bark, etc.), esp. in the stems and roots of dicotyledonoug and gymnospermous plants. It usually forms a layerlike sheath beneath the epidermis and continually produces new phloem and xylem.

Cam/bri-an Re

a

adj.

€ve,

event, énd,

1. Of or relating to Cam-

bria; Welsh. 2. Geol. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the éarliest division of the Paleozoic era and the lowest systems of Paleozoic rocks. Plant fossils are scarcely recogniz-

hére (27),

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

Old, Obey, dzb, Odd, sGit, cdunect; fod, {00t; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, dm, tp, circtis, menti;

cambrie

145

can

able, but every great animal type except the vertebrate is comp (kamp), 7. (F., fr. It., fr. L. campus plain, field.] represented in the fossils of the Cambrian. —n. 1. A na1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are tive of Cambria, or Wales.

2, Cambrian pericd or system.

cam/bric (kam/brik), n. _[From Cambrai (Flemish Kamertk), a city of France.] L. A fine, thin, white fabric made of linen. 2. Aclosely woven cotton fabric, in imita-

tion of linen cambric. cambric tea. A beverage of very weak tea, milk, and sugar.

came (kam), past of CoME. came (kam), n. A grooved rod of cast lead, used, as in stained glass, to hold together the panes or quarries.

cam/el (kam/él; -’l),n. [From AS. and ONF.,fr.L. camelus, fr. Gr. kamélos, of Sem. origin.] 1. Either of two large ruminant mammals used in the desert regions of Asia

and Africa. The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarvus), often called dromedary, has one large hump on the back; the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus), a central Asiatic species, has two humps. 2. A watertight structure

used to lift vessels, etc., in water, by sinking it, attaching it to the object to be raised, and then pumping out the water.

cam/el-eer’ (kim/él-ér’), n. A camel driver. ca-mel’li-a (ka-mél’i-d; also commonly -mél’ya), n. [NL., after G. J. Kamel, or Camelli, a Jesuit.]. A theaceous

greenhouse shrub (Thea japonica) with glossy evergreen

leaves and red or white double roselike flowers. ca-mel/o-pard (kd-mél’/é6-pard; kim/él-6-pard/), n.

(L.

camelopardus, fr. Gr. kamélopardalis, fr. kamélos camel + pardalis pard.} 1. The giraffe. 3. Leap.] A north-

ern constellation between Cassiopeia and Ursa Major.

Cam/e-lot (kim/é-l5t), n._

In the Arthurian legends, the

place where King Arthur had his palace and court.

cam/el’s hair, 1. The hair of the camel.. 2. Cloth made of camel’s hair or a mixture of camel’s hair and wool, usually light tan in color and of soft silky feel.

cam/el’s—hair’, adj.

1.Of camel’s hair.

2. Made of

hair from the tails of squirrels; — of painters’ brushes.

Cam/em-bert!

(kim/ém-bar’/;

#.

ka/min/bar’),

n.,

or

Camembert cheese. A kind of soft unpressed cheese, made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France.

cam/e-o (kim/é-5),.; pl. CAMEOS (-dz). 1. A gem carved in relief.

[It. cammeo.]

2. Carving or sculpture of

such a kind; — opposed to intaglio.

cam/er-a (kim/ér-d), n.; pl. -ERAS (-Gz), -ERAE (-@). [L. See CHAMBER. ] chamber; specif.: a Law. A judge’s chamber. bh The legislative or council chamber in Italy. 2. a Acamera obscura. b A closed box or similar chamber through the aperture of which the image of an object is recorded on a light-sensitive material. Commercial cameras consist essentially of a converging lens, a carrier for

erected for shelter, as for an army. 2. A collection of tents, huts, or other shelters; an encampment. 3. The body of persons encamped. 4. Military service or life; as,

a product of camp and court.

5. A camping or camping

out.

6. A body of partisans seeking to promote any the-

v.%.

[EF.camper.]

ory, doctrine, etc.; also, a strongly defended position.

To pitch or prepare a camp; encamp.

—v.t. To put into camp; \e5- COMBINATIONS are: campcraft

also, to accommodate.

campfire

campground

cami-pa’gna (kiim-pa/nyd), n._ [It.] An open level plain; now, specif., the one surrounding Rome, Italy. cam-paign’ (kam-pan’),n. [Through F. & It.,fr.ML. cam-

pania level country, fr. campus field.] _1. A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war. 2. A connected series of operations to bring about some desired result; as, an advertising campaign. — . 4.

To serve in, or go on, a campaign. — cam-paign/er, n. cam/pa-ni/le (kim/pa-né/lé; Jt. kam/pa-née/la), n.; pl. -NILES

(-né/l€éz), -nI~I

(-né/lé).

It. & LL. campana bell.]

tower, esp. church.

one

cam/pa-nol/o.gy_ [LL. campana

built

_ [It.,

fr.

Arch. A bell

separate

from

a

(kam/pé-n0l’6.ji),

bell+-logy.]

7.

The sci-

ence of bells; artof ringing bells. — cam/pa-nol/o-ger (-jér), -o-gist (-jist), n.

cam-pan/u-la (kim-pan/i-ld), n. 5 m. of campana bell.] _Any of a large genus (Campanula) of herbs having a

regular bell-shaped corolla and laterally

dehiscent capsules; laceous plant.

also, any

campanu-

cam.-pan/u-la/ceous (-la’/shis), adj.

Be- 3,

longing to a large family (Campanula- a ceae) of herbs, shrubs, and trees, the i bellflower family, having an acrid juice, 2

alternate leaves, and rather showy, usually ® regular, flowers. cam-pan/u-late Bell-shaped.

(kim-pan/u-lat),

adj.

Campanile at Florence, Italy.

Camp/bell-ite (kim/él-it; kim/bdl-), n. A memberof the denomination called Disciples of Christ; ——so called from

Alexander Campbell (1788-1866), of Virginia, the founder. camp/er (kimp/ér), n. One who camps or encamps.

camp/fire’ girl (kamp/fir’). A member of “The Camp Fire Girls of America,” an organization of girls between the ages

sensitized film or plates, a suitable case for excluding extraneous light, and a shutter to regulate the exposure. —

of 12 and 20, corresponding to the boy-scout organizations. camp follower. A civilian, male or female, accompanying

b Privately; secretly. — cam/er-al, adj.

cam/phene (kim/fen; kim-fén’), n. A solid terpene, CyoHys, resembling camphor in appearance and odor. cam/phol (kim/fol; -f51), n. Chem. Borneol. cam/’phor (kim/fér), n. [From F., through ML. and Ar.,

in camera.

Law. a In the judge’s chamber; in private.

can//er-a lu/ci-da (li/si-da).

[LL. camera chamber+ L.

lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.) Optics. An instrument which, by means of mirrors, or a prism, causes a virtual

image of an external object to appear as if projected upon

a plane surface, so that the outlines may be traced. generally used with the microscope.

It is

cam/er-a ob-scu/ra (Sb-skii’ra). [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] Optics. A darkened cham-

ber having an aperture (usually with a lens) through which

light from external objects enters to form an image on the surface opposite.

ca’/mion’ (ka/my6n’), n.

[F.]

a Alow wagon; dray.

truck; motor truck, esp. one used to carry cannon.

bA

cam/i-sa’/do (kim/i-sa’do), n.__ Also cam/i-sade’ (-sad’). LF. camisade.] Archaic. Mil. A night attack, orig. one

in which the soldiers wore white shirts as a means of identification. 1b ca-mise’ (kd-més’), n. [Ar. gamis, fr. LL. camisia.] A light loose shirt, smock, or tunic.

cam/i-sole (kim/’%-sol), n.

[F.]

1. A jacket or jersey

with sleeves, formerly worn by men. _ 2. A short negligee jacket for women. 3. A loose-fitting corset cover for women. . A variety of strait jacket.

cam/let (kim/lét; -lit), n.. [F.camelot.] 1. A costly fabric of satin weave, made in Asia of camel’s hair or Angora

an army, as a sutler, servant, etc.

fr. Malay kaptr.] 1. A tough, gumlike, crystalline compound, CHO, obtained from ‘the wood and bark of the large evergreen camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), now grown in most warm countries. Camphor is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, stimulant, and sedative,

in celluloid manufacture, in pyrotechny, etc, 2. Any of certain alcoholic and ketonic derivatives of terpenes. —

cam-phor/ic (kim-for’ik), adj. cam/phor-ate (-at), v.¢. To impregnate camphor. camphor ball. A moth ball.

camphor ice.

or treat with

A cerate made chiefly of camphor, white

wax, spermaceti, and castor oil.

cam/pi-on (kam/pi-tin), n.

Any of various plants (genera

Lychnis and Silene) of the pink family.

camp

meeting.

A religious gathering held, usually by

Methodists, for conducting a series of religious services in the open air or in a tent in some retired spot.

cam/po (kim/po; kam/’p6), n.; pl.-P1 (-pé).

[It.]

In Italy,

an open place in a town, sometimes smaller than a piazza.

||\cam/po san’to (kim/po sin’/to).

[It., holy field.].

cemetery.

;

A

wool. 2. A garment of this material. camp/stool’ (kimp’stool’), n. A folding stool. : cam/o-mile, cham/o-mile (kim/’6-mil), n. [Through F. & cam/pus (kim/piis), n. [L.,a field] 1. Rom. Antig. An L., fr. Gr. chamaimélon, lit., earth apple.] Any of a genus open space or field, as for martial exercises, public shows, etc. 2. U.S. The grounds of a college or school between (Anthemis) of daisylike plants, esp. the common European the buildings or within the main enclosure. species (A. nobilis), having strong-scented foliage and

flower heads which contain a bitter medicinal principle used as an antispasmodic, a diaphoretic, etc.

Ga-mor’ra (kd-m6r/d; It. ki-m6r/ra), n.

[1t.]_A secret or-

ganization formed about 1820 at Naples, Italy, and used

for practicing extortion, violence, etc. — Ca-mor/rism (-iz’m), n. — Ca-mor’rist (ist), n. 3 cam/ou-flage (kim/00-flazh), n. [F., fr. camoufler to dis-

guise.]

1. Mil. The disguising of a camp, battery, ship,

etc., as by paint, screens, or the like; also, the disguise so applied.

—

2. Hence, any disguise or deceptive expedient.

(kim/00-flizh’;

kaim/00-flazh),

-flizhd’; -flazhd); -rLac’tNe

isguise

by

v. t. & 7.; -PLAGED!

(-flazh’ing; -flizh/ing).

camouflage. —cam/ou-flag’er

-flazh’ér), .

To

(-flizh’ér;

cam/shaft’ (kim/shaft’), n.

Mach.

A shaft on which a

cam is secured, or of which a cam forms an integral part. can (kin; 4), v. ¢. (defective); pres. sing., 1st & 3d pers. CAN, 2d CANST (kinst), pl. CAN; past COULD (k00d).

nan.

1. Obs.

To know; understand.

2. As an auxiliary verb

followed by an infinitive without to: To be able; to have the

necessary resolution, courage, etc., or, loosely, permission; as, I can go, but do not wish to. 3. To be able to do,

make, etc.; as, he has done all that he can (do).

Syn. Can but, cannot but. Can but is equivalent to can only; as, I can but speak; I can do no more, Cannot but is equivalent to cannot help, and often expresses moral necessity or constraint; as, we

cannot but go.

See MAY.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

, PAS. cun-

The present J can (AS. ic cann) was orig, a past.]

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

[AS. canne.]

for holding liquids.

1. A drinking cup; a vessel

2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of

sheet metal, of various forms; as, a can of tomatoes; an oil

can.

—v.t.; CANNED (kind) ; CAN/NING.

To putina can

or cans; to preserve by putting in sealed cans or jars.

Ca/naan (ka’/ndn; ka/nydn), n._ naan, fr. Heb. Kena‘an.

(L. Chanaan, fr. Gr. Cha-

The Land of Promise of the

Israelites, a region corresponding vaguely to modern Pal-

estine; hence, paradise. — Ca’naan-ite (-1t), n.— Ca/naan-it/ic (-it/ik), adj. — Ca/naan-it/ish (itIsh), adj.

Gan/a-da bal/sam (kin/d-da).. the balsam fir.

The turpentine yielded by

It is a yellowish yiscid liquid, solidifying

in time to a transparent mass, and is much used as a transparent cement, esp. in microscopy. Canada

goose.

The common

densis) of North Amer-

ica, chiefly gray and brownish, with black head and neck, Canada jay. A jay (Perisoreus canadensis) of

:

wild goose (Branta cana-

2. Act of marking with crosslines, or

can/cer (kain’sér), n.

[L., crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac.]

. Leap.] Genitive Cancri (king/kri). A northern zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo. | 2. The

fourth sign [3 or €9] of the zodiac, whose first point is the

summer solstice, or the northern limit of the sun’s course in its declination. 3. Med. A malignant growth of tissue, usually ulcerating, tending to spread and associated with general ill health and progressive emaciation; specif., a

candle.} (344)

with water, designed for navigation, for irrigating land, etc. 3. Any of various faint, narrow, seasonal markings on the planet Mars. They are thought by many astronomers to be due to vegetation. 4. Anat. & Zool. A duct; a tubular

passage or channel; as, the alimentary canal.—v. t.; CA*NALLED/ or CA:NALED? (-nald’); CA-NAL/LING Or CA+NAL/-

NG. To construct a canal through or across. ca-nal’boat’ (-bét’), n. A boat for use on a canal.

can/a-lic’u-lar (kin/d-lik/i-lér), adj.

Anat. & Zool. Per-

taining to, like, or having a canaliculus or canaliculi.

Also can/a-lic’u-lat/ed (-lat’-

éd; -d). [L. canalzculatus channeled.] Having one or more channels or grooves, as the leafstalks of most palms. can/a-lic’u-lus (-liis), n.; pl.-11 (-li). CL., dim. of canalis channel.] Anat. & Zool. A minute canal, esp. in bone. ca-nal/i.za/tion (ka-n4l/I-za’/shiin; kin/a-li-), n. L. Act of

2. A system of canals or conduits.

3. Med.

& Surg. A method of draining wounds by the formation of canals without the insertion of tubes. ca-nal’ize (ka-nal/iz; kan’d-liz), v.¢. 1. To construct a

canal through or across; to make into or like a canal. 2. To provide an outlet for, as emotion. y

3. To direct into

: LF., orig., a couch with mos-

See canopy.]

An appetizer consisting of

a piece of fried or toasted bread topped with caviar or some

other delicacy, and garnished. ca-nard’ (ka-nird’; ka-nar’; /. ka/nar’), n. (F., prop., a duck.] iL. An extravagant or absurd report or story set

afloat to delude the public; a hoax.

2. A type of pusher

ca-nar’y (kd-nar’i), n.; pl. CANARIES

(-iz), orig. sometimes

airplane having the elevator, rudder, etc., in front of the supporting planes. : .

used for the sing. in senses 1-38.

[Through F. & Sp., fr. L.

insula Canaria, one of the Canary Islands.]

1. A lively

2. Wine made on the Canary Islands,

similar to madeira. 3. A canary bird. 4. Short for CANARY YELLOW. g canary bird. A small finch (Serinus canarius), native to the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira, etc., now the commonest cage bird in all parts of the world. canary grass. A grass (Phalaris canariensis) of the Canary Islands. The seeds (canary seed) are used as food

for canary birds.

result of canceling.

state of being so marked; reticulation.

can’cel-lous (kan/sé-lis), adj. Anat, Havinga spongy or porous structure; — applied to certain bony tissue.

or, esp. formerly, any other malig-

Like a cancer; as, a cancrotd tumor.

pl. -LABRA

ca-nal’ (ka-nil’), n. (F., fr. L. canalis.]. 1. Obs. Any watercourse or, channel. \ artificial 1 2. An channel filled

old French dance.

:

pi

}

canary yellow. A color, reddish-yellow in hue, of medium saturation and high brilliance. See CoLor. can/can (kan/kin; I’. kin’kin’), n. LCF., lit., scandal.] A rollicking modern dance of French origin.

can/cel (kin/sél; -s’l), v. t. ; -ceLEeD (-séld; -s’ld) or -cELLED; -CEL*ING or -crEL-LiInc. [from F., fr. L. cancellare to

make like a lattice, to cross out, fr. cancelli lattice, dim. of cancer lattice.] o strike out or to cross out with a line or lines, as a word, a passage, or the whole of a writing;'to delete; to erase; hence, specif., of legal documents, to annul, or make void or invalid, by such marking, or (by extension) inany way. 2, To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall. 3. To neutralize or counterbalance; to compensate

(-brd), -LABRUMS

(britmz).

can/dent (kin/dént), adj. candére to glitter.]

can-des/cent

[L. candens, pres, part. of

Heated to whiteness; glowing.

(kan-dés/ént; -’nt), adj.

shine. ]

Glowing;

dazzling;

incandescent.

White; Archaic, clear; pure. _2. Free from undue bias; impartial. 3. Frank; straightforward.— Syn. See

FRANK. — can/did-ly, adv. — can/did-ness, n. can/di-da-cy (kin/di-da-si), n. State of being a candidate.

can/di-date (-dat or, esp. Brit., -dit), n. (L. candidatus, prop., clothed in white.] One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor.

can/di-da-ture (-da-tir; -da’tiir), n. Candidacy. can/died (kin’did),adj. 1. Preserved in or with sugar; as, candied fruits. 2. Converted wholly or partly into sugar; as, candied sirup. 3. Honeyed; sweet; flattering. Can‘di-ot (kan/di-dt), Can/di-ote (-dt), adj. & n. from CanpliA, Gaz.

can/dle (kan’d’l), n. [AS. candel, fr. L. candela, fr. candére to shine.] 1. A slender cylindrical body of tallow,

wax, or the like, containing a wick, burned to furnish light.

2. Something resembling a candle in shape or use; as, a sulphur candle for fumigating. 3. Photom. A unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the intensity of

light from a 78-inch sperm candle burning at the rate of 120 grains per hour. The international candle is the international unit of luminous intensity, being the light emitted by five square millimeters of platinum at the tem-

perature of solidification.

— v. ¢. ;CAN/DLED (-d’ld); can’-

DLING (-dling). To testorexamine (esp. eggs) by holding between the eye and a light, originally candlelight, to detect staleness, blood clots, etc. \es> COMBINATIONS are: candleholder

candlemaker ,

can/dle-ber’ry (-bér'l), n._ nut or the wax myrtle.

can/dle-fish’

(-fish’), n.

charity;

frm,

ask,

Old, Obey, Srb, dd, s&ft, cdnnect;

sofa;

candlewick

a7] a The fruit of either the candleh Either of these trees.

An extremely oily marine food

fish (Thaleichthys pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast. can/dle—foot’, n. Photom. Foot-candle. can/dle-light’ (kan/d’l-lit’),n. a The light of a candle or candles; artificial illumination.

b Nightfall; twilight.

Can/dle-mas (-mds), n. [AS. candelmzsse.] 1. The feast celebrated on February 2d, commemorating the Purification of the Virgin Mary;

— so called because candles

for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day. 2. Also Candlemas Day. ‘The day or date of this feast. can/dle-nut/ (-ntt’), n. The fruit of a euphorbiaceous tree

or shrub (Aleurites moluccana) of the Pacific islands, used by the natives as a candle; also, the tree itself.

can/dle-pin’ (-pin’),n.

Tenpins.

and nearly straight like a candle.

pins played with such pins.

a A form of pin slender

b pl. The game of ten-

candle power. Luminous intensity, as of a lamp, expressed in standard or international candles. Abbr. c.p. can/dler (kin/dlér), n. One who candles eggs. can/dle-stick’ (kan’d’l-stik’), n. A utensil for supporting a candle.

can/dle-wick’ bed/spread/ (kin/’d’l-wik’).__ A bedspread of unbleached cotton, having a pattern hookedin with wicking.

can/dle-wood/

(-wood’), n.

1. Pine or other resinous

wood, split fine for burning, as on a hearth, in place of

candles.

2. Any of several resinous trees or shrubs.

éve,

account,

— -cence, n.

can/did (kin’did), adj. CF. or L.; F. candide, fr. L. candidus white, fr. candére to be of a glowing white] 1.

Ble, chaotic,

add,

_ [L. candescens,

-entis, pres. part. of candescere, v. incho. fr. candére to

can/dor, can/dour (kin/dér),n.

(a common divisor), as from numerator and denominator; to remove (equivalents) on opposite sides of an equation or account. 6. Print. Tosuppress or omit; to dele. — Syn.

CL. fr. candela

A large ornamental candlestick, having several

branches. The form candelabra is often used as a singular, with pl. candelabras.

for. 4. To cross, or mark (a postage stamp, etc.) with lines to show that it has been used. 5. Math. To remove

care,

bh The part thus

can/cel-la/tion (kin/sé-la’/shtin), n. _ L. Act, process, oz

2. Med.

Canada Goose. United States. ; Se ee Canada thistle. A European thistle (Cirstum arvense) naturalized in the United States and Canada as a weed. Ca-na/di-an (kd-na’di-din; 58), adj. & n. from Canapa, Gaz. Ca-naille’ (ka-nal’; F. ka/na/y’), n. [F., fr. It. canaglia, orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. canis dog.] The lowest class of people; the rabble.

quito curtains.

a The suppression or

striking out of matter in type orin print.

suppressed. — can/cel-er, can/cel-ler, n.

can/de-la/brum (kan/dé-li’briim; -la’briim; -lib/riim), n. ;

Canada lily. The meadow lily of the eastern

certain channels. ||jca‘na/pé’ (ka/na’pa’), n.

—n. Print.

nant tumor growth. 4. A malignant evil that corrodes slowly and fatally. — can/cer-ous, adj. can/croid (king/kroid), adj. 1. Zool. Resembling a crab.

northern North America,

canalizing.

See ERASE, ABOLISH.

carcinoma; a sarcoma

having gray and sooty plumage and no crest.

can/a-lic/u-late (lat), adj.

candour

146

can can (kin), n.

(F.and L.; F. candeur,

fr. L. candor, tr. candére. Seecanpip.] 1. Obs. Whiteness; purity. 2. Obs. Kindliness. 3. A disposition to fairness; impartiality.

hére (27),

4. Outspokenness; frankness.

vent,

Gnd,

silént,

makér;

ice,

“Il,

food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Grn, tip, circés, menii;

candy can/dy

147

(kan’d¥), n.; pl. canpres (-diz).

[From sugar

canonical

One who cans fruit, meat, ete. candy, fr. F. swere candi, deriv. of Ar. gand cane sugar.] can/ner-y (-i), n.; pl. -NeRtEs (iz). . A place where the 1. Sugar crystals formed by evaporating or boiling cane business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. sugar, a sirup, or the like; also, a confection covered with can/ni-bal (kin/%-bal), n. [Sp. cantbal, caribal, fr. Carib these crystals. 2. Chiefly U.S. A food product made calina, galibi, Caribs.] A human being that eats humana from sugar, varied by the addition of fruits, nuts, chocoflesh; hence, any animal that devours its own kind. — late, flavors, and colors. — v. t.; CAN’DIED (-did); can/can’ni-bal, adj.

DY-ING.

To conserve or preserve by boiling with sugar;

as, to candy

fruits.

2. To crystallize or congeal

into

sugar crystals. 3. To make appear pleasant, as if covered with candy; tosweeten. 4. To cover with a substance resembling crystallized sugar, as frost. —v.%. To become coated with sugar served fruits.

crystals; also, to crystallize, as pre

can’dy-tufi’ (-tiift’), n.

[From Candia.]_

Any of a genus

({berts) of brassicaceous plants cultivated for their white,

pink, or purple flowers.

cane (kan), n.

origin.}

[OF., fr. L. canna, fr. Gr. kanna, of Sem.

1. Any hollow or pithy jointed stem, usually

slender and more or less flexible.

walking stick; a

staff; hence, a rod or stick used for flogging. 3. Bot. a Rattan, esp. split rattan used for wickerwork, the seats of chairs, etc. b The stem of any one of various bamboolike grasses; also, any of the plants themselves. ¢ The sugar cane. 4. Hort. One of the stems of certain small fruits, as

of the raspberry.

—v.t.

1. To beat withacane.

2. To

make or furnish with cane or rattan, as chairs. ca-nel/la (ka-nél’a), n. [ML., dim. of L. canna a reed; —

from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark.] he aromatic orange-colored inner bark of a tree of southern Flor-

ida and the West Indies, used as a condiment and asa tonic. ee ca-neph’o-ros (kd-néf/d-rds), n. fem., pl. -ROE (-ré), -ROT (-roi); or Ca-neph’o-rus Crus), pl. -RI (-ri); or ca-neph’O-ra (-rd), pl. -RAE (-ré). L., fr. Gr. kanéphoros, fr.

kaneon a basket of reed + phoros bearing.] Gr. Antig. One of the maidens selected to bear upon their heads wicker baskets containing the sacred utensils and offerings in religious festivals. 2. Arch. A representation of the

foregoing, as on a frieze. can/er (kan/ér), m. One who canes something, as chairs.

ca-nes’cent (ka-nés/ént), adj. [L. canescens, pres. part.] Growing white or whitish. — ca-nes/cence (-éns), n.

cane sugar. Sucrose, esp. from sugar cane. See SUGAR. cangue (king), 2. CF. fr. Pg. canga yoke.] _A square

wooden collar, three or four feet across, in which the neck and (usually) the hands are confined, — formerly used in China in punishing certain minor crimes.

Ca-nic/u-la (kd-nik/t-ld), mn. Astron.

Sirius.

ca-nic’u-lar (-lér), adj.

[L., dim. of canis dog.]

1. Pertaining to, or measured by,

the rising of the Dog Star (either Sirius or Procyon). Of or pertaining to the dog days (July-August). ca/nine (ka/nin; ka-nin’; kin’in), adj. _ [L. caninus, fr.

canis dog.] (Canidae)

| 1.

Of or pertaining to dogs or the family

which includes the dogs, wolves, jackals, and

foxes; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like a dog. 2. Anat.

& Zool.

Of, pertaining to, or designating,

the

pointed tooth (canine tooth) next to the incisors, or one of like shape. — 7. 1. A canine tooth. . A dog.

Ca/nis (ka/nis), n.

[L.,adog.]

Zoel. The chief genus of

the dog family (Canidae), including the domestic dogs, the wolves and jackals, and, formerly, the foxes. Ca/nis ee see (ma/jér) ;genitive Canis Majoris (m4-jo/-

ris).

({L., larger dog.]

A constellation to the southeast of

Orion, containing Sirius, the Dog Star.

Ca/nis Mi/nor (mi/nér); genitive Canis Minorts (mi-n6/ris). [L., lesser dog.] A constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon.

can/‘is-ter (kin/Ys-tér), n. [L. canistrum a reed basket, fr. Gr. kanastron, fr. kanna, kanné, reed. . Asmall box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc. 2. Mil. A kind of case shot for close-range artillery fire, consisting of a large number of bullets in a case, exploded by the firing charge.

can/ker (king’kér), n. CONF. canecre and AS. cancer, both fr. L. cancer a. cancer.] 1. A corroding or sloughing

ulcer; esp., a spreading gangrenous ulcer about the mouth. 2. A cankerworm. 3. Obs. The dog rose. Shak. 4. That which corrodes, corrupts, or destroys. 5. Plant Pathol. A lesion of the bark of a tree or shrub, causing decay. —v.t.&7. To affect or consume, or to be or become diseased, with canker; to eat away. can’ker-ous (-iis), adj. 1. Of the nature of canker or a canker; gangrenous. 2. Corroding. can’/ker-worm’ (-wiirm’), n. Any of various insect laryae

can/ner (kan/ér), n.

can’ni-bal-ism (-Iz’m), n.

1. Act or practice of eating

human flesh by mankind, or of any anima! by its own kind. 2. Hence, murderous cruelty. — can/ni-bal-is’tic (-is’tik), adj. — can/ni-bal-is’ti-cal-ly, adv.

can/ni-kin (kan/i-kin), n.

[can-+-kin.]

aA small can

or drinking vessel. b A wooden bucket for sugar, rice, etc. oo (kan/ing), n. The process or business of preserv-

ing foodstuffs in sealed containers. can/non (kan/ién), n.; Pr CANNONS (-tinz), collectively CANNON. [F. canon, fr. It., fr. L. canna reed, tube. A piece of artillery; a gun; also, cannons collectively. 2. F. canon, prop., a hollow bit.] A smooth round horse bit; — called also cannon, or canon, bit. 3. The ear of a bell. 4. Anat. a The cannon bone. )b The shank or part of the leg where the cannon bone is situated. 5. {From

carom.]

Chiefly

Brit.

Billiards.

A carom.

6. Mach.

A hollow spindle or shaft containing another

cannonade.

b Brit. To cause to carom; to carom into.

spindle having an independent motion. —v. 7%. a To discharge cannon. _b Chiefly Brit. Tocarom. =v. t. a To can/non-ade’ (-ad’), n.

L[F.canonnade, fr. It. cannonata.]

Act of discharging cannon for the purpose of destroying an

army, or battering a town, ship, or fort. —v.t. To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot. —v.%t. To discharge cannon. cannon ball. Strictly, a round solid missile to be fired from a cannon, but often any missile for a cannon. cannon bone. [F. canon, prop.,a tube.] In hoofed quadrupeds, the bone supporting the leg from the knee or hock joint to the fetlock. can/non-eer’ (kin/tin-ér’), n. [F. canonniér.] An ar-

tilleryman who serves the guns; a guriner.

— can/non-

eer’ing, n. can/non-ry (kan/in-ri), n.; pl. CANNONRIES (-riz). 1. Cannonading. 2. Cannon, collectively; artillery. cannon shot. Shot from, or the range of, a cannon. can’not (kan/ndt). Compound form of can not. can/nu-la (kin/i-la), n.; pl. -Nutar (-lé). [L., a small reed, dim, of canna a reed, tube.] Surg. A small tube for insertion into a body cavity, as for drainage.

can/nu-lar (-lér), can/nu-late (-lat), adj.

Tubular.

can/ny (kin’i), adj. ; CAN’N-ER (-I-€r); CAN’NI-EST. [From can to know. cot. 1. Knowing; prudent; also, wary; cautious. Esp., cautious or shrewd in worldly affairs. 3. Thrifty; frugal; adopted into literary English as

describing a quality characteristic of the Scots.

4. Skill-

ful; clever. 5. In a superstitious sense, safe to deal with; of good omen; — esp. witha negative. 6. Quiet; comfortable; snug; cozy. — adv. Scot. Ina canny,manner; cautiously; carefully; gently; quietly;—- esp. in phrase ca’ canny. — can/ni-ly, adv. — can’ni-ness, 7. ca-noe’ (kd-nd0’), n. [F., fr. Sp. canoa, of Arawakan and Cariban origin.] 1. A primitive form of small boat, long and narrow and sharp at both ends, usually propelled by paddles, with no rudder or sail. 2. A pleasure boat of

similar form, usually with canvas

bottom,

used_among

civilized peoples, esp. in the United States and Canada.

— v.1.; CA-NOED’ (-ndod’); cA-Nor/InG. To paddle, sail in, or voyage in, a canoe. — Ca-noe/ing, n. — ca-noe/ist, n. can/on (kan/tn), n. _[AS., rule, fr. L., fr. Gr. kann rule, rod.]_ 1. An ecclesiastical decree, code, or constitution; specif., 2.C.Ch., a law, or rule of doctrine or discipline,

enacted by a council and confirmed by the Pope or sovereign.

2. In general, any law, rule, or decree; esp., a prin-

cipleaccepted as true, fundamental, in conformity with good usage, or the like; an established principle; as, the canons of art, of taste. 3. A critical standard; a criterion; a test. 4. Bib. The collection or list of books which are received as genuine and inspired Holy Scriptures. _5. A list; a catalogue; R.C.Ch., a catalogue of recognized saints. 6. [cap.] Liturgics. Of the Mass, that part which begins after the Sanctus with the prayer “Te igitur.” It contains the fixed rule according to which the “sacrifice” of the Mass

is to be offered. 7. Music. A composition in two or more voice parts, employing ¢mitation (which see) in its strictest form. 8. Print. The largest size of type (48 points)

having a specific name.

_

fl

can/on (kan/tin), n. [ONF. canoine, fr. L. canonicus, fr. canon rule.| Eccl. A clergyman, member of a body forming a kind of council to the bishop and having certain which injure fruit and shade trees. can’na (kin’d), n.; pl. cANNAS (-az). [L.,areed.] Anyof duties in the cathedral church. a genus (Canna) of tropical herbs, type of the canna family ca’/fion (kin’ytin; Sp. kd-nyon’). Var. of CANYON. (Cannaceae), having simple stems, large leaves, and a can/on bit (kin’iin). = CANNON, a horse bit. can/on-ess (kin/tin-és; -is), nm. A woman living in a comtermina] raceme of irregular flowers; also, the flower. munity or college under a rule but not under a perpetual can/na-bis (kin’d-bis), n. [L.,hemp.] The dried flowervow; hence, one who holds a canonry in a conventual ing spikes of pistillate plants of the hemp; hashish.

injurious to plants; esp., U.S., two species of measuring worms (the larvae of moths of the family Geometridae)

canned (kind), adj. Preserved in cans; as, canned goods. can/nel coal, or can/nel (kan’él; -’71), n. (Corrupt. fr.

candle coal.) A coal of fine texture, containing much volatile matter and burning with a bright flame.

chair;

go; sing;

then, thin; natiire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

chapter.

bet

ca-non/i-cal (kd-nén/i-kal), adj.. Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or conforming to, a canon or canons. — ca-non/i-cal-ly, adv.

= ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

ca-non/i-cate (-kit),n. Office of a canon; canonry. can/on-ic/i-ty (kin/iéin-Is/7-ti), 2. Status, or quality warranting status, in the Biblical canon.

ean/on-ist (kin/tin-ist), m.

A professor of, or one ao

in, canon law. — can/on-is’tic (-Is/tik), -is/ti- cal, adj. can/on-ize (-1z), v. t. 1. Eccl. To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints. 2. To sanction by ecclesiastical authority. 3. To include in a

canon, esp. the canon of Scripture. exalt. — can/on-i-za’‘tion, 7.

4. To glorify; to

canon law. The body of ecclesiastical law by which a Christian church is Geates specif., that body of ecclesiastical law contained in the Corpus Juris Canonici, by which the Roman Catholic Church was governed until the ee Juris Canonici (published in 1917) was made efective. can/on-ry (kin/tin-ri), n.; pl. -RtESs (-riz). The benefice, dignity, or office of a canon; also, canons collectively. can/on-ship, n. Canonry, esp. the office. Of or perCa-no’pic (eaend'pik), adj. [L. Canopicus.]

taining to Canopus, a city of ancient Egypt. canopic jar. Archaeol. One of the four jars in which the Egyptians preserved the viscera of the deceased, usually for burial with the mummy. Ca. Be (ka-n0/ptis), n. ([L., fr. Gr. Kandpos.]_ Astron. Alpha (a) Areus, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Argo, not visible north of 37° latitude.

Sa

“py (kin’6-pi), n.; pl. -pres (-piz).

_[F. canapé sofa,

feet irek.. it, Ge ondpeion a bed with mosquito curPe ir. konops gnat.] A covering fixed over a bed, throne, shrine, or the like. 2. Any overhanging shelter or shade; a covering. 3. Arch. An ornamental rooflike structure projecting from a wall or supported on pillars. — v. t.; -PIED (-pid); -Ppy-ING. To cover with or as with

a canopy. ca-no/rous (kd-n0/ris; 70), adj.__[L. canorus, fr. canor melody, fr. canere to sing.] _ Melodious; euphoniously sonorous. —- ca-no/rous-ly, adv. — ca-no/rous-ness,n canst (kinst), second person

sing., present tense, of CAN.

cant (kant), n. [MD., fr. ONF. cant page, angle.] 1. An outer or external angle, as of a building. A sudden

thrust producing a bias, or change of direction or position; also, the bias or turn so given. 3. An oblique or slanting face or surface, as of a polygon, a oe a bank, etc. A slope or bevel; a tilt. —v. . To givea cant, or oblique edge, to; to bevel. 2. To Seckine: to set at an angle; to tip. To turn or throw off or out by tilting. 4. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; to throw with a sudden jerk. —v. 7. To lean; to tilt? 2. To slant or slope. adj. Having canted corners or sides; also, inclined from a perpendicular; sloping. cant, n. [Prob. fr. ONF. cant (F. chant) singing.] 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking; a whine. 2. The expressions peculiar to, and generally understood only by, members of a particular sect, class, or occupation; as: a The secret jargon of thieves, tramps, etc. The special idiom of a profession or trade. A ‘mode of talking used merely out of convention; esp., the insincere use of pious phraseology. Syn. Cant, jargon, argot, lingo, slang.

Cant, jargon, argot, and

lingo apply primarily to the phraseology of a class; slang does not. Cant usually connotes depreciation or contempt. Jargon adds the implication of unintelligibility except to the initiated; as, the jargon of astrology. Argot denotes specifically the secret jargon of thieves, Lingo is contemptuous for any foreign language or peculiar dialect (esp. one not understood), and also for technical cant regarded as a dialect. Slang usually refers to the popular but unauthorized (and usually ephemeral) vogue of odd, grotesque, or strained expressions,

— adj. Having the quality or characteristics of cant; esp., suggestive of insincerity. —v.%. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected singsong tone, as a beggar; hence, to beg. To talk with an affectation of piety or the like; to practice hypocrisy. cant (kant), adj. Dial. Eng. Lively; lusty; merry. can’t (kiint; kant; 9). Contraction for CANNOT. can.-ta’bi- le (kiine ta beela), adj. [It., fr. cantare to sing.] Music. Suitable for singing; melodious and flowing. Can/ta-brig’/i-an_ (kan’ta-brij/f-dn), adj._ Of or belonging to Cambridge [in L. form Cantabrigia], England, or its university. }

other insects, as the sawflies,

2

:

Caterpillarof Swallowtail But-

2. [cap.] A trade-mark for qa ‘ety (Papilio asterias). %) tractor (Caterpillar tractor), made esp. for use on rough ground, that travels upon two endless metal belts. Hence [usually not cap.j: a A tractor of this type. b Any machine traveling on such endless belts. cat/er-waul (kat/ér-w6l), v. 7. [cat-+ prob. E. wawil, wrawl, to cry, howl.] Of cats, to make a harsh cry at rutting time; hence, to make a harsh noise; also, to quarrel or wail like cats. — 7. The cry of cats at rutting time. cat/er-waul/ing, n. A caterwaul.

cai’fall’ (kat/{0l’), n.

Nauwt.

A rope or chain used in

hoisting the anchor to the cathead. eat/fish’ (-f{sh’), n.; pl., see risH. Any of various fishes having catlike teeth, barbels about the mouth, etc.; esp.,

any physostomous teleost fish of an order (Nematognathi) of scaleless fishes including the common bullhead.

cat/gut’ (-gtit’/; attrib. also -giit), n._

1. A tough cord

made from the intestines of certain animals, esp. of sheep,

used for strings of musical instruments, for sutures, etc.

A violin; hence, stringed instruments collectively. cath-. Variant of caTa-. ca-thar’sis pare nm. CNL., fr. Gr. katharsis.

CATHARTIC.

Med. Purgation.

2. Aesthetics.

fication or purgation of the emotions by art;—a

See

Puriterm

used by Aristotle in describing the effect of tragedy as “through pity and fear effecting a catharsis of these emo-

tions.”

3. Psychoanalysis.

Elimination of a complex

by bringing it to consciousness and affording it expression.

ca-thar’tic (-tik), ca-thar’ti-cal (-tY-kdl), adj. thartikos, fr. kathatrein

[Gr. ka-

to cleanse, fr. katharos

Of or relating to cathar-

pure.]

sis; purgative; cleansing. —n. A cathartic medicine. Ca-thay’ (kd-tha’), n. (ML. Cataya, of Tatar origin.) hina; — so called formerly in western Europe.

cat/head’

thoritative.

3. Resembling aisles of a cathedral; as, ca-

thedral walks beneath the elms. -—m. Properly, the church which contains the cathedra; improperly, in nonepiscopal

churches.

churches,

any

of various

large or important

cath’e-ter (kath’é-tér),nm. [LL., fr. Gr. kathetér a thing

let down or put in, deriv. of kata down-+ hzenaz to send.] Med. Any of various instruments for passing along mucous canals to withdraw fluid from a cavity; esp., a tubular instrument to draw off the urine.

cath’e-ter-ize (-iz), v.t.

To introduce a catheter into.

cath’ode (kath’6d), n.

Also kath’ode.

[Gr. kathodos

descent, fr. kata down + hodos way.) Physics & Chem. The negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell, vacuum tube, etc. Cf. anopr. —ca-thod/ic (ka-thod’ik),

ca-thod/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj.

cathode ray. Physics. Any. of the rays projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube in which an electric discharge takes place. They consist of electrons, moving in straight lines unless deflected by the action of a magnetic or electric field. By impinging on solids the cathode rays generate X rays.

See ELECTRON, BETA RAY.

cath/o-lic (kith’6-lik), adj. [F. catholique, fr. L., fr. Gr. katholtkos universal, fr. kath’ holow in general, fr. kata down, concerning + holos whole.] 1. Universal or general; affecting mankind as a whole, or affecting what is universal in human interest. 2. Comprehensive in sympathies or understanding;

liberal; as, a catholic

taste.

the Pope, the bishop of Rome,

is the

3. Of or pertaining to the church universal; specif., designating, or pertaining to, the ancient undivided Christian church or a church claiming historical continuity from it; hence [cap.]: a,Of or pertaining to the Western, Church after its separation from the Eastern Church, which took the title of Orthodox. hb Since the Reformation, pertaining to or designating that body of Christians, or that church, of which

spiritual head; Roman Catholic. —mn. 1. A person who belongs to the universal Christian church. 2. [cap.] member of a Catholic church, specif. of the Roman

Catho-

lic Church. — ca-thol/i-cal-ly (kd-th6l/I-kal-i), adv. Catholic Church. That body of Christians of which the Pope, the bishop of Rome, is the head.

Catholic Emancipation Act. Eng. Hist. An act, passed in 1829, freeing Roman Catholics from civil disabilities; —

popularly so called.

ca-thol/i-cism (kd-thol’%-stz’m), n. 1. Faith, practice, or system of the catholic church; adherence to the catholic church; catholicity. 2. [cap.] Faith, practice, or system

of a Catholic church,

(kat/héd’), 7.

secured.

ca-the/dra (ké-thé’dra; mi kath’é-dra), n. aa eats ee

specif. of the Roman

Church; Catholicity. cath/o.-lic/i-ty (kith/6-lis’%-ti),

Naut. A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of a vessel, to which ; the anchor is hoisted and SS

:

:

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris,

2

cat’s-eye

160

caterer ca/ter-er (ka/tér-ér), n. . [See cATER.],

hence, the episcopal see or dig-

nity.

By extension, the chair

of a professor, teacher, or any

person in high authority. ca-the/dral (ka-thé’drdl), adj. 1. Of, relating to, or containing, the cathedra, or bishop’s chair;

ma

am,

)

28,a cathedral church.

2. Emanating

from

the chair of office or

authority, as of a pope or bishop; official; au-

nm.

1. State

Catholic

or

quality

of being catholic; liberality of sentiments. Catholicism (sense 1). 3. [cap.] The faith or doctrine of a Catholic church. F ca-thol/i-cize (ka-th6]/7-siz), v. t. & 7. To make, or become, catholic or [cap.] Catholic. — ca-thol/i-ciz/er, n.

ca-thol/i-con (-kon), n.

[Gr. katholikos, neut. katholi-

kon, universal.] A remedy for all diseases; a panacea. cat/i/on (kat/i/dn), n., Also kat/i/on. _[Gr. kata downward-+ ton, neut., going.], Physical Chem. a ‘The posi-

tively charged particle or ion in an electrolyzed solution which travels to the cathode and is there, discharged,

evolved, or deposited. b Hence, any positive ion. cat/kin (kit’kin), n. Bot. An ament. cat/like’ (kit/lik’), adj. Like a cat; stealthy. —

See 10N.

cat/ling (ling), n. _[cat+ 1st -ling.], 1. A little cat; a kitten. 2. Rare. Catgut; a catgut string. cat/mint’ (-mint’), n. Catnip. 32

cat/nip (-nip), n.

Also cat/nep (-nép).

Theaccent was orig. con-tra’ry, but con’tra-ry

existed side by side with it since Chaucer’s time and

has

now

prevails in cultivated usage, while con-tra/ry (used esp. in

sense 5) is almost exclusively dial., colloq., or playful. — by contraries. By way of opposition; contrary to expectation.—on the contrary. In opposition; on the

other hand. — to the contrary. or intent.

con-trast/ (kdn-trast’), v. i.

To an opposite effect

[F. contraster, fr. It., fr. LL.,

fr. L. contra+ stare tostand.]

To exhibit noticeable dif-

ferences when compared or set side by side. —v.t. To place, arrange, etc., so as to_set off or to bring out differences, == (kdn/trast),m. 1. Act or process of contrast-

ing; state of being contrasted. 2. A person or thing that exhibits differences when contrasted. 3. A quality of a work of art resulting from diversity of adjacent parts. — con-trast/a-ble, adj.

con’‘tra-val-la/tion (kSn/tra@-vd-la/shtin), n. [See conTRA-3 VALLATION.] Fort. A series of works confronting the walls of an invested place to isolate the defenders and safeguard the besiegers against sallies. con’tra-vene’ (-vén’), v.¢.. [F. or L.;_F., fr. LL. contra-

venire, fr. contra- + venire to come.]

To go or act

contrary to; to infringe, asa law. 2. To oppose; contradict. — Syn. Defy, violate; thwart. See peny. — Ant. Obey, uphold, sustain. — con’tra-ven/er (-vén’ér), n.

con/tra-ven/tion

(-vén’/shtin), n.

Act of contravening;

transgression; violation. con/tra-yer/va (-yiir’va), n. [Sp. contrayerba, lit., a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. L. contra +

herba herb.j aA tropical American moraceous herb (Dorstenia contrayerva), the aromatic root of which is

stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic. b Any of a genus (Aristolochia) of aristolochiaceous West Indian herbs similarly used.

one who contracts to perform work, or supply articles on a

||con’tre-danse’ (kén/tré-dins’), n.

tospeak.]

ranged in opposite lines with partners facing each other. con/tre-temps/ (k6n’tré-tain’), n.; pl. -TEMpS (-tinz’; FP. -tain’). _[F., fr. contre (L. contra) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] An inopportune and embarrassing occurrence. con-trib/ute (kdn-trib/it), v.t. ([L. contributus, past part. of contribuere_to bring together, add, fr. con- + tribuere to grant.] 1. To give or supply in common with

large scale, at a certain price or rate. con-trac/tu-al (kdn-trak’ti-dl), adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a contract. con/tra-dance’ (k6n/trd-dans’/). Var. of CONTREDANSE. con’tra-dict’ (k6n/tra-dikt’), v.¢. _[L. contradictus, past part. of contradicere to speak against, fr. contra + dicere

1. To assert the contrary of; to deny the truth

of; impugn. 2. Obs. To resist; oppose. trary to; gocounter to. — Sym. See DENY.

3. To be con= v.17. To op-

pose in words. — con‘tra-dict’a-ble, adj. — con’tra-dict/er, -dic/tor, n. con/tra-dic/iion (-dik’shtin), n. 1. An assertion of the contrary.

2. Status or fact of contradicting each other;

logicalincompatibility.

3. Something involving such con-

flict, inconsistency, etc.

2

con/tra-dic’tious (-shtis), adj. Archaic. Contradictory. con/tra-dic’tive (-tiv), adj. Contradictory. :

con’tra-dic/to-ry (-dik’té-ri), adj.

Tending to contradict;

of the nature of, given to, or involving, contradiction. —

Syn. See opposite. — Ant, Corroborative, confirmatory.

— con’tra-dic’to-ri-ly, adv. — -to-ri-ness, n.

f

con’tra-dis-tinc’tion (-dis-tingk’shiin), n. Distinction by contrast; — chiefly in the phrase in contradistinction

to. — -tinc/tive (-tiv), adj. —-tinc/tive-ly,adv. con/tra-dis-tin’guish (-dis-ting’gwish), v.t. To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities.

con’tra-in’di-cate (-in’di-kat), v.¢t. Med. To indicate treatment contrary to (that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require). — con/tra-in/di-cant, n. — con/tra-in/di-ca/tion, n. con-tral/to (kdn-tral’to), n.; pl.-Tos (-t6z), -TI (-t®). [It., fr. contra + alto alto.]_ a Originally, the part sung by the

highest male or lowest female voices; now, that of the low-

est female voice. hb A contralto voice or singer. ; con/tra-po-si/tion (kdn/tra-p6-zish’/tin), n. Antithesis. conan tion (kdn-trap’shtn), n. Collog. Contrivance; gadget. con/tra-pun’tal (k6n/tra-ptin’tdl; -t’l), adj. [It. contrappunto counterpoint.] Music. a Of, or according to the rules of, counterpoint. b Polyphonic. — -tal-ly, adv. con’tra-pun’tist (-tist), m. One skilled in counterpoint. con’tra-ri’e-ty (kOn/tra-ri/é-ti), n.; pl. -TrEs (-tiz). 1.

State or quality of being contrary; variance.

2. Some-

thing contrary to something else; an inconsistency. con-trar’i-ous (kdn-trar/i-tis), adj. Archaic. Contrary.

con’tra-ri-wise’ (k6n/trér-¥-wiz/; k6n/tra-ri-; see cConTRARY), adv. 1. On the contrary. 2. Conversely. 3. Contrarily.

con’tra-ry (k6n/trér-t or, esp. Brit., kon’tra-r11; see note below), adj. _[OF. contrarie, fr. L. contrarius, fr, contra against.} 1. Opposed; diametrically different. 2. That is opposite in position, nature, direction, etc. 3. Unfavor-

able; adverse; —— now Counter;

as, contrary

only of wind, weather, to law.

5. Given

etc, .

to opposition;

captious. — Syn. See opposite. — Ant, Consonant, accordant, compatible; compliant. —7.; pl. -RIms (-riz). 1. The opposite; a proposition, condition, etc,, incompatible with another. 2. One of two contrary things. — adv. Contrarily; contrariwise; counter. — con’tra-ri-ly, adv. — con/tra-ri-ness, 7.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdlire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

DANCE.]_

others.

[F., fr. E. counrry-

Any dance in which the participants are ar-

2. Tosupply (an article) for publication.

— v. 7.

To give or furnish something, as toa common stock or for a common purpose. — Syn. See cONDUCE. — Con-trib/ut-able (-i-ta-b’l), adj. — con-trib/u-tor (-i-tér), n.

con’tri-bu/tion

(kon/tri-bi/shtin), n.

esp. an extraordinary

one;

an

impost.

1. A levy or tax,

tributing; also, the sum or thing contributed.

Act of con-

3. A writ-

ing for publication, esp. in a periodical.

con-trib/u-tive (kon-trib’i-tiv), adj. Contributing, or tending to contribute. — -tive-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n. con-trib/u-to/ry (-t0/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. 2. Contributing; subject to levy. f the nature of, or forming, a contribution; serving as a contribution; esp., aiding in effecting an end or result; as, contributory causes. —n.; pl.-RIES

(riz).

One, who contributes or is bound to contribute;

also, a contributing factor. con/trite (kdn/’trit; often, in poetry, kn-trit’), adj.

[OF.

contrit, fr, L. contritus bruised, past part. of conterere to

grind, bruise, fr. con--+ terere to rub, grind.]

Broken

down with sorrow for sin; humbly and thoroughly penitent. 2. Proceeding from contrition; as, contrite sighs. — con/trite-ly, adv. — -trite-ness, n._. con-tri/tion (kdn-trish’t%in), n. Sincere repentance. Syn. Regret, compunction, self-reproach. — Contrition, penitence, repentance, In theological usage, contrition denotes deep sorrow for sin, growing out of love toward God; but it has, also, a more general application.

Penitence

and repentance imply sorrow for what

is past, and purposed amendment, penitence emphasizing the element of feeling; repentance, new purpose.

con-triv/ance (kdn-triy’dns), m.

1. Act or power of con-

triving; also, the way in which something is contrived, de-

signed, or adapted.

2. A thing contrived or used in con-

triving; an invention; esp., a mechanical device or appliance. — Syn. Scheme, project; shift, artifice; machine, apparatus, gadget. See DEVICE.

con-trive’ (kdn-triv’), v.t. tropare to compare,

[OF. controver, fr. LL. con-

appar. of Teut. origin. ]

1. To de-

vise; plan; as, to contrive means of meeting. 2. To fabricate as a work of art or ingenuity; invent; as, to contrive a new type of airship. 3, To bring about, as by stratagem; to manage; as, to contrive to keep cool. =~ v.71. To make devices; to form schemes or designs. — Syn. Plan, plot, scheme; fashion, frame, design. — con-triv’a-ble (-triv/db’l, adj. — con-triv’er (-ér), n. con-trol’ (kdn-trol’), v. ¢.; -TROLLED! (-trold’); -TROL/LING. [F. contréler, fr. controle counter register, deriv. of contre

+ role roll, catalogue.]| 2. To check or regulate, as payments; to keep within limits, as speed. To test or verify (a statement or experiment) by counter or parallel evi-

dence or experiment. 3. To exercise directing, guiding, or restraining power over. — Sym. Rule, govern, dominate, direct; restrain, regulate. —m. 1. Power or authority to

control.

2. Reserveor restraint.

3. Anything affording

a standard of comparison or means of verification; a check.

K = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

control experiment mechanisms of such an apparatus.,

vehicle racing, a

part of the course not reckoned in the timing; specif., a station where an airplane may stop a limited time for minor repairs. 6. Spiritualism. A spirit actuating the utterances or performances of the medium. — con-trol/la-ble, adj. — con-trol/ment, n.

Control experiment.

di

An experiment to check the results

of other experiments, as by maintaining identical conditions, except for one varied factor, whose causal significance

can thus be inferred. con-trol/ler (kdn-tro’ér), m. check expenditures.

2. An officer appointed to

2. A governor, director, or the like.

3. A mechanical or electrical device for controlling power,

speed, pressure, etc. — con-trol/ler-ship, 7. con’tro-ver’sial (kon/tré-viir’shdl), adj. | Subject to, relating to, or of the nature of, controversy; polemical; putatious. — con/tro-ver’sial-ist, n..— -sial-ly, adv.

con’tro-ver’sy (k6n/tré-vir’si), n.;

controversia, fr. controversus turned contro-

(= contra)

+ versus,

pl. -stes Csiz).

dis-

[L.

against, disputed, fr.

past part.

A discussion of a controverted

See VERSION. ]

matter or controversial

issue; dispute; debate; sometimes, quarrel. — Syn. Disputation, argument; contention, wrangle.

con’tro-vert (k5n/tré-viirt; k6n/trd-vart’; 2), v.t. To oppose with arguments; deny; contradict; also, to. refuse to accept or hold, as a doctrine. — Syn. See DENY. — con/tro-vert/er, n. — con’tro-vert/i-bie, adj. ; con/iu-ma/’cious (k6n/tti-ma’shiis), adj. Perverse in resisting authority; stubbornly disobedient. — Sym. Unruly, refractory, intractable, insubordinate; rebellious, defiant. — -ma/cious-ly, adv. — -cious-ness, n. con’tu-ma-cy (k6n/tti-md-si), .; pl. -ctEs (-siz). [L. contumacia, fr. contumaz, -acis, insolent.] Contumacious spirit or action; defiance of authority. con’tu-me/ly (k6n/ti-mé/lf), n. ;pl. -t1Es (-liz). [OF. con-

tumelie, fr. L. contumelia.]

language or treatment;

Contemptuous or arrogant

scornful insolence; also, an instance

of this. — con/tu-me/li-ous (-mé/li-tis; 58), adj. — Syme See OPPROBRIOUS. — -li-ous-ly, adv. — -li-ous-ness, n. con-tuse’ (kdn-tiiz’), v.¢.. [L. contusus, past part. of contundere to beat, crush, fr. con- + tundere to beat.]1 To cause or suffer contusion of; bruise.

con-tu’sion (-tt/zhiin),n. A bruise affecting subcutaneous tissue without breaking of the skin. co-nun/drum (ké-ntin/driim), n. [Origin unknown.] 1.

A kind of riddle or puzzling question, of which the answer isa punorinvolvesa pun. 2. An unanswerable or purely speculative question. — Syn. See ENIGMA. con/va-lesce’ (k6n/va-lés’), v. 7.; -LEScED’ (-lést’); -LESC’1nG (-lés/ing).

[L. convalescere, fr. con- + valescere to

grow strong, fr. valere to be strong.] To gather strength after sickness; to recover health gradually.

con’va-les’cence (-lés/éns; -’ns), m. The process or period of convalescing; gradual restoration to health. — con/vales’cent (-ént; -’nt), adj. & n.

con’val-lar/i-a’ceous (k6n/vd-lar/t-a/shts), adj.

_[L: con-

vallis a valley.J. Belonging to a family (Convallariaceae) of herbs resembling liliaceous plants but having fleshy bac-

cate fruit and no bulb.

The asparagus and lily of the val-

ley belong to this family. con-vec/tion (kdn-vék’/shtin), n.

[LL. convectio, fr.con-

vehere to bring together, fr. con- -- vehere tocarry.] A conveying; specif., Physics, transference of heat or elec-

tricity by moving massés of matter, as by currents in gases and liquids caused by differences in density, or by electrical-

y ciate: particles across a spark gap. — con-vec/tional, adj.

con-vec/tive (-vék’tiv), adj. 1. Serving for conveying; transporting. 2. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, con-

vection. — con-vec/tive-ly, adv. Q con-vec’tor (-tér), m. An agency of convection. ||con’ve-nance’ (k6n/vé-nins’; often Angl., kOn/vé-nins’ or k6n/vé-nans, with pl._-nain/séz; -stz), n. .CF., fitness.] Conventional usage; pl., the conventionalities.

con-vene’ (kdn-vén’), v. 2. [F. convenir, fr. L. convenire, fr. con--+ venire tocome.] To come together in a body; to assemble.

==v.t.

1. To cause to assemble; convoke.

2. To summon before a tribunal, — Ant. Disperse, dissolve, adjourn. — con-ven/er (-vén/ér), 7. con-ven/ience (-vén/yéns), or, now less commonly, conven/ien-cy (-yén-st), nm. 1. Quality of being convenient; fitness; suitableness.

2. Personal comfort; ease; hence,

any labor-saying or comfort-giving appliance, fixture, etc. 3. A convenient

con-ven/ient

time; opportunity.

(-yént), adj.

_[L. conveniens, -entis, suit-

able, pres. part. of convenire.

See CONVENE.]

1. Obs.

Fit; appropriate; proper. 2. Suited to one’s personal ease or comfort or to one’s easy performance of some act or function.

3. Collog.

Near at hand; easy of access. — Syme

Advantageous, favorable. — con-ven‘ient-ly, adv. con/vent (kon/vént or, esp. Brit.,-vént),n. [L.conventus

a meeting, ML. also, a convent.

conversion

222

4. The apparatus used to control a mechanism or machine in operation, as an aircraft or motorboat; also, any of the

See cONVENE.]

A com-

munity of recluses devoted to a religious life under a superior; also, their establishment, as a monastery or nun-

nery; — now usually restricted to a community of nuns and a nunnery. — Sym. See CLOISTER. con-vent’ (kdn-vént’), v. t. & 7. Obs. To convene. : con-ven’ti-cle (-vén’ti-k’l), n. (CL. conventiculum, dim. of

conventus.]

1. Obs. Anassembly..

2. An assembly for

religious worship, esp. of nonconformistsor dissenters. 3. A meetinghouse. — con-ven/ti-cler -klér),n. con-ven/tion (kdn-vén/shiin), n. | 1. Act of convening. 2. A body of delegates, representatives, members, or the like, periodically convened for a common purpose. 3. Agreement or an agreement; contract; covenant.

4. General

agreement as the basis of any custom, usage, or the like;

hence, custom; fixed usage; conventionality; as, slaves to convention. 5. A rule, practice, form, etc., which has its sanction in custom or usages; as, the conventions of the

novel; social conventions. con-ven/tion.al (-dl; -’l), adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, convention or a convention. 2. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated; contractual; — opposed in law to legal and judicial. 3. Growing out of, depending on, or sanctioned by, custom or usage; as, conventional

full dress. &. Lacking spontaneity, originality, or individuality; formal; as, conventional remarks. 5. Conventionalized. — Sym. Accepted, customary, traditional; trite, stereotyped. — -al-ism, n. — -al-ist, n. — -al-ly, adv. con-ven/tion-al/i-ty (-a]/7-ti), n.; pl. -THES (-tiz). 1. State or quality of being conventional; specif., adherence to social formalities or usages. 2. A conventional usage, practice, or rule; a convention.

con-ven’tion-al-ize_(kdn-vén’/shtin-dl-iz), v.t To make conyentional; specif., to design, draw, etc., so as to show typical rather than individual lines or features. — conven’tion-al-i.za/tion, n.

con-ven’/tu-al (kdn-vén’tti-dl), adj. _Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a convent. —m. 1. Amember of a con-

vent.

2. [cap.} One of a branch of Franciscans following

a mitigated rule. con-verge’ (-viirj’), v.7.; -VERGED! (-vtir/jing).

(-vfirjd’); -vERG/ING

L. convergere, fr. con- + vergere to turn,

incline.] To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together. —-¥v.t. To cause to converge.

con-ver/gence (-jén-sf).

(-viir/jéns),

n.

(1. Also

con-ver’gen-cy

Act or state of converging; also, a degree or point

of convergence.

2. Tendency to grow alike; development

of similarities in form, habits, etc. — con-ver/gent, adj.

con-vers/a-ble (kon-viir/sd-b’l), adj. 1. Affable; approach-

able. 2. Pertaining to, or suitable for, conversation. — con-vers’a-ble-ness, n. — con-vers/a-bly, adv. con/ver-sance (k6n/vér-sdns; -s’ns; see adj.), n. Also SonNeKSAeY (-sdn-si). Familiarity; intimacy of knowl-

edge. con/ver-sant (k6n/vér-sdnt; -s’nt; formerly, and still by some, kon-vir’/sant), adj. [OF-., fr. L. conversans, pres. part. of conversart to associate with.] Now Rare.

Wont to dwell. 2. Intimately acquainted; familiar. 3. Familiar by use or study; versed; — usually followed by

with. — con/ver-sant-ly, adv.

con’ver-sa’tion (k6n/vér-sa’shiin), n.

[OF. conversacion,

-tion, fr.L.conversatio. See CONVERSE, v.} a An abiding. b Manner of living; conduct.

1. Archaic. 2. Social

interchange; intercourse. 3. Sexualintercourse. 4. Oral and, usually, informal or friendly interchange of views, senti-

ments, etc.; talk ora talk.

§. Conversance resulting from

experience, study, etc. — Syn. Colloquy, discourse, dia-

logue, chat.— con/ver-sa/tion-al, adj. — -al-ly, adv. con’ver-sa/tion-al-ist

(-dl-ist), n.

Also con/ver-sa/tion-

age One who converses much, or who excels in conversajon.

||con’ver-sa-zi-o/ne (kin/vér-sa-tsy6’na; k5n/ver-sit’si-0/né; -sit/si-0/né), m.; pl. -ZIONI

(k6n/vér-sat/st-d/néz; Rene

(kOn/vEr-si-tsyO/n€),

te

({It.]

-ZIONES

A social gath-

ering for conversation about art, literature, science, etc. con-verse’ (kdn-viirs’), vz.

[OF. converser, fr. L. con-

versarz to associate with, fr. conversare to turn often, fr. convertere. See CONVERT.] 1. Archaic. To hold inter-

course; to have conversation or conversance. 2. To interchange thoughts and opinions in speech; to talk. — Syn. See TALK. — con-vers’er, n.

con/verse (k6n/viirs),.

1. Intercourse;communion.

2.

Familiar discourse; conversation. con/verse (k6n/vfirs; 2), adj. [L. conversus, past part. See CoNVERT.] Turned about; reversed in order or rela-

tion; acting oppositely or contrarily; as, a converse propo-

sition.

== (kon/virs), m. L. In general, that which is re-

lated to something else in a way that is conyerse; loosely the opposite or reverse. 2. Logic. A proposition obtained by conversion. See CONVERSION, 4. — con-verse/ly (kinviirs/li; kdn-), adv. con-ver’sion (kdn-vfir/shtin; -zhtin),n. 1. Act of converting, or state of being converted. 2. A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; spe-

cif., the experience associated with and involving a definite and decisive adoption of religion, esp. a Christian religion. Law. a An appropriation of, and dealing with, the property of another as if it were one’s own, without right. b Hquity. The exchange of property of one nature property of another nature, as of real to personal.

Ale, chaotic, cfre, add, d@ccount, Arm, ask, sofa; éve, charity; old, Obey, 6rb, ddd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére

(27),

Event,

End,

silént,

makér;

ice,

to 4,

ill,

out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tip, circés, menti;

conversional

by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the

contrary,

cool

223

Logic. Act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as

5. Math. A change or reduction of the form of

a proposition or expression; esp., the reduction by multi-

plication from a fractional to an integral form. — con-ver’-

Sion-al, adj. — con-ver’sion-ar’y (-ér/I; -ér-I; 3), adj. con-vert’ (kdn-viirt’), vt. COF. convertir, fr. L. convertere, -versum, fr. con--+ vertere to turn.]

n. — Con-Viv/i-al/i-ty (-21/7-ti), n. — con-viv’i-al-ly, adv.

con’vo-ca’tion (kdn/v6-ka’shtin), n.

Act of convoking.

[See convoxe.]

1.

An assembly of persons convoked.

3. Ch. of Hing. An assembly of clergy by their representa-

tives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. 4. Prot. Epis. Ch. a A meeting of a voluntary organization of the clergy and some of the laity of a section of a diocese, to promote

1. Obs. To

interest in diocesan missions, etc.; hence, the organization,

transform; esp., in manufacturing, to change the chemical

sionary jurisdiction. — Syn. Convention, council, synod, congress. — con/vo-c¢a/tion-al, adj. con/vo-ca/tor (kon/v6-ka’tér), n. [ML.] One who convokes an assembly; also, a member of the convocation.

turn. 2. To turn from one belief or. course toanother. 3. To cause spiritual conversion of or in. 4. To transmute; nature of; as, to convert starch into sugar. misappropriate.

5. To divert;

6. To exchange for an equivalent; as, to

convert goods into money. 7. Finance. To change (one form of security, obligation, or the like) into an equivalent of a different nature. 8. Law. To subject (property) to conversion. See CONVERSION, 3. Logic. To alter (a

proposition) by conversion. See CONVERSION, 4. — v. 7. To be converted. — Sym. See TRANSFORM.

con/vert (kon’viirt), m. A converted person; esp., one who experiences or undergoes religious conversion.

Syn. Convert, proselyte. Convert implies a hearty, usually genuine, embracing of a creed, opinion, or doctrine previously rejected or, at least, not accepted. Proselyte is properly an adherent of one system (esp. religious) who has transferred himself, or been gained over, to another, often suggesting unworthy or ulterior motives.

con-vert/er,

con-ver’tor

(kdn-vfir/tér),

converts or makes converts.

n.

1. One who

2. A merchant who buys un-

finished fabrics, hosiery, etc., and has them dyed, bleached,

etc. 3. An apparatus for converting; specif.: a The vessel used in the Bessemer process. ,b A device employing me-

chanical rotation for transforming electrical energy. con-vert/i-ble (kdn-vfir’ti-b’l), adj. Capable of being converted; transformable; exchangeable for an equivalent. —

Syn.

See RECIPROCAL.

—7.

A convertible thing. — con-

vert/i-bil’i-ty, n. — con-vert/i-ble-ness, n. — -i-bly, adv. CIE A (k6n/vér-tit), n. 2. A convert. 2. A magalen. con/vex (k6n/véks; k6n-véks’; 2), adj. [F. conveze, fr. L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to

bring together.]

_Curved or rounded as the exterior of a

spherical or circular form; regularly protuberant; — opposite of concave. — (kdn/véks; form. often kOn-véks’), n. A convex body, surface, part, lens, etc. — con’vex-ly, adv.

con-vex/i-ty (kdn-vék/si-tl), n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz). curvature; also, a convex.

con-vex’o-

(kdn-vék’sé-).

_A combining

Convex

or the territorial division represented. b The annual meeting of the bishop, clergy, and lay. delegates of a mis-

con-voke’

(kon-vok’), v. é

[I. convoquer, fr. L. convo-

care, fr. con- + vocare to call.]

To call together; to sum-

mon to meet; assemble by summons.

— con-vok’er, n.

con’vo-lute (k6n’vé-lit), v.t. & 7. _[L. convolutus, past part. of convolvere. See CoNVOLVE.] 1. To twist around; contort. 2. To make convolute. —adj. Rolled or wound together, one part upon another, as leaves in a bud. — con’vo-luie-ly, adv.

con/vo-lu’tion (-lu/shiin), mn. 1. Convoluted state or formation. 2. One of the windings, folds, coils, whorls, etc.,

in something convoluted; specif., one of the irregular ridges on the surface of the brain of some animals. con-volve’ (kdn-volv’), v. é. CL. convolvere, -volutum, fr. con- + volvere to roll.]__ To roll together; convolute.

con-vol/vu-la’ceous (-v6l/vii-la/shtis), adj. Belonging to a large family (Convolvulaceae), the morning-glory family, of twining vines, erect herbs, shrubs, or even trees. con-vol/vu-lus (-v6l’vu-lus), n.; pl. -LUSES (-€z; -Iz), (-li)..

{L., bindweed,

from its twining stems.]

fr. convolvere

to roll around;

-LI

—

Any of a genus (Convolvulus)

of erect, trailing or twining herbs and shrubs (typifying the

family Convolvulaceae) including species popularly called bindweed or sometimes

morning-glory.

con-voy’ (k6n-voi’; kdn-), v.¢. [OF. vEY.] 1. Archaic. To accompany; To accompany for protection, by sea con/voy (k6n/voi), x. [F.convoi.] state of being convoyed.

escort.

3. Obs.

veying.

convoier. See conguide; conduct. 2. or land; escort.

1. Act of convoying;

2. One that convoys another; an

Means or medium of conducting or con-

4. A convoyed vessel, fleet, train, party, etc.

con-vulse’ (kdn-viils’), v. ¢.

[L. convulsus, past part. of

convellere to tear up, shake, fr. con- + vellere to pluck,

form denoting

pull.] (To shake or agitate violently; esp., to shake with or

vex; con-vex/o—plane’. con-vey’ (kdn-va’), v.t, [OF. conveier (ONF.), convoier,

con-vul’sion (-vil/shtin),n. 1. (Usually in pl.) A violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the

converly, convex and, as in: COn-Vex/o—con/cave, convex on one side and concave on the other; con-vex’/o—con/to escort, convoy, deriv. of L. con- + via way.]

bear from one place to another; carry; transport.

1. To

2. To

carry away, esp. secretly; hence, euphemistically, to steal; to plagiarize. To serve as a medium or conduit for. 4. Toimpart, as by language. 5. To transfer to another, esp., Law, to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title) by a

sealed writing.

6. Obs. To conduct secretly or craftily. —

con-vey’a-ble, adj. — con-vey’er, -vey’or, n.

Syn. Convey, transmit, transport agree in the idea of causing to pass from one place or object to another. Convey usually stresses the suggestion of a medium which conducts or imparts; transmit suggests rather the process of sending, or allowing to pass, through; as, air both transmits (sends on through) and conveys (carries as a medium) sound. Transport implies an actual carrying, as by a vehicle or vessel; as,

to transport troops, goods,

con-vey’ance (-dns),m. 1. Act of conveying. 2. Means or way of conveying; esp., a vehicle. 3. An instrument or deed conveying the title to property. j con-vey’anc-er (-dn-sér), nm. Law. One whose business is

conveyancing. 3 con-vey/anc-ing (-dn-sing), n. The act. or business of drawing deeds, leases, etc., for transferring the title to property.

con-vict’ (kdn-vikt’), part. adj.

See. convince.]

or find guilty.

Archaic.

con/vict (kon/vikt), m.

[L. convictus, past part.

Convicted.

—v.t¢. To prove

1. One convicted of, and under

sentence for,acrime. 2. In popular use, a person serving a prison sentence, usually for a long term. con-vic’tion (kén-vik/shtn), mn. 1. A convicting; the con-

dition of being convicted. 2. Act of convincing someone; more often, state of being convinced; strong persuasion or

belief or an instance of it. — Sym. See BELIEF. — Con-Vvic/tion-al, adj. con-vic/tive (-vik’/tiv), adj. Convincing.

con-vince’ (kén-vins’), v. t.; -vINcED/ (-vinst’); -VINC/ING

(-vin/sing). [L. convincere, -victwm, to refute, prove, fr. con- + vincere to conquer.] 1. Obs. To overpower; over-

come. 2. To bring by argument to belief beyond doubt; satisfy by proof. 3. Obs. To convict. — con-vince’-

ment, n. — -vine’er, n. — -vin’ci-ble, adj. ; con-vine/ing (-vin/sing), adj. Satisfying or assuring by argument or proof. —-ing-ly, adv. — -ing-ness, n. con-viv’i-al (-viv'l-dl; -vdl), adj. (L. convivialis, fr. con-

vivium a feast, fr. con- + vivere to live.] _ Of, characterized by, or given to, eating_and drinking in jovial fellowship; festive; gay. — Sym. See SocIAL. — con-Viv‘i-al-ist,

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118);

as if with irregular spasms.

muscles; spasm. 2. A violent disturbance, as an earthquake or social upheaval. — Syn. See PAROXYSM.

con-vul’sion-ar’y (-ér/i), adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, convulsion or convulsionaries. —n.; pl. -1rs (-Iz). One who has convulsions, esp. as a result of religious mania or ecstasy. con-vul/sive (kdn-vil’siv), adj.

Of the nature of a con-

vulsion; attended with, or characterized by, convulsions.

—con-vul’sive-ly, adv. — -sive-ness, n. co/ny, co/ney (k0’/ni; formerly, and still by some, ktin’i), n.; pl. -NIES, -NEYS (-niz). [OF. conil, fr. L. cuniculus rabbit, cony.] a A rabbit, esp. the European rabbit (Oryc-

tolagus cuniculus); also, rabbit skin or fur. The daman. SeeDAMAN. ¢ A pika. uae Vi! GOO (k00), V. 7.; COOED (kd0d); coo’inc. [Imitative.] 1.

To make the low repeated sound characteristic of pigeons or doves, or a sound suggestive of this. 2. To converse amorously; — usually in bill and coo. —v.t._To utter

express, or effect with a coo or coos. =n. The sound made in cooing. — coo/er, n. — coo/ing-ly, adv. coo’ee, coo’ey (ko0's; -€), m.. A peculiar hailing cry of Australian aborigines, used also by Australian colonists. —v.t. To call out cooee. coof (k00f; kif), n. Dial. A blockhead. cook (ko0k), rn. LAS. coc, fr. L. cocus, coquus, fr. coquere, coctum, to cook.] One who prepares food for the table. —v.t. 1. To prepare (food) by boiling, roasting, baking, etc. 2. To subiect to the action of beat or fire, as in curing tobacco. 3. Collog. To concoct; hence, to tamper with; doctor; — often with up. 4. Slang. To ruin; spoil.

—v.%.

1. To do the work of a cook.

cooking. — cook’er, n.

‘

2. To undergo

cook (kook; kd0k), v. 7. Chiefly Scot. To crouch down. cook’er-y (k00k/r-¥), ~.; pl. -ERIES (Iz). Art, process, work, or place of Coons : LD. koekje, cook’y, cook/ie (kd0k/i), n.; pl. -1ES (-iz). meee koek eel A small, usually thin and flat, cake.

cool (kool), adj. in warmth. cool dress. possessed. greeting.

[AS. col.] _1. Moderately cold; lacking

Not retaining or admitting heat; as, a 3. Not ardent or passionate; deliberate; self4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; as, a cool

5. Calmly

cious; as, a cool stare.

impudent;

inconsiderately

auda-

6, Stated or estimated without

exaggeration; as, to inherit a cool million. 7%. Color. Near green or blue in hue; — opposed to warm.

Syn. Calm, unruffled, unmoved, tranquil, unconcerned. — Cool, composed, collected, imperturbable, nonchalant. Cool (see or-

K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

||Foreign Word.

a veteran.

Composed suggests calmness or tranquillity; collected

self-possession, esp. in the face of difficulty or danger; both are opposed to distracted. Thatisimperturbable which is not readily abashed or disconcerted; as, in:perturbable common sense. Nonchalant implies indifference or unconcern.

—adv. Collog. Coolly. ==n. 1. A cool time, place, etc. 2. Coolness. —v.7. & t. 1. To become or make cool. 2. Tocalm; allay. — coolly (k00l/l1), adv. — coolness, n.

cool’er (kool/ér),n. That which cools; as:a A vessel used to coolliquids. bArefrigerator. ¢ Arefrigerant. d Slang. A prison; esp., a cell for violent prisoners. : coo/lie, coo’ly (k60/li), n.; pl. -L1Es (-liz)._ Hind. giz, quli.J In India, China, etc., a native unskilled laborer or porter; also, elsewhere, a cheap laborer transported from

the Orient.

cool/ish (kool’ish), adj. Somewhat cool. coom, coomb (koom), n. 1. Scot. & Dial. Eng. Soot; smut. 2. Refuse dust or grease; filthy waste. coomb, combe, comb (koom; kom), n. _ [AS. cumb.] a Eng. A narrow ravinelike valley. b Dial. Eng. & Scot. A hollow in the side of a hill or mountain. coon (k6on),n. 1. Araccoon. 2. Collog., U.S. Anegro. coon’can (ko6n’kan),n. CardGames. A form of conquian. Coon/’tie (ko0n/ti), m. [Seminole kunti coontie flour.] Any of several tropical American woody plants (genus Zamia, family Cycadaceae) whose roots and stems yield a starch. Coop (k60p; 85), nm. 1. Acage or small enclosure, as for

poultry; a pen.

copula

224

cooler

Frc10vs) implies freedom from heat, passion, or excitement; as, cool as

2. A place of confinement.

—v.t.

To

confine in, or as in, a coop; — esp. with wp or in. Coop’er (-ér), nm. A maker or repairer of barrels or casks. —v.t. & 7 To work as a cooper (on). Coop’er-age (-ij),. Work done by a cooper or the pay for it; also, a place for coopers’ work. co—op’er-ate (k6-dp/ér-at), v. 7. Also co-6p’er-ate, coop’er-ate. (LL. cooperatus, past part. of cooperari to

co-operate, fr. co--+ operari to work.] operate jointly with another or others.

1. To act or 2. To join in

economic co-operation. — -a/tor (-a/tér), n. co—op’er-a/tion (-a/shiin), n. Also co-6p/er-a’tion,

co-

op’er-a’tion. 1. A co-operating. 2. Hcon. Collective action,as in industry, for mutual profit or common benefit.

—-a’tion.ist, n. co—op/er-a/tive (k6é-dp/ér.a’tiv; -d-tiv), adj, Also coGp’er-a’tive, co-op/er-a/tive. 1. Co-operating; pertain-

ing to or characterized by co-operation. 2. Pertaining to or designating any association for buying or selling to better advantage by elimination of middlemen’s profits.

(Iz).

1. Also co-par’ce-ny (-ni).

Law. Joint heirship.

2. Copartnership; joint ownership.

co-par’ce-ner (ké-par/sé-nér), n. Cor

UB as

aeeD n.

OF

:

Law. A joint heir. _

es

those jointly sharing;

one of equal partners. — -ner-ship, 7. cope (kop), nm. (ML. capa, cappa.] L Aes y Dae enveloping capelike vestment. 2. A copelike covering; as:

a A vault; canopy; esp., the arch of the

sky. ing.

b Hence, vertex; height.

¢ Cop-

=v. t. To cover or furnish with a cope or coping. cope, v. 7. [LOF. eee colper, to strike, fr. cowp, colp, blow.] To struggle or contend, now usually on equal terms or with some success. 2. Archaic.

meet; encounter.

—v. ¢.

1. Archaic. To meet; encounter. 2. Obs. To requite. cope, v.t. [F. coper, couper, to cut § ° id plat hence, to shape, as the end of a beam. , 16th cent. ope (1) and in co’peck (k6/pék). Var. of KOPECK. Miter (3) and holdcope’mate’ (kop’mat’), copes’mate’

(kops’-), n. Obs. a An antagonist.

A partner; comrade;

b Of Pastoral Staff

associate.

(2).

co’pen-ha’gen blue (k6/p’n-ha’gén).

Denmark.]

[From Copenhagen,

Acolor, blue in hue, of low saturation and low

brilliance. co’pe-pod (kd’pé-pdd), n. [Gr. kopéan oar+-pod.] One of a large subclass (Copepoda) of usually minute, freshwater and salt-water crustaceans. — co/pe-pod, adj.

Co-per’ni-can (k6é-p{ir’ni-kdn), adj.

Of or pertaining to

Copernicus (see Biog.), who held that the earth rotates

daily on its axis and

that

the planets

revolve in orbits

round the sun. Hence, Copernican system.

cope’stone’ (kop/ston’), n. A stone for coping; fig., crown. cop’i-er (kdp’i-ér), n. A transcriber; a copyist. cop/ing (k6p/ing), n. The covering course of a wall, often with a sloping top. co’pi-ous (k0’pi-tis), adj. (CL. PORs Osis,

fr. copia abundance.] 1. Obs. Abounding (in). 2. Full of thought, matter, or the like; also, wordy, diffuse, or profuse.

3. Plentiful; abundant. — Syn. Ample, rich, full, overflowing. See PLENTIFUL.

—-tive-ly,

— co’pi-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. C Coping. cop’per (kdp/’ér), n. Slang. A policeman. cop’per, n. [AS. coper, copor, fr. L, cuprum, fr. Cyprus,

coop/er-y (kd0p’ér-i; 85), n. Occupation, place of business, or product, of a cooper. co-opt’ (ké6-dpt’), v. ¢ _Also co-Opt’. [L. cooptare, fr. co- + optare to choose.] To choose or elect as a fellow member, or colleague. — co/—op.ta’tion, co/dp- (k6/dp-

metal, reddish in color, ductile, malleable, and very tenacious, and one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol, Cu; at. no., 29; at. wt., 63.57; sp. gr., 8.92. 2. Something made of copper; as: a A copper (or bronze) coin.

—n.

A co-operative

adv. — -tive-ness, 7.

business,

society,

etc.

ta/shiin), n. — co—op/ta-tive, co-Op/- (k6-dp/ta-tiv), adj.

co—or’di-nal

(k6-6r’di-ndl; -n’l), adj.

Also co-6r’di-nal.

2. To bring into common

action, condition,

anciently renowned for its copper mines.]

A common

b A large boiler, now usually made of iron. _ The color of copper. —¥.t. To cover, coat, or sheathe with copper.

— cop’per, adj. cop’per-as (kop/ér-ds), n.

1. Of the same order. 2. Math. Having or determined [OF.cowperose.] Crystallized by (so many) co-ordinates. ferrous sulphate, FeSO,.7H; ‘ co—or/di-nate (-nat), adj. Also co-6r/di-nate, co-or/di- copper barilla. A native copper concentrate. nate. [co-+L. ordinatus, past part. of ordinare to ea sp (k6p/ér-héd’), m. 1. A poisonous snake regulste.] 1. Equal in, or in the same, rank or order; not Go (Agkistrodon mokasen) allied to the rattlesnake, but withsubordinate; as, co-ordinate clauses. 2. Of, pertaining out rattles, found in the eastern United States. 2. [cap.] to, or involving, co-ordination or_co-ordinates; co-ordiU.S. A person in the Northern States who sympathized native. — (-nat), v.t. & 7. 1. To make or become .coordinate.

etc.; harmonize.

2.

—

(-nat),n.

1. One that is co-ordinate.

Math. Any of a number of magnitudes that determine

position, esp. of spatial elements, as of points, planes, etc. — -nate-ly, adv. — -nate-ness, n. — -na/tor, n.

co-or/di-na/tion

co-or/di-na’/tion.

(-na/shiin), n..

Also co-6r/di-na/tion,

Act of co-ordinating; state of being co-

ordinate; harmonious adjustment or functioning.

co-or/di-na/tive (k6-6r/di-na/tiv; -nd-tiv), adj. Also co-6r/di-na/tive, co-or/di-na/tive. Co-ordinating; co-ordinate. coot (koot), n. 1. Any of a genus (Fulica) of ducklike

birds of the rail family.

2.

top.

2. A

1,

conical

Top;

mass

origin.}

European Coot (F. atra).

(Ma)

(Sp. & Pg., of Tupian

_A stimulant and diuretic oleoresin obtained from

certain South American Caesalpiniaceae).

trees (genus Copaifera, family

co’pal (kd’pdl; -pal), n. [Sp.,fr. Nahuatl copalli.] Aresin

from various tropical trees, used in varnishes, lacquers, etc. co’palm/ (k6’/pim’), n. The yellowish, fragrant balsam yielded by the sweet gum; also, the tree.

co-par’ce-nar’y (k6-par/sé-nér/J; -nér-1; 3), n.; pl. -NARIES ale, chaotic,

cre,

&dd,

coconut meat, yielding coconut oil.

(Gr. kopros.]

A combining form

into the blood from feces; cop/ro-lite (k6p/rd-lit), fossil

crest.

co-pai’ba (ké-pa’ba; -pi/bd), n..

Dried

meaning dung, excrement, as in cop-re/mi-a, cop-rae’mi-a (kOp-ré/mi-a), intoxication from products absorbed

of yarn

wound on a spindle. 3. A quill for silk cops. cop, n. Slang. A policeman.

nickname.—

cop’ra (kép’/ra), n._ Also cop/rah, cop’pra, and COR per. ah. _[Pg. copra, fr. Malayalam koppara, fr. Hind. khocop/ro- (kdp’ré-), copr-.

[AS. cop, copp,

Dial.

War; —a

such a plate. c Copperplate engraving or printing. copper pyrites. Chalcopyrite. cop’per-smith/ (kop’ér-smith’), nm. A worker in copper. cop/per-y Ci), adj. Mixed with, containing, or like copper. cop/nlce (kép/is), n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut.) A thicket or grove of small trees; copse. pra.)

Any North American scoter. coot/ie (koot/l), n. Slang. A body louse.

cop ESP), n._

with the South during the Civil cop’per-head/ism (-iz’m), n.

cop’per-plate’ (kdp/ér-plat’), n. aA plate of copper on which a design is engraved. b An impression taken from

account,

arm,

ask,

sofd;

dung; cop-roph/a-gous (k6p-rof’a-giuis), feeding on dung. copse (kdéps), n. A shortened form of COPPICE. Copt (kdpt), n. [NL. Coptus.] An Egyptian of the native race descended from the ancient Egyptians; esp., a member of the Coptic Church. Cop’tic (kdp/tik), adj. _ [Ar. Quft, Qibt, the Copts, fr. Coptic Gyptios, Kyptaios, Egyptian, fr. Gr. Aigyptios.]

Of or pertainingto the Copts. or Coptic. 7.

The Ham-

itic language derived from ancient Egyptian, now used only as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church.

Coptic Church.

The national church of Egypt, now sur-

viving mainly among fellahin.

cop’u-la (kop/t-la), nite bond.]

Eve,

n.; pl. -Las (-laz), rarely -LAE

1. That’ which connects; a link.

here (27),

€vent,

&nd,

silént,

charity; dld, Obey, Grb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, Gm,

makér;

(-lé).

2. Gram,

ice,

Yl,

tip, circés, menii;

copulate A word

simply the relation between subject and predicate.

Logic. The relation or connecting link between the subject and predicate of a proposition.

cop/u-late (kép/t-lat), adj. Joined;coupled. © unite in sexual intercourse.

cop/u-la’tion (-la/shtin), n.

— (-lat), v.7.

1. Act of coupling or join-

ing; union; conjunction. 2. Sexual union; coition. cop’u-la/tive (kdp/i-la/tiv; -ld-tiv), adj. _ 1. Serving to connect or join. . Gram. a Designating a conjunc-

tion, such as and, which joins words or word groups into a

co-ordinate construction.

b Involving or containing con-

nected clauses. ¢ Of the nature of a copula; as, a copulative verb. — mn. A copulative word. — -tive-ly, adv. cop’y (kép’i), n.; pl. -1rs (-iz).

LOF. copie, fr. L. copia

abundance, number, ML. also, a transcript, fr. co- + opia, fr. ops wealth.] 1. An imitation or reproduction of an original work. 2. An individual one of a number of books, engravings, or the like, reproducing the same com-

position or work.

3. That which is to be imitated or re-

produced; a pattern or example, esp. of penmanship. Manuscript

script.

cop/y-ING.

4.

or printed matter to be put in type; hence,

reading matter. — Syn. See

Imitation,

DUPLICATE.

cordilleran

225

(esp. a form of the verb be) used as expressing

reproduction,

—v.t.&7%.;

tran-

COP/IED

(-Id);

1. To make a copy or copies of; to reproduce.

2. To imitate; to follow, as in manners or life.

3

coralli-. [L.corallum.] A combining form meaning coral, as in cor/al-lif/er-ous, cor/al-lig/er-ous, producing coral. cor’al-line (k6r’d-lin; -lin), adj. Composed of coral or corallines; also, corallike in form or color. —n. 1. Bot. A calcareous alga or seaweed (family Corallinaceae). 2. Any corallike animal.

cor/al-loid (-loid), cor/al-loi’dai Like coral in form or appearance.

(-loi’dal;

-d’l), 1

adj.

coral red. A color, yellowish-red in hue, of high saturationand medium brilliance. See coLor.—Cor/al=red’, adj.

co-ran/to (k6-ran/to), n. = cor’ban (kér/ban; k6r-bin’), Antig. An offering devoted cor’beil (k6r’bél), n. _ LF. little basket.] Arch. A

COURANTE. n. _[Heb. gorban.] Jewish to God. corbeille, fr. LL. corbicula a sculptured basket of flowers,

fruit, etc. cor’bel (kér’bél; -bél), n._[OF., prop.,

(> 7——#

raven, dim. of corp, fr. L. corvus ra- | T 1

ven.]’ 1. Arch. A projection from [7 _Lf the face of a wall, supporting a weight. LD Rages 2. A short timber placed lengthwise “—aa>— under a girder to afford a bearing, as on the cap of a trestle. —v.t.;

:

-BELED Chek Or -BELLED} -BEL-ING or -BEL-LING.

To furnish with a corbel.

cor’bel-ling, n. Corbel cop’y-book’ (-bd0k’), n. a A book containing copies, as of cor’bel-ing, work or the construction of corbels; a Corbels, accounts. book in which copies, esp. of penmanship, series of corbels. are written or printed for learners to imitate. (kér’bi), .n.; pl. -Bres (-biz). Also corbie crow. cop’y-hold’ (-hold’), n. Law. In England and Ireland, a cor’bie [See corBet.] Chiefly Scot. A raven or crow. tenure of lands by copy of the roll or record of a manorial corbie gable. A gable having corbiesteps. court, at the will of the lord and according to the custom cor/bie-step’ (-sttp’), n. _ Arch. One of the steps in which of the manor. ; a gable wall is often finished in cop’y-hold/er (-hol/dér), n. 1. Hng. Law. One holding land in copyhold. 2. A device for holding copy, esp. for a typesetter. 3. One who reads copy for a proofreader. cop’y-ist (Ist), n. A transcriber; also, an imitator. cop’y-right’ (-rit’), n. The exclusive right to reproduce,

publish, and sell the matter and form of a literary or artistic work. —v.t. To secure a copyright on, — adj.

Secured by copyright. — cop’y-right/a-ble, adj. — cop/y-right’er, 7.

coque’li-cot’ (kok/lé-k6’), n.

[F.]

The corn poppy (Pa-

paver rhoeas), or its bright orange-red color.

—n. Now co-quet’ (ké-két’), adj. [F.] Coquettish. Rare. A man who indulges in coquetry. —v.t. & 7.; CO*QUET’/TED; Cco-QuET/tING. Also co-quette’. [See COQUETTE.] To flirt; to play the coquette; hence, to play or dally (with). co/quet-ry_(k0/’ké-tri; k6’/k7-; k6-két/rf), n.; pl. -RIES

(-triz).

The conduct or art of a coquette; dallying or

trifling attention or consideration. co-quette’ (ké-két’), n. [F., fr. coquet, eee tish, orig., cocklike, strutting, fr. cog a cock.]

coquetwoman

who endeavors without affection to attract men’s amorous

attention, esp. by playful arts; a flirt. — co-quet’tish, adj.

— co-quet’tish-ly, adv. — co-quet’tish-ness, 7.

co-quil’/la nut (k6-kél/yd; -ké/yda).

coquillo, dim. of coco a coconut.]

whitish limestone, of broken shells and corals cemented together, used in the southern U. S. for building, etc. co-qui’to_(k6-ké/td), n.; pl. -Tos (-tdz). Also_coquito

[Sp. coquito, dim. of coco the coco palm.]

nate teayed palm (Jubaea spectabilis) of chile.

A pin-

An assimilated form of com-, as in corrode. UF eos Gor eo, cor’a-ci/i-form adj. |

nonpasserine birds comprising 23 the rollers, kingfishers, hornbills, hoo- —===== poes, motmots, and allies. Coracle. cor/a-cle (kér/a-k’l), n. (CW. corwgl curwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body, carcass.] Brit. A small boat made by covering a wicker frame with hide, cloth, or the like, used by the ancient Britons; now, a boat made of broad

al | (DendroPAyllia)showAf Buds.

Of or like coral; coral-red.

ts CoMBINATIONS are: Coral limestone, coral reef.

chair;

go; sing;

then,

thin;

nattire, verdtire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

ce

5

5. A cordlike rib on a textile fabric; also, a ribbed fabric,

esp. corduroy; in pl., trousers of corduroy.

tendon or a nerve.

Elec.

nat.

A small flexible insulated

cable with a plug at one or both ends, used to connect a lamp, toaster, etc., with a socket.

—v.t.

1. To furnish, bind, or connect with a cord or cords.

2. Toarrange or pile up (wood, etc.) in cords. — cord’er, n.

cord’age (kér’dij),._ 1. Ropes or cords, collectively; esp., the ropes in the rigging of a ship.

2. The number of cords, as of wood, on a given area. cordis, heart.]

a cordate leaf.

[L. cor, Heart-shaped;as,

> & SSS 4

See tear, Illust.

y}

—cor/date-ly, adv. cord’ed

(kér’déd; -d¥d), adj.

a Bound with cords.

G

SS

1.

b Striped

or ribbed with cords; twilled; as,

a corded cloth.

Made of or

having cords, or cordlike ridges. 3. Piled or arranged in cords. Cordage. A Plain-laid Cor-del’ia (kér-dél’yd; -dé@/li-d), n. Rope; B Shroud-laid

(CF.,

Rope, four strands and a heart or core, a; C Cablelaid Rope, three plain-

fr. cordelle small cord, dim. fr. laid ropes laid together corde string, rope. See corp.] with a fefehended twist. 1. Eccl. Hist. A Franciscan. 2. | Fr. Hist. A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution.

in Paris. cordial (kér’jdl;

It met in an old Cordelier convent

kérd’ydl;

or,

esp. Brit., -di-dl), adj.

[ML. cordialis, fr. L. cor, cordis, heart.]

1. Obs.’ Of or

belonging to the heart; vital. 2. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 3. Hearty; sincere.

— cor’dial-ly, adv. — cor’dial-ness, 7.

1. The

esp. of red coral. 3. The ovaries of a ‘About 4) lobster. -4. = corAL RED. 5. A child’s teething ring or

— adj.

I:

Gable with Corbiesteps.

Ant. Cool, distant, unfriendly, hostile.

of various Branch of Cor-

anthozoans and a few,hydrozoans (the millepores); also, the entire animal which produces this skeleton. 2. A piece of coral, toy, made of coral.

—'¥! “>

high, and 4 ft. wide (128 cu, ft.).

—vn. 1. Any stimulating preparation, asa medicine. 2, Com. An aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur. .

many vertebrates which extends from the scapula to or toward the sternum. cor’al (k6r/dl), n. [OF. coral, fr. L. coral-

skeleton

cubic measure used esp. for wood cut for fuel, now legally, J.S., a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft.

Syn. Real, unfeigned; warm, ardent, zealous, vigorous. — Cordial, hearty. Cordial implies warmth and sincerity of feelings and manner; hearty adds the suggestion of honesty and simplicity, frequently, also, of vigor or energy; as, a cordial greeting; a hearly welcome. —

hoops covered with horsehide or tarpaulin. \ cor’a-coid (-koid), adj. (Gr. korakoeidés, fr. & koraxz crow + etdos form.] Anat. & Zool. * Designating a process or cartilage bone of

or hornlike

a material. hangman’s rope. 3. Any moral influence by which persons are held or drawn, as if by a cord. 4 A*

See Kine Lear.

arboreal

calcareous

1. A string, or

small rope; also, such string as

Cor/de-lier’ (k6r/dé-lér’), n.

[Gr. koraz crow, raven + -form.] Of or 3 relating to an order (Coraciiformes) of =

lum, coralium, fr. Gr. korallion.)

L. chorda catgut, chord, cord,

fr. Gr. chordé.]

[Pg. coquilho or Sp. cor/date (kér/dat), adj.

‘The fruit or nut of a

piassava palm (Attalea funifera) of Brazil. The hard brown shell is much used, like vegetable ivory, by turners. co-qui/na (k6-ké/nd), n. [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] A soft,

palm.

place of a slope. cord (kérd), nm. [OF. corde, fr.

(118);

cor-dial/i-ty (kér-jil/7-ti; k6r/di-al’-), n.; pl. -T0Es (-tiz). Cordial quality; warmth of regard.

cor/di-form (k6r/di-form), adj. -form.]

Heart-shaped.

[L. cor, cordis, heart +-

cor/dil-le’ra (k6r/dil-var’@; kOr-dil/ér-a), n.

rope or string.]

[Sp., lit., little

A mountain range or system, orig. one of

the Andes; sometimes, the main mountain axis of a conti-

nent.

x = ch

— cor’dil-le’ran (-dn), adj. in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.,

226

ecordite cord/ite (kér/dit),m. [From corp, n.]

A smokeless pow-

der composed of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and mineral jelly.

cor/do-ba (kér’dé-ba), n. _[Sp. cérdoba, after the explorer Francisco F. de Cérdoba.] The monetary unit of Nicaragua, equal to the U. S. gold dollar; also, a silver coin.

cor/don (kér’dén), m.

[F., fr. corde cord.] 1. An orna-

mental cord, used esp. on costumes. 2. A line or circle of Persons around any person or place; as, a cordon of police. A cord or ribbon worn as a badge or decoration.

Arch. A stringcourse. An Cor’do-van (kér’dé-van), adj. Of or pertaining to Cordova (Sp., Cordoba), Spain; hence [not cap.], made of the leather manufactured at Cordova. —7. [not cap.] A soft, finegrained, colored leather, orig. made at Cordova, Spain. cor/du-roy (k6ér’dit-roi; -dii-roi; kér/di-roi’; -di-roi’), 7. Prob. for F. corde du rot king’s cord.] A coarse durable cotton fabric, having a piled surface, like that of velvet, raised in cords, ridges, or ribs. 2. pl. Trousers or breeches of corduroy.

Jacket.

— adj. 1. Made of corduroy,as a

2. Designating a road (corduroy road), bridge,

etc., formed of logs laid side by side transversely, as across a swampy place. —v.¢. To form (a road) of logs laid

side by side transversely. Cord’/wain (kérd’wan), n. ban.)

Archaic.

[OF. cordoan, fr. Sp. cordo-

Cordovan leather.

?

cord’/wain-er (-ér), m. 1. Archaic. A worker in cordovan leather. 2. A shoemaker. : cord’wood! (-w6dd’), n. Wood piled up or sold in cords. Gore (kor; 70), n, [ME., prob. fr. L. cor heart.]| 1. The central portion in certain fruits, esp. of the apple family. 2. The central part of anything. 3. The heart of timber; hence, a lumber center or base, usually of soft wood, on which

veneers are glued..

4. The central strand around which

others are twisted in some kinds of rope.

sence, or central meaning; the inmost part.

The gist, es-

6. Hlec.

a

The conducting wire with its insulation; — said of cables. b A bar of iron, a bundle of iron wires, or the like, used to

corner

cork’er (k6r’kér), n._ Slang.

1. A worker or machine that corks.

A conclusive argument, statement, or fact; also,

a person or thing of an extraordinary kind. i cork’screw’ (kérk’skroo’), m. An instrument with a screw

or a spiral for drawing corks from bottles.

—v.t. & 1.

Collog. To cause to proceed in a winding way. Having the shape of a corkscrew; spiral.

cork/wood/ (-w00d’), n.

— adj.

_Any one of several trees (esp.

Leitneria floridana, family Leitneriaceae) having light or corky wood. cork’y (k6r’ki), adj.; CORK/I6-ER (-ki-

;

€r); CORK/I-EST. Of the nature of, or like, cork. — cork’i-ness, n. corm (kérm), . [Gr. kormos trunk

of a tree (with the boughs cut off), fr. ketrein to shear.) Bot. short, bulblike, fleshy stem, invested with a few thin membranes or scale leaves, as

in the oe ae chef cor/mo-phyte (k6r’mé6-fit), n.

CORM;-PHYTE.]

ts ee Corm of Crocus.

Bot. A pie roduc-

(1

(4)

ing a stem and root; — opposed to thallophyte. — cor/mophytic (-fit/ik), adj. 2 cor’/mo-rant (k6r’m6-rdnt), n. _[OF. cormareng.] Any of a genus (Phalacrocoraz) of

dark-colored,

voracious,

wedge-shaped

tail, hooked

totipal-

mate sea birds having a long neck,

and a

beak,

patch of bare, often brightly

colored, distensible skin under the mouth. 2. A greedy or gluttonous person. adj. Ravenous; vora-

cious.

corn

tal.

(kérn), n.

grain.

[AS.]

1. Now

.

small, hard particle; a

2. Any small, hard seed;

Cormorant (P. carbo).

esp., the seed of any one of the ce(740) real grasses. 3. Collectively, the seeds of any of the cereal grasses used for food; grain. Corn in England refers to wheat, in Scotland and Ireland to oats, and in the United The portion of a mold which shapes the interior of a hollow States and Australia to Indian corn, or maize. 4. Any casting. -—=v.t. To take out the core of; as, to core an plant which produces corn. , apple. — core/less, adj. and season with salt in grains; now, core, n._ [F. corps.) Chiefly Scot. A company, as of — v.t, 1. To preserve specif., to salt slightly in brine and preservatives; as, to corn players in a curling match. ’ To form into grains; to granulate, as gunpowCo/re-la’tion (ko/ré-la/shiin), n. _Correlation. — co-rel/a3. To feed with corn or grain. tive (kd-rél/a-tiv), adj. — co-rel’a-tive-ly, adv. n, [OF., fr. L. cornu horn.] A horny induration co’re-li’gion-ist (k0/ré-lij/tin-ist), n. Also co/re-li/gion- corn, and thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the ar/y (-&r/i; -ér-¥; 3). One of the same religion. concentrate and intensify an induced magnetic field, as ina transformer, induction coil, or armature.

co’re-op’sis (k6/ré-dp’sis; kr/é-), n.

7. Founding.

[NL., fr. Gr. koris

bug + -opsis ; — in allusion to the achene.]

_A plant of a

genus (Coreopsis) of herbs of the aster family (Carduaceae), including several garden plants having heads with

yellow or crimson rays; also, the flower of this plant.

cor’er (kor’ér), m.

An instrument for coring fruit.

Go’re-spond’ent (k0/ré-spdn/dént), n.

A joint respondent,

as in a divorce suit. — co/re-spond’en-cy (-dén-si), n. corf (k6rf), n.; pl. corves (kérvz). [MD.,basket.] Formertly, a basket, (of any kind); now, specif., Brit., a truck used for conveying ore, coal, etc., to the pit mouth. co/ri-a’ceous (k6/ri-a/shtis; kdr/I-; 70), adj. (LL. coria-

ceus, fr. corium leather.]

leather; leatherlike; tough.

Consisting of, or resembling,

co’ri.an/der Gane) n. LF. coriandre, fr. L., fr. Gr. koriandron.) ‘The Gld World ammiaceous herb (Coriandrum sativum) whose aromatic fruits (coriander seeds)

are used as a stomachic and carminative, and for seasoning. co-rin’don (ké-rin’/dtin), n. [F.] Mineral. Corundum. Co-rin’thi-an (k6-rin’thi-dn), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Corinth. 2. Arch. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the lightest and most ornate of the three Greek orders, char-

acterized esp. by its bell-shaped capital enveloped with

toes, produced by friction or pressure. cor-na/ceous (kér-na/shtis), adj. [L. cornus -aceous.]

_Belonging

to a family

(Cornaceae)

cornel +

of trees,

shrubs, or herbs (order Umbellales), the dogwood family. corn bread. Bread made from corn; specif., U..S., bread made of Indian meal baked in a shallow pan. corn’/cake’ (kérn’kak’), n.

U.S.

Johnnycake.

corn/cob’ (-kdb’), n. U.S. The chaffy axis on which the kernels of Indian corn are arranged in rows. corn cockle._ An annual hairy weed (Agrostemma githago), of the pink family. It has bright-red flowers, and is common in grainfields. corn crake. A common European short-billed rail (Crex crex) which frequents grainfields; the land rail.

cor/ne-a (k6r’né-d), n. ;pl. -NEAS (-az).

[Fem. sing., fr. L.

corneus horny, fr. cornu horn.] The transparent part of the coatof the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light. See Eryx, [/lust. — cor/ne-al (-dl), adj.

cor/nel (kér/nél), n.

[Prob. fr. MLG. kornelle, fr. OF.

corneille, fr. L. cornicula, fr. cornus.]__ Any of a genus (Cornus) of shrubs and small trees, including the dogwood; specif., the dogwood.

cor-nel/ian (kér-nél/yan; kér-), n.

_[OF. corneline (F.

cornaline), fr. corneole.] ineral. Carnelian. [L. cornews.] Horny. To Corinthian morals: given to luxurious dissipation. _b cor’/ne-ous (kér/né-ts), adj. To Corinthian art: gracefully ornate. —m. 1. A native cor/ner (kér/nér), n._ [OF. corniere, fr. ML., fr. L. cornu horn, end, point.] 1. The point or place where two conor resident of Corinth. 2. A fashionable man about town;

acanthus leaves.

See capivat, Illust,

esp., a sportsman.

Go.-rin’thi-ans (-dinz), n.__

3. In allusion: a

z

Either of the two Epistles to the

Corinthians in the New Testament. co/ri-um (k6/ri-tim; 70), n.; pl. -R1a (-d).,

[L., leather.]

The derma, or deeper vascular and sensitive layer of the

skin; the corresponding layer of the mucous membranes.

cork (kérk), m.

[Sp. Ar. alcorque.]

1. The elastic, tough,

cortical tissue of the cork oak (Quercus suber), useful for

stoppers for bottles, life preservers, etc.

2. A piece of

cork, or any of various objects made of it. 3. A stopper for a bottle, cask, etc., esp. one cut out of.cork. 4. Angling. A float; a bob. 5. Bot. A tissue in the stems of most woody plants, making up the greater part of the bark.

verging lines, sides, or edges meet; angle. 2. A position from which escape by retreat is impossible. 3. An out-ofthe-way place; a nook. An edge or extremity; hence, any quarter or part; esp., a quarter of the earth. A piece designed to form, occupy, mark, protect, or adorn a corner of anything. 6. Com. & Exchanges. The state of

things produced by a person or persons who buy up the

whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, thus compelling those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as, a corner in flour or cotton. See rrust, Note. Syn. Corner, angle. Corner commonly applies to the space included, or the projection formed, by the converging sides of a material structure. Angle has usually the more technical sense of the space be-

=—v.t. 1. To furnish or fit with cork or a cork. 2. To tween, or the degree of inclination of, two converging lines or planes. stop with or as with a cork; hence, to hold in reserve, as if —v.t. 1. To provide with corners. 2. To put or set ina

sealed; to restrain. 3. To blacken with burnt cork. cork/age (k6r’kij), m. A charge made by innkeepers, etc.,

for every bottle of wine, etc., uncorked and served. cork cambium. Bot. Phellogen. _

corked (kérkt), adj.

Having a peculiar unpleasant taste

and odor, attributed to the cork; — said esp. of wine.

corner.

ficulty.

3%. To drive into a corner or into a position of dif-

Com. & Exchanges.

To get command of (a

stock, etc.), so as to be able to put one’s own price on it.

=v. %. U.S. To form, have, or come to, a corner.

—adj. 1. Situated at a corner. 2. Used or fitted for use in a corner.

Ble, chaotic, cfre, Add, Gccount, dirm, ask, sofa; éve, charéty; old, Obey, Srb, Gdd, soft, connect; food, foot;

hére (27),

Gvent,

End,

silént,

makér;

ice,

Yl,

out, oil; ctibe, Unite, fim, tip, circés, menii;

cornerstone |

corposant

227

cor/ner-stone’ (kér’nér-ston’), nm. 1. Astone forming a part of a corner or angle in a wall; esp., such a stone laid at the formal inauguration of the erection of a building. 2.

minous envelope surrounding the sun, seen only during a

cor/net (k6r/nét; -nit; now often kér-nét! in the U.S., esp.

dil, jonquil, milkweeds, etc. 5. Hlec. The discharge of electricity which appears on the @=

Hence, something of fundamental importance. cor/ner-wise/ (-wiz/), -ways/ (-waz’), adv. With the corner in front; so as to form a corner; diagonally.

ture, esp. the upper part of a tooth or theskull. 2. Arch. The projecting part of a classic cornice. 3. Astron. A lu-

total eclipse. 4. Bot. An appendage on the inner side of the corolla in certain flowers, as in the daffo-

[F.,

dim.

Music.

A

surface of a conductor when the potential gradient exceeds a certain value. 6. Meteorol. A circle, usually colored, often seen around a luminous body, as the sun or moon.

mouthpiece and three valves moved by small pis-

Co-ro’/na Aus-tra/lis (6s-tra/lis). [L., south-

in sense1),n.

fr. OF. corn horn, fr. L.

cornu.)

1.

brass-wind instrument, like the trumpet, with cupped

tons or sliding rods.

It is due to diffraction produced by suspended droplets.

:

Something shaped like a, horn, as a piece of paper twisted into the form of a cone.

cornet,

n.

([F. cornette,

dress of Sisters of Charity.

dim.]

2. Mil.

1. The

white

head-

Formerly, the fifth

grade of commissioned officer in_a British cavalry troop,

who carried the standard.

signaling. cor/net-—a—pis’tons

3. Nawt.

A pennant used in

(kér/nét-a-pis/tuénz; k6r-nét’-; F. k6r/-

né/a-pés/t6n’), m.; pl. CORNETS-A-PISTONS

(k6r/néts-; k6r-

néts/-; F. k6r/né/-za-pés/t6n’). [F.] Music. A cornet. cor/net-cy (k6r/nét-si), n. Commission or rank of a cornet.

cor-net’tist (kér-nét/ist), cor/net-ist (k6r/nét-Ist; -ni-tist), nm. A performer on the cornet. corn’flow’er (kérn’/flou’ér), mn. 1. The corn cockle. 2. = BLUEBOTTLE,

1 a.

cor’/nice (k6r/nis), n. [F. cornice, corniche, fr. It. cornice, fr. L. coronzs, fr. Gr. koronis.] 1. Arch. The horizontal member, (typically molded and projecting) which crowns a composition, as a

I

facade; hence, the top course or courses

ii

of the wall when treated as a crowning

member.

2. In upholstery, etc.,adeco-

rative band, as to conceal the rings by which acurtainishung. — v. ¢.;-NICED (-nist); -Nrc:ING (-nis-ing). To crown with or as with a cornice.

aGomcot Cor/nish (k6r’/nish), adj. Of or pertain; ing to Cornwall, Cornishmen, or Cornish. — mn. The Celtic dialect which survived in Cornwall until late in the 18th century. — Gor/nish-man (-mdn), n. cornlily. A plant of a genus (Ixia) of South African bulbous plants (family Iridaceae).

corn pit.

The portion of a produce exchange devoted to

futures trading in corn. corn pone. Southern U.S. Corn bread, esp. when made without milk or eggs. corn poppy. An annual red-flowered poppy (Papaver rhoeas), common in European cornfields. corn rose. a The corn poppy. _b The corn cockle.

corn salad.

;

Any one of several half-succulent European

herbs (genus Valerianella, esp. V. Locusta), family Valeri-

anaceae.

corn/starch’ (kérn/starch’), n.

U.S.

Starch, made from

ern crown.]

A southern constellation ad-

Joining Sagittarius on the south; the South- Flower of Jonquil, a Corona. ern Crown.

Co-ro’/na Bo/re.a/lis (bd’ré-a/lis; -XI’is). {L., northern crown.] A northern constellation between Hercules and Bootes; the Northern Crown.

cor’o-nach (k6r/6-ndx), n.

[Ir. coranach, fr. comh- with

++ ranach a roaring.] Scot. & Ir. A lamentation for the dead; a dirge, whether sung or played, as on the bagpipes. cor/o-nal (k6r’6-ndl; -n’l), m. A circlet for the head; a crown

or coronet.

co-ro/nal (k6-rd/ndl; kdr’dendl; -n’l), adj.

taining to a crown or corona.

1. Of or per-

Anat. Lying in the direc-

tion of the coronal suture. — co-ro’nal-ly, adv.

coronal suture. Anat. A suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones. cor/o-nat’/y (k6r/6-nér'J; -nér-I; 3), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a crown. 2. Anat. Like, or situated like, a crown; specif., designating either of two arteries (right and left) which arise from the aorta and supply the tissues of the heart itself.

cor’o-na/tion (-na/shiin), n. _ Act or ceremony of investing

a sovereign or his consort with the royal crown. cor/o-ner (kor/d-nér), n. [OF. corone crown, fr. L. coro-

na.)

A public officer whose principal duty is to inquire

by an inquest held in the presence of a jury (coroner’s

jury) into the cause of any death which there is reason to

suppose is not due to natural causes. — cor’o-ner-ship’, n. cor’o-net (kér/6-nét; -nit), nm. [LOF. coronete, dim. of co-

rone crown.]

1. A smal] crown, esp. one marking a rank

corpus body.]

1. Belonging or relating to the body; bod-

lower than sovereignty. 2. A fillet worn round the temples, esp. as part of a woman’s headdress. — cor/o-net/ed, cor’o-net’ted, adj. cor’/po-ra (k6r’po-ra), n., pl. of CORPUS. cor’po-ral (-rdl), n. Also cor/po-ra’le (-ra/le). [ML. corporale. See CORPORAL, adj.) cel. A linen cloth used in the Eucharist; Communion cloth. cor’po-ral, adj. [OF. (F. corporel), fr. L. corporalis, fr. ily.

2. Hence,

personal.

Archaic.

Corporea]. —

Syn. See BopILy. — cor’po-ral-ly, adv. cor’po-ral, n. [I. eaporal, formerly also corporal, fr. It., fr. capo head, chief, ir.L. caput.] 1. Mil. The lowest noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. 2. Brit. Navy. A petty officer assistant to the master-at-arms. — cor’po-ral-ship’, n.

Indian corn; esp., a white flour used for puddings, etc. corn sugar. Dextrose made from maize.

cor/po-ral/i-ty

cor/nu-co’pi-a

corporal punishment. Law. Punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment.

cor/nu (k6ér/nii), n.; pl. coRNUA (-ni-@). [L.] anything shaped like or resembling a horn.

A horn, or

(k6r/nt-ko’pi-d; 58), n.; pl. -PIAS (-dz).

According to some, this should be sing. cornu copiae, and pl. cornua copiae. [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty.] 1, The horn of Amalthaea, or horn of plenty, an emblem of

abundance.

2. An abundance.

3. A receptacle shaped

like a horn or cone. — cor/nu-co’pi-an, cor/nus (k6ér/niis), m. ([L., cornel.] A cor-nute’ (kér-nit’), v.t Archaic. To cor-nu’to (k6r-nii’t0), n.; pl. -Tos (-toz). tus horned.] Obs. A cuckold. tie

adj. cornel. cuckold. [It., fr. L. cornu-

corn’y (kér/n¥), adj.; CORN/T-ER (-ni-Er); CoRN/I-EsT. 1. Of or pertaining to corn. 2. Producing, or abounding in, ; ; ‘ae corn or grain.

corn’y, adj. Pertaining to or having corns on the feet. cor’o-dy (k6r’é-di), n.; pl. pies (-diz). [ML. corrodiwm,

corredium, conredium, furniture, provision.] Old Law. An allowance ef provisions for maintenance. Bot. crown.] corona of dim. [L., n. (ké-rdl’a), co-rol/la The petals of a flower, collectively; the inner perianth, or floral envelope surrounding the sporophylls. ep ty cor’ol-lar/y (k6r/d-lér/i or, esp. Brit., korol/a-ri), n.; pl. -TES (-1z). fi. corollarium corollary, gift, fr. corolla. See coROLLA.] 1. A deduction, consequence, or

additional inference, from a proved prop-

osition. é iS

2. Something

that naturally

corel late.(kur"%laty, cor’ol-lat/ed (lat/&d; -id), adj. Bot. Having a corolla.

”

-NAE

(-ne).

Chair;

go; sing;

then,

1. Anat.

cor’po-ral’s guard.

State or

A small detachment such as a cor-

poral commands; hence, a small group.

cor’/po-rate (k6ér/po-rit), adj. _[L. corporatus, past_part. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body.] 1. Combined into one body; united. 2. Formed into a body by legal enactment;

incorporated;

as, a corporate

3. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated corporate property. — cor’po-rate-ly, adv.

cor/po-ra/tion (-ra/shtin), n.

town.

body; as,

1. A body of associated per-

sons; specif. [cap.], a body of municipal authorities; as, the

Corporation of the City of London.

2. Law. a Any

group of persons treated by the law as an individual or unity having rights or liabilities, or both, distinct from

those of the persons composing it; a body corporate.

bA

body politic or corporate formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; as, a municipal corporation; a business

corporation. Colloq. The abdomen or belly, esp. when protuberant. — cor/po-ra/tive (k6r’p6-ra/tiv; -rativ), adj.

5

cor’po-ra’tor (kér’pd-ra/ter), n. Amember of a corporation. cor-po/re-al (kér-po/ré-al; 70), adj. ([L. corporeus, fr. corpus aay I 1. Of the nature of, consisting of, or pertaining to, matter or a material body; physical. 2. Of or pertaining to the human body; corporal; as, corporeal existence. — Syn. See BODILY. — cor-po/re-al/i-ty (-Al/-

ins; COL DO really (au?) UOvp0 Feguna

Open ploise shows

co-ro’/na (ké-ro’nd), n.; al.RING (GRC ane Pee [L., crown.

(-ral/7-ti), n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz).

quality of being or having a body; corporeality.

A crownlike struc-|

thin; natiire, verdlire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

cor/po-re/i-ty (kér/po-ré/%-ti), n. State or quality of having or being a body; physical nature.

or Pg.corpo santo holy cor’po-sant (k6r/pd-zint),n. LIt. bo y, or L. corpus sancti body ofasaint.]

kK= cb in G. ich,

ach;

bon; yet;

St. Elmo’s fire.

zh=z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

corps pus body.]

corroboratively

228

corps (k6r; as pl., kdrz; 70), n. sing. & pl.

CF., fr. L. cor-

_1. (originally, kérs) A corpse (in any sense) ;

— corps being an earlier spelling. _ 2. A body of persons organized or under common direction; esp., an organized subdivision of the military establishment; as, the Marine

Corps; specif., a large unit of an army, comprising two divisions and auxiliary troops. _ Pita eis

corps area. Mil. In the United States, a territorial division of States based on the military population, for _pur-

poses of administration, training, and tactical control. ||corps’ de bal/let’ (kér’ dé bal’). [F.] A company of ballet dancers. nie: A i

error as judged by some conventional standard; as, correct dress. Accurate implies, more positively, conformity to fact or truth attained by the exercise of care; as, an accurate observer. Exact emphasizes the strictness or rigor of the agreement, which neither exceeds nor falls short of the fact or standard; as, his exact words. Precise stresses rather sharpness of definition, or such scrupulous exactness as often verges on excess; as, he says precisely what he means.

Nice implies

still greater, occasionally excessive, fineness of observation; as, the distinction, though nice, is of importance. — t. Erroneous, false; improper, unconventional.

cor-rec/tion

(kd-rék’/shtin),

nm.

1. Act

of, correcting;

amendment; rectification; also, punishment; chastisement. 2. Neutralization of noxious qualities; as, correction of

[ME. cors, corps, body, fr. OF. cors (later

acidity in the stomach. 3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation. 4. A quantity applied by way of correcting; as, the index correction

mal body, whether living or dead. 2. A dead body, esp. of a human being. cor’pu-lence (kér’pi-léns), cor’pu-len-cy (-lén-st), n. [F.] Bodily bulk; esp., excessive fatness; fleshiness.

cor-rect/i-tude (kd-rék/ti-tiid), m.. [From correct on the analogy of rectitude.] The quality of being correct, esp.

corpse

(kérps;

rarely

ered kérs).

kérs), n.

spelled corps), fr. L. corpus.]

rig. COFDS

-

(at

first

s. A human or ani-

cor’pu-lent (-lént), adj. [F., fr. L. corpulentus, fr. corpus body.] Bulky; very fat. — Sym. See stout. — cor’pu-

lent-ly, adv. Cor’pus (k6r’/piis),n. ;pl. CORPORA (-pd-rd).

[L.]

body of a man or animal, esp. when dead; — humorous. 2. Anat. A comparatively solid geneous structure forming a part of an organ, brain. 3. A general collection of writings; the ature of a subject.

1. The

now chiefly and homoesp. of the whole liter-

4. The main body; esp., the principal

of a fund or estate, as opposed to interest, etc. \|cor’pus_cal-lo’sum (kd-l0’stm); pl. CORPORA

of a sextant. — cor-rec’tion-al, adj. with reference to the proprieties.

_

cor-rec’tive (kd-rék/tiv), adj.. Having the power or property of correcting,

or restoring

to a normal

condition.

—n. A corrective agent. — cor-rec’tive-ly, adv. cor-rec’tor (-tér), m. [L.] One that corrects. cor’re-late ee m. [See Either of two related things, esp. one directly implies the other. v. 1. To have reciprocal relations; 1. To connect systematically; as,

history in the schools.

RELATE, CORRELATION. ] things so connected that — (k6r/é-lat; k6r/é-lat’), to be correlative. —v. ¢. to correlate English and

2. To establish a mutual or recip-

CALLOSA

rocal relation. — (k6r/é-lat), adj. Correlated. cor’re-la/tion (-la/shiin), nm. [NL. correlatio, fr. L. cor-+ relatio.] The act or process of correlating; esp., recipro-

Cor’pus Chris’ti (kris/ti; -ti). [L., body of Christ.] R.C.Ch. A festival in honor of the Eucharist, observed on

esses, etc., in organisms. ; = 3 cor-rel/a-tive (kd-rél’a-tiv), adj. 1. Having, indicating, or involving, a reciprocal relation; mutually related. 2. Gram. Having a mutual relation; corresponding and regularly used together; as, “either” and “or” are correlative

(-s@). [NL., callous body.] Anat. The great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheres in man and in the higher mammals.

the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. cor’pus-cle (kér’ptis-’l), . [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus body.)

1. A minute particle.

nat.

A proto-

plasmic cell, esp. one of those that float free in blood, lymph, and pus..

The corpuscles of the blood of verte-

brates are colored (red corpuscles) or colorless (white corpuscles, or leucocytes; see LEUCOCYTE). The red corpuscles contain hemoglobin, and carry the oxygen from

the lungs to the various parts of the body. — cor-pus/cu-

lar (k6ér-ptis’kti-lér), adj. cor-pus/cule (k6r-pus/kiil), n. Acorpuscle. cor’pus de-lic’ti (dé-lik’ti). [L., the body of the crime.] Law. The basic facts necessary to the commission of a crime, as, in murder, the actual death of the person alleged

to have been murdered; — often used erroneously to desig-

nate the body of the victim of a murder. cor’pus ju/ris (j00’ris). [L.]_ A body of law; a comprehensive collection of the law of a country or jurisdiction. Cor’/pus Ju/ris Ca-no/ni-ci (kd-non/i-si), [L.] The body

of canon law by which the Roman Catholic Church was

chiefly governed until the Codex Juris Canonici became

effective (1918). Cor’pus Ju’ris Ci-vi/lis (si-vi/lis).

[L.] The body of the

Civil or Roman law, promulgated, under Justinian’s au-

thority, A.D. 528-534, and the basis of the actual law in most of continental Europe.

\|cor’pus lu’te-um (li/té-%m); pl. CORPORA LUTEA (-d). {NL., luteous body.] L. Embryol. The reddish-yellow mass which fills a ruptured Graafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. 2. Pharm. A preparation of the corpus luteum of the hog or cow, used in ovarian dysfunction.

cal relationin the occurrence of different structures, proc-

conjunctions. — Syn. See RECIPROCAL. — mn. Acorrelate; as: a Biol. A correlated characteristic structure, etc. b

Gram. Either of two correlative words or expressions. ¢ Physics. A correlative force. — cor-rel/a-tive-ly, adv. — . cor-rel/a-tiv’i-ty (-tiv’i-ti), n. cor-rep’tion (kd-rép’shtin), n. | [L. correptio, fr. corripere to chide, shorten.] Obs. Chiding; reproof. cor/re-spond’ (k6r/é-spond’), v.7. [F.or ML.; F. correspondre, fr. ML. correspondere.} 1. To answer (to something else) in fitness, character, function, amount, etc.; to suit, agree, fit, or match. 2. To have communica: tion, esp. by letters. — Sym. Comport, accord, harmonize.

cor’re-spond/ence (-spon/déns),n. en-cy (-dén-si).

1. Also cor/re-spond’-

Act or state of corresponding; adaptation,

relation, or agreement_of

things to each other or of one

thing toanother. 2. Intercourse between persons by letters. 3. The letters which pass between correspondents.

cor’re-spond/ent (-dént), adj. Answering (to something) in fitness or adaptation; conformable; corresponding. — 7,

1, Something that corresponds; a correlative. 2. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. 3. A person employed to contribute news regularly from a particu-

lar place.

&. Com. One who has regular commercial rela-

tions with another, esp. with a firm at a distance. — cor’re-spond’ent-ly, adv. cor/re-spond/ing, adj. 1. Answering; correspondent; as,

corresponding numbers.

2. Carrying on intercourse by

letters. — cor/re-spond’ing-ly, adv.

(-spon/siv), adj.__ Mutually responsive. |cor’pus_stri-a’/tum (stri-a’titim); pl. CORPORA STRIATA cor’re-spon’sive (k6r/i-dér; -dér), n. [F., fr. Pr. corredor, fr. (-ta). (ONL., striate body.] Anat. Either of a pair of cor/ri-dor correr to run, fr. L. currere.) 1. A passageway, usually large ganglia of the brain situated beneath and external to covered; esp., one, as in a hotel, into which rooms, etc. the anterior cornua of the lateral ventricles and forming

part of their floor. cor-ral’ (kd-ral’; ko-ral’), n. (Sp., ayard, ayard for cattle, fr. corro ring, fr. L. currere to read A pen or enclosure

for confining or capturing animals; also, an enclosure for defense and security. — (kdé-ral/), v. t.; -RALLED/ (-rald’); -RAL/LING. 1. Toconfine in or asinacorral. 2. To arrange

(wagons)

cor-recl’ make

so as to form a corral.

(kd-rékt’), v.t.

or set right; amend;

faults; chastise.

[See correct, rectify.

adj.}]

1. To

To reprove

for

4. Physics,

ete.

3. To counteract by the agency of oppo-

site qualities or tendencies;

neutralize.

To alter or adjust so as to bring to a required condition.

Syn. Emend, reform, remedy, better, improve. — Correct, rectify. Correct is to bring into conformity with some standard or rule; rectify, to set right, make good, or remedy, with special reference to a mistake or defect.

—adj. [L. correctus, past part. of corrigere to make straight, correct, fr. cor- Geregere to lead straight.] 1.

Conforming to an approved

standard.

2. Conforming to

fact or truth; of reasoning, in accordance with logical principles; of statements or opinions, according with known

facts; of a copy, free from errors. — cor-rect’/ly, adv. — cor-rect’/ness, 7.

Syn. Right, regular, proper, true, faultless, perfect, strict, definite, rigorous, scrupulous, particular, punctilious, conventional. — Correct, accurate, exact, precise, nice imply conformity to standard, fact, or truth. Correct denotes scarcely more than freedom from fault or

open.

2. [often cap.) Polit.

Geog.

A narrow strip o

land across territory previously foreign, joining a country to

its seaport; as, the Polish Corridor

cor’/rie (kor/i), n.

(see Gaz.).

(Gael. coire caldron.]

A circular hol-

low in the side of a hill or mountain; a cirque.

cor’/ri-gen/dum

(k6r/i-jén’dtim),

n.;

pl..-GENDA

(-dd).

{L.] A fault or error to be corrected, as in a manuscript or a printed work; pl., a list of such errors with corrections. cor’ri-gi-ble (kor/¥-j7-b’l), adj. (Through F. & L., fr. L. corrigere to correct.] 1. Capable of being set right, a-

mended, or reformed. 2. Submissive to correction. — cor’Yi-gi-bil/i-ty, ». — cor’ri-gi-bly, adv. (F., fr. L. corrivalis.] A rival;

cor-ri/val (ké-ri/val), n. competitor.

cor-rob/o-rant

adj.

Having rivaling claims; rival.

(kd-rdb/é-rént),

adj.

strengthening; of medicines, invigorating.

cor-rob’o-rate — (rat), v.t.

Gro,

adj.

Archaic.

Corroborating;

—=7n.

A tonic.

Corroborated,

[L.corroboratus, past part. of corroborare

to corroborate, fr. cor- + roborare to strengthen, fr. robur strength.] To make more certain; to confirm; establish.

— Syn. See conrirm. — cor-rob/o-ra’tor, n. cor-rob/o-ra’tion (-ra/shtin), n. Act of corroborating; a strengthening or confirming; also, that which corroborates. cor-rob/o-ra‘tive (kd-rdb/6-ra/tiv; -ra-tiv), adj. Tending to corroborate; specif., confirmatory, =n. A corroborant, — cor-rob/o-ra’tive-ly, adv.

fle, chaotic, cAre, tidd, account, Arm, ask, sofd; éve, charity; Old, Gbey, Orb, Sdd, séft, connect; food, foot;

here (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Il, out, oil; ciibe, iinite, Grn, wtp, circés, menii;

corroboratory

Cor-

roborative.

cor-rob/o-ree (k3-r5b’6-ré), nm. Also cor-rob’bo-ree, corrob/o-ri, etc. [Nativename.] Australia. a A nocturnal festivity, including symbolic dances, with which the Australian aborigines celebrate important tribal events. bA

festivity; also, tumult; uproar. cor-rode’ (kd-rdd’), v.é. LF. corroder, fr. L. corrodere, -rosum, fr. cor- + rodere to gnaw.] . To eat away by degrees, as if by gnawing; to wear away gradually, as by the action of strong acid, caustic alkali, or other chemical. 2. To consume; to impair. — Syn. Gnaw, rust, waste. — cor-rod’i-ble (-rdd’%-b’l), adj.

cor-ro’sion (-r0/zhiin), n._ or of corrosive agents. cor-ro’sive (-s{y), adj.

1. Action or effect of corroding,

2. A product of corrosion. 1. Eating away; corroding, as an

acid. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. —n. A substance which corrodes. — cor-ro’sive-ly, adv. —

cor-ro’sive-ness, n. corrosive sublimate. Chem. = MERCURY CHLORIDE. cor’ru-gate (k6r/ii-git; kdr’00-), adj. [L.corrugatus, past part. of corrugare, fr. cor- + rugare to wrinkle.]

kled; furrowed.

Wrin-

— (-gat), v.¢. @ 7. To form or shape into

wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves; to fur-

row. — cor’ru-gat/ed (-gat’éd; -Id), adj. cor/ru-gat/ed i’ron. Sheet iron or sheet steel, usually galvanized, shaped into straight, parallel, regular, and equally curved ridges and hollows. cor’ru-ga/tion (-ga/shtin), n. Act of corrugating; also, a wrinkle or groove of a corrugated surface. cor-rupt’ (ko-riipt’), adj. ([OF., fr. L. corruptus, past part. of corrwmpere

break.]

to corrupt,

1. Now Rare.

cosmic ray

229

cor-roh/o-ra-to/ry (kd-rdb’5-ra-to/r!; -tér-¥; 3), adj.

fr. cor- + rumpere

cor’ti-cose (kér/ti-kds), cor’ti-:cous corticosus.] Bot. Corticate.

co-run/dum (ké-riin’duéim), n. kuruvinda ruby.)

(-kiis), adj.

[L.

[Tamil kurundam, fr. Skr.

Mineral.

Native alumina, or alumi-

num oxide, Al,O;, the hardest mineral except the diamond.

- 9.

Sp. gr., 3.95-4.10.

Pure and transparent corun-

dum is highly prized as a gem, called, according to its color, sapphire, Oriental ruby, Oriental amethyst, Oriental emerald, Oriental topaz. _Corundum is an excellent abra-

sive, esp. for materials of high tensile strength, as steel.

co-rus/cant (ké-rtis’kdnt), adj.

Coruscating.

cor’us-cate (kor/tis-kat; ké-rtis’kat), v.72. [L. coruscare to flash.] To glitter or gleam in flashes. — Syn. Gleam,

sparkle, radiate.

See SCINTILLATE.

cor/us.ca/tion (kor/iis-ka/shiin), n.

A coruscating; a sud-

den flash or play of light or of intellectual brilliancy. ||cor’vée’ (kér/va/), n. [F., fr. ML. corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat together, fr. cor- + rogare to ask.]

Feudal Law. Unpaid labor due from a vassal to his lord. 2. Econ. Unpaid or but partly paid labor exacted by pub-

%

lic authorities, esp. for highways, etc.

corves (kérvz), ., pl. of CoRF. cor-vette’ (kér-vét’), cor’vet (kér/vét), n.

CF. corvette, prob, fr. MD. corf a kind of ship.]_ Naut. A war vessel ranking in the old sailing navies next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of ‘guns.

cor’vine (kér/vin; -vin), adj. [L. corvinus, fr. corvus raven.] Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike. Cor’vus (-viis), n.; gen. Corvi (-vi). _[L., raven.] A

small constellation adjoining Virgo on the south.

Cor’y-bant (k6r/i-baint), n.;

(-bints).

to

Corybante,

pl. -BANTES (-bin/t€z), -BANTS

fr. L. Corybas, fr. Gr. Kory-

bas.] Gr. Relig. One of the mythical attendants of Cybele supposedto accompany the goddess with wild dances an

Changed from a sound to a putrid

state; tainted. 2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a bad state; depraved.

music while she wandered by torchlight over the mountains;

Syn. Putrid, rotten; adulterated, contaminated, defiled, polluted; venal, crooked, dishonest. — Corrupt, vitiated, depraved, perverted. Corrupt implies a loss of original soundness, integrity, or purity; vitiated, that an object is faulty, defective, or invalid; de-

co-ryd/a-lis (ké-rid’a-lis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. korydallis a crested lark, fr. korys helmet.], Bot. A plant of a large

praved, marked or unnatural deterioration; perverted, a turning from the proper course. — t. Sound; pure; upright.

—v.t. 1. Tomake corrupt; as: a To make putrid; to taint. b To change from good to bad; to debase.. ¢ To draw aside

from rectitude and duty; to pervert. text.

d To falsity, as a

2. Archaic. To waste, spoil, or consume.

— vv. 7.

1. To become putrid or tainted. 2. To become debased; to lose virtue. — cor-rupt/ly, adv. — cor-rupt/ness, n. cor-rupt’er, n. One who or that which corrupts. cor-rupt/i-ble (-riip’ti-b’l), adj. Capable of being corrupted; liable to corruption. — cor-rupt/i-bil/i-ty, corrupt/i-ble-ness, n. — cor-rupt/i-bly, adv. cor-rupt/ing, adj. Makingcorrupt.—cor-rupt/ing-ly, adv.

cor-rup’tion (-rtip’shiin), n. being corrupt; as: a Decay. Bribery.

perversion.

1. A corrupting, or state of b Depravity; impurity. c

2. An instance of making or becoming corrupt;

3. An agency or influence that corrupts. —

Syn. Putrescence, pollution, defilement, contamination,

depravation, taint. — Ant. Purification, reformation.

cor-rup/tion-ist,

». One who practices or defends corrup-

tion, esp. in politics. j cor-rup’tive (-riip’tiv), adj. Producing corruption. 1. cor-sage’ (k6r-sizh’; kér’sfi), n. LF. See corset.] The waist or bodice of a woman’s dress. 2. A bouquet made up to be worn, orig. at the waist. cor/sair (kér/sar), n. [F. corsaire, fr. It., fr. ML. cursarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course.]

i. A privateer,

esp. of the Turks or Saracens; hence, by extension, a pirate. 2. The vessel of a corsair. corse (kérs), n. [OF. cors (F. GI See corpse.] Chiefly Poetic. A corpse; a dead body. corse’let, cors/let as dort -lit), n. [F., dim. of OF. cors

body. See corse.]_ 1. Armor for the body. 2. Usually cor’se-let’ (pron. k6r’sé-lét’). A lightly boned or unboned

supporting undergarment for women. cor’set (kér’/sét; -sit), m. [LOF., dim. of_cors (F. corps) body.J] 1. In the Middle Ages,a close-fitting outer garment. 2. Often pl. A close-fitting, boned undergarment reaching from the bust to below the hips, worn by women

to support the body, or to mold the figure; stays.

—v. t.

To dress in or fit with a corset. Cor’si-can (k6r’si-kdn), adj. & n. from Corsica, Gaz. cor-tege’ (kér-tézh’; -tazh’), n. Also ||cor/tége’ (kér/tézh’). CF. cortege, fr. It. corteggio, fr. corte court.] A train of attendants; a retinue. b A procession.

Cor’tes (k6r’téz; Sp. kér’tés), n. 1. Bot. Bark.

2. Anat.

genus (Corydalis, family Fumariaceae) of herbs, with racemose irregular flowers. Cor’y-don (kér/¥-don), n. [L., fr. Gr. Korydon.] Poetic. A shepherd; hence, a young rustic swain. cor’/ymb (kér/imb; -fm), n._ [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, fr. Gr. korymbos.]

sulting from the action or condition of the cerebral cortex,

or involving it; as, cortical blindness. — cor’ti-cal-ly, adv. cor’ti-cate (k6r/t!-kat), cor’ti-cat/ed (-kat/éd; -id), adj. CL. corticatus.] Covered with bark or with a cortex.

—A{AOY$5

EN \ (gen NY)

\ AY,

co-rym/bose (k6-rim/bos), co-rym/bous

(-bus), adj. — co-rym/bose-ly, adv. cor/y-phae/us (kor’/i-fé/tis), n.; pl. -PHAET (1). {L., fr. Gr. koryphaios leader of the chorus, fr. koryphé head, top.) _The leader of the chorus, esp. in the Greek

drama.

y

;

ae

co/ry-phee’ (k0/ré-fa’; 70), n. (CF. coryphée.} A leading ballet dancer, formerly

a man.

co-ry’za

(ké-ri/za),

koryza catarrh.] cold in the head.

cose (k6z).

n.

Med.

Var. of cozE.

co-se/cant Coe

IAG, n.

[NL.,

fr.

Gr.

Corymb of a spe-

cies

Nasal catarrh;

of

Cherry

(Prunus). 1 Peeer 2,2 Ped-

icels; 3, 3 Bracts.

(For co. secans, abbr. of NL.

complementi secans.] Trig. The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. Abbr. cosec or cse (no period). co-seis/mal (k6-sis’m4l; -siz/mdl), co-seis’mic (-mik), adj.

Simultaneously affected by the same phase of any seismic

shock; pertaining to or designating such affection. — co-seis/mal, n. co’/sey (k0/zi). Var. of cozy, adj. & n. cosh/er (kdsh’ér), v.t. To pet; to pamper.

co’sie (k0/zi). co-sig/na-to/ry

Var. of cosy. (kO-sig/nd-to’ri;

simultaneous

-tér-Y; 3), adj.

jointly orin common. —7.; pl. -RIES (-riz). joint signers of a document, as a treaty.

Signing One of the

co/sine (k0’sin), n. _ [For co. sinus, abbr. of NL. complementi sinus.) Trig. The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. | Abbr. cos (no period). cos-met/ic (k6z-mét/ik), adj. (Gr. kosmétikos skilled in decorating, fr. kosmos order, ornament.] Beautifying; as

cosmetic salves.

— mn. Any external application intende

to beautify the complexion, skin, or hair.

cos/mic (k6z’/mik), adj. (Gr. kosmikos of the world, fr. kosmos.} Of or relating to the cosmos; hence, expansively vast and grandiose.

2. Harmonious; orderly.

3.

Of or pertaining to cosmism. — cos’mi-cal -mi-kdl), adj. —cos/mi-cal-ly,adv. ; cosmic dust. Astron. Fine particles, probably of meteoric matter, constantly falling upon the earth from space.

cosmic ray. _ Any of the rays of extremely high frequency

and penetrating power produced, it is thought, beyond the earth’s atmosphere by transmutations of atoms continually taking place through interstellar space. They bom-

go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

simple

pedicels are longer than those nearer the axis, as in the cherry, many mustards, etc. See INFLORESCENCE, Illustration.—

[L., bark.]

an organ, as the kidney; esp., the outer layer of gray matter of the brain. :

Bot.

‘racemose inflorescence, in which the outer

The outer or superficial part of

cor’ti-cal (-ti-kdal), adj. a Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, cortex, esp. the cortex of the brain or kidneys. b Re-

chair;

tik), -ban/tine (-tin; -tin), -ban/tian (-shdn), adj.

a

[Sp. & Pg., pl. of corte

court.] In Spain, the national legislature. cor’tex (k6ér/téks), n.; pl. corTIcEs (-ti-séz).

also, one of the priests of Cybele. — Cor’y-ban’tic (-bin’-

bard the earth and are in small part responsible for the jonization of the earth’s atmosphere.

=ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|| Forelgn Word.

The philosophy of cosmic evo-

lution, esp. as interpreted

by John

Fiske. — cos’mist

(-mist), n.

a

cos’/mo- (k5z’mé-), cosm-. [Gr. kosmos.] A combining form meaning world, as in cosmology. cos-mog’o-ny (kdz-mdg/G-nt), n.; -ontEs (-niz). [Gr. ko-

smogonia, fr. kosmos the world + root of gignesthai to be born.) The creation and origination of the world or uni-

verse, or a theory regarding such creation. — cos-mog/onal, cos’/mo-gon/ic (k6z/mé-gon/ik),

cos’/mo-gon/i-cal,

adj. — cos-mog/o-nist, n.

cos-mog/ra-phy (k6z-mog/ra-ff), 2. ; pl. -pHtES (fiz). [Gr. kosmographia, fr. kosmos the world+ graphein to write.] A general description of the world or of the universe; also,

the science which teaches the constitution of the whole order of nature. — cos-mog/ra-pher (-fér), ». — cos/mo-

graph/ic (k6z/mo-graf/ik), cos’/mo-graph/i-cal, ad).

cos-mol/o-gy (k6z-m6I’6-ji), n.

[cosmo--+ -logy.]

(kOz/m6-10)/ik), Cos/mo-log/i-cal, adj. — cos-mol/o-gist

(k6z-m6/’6-jist), 2. cos/mo-pol/i-tan (k6z/mé-pdl/7-tan), adj.

[See cosmopo-

Lite.) 1. Belonging to all the world; not local. At home in any country; without local prejudices. —=n. One

who is cosmopolitan. — cos/mo-pol’i-tan-ism, 7. cos-mop/o-lite (k5z-m6p/6-lit), n. [Gr. kosmopolités, fr.

kosmos world + polités citizen, fr. polis city.] |1, A cosA plant or animal found mopolitan person. n in most parts of the world. — cos-mop/o-lit-ism (-lit-iz’m), 7.

cos/mo.-ra’ma (k6z/m6-ri/m4d; -riam/d),n._

sight.]_

[NL.,fr.cosmo-

An exhibition ofviews of various

parts of the world. — cos/mo-ram/ic

(-ram/ik), adj.

cos/mos (k5z/mds or, esp. in sense 4, -miis),n. LNL., fr. Gr. kosmos order, harmony, the world.] g 1. The universe conceived as an orderly and harmonious system; — contrasted with chaos. 2. Hence, order; harmony. 3. Any self-inclusive system characterized by order and harmony. 4. Bot.

A plant of a genus

(Cosmos)

of

herbs of the aster family, with showy flow-

ers coming in the autumn. coss. Variant of Kos. Cos’sack (kis/dk; -ik), n.

kazak.]_

oer: v.] Lue arnt or Se paid, given, or charged, or engaged

ong ae to be

constare to stand at, cost, fr. con--+ stare to stand.

1

To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, etc.; to be in price. 2. Lo require or

cause to be borne or suffered. 3. To estimate or figure on the cost of; as, to cost leather. cos’ta (k6s/td), n.; pl. -Tar (-té), [L.J] A rib or a part

(-tdl; -t’l), adj.

— cos’tate

(-tat), adj. — cost accounting. Accounting. Any system of accounts which reveals the cost elements incident to production;

also, the keeping of such accounts. — cost accountant. cos/tard (kos/térd),n. 1. A large English variety of apple. 2. The head; — used contemptuously or humorously. Cos/ta Ri/can (kés/ta ré’kdn), adj. & n. from Cosra Rica, AZ.

cos/ter (k6s/tér), n. &@ v.

Short for coSTERMONGER.

cos’ter-mon/ger (-mting’gér),mn. [costard + monger.] Chiefly Brit: A hawker of fruit or vegetables from a street stand, barrow, or cart. — cos’ter-mon/ger, v. 7.

[LOF. costivé, past part., fr. L.

See CONSTIPATE.]

1. Constipated.

Reserved; slow or stiff in expression or action.

2. Obs.

— cos/-

tive-ly, adv. — cos’tive-ness, n. cost/ly (kést/li; 74), adj.; -11-ER (-l¥-ér); -tl-Est. 1. Of great cost; expensive. Gorgeous; sumptuous. 3. Archaic. Extravagant. — cost’li-ness, n. Syn. High-priced; rich, splendid. — Costly, expensive, dear. Costly applies to that which costs much; it usually implies sumptuousness, rarity, or the like; as, costly apparel.

Expensive applies to that

which is high-priced, esp. beyond the thing’s value or the buyer’s means; as, expensive habits; an expensive luxury. Dear (as opposed to cheap) commonly suggests exorbitance of price.

cost/mar’y (kést’/mar’f), n.

aria

Mary.]

[L. costum an Oriental plant

A tansy-scented

carduaceous

(Ckrysanthemuin balsamita), used as a potherb.

ale, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

old, obey,

costa rib, side.] Now Dial. A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it may be hung up.

cos’/tume (kds’tiim or, esp. Brit., and formerly,

n.

Add,

account,

firm,

k6s-ttim’)

(F., fr. It., custom, dress, fr. L. conswetudo custom.

1. Dress in general, including ornaments and the style of

wearing the hair; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, locality, or period. A character dress of a particular period or locality, worn at fancy balls, etc. 3. A suit or dress; clothes.

To provide with, or put on, a

cos-tume’ (kos-tiim’), v. é.

fs

Salle

cos-tum/er (kés-tiim’ér; kds/ttim-ér), . One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.

cos-tum/i-er (kds-tim/i-tr; #7. kés/tii/mya’), n. costumer.

co’sy (k0/zi), adj.; CO/SI-ER (-zi-ér); co’sr-Est.

L[F.J

A

Also co’-

sey, co’sie. Cozy. —co/’si-ly, adv. — co/si-ness, n. co’/sy. Var. of cozy, n.

cot (kdt), 2. [AS. cot, cote, cottage.] 1. A small house; a cottage. 2. Acote. 3. A cover or sheath; as, a cot fora sore finger.

cot,n.

(Hind. khat, fr. Skr. khatvG.] A small bed, often of canvas stretched on a frame. co-tan’/gent (k6-tin/jént), n, [For co. tangens, abbr. of L. complementi tangens.] Trig. The tangent of the

complement of an arc or angle.

Abbr. coé (no period). —

co’/tan-gen/tial (k0’tan-jén’shdl), adj.

cote (kot), m.

cottage or hut.

[See cora small house.]

1. Now Dial. A

2. (pron. kot, or, esp. in compounds, as

dovecote, -kdt) A shed or coop for smail domestic animals,

as sheep or doves. cote, v.t. Obs. To pass by; to outstrip. co-tem’/po-ra/ne-ous (k6-tém/po-ra/né-uis), rar’y, etc. Vars. of CONTEMPORANEOUS, etc.

co-tem/po-

A tenant in common,

or a.

formed a little coterte in the household; the London exclusive clique; the fast set.

Sas

ence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, etc., is requisite to secure benefit. 2. Loss of any kind; detriment. 3. The outlay of money, time, labor, etc. 4. pl. Law. Ina general sense, expenses incurred in litigation; as: a Those payable to the attorney or counsel by his client, esp. when fixed by law; — commonly called fees. b Those given by the law or the court to the prevailing party against the losing party. — Syn. See PRICE. =—v.%. & t.; cost; cost/iInG. [OF. coster, couster, fr. L.

constipare._

scap/u-lar, costal and scapular. cos’trel (kds/trél), n. [OF.costerel, dim. fr. costier, fr. L.

ness or of congeniality; clique heightens the implication of an often selfish or arrogant exclusiveness; set is more colloquial; as, we three

ee or given, for anything; charge; price; ee aye (A)

likened to a rib. —cos/tal

Anat., Surg., &

ee tenant. — co-ten/an-cy (-dn-si), n.— co-ten’ure -iir), 7. co’te-rie (k0/té-ri; -ré; F’. kd/t’-re’), n. [F.] A group of persons who meet familiarly, as for social purposes. Syn. Coterie, clique, set. Coterie stresses the notion of select-

[Russ. kozak,

One of a warlike, pastoral people

(kés/tiv), adj.

[L. costa rib.]

Zool. A combining form denoting: a A rzb or costa ; — in nouns, as in cos-tec’/to-my, cos-tot’o-my (see -ECTOMY, -ToMy). hb Costal (and); —in adjectives, as in cos/to-

co-ten/ant (k6-tén/dnt), n.

of the Russian steppes, skillful as horsemen, and formerly used as cavalry troops. cos/set (kds/ét; -it), m. A pet lamb; a pet. =—v.t. To treat as a pet; to fondle; to pamper. cost (kdst; 74), n. [OF. (F. coat). See

cos’tive

cos’to- (kés/t5-), cost-.

costume.

That

branch of m taphysics which treats of the character of the u iiverse as an orderly system, or cosmos. — cos/mo-log/ic

Gr. horamaa

cottier

230

cosmism cos’mism (kéz’miz’m), n.

ask,

Srb, Sdd, sOft, cénnect;

herb

sofa;

co-ter’mi-nous (k6-ttir’m?-ntis), adj. Conterminous. co/thurn (k0’thfirn; ké-thfrn’), n. A cothurnus.

co-thur/nus (k6-thiir/nis), n.; pl..-nt (-ni). (L., fr. Gr. kothornos.] A high, thick-soled, laced boot, worn by actors in the Greek and Roman tragic drama; hence, the dignified, somewhat stilted spirit of ancient tragedy.

co-tid’al (ko-tid’dl; -’l), adj.. Marking equality of tides or coincidence in the time of high tides; as, cotidal lines.

co-til/lion (k6-til’ytin),n. Also co-til/lon (k6-tiVyin; F. kd/te/y6n’). [IF. cotillion, orig. petticoat, fr. OF. cote coat.] 1. Orig., a ballroom dance for couples, resembling the quadrille; now, Chiefly U.S., at formal balls, an elab-

orate dance, executed under the leadership of one couple,

marked by the giving of favors and frequent changing of

partners; a german. 2. Music for this dance. cot/quean (k6t’kwén), mn. [cot cottage + quean. chaic. a A coarse, masculine woman. A man who ies himself with affairs properly feminine.

Cots’wold (kots’wold; -wtild), n.

Arbus-

A sheep of a large, long-

wooled English breed; — from the Cotswold hills, England. cot’ta (k6t’4), nm. CML. See coat.] Eccl. A surplice. cot’/tage ne. n. [ME. cotage, fr. AF. cotage, fr. OF.

cotehut.]

Asmall house; any modest country or suburban

dwelling. cottage cheese. The drained curd of soured milk, seasoned and sometimes pressed. cottage pudding. A simple pudding consisting of a piece of plain cake covered with a sweet sauce.

cot’tag-er (kot"ij-Er), n.

One who lives ina

cottage; specif.,

in Great Britain, a rural laborer; in the U. S., one who resides in a private residence at a summer

cot’ter, cot’tar (k6t/ér),n. Acottager;acottier.

[ML. cotarius, coterius.]

2. a In Scotland,a

peasant occupying a small holding. Krish cottier.

cot/ter (kot/ér), nm.

resort.

1.

b An

aA

wedge-shaped

gether partsofastructure.

b A cotter pin.

piece of wood or metal used to fasten to-

cotterpin. M ch. Asplit pin or split cotter, theends which are bent after insertion throu h a slo’ or hole.

cot/ti-er (dt/i-cr), n.

[OF. cotier, fr.

ve,

End,

cote cot.) 1. In Great Britain and Ire- a Cotter, fastening land, a peasant «ttager. 2. Archaic. together parts } Ir. A tenant on a small farm under the and c. rack-rent system.

here (27),

Svent,

silént, makér;

ice,

i,

food, fO6t; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, aim, wp, circé%s, menii;

cotton

231

cot/ton (kdt’’n), n. [OF. coton, fr. Sp. coté6n, fr. Ar. qutn, quiun, cotton.}

A soft, white, fibrous substance com-

posed of the hairs clothing the seeds of various plants (esp. of

.

be, or would be, able; — used as an auxiliary.

cou/lee (k00/li), m.

Was, should

Also ||cou/lée’ (koo0/la’).

fr. cowler to flow.]

the genus Gossypium, mallow

family).

counter serted under the influence of should, would.]

1. Geol. A stream of lava.

[F. coulée,

2. West-

ern U.S. A steep-walled, trenchlike valley.

2. The cotton plant; 3. Fabric made Thread spun

cou-lisse’ (ko0-lés’), n. ([F., fr. couler to glide.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides, as an upright of a sluice. 2. A side scene of the stage ina theater, or the space between the side scenes.

To succeed; to develop well. 2. To agree; also, Collog., to ake friends; fraternize. :

cou-lomb’ (ko6-lém’), n. [After Charles A. de Coulomb, French physicist] Physics. A measure of the amount of

also, the crop. of cotton.

from cotton. 5. Any downy cottonlike substance produced by plants. —v.7. 1. Obs.

ollog.

|cow/loix’ (koo/lwar’), n.

cotton gin.

2

Canton

P

second by a current of one ampere.

A

coul’ter (k6l/tér).

: Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). flannel. 1 Flowering Branch; 2. Un]

A machine tosep- °P™> % yas Sie GesNg x

A sedge (genus Eriophorum).

cot/ton-mouth’ (kdt/’n-mouth’), m. moccasin

The venomous water

(Agkistrodon piscivorus).

cotton seed, or, usually collectively, cot’/ton-seed/ (-sed’),

n. The seed of the cotton plant. ai, cottonseed meal. A meal, used as a feed and fertilizer, made from hulled cotton seeds after the oil has been expressed.

It contains at least 36 per cent protein.

cottonseed oil. A cottonseed.

fixed, semidrying oil extracted from

It is used in cooking, soapmaking, etc.

cotton stainer.

|

A red bug (Dysdercus suturellus) which

stains the fibers of growing cotton.

cot/ton-tail’ (kdt/’n-tal’/), n.

The common American wood

rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus).

cotton waste.

b

Refuse yarn or fiber of cotton mills.

cot/ton- weed’ (-wed’), n. cot/ton-wood’ (-wo0d’),n.

Cudweed. ; A tree (esp. Populus balsami-

fera) of the poplar group, with a cottony coma investing the seeds; also, the wood of these trees. cotton wool. Raw cotton.

cot/ton-y (k6t’’n-i), adj.

Var. of corer.

cou/ma-rin (k00/md-rin), nm. [IF. couwmarine, fr. coumarou the tonka-bean tree.] Chem. A white crystalline

arate the seeds from cotton.

cotton grass.

1. A gorge on a moun-

2. A dredging machine.

an electric current, being the quantity transferred in one

To become attached

by personal liking.

cotton belt. An area of the \ southern United States especially devoted to the raising of as cotton flannel.

[F.]

tainside, esp. in the Swiss Alps.

1. Covered with hairs, like cot-

ton; downy. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton; soft. cot’/y-le’don (k5t/%-lé/dtin), n. [L., navelwort, fr. Gr. koiylédon a cup-shaped hollow, fr. kotylé anything hol-

low.) Bot. The first leaf, or one of the first pair or whorl of leaves, developed in seed plants. — cot’y-le’don-al (_le’-

diin-dl; -léd’tin-dl; ~l), adj. —cot’y-le’don-ar/y (-ér'l; -€r-J; 3), adj. — cot’y-le’/don-ous, adj. couch (kouch), n. [OF. couche, fr. cowcher. See coucn, ».] 1. A bed or structure for repose or sleep. 2. The

burrow of an otter; also, Obs., the den of a beast. couch, v.¢. [OF. coucher to lay down, put to bed, fr. L.

collocare to lay, put, fr. col- + locare_to place.] To lay upon a bed or other resting place. 2. Archaic. To deposit in a bed or layer. 3. To overlay; embroider. 4.

Obs. To conceal; hide. 5. To lower; to bring down; as, advancing with spears couched. 6. To put into language; to express. 7. To express or involve darkly. Surg.

compound, C,H,O2, of, vanillalike odor, found esp. in the tonka bean, and used in flavoring and perfumery.

coun’cil (koun/sil; -s’'l), n.

[OF. cuncile, concile, fr. L.

concilium, prob. fr. con--+ calare tocall.]

2. Anassem-

bly summoned for consultation, advice, etc, 2. Hecl. An assembly of ecclesiastics convened to consider matters of doctrine, discipline, law, or morals. 3. In the New Testament, an assembly or meeting of the authorities, esp. of the

Sanhedrin. 4. A body of men elected or appointed to constitute a more or less permanent advisory or legislative body. Specif.: a Hng. Hist. The King’s Privy Council. b A council of state. c¢ In the British colonies, etc., a body chosen to assist the governor in executive or legislative matters (or in both). dA legislative or administrative body. of a society, institution, or corporation, esp. of a municipal corporation. The deliberation in a council. coun/cil-man (koun/sil-mdn), n. A member of a council, esp. of the common council of a city. coun/ci-lor, coun/cil-lor (koun/s?-lér), n. A member of a council. — -lor-ship’, 7. coun’sel (koun/sél), n. [OF.

cunseil, conseil, fr.L. consilium, fr. root of consulere to consult.] 1. Advice, esp. that given as the result of consultation, 2. Mutual

advising; deliberation

together.

3. Archaic.

cise of deliberate judgment; prudence. pose; design. vate matter.

The exer-

4. Deliberate pur-

5. Obs. A secret opinion or purpose; a pri6. Law. One who gives advice, esp. in

legal matters; one professionally engaged

to conduct a

cause in court; also, collectively, the legal advocates united

in the management of a case.

heol. One of the ad-

visory declarations of Christ, by some held not to be absolutely binding, but to have been given as an aid to attain-

ing approximate moral perfection. —in counsel. Obs. In secret; in confidence.

Syn. Council, counsel are frequently confused. Council applies to a deliberative or advisory assembly or body; counsel, to deliberation or advice. See ADVICE.

— v.t.; -SELED (-séld) or -SELLED; -SEL*ING or -SEL*LING.

1. To give advice to; to advise. To recommend, as an act or course. =—=v.%. To take or give counsel; to advise.

coun’se-lor,

coun/sel-lor (koun’sé-lér), n. 1. An adviser. 2. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a counsel. — coun/se-lor-ship’, coun/sel-lor-ship’, 7.

[OF. cunter, conter, later compter, Formerly, to treat (a cataract) by turning down the opaque | count (kount), ». ¢. fr. L. computare to reckon, compute, fr. com--+- putare f the eve. —v.2. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a to reckon, think.] To tell or name one by one, or by pepe 2. To hide; lurk. 3. To lie or be situated.— groups, to ascertain the whole number of units in a colleccouch’er, n. tion; tonumber. 2. To esteem; account; judge. 3. To couch/ant (kouch’dnt), adj.. Lying down; specif., Her., name the numerals in regular succession up to and includlying down with the head raised. ing (a specified numeral). 4. Archaic. To ascribe or imcouch grass (kouch; kooch). [Var. of QuitcH Grass.] pute. 5. To take into account; to include in reckoning. Any of various grasses having creeping —v.%. 1. To name articles or numerals one by one or by rhizomes by which they spread rapidly. is groups. 2. Obs. To take account or note; — with of. couch’ing (kouch’ing),. 1. Act of one RSS&sS38 3. To reckon; rely; depend; — with on or upon. 4. To who couches. 2. Embroidery wrought BSS be accounted; to possess value. —m. 1. The act of by laying threads, cords, etc., on a fabric numbering; also, the number ascertained_by counting. and securing them with stitches that Couching, 2. 2. Areckoning; accounting. 3. Archaic. Regard, notice, form a design. or value; account. 4. Law. A particular allegation or cou’gar (k0o’gér), m.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. LF. couguar charge in a declaration or indictment, separately stating (Buffon), fr. a ane , the cause of action or prosecution. e spelling of count, n. [OF. conte (F. comte), fr. L. comes, comitis, Tupi name.] quadruped

associate, companion.]. A nobleman on the continent of Europe, corresponding in rank to an English earl or a Ger-

of the cat family, tawny-brown in color without spots, found from

count’a-ble (koun’td-b’l), adj. Capable of being counted. coun/te-nance (koun/té-ndans),n. _ [LOF. contenance de-

large

(Felis

concolor)

man Graf.

meanor, fr. L. continentia continence, ML., also, demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. ]

British America to

oe

cough (k6f; 74), v.72.

1. Obs. Bearingor conduct. 2. The expression of the face, esp. as indicative of mental composure. 3. The

’

avon coughen, coghen, couwen.]

‘To expel air from the

lungs suddenly with an explosive noise made by the open-

ing of the glottis.

E

—v. lt.

To expelby coughing.

|

Now Slang. To utter by or as by coughing; — often with up. —n. 4, Frequent repetition of coughing, being a symptom of disease. 2. An act or sound of coughing. — cough’er, 7. could (k00d; 4), past of can. LAS. ciithe. The Z was in-

face;

visage.

4.

Approving

hence, favor; aid. — Sym.

(-ndnst);

-NANC-ING

bearing

See FACE.

(-ndn-sing).

or facial —v.¢.;

to; favor. — Sym. Sanction, endorse. — Ant. prove, oppose. — coun/te-nanc-er (-ndn-sér), n.

coun/ter (koun/tér), n. & v.t.

count/er (koun’tér), n. ML.

computatorium,

Archaic.

Disap-

Encounter.

[OF. contouer, comptouer, fr.

prop., computing

place,

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

aspect;

-NANCED

To give countenance

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

fr. L. com-

=z in azure,

|] Foreign Word.

country

232

counter

putare. See count, v.J 1. A device, as a piece of metal, ivory, etc., used in reckoning, in games, etc. 2. A token

coun’ter-of-fen’/sive

which money is counted and over which business is trans-

coun’ter-pane’ (-pan/; -pin), m. (Corrupt. fr. counterpoint coverlet.] Acoverletfora bed. coun/ter-part/ (-part’), n. 1. A part or thing correspond-

against.] 1. Inthe wrong way; contrary to the right course.

2. Contrary; in opposition; — used chiefly with run or go. — adj. Contrary; adverse. —mn. 1. The =

to complete or complement something else. 3. A person who closely resembles another. coun’ter-plot’ (-pldt’), n. A plot opposed to a plot. coun’ter-plot’ (koun/tér-plét’; koun/tér-plét’/; 2), v.#. &

3. Fencing.

coun’ter-point’ (koun/tér-point’), 7. F. contrepoint.] Music. aA melody added to a given melody as accom-

coin of base metal; hence, a coin.

ing to another; also, Obs., a copy.

opposite or contrary. _ 2. The act, of giving a blow when receiving or parrying one, as in boxing; also, the blow so given.

7. ; -PLOT/TED; -PLOT/TING.

A circular parry in which

follows that, of the opponent.

paniment.

4. Naut. That portion of a vessel’s stern from the water line to the extreme outward swell. 5. Shoe Mfg. A stiffener of leather or fiber to give form to a Counter,

boot or shoe upper around 6. Type Founding.

the heel,

The depression be-

tween lines in the face of a type.

4.

@

Knuckle; 6 Water

— v. t.

&%. To go, act, move, speak, fight, or the like, counter to; to oppose. oie

coun’ter- (koun’tér-)..

(1) opposite or contrary, (2) reciprocal

countermanifesto

counterstatement

counterattraction

countermove

counterstratagem

countercharge

counterpropaganda

countersuggestion

coun’ter-act’

trary agency.

to a working part.

coun/ter-sign’ (-sin’), n.

countersuit countertendency counterthreat counterthrust

reprisal foran enemy’s attack. —coun’ter-at-tack’, v. t. & 7.

1. A weight that bal2. Influence or power which balances or offsets contrary influence or power.

2. To checker; diversify.

coun’ter-claim/ (koun/’tér-klim’), n._

To

koun/tér-sin’),

v.¢.

To ,

(koun’tér-singk’/;

The signa-

koun’/tér-singk’),

v.t.;

see SINK. 1. To chamfer or form a flaring depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.), for receiv-

1. Toshift.

ing the head of a screw, bolt, etc. 2. To sink, asa screw, even with or below the surface. — (koun/tér-singk’), 7.

A countersunk hole; also, a tool for countersinking a

coun’ter-claim/ (-klam’), v. t. & 7. To present or demand

coun’ter-clock’wise’ (-kl6k’wiz’), adj. & adv.

(koun/tér-sin’;

sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing);

coun/ter-sink’

An opposing claim.

as a counterclaim. — coun’ter-claim/ant (-ant), n.

1. The

hence, to sign in addition to the signature of another, in

order to attest the authenticity. coun’ter-sig/na-ture (koun/tér-sig/né-tiir), n. ture made by one who countersigns anything.

coun/ter-bal/ance (-bal/dns), m. ances another; a counterpoise.

oppose with an equal weight or power; to countervail.

_[OF. contresigne.]

other; specif., Mil., a secret signal, which must be given by one wishing to pass a guard.

coun/ter-sign’

:

coun’ter-bal/ance (-bil’dns), v. t. & 7.; see BALANCE,

Mach. An intermediate shaft

signature of a person to a writing already signed by another, to attest its authenticity. _A sign used in reply to, an-

An attack made in

coun’ter-change’ (-chanj’), v. t.;seeCHANGE.

contrepois.] A counterweight. 2. An equivalent power or force acting in opposition. _3. A state of balance; equilibrium. _—v.t. & 7. 1. To counterbalance. RS To weigh (one thing) against another; consider.

which receives motion from a main shaft and transmits it

— coun’ter-ac/tion (-&k/shtn), n. — coun’-

ter-ac’/tive (-ak’tiv), adj.

b The art of plural melody, that is, of melody

coun/ter-shaft’ (-shaft’),n.

(koun/tér-dkt’), v. t. To frustrate by con-

coun/ter.at-tack’ (koun’tér-d-tak’), mn.

To oppose (a plot) by plotting.

opposed to a former one. — coun’ter-rev/o-lu’tion-ar/y

counterstroke

counterproposal counterproposition counterreform counterresolution

that serves

(-€rl; -€r-1; 3), adj. & n. — coun/ter-rev’o-lu’tion-ist, n. coun’ter-scarp/ (koun/tér-skirp’), n. [F. contrescarpe.] Fort. The exterior slope or wall of the ditch.

the definitions of the root words: counteraccusation

countercurrent counterdeclaration counterdemonstration counterespionage

ng

Catholic Church which followed the Reformation. b In coun’ter-rev/o-lu’tion (-rév/6-li’sh%n), n. A revolution

The meanings of the following may be inferred from counteroffer

:

Reformation), the reformatory movement in the Roman

(3) rey,

to the action of the verb.

combination with nouns or adjectives, opposition, reversal, reciprocality, etc. . 2

counterblast

An

coun’ter-ref/or-ma/tion (-réf/ér-ma/shiin), n. An opposing reformation; specif. [cap.] (usually written Counter

A combining form of counter, adv.,

denoting: a In combination with a verb, action which is:

or (4) complementary,

Mil.

not single, but moving attended by one or more related but independent melodies. coun/ter-poise’ (-poiz’/), n. [ONF. countrepeis, OF.

Line; ¢Counter.

See TYPE, Illust.

.

to been engaged in warding off attack.

acted, goods are handled, etc. count’er (koun’tér), n. One that counts; a computer. coun’ter_ (koun/tér), adv. (CF. contre, fr. L. contra

the blade

(koun/tér-d-f€n/siv),

offensive operation undertaken by a force which has hither-

3., A table or hoard on

coun’ter-ten’or (koun/tér-tén/ér), n.

_

Music.

hole.

One of the

middle parts in music, between the tenor and the soprano. coun/ter-type’ (-tip’), m. An antitype or opposite; also, a corresponding or parallel type. coun’ter-vail’ (koun/tér-val’), v. t. [From OF., fr. contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail.] 1. To furnish an equivalent to or for; compensate.

Rotating

in a direction opposite to that in which the hands of a clock rotate. te ae : : coun’ter-feit (koun’tér-fit), adj. [OF. contrefet, contrefait, past part. of contrefaire to counterfeit, fr. contre

(L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere.] Made in imi2. Obs. To counterbalance. 3. To thwart by opposing tation of something else with a view to defraud; spurious. force; to avail against. — Syn. Forged, fictitious, false. See ARTIFICIAL. — Ant. coun’ter-view’ (koun/tér-vii’), n. Obs. Confrontation. Genuine. —7. 1. That which is made in imitation of coun’ter-weigh’ (-wa’), v.t. & 7. To counterbalance. something, with a view to deceive; a forgery. 2. Archaic. coun’ter-weight’ (koun/tér-wat’), 7. equivalent A likeness; a portrait; a copy. 3. Obs. An impostor. weight; a counterpoise; counterbalance. —v.é To Syn. Counterfeit, forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitacounterweigh. coun/ter-work’

tions of coin, paper money, etc., which depend upon engraved designs

for identity. Forgery is more properly applied to the fraudulent making, change, or imitation of a written or printed document.

—v.t.

To imitate, esp. for deceiving; to forge.

1. To dissemble; to pretend.

2. To make counterfeits,

especially of money. — coun/ter-feit’er (-fit/ér), n. coun’ter-foil’ (koun/tér-foil’), n. [counter- + foil a leaf.]

The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars of the issued item.

coun’ter-ir/ri-tant (-Ir/%-tdnt), n. Med. An irritant to producea blister, a pustular eruption, or the like, to relieve

an existing irritation elsewhere. count’er-jump’er (koun/tér-jiimp/ér), n. Collog. A salesman in a shop; a shopman; — used contemptuously. coun’ter-mand’ (koun/tér-mand’; koun/téremand; 2), v. ¢. From F., fr. contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare.] To revoke (a former command).

2. To recall or order back by a superseding contrary order. coun/ter-mand (koun/tér-mand; 2), . A contrary order; revocation of an order or command. coun/ter-march’ (koun/tér-mirch’), n. 1. @A marching

back.

b A change of measures; reversal of conduct.

Mil. A movement of a body of troops by which it reverses

its direction of march.

coun/ter-march’

(koun/tér-mirch’; 2), v.74.

march back; also, to execute a countermarch.

coun/ter-mine/ (koun/téremin’),

n.

;

&t. Mil. To

1. Mil. An under-

ground gallery to intercept and destroy an enemy mine. A stratagem for defeating a stratagem or attack.

coun/ter-mine’ (-min’), v.7. & t. To make or lay down countermines; to oppose by means of a countermine.

ale; chaotic,

cAre;

add,

account,

frm,

ask,

(-wiirk’), n. _ Any work done counter to

another work, as in fortifications. —v. 7%. coun’ter-work’ (-wiirk’), v. ¢. & 7. To work in opposition.

sofa;

count/ess (koun/tés; -tis), m.. [OF. contesse (F. comtesse).] The wifeor widow of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also, a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. count/ing-house’ (kount/ing-hous’), ». The building, room, or office in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business.

counting room. count/less, adj. count

A countinghouse. Incapable of being counted or estimated.

palatine.

ang.

Formerly,

the proprietor

coun/tri-fied

Also

coun/try-fied.

coun’try (ktin’/tri), 7.; pl. -rrmes (-triz).

(kiin’tri-fid),

adj.

(OF. contrée

Having the characteristics of rural life; rural.

2.

of a

county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county. b Orig., a high judicial officer of the German emperors; later, one granted the right to exercise certain imperial Side re one om uy

fr. LL. contrata, fr. L. contra on the opposite side.]

1. A

region or tract of land; a district. 2. The territory of a nation. 3. The land of a person’s birth or adoption, to

which he owes his allegiance; fatherland. 4. The people of a state or district; the nation. 5. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. 6. Law. jury; — so called because originally the jury was a body of men chosen from the country or neighborhood, a jury trial being called trial by the country,

and the litigants being said to put

themselves upon

the, or their, country.

Gve,

hére (27),

Event, &nd,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

charéty; Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tip. circis, meni;

country-bred —adj.

233

1. Now Dial. Pertaining, of peculiar, to one’s own

country; native.

2. Rural; rustic.

3. Churlish; rude.

t2@s- COMBINATIONS are: coun/try—bred’, coun’try-folk’,

coun’try—style’. coun’try—dance’, n. A native English dance in which the partners are arranged in two lines so as to face each other.

coun/try-man

(ktin’tri-mdn),

n.

1. An inhabitant

or

native of a country; also, a compatriot. 2. A rustic. — coun/try-wom/an, n. coun’try-seat’ (kiin’tri-sét’; 2), n. A dwelling or estate of some pretensions in the country. coun’try-side’ (-sid’; 2), n. A rural district or its people. coun’ty (koun’ti), n.; pl. -T1ES (-tiz).

[OF. cunté, conté

F. comté), fr. L. comitatus. See count nobleman.] bs. exc. Hist. An earldom. 2. In Great, Britain and Northern Ireland, one of the territorial divisions constituting the chief units for administrative, judicial, and

political purposes.

acounty.

3. Chiefly Eng.

The inhabitants of

4. In the United States, the largest division for

local government in all States except Louisiana, where the corresponding division is the parish. 5. One of the larger

administrative divisions in various British dominions. te Abbreviation (for senses 2, 4, 5) Co. count’y (koun/t!), n. Obs. Count (the title). county palatine.

A town (sometimes, one of

the towns) which is the seat of county administration.

coup (kop; koop), v.27. & t. [See cope tocontend.] ae To upset or be upset; also, to tip. rain.

Dial.

2. To drink off; to

coup (k60), Benge coups (k00z; F’. ko0). [F., deriv. of L. colaphus a cuff, fr. Gr. kolaphos.] Literally, a blow;

hence, a brilliant sudden stroke or stratagem.

||Jcoup’ de grace’ (k00/ dé gris’),

[F.]

A merciful blow;

the death blow with which an executioner ended the suffer-

ings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke.

||coup’ de main’ (man’).

[F.]

Chiefly Mil. A sudden

and unexpected movement or attack.

||coup’ d’é’tat’ (da’/ta’). [F.] Politics. A sudden decisive exercise of force whereby the existing government is sub-

verted; an unexpected stroke of policy. cou’pé’ (k00/pa’; often incorrectly Anglicized

kO0p), n.

esis coupé, past part., cut.] . The front or after compartment of a Continental dili-

gence; also, a half compartment

on British railway cars. 2. A four-wheeled closed carriage for Coupé, 2.

2. Two of the same kind

connected together; a pair; brace. 3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman married, be-

trothed, or partnersat a dance. 4. Hlec. A voltaic couple. Mech. A pair of equal parallel forces, acting in opposite

directions and tending to produce rotation.

Syn. Couple, pair, yoke. Couple applies to two things of the same sort, regarded as in some way AcCmaVERE Pair applies to two things which belong or are used together; it also applies to a single object composed of two corresponding or complementary parts. Yoke ap-

plies to a pair of animals linked together. —v.t.; cou’/PLED_ (kiip’’ld); covu’prinec late; to pair.

2. Collog.

To marry.

(-ling). 1. To —v, i. To copu-

2. To come together, forming a pair.

cou’ple-ment (kip’’]-mént),n. [OF.] Now Rare. Union. cou’pler (ktp/lér), n. One who or that which couples,

as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars.

2. A con-

trivance in an organ by which two or more keys or keyboards are made to act together. cou’plet (ktp/lét; -lit), n.

[F., dim. of couple.]

successive verses rhyming with each other. taken together; a pair or couple.

cou’pling (ktp/ling), n.

1. Two

2. Rare. Two

1. Act of bringing or coming to-

gether; connection., 2. The joining of, or the part of the ody joining, the hindquarters and forequarters of a dog, horse, etc. Elec. Means of electric connection of two

electric circuits by having a part common to both. Mach. A device or contrivance that serves to couple or

connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects.

cou/pon (k60/pin or, esp. Brit. koo’pong; U.S. often, in-

correctly, ki/pon), n.

[F., fr. cowper to cut.]

om.

A certificate of interest due, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when interest is due.

A section

of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some service. 3. A certificate given with a purchase of goods and redeemable in merchandise or cash. #. A part of a printed Re ae et designed to be cut off for use as an order ank. cour/age (kfir’/ij), n. [OF. corage, curage, fr. cuer (F. Chain

L. cor heart.)

1. Obs. Mind

spirit, temper,

or disposition. 2. That quality of mind which enables one to meet danger and difficulties with firmness; valor.

chair;

go; sing;

prowess, valor united with skill.

In enduring pain or adversity.

then, thin; natiire, verdre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Fortitude is passive courage, esp.

Heroism is contempt of danger from a

noble and self-forgetful devotion. — AMt. Cowardice,

cou-ra’geous (ki-ra/jtis), adj. Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave. — cou-ra’geous-ly, adv. — coura/geous-ness, n. cou-rante’ (koo-rant’; F’. k00/rint’), n. Also cou-rant’.

[F. courante, fr. cowrant, pres. part.]

former dance

with quick running steps; also, the music for this dance.

cour’i-er (k00r/i-ér), mn. _ [F. courrier, fr. It. corriere (after L. currere to run).] 1. A special messenger. 2. An attendant on travelers, who arranges for their convenience at hotels and on the way. cour’lan

(k060r/ldn; F’. koor/lin’), n..

[F.]

Either of two

mus, family Aramidae). course (kors; 70), n. [From F. cours (OF. cors, curs), fr. L. cursus, and fr. F. course, fr. It. corsa, fr. correre to run; both fr. L. currere, cursum, to run.] 1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage; also, direction of progress. 2. Hist. A single charge of opposing knightsina tourney. 3. The ground or path traversed; as, a golf course; also, a channel; as, a river’s course.

4. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. A series or succession of acts or practices;

as, a course of conduct. 6. Progress considered with regard to time; as, in the course of a year. 7. Customary

sequence of events. 8. Method of procedure; conduct; behavior. 9. Arch. A continuous level range of brick or masonry throughout the face or faces of a building. 10. Educ. a An entire series of studies usually leading to a degree. b A unit of instruction consisting of recitations, lectures, or the like, in a particular subject; also, the sub-

ject matter of such a unit. 11. Naut. on any square-rigged mast of a vessel.

(118);

a The lowest sail b A point of the

compass.—— Syn. Road, route, path; series, succession; manner, method, mode; career. — of course. As was to be expected; naturally. —v.t. 1. Torun, hunt, or chase after; topursue. 2. To cause to chase after game; as, to course hounds. 3. To

course.

ment, usually seating two to five persons. cou’ple (kip’’l), n. COF., fr. L. copula a bond, band, fr. That which links two co- + apere, aptum, to join.]

link or tie.

Boldness is the op-

posite of (sometimes the outgrowth of resistance against) timidity ;intrepidity is cool fearlessness; valor, personal bravery, esp. in battle;

run through or over.

two persons inside, with an out-

side seat for the driver. | two-door automobile having an enclosed body of one compart-

things together; a bond or tie.

gallantry, dashing and adventurous, courage.

tropical American long-billed, raillike birds (genus Ara-

The territory of a count palatine.

county town or (U.S.) seat.

courtesan Syn. Daring, fearlessness, audacity, mettle, pluck. —: Courage, bravery, dauntlessness, gallantry, boldness, intrepidity, valor, prowess, fortitude, heroism. Courage (the generic term) is that firmness of spirit which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring, often defiant, courage; dauntlessness, lofty and unintimidated,

—v.%.

1. To take or follow a

2. Torunasina tournament orin hunting.

3.

To move with speed; race. cours/er (k6r/sér; 70), m. [From course, v.] One who courses or hunts; a dog for coursing. cours/er, n.. L[OF. corsier (F. coursier).] Poetic. A swift or spirited horse. :

cours’er, n. [L. cursorius pert. to running.] |Any of a small group of birds related to the plovers, of Africa and southern Asia, remarkable for their speed in running.

cours/ing (kor/sing), who that court gen.

n.

1. The act or practice of one

courses. 2. The pursuit of running game with dogs follow by sight instead of by scent. (kort; 70), n. (OF. court, cort, fr. L. cohors, cors, cohortis, cortis, enclosure, court, crowd.], 1. An

uncovered area partly or wholly enclosed by buildings or by walls and grates. 2. A building, or group of buildings, enclosed in a courtyard; hence, a manorial house; — now

only in some proper names. short

street.

4. A space,

_3.

An open space like a

primarily

quadrangular,

for

playing one of various games with a ball, as lawn tennis, rackets, basketball, handball, etc. 6. A courtlike section or area of a museum or exhibition. 6. The residence

of a sovereign, prince, or the like; palace. 7. The collective body of persons composing ‘the retinue of a sover-

eign or person high in authority; also, a sovereign and his

officials as a political body. 8. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign. 9. Attention directed to a person in power; homage; courtship. _10. Law. a The place where justice is administered. b The persons duly assembled under authority of law for the administration of justice. cA tribunal established for the administration of justice. d The session of a judicial assembly. body of directors, managers, or the like, qualified to super-

intend the general affairs of an organization.

12. A local

branch or lodge. e , —v.t. 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery. 2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to woo.

3. To attempt to gain; to solicit. —v.i. To make love; to woo.

—adj.

4. To allure; attract.

Suitable to the court of a sovereign.

court’/—bar/on, n. Hng. Law.

The court, usually that of a

manor, in which a lord exercised his private jurisdiction. court card. A corrupted form of COAT CARD.

cour’te-ous (k{ir/té-tis),

adj.

[OF. curteis, corteis (F.

courtots). See court. ] Of courtlike manners; civil; polite. — Syn. See crvir. — Ant. Discourteous, rude; impolite. — cour’te-ous-ly, adv. — cour’te-ous-ness, n.

cour’te-san, cour’te-zan (k6r/té-zdn; kfir’-; Brit. usually kor’té-zin’), n.

K = ch

CF. courtisane, fr. courtisan. courtier, fr.

in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh=~z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

||Foreign Word,

courtesy It. cortigiano. woman;

See court.]

a prostitute.

cour’te- “Sy (kfir’té-si;

kOr/té-si;

OF. curtetsie, cortoisie.

70), n.; pl.

See courteous.)

-stES_(-siz).

1. Courtly

politeness. 2. aA favor performed with politeness. An expression of respect. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as, a title given one by courtesy. A curtsy. — Syn. Complaisance, affability, courteousness, elegance, refinement. — Ant. Rudeness. court hand. The hand, or manner of writing, formerly used in charters, deeds, and other sea documents. court/house’ (kort’hous’; 70), n. A building in which established courts are held. cour’ti-er (kOr/ti-ér; kort/vér; 70), n. 1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince. tices courtierlike flattery.

2. One who prac-

court/ly (kort/li), adj.; -LleER (-li-€r); -trEst. 1. Of a quality befitting the court; elegant; polite; also, insincerely flattering. 2. Favoring the policy or party of the court. yn. See civit.

—adv.

cowardice

234

A court mistress; a loose

In the manner

of courts;

cov’/e-nan-tor (ktiv’é-ndn-tér), n.

The party to a cove-

nant who is bound to perform the obligation expressed in it. Cov’en-try (k6v/én-tri; kiiv’-), mn. 1. A town in Warwickshire. 2. A state of ostracism or exclusion from social intercourse; — used esp. in the phrase to send to Coventry,

to refuse to associate with.

cov’er ‘(ktiv’ér), v.t. [OF. covrir, fr. L. co- + operire to cover.] 2. To place a 2. To envelop; to clothe. 3. To invest something); as, he covered himself with

cooperire, fr. covering over. (oneself with glory. 4. To

spread over. 5. a Tocopulate with (a female); as, a horse covers a mare. b To brood or sit on; incubate, as eggs. To place one’s money or stake upon or in equal jeopardy with

(the money

pass

over

or stake of one’s opponent)

in a wager.

7. To bring or hold within range, as of a revolver. 8. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect. 9. To hide from sight; to conceal. To remove from remembrance; to ‘remit. 11. To comprehend, include, or embrace. 12. To be sufficient for; to compensate. 13. To (a distance);

as, the train covered

ten miles.

14. Collog. Journalism. To report the peri news, etc., of (an event, meeting, or the like). 15. To stand, or march, directly behind (another a unit). — Syn. Shelter, screen, shield, hide, overspread. nt. Uncover, Strip, bare. —n. 1. Anything placed about or ones or naturally overlying, another thing; as: a A li inding or case for ject to trial by a court-martial. a book. ¢ An envelope or a eapetae! 2. Shelter; procourt plaster. Sticking plaster of silk or other fabric tection. 3. Anything which veils or conceals; a screen. coated commonly with a mixture of isinglass and glycerin. 4. [After F. cowvert.] A tablecloth and other table fitcourt/room/ (kort/rd0m’), n. A room in which a court of tings, esp. forone personata meal. 5. Hunting. Covert. law is held 6. fee y. An envelope, that has passed through the court/ship (-ship), n. 1. The act of courting, or wooing. mail and bears postal markings of philatelic interest. Pe, s. Courtliness. court’yard’ (-yird’), n. A court or enclosure attached to cov’er-age (-1j), n. 1. Finance. The amount, as of gold, available to méet liabilities; as, a 40 per cent ‘gold cover. a house, castle, or pe ace. age of paper currency. 2. "Insurance. The aggregate of cous/in “Uktiz’n), [OF. cosin, cusin, cousin, fr. risks covered by the terms of a contract of insurance. consobrinus the child of a mother’s sister, cousin, fr. oe cover crop. Agric. A crop, as rye or clover, planted, esp. + sobrinus a cousin by the mother’s side, ‘fr. soror sister.] in orchards, to protect the Soil in winter. 1. Obs. A person collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; also, Law, any of the next of kin, except cov’er-er (kty/ér-€r),n. One who or that which covers. parent or child. ’2. Specif.: A son or daughter of one’s cov’er-ing (ktiv’ér-ing), nm. Anything that covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, etc. ; uncle or aunt (called more fully own, first, or full, cousin, or cousin-german); also, a rélative descended the cov/er-let (-lét; -Ivt), n. Also cov/er: lid (lid). [ME. same number of steps by a different line from a common coverlyte, fr. OF. covrir to cover+ lit bed, fr. L. lectus ancestor. The children of first cousins are second bed.] -The cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. cousins to each other. The child of one’s first cousin is cov’er—point’, n Ih, cricket and lacrosse, the player or properly called first cousin once removed, but often fielder who. Mipporks “point.” popularly second cousin. 3. One akin to, or of the co/versed sine (k0’viirst). The versed sine of the complesame kind as, another. 4. A title used by a sovereign in ment of an arc or angle. Abbr. covers (no period). addressing a nobleman of his own country or another covert (ktv/ért), adj. [OF., past part. of covrir. See sovereign. COVER, v.]_ 1. Covered over; Sheltered; as, a covert nook; —v.t. To call (one) cousin as if akin. — cous/in-hood,n private; hidden; secret. Law. Under cover, authority, — cous/in-ly, adj. & adv. — cous/in-ship, n. or protection (of her husband) ;— said of a married woman. cous/in—ger’/man (kitiz/’n-jfir’mdn), n.; pl. COUSINS-GER— Syn. Covered, insidious, ‘concealed. See SECRET. — MAN. LF. cousin germain. See GERMAN, adj.] A first Ant. Frank, open, ingenuous. —7. A covering; esp., cousin. See COUSIN, n., 2 a place that covers and protects; a cae 2. A thicket cous’in-ry (ktz”’ mri), n. A body of cousins or kinsfolk. affording cover for game. Also covert cloth. A cloth of wool, or wool and silk or rayon, sometimes water||cou/teau’ (k0o0/to’),n.; pl. -reaux (f. -t0’). [F.] A proof, made in mixtures of colors. 4. [Cf. F. couverte.] knife; esp., a large atte: also, loosely, a two-edged dagger. Zool. One of the special feathers covering the bases of the couth (kooth). Obs. past & past part. of CAN; specif., quills of the wings and tail of a bird. — cov’ert-ly, adv. part. adj., known; familiar; noted. Cf. UNCOUTH. cov’er-ture (ktiv’ér-ttir), m. 1. A covering; specif.: a couth’ie (kdoth’!), adj. Now Dial. Kindly; agreeable. Shelter; defense. b Hiding or. disguise. Law. The ||cou/tu’Tier’ (ko0’tii/rya’), n., prop. masc., ||cou’tu’riére’ status of a woman during marriage. (-ryar’), fem. [F.] A dressmaker; modiste. cou-vade/ (k00-vid’), n. [F., fr. cowver to hatch.] A covet (ktiv/ét; -It), v.t. & 7. (COF. coveitier, deriv. of L. cupiditas desire, fr. cupere to desire.] To desire; to long primitive custom in ‘accordance with which when a child for; to crave, esp. something belonging to another person. is born the father takes to his bed, cares for the child, or — Syn. See ENVY. lee ai Spurn, disdain. — cov’et-asubmits himself to fasting and purification. bie, adj. — cov’et-er, cove (kov), n. [AS.cofaaroom.] 1. A small sheltered cov/et-ous Civitas) aah: [OF. coveitos.] 1. Archaic. inlet creck‘or bay; also, a sheltered nook. 2. Chief Tnordinately desirous; avaricious. — Dial. aA strip of pieide extending into woodland. D A Very desirous. cov’et-ous.ly, nme — cov’et-ous-ness, n. small valley in the side of a mountain. 3. Arch. Syn. Covetous, avaricious. Covetous implies esi excessive deconcave molding. hb A member, asa ceiling, whose tne sire for what belongs to another; avaricious, greed aawealth with a is a concave curve. —v.¢. & 7%. Arch. To arch over. view to hoarding it. cove, n. [A Gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] cov’ey (ktiv’i), n.; pl. -EYS (-1z). fOr covée, fr. cover to Slang. A chap or fellow; also, queer fellow. brood on, fr. L.ewbare to lie down brood or hatch cov’e-nant (kiiv’é-ndnt), n. [OF., fr. covenir to agree, fr. of birds; a small fl flock; — said chiefly of partridges. 2. A L. convenire. See CONVENE. ] An agreement between company; a bevy. —'Syn. See FLOCK. —v.%. To aspersons or parties. 2. A solemn compact between memsemble or reassemble in a covey. bers of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc. cov/in (kiiv’in), n._ [OF. covin, covine.] 1. Obs. A priS: feap-] Hist. Any of several agreements for the defense yate compact. 2. Archaic. ‘Deceit; fraud. 3. Law. of Presbyterianism, made by Scottish Presbyterians, esp. Collusion; conspiracy. one called the National Covenant (1638) made against cow (kou), n.; pl. cows (kouz); old pl., now chiefly poetic, episcopacy, and one called The Solemn League and KINE (kin). LAS. cii.] The mature female of any bovine Covenant (1643) agreed to by the Scottish and English animal, or of any animal the male of which is called bull. parliaments. 4. [cap.] The Covenant of the League cow (kou; ko), v. Chiefly Scot. To poll; lop off. of Nations, being the first part (containing ie articles) of cow (kou), v.t. [ON. kuga.] To depress with fear; to the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Law. a An undertakdaunt; overawe. — Syn. Abash, terrify. See FRIGHTEN. ing or promise of legal validity. b The common-law form Var. of COWHAGE. of action to recover damages for breach of such a con- cow/age (kou’Sj). tract. Theol. oe promises of God as revealed in the cow/ard (kou’érd), adj. [OF. coward coward, cowardly, Scriptures. — Syn. See contract. prop., with tail between the legs, fr. coe (F. queue) tail, fr. —v.i. & t. To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreeL. coda, cauda.] 1. Destitute "of courage; cowardly. 2. ment. — Syn. Engage, contract, bargain, stipulate. Proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. =n. person who lacks courage. cov’e-nant-er (kitv/é-ndn-tér; Scot. ktiv/én anftér), n. 1. One who makes a covenant. 2. [cap.] Hecl. Hist. An cow/ard-ice (kou/ér-dis), n. Want of courage; ignoble adherent of the Scottish National Conenant of 1638. timidity. politely. — court/li-ness, 7.

court/—mar’tial (kort/mir/shdl; 2; 70),n.; pl. couRTSMARTIAL. A court consisting of military or eal officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law. — v. t.; -TIALED (-sha@ld) or -TIALLED; -TIAL+ING or -TIAL-LING. To sub-

cAre, Add, account, iirm, ask, sofa; @ve, hére (27), évent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, Old, Gbey, Grb, Sdd, séft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; cube, Unite, tim, tip, circés, menu;

Ale, chaotic,

charity;

cowardliness cow/ard-ly (kou/érd-li), adj. brave. 2. Befitting a coward.

235

1. Wanting courage; not — adv. In the manner of

a coward. — cow/ard-li-ness, n.

crabbed

cow shark.

A large European and West Indian shark

(Hexanchus griseus) having six gill openings on each side. cow’skin’ (kou’skin’), n. Cowhide.

Syn. Cowardly, pusillanimous, poltroon, crayen, dastardly, recreant. Cowardly implies a weak or ignoble, pusillanimous, a mean-spirited and contemptible, lack of courage. Poltroon, craven, and dastardly are terms of extreme opprobrium. Poltroon implies arrant cowardice; craven, abject pusillanimity; dastardly, esp. the cowardly or skulking execution of an outrageous or malicious design. Recreant, as here compared, implies cowardly submission. — Ant. Heroic, fearless, gallant; brave.

cow’slip (-slip), n.

(esp. of the genus Cicuta, of the carrot family).

cox/a (k6k’sd), n.; pl. COXAE (-sé). L., hip, angle.]_1. Anat. The hip

cow’bane’ (kou/ban’), n. cow’bell’ (-bél’), n.

Any of several poisonous plants

1. A bell hung about the neck of a

cow toindicate her whereabouts. 2. The bladder campion. cow’her’ry (-bér’i; -bér-1), n. ‘The berry of any of several

pasture shrubs; also, any of these shrubs; specif.: a The mountain cranberry. A purple-flowered herb (Co-

marum palustre) of the rose family.

c¢ U.S.

The par-

tridgeberry (Mitchella repens). cow’bind’ (-bind’), n. The white bryony (Bryonza alba). cow’bird’ (-bfird’), n._ Also cow blackbird. A small North American blackbird : (Molothrus ater).

cow’boy’

(-boi’), n.

A cattle

*

herder, as one on the plains of the western United States.

cow bunting.

A cowbird.

== Coren owbird.

cow’fish’ (kou/fish’), n.; pl.,see FISH.

SSS

1. a Any of various

small cetaceans. b A sirenian, as the manatee. 2. Any of various trunkfishes. cow’hage (kou’iij), n. [Hind. kavac, fr. Skr. kapikacchu.]

A tropical woody fabaceous vine (Mucuna pruriens) hayse pods covered with barbed hairs which cause intolerable (-htird’), 7.

One whose occupation is to tend

cows. cow’hide’ (-hid’), n. 1. The hide of a cow, or leather from. it. A coarse whip made of rawhide or braided leather. —v.¢. (-hid/ing), n.

2. U.S.

pl. coxes

(kdk/s&z;

-siz). _ Collog. Shor for COXSWAIN. — v.%. & t. ‘To act as coxswain (to).

or hip joint. 2. Zool. The first segment of the leg of an insect or other arthropod. cox-al’/gi-a (kOk-sal/ji-d), n._ Also cox’/al’/gy (k6k/sal’ji). ayaa coxa + -algia.] Med. Pain in the

hip. — cox-al’/gic (kok-sil’jik), adj.

English Cowslip (P.

veris).

(4)

cox/comb/ (koks’kom’), n. _[Corrupt. of cock’s comb. 1. A strip of red cloth, notched like the comb of a ced

which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps; also, the Jester’s cap with a coxcomb. 2. Humorous. The top of the head, or the head itself.

6s (78) ; cow’er (kou’ér), v. 7. [ME. couren.] To crouch or shrink quivering, as from cold or fear; to stoop quailing. — Syn. See FAWN.

itching.

appearing in early spring. The marsh marigold.

cox (koks), n.;

3. A conceited, silly man; a

fop. 4. Bot. A cockscomb. — cox-comb/ic (kdks-k5m/-

cow’catch’er (kou/kach/ér), n. U.S. A strong inclined frame in front of a locomotive for throwing off obstructions.

cow’herd’

[AS. cuslyppe.]

1. In Great Britain, a primrose (Primula veris) with yellow flowers

To flog with a cowhide. — cow’hid/ing

cowl (koul), n.. LAS. cwhle, cugle, cugele, fr. L. cuculla, cucullus, hood.]_ 1. A monk’s hood. 2. An elaborate chimney pot to improve drafts.

ik; -kOm/ik), cox-comb/i-cal, adj. — cox’comb’ry (kdks/kom/ri), n. cox-com/i-cal (koks-kém/i-kdl), adj. Rare. Coxcombical. cox/swain, cock’swain (k0k/s’n; kdk’swan), n. — [cock

cockboat + swain.].

The steersman of a ship’s boat, a

racing shell, or the like. coy, (koi), adj. (OF. cot, fr. quei, deriv. of L. quietus

quiet.]

1. Obs.

Disdainful.

2. Shrinking modestly or

coquettishly from familiarity; shy;— usually applied to women. — Sym. Demure. See say. — Ant. Pert, for-

ward.

= v.¢. Obs.

1. To soothe.

2. To caress; to

stroke. —v.%. Archaic. To behave with coyness.— coy/ly, adv. — coy’ness, n. coy’ote (ki/6t; ki-0/t®, n. See prurat, Note, 3. [Amer. Sp., fr. Nahuatl coyotl.]| A small species of wolf (Canis latrans) of western North America; the prairie wolf. co/yo.-til/lo (k6/y6-tél’yo; ki/6-), n. [Mex. Sp. dim. See coyoTe.]

_ A poisonous rhamnaceous shrub (Karwinskia

humboldtiana) of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. coy’pu (koi/p0o), n. [Sp. coipu, fr. Araucan coypu.]

1.

outh American aquatic rodent (Myocastor coypus). 2. The fur of this rodent; — usually called nutria. coz (ktiz), nm. Collog. Short for cousin. Gone Kee), v.%. To havea friendly chat. —n. A friendly

3. a In an automobile, the top portion of the

chat. coz’en (ktiz/’n), v.t. 7. [F. cowsiner, fr. cousin, hence, lit., to deceive through pretext of relationship.] To cheat;

To garb, with a cowl; to make monkish.

coz/en-age (-1j), n.

front part of the body forward of the front doors, to which are attached the windshield and instrument board. bh Cowling. —v.¢. 1. cover with, a as with, a poe cowled

(kould

or, as in

cow’lick’ (kou/lik’),n.

es

poetry,

1. Wearing a cowl; hooded. Hooded; hood-shaped.

to defraud, usually by small arts or in a paltry way. — coz’en-er, n.

2. To

kou’léd), adj.

8. Bot. & Zool. :

A tuft of hairturned up

“Zz

er awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked ¢ Cowl, 1. Vy a cow.

cowl/ing (koul’ing), n.

Aeronautics.

A removable metal

covering which houses the engine and, sometimes, also a portion of the fuselage or nacelle. cowl’staff’ (koul/staf’), n. [cowl a vessel+ staff.] Dial. A staff on which a vessel is borne between two persons. cow/man (kow’mdn), n. A cattle owner; also, a workman who rears and tends cattle. co—work’er (k6-wtir’kér), n. One who works with another. cow parsnip. Any of several ammiaceous plants (genus Heracleum) having large umbels of white flowers.

cow’pea’ (Vigna

(kou’pe’), n. sinensis)

nearly related than

1. A sprawling fabaceous

more

SA

to the bean

to the pea.

herb

two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

ern U.S

A wadded covering for a teapot

or Other vessel to keep the contents hot.

CQ.

Radio.

The general call used at the beginning of

radiograms of general information, safety notices, etc. crab (krab), n. _[AS. crabba.] 1. A crustacean (order

Decapoda

and

suborder

Brachyura), distinguished by the short, broad, and usu-

ally flattened carapace, the \

small

abdomen,

which

is

curled up beneath the body \ and fits into a depression under the thorax, and the

=

¢

en ashe orig

Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus).

(42) 4. Mach.

Any of

various machines for raising heavy weights, orig. a machine with claws. — to catch a crab. Rowing. Aphrase used of a rower upset or partly unseated: a When he fails

_ Either of CS

The pintano.

;

A pony used Cowpea. 1 Branch with Leaves cattle. West- and Flowers (145); 2 Pod (14);

cow’pox’ (kou’poks’), n.

Chatty; talkative. — Sym. See snuc. —

3. Gambling. pl. At hazard, the lowest throw, or two aces.

discoverer, William Cowper,

cow pony. in herding

Hng.

RSS

Cow’per’s gland (kou’pérz; koo/pérz). [After the

cow pilot.

cozE.]_

co/zi-ly, adv. — co’zi-ness, n.

co/zy, co/sy, co/sey, n.

short antennae. 2. [cap.] Astron. ae ee sign

2. The

seed of this plant, used often for food.

Eng. surgeon.]

1. The art or practice of cozening;

fraud. 2. An act of deceit or fraud. co/zy, co’/sy (k0/z!), adj.; CO’ZI-ER, CO/SI-ER (-zi-€r); Co’ZI-EST, CO/sI-EST. Also _co/zey, co/sey, co/zie, co/sie. [Scot. cozie, cosie.] . Snug; comfortable. 2. [See

3 Seed (14).

Med.

A pustular eruptive dis-

ease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox.

pom race ot (-ptin/chér), n. [See puNcHER.] Collog., . 8. A cowboy. 2 ‘ cow’rie, cow’ry (kou’ri), n.; pl. -rres (-riz). [Hind. kouri.4 The shell of a marine gastropod (genus Cypraea), used as money in Africa and some Asiatic countries.

to raise the oar clear of the water on the recovery.

b When

he misses the water altogether in makinga stroke. — ¥v. 7.; CRABBED (krabd); CRAB/BING. To hunt for or catch crabs.

crab, n. ([Perh. fr. Ist craB.] 1. Acrab apple. 2. A sour or crabbed, ill-tempered person. — adj. Of or pertaining to the crab apple or crab tree; sour; harsh-tasting; rough. crab, v.t. & 7. [MD. crabben.] 1. Of hawks, to scratch or claw; to fight. 2. Collog. To find fault with; criticize. crab apple. Also crab, m. 1. A small wild sour apple. 2. An apple of a cultivated variety having small, acid fruit.

crab/bed (krab’éd; -1d), adj.

[From craz the animal.]

1. Characterized by, or manifesting, a peevish, morose, or

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

crabbedly

236

2. Obscure or intricate; difficult; as 3. Cramped; irregular; as, crabbed

sour temper; cross.

a crabbed author.

handwriting. — Syn. Crusty, peevish. See SULLEN. — crab’/bed-ly, adv. — crab/bed-ness, n. crab/ber (krab/ér), n. _One who catches crabs; also, a kind of boat used in crab fishing. crab’by (i), adj. Crabbed; as: a Obs. Crooked; rough; difficult. b Cross; churlish; ill-natured. i crab grass. A grass (esp. Digitaria sanguinalis)

{ with

creeping or decumbent stems which root freely at the nodes. crab/stick’ (krib’stik’), n. 1. A stick, cane, or cudgel, of crab-tree wood. 2. A crabbed, ill-natured person. crab tree. A crab-apple tree. crack (krik), v.27. LAS. cracian.] 1. To make a sharp,

sudden sound in or as in breaking. brag; to boast.

2 a Now Dial.

To

b Scot. & N. of Eng. To chat; to gossip.

To become discordant or harsh; as, his voice cracked.

crane Agric. Akind of attachment of fingerlike rods to a scythe; also, a scythe (cradle scythe) with Z

such an attachment.

5. Mining.

A rocking device used in washing out

auriferous earth by hand; —called also

rocker. 6, Naut. A framework of timbers, or iron frames, used to sup-

port, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc. —v.t.; CRA/DLED (-d’ld); CRA/DLING (dling). 1, Toplace, lay to rest, or

rock, in or asin a cradle.

To nurse

a cradle scythe, as grain.

4. To place,

or train in infancy.

es

3. To mow with

Cradle, 4.

raise, or support in or on a cradle. l 5. Mining. To wash inacradle. —v. 7. 1. To lie or lodge asina cradle. 2. To mow grain with a cradle scythe.

cra/dle-song’ (kra/d’l-sdng’; 74), n. A lullaby. CAS. ereft strength, skill, cunning.) 5. Slang. To fail; to break down. —v.t. 1. To break craft (kraft; 9), m. or burst, as something brittle or hollow, with a sharpor 1. Art or skill; hence, an occupation requiring this; a manual art. 2. Those engaged in any trade, taken colexplosive sound. Hence: a To rend or burst, as with 4. To break, with or without quite separating into parts.

grief or pain. b To empty as if by cracking; as, to crack a bottle of wine. ¢ To damage irreparably, as a reputation.

3. To utter smartly and strikingly, as a joke.

a Now Vulgar.

To slap.

To cause to make

noise; as, to crack a whip. or with a jerk; to snatch.

voice.

a sharp

5. Collog. To move sharply 6. To cause to crack, as the

7. Tosubject (petroleum) tocracking.

To cry up; to extol; to praise;

— with up. —

8. Colloq.

Syn. Cleave,

fissure, fracture, break, split.—to crack a Thieves’ Slang. To break into a house, store, etc.

—n.1.

crib.

A sharp, sudden sound, as of anything burst or

broken. 2. Hence: a Collog. A shot as with a rifle. Collog. The time a crack lasts; an instant. ¢ Collog.

sharp resounding blow. tempt;atry.

e Slang.

Slang.

An experimental

A gibing retort;a quip.

b A

at-

3. a Ar-

lectively; a guild. 3. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense; artifice. 4. Aeronautics. An aircraft, or aircraft collectively. 5. Naut. A vessel; vessels of any kind. — Syn. See TRADE. .

crafts’man (krafts’mdn), n.

practices some trade or manual

facies + man.J]

One who

occupation; an artisan. —

Syn. See workman. — crafts’/man-ship, 7. crafi/y (kraf/ti), adj.; CRAFI/I-ER (-tY-€r); CRAFI/I-EST.

1. Archaic. Skillful; ingenious.

2. Skillful at deceiving

others; cunning. — Syn. See cunninc. — Ant, Candid, artless. — craft’i-ly, adv. — craft/i-ness, n. crag (krag), n. [Of Celt. origin.] _A steep, rugged rock; a rough, broken cliff or projecting rock. — crag/ged (krag’éd; -Id), adj. — crag’gi-ness, n. — crag’gy (-I), adj, crag (krag; dial. krag), n. Now Dial. The neck or throat.

chaic & Dial. A boast; boasting. b Collog. A thing or (kragz/mdn), n. One accustomed to, or expert person fit to be boasted of; a racer, athlete, vessel, etc.,of crags’/man in, climbing crags or cliffs. superior excellence. ¢ Scot. & Dial. Eng. Talk; gossip. crake (krak),m. See PLURAL, Note,3. Any of various rails, break or breaking; as: a A chink; crevice. b Rupesp. the corn crake and other short-billed kinds (genus ture; flaw. c The breaking or broken tone of the voice,

as when changed at puberty.. d Mental flaw; partial insanity. 5. Thieves’ Slang. A burglar; also, burglary.

— adv. With a crack or cracking sound. — adj. Of superior excellence; as, a crack ship.

crack’a-jack’ (krak’a-jak’), adj. Slang. Of striking ability or excellence. — crack/a-jack’, n. Slang. crack’brain/ (-bran’), m. A crackbrained or crazy person. crack’brained’ (-brand’), adj. Crazy; reasonless.

cracked

(krikt),

adj.

a Broken;

fractured.

_b Collog.

Crackbrained. ¢ Of the voice, marked by discordant notes. crack’er (krak/ér), n. 1. One who or that which cracks. 2. Formerly, a boaster; a braggart. _ 3. A firecracker. 4. A round, paper favor holder containing an explosive

which discharges when the ends are pulled; — called also cracker bonbon.

whiplash; a snapper.

5. The snapping part at the end of a 6. U.S.

One of the lower class of

the white population of the southern United States, esp. of Georgia and Florida, inhabiting the backwoods; —a nickname.

A dry, usually thin biscuit, often crisp.

crack’er-jack’ (-jak’).

heat and, usually, pressure into lighter hydrocarbons of simpler molecular formulas. | Cracking is used in producing commercial gasoline, and in enriching illuminating gas.

crack’le caer v.%.; CRACK’LED (-’ld);| CRACK/LING (-ling). (Dim. of crack.] To make small, sharp, sudden and repeated noises. —v.t. To crack_or_break with —n.

L. The noise of

slight and frequent cracks; a crackling. 2. Fine Arts. A peculiar cracked surface, common in_much Oriental porcelain;

also, ware

crack/ling

(-ling), n..

(crack/le-ware’

such a surface.

cracks or reports.

[-w4r’])

‘

1. The making

having

of small, sharp

2. The crisp rind of roasted pork.

3. Usually pl. Dial.

The crisp residue of fat, esp. hogs’

fat, after the lard or fat has been removed. crack’ly (-li), adj.

Inclined to crackle; crisp and brittle.

crack/nel (-nél; -n’l), n.

[I. craquelin,

1. A hard, brittle kind of biscuit. also, a piece of pork fried crisp.

fr. D, krakeling.J

2. Crackling (sense 3);

cracks/man

(kriks’mdn), n. Slang. A housebreaker or burglar; one who cracks safes. | crack’—up’ (krak/tp’), n. Act or instance of cracking up, as of an airplane. -cra-cy (-krd-si). [Gr. kratos strength, rule.] A combining form meaning a (specified) type of government, sway, ruling power, or authority, as in autocracy, plutocracy, etc.

cra/dle (kra’d’l), n. _[AS. cradel, cradol.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, usually on rockers or pivots; hence, place

of origin or nurture. cradle, as:

2. A support suggestive of a baby’s

a A supporting

or protecting

framework

of

bars, rods, etc. b A low frame on casters, used by mechanics to support themselves while working under an

automobile. 3. Aeronautics. A support for a rigid airship or a semirigid airship during construction. 4.

ale, chaotic, cAre, Add, charity; Gld, Gbey, Orb,

crammian.]

[AS.’

1. To press, force, or drive, esp. in filling, or

in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff. 2. To fi with or as with food to satiety. 3. Slang. To fill the

mind of (a person), as with false stories. 4. Collog. To put (a person) hastily through a course of study, as in preparation for examination. —v.7. 1. To eat greedily;

stuff. Collog. To cram a subject, as for examination. cram (kram; kram), n. 1. Collog. A crammed state; a crush. 2. Collog. Act of cramming, as for examination; also, the information so acquired. — cram/mer, n.

cram/bo (kram/bd), n. 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another findsa rhyme. 2. Derogatory.

A word rhyming with another; rhyme.

cram/oi-sy, cram/oi-sie (krim/oi-zi; Ge adj. (F. cramoisi, ult. fr. Ar. girmiz kermes. ee CRIMSON.] Archaic. Crimson. — mn. Archaic. Crimson cloth. cramp (kramp), 7. (OF. crampe, fr, MD. crampe, cramp. ]

Var. of CRACKAJACK.

crack/ing, n. A processin which the complex hydrocarbons composing petroleum or other similar oils are broken up by

slight crushing rapidly repeated.

Porzana).

cram deraim), v. t.; CRAMMED (kramd); crAM/MING.

ed. a Spasmodic and painful involuntary con-

traction of a muscle or muscles. b A paralysis of certain muscles due to excessive use; as, writer’s cramp. ¢ Sharp

abdominal pains; — usually in pl. cramp, n.. [MD. crampe, cramp, cramp iron, spasm.] 1. A device, usually of iron bent at

the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc. 2. A clamp.

-

r

3. That which confines or contracts. —v.t. 1. To cause to have a cramp. 2. To compress; to restrain from free

action. 3. Tocause (the front wheels of a vehicle) to be out of line with the hind wheels, as in making a turn. To fasten or hold with or as with a

cramp. —adj. 1. Knotty; difficult. 2. Contracted; confined. cramp/fish’ (-fish’), n.; pl., see FISH. An electric ray (fish).

cram/pon (kram/pdn),n._ poon’ (kram-poon’).

Also cram-

Crampon, 1,

_[F. crampon,

of Teut. origin.) 1. A form of ooked clutch or dog for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc.; grappling, iron; — usually in pl. 2. A climbing iron; — usually in pl. cran/ber/ry (kran’bér/y; -bér-Y), mn. [LG. kranbere.

See CRANE;

BERRY.]

The

bright-red, acid berry of a plant (genus

Oxycoccus) of the heath family; also, the

plant.

Cranberries are grown

periodically flooded berry bogs.

cranberry tree. European

tree

areas,

called

in low, cran-

A North American and or

shrub

(Viburnum

opulus) of the honeysuckle family; — called also bush cranberry. crane (kran), n. See pruraL, Note, 3.

[AS. eran.]

diccount, iirm, ask, sofd; éve, dd, sOft, cOnnect; food, foot;

1. A bird (family Gruidae,

=

European Crane

(Grus grus). (460)

hére (27), €vent, nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; ctibe, dnite, Gm, tip, circés, menii;

crane fly

237

order Gruiformes), of a group of tall wading birds superficially eeombling the herons, but more nearly related to the rails; as, the sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida) of eastern and central North America. 2. U.S. The great blue heron; —called also blue crane. 3. A machine for raising, transporting, and lowering heavy weights, commonly by means of a projecting swinging arm.

4. “Any arm which swings about a vertical axis at one end, used for supporting a weight. —v.t. & i. 1. To raise

or lift by oras byacrane,

2. To stretch (the neck) asa

crane does; hence, to hesitate.

crane fly. Any of numerous long-legged, slender, twowinged flies (family Tipulidae), which resemble large mosquitoes, but do not bite.

crane’s’—bill’,

cranes/bill’/

(kranz/bil’), n.

long slender beak of the carpels.]

|[From the

Any species of ge-

ranium, as the wild geranium (Geranium maculatum).

cra/ni-al (kra/ni-dl), adj.

Of or pertaining to the skull. —

cra/ni-al-ly, adv. cra/ni-ate (-4t), adj, Zool. Having a skull or cranium, as the mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes (Craniata). —n. A craniate animal. cra/ni-ol/o-gy (-6I’6-i1),n. (Gr. .kranion, skull + -logy.]

crayfish

crash (krash), n.

Coarse, heavy linen fabric, as for towels,

summer suits, draperies, etc. crash, v.¢. @ 7. [ME. craschen, of imitative origin.) 1. To break violently. and noisily; to smash. To cause to crash, or sound noisily; also, to force, or force to go, with a crashing noise; as, to crash one’s way through a thicket. 3. Aeronautics. To bring (an airplane) down in such a manner that the craft is damaged. —n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of many things smashing at once; also, a collision, or the shock of a.collision. 2. A sudden failure or collapse, esp. of a business. 3. Aeronautics. The act or an instance of crashing. — crash’er, n.

cra/sis (kra/sis), n.; pl. -ses (-séz).. [NL., fr. Gr. krasis a mixing, combination.]

Constitution; temperament.

crass (kras),adj. [L. crassus thick, fat, gross.] 1. Now Rare. Gross; dense; coarse. 2. Very stupid; unrefined. — Syn. See crupr. — crass/ly, adv. — crass/ness, n. cras/si-tude (kras/%-tiid), n. Grossness.

cras/su-la/ceous (kras/t-la’shts), adj. [From NL. Crassula, type genus, dim. fr. L. crassus thick.] Bot. Of or belonging to a family (Crassulaceae) of succulent herbs, including the stonecrop, the houseleek, etc.

The science dealing with variations in size, shape, and

-crat (-krat). [F. -crate (after Gr. -kratés).] _A combining form meaning @ partisan or member of a class or type

i-kal), adj. — cra/ni-o-log/i-cal-ly, adv. — cra/ni-ol/ogist (8I’5-iIst), nN.

cratch (krach; dial. also krach, kraich),n.

proportions of the cranium. — cra/ni-o-log/i-cal (-3-16)’cra/ni-om/e-ter

-meter.)

(-dm/é-tér),

An instrument

n.

(Gr. kranion

skull+

for measuring skulls.

of government, as in democrat, plutocrat.

Teut. origin.}

Now Dial.

[OF. creche, of

A crib or rack, esp. for fodder.

crate (krat), n. ([L. eratis hurdle.] (1. A large wicker basket or hamper. 2. A container, as for fruits, with open spaces to provide ventilation. —v.¢. To pack ina crate.

— crat/er (krat’ér), n.

cra/ter (kra’tér), n.

brate.

crank (kringk), n. [AS. cranc.J 1. f Mach. An arm keyed at right angles to Any bend, turn, or winding.

2. Obs.

3. A twist

4. Acaprice;

whim; crotchet; also, Collog., a crotchety person. —v.¢. 1. Tobendinto the shape of a crank.

2. To

furnish

oe

crank.

1. To

by use of |

wind

Vv. %.

and

1 Single Overhung Crank. Crankshaft; C Journal;

_A Crankpin; B D Web.

2

shaft with four Double Cranks.

Crank-

@, a, 4,4

Crankpins.

crank/shaft/ (-shaft’; 9), ».

A shaft turning, or driven by,

1. Out of gear or order; shaky. Naut.

(-Y-€r); CRANK/T-EST.

2. Irritable; also, eccen-

Liable

crank/i-ly, adv. — crank’/i-ness, n.

to

heel;

crank. —

(kran‘i), n.; pl. -NtEs (iz).

[F. cran,

cren,

notch.] A small, narrow cleft; a crevice, as in a wall. cran/reuch (kran’rux), n. Scot. Hoarfrost. crape (krap), n. LF. crépe, fr. OF. crespe curled, crisped,

fe tciepie) 1. Crepe; a crinkly fabric of wool, silk, orcotton. 2. A piece of crape for some special purpose, as

to show mourning. —v.t. Obs. To crimp (the hair). crap’pie (krap’i), n.; pl. CRAPPIES (-1z), sometimes CRAPPIE.

North hover fresh-water fish (Pomoxis annularis,

family Centrarchidae), found chieflyin the Great Lakes region and southward through the Mississippi Valley. craps (krips), n. sing. A gambling game played with two dice; — called also crap shooting. — crap’shoot/er

(krap’shoot/ér), n.

:

crap/u-lous (krap/ii-lt%s), adj. crapula eating.

[LL. crapulosus, fr. L.

intoxication.] 1. Intemperate in drinking or 2. Sick from excessive indulgence in liquor. —

crap’u-lous-ly, adv. — crap/u-lous-ness, n. chair;

go; sing;

A neckcloth; a necktie.

[AS.crafian.]’

then,

thin; natiire, verdiire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

(118);

1, To ask earnestly; to

beg.

To long for; hence, to require; to need.

plicate.

See Lonc. — crav’er (krav/ér), n.

—v. 2.

Syn. Ask, seck, solicit, request, sup-

cra’ven (kra/vén), adj.

[OF. cravant, fr. L. erepans, pres.

part. of erepare to break, crack.] Afraid; cowardly; also, Obs., defeated. — Syn. & Ant. See cowARDLY. —=7n. A

confessed coward. — Syn. Poltroon, dastard. —v. t. To make cowardly. — cra’/ven-ly, adv. — cra/ven-ness, n.

Cra/ven-ette’ (kra/vén-ét’), n.

[From Craven, Street, Lon-

don, Eng.] A trade-mark for cloth (or sometimes leather) made waterproof by special chemical processes; hence [sometimes not cap.], material so made.

|

crav/ing (krav/ing), n._ Desire (for something); esp., an abnormal or excessive desire, as for a food or

drug.

craw (kr6), 2. [ME. crawe.] .a The crop of a bird or insect. b The stomach of an animal.

craw’fish’ (kré/fish’), n.; pl., see risH. A crayfish. sasv.%. Collog., U.S.

tion; to back out. crawl (krél), v2.

[See CRAYFISH.]

To retreat from a posi-

: [ON. krafla to paw, scrabble with the

hands.] iL. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to.creep. 2. To move or advance feebly, slowly, or timorously. 3. To advance or spread by

extending stems or branches, asa plant; to trail.

swarming with a number o crawling things; also, to have

a sensation

creeping

cran’/nied (krain/id), adj. Having crannies, or chinks. cran/nog (kran’dg), n. Erroneously also cran/noge (-6i). (Ir. erannog, Gael. crannag.] Scot. & Ir. Antig. An island refuge, in a lake or bog.

cran’/ny

= Cratenit:

To desire strongly. —

acrank. See CRANK, Tllust. erank’y (krangk’i), adj.; CRANK/I-ER crotchety.

or a_ geyser.

tian.]

turn; to zigzag. 2. To turn a crank. crank, adj. (Partly fr. D. krank sick, weak.] 1. Out of gear; loose; shaky, 2. [D. krengen to careen.] Naut. Of a vessel, easily inclined by any external force, as of the wind on the sails. i crank, adj. Obs. Lusty; vigorous. crank/case’ (kringk’kas’), n. The case or covering of the crankshaft of an engine, as in an automobile. cran’kle (kring’k’l), n. & v. Bend; turn. crank/ous (krangk/us), adj. Scot. Fretful; cranky. crank’pin/ (krangk’pin’),. Alsocrank pin. Mach. The cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached. See cRANK, Illust.

tric;

cano

crave (kray),v.¢.

or

fasten with a crank: 3.) To move, as the engine. 2 of an auto-

bowl-shaped

. Mil. ole formed by the detonation of a mine or the like. craunch (kranch; kr6nch), v. ¢., v.7., & m. Crunch. cra-vat’ (kra-vat’), n. (CF. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croa-

or turn in speech; also, anything fantastic inaction, manner, etc.

The

depression aroun the orifice of a vol-

the end of a shaft,by which motion is im-

parted to or received from it.

a

(L., fr. Gr. kratér, fr. kerannynat to

mix.] lass. Antiq. A jar or vase somewhat like an amphora. Geol.

Syn.

over

as

ee ——Sisy

4. Tobe

=

of insects Ps

the body. —

Sce creep.

— Ant. CamiSiore pei: ; Strut, swagger; speed. —n. L. Act or motion of crawling; slow motion, like that of a creeping animal. 2. Swimeae ming. Aracing strokein which the ¢ swimmer, lying flat in the water with the face submerged except for breathing intervals, propels

himself by a double overarm stroke and a thrashing movement with the legs. — crawl/er, n. — crawl’-

ing-ly, adv. crawl, n. [D.kraal.] in aa

Anenclosure

waters, used to confine

turtles.

crawl’/y (krdl’t), adj. Collog. Creepy. a8 d cray/fish’ (kra/fish’), craw/fish/ (kro’-), n.; pl., see FisH. [OF. crevice (FE. écrevisse), of Teut.

origin.] 1. Any of numerous fresh-

water crustaceans (family Astaci- American Crayfish (Cambarus affinis), (4) dae), like the lobster, but much

K=ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure.

||Foreign Word.

crayon smaller.

sembling the lobster but not having huge claws. cray’on (kra’on), n. L[F., fr. craze chalk, fr. L. ereta.]

An implement

1.

for drawing, made of clay, plumbago, chalk,

etc., usually sold in small prisms or cylinders. 2. A crayon drawing. —v.¢. To draw or sketch with crayons. craze (kraz), v.t.&7. [ME. crasen to break, fr. Scand.] 1. Obs. To break; shatter. 2. Archaic. To weaken or

destroy, as health. 3. To become or render insane. 4. Pottery. To produce minute cracks on the surface or glaze of. —n. 1. Obs. A break; flaw. 2. A transient infatua-

tion, as for anew fashion; a mania. 3. Craziness. 4. Ceramics. A crack in glaze or enamel. — Sym. See FASHION. cra/zy (kra/zi), adj.; CRA/zI-ER (-zi-ér); cRA’zI-EST. 1. Full of cracks or flaws; unsound. 2. Insane; demented.

3. cole Distracted with eager desire, excitement, etc. — Syn. See INSANE. — Cra/zi-ly, adv. — cra/zi-ness, n. crazy bone. The funny bone. crazy quilt. A quilt made of pieces of silk or other material of miscellaneous sizes, shapes, and colors. cra/zy-weed/ (kra/zi-wéd’), n. The locoweed. creak (krék), v.72. [ME. creken to croak.] To make a prolonged sharp squeaking sound. —v.¢. To cause to creak. —m. The sound produced by_ creaking. — creak’i-ly, adv. — creak’i-ness, n. — creak’y, adj.

cream (krém),n. [OF.cresme (F. créme), fr. LL. chrisma chrism. See carisM.] 1. The rich, oily, yellowish part of milk.

creel

238

2. A marine shellfish L (family Palinuridae) re- ;crea/ture (kré/tiir), 7. .

2. Hence: a A fancy dish or confection prepared

from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream. A creamlike emulsion or cosmetic.. ¢ The part of any liquor that collects on the surface. dA sirupy liqueur. e Creamed puree or stock; — with of; as, cream of celery soup. 3. The choicest part of a thing. he color of cream; a color, reddish-yellow in hue, of low saturation and very high brilliance. See conor. i

— v.72. To form or become covered with cream; to mantle;

to froth. —v.¢. 1. To draw off as cream; hence, to take the choicest part of. 2. To skim the cream from, as milk. To furnish with or as withcream. 4. To beat, as butter and sugar, till it is of a light creamy consistency.

cream cheese.

An unripened cheese, similar to Neuf-

ch&tel, made from whole sweet milk enriched with cream. cream/cups/ (krém/ktips’), m. sing. & pl... Any of several California annuals (esp. Platystemon californicus) of the poppy family.

[COF., fr. LL. creatura.]

1. Any-

thing created; anything not self-existent; esp.: a A living

created being; an animal or a human being. hb Rural, U.S. A domestic animal such as the horse or ox. ¢ Something, as food or drink, that promotes the comfort of human beings.

2. A servile dependent; instrument; tool.

creature comfort.

A thing, as food, which gives comfort.

crea’ture-ly, adj.

Creatural; characteristic of a creature.

créche (krash; krésh), n. [F.] 1. A Sometimes, a foundling hospital. 3. A the stable at Bethlehem, with the infant by Mary, Joseph, the cattle, shepherds,

day nursery. 2. representation of Jesus surrounded and Magi.

cre/dence (kré’déns; -d’ns), n.. [LOF. credence, fr. ML. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, pres. part. of credere to trust, believe] 1. Belief 3a belief; — usually said of belief formed lightly on the basis of indirect, esp. verbal, testimony.

2. Credential; as, letters of credence. |

ccl. A

small table beside the communion table, on which the bread and wine rest before being consecrated.

cre-den’da (kré-dén’dd), n.pl. ; sing. CREDENDUM

(-diim).

L., fr. eredere to believe Theol. Doctrines to be be-

lieved; articles of faith. i cre/dent (kré/dént; -d’nt), adj.

1. Giving credence; con;

fiding. 2. Credible. cre-den/’tial (kré-dén’/shdl), adj.

Giving a title or claim to

credit or confidence; accrediting; as, credential letters. —n, That which gives a title to credit or confidence;

specif., pl., testimonials accrediting a person.

cred/i-ble

(kréd/7-b’l), adj.

_ Capable of being credited;

worthy of belief; also, Archaic, exc. in “credible witness,”

entitled to confidence; trustworthy; as, credible informa-

tion. — cred/i-bil/i.ty (-bil/7-ti), n. — cred/i-ble-ness, n.

— cred/i-bly (kréd/%-bli), adv. cred/it (kréd/it), n.

LF. crédit, fr. It. eredito, fr. L. cre-

ditus (past part. of credere to trust), eredituma loan.} |1. Reliance on the truth or reality of something; belief; faith. 2. Qualityof being believed or of being worthy of belief; trustworthiness. 3. Reputation; now, favorable reputation. . A source of honor; as, a credit to one’s family.

5. The balance in a person’s favor in an account, as in a

bank.

6. Time given for payment for lands or goods sold

on trust. 7. Accounting. a Acknowledgment, by entry , in an account, of the reduction of a debt by a debtor. b The right-hand side of an account, where entries of payments

cream/er (krém/ér), 7. 1. A vessel for holding cream. | 2.

or other values received are made. ¢, Any one, or the sum, of the amounts shown on the right side of an account. 8.

cream/er-y (-i), n.; pl. -ERIES (-iz).

ment for property transferred. 9. Educ. Official certification of the completion of a course of study; also, a unit

Agric. Mach.

A machine for separating cream from milk. 1. An establishment

where butter and cheese are made or where milk and cream are sold or prepared for market. 2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for creaming. cream/—faced/ (krém/fast’), adj. Pale, as from fear.

cream of tartar. Chem, Purified tartar, a white crystal-

Com.

Trust given or received; expectation of future pay-

of academic work for which such acknowledgment is made.

—v.t..1. To confide in the truth of;to believe.

2. To

bring into credit; esp., Archaic, to bring honor upon. To give credit for; to attribute or ascribe fo or with.

3. 4.

line substance, with a gritty, acid taste. cream/y (krém/I), adj.; CREAM/I-ER, (-1-€r); CREAM/I-EST.

Bookkeeping. To enter_upon the credit side of an account;

crease (krés), n. [From creast, var. of crest.] 1. A line or mark made by folding any pliable substance; hence,a

invest with credit or authority; as, to credit a legend; an accredited

Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream. — cream/i-ly, adv. — cream/i-ness, n.

to give credit for. Com. To give credit to. 6. Educ. To give a credit or credits to; — followed by with. Syn. Credit, accredit. To credit is to believe; to accredit, to agent. — Anf. Discredit, doubt.

similar mark, however produced. 2. Cricket. Certain cred/it-a-ble (-d-b’l), adj. Sufficiently_ good to bring esdeserving of praise. — cred/it-a-bil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), n. lines drawn on the ground, esp. one marking the position of teem; — cred/it-a-bly, adv.

the batsman; also, the space between them. —v.t. & 7. To make a crease in or on; to wrinkle. — creas/er (krés’-

€r), n. — creas’y (-I), adj. crease. Var. of CREESE. cre-ate’ (kré-at’), adj. [L. ereatus, past part. of creare to

create.]

Archaic. Created.

being; to. cause to exist.

—v.t.

1.

To bring into

2. Hence: a To invest with a new

form, office, or character; to constitute. b To produce, form, or bring to pass, by influence over others; as, to

create a favorable opinion.

3. To produce as a work of

thought or imagination, esp. as a work of art. cre’a-tine (kré’d-tén; -tin), n. Also-tin. [Gr. kreas flesh.] Biochem. A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C,H,N;O;, found in the muscles of vertebrates and in the brain, blood, etc. ; cre-a/tion (kré-4’shiin),n. 1. Act of creating, or fact of being created; specif., the act of causing to exist, or fact of being brought into existence, by divine power; esp., the act of

bringing this world into existence out of nothing. 2. Act of constituting or investing with a new character, title, or the like. he presentation ofa new conception in an artistic embodiment. . Something which is created. — cre-a/tion-al, adj.

cre-a/tion-ism (-iz’m), n.

Theol.

The doctrine that the

human soul is separately created in each individual born.

cre-a/tion-ist (ist),

. _An adherent of creationism; also,

one who believes that distinct species of animals or plants

were separately created. — cre-a/tion-is/tic (-is/tik), adj. cre-a’tive (kré-a’tiv), adj.. 1. Having the power or quality of creating. 2. Productive; — followed by of. — cre-a’tive-ly, adv. — cre-a’/tive-ness, n. cre-a/tor (-tér), m. One that creates, produces, or constitutes; specif. [eap.], the Supreme Being. — cre-a/torhood, cre-a/tor-ship, n. crea/tur-al (kré’*3r-a]), adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the

nature of, a creature or creatures.

cred/i-tor (kréd/i-tér), m. 1. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; — correlative to debtor.

2. Bookkeeping.

Any amount shown on

the right side of a bookkeeping account; a credit. Abbr. Cr. cre/do (kre/do; kra’do), n.; pl. cREDOS oe CL., I believe. See cREED.] A creed; specif. [cap.], the Nicene Creed said or sung as a part of the Mass. cre-du/li-ty (kré-dt/lv-tY), n.; pl. -r1es (-tiz). Belief or readiness of belief, esp. on slight evidence. cred/u-lous (kréd’ii-ltis), adj. [L. credulus, fr. credere to

believe.]_

1. Inclined to believe, esp. on slight evidence.

2. Based upon, or proceeding from, credulity. — cred’ulous-ly, adv. — cred/u-lous-ness, n.

Cree (kré), n.; pl. CREE, CREES (kréz).

An Indian of an

Algonquian tribe formerly of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

creed (kréd), m.

[AS. créda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the

beginning of the Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds.] Eccl. A brief, authoritative formula of religious belief; specif., the Apostles’, the Nicene, or the Athanasian Creed.

The

Creed usually means the, Apostles’ Creed. 2. Any formula or confession of religious faith; sometimes, a summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to.

creek (krék; dial.or collog. krik), n. fr. ON. kriki.]

(ME. creke, crike,

1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and ex-

tending farther inland than a cove. U.S., a stream of water smaller than

2. Hence, Chiefly

a river and larger than a brook.

Dial. A narrow or winding passage. Creek (krek), ». An Indian of a confederacy of tribes, mostly of Muskhogean_stock, formerly occupying most

of Alabama and Georgia, and parts of northern Florida.

creel (krél), ». (OF. creitl.] 1.A wickerwork basket, as for fish. 2.

ale, chaotic, cAre, add, dccount, drm, ask, sofd; Gve, charity; Old, Obey, Grb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; fO0d, foot;

hére (27),

€vent,

&nd,

silént,

Creel.

makér;

Ice,

Yl,

out, oil; ciibe, Wnite, firn, tip, circéés, menii;

creep

239

Spinning. A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins. Creep (krép), v.7.; crEpT (krépt); creep/inc. [AS. créopan.]

‘0 move along with

the body prone and

close to the ground, or any other surface, as a worm or reptile; to crawl. - To move or advance slowly, timidly, or stealthily. 3. To spread by means of prostrate or clinging stems, asa plant. 4. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin. 5. To slip or become slightly displaced. Syn. Creep, crawl. In modern usage crawl, more commonly than creep, is applied to worms and reptiles. Figuratively, creep emphasizes the idea of slowness or stealthiness; crawl, abjectness or servility,

—n. 1. A movement of orlike creeping. 2. A distressing sensation, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects; a feeling of apprehension or horror; the creeps or the cold creeps.

— often collog. in pl.,

creeper (-€r), n._ 1. One that creeps, as an insect or rep-

cretin A colorless aromatic liquid, CsHioOy, resembling carbolic

acid, obtained from guaiacum

(gum)

from beech.

and the tar made

cre’o-sote (kré/é-sot), x. (Gr. kreas, gen. kreds, flesh+ sozein to preserve.] 1. An oily antiseptic liquid, obtained by the distillation of wood tar, esp. that of beechwood. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is used in the preservation of wood, meat, etc. similar substance made from coal tar. —v.¢. To im-

pregnate with creosote, as timber.

creosote bush. A zygophyllaceous desert shrub (Covillea mexicana) found in the southwestern United States. crepe (krap), crépe (krap), n. [F. crépe.] 1. A thin crinkled fabric; crape; also, a fabric like crepe.

2. Black

crepe used for mourning. 3. Paper crinkled to resemble crepe. crepe’ de Chine’ (dé shén’). CF. de Chine of China.]

A fairly sheer silk crepe. 2. Acreeping plant. 3. Any of various birds which crepe paper. Paper made to resemble crepe, as by crowding the wet sheet on a roll. — crepe’—pa/per, adj. the brown creeper (Certhia familiaris americana) of crep/i-tant (krép/i.tant), adj. Having or making a crackNorth America. 4. Any of various tools, implements, ling sound; crackling; as, crepitant stairs. etc.;as:a A grapnel. hb Obs. A small, low iron, or dog, between andirons. cA fixture-with iron points worn on a crep/i-tate (krép/7-tat), v. 7. [L. crepitare to crackle, v. intens. of crepare tocrack.] To makea series of crackling shoe to prevent slipping. d Any device for causing material sounds; to crackle. — crep/i-ta’tion (-ta’sht%n), n. to move steadily from one part of a machine to another.

tile.

creep about on trees, bushes, etc., searching for insects; as

creep/ie (krép’i; krip’t), n. Dzal. A three-legged stool. creep’y (krep’l), adj. ; CREEP/I-ER (-1-€r); CREEP/I-EST. 1.

Marked by creeping, or slow motion. 2. Crawly; having a sensation as if insects are creeping on the skin; feeling

nervous fear. — creep’i-ness, n. creese (krés),”. Also kris (krés)._ [Malay kris.] A dagger used by the Malays, having a serpentine

An incinerator for rubbis

||créme’ de la créme’ (dé la kram’).

[F.]

_A sweet liqueur fla-

Cream of the

vored with mint, and usually colored green. Cre-mo/na (kré-m0/n@), ». A violin made in Cremona, Italy, in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, esp. by Stradivarius, Guarneri, or the Amati family. cre/nate (kré/nat), adj. .[NL. crenatus, fr. crenaa notch.]

Having the margin cut into rounded scallops, as a leaf. — cre/nate-ly, adv. — cre/nat-ed (-nat-éd; -id), adj. cre-na’/tion (kré.na’shin), n. @A crenate formation; a

rounded projection, as on the edge of a leaf. quality of being crenate.

cren/a-ture

b State or

(krén/d-tiir; kré/nd-), n. _ A crenation; also,

sometimes, a notch or indentation, as between crenations. cren/el (krén/él), cre-nelle’ (kré-nél’), nm. [OF. crenel, fr.

dim. of VL. crena a notch.] battlement; indentation.

One of the embrasures in a

See BARTIZAN, Illust.; BATTLE-

MENT, Illust. — v.t.; CREN/ELED (-éld) or -ELLED; CREN/EL*ING or -EL-LING. To crenelate. cren/el-ate, cren/el-late (krén/é-lat), v.t. ([F. créneler to indent. See cRENEL.] ‘To furnish with battlements, as a wall. — adj. Crenelated. cren/el-at/ed, cren/’el-lat/ed (-lat/éd; -id), adj. Furnished with battlements. ; cren/el-a/tion, cren/el-la/tion (-la/shtin),n. Act of crenelating, or state of being crenelated; hence, crenelated work.

cren’u-late (krén’/ii-lat), adj. [From crenula, dim. of crena notch.] Minutely crenate. cren’u-lat’ed (-lat/éd; -id), adj. Crenulate.

cren/u-la/tion

(-la’shtin), n.

aA minute crenation.

The state of being minutely crenate or scalloped.

b

Cre/ole (kré’6l), n.. [F. créole, fr. Sp. criollo, fr. Pg. erioulo, fr. criar to bring up,fr.L. creare to produce.]

1. A

person of French or Spanish descent born and reared in a

colonial or remote region, esp. an intertropical region.

2.

In the United States, a white person descended from the

French or Spanish settlers of Louisiana and the Gulf States, and preserving their characteristic speech and culture. The French patois spoken in Louisiana.

4. [not cap.]

A negro born in America; — more properly, creole negro. 5. [not cap.] A person of mixed Creole and negro blood

speaking — adj. 1. of Creole or relating

a dialect of French or Spanish; a half-breed. Designating or relating to a Creole or Creoles; blood and culture. 2. [not cap.] Designating to a creole or creoles; as, a creole negro or dialect. cre’o-sol (kré’6-sol; -sdl), n. [creosote + -ol, 2.] Chem.

chair; go; sing; ten, thin; natiire, verdUre (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(-d6z).

A gradual increase

a convex

edge.

2. The

emblem

of the

stantinople; hence, the Turkish power, and, by extension, Mohammedanism as a political force. 3. Any crescent-

créme/ de menthe’ (mant’).

[F.]

Music.

the moon in her first quarter, or its figure, defined by a

concave_and

[F.] , Cream; — used esp. in names of

cream; the very choicest.

-s€n’do), n.; pl. -pos

former Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Con-

¢

(kré/md-to’rl; krém/a-; or, esp. Brit.,

creamed dishes; also, a sirupy liqueur.

pus/cu-lous (-lis), adj. cre-scen/do (kré-shén’d6;

viation cresc. or the sign ————__..

kr&ém/a-téret), m.; pl. -RIES (-riz). L. crematorium.] A furnace for cremating. —adj. Of. ? Creese. relating to, or employed in, cremation.

||jcréme (kram), n.

[L. crepusculwm, fr. creper

Twilight. — cre-pus’cu-lar (-kii-lér), adj. —cre-

ually the volume of tone, usually indicated by the abbre-

ate; as, to cremate a corpse. — cre-ma/tion (kréma/shiin), 7. cre’/ma-tor (kré’ma-tér; kré-ma’-), n. [LL.J] a

cre/ma-to/ry

dusky.]_

cres/cent (krés/ént; -’nt; or, Brit., kréz’-), n. (OF. creissant, fr. L. crescere toincrease.] 1. Theincreasing moon;

To burn; inciner-

bA crematory.

Also cre-pus/cule (kré-ptis’-

kul or, Brit., krép’us-ktl).

[It., fr. erescere to increase.]

(OF. creisse, cresse, n.] Scot. Grease. — creesh’ie, creesh’y (-i), adj. cre/mate (kré’mat; kré.mat’), v.t. [L. crematus,

One who cremates corpses.

cre-pus/cle (kré-ptis’’l), n.

in volume of sound; also, a passage so rendered. —= adj. & adv. Music. Increasing; — a direction to increase grad-

ade. creesh (krésh),n. & v.t.

past part. of cremare to burn.]

crept (krépt), past & past part. of CREEP.

shaped object.

adj.

1. Increasing.

the moon in her first quarter.

cres’cive (krés/iv), adj. cre/sol (kré/sol; -s6l), n.

i

2. Shaped like

Increasing; growing. [From crrosore.]_ Chem.

Any

of three isomeric substances, CH:Cs;H,OH, resembling phenol. ‘They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar as

colorless, oily liquids or solids, and are used as disinfectants. cress (krés), n. [AS. eresse, cerse.] Any of numerous plants of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), the moderately

pungent leaves of which are used in salads and garnishings.

cres/set (krés’ét; -it), 7.

[OF.]

|An iron vessel for hold-

ing an illuminant, as burning oil or pitchy mounted as a torch, or hung as a lantern.

wood, and

Cres/si-da (krés/¥-da), n.__In medieval legend,

a Trojan

girl, proverbial for her infidelity to her lover, Troilus. cress’y (krés/1), adj. Abounding in cresses.

crest (krést), n.. LOF. creste, fr. L. crista.] 1. A tuft or process on the head of a bird or animal, as the comb of a cock. 2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet, as by a knight; hence, a helmet. 3. Something suggesting a crest, esp. as being the head, crown, or top; specif.: a A peak; esp., the top line of a mountain or hill. b The ridge or top of a wave. ¢ The upper curve or

ridge of the neck of a quadruped; sometimes, specif., the mane borne by this part. 4. High spirits, pride, courage, or the like. 5. Arch. The ornamental ridging of a roof

canopy, etc.

6. Her.

A bearing set, not upon the shield

but on the helm, and used separately as.an ornament for

plate, liveries, etc.

—v.¢.

1. To furnish with, or sur-

mount as, a crest; to top; crown.

asawave.

—v.%.

crest/ed (krés’t€d; -tid), adj.

crested flycatcher.

2. To reach the crest of,

To form or rise toa crest; — of waves.

Any

prominent crest, esp. one

Having acrest.

of various

(Myiarchus

flycatchers

crinitus)

with a

of eastern

North America, often called great crested flycatcher.

crest/fall/en (krést/f6l/én), adj. With drooping crest or hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed. — crest’-

fall/en-ly, adv. — crest/fall/en-ness, n.

crest/less (krést/lés; -lfs), adj. Without a crest. cre-syl/ic (kré-sil/ik), adj. [eresol + -yl.] Chem.

taining to, or cre-ta’ceous chalk.] _1. [cap.] Geol.

Perderived from, cresol, creosote, etc. (kré-ta’shts), adj. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta Of the nature of, or abounding in, chalk. 2. Pertaining to or designating the last period

of the Mesozoic and the corresponding system of rocks

either: (1) the, entire, period between _the Jurassic and the Tertiary, divided into Upper and Lower; or (2) the upper of these divisions. _Chalk and coal deposits mark thisera. —m. [eap.] The Cretaceous period or system, Cre’tan (kré’tdn), adj. & n. from Crete, Gaz.

cre/tin (kré/tin or, esp. Brit., krét/in), n.

(CF. crétin, fr.a

dial. form meaning prop. Christian, hence human being, fr. L. christianus.]

One afflicted with cretinism.

K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

n.

A}

congenital morbid condition, characterized by deformity, with goiteror virtual absence of the thyroid gland, and,

commonly, idiocy.

=

cre-tonne’ (kré-tdn’; kré/ton; Brit. usually krét’6n), n. LF., fr. Creton, village in Normandy.] A strong unglazed

cotton cloth printed on one or both sides.

cre-vasse’ (kré-vis’), n.

[F.]_

sure, esp. in a glacier.

;

1. A deep crevice or fis-

2.

U.S. A breach in a levee.

—v.#. To open or fissure with crevasses. crev’ice (krév/is), n. LOF. crevace, fr. crever.to break, fr.

L. ecrepare to crack, break.]

A narrow opening resulting

from a split or crack; a fissure. — crev/iced (-ist), adj. crew (kr0o), past of crow (sense 1). p ; crew (kroo; 114), 7. [OF. cretie growth, increase, fr. creis-

tre to grow.]

men.

1. Archaic. Any band or force of armed

2. A company or assemblage.

often derogatorily.

3. A set; gang; —

4. The body of men

manning

or

trained to man a machine, gun, racing shell, or the like, or

employed under one officer or foreman.

of seamen

5. The company

who man a ship or boat; — legally including

officers and master unless context shows the contrary. — Syn. See company. é crew’el (kroo’él; -Yl), n. Worsted yarn, slackly twisted, used for embroidery and fancy work. — crew’el-work’, n.

crib (krib),. mals.

[AS.cribb.]

1. A manger for feeding ani-

2. A stall for oxen or other cattle.

hut; also,

asmallnarrowroom. 4. An osier or wickerwork basket; a crate. bin or a building for storing grain, salt, etc. usually of open or slat construction.

6. A small bedstead

with high enclosing sides, for a child. Any of various devices of cratelike construction, as a frame of beams built

as a retaining wall.

8. Asmall theft; a plagiarism; hence,

a translation, etc., to aid a student in cribbage, cards discarded for the dealer —v.¢.; CRIBBED (kribd); crip/BING, cage; hence, to cramp. . To provide

crib orcribs.

reciting. In to use in scoring. 1. To confine, or with, or put in, a

3. Collog. To pilfer; to plagiarize.

—v. 7.

1. To steal; plagiarize.. 2. To crib-bite. — crib’ber, n. crib/bage (krib/ij), . . ee CRIB, ¥, t.,3.] .A game of

cards in which the chief object is to form counting com-

binations, the dealer having an extra set of players’ dis-

cards, the crib. é crib biting. Also crib’bing

(krib’ing),

m.

A vice of

horses, in which they grasp the manger with, the incisor teeth, arch the neck, and swallow large quantities of air. —

crib’—bite’, v. 7.

crisscross

240

eretinism cre’tin-ism (kré/tYn-iz’m or, esp. Brit., eal

erim’mer (krim/’ér).

crimp (krimp), v.t.

Var. of KRIMMER, [D.&LG. krimpen.]

1. To fold or

plait in small regular undulations; to give a wavy appearance to. To gash, as the flesh of a fish, so as to cause the muscles to contract. To fold the edge of (a cartridge case) inward so as to confine the charge. 4. To form (leather) into the required shape, as in making boot uppers. —m. 1. Act or product of crimping, as of wood from too rapid drying; also,a small undulation or wrinkle

ora series of them. 2. Hair which has been crimped; — usually pl. 3. An offset in a structural-steel member. crimp, n. One whose business is to lure, entrap, or force men into shipping as sailors against their will, or, formerly, into enlisting in military or sea service. —v.¢. To en-

trap, in the role of

crimp/er, n.

acrimp.

y

A worker or device that crimps, esp. boots.

crimp’y (krimp’t), adj,; -1-ER (-I-ér); -lEst.

Having a crimped appearance; frizzly. : crim/’son (krim/z’n), n. _[Sp. cremesin, ult. fr. Ar. qir-

miz kermes, fr. Skr. krmi worm, insect.]

1. Any of sev-

eral colors, ranging in hue from red to bluish-red, of high

saturation and low brilliance.

See cotor..

ment or dye which colors crimson.

2.

Any pig-

—= adj. Of the color

crimson; hence, sanguinar¥; bloody. — v. é.&7. Tomake or become crimson. cringe hein), v. 7.7 CRINGED (krinjd); cRING/ING (krin/jing). LME. crengen, fr. the root of AS. cringan, crincan, to yield, fall.] 1. To draw in or contract one’s mus-

cles involuntarily; to shrink. 2. To bend or crouch in fear or with base humility; to wince; hence, to fawn, — Syn. See raAwn.

—n.

Servile civility. — cring’er (krin’jér), n.

crin’/gle (kring’g’l), n.

[LG. kringel, fr. kring a ring.]

Naut. An iron or rope thimble or grommet at the edge or corner of a sail, for making it fast; also, in light sails, an

eyelet worked in the sail itself.

_

oy

cri/nite (kri/nit), adj. _ [L. crinitus, past part. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crints hair.] Having

air or a hairlike tail; also, hirsute. wipe cri/nite (kri/nit; krin’it), m. A fossil crinoid.

crin’kle (kring’k’l), v.27. & t.; CRIN/KLED (-k’ld); cRin’KLING (-kling). 1. To turn or wind in many short bends

or turns; also, to wrinkle; ripple. To rustle, as stiff cloth. 3. To bend over without breaking clear off, as barley. —m. A winding or wrinkle. — crin’kly (-kl¥), adj.

crin’kle-root’ (-rd0t’), n.

An American toothwort (Den-

taria diphylla) with a knotted rootstock.

succulent and pungent

CL. cribrum sieve +

crin’/kum-—cran/kum (kring’ktim-kring’ktim), n.. Collog.

crib’work’ (krib/wiirk’), n. Framework forming a crib. crick (krik),. A painful spasmodic affection of the muscles, as of the back. —v.¢. To turnso as to causea crick.

cri/noid (kri’noid; krin’oid), adj._ (Gr. krinoeidés like a lily, fr. krinon lily. See-orp.] Lily-shaped; hence, of or

crib/ri-form (kr¥b/ri-férm), adj. -form.] _ Sievelike.

Something full of twists and turns; a twist; a whimsey.

pertaining

to a large class

(Crinoidea)

of échinoderms,

mostly attached by the part opposite the mouth and having

crick’et (krik/ét; -{t), mn. [OF. criquet, fr. MD. crikel.] Any of the saltatorial orthopterous insects (family Gryllidae, esp. genus Gryldus) noted for the chirping notes produced by

typically a more or less cup-shaped body with five or more featherlike arms. — 7. One of the crinoid echinoderms. crin/o-line (krin’6-lfn; -lén), n.. [F., fr. L. crinis hair + linwm thread, linen.]’ 1. A stiff cloth, originally made of

gether specially modified parts of the forewings. crick’et,n.. [OF. criquet

2. A lady’s skirt of any stiff material; also, a hoop skirt. cri/num (kri/ntim),n. [NL., fr. Gr. krinon lily.] Any of

the males by rubbing to-

(44)

Cricket.

;

goal stake in the game of bowls,fr.MD. cricke stick, staff.]

An outdoor game played with bats, ball, wickets, etc.,

usually between sides of eleven players each.

Fair, sportsmanlike procedure. — crick’et-er, n.

crick’et, n.

Collog.

— v.72. To play cricket.

A low wooden footstool.

cri/coid (kri’koid), adj.

(Gr. krikos ring + -oid.]

Des-

ignating, or pertaining to, a cartilage of the larynx with which the arytenoid cartilages articulate. .cri’er (kri/ér), n. A person who cries; esp., one who proclaims orders of a court.

crime teri), n. ([OF., fr..L. crimen accusation, fault, crime. An act or omission forbidden by law and punishable upon

conviction, including public offenses often

classified as treason, felony, and misdemeanor,

2. Gross

violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor;

hence, any aggravated offense against morality. 3. Criminal activity. Cri-me/’an (kri-m@/an; kri-), adj. from Crimea, Gaz.

crim/i-nal (krim/i-ndl; -n’l), adj. nature of, a crime.

ment.

Cf. crvin.

1. Involving, or of the

2. Relating to crime or its punish-

_3. Guilty of crime.

—mn. One who

has committed a crime; a felon. — crim/i-nal-ly, adv. criminal conversation. Unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery. Abbr. erim. con. 2 crim/i-nal/i-ty (krim/7-nal/%-tY), n. Quality of being criminal; guiltiness. we

crim/i-nate (krim/?.nat), v.t. of criminare to criminate.

[L. eriminatus, past part.

See crime.|

crime; to incriminate; to censure strongly.

tion

(-na/shiin),

n.—crim/i-na/tive

To accuse of

— crim/i-na/-

(krim/?-na/tiy),

crim/i-na-to/ry (-nd-to/ri; -tér-I), adj. crim/i-nol’/o-gy (-nol’6-ji), n. [L. crimen,

crime + -logy.]

criminis,

The scientific study of crime and crim-

inals. — crim/i-no-log/ic (-n6-16j/ik), crim/7-no-log/1-cal, adj. — crim/i-nol’o-gist (-nd6l/d-jist), n.

ale, chaotic, care, charity;

Add,

@ccount,

firm, ask,

old, dbey, Grb, Sdd, sBft, cOnnect;

horsehair and linen thread, used for stiffening and as lining.

a genus (Crinwm) of tropical bulbous plants of the amaryl-

lis family, having umbels of large showy flowers. cri/o-sphinx (kri/é-sfingks), n. (Gr. krios ram + sphinz sphinx.] A ram-headed sphinx. crip’ple (krip’’l), nm. [AS. crypel.] 1. One who creeps, halts, or limps, as from loss of a limb; a partly disabled per-

son. 2. Local, - Bog. —v.t.; CRIP/PLED (-’ld); crip/PLING (-ling). 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, esp. of a leg; tolame. 2. To deprive of capability for service.

— crip’pler (-lér), n. cri’sis (kri/sis), n. ; pl. cr1sEs (-séz).

[L., fr. Gr. krisis, fr.

krinetin to separate.]_ 1. Med. That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death. 2. The decisive moment; turning point. 3. A crucial time; specif., the culminating point of a period of business prosperity, following which a period of liquidation

ensues. — Sym. See JUNCTURE. crisp (krisp), adj. [AS., fr. L. erispus quivering, curly.

1. Curly; in curls or ringlets. 2. Roughened into sma curls, frets, waves, or folds. 3. Brittle; friable; short, as pastry. Sharp, clean-cut, and clear; as, crisp outlines.

S. Lively; sparkling, as repartee. 6. Firm and fresh, as lettuce. ducing briskness; bracing. — Syn. See SHARP. ==. That which is crisp or brittle. —v. t, & 7. 1. To form into curls or ringlets; ripple. 2. To make or become crisp. — Crisp/ly, adv. — crisp’ness, n.

cris’pate (kris’pat), cris’pat-ed (-pat-éd; -Id), adj. crispatus curled.]__Irregularly curled.

cris-pa/tion (kris-pa’shtin), n.

[L.

1. A curling, or state of be-

ing curled. 2. A slight spasmodic contraction. crisp’er (kris’pér), n. One that crisps; a curling iron.

crisp’y (pi), adj.; CRISP/I-ER (-pi-Er); cRISP/-EST.

Formed into short, close ringlets. 2. Brittle; short. cris’sal (kris’dl), adj. Zool. Pertaining to the crissum.

1.

criss/cross! (kris/kros’; 74), ._ [For earlier Christcross.]

1. A christcross; esp., a crosslike mark made for a signature by a person unable to write. 2. A crisscross pattern

sofd; éve, fo0d, fot;

hére (27),

€vent,

End,

silént,

out, oil; ctibe, Unite, fn,

makér;

ice,

Yl,

wp, circés, menii:

ecrissum or something forming one. cross lines.

crop

241

— v. ¢. To mark or cover with

—v. %. To go or pass crisscross

posed in crossing lines; crossed; marked

fr. Gr. krokodilos lizard, crocodile.]

== adj. Dis-

— adv. In a way to cross something else; awry. cris’sum (kris’%m), n.; pl. crissa (-¢).. [NL.]

large, thick-

nine

skinned,

long-tailed,

That

part of a bird surrounding the cloacal opening, or the feath-

tiles of trop-

[L.

cri-te/ri-on (kri-t@r/i-tin), n.; pl. -RIA (-d), sometimes -RIONS (-Unz).. [Gr. kritérion a means for judging, fr.

4

aquatic rep-

ers covering that region; the under tail coverts.

cris’tate (kris’tat), cris’tat-ed (-tat-Ed; -Yd), adj. cristatus, fr. crista crest.] Having a crest; crested.

Any of a genus (Cro-

codilus) o

by crossings.

pa

¢

ey

S

S

Crocodile (C. niloticus).

(480)

ters; loosely, any crocodilian. See ALLIGATOR. crocodile bird. An African ploverlike bird which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites.

krités decider, judge, fr. krinein toseparate.] A standard of judging; a rule or test by which anything is tried in

crocodile tears. False or affected tears; — from the fic-

See STANDARD.

croc’o-dil’/i-an (krok/6-dil/¥-dn), adj.

forming a correct judgment respecting it. — Sym. Measure.

tion that crocodiles weep in sympathy for their prey.

discern.] 1. One who expresses a reasoned opinion on any matter, involving a judgment of its value, truth,or righteousness or an appreciation of its beauty or technique. 2. One given to harsh or captious judgment; a cayiler or carper. 3. One skilled in judging the merits of literary or artistic works.

the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and related extinct forms. — croc’o-dil’i-an, n. cro’co-ite (kro’k6-it), cro-co/i-site (kré-k65’¥-sit), n. [Gr. krokos saffron. ] Mineral.

Pertaining to or indicating or constituting a crisis or turning point; decisive; as, the critical stage of afever, 4. doubtful issue; attended with risk; as, a critical situation.

(Crocus) of bulbous herbs of the iris family,

having

fers a finite change; thus, the parabola is a eritical curve through which a conic passes from_an ellipse into a hyper-

bola. — crit/i-cal-ly, adv. — crit/i-cal-ness, n. critical angle. 1. Optics. The least angle of incidence at

which total reflection takes place. 2. Aeronautics. The angle of attack at which the flow about an airfoil changes

2. The color saffron.

6th century B.c., having vast wealth; any very rich man.

Crocus. (4) ing worked by a tenant. croft/er (kréf/tér), m. Brit. One whorents and tills a croft. Cro/—Ma/gnon/ (krd/ma/ny6n’), adj. Belonging to a race of tall, erect men remains of whom have been found in the

Cro-Magnon cave in Dordogne, France, and who are re-

garded as of the same species (Homo sapiens) as modern

cave -+ llech a flat stone.]

An in-

To express criticism.

judge as a critic; to express a criti-

crit/i-ciz/a-bie, adj. — crit/i-ciz’er, n.

work of literature or art. 2. Theart of criticism. — Syn. See REVIEW. ul croak (krok), v.7. [From the root of AS. cracettan to veer tet 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or crow. 2. To grumble; to forebode evil. — v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to forebode. —n. A hoarse harsh cry, as of a frog. — croak’y, adj.

5. Collog.

hook.]

LL. croceus

Any of several red acid azo dyes.

(kré-sha’ or, Brit., krd/sha, -shi), n.

CF., small

A kind of knitting done with a long hooked needle.

—»v.t. & i.; -CHETED

(-shad’); -cHET/ING (-sha’ing).

To

knit with a crochet needle or hook. — cro-chet/er (-sha’-

ér), n.—cro-chet/ing (kré-sha/ing; Brit. kro’sha-Ing, -shi-Ing), 7. nee cro-cid’o-lite (kré-s¥d’6-lit), n. [Gr. krokis, -idos, nap on cloth + -lite.] A lavender-blue or bluish-green mineral of the amphibole group, usually fibrous. :

crock (krdk), n. [AS. croc, erocca.] Any piece of crockery, as a jar, esp. of coarse earthenware.

crock, n. crock, n.

Scot. & Dial. Eng. An old or barren ewe. Now Dial. Soot; smut; also, col-

oring matter which rubs off from cloth. —v.t. & 7%. To soil with, or give off, crock. — crock’y, adj.

crock/er-y (-ér-i), n.

resembling curved foliage, on the sloping

edge of a gable, spire, etc.

troc/o-dile (krok/é-dil), n.

{L. erocodilus,

forward; deviating from rectitude.

3. Not straight-

4. False; dishonest;

Syn. Oblique, aslant; distorted, wry.

— Crooked, awry, askew.

Crooked is the general term for that which (literally) is itself not straightor which (figuratively) deviates from rectitude. Awry applies to that which is out of a straight line; in its figurative sense it suggests error or perversity. Askew implies decided slant or obliquity; in its figurative sense it suggests contempt or disdain. — Ant. Straight.

Crookes space (krooks). [After Sir Wm. Crookes, Eng. physicist.] Physics. The dark space within the negativepole glow at the cathode of a vacuum tube, seen when pres-

sure is low. Crookes tube. Physics. A vacuum tube in which the rarefaction is carried to that high degree, known as the Crookes vacuum, in which molecular actions have free play.

crock’neck’

(krook/nék’), n.

Either of two varieties of

squash with tapering, recurved necks. croon (kroon), v.27. &t. [MD.cronen (D. kreunen).] 1. Scot. & N. of Eng. To bellow; boom. 2. To hum or sing

in, a low voice; specif., to sing popular sentimental songs

with exaggerated pathos and subtlety. made in crooning. — croon’ex, n.

—m.

The sound

crop (krop), n. LAS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn.] 1. A pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of many birds, serving as a receptacle for the food and for its prelim-

_2. The stock or handle of a whip;

specif., a riding whip with a short straight stock and a loop

SQ)

¥///

Pa

Crocket.

(for opening gates). 3. Of grain or fruit, that which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single field, or of a single kind, or in a single season or part of a season; harvest; hence, the yield of anything during one season; as, the ice

crop. . An entire tanned cowhide. 5. [From the v.] Act or product of cropping; specif.: a Hair cut short; the

AM

a te

a

ohair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdiire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

—v. t. & 7.

A crooked back; hence, a hunch-

ized bya crook or curve; bent; twisted.

inary maceration; craw.

Earthenware; crocks

collectively. crock’et (krdk/ét; -it), n. LONF. croquet (OF. crochet).] Arch. Anornament, often

A swindler, sharper, or the like.

fraudulent. — crook’ed-ly, adv. — crook’ed-ness, n.

Cro-a/tian (kré-a/shiin), adj. & n. from CROATIA, Gaz. yellow, fr. crocus safiron.]

An intimate com-

back. — crook’/backed/ (-bakt’), adj. crook’ed (kro0k’éd; -id), adj. 1. (pron. kroékt) Having a crook or curved part; as, a crooked stick. 2. Character-

certain grunts. 3. A grumbler or foreboder of evil. Cro/at (kro/Xt), n.. A native of Croatia (see Gaz.); esp., one of the native Slavic-speaking race, or their language.

cro-chet’

See SATURN.

(-niz).

To turn fom a straight line; bend.

crook’back’ (-bik’), n.

croak’er (-ér), n. 1. An animal that croaks, 2. Any of various fishes that produce croaking or grunting noises, as

cro’ce-in (krd’sé-In), cro’ce-ine (-In; -En), n.

(kro/ni), n.; pl. -NIES

panion. crood (krood), v.7. [Imitative.] Scot. To coo. crook (kro0k), n. [ME. crok, fr. ON. krokr hook, bend.] Any implement having a bent or hooked form; as:a A hook; esp.,a pothook. A shepherd’s staff; also, a crosier. 2. Act of crooking, or state of being crooked. 3. A bend, turn, orcurve. . Any hooked or curved appendage, part, or contrivance; specif., a crooked piece of timber; a knee.

cism of. — Syn. Review; censure. — Ant. Commend. —

[F.]_1. A critical estimate of a

bA

Titan, son of Uranus, who dethroned his father and was in

turn dethroned by his son Zeus.

erature; hence, similar consideration of moral or logical values. — Sym. See ANIMADVERSION, REVIEW.

cri-tique’ (kri-ték’), n.

a A dolmen.

hag, fr. ONF. carogne carrion.] A withered hag. Cro/nus (krd/nitis), n. [L., fr. Gr, Kronos.) Gr. Relig. A cro/ny

and propriety the beauties and faults of works of art orlit-

crit/i-cise ia: v.t.

[W., fr. crom bent, con-

Archaeol.

circle of monoliths, usually enclosing a mound. crone (kron),n. [OF.andD.; D. kronje, karonje, old ewe,

ferior or contemptible critic. — crit/ic-as/try (-tri), n. crit/i-cism (krit/%-s{z’m), n. 1. The act of criticizing, esp. unfavorably; censure; also, a critical observation, fudgment, or review. 2. The art of judging with knowledge

To examine and

A me-

A king of Lydia in the

man. See MAN, Jllust. crom/lech (krom/lék; -léx), n.

and hence cannot be liquefied by pressure alone (for water, 365° C.; for hydrogen, —242° C.).

v.t.

3. OldChem.

croft (kroft;74),. [AS.] Brit. a A small enclosed field. A small agricultural hold-

abruptly, with like changes in the lift and drag.

critical point. Physics. The point at which the gaseous and liquid conditions of a substance merge into each other. critical temperature. Physical Chem. The temperature above which a fluid cannot exist as a liquid or as a vapor

—

flowers arising

tallic oxide, esp. colcothar.

5. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, criticism or critics;

crit/i-cize,

solitary long-tubed

with grasslike leaves from a fibrous-coated corm. hb A bulb or flower of this plant.

Croe’sus (kré/stis),n.

as, critical traditions. 6. Physics, Math., etc. Marking a transition point at which some character or property suf-

[See 2d-AsterR.]|

Native lead chromate, PbCrQ,.

cro’cus (kro/kiis), n. ; pl. -cusEs (-&z; -1z), -ct (kro/si). CL., fr. Gr. krokos safiron.] 1. Bot. a Any of a large genus

crit/i-cal (krit/i-kd@l), adj. 1. Inclined _to criticize, esp. unfavorably; captious; censorious. 2. Exercising, or involving, careful judgment; exact; nicely judicious.

crit/ic-as/ter (krit/ik-as/tér), n.

a Like a crocodile.

b Belonging to an order (Crocodilia) of reptiles including

crit/ic (krit’ik),n. [F.and L.; F. critique, fr. L. criticus, fr. Gr. kritikos, prop., able to discuss, fr. krinein to judge,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

a

ees

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

crop-eared style of wearing the hair so cut. animal, made by cropping.

— v. t.; CROPPED (krdpt) or, rarely, CROPT; CROP/PING. 1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or snip off; to pluck or reap.

crossword puzzle

242 b An earmark on an

2. Tocut off short; specif., to clip the ears or, some-

times, hair, etc., of. — v.27. 1. To yield a crop or crops. To appear, as from concealment; to manifest itself un-

expectedly; as, a few errors crop up.

trary or adverse; opposite or counter; also, mutually op-

posed or contradictory.

cross-.

1. One who or that which crops.

get a cropper.

cro-quet? (krd-ka’; Brit. wsually kro’ka, -ki), n. 1. A game in which the players try with mallets to drive wooden balls through a series of hoops set on the turf.

croqueting.

2. Act of

—v. £. &7.; CRO-QUETED! (-kad’; -kad; -kid);

CRO-QUET/ING (-ka/ing; -ka-Ing; -ki-Ing).

To play from or

with (a ball) after putting one’s own in contact with it. cro-quette’ (kré-két’/), n. (CF., fr. croquer to crunch.] A ball made of minced meat, fowl, rice, or the like, coated

with egg and bread crumbs and fried in deep fat. crore (kror; 70), n. _(Hind. karor, fr. Skr. koti end, top.]

Anglo-Ind. Ten million; specif., ten million rupees (written Rs. 1,00,00,000), or 100 lacs. . cro/sier, cro/zier (kro/zhér), n. [OF. crocier, crossier, staff bearer, fr. croce, crosse, pastoral staft.] The staff of a bishop, abbot, or abbess, resembling a shepherd’s crook and borne as a symbol of the pastoral office. : cross (krés; 74), n. [ME. crois, fr. OF. crois;

A combining form of cross in various senses as

crossarm crossband crossbeam

crossflow cross-handed cross index

crosspath crosspiece cross-purpose

cross-bias, x. &». crossbones crosscurrent

cross-legged crosslet crosslight

crosstie cross-town, adj. crosswalk

cross-bearer

2. One who raises a crop or crops; esp., one who cultivates

another’s farm, receiving as‘his wages a share of the crop. crop’per, n. Colldg. A severe fall, as headlong when riding at full speed; hence, a failure or collapse 3as,tocome, fall, or

4. Involving

noun, adjective, and adverb, esp. of or having a cross, crossed, transverse, counter, across, athwart, as in:

crop’—eared/ (-érd/; 2), adj. 1. Having the ears cropped. Having the hair cropped, so that the ears are prominent.

erop/per (krdp/ér), m.

3. Ill-humored.

mutual interchange or relation; reciprocal. 5. Crossbred; hybrid. — Syn. See prrevisa.— Ant. Goodnatured. — cross/ly, adv. — cross/ness, n.

cross-index,».

cross-feed, n. &v.

crossrow

crossline

crossway

cross/bar’ (krés/bir’), n. A transverse piece or stripe. —v.t.; see BAR. To provide or mark with transverse stripes.

c

.

. cross/—bed/ded, adj. Geol. Having minor beds or laminae oblique to the main beds of stratified rock. |

cross/bill/ (-bil’), n.

Any of a genus

cross/bow’

A medieval weapon for discharging

(Loxia) of finches

having mandibles strongly curved and crossing each other. (-bo’), n.

quarrels, stones, etc., formed of a bow set crosswise on a stock. — cross/bow/man (-mdn), n. 1 cross’/bred/ (-bréd’; 2), adj. & n. Hybrid; mongrel. cross’/breed’ (-bréd’), v. t. & 1.; -BRED/ (-bréd’); -BREED/-

ING. To hybridize; specif., to breed between two varieties or breeds of the same species.. —m. A breed or an individual produced by crossbreeding; a hybrid.

cross hun. A bun or cake marked with a cross, commonly eaten on Good Friday; — called also hot cross bun. cross’—coun’try, adj. Across fields; not by roads.

1.

cross/cut’ (krés/ktt’), adj. 1. Made or used for crosscutting; as, a crosscut saw. 2. Cut transversely, esp.

cif. [usually cap.), with the, that on which Jesus Christ was crucified. A monument or other

main road;ashort cut. 2. A mine working driven at right angles to an adit, drift, vein, etc. —v. t. & 7.; CROsS/CUT’; -cur’tinc. To cut, drive, saw, etc., transversely, as across

ME. cros, fr. AS. eros; both fr. L. eruz.]

An upright supporting a horizontal beam, anciently used in the execution of malefactors; spe-

across the grain.

structure in the form of a cross, or surmounted by across. 3. A cruciform badge, ornament, etc., as a standard surmounted by a crucifix carried in

the grain of wood. crosse (krés; 74), n.

racket used in lacrosse.

religious processions. 4. The crusaders’ symbol; hence, to take the cross, to take the cru-

sader’s vows. \ representation of the cross as the symbol of Christ’s death; hence, the chosen, Crosier. ~ symbol

of Christianity;

also, the Christian

religion

or,

specif., the gospel of redemption through the death of Christ.

figure

or

. Any

mark

formed by the intersection of two | straight lines, specif. one made as a mark of signature.

7. Acommon heraldic bearing representing the Christian emblem

or some

1

2

3

4

5

tercation.

10. Af-

lines or ways. A ‘thwarting;

6

Z

8

9

10

9. al20

$-lan!

11. A

mixing of breeds,

races, or the like;

also, the product of. An such : intermixture; a mON=

Cross.

1 Latin; 2 Calvary; 3 Patriarchal or

“Archiepiscopal;4 Papal; 5Lorraine; 6Greek;

grel! 12° [cap.] Astron. a The

7 Celtic; 8 Maltese; 9 St. Andrew’s; 10 Tau; 11 Pommée; 12 Botonée; 13 Pattée; 14 Avellan; 15 Moline; 16 Formée; 17 Fourchée;

Cross.

Southern

18 Crosslet; 19 Quadrate; 20 Potent (Jerusalem).

Cross. —v.t. 1. Tomake

the sign of the cross upon or over. 2. To cancel by marking crosses on or over. To put or lay across or athwart; also, to lie or pass across; to intersect. To pass or extend from one side to the other of; to traverse. 5. To carry or take across, as an army. 6. To meet and pass. 7. Archaic. To confront. Shak. 8. To thwart; obstruct. 9. To draw or write something, as a line, across; as, to cross one’s t’s; to mark with cross lines. 10. To

cause (animals or plants of different races or kinds) to interbreed; to hybridize, cross-pollinate, or the like.

1. To lie or be athwart.

—v. 7.

To move or pass, or to ex-

tend, from one side to the other, or from place to place; —

often with over.

interbreed; to over from one interchange of — adj. 1. Not

3. To meet and pass, as letters.

4. To

hybridize. — cross over. Biol._ To pass homologous chromosome to another in an chromatin material; — of a gene or factor. parallel; lying, falling, or passing athwart;

transverse; crossed; as, a cross street; cross keys.

ale, chaotic, care, Add, account, chartty;

1. Having the grain or 2. Perverse.

To mark with series

of parallel lines crossing one another, esp. obliquely. cross’head’ (-héd’), n.. 1. Mach. A beam or bar across

the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached toit.

2.

A heading occupying a line or lines across the

4

cross/ing, n. 1. Act of one that crosses, as in traversing, opposing, crossbreeding; also, aninstance ofit. 2. A point of intersection. 3. A place where anything is crossed;

esp., a paved walk across a street. . A passage across a body of water. 5. The transept of a church. cross/o/ver (krés/0/vér), n. 1. A place at which one

Christian patience

b The

cross/—fer’ti-li.za/tion, n. 1. Fertilization by cross-pollination. 2. Zool. The fertilization of the eggs of a hermaphroditic animal by spermatozoa of another individual. — cross/—fer’ti-lize, v. t. & 7.

column.

fliction or trial re-

Northern

ex-am/i-na/tion, 7. — cross’/—ex-am/in-er, n. cross/—eye’, n. Convergent squint. — cross’—eyed’, adj.

Print.

15

The

cross’—ex-amine, v. t. & 7. _Law. To examine or question, esp. as acheck to 4 previous examination. — cross/—

fibers running transversely or irregularly.

garded as a test of or virtue.

: [F., crosier, hooked stick.]

cross’hatch/ (krés/hach’), v. ¢. & 7.

variation

of two

1. A direct path oblique to, the

cross’~grained’ (-grand’; 2), adj.

of it. 8. The intersection

—mn.

Gld, Obey,

arm,

ask,

Orb, Sdd, sGft, cOnnect;

2. Con-

crosses something running transversely or obliquely; that which runs transversely. 2. Biol. A crossing over; also, a

character so inherited.

See cross over, under CRoss, v.

cross/—pol/li-na/tion, n. Bot. The deposition of pollen from one flower on the stigma of another, as by wind or insects. — cross/—pol’li-nate, v. ¢. & 7. cross/—ques’tion, v. t. To cross-examine; question closely,

cross reference.

A reference made from one part of a book,

index, etc., to another part. — cross/—re-fer’, v. t. & ¢. cross/road’ (krés/rdd’), n. 1. A road that crosses a main road or runs across country between main roads. 2. The place of intersection of two or more roads; — often pl. cross/ruff’ (-rif’), n. Whist. The play in which partners trump different suits, led to each other for that purpose.

cross section. 1. A cutting or section, or a piece of something cut off, at right angles to an axis. A composite representation typifying the constituents of a thing in their relations; as, a cross section of the people.

cross/—stitch’, n. A form of stitch, or a kind of needlework, in which the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, crossing to form x’s. — cross/=Stitch’, v. t. & 7. cross/trees’ (krés’tréz’), n. pl. Naut. Two horizontal

pieces of timber or metal supported by trestletrees at a

ER mast.

which spread the upper shrouds to support the

cross’wise’ (-wiz’), adv.

Also cross/ways/ (-waz’/).

In the form or figure of a cross. thing; across. 3. Perversely.

1.

2. So as to cross some-

cross’word’ puz/zle (-wiird’). A word-guessing puzzle, developed from the word square, in which the words, when correctly supplied, cross each other vertically and horizontally, so that most letters appear in two words.

sofa; Sve, fo0d, foot;

hé@re (27), Event, End, out, oil; ciibe,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

unite, firn, tip, circeés, meniiz

:

crotch

243

crotch (krich),n. [F. crochea hook, fr. croc.] 1. Apole or stake with forked top, used as a prop. 2. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a bifurca-

erucible lus) of herbs, the buttercups, typifying a family (Ranuncu-

laceae), of which some have simple or variously lobed leaves; as, the meadow crowfoot (R. bulbosus). Db

tion. — crotched (krdcht), adj.

of numerous other plants having pedately lobed leaves or

1. A small hook or hooklike instrument or process. 2. A perverse fancy; a whimsey. bh A fanciful contrivance. 3.

shaped like a crow’s foot. 3. Mil. Acaltrop. 4. Naut. ‘aeres of divergent small cords rove through a long

crotch’et (krich’ét; -it), n. usic.

[OF. crochet, fr. croc hook.]

See NOTE, n. — Sym. See CAPRICE.

_ [NL., fr. Gr. krotdn a tick

crow’keep/er (-kép/ér), n. Obs. exc. Dial. A scarecrow. crown (kroun), n. _[OF. corone, corune, fr. L. corona crown, wreath, fr. Gr. kordné anything

Ness, n.

(which the seeds resemble).] _ Any of a genus (Croton) of euphorbiaceous herbs and shrubs, esp. one of a species (C. Se hietsts|yielding cascarilla bark or of a species (C.

tiglium) yielding croton oil. Cro’ton bug (kr6’tiin). [From the Croton

_A small, active, winged

round hot-water pipes. croton oil. A viscid, acrid fixed oil, obtained from the seeds of a small East Indian tree (Croton tigliwm) and used as a drastic'cathartic, a vesicant, and a pustuant.

lings.

RUNA,

To bend

servilely; cringe. —v.t. To bow, or bend, low. Croton Bug. Nat. size. croup (kroop), n. [OF. croupe.] The posterior part of the back of a quadruped, esp. of the horse; rump. , CEOUD: n. {Scot.] Any affection of the larynx or trachea, marked by a hoarse, ringing cough and difficult breathing. crou’pi-er (kroo’pi-ér; F’. kroo/pya’), n. L[F., prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place] 1.

One who presides at a gaming table and collects and, usuaur, pays the stakes. 2. Assistant chairman at a public inner.

croup/ous (kroop/tis), adj. Relating to or like croup. croup’y (-%), adj. Of, like, or indicating, croup. crouse (kroos), adj. [MD.ceruus.] Dial. Cocky; brisk. crou-ton’ (kroo-t6n’; -t6n’), n. (CF. crofton, fr. croaite a

Cookery.

A small piece of bread toasted or fried

crisp, used in soups, in garnishing, etc.

crow

(kro), v.27.; CREW

CROWED

(kr06), now only in sense_1, or

(krod); CROWED; crow/InNc.

[AS. crawan.]

1.

To make the loud shrill sound characteristic of a cock. 2. To utter a sound expressive of pleasure. 3 To exult; brag; boast. of the cock.

==.

The

cry

crow, n. _[AS. crawe a_ crow (in sense 1).] 1. Any of various species (genus Corvus and allies) of large, usually entirely glossy black, oscine birds; specif., the American species

(Cc. bnschep hane)> which is n grains;

plc. the. Hae

species (C. corone).

Buropene

bar

=

5 Crow (C. brachyrhynchos).

(A 5)

of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; esp., a crowbar. 3. (cap.] The constellation Corvus. — as the crow flies. Yn a direct line. 4 crow’hbar’ (-bir’), . A bar of iron or steel, usually wedgeshaped at the working end, used as a pry or lever, etc.

crow’ber’ry

(-bér/i; -bér-i), m.

1. A heathlike

under-

shrub (Empetrum nigrum), family Empetraceae, of arctic and alpine regions; also, its black, insipid berry.

U.S.

The large cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus). crowd (kroud), n. [W.crwth.] An ancient Celtic musical instrument with a shal- = ee low body and six strings. SS EN crowd (kroud),

v. 2. LAS.

crudan.] 1. To press or

SS

\

= = p= drive on; — orig. of a arama momo 2. To press forship. ward; to force oneself or itself. 3. To press together in numbers; to throng. —v.#. 1. To shove or push. 2. To press, force, or thrust, as into a much smaller space or time; cram. To fill or occupy to excess or obstruction. 4. Collog. To put pressure upon; as, to crowd pupils through the grades; to dun unreasonably. — Syn.

Pack, jam, squeeze. — crowd sail.

Naut.

Yo carry an

extraordinary amount of sail to accelerate the speed. —vn. 1. A large number of persons collected into a close body without order; a throng. 2. A great number of persons; esp., the populace. 3. A set; a clique. — Syn. See

MULTITUDE. crow’dy (kroo’di; krood’i), n. Scot. & Dial. Eng. A thick gruel of oatmeal and water, milk, etc.; a kind of porridge. crow’foot’ (kro/fd0t’), n.; pl., except sense 1, -FEET (-fét’). 1. [pl. -roors (£66ts’).1. a Any of a genus (Ranuncu-

chair;

go; sing;

4. Loften cap.] a crown; — with

the. 5. The topmost part of the skull or head; the top part of a hat or other headgear. 6. Anything which imparts Crown of England. beauty, splendor, honor, or a also, the highest state or quality of anything. 7. Any of several coins (orig., one bearing a crown), esp. a British silver coin worth five shil-

crouch (krouch), v.7. [OF. crochir, fr. croc hook.] 1. To stoop or cower with the limbs close to the body, as an animal

crust.]

1. A garland or fillet

about the head, esp. as a reward of victory or mark of honor; hence, any reperial or regal power. One entitled to wear

cockroach (Blatella germanica) common

waiting for prey, or in fear.

curved, crown.]

ward. 2. A royal or imperial headdress or cap of sovereignty. 3. Im-

water of New York City (by aqueduct from Croton River).]

ock.

crow’hop/ (krS/hb), n. A short hop; Western U.S., a rigid posture taken by a horse while bucking.

2. Of the nature of a crotchet. — crotch/et-i-

cro’ton (kro’ttn; -t’n), m.

2. A zinc electrode in a gravity cell,

1. Given to, or full of,

crotch’et-y (kréch/é-ti; -Y-ti), adj.

crotchets.

parts, as plantain.

then, thin; nattire, verdtre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

For related coins of other countries, see ECU, KO-

KRONA, KRONE, KROON.

§8. A representation of a

crown as a heraldic bearing, a watermark, hallmark, etc. 9. Anything like a crown, as in being crown-shaped, as bearing a representation of a crown, or as being the summit. 10. Short for CROWN LENS, CROWN GLASS, CROWN SAW.

11. Anat. & Zool. a Anat. The part of a tooth above the gum; also, the top of a tooth; also, Dent., the artificial sub-

stitute for the top of a tooth. 12. Bot.

corona.

b The crest, as of a bird.

a An appendage on the summit of a seed; a

hb The junction of stem and root in a seed plant.

c The head of foliage, as ina tree.

13.

Naut.. The thick

arching end of an anchor where the arms are joined to it.

—v.t.

1. To place a crown upon; to cover, decorate, or

invest with a crown; something upon as a pense; to adorn. 3. crown. 4. To form

hence, to enthrone. 2. To bestow mark of honor, dignity, or recomTo top, cap, or surmount, as with a or furnish the topmost part of; to complete; perfect; also, to form the supreme adornment

of. To cause to round upward; to make convex. Checkers. To make a king of (a man), as by placing another man on it. — crown’er, n.

crown colony.

A colony of the British Empire in which

the crown retains certain control of legislation. crown/er (kroun/ér; kroon’ér), n. Obs. A coroner.

crown glass (kroun). 1. Window glass blown and whirled into a disk, with a knot left by the worker’s rod. 2. Optical alkali-lime glass, having a low dispersion rela-

tive to the index of refraction. Cf. FLINT GLASS. _ crown land. Land belonging to the reigning sovereign. crown lens. The convex lens of an achromatic lens, made of crown glass (see ACHROMATIC, Illust.). crown/’piece’ (kroun’pés’), nm. A part forming the crown. crown prince. The heir apparent to a crown or throne. crown princess. The wife of a crown prince. crown saw. A cylindrical rotary saw. = , crown wheel. A gear, ratchet, or escapement wheel, with cogs or teeth set in the rim at right angles to its plane. crown’/work’

(kroun’wiirk’), n.

Dentistry.

The applica-

tion of artificial crowns to teeth; also, a piece of such work, crow’s/—foot/ (krdz’foot’), n.; pl. CROW’s-FEET (-fét’). 1. Anything having the form of a crow’s foot; specif.: a One of the small wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes; — usually pl. hb A contrivance of two pieces fastened together crosswise to support_a post. 2. = CROWFOOT.

3. Aeronautics. A system of diverging short ropes for distributing the pull of a single rope. crow’s/—nest’, n. 1. Naut. A partly enclosed platform high on a mast for a lookout. land. 3. The wild carrot.

2. Any similar lookout on ‘

croze (kroz), n. _Coopering. The groove near either end of a stave in which the head is inserted. cro/zier (kro/zhér). Var. of CROSIER. cru’/ces (kro0/séz), n., pl. of CRUX. i

erwcial (kroo’shil), adj. CF., fr. L. erux, crucis, cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; cruciform. f the nature of, or relating to, a supreme trial or final choice; supremely critical; decisive; as, a crucial test; also, trying; severe; as, a crucial period. — crwcial-ly, adv.

cru’ci-ate (kroo/shi-at), adj.

_CL. eruciatus, past part.,

deriv. of crux, crucis, cross.) | Cross-shaped; specif.: a Bot. Having leaves or,petals in the form of a cross. b Zool.

Crossing; — of wings.

cru’ci-ble (kr00’s%-b’l), n.

©

(ML. crucibulumearthen ge.scimee pot, a hanging lamp, fr.

L. cruz, crucis, cross.] 1. A pot of some very re-

fractory substance, as clay, graphite, porcelain,

(118); x = ch in G. ich, ach;

Crucibles;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|) Foreign Word,

ery

244

erucible steel

or a relatively infusible metal, used for melting and cal-

erw/or (kr60/6r), n.

metal, ores, etc. for melted metal.

crup/per (kriip’ér; kroop/ér), n.

cining substances which require a high degree of heat, as

crucible steel.

2. A hollow at the bottom of a furnace, 3. A severe trial or test. i

A superior cast steel made by melting

crude steel or by fusing iron, carbon, and flux in crucibles.

oru/ci-fer (kroo’st-fér), n.

LLL.

Eccl. One who carriesacross. plant; a cress.

See cructrrrous.]

cru-cif’er-ous (kroo-sif’ér-tis), adj. -+ -ferous.]

1.

2. Bot. Any brassicaceous ; :

1. Bearing a cross.

[L. crux, crucis, cross Bot.

Brassicaceous.

cru’ci-fix (kro0/si-fiks), n. (OF. or L.; OF. crucefiz, fr. L. crucifixus, fr. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to .] A representation of Christ on the cross; also, loosely, the cross, as a Christian emblem. 8

cru/ci-fix’ion

(-fik’shtin), n.

A crucifying;

[cap.], the

execution of Christ on the cross; a representation of it. eru’ci-form (kr00’si-f6rm), adj. L. cruz, erucis, cross

+-form.] Cross-shaped; cruciate. — cru/ci-form/ly, adv. cru’ci-fy (kroo/si-f1), v. t.; -FreD, (fid); -ry/Inc. [OF. crucifier, deriv. of L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix.] To put to death by nailing or binding the hands and feet to a cross of execution. 2. To subdue completely; to mortify; also, to torture. crud (kriid; dial. also krood, krd0d). See curp, v.

crude (krood), adj.

([L. crudus raw.)

1. Ina natural

state; not cooked or prepared by heat; raw; also, not re-

fined. 2. Unripe; immature. 3. Wanting finish, grace, tact, taste, or other quality characteristic of maturity or culture; rude; harsh. 4. Unglossed by alleviating disguise; bald. — crude/ly, adv. — crude/’ness, n. Sy. Unpolished, unrefined, — Crude, raw, crass. Crudeandraw

suggest lack of finish, polish, or assimilation, raw often also suggesting lack of seasoning or experience. Crass adds to the implication of crude that of density or grossness; as, crass materialism, — AMt. Refined, mature, polished; subtle, nice. =

cru/di-ty (kroo/di-ti), n.; pl..-tres (-tiz). being crude.

2. That whichis crude. —

n.

compassion.

\

1. Quality of being

¥

[AF., dim. of OF.

about.

-—7.

A cruising voyage.

Cruet.

a battleship, having superior speed. 3. A powerboat equipped with cabin, plumbing, and all arrangements necessary for living aboard. 4. Morestry. A timber estimator.

crul/ler (kriil’ér), n. A sweet cake made of a rich egg batter, cut in strips or twists, and fried brown in deep fat.

LAS. cruma.

Also, commonly till 19th century, crum.

small fragment or piece.

crumbs, as bread. dress with crumbs.

crum/ble

(kriim’b’)),

—v.t.

2. A bit.

&%. 1. To break into

2. Cookery. To cover, thicken, or 3. Collog. To remove crumbs from.

v. t. & ¢.; CRUM’BLED (-b’ld); crum/-

BLING (-bling). [Freq. of crumb, v. t.] To break into small pieces; hence, to fall to decay. —m. Crumbling substance. Easily crum/bly (-blY), adj.; -But-Er (-bli-ér); -BLI-Est. crumbled; friable. — crum/bli-ness, v. crum/mie, crum/my (kriim’Y; kroom/Y),n. Scot. & N. of Eng. Po cow, esp. one with crumpled horns; also, a crook,

or staff. crump (kriimp; kroémp), v.t.

& 7.

To crunch.

crump, adj. Dial. Brittle or friable; crisp. crum/pet (kriim/pét; -pit), nm. [Dial. also crampit, ME.

crompid cake wafer.]

A flat soft leavened cake made of

batter cooked on a griddle or spider.

crum/ple (kriim’p’!), v. ¢.; cruM’PLED (-p’ld); cruM/PLING (-pling).

curl.]

LAS. erwmp crooked, bent, gecrympan to crimp,

To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; crush_to-

gether. —v.7. 1. To contract irregularly. 2. Collog. Tocollapse. —= 7. A wrinkle or crease made by crumpling.

crum/pled (-p’ld), adj.

crunch (krtinch), v. 7.

Bent, as in a spiral curve.

@¢. 1. To chew with a crushing or

grinding noise; to craunch.

2. To grind or press with a

noise of crushing; as, to crunch through snow. The act of crunching; a sound made by crunching.

fle,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

iidd,

Gccount,

fr. L. crux cross.]_ 1. [often cap.] Any of the seven (some reckon nine) military expeditions undertaken by

Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, to

recover the Holy Land from the Moslems. 2. Any hostile expedition under papal sanction. 3. Any remedial enter-

prise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm. —v.7. To engage in a crusade. — cru-sad’er (-sad/ér), n. cru-sa/do (-sa/d6), n.; pl. -DOES or -pos (-d6z). [Pg. eruzado, prop., marked with a cross.] An old Portuguese coin

of gold or silver, of various values.

cruse (kro0s; krooz), nm. A jar or cup, for water, oil, etc. crush (krish), v.t. (OF. cruisir, croissir, of Teut. origin.] 1. To compress or bruise between two hard bodies;

to squeeze or force by pressure so as to destroy the natural condition, shape, or integrity of the parts. 2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding. 3. To suppress as if by pressure or weight. 4. To force out or

extract by pressure.

iirm,

crusta.]_

5. To drink.

6. To flatten out the

1. The hardened exterior part of bread, in dis-

layer of earth, snow, etc. 5. An incrustation on the interior surface of wine bottles; beeswing. 6. Geol. The exterior relatively cool part of the globe. 7. Med. A hard mass of dried secretions, blood, or pus.

—v.t. & 7. 1. To cover with, or become covered with, an incrustation. 2. To form or gather into a crust. Crus-ta’ce-a (kriis-ta’shé-a; -sha), n. pl. _ [Neut. pl. of

crus-ta’ceous

to

cruis’er (krooz/ér), n. 1. A vessel, vehicle, or the like, that cruises. 2. A manof-war less heavily armed and armored than

3. The soft part of bread.

[From Sp. eruzada, with ending

fr. F. croisade, fr. a verb signifying to mark with the cross,

rind, shell.]_

make a similar trip on or over land, as in an airplane. —v.t.. To cruise over or

crumb ceta) n..

of the cerebrum (||cru/ra ce/re-bri [sér’é-bri]).

cru-sade’ (kroo-sad’), n.

Zool. A large class of arthropods, principally

aquatic, including the lobsters, shrimps, crabs, wood lice, water fleas, barnacles, etc., commonly covered with a chitinous integument. — crus-ta’cean (-shdn), adj. & n.

cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. L. cruz.] To sail about touching at a series of ports, for no set destination; hence,

& Zool. 1. That part of the hind limb between the femur and the tarsus; theshank. 2. Any of various parts likened to a leg, or (in plural) to a pair of legs, as the peduncles

NL. crustaceus, tr. L. crwsta the hard surface of a body,

crue, crute.] vial or small glass bottle for vinegar, oil, etc., for the table; a caster. cruise (krdoz), v. 7. [D.kruisen to zigzag, making

croupe.] . A leather loop passing under a horse’s tail and buckled to the saddle or harness. See HARNESS, Illust. . The rump, or croup. cru/ral (kroér/dl), adj. (L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg.] Of any of the parts called crura, pl. of crus. crus (kriis), n.; pl. CRURA (kro0/rd). [L., the leg.] Anat.

2. Causing, or

cruel. 2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman_treatment. — Syn. Brutality, ruthlessness. — Amt. Mercy,

cru/et (kroo’ét; -¥t), n.

The clotted

tinction from crumb; also, a piece of this or of any bread grown dry or hard. The cover or case of apie. 3. A hard outer shell; an incrustation. . A hardened surface’

1. Quality of

,

cruelty (-dl-ti), n.; pl. -tres (-tiz).

Physiol.

L[OF. eropiere, fr. crope,

Syn. Roughness,

fitted to cause, pain or grief. — Sym. See FEROCIOUS. — Ant. Merciful, humane.—cru/el-ly, adj. —cru/elness,

portion of coagulated blood; gore.

grain of, as leather, by pressing. — v.27. To be or become crushed. —=m. 1. Act of crushing; violent compression. 2. A crowd which produces uncomfortable pressure. — crush’er, n. crust (krist), n. [OF.and L.; OF. croste, crouste, fr. L.

crassness. — Ant. Finesse, polish, refinement. cru’el petceret, -il), adj.; CRU/EL*ER_(-€r); CRU/EL-EST. LOF., tr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus raw.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; inhuman; merciless.

[L., blood.]

ask,

Sld, Gbey, Orb, Sdd, sGft, cdnnect;

—n.

sofd;

(-shtis), adj.

1. Pertaining to, or of the

nature of, crust, or shell; having a crustlike shell or scab. 2. Zool. Crustacean. crust/ed (kriis’téd; -tid), adj. Having a crust, as port. crust’y (kriis/tl), adj. ;CRUST/I-ER (-tY-€r); -leest. 1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering. 2. Having a harsh exterior, or a short, rough manner. — Syn. See BLUFF. — crust/i-ly, adv. — crust’i-ness, n. crutch (kriich), n. [AS. erycc.] 1. A staff with a cross-

piece at the top to support the lame or infirm in walking.

2. A forked leg rest constituting the pommel of a sidesad-

dle.

3. The crotch of a human being.

4. Anything re-

sembling a crutch in shape or use; as, Nawt., a forked sup-

port for_a fore-and-aft

boom

when

its sail is stowed.

—v.t. To support on crutches; to prop up. crutched (kricht), adj. Bearing the sign of the cross. crux (kriks), n.; pl. cRUXES (kriik’s&z; -siz), CRUCES (kr60’séz). (L., cross, torture.] 1. A cross, as in heraldry; specif. [cap., gen. Crucis (kr60/sis)], Astron., the

Southern Cross.

Anything very puzzling or difficult

to explain. 3. A crucial or critical point. ||crux an-sa’/ta (An-sa’ta). [L.] The ankh.

cru-zei/ro (kro0-za/r0; Pg. -r00),n. ([Pg., fr. erwz cross.] The gold monetary unit of Brazil, equal to 10 milreis.

cry (kri), v.7.; CRIED (krid); crv/inc. [OF. erier, fr. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry,scream.] 1. To makea loud call or cry, as in prayer, pain, anger, etc.; to shout.

2. To lament audibly; to weep. Of an animal, to utter its characteristic call. —v.t. 1. To beg for; implore; — now chiefly in to ery quarter. 2. To utter loudly; shout; proclaim; also, to advertise by outcry, as goods for sale. — cry down. To decry; to depreciate. — ery_quarter.

To ask for quarter in combat. — ery quits.

To declare

oneself clear or even with another, as for past injuries. —n.; pl. cries (kriz). 1. A loud, vehement utterance or call; also, Obs., clamor; outcry. 2. An entreaty; appeal. 3. A loud calling out of words, as for proclamation, etc. 4. A watchword or battle cry. Common report; fame. 6. The utterance of the general opinion, feeling, or desire;

the public voice.

A fit of weeping.

8. A sound or call

characteristic of ananimal. 9. The giving voice of hounds in chase; hence, a pack of hounds. —afarery. A great distance.

éve,

ooo h@re (27), @vent, End, silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

food, fOdt; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tp, circés, menii;

crying cry’ing (kri/ing), adj. tice; as, a crying

245

That cries; hence, calling for no-

evil.

cry’o- (kri/6-). (Gr, kryos icy cold.] A combining form meaning cold, freezing, as in: cry-om/e-ter, a thermometer for measuring low temperatures; cry-0s/co-py, determination of the freezing points of liquids. cry’o-gen (kri/6-3€n), n. Leryo--++-gen.] A refrigerant. cry’o-lite (lit), n. [eryo- + -lite;— from its icy appearance. | Mineral. A sodium-aluminum fluoride, Na;AlFs,

cucumiform

cten/o- (t&n’é-; t@/nd-), cten-. [Gr. kteis, ktenos, comb.]

A combining form denoting, in zoology, a ctenoid plate, scale, etc.

cte/noid (té/noid; tén’oid), adj.

underground, as under the floor of a church.

2. Anat.

a One of a phylum

Also cryp’ti-cal (-ti-kal).

etc., and

den; occult; mysterious. — cryp’ti-cal-ly, adv.

cryp’to-clas’tic (-klas/tik), adj.

Petrog. Made up of very

minute fragmental particles with microscopic grains. cryp’to-gam (krip’t6-gim), n. ie.eryptogame, fr. cryptoGr. gamos marriage.] Bot. plant which does not prouce flowers or seeds, as ferns, mosses, algae, etc. :

PHANEROGAM.— Cryp’to-gam/ic mous (krip-tég’a-miis), adj.

cryp/to-gram

(-gram), n.

(-gim/ik),

cryp-tog’/a-

gram.

cryp-tog’ra-phy (krip-tdg’ra-fi), m.

Act or art of writing

in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher. —

cryp-tog/ra-pher,

-ra-phist, nm. — _cryp’to-graph’ic

(krip’to-graffik), -graph’i-cal, adj. — -i-cal-ly, adv.

cryp’to-nym

(krip’té6-nim),

n.

Lerypt- + Gr. onyma

name.) _A secret name. — cryp-ton’/y-mous (krip-ton/7mus), adj. cryp’to-phyte (-fit), n. Bot. A cryptogam. crys’tal (kris’tal; -t’l), n. [OF. cristal, fr. L. erystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. krystallos, fr. kryos icy cold, frost.] 1. Quartz that is transparent or nearly so; also, a piece of this material, as one cut for ornament, or for use in magic.

2. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. 3. A body formed by an element or compound solidifying so that itis bounded by plane surfaces symmetrically arranged, which are the external expression of a definite internal structure. Glass of superior brilliancy, made into articles for the table, etc.; flint glass; also, such glassware.

5. The glass overawatchdial.

6.

sometimes of the whale or shark.

2. Jocosely or

boy. 3. Also cub reporter. Collog. An inexperienced and, usually, young newspaper reporter. — cub/bish, adj.

— cub/bish-ness, 7. Cu/ban (ki’/bdn), adj. & n. from CuBaA, Gaz.

cu’ba-ture (ki/ba-tir), n.

[L. cwbus cube.]

a Determi-

nation of cubic contents. b Cubic content; volume. cub/by-hole/ (ktib/i-hol’), n. A snug or confined place.

cube (ktb), mn. [F., fr. L. cubus, fr. Gr. kybos a, cube, a cubical die. eom. The regular solid of six equal square sides. 2. Math. The third power; the product got by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as,

2X 2X 2=8, thecubeof 2.

—v.t._1.

third power; to form the cube of.

[erypto--+ -gram.]__A writing

in cipher. — cryp’/to-gram/mic (-gram/ik), adj. cryp’to-graph (-graf; 9), n. A writing in cipher; crypto-

of marine jellyfishlike

in contempt, a boy or girl; esp., an awkward, ill-mannered

Hid-

cryp’to- (krip’t6-), crypt-. [Gr. kryptos.] A combining form meaning hidden, covered, secret, as in cryp’to-gen/ic, Med., of obscure origin, as certain diseases.

(Ctenophora)

plates. hb One of the meridional bands of a ctenophore. cub (ktib), m. 1. The young of the bear, wolf, lion, tiger,

A simple gland or glandular cavity; a follicle.

cryp/tic (krip’tik), adj.

Zool.

animals that show decided biradial symmetry and swim by means of eight meridional bands of transverse comblike

found in Greenland, usually in white cleavable masses, used

in rae soda, te ray G crypt (kript), n. . erypta, fr. Gr. krypté, fr. kryptos Haden, fr. kryptein to hide.]’ 1. A vault wholly or eerily

[eten-+-oid.]

Having a comblike margin. cte-noph/o-xan (té-ndf’é-rdn), adj. Belonging or pertaining to a ctenophore (animal). — cte-enoph/o-ran, n. cten/o-phore (t&n’6-for; t@/nd-; 70), n. Leteno--++ -phore.]

cu’beb (kt/béb), n.

Pharm.

To raise to the

2. To form into a cube

or cubes; as, to cube ice.

[F, cubébe, fr. ML., fr. Ar. kabaibah.]

The dried, unripe berry of a tropical shrub (Piper

cubeba) of the pepper family, which is crushed and smoked in cigarettes for catarrh. cube root. Math. A number or quantity whose cube is the given number or quantity; as, 3 is the cube root of 27. cu/bic (ki/bik), adj. 1. Having the form of a cube; cubicalles hree-dimensional; esp., with a unit of length, denoting the volume of a cube whose edge is that unit; as, a. cubic inch, foot, yard, etc. Abbr. c.orcu. 3. Math. Of third degree, order, or power. cwbi-cal (-bi-kdl), adj. | Cubic; esp., cube-shaped. — cwhi-cal-ly, adv. — cu/bi-cal-ness, 7.

cu’bi-cle (ki’bi-k’l), n. [L. cubiculum, fr. cubare to lie down,] A sleeping place, esp. one partitioned off from a dormitory; hence, any small partitioned space.

cu’bi-form (-form), adj. cub/ism (ktib/iz’m), nm.

Of the form of a cube. A phase of postimpressionism

which stresses abstract form at the expense of other pictorial elements. — cub/ist (-ist), n. & adj.

Radio. A quartz plate.

cu/bit (ki’bit), rn. [L. cuwbitum elbow, cubit.] A measure of length, orig. the length of the forearm, from the elbow to

crystal detector. Radio. A detector which operates by means of the rectifying action of the surface of contact between certain crystals and a metallic electrode. crystal gazing. Gazing at a crystal to evoke the images of crystal vision (which see), conceived as a method of divination. — crys/tal—gaz’er, n. -lig’er-ous (-l¥j/@rcrys’tal-lif/er-ous (kris/td-lif/€r-tis)

(45.72 cm.). ewhboid (ki’boid), adj. Approximately cubic in shape; specif., Anat., designating the outermost of the distal row

— adj. 1. Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent. 2. Radio. Of, relating to, or using, a crystal.

tis), adj.

LL. crystallum

Producing crystals.

crystal + -ferous,

-gerous.]

crys’tal-line (kris’tal-In; -in), adj. 1. Consisting or made of crystal. 2. Resembling crystal; transparent. 3. Of

the nature of a crystal or crystals. crystalline lens. The lens of the eye in vertebrates. crys’tal-lite (it), n. [See crystan.] Mineral. A minute mineral form like those in glassy volcanic rocks, not having a definite crystalline outline but marking the first step in crystallization. — erys’tal-lit’ic (it/ik), adj.

crys’tal.li-za/tion (1-za/shiin; -1.za’-), n. Actor process of crystallizing; also, a form of body resulting from this. crys/tal-lize (kris/tdl-1z), v.t. & 7. 1. To form or cause

to form crystals or assume crystalline character. 2. To assume or cause to assume a fixed and definite form. — crys’tal-liz/a-bie, adj.

crys’tal-lo- (kris’tal-6-), crystall-.

[Gr. &rystallos.]

A

combining form meaning crystal. crys‘tal-lo-graph/ic | (-grif’ik), crys/tal-lo-graph’i-cal

(-kdal), adj.

Pertaining to or dealing with crystallography

or crystals. — crys’tal-lo-graph/i-cal-ly, adv.

crys’tal-log’/ra-phy -graphy.|

system

(kris’td-log’ra-fi), n.

— Lerystallo- +

_The science of crystallization, treating of the

of forms

among crystals, their structure,

etc. —

crys’tal-log’ra-pher (-f€r), n. erys’tal-loid (kris/tdl-oid), adj. [erystall+ -oid.] Crystallike; of the nature of a crystalloid. —mn. Chem.

A substance which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes and is capable of being crystallized; — opposed to colloid. — crys’tal-loi’dal, adj.

crys’tal-lose (-ds), m.

The sodium salt of saccharin, like

saccharin intensely sweet and soluble.

crystal set. Radio. A receiving set having acrystal detector but no electron tubes. crystal vision. Visual images aroused by gazing upon a crystal or crystallike surface in which the objects seem to be seen; also, the faculty of seeing such images. chair;

go;

sing;

then,

thin;

natiire, verduire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

the end of the middle finger; in English measure, 18 inches

of tarsal bones of many of the higher vertebrates. —n. a Math. A rectangular parallelepiped. bAnat. The cuboid bone. — cu-hoi/dal (kt-boi’dal; -d’l), adj.

cuck/ing stool (ktik’ing).

A kind of chair formerly used

for punishing scolds, dishonest tradesmen, etc., by fastening them in it to be pelted, and sometimes ducked.

cuck/old (ktk/iild),n. cuckoo.]

[OF. cucuault, couquiol, fr. cucu

A man whose wife is unfaithful.

—v.t.

To

make a cuckold of (a husband). — cuck’old-ly, adj. — cuck’old-ry, n. r cuck’oo (k00k/00), n. [ME. cuccu, cukkow, of imitative origin.} 1. A European bird (Cuculus canorus), famed for its habit of laying its eggs in the nests of other birds for them to hatch. 2. Any bird of the same family (Cuculidae). 3. The call of the cuckoo. —v.t.; CUCcK’ooED (-00d) ; cuck’oo-1nG., To repeat monotonously, as a cuckoo

does its call.

—v.2.,To utter the call of the cuckoo, or a

sound like it. — adj. Slang, U.S. Stupidly silly; crazy. cuck’oo-flow/er (-flou/ér), n. aA bitter cress (Carda-

mine pratensis), of Europe and America. robin.

hb The ragged

c The wood sorrel.

cuck’oo-pint’

maculatum)

cuckoo spit.

(-pint’)),

with

n.

A

European

arum

(Arum

erect spathe and short purple spadix.

Also cuckoo spittle.

a A frothy secretion

found upon plants, exuded by the nymphs

of spittle in-

sects; — called also toad spittle and frog spit. bb An insect secreting this froth; a spittle insect. cu-cu/li-form (ki-ki/li-form), adj. (L. cuculus cuckoo + -form.] Zool. Like, or belonging to, the cuckoos or the order (Cuculiformes) of birds including the cuckoos.

cu/cul-late (ki/ki-lat; ki-ktl’at), adj._Also cu/cul-lat/ed (-lat/éd; -id; -at-€d; -¥d).

[LL. cucullatus, fr. L. cucul-

lus cap.] Hooded; hood-shaped, as the leaf of a violet. cu/cum-ber (ki/ktim-bér), n. [L. and OF.; OF. cocombre, fr. Pr. cogombre, fr. L. cucumis, -meris.]

succulent cultivated cucumber Magnolia

1. The long,

fruit of a cucurbitaceous vine (Cucumis sativus), as a vegetable. 2. The vine itself. tree. Any of several American magnolias (esp. acuminata) having fruit like a small cucumber.

cu-cu/mi-form (ki-ku/mi-form), adj. _[L. cucumis cucumber -+ -form.] Having the form of a cucumber. m=

ch

in G. ich,

aeh;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

Cumaean

246

cucurbit

cu-cur’bit (ki-kfir’bit), n. InLT sense 1 also cu-cur’bite.t ;cul’ly (kiil’f), n.; pl. -11Es : (-iz). Now Rare. A dupe; a gull. —v.¢. Obs. To trick or cheat. F. cucurbite, fr. L. cucurbita a gourd.]_ 1. Archaic, 1. Coal dust or coal slack. |2. Geol. Chem. A vessel or flask for distillation, used with or form- culm (kiilm), n. Also culm measures. A Lower Carboniferous formation ing partofanalembic. 2. [L. cucurbita.] Aplant of the in which marine fossil-bearing beds alternate with those gourd family. containing plant remains. ; Cu-cur’bi-ta’ceous (-bi-ta’shiis), adj. _ [L. cucurbita a gourd.] Bot. Of or belonging toa family (Cucurbitaceae) culm, n. ([L. culmus stalk.] Bot. The jointed stem of a grass. —v.%. Bot. To form or grow into a culm. of chiefly herbaceous tendril-bearing vines, the gourd family, including the cucumber, melon, squash, and pumpkin. cul-mif’er-ous (ktil-mif’ér-ts), adj. Geol. Containing or abounding in culm. [ Mate: cud (kiid), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu.] That portionof food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating ani- cul/mi-nant (kiil/mi-ndnt), adj. Culminating. mals from their first stomach, to be chewed a second time. cud/dle (kiid’’l), v. t. & 7.; cup/’pLED (-’ld); cUD/DLING (ling). To hold or lie close for warmth or comfort or in

cul/mi-nate

act of nestling. — cud/dle-some (-s%m), adj. — (ktid/li), adj. cud’dy (kud’i), n. 1. Nawt. A small cabin; also, 2. Any small ley or pantry of a small vessel. closet. ee (ktid/¥; kd6d/X), n. Scot. A donkey; also,

cud’dly

cul/mi-na/tion (-na’shiin), n. Act of culminating; also, culminating position; summit; acme; consummation.

the galroom or

Syn. Culmination, climax, acme, zenith. Culmination designates the attainment by anything of its highest point. Climax suggests more definitely the movement or ascent which leads to the cul-

affection;

to snuggle;

ead. cud’/dy, n. [Scot.] cudg/el (ktij/Zl), n. to take up the

nestle.

—mn.

A close embrace;

a block-

The coalfish. LAS. cycgel.]_ A short heavy club. — cudgels. To engage in a contest.

— v. t.; CUDG/ELED (-@ld) or CUDG/ELLED; CUDG/EL*ING or CuDG¢/EL-Linc. To beat witha cudgel. — cudgel one’s brains. To harass one’s wits for ideas. — cudg/el-er, cudg’el-ler, 7. i

cud’weed’ (ktid’wéed’), n.

A plant with silky or cottony

herbage (as those of the generaGnaphalium, Antennaria, Filago, etc.). 7 Cue (ki), . _[Prob. fr. F. queue end, tail. See cur a

queue.] 1. The last word of a speech, or the end of an action, in a play, as indicating the time for the next person to speak or act. hint; intimation. 3. The part one has to perform in or asina play. 4. Humor; temper

of mind.

cue,n.

CF.

queve.]

;

r

1. = queve,apigtail.

2. Astraight

tapering rod tipped with leather used to impel the balls in billiards and other games. _3. = QUEUE, a file or line of

persons waiting. —v.t. To braid; to twist. | cue ball. The ball which a player strikes with hiscue. Cf. OBJECT BALL. cuff (kif), n. [ME. coffe, cuffe.], 1. An ornamental band covering the wrist, as a wide stiffened band worn either

attached to the shirt sleeve or separate.

2. A band re-

sembling a turned-back hem, finishing a trouser leg. cuff, v. ¢. [Late ME. cuffé.] To strike with or as with the flat of the hand; to buffet.

—mn.

Cu/fic (k0/ffk). Var. of Kurc. cuif (koof; kfif). Var. of coor. N. of Eng.

Aslap.

Scot. &

cui-rass’ (kwé-ris’), n. [F. cuirasse, deriv. of L. coriacews_of leather, fr. cortum leather, hide.] A piece of ar-

cui/ras-sier’ (kwé/rd-s@r’), n. [F.] mounted soldier wearing a cuirass. cui-sine’ (kwe-zén’), n.

A

t

L. culminatus, past part. of

2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, etc.

minating point; acme, the culminating point itself; as, the climax of a

play; the acme of his fame. Zenith, the point of the heavens highest overhead, differs (in its figurative sense) from acme in connoting more of splendor; as, the zenith of his career.

cul’pa-ble (kti’/pd-b’l), adj.

[OF. cowpable, culpable, fr. L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.] Deserving censure or blame; faulty. — cul/pa-bil’i-ty (-bYl/7-

ti), cul’/pa-ble-ness, n. — cul’pa-bly, adv.

cul’prit (kiil/prit), n.

[From AF. cul. (abbr. of culpable

guilty) + prit, prist, ready

(i.e., to prove it), fr. LL.

praestus.] 1. One accused of, or arraigned for, a crime, as in court. 2. One guilty of a crime or a fault. cult (kilt), n. ([F.andL.; F. cwlte, fr. L. cwltws care, cul-

ture, fr. colere to cultivate.] deity; as, the cwlt of Apollo.

1. A system of worship of a 2. Hence: a The rites of a re-

ligion. Great devotion to some person, idea, or thing, esp. such devotion viewed as an intellectual fad. ¢ A sect. cultch, culch (kiilch), m. 1. Rubbish. 2. Any material, as oyster shells, laid down on oyster_grounds to furnish points of attachment for the spat.

cul’ti-va-ble (kil/tt?-va-b’l), adj. (F.].

Capable of being

cultivated. — cul/ti-va-bil/i-ty (-bYl/7-ti), n. ; cul’ti-vate (kiil’t?-vat), v.t. CML. cultivatus, past part. of cultivare to cultivate, fr. cultivus cultivated, fr. L. cul-

tus, past part. of colere to till, cultivate]

1. To prepare,

or to prepare and use, for the raising of crops; to till; specif., to loosen or break up the soil about (growing plants), as in order to kill weeds. 2. To raise, or foster the growth of, by tillage. 3. To civilize; refine. 4. To devote time and thought to; hence, to foster; cherish. 5. To seek the society of; to court intimacy with. — cul’ti-vat/a-ble (-vat/a-b’l), adj. cul’ti-vat/ed (-vat/€d; -fd), adj. Cultured. ; cul’ti-va’tion (-va’shiin), n. 1. Art or act of cultivating;

b Assiduous devotion (to a, branch of

learning, or the like) or development (of the mind, tastes, etc.). 2. Culture; refinement. cul’ti-va/tor (kil’t?-va/tér), mn. 1. One

—v.t.. To cover

or armor with or as with a cuirass.

overhead.

specif.: a Tillage.

mor, orig. of leather, covering the body; also, the breastplate of such a piece. 2. Zool. An armor of bony plates, or other

protective structure.

(-nat), v. 7.

culminare to culminate, fr. cwlmen, -inis, top.] ; Astron. To reach its highest altitude; also, to be directly

Breastplate of Cui-

trass with two Tasses attached.

[F., fr. L. coguina kitchen.]

The

kitchen or cooking department; also, style of cooking or the food prepared.

cuisse (kwis), cuish (kwish; formerly kwis), n._

[From

pl. of OF. cuissel, fr. cwisse thigh, fr. L. coxa hip.] As pl., cuisses (kwis/éz; -iz), defensive plate armor for the

who cultivates something, as the soil, an art, the mind. 2. Agric. An implement used to loosen the soil while crops are growing.

cul’tur-al (kiil’ttir-dl), adj. Of or pertaining to cul-

\ ture or a culture; conducive Cultivator, 2. to culture; as, cultural stud-, ies. 2. Produced by breeding; as, a cultural variety. cul/ture (kiil’tur), n. CF., fr. L. cultura, fr. colere to till,

cultivate.]

1. Cultivation; tillage.

2. Act of developing

thighs; sing., a thigh piece. See armor, Jllust. cuit’tle (kiit”’), cui’tle (kii’t’l), v. Scot. To coax; tickle.

or rearing of a particular product or crop; as, oyster cul-

cul/—de-sac’

ture. &. The enlightenment and refinement of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training. 5. A par-

culch (kiilch).

Var. of cuttcH.

(kool/dé-sik’; ktil’-; F. kti/d’-sak’), n.; pl.

CUL-DE-SACS (kool/dé-saks’; ktl’-), F. cuts-pr-sac (kii/d’sak’). LF., lit., bottom ofabag.] A passage or place with only one outlet, as a blind alley.

-cule (-kil).

[F. or L.; F. -cule, fr. L. -culus, -cula, -cu-

lum.) A suffix forming noun diminutives, as in molecule, animalcule, etc. See -CLE. cu/let (ki/lét; -lft), n. [OF., dim. of cul bottom, breech,

fr. L. culus.] Jewelry. The small flat facet parallel to the table, at the bottom of a brilliant.

cw/lex (ki/Iéks), n. [L.,agnat.] A mosquito of a genus (Culex) that includes the common house mosquito of Europe and North America. cu/li-nar’y (ki/li-nér’1; -neér-i; 3), adj. LL. culinarius, fr. culina kitchen.] Of or relating to the kitchen or cookery.

cull (ktil), n.

Slang & Dial.

A dupe; a gull; a cully.

cull (kitl), v. ¢, LOF. ewillir, coillir.

See com, v.]

separate or pick out; to choose and gather.

1. To

2. Tosubject

to culling; to identify and remove culls from (a flock, herd,

etc.). —

Syn. See CHOOSE.

-——7.

Something

esp. as inferior or worthless, to be removed.

selected,

cul/len-der (ktil’én-dér; ktiV/in-). Var. of COLANDER. cul/lion (kiil’yiin), n. [F. couwillon testicle, cowillon base fellow.] Archaic. A mean or base fellow.

ale, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

account,

Arm,

ask,

sofd;

by education, discipline, training, etc.

3. The cultivation

ticular stage of advancement in civilization or the charac-

teristic features of such a stage or state; as, primitive

Greek, Germanic culture.

6, Biol.

Cultivation of micro.

organisms, as bacteria, or of tissues, fungi, etc., in prepared

nutrient media; also, an instance or product of such cultivation. — Syn. See CIVILIZATION. —v.t. 1. To cultivate. 2. Bacteriol. & Biol. aTo grow (microorganisms, tissues, etc.) in a prepared medium. b To inoculate with a culture, or to treat as a culture.

cul/tured (-ttird), adj.

1. Under culture; cultivated.

Characterized by culture (sense 4). cul’tur-ist (-ttir-Ist), n. One engaged ina an advocate of culture (sense 4).

cul/tus (ktl/tts),n.

(L.J

cul/ver (kil’vér), n._

CAS. culfre.]_

2.

culture (sense 3);

Cult.

A dove; a pigeon.

cul/ver-in (-in), n._ LF. coulevrine, fr. coulewvre adder, fr. L. colubra.| A firearm, orig. a rude sort of musket, later (16th and 17th centuries) a long cannon. cul/vert (kil’/vért), m. A transverse drain under a road, canal, etc.; an arched drain or sewer.

Cu-mae/an (kt-m@/dn), adj.

[L. Cumaeus.]

_Of or per-

taining to the ancient city of Cumae, originally a Greek colony, in Campania, Italy. Cf. Srsyztmne Books.

Eve,

hére (27),

Gvent,

End,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yi,

Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Grn, Up, circés, menii;

cumber

247

cunVber (ktim’bér), v.¢. [ME. combren, cumbren. See ENCUMBER.] 1. Obs. To trouble; perplex. 2. To hinder or embarrass by interference or by being in the way. 3.

curate liquids.

2. The containing part of a drinking vessel that

has a stem and a foot.

drinking vessel and its con-

To rest upon as a troublesome or useless load; to burden.

—n. 1. That which cumbers. 2. Hindrance; encumbrance. — cum/ber-er, 7. cum/hber-some (-stim), adj. 1. Obs. exc. Dial. Burdensome. Cumbrous; clumsy. — cum/ber-some-ly, adv. — cum/ber-some-ness, 7. cum/brance (ktim/brdns), n.

cum/brous tious.

ae)

adj.

Encumbrance; trouble.

1. Obs.

Giving trouble; vexa-

2. Unwie dy; burdensome. — cum/brous-ly, adv.

— cum/brous-ness, n. cum/in (ktm/in), n. Also cum/min.

[AS. cymen. (fr.

L.) and OF. cumin,fr.L. cuminum, fr. Gr. kyminon.]

dwarf plant (Cuminum

cyminum),

A

family Ammiaceae,

cup’bear/er (ktip’bar’ér), n.

native to Egypt and Syria, cultivated for its aromatic seeds.

One whose office it is to fill

and hand the cups in which drink is served. (ktm _10’dé; kdém lou’dé). [L.] With [cup + board.) A closet with praise; — used esp. in diplomas to indicate that the recipi- cup/board (kiib’érd), n. shelves to receive dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet. ent has done work of a higher grade than ordinary. cum/mer (kiim’ér), n._ [F. commeére.] Chiefly Scot. aA cu’pel (kt/pél; ki-pél’), nm. LF. and L.; F. cowpelle (ML. cupella), dim. of cowpe cup (L. cuppa cup). See cup.] godmother. b A female friend. ¢ A woman or girl. A small, shallow, porous cup, used in assaying. —v. t.; cum/mer-bund’ (ktim/ér-btind’), 7. [Hind.-Per. kamar~PELED (-péld) or -PELLED/ (-péld’); -PEL-ING or -PEL/LING. band, fr. Ar.-Per. kamar loins + Per. band band, bandTo refine by means of a cupel. — cu’pel-er (kii’pél-Er), cuage.] India. A sash or band worn round the waist. pel/ler (kti-pél’ér), n. cum/quat (kim’/kwot). Var. of KumQuAT. cu’pel-la/tion (ki’pé-la’shtin), n. Refinement of gold or cum/shaw (ktim’shé), n. [Amoy kam sia, Chin. (Pek. silver, etc., in a cupel. kan’ hsieh', grateful thanks; — a phrase used by beeears cup’ful (ktip/fo0l), n. ; pl. -FuLs (-f00lz). As muchasacup A present; a tip. will hold; in cookery, a half pint. cu/mu-late (ki/mii-lat), adj. Heaped up; massed. (ki’pid), nm. [L. Cupido, lit., desire.] 1. Rom. cu/mu-late (-lat), v. t. & 7. [L. cumulatus, past part. of Cu’pid Myth. The god of love, son of Venus. See Eros, PsycueE. cumulare to heap up, fr. cwmulus a heap.] To heap to2, [not cap.] A representation of Cupid as a naked, gether; to accumulate. winged boy with bow and arrow. cu/mu.-la/tion (-]a’shtin), n. A cumulating; also, a heap. cu-pid/i-ty (ki-pid/7-ti), n. LF. cupidité, fr. L. eupiditas, cu/mu-la/tive (ki/mu-la/tiv; -ld-tiv), adj. 1. Formed, or fr. cupidus longing, fr. cupere to long for, desire] Inorbecoming larger, by successive additions. 2. Subject to dinate desire, esp. for wealth; avarice.

\jcum lav’de

cumulation;

that is to be, or that may be, added.

:

Finance. Designating a dividend, interest, etc., which if not paid or received when due is added to what is to be paid

in the future.

Law. Tending to prove the same point

to which other evidence has been offered; — said of evidence. — cu/mu-la/tive-ly, adv. cu/mu-lo—cir’/rus (ki/mu-]6-sir/u%s), n. A small cumulus cloud at a high altitude, white and delicate like the cirrus. cu/mu-lo—nim/bus, n.. A mountainous cloudy mass of condensed vapor discharging showers of rain, snow, sleet, etc. cu/mu-lo—stra/tus, n. A cumulus whose base extends hor-

izontally as a stratus cloud. cu/mu-lous (kii/mu:-liis), adj. Like cumulus clouds. cu/mu-lus (-lts), n.; pl. -11 (lt). [L.,a heap.] 1.A

heap; accumulation.

2. A massy cloud form with a flat

base and rounded outlines piled up like a mountain. cunc-ta’tion (ktingk-ta’shtn), n. [L. cunctatio, fr. cunctari to delay.] Delay.—cunc’ta-tive (kingk’ta-tiv), adj.

Syn. Lust, appetite, longing, greed, avidity. — Cupidity, greed, avidity agree in the idea of inordinate desire. Cupidity applies to covetousness of wealth; greed, to insatiate and selfish craving or desire; avidity, to eager or ardent relish or appetite.

cu’/po-la (ki’pé-la), n.

_[It., fr. L. cwpula little tub, small

vault, fr. cupa tub.] 1. Arch. A roof or ceiling having a rounded form. Loosely, a small structure built on top

of a roof or building for a lookout, to complete a design, etc. furnace resembling a blast furnace but smaller, used for melting metals, as in foundries and steelworks.

— v. é.

Cu/PO-LAED (-lad); cu/PO-LA-ING (-la-Ing). To construct with, or in the shape of, a cupola. cupped (ktipt), adj. Formed like a cup; cup-shaped. cup’ping (ktip’Ing), n._ Med. The operationof drawing

blood to or from the surface of the body by forming a partial

vacuum over a certain spot.

cupping glass.

— cup’per (-ér), n.

A glass cup in which a partial vacuum is

produced in cupping. cu/pre-ous (ki’pré-tis), adj. [L. cwpreus, fr. cwprum copcunc-ta/tor (-tér), n. [L.] One who delays. Containing copper, or resembling copper; coppery. cwne-al (kii/né-dl), adj. (LL. cunews a wedge. See corn.] per.] cupri-. A combining form of cuprum, as in Cu-prif/er-ous Pertaining to a wedge; wedge-shaped. (see -FEROUS), used in Chem. for CUPRIC. cu/ne-ate (-dt), adj. Also cu/ne-at/ed (-at/éd; -id). [L. cuneatus.] Wedge-shaped; as, a cuneate leaf. See LEAr, cu/pric (ki’/prik), adj. [From cuprum.]_ Chem. Of, pertaining to, or containing, copper when bivalent. Illust. — cwne-ate-ly, adv. |

cw/ne-atic (-At/ik), adj. Cuneiform. cu-ne/i-form (kii-ne’?-f6rm; kt/né-7-f6rm’), adj. ni-form (ki/ni-form).. [L. cuneus Wedge-shaped; — applied esp.

to the wedge-shaped charac-

a wedge + -form.] i

ters of ancient inscriptions of

Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, etc.

:

— mn. Cuneiform characters or writing. 4

cun/ner

(ktin/ér),

n.

cu’prite (ku/prit), n.. Mineral. Cuprous oxide, or red cop-

Also cu/-

Le

Sy Ry.

(Crenilabrus

cun/ning

.

(ktn’ing),

;

Cuneiform Writing.

adj.

[Prop. pres. part., fr. AS, cunnan to know, be able.]_ 1. Wrought with, or exhibiting, skill. 2. Crafty, sly, or art-

ful.

3. Keen;

clever.

A com-

of copper and, as in cu’-

[L.] _Copper.

See acorn, Illust. citer cur (kfir), m. 2. A mongrel or inferior dog.

adspersus)

abundant on the New England

shore.

[L. cuprum copper.]

composed

cu/prum (ki’/prtim), n.

melops) of England, and one (Tautogolabrus

bining form denoting

pro-man/ga-nese, a copper alloy with about 30 per cent of manganese. Bt cu’prous (kt/pris), adj. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or containing, copper when univalent.

cu/pule (ki’pul), n. [L. cwpula, dim. of cupa tub, (late) cup.] Bot. A cup-shaped involucre in which the bracts are indurated and coherent, esp. characteristic of the oak.

Zool.

Either of two species of lab-

roid fishes, one

per oxide, Cu,O, an important ore of copper.

cu/pro- (ki’pré-), cupr-.

4. U.S.

Prettily

or piquantly

interesting.

Syn. Cunning, crafty, artful, sly, wily agree in implying an apti-

tude for attaining an end by secret or devious means. Cunning implies skill, esp. in overreaching or circumventing; it often suggests a

low order of intelligence; as, a dark, cunning, roguish countenance,

Crafty implies more secret or underhand devices than cunning, and frequently suggests an adroitness at deception acquired by experience.

Artful implies more insinuating indirectness of dealing; as, she had, by artful conduct, insinuated herself into his favor. Sly implies a some-

2. A worth-

less, snarling fellow; — used in contempt. _ cur’a-ble (kur’d-b’l), adj. Capable of being

cured. —

cur/a-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), cur’a-ble-ness,n.— -a-bly, adv.

cu/ra-cao’ (ki/ra-sd’), n.; pl. -Caos (-sdz/)._ Also cu/ragoa’. [From Curagao, island of the Dutch West Indies.] A liqueur made from dried peel of a kind of orange. cu/ra-cy (ki/rd-si), n.; pl. -ctes (-siz). The office or employment of a curate. cur/agh (kitr/aK; -@). Var. of CURRACH. cu-ra/re, cu-ra/ri (ki-ra/r®, n._ Also cu-ra/ra. [Pg. or

Sp., of Tupian origin.] The dried aqueous extract of a loganiaceous vine (Strychnos toxifera), used as an arrow

poison by South American Indians; also, the vine. cu/ra-rize (ki/rd-riz; kii-ra/riz), v. ¢. To bring under the

what vulgar turn for what is covert or double; as, words of sly import. Wily implies the subtle use of tricks and stratagems, esp. in attack or

influence of curare. — cu’ra-ri-za/tion, n. cu/ras-sow (ki/rda-s0; kti-rds/0), n. [From the island of

of using stratagem; craft.

Curacao.] Any of several large arboreal gallinaceous birds (genus Craz, family Cracidae) of South and Central America. cw rate (ki/rat; -rit), n. [ML. curatus, prop., one who is

defense; as, the wily fox. — Amt. Artless, ingenuous, guileless. —n. 1. Archaic. Skill; dexterity. 2. The faculty or act —cun/ning-ly,

5

adv. — cun/ning-ness, n.

cup (ktip), n. [AS. cuppe, fr. LL. cuppa cup, fr. L. cupa tub, cask.] 1. A small open bowl-shaped vessel to hold

charged with the care (L. ewra) of souls.)

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); «K = ch in G. ich, ach; Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Orig., any

clergyman; now, an assistant or deputy of a rector or vicar.

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|] Foreign Word.

curricle

248

curative

tional to the absolute temperature. The proportionality cur’a-tive (kir’d-tiv), or: Relating to, or used in, the constant is known as the Cu-rie’ con/stant (ki-ré’). cure of diseases. — mn. A remedy. This law ceases to be valid at a point (Cu-rie’ point) becu-ra/tor (kii-ra/tér; in sense 1 also ki/rd-tér), mn. LF. low which the substance ceases to be paramagnetic. ~ curateur, or L. curator, fr. curare to take care of, fr. cura care.] 1 . Law, In various modern systems, a guardian | cu/ri-o (kii/r¥-0), n.; pl. CURIOS (-6z). } y [Abbr. of curiosappointed for minors or others past the age of pupillarity ity.) Any curiosity or article of virtu. (generally fourteen years for males, and twelve for females). cw’ri-os/i-ty (kii/ri-ds/7-ti), n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz).. L. Obs. 2. A person having the care of anything; an overseer, Careful attention; fastidiousness. 2. Disposition to inkeeper, or custodian, as of a museum, etc. — cu/ra-to/ri-a’ quire into anything, often implying meddlesomeness. 3. (kii/ra-to/r¥-dl), adj. — cu-ra/tor-ship, 7. That which is curious, or fitted to excite attention.

curb (kfirb), x.

[F. cowrbe curve, curved piece of wood or

iron, fr, courbe crooked, curved, fr. L. curvus.] SA chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, used for restraint by drawing against the lower jaw of

the horse.

2. That which restrains or subdues; a check.

An enclosing frame, border, or edging. 4. A raised edge or margin, or a wall, casing, or the like, to strengthen

or confine something.

5 Also, esp. Brit., kerb (kirb).

cu/ri-ous (ki/ri-tis), adj. [OF. curios, curtus, fr. L. curtosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cwra care.] 1. Obs. Taking pains; markedly careful. 2. Exhibiting care or nicety; —

now restricted to actions, inquiries, etc., but formerly of anything regarded as exquisite or choice, as food, clothing,

etc.

Careful or anxious to learn; habitually inquisi-

rare.

9. Collog. Extraordinary or eccentric; odd. — cu/-

tive; prying.

4. Exciting attention or inquiry; strange;

A vertical member along the edge of a street to form part

ri-ous-ly, adv. — cu’ri-ous-ness, 7.

closing hours of a near-by exchange, or one trading in secu-

ing. one.

ofa gutter.

6. Stock Hxch. A market conducted after the

rities not listed on the exchange. Originally such trading was done on the street or sidewalk, but is now usually done in a building; — called also curb, or outside, market.

—v.t. 1. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb. 2. [From curs, n.] To furnish witha curb, asa sidewalk. curb bit. A stiff bit having branches by which a leverage is

obtained upon the jaws of a horse. See Bit, Illust. wae bing), n. Severe baaterin’ forming a curb. curb roof. roof having a double slope.

curb/stone/ Ceirb/ston/), 1.

Also kerb’-

ZS

="

Stone’. A stone set along a margin asa / limit and protection.

curch (kfirch), n. Scot. A kerchief. cur-cu/li-o (kfir-ki/lY-5), n.; pl. -LIos (-6z). [L., a grain weevil.] Any snout Curb Roof. beetle, esp. one which injures fruit, as the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar).

cur/cu-ma (kfir’ki-md),n. [NL.,fr. Ar. kurkum.] Bot. A plant of a genus (Curcwma, family Zingiberaceae) of Old World tropical herbs. The roots of some species yield starch.

One species (C. longa) is the turmeric.

curd (kfird),n.

[ME. curd, crud, crod.]

The coagulated

or thickened part of milk, as distinguished from the whey, or watery part. —v.t.&7. Also, Dial. & Poetic, crud.

To coagulate or thicken; to curdle. ‘ cur’dle (kfir’d’l), v. t. & 7.; cur/pLED (-d’ld); cuRr/pDLING (-dling). {From curp.] To change into curd; coagulate;

thicken. curd’y (kfir’di), adj. Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. cure (kir; 114), n. [OF., care, fr. L. cwra care, medical

attendance, cure.] 1. Spiritual charge; care of souls; hence, accuracy. 2. A method of medical treatment. 3.

Act of healing, or state of being healed. removal of disease or evil;a remedy.

Means of the

5. Process or method

of curing, as of fish, pork, etc. —v.t. store to health, soundness, or sanity.

1. To heal; to re2. To subdue or

remove by remedial means; remedy; heal.

for keeping or use; to preserve,

as, to cure fish.

—v.7%.

1.

3. To prepare

as by drying, salting,

etc.;

To restore health; to effect_a

cure. 2. To be or become cured; as, the hay is curing in the sun. — cure/less, adj. — cur’er, n. Syn. Cure, heal, remedy, Cure and heal, in their literary senses,

apply to both wounds and diseases, and are often interchanged. In modern usage, however, cure is oftener applied to the restoration to health after disease; heal, to the restoration to soundness after a wound or lesion. Remedy is of broader application, and refers to the counteraction of evil of any sort; as, to remedy an abuse, an error.

cu-ré’ (ku-ra’; F. kii/ra’), n. [I.] A parish priest. cure’—all’, n. A remedy for all diseases or ills; panacea. cu-ret’/tage (kt-rét/ij; ki/ré-tizh’),n. [CF.] Surg. Scraping or cleaning by means of a curette. cu-rette’ (ki-rét’), m. ([F., fr. cwrer tocleanse.] Surg. A

scoop for removing foreign bodies, growths, etc., from the

walls ofacavity. —v.t. Surg. To scrape with’a curette. cur’few (kfir’/fi),n._ [OF. cwevrefu, covrefeu, fr. covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] A regulation direct-

ing that fires be covered or extinguished at a fixed hour in the evening, when a bell was rung, in force in the Middle

Ages; also, the ringing of the bell, or the bell itself; hence,

the ringing of a bell as a signal, as for children to retire from the streets. |jcu/ri-a (ki/ri-a), n.; pl. curtar (-€). _[L., in sense 1, in ML., court.]

Rom. Antiq.

aA political subdivision of

a tribe in early Rome. b The place of assembly of one of these divisions. ¢ The senate house. 2. Formerly, in England,

any court held in the king’s name.

In full, Cu/ri-a Ro-ma/na (rd-ma’nd).

3. [cap.]

The body of con-

gregations, tribunals, and offices through which the Pope

governs the Roman Catholic Church. — cu/ri-al, adj. cu/rie (ki/re; kt-ré’), n. [After Mme. Marie Curie,

Syn.

Inquiring, meddling, intrusive. — Curious, inquisitive, pryCurious implies desire to learn (esp.) what does not concern Inquisitive suggests habitual and impertinent curiosity; pry-

ing, officious or meddling inquisitiveness. — AM.

curl

(kfrl), v.t.

curly.]

& 7.

(ME. curlen,

Incurious.

crullen,

fr. crul

1. To twist or form into ringlets, as the hair.

2. Obs. To deck with or as if with curls.

‘To form into

acurved shape; to coil. — 7. 1. A lock of hair that curves spirally; ringlet.. 2. A spiral or winding form, as of smoke; a coil. 3. Action of curling,

or state of being curled.

Plant Pathol.

4.

Any abnormal

curling of leaves. curler (kfir/lér), n. 1. One who or that which curls. 2.

A player at the game called curling.

cur/lew (kfir/li), n.

See pLvRAL, Note, 3. COF. corlieu, courlis (F. courlieu).] Any of a number of large, brownish

birds

(family

having

paces ill.

Scolopacidae)

long legs and a long.

downwardly

curved

curl/i-cue (kar/li-kii), n. Also curl’y-cue.

European

Curlew (Numentus

mr paeres pico

Something fancifully curled or spiral, as a

flourish in writing.

curling (kfir/ling),n. eon mark.

game

in

1. Act or state of that which curls.

which

stones

(curling

are hurled along ice toward a

curling iron.

An instrument for curling

or waving the hair; — called also curling irons

or tongs.

curly (kfir/li), adj.; curt/1-ER (-li-@r); -1-EST.

=

f Siew Gas HS

(Mf

HAMM

‘ggearernecass :

Curling Stone.

1, Curling or tending to curl; having curls.

2.

Of the grain of lumber, having fibers that undulate with-

out crossing; also, having such grain; as, curly maple. —

curl/i-ly, adv. — curl/i-ness, n. cur-mudg’eon (kér-miij’tin), n. An avaricious, grasping fellow; niggard; churl. — cur-mudg’eon-ly, adj. curn (ktrn), 2. Scot. A grain; a corn; a small number. curr (ktir), v.7. To make a murmuring sound, as doves. cur’rach, cur’/ragh (ktir’ax;-d),n. Alsocur/agh. [Ir. & Gael. curach.] Ir. & Scot. A coracle. cur/ra-jong, cur’ri-jong. Vars. of KURRAJONG.

cur’rant (ktir’ant), n. Corinth,

currants

(CF. raisins de Corinthe, raisins of

(in sense

1), fr. Corinth

in Greece,

whence, probably, the raisins were first imported, the Ribes fruit receiving the name from its resemblance to these raisins.]

1. A small seedless raisin, grown chiefly

in the Levant.

2. The acid berry of several of a genus

(Ribes, family Grossulariaceae) of shrubs, used chiefly for

jelly and jam; also, the plant which bears this fruit. cur/ren-cy (kfir/é@n-si; 117), n.; pl. -cres (-siz). 1. Obs.

Continuous flowing; flow, 2. State of being current; general acceptance or reception; circulation, as of bank notes. 3. That which is in circulation as a medium of exchange,

including coin, government notes, and bank notes.

cur’rent (-ént), adj. [OF. corant, curant, pres. part. of corre to run, fr. L. currere.] 1. Archaic. Running; moving;

flowing.

, Passing from person to person, or

from hand to hand; circulating; as, a current coin. 3. In general use or knowledge; prevalent; also, generally accepted; in vogue. 4. Obs. Genuine; not counterfeit. 5. Now passing, as time, or belonging to the present time or season;,.as, the current month. Open or running, as a

business account. — Syn. See PREVAILING. — Ant. Dis-

used.

—n.

1. A flowing

or passing;

onward

hence, a stream, esp. the swiftest_part of it. course; movement or tendency.

3. Hlec.

motion;

Genera]

A movement of

of radium

electricity analogous to the flow of a stream of water; also,

Cu-rie’s’ law (kii-réz’). [After Pierre Curie, French chemist.]. Physical Chem. The law that the magnetic suscep-

rent-ly, adv. — cur’rent-ness, n. cur’ri-cle (kfir/i-k’h, n.. [L. curriculum a race course, chan! A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses

chemist.]

Physical

Chem.

emanation, being the amount gram of radium.

tibility of a paramagnetic

Ale, chaotic, cAre, Add, sharity; Gld, Gbey, Grb,

A unit of mass

in equilibrium with one

substance is inversely propor-

the rate of such movement. — Syn. See STREAM. — cur’-

abreast.

dccount, Arm, ask, sofa; €ve, Gdd, séft, cdnnect; food, foGt;

hére (27), event, €nd, silént, makér; ice, YIl, out, oil; cube, Unite, Urn, tip, circés, meni;

curricular

249

cur-ric/u-lum (kt.rfk/i-ltim), n.; pl. -Lums (-liimz), -LA (-la). (L.,a running, racecourse, fr. curreretorun.] aA course of study, as in a college. b The whole body of courses offered in an educational institution, or by a department thereof; —the usual sense. — cur-ric/u-lar (-lér), adj. cur/ri-er (kfir/i-€r; 117), n. (OF. corier, fr. L. coriarius,

fr. corium leather.]|

One who curries and dresses leather

after it is tanned; also, one who curries a horse.

cur’ri-er-y (-1), n. .The trade of a currier of leather, or the place where currying is done. cur’rish (kfir/ish), adj. Pertaining to, or like, a cur; snarl-

ing; also, base; ignoble. — cur’rish-ly, adv. cur’ry (ktir’l; 117), v. t.; CUR’RIED (-id); cur’/Ry-Inc. [OF. conreer, correer, to prepare, furnish, curry a horse), fr. cor--+ roi, rei, arrangement, order.] 1. To dress the hair or coat of (a horse, ox, etc.) withacurrycomb. 2. To dress or prepare (leather) by scraping, cleansing, stuffing, beating, smoothing, and coloring. 3. To beat or bruise; to drub. — curry favor. To seek to gain favor, as by flattery. cur’ry, n.; pl. curries (-Iz). Alsocur’rie. [Tamil kari.] Cookery. a Also curry powder. A highly spiced condiment introduced from India. b Astew cooked with curry. —v.t. To flavor or cook with curry. cur/ry-comb’ (-kom’), m. A metal-toothed comb for currying horses. — cur/ry-comb’, v. t.

curse (kfrs), n.

[AS. curs.]

1. A prayer or invocation

for harm or injury to come upon one; an imprecation; oath. 2. That which is cursed or accursed. 3. Evil that comes

as if in response to imprecation, or as retribution. cause of great harm or misfortune; torment.

4. The

Syn. Curse, imprecation, execration, malediction, oath; anathema,ban. Curse implies desire or threat of evil, declared solemnly or upon oath. Imprecation denotes an invocation of evil or calamity; execration, an expression of intense hatred or utter detestation, Malediction is a more general term for bitter reproach or proclamation of evil against someone. Oath, as here compared, denotes a blasphemous calling to witness of God or sacred things. Anathema is specifically the solemn curse of the church; in ordinary usage it has been weakened to a synonym for imprecation. Ban implies a formal proclamation of outlawry or excommunication. Curse,

imprecation, execration, and oath are frequently used to describe profane swearing. — Amt. Blessing, benediction.

— v. t.; CURSED (kiirst) or cursT; curs/ING.

[AS. cursian.]

1. To call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; now, usually, to execrate; to swear at. 2. To

use profanely insolent language against; to blaspheme.

3.

To bring great evil upon; to afflict; to harass or torment. —v.i. To utter imprecations; to swear.

curs/ed

(kfir’séd; -s¥d; kfirst), adj.

1. Being under a

curse; damned. Deserving a curse; wicked; hateful. 3. Now Chiefly Dial. Of a vicious disposition; cantanker-

ous. — curs/ed-ly, adv. — curs/ed-ness, n. curs/ing (kfir’sing), n. Act of one who curses. — Syn. See BLASPHEMY. See coursE.] cur’sive (k{ir’siv), adj. (ML. cursivus. Coursing; running; of writing, flowing; formed with strokes joined and angles often rounded. —-n. 1. A char-

acter used in cursive writing. resembling handwriting.

cur-so/ri-al

running.

2. Print.

A kind of type

See type. — cur’sive-ly, adv.

(ktir-so’ri-dl;

:

cur’so-ry (kfir’sé-rl), adj.

70),

adj.

Zool.

Adapted

to

(IL. cursorius, fr. cursor a run-

ner.] Rapidly, often superficially, performed; passing hurriedly over or through something which invites exhaustive treatment. — cur’so-ri-ly, adv. — cur’so-ri-ness, n. Syn. Hasty, passing; unmethodical, rambling, roving. — Cursory, desultory, discursive. Cursory implies hasty, often superficial, running over a subject. Desultory implies a disconnected or aimless leaping or passing from one thing to another; as, desultory studies. Discursive suggests a ranging or rambling, sometimes digressively, over a wide field. — Amt. Thorough, exhaustive.

Hence: adj. (kfirst), past & past part. of CURSE. Cursed. curt (kfrt), adj. [L. curtus.] 1. Short; as, limbs crooked and curt. 2. Short in language; brief; esp., rudely concise. — Syn. See BLUFF, CONCISE. — curt/ly, curst

adv. — curt/ness, n.

cur-tail’ (kfr-tal’; adj.; by popular end, or any part, — cur-tail/er, n. cur/tain (kfr’tin;

formerly kOr/tal), v. ¢. [From curtat, etym. assoc. with tail.] To cut off the of; hence,to shorten; abridge; diminish. — cur-tail/ment, n. -t’n), n. [OF. curtine, cortine, fr. LL.

custodial

cur’tal (kfr’tal; -t’l), or cur’tle (-t’l), ax. Archaic. lass; — a corrupted

form.

cur’te-sy (kfir’té-st), n.; pl. -stes (-s{z). Law.

Cut-

[See courTEsy,]

The life estate or the tenure which a husband has in

the landsof his deceased wife, which takes effect where he

has had issue by her capable of inheriting the lands; —

called in full, esp. formerly, curtesy of England or (in Scots law) of Scotland. cur’ti-lage (kfir’ti-lfj), n. [From OF., fr. cortil, courtil, courtyard, fr. stem of L. cors court.] A yard within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. curt/sy, curt’sey (kfrt’sY), n.; pl. -stes, -SEys (-siz). A variant of COURTESY, now chiefly: An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made esp. by women, consisting of a slight

dropping of the body, with bending of the knees. — v. t.

& 1.; -SIED, -SEYED (-sid); -SY-ING, -SEY-ING. curtsy (to); — now only of women.

To make a

cu/rule (kii/rd0l), adj. ([L. eurwlis.] 1. Designating a form of seat, like a campstool with curved legs, appropriated in ancient Rome to the use of the highest dignitaries. 2 BGS ES to sit in a curule chair; hence, of the highest rank.

cur’va-ture (kfir’vd-tiir), n. Act of curving, or state of being curved; a curving or bending; esp., Anat. & Med., ab-

normal curving; as, curvature of the spine. curve (kfirv), adj. (L. curvus bent, curved.]

Curved.

—n. [See curvE, adj., curB.] 1. A bending without angles; a flexure. 2. Something curved, asa line, a curved ruler, etc. 3. Baseball. A ball so thrown that its course is

a curve different from that ordinarily caused by the force of gravity acting on a projectile; also, the deflection from the

ordinary course., 4. Math. Analytically, a line or lines that may be precisely defined by an equation or equations.

Geometrically, a curve is the intersection of two surfaces, or

the path of a moving point, or the envelope of a moving line. —v. ¢. €7. To bend; tocrook; to swerve froma plane

projectile path. — curv’ed-ness, n. cur’vet (kfir/vét), n. [Earlier corvetto, fr. It. corvetta, dim. fr. L. curvus,adj.] Acertain prancing leap of a horse, cur-vet’ (kfir-vét’; kfir’vét), v. 7.; CUR*-VET/TED or CUR/VETED; -VET/TING or -VET-ING. a To make a curvet; to leap; bound. b To frisk; frolic. —v.t. To cause to curvet. cur’vi- (kfir’vi-). [L. curvus.J A combining form meaning curved, bent, as in curvilinear; — esp. in Bot. & Zool. cur’vi-lin’e-ar (kfir/vi-lin’é-ér), cur/vi-lin’e-al (-dl), adj. Consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines. cu’sec (ki/sék), n. [euwbic -+- second.J Acubic foot per second.

Cush (ktish), n.

Bib.

The eldest son of, Ham; also, the

“land of Cush,” usually identified as Ethiopia. cush/at (ktish’dt; kddsh’/dt), n. [AS.cusceote.] dove or wood pigeon of Europe.

cu-shaw’ squash

(kii-shd’), n.

The ring-

A variety of crookneck

(Cucurbita moschata).

cushion (k00sh/tin; -In), n.

winter

[OF. cossin, coissin, deriv.

of L. culcita cushion.] _1. A soft pillow or pad to rest on or against. 2. Something madeor shaped like a cushion, as a small pillow used in lacemaking.

3. Something serv-

ing as a pad, shock absorber, etc.; as: a The elastic lining on

the rim of the inner partof a billiard table.

b Mach.

An

elastic medium, as of air or steam, for reducing. shock. —v.t. 1. Toseat or place onorasifonacushion. 2. To furnish with cushions. To conceal, as if under a cush-

ion. Mach. To check gradually so as to minimize shock; as, to cushion a piston by leaving some steam in the

cylinder after exhaust.

cusk (ktisk), n.; pl. cuSK or cuSKS (ktisks). a A large edible marine fish (Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod. b The burbot (Lota maculosa). cusp (kiisp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] A pointed end; apex; peak; esp., a pointed end, part, or projection formed by converging curves; as, the cusps of a crescent or of a tooth’s crown. —cusp/al (kts’/pél), adj. cus’pate (kiis’/pat), cus’pat-ed (-pat-éd; -{d), adj. Also cusped (kuspt). Having a cusp or cusps; cusp-shaped.

cus’pid (kiis’pid), n.

[See cusp.]

Anat. A canine tooth.

cus’pi-dal (-pi-ddal), adj. Like, or of the nature of, a cusp; also, pertaining to, or furnished with, a cusp.

cus’pi-date (-dat), cus’pi-dat’ed (-dat’éd; -id), adj. _[L. cuspidatus pointed.]

Having a cusp or cusps; terminat-

ing in a point; as, a cwspidate leaf.

— cus’pi-da/tion, n.

cortina curtain.} 1. A hanging screen, usually admitting of being drawn back or up at pleasure; esp., drapery of

cus/pi-dor (ktis’pi-dér), n. [Pg. cuspideira, fr. cuspir to spit, fr. L. conspuere.] A spittoon. cuss (ktis),. [Fromcursr.] Collog. 1. Acurse. 2. A

—v.t. To furnish with curtains. curtain call. A call to return to the stage, at the end of a scene, act, or play, to acknowledge plaudits.

v.t. &%. Collog. To curse. cussed (ktis’éd; -Id), adj. Collog. Cursed. — -ed-ly, adv. cuss’ed-ness (-nés; -nis), m. Perversity; obstinacy. cus/tard (ktis’térd), n. [From (assumed) OF. coustarde,

cloth or lace at a window. Arch. That part of a wall between two pavilions, towers, etc. 3. Fort. That part of a bastioned front connecting two neighboring bastions.

curtain lecture.

A censorious lecture by a wife to her hus-

queer fellow, animal, or thing; —

fr. Pr. deriv. of L. erusta.]

often humorously.

A cooked sweetened mixture

band within the bed curtains, or in bed. curtain raiser. Theat. A short piece, usually of one scene with few characters, used to open a performance. cur’tal (kQr’tdl; -’l), adj. LF. courtault, courtaud, fr. court short, fr. L. curtus.] Obs. Short; curtailed; curt; brief. —m. Obs. Anything cut short.

of milk and eggs. custard apple. 1..a A small West Indian tree (Annona reticulata); also, its fruit. b The sweetsop (Annona pedi 2. The North American papaw Asimina

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natitire, verdtire (118);

K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

triloba.

cus-to’di-al (ktis-to’di-dl), adj.

Relating to guardianship.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

safekeeping;

specif., as to persons, imprisonment;

as to

things, charge. cus’tom (kts/tt%m),n. [OF. custume, costume, fr. consuetudo, -dinis, i consuescere to accustom, eriv. es con- + suere to be accustomed. ] . A habitual or usual course of action; usage or practice. 2. The whole body of usages or practices which regulate social life; generally accepted conventions. %3. Law. Long- established practice considered

as unwritten

law.

4. Money,

services,

etc.,

rendered by a feudal tenant to his lord as due; ake, the obligation to give or the right to receive this. 5. pl. "Duties, tolls, or imposts imposed on imports or (now rarely) exports. 6. Habitual buying of goods; frequent patronage; aie customers, collectively. — Syn. See HABIT. — adj. Made or done to order; as, custom clothes. 2. Manu-

facturing,or dealing in, things made to order; as, a custom ailor cus/tom.a-ble (-d-b’l), adi. Subject to customs; dutiable. cus/tom. nga (-€r/l; -Er-¥; adj. 1. Agreeing with, or established by, custom; eer, by common, usa ees*habitual. Law. a Liable or subject to, or holding by payment of, BE: or dues; as, customary tenure. b Holding, or held by, or owing its validity as law to, custom; as, customary

service. —

Syn.

See USUAL.

cuttingly

250

custodian

cus-to/di-an (ktis-to’di-dn), n. One who has custody, as of a public building; a keeper. — cus-to/di-an-ship’, 7. cus/to-dy (ktis’td-di), m.; pl.-Tropies (-diz). ([L. custodia, fr. custos guard.] A keeping or guarding; also,t the state of being guarded or watched. 2. Judicial or penal

—n.;

pl. ‘Es

(iz). A book or body of customary laws, as of a manor or istrict. — cus/tom-ar’i-ly, adv. — cus/tom-ar’i-ness, 7. cus/tom-er (ktis/ttim-ér), n. [A doublet of customary,

a A stroke or blow with a knife edge, whiplash, etc.; the

injury thus inflicted. bA reduction; an elimination; also, a lowering; as, a cuéin salary. C¢ An absence, as from class. d In sports, the cutting of a ball; also, the resulting spin. 7. A severed part or portion; a division or segment; specif., in butchering, often, a part “of an animal, whether severed from the Cuts of Beef body or not, which forms a natural or 1 Hind Shank (K customary segment.

8. An

Knuckle).

engraved

block or plate for printing; the impression from such

an engraving; as, a book illustrated with fine cuts. cu: ta/ne-sous

(ku-

ta’né-t%s),

adj.

(ML. cutaneus, fr. L. cutis skin.] or pertaining to the

2 Round (7 Heel

of Round). 3 Rump. 4 4 Loin_End (Sir-

loin Steaks). 5 Short Loin (C Club Steaks, P Porterhouse

Steaks)

6 Flank.

7 Rib (SR Short Ribs ) 8 Chuck

cut/a.way’

wi/),-ae

(ktit’a-

waistline to tails. ,

note

A 40 Foreshank (SC

coat with skirts tapering from front

cutch

Chuck Rib, and T Top Chuck

elu full,

cutaway coat.

(B Bot-

tom Chuck, CR

skin; existing on, or affecting, the skin.

n.

Shoulder Clod). 11 Brisket.

12 Plate (SR Short Ribs).

Catechu. adj.] 1. One who gives his custom to a particular store or cut-cher/ry (kii-chér’7), GAS ee *y (ktich’ér-¥),2 (Hind. kacahri.) India. A place for judicial or Sasanistrative business house; a patron. 2. A person with reference to business, as a courthouse, an office, or the like. one’s dealings with him; as, a queer customer. (From acute.J__ Collog. 1. Clever; cus’tom-house’ (- hous’), n. The building where customs cute (kit), adj. shrewd. 2. Attractive by reason of daintiness or picturand duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. esqueness, as a child. — cute/ly, adv. — cute/ness, n. ||cus’tos (kts’t6s), n.; pl. -TODES (ktis-t0’déz). [L., guard, cut glass. Glass shaped or ornamented by cutting, or keeper.] Custodian. Flint glass is generally used. cus/tu-mal (kiis’tti-mdl), adj. Oforpert. to the customs ofa grinding, and polishing. cut/—grass’, m.. Any grass haying the edges of the leat manor, city, etc., or to customs duties. —-7. A customary. blade beset with minute hooked prickles. cut (kit), n. [Origin obscure.] One of several pieces, as of cu/ti-cle (ki/ti-k’l), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of quis skin. straw, paper, or wood, used in drawing lots. Askin or membtane; in the higher animals and man, the cut (kit), U; bi CUT; CUI TING. (ME. cutten, kitten, ketepic Ens. 2. Dead or hardened skin such as that around ten] LV. To penetrate so as to cleave or gash; as, the scisthe base and sides of a fingernail or toenail. 3. Bot. sors cut wire. To sever, gash, incise, divide into parts, very thin detachable skin covering a plant. — cu-tic/u-lar etc., with or as with an edged instrument; as, to cut bread: (ku-trk/u-lér), adj. 3. Specif.:a Totarve. b To fell; hew. ¢ To mow; reap. [L. cutis skin, outside.] Biochem. A Totrim; pare. 4. Tomake less by or as if by removing a cu/tin (ki/tin), n. mixture of waxes, fatty acids, soaps, etc., that forms the part; to teduce, shorten, ase, or the like; as, to cut chief ingredient of the cuticle ‘of many plants. prices; to cut liquor. 5. To form, shape, or adorn by cutting; as, to cut a eee or a garment. To intersect; cu’tin-ize (ki/ti-niz),v.¢. @ 7%. To change into cutin; form cross, ag lines. 7. a Tostrike sharply, as with a whip. a cuticle. — cu’tin-i- za/tion, n. To wound the sensibilities of; as, sarcasm cuts him to the cutis (ku/tis),n. Also |cw'tis ve/ra (vé/ra). [L.] Anat. quick. 8. Collog. a To refuse to recognize (an acquainthe corium, or deeper layer of the skin. PD) ance). bh To absent oneself from (a class). ¢ To perform; cut/lass (ktit/las), n. Also cut/las. ([F. coutelas, & execute; hence, cut a caper, figure, etc., to be conspicufr; Pr., fr. L: cultellus small knife, fr. culéer knife.] | ous. 9. To divide or separate (a deck of éards) by removA short, heavy, curving sword, used by sailors on & ing cards from the top; also, to draw (a card) from a deck. war vessels. 10. Sports. To strike (a ball) with a bat, racket, or the cut/ler (ktt/lér), n. (CF. coutelier Ls, £5. ihe like, or with a driven or bowled ball, so as to deflect it or, cultellus. See currass.] One inemakes, deals usually, to put a spin upon it. in, or repairs, cutlery. —v.%. 1. To do the work of cleaving, gashing, severing, cut/ler- *y (-1), n. 1. The business of a.cutler. 2. etc.; as, the knife cuts well. To admit of incision or Edged or cutting instruments; esp., knives. severance; 2 cheese-cuts easily. 3. To use a cutting inCF. cételette, prop., little strument. To pierce the gum in growing; — said of eat (ktit/lét; -lit), n. b, dim. of céte rib, ‘fr. L. costa.] A small piece of teeth. 5, To move, Dass, or gO quickly, by a short route, ee as of veal, cut from the leg or ribs, for broiling or as by breaking one’s way; as, to cut across a field. 6. or frying; also, a croquette shaped like a cutlet. To perform the operation of cutting something or to pro1. A passage, road, etc., produce the effect of cutting a person or thing; as, to cut in cut’ off’ (kut/St), n. viding a short cut. 2. Engin. The act of shutting playing tennis; remarks that cut; to cut for a deal. off the working fluid, as steam, from an engine cylcut.a tooth or one’s teeth. To have a tooth, or teeth, inder; also, the point at which this occurs or the Cutcut its way through the gum. — eut back. a To shorten lass. mechanism for effecting it. 3. A channel formed by cutting off the end or ends; as, to cut backaplant. b To through the neck of an oxbow; the water thus cut off. interrupt the sequence of a plot by introducing events prior to those last presented. ¢ Amer. Football. To change di- cut/out/ (-out’), n._ 1. Elec. ‘A device, as a switch, circuit breaker, valve or clutch, for interrupting or closing a conrection suddenly to a course more or less diagonally opponection. 2. A valve in the exhaust pipe of an internalsite. — cut off. a To put or briing to an end, esp. premacombustion engine through which the exhaust gases may turely. b To interrupt; also, to intercept. c To disinpass directly into fe air. herit. — cutout. a To fit as if by design or natural intention; — usually in the passive; as, he is not cwt out to do cut/purse’ (-ptirs’), m. Originally, a thief who cuts purses from girdles; Bence a pickpocket: bea work. b To scheme; contrive; prepare; as, to cut out a place for oe ¢ Tostep in and take the place of; sup- cut/ter (ktit/ér), n. 1. One who or that which cuts. 2. A one-horse sleigh. 3. Naut. a A broad square-sterned boat plant. d To debar. e To move, esp. sharply or without for carrying stores and passengers, used by ships of war. warning, to one side or the other out of a moving line, as of b A fore-and-aft-rigged vessel with one mast and a jib and traffic. £Collog. To eliminate; hence, Slang, to stop forestaysail. Cf. stoop. ¢ U.S. A small armed vessel in doing, tent etc. the coast guard, formerly known as revenue cutter. — adj. That has been subjected to the action of cutting; ete a Formed, shaped, or adorned by cutting; as, cut’/throat’ (ktit’throt’), ae One who cuts throats; a murderer; an assassin. — adj. 1. Murderous; hence, destruccut glass. b Castrated. ¢ Reduced, asprices. 2. Slang. tive;ruinous. 2. Designating a game or play, as in poker, ee drunk. 3. Bot. Incised; — gaid of foliage or floral eaves. played by three, each playing for himself. —7. L. A cleft; gash; slit; slash. 2. A notch, passage, or cut/ting (ktit/ing), n 1. Act of a person or thing that Sige made by excayation, or worn by natural action. citse a. Something cut, cut off, or cut out; specif., Hort., A straight or easy passage or course; as, ashort cut. 4. any section of a plant, used for propagation, esp., a stem eee in_which a thing is cut or formed; shape; style; cutting. —adj. Adapted tocut. 2. Chilling; piercfashion. §. An action or expression that hurts the feel: ing. 3. Severe; sarcastic. — Syn. See sHARP. — cut’ings; esp.,aslight. 6. Act or the result of cutting; specif.: ting-ly, adv.

Ale, chaotic, care, Add, chartty; Gld, Obey, Grb,

d@ccount, Arm, ask, sofa; Eve, dd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére (27), vent, out,

;

oil;

Es

cube,

End,

ax

wnite,

silént, makér; tim,

y

Up,

pes

circiés,

ice, Yl, 2

menii;

cuttlebone cut/tle-bone’

(ktit”’l-bon’), n.

used for polishing powder, bird food, etc.

cut’tle-fish/ (-{ish’), n.; pl.,see FISH.

Also cut’tle (kiit”’)).

S. cudele.] _A ten-armed marine mollusk (subclass Dibranchia and class Ceph-

alopoda) differing from a squid in having

a calcified internal shell. cut’ty (ktit/i; koot/l), adj. Short.

—

Scot.

(ktt/l), n.;

pl. -Tres

& Dial.

(-Yz).

Something short, as a spoon or pipe.

n.

A

along

’

caterpillar

:

(esp.

A

noun suffix signifying state, quality, office, rank, occurring chiefly in the compound suffixes -acy, -ancy, -ency, -cracy, -mancy (which see).

cy/an-am/ide (si/iin-am/id, -1d; si-4n/a-mid, -mid), n. Also

-id. [See cyanic; ammDE.] A _ crystalline compound, CN.NHg, obtained by the action of ammonia gas on cyanogen chloride, CNCl, and by other methods. cy’a-nate (si/d-nat), n. A salt or ester of cyanic acid. cy-an/ic (si-an/ik), adj. [Gr, kyanos a dark-blue_substance. ] Pert. to or containing cyanogen. 2. Blue.

cyanic acid. Chem. A strong acid, HOCN, obtained by heating cyanuric acid. cy’a-nide (si’d-nid; -nid), n. Also -nid. A compound of cyanogen with an element or radical; specif., potassium cy-

cyanide, NaCN.

[See cyAnic.]_

—v.t.

To

An aluminum silicate,

Al,SiOs, occurring commonly in blue thin-bladed triclinic crystals and crystalline aggregates. cy’a-no- (si/d-né-), cyan-. [See cyanrc.] A combining form meaning dark-blue ; specif., Chem., denoting the presence of the cyanogen group. cy-an/o-gen (si-in’6-jén), n. [ceyano-+--gen.] 1. A univalent radical, CN, composed of carbon and nitrogen, pres-

ent in hydrocyanic acid and the cyanides.

2. A colorless,

inflammable, poisonous gas, (CN). cy’a-no’sis (si/@-n0/sis), n. [NL. See cyantc.] Also cy’a-nop/a-thy (-ndp’a-thi). A morbid condition in which

the surface of the body becomes blue because of insufficient

aeration of the blood. — cy/a-not/ic (-ndt/ik), adj. cy-an/o-type (si-an’6-tip), n. [Leyano--+~-type.] A blueprint.

cy/a-nu/ric (si/a-nt/rik), adj. [eyan--+ uric.] Pertaining to or designating a white, crystalline acid, cyanuric

acid, C;N;(OH);. Cyb’e-le (sib’é-lé), n. (L., fr. Gr. Kybelé.] The great nature goddess of the ancient peoples of Anatolia; primarily,

a deification of the earth as sustaining and reproducing, secondarily, the nourishing mother of man, giver of the arts

of life, and founder and upholder of cities and nations. cy’cad (si/kid),n. [From Cycas, type genus.] Any cycadaceous plant. 2 cyc/a-da’ceous (sik/a-da/shtis), adj. Belonging to a family (Cycadaceae) of tropical gymnospermous plants, intermediate in appearance between tree ferns and palms. cyc’la-men_ (sik’/la-mén), n.; pl. CYCLAMENS (-ménz). LNL., fr. Gr. kyklaminos, kyklamis.], Any of a genus (Cyclamen) of primulaceous plants having nodding white or pink flowers with reflexed petals. cy’cle (si’/k’l),n. [F.andL.;F.,fr.LL. cyclus, fr. Gr. kyklos ting or circle, cycle.] 1. An interval or space of time in

which is completed one round of events or phenomena that

recur regularly and in the same sequence; as, the cycle of seasons. 2. Hence: a A complete course of operations, returning to the original state; circle; round; circuit.

b An

age; a_long period of time. 3. An orbit in the heavens. 4. a The complete series of poems and romances which have narrated the exploits of a hero and his followers and built up a body of legend about him as a center; as, the Arthurian cycle. .b A group of poems or songs on the same theme. 5. A bicycle, tricycle, or other similar vehicle. 6.

Biol. A series of changes regarded as leading back to its starting point. —v.7?. 1. To pass through a cycle; to

recur in cycles. 2. To ride a cycle. — cy’cler (-klér), n. — cy’cling (-kling), n. cy’cle-car’ (-kir’), n. [motorcycle + car.] _A small, three-wheeled or four-wheeled, motor-driven vehicle.

cy’clic (si’klik; s¥k/l¥k), adj.

1. Of or pertaining to a

chair;

natiire, verdiire (118);

cycle; moving or recurring in cycles; of the nature of a cycle. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, a ring or closed-chain formation. — cy’cli-cal, adj. go;

sing;

then,

thin;

line

in

the

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

plane.

Gee

dal; -d’), adj.

[L. -cia, -tia; Gr. -kia, -keia, -tia, -teia.]

anide, KCN, and sodium treat with a cyanide.

a

_ ee WB

circles. — Cy-Cloi’dal

The common cutworms are larvae of various genera Agrotis) of noctuid moths.

cy’a-nite (-nit),.

ortt

traced by a point on the radius

which at night eats off young plants of Cuttlefish Gepra cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Sicinalis). (44)

-cy (-si)._

It is found in petroleum.

[Gr. kykloeidés circular, fr. kyklos

Acurve

of a circle rolling in a plane

The fore part

fabric is cut away. /

(-wirm’),

(Gr. kyklos a circle] A combining form denoting: a Circular, of a circle or wheel, asincyclorama. bh Chem. A cyclic compound of a (specified) type. cy’clo-graph (-graf; 9), . [eyclo--+-graph.] A camera making a panoramic view of an object’s periphery. cy’clo-hex’ane (-h&k’san), n. [eyclo--+ hexane.] Chem. Asaturated cyclic hydrocarbon, CsHis, regarded as consistcircle+ eidosform.]

cut/work’ (-wiirk’), n. _Openwork embroidery, esp. that in which some of the cut/worm’

One who rides a cycle.

: cy’clo- (si’/kld-; stk’lé-), cycl-.

cy’cloid (si’kloid), n.

offenders, esp. against chastity, sat for public rebuke.

of a ship’s stem.

cy’clist (si’klist), n.

ing of six methylene groups.

cut/ty stool (kiit’y). Scot..a Alowstool. b A seat in old Scottish churches where cut/wa/ter (kit/w6’tér), n.

cylinder

251

The shell of cuttlefishes

\/x

\piZ--

/

in eee UBL BOE

yes

sanei

(si-kloi’-

cy-clom/e-ter (si-klm/é-tér), n. [eyclo- + -meter.] 1. An instrument to measure arcs of circles. 2. A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel, as of a bicycle, and the distance traversed. cy’clone (si/klén), n._ [Irreg. fr. Gr. kyklos circle. See cycLe.] 1. a A wind blowing circularly, esp. in a storm.

b Popularly, a tornado. of winds, often violent where, with abundant eter. It moves with a and is characterized

_2. Meteorol. A storm or system in the tropics and moderate elseprecipitation and a varying diamvelocity of 20 to 30 miles an hour

by winds rotating clockwise in the

Southern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Northern, about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure; a burri-

cane; a typhoon, — cy-clon/ic (si-klon/ik), cy-clon/i-cal, adj. — cy-clon/‘i-cal-ly, adv. Cy’clo-pe/an (si/klé-pé/dn), adj. [L. Cyclopeus. See Cycroprs.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Cyclopes; huge; massive.

cy’clo-pe’di-a, cy’clo-pae/di-a (si/klé-pé/di-d), n._

[NL.,

for earlier encyclopedia, fr. Gr. kyklos circle + paideza the

bringing up of a child, education, deriv. of pazs child.] An encyclopedia. j cy’clo-pe/dic, cy/clo-pae/dic (-pé/dik; -péd’ik), adj. Encyclopedic; hence, of great range,

extent, or amount;

as,

cyclopedic knowledge. — cy’clo-pe’di-cal-ly, adv. cy’clo-pe/dist, cy/clo-pae/dist (-pé/dist), n. A maker of, or writer for, a cyclopedia. Cy’clops (si’kldps), n.; pl. CycLoprs (si-klo’péz). [L., fr. Gr. Kyklops, lit., round-eyed.] Gr. Myth. One of a

race of giants having one eyein the middle of the forehead,

fabled to inhabit Sicily, and, in later tradition, said to assist in the workshops of Hephaestus (Vulcan), under Mt. Etna. According to Homer they were shepherds. cy’clo-ra’ma (si/klé-ra/md; -rim’d), n. [eyclo- + Gr. horama sight, spectacle.) a A large pictorial representa-

tion encircling the spectator and often having real objects as a foreground. b The curved cloth or wall forming the

back of many modern stage settings. — cy/clo-ram/ic (-ram/{k), adj. : cy-clos/to-mate (si-klds’td-mat), adj, Also cy/clo-stom/a-tous (si/klé-stdm/4a-ttis; -sto’ma-tts; sik/l6-). Zool. a Having a circular mouth. b Cyclostome. cy’clo-stome (si/klé-st6m; sik/lé-), adj. [eyclo- + Gr. stoma, -atos, mouth.] Of or pertaining to the lowest class (Cyclostomata) of craniate vertebrates, comprising the lampreys and hagfishes, with eellike bodies and large sucking mouths. —z. A cyclostome animal.

cy’clo-style (-stil), x.

[eyclo-+ style a pen.]

A kind of

manifolding apparatus, the stencil for which is made by a puncturing wheel on the pen. cy’clo-thy’mi-a (-thi’/mi-a),. [NL., fr. eyclo- + Gr. thymos spirit.]

Psychopathol.

A temperament characterized

by alternation of lively and depressed moods. — cy’clo-

thy’mic (-mik), adj. & n. cyg’net (sig/nét; -nit), n. [Dim. of F. cygne swan, fr. L., fr. Gr. kyknos.] A young swan. Cyg/nus (sig/niis), n. ; yenitive Cyoni (-ni)._ [L., a swan.] A northern constellation between Lyra and Pegasus, in the Milky Way. x ; cyl/in-der (sil’/in-dér), n._ LF. cylindre, fr. L., fr. Gr. kylindros, fr. kylindein to roll.]

1. Geom. a The surface traced by one side of a rectangle rotated round the parallel side as axis. b The volume generated by a rectangle so rotated. 2. Any body of cylindrical

form;

as:

a The

breech of a revolver.

turning

chambered

b ‘The barrel of a

pump or of various farm implements; as, a threshing-machine cylinder.

cA cylindri-

cal vessel or container. d Archaeol. Acy: lindricalstoneseal, engravedinintaglioto be Oyjnder 4 impressed by a rolling motion; also, a cylin“¥Ineer 13 drical clay object inscribed with cuneiform inscriptions. e Mach. The piston chamber in an engine.. £Print. (1)

On a flat-bed press, the revolving platen

theimpression. (2) designed to receive plates, etc. -—v.t. ject to the action of K = ch

in G. ich,

which produces

Ona rotary press, any of various parts the impression, carry the printing To furnish with a cylinder, or to suba cylinder.

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

dri-cal/i-ty

(-kl/7-ti), n. — cy-lin/dri-cal-ly, adv.

cyl’in-droid (sil’in-droid), n.. (Gr. kylindros cylinder + -oid.] Math. A cylinder with elliptic right sections. cy/lix

(si/liks; siV’iks), ky/lix (ki/liks; kiV/iks), n.; pl.

CYLICES _(sil/I-s€z), KYLIKES (kil’ikez), [Gr. kylix.] Gr. & Kom. Antig. A drinking cup shaped as in the Idlust.

cy’ma

rch. A member or molding of the

5

cy-mar’ (si-rnir’), n. [F.simarre.] ment worn by women.

A loose robe or gar-

(rék’ta) is hollow and the ||cy’ma re-ver’sa (ré-viir/sa) swelling in the projecting part.’ See MoLpINc, Illust.

cy-ma/ti-um (si-ma/shi-tim), -ti-on (-Gn), n. ;pl. -TIA (-d). L. eymatium, fr. Gr. kymation, dim, 0 kyma wave.) A capping or crowning also, a

cyma. cym/bal (sim’bél), n. [From_AS. cymal and OF. cymbale, both fr. L. cymbalum, tr. Gr. kymbalon,fr.kymbé, kymbos, hollow vessel.] One of a pair of brass

Cymbals.

cyme, wave.] Bot. a Any form of inflorescence in which the main and secondary axes always terminate in a sin- ‘ gle flower. b Strictly, any flower cluster of this type containing many flow-

Cyp’ri-ote (sip/ri-ot), -ot (-6t), adj. & n. from Cyprus, Gaz.

[ceyma-+ -graph.]

Elec.

the presence of electric waves.

wave

Any device for detecting

LL. eymosus full of shoots.

;

;

ym/ry (kim/ri), Kym/ry, n.; pl. -RY, -R1ps (-riz). 5 pl.] ‘The Welsh, collectively. ; cynic (sin’ik), n.. [See cynic, adj.] 1. [cap.] Philos.

One of a Greek school of philosophers who taught that virtue is the only good, and that its essence lies in self-control and independence. Later Cynics were violent critics of social customs and current, philosophies. | 2. Hence, a

snarler; a misanthrope; specif., one who believes that hu-

man conduct is motivated wholly by self-interest.

cyn/ic, adj. [See cynicat.] 1. [cap.] Of, pert. to, or resembling, the doctrines of the Cynics. 2. Pert. to the Dog Star. cyn/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj. [L. cynicus of the sect of Cynics, fr. Gr. kynikos, prop., doglike, fr. kyon, kynos, dog.] Snarling; captious; currish. 2. Having the attitude or

temper of a cynic; contemptuously distrustful of human nature. — cyn/i-cal-ly, adv. — cyn/i-cal-ness, n.

Syn. Cynical, misanthropic, pessimistic. Cynical implies a sneering disbelief in sincerity and rectitude; misanthropic, a rooted dislike of men and aversion to society; pessimistic, a distrustful and gloomy view of things.

cyn/i-cism (sin/?-siz’m), n. _1. [cap.] The doctrine of the Cynics. 2. Characteristic temper or views of a cynic;

also, an instance or expression of such temper or views. cy’no-sure (si’/né-shoor; sin’6-; -zhoor), n. [F.and L.; F., r. L. Cynosura the constellation Cynosure, fr. Gr, kynos-

oura dog’s tail, fr. kyon, kynos, dog + oura tail.) 1. {cap.] The northern constellation Ursa Minor; also, the North Star. 2. A center of attraction. S

chaotic,

charity;

X,

Old,

care,

add,

Obey,

Orb,

=

@ccount,

we,

o

arm, y

pselé hollow vessel.]

An achene with two carpels and aA

ne is the ease cyst (sist), n.

i

Sd oe (sim/rik; kYm/rik), Kym/ric (kim/-), adj. _[W. ymru Wales.]_ Of, pert. to, or designating, the Celtic population of Wales or their speech, or peoples speaking Celtic of the same branch as Welsh; Brythonic. —n. The eraue language. Kyin : rw

file,

stemmed orchids, including the lady’s-slippers. ey nine Gp) Var. of Ist CYPRESS. c cyp’se-la (sip/sé-ld), n.; pl. -LAr (-lé). [NL., fr. Gr. ky-

+ -phane.]

ee cyME.] Bot. Of the nature of, or derived from, a cyme; See bearing, or pert. to, a cyme; as, cymose inflorescence.

INFLORESCENCE, Just.

[NL., lady’s-slip-

adherent calyx tube, as in carduaceous plants. Cy-ril/lic (si-ri/ik), adj. Pertaining to or designating the

Chrysoberyl, esp. an opalescent variety.

Crmone (si’mos; siemos’), adj.

n.

a An instru-

ment for making tracings of the contour of profiles, moldings, etc. b Var. of kyMocrapPH. — -graph/ic (-graf/ik), adj. (-skop), 7.

(sip/ri-pé’di-tim),

per, fr. Gr. Kypris Venus + podion slipper, little foot.] A plant or flower of a genus (Cypripediwm) of leafy-

cumin, oil of wild thyme, etc.

cy’mo-scope

licen-

2. A pros-

cy-pri/nid (si-pri’nid; sfp/r¥-nid), n. A cyprinoid fish. — cy-pri/nid, adj. cy-prin’o-dont (si-prin’é-dont; s¥-pri/nd-), n. (Gr. ky-

cyp’ri-pe/di-um

Cyme. cy’mo-gene (si/m6-jén), m.. [See cyMENE;-GEN.] An inflammable gaseous petroleum product used for producing low temperatures. >

kyma

1. One of the people of Cyprus.

barbels, tenches, breams, goldfishes, chubs, dace, shiners etc., and most fresh-water minnows. —n. cyprinoi fish or a related fish, as a sucker or loach.

and paracymene, all methyl isopropy derivatives of benzene. Paracymene or ordinary cymene, is a colorless liquid of pleasant odor, obtained from oil of

(Gr.

—m.

cyp/ri-noid (sip/ri-noid; si-pri/noid), adj. [Gr. kyprinosa kind of carp + -oid.] Like or pertaining to a fish or fishes of the carp family (Cyprinidae), which includes the carps,

[Gr. kyminon

(-fan), n.

cyparis) of the western United States, and the bald cypresses. 3. The wood of any of these trees. SB vine. A tropical American garden plant (Quamoclit pennata) with red or white tubular flowers and finely dissected leaves. Cyp’ri-an (sip’ri-dn), adj. [L. Cyprius, fr. Gr. Kyprios. ir. Kypros.] Of or pertaining to Cyprus (the reputed

prinos a kind of carp + -odont.] Any of a large family (Cyprinodontidae) of small, ovyiparous, soft-finned fishes,

cumin.] Chem. Any of three isomeric hydrocarbons, CH;.CsHy.C3H;, distinguished as orthocymene, metacymene

Mineral.

sos.] 1. Any of a genus (Cwpressus) of mostly evergreen trees with symmetrical habit. 2. Any of several ever-

green trees of allied genera, as some cedars (genus Chamae-

including the killifishes and related minnows.

See INFLORES-

cy’mo-phane

[ME.

as: 1. A rich heavy

satin. 2. A fine, usually black, lawn or silk gauze. cy’press, n. [OF. cipres, cypres, fr. L., fr. Gr. kyparis-

tious.

cym/bal-ist, n.

cy’mo-graph (-graf), n.

Also cy’/prus (-priis).

Cyprus;

titute.

cyme (sim), n. [L. eyma cabbage sprout, fr. Gr. kyma, prop., anything swollen, hence also,

n.

:

cipres, fr. OF. Cipre, Cypre, Cyprus.] _Hist. A fabric

originally made in or near

language; also (in allusion to Aphrodite worship),

gether to produce a sharp ringing sound. —cym/bal-er (-€r), -hal-eer’ (€r’),

(si/men),

per-

i

birthplace of Aphrodite), the people of Cyprus, or their

half globes or concave plates, clashed to-

cy’mene

4

cy’press (si’prés; -pris), m.

Cylix.

The ||cy’ma rec/ta

ers, as in the phlox. CENCE, Illust.

Artemis; hence, the moon

sonified.

cy’per-a/ceous (si/pér-a/shiis; stp/ér-), adj. [Gr. kypeiros sedge.] Belonging to a family (Cyperaceae) of monocotyledonous plants, the sedge family, distinguished from the grasses chiefly by having achenes and solid stems. cy’pher (si/fér). Var. of CIPHER. cy’ pres/ (sé pra’)._ Also cy’pres’, adv. [OF. si pres so construe a will cy pres.

cornice having a wavelike profile.

in classic architecture;

Cyn’thi-a (sin’thi.4), n.

nearly (as may be).] _ Law. As nearly as possible in conformity to the intention of the testator or settlor; as, to

(si/m@), n.; pl. CYMAE (-mé). .» fr. Gr. kyma. See cymeE.]

molding

-cyte

252

cylindric

cy-lin/dri-cal (si-lin/dri-kdl), adj. Alsocy-lin/dric (-drik). elating to, or having the form or properties of, a cylinder.

ask,

Sdd, sOft, cdnnect;

sofa;

—

food,

old Slavic alphabet ascribed to Cyril, 9th-century missionary to the Slavs. In its present form the Cyrillic alphaKussia, Bulgaria, and Serbia. . cystis, fr. Gr. kystis bladder,

sac.

., Med. A closed, abnormally developed pouch or sac taining fluid or semifluid morbid matter. 2. Biol. Any of various cystlike structures; as; a The resting spore in certain algae. _b An air vesicle in rockweeds. cA capsule about certain cells, as bacteria in a resting spore stage.

d A sac secreted about themselves by certain protozoans as

in estivation or before spore formation. -cyst (-sist). [See cyst.] A suffix meaning bladder, bag, pouch, as in macrocyst.

cyst-, cys’ti- (sis/ti-). = cysro-. cystic (sis/tik), adj.

taining, a cyst.

1. Of, like, pertaining to, or con-

2. Anat.

Of or pertaining to the gall

bladder or the urinary bladder.

3. Zool.

cyst; encysted.

Contained in a

cys’ti-cer’cus |(sis/tY-sfir’ktis), n.; pl. -cERCI (-sfir’si). (NL., fr. cystt--++ Gr. kerkos tail.]. Zool. The larval form

of certain species of tapeworms having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid.

cys/tine (sis’t€n; -tin),n. der.]

Biochem.

A white

Also cys’tin. crystalline

[Gr. kystis blad-

acid, CoHi2N20,S.,

formed _as a product of the splitting of proteins.

It is es-

sential in the diets of animals. cys/to- (sis’td-), cyst-.

[Gr. kystis bladder.]

A combin-

ing form denoting likeness to or connection with a bladder or cyst, esp. the urinary bladder, as in cys-tec’to-my,

cys-ti’tis, cys-tol’o-gy, cys/to-scope, cys-tos’to-my, cys-tot/o-my (see -ECTOMY, -ITIS, -LOGY, -SCOPE, -STOMY, -TOMY).

cys’to-carp (sis’td-kiirp),n. [eysto--++ -carp.]

The form

of a sporocarp produced in the red algae (class Rhodophy-

ceae) after fertilization of the procarp. — cys/to-car’pic

(-kar’pik), adj.

cys/to-cele (-sél), nm.

Leysto--+--cele.]

Med. Hernia of a

bladder, specif. of the urinary bladder; vesical hernia. cyst/oid (sis‘toid), adj. Bladderlike. mn. A cystoid formation.

cy-tas’ter (si-tis/tér; sit/as/tér), n. An aster.

-cyte cst. used to

Biol.

denote a cell, as in leucocyte.

Eve,

hére

(27),

fo6t;

out,

oil; ctibe,

~~

[eyt--+ aster.]

{See cyro-.]_ A suffix meaning hollow vessel,

n

2

évent,

_

Gnd,

as

Unite,

silént,

A

fim,

~~

makér;

ae

tip, circés,

ice,

Yl, os

menii;

‘

Cytherea

253

Oyth/er-e/a (sith/ér-6/a),n. [L.,fr.Gr. Kythereia.] rodite; hence, Venus. — Cyth/er-e/an (-dn), adj.

daft

Aph-

of the king of Bulgaria, since 1908. — ezar/dom (-diim),

cy’to- (si/té-), cyt-. [Gr. kytos.] A combining form meaning hollow vessel, denoting connection with, rela-

czar’e-vitch (zir/évich; tsir/-), tsar’e-vitch (tsar/é-), n. (Russ. tsarevich.] A son of a czar of Russia; — origi-

tsar/dom, n.

tion to, or derivation from, a cell, cells, or cytoplasm, as in cy-tol’y-sis, cy/to-tax’is, cy-tot/ro-pism (see -Lysis,

nally a title, later replaced by grand duke. cza-rev/na (zd-rév’/nd; tsd-), tsa-rev/na (tsi-).

-TAXIS, -TROPISM). oy’to-ki-ne’sis (-ki-né/sis; -ki-), n. _ [NL., fr. eyto- + Gr. inésis motion.] The cytoplasmic changes involved in

ace meiosis, pos econ cy-tol’o-gy (si-tdl’é-ji), n.; pl. -cles

(-jiz).

ésarevna.]_

[Russ.

A daughter of a czar of Russia; also, the wife

of a czarevitch; — originally a title.

cza-ri/na (zd-ré/nd; tsi-), tsa-ri/na (tsd-), n. [G. Zarin, zarin, fem.; in Russ., ésaritsa.] The title of an empress

[eyto-

of Russia, corresponding to the emperor’s title of czar. czar/ism (zir/iz’m; tsar’-), tsar/ism (tsir/-), n. Autocratic government; absolutism. Czech (chék; chéx), n. 1. An individual of the most westerly branch of the Slavs (Bohemians, Moravians, and Sile-

-logy.] 1, The branch of biology treating of the ts ture, functions, etc., of cells. 2. The structure, organic Processes, etc., of cells. — cy’to-log/i-cal (si/t6-10j/I-kdl),

adj. — cy-tol’o-gist, n. cy’to-plasm (si/té-plaz’m), n. [eyto- + -plasm.] The protoplasm of the cell exclusive of the nucleus. See crit, Illust. — cy’to-plas’mic (-pliz/mik), adj. cy’to-plast (-plist), n. Cytoplasmic contents of the cell. — cy’to-plas/tic (-plis’tfk), adj. czar (zir; rarely tsir), tsar (tsar), n. (Russ. tsar’, fr.

sians). 2. The Czechoslovak language; specif., the language of the Czechs. — Czech’ic (-¥k), Ozech’ish (-Ysh), adj.

Czech’o-sto’vak, Czech’o-Slo/vak (chék/é-sld/vak; -slévik’; chéK/6-), n.

Czechoslovakia.

tsesar’, through OSlav. and Goth. fr. L. Caesar Caesar.] king; an emperor; specif.:aThe popular title of the former emperors of Russia; officially, their title as kings of Poland and some other parts of their empire. b Tke title

One of the Czechs

or Slovaks of

2. The Slavic language of the Czecho-

slovaks. It employs a Latin alphabet. — adj. Of or pertaining to Czechoslovaks, their nation, or their language. —

Czech’o.slo-vak’/i-an, Czech/o-Slo-vak’/i-an (-sl6-vak’Iedn), adj. & n.

D D

d (dé), n.; pl. D’s, D’s, Ds, Ds (déz). 1. The fourth » UO ietter of the English alphabet. D comes from Latin D, which came from Greek A (delta), which in turn was derived from the Phoenician. In modern English, D usually

represents the voiced alveolar stop.

See Pron., $25.

The letter D, d, printed, written, etc.

2. a

b A type, stamp,

etc., for the letter D, d. ce The sound of the letter D. _d [eap.] (1) In Roman numerals, 500. (2) In the form D, 500,000 or, sometimes, 5,000. Music. a The second

tone in the model major scale (that of C), or the fourth of its relative minor scale (that of A minor). key or

string producing this tone. 4. Asa symbol, the fourth in order or class. dab, (dab), v. t. & 7.; DABBED (dabd); 0aB/BING. 1. To

strike or hit with a sudden motion; to peck. 2. To strike or touch gently, as with a soft or moist substance; also, to

apply by striking in that way; hence, to strike or pat witha dabber. —n. blow; variously: a A gentle blow, as

with the hand ora soft substance. _b A sudden hit; a peck. 2._A flattish mass of anything soft or moist. 3. Chiefly Dial. A small portion. ; dab,n.

(Limanda

limanda) of Europe, and the sand dab (L.

One

Dab (L. limanda).

who or that which dabs;

as: a A worker who removes or puts on by dabbing. (dab/’l), v. ¢.; DAB/BLED

bA

(-’ld); DAB/BLING

(-ling).

Freq. of dab, or fr. D. dabbelen.] ‘To wet by splashing or by little dips or strokes; to sprinkle. —¥v.7. 1. To play in water, as with the hands. 2. To work in a slight or

superficial manner; as, to dabble in politics. — dab/bler (dab’lér), n. One who dabbles; a dilettante. dab/chick/ (dib/chik’), x. The little grebe (Podiceps rufi-

collis) of Europe, or the pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) of America.

dab/ster Collog.

(-stér),

n.

;

1. Dial. An expert; an adept.

A dabbler at anything; an unskilled hand.

|

2.

\|da ca’po (di ka/pd). [It,, from (the) head or beginning.] Music, From the beginning; a direction to return to the beginning and repeat; — indicated by the letters D.C.

dace (das), n.;

pl. pAcE

(das), DACES (das/éz; -Iz). _ [ME.

darce, fr, OF. dars.] _a A small European cyprinoid fish. b Any of many small North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes. st dachs/hund’ (diiks’hdént’; often diks’hoond/, dish’htind’, dash/tind),

n.

_[G., fr. dachs

badger+

small hound of a breed originating in Germany, having ¢ very short legs in comparison with its length. It is used in

tracking badgers, foxes, etc. Da/cian (da’shdn), adj. & n. from Dacta, Gaz. :

dack’er (dik/ér; Scot. dak’ér), v.t1. &n.

Dial.

A poetical foot of three syllables - - ~),

condition as to the digits, as in brachydactyly.

dac’ty-lo- (dak’ti-l6-), dactyl-. [Gr. daktylos.] A combining form meaning finger, toe, digit, as in dac’ty-li’tis

dac'ty.lol’o-gy ac’ty-lol’/o-gy (dak/ti-15Vb-it (dak/ti-15/’6-3%),

m.

c[dactylo-

+ -logy.]

Art of communicating ideas by signs made with the fingers, as in the manual alphabets of deaf-mutes.

dad (did), n. Father; — used familiarly, or by children. dad (dad; dad), daud (déd; did), v. &n. Scot. Thump. dad/’dle (did’’l). Var. of DIDDLE, to cheat.

dad/dy (dad’X), n.; pl. -ptEs (-iz).

Dad; — used familiarly. longlegs. A popular name (given on account of long slender legs) of: a A crane fly. b A harvestman. (da’d6; occas. da’-), n.; pl. DADOES (-d6z). [It., die, pedestal, fr. L. datus given.]

1.

decorated.

(14) ;

pad used by etchers, engravers, etc., to apply ink, color, etc., evenly. é dab’/ble

Pros.

one long followed by two short, or, in accentual verse, one accented followed by two unaccented (L. flimina, E. mer’ciful). — dac-tylic (dak-tiVik), adj. & n. -dac-tyl/i-a (-dik-til/i-a), -dac/ty-ly (-dik/tY-li). [Gr. daktylos finger.] A combining form denoting a (specified)

Arch. That part of a pedestal included Q between the base and the surbase. In interior decoration, the lower part of the wall of an apartment when specially

ferruginea) of America, dab, n. Collog. A skillful hand; an expert.

dab/ber (dib’ér), n.

dactyl.]

daddy their da/do cube,

Any flatfish; spe-

cif., any of several flounders, esp. one

da-coit’y (-i), n.; pl. -tes (-Yz). [Hind. dakatt7.] Robery by dacoits. dac’tyl (dak/til), n. ([L.dactylus, fr. Gr. daktylos finger,

.

hund

dog.]

A

SOM

dae/dal (dé/ddl; -d’l), adj. [L. daedalus, fr. Gr. daidalos.} 1. Cunningly or ingeniously formed or working; skillful.

a Surbase; b Dado;

2. Poetic. Varied; variegated; rich. c Base. Daed/a-lus (d&d/a-lus; or, esp. Brit., de’da-), n. .., fr. Gr. Daidalos, lit., the cunning worker.]

Gr. Myth. The builder of the Cretan labyrinth, in which he and his son Icarus were later imprisoned. _They escaped

by means of wings made from feathers; but Icarus flew too near the sun, the wax of his wings melted, and_he was

drowned in the sea thenceforth called Icarian. — Dae-da/li-an (dé-da/li-an; -dal’yan), -le-an (-lé-dn), adj. dae’mon (dé/mdn), n.; pl. DAEMONS (-m0nz), DAEMONES

1. Gr. Relig. A (datmernes). [I.., fr. Gr. daimon.] tutelary deity or spirit. 2. Var. of DEMON. — dae-mon/ic (dé-mon/ik), adj. ?

daff (daf), v.7.

daff, ».¢.

Scot.

To act or talk sportively; to toy.

1. Obs. To doft.

2. To thrust aside; — used

esp. in the phrase to daff the world aside. _ daff/ing (-Yng),n. Scot. & N. of Eng. Fooling; folly. daf’fo-dil (dxf/d-dil), n. [(D. de affodil the affodil (asphodel), fr. OF. afrodille, fr. L. aspho-

delus.]

A species of narcissus (Nar-

cissus pseudo-narcissus) with large yellow single or double flowers.

daf/fo-dil/ly (dif/d-dil/1), n.; pl. LIES

(iz).

Also daf/fy-down.dil/ly (daf’-

Y-doun-diVi), : a)

| Dachshund.

Saunter; also, wrangle.

J

:

(145)

da-coit’ (dé-koit’), n. [Hind. dakait.] One of a class of murderous robbers, in India and Burma, who act in gangs.

daf/fa-dil/ly

(dat’é-),

daf/fa-down-dil/ly. Dial. & poetic var. of Pa Oke ; daff/y (daf’i), adj. ; DAFF/I-ER (-1-€r);

sees

Chiefly

Crazy; imbecile; daft.

daft

defte,

(daft; 2» adj. stupid,

meek.]

Collog.,

U.S.

(ME.

dafte, Fool-

.

Daffodil.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

(4)

in azure,

|]Foreign Word.

~

daftly

garius.] A short weapon used for stabbing. 2. Anything shaped like, or suggesting, a dagger. 3. Print. A mark of reference [{].

—v.z¢.

name.]

Diego,

[also not cap.]

a

(NaOCl) in water, used for the treatment of wounds. ‘

or DAGors

Dakota

common _ proper

S. & Can.

person of Spanish, Portuguese, or, now most commonly, Italian, birth or descent; — used chiefly in contempt.

_ Daggers,

originally a fish-god, but later a god of agriculture. da-guerre/o-type (dd-gér’5-tip; -€-d-tip),. [From L. J. M.

Daguerre, French inventor + -type.] An early variety of photograph, produced on a silver plate; also, the process of

— v. £. To produce or represent

by the daguerreotype process. —~ da-guerre’o-typ/er (-tip/ér), n.— da-guerre/o-typ/ist (-ist), n.— da-guerre’o-

typ’y (i), n.

:

da/ha-be’ah (da’ha-be’a), n. Also da’ha-hee/yah (-be’ya), da/ha-bi/ah (-be’a), da/ha-bi/yeh

Oe. {Ar, dhahabiyah.]

(dal’y a; dalVya;

Dahabeah.

[Ir. dail assembly + Hireann, gen. of Hire Treland.}

The lower house, or Chamber of Deputies, of the Legislature (Oireachtas) of the Irish Free State. dai/ly (da/li), adj. Happening, belonging to, done, or issued, each day, or each weekday. —7.; pl. DAILIES Adaily newspaper.

— adv. Every day; day by day.

yn. Daily, diurnal. Daily is used of ordinary matters; diurnal is commonly either astronomical or poetic.

dai’men (da’min; dial. dém/in), sional. dai’mio (di/my6) n.; pl. DAIMIO Also dai/myo. {Tap., fr. Chin., dal baron of Japan under the old

cacy,

adj.

Scot. & Ir.

Occa-

(-my6) or -MIOs (-my6z). lit., great name.] A feuregime (1600-1867).

([Gr.daimon.]

Daemon;

— a trans-

Greek. — dai-mon/ic (di-m6n/ik), adj. adj.; Datn/ti-rR (-ti-€r); DAIN/TI-EST.

n.] 1. Delicious to the palate; toothdelicate beauty or charm. 3. Having or taste; fastidious; often, overnice; squeam-TrEs (-tiz). [OF. daintié, deintzé, deli-

orig., dignity,

worthy.]

honor,

fr. L. dignitas,

fr. dignus

Anything that arouses favor or excites pleasure;

now, a delicacy. — dain’ti-ly, adv. — dain/ti-ness, n.

Syn. Dainty, delicate, exquisite, choice, rare. Dainty implies slightness and clegance; delicate, fineness, subtlety, or (often) fragility; exquisite, consummate niceness or delicacy of workmanship, perception, or susceptibility; choice, picked excellence, the result of a finely discriminating selection; rare, uncommon

merit or excellence.

— Ant. Gross, coarse, awkward, crude.

dair’y (dar’t), n.; pl. -mrs (iz). [ME. deterie, fr. dete, date, maid, fr. %ge.) 1. The place, room, or house where milk is kept and converted into butter or cheese. 2. The business of producing milk, butter, and cheese. 3.

Hence, a dairy farm; also, the cows of a farm. 4. An establishment for the sale or distribution of milkor milk

products. — dair’/y-maid’, n. — dair’y-man (-man), 7. dair’y-ing, 7. Business of conducting a dairy. da’is (da’is; das), n.; pl. parses (da’Ys-éz; das’€z; -1z). OF. deis table, fr. L. discws a quoit, dish, LL., table.

ee DISH.)

A platform above the floor of a hall or large

room, to give prominence to those occupying it. ie dai’sied (da’zid), adj. Full of, or adorned with, daisies. dai’sy (da’zi), n.; pl. -stes (-ziz). [AS. deges-éage day’s

eye, daisy.] 1. A low scapose carduaceous European herb (Bellis perennis) having heads with small whiteor pink

Tays and yellow disks.

ile,

chiotic,

charity;

cAre,

old, dbey,

—m,

1. One of the Slavic-speaking people inhab2. AlsoDalmatian dog.

A large, short-

In the United States it is called

dd,

d@ccount,

arm,

[It.]

, Music.

2.

From the sign;

— a direction to go back to the sign £ and repeat from

also, a flower or tuber of such a plant. Da-ho’man (da-ho/mdn), adj. & n. from Danomey, Gaz. Dail Bir’eann (d6l Ar’in; Ir. thdl), or, in shortened form

[From pDArnty, some, 2. Of a showing delicate ish. —~2.; pl.

See

cal walls of a canyon or gorge; dells. daVli-ance (dil/i-dns; 58), n. Act of dallying; trifling; esp., amorous or wanton play; fondling. dally (dal/i), v.7.; paL/LIEp (-Id); pat/ty-Inc. [OF. dalier.} 1. Toact playfully; to sport; esp., to play amorously; to wanton. 2. To trifle, play, or be light (with a person or matter). 3. To waste time; to linger; to delay. — Syn. See trirre. — dal/li-er (-i-ér), n. Dal-ma/tian (dal-ma/shan), adj.. Of or relating to Dal-

A similar robe worn on state occasions.

having large showy flowers of bright red and other colors;

literation of the dain’ty (dan’ti),

monks.

Poet. & Dial. A vale or valley.

dales’man (dalz’/mdn), n. One living in a dale, esp. among the valleys in the north of England. Hence, dales/folk’ (-f0k’), dales’/peo’ple (-pé’/p’!), dales’wom/an (-woom/dn). dalles (dilz), n. pl. [F. dalle trough.] The nearly verti-

||dal se’gno (dal sa/nyé).

and Central American carduaceous tuberous-rooted herbs,

dai/mon (di’/mon),n.

[AS.dzl.]

[Mongolian dalai ocean.]

of the Lamaist

worn by a deacon or by certain prelates, esp. bishops.

CNL., after

nus (Dahlia) of Mexican

-liz).

dale (dal),n.

head

in Dalmatia; — called often coach dog. dal-mat/ic (-mat/Tk), n._ [F’. dalmatique, fr. L. dalmatica (vestis).] 1. In the Western Church, an outer vestment

A. Dahl, Swedish botanist.]_ Bot. Any of a ge-

Dail.

Lama,

(i)

haired, spotted dog of a breed supposed to have originated

wholly or partly by, enn..

Grand

LAMAISM.

iting Dalmatia.

gines, used on the Nile. dal’ya),

The

Oxeye Daisy.

See Sroux, Srouan. — Da-

Da-lai’ La’ma (da-li’ 1i’ma@).

matia.

long light-draft house-

boat, lateen-rigged, and now often propelled

dahlia

and South Dakota.

ko/ta, adj.

Da’gon (da/gon), n.__ [L., fr..Gr., fr. Heb. Dagon, prop., little fish.] Bib. The principal deity of the Philistines,

producing such pictures.

crake.

[After Henry Pharm. An alkaline 0.5 hypochlorite

Da-ko/ta (dd-k0’ta), n. An Indian of the Siouan tribes inhabiting the plains of North

lock, as of wool on a sheep or hair on a dog. Sp.

having larger heads with long white rays. Jt is called also oxeye daisy. Its flower is the State flower of North Carolina. dak, dawk (dék; dak), m. (Hind. dak.J] India. Transport, by relays of men and horses; hence, post; mail.

to stab. 4 dag’gle (dig’l), v. ¢. & 7.; Dac/GLED (-’ld); pAc/cLING (-ling). _To clog with mud or mire; also, to draggle. ‘ dag/lock’ (dag’lok’), nm. A dirty or clotted. (-g0z).

English Daisy. _2. A rather tall leafy-stemmed related plant (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum),

da’ker hen (da’/kér). The corn Da’kin’s so-lu/tion (da’/kinz). D. Dakin, Eng.-Am. chemist.] antiseptic solution, a faintly per cent solution of sodium

To pierce with a dagger;

Da’/go ise n.; pl. DAacos

damask steel

254

2. Scot. Giddy; gay. ish; idiotic; also, crazy; insane. — daft/ly, adv. — daft/ness, n. f dag (dig), n. [ME. dagge.] _A loose hanging end or shred; specif., Australia, a daglock. Da/gan (di’gin), n. Babylon. Relig. God of the earth. dag’ger (dig’ér), n. LF. dague, fr. Pr. daga, ML. dag-

ask,

Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect;

theres Dal/ton-ism (d6l’t’n-iz’m), n. ness;

—so named from

: Congenital red-green blind-

its discoverer,

John Dalton.—

Dal-to’ni-an (d6l-to/ni-dn), Dal/ton-ist, n. dam (dim), n. [MD.dam,damm.] 1. A barrier to pre-

vent the flow of water; esp., a bank or wall across a watercourse. 2. A body of water confined by a dam; a millpond. — v.t.; DAMMED (damd); pAm/minG. To provide with a dam; to restrain the flow of by, or as by, a dam. dam, n. es DAME.] A female parent; — used esp. of quadrupeds.

dam/age

(dim’ij),n.

[OF., deriv.ofL.damnumdamage.]

1. Loss due to injury; hurt; harm. 2. pl: Law. The estimated reparation in money for injury sustained. — Syn. See INJURY. == v.t.; DAM/AGED (-1jd); DAM/AG-ING (-Ijing). To occasion damage to; toimpair. —v.7. To be-

gone damaged. — dam/age.-a-ble, adj. — dam/ag-ing.ly, adv. dam/an (dim/dn), n. _ (Ar. daman Isr@il the sheep of Israel.] Asmall herbivorous, ungulate mammal (Procavia

syriaca) of Palestine, Syria, etc.; the “cony” of the Old Testament. Dam/a-scene (dam/’a-sén; dim/d-sén’), adj. {L. Damascenus of Damascus, fr. Dama scus.] 1. Ofor relating to

Damascus. 2. [not cap.] Of or pertaining tc damask or the art of damascening; as, damascene work. —mn. 1. A

native or inhabitant of Damascus. ascene work.

2. [not cap.]

dam/a-scene’ (dim/a-s€n’; dim/d-sén), v. ¢. strEL.]

To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar

marking or “water” produced in the manufacture. Da-mas/cus blade, steel, sword (dd-mis’kis). DAMASK STEEL. dam/ask

Dam-

[See DAMASK

(dim/ask), n.

See

_[It. damasco, fr. L. Damascus,

the city.] 1. A reversible figured fabric of linen, silk, wool, etc.; esp., a linen fabric of this kind used for tablecloths. 2. Damask steel; also, the peculiar markings, of such steel. _A color, red in hue, of medium saturation and medium brilliance. See coror. — adj. 1. Pertain-

ing to, originating at, or brought from, Damascus. 2. Made of, or provided with, damask. 3. Made of, or resembling, damask steel. 4. Of the color damask. — v. t.

1. To damascene.

2. To weave or adorn with the orna-

(Rosa damascena)

of Asia Minor.

mentation characteristic of damask. dam/a-skeen’ (dim/d-skén’), v. t. To damascene. damask rose. A large, hardy, and very fragrant pink rose

damask,

or Damascus,

steel.

Steel of the kind orig.

made at Damascus, ornamented with wavy lines, formerly

valued for sword blades (Damascus

blade, Damascus

sword); also, any steel marked with similar wavy patterns.

sofa; Eve, food, foot;

hére (27), vent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; ctibe, Unite, firm, Up, circés, menti;

dame

255

dap

dame (dam),n. [OF-., fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of The mother of Perseus by Zeus, who visited her as a golden dominus master, ord.] 1. A woman ofstation or author- re a ne prison tower. ity; specif.: aArchaic & Dial. The mistress of a housea-na’i-des (da-na/%-déz), n. pl.; sing. DANAiD (din’4-¥d). hold. b Hist. The wife or daughter of a lord; a lady. c¢ L., fr. Gr.Danaides.] Gr. Myth. The fifty daughters of The mistress of a school. 2. A title equivalent to Lady, Dan/a-iis (din’4-ts), all but one (Hypermnestra) of whom Madam, Mistress, Miss, used as a form of address. 3. A slew their husbands at their father’s command. The fortymatron or an elderly woman. nine were doomed forever to draw water with a sieve in dam/mar (dim/ér), n. [Malay damar.] 1. A resin deHades. rived from various evergreen trees (genus Agathis) of the dance (dans; 9), v.7.; DANCED _(danst); DANC/ING (dan/pine family, in Australia, New Zealand, and the East Insing). LOF. dancier, danser, ‘o perform, either dies, used mostly for making colorless varnish. 2. Any of alone or with others, a rhythmic and patterned succession certain similar resins from various East Indian trees (genof movements, commonly to music. 2. To move nimbly era Hopea, Shorea, etc.). or merrily. —v.¢. 1. To perform or take part in, as a dam/mer (dim/’ér). Var. of DAMMAR. dancer. 2. To cause to dance. 3. To cause to be in a damn (dam), v. ¢.; DAMNED (damd); DAMN/ING (dim/ing; specified condition by dancing. —n. 1. A measured dim/ning; in sense 5, dam/ing only). [LOF. damner, leaping or stepping, in unison with music. 2. A round or dampner,

fr. L. damnare,

damnatum,

to condemn,

fr.

damnum damage, penalty.]| 1. Archaic. To adjudge (a person) guilty; also, todoom. 2. Theol. To doom to everlasting punishment. 3. To condemn as invalid, illegal,

immoral, or wicked; in modern usage, to denounce as being

a failure; esp., to pronounce adverse judgment upon (a work of art or_ literature). 4. To bring ruin upon; to be the ruin of.

curse; swear.

To swear at, using “damn.”

—=7n.

—v.7.

Utterance of “damn” as an oath.

To

dam/na-ble_ (dam/ndé-b’l), adj. 1. Deserving to be condemned. 2. Worthy of imprecation; detestable. — dam/na-ble-ness, n. — daim/na-bly (-bli), adv.

turn of dancing; also, a social meeting for the purpose of

dancing,asa ball.

3. Music. A kind of music by which

dancing is regulated, as the waltz. — danc/er (dan’sér), n. — danc/ing (-sing), n. dan/de-li/on (din/déli/tin), n. [F. dent de lion_lion’s tooth, fr. L. dens tooth + leo

lion.] A well-known yellow-flowered plant (Taraxacum officinale), of the chicory fam-

ily, abundant as a weed. dan/der (din/dér; Scot. dan’-), v. 7. To saunter.

Scot.

dan/der (dan’dér), n. Collog. Anger; dam-na/tion (daim-na/’shiin), n, J. Act of damning,or temper. 4 state of being damned, 2. A sin deserving of, or exposing Dan/die Din’mont ter/ri-er (din/dY din/one to, everlasting punishment. Theol. Condemnation mont; -mtint). A courageous terrier with to everlasting punishment, or the punishment itself. dam/’na-to/ry (dam/nd-to/ri; -tér-1; 3), adj. Expressing, imposing, or causing condemnation; condemnatory.

Teas lons poy, pendulous Sih ane rough coat, of a breed originating along the : English-Scottish border. Dandelion,'(46)

damned (dimd; poet. or rhetorical, dim/néd; -nid), adj. 1. Doomed; specif., doomed to eternal punishment; as damned souls. .2. Deserving of condemnation.

to resemble a dandy. — dan/di-fi-ca/tion (-fi-ka’shiin), n. dan/dle (din’d’l), v.t.; DAN’pLED (-d’ld); DAN/DLING

damnifier, fr. LL. damnificare.] _ To damage; injure; wrong; — now chiefly in legal and dialect use. — dam/ni-

one’s knee or in one’s arms in affectionate play, as an infant. 2. To fondle; pamper. — dan/dler (-dlér), n.

dam/ni-fy (dim’ni-fi),

v. t.; -rtep (-fid); -rv/inc. _ [OF.

fi-ca’tion (-fi-ka’shin), n.

damn/ing (dim/ing; dim/’ning), adj.

ing damnation. — damn/ing-ly, adv.

Dam/o.-cles (dim/6-kléz), n.

Tnocurring or bring-

[L., fr. Gr. Damoklés.]

A

flatterer whom. Dionysius of Syracuse rebuked for his constant praises of the happiness of kings by seating him at a royal banquet beneath a sword hung by a single hair.

dam//oi-selle’ (dim/7-zél’), dam/o-sel (dam/’6-zél), dam/o-

zel, etc. Archaic. Vars. of DAMSEL. Da’mon (da’mén),n. [L., fr. Gr. Damén.]_

A Sicilian

whose friend Pythias was condemned to death by Diony-

sius of Syracuse. Pythias was allowed time to arrange his affairs when Damon pledged his life for his friend’s return. Pythias returned, and Dionysius pardoned him.

damp (dimp),n. [MLG.& MD., vapor.] 1. A noxious exhalation, gas, or vapor. Obs. except specif., Mining, a gas occurring esp. in coal mines. 3. Dejection; depression.

depressed.

2. Moisture; humidity

— adj. 1. Archaic.

Deijected;

2. Slightly wet; moist. — Sym. See moist.

—v.t. 1. To affect with or as with a noxious exhalation; to choke; stifle. 2.,To depress or deject; to check or re-

strain, as action or vigor. To render damp; to moisten. 4. Acoustics, Music, etc. To check the vibration of, as.a

string. 5. Physics & Elec. To diminish progressively in amplitude; — said of oscillations, waves, etc. damp/en (dimp/én), v. ¢. & 7. 1. To depress or deaden; to amp. damp/er

To make or become damp. — damp/en-er, n. (-ér), n. .1. One who or that which damps; as:

a A valve or plate in the flue of a furnace, etc., used to regulate the draft. b A contrivance, as the felt-covered pieces in a piano, or the mute of a horn, to deaden vibrations. 2. Elec. a A device, as a nonmagnetic conductor or a vane, for diminishing the oscillation of a suspended magnetic needle or freely moving coil. bA copper piece around, or embedded in, each of the pole pieces of a synchronous machine, or between them, to decrease hunting.

damp/ish, adj. Somewhat damp. — damp/ish-ness, n. damp/ly, adv. Ina damp manner. _ damp/ness, n. Quality or state of being damp. dam/sel (dim/zzl), n. Also, Poetic and Archaic, dam/ozel (-6-zél). _LOF. damoisele, dameisele, gentlewoman,

dim. fr. L. domina, dominus.]|

1. Archaic.

A young

maid or young man of gentle birth. 2. A girl; maiden. dam/son (dim/ziin; -2’n), n. (ME. damasin the Damascus plum.] A small dark-purple plum (Prunus institia), orig. from Asia Minor; also, the tree producing this fruit. damson plum. Orig., the damson; now, in England, a

; sweeter variety of the damson. Dan (din), n. [OF. danz, dan, master, fr. L. dominus. See DAME.] Archaic. A title of honor equivalent Master, or Sir; as, Dan Cupid; Dan Chaucer.

Dan (din), n. A Hebrew

[Heb. Dan.]

Bib. 1. Asonof Jacob.

to

2.

tribe, part of which settled in Palestine. —

from Dan to Beersheba. From limit to limit, Dan and Beersheba being formerly the northern and southern limits

of Palestine.

Din’ad (dine), m. EL. ft-GreDanaz] Class. Myth. chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

dan/di-fy (dain‘di.fi), v. t.; -rrep_(-fid); -ry/Inc. (dling).

[It.dondolare.]

dan/druff (dan’drif), n.

To cause

_1. To move up and down on

Also dan/driff (-drif).

A scurf

that forms on the scalp and comes off in small white or grayish scales. — dan/druff-y (-1), adj.

dan/dy (dan’di), n. Also dandy fever. = DENGUE. dan/dy, n.; pl. -pres (-diz). 1. One who gives undue at-

tention to dress; a fop. 2. Slang. Anything excellent of its kind. 3. Nawt. A yawl; also, its after sail; mizzen; jigger. — dan/dy-ish, adj. — dan/dy-ism, n.

dandy roll or roller. the watermark.

Dane (dan), n.

Paper Mfg. A roller which impresses

_[Dan. Daner, pl., ON. Danir, LL. paral

1. A native or inhabitant of Denmark, or person of Danis descent. 2. Great Dane. Dane/law’ (dan/ld’), n. Also erron. Da/ne-la’ga (da/néla’ga), Dane’lagh’ (dan/J6’). [AS. Dena lagu.] Hist. The Danish law anciently in force in the northeastern part of England held by the Danes; also, that part of England. dan/ger (dan’jér), n.. [OF. danger, dangier, deriv. of L. dominium

lordship.]

1. Archare.

Authority; juris-

diction; hence, reach or range, as of a missile. 2. sure or liability to injury, loss, pain, or otherevil. case or cause of danger.

Expo3. A

Syn. Danger, peril, jeopardy, hazard, risk. Danger implies some contingent evil (esp. harm or injury) in prospect. Peril is instant or impending danger. Jeopardy implies exposure to extreme or dangerous chances. Hazard implies danger from something fortuitous or beyond one’s control; it is not so strong a term as jeopardy. Risk, more often than Aazard, implies a voluntary taking of doubtful or adverse chances. — Ant. Safety, security, invulnerability,

dan/ger-ous (dan’jér-vis), adj. Attended with danger; perilous. — dan’ger-ous-ly, adv. — dan/ger-ous-ness, n.

dan/gle

(-gling),

(ding’g’l),

v.7.; DAN’cGLED

[Of Scand. origin.]

(-g’ld); DAN/GLING

1. To hang loosely with

a swinging or jerking motion. 2. To be a hanger-on or dependent. =v. ¢. To cause to dangle; to swing. —n. A dangling; anything that dangles. — dan/gler (-glér), n. Daniel (din’yzl), n. [Heb. Dani’él, Daniyal.] Bib. a A Hebrew prophet. b A book of the Old Testament.

Dan/ish (dan/ish), adj. Of or relating to the Danes or their language or country. —7. Language of the Danes. Dan/ite (din‘it), n. A descendant of Dan. Judges xiii. 2. dank (dingk), adj.

Damp; wet; esp., disagreeably moist.

— Syn. See moist. — dank’ly, adv. — dank/ness, n. dan/seuse’ (din/sfiz’), n.; pl. -SEusES (F’. -sfiz’; F. -sfiz’éz; -Iz). (F., fr. danser to dance.] A woman ballet dancer.

Dan’te-an (din’tt-dn; dain-té/dn), adj.

Of or pertaining to

the poet Dante or his writings; Dantesque (which see). —n. A student or admirer of Dante. Dan-tesque’ (dain-tésk’), adj. Like Dante or his work, esp. the Inferno, as being movingly graphic, austerely intense, and rich in allegorical significance. Da-nu’bi-an (da-nii’bi-dn; da-), adj. from Danuse, Gaz. dap (dap), v.1.; DAPPED (dapt); DAP/PING. 1. Angling. To drop, or fish by dropping, the bait gently on the water. 2. To dip quickly into water, asa bird. 3. To rebound;

skip, as a stone over water. —n.

x =ch

Dial.

Bounce; bound.

in G. ich, ach;

—v.¢.

To bounce or skip.

bon; yet; zh =z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

|| Foreign Word.

Daphne Daph’ne

(dif/nd,

n.

fr. daphné

Gerel.| 1. Gr. Myth. A nymph, pursued by Apollo, from whom she escaped by being transformed into a laurel tree. 2: [not cap.] The laurel Laurus nobilis. 3. [not cap.]

Bot.

Any of a genus

(Daphne)

of thymelaeaceous

Eura-

sian shrubs having fragrant flowers with a colored calyx Tosetielae a corolla.

Daph’

(nis), n.

(CL., fr. Gr]

Gr. Myth.

A Sicilian

shepherd, son of Hermes and inventor of bucolic poetry. Daph/nis and Chlo’é (k/6’@). A pair of unsophisticated lovers ina Greek pastoral romance of the 4th or 5thcentury A.D. dap’per (dip’ér), adj. [MOD., agile, energetic.] Little and active; spruce; trim. — Sym. See FINICAL. — dap/per-

ness, 7.

dap’ple (dip’’), n.

;

i

CON. depill a spot, a dot, fr. dapi a

sp 1. Dappled state or appearance; spotting. A dappled animal, asa horse. — v. ¢.; DAP/PLED (Id) ; DAP’PLING (-ling). ‘To variegate with spots. — adj. Dappled. dap’pled (-’ld), adj. Marked with small spots, esp. of gray; as, a dappled horse; a dappled fawn. dar’bies (dir’biz), n. Slang. Manacles; handcuffs. _

Dar’by and Joan (dar’bi dnd j6n; jé-an’).. A married couple, esp. an elderly couple, who live in conjugal felicity. Dar/dan (dar’din), adj. @ n. Also Dar-da/ni-an (dir-da/niedn).

_

date

256

([L., fr. Gr. Daphné,

[L. Dardanus, Dardanius.]

Trojan.

dare (dar), v. 7.; DARED (dard) or DURST; DARED; DAR/ING, [AS. ic dear I dare, imp. dorste, inf. durran.] _To have

sufficient courage for any purpose; not to be afraid; to venture. ae

toe The present dare is an original past form, so that the

3d sing. is dare, now usually replaced by dares. —v.t. 1. To have courage for; to venture to do, meet, etc. 2. To meet defiantly; also, to challenge (one) to a (specified) action as a proof of his courage or ability. —n. 1. Act of daring; challenge. 2. Rare. Daring. Gare (dar; dial. dir, dar), v.¢. [AS.darian.] Now Dial. 1. To terrify; daunt. To daze; to dazzle and fascinate. dare/’dev’il (dar’dévl),n._ A recklessly bold fellow. —-adj.

Reckless. —- dare’dev/il-try (-tri), dare’dev/il-ry (-ri), n. dar’er (dar’ér), x. One who dares or defies.

darg, dargue (dirg), n. Scot. A day’s work. dar’ic (eae ee) n. tGr. daretkos, of Per. origin.] coin of ancient Persia, worth about $5.50. dar’ing (dar/ing), ». Venturesome boldness.

A gold

— adj. Venturesome; bold. — dar/ing-ly, adv. — dar’ing-ness, n. — Syn. See RasH. — Ant. Cowardly, craven. dark (dark), adj. [AS. deorc.] 1. Destitute, or partly destitute, of light; not receiving, reflecting, or transmitting

dar’ling (dir’ling), n. -ling.]

[AS. déorling, fr. dtore dear + 1st

One dearly beloved.

— adj.

Dearly beloved.

darn (dirn), v. ¢. & 7. [Formerly also, dern, fr. dialects of northern [rance.] To mend with interlacing stitches. —n. Act or result of darning; place darned. dar/nel (dir/nél; -n’l),n. (ME., fr. dial. F.darnelle.] An annual grass (Lolium temulentum) with awned lemmas, often found as a weed in fields of grain. é ¢ darn’ing nee’dle._ a A Jong, strong needle used in darning.

Any species of dragonfly.

dart (dart), n._ any

[OF.].

sharp-pointed

:

1. A short lance; a javelin; hence,

missile

weapon,

as an

arrow.

2. a

Anything that pierces or wounds like a dart. b A representation of a dart. 3. Act of moving like a dart; a quick

movement. 4. Dressmaking. A short tapering seam made in fitting a garment to the figure. —v. t. & 7. ,

To throw with a sudden effort, asa dart.

2. To shoot out

or emit suddenly or rapidly. 3. To move like a dart; to start and run fast. A dart/er (dir’tér), n. One who or that which darts; as: a Snakebird. b Any of many small American fresh-water fishes closely related to the perches.

dar’tle ane), v.t. & %.; DAR/TLED (-tling).

To

(-t’ld); DAR/TLING

dart repeatedly; — frequentative of dart.

Dar-win/i-an (dir-win/i-dn), adj.. Of or relating to the naturalist Charles R. Darwin, his theories or followers,

— 7. An advocate of Darwinism. _ Darwinian theory. Biol. Darwinisn..

Dar’win-ism (dar/win-iz’m), n.

The theory of the origin

and perpetuation of new species of animals and plants by a

Process of natural selection and survival of the fittest, propounded by Charles Robert Darwin in 1858. — Dar/winist (Ist), n. & adj. — Dar/win-is’tic (-is’tik), adj.— Dar’win-ite (dar’win-it), n.

dash (dash), v. ¢.

[ME.daschen.]

1. To shatter; crush;

to strike violently. 2. To knock, throw, hurl, or thrust (something) away or out, or against, upon, or into some-

thing else, with violence or suddenness.. 3. To splotch or bespatter; hence, to throw on roughly, in the manner of a splashing fluid; as, to dash color on a canvas. To ruin;

frustrate. 5. To put to shame; also, to abash; depress. . To qualify, or adulterate, by throwing in something of a .

different quality; as, to dash wine with water. 7. To form, write, or sketch rapidly or carelessly. —v.7. To

advance violently; to rush. —n.1. A violent blow or stroke. 2. A stroke or line made as with a pen. The striking or breaking of a liquid in violent motion; also, the sound of dashing. 4. A sudden discouraging setback. 5. Asmall quantity or portion dashed into or upon anything; a slight admixture. 6.

light; also, not light-colored. _2. Destitute of moral _or spiritual light; wicked. 3. Gloomy; dismal. 4. Not display; as, tocuta dash. 7. Energy in style or action; 5,5. Destitute of clear to the understanding. c knowledge | animation. 8. A sudden onset or rush. 9. aA churn and culture; ignorant. 6, Reticent; secretive. 7. N ot} dasher. b A dashboard. 10. Punctuation. A point known to the public; — chiefly in dark horse. ors, of low or very low brilliance.

8. O.f col-

Syn. Abstruse, indistinct, faint;_ambiguous, uncertain. — Dark, opaque, obscure, dim, vague. Dark implies total or partial absence of light; opaque, imperviousness to light; obscure, insufficiency of light, as when something is overclouded or covered; dim, lack of brightness, clearness, or distinctness ;vague (archaic in its literal sense) is synonymous with the others in its figurative sense only; as, a dark room; an opaque substance; a misty and obscure atmosphere; a dim

light; “vague, unseeing eyes.” —

—~n.

t. Bright, clear, fair.

1. Absence of light; darkness; night; nightfall.

Dark color or shade, asina painting.

being secret or obscure; often,

2.

3. The condition of

underhand secrecy; also,

ignorance; as, to be in the dark about one’s intentions. —v.%. & t. Archaic. To darken; obscure.

Dark Ages (4/jéz; -jiz). See MIDDLE AGE b. Dark Continent. Africa, as being formerly little known. dark’en (diar’kén), v. 7. To grow dark; to become obscure.

—v.t.

1. Tomake dark or black; to obscure.

To ren-

der dim; blind. 3. To cloud; perplex. 4. To make foul; sully. To cast a gloom upon; as, todarken mirth. 6. To make of darker color. — dark/en-er, n.

dark’ey, dark’/ie. Vars. of Darky. dark horse. a Inracing, an unknown or little-known com-

petitor that unexpectedly wins. b Hence, Political Cant, a candidate unexpectedly nominated. dark/ish, adj. Somewhat dark; dusky. — dark/ish-ness, n. dark lantern. A lantern witha single opening, which may be closed to conceal the light. dar’kle (dar’k’l), v.7.; Dar’KiED (-k’ld);_ DAR’KLING

(-kling). ({Fromparkrinc.] To lurk or loom in the dark; also, to grow dark; to become clouded or gloomy. dark/ling (dark/ling), adv. [dark+ 2d -ling.] In the dark. — adj. Being or occurring in darkness; dark.

[—_] used in printing and writing, singly and in pairs, to

interrupt a sentence or to set off parts of it. Ashortswift race.

12. Telegraphy.

dash/board’ (dish’bord’; 70), . 1. Ascreen, on the fore part of a vehicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow. 2. Automobiles. A partition at the front of the body directly below the windshield; — called also instrwment board.

dash/er (-€r), n. dashing person.

1. Collog.. One who dashes; specif., a

2. ae

hich dashes or agitates; as, the

dasher of a churn. shboard. dash/ing, adj. 1. Characterized by dash, or energy; spir-

ited.

2. Inclined to make a display; showy. —

ing-ly, adv. dash’y (-i), adj. ;DASH’I-ER (-I-€r), DASH/I-EST. ized

by dash or dashes; esp., showy; dashing.

— adj. Cowardly. das/tard-ly (-li), adj.

cowardice. — Sym.

Marked by sy

See COWARDLY.

— das/tard-li-ness, n. das’y-ure (das/I-tir), n. [Gr. dasys thick, shaggy + oura

tail.]|

Any

Gales Polyprotodontia) of the ustralian region, like the martens

in habits.

da’ta (da/ta; da/ta), n., pl. of DATUM. da/ta-ry (da/ta-ri), n.; pl. -RIES (riz).

CML. dataria.]

R.C.Ch.

A

curial office or officer charged with investigating the fitness of can-

dark’some (-siim), adj. Chiefly Poetic. Dark or darkish. dark star. Astron. A star so feebly luminous as to be invisible, or one entirely nonluminous. dark’y, dark’ey (dir’ki), m.; pl. DARKIES, DAPKEYS (-kiz).

of northern Africa and western Asia, and also imported into other coun-

Ale,

chaotic,

charity;

The fruit of a palm (Phoeniz dac-

tylifera), constituting a staple food

tries.

Date Palm.

(From

ft.i»)

2. The tall tree (date palm), with pinnate leaves

and clusters.of dioecious flowers, which yields this fruit.

care, Add,

Old, Obey,

~

of a genus (Dasyurus) of arboreal, carnivorous, marsupial mammals

didates for papal benefices. date (dat),n. {OF. (FP. datte), fr. L. dactylus, fr. Gr. daktylos.] 1.

A negro.

dash’-

Character-

das/tard (dis’t@rd), nm. (ME., dullard, coward.] A coward; a poltroon; one who sneakingly does malicious acts.

dark/ly, adv. In a dark manner. darhaees (dirk/nés; -nis), n. State or quality of being ark. dark’room’ (-rd0m/; 85), n. Photog. A room protected from actinic rays, for handling sensitive plates, etc.

Collog.

11. Racing.

Along click ona ta

egraph sounder, forming a letter or part of a letter, as in the Morse code. — Syn. See VEIN. f

@ccount,

iirm,

ask,

Orb, Odd, sbft, cOnnect;

sofa;

Eve,

food, {O6t;

hére (27),

Gvent,

&nd,

silént, makér;

ice,

Xll,

out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Grn, wip, circés, menti;

date date (dat), n.

257

Rey fr. ML. data, fr. L. datus, past part.

of dare to give.|

1. That statement affixed to a writing

dazzle

daunt/less,

adj.

Undaunted;

bold; fearless. — daunt’-

less-ly, adv. — daunt’less-ness, n. — Sym. See COURAGE.

coin, etc., which specifies the time, and often the place, of dau’phin

(d6/fin), n.

[F., prop., a dolphin.

_ See por-

making. 2. The point of time at which a transaction or PHIN.] Fr. Hist. From_1349 to 1830, the title of the event takes place. 3. Time of lasting of anything; duraeldest son of the king of France. i tion. 4. A point or period of time to which anything is dau’phin-ess (-ts; -is), n. Also dau’/phine (-fén). The referred as present, as to usage, style, knowledge, etc.; —chiefly in: out of date, obsolete or behind the times. or down, to date, up to the modern or pres-

—up,

ent standard or style. 5. Collog. An appointment for a specified time. —v.¢. 1. To note the time of writing or executing; as, to datea letter.

or give the date of.

2. To ascertain, estimate,

— v.72. 1. To reckon chronologically.

2. Tobe dated; to bear date; — usually with from.

3. To

belong to a given period; — usually with from. — dat/er (dat/ér), n. ; date/less (dat/lés; -lfs), adj. Without date; as: a Un-

dated. Having no fixed term; endless. ¢ So old as not to be assignable to any date; immemorial. d Of lasting interest.

:

or L.; F.

the proper name David.]

Naut.

A form of crane for

sent,

etc., to

Davy Jones’s

CME. dawe.]

1. Ajackdaw.

Chiefly Scot.

2. Archaic.

Dawn.

(-d’ld); DAW/DiING

(-dling). _To waste (time) in idle lingering; — Syn. See rrirLte. — daw/’dler (-dlér), n.

dawk (dék).

to trifle.

Var. of DAK.

dawn (dén), v.7.

line be-

_1. To begin to grow light in the morn-

ing. _2. To begin to appear, expand, develop, or give promise. 3. To begin to be perceived or understood; as, this fact has just dawned upon me. =n. 1. The break

farther

of day.

2. First appearance; beginning.

dawt (dét). day (da),n.

Var. of Daur.

[AS.dzg.] 1. The time of light, or interval between one night and the next. 2. The period of the earth’s revolution on its axis. 3. The mean solar day used _in ordinary reckoning of time (see MEAN TIME), an

usually beginning at mean

midnight:

its hours are usu-

ally numbered in two series, each from 1 to 12, but some-

(CF.

times in a single series from 1 to 24._

date; as, one’s

to giving,

wedding day,

4. A specified day or

5. With reference to con-

tests, the conflict or contention of the day; as, to win, or

1. Gram.

lose, the day.

in chart by which expresses the rela- Date Line, indicated heavy line. tion of indirect or remoter, t object, generally indicated in modern English by to or for. 2. Law. a In one’s gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office, b Removable, as distinguished from perpetual ;— said of an officer. ¢ Given or

appointed. mn. Gram. The dative case, or a form in that case. Abbr. dat. — da-ti’val (da-ti/val), adj. — da’-

tive-ly, adv.

||da’to, dat’to (dito), n.; pl. -Tos (-tds; EH. -tdz).

[Tag.&

Sp.] 1. In Malay countries, the headman of a barrio or tribe. 2. P.J. The chief of a (Moslem) Moro tribe.

da/tum (da/ttim; da/ttm), n.; pl. pata (-ta). [L.] 1. Something given_or admitted, as a fact on which an inference is based. 2. Something, actual or assumed, used as a basis of reckoning; — in phrases; as: datum line, datum plane or level, datum point. da-tu’ra (da-ti’rd), n. [NL., fr. Hind. dhatira, fr. Skr. dhattura.) _Bot. A plant of a genus (Datura) of ill-

smelling herbs, shrubs, or trees of the potato family (So-

lanaceae), including the jimson weed (D. stramonium); also, a flower of such a plant. daub (déb), v. . [OF. dauber to plaster, fr. L. dealbare to whitewash, plaster, fr. de + albare to whiten, fr. albus white.] 1. To cover, coat, or smear with soft, adhesive matter, as plaster, mud, etc. 2. To paint in a coarse or

—¥v.7.

Saul’s death David reigned over Israel about forty years. dav’it (div/it; da’/vit), n._ [OF. daviot, daviet, davit, fr.

daw/dle (d6/d’l), v. 7. & t.; DAW/DLED

Designating, or pertaining to, the case of a noun

unskillful manner.

2. A large up-

with his sling, and charmed Saul with his harping; but, incurring Saul’s ill will, he was driven into outlawry. After

A simpleton. daw (dé), n. & v.t.

datif, fr. L. dati-

fr.daretogive.]

holstered sofa, often convertible into a bed.

Da/vid (da/vid), n. [Heb. Dawid, Dawid.]_ Bib. The youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem. He slew Goliath

gave Eo n.

the date is

vus appropriate

1. A kind of small writing desk.

of the ocean; hence, gone,

westward, in New Zealand, Australia, etc. A vessel crossing the date line to the westward sets the date forward by one day, as from Sunday to Monday; if the line is crossed in going eastward, set back.

maker.]_

locker, drowned, killed, etc., and buried in the sea. Da’/vy lamp (da’/vi). See SAFETY LAMP.

any given day, say Monday, begins at midnight on the date line, and follow-

da/tive (da/tiv), adj.

Scot. A darling.

dav’en-port (dav/én-port; 70), n.. [From the name of some

Da/vy Jones’ (da/vijonz’). The spirit of the sea; sea devil. Da’vy Jones’’s lock’er (jon’ziz). The ocean, or bottom

national agreement as the place where each calendar day first begins. Thus,

gins continuously

To caress.

daut/ie, dawt/ie (dét/i; dat’), n.

hoisting boats, anchor, cargo, etc.

date line. 1. A line relating to a date or dates, as the line where the date of issue appears in a_newspaper. 2. A hypothetical line approximately along the meridian 180° from Greenwich, fixed by inter-

ing the midnight

title of the wife of the dauphin. daut, dawt (dot; dat), v. t. Scot.

1. To do daubing; to apply

plaster, paint, or the like, coarsely and unskillfully. Obs. exc. Dial. To put ona specious or false exterior. —n.

1. Material, as plaster, used to daub walls, etc. 2. Anything daubed on; a smear.. 3. An act or case of daubing.

A specified time or period; age; time.

7. Those hours allotted by usage or law for work; as, an eight-hour day. 8. Astron. The time required by a celestial body in turning once on its axis; as, the moon’s day (27 solar days).

day’book’ (-bd0k’),n.

A book in which transactions of the

day are recorded; specif.: a A diary. Bookkeeping. A book of original entry in which are recorded the debits and credits, or accounts of the day, in their order. day’break’ (-brak’), n. Dawn, or the time at which dawn comes. filled with pleasing, day’dream/ (da/drém’), n. | AA reverie rey

often illusory, visions or anticipations. —v.7. Toindulge in daydreams. — day/dream//er, 7. day’flow’er (-flou’ér), n. Any plant or flower of certain genera (Commelina and Tradescantia, family Commelinaceae) of herbs bearing ephemeral blossoms. day’fly’ (-fl/), n. An ephemeral fly appearing in spring.

day laborer.

One who works by the day or for daily wages, esp. as an unskilled laborer. day letter or lettergram. Sec LETTERGRAM. daylight’

(da/lit’),

».

1. The

light of day.

2. Full

knowledge or understanding of what has been obscure.

daylight saving.

The saving or utilizing of daylight by

moving ahead all timepieces (generally one hour), usually in the spring, and then setting them back to standard time, usually in the fall. day lily. 1. Any liliaceous plant of a genus (Hemerocallis, esp. H. fulva and H. flava) with long narrow basal leaves

and yellow or tawny flowers. genus

(Hosta)

bearing

2. Any plant of a related

racemose

white or violet flowers.

4. Paint. A picture unskillfully executed. — daub/er, n.

3. The flower of any of these plants. day nursery. A nursery for children of working mothers, Day of Atonement. Yom Kippur. | days’man (daz/mdn), n. _ [From day in the sense of day

Cietn: -trin).

days of grace.

— daub/er-y, daub’ry, n. — daub’y, adj. daud (déd; Bene Var. Of pAb. to thump. j ; daugh’ter (d6’tér), n.; pl. ~reRS (-térz); obs. pl. -TREN LAS. dohior, dobter 4 1. A human female

considered with reference to her parents (abbr. dau.); a female child; also, a female descendant; in figurative use, a

girl or woman of a given country, religion, etc. 2. Archaic. A maiden. 3. Anything (regarded as feminine) considered with reference to its source.

daugh’ter—in-law’, 7.; pl. DAUGHTERS-IN-LAW. of one’s son. i ;

The wife ‘

daugh’ter-ly (d6’tér-li), adj. Befitting a daughter; filial. daunt (dont; dant), v. t. [OF. danter, donter, fr. L. domitare, v. intens. of domare to tame.] To subdue the courage of; to intimidate. — Sym. See DISMAY.

chair;

go; sing; then, thin; natitire, verditire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

fixed for trial.)

Archaic.

Arbiter; mediator.

The days (usually three) allowed in some

places for payment of a note or bill after it becomes due.

day’spring/ (da/spring’), n. The beginning of day; dawn. day’star’ (-stir’), n. 1. The morning star. 2. Poetic. The sun. é E . t day’time’ (-tim’), n.__Time during which there is daylight.

daze (daz), v.¢.

[ME.dasen.]

To stupefy with excess of

light, a blow, fear, grief, etc.; stun; dazzle.

—n.

being dazed. — daz’ed-ly (daz/&d-IY; 30), adv.

State of

daz/zle (diz/’l), v.t. .[Freq. of paze.], 1. To be overpowered or dazed by light. 2. To excite admiration by brilliancy.

—v.t.

1. Toconfuse the vision of by excess of

x = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

dazzlingly

that which dazzles. — daz/zling- ‘ly (daz/ling-li), adv. de-. [L. de from, down, away; also fr. F. dé-, going back to L. de-, or (through OF. des-) to L. dis-. "See vis-.] A refix denoting: 1. Down, as in depose, put down, depend, ang down. 2. Separation; off; away, as in desist, stand off, delegate, send away; also, owt of, as in detrain. 3. Intensification ; completely, as in derelict, abandoned utterly, denude, make quite nude. 4. Reversing or undoing of an action, or depriving or ridding of, or freeing from, as in deform, degum. dea’con (dé@/ktin; ke n), mn. [AS. diacon, fr. LL., fr. Gr. diakonos servant, minister. | In Christian churches, a cleric or a layman who assists a priest or minister, his duties varying in different ray also, a cleric in orders next below a priest. —v. t. a To read aloud each verse of, as a psalm, before aE Ln b To pack, as fruit, with the best on top; hence, to adulterate, doctor, or the like. — dea’con-ry, n. — dea’ con-ship, n. dea/con-ess (-és; -is), n. A woman chosen or assigned to assist in church work. dead (déd), adj. [AS.déad.] 1. Lifeless;inanimate. 2. Manifesting or marked by absence of sensation, consciousness, etc.; as, a dead faint. 3. Being without feeling, spirit, vitality, etc.; as, dead to pity. 4. Collog. Very tired. 5. Devoid of motion or action; stagnant; as, dead air. 6. Completely ineffective or ineffectual; as, a dead law. 7. Lacking in elasticity or resilience; as, a dead ball. 8. Extinct; extinguished; disused; obsolete. 9. Dull; tame; quiet; as, a dead social season. 10. Deprived or devoid of significance; as, a dead custom. 11. Unproductive; unprofitable; as, dead capital. 12. Barren; sterile; as, dead soil. 13. Having no outlet; as, a dead hole. 14. Uacking fire, glow, luster, color, tang, etc. 15. Being as certain, complete, irrelievable, etc., as death; as, a dead shot; absolute; as, a “dead loss; unvarying; as, a dead level; unrelieved; unalleviated; as, a dead weight. 16. Blec. Not electrically connected to a source of voltage; not electrically charged. 17. Law. Being in the state of civil death; cut off from the rights of a citizen.

18. Print.

Having been used, or not to be used; — said of type ready to be distributed, of plates and type ready to be melted, or the like. 19. Sports. Out of play (permanently or teémporarily), — Syn. See LIFELESS. —n. 1. One who is dead; — now commonly used collectively; as, the dead and the living. 2. The most quiet or deathlike time; as, the dead of winter. —adv. 1. ‘Absolutely; utterly; as, dead ripe; dead tired. 2. With sudden and entire, or almost entire, stoppage of motion or action; as, he stopped dead. 3. Directly: exactly; as, they ran dead away from us. dead’beat’ (déd/bét’), adj. Physics. Making a beat without recoil; giving Shloto by a single beat or excursion. dead’—beat’, adj. Collog. Completely tired out. dead beat. Slang. A sponge; a beat (sense 6).

dead center.

Mach.

either of the two at the ends of when the crank are in the same line. b A center

aIn a crank and connecting rod,

positions a stroke and rod straight that does not revolve, as in a machine tool. — dead’/—cen’ter, adj.

dead’en (déd/’n), v.t. ence: a

Lo lessen

the

velocity or momentum af.

Dead Center.

A, B Dead Cen-

ters; C Crank; L Lever.

b To make lusterless, vapid, spiritless, etc. ¢ To render impervious to sound, as a wa —. Ae To become dead;

to lose life, force, ete. — dead’en-er, dead’en.- ing, n. Material used to eandoront walls floors, to remove gloss or luster, etc.

dead/eye/ (déd/i’),n.

Naut.

or

A wooden block, en-

testants reach the goal at the same instant, so

Deadthat neither wins. dead letter. a That which has lost its force or eyes. authority, yet has not been formally abolished; as, that law has become a dead letter. b An uncalled-for or undeliverable letter which after a fixed time is sent to a department of the general post office (the dead—letter office) to be opened, and either returned to the writer or destroyed. dead/light’ (déd/lit’), n. 1. Naut. a A strong shutter to fit ports or cabin windows and keep out water. b A piece

ale,

chaotic,

cAre,

Old, Obey,

add,

diccount,

rm,

ask,

érb, Sdd, s&ft, cdnnect;

2. A skylight made not to open. dead/lock’ (déd/l5k’), n. _A stoppage produced by counteraction; a state of inaction or indecision resulting from the opposition of equally powerful persons or factions. —v.t. & 7. To bring or come to a mes

dead/ly (d&éd/li), adj. ;-L1-ER_(-li-€r) ;-L1-Esv.

Likely to

cause death; capable of causing death; oe ad cay disease. 2. Causing ‘death; as,a deadly blow. 3. Implacable; desperately hostile; as, deadly eee 4. Like death;

deathly; as, deadly pallor. 5. Collog. Very great; excessive. Syn. Deadly, mortal, fatal.

Deadly applies to what causes, or is

capable of causing, death, or is relentless or to the death.

Mortal

applies to the immediate cause of death, but not to a death-dealing in-

strument or agency; as, a mortal wound; a mortal disease (but not a

mortal arrow or poison).

implacable or to the death, has caused, death.

— adv.

1. Archaic.

deadly pale.

Like deadly, it may refer to that which is

Fatal applies to that which will cause, or

Mortally;

fatally.

2. Deathly;

as,

3. Extremely; excessively; as, deadly dull.

— dead/li-ness (-li-nés; -nis), n. deadly nightshade. The belladonna Atropa belladonna. deadly sins. Also seven deadly sins. ‘The seven capital sins, pride, covetousness,

lust, anger,

gluttony,

envy,

and sloth, considered as fatal to spiritual progress. dead/ness (déd/nés; -nis), n. State of being dead. dead point. = DEAD CENTER. dead reckoning. Naut. Method of finding the place of a ship without aid of celestial observations, from a record of the courses sailed and the distance on each course. dead’wood’ (déd’wodd’),n. _1. Wood dead on the tree; ence, material no longer neehule as unsalable stock. 2. pl. Solid timbers, usually horizontal, builtin at the extreme bow and stern of a vessel when too narrow to permit framing. deaf (déf; dial. & archaic déf), adj. [AS. déaf.] 1. Wanting, or deprived of, the sense of hearing, either wholly or in part. 2. Unwilling to hear or listen; determinedly inattentive. — deat/ly, adv. — deaf/ness, n. deaf’en (-én; -’n), v.¢. 1. To make deaf. 2. To drown out, as a sound. 3. To make soundproof; deaden.—

deaf’en-ing-ly, adv. deaf’/—mute’, n. A deaf person who cannot, or has not , been taught’ je speak. — deaf/—mute’,

adj.

deal (dél), n. [AS. d#l.] 1. A portion; hence, an indefinite amount. . Collog. A good or great deal.

deal (dél), v.¢.; DEALT (délt); prat/inc.

[AS. dzlan.]

To give in portions or as one’s portion; to distribute; apportion. 2. To bestow; deliver, as blows. 3. To distribute (cards) to the players, as at the beginning of a game; to give (a particular card) in aoe —v.t. 1. To make distribution, esp. of cards. 2. To have to do; variously, to be occupied or concerned, or to have intercourse or business relations. 3. To conduct oneself; behave; as, to deal justly with all. 4. To contend; to struggle in order to check, correct, etc. 5. To doa distributing or retailing business: as, to deal in Ries —n. Act of dealing; also, Card Playing, ahand. 2. Collog. a A bargain. Treatment or method of treatment, with regard esp. to justice; as, a square deal. cA clandestine and mutually advantageous arrangement, as in business or politics. . Apportionment. — deal’er, n.

chief ef ten, fr. decem ten.] . Becl. In a collegiate or cathedral church, the head of the charac, 2. Educ. a Eng. A university officer supervising undergraduates. b .S. A university or college administrative officer, under the president, sung Nain a school, a faculty, a class or a sex of students. . The chief or senior of a company or body of men, as eya diplomatic corps. — dean/ship, n.

dean/er-y (-ér-1), n.; pl. -1es (-Yz).

circled by a rope or an iron band, and pierced with holes to receive the lanyard, used esp. to set up shrouds and stays. dead/fall’ (-f61), n. A trap made so that a log or other weight falls upon the animal and kills or disables it. dead hand. Mortmain. dead’/head/ (déd’héd’),n. A person who receives free tickets for ihetoon public convey a etc. —v.t. & 7. To treat or behave as a deadh dead heat. A heat or course in which thencon-

charity;

of heavy glass in a deck or ship’s side to admit light.

deal,n. [MD. or MLG. dele.] 1. ‘A board, now always of caeor pine, cut to any of several specified sizes. 2. Pine or fir wood; deals collectively, — deal, adj. deal’fish’ (-fish’), n.; pl., see FISH. [From deal a plank. ] Any of a genus (Trachypterus) of long, thin, deep-sea fishes. deal/ing (del’ing), n. 1. Usually pl. Intercourse; traffic. 2. Method of business or manner of conduct. dean (dén), n. [LOF. deien cs doyen), fr. LL. decanus

1.

To make as dead; impair s weer, fore ete.s : cull

death

258

light, moving pene: etc. 2. To bewilder ee surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. —n. Act of dazzling;

sofd;

Office, jurisdiction, or

official residence of a dean. dear, dere (dér),adj. [AS.déor.] Archaic. Hard; severe. dear (dér), adj. LAS. déore.] 1. Obs. Glorious; honor. able. 2. Highly valued or esteemed; loved; — in forms of address, an expression of politeness; as, Dear Sir. 3. a Costly; expensive.. b High; — of prices, etc. 4. Heartfelt; earnest; as, his dearest wish. — Syn. Beloved, cherished. See COSTLY. —adv. Dearly. —n. A dear one; darling. — dear’ly, adv. — dear’/ness, wee dearth (dfirth),n. [ME. derthe.] Obs. Dearness; costliness. 2. Soareny which renders Ae specif., famine. 3%. Lack of sufficiency; as, a dearth of news. death (déth),n. [AS. death. 1. Act or fact of dying. 2. Cause or occasion of loss of life; Obs., a pestilence. 3.

Anything so dreadful as to seem like death.

4. [eap.]

The destroyer of life, conventionally represented as a skeleton with a scythe. State of being dead. 6, Cessation or privation, as of function, existence, capacity for development, etc.; extinction. 7. The being deprived of rights and privileges as a citizen or a member of society; civil death.

Gve,

food, foot;

hére (27),

évent,

énd,

out, oil; ctibe, Unite,

silént,

makér;

ice,

“{ll,

firn, tip, circés, menti;

deathbed 8. Murder; bloodshed.

An illu-

sion, the lie of life in matter; the unreal and untrue; opposite of Life. Mary Baker Eddy. Syn. Death, decease, demise.

Death is the general word for the

termination of any form of existence; decease and demise apply only to human beings. Decease is the legal term; in ordinary use it is slightly euphemistic or rhetorical. Demise refers esp. to the death of a buler or tustiods person; of ordinary persons it is grandiloquent.

death’bed’ (déth’béd’), n.

The bed in which a person

ies; the closing hours of life of one who dies in bed. death bell. A bell tolled to announce a death or a dying. death’blow’ (déth’blo’), n. A mortal or crushing blow.

death camass. A common melanthaceous plant (Zygadenus venenosus) of the western United States, the bulb of which is poisonous to stock. death cup. A very poisonous mushroom (Amanita phalloides); also, a cup-shaped part at its base.

death duty.

Law.

A tax or duty imposed on the transfer

of property to an heir at the owner’s death. death’ful (déth’f00l; -f’l), adj, Deadly; murderous; deathly. death’less (-lés; -lis), adj. Notsubject to death; immortal. — death/less-ly, adv. — death’less-ness, n. death/like’ (-lik’), adj. Deathly. deathly (li), adj._ (AS. déathlic.] 1. Deadly; fatal. 2.

Like death.

3. Poetic.

Of death.

— adv. In a death-

like manner or degree. death mask. A cast taken from the face of a dead person.

death rate.

The number of deaths per hundred or per thou-

sand persons in a given group within a given time.

death’s’—head’ (déths’héd’), n. A skull, emblem of death. deaths’man (-mdn), n. Archaic. Executioner.

death warrant. sentence.

a Law.

A warrant to carry out a death

hb That which ends expectation, joy, etc.

death’/watch/ (déth’woch’), n.

decampment

259

9. Christian Science.

1. The guard set over a

criminal before his execution. 2. Any of several small insects which make a ticking sound superstitiously thought to presage death; esp., any of certain small beetles (fam-

ily Anobiidae).

debtedness. hb Any one, or the sum, of such entries. ¢ The side (left-hand) of an account on which such entries are made.

The abbreviation Dr. (for debtor) is written at the

top of the debit side of an account.

—v.¢.

debit; charge. deb/o-nair’, deb/o-naire’ (d&b/S-nar’), adj.

naire’. [OF. de bon aire, prop., of good kind or race (F. débonnatire debonair).] _i. Obs. Good or gentle in disposition. 2. Affable and courteous; graceful and gay. — deb/o-nair’ly, adv. — deb/o-nair’/ness, n.

Deb/o-rah (déb/6-ra), n. [Heb.] Bib. A Hebrew prophetess who helped free the Israelites and celebrated the victory in a famous song of triumph.

Judges iv, v.

de-bouch’ (dé-boosh’), v. 7. _LF. déboucher, fr. dé- (fr. L. dis-) + bouche opening, fr. L. bueca cheek.]

march

1. Mil. To

out from a confined spot, as a defile, into open

ground.

2. To emerge; issue.

—v.t.

To cause to_de-

bouch. —mn. Usually ||dé/bou/ché’ (da/boo/sha’). ([F.] An outlet in works for debouching of troops; hence, an exit; an outlet, as for goods. — de-bouch’/ment, n.

de-bris’ (dé-bré’; déb’ré), dé-bris’ (da-bré’ or, esp. Brit. da/bré, déb/ré), n._ [F. débris, fr. OF. debrister to break. 1. Rubbish, esp. such as results from destruction; ruins.

2. Geol. Any accumulation of fragments of rock. debt (dét), n. [OF. dette, deriv. of L. debitus owed, past part. of debere to_owe, prop., to have on loan, fr. de +

habere to have.]_

1. That which is due from one person to

another; thing owed; obligation; liability,

pass.

3. State of owing.

2. A sin; tres-

4. That portion of the capital

of a compahy represented by obligations secured by the property of the company. debt’or (dét’ér), n. One who owes a debt. See DEBIT,

CREDITOR.

de-bunk’

“bunk.”

(dé-btingk’),

v.t.

Slang,

U.S.

To divest of

de-but’ (da-bi’; dé-bi’” or, esp. Brit., da’bd0, d&b’00), n. [F. début, fr. débuter to make one’s first appearance, begin.] Entrance upon a career or profession; specif.: a A

first public appearance, as of anactor.

death’y (déth’i), adj. & adv. Rare. Deathly. deave (dev), v. t. Dial. To deafen; bewilder.

To enterasa

_ Also deb/on-

hb Formal entrance

into society.

Also ||dé/ba’cle (da/ba’-

deb/u-tante’ (d&b/ii-tint’), n. fem.; deb/u-tant’ (déb/itint’; d&éb/i-tdnt), masc. [F. débutante, débutant, pres,

up of ice in a stream, or the rush of water, ice, etc., that

dec’a- (dék/a-), dec-. [Gr. deka.] A prefix meaning ten, dec/ade (d&k/ad or, esp. Brit., -dd; dé-kad’; 2), n. (CE. décade, fr. L. decas, -adis, fr. Gr. dekas, fr. deka ten.] A

de-ba/cle (dé-bi’k’l; -bak/’l), n.

kl). LF. débdcle, fr. débdcler, earlier desbacler, to free, appar. fr. dé-, des-+ a verb of LG. origin.] 1. A breaking follows. 2. aA violent disruption; breakdown; collapse.

rout.

b A sudden

de-bar’ (dé-bir’), v. t.; -BARRED’ (-bard’);-Bar’/R1nc. débarrer.]

[F.

To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar; pre-

clude; — usually with from. — de-bar/ment, n.

de-bark’ (dé-birk’), v.t. & 7. [F. débarquer, fr. dé- (fr. L. dis-) + barque.] To disembark. — de/bar-ka/tion (dé/-

bar-ka/’shiin), n. de-base’ (dé-bas’), v.t. [de--+ base.]__ To reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade, as in dignity, quality, purity, value, etc. — Sym. See ABASE. — de-base’/ment, 7. e-bas’er (-bas’ér), n. de-bate’ (dé-bat’), v.i. [OF.debatre. See pE-; BATTER.]

1. Archaic.

To engage in strife or combat.

2. To. dis-

pute; hence, to discuss or examine a question by considering arguments on both sides. 3. To participate in a debate. —v.¢. 1. To contend for; esp., to strive to maintain or controvert (a proposition) by argument. 2. To engageina debate about.

3.

Toconsider the arguments for

or against in one’s own mind. — Syn. See Discuss. —n. 1. A debating; discussion; controversy. 2. A regulated discussion of a given proposition between two matched

sides as a test of forensic ability. — de-bat/a-ble (-bat/ab’l), adj. — de-bat/er, n. de-bauch’

(dé-béch’),

v. t,

(LF. débaucher,

bochier to leave work, be idle.]

fr. OF.

des-

1. Obs. To lead away or

seduce, as from an allegiance; to disaffect.

2. To lead

part.

See DEBUT. ]

One making a debut

(esp. sense b).

group of ten; esp., a period of ten years.

de-ca’dence (dé-ka’déns; d&ék’a-déns), n.

Also de-ca’den-

cy (-dén-si). (ML. decadentzia, fr. L. de+ cadere to fall.] Deterioration; decline; esp., a period of retrogression in

art or letters. — Sym. See DETERIORATION. de-ca/dent (-dént), adj. Characterized by decadence; also, of or characteristic of decadents. —m. 1. A decadent

person or thing. 2. One of a school of French writers of the late 19th century, including Baudelaire, Verlaine, and Mallarmé, who cultivated the abnormal, artificial, and neurotic in subject; — now called symbolist. dec/a-gon (d&k’a-g6n; -gtin), n. & adj. [ML. decagonum. See DECA-; POLYGON.] Geom. A polygon, esp. a plane poly-

gon, of ten angles and ten sides. — de-cag’o-nal (dé-kig/6-

nal; -n’l), adj. : dec’a-gram, -gramme (-gram),7. [F.décagramme.] A metric measure of weight equal to 10 grams, or 0.8527’ oz. bbr. dkg. e

dec/a-he/dron (-dra@).

(-hé/drdn), n.;

pl. -DRONS

(-drdnz), -DRA

Also, less correctly, dec’a-e’dron (-é/drdn).

fr. deca-+ Gr. hedra base.]

[NL.,

A polyhedron of ten faces. —

dec/a-he/dral (-dral), adj. de-cal’ci-fy (dé-kal’s?-f1), v. ¢. To deprive of calcareous matter. — de-cal/ci-fi-ca/tion ({i-ka/shwn),n. — de-cal’ci-fi/er (-kil/si-fi/Er), 7.

— v. 7. de-cal/co-ma/ni-a (dé-kal/ké-ma/ni-d), n.. [F. décalcomanie.] 1. A process of transferring pictures and deTo indulge excessively in sensual pleasures, esp. eating and away from virtue or excellence; corrupt; deprave.

drinking. —m. An act or occasion of debauchery; also, debauchery. — de-bauch’ed-ly (-éd-l¥; 30), adv. — de-

bauch/er, n. — de-bauch’ment, 7. deb/au-chee’ (déb’6-shé’; -ché’), n. [F. débauché.]

One

given to sensual excesses; esp., a libertine. de-bauch/er-y (dé-béch/ér-i), .; pl. -ertes (-Yz). 1. Excessive indulgence of the appetites; sensuality; pl., orgies; carousals. 2. Seduction from virtue, duty, etc. de-ben/ture (dé-bén’tiir), n. [L.debentur (they) are due.]

signs from specially prepared paper to china, glass, etc. 2. A picture or design to be so transferred.

de’ca-les’cence (dé/kd-lés’éns; -’ns), n.

[L. decalescens,

-entis, pres. part.] Sudden absorption of heat when metals in process of heating pass certain temperatures. — de/ca-les/cent, adj. _

dec/a-li‘ter, dec/a-li/tre (dek’a-lée/tér), n. [F. décalitre.] A metric measure of volume, containing 10 liters, or 610.25 cu. in., or dite oak Abbe. dkl. ee oe ?

A writing or certificate issued as an evidence of debt; specif., any of various instruments (often called debenture

Dec/a-logue (dék’a-ldg; 74), n. so Dec/a-log. [F. dépeioiies fr. LL., fr. Gr. dekalogos, fr. deka 4 + logos

times secured by a mortgage or other charge upon property, and sometimes no more than an unsecured promissory note of the issuing corporation. de-bil/i-tate (dé-bil’7.tat), v. #. [L. debilitatus, past part.

mandments. ne De-cam/er-on (dé-kim/’ér-6n), m. [It. Decamerone, fr. Gr. deka ten + hemera day.] An Italian collection of 100 tales, by Boccaccio, first published in 1353. dec’a-me’ter, dec’a-me’tre (dék’a-mé’tér), nm. _[F. décametre.| A metric measure of length equal to 10 meters, or 32.808 ft. Abbr. dkm. de-camp/’ (dé-kimp’), v. 2. CF. décamper, fr. dé- (fr. L. dis) + camp camp.] 1. ‘o break up a camp, esp. secretly. 2. To depart suddenly; run away. — de-camp’ment, 7.

ponds) issued by corporations as evidences of debt, some-

of debilitare to debilitate, fr. debilis.] ‘o weaken; enfeeble. — de-hil/i-tat/ed (-tat/Ed; -fd), adj. — Sym. See WEAK. — de-bil/i-ta’tion, 7. [L. debilitas, fr. dede-bil/i-ty (-ti), ».; pl. -T1mEs (-tYz). bilis weak.] Weakness; infirmity. deb/it (déb/it), n. [L. debitum whatis due, debt, fr. debere toowe.] a An entry on the side of an account showing in-

speech.]

[sometimes

not cap.]

Bib.

The

Ten

Com-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K=ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word.

decanthare to pour off, fr. de+ -canthus in the sense of the lip of a vessel.] ‘To pour off gently, as liquor, so as not to roil it; also, to pour from one vessel into another. — de/can.-ta/tion (dé/-

modest or decorous behavior or words.

pitatus, past part. of decapitare, fr. L. de-+

To behead. — de-cap/i-ta’-

-

tion, n. — de-cap/i-ta/tor, n. Decanter. dec’a-pod (dék’a-péd), n. [deca-+ -pod.] _One of an order (Decapoda) of the largest, most highly organized crustaceans,

the

pods have five

pairs of legs upon the thotax, and stalked pod, adj.

A Decapod

(Palaemonetes vulgaris).

vt. To deprive of carbon bonic acid. — de-car’bon-a’tor (-a’tér), n.

de-car’bon-ize (-iz), v.t.

& 7.

cient; hence, fairly good. — de’cent-ly,

(44)

dioxide or car-

To remove carbon (from).

— de-car’bon-i-za’tion, n. — de-car’bon-iz/er, n.

de-car’bu-rize (-bi-riz), v. t. & 7. To decarbonize. dec/are (dék/ar; d&ék-4r’), n. [F.décare.] A metric measure of surface equal to 10 ares, or 0.2471 acre.

dec/a-stere (dék’a-stér), n. _[F. décastére.] A metric measure of capacity equal to 10 cu. meters, or 13.08 cu. yd. dec/a-syl-lab’ic (dék/a-si-lab’ik), adj. Having ten sylla-

bles.

—n.

labic verse.

Also dec/a-syl/la-ble (-sil’a-b’l).

de-cath/lon (dé-kith/lén), n. Athletics. A composite contest the track and field, esp. in the de-cay’ (deni v.t. CONF.

cadere to fall.}

A decasyl-

[See pECA-; PENTATHLON.] consisting of ten events on modern Olympic games. decair, deriv. of L. de +

1. To pass gradually from a sound or

prosperous state to one of imperfection, adversity, or dissolution; waste

away.

2. To decrease in numbers,

vol-

ume, or intensity, or in health, strength, or vigor. 3. To rot. —v.t. To cause to decay. Syn. Deteriorate, decline; wither, spoil. —Decay, decompose,

putrefy, rof imply dissolution or disintegration. Decay and decompose do not necessarily convey repulsive implications; putrefy always, Tot frequently, implies offensive odor. Decay, the general term, suggests such deterioration or decline as is incident to the nature of things, Decompose stresses the idea of disintegration, but is sometimes euphemistic for putrefy or rot. Putrefy, in nontechnical usage, suggests offensively decaying animal matter. Rot, the most vigorous term, may or may not imply offensiveness or foulness.

—n..1. Gradual decline or deterioration. idation. 3. A disease, esp. phthisis.

2. Ruin; dilap4. Decrease in

numbers, volume, or intensity.

de-cease’ (dé-sés’), n.

[OF. deces, fr. L. decessus depar-

ture, death, fr. decedere to depart, die, fr. de + cedere to withdraw.] Death.— Syn.SeepratH. —v.%. Todie, de-ceased/ (dé-sést’), adj. Dead. — the deceased. The dead person. de-ce/dent (dé-sé’dént), n._[L. decedens, pres. part.] A deceased person; — in U.S. chiefly as a law term.

dle-ceit’ (dé-sét’),n. [OF. decette, fr. past part. of deceveir. See DECEIVE.] An attempt or disposition to deceive; a trick; fraud.

Syn. Deceit, deception, deceitfulness, duplicity, guile, chicanery. Deceit commonly emphasizes the habit or practice, deception, the act, of deceiving ;deceit always implies design, deception may be unintentional. Deception, not deceit, applies to the state of being deceived. Deceitfulness implies a disposition or tendency to deceive. Duplicity is intentional and (often) sustained double-dealing. Guile implies esp. craft and insidiousness of artifice. Chicanery (or chicane) implies subterfuge, sophistry, and trickery, esp. in legal

proceedings.

de-ceit/ful, adj.

de-cen’/na-ry. Var. of DECENARY. de-cen/ni-al (-i-dl; 58), adj. Consisting of or happening every ten years; as, a decennial period; decennial games.

decens, decentis, pres. part. of decere to be fitting.] _1. Archaic. Appropriate; suitably elegant. 2. Conforming to standards of what is fitting; proper; seemly. 3. Free from immodesty or obscenity. Moderate, but. suffi-

— dec/a-

de-car’bon.-ate (dé-kar’bon-at ),

2. That which is

proper or becoming; — chiefly in pl. de-cen/na-ry (dé-sén’a-ri), n.; pl. -RIES (-riz).. [L. decennis of tenyears.] Period of tenyears. — adj. Decennial.

—n. A tenth anniversary. — de-cen/ni-al-ly, adv. de-cen’/ni-um oh n.; pl. -NIUMS (-t%imz), -NIA (-d). _CL., fr. decennis of ten years, fr. decem ten+ onnusyear.] A period of ten years. de’cent (dé/sént; -s’nt), adj. fol or L.; F. décent, fr. L.

lobsters, crabs, etc, Thedeca-

eyes.

L., fr. decemviri, pl., fr, decem.ten + vir_aman.]_ 1. ne of a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. 2. A member of any body of ten men in authority. — de-cem/-

narius, fr. decena, decenna, a tithing.] ng. Hist. Of or pertaining toa tithing. —m.; pl. -R1Es (-riz). A tithing. de/cen.cy (dé/sén-si; -s’n-si), n.; pl. -clES (-siz). 1. Quality or state of being decent; propriety; seemliness; hence,

cant liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors. de-cap/i-tate (dé-kip’7-tat), v. t. [LML. deca-

including shrimps,

peror Nicholas on his accession in December, 1825. de-cem/vir (dé-sém/vér), n. ;pl. -viRS (-vérz), -VIRI (-vierl).

vi-ral (-vi-rdl), adj. — de-cem/vi-rate (-rat), n.

kan-ta/shiin), n.

head.]

De-cem/brist (dé-stm/brist), n. Russian Hist. One who conspired for constitutional government against the Em-

de-cen/a.-ry, de-cen’/na-ry (dé-sén/a-ri) Cee CML. decen-

de-cant’er (dé-kin/tér), n.. A vessel used to decaput

decimate

260

decanal

dec’a-nal (d&k/a-nal; dé-ka/ndl; -n’l), adj. (LL. decanus ean.] Pert. toa dean or deanery. — dec/a-nal-ly, adv. dec/ane (d&k’an), m. [See peca-.]) Chem. Any of several isomeric liquid hydrocarbons, CioHn, of the methane series. de-cant’ (dé-kant’), v. t.. [F. décanter, fr. ML.

;

Full of, or marked by, deceit; deceptive;

misleading; tricky; insincere. —

Sym.

See FALLACIOUS. —

-ful-ly, adv. — -ful-ness, n. — Sym. See DECEIT.

de-ceive’ (dé-sév’), v. t. LOF.deceivre, deceveir, fr. L. decipere to catch, deceive, fr. de + nas to take, catch.] 1. To mislead; delude; cheat. 2. Archaic. To beguile;

while away. —v. 1. To use or practice deceit. — Syn. Dupe, fool, hoax, trick, gull. — de-ceiv’a-ble, adj. — de-

ceiv’a-bly, adv. — de-ceiv’er, m. — de-ceiv’ing-ly, adv. de-cel’er-ate (dé-sél’ér-dt),v.t. & 7. [de--+ accelerate.] To retard. — de-cel/er-a’tion, n. — de-cel’er-a/tor, n. De-cem/ber (dé-sém’bér), n. [LOF. decembre, fr. L. De-

cember, fr. decem ten; — this being the tenth month among

the early Romans.] The twelfth and last month of the year, having 31 days. Abbr. Dec.

ale, chaotic, cAre, Add, charity; Old, Gbey, Orb,

adv. — de’cent-

ness, n. de-cen/ter, de-cen’tre (dé-sén/tér), v. t.; see CENTER.

To

place out of center; to render or make eccentric.

de-cen/tral-ize (-trdl-iz), v. t. To deprive of centralization;

esp., to divide and distribute (what has been united or concentrated), as the administration of public affairs. — de-

cen/tral-i-za’tion, n. de-cep’tion (dé-sép’shtin), n.

[LF. déception,

fr. LL. de-

ceptto, fr. decipere, deceptum. See DECEIVE.J]_ 1. Act of deceiving; fact or state of being deceived. 2. That which

deceives or is meant to deceive; cheat; fraud. — Sym. See

DECEIT. de-cep’tive (-tiv), adj.

That may or can deceive. — Syn.

See FALLACIOUS. — de-cep’tive-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n.

de-cern’ (dé-stirn’), v.t. [L. decernere. See, DECREE.] Scots Law. To decree; adjudge. — v. 7. To distinguish; specif., to discern clearly. dec/i- (dés/i-). CF. déct-, fr. L. decimus.] A combining form denoting tenth; specif., in the metric system a tenth of a (specified) wnit, as in decigram.

dec/i-are (dés/i-4r), n. [F.déciare.] A metric measure of surface equal to 10 are, 10 sq. meters, or 11.96 sa. yd.

de-cide’ (dé-sid’), v. t. (IF. décider, fr. L. decidere, fr. de ++ caedere to cut, cut off.] 1. To terminate by giving the

victory or rendering judgment; determine; settle. 2. To bring toa decision. —v.7. To come to a conclusion; to give decision. — de-cid’a-ble (-sid’a-b’l), adj.

de-cid’ed (dé-sid’éd; -id), adj. 1. Unquestionable; clearcut. Free from doubt or wavering; determined. — decid’ed-ly, adv. — de-cid’ed-ness, n. de-cid’u-a (dé-sid'ii-a),. [NL., fr. L. decidwus.

See pE-

cipuous.] The portion of the mucous membrane lining the uterus which undergoes special modifications in preparation for and during pregnancy and is cast off at parturition. — de-cid’/u-al (-al), adj.

de.cid/u-ous (-tis), adj.

[L. deciduus, fr. dectdere to fall

off, fr. de-+ cadere to fall.]

1. Falling off at maturity, or

at certain seasons, as the antlers of deer, or some leaves. Haying leaves of this type; — opp. to evergreen.

3. Ephem-

eral. — de-cid/u-ous-ly, adv. — de-cid’/u-ous-ness, n.

dec/i-gram, gramme.) grains.

dec/i-gramme (dés/i-grim), n. LF. déciA metric weight equal to Mo gram or 1.5432

Abbr. dg.

dec/ile (dés/il), n.

LF. décil, fr. L. decem ten.]

Statis-

tics. _Any of the values of an attribute which separate the entire frequency distribution into ten groups of equal frequency. _— adj, Designating or pertaining to a decile or division into deciles. dec/i-li’ter, dec/i-li/tre (dés/¥-lé/tér), nm. ([F. décilitre.] A metric measure of volume equal to Mo liter, or 6.1 cu.

in. Abbr. dl. de-cil/lion (dé-sil’ytin), n. & adj. [L.decem ten-+ the ending of million.] See NUMERATION, J'able. — de-cil/lionth (-ytinth), adj. & n.

dec/i-mal (dés’i-mdl), adj. [From ML. & F., fr. L, decimus tenth, fr. decem ten.] Numbered or proceeding by tens, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller. —n. A decimal fraction.

decimal fraction.

See NumBER. — dec/i-mal-ly, adv.

A proper fraction in which the denom-

inator is some power of 10, usually signified by a point (decimal point) placed at the left of the numerator, as

dec/i-mal.ize (-1z),v. t. To reduce toa decimal system; as, to decimalize the currency. — dec/i-mal-i-za’tion, n.

dec/i-mate (dés’i-mat), v. t.

[L. decimatus, past part. of

decimare to decimate (in senses 1 & 2), fr. decimus tenth.]

d&ccount, firm, ask, sofa; éve, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére (27), out,

€vent, &nd,

oil; ciibe,

nite,

silént, makér; Grn,

tip, circés,

ice,

Yl,

menti;

;

decimation

261

1. To take the tenth part of. 2. Toselect by lot and punish with death every tenth man of. 3. To destroy a large

part of. — dec/i-ma/iion, n. — dec’/i-ma’tor, n. dec’i-me’ter, dec’i-me/tre (dés/7-mé/tér), n. [F. décimetre.| A metric measure of length equal to Yo meter, or 3.937 in. Abbr. dm. de-ci/pher (dé-si/fér), v. t.

[de-+ cipher]

1. To trans-

late from secret characters into intelligible terms.

To depict.

2. Obs.

To find out the meaning of; make out, as

words partly obliterated. — de-ci’pher-a-ble, adj.

de-ci/sion (dé-sizh’tin), n. ([F. décision, fr. L. decisio. See pecipr.] 1. A settling or terminating, as of a controversy, by giving judgment.on the matter; also, a conclusion arrived at after consideration. 2. Areport ofa conclusion, esp. of a judicial determination of a question. 3. The quality of being decided; firmness in deciding.

Sym. Decision, determination, resolution. Decision is the power or habit of promptly and definitely deciding, esp. on a course of action. Determination implies adherence with a fixed, sometimes obstinate, purpose to a course of action once settled on. Resolution implies constancy and courage, esp. in the face of difficulty or danger.

_1. Having the power or qual-

de-ci’sive (dé-si/siv), adj.

ity of deciding, or terminating, a controversy, contest, etc.;

as, decisive proofs.

2. Marked by decision; showing de-

cision. — de-ci/sive-ly, adv. — de-ci/sive-ness, n. [F. décistére.] dec/i-stere (dés/I-st@r), m. A metric measure of capacity equal to Yo stere (Mo cu. meter), or 3.53 cu. ft. ; deck (dék), n. [D.dek. See prcx, v.] 1. A floorlike

platform of a ship. 2. A flat space likened to a ship’s deck, as a horizontal main surface on an airplane. pack of playing cards.

—v.¢.

[D.dekkentocover.]

1.

To cover; overspread. 2. To dress; array;adorn. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. — Syn. See ADORN. deck’er (-E€r), n. Something, as a vessel, having a deck or decks; as, a single-decker. deck hand. A common sailor. ; deck’house’ (d&k’hous’), n. Nawt. A house, cabin, or

saloon erected on the upper deck. deck/le (dék’’l), n. Also deck’ei.

; [G. deckel cover, lid.]

Paper Mfg. @ A separate thin wooden frame used to form the border of a hand mold. b A curb on either side of the apron to confine the flowing pulp and so determine the

width of the paper. c¢ In full deckle edge. ‘The rough edge of paper left by the deckle, or one imitating this. —

deck’le—edged’

(-éid’; 2), adj.

de-claim’ (dé-klam’), v.71. & t. [L. declamare, fr..de + clamare to cry out.] _To speak or deliver rhetorically; harangue. — de-claim/er, n. — dec/la-ma/’tion (dék/lama/’shtn), 7.

;

de-clam/a-to/ry (dé-klam/a-to/17; -tér-¥), adj. Suited for or characterized by declaiming; oratorical; bombastic.

dec/la-ra’tion

(dtk/la-ra’shtin),

announcement; avowal..

mn.

1. Act of declaring;

2. That which is declared, or the

instrument containing it.

3. Cards.

a In bezique and

other games, an announcement during the play of points scored by a player. b Bridge. A bid; specif., the winning id. 4. Law. a The first pleading in an action, consisting

of the plaintiff’s statement of his cause of complaint and

demand for relief. b A solemn statement made by witnesses, etc., instead of the oath, and subjecting them to

perjury for its violation. de-clar’a-tive (dé-klar’a-tiv), de-clar’a-to/ry (-t0/r1; -tér-Y), adj. Making declaration, pronouncement, or assertion. de-clare’ (dé-klar’), v.t. [OF. declarer, fr. L. declarare,

fr. de + clarare to make clear, clarus clear, bright.]

To make known manifest; show.

firm; avow.

1.

explicitly; proclaim; announce. 2. To To make declaration of; assert; af-

4. To make full statement of (goods, etc.,

subject to taxes, duties, etc.) as being in one’s possession or ownership. Cards. Tomakea declaration of, as points in bezique; also, to make (a certain suit) trumps, as at bridge. — v.72. To make a declaration; to proclaim one-

self. — de-clar’er, n.

Syn. Aver, asseverate, maintain, advertise, herald, blazon, bruit. — Declare, announce, proclaim, promulgate. To declare is to make known explicitly and plainly, esp. formally and publicly; as, to declare one’s intentions. To announce is to declare by anticipation or to make known publicly, esp. for the first time; as, to announce the arrival of a guest. To proclaim is to announce with the widest pub-

licity; as, to proclaim peace.

To promulgate is to proclaim or make

known more widely (often officially) what is already known by some persons; as, to promulgate a decree.

de-clen’sion

decorticator to turn aside, inflect (a part of speech), avoid, fr. de + clinare to incline.] To turn or bend aside; deviate; stray. 2. To draw towards a close, decay, or extinction;

wane; fail. 3. To bend or lean downward; slope, sink, or hang, down; hence, to stoop (to). . To fail to accept;

refuse.

—v.t.

1. To cause to decline.

2. To put or

turn aside; refuse; reject; esp., to refuse politely. inflect (a noun or adjective).

3. To

YM. Droop, flag; dwindle, diminish; repudiate, reject. — Decline,

refuse agree in expressing the opposite of consent.

Decline is the

more courteous term ; refuse is more positive, often implying decided, even ungracious, rejection of what is offered.

—n. 1. A falling off; a diminution or decay; also, the period when a thing is declining. A declivity; descending slope. 3. Med. a A gradual wasting away of the physical and mental faculties. b Any wasting disease, esp. pulmonary consumption.

— de-clin’a-ble (-klin’a-b’l), adj. — de-clin/er (-&r), n.

dec’li-nom/e.ter (d&k/li-ndm/é-tér), n.

[L. declinare to

decline+ -meter.] An instrument to register declinations. de-cliv’i-tous (dé-kliv’%-tiis), adj. Moderately steep. de-cliv’i-ty (-ti), n.; pl.-rirs (-tiz). _[L. declivitas, fr. de-

elivis sloping, downhill, fr. de + clivus slope, hill.] Deviation from the horizontal; gradual descent; slope.

A descending slope, as of a hill; — opp. to acclivity. de-cli’vous (dé-kli/viis), adj. Sloping downwards.

1. 2.

de-coct’

(dé-kokt’), v. t. [L. decoctus, past part. of decoquere to boil down, fr. de + coquere to cook, boil.] To prepare by boiling; steep in hot water; also, to boil down; condense. de-coc/tion (-k5k’shiin), n. A decocting; also, an extract obtained by decocting.

de-code’ (dé-kid’), v. t. & 7.

([de-+ code.]

from code into ordinary language. de’co-here’ (d@/k6-hér’), v. t. & 7. [See pr-,4.]

To convert

Elec. To

restore or return to the normal condition; — said of a coherer affected by an electric wave. — de/co-her/ence (-hér’éns), n. — de/co-her’er, n.

de’co-he’sion (-hé/zhiin), n.

Elec.

de-col/late (dé-kdl/at), v.é.

[L. decollatus, past part. of

Decoherence.

decollare to behead, fr. de+ collum neck.] To sever from the neck; behead. — de/col-la’tion (dé/kd-la/shiin), n. — de’col-la/tor (dé’k6-la/tér), n. ||\ae/col/le-tage’ (da/k6l’/tazh’), mn. [F.] The upper border of a décolleté corsage; also, décolleté costume. dé-col/le-té (da-kol’ta; ’. da/k6l/ta’), adj. fF past part.

of décolleter to bare the neck and shoulders.] 1. Leaving the neck and shoulders uncovered. 2. Wearing a décolleté gown. de-col/or, de-col’/our (dé-ktil’ér), v. t. (IF. décolorer.] To decolorize. ?

de-col’or-ant bleaching.

(-dnt), adj.

—m.

Capable of removing color;

A decolorant substance.

de-col’or-ize, de-col/our-ize (-iz), v. ¢. To deprive of color. — -i.za/tion, n. — -iz/er, n. de’/com.pose’ (dé@kdm-poz’), v.t. & 7. [F. décomposer. See compose.] 1. To separate or resolve into constituent

parts or elements, or into simpler compounds. 2. To bring to or undergo disintegration; decay; rot. — Syn. See

DECAY. — de/com-pos/a-ble (-pdz/da-b’1), adj. — de/com-

po-si’tion (dé/kdm-po-zish/iin), n. de/com-pound’ (dé/kSm-pound’), adj.

1. Compound

of

what is already compounded; compounded again. 2. Bot. Having divisions that are. compound; — said of leaves. —v.t. 1. Tocompound with a compound. to constituent parts; decompose.

2. To reduce

de/com-press’ (dé/kdm-prés’), v. ¢. To release from pressure or compression. — de/com-pres/sion

\|dé’cor’ (da/kér’), n. [F.] dec/o-rate (dék/6-rat), v.t.

(-présh/in), 7.

Decorative ensemble. [L. decoratus, past part, of

decorare, fr. decus ornament.]

_ 1. To adorn; embellish.

2. To deck with additions; garnish.

3. To awarda deco-

ration of honor to. —v.7%. To set forth decorations. — Syn. See aporn. — dec/o-ra/tor, n. ; j Dec’o-rat/ed style (-rat/éd; -id). Arch. English Gothic of the middle period (14th century).

,

dec’o-ra’tion (dék/6-ra’/shiin),n. 1. Actofdecorating. 2. An embellishment; ornament. 3. A badge of honor, as a medal or cross. : Decoration Day. Memorial Day. , dec/o-ra/tive (dék/6-ra/tiv; -ra-tiv), adj. Tending to decorate; ornamental. — dec’o-ra’tive-ly, adv. —-tive-ness, n.

(dé-klén’shiin), n. [From F., fr. L. decli- de-core’ (dé-k6r’; 70), v.. Archaic. To decorate. natio, fr. declinare. _ See DECLINE.]| 1. Descent; slope. 2. A decline; deterioration. 3. Gram. , Inflection of dec/o-rous (d&k/é-riis; dé-k0’rts), adj. [L. decdrus, fr. decor comeliness, beauty.]_ Suitable to a character, or to nouns, adjectives, etc., accordingto a definite sequence of

their case forms; also, the inflectional class of a word declined by cases. — de-clen’sion-al, adj. eer:

dec/li-na’tion (d&k/l¥-na/shiin), n. swerving.

inclination.

2. Decay; decline.

1. Act of deviating;

3. A bending downward;

4. A refusal, esp.apoliteone.

5. The angle

which the magnetic needle makes with the geographical

meridian.

6. Astron.

Angular distance north or south

from the celestial equator. — de-clin/a-to/ry (dé-klin’dt0/ri; -tér-¥), adj. a: de-clin’a-ture (dé-klin’dé-ttir), m. A declination. : de-cline’ (dé-klin’), v.z. {COF. decliner, fr. L. declinare

Chair; go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdtire (118);

the time, place, and occasion; becoming; proper; seemly.

— dec’/o-rous-ly, adv. — dec’o-rous-ness, 7.

Syn. Appropriate, befitting, conventional, decent, fitting.

— Deco-

rous, demure, sedate, staid. That is decorous (cf. pecorum) which is proper and becoming, esp. as judged by formal or conventional standards. Demure implies an affectation of decorum or modesty, often with a suggestion of coyness. Sedate implies composure and soberness of character or speech. Staid implies a more settled grav-

ity, an even stronger negation of volatility or frivolity, than sedate.

de-cor’ti-cate (dé-k6r/ti-kat), v.t.

[L. decorticatus, past

part., deriv. of de+ cortex bark.] To divest of the bark, husk, or coating. — -cor’ti-ca/tion, n. — -cor’ti-ca’tor, n.

K=ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

decorum ance of the proprieties,

deep

262

de-co/rum (dé-k6’riim; 70), n. ; pl. -RUMS (-rimz), -RA (-rd). L., prop. neut. of decodrus. See DECOROUS.] 1. Observ-

now esp. in conduct; conformity to

accepted standards; as, social decorum. 2. The code of good form; the proprieties. _ 3. Decorousness; as, to disturb the decorum of a mecting.

Syn. Decency; seemliness; conventionality, formality. — Decorum, dignity, propriety. Decorum (cf. pEcoRous) applies esp. to that which is decent or becoming in manners or conduct; it often implies little more than absence of all that is unseemly. Dignity suggests such becoming elevation of style, manner, or conduct as arises from inner nobility or worth, or from a proper consciousness of one’s position or responsibilities. Propriety refers more to consonance: with recognized standards of what is fitting or correct. i

de-cur’rent (dé-kfir’ént), adj. [L. decurrens, -entis, pres. part. of decurrere to run down, fr. de + currere to run.] Running or flowing downward; specif., Bot., extending downward; — said of a leaf whose base extends down. — de-cur’rent-ly, adv.

dec/u-ry (d&k’t-ri), n.; pl. -R1ES (-riz). [L. decuria, fr. decem ten.] Rom. Hist. A division or company of ten, or

later of any number; a division, class, etc., as of judges. de-cus’sate (dé-ktis/at; d&k/tis-), v.t.&@7. [L. decussatus, past part. of decussare to cross like an X, fr. decussis the

number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] _To cross or cut in the form of an X; intersect. — (dé-kus/at), adj. a Decussated. b Bot. Brachiate. — de-cus/sate-ly,

wild fowl, fr. L. cavea cage.]’ 1. A place into which wild fowl, esp. ducks, are enticed for capture. 2. Hence:.a

adv. — de/cus-sa’tion (dé/ki-sa/shiin; dék/i-), n. ||de-dans’ (dé.diin’), nm. [IF.] A gallery at the service end of a tennis court, for spectators; hence, the spectators.

bA person employed to inveigle another into a position where he may be trapped, robbed, or the like. —v. f. & 7.

dedicare to affirm, fr. de + dicare to declare, dedicate.] Dedicated. — (-kat), v.¢. 1. To devote to the service or

de-coy’ (dé-koi’), n.

[D. kooi cage, enclosure for trapping

Anything intended to lead into a trap or snare; a lure; bait.

To lure or be lured by a decoy. — Syn. See ALLURE. — decoy’er (-er), n. de-crease’ (dé-krés’; dé-; 2), v. 7. & t. LOF. decreistre, des-

creistre, fr. L. decrescere, fr. de + crescere to grow.]

(To

grow or cause to grow less; to diminish gradually in size,

degree, number, etc. — de-creas/ing-ly (-krés/ing-li), adv.

Syn. Abate, decline, lessen, shrink, wane. — Decrease, diminish, dwindle agree in the idea of lessening. Decrease commonly suggests a process going on in that which grows less; diminish often suggests a lessening by taking something away. Dwindle implies becoming

smaller and smaller, usually to insignificance or even contemptibleness. — Ant. Amplify, augment, enlarge, expand, increase.

de’crease (dé/krés; dé-krés’; dé-), n.. 1. A decreasing; a diminution. 2. Amount of diminution. de-cree’ (dé-kré’), n. (OF. decré, decret, fr. L. decretum,

neut. of decretus, past part. of decernere to decide, fr. de+ cernere to decide.] _ 1. An authoritative order or decision

deciding what is, or is to be, done; edict. 2. [often cap. & pl.) A collection of church law; as, the Decree of Gratian. 3. Theol. An eternal purpose of God foreordaining some event or condition. — Syn. Command, fiat, dictum, mandate. —v.t. Tocommand; to appoint by decree; ordain. dec/re-ment (dék/ré-mént), n. 1. Decrease; diminution; waste; loss. 2. Quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste; — opp. to increment. 3. Math. The quantity by which a variable is decreased.

de-crep’it (dé-krép/it), adj. [L. decrepitus.] _Broken down with age; worn out. — Syn. See weak. — de-crep/-

it-ly, adv.

re

de-crep/i-tate

P

(-7-tat), v.t.

cause crackling.

—v.7.

To roast or calcine so as to

Tocrackle, as salt when heated.

— de-crep/i-ta’tion, n. : de-crep/i-tude (-tiid), n. State of being decrepit. de’cre-scen/do (da/kré-shén’do; dé’kré-sén’do), adj.

Music.

[It.]

Gradually diminishing in volume; —a direction,

usually indicated by the abbr. decresc. or by the sign ——————, — n. A decrescendo passage or its rendering. de-cres’/cent (dé-krés/ént; -’nt), adj. [L.decrescens, pres. part. of decrescere. See DECREASE.) Decreasing; wan-

ing. — de-cres/cence, n. de-cre/tal (dé-kre’tal; -t’'l), adj. [LL. decretalis, fr. decretum. See DECREE.] Pertaining to, or containing, a decree.

=7..

A decree; specif.: a A papal epistle replying

to some question concerning general ecclesiastical law.

Usually in pl. The collection of such decrees forming the second part of the old body of canon law. de-cre’tist (-tist), . One versed in canon law.

de-cre’tive (-tiv), adj. Having the force of a decree; decretory. — de-cre’tive-ly, adv. dec’/re-to’/ry (dék/ré-to/ri or, esp. Brit., dé-kré/tér-¥), adj.

Of the nature of, or fixed by, a decree. de-cri/al (dé-kri’dl), n. A decrying; a clamorous censure. de-cry’ (dé-kri’), v. ¢.; -cRtED’ (-krid’);-cry/Inc. [F. dé-

erwer, fr. OF. deserier, fr. des- (fr. L. dis-) + erier to cry.] 1. To depreciate officially or publicly. To censure freely; clamor against. — de-cri/er (-kri/ér), n.

ym. Undervalue, underrate, lower; discredit, asperse, condemn, belittle. — Decry, depreciate, disparage agree in the idea of diminishing or Jessening in estimation or value. To decry is to discredit or run down by open or public censure ; to depreciate, to belittle or underrate by representing as of small worth; to disparage, to lower (or attempt to lower) in esteem by slighting or invidious reference or faint praise,

— Ant. Commend, laud, praise; overrate.

dec/u-man_

(dék/ti-mdn),

tenth, fr. decem ten.]

adj.

[L. decumanus

of the

Every tenth in order, thought of as

largest in its series; as, a decuman wave.

de-cum/bent (dé-kim/bént), adj. [L. decumbens, -entis, pres. part. of decwmbere, fr. de+- cumbere (only in comp.), cubare to lie down.] -beéns), n.

decem ten.) a Tenfold.

b Taken by tens.

head or representative of a decury. ale,

Hist.

itself sacred or exalted; to hallow sacred or holy.

(the stronger term) is to make £ Rite

ded/i-ca/tion (-ki/shiin),. 1. Act or rite of dedicating to a sacred use; also, a setting aside for any particular purpose. A name, and, often, a message, prefixed to a book or artistic production, expressing affection for a friend or

cause.

— ded/i-ca/tive

(déd/7-ka/tiv;

-ka-tiv),

adj. —

ded/i-ca-to/ry (déd/%-kd-td/ri or, esp. Brit., déd/i-ka/to-rl, déd/i-ka-tér-7), adj.

bl

de-duce’ (dé-dus’), v. t.; -DUCED’ (-diist’); -puc/ING (-diis’ing).

(L. deducere, fr. de + ducere to lead, draw.]

To trace the course of; as,todeduce one’s descent.

2. To

derive by reasoning; specif., Logic, to infer by deduction.

aN = >

a

— Syn. See INFER. — de-duc/i-ble (-diis’z-

J-

de-duct’ (dé-dtikt’), v.¢. [L. deductus, past part. of deducere to deduct, See prpuce.] To take away in num-. bering or estimating; to subtract. — de-duct/i-ble, adj. Syn. Deduct, subtract. subtract, to numbers.

Deduct applies to amounts or quantities,

de-duc’tion (-diik’shtin), n. 1. Act of deducting, or taking away; subtraction. 2. That which is deducted; the part taken away. 3. aAdeducing. b Logic. Reasoning from the general to the particular, or from the universal to the individual, or, specif., from given premises to their necessary conclusion; also, the conclusion so reached. — de-duc/tive -tiv), adj. — de-duc’tive-ly, adv.

yn. Deduction, induction. Deduction, as contrasted with induction, is distinguished by the fact that the conclusion is certain and necessary if the premises are. In general, conclusions reached by induction are probable only. Deduction proceeds from general principles to other general principles or to particulars; induction seeks to establish general principles or laws by examination of particular cases. Deduction is analytic; induction, synthetic.

dee (dé), n.

deed (ded), x.

The letter D,d.

LAS. d%d.]

= adj. D-shaped.

1. That which is done; act;

thingdone. 2. Illustrious act; exploit;feat. ance; doing, esp. as contrasted with words.

3. Perform4. Law. A

sealed instrument in writing, duly executed and delivered,

containing some transfer, bargain, or contract, as in conveyance of real estate. — Sym. See ACTION. —in deed. In fact; in truth; verily. See InDEED. =v. é To convey

or transfer by deed.

:

deed/less, adj., Not performing or not having performed deeds or exploits; inactive.

deem (dém), v.¢..@7.

[AS. déman to judge, condemn.]

To have an opinion; to think; judge; suppose. deem/ster (dém/stér), n. Isle of Man. A judge.

deep (dép), adj. [AS. déop.] 1. Extending far, or comparatively far, below the surface. 2. Extending far back from the front or outer part. 3. Extending far laterally; wide. 4. Lying or situated far down or back. Coming from, or reaching to, a place far down, back, or within. 6. Hard to comprehend; profound; obscure. %. Solemn; serious; grave. 8. Wise; sagacious; also, tricky. 9. Im-

mersed; absorbed; involved. 10. Profound or intense; extreme. 11. Ofcolors, rich; vividand dark. 12. Of low tone; not high or sharp.

13. Physiol. Subcutaneous.

Syn. Deep, profound (in figurative uses). As applied to personsor to mental states or processes, deep implies the presence or need of penetration or subtlety, sometimes of craft; profound, the presence or need of thoroughness; as, a deep politician; a profound treatise, thinker, etc, — Ant. Shallow, superficial; slight; light.

bA municipal or

the deep of winter. 4. Naut. Any of the fathom points on a sounding, or lead, line not designated by “marks.” Far on (in time); late; as, deep in the night. — deep/ly, adv. — deep’ness, n.

2.

a t dirm, m ask, sofa; sofa; Eve, hgre (27), évent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yil, cfre, Xdd, account, old, obey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, wip, circés, menii;

chaotic,

charity;

Rom.

Syn. Dedicate, devote, consecrate, hallow. To dedicate is to give up to (or as if to) sacred or serious uses; to devote is to dedicate solemnly and (esp.) exclusively. To consecrate is to set apart as

— adv. [AS. déope.] 1. Toa great depth; profoundly.

— v. ¢. To make tenfold. [L. decurio, -onts, fr. de-

curia a squad of ten, fr. decem ten.]

colonial senator.

—n.

of compliment, as a book. — ded/i-ca/tor (-ka/tér), n.

aA

LF. décuple, fr. L. decuplus, fr.

number ten times repeated. de-cu/ri-on (dé-ki/ri-on), n.

worship of a diyine being, orto sacred uses. _2. To set apart to a definite use or service. 3. To inscribe by way

A

— of

ae or shoots. —de-cum/hen-cy (-bén-si), de-cum/bence

dec’u-ple (dék/i-p’l), adj.

LL. dedicatus, past part. of

— to 90 off (or off at, in at, etc.) the deep end. To plunge into deep water; hence, Collog.: a U.S. To enter rashly upon a course. Brit. To become very excited. —n._1. That which is deep, as deep water or body of water. 2. Hence, the ocean, the firmament, the extent of space or time, chaos, etc. 3. The middle, or most intense, part; as,

Recumbent; specif., Bot., lying on

the ground, but with ascending apex or extremity;

ded/i-cate (déd/7-kat), adj.

deepen

263

deferrer

deep’en (dép/én), v. t. & i. To make or become deep or | def’e-cate (d&/é-kat), v.¢. [L. defaecatus, past part. of deeper. 4 : efaecare, fr. de + faex, faecis, dregs, lees.]__ To clear deep’—root/ed (see Pron., § 2), adj. Having deep roots;| from impurities; to clarify; refine. — v.72. 1. To cast off deeply embedded or implanted. impurities; to become pure. 2. To void excrement. — deep’—seat’/ed (see Pron., § 2), adj. Settled deeply; not def’e.ca/tion, n. — def/e-ca’tor, n. easily removed. de-fect’ (dé-fekt’; defekt), n. LL. defectus, fr. deficere, deer (dér), n. sing. & pl. CAS. déor, dior, beast.] 1. Obs. defectum, to desert, fail, be wanting, fr. de + facere to

Any animal; esp., a wildanimal.

2.

Any of a family (Cer-

vidae) of ruminant mammals, distinguished chiefly by the peculiar type of horns, called antlers, borne by the males and shed and renewed annually. In popular language, the

term often excludes the large species of the family, as the

elk, moose, and caribou.

deer’hound’ (-hound’), n. A large hound of a breed originating in Scotland, and formerly much used in hunting

deer. It has a rough, blue-gray coat, a beard and silky mustache, and a long tail. deer lick. A lick to which deer resort. deer’skin’ (dér’skin’), n. The skin of a deer, or leather made from it; also, a garment of such leather. deer’stalk/ing (-st60k/ing), n. The hunting of deer on foot, by stealing upon them unawares. — deer’stalk/er, n. de-face’ (dé-fas’), v. t. ;DE-FACED’ (-fast’) ;DE-FAC/ING (-fas/ing).

[OF. desfacier, fr. L. dis--+ facies face.]

To de-

stroy or mar the face or appearance of; to disfigure. — deface’a-ble, adj. — de-face’ment, n. — de-fac’er, n. Syn. Mar, injure, spoil, ruin, distort. — Deface, disfigure, deform

agree in the idea of marring. ‘To deface is primarily to mar the face or -external appearance of anything; it often implies the effacement, obliteration, or removal of some part or detail. Disfigure, as applied to a surface, implies deeper or more permanent injury than deface; as applied to figure or conformation, it often suggests such impairing of beauty or attractiveness as results from other than structural injury. Deform applies esp. to deep-seated or structural distortion.

||de fac’to (dé fak/td).

[L.]

Actually; in fact; in reality;

— distinguished from de jure, and often used attributively,

de-fal’cate (dé-fal/kat; deé/fal-kat), v.t.

[ML. defalcatus,

past part. of defalcare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a

sickle, fr. L. de+ falx, falcis,a sickle.] Now Rare. To take away or deducta partof. =—v.7. Tocommit defalcation; to embezzle. — de’fal-ca/tor'(dé/fal-ka/tér; déf/al-), n. de/fal-ca’tion (dé/fal-ka/shiin; déf/dl-), n. 1, Now Rare. Reduction; abatement. 2. A misappropriation of money by one who has it in trust; also, the sum abstracted. _ def’a-ma/tion (déi/a-ma/shtin; ie). n. Act of defaming another; calumny; aspersion. — de-fam/a-to/ry

(dé-fam/-

G-t0/ri; -tér-1; 3), adj. de-fame/ (dé-fam’), v.¢. [OF. diffamer, fr. L. diffamare, fr. dis- (here confused with de) + fama a report.] 1.

Archaic.

To harm or destroy the good fame of.

2. To

cast aspersion on the good name or reputation of; to slander; calumniate. 3. Rare. To charge; accuse. — Syn. See

ASPERSE. — de-fam/er (-fam/ér), n. de-fault’ (dé-f6lt’), rn. [OF. defaute, deriv. of L. de-+- fallere to deceive, fail.] I. Failure to do what is required by duty or law; neglect.

mistake or error.

Law.

2. Archaic.

A fault; offense; also, a

A failure to pay financial debts.

In practice, the failure of a defendant or plaintiff to

appear at the required time to defend or prosecute an action

or proceeding. 5. Sports. Failure to compete in or to finish an appointed contest. — in default of. In case of

failure or lack of. | y —v.%. 1. To fail in fulfilling a contract, duty, esp. a financial obligation.

agreement, or

2. To fail to appear in

court; to let a case go by default. 3. To fail to engage in or to finish a contest, esp. an athletic contest; also, Sports, to forfeit the contest by such failure. — v. ¢. To fail to perform or pay, 2. To fail to contest, as a race; also,

Sports, to forfeit by such failure.

de-fault/er (dé-f6l’/tér), n. default; specif.:

)

One who makesor commits a

a One who fails to appear in court when

summoned. b Anembezzler. ¢ One who fails to pay his debts. d Brit. A soldier guilty of a military offense. e London Stock Exch. A member publicly declared unable to meet his contracts.

de-fea/sance (dé-fé/zéns; -z’ns),n.

[OF. defesance, fr. de-

fesant, desfesant, pres. part. of desfaireto undo.] Law. Arendering null or void. 2. A condition the fulfillment of which avoids an instrument.

de-fea’si-ble (dé-fe’zi-b’l), adj.

Capable of being annulled

or undone. — de-fea’si-ble-ness, de-fea/si-bil’i-ty (-bil/7ti), n. de-feat’ (dé-fét’), v.¢. _[OF. desfait, past part. of desfaire to undo, deriv. of L. dis--+ facere todo.] 1. Obs.

To undo; destroy; disfigure.

2. To render null and void,

as a title; to deprive, as of an estate; to frustrate, as hope. 3. To overcome or vanduish.— Syn. Baffle, disappoint,

frustrate.

See CONQUER,

—7.

1. Obs. An undoing; de-

make, do.} 1. Want pleteness; deficiency.

of something

necessary

for com-

2. Imperfection; blemish; fault. — Syn. Lack, want, inadequacy. See BLEMISH. de-fec’tion (dé-fék’shiin), n. 1. Failing; failure. 2. Conscious breach of allegiance or duty; desertion. de-fec/tive (-tiv), adj. 1. Incomplete; deficient; faulty.

2. Gram. Lacking one or more of the usual forms of declension or conjugation. 3. Psychol. Markedly subnor-

malin intelligence. — mn. 1. A person or thing that is defective, as a person subnormal in intelligence. 2. Gram. A defective word. — de-fec/tive-ly, adv. — de-fec’tiveness,

n.

de-fence’ (dé-féns’), n.

Defense; — the British spelling.

de-fend’ (dé-ftnd’), v. ¢..

[OF. defendre, fr. L. defendere,

fr. de + fendere (only in comp.) to strike.] 1. To repel danger or harm from; to protect; to maintain against force or argument. 2. Of a lawyer, to act on behalf of (an accused person). 3. Law. To oppose or resist, as a claim at law; to contest, as a suit. —v.7. To make a defense. — de-fend’er, n. : Syn. Shield, shelter, screen, secure, watch, save. — Defend, protect, guard, preserve.

To defend is to ward off actual attack or

present danger; to protect is to shield or secure against either actual

or prospective danger; to guard is to stand watch over or keep in safety; to preserve is to keep, in whatever way, from injury or destruction. See AssERT.

de-fend/ant

Defensive.

(-f€n/dént),

adj.

1. Defending.

2. Obs.

— mn. Law, A person required to make answer

1D an action or sult.

de-fen/es-tra/tion (dé-fén/és-tra’shiin), n. [L.de+ fenestra window.] A throwing out of a person or thing through, or by way of, a window.

de-fense’, de-fence’ (dé-féns’), n.

[OF. defense, defens,

defense mechanism or reaction.

1. A defensive reac-

fr. L. defensa, defensum, fr. past part. of defendere. See DEFEND.] 1. Resistance to or protection fromattack. 2. Argument in support or in justification, as of one’s action. 3. A means of warding off attack, danger, etc. 4. The art of self-protection, esp. fencing and boxing; in sports, the guarding of oneself or of one’s goalagainst attack. 5. Law. The defendant’s denial, answer, or plea. — de-fense’less, de-fence’less, adj. — -less-ly, adv. — -less-ness, n. tion by an organism, as against diseasegerms.

2. Psychol.

A mode of behavior, or a belief, adopted by a person to con-

cee be true state of matters pertaining to himself or his

eliefs. de-fen’si-ble (dé-fén’s?-b’l), adj. Capable of being defended. — de-fen/si-bil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), de-fen’si-ble-ness, n. — de-fen/si-bly, adv. j de-fen/sive (-siv), adj. 1. Serving to defend or protect. 2. Devoted to resisting or preventing aggression or attack; — opposed to offensive. In a posture of defending.

— 7. That which defends; a defensive position. — de-fen’-

sive-ly, adv. — de-fen’/sive-ness, n. de-fer’ (dé-ffir’), v. t. & 7.; DE+FERRED! RiInG. [OF. differer. See DirrerR.] pone; delay.

(-ffird’); DE-FER/To put off; post-

Syn. Procrastinate, adjourn, stave off, retard. — Defer, postpone, put off, procrastinate agree in the idea of delaying. Defer is the most general term; it implies no more than a putting aside until some future time. Postpone is more definite, and often refers to a particular time; as, the meeting was postponed for a week. Put off is more colloquial than postpone,itoften implies disinclination to actatonce. To

procrastinate is to put off habitually or in a dilatory fashion, esp. from day to day. r

de-fer’, v. t. & i.

LF. déférer to pay deference, yield, bring

before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down, fr. de + ferre to bear.] To yield or submit to the opinion or wishes of another, or to authority. y def/er-ence (dé&{’ér-éns), n. Act of deferring; courteous or complaisant regard for another’s wishes. Syn.

Submission,

complaisance,

consideration. — Deference,

re-

spect, reverence. Deference implies a courteous yielding or submission of one’s own judgment, opinion, or preference to that of another. Respect implies regard for something, esp. a person or quality, as worthy of honor or confidence; it does not imply, and is sometimes even contrasted with, warmth of feeling; as, he won the respect of all. Reverence implies profound respect, often mingled with awe or devotion; as, reverence for God.

def/er-ent (déf/ér-ént), adj. Deferential. def’er-ent, adj. _ [L. deferens, pres. part. of deferre.

See

battle; loss of a contest. — Amt. Victory, success. de-feat’ism (-¥z’m), . The policy or practice of admitting

DEFER to yield.] 1. Serving to carry down or out, as a conduit. 2. Anat. Of or pertaining to the vas deferens; as, the deferent arteries. def’er-en’tial (-En’shal), adj. Expressing, or given to, deference. — def/er-en/tial-ly, adv.

the continuation of a contest is impossible or inadvisable. — de-feai/ist, n. & adj.

de-fer’/ment (dé-ffir’mént), n. Delay; postponement. de-ferred’ (dé-ffird’), adj. Delayed, asa right that does not

struction. 2. Frustration by preyention of success; as, the defeat of a plan. An overthrow, as of an army in

defeat of one’s own country, party, etc.,on the ground that

de-fea/ture (dé-fe/tiir), n. an undoing.]

1. Obs.

(OF. desfaiturea killing, prop., Defeat. 2. Archaic. Disigure-

begin or vest till a future time; withheld for or untila stated time; as, deferred annuity; deferred assets or liabilities.

ment.

de-fer/rer (dé-ffir’ér), n.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118);

K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

One who defers, or puts off.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

degrade

264

defiance

de-fi/ance (dé-fi/ans),m. 1. Act of defying;a challenge.

de-flux’ion (dé-fltik’/shiin), n.

de-fi’ant (-dnt), adj. _(F. défiant, pres. part. of défier. See pery.] |Full of defiance; bold; insolent. — de-fi/ant-

de-fo/li-ate (dé.f6/li-at), v. t. & 7. [ML. defoliatus, past

de-fi’cience (dé-fish’éns), n.

de-force’ (dé-fSrs’; 70), v. t.; -FORCED’ (-fOrst’); -FORC/ING

2. Disposition to resist; contempt of opposition.

ly, adv. — de-fi/ant-ness, n.

Now Rare.

:

Deficiency.

de-fi/cien.cy (-én-s?), n.; pl. -ctrs (-siz). _1. State or quality of being deficient.

deficiency disease.

2. A shortage; deficit.

Med. A disease, as scurvy, caused by

a diet lacking in certain elements (cf. VITAMIN).

deficiency judgment.

Law.

A judgment for the balance

of a debt after the security has been realized and the proceeds applied to payment. i ; de-fi’cient (dé-fish’ént), adj. [L. deficiens, -entis, pres. part. of deficere to be wanting.

Seeprerect.}

Lacking in

some quality necessary for completeness; lacking; defective.

—n.

One that is deficient. — de-fi/cient-ly, adv.

def’i-cit (déf/i-sit), n.

[Lit., it is wanting, 3d pers. pres.

indic. of L. deficere.] Deficiency in amount, as of income, de-fi’er (dé-fi/ér), nm. One who defies. :

def‘/i-lade’ (déf/%-lad’), v. t. & 7. Fort. To arrange (fortifications) so as to protect the lines from frontal or enfilading fire and the interior of the works from plunging or reverse

fire. =m. Mil. Act or process of defilading. e-file? (dé-fil’), v.t. [Influenced by fowl and by file to foul, but orig. fr. OF. defouler to trample, crush, fr. de- +

fouler to trample]

1. To make filthy; to befoul.. 2.

Archaic. To ravish; to violate. 3. To make ceremonially unclean; to pollute. 4. To tarnish, as reputation; to dishonor. — de-file’ment, n. — de-fil’er (-fil’/ér), n.

de-file’, v. ¢.

@7. (F. défiler, fr. dé- (fr. L. de) + file a row

or line.] To march off in a line, file by file; to file off. de-file’ (dé-fil’; dé/fil), nm. Any narrow passage or gorge. de-fine’ (dé-fin’), v. t. COF. definer, definir, fr. L. definire to limit, define, fr. de + finire to limit, end, fr. finis

limit.) 1. To mark the limits or boundaries of; to make distinct or fix in outline or character. 2. To describe, ex-

pound, or interpret; to explain; hence, to determine

precise signification of; to discover and ing of,asa word. 3. Toset apart ina marks; to distinguish. — de-fin/a-ble de-fin/er, n. def/i-nite

(d&f/i-nit), adj.

the

set forth the meanclass by identifying (-fin’a-b’l), adj. — i

_[L. definitus,

past part. of

definire. See DEFINE.) _1. Having distinct or certain limits; limited; fixed. 2. Clearand unmistakable in meaning; precise in detail; explicit. 3. Limiting; determining;

as, the definite article. — -nite-ly, adv. — -nite-ness, n. Syn. Definite, definitive are sometimes confused.

That is definite

which has itself fixed limits; that is definitive which fixes or settles

something else; as,adefinite judgment (one clear and explicit), a defin-

itive judgment (one decisive at final). — Ant. Ambiguous, equivocal, indefinite.

definite article.

Gram.

;

.

The article the, which is used to

designate a particular person or thing.

def/i-ni/tion

(déi/%-nish’tin), n.

1. Explanation of the

meaning or meanings of a word; also, a formulation of such meaning or meanings; as, dictionary definitions. _2. Act

or power of making definite and clear or of bringing into sharp relief. 3. Distinctness or clarity of detail or outline, as in a picture.

Ee

P

de-fin’i-tive (dé-fin’?-tiv), adj. thing; conclusive.

1. Serving to decide some-

|2. Serving to define precisely; distin-

guishing. 3. Biol. Complete; fully developed. — Syn. See DEFINITE. — Ant. Indecisive, inconclusive. —n. Gram. A word used to define or limit the meaning of a common

noun.

The definite article, and some pronouns,

as this, any, other, some, all, none, are dejfinitives. — defin’i-tive-ly, adv. — de-fin/i-tive-ness, 7. de-fin/i-tude (-tiid), m. Precision; definiteness. def/la-grate (déf'la-grat; dé/fld-), v.¢. & 7._ LL. deflagratus, past part. of deflagrare,to burn up, fr. de+ fiagrare to

burn.] Chem. To burn with sudden and sparkling combustion; to burn or vaporize suddenly. — def’la-gra/tion, n.

de-flate’ (dé-flat’), v.t. & 7.

[de-+ L. flare, flatum, to

blow.]_. To reduce from an inflated state by release of the distending air or gas; to collapse. — de-fla’tor (-fla’tér), n. de-fla’tion (dé-fla’shtin), n. A deflating; esp., a reduction in the volume of the medium of exchange; reduction of the

outstanding volume of purchasing power. — de-fla’tion-

ar’y (-ér; -€r-i; 3), adj. — de-fla’tion-ist, n. & adj. de-flect’ (dé-Atkt’), v.¢. & 7. [L. deflectere, deflecum, fr. de-+ flectere to bend or turn.]_ To turn aside; deviate. de-flec’tion, de-flex’ion (dé-fék’shiin), m. or spelling, see the note at CoNNECTION. 1. A turning, or state of being turned, aside; a turning from a straight line or given

course; a bending, esp. downward; deviation. _2. Optics. Formerly, diffraction. 3. Physics. The deviation from zero of the moving system of a galvanometer or other in-

strument. — de-flec’/tive (-flék’tiv), adj. — de-flec’tor (-tér), n. def/lo-ra’tion (déf/l6-ra’/shtin; dé/flé-), n. CLL. defloratio.]_ A deflowering.

de-flow’er (dé-flou’ér), v.t. LOF. desflorer, fr. LL. deflorare, fr. L. de+ flos, floris, flower.) 1. To deprive of

virginity; toviolate;ravish.

deprive or strip of flowers.

ale, chaotic, charity;

2. Toravage;despoil.

3. To

[LL. defluxio.]

Med.

A

owing down of fluid matter, as a catarrhal discharge.

part. of defoliare, fr. L. de+ folium leaf.] To strip or become stripped of leaves. — de-fo'li-a’tion, n. (-for’sing).

F. deforcer, OF. deforczer, fr.

L. dis-) + forcier to force.]

de-, des- (fr.

Law. To keep by force from

the rightful owner, as lands; also, to keep (a person) out of possession by force. — de-force/ment, 7.

de-for’ciant (dé-for’shint;70),n.

Lng. Law. One who de-

orces the rightful owner of an estate. de-for’est (dé-for’ést; -ist), v. £.. To clear of forests. — defor’est-a’tion, n. — de-for’est-er, n. | de-form/’ (dé-f6rm’), adj. (lL. deformis, fr. de + forma form.] Archaic. Deformed. de-form’, v.t. [F. déformer, fr. L. deformare, fr. de + formare to form, shape, fr, forma.] 1. To spoil the form

of; disfigure. 2. To fection. 3. To cause change the shape of stresses. — v.17. To

deprive of comeliness, grace, or perto havea new form. 4. Mech. To (a body) by the action of forces or become disfigured; to lose its form.

—Syn. See prrace. — de-form/a-hil/i-ty, form/a-ble, adj.

n.— de-

de/for-ma/tion (dé/for-ma/shiin; déf’or-), n._ 1. Act of deforming, or state of being deformed;

Change for the worse.

disfiguration.

3. Physics, etc.

5

Alteration of

form or shape; also, the product of such alteration. de-formed’ (dé.férmd’), adj. Distorted in form; misshapen. — de-form/ed-ly (-f6r’/méd-li; 30), adv. — deform/’ed-ness, n. de-form/i-ty (-f6r’mi-ti), n.; pl. -T1ES (-tiz).. 1. State of

being deformed; disfigurement. 2. Depravity; ugliness; also, a moral or aesthetic flaw or defect. 3. A deformed

person or thing. de-fraud’ (dé-fréd’), v. t.

[L. defraudare, fr. de -+ frau-

dare to cheat, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud.] _To deprive of some right, interest, or property, by deceit. — Sym. See

cHeatT. — de/frau-da’tion

(dé/fré-da’shtin),

fraud/er, n.

de-fray’ (dé-fra’), v. £._ frais, pl., expense.]

ment of.

n.— de-

LF. défrayer, fr. dé- (fr. L. de) +.

1. To pay, or to provide for the pay-

2. Archaic.

To bear the expenses of. — de-

fray’a-ble, adj. — de-fray’al, n. — de-fray’er, n. — defray’ment, n. de-frock’ (dé-frdk’), v. . To unfrock. deft (déft),

adj.

[ME. defte.

Seeparr.]

Characterized

by dexterity; skillful. — Syn. & Ant, See pextERous. —

deft/ly, adv. — deft/ness, n.

de-funct’ (dé-ftingkt’), adj.

[L., defunctus, past part. of

defungi to acquit oneself of, finish, depart, die, fr. de + fungi to perform.] Having finished the course of life; ae aoe: —n. Rare. A dead person. e-fy’ (dé-fi’), v. t.;.-FrED’ (-fId’); -ry’Inc. _ [OF. desfier ie défier), deriv. of L. dis-+ fidus faithful.J] 1. ae

‘ochallenge to combat. 2. To challenge to perform an action proposed as impossible; to dare. To set at naught; as, to defy public opinion; also, to resist attempts at; as, to defy description. —n.; pl. prFIES (-fiz/), [F.

défi, fr. the v.J Slang. A challenge; defiance. ||dé’ga’gé’ (da/ga/zha’), adj. [F., past part. of dégager to disengage.] Free; at ease. de-gen/er-a-cy (dé-jén’ér-d-sY), n. Act of becoming, or state of being, degenerate; deterioration. de-gen/er-ate (-it), adj. [L. degeneratus, past part. of degenerare to degenerate, fr. degener base, degenerate, fr. de

+ genus race, kind.]

| Having sunk to a state below that

normal to a type or thing; having declined markedly, as in

virtue or courage, from one’s ancestors, predecessors, or

former self; degraded. -~m. One having the characteristics of degeneration, esp. by birth. — (at), v.27. 1. To pass from a higher to a lower type or condition; to become

depraved;to deteriorate. 2. Biol. To undergo progressive deterioration; to become of a lower type. — de-gen/er-ate-

ly, adv. — de-gen/er-ate-ness, n. de’gen-er-a’tion (dé/jén-ér-4/shtin), nm.

1. A growing or be-

coming worse; degeneracy; deterioration. 2. Biol. A progressive deterioration, as a return to a less highly organized

condition in the evolution of a group of animals or plants. 3. Med. Deterioration of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality is diminished. — Syn. See DETERIORATION. — de-gen/er-a/tive (dé-jén’ér-a/tiv; -d-tiv), adj. de-glu’/ti-nate (dé-gloo’t?-nat), v.t. [L. deglutinatus, past part. of deglutinare, fr. de+ glutinare to glue.] To extract gluten from, as wheat flour. — de-glu/ti-na/tion, n.

de’glu-ti/tion (dé/gloo-tish’tin; dég/lt-), n.

[F. dégluti-

tion, fr. L. deglutitio, fr.deglutire to swallow down.] or process of swallowing food.

Act

deg’ra-da/tion (dég/ra-da/shiin), n. 1. Act or process of la/sh degrading. 2. Reduction in rank, condition, etc,; debasement;

disgrace.

3. Degeneration;

deterioration.

4.

Phys. Geog. A wearing down by erosion. — Syn. Shame,

Pees

ieAnt, Elevation, exaltation; advancement.

e-grade’ (dé-grad’), v.¢.

[COF. degrader, fr. LL. degra-

dare, fr. L. de+ gradus step, degree.]

1. Toreduce toma

a higher to a lower rank or degree; to deprive of office or

cAre,

add,

dccount,

old, Gbey,

Orb,

Sdd, s6ft, cdnnect;

irm,

ask,

sofa; 6ve, food,

fdt;

hére (27), Gvent, Snd, silént, makér; Ice, Yl, out, oil; ciibe, Unite, firn, tip, circés, ment;

degraded

265

dignity. 2. To lower the physical, moral, or intellectual character of; to debase; to corrupt. 3. To bring into disrepute or disfavor; to depreciate.

4. Geol.

To wear down

by erosion. — Sym. See abase. — Ant. Exalt, ennoble. de-grad/ed (dé-grad’éd; -id), adj. Debased; degenerate. — de-grad/ed-ly, adv. — de-grad’ed-ness, n. de-grad’/ing (-ing), adj. That degrades; debasing. — degrad/ing-ly, adv. — de-grad’ing-ness, n. de-gree’ (dé-gre’), n. [OF. degre, deriv. of LL. degradare. See DEGRADE.] (1. A step, stair, or rung; now, a steplike member of a series; a tier, bank, rank, or the like. 2. A

step or stationin any series; as, to advance by degrees. 3. A grade of social advancement; relative station in life. 4. A remove in the Jine of descent; as, a relation in the third

deliberateness

de-Ject/ed (dé-j&k’t&d; -t¥d), adj. Low-spirited; depressed. — de-ject/ed-ly, adv. — de-ject/ed-ness, n. de-jec’tion pression.

(dé-jék’shtin), n.__ 1. Lowness of spirits; de2. Physiol. a Discharge of excrement.

Feces; excrement. — Syn.

See MELANCHOLY.

déjeu’/né’ (da/zhfi/na’), de-jeune’ (dé-joon’),n. jetin.]

[OF. des-

Breakfast.

||dé/jex/ner’ (da/zhfi/na’; HZ. da/zhé.na), n._

[F. déjewner

breakfast, as a verb, to breakfast, fr. OF. desjeuner.]

A

breakfast; sometimes, also, a lunch or collation. ||de ju/re (dé joo’ré). [L.] Law. By right; by a lawful title; — disting. from de facto.

dek’a- (dék’a-). Metric System. Var. of DECA-, asin dek’a-gram, dek/a-li/ter, dek’a-me’ter, dek/a-stere, etc. degree. Relative quantity or intensity; as, degrees of heat and cold. 6. A position or space on the earth or in de-laine’ dé laa), n. [Short for muslin delaine, fr. F. de laine of wool.] A light woolen, or woolen and cotton, the heavens as measured by degrees (sense 10 hb) of latitude dress fabric. or longitude, '7. A division, space, or interval marked on de-lam/i-nate (dé-lam/7-nat), v. 7. To split into layers. — a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermometer. eer Symbol ° (as, 32°F.) 8. Hduc. A grade or rank to which POPPE ERY. Ne scholars are admitted by a college or university, in recogni-

tion of their attainments; as, the degree of bachelor of arts. 9. Gram. One of the three grades — positive, compara-

tive, superlative — in the comparison of an adjective or ad-

verb.

10. Math.

aAlg.

b Trig.,

etc. A 360th part of the circumference of a circle, or of a

round angle. Symbol ° (as, an angle of 90°). 11. Music. a A line or spaceof the staff. _b The interval between any adjacent diatonic tones. —Syn. shade; rank, station.

Stage,

point;

grade,

Step by step; gradually. — to a degree.

To a considerable extent; also, in a measure; somewhat. de-gum/ (dé-gtim’), v. t.; DE- ComBINATIONS are: doorkeeper, doorpost, doorsill. door/nail’ (dor’nal’; 70), n. A large-headed nail; — chiefly in phrases, such as “as dead as a doornail.’’ door’plate’ (-plat’), n. A plate on a door of a house or apartment, giving the name of the occupant. door’step/ (-stép’), n.

A step, or any one of several steps,

door’way’ (-wa’), nm.

The passageway or opening which a

before an outer door.

door closes; entranceway into a house or a room; portal. door/yard’ (-yird’),n. U.S. Theyard about a house door. dope (dop), n. [D, doop a dipping, sauce, fr. doopen to dip.J 1. Any thick liquid or pasty preparation, as of opium for medicinal purposes, of grease, etc. 2. Slang. Any preparation, as of opium, used to stupefy; an opiate;

also, a user of opiates.

3. Racing Slang.

Any prepara-

tion, as of opium, given to horses to stimulate them tem-

porarily.

4. Absorbent material, as sawdust, used in cer-

tain manufacturing processes, as in making dynamite. Any of various liquid preparations applied to, or intro-

duced into, a substance or a liquid to increase its efficiency;

specif.: a The material applied to the cloth surfaces on airplanes to strengthen and, by shrinking, to tighten those surfaces, andto act as a filler to ensure their being airtight. The material applied to the rubberized fabric on airships to make it more gastight. 6. Slang, U.S. Information; esp., confidential information. —v.t. 1. To treat or affect with dope. 2. Slang. To judge, guess, or

predict the result of, as by the aid of special information. — dop/’er (dop/ér), n. dope fiend. Slang. A drug addict. dope’y (dop’i), adj.; Dop/1-ER (-I-€r); pop/l-est. Slang. Affected by “dope’’; esp., sluggish or dull as if doped.

dor (dér), n. [AS. dora drone, locust.] A dorbeetle. dor, n. Obs. A trick or joke. dor’bee’tle (dér’be’t’l), nm. A common European dung beetle (Geotrupes stercorariws); also, the cockchafer or other beetle flying with a buzzing noise. dor bug. A dor, or dorbeetle.

Dor’cas (dér’kds), n. A Christian female disciple who made coats and garments for the poor. Acts ix. 36-41 Do/ri-an (do/ri-dn), adj. [L. Dorius, fr. Gr. Dorios.] Doric. —m._ One of a race which about the 12th century

B.c. invaded Greece and settled in Doris, Laconia, etc.

Dor’ic (dor/ik), adj.

1. Pertaining_to

Doris, in ancient Greece, or to the Do-

rians. 2. Arch. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the oldest and simplest of

the Greek orders, or a modified Roman form

of it.

of Greek.

-—m.

The Doric

dialect

do/nor (d0’nér; -nér), n. [OF. doneor, fr. L. donator, fr. donare to give.) 1. One who gives, donates, or presents; a giver. Biol. & Med. One furnishing blood (for

dor’mant (-mdnt), adj. _ [OF., pres. part. of dormir to sleep, fr. L. dormire.] 1. Sleeping; appearing in a state

transfusion) or tissue (for transplantation)

to another. —

do/nor-ship, n. Don Quix’ote (don kwik’sét; Sp. dén ké-ho’ta).

Sp.J

The title and hero of a Spanish romance (1605 and 1615), written by Cervantes to ridicule the books of chivalry. Don, Quixote is a country gentleman who, crazed by his reading of the books of chivalry, rides forth to defend the

oppressed_and right wrongs. don/sie (dén/si), adj. Dial. Perverse; unlucky; ailing. don’t (dont; 4). Colloquial contraction of do not ;— sometimes loosely used for does not.

don/zel (don/zél), n. [It. donzello.] Archaic. A young squire; a page. doo/dle-hug’ (doo’d’l-btig’), n. _ Any unscientific device

with which it is claimed that minerals may be located. doo/dle-bug’, n. U.S. The larva of an ant lion; loosely, any of several other insects. doo/ly, doo/lie (doo/lt), n.; pl. -ttes (liz). Also doo/lee, doo/ley, doo/li. (Hind. doli.] Hast Indies. A kind of litter borne on men’s shoulders.

doom (doom), n. [AS.dém.] 1. Hist. A statute, law, or decree. 2. A judgment or sentence. 3. Specif., the Last Judgment (see JuDGMENT), as in crack of doom and day of doom.

hence,

—v.t.

ruin;

Destiny or fate; esp., unhappy destiny;

death.— Syn.

Fate,

lot.

See DESTINY.

1. To pronounce sentence or judgment on. 12.

To destine; to fix the fate of.

doom palm (doom).

doum palm (doom).

3. To decree; ordain.

[F. dowm, fr. Ar. dawm.]

Also

A large African fan palm (Hy-

phaene thebaica) with edible fruit. dooms (doomz), adv. Chiefly Scot.

Very.

dooms/day/ (doomz/da’), n. [AS. domes deg.] 1. The day of the final judgment. 2. A day of judgment, sentence, or condemnation. Doomsday Book. = Domespay Boox. 1. The movable door (dor; 70), n. [AS. dor, duru.] ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cfre,

Add,

d@ccount,

rm,

ask,

Gld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect;

YS

Capital

Dor’king (dér’king),n.

Treland; hence, any riotous occasion.

[From Dorking,

Dorie

Don/ny-brook Fair (don’i-brook). An annual fair, noted for debauchery and fighting, formerly held at Donnybrook,

ie eles

Surrey, Eng.] A large domestic fowl of an English breed. dor’/man-cy (dér’mdn:si), n._ Dormant state.

of suspended animation; hence, inactive; quiescent; also, not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on. Her. Inasleeping posture; as, a lion dormant. 3. Bot. Resting or nonvegetative; — applied to buds or other parts of a plant in winter, or to the plant. — Syn. See LATENT. dor’/mer (dér’mér), n., or dormer ALN:

window. Arch. A window vertical “S35 in a roof; also, the houselike structure => containing it. dor’mer—win/-

dowed, adj. dor/mi-ent (dér’mi-ént),

adj.

Eis =

dormiens, -entis, pres. part of dor- ~~ mire to sleep.] Dormant; sleeping. dor/mi-to/ry (dér/mi-t5/ri; -tér-¥, -tri; 3), n.; pl. -RYES (-riz). [L. dormi-

Dormer Window. torium, fr. dormitorius of or for sleeping, fr. dormire to sleep.] A room, apartment, or building containing sleeping acoy

commodations. dor’mouse’ (dér’mous’),

ff

n.;

pl. 3

-MICE (-mis’). Any of a family (Muscardinidae) of Old World

rodents resembling small squirrels. dor’my, dor’mie (dér’mi), adj.

Golf. Up, or ahead, as many holes

as remain to, be played; — said of

a player or side. dor’nick (dér/nik),

dor’nock

co D

AGO “4

(-ntik), n. Heavy damask, origormouse. (13) inally made at Tournai (in Flemish, Doornik), Belgium. dorp (dérp), nm. [D. SeerHore.] A hamlet. dorr (dér), dorr’hee/tle. Vars. of DoR, DORBEETLE. dor’sal (dér’sdl; -s’l), adj. [F., fr. L. dorsualis, fr. dor-

sum back.]

1. Pertaining to, or situated near or on, the

back, or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts; — opp.

to ventral. 2. Bot. Designating the surface turned away from the axis, as the underside of a leaf. — -sal-ly, adv.

éve, hére (27), vent, Gnd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, fOGd, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, tim, tip, circés, menu; sofa;

dorsal

301

dor’sal (dér’sdl; -s’l), n. CML. dorsale.] An ornamental cloth hung at the back of a throne, altar, etc.

Dor’set Horn (dér’/sét; -sit). [From Dorsetshire, Eng-

land.] |A sheep of an English breed having very large horns, close-textured fleece, and wool of medium length.

dor’si- (dér’si-).

[L. dorsum back.]

A combining form

meaning: a Of or on the back, as in dor’si.col/umn, dor/-

si-com/mis-sure, dor-sif/er-ous, dor’si-spi/nal. b= DORSO-. dor’si-ven/tral (-vén/trdl), adj. [dorsi-+ ventral.] a Bot. Having distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces, as most foliage leaves. Zool. Dorsoventral.

dor’so- (dér’sd-).

[See Dorsi-.]

A combining form denot-

ing dorsal, dorsally, dorsal and, as in dor’so-cen’tral, dor’so-lat/er-al. * ; dor’so-ven/tral (-vén’trdl), adj. [dorso-+- ventral.] a Zool. Extending from the dorsal toward the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis. hb Bot. Dorsiventral. dor’sum (doér’stim), n.; pl. DoRSA (-sé). [L.] The back. haughty. dort’y (dér’ti), adj. Dial. Sulky; saucy; Si do/ry (do/ri; 70), n.; pl. DORIES

dian dérz, diuirz, dugout. A, flat-bottomed boat

[Cen. Amer. In-

(-riz).

i

dos’—a—dos’ (do/-za-do’), adv.

Dori SHEER

[F.]

| Back to back.

A sofa, open carriage, or the like,

so constructed that the occupants sit back to back. m.

much,

coupled.

as strong, etc.

as many,

in pairs;

2. Being

relation, struc-

3. Being twofold in character,

ture, etc.; dual; not single; as, a double use; a double

cherry; also, having two parts; as, a double boiler. 4. Equivocal; deceitful; insincere. °5. Folded; doubled. 6. Bot. Having the’ floral leaves increased beyond the 7. Music. natural number, usually by cultivation. Duple. —n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, quantity, value, etc.

2. A counterpart of another; duplicate.

That which is doubled; fold.

4. A turn or circuit in

escaping; hence, trick; shift. stitute for an actor, singer,

6. One prepared to sub-

etc.; understudy.

Astron.

A double star. 7. Baseball. A hit on which a batter reaches second base. 8. Bridge. A doubling of a bid

—.t.;

F. dorée, lit., gilded.] eee Dory or other allied fish. ;

(dés/ij),

dou Z _ {From Douay, or Douai, a town in France.] K translation (pub., New Testament, 1582; Old Testament, 1609-10) from the Latin Vulgate, for Roman Catholics. dou’ble eee adj. (OF., fr. L. duplus, lit., twofold.J Twotold; made or being twice as great, as large, as

pairs of players.

do’ry, n. [From its color,

dos/age

Discolored by doting, as timbers.

Dou/a ’ Bi/ble or Ver’sion (d6o0/a’; in England usuall

or a hand justifying it. 9, Hecl. One of a rank or class of church feasts. 10. pl. Games. A game between two

with flaring sides.

—n.; pl. -Dos (-doz’).

doubie-tongued

dot’y (dot’i), adj.

1. Administration

of medicine

in

doses, esp. in graded doses, according to age, etc. 2. The process of adding some ingredient, as to wine, to give flavor, character, or strength.

dose (dos),n. [F., fr. ML., fr. Gr. dosis a giving, dose, fr. didonai to give.] 1. The measured quantity of a medicine to be taken at one time or in a given period of time.

Dov/BLED

(dtb”ld); pov’siInc

(-ling).

1. To

make double as in size, number, or strength. 2. pomake of two thicknesses or folds; specif., to clench. 3. ‘o be the double of. 4. To make a double, or circuit, of; also,

to avoid by a double; elude. . Bridge.

5. To play as a double for.

To increase the trick point value of, or the

trick penalty of, as the bid of an adversary.

7%. Naut. To

pass or sail round; as, to double the cape.

be or become double or doubled.

—v.7.

1. To

2. To make a double, or

return circuit. 3. To serve as a double, for a double purpose, etc. 4. To double something, as a bid. —adv. Doubly; in a pair; two together. — dou/’ble-ness, n. — dow’bler, n.

double bass. Music. Contrabass. — dou’/ble—hass’, adj. 2. A definite quantity of anything regarded as having a double bassoon. A large bassoon, an octave lower in Anything nauseous that one is

beneficial influence. obliged to take.

4. An ingredient added to wine in dos-

age. —v.t. 1. Togivea dose or doses to; also, to give out in doses, as medicine. 2. To treat by dosagé, as cham-

pagne. —v.%. To take medicine. — dos/er (dds/ér), n. do-sim/e-ter (dé-sim/é-tér), n. | [ML. dosis dose + -meter.] _An apparatus for measuring doses. — do-sim/e-try (-tri), 7.

doss (dds), n.

Slang.

A bed or place to sleep; sleep.

dos’sal (dés’dl), dos’sel (-€l), m. A dorsal or dosser. dos’/ser (dds’ér), n. _[OF. dossier, fr. dos back, fr. L. dorsum back.], 1. A basket to be carried on a person’s

back or, in pairs, by a beast of burden. 2. A cloth or tapestry for the back, esp. of a throne or chair.

dos/si-er (dis/I-4; -i-r; F. dd/sya’), n. [F.] A bundle of papers containing a detailed report or detailed information.

dos’sil (dis/tl), n. [OF. dosil, dwisil, spigot, deriv. of L. ducere to conduct.] A pledget of lint, as for a wound. dost (dist; 4). Archaic 2d pers. sing. indic. pres. of DO. dot (dot; F. d6t), n. LF., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry.], Civil

Law.

A woman’s marriage portion, or dowry, the income

of which belongs to the husband during coverture. — do/’. ; tal (do’tdl; -t’l), adj. dot (ddt), n. [AS. dott.J] 1. A small point made with a

pointed instrument. 2. A speck; also, a small, usually round, figure. 3. Collog. A precise point, as in time. 4. Music. a A point placed after a note or rest to indicate increase in its length, by one half if one, or by three quarters if two. b A point placed over a note to indicate stac-

cato.

—v. t.; DOT/TED; DOT/TING.

To mark with or

as with dots. 2. To scatter or disperse like dots. To make a dot or dots. — dot’ter, n.

dot/age (dot’iij), n.

— v. 7. ;

[From pore, v.] _ 1. Feeble-minded-

ness, esp. in old age; senility. 2. Excessive fondness; doting. do/tard (do’térd), n. One in dotage. _ do-ta’tion (dé-ta’shtin), n. An endowing; endowment.

dote (dot), v.27.

[ME. doten, dotien.]

minded, esp, from age.

1. To be weak-

2. To be foolishly fond; to love to

excess; — with on or upon. — dot’er (dot/ér), n.

doth (diith; 4).

Archaic 3d pers. sing. pres. of DO.

dot/ing (dot/ing), adj.

fond.

1. That dotes; senile; excessively

2. Decaying from age, as trees.

— Sym. See FOND.

— dot/ing, n. — dot/ing-ly, adv. — dot’ing-ness, n. dot’ter-el (ddt/ér-2l), dot/trel (-rél), n.; see PLURAL,

Note, 3. (From pote, v.}] 1. A European and Asiatic plover (Eudromias morinellus); also, a ployer of certain related species

6

a

bacco ash caked in a pipe bowl. adj.

Scot.

Crazy;

silly. dot/ty (ddt/¥), adj. (From Dot a oq. 4 ] . Dotted 2. Colioqg point.

Dotterel.

{ (36)

Unsteady in gait; hence, feeble; also, half-witted; crazy.

chair;

go; sing;

bassoon.

breasted coat.

double cross. Slang. a Theactor an instance of winning, or of doing one’s best to win (a fight or a match), after engaging to lose.

hb A betraying, cheating, or the like, of an

associate. — dou/ble—cross’, v. t. — dou’/ble—cross/er, 7.

double dagger. Print._ A mark of reference [t], next in order after the dagger [t]; a diesis. dou’hle—deal/ing, n.

Duplicity. — dou/ble—deal’er, 7.

dou’ble—deck’er, n._ A ship, bus, pier, etc., having two decks, floors, or stories. ||dou’ble—en’ten’dre (d6o0’bl’-dn’tan’dr’), n. [F. double double+ entendre_ to mean (the inf. used substantively).

The usual French form is double enterte ambiguity.] word or expression admitting of two interpretations, one often indelicate.

double eniry.

A method of bookkeeping in which every

transaction is recorded in two parts, in one place as a debit to one account and in another place as a credit to another account. ue dou’ble—faced’ (dttb’’-fast’; 2), adj. Hypocritical. double first. ZHng. Univ. The distinction of obtaining a first-class honors degree in two different subjects. dou’ble-gang/er (diib’’l-ging/ér), n. [G. doppelgdnger, fr. doppel double + gdnger walker.] A wraith of onealive. dou’/ble—mind’ed, adj. Vacillating; also, deceitful.

dou/ble—quick’,

adj.

Mil.

In marching,

the fastest time, or step, next toa run.

quick time or step.

performed

—n.

in

Double-

--v.¢. & 7. To move, or cause to

move, in double-quick time. ; dou’ble—reed’, adj. Designating a group of wind instruments having a mouthpiece of two reeds bound together. dou’ble—rip’per, n. A long sled, made of two sleds connected by a board; — called also dou’ble—run/ner. double salt. Chem. aA salt, as Rochelle salt, yielding

two different cations or anions. A salt regarded as a molecular combination of two distinct salts. double star. Two stars very near to each other and gen-

erally seen as separate only by means of a telescope, dow’blet (dtib/lét; -lit), ». [F., dim. of double double.] 1. A close-fitting, often elaborate, jacket worn by men of Western. Europe in the Renaissance. 2. A counterfeit gem having colored glass between layers of crystal or semi-

precious stone or a veneer of real stone over paste or glass. 3. One of a pair; also, a pair. 4. pl. Two thrown dice each of which has the same number of spots on the face ly-

in other countries. 2. Dial. dupe; gull. 5 dot’tle, dot’tel (dot’’l), n. Todot’tle (ddt’’l),

pitch than the common

dou/ble—breast/ed (see Pron., § 2), adj. Lapping over the breast and having two rows of buttons; as, a double-

then, thin; nattire, ver@iire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ inGuide to Pronunciation.

ing uppermost. 5. Philol. One of two words.in the same language derived from the same original, as guard and ward. double time. Mil. Double-quick time or step in marching. dou’hle—tongue’, v. 7.. To play staccato or similar notes, as on the flute, with vibrations of the tongue.

dow’ble—tongued’

(dib’’]-tiingd’; 2), adj.

sincere; as, double-tongued remarks.

K=ch

in G, ich, ach;

bon; yet;

Deceitful; in-

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

doubletree dow’ble-tree’

(diib’’l-tré’; -tr{), n.

302 The crosspiece of a

ieee plow, or the like, to which the singletrees are at-

downhill (1660-1742), Eng. physician.]

An anodyne diaphoretic

powder of ipecac, opium, and lactose or potassium sulphate.

dove’tail’ (diiv’tal’), n. Anything shaped like a dou-bloon’ (dtib-loon’), n.. LF. or Sp.; F. doublon, fr. Sp. dove’s tail; specif., a doblén, fr. doble double.]_ A former Spanish gold coin tached.

One equal to 16 silver dollars but later much reduced in value. ||dou/blure’ (doo’bliir’), n. [F.] .Lining of a book cover, esp. one of tooled leather, painted vellum, or brocade. dow bly (ditb/li), adv. 1. Twice. 2. Deceitfully; as, to deal doubly.

doubt (dout), v. 7. [OF. duter, douter, to doubt, fear, fr. L. dubitare.] To waver in opinion; hesitate in belief ; be undecided. —v. £1. To question or hold questionable; be inclined not to believe; distrust. 2. To be apprehensive of; fear; also, to suspect. se 5 : —n. 1. Unsettled state of opinion concerning the reality

or the truth of something; lack of certainty.

2. State of

being uncertain, unsettled, etc.; as, the result is in dowbt. Obs. Suspicion; dread. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for solution; point unsettled. Syn. Uncertainty, mistrust, misgiving. — Doubt, distrust, sus-

picion. Doubt implies lack of certainty; distrust, want of confidence; suspicion is more or less hostile distrust, esp. on insufficient evidence. — Amt. Faith, belief, assurance, certainty, conviction.

flaring tenon, tongue, or

machine part so shaped. —v.t.

1. Carp.

aTo

cut to a dovetail. b To join by dovetails. 2. To fit in or connect strongly,

Dovetails.

or nicely. dow (dou; dd), v.i. [AS. dugan.] Scot. To be able; prosper. 4 dow/a-ble (dou’a-b’l), adj. Entitled to dower. dow’a-ger (dou’d-jér), n. _COF. dowagiere, fr. douage dower. See re hes 1. Eng. Law. A widow enjoying some property, esp. a title, coming from her deceased husband. 2. Collog. An elderly woman of dignity.

dow’dy

(dou/di), adj.; -pIeeR

doude a slovenly woman.]

ingly dressed. — Sym. (-diz).

(-d¥-ér); -prest.

(ME.

Not neatly, smartly, or becom-

See SLOVENLY..

1. A dowdy woman.

—27.; ge pies

2. A deep-dish

Tuit pie.

— dow’di-ly, adv. — dow’di-ness, n. — dow/dy-ish, adj. dow’el (dow’él), n, Also dowel pin. A pin, fitting into — doubt’a-ble (dout’a-b’l), adj. — doubt’er (-ér), n. a hole in an abutting piece to prevent motion or slipping. — v. t.; Dow/doubt’ful (-f001; -f’l), adj. _1. Admitting of doubt; not obvious, clear, or certain. 2. Of questionable character; | ELED (-@ld) or DOW/ELLED; DOW/ELg@= =d dubious; equivocal.

mined.

3. Not settled im opinion; undeter-|

4. Being uncertain, as of an issue or event. —J|

doubt’ful-ly, adv. — doubt’ful-ness, n.

ING or pow/EL-LING.

Syn. Vacillating, hesitating, distrustful; problematical; ambiguous. | M dotarium, — Doubtful, dubious. Doubtful is commonly the more positive; 1. That portion dubious conveys an implication of vagueness, ambiguity, vacillaceased husband tion, or suspicion.

doubt/less, adj. Free from doubt. — adv. Undoubtedly; also, presumably. — -less-ly, adv. — -less-ness, n. douce (dos), adj. _[F. doux, masc., dowce, fem., sweet, fr. L. dulcis sweet.] Dial. Genial; Scot., sober; sedate.

|Gou/ceur’ (doo/siir’), n. CF., fr. doux sweet.] 1. Gentleness. 2. Honorarium; tip; often, a bribe. douche (dogsh), n. (F., fr. It. doccia, deriv. of L. ducere to lead. A jet of water or vapor, directed upon or into

a part of the body; also, a bath taken by such means.

2.

A douching instrument. —v.¢. & 7. To give or take a douche. 3! dough (do), n. [ME. dogh, dow, dagh, fr. AS.dag.] 1.

Paste, esp. for bread, thick enough to knead orroll.

thing of doughlike consistency. Se Aa (ddo’boi’/), n. Collog. b

aA

2. Any-

f flour dumpling.

U.S. An infantryman.

dough’nut’ (-niit’), n.

leavened dough.

A friedcake, specif. one of yeast-

dought (dout). Scot. Past of pow, to be able. dough’ty (dou’ti), adj.; -r1-ER (-ti-ér); -t1r-est.

dohtig.).

Now

Humorous.

Able; strong;

dough’ti-ly, adv. — dough’ti-ness, n. dough’y (do‘i), adj.; DOUGH/I-ER (-1-ér); Like dough; pasty.

Doug’las fir_(dug/las).. hemlock.

ica.]

_ LAS. valiant. —

DOUGH/I-EST. :

Also Douglas spruce, pine, or

[After David Douglas, Scot. botanist in Amer-

A pinaceous timber tree of great size (Pseudotsuga

taxifolia) of the western United States; — called also red fir, Oregon pine. Dou’kho-bors. Var. of DUKHOBORS. doum (doom), 7. Alsodoum palm. The doom palm. dou’ma (d00’ma). Var. of puma. dour (door), adj. {L. durus.] 1. Chiefly Scot. Inflexible; stern; severe. 2. Sour or sullen in aspect.

dow/ra, dou/rah (doo/ra).

dou-rine’ (doo-ren’), n.

_Vars. of DURRA.

[F.]

A contagious disease of

equines transmitted only by copulation and caused by an animal parasite (Trypanosoma equiperdum). douse (dous), v. ¢.. 1. Nawt. To lower in haste, as a sail;

to stow.

guish.

drench.

3.

2. Collog. a To take off; doff. [Perh. a different word.]

—v.7.

b To extin-

To duck; immerse;

To be or become doused.

—n. Dial.

a A blow; stroke. b A drenching. — dous/’er (dous/ér), n. dou’ze-pers’ (d00/’zé-pirz’), mn. pl.; sing. dou’ze-per’ (-par’).

LF. les douze pairs (OF. per).]

A body of twelve

peers or companions in French romance and history; esp., twelve paladins, or guards of honor, in Carolingian romances. dove (div), n.

[ME. dove, duve, douve.]

1. A pigeon; —

applied specif. to many of the smaller species, as the turtledove, mourning

dove, etc.

2. One regarded as pure and

gentle. 3. The emblem of the Holy Spirit; sometimes {cap.], the Holy Spirit. dove (dov). Colloq. past tense of DIVE. dove/cot’ (dtiv’k6t’), dove’cote’ (-kot’; -k5t), n.. Asmall,

compartmented, raised house or

dove’kie (diiv’ki), n.

box for domestic pigeons.

Also dove’key.

a The black guillemot (Cepphus grylle). do/’ver (do’vér), v.2.&@n. LAS. dofian.}] Eng. Doze.

Do’ver’s

pow/der

(do’vérz).

ale, chaotic, care, add, charity; Old, Obey, Orb,

{After

[Dim. of pove.]

b The rotche. Scot. & N. of

Thomas

Dover

_To fasten by, ———

or furnish with, dowels.

dow’er (dou’ér),n.

2. Dowry.

‘

LOF. douazre, fr.

fr. L.. dos

dower.]

4

d, d Dowels,

of, or interest in, the real estate of a dewhich the law gives for life to his widow. 3. Endowment. —v.t. To supply with a

dower; endow. dow’er-y (dou/ér-Y).

Var. of DowRY.

dowf (douf; doof), adj. Dzal. Stupid; dull. dow’ie, dow’y (dou’i; doi), adj. Scot. Sad; also, weak. dow/itch-er (dou/ich-ér), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. [Of Jroquoian origin.] A long-billed snipe (Limnodromus griseus) intermediate between true snipes (genus Capella)

and sandpipers. down (doun), n. [AS. duin.J] 1. A hill; esp., a hillock of sand thrown up by wind on or near the shore; — usually in pl. 2. A tract of open upland; — usually in pl. — the Downs. a Treeless chalk uplands along the south coast of England. _b A North Sea roadstead, near Deal.

down, n. [ON. dinn.] 1. A covering of soft fluffy feathers, as on young birds or under the ordinary feathers of adult birds; also, one of these feathers. 2. Something downlike, as a soft hairy outgrowth on the face or on a plant; pubescence. down, adv. [For older adown, fr. AS. adiin, adiine, of

dine, prop., from or off the hill.J 1. Toward or in a lower position; below. _2. Toward or upon the ground, floor bottom, etc. 3. To the full extent or capacity; as, to load down;

to get down

to work.

_4. From a past time; as,

6. To the metropolis,

the country, the south, etc.;

handed down.

of up.

5. In a direction considered the opposite

as, trains going down.

7.

From a greater to a less bulk,

amount, etc. 8. In cash or on the spot; as, to pay down. —adj. 1. Downward; descending; going down.

Gone, come, put, pulled, cut, paid, etc., down. 3. Ow, as in spirits or condition. 4. Football. Of the ball, no tin

play because either: (1) Its holder cries “down,” (2) its progress is wholly stopped, or (8) the officials stop the play

for any reason.

5. Games.

Behind an opponent in the

scoring or count, as of holes in golf; as, to be one down. — prep. Down through, along, toward, in, or upon. —v.t. &%. To go or come or cause to go or come down.

—n.

1. A descent; hence, a reverse.

2. Collog.

A

grudge; a dislike. 3. Football. The termination by the referee of an attempt to advance the ball; also, the attempt or its duration.

down’—bow’

(doun’bo’),n.

Music. In playing a bowed

instrument, a stroke toward the point of the bow; — indicated by the sign™. Cf. up-Bow.

down/cast’

(doun’kast’; 9), adj. _Cast down or down-

ward; esp., dejected. — Syn. Dispirited, discouraged, disheartened, despondent. — Ant. Elated, buoyant, cheerful.

—n,

1. An overthrow.

2. Downcast look.

tilating shaft having a downward draft.

3. A ven-

down/come’ (-ktim’),. 1. Downfall. 2. A downcomer. down/com’er (-kiim/ér), n. A pipe to conduct something,

such as hot gases from the top of a blast furnace, down-

ward.

down/fall’ (doun’f6l’), n.. 1. A sudden or heavy descent, as of rain or from prosperity. 2. A trap in which a falling

object holds or injures the prey. — down/fall/en (-f6l/En), adj.

down’haul’ (-hél’), n.

Naut. A rope to haul down, or to

assist in hauling down, a sail; as, a staysail downhaul.

down/heart’ed (-hir’téd; -tid; 2), adj. Deijected. — down/heart’ed-ly, adv. — down/heart’ed-ness, n.

down’hill’ (doun’hil’), adv. hill.

@ccount, rm, ask, sofa; @ve, dd, sft, connect; food, foot:

— (see Pron.,

§2), adj.

Towards the bottom of a Sloping downhill.

hére (27), @vent, énd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tip, circés, menii;

downpour Straight down; perpendicularly. out Ceremony. Thoroughly.

2. In plain terms; with-

down’right’ (doun/rit’), adj. 1. Archaic. Directed vertically downwards. 2. Unceremonious; blunt. 3. Absolute; thorough; as, a downright lie. — down’right’ly,

adv. — down’right’ness, n.

£

downstairs’ (-starz’; 2), adv.

Also down/stair’ (-star’).

Down the stairs; on or to a lower floor. adj.

Below stairs; as, a downstairs room.

down/stairs’ (doun/starz’), m. a house.

down/stream’

(-strém’),

— (-starz/; 2),

Down

the

stream.

(doun’toun’), adv.

U.S.

To, toward, or in

the business center of a town. —down/town’

(doun’-

toun’; 2), adj. down/trod/den (doun’trdd’n; 2), adj. Also, esp. formerly, down’trod/ (-trdd’). Trampled down; oppressed. down/ward (doun/wérd), down’/wards (-wérdz), adv. 1. From a higher to a lower place, condition, etc. 2. From the past; from an ancestor or predecessor.

down/ward, adj. 1. Moving or extending downward. 2. Descending from a head, origin, or source. . Tending to a lower state; dejected. — down’ward-ly, adv. — down’ward-ness, 7. ; down’y Conn adj.;-1-ER (-1-€r); -1-est. 1. Having, or

covered with, Made

down, or with pubescence or soft hairs.

of, or

resembling,

down/i-ness, 7. eho

LNA eh n.;

down;

hence,

pl. -RIES (-riz).

soft;

2.

quiet. —

[Contr. from dowery,

fr. OF. douaire. Bee DOWER.] widow’s dower. 2. The money, goods, or estate, which awoman brings to her husband in marriage; dot. 3. A gift of property by a

man to or for his bride; dower. 4. Gift of nature; talent. dow’sa-bel (dou’sa-bél), n. Obs. A sweetheart. dowse (dous), dows’er (dous/ér).__ Vars. of DOUSE, DOUSER.

dowse (douz), v.z.

To use the divining rod, as in search

of water, ore, etc. — dows/er (douz’ér), n.

Sonor ey (ddks-51’6-j1), n.; pl. -cres (-jiz). .[ML. doxologia, fr. Gr. doxologia, fr. doxologos, deriv. of doxa opinion, glory, praise + legein to speak.] One of certain

hymns or chants of praise to God; specif.: a The Gloria in Excelsis; — called the greater doxology. _ b The

Gloria Patri; — called the lesser doxology, ¢ A stanza beginning “Praise God from whom all blessings flow.” — dox’o-log’i-cal (ddk’s6-16j/I-kal), adj. — dox’o-log/i-

cal-ly, adv. dox’y (ddk’sI),

wench. dox’y, n.

n.; pl. DoxtEs

Slang.

(-siz).

A loose

ved Opinion;

[See oRTHODOXY, HETERODOXY, etc.]

doctrine; an ism; esp., religious opinion.

||doy’en’ DEAN. ]

(dwa’yin’; BE. dwi/yén, doi’yén), n.

([F.

See

dean; the senior member of a body or group. —

\|doy’enne’ (dwa/yén’), n. fem. doy’ley, doy’ly (doi/li). Vars. of potty. doze (doz), v.7.

[Of Scand. origin.]__

fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duwodecim, fr. duo two+ decem ten.] A collection of twelve objects. Abbr. doz. (sing. &

pl.). — doz’enth (-’nth), adj. doz/en (ddz/’n), v. t. Chiefly Scot. To stun; stupefy. doz’y (doz’t), adj.; -1-ER (-I-ér); --EST. Drowsy. — doz’i-ly, adv. — doz/i-ness, n. drab (drab), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. Aslatternly woman.

woman;

a Prostitute.

_—v.7.;

DRABBED

(dribd); DRAB/BING. To associate with drabs. drab, x. (F. drap cloth, fr. LL. drappus.] 1. A thick woolen fabric of dull brownish-yellow color. 2. A brown, red-yellow in hue, of low saturation and medium brilliance.

See COLOR.

color drab.

—adj.; DRAB/BER; DRAB/BEST.

1. Of the

2. Dull; monotonous. — drab/ly,

adv. —

drab/ness, 7. drab/bet (drib/ét; -Yt), n. [From pras cloth.] Eng. A coarse drab linen fabric, or duck, used for smock frocks, etc.

drab/ble (drib’’l), v. ¢.; -BLED (-’ld); -BLING (-ling). draggle. ; dra-cae/na

dragon.)

(dra-sé/na), n.

To

[LNL., fr. Gr. drakaina she-

Also dracaena palm.

Any of a genus (Dra-

caena) or of an allied genus (Cordyline) of liliaceous shrubs or trees, natives of the Old World tropics.

drachm (dram), 7. [See DRAM, DRACHMA.] 2. A dram. drach’ma (draik’m@), n.; -MAI (-m1).

L., fr. Gr.

1. A drachma.

2. -MAS (-mdz), -MAE (-mé), or drachmé.. See prAM.]_ 1. aA

small ancient Greek weight of various values. b Any of several modern weights; esp., a dram. 2. An ancient Greek silver coin, weighing one drachma. 3. The monetary unit of modern

See pRAGON.]

Greece, stabilized

(1928)

at $0.013

Dra-co/ni-an

(dr4-k0/ni-dn),

adj.

Of or pertaining to

severe;

cruel. — Dra-co/ni-an-ism

Draco, an Athenian archon, or the rigorous code of laws said to have been framed about 621 B.c. by him; hence,

fe ee -Iz’m), n.

dra-con/ic

harsh;

(dra-kin’/fk),

dra-co/ni-an

L. draco, -onis, dragon. or like, a dragon.

(-k0/ni-dn),

See DRAGON.]

Dra-con/i-cal

Dra-con/i-cal-ly, adv.

‘

adj.

Of, relating to,

(-¥-kdl), adj.

Draconian. —

draff (draf), n. Refuse; swill. — draff’y (-1), adj. draft, draught (draft;9), . [AS. dragan to draw.] tes~ Unless otherwise indicated, draft is the usual spelling.

1. Act of drawing; also, the thing or the quantity drawn. 2. Act of drawing loads, as by, beasts of burden; also, for-

merly, a load. 3. A delineating or representing; also, a drawing, map, plan, etc.; esp.,a tentative sketch or outline. 4. (Usually draught.) Act of drawing a net; also, the quantity of fish taken. 5. (Usually draught.) A drinking or inhaling; also, the liquor, smoke, etc., taken in; hence, a drink; a dose. 6. (Usually draught.) A drawing from a

cask or keg on order; as, beer on draught. 7. a Acurrent, esp. of air. b Any contrivance for regulating the draft in a fireplace, stove, furnace, etc. _8. An order from one person or party to another, directing the payment of money.

A heavy demand; a strain. 10. The detaching or selecting of certain individuals from a mass, esp. of men

for compulsory military service; also, the group or a body

so selected.

11. pl. = pRaAucuHts.

. Com.

lowance granted for loss in weight.

13. Hydraul.

area of an opening for discharge of water.

An al-

The

14. Masonry.

A narrow border, or stonecutter’s guide, along the edge or

across the face of a stone.

15. Mech.

Angle or taper;

specif., the taper given to a pattern, or die, to enable the

work

to

draught.)

laden.

be easily

withdrawn.

16. Naut.

(Usually

The depth of water a ship draws, esp. when

—v.t.

upon, etc.

1. To make a draft or draught of, from,

2. To draw by selection for a particular pur-

pose, as men for military service.

3. Todraw away or off.

—adj. 1. Used for, or adapted to, drawing loads; as, a draft horse. 2. (Usually draught.) On draught; also, drawn; as, draught beer; — disting. Drafted. — draft’er, draught’er, n.

draft horse.

from

bottled.

3.

A horse for drawing loads, esp. heavy loads,

as disting. from a saddle horse or carriage horse. drafts’/man, draughts’man (drafts’mdn),n. 1. One who

draws pleadings or other writings. 2. One who draws plans and sketches, as of machinery or structures. — drafts’man-ship, draughts’man-ship, n. draft’y, draught’y (draf’ti), adj.; -1-ER (-ti-@r); -1-Est. Pertaining to, or exposed to, a draft, or current of air. — draft/i-ly, draught/i-ly, adv. — -i-ness, n.

drag (drag), v.t.; DRAGGED

(drigd); prac/cINc.

[ME.

draggen, fr. ON. draga, or perh. dial. fr. AS. dragan.] To draw slowly or heavily, esp. along the ground or

2. To draw along,

as something

burdensome; hence, to pass slowly, painfully, or tediously; as, to drag out one’s life. 3. To dredge or search with or as with a drag, grapnel, etc. 4. To catch with a dragnet

or trawl. —v.%. 1. To be drawn along on the ground; trail. 2. To fish, or search, with a drag. 3. To lag be-

hind.

4. To move, pass, or proceed tediously; to be tire-

somely protracted. — Syn. See pRAw. —n. 1. Act of dragging. 2. Anything dragged; as: a A heavy harrow for breaking up ground.

bA

device for dragging under

water, esp. along the bottom, as a grapnel, a dredger, etc. . Asledge for conveying heavy bodies.

4. A heavy coach

with seatson top. 5. Anything used to drag a body with, asa dragropeofagun. 6. Anything that retards; a clog. 7. A dragging movement, as of the feet in walking. 8.

Aeronautics.

The component parallel to the relative wind

of the total force on an airfoil or aircraft due to the air through which it moves.

b Sorat

9. Hunting.

a The scent trail.

drawn over the ground to leave a scented

tral.

||dra/gée’ (dra/zha’),n.

[F.]

Asugar-coated nut, fruit, or

pli.

drag’gle (drig’’l), v. ¢.; -cLED (-’Id); -ct1nG (-ling). [Frea. of drag.] To wet and soil by dragging, as on wet grass;

drabble. —v.7. 1. To be or become draggled. 2. To straggle. drag’gle.-tail’ (-tal’), n._ 1. Aslattern who allows her gown to trailin the mire. 2. Skirts that draggle. drag’/hound’ (drig’/hound’),n. Hunting. A hound trained to follow a scent made with a drag. _

drag/line’ (-lin’), n. A dragrope; a guide rope. drag link. A link joining the cranks of two shafts. drag/net’ (drig/nét’), n.

A net to be dragged as in fishing

or in clearing out small game; hence, a network of measures for pursuit, as of criminals.

drag’o-man

(drag/d-mdn),

n.; Rr, -MANS

(-md@nz), -MEN

(-mén). [Through F. & It., fr. MGr. dragomanos, fr. Ar. tarjuman.] An interpreter; — so called in the Near East

and Persia. but now lower. chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

i

A northern circumpolar constellation within

which is the north pole of the ecliptic.

other surface; haul.

To slumber; sleep

lightly; be drowsy or dull. —v.¢. To pass or spend in drowsiness. —7. ‘A light sleep. — doz’er (d6z/ér), n. doz’en (diiz/’n), n.; pl. DozEN (before another noun, and usually following a numeral), DOZENS (-’nz). [OF. doseine,

2. A loose

DBra’co (dra’k6), n.; genitive Draconis (dra-kd/nis).

The lower floor or floors of Dra-con/ic,

adv.

A (doun/strém’; 2), adj. In the direction of flow of a stream down/’throw’ (doun’thro’),n. A throwing down; overthrow. down/town’

dragoman

303

down/pour’ (doun/por’; 70), n. A pouring rain. down’right’ (doun/rit’; doun/rit’), adv. 1. Now Rare.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|] Foreign Word,

a monstrous winged scaly serpent, lizard, or saurian. 3. A fierce or very

4. Any of several plants of the arum Hebrew

forms, some of which are translated by

Dragon, as repre-

jackal or serpent in the Revised Version, 6. Formerly, a short musket

sented in Heraldry.

carried hooked to a soldier’s Boe also, a soldier carrying

such a musket. 7. An armored tractor. 8. Any of a genus (Draco) of small arboreal lizards of the East Indies and southern Asia. Some of the hind ribs, on each side,

are prolonged and covered with weblike skin, aiding them in leaping from tree to tree; — called also flying dragon. 9. [cap.] Astron. The constellation Draco. drag’on-et (drig/tin-ét; -it),n. [OF.] 1. A little dragon. 2. A small gobylike British marine fish (Callionymus draco); also, any fish of the same genus or family (Callionymidae). ies B)

:

y

of either of oo gona? (Draco-

an

of French Protestants under Louis XIV, esp. by dragoons. 2. A devastating incursion.

blood

(drag’tinz).

Any of several resinous,

mostly dark-red, substances derived from various trees; SPs that from the fruit of a Malayan palm (Calamus Taco).

dragon’s head, or, chiefly in sense 1, drag’on’s—head’, n. 1. Bot. = DRAGONHEAD. 2. Astron. The ascending

node of the moon or a planet.

dragon’s tail.

ora planet. dragon tree.

Astron.

Symbol §.

The descending node of the moon

Symbol ¢. A liliaceous tree (Dracaena draco) of the

Canary Islands, yielding a variety of dragon’s blood.

dra-goon’ (drd-go0n’), n. LF. dragon dragon, dragoon. See DRAGON. Obs. An ancient musket, af or dragon. 2. Formerly, a mounted infanHi tryman;

equipped.

now, a cavalryman,

—.t.

usually heavily

ho Nes

To harass by or asifby

{Be

dragoons; to subject to military persecution. drag’rope’ (drag/rop’), n. A rope that drags

or is used for dragging; as: a A rope attached

to an artillery carriage and used in dragging it or locking its wheels. hb The rope dropped

from an aerostat for use as a variable ballast,

[¥

A sea anchor made usu-

ally from a sail. drain (drain), v.t.

dram/a-tize (-tiz), v.t. drama;

make

1. To relate in the form of the

into a drama.

To make

dramatic. —

dram/a-ti-za’/tion, n. — dram/a-tiz/er, n. ; dram/a-tur’gy (dram/’a-tiir/it), n. [F.&G. dramaturgie,

fr. Gr. dramatourgia dramatic composition.] Art of dramatic composition and theatrical representation. —

dram/a-tur’gic (-tfir/jik), -gi-cal, adj. — dram/a-tur’gi-cal-ly, adv. — dram/a-tur’gist, n. dram/mock (dram/uk), n. Dial. A mixture of meal and water.

:

dram/shop/ (drim/shdp’), n. A barroom. drank (drangk), past of DRINK. drape (drap), v.t.. CF. draper, fr. drap cloth.)

1. To

hanging

or

curtain

p

of drapery. —

CAF.(OF.drapier).]

Formerly, a maker of cloth; now, a dealer in cloths or dry goods. dra’/per-y (dra/pér-i), n.; pl. DRAPERIES (-iz)._ 1. Cloth; woolen stuffs. draper’s occupation and, formerly, shop. 3%. A textile fabric used for decorative purposes, esp. when hung loosely; also, hangings, as of a room or bed. 4. The dispositionof such draperies or their representation in art. — dra’per-ied (-id), adj.

dras/tic (dras/tik), adj. (Gr. drastikos, fr. dran to do, act.] cting rapidly, violeutly, or harshly; extreme in effect. — dras’ti-cal-ly (-ti-kdl-i), adv. 4 draught (draft; 9), draughts’man, ete. Vars. of DRAFT, DRAFTSMAN, etc. draughts (drafts), n. Brit. The game of checkers. drave (drav). Archaic & dial. past of DRIVE.

Dra-vid/i-an (dra-vid/i-an), n. 1. An individual of an ancient race in India, numerous in the south. 2. The group of related tongues forming the speech of the Dravidians, including Tamil, Telugu, Kanarese, etc. — Dra-

vid/i-an, adj. draw (dro), v.t.; DREW (drd0); DRAWN (dr6n); DRAW/ING. [AS. dragan.] 1. To pull or use force upon so as to cause to follow or to come down, up, out, off, etc., as desired; as, todrawacart. 2. To cause to come, go, or move; as, to draw one aside; hence, to bring about or bring on; as, to draw troubles upon one. 3. To attract; entice; allure; as,

6. To accumulate or gain. 7. To bring forth or out by design or chance; as, to draw no. reply. To_re-

Dragoon,

means of drainage, as a channel, trench, sewer, or sink. — drain/ex, n,— drain’pipe’ (-pip’), n.

drain/age (-ij), n. 1. Act, process, or mode of draining; also, that drained off, 2. A drain; a device for draining; also, a system of drains. %. Area or district drained; as, the drainage of the Po. drake (drak), n. (CAS. draca dragon, fr. L. draco, See pRAcoN.] 1. Archaic. A dragon. 2. A small piece of

3. In full drake

fly. A May fly, sometimes used in angling. drake, n. The male of any kind of duck. dram (dram), n. [OF. drame, fr. L. drachma drachm,

drachma, fr. Gr. drachmé, prop., a handful, fr. drasse-

_ 1. Abbr. dr, (sing. & pl.).

A

move the contents of, as by sucking, eviscerating, steeping,

—v.i. 1. To flow off gradually. 2. To be- 19th cent. come emptied by flowing or dripping of moisture. 3. To empty its waters; as, the Middle Western States drain into the GulfofMexico. —7. 1. Act of draining.

artillery of the 17th and 18th century.

—n.

drap/’er (drap/ér), n.

drap’er (drap’ér), n.

ified depth, as of water) for floating; — said of a vessel.

ae (AS. dréhnigean, dréah-

nian.) 1. To draw off by degrees; to draw off utterly; exhaust; as, todrain pus. 2. To make gradually dry or empty; hence, to empty of wealth, resources, etc. 3. To filter.

sthai to grasp.]

(dra-mat/i-kdl),

to drawa crowd. 4. To inhale; also, to utter or produce by aninhalation; as, todrawasigh. 5. Torequire (aspec-

as a brake, or as a mooring line.

drag sail or sheet.

That is melodramatic which z

Dramatic. — draadj. mat’i-cal-ly, adv. : ; dra-mat/ics (-iks), n. sing. & pl.; see -Ics. Dramatic writings or performances, esp. of amateurs. dram/a-tis per-so’/nae (dram/d-tis pér-so/né). [L.] The characters or actors in a drama. i dram/a-tist (drim/d-tist), n. A playwright.

drapery.

seCIea Ey

esp. M. parviflora) of mints. a 4 dracon iade’ Tate enaa nm, Dragonfly (Diplax elisa). (14) F., fr. dragon dragoon.] sually pl. 1. The persecution

drag’on’s

action or gesture, unexpected conjunctions, or a striking denouement; as, the dramatic struggle between Hildebrand and Henry IV, ‘That is theatrical which is exaggerated, artificial, or tawdry in its dramatic

cover or adorn with or as with drapery. 2. To arrange in decorative folds; to hang. 3. To design or arrange

on flies, gnats, and mosquitoes. drag’on-head’ (-héd’), n. Any

ccelelae

That is dramatic

which is appropriate to the drama, esp. as suggesting vividly expressive

dra-mat/i-cal

family popularly associated with dragons. 5. A word used in the Authorized

drag’on-fly’ (drig/tin-fli’), n. Any of an order (Odonata) of large harmless insects that feed

Syn. Dramatic, theatrical, melodramatic.

effect; as, a theatrical display of grief. is sensationally dramatic. ~

strict person, esp. a woman; a duenna.

Version to translate several

draw

304

dragon

drag’on (drig’tin), n. (OF., fr. L. draco, -onis, fr. Gr. drakon.) 1. Now Rare. A huge serpent. 2. A fabulous animal, generally

a A weight:

(1) In apothecaries’ weight, 44 ounce, or 60 grains (3.888 grams). Symbol, 3 (2) In avoirdupois weight, “6

ounce, or 27.34 grains (1.77 grams). Short for FLUID DRAM. 2. A small drink or draft, esp, of spirit. 3. A

etc.; as, to draw a fowl or tea. 9. To leave (a contest) undecided; to tie. 10. To pucker, wrinkle, lengthen, etc., as if by pulling; also, to protract.

11. To produce

by tracing a pen or pencil over a surface; also, to delineate;

hence, to produce or represent as if by drawing.

12. To

write in due form; as, to draw a deed. 13. To formulate; as, to draw comparisons. 14. Billiards. To strike

(the cue ball) below the center so as to give it a backward rotation which causes it to take a backward direction on striking another ball. 15. Cricket. To play (a short-

length ball directed at the leg stump) with an inclined bat

so as to deflect the ball between the legs and the wicket. 16. Curling. To throw up (the stone) gently. 17. Mech.

To stretch, spread, or shape

(metal)

by passing

through dies, by hammering, etc.; specif., to make a metal rod into (wire) by pulling it through a series of holes of

diminishing size. —v.t. 1. To draw or move oneself; as, to draw near. 2. To attract patrons, spectators, etc.; as, the play still draws. 3. To draw something, usually understood; as, to draw on an assailant; the ship draws deep; the boy draws well.

To stretch or to contract; esp., to shrink.

To be

drawn; to admit of being drawn; specif., of tea, to infuse.

6. To makea draft or written demand for payment of

_{LL., fr. Gr. drama, fr.

money deposited or due; hence, to make a demand; serve asadrain. 7. To produce or admit of a draft, or current, asachimney. 8. Of a hound, to track game by the scent;

traying life or character by means of dialogue and action

To be efiective as an irritant or blistering agent, as a poultice. 10. To come out even; play a drawn match.

mite;a bit. —v.7. & t.; DRAMMED (dramd); DRAM’MING. To drink drams; to ply with drams. .

dra’/ma

(dri’ma; dram/’a), n.

dran to do, act.J

1. A composition in prose or verse por-

and designed for theatrical performance; a play.

matic art, literature, or affairs.

2. Dra-

3. A series of real events

having dramatic unity and interest.

dra-mat/ic (dra-mat/ik), adj. drama.

ale,

chiotic,

charity;

1. Of or pertaining to the

2. Characteristic of drama; vivid; moving.

c&re,

Add,

dccount,

rm,

ask,

sofa;

also, to approach the game cautiously after pointing. Syn. Draw, drag, haul.

9.

Draw is the general term for traction of

any sort. To drag is to draw with toil, difficulty, or violence, esp. against resistance; as, to drag a coach through the mire. To haulis to

pull or tug, or (esp.) to transport by drawing; as, to haul down the sails, to Aaul in a net, to haul a load of wood.

Eve,

hére (27),

vent,

énd,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,’

Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, s6ft, cOnnect; food, fo6t; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Arn, tip, circés, menii;

drawback is drawn, or is subject to

drawing; as: a An amount drawn.

b A lot or chance drawn.

c¢ The movable part of a draw-

bridge. 3. That which draws; an attraction.

draw’back’ (dré’baik’), n.

=

1. A loss of ad-

customs remitted by the government on the

exportation of that on which they were levied. draw’bar’ (-biar’), n. Railroads. A coupler. draw’bore’ (-bor’; 70), n. Joinery. A kind of bore for a mortise pin, designed to draw the tenon and thus make the joint tighter. draw’bridge’ (-brij/), n. A bridge made to be drawn uD,

down, or aside, in order to admit or hinder passage.

change is drawn; —correlative of drawer. draw’er (dr6/ér; dror; see def.2), n.

or that which draws;

as: a One who draws liquor. draftsman. ¢ One who draws an

drér) A sliding box or receptacle

draw/ing (dré/ing), n.

=

ne bri

di

DPr4wbrid eens ee

Shey oars the lower body

1. Act of drawing.

and

2. A small

portion of tea for steeping. 3. A picture, sketch, etc., made by drawing; also, the art of making such sketches. drawing account. An account showing cash paid to a partner or employee, as for expenses; esp., one showing advances to a salesman.

drawing room. [From withdrawing room.] 1. A room for the reception or entertainment of company. 2. The company assembled in such a room; also, a reception.

draw’knife/ (dr6/nif’), n.

Also drawing knife.

A wood-

worker’s tool having a blade with

a handle

at each

end,

used

to

shave off surfaces by drawing it

toward one. drawl (drop, Unt. Git. \PLOD,. tr. eet ‘o utter or speak in a

slow,

lengthened tone.

—x7.

:

(drén), past part. of DRAW.

drawn butter. drawn work.

A sauce of melted butter, often thickened. Ornamentation, esp. of linens, by drawing

parallel threads and uniting the cross threads to form a pattern. F : X draw’plate’ (dré’plat’), n. A die plate for drawing wires. draw’shave’ (-shav’), n. A drawknife. draw’tuhe’ (-tib’), m. A sliding or telescopic tube. dray (dra), n. (AS. dregea dragnet, dragan to drag.] A strong, low cart or

wagon,

—v.1.;

DREAMED

(drémd;

25) or pRrEAMT

(drémt;

89);

DREAM/ING. To have a dream or dreams. 2. To indulge in daydreams. 3%. To conceive as possible or probable; — with of. —v.t. 1. Tohavea dream of; dream of. 2. To spend or pass in dreaming; — with away, out, etc.

— dream/er, n.— dream/ful, adj. — dream/ing.-ly, adv.

dream/land’ (drém/lind’),n. An_unreal delightful country such as is sometimes pictured in dreams; fairyland.

drear’i-ly, adv. — drear’i-ness, n. — drear/i-some, adj. dredge (dréj),n. [From the root of DRAW, DRAG.] 1. An oblong iron frame, with a bag net attached, dragged over

the sea bottom, used esp. for gathering shellfish.

dredging machine.

2. A

—v. t. & 7. ;DREDGED (dréjd); DREDG’-

ING. To catch, gather, excavate, search, etc., with or as with a dredge. — dredg’er (dréj’€r), n. dredge, v. ¢. To sprinkle with flour or the like; also, to sift or sprinkle, as flour. — dredg’er, n.

dredg/ing ma-chine’.

A machine for scooping up or re-

moving earth, as in excavating, deepening channels, etc. dree (dre), v.¢. [AS.dréogan.] Chiefly Scot. To undergo; suffer. --adj. Also dreegh (drex). Tedious.

dreg (drég), n.; pl. DREGS

(drégz)..

[ON. dregg.]

1.

(Usually pl.) Corrupt matter in a liquid, or precipitated from it; lees; grounds; sediment; hence, the most worthless part of anything. 2. A remnant; residue. — dreg’gy (-i),

adj. ||Drei’bund’ (dri’bodnt’), n. [G., fr. drei three + bund league.] A,triple alliance; specif., the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882, ended

Drawknife.

drawling utterance. — drawl’er, n. — drawl/ing-ly, adv. — drawl’y, adj.

drawn

Dream is the general term for the

dismal; gloomy. — Syn. Depressing; monotonous, dull. — t. Cheerful, cheery, bright; enlivening; inspiriting. —

order or bill of exchange; — correlative of drawee. Also, the

ina table, desk, etc. b pl. (pron. drérz) An undergarment worn on the legs.

gestive of such a vision. Syn. Dream, vision, reverie,

dream/y (i), adj.; DREAM/I-ER (-Y-ér); DREAM/T-EST. 1. Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming; causing dreams. 2. Like, or characteristic of, a dream; soothing; languid; as, dreamy music. — dream/i-ly, adv. — dream/i-ness, n, drear (drér), adj. Melancholy; gloomy; doleful. drear’y (drér/f), adj.; DREAR/I-ER (-i-€r); DREAR/I-EST. AS. dréorig sad, bloody.] _1. Now Rare. Sad; doleful. ‘ 2. Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations;

draw/ee’ (dré/é’), n. The person on whom an order or bill of ex- &

maker of a promissory note. 2. That which is drawn; as: a (pron.

mind of one who is abstracted or lost in imaginary visions; daydreaming. An imaginary vision or a reality sugideas or images present to the mind in sleep; a vision is an appearance (commonly thought of as supernatural or symbolic) presenting itself to the inner (or sometimes the bodily) eye, either in sleep or in exalted waking mood. Reverie is a waking dream.

vantage, value, etc.; a hindrance. 2. Money remitted after being collected; esp., duties or

One who

dressing station

305

—n. 1. Act, process, or result of drawing; state of bein drawn; specif., a drawn battle, game, etc. 2. That weak

with-

by Italy’s entry into the World War in 1915. drench (drénch), v. t. [AS. drencan to give to drink, to drench.] 1. To cause to drink; esp., to dose by force; hence, to purge violently by physic; to scour. 2. To wet thoroughly; soak; saturate. — Sym. See SATURATE.

drench, n. i. A drink; a draft; esp., a forced dose or a purgative potion. 2. Act of drenching. Something

that drenches; esp., a solution for soaking. — drench/er, n. dress (drés), v. t.; DRESSED (drést) or DREST; DRESS/ING. LOF. dresser, drecier, to arrange, deriv. of L. dirigere to direct, fr. dis--+ regere torule.]. 1. To address with severity; rebuke; — now Collog., with down or off.

prepare for display; array; adorn.

clothe in formal attire, use.

To do up (hair) attractively.

lish, etc., as by polishing, arranging,

cultivate, till, prune, or weed.

out permanent sides, used for carrying heavy loads. .

2. To

3. To clothe; esp., to

4. To make ready; to prepare for

bandages, etc.,asa wound.

6. To trim, embel-

or garnishing.

7. To

&. To treat with remedies,

9. Toarrange in exact line, as

soldiers; align. —v.7. 1. Todress oneself, esp. in formal clothes. 2. Mil. To arrange oneself in due position in a

dray, v.t.&7%. To carry on or drive

line of soldiers; — the word of command to form alignment in ranks. 3

One form of Dray.

a dray. st dray’age (dra’ij), n.

Work or cost of draying. dray’/man (dra’mdn), n. One whose work is draying. dread (dréd), v.t. & 7. [AS.dr%dan, in comp.] 1. To

dress ship. Navt. To hoist the national colors and run lines of signal flags and other bunting from point to point;

specif., U.S. Navy, to hoist an ensign of the largest size at the flagstaff, and ensigns at each masthead. — dress up

fear greatly; to have terror or apprehension

(of).

2. Ar-

or out. To dress formally or showily. —n. 1. Clothes; apparel; attire; raiment; as, full dress.

impending evil.

3. An object 1. Exciting

—- adj. 1. Pertaining to or used for a dress or dresses; as,

great fear; dreaded. 2. Inspiring with awe; venerable. dread’ful (-f00l; -f'l), adj. 1. Inspiring fear or awe. 2. Distressing; shocking; very distasteful. — Syn. Frightful,

or formal occasion; as, dress clothes, uniform. dress’er (drés/ér), m. One who or that which dresses. dress’er, n. _[F. dressoir.] 1. A bench on which meat

chaic.

To stand in awe of.

—n.

1. Great fear, esp. of

2. Reverential fear; awe.

of fear or awe. — Sym. See FEAR.

_—adj.

terrific; horrible; terrible, awful, awesome.

Soe FEARFUL.

—-n. A morbidly sensational story or periodical; as, a penny dreadful. — dread/ful-ly, adv. — -ful-ness, n.

dread’nought’, dread/naught/ (dréd/ndt’), n. less person.

also, thecloth.

1. A fear-

2. A warm garment made of very thick cloth;

3. a [cap.]

A British battleship of 17,000

2. A lady’s gown.

dress goods.

&. Guise; form.

2. Pertaining to or suitable for a ceremonial

and other things are dressed.

dishes and cooking utensils. bureau, with a mirror.

:

2. A cupboard

to hold

3. A chest of drawers or vad

dress/ing, n. 1. Act of dressing. 2. That which is used to dress anything; specif.: a Dress; raiment. Manure,

tons, completed 1906-07, having an armament of ten 12inch guns, and twenty-four 12-pound quick-fire guns.

crushed stone, etc., spread over land, asa field or road. 3. Castigation; a beating or scolding; — often with down.

ment entirely of big. guns all of one caliber.

Since the

iber of the heaviest guns have greatly increased.

The term

as a salad; also, the seasoned mixture, as of bread, spices, etc., often used to stuff poultry or roasts. 5S. Surg. An application to a sore or wound. :

b Hence

[not cap.], any battleship having its main arma-

Dreadnought was built, the size of battleships and the calsuperdreadnought

battleships.

is popularly applied

to these greater

z

4. Cookery. Asauce or condiment to add to certain dishes,

dressing gown. ing.

A looserobe worn while dressing or loungi

1. A series of dressing sack. A loose jacket worn while dressing. Mil. A medical establishment for adthoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep; any. dressing station.

dream (drém), n.

[ME. dream, dreme.]

seeming of reality occurring toonesleeping.

chair;

go; sing;

2. A state of

then, thin; nattire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

ministering early assistance to the wounded in battle.

x = ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word;

dress parade.

driving wheel

306

dressmaker dress’mak’/ing (drés’mak/ing), pation, of making dresses. —

n. Art, process, or occudress/mak/er (-€r), 7.

Mil. A formal parade in dress uniform of

troops in a camp, cantonment, or the like.

F

dress rehearsal. A rehearsal of a play in costume and with properties, usually the final rehearsal before performance. dress’y (drés/l), adj.; DRESS/I-ER (-I-€r); DRESS/I-EST. 1. Showy indress. 2. Collog. Of garments, ornaments, etc.,

stylish; smart. — dress/i-ness, n. drew (dr6o), past of DRAW.

F

drib (drib), v. t.; DRIBBED (dribd); prip/Binc. [A modification of prip.] Obs. To let fall as in drops or driblets.

drink (dringk), v. t.; past DRANK, formerly also DRUNK; ast

part.

DRUNK,

DRUNK/EN;

pres.

part.

DRINK/ING.

runken is now rarely used except as a verbal adj. in sense of intoxicated. [AS.drincan.] 1. Toswallow (a liquid); toimbibe. 2. To take in (a liquid), in any manner; to absorb. 3%. To take in; to receive through the senses; to inhale, hear, see, etc. To drink a toast to; as, to drink

the President. —v.7. 1. To swallow anything Kquid; to imbibe; to receive something as if in satisfaction of thirst. 2. To drink intoxicating liquors, as convivially; hence, to

take alcoholic liquors to excess; to tipple. To drinka toast; as, to drink to your good health. —n. 1. Liquid

to be swallowed; a beverage.

2. Intoxicating liquor.

3.

drib/ble (drib/’l), v. 7. ;DRIB/BLED (-’ld) ; pRIB/BLING (-ling). eee indulgence in intoxicating liquor. 4. A potion; Freq. of pr1B.} 1. To fall in, or as in, drops; to trickle. a dralt. 2. To slaver; drivel. 3. In football and similar games,to drink’a-ble (dringk’a-b’l), adj. Capable of being drunk; dribble the ball, —v.¢. 1. To let fall in drops or driblets.

2. In various games, to propel (the ball) by succes-

sive slight taps, kicks, or the like, keeping it always in con-

trol. Ever, as used in many idiomatic phrases and constructions with more or less modified sense, often constitutes no

vail, fr. e out, quite ++ vincere to vanquish.]

1. Obs. To

subdue. Milton. 2. To make evident or manifest. 3. To exhibit or display, as a quality or trait. — Syn. See Ex-

HIBIT. — e-vin/ci-ble (-vin/si-b’l), adj. e-vin’cive (é-vin’siv), adj. Tending to prove.

more than an intensive or emphatic particle. Thus ever and anon, for ever and ever, for ever and a day,

e-vis’cer-ate (é-vis/ér-at), v.t. [L. evisceratus, past part. of eviscerare to eviscerate, fr. e out+ viscera the bowels.]

ever (see under Ist or), before ever, ever so, etc., ever has chiefly an intensive force.

ev/i-ta-ble (év/i-ta-b’l), adj. (L. evitabilis.] e-vite’ (é-vit’), v.t. (CL. evitare.] Archaic.

etc., indicate indefinite repetition or continuation.

ev’er-glade (-glad), n.

A swamp or inundated tract of low

land. — the Everglades. in Florida. ev’er-green’ Caren), adj.

coniferous trees and

In er

A great tract of this nature : Bot. Remaining verdant, as

many tropical plants.

Cf. DECIDUOUS.

—n. Anevergreen plant. The word evergreen is often used loosely as a synonym of conifer ; but some conifers, as the larch, are deciduous, and many evergreens, as the laurel, are not conifers. 2. pl. Twigs and branches of evergreen plants used for decoration. ev’er-last/ing (év/ér-las/ting), adj. 1. Lasting or_enduring forever; eternal. 2. Continuing long or indefinitely; perpetual; hence, tedious from repetition. 3. Wearing indefinitely; durable. — Syn. & Ant. See ETERNAL. — 7. 1. Eternity. 2. [cap.] God; —with the. 3. Any of several, chiefly carduaceous, plants whose flowers may be

dried without loss of form or color. . One of certain long-wearing fabrics. A card game which continues until one player has all the cards. — ev/er-last’ing-ly, adv.

— ev’er-last/ing-ness, 7. ev/er-more’ (év/ér-m6r’; év/éremGr; 2; 70), adv. Forever; at all times; — often used substantively, with for; as, he will regret it for evermore. e-ver’si-ble (é-vfir’si-b’l), adj. Capable of being everted. e-ver’sion (-shiin), n. An everting; state of being everted. e-vert’ (é-viirt’), v.t. [L. evertere, eversum, fr. e+ vertere to turn] To turn outward, or inside out, as an intestine. e-ver/tor (é-vir’tér), nm. Anat. A muscle which rotates a part outward.

ev/er-y (év/ér-1; Ev/rl), adj. 1. Each

(individual

every word.

[AS, Bfre ever +, lc each.]

or part), without

2. Obs.

exception;

All, taken severally.

as, his

3. Each

within a possible range; as, given every_opportunity. 4. Complete; entire; as, to have every confidence in him. ev’er-y-bod/y (-bdd/I; -buid-f), pron. Every person. ev’er-y-day’ (-da’; -da’), adj. Used or fit for, or coming, every day; usual; routine; as, everyday affairs; also, suitable _for ordinary days; as, his everyday clothes. This ev’er-y-one’ (év/ér-i-wtin’; Ev/ri-witin; -wiin) pron. one, that one, and the other ones, so that all are included;

as, everyone has his peculiar foible. every one. 1. Everyone. 2. Each separate and distinct person or thing without exception; — often with of.

To disembowel; hence, to devitalize. — -cer-a/tion, n. Avoidable.

EVOKE.] 1. Act of calling forth, as from seclusion or the grave, or of summoning a spirit by incantation. 2.Law.

The evoking, or summoning, of a cause from an inferior by a superior court.

e-voc/a-tive (é-vdk/a-tiv; €vO/ka-tIv), adj. Tending or serving to evoke. ev’o-ca’tor (év’56-k3/tér), n. One who evokes spirits. e-voke’ (é-vok’), v. t. [F. évoquer, fr. L. evocare, fr. e out + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice.] Tosummon forth, as from seclusion. IX ev’o-lute (év’6-lit; Brit. @/vi-, Ev’6-), n. ([L. evolutus unrolled, past_part. of evolvere. See EVOLVE.] Geom. The locus of the center of curvature, or the envelope of the normals, of a related curve called the involute. See INVOLUTE. ev/o.lu/tion (év/6-lt’/shiin; Brit. @/vo-, Ellipse ADC _with ‘its év/6-), n. CL. evolutio an unrolling. Evolute ABC. A cord

See EvoLvE.]

1. An

unfolding;

a

process of opening out what is contained or implied in something; a development, esp., as leading to a definite end; as, the evolution of the tragedy. 2. A movement forming

AC, with one end fastened at A, would, if

swung so as to enwrap

AB, describe the arc CD of the Ellipse.

one of a series of motions, as of a machine; hence, an intri-

cate form, as if produced by sucha

of an arabesque pattern,

series; as, the evolutions

3. A process of disengaging, so

as to expose or free, as of gas from limestone. 4. Biol. ’ The development of a race, species, or other group; phylogeny; broadly, the process by which, through a series of changes, any living organism or group of organisms has ac-

quired the morphological

and

physiological

characters

which distinguish it; hence, the theory that, the various

types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types, the distinguishable differences being due to modifications in successive

generations.

ISM; DARWINISM; NATURAL SELECTION.

See LAMARCK-

5. A thing evolved.

6. Math. The extraction of roots; — the inverse of invo-

lution.

'7. Mil. & Nav. Any movement of troops or vessels

designed to effect a new arrangement by passing from one

formation to another. —- ev’o-lu/tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj. — ev’o-lu’tion-al-ly, adv.

ev’er-y-thing’ (-thing’), pron. Every object, fact, etc., whatever; all that pertains to the subject considered. — ev’er-y-thing’, 7. ev/ersy-where’ (-hwar’), adv. In every place.

ev’o-lu’tion-ar’y (-ér’T; -€r-¥; 3), adj.

evict’ (é-vikt’), v.t. (CL. evictus, past part. of evincere to overcome completely, recover one’s property by judicial decision, to prove. See EvINcE.] Law. To put out (a per-

e-volve’ (é-volv’), v.t.

son) or to recover (property) by legal process, or by. virtue of a paramount right or claim; to eject; oust. — e-vie/tion (é-vik’shiin), n. — e-vic/tor (-tér), n. ev/i-dence (év/i-déns), n. 1. Clearness. 2. An outward

To shun.

ev’o-ca-ble (&v’6-ka-b’l), adj. That may be called forth. ev’o-ca/tion (-ka’shtn), n. A evocatio, fr. evocare. See

lution. Sree ae ution.

a Pertaining to evo-

b Pertaining to evolutions, or maneuvers. an ast (ist), nm. One who holds a doctrine of evo-

volvere to roll.]

derive; deduce.

[L. evolvere, evolutum, fr. e out+

1. To exhibit or produce by evolution;

2. To disengage or emit, as gases.

— v.71.

To become open, disclosed, or developed; to pass through a process of evolution. — e-volve’ment (-mént), n.

sign; indication; also, that which furnishes any mode of

ev-on’/y-mus (év-dn/i-miis), n. ([NL., fr. L., fr. Gr. euonymos, lit., of good name.] Any ofa large genus (Hvonymus,

matter of fact under investigation before it; — distinguished from proof, the effect of evidence, and from testimony,

e-vul/sion (€-vil’shiin), n. ([L. evulsio, fr. evellere, evulsum, to pluck out.] ct of plucking out; a rooting out.

In a situation to be readily seen. (-dénst); EV/I-DENC-ING (-dén-sing).

ewe lamb.

proof. 3. One who bears witness; as, state’s evidence. 4. Law. That which is legally submitted to a competent tribunal as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged that.form of evidence which is orally given. —in evidence.

— ¥. t. ; EV/I-DENCED To render evident or

vision and understanding. — Syn. Plain, clear, patent. — Ant. Obscure. — ev/i-dent-ly, adv.

ev/i-den/tial (év/%-dén’sh@l), adj.

Of the nature of, relat-

ing to, or affording, evidence; also, relying on evidence. e/vil (@/v’l; -vil), adj. [AS. yfel.J 1. Injurious; mischievous, 2. Morally corrupt; wicked.. 3. Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous. 4. Arising from bad character, actual or imputed. — Syn. Pernicious, malevolent; depraved, immoral. See BAD. — Ant. Good; righteous; auspicious. — the

Evil One.

The Devil; Satan.

happiness

Moral badness.

—n.1.

Anything im-

or welfare or depriving of good.

3. King’s evil.

2.

— adv. In an evil man-

ner. — e’/vil-do’er (-d00/ér), n. — e/vil—do/ing, n. — e’vil-

ly, adv. — e’vil-ness, n. evil eye. An eye capable of inflicting blight or injury. e/vil—mind’ed (-min’déd; 2), adj. Having an evil disposition or evil intentions. e-vince’ (é-vins’), v.t.; E*VINCED’ (-vinst’);_E+VINC/ING (-vin’sing). [L. evincere to vanquish completely, pre-

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

of evergreen

shrubs or vines having

bright-colored fruit with arillate seeds, as the wahoo.

ome (i; dial. yO), n. sheep.

[AS. eowu, ewe.]

The female of the

Figuratively, a poor person’s one prized pos-

session; also, an only child.

clear; evince; attest.

ev/i-dent (-dént), adj. [OF., fr. L. evidens, -entis, fr. e out + videns, pres. part. of videre to see.] Clear to the

pairing

family Celastraceae)

Add,

account,

firm,

ask,

Gld, Obey, Srb, ddd, s6ft, cénnect;

sofa;

food,

ewe/—neck’, n. A thin sheeplike neck, having an insufficient or concave arch, as in horses. — ewe’—necked/

(-nékt’), adj. ew’er (i/ér), n. [AF., for OF. eviere, aiguiere, fr. L. aquarium, fr. aqua water.) A kind of widemouthed jug.

ex (tks), prep._[L.] phrases; as: a Finance.

Out of; without; — in commercial Without the right to have; as, ex

dividend, ex coupon. b Com. Free of charges precedent to removal from the specified place, purchaser to provide

transportation; as, ex dock; ex ship. ex (éks), n.; pl. ExES (€k’s€z; -sYz). The letter X, x. ex-. [L. ex out of, from.] A prefix denoting: a Out of, as in ethale. b Off, from, as in exscind. c Beyond, as in exceed. dd Away from, out of, asin expatriate. e Without, not, asin excaudate. f£Thoroughly, completely, as in

exasperate.

g Formerly but not now; —as fiypheted to

names implying office or condition, as in ex-president. ex-. See EXo-. ex-ac/er-bate (Eg-zas/ér-bat; tks-As/-), v. ¢. [L. exacerba-

tus, past part. of exacerbare, fr. ex out (intens.) + acer-

bare to irritate.]|

To render more violent or hitter, as a

disease or anger; to irritate. — ex-ac/er-ba/tiun, n.

éve, foot;

hére (27), évent, &nd, silént, makér; out, oil; ciibe,

Unite,

Grn, tip, circés,

ice, wl, menti;

exact ex.act? (Eg-zaikt’; {g-), adj.

of exigere to drive out, demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure, fr. ex out + agere to drive. ] 1 Strict; rigorous;

as, exact laws.

2. Marked by accuracy and_thorough-

ness; precise and full; as, exact knowledge. 3. Marked by agreement with a_standard or the truth; correct; as, an exact copy., &. Capable of great nicety or precision; as, the exact sciences. — Syn. See CORRECT.

ex-act’, v.£.

1. To demand or require authoritatively or

peremptorily; to compel to yield or furnish; hence, to wrest,

as a fee when none is due.

2. To call for; to require as be-

coming or fit. — Sym. See Evicir. — ex-act/a-ble, adj. — ex-ac/tor, ex-act/er, 2.

ex-act/ing, adj.

Tryingly or unremittingly seyere in mak-

ing demands. — ex-act’ing-ly, adv. — ex-act’/ing-ness, n.

ex-ac/tion (ég-zak/shiin; ig-), nm.

1. Act or process of ex-

acting; hence, extortion. 2. That which is exacted. ex-act/i-tude (-zadk/ti-tiid), n. The quality of being exact; exactness.

i

ex-act/ly (-zakt/lf), adv.

accurately.

1. Inan exact manner: precisely;

2. Quite so; as you say.

ex-act/ness (-né&s; -nis), 2. ex-ag/ger-ate (ég-zdj’Er-at; past part. of eraggerare

Exactitude. fg-), v.t. (CL. exaggeratus,

to heap up, fr. ex out+ aggerare

to heap up, fr. agger heap.]

1. To enlarge beyond bounds

or the truth; to overstate the truth concerning. 2. To enlarge or increase beyond the normal. — v. t. To misrepre-

sent by overstating. —Syn. Magnify. — Ant. Belittle. — ex-ag’ger-at/ed-ly, adv. — ex.ag/ger-a’tor, n. ex-ag/ger-a/tion (-a’shtin), n. Act of exaggerating, or state of being exaggerated; overstatement. ex-ag/ger-a/tive (g-z4j/Er-a/tiv; -d-tiv; Yg-), adj. Tending to exaggerate;

given

to or involving

exaggeration.

ex-ag’ger-a-to/ry (-d-to/ri; -tér-I; 3), adj.

F

Exaggerative.

ex-alt’ (Eg-z0lt’; {g-), v.t.. [OF. exalter, fr. L. exaltare, fr. ex out (intens.) + altus high.] 1. Toraise high; to lift up.

2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, wealth, character, or the like; to dignify; promote. 3. To magnify; extol; glorify. 4. To lift up-with joy, pride, or success; to elate. 5. To intensify or heighten, as a color or the imagination. — Syn. See Raise. — Ant. Lower; decry. — ex-alt/er, 7.

ex/al-ta/tion (€g/z6l-ta’shtin), n.

1. An exalting; state of

being exalted. 2. Abnormal intensification of a mental state or of the power of an organ or function; esp., abnormal

sense of personal well-being, power, or importance.

ex-alt/ed (&g-z6l/téd; -tid; Yg-), adj. exaltation;

Raised to a state of

elevated; sublime. — ex-alt’/ed-ly, adv. — ex-

alt/ed-ness, n. ex-am/ (€g-zim/’; Yg-), n. ex-a/men (&g-za’mén), n.

Collog. contr. of EXAMINATION. ([L., tongue of a balance, exam-

ination, for exagsmen or exagmen,

fr. ex + agere,L. exi-

geretoweighaccurately. Seeexact.] Hecl. Examination, ex-am/i-nant (ég-zim/i-ndnt), n. One who examines.

ex-am/i-na/tion (g-zim/i-na’shiin; {g-), n.

_L. Act of ex-

amining, or state of being examined; a search or investiga-

tion.

2. A testing of knowledge or qualification, or the

questions or answers

tion-al, adj.

made in such test. — ex-am/i-na/-

Syn. Examination, inquiry, inquisition, investigation, inspection, scrutiny, research. Examination is the general term for testing or searching; inquiry is a search for truth or information conducted by (or as if by) questioning; inquisition is (usually) a judicial

inquiry, and often suggests severity or even hostility. An investigation is a searching inquiry; as, a scientific tnvestigation; inspection, an official examination, as of troops. Scrutiny suggests minute and critical inspection; research, laborious and (esp.) learned investigation.

ex-am/ine

(ég-zim/in; {g-),

v.t.

[OF. examiner, fr. L.

examinare, examinatum, fr. ecamen. See EXAMEN.] I. To test by an appropriate method; to subject to inquiry or inspection; to investigate, scrutinize. 2. To interrogate closely, as in a judicial proceeding; to try or test by ques-

tion, as a witness or student. — Syn. Inspect, scan, explore. — ex-am/in.-a-ble, adj. — ex-am/i-na-to’ri-al, adj. — ex-am/i-nee’, n. — eX-am/in-er, n. ex-am/ple (@g-zam/p’l; ig-; 9), n. [For ensample, fr. OF. example, essample, fr. L. exemplum, orig., what is taken out of a larger quantity, as a sample, fr. eximere to take out. SeerEXEMPT.] 1. Oneora portion taken toshow the

character or quality of all; asample. 2. That which is to be followed or imitated; a pattern. 3. A precedent, model, or parallel case. 4. A warning case, esp. a punishment in-

flicted to serve as a warning. 5. Aninstance illustrating a rule or precept, as a problem to be solved. Abbr. ex. Syn. Illustration, exemplification,case. —

men, instance.

An example

exceptionally

347

(L. exactus precise, past part.

Example, sample,speci-

is a typical, representative, or illus-

trative case, as of courtesy; a sample is a part designed to show the

quality of the whole, as of wine. A specimen is commonly representative of a class of things rather than of an individual object, but is often indistinguishable from sample. Instance applies only to illustrative facts, cases, or occurrences, and is more individual, less representative, than example.

— v. t.; EX-AM/PLED (-p’ld); EX-AM’PLING (-pling). To set an example for; to match; parallel; — chiefly passive.

ex-an/i-mate (€g-zadn/%-mat), adj. [L. exanimatus, past part. of exanimare to deprive of life or spirit, fr. ex out + anima air, breath, life, spirit.] Lifeless; spiritless. ex/an-the’ma (ék/sin-thé’md@), n.; pl. -tTHEMATA (-thém/4ta; -thé’md-ta), -THEMAS (-the’mdz).

[LL., fr. Gr. exan-

théma, fr. exanthein to burst forth as flowers, break out as ulcers, fr. ek, ex, out + anthein to bloom, fr. anthos flower.] Med. Any eruptive disease or its symptomatic eruption, esp. when febrile, as measles, smallpox, and scarlatina.

— ex.an/the-mat/ic (&ks-in/thé-mat’tk; €g-zin/-), ex/anthem/a-tous (&k/sin-thém/d-tts), adj.

ex/arch (ék/sirk),

(LL. exarchus, fr. Gr. exarchos a

a patriarch, usually a bishop. — ex/arch-ate (ék/sar-kat;

éks-dr/kat), n. ex-as’per-ate (&g-zas/pér-at; Yg-), v.t. [L. exasperatus, past part. of exasperare, fr. ex out (intens.) + asperare to make rough, fr. asper rough.] 1. To arouse to keen or

bitter vexation;

to inflame

the anger

of.

grievous, Or more grievous or malignant;

enmity. or disease. — Syn. Nettle.

2. To make

as, to erasperate

See irritate. — Ant.

Soothe. — ex-as/per-at/er, n. — ex-as/per-at/ing-ly, adv.

ex-as’per-a/tion (-a’shiin), n.

Act of exasperating or state

of being exasperated; keen anger.

Ex-cal/i-bur (ks-kal/7-bér), n._ (OF. Escalibor, fr. ML. Caliburnus, of Celt. origin.] Either of two swords of King ech, one unfixed from a stone, the other received from ivian.

ex ca-the/dra (tks kd-thé/dra; kath’é-dra). chair.]_

[L., from the”

By virtue of or in the exercise of one’s office; with

authority. — ex/—ca-the/dra, adj. ex-cau/date (éks-k6’dat), adj. Tailless. ex’/ca-vate (éks’kd-vat), v.t. [L. excavatus, past part. of excavare to excavate, fr. ex out + cavare to make hollow,

fr. cavus hollow.] hole in.

1. To hollow out; to form a cavity or

2. To form by hollowing, asatunnel.

out and remove, as earth.

3. To dig

4. To expose to view by digging

away superposed material. ex’ca-va/tion (-va/shiin), n. Act or process of excavating; a cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping. ex’ca-va/tor (éks’kd-va’tér), n. One who or that which excavates, as a steam shovel. ex-ceed’ (¢k-séd’; ik-), v. t. [OF. exceder, fr. L. excedere, excessum, to go beyond, fr. ex out+ cederetogo.] 1. To go or be beyond the limit or measure of; as, to exceed one’s authority. 2. To be greater than or superior to; to surpass. —=v.7%. To be more or greater than others. Syn. Outstrip, eclipse. — Exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo. Exceed commonly suggests a going beyond in quantity or extent; excel implies superiority in quality oraction. Surpass applies oftener to quality than quantity; it implies comparison with a definite object; as, they surpass us in dexterity. To transcend is greatly to surpass or go beyond. To outdo is to surpass (esp.) in performance.

ex-ceed/ing, adj. Extraordinary. —adv. Archaic. Extremely. — ex-ceed’ing-ly, adv. ex-cel’ (%k-stl/; Yk-), v. t. & 7. ; EX*CELLED/ (-séld’); Ex-CEL/unc. ([L. excellere, excelsum, fr. ex out + cellere (in comp.) to rise, project.) To go beyond or surpass in good qualities or deeds; to outdo. — Syn. See EXCEED. ex’cel-lence (€k/sé-léns), n. 1. Quality of being excellent; exalted merit. 2. An excellent quality; a virtue. 3. (usually cap.) Excellency (sense 2).

ex’cel-len-cy (-lén-st), n.; pl. -crES (-s¥z).

1. Excellence (senses 1 & 2). 2. [usually cap.] A title of honor given to certain high dignitaries, as viceroys and ambassadors, and constitutionally belonging to the governors of New Hampshire and Massachusetts.

ex’cel-lent (-lént), adj. [OF., fr. L. excellens, -entis, pres, part. of excellere.) 1. Archaic. Excelling; superior. 2. Extremely good of its kind; first-class; hence, of great

worth; eminently good. — Syn. Choice, prime, select, exquisite, admirable, first-rate. — Amt. Defective, imperfect, inferior. — ex’cel-lent-ly, adv.

ex-cel/si-or (€k-sél/si-6r; -ér), adj. [L., compar.of excelsus elevated, lofty, past part. of excellere. See ExceEt.] Still higher; ever upward; — used asa motto. —vn. 1. A ma-

terial of curled shreds of wood used for stuffing upholstery,

for packing, etc.

TYPE.

2. Print.

ex-cept’ (€k-stpt’; ¥k-), v. f.

Asize of type (3 points).

See

LF. excepter, fr. L. exceptare,

fr. exceptus, past part. of excipere to take or draw out, except, fr. ex out + capere to take.] To take or leave out (anything) from a number ora whole; to omit; bar. — v. 2. To take exception. —conj. Archaic. Unless. —= prep. 1. With exclusion, rejection, or exception of. 2. Otherwise or other than; as, take no orders except from me. Abbr. exc. Syn. Except, excepting, but, save.

Except (less often excepting)

marks exclusion more pointedly than but; save is chiefly poetical; as,

T have finished all the letters except one (or, more casually, but one).

ex-cept/ing,

prep.

Except;

with

the exception

that. —

Syn. See ExceEPT. —conj. Archaic. Except. ex-cep’tion (&k-stp/shtin; tk-), n. 1. Act of excepting; exclusion. 2. That which is excepted; as, every rule has its exceptions. 3. Objection; something taken as objection-

able; hence, cavil; complaint; as, to be beyond exception. ex-cep/tion-a-ble (-a-b’l), adj. Liable to exception. — Syn. See EXCEPTIONAL. — ex-cep’tion-a-bly (-bli), adv.

ex-cep/tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj.

Formfng an exception; un.

common; hence, superior. — ex-cep/tion-al-ly, adv. Syn. Exceptional, exceptionable. That is exceptional which is

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K=ch Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

n.

commander, fr. ek, ex, out+ archein torule.] 1. A viceroy of a Byzantine emperor. 2. Hastern Ch. A deputy of

in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

exeeptive Ordinary, commonplace.

ex-cep/tive (ék-sép/tiv; k-), adj. ing, or constituting, exception;

ex-cerpt’ (ék-sfirpt’), v. t.

Pertaining to, contain-

also, captious.

shin), n. ex/cerpt (ék/stirpt; €k-siirpt’; ik-), n. An extract; a passage selected or copied from a book or record. ex-cess’ ee ik-), nm. ‘LOF. exces, fr. L. excessus a going out, loss of self-possession, fr. excedere. See EXCEED.] 1. State or fact of going beyond limits, esp.. beyond sufh-

that which exceeds what is usual, as, excess of grief. 2. Intemor degree by which one thing or remainder.

Sym. Excess, superfluity, redundancy. Excess is that which asses limits, usually conveying a derogatory implication. Superfuity'is more than is needed or desired ;redundancy is superabundance without necessary implication (as commonly in superfluity) of waste or uselessness. — t. Deficiency, want.

— (ék-sés’; Yk-; ék’sés; 2), adj. “usual or specified amount.

_ or conduct certain:sports, trades, occupations, etc.

More than or above the

—v, t.,

To impose excise upon or force to. pay, excise. — ex-cis’able (€k-siz’a-b’l; fk-), adj.

ex-cise’ (Ek-siz’; ik-), v.t. cidere to cut.]

[L. excerptus, past part. of ex-

cerpere, fr. ex out + carpere to pick.] ‘Lo select, asa literary passage; to extract; quote. — ex-cerp/tion (-sfirp’-

ciency, necessity, or duty; proper, just, or specified; perance. 3. The amount number exceeds another;

excommunicate

348

an exception, or out of the ordinary; that is exceptionable to which exception may be taken, and which is therefore objectionable. — Amt.

[L. excisus, past part. of ex-

To cut out, as a tumor; to remove as by

cutting out; to erase; expunge; extirpate. — ex-cis’a-ble

(-siz’d-b’l), adj. — ex-ci/sion (-sizh/uin), n. ex-cise’man (-mdn),n. Brit. An officer who inspects and rates articles liable to excise duty. ex-cit/a-bil/i-ty (ék-sit/a-bil/7-ti; ik-), m. Quality of being readily excitable; Physiol., the capacity to be excited (by stimuli). ex-cit/a-ble (Ek-sit’d-b’l; ik-), adj. Capable of being excited; susceptible of stimulation. — ex.-cit/a-ble-ness, nex-cit/ant (ék-sit’ dint; ik-; €k’/s%-tdnt), adj. & n. Stimulant.

ex’ci-ta/tion (ék/si-ta’shtin), n.

Act of exciting, or state of’

being excited; excitement. ex-cit/a-tive (ék-sit/d-tiv), adj. Tending or able to exciteex.-cit/a-to/ry (Ek-sit’a-td/ri; -tér-I; tk-), adj. Tending to excite; containing, or marked by, excitement. ex-cite’ (ék-sit’; ik-), v.t. [OF. exciter, fr. L. excitare, fr. ex out + citare to move

rapidly, rouse.]

activity in any way; to rouse to feeling.

| 1. To call to

2. Elec.

To en-

ergize (an electromagnet); to produce a magnetic field in, asadynamo. 3, Physiol. To arouse, or to increase the ex-ces’Sive (€k-sés/iv; ik-), adj. Characterized by, or exactivity of, as a living organism or any of its parts or tishibiting, excess. — ex-ces/sive-ly, adv. sues; to stimulate. — Syn. Arouse, fire, animate, kindle, Syn. Excessive, exorbitant, inordinate, extravagant, immodinflame, provoke. — Ant. Soothe, calm. erate. Excessive is. the general term for what goes beyond just measex-cit’/ed (-sit’éd; -d), adj. 1. Roused to activity; aroused ure or amount. Exorbitant applies to that (esp. price, charges, etc.) which is grossly excessive; inordinate often retains the implication of |, emotionally. 2. Physics & Chem. Having had one or that which exceeds prescribed rules or limits; as, an exorbitant charge; tnordinate desires. That is extravagant which passes the bounds of use or propriety, or which is prodigal in expenditure. Immoderate often implies lack of restraint, esp. in the feelings or their expression;

as, immoderate zeal or laughter. — Amt. Moderate, temperate.

ex’cess—prof/its tax. A tax on business profits which are in excess of the average profits over a term of years. ex-change’ (éks-chanj’; yks-), n.. [OF. eschange, fr. eschangter to exchange, deriv. of L. ex out + cambiare to

change.

See CHANGE.]

1. Act of giving or taking one

thing in return for another as an equivalent; trade; specif.,

barter. 2. Act of substituting one thing for another, as of grief for joy; also, act of giving and receiving or losing and taking reciprocally; interchange; as, an exchange of civilities. 3. The thing given or received in return; esp., a pub-

lication exchanged for another.

4. A place where things

or services are exchanged; specif.: a The place where merchants, brokers, bankers, etc., meet to do business; as, a cotton exchange. Abbr. exch. b A headquarters or central office or place of business (of a designated sort); as, a telephone exchange. 5. Com. a The process of settling accounts between parties remote from each other, without using money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called bills of exchange. hb A bill of exchange. ec The amount paid for the collection of a draft, bill of exchange, check, etc., drawn in one place upon another. 4d (1) Interchange or conversion of the money of two countries, or of current and

uncurrent money, with allowance for difference in value.

(2) Short for rate of exchange, that is, the price or sum per unit at which the currency of one country is exchanged for currency of another country, or uncurrent money for current money. (3) The amount of the difference in value

more electrons ejected from their normal orbits to orbits farther away from the nucleus. — ex-cit’ed-ly, adv. ex-cite/ment (sit’mént), n. 1. Act of exciting, or state of

being excited; agitation.

2. That which excites or rouses-

— Syn. Disturbance, commotion. — Ant. Apathy. ex-cit’er (-sit/ér), nm. 1. One who or that which excites. 2. Elec. A dynamo or battery which supplies the electric

current used to produce dynamo or motor.

ex-cit/ing

the magnetic

(-sit/Ing), adj.

Producing

field in another

excitement. — ex-

cit/ing-ly, adv. ex.-ci/to- (€k-si’t6-; Ik-). [L. excttare to excite.] A combining form denoting exciting or stimulating, esp. to reflex action, as in ex-ci/to-mo/tor, adj. ex-ci’tor (&k-si/tér; -t6r; Ik-), n. An exciter; Phystol., an ggcent nerve increasing activity in the part which it sup-

plies. ex-claim/’ (éks-klim’; tks-), v.t.

& t.

(L. exclamare, ez-

clamatum, fr. ex + clamare to ery out.] To cry out, or speak, in strong or sudden emotion; to speak or utter

loudly or vehemently, as in protest. — ex-claim/er (-ér), n. ex/cla-ma/tion (€ks’/kla-ma’shitin), n. 1. Act of exclaim-

ing; a sharp utterance of strong feeling. word of outcry; an interjection.

exclamation

point.

The mark

2. Gram.

A

[!] used in writing and

printing to indicate forceful utterance or strong feeling.

ex-clam/a-to/ry (éks-klim/a-to/r¥; -tér-Y; iks-), adj.

Con-

taining, expressing, using, or pertaining to, exclamation.

ex’clave (éks’/klav), n.

[From enclave, with ex- for en-.]

A portion of a country which is separated from the main

which are presented for settlement by mutual interchange

part and surrounded by politically alien territory. Cf. ENCLAVE. ex-clude’ (€ks-kl00d’; Yks-), v. ¢._ [L. excludere, exclusum,

—v.t.; EX-CHANGED’ (-chanjd’); Ex-CHANG/ING (-chan/jing). 1. To part with, give, or transfer to another for an equivalent; specif., to obtain or to supply something else

trance; to refuse participation, enjoyment, consideration, or inclusion, to. To_eject; expel. — ex-clud/a-ble -klood’a+b’l), adj. — ex-clud’er (-Er), n.

between two currencies, or between values at two places. e pl. In a clearinghouse, the items (drafts, checks, etc.) of credits and debits and payment of balances.

in place of (goods returned).

2. To part with for a substi-

tute, as a palace foracell. %. To give and receive or lose and take reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; swap. — v.21. To make an exchange, or to pass in exchange. — ex-change/a-bil/i-ty, n. — ex-change/a-ble, adj. Syn. Exchange, interchange. Interchange, as compared with exchange, emphasizes more strongly the mutual or reciprocal nature

of the transaction.

exchange rate. Com. See EXCHANGE, n., 5 4 (2). ex-cheq/uer (€ks-chék/ér; &ks/chék-ér), n. [ME. escheker,

prop., a chessboard, fr. OF. eschequier. See CHECKER. ] 1. [cap.] Eng. Hist. Originally, an office of state charged with the management of the royal revenue; then, a court, the Court of Exchequer, having jurisdiction in reyenue matters, later merged in the King’s Bench Division of the High Courtof Justice. 2. [oftencap.] Great Britain.

The department of state charged with the receipt and care

of the national revenue; hence, the national banking account. 3. A treasury. 4. One’s funds. ex-cide’ (tk-sid’), v. #. [L. excidere.] To cut out. ex-cip/i-ent (ék-sip/T-ént; 58), n. [L. exctipiens, -entis, pres. part. of ercipere. See except.] _Pharm. An inert substance used to give preparations a suitable form or consistency.

ex.cise’ (Ek-siz’; ik-; €k’siz), n. [Prob.fr. MD. exctjs, acctjs, fr. OF. accets, accens, deriv. of L. ad to + census tax. ] A duty or impost levied upon the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities within the country, or, in the form of exactions for license, for permission to practice

Ble,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

G&ccount,

Sld, obey,

Orb,

Sdd, sGft, cdnnect;

Arm,

ask,

sofd;

fr. ex out + claudere to shut.]

1. To hinder from en-

Sym. Debar. — Exclude, elimimate.

To exclude, as here com-

pared, is to keep out what is already outside; to eliminate is to get rid of what is already in, esp. as a constituent element or part. — Include, comprise.

ex-clu’sion (-kl00’zhtin), n.

1. Act or instance of exclud-

ing; state of being excluded; rejection. expelling.

ex-clu/sion-ist (ist), n.

2. Physiol. Act of

One who would exclude another

from some right or privilege. — ex-clu/sion-ism (-iz’m),n.

ex-clu’sive (stv), adj.

1. Excluding or having power to

exclude; limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual, organization, etc. Excluding or in-

clined to exclude others, esp. outsiders; sometimes, snobbishly aloof. 3. Admitting of only a socially restricted patronage; hence, stylish. 4. Single; sole; also, singly devoted; undivided.

clusive of fees.

5. Not taking into the account; as, ex-

Abbr. excl. — Syn. See setecr. — Ant.

Inclusive; unrestricted. — ex-clu/sive-ly, adv. — ex.clu’-

sive-ness, 7.

ex-cog/i-tate

(éks-k6j/7-tat),

part. of excogitare.

v.t.

[L. excogitatus,

See rx-; cocirate.]

past

To think outs

to devise; contrive, — ex-cog/i-ta’tion, n. — ex-cog’i-ta/tive (-ta/tiv; -ta-tiy), adj.

ex/com-mu/ni-ca-ble

(&ks’/kd-mit/n%-kd-b’l), adj. Liable to or deserving excommunication. ex/com-mu/ni-cate (-kat), adj. [LL. excommunicatus, past part. of excommunicare to excommunicate. See EX-3 commuNIcATE.] Excommunicated. _—mn. One excommunicated. —- (kat), v. t. To cut off, or shut out, from

Gve,

food, foot;

hére (27), Gvent, Gnd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; cube, Unite, Grn, tp, circés, menti;

excommunication

— ex’/com-mu/ni.ca/tor (-ka/tér), n. ex/com-mu/ni-ca’tion (&ks/kd-mii/ni-ka/shiin), n. An ecclesiastical censure whereby one is, for the time, cast out of the communion of the church.

ex/com-mu/ni-ca/tive (-mii/ni-ka/tiv; -ka-tiv), adj. Tending toward, decreeing, or favoring, excommunication.

ex/com-mu/ni-ca-to/ry (-kd-t6/ri; -t@r-Y; 3), adj.

To strip or wear off the skin of; to flay;

the body, esp. from the alimentary

canal; fecal matter.

ex-cres/cen-cy (-én-si; -’n-si), 7.3 pl. -cres (-siz).

State of

being excrescent; esp., abnormal protrusion or growth. ex-cres/cent (-ént; -’nt), adj. [L. excrescens, -entis, pres. part. of exerescere, excretum, to grow out, fr. ex out + crescere to grow.] 1. Forming an abnormal, excessive, or

useless outgrowth; superfluous. 2. Of a sound in a word, growing out of the action of speech organs in forming neighboring sounds, as d in alder (AS. alr).

ex-cre’ta (éks-kré/ta), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pl. of exeretum. pie EXCRETE.] Excretions; — sometimes including also eces. ex-crete’ (éks-krét’), v.¢. ([L. excretus, past part. of, eacernere to sift out, discharge, fr, et out + cernere to sift.] To separate and eliminate or discharge (waste or harmful material) from the blood or tissues, or from the active protoplasm in plants, ex-cre’tion (-kréshiin), n. 1. Act or process of excreting. 2. That which is excreted; useless, superfluous, or harmful

material (esp. urine and sweat) eliminated from the body, differing from an ordinary secretion in not being produced to perform a useful function. vis ex’cre-to/ry (€ks/kré-to/ri; €ks-kré/td-ri), adj. Pertaining

to, or serving for, excretion. -—- 7. An excretory organ. ex-cru’ci-ate (éks-kroo’shi-at; iks-), v. ¢. [L. exeruciatus,

past part. of excruciare to excruciate, fr. ex out + cruciare

To inflict agonizing pain upon; to torture; rack.

ex-cru‘ci-at/ing (-at/Ing), adj. ‘Torturing; so intense as to be painful or distressing. — ex-cru/ci-at/ing-ly, adv. ex-oru’ci-a’tion (-shY-4/shiin; -sf-4’shtin), n.__ Act of inflicting agonizing pain, or state of being thus afilicted; torture. ex’/cul-pate (€ks/kiil-pat; éks-ktl’-), v.é. [L. ex out + culpatus, past part. of culpare to find fault with, blame,

To clear from alleged fault or guilt. —

ex-cul/pa-ble, adj. — ex’cul-pa/tion, n. Syn. Remit, clear; excuse, vindicate, justify. — Exculpate, absolve,

exonerate, acquit agree in the idea of freeing from a charge or burden. Exculpate denotes simply a clearing from blame. Absolve implies a setting free either from obligations or responsibilities that bind the conscience, or from the consequences of their violation; as, to absolve from allegiance, from blame, Exonerate denotes relief, in a moral sense, from what is regarded as a burden; as, to exonerate from suspicion. Acquit implies a decision in one’s favor with reference to a specific charge; as, to acquit of murder. — Amt. Implicate, accuse; convict. ;

ex-cul/pa-to’ry (éks-ktil/pa-to/r¥; -tér-¥; 3), adj. Clearing, or tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt. ex-cur’rent (éks-kfir’ént), adj. [L. excurrens, pres. part. of excurrere, excursum, to run out, fr. ex out + currere to

run.] 1. Flowing outward. 2. Bot. a Having the axis prolonged, forming an undivided main stem, as conifers. b Projecting beyond the apex, as the midrib of a mucronate

leaf.

Syn. Exonerate, absolve, acquit, remit. — Excuse, pardon, forgive, condone. One excuses (either as a superior or as an equal) small faults, minor omissions, or neglects, esp. in social or conventional obligations; one pardons (as a superior, or by an act of mercy or generosity) serious faults, crimes, or grave offenses, esp. against law or morals. Pardon is often used as 2 conventional term of courtesy for excuse; as,

— ex’cre-men/tal (-mén’tdl; -t’l), ex/cre-men-ti’ticus (mén-tish/us), adj. ex-cres/cence (éks-krés/éns; -’ns; Yks-), n.; pl. -CENCES s€z; -siz). 1. Abnormal growth or increase. A normal appendage or deyelopment, as hair. 3. An abnormal outgrowth, as a wart.

fr. culpa fault.]

5. To serve as excuse for; to free

from imputation of fault; to exculpate; justify. — ex-cus/a-ble (-kiiz/d+b’l), adj. — ex-cus/a-hly (-bli), adv.

Pardon my interruption. Forgive applies to offenses against oneself, and emphasizes more strongly than pavdon (the legal term) the element of personal feeling, frequently with the implication that resentment is

abrade. — ex-co/ri-a/tion, n. . ex’cre-ment (&ks’kré-mént), n. [L. exerementum, fr. excernere. See EXCRETE.] Waste matter discharged from

tocrucify.]

tion, exaction, etc.).

Pertain-

ing to, causing, or declaring, excommunication. ex-co’/ri-ate (&ks-k0/rl-at), v.t. [LL. excoriare, fr. ex out

+ cortum hide.]

exemplary damages

349

communion with the church, by_an ecclesiastical sentence.

3. Zool. Characterized by a current which flows out-

ward; as, an excurrent orifice.

ex-our’sion (&ks+k{ir’zhtin; -shtin; fks-), n.

(L. excursio.

extinguished or alienated affection restored.

To condone is to for-

give tacitly or by implication, or to overlook, as foibles.

ex-cuse’ (€ks-ktis’; iks-),m.

1. Act of excusing.

2. That

which is offered as a reason for being excused; an apology. 3. That which excuses; that which extenuates or justifies

a fault. — Syn. See apoLocy. ex’e-cra-ble (€k/sé-krd-b’l), adj.. 1. Deserving to be execrated; detestable. 2. Very bad. — -cra-bly (-bl¥), adv. ex/e-crate (-krat), v.t. [L. execratus, exsecratus, past Dart. of execrare, exsecrare, to execrate, fr. ex out + sa-

crare to consecrate, declare accursed, fr. the stem of sacer

sacred.]

_To imprecate evil upon; to curse; hence, to de-

test utterly; toabhor.

-=v. 7. To curse. — ex’e-cra/tive,

adj. — ex’e.cra/tor, n. ex/e-cra/tion (-kra/shiin), n. 1. Act of execrating; also, a curse uttered. 2. That which is execrated; a detested

thing. — Syn. & Ant. See curser. — ex’e-cra-to/ry (-krd-

to’ri; -kra/td-ri), adj.

ex-ec/u-tant (ég-zék/ti-tdnt; Ig-; &k-s&k/-; Yk-), n.

One who

5 Fars or performs; esp., one skilled in technique, as of an art. ex’e-cute (tk/sé-ktit), v.t. [OF. executer, fr. ML. executare, fr. L. executus, exsecutus, past part. of exsequi to follow to the end, pursue, fr. ex out+ sequi to follows] 1. To follow out or through to the end, as a purpose; to com-

plete; effect; perform. 2. To give effect to; to do what is provided or required by, as a writ. 3. To put to death in conformity to a legal sentence. 4. To produce by art in

accordance with a design, plan, or the like; as, a statue executed in bronze; to perform, as a piece of music, either on

an instrument or with the voice.

5. To perform what is

required to give validity to (a deed, will, etc.) as by signing, sealing, delivering. — ex’e-cut/a-ble (ék’sé-kit/a-b’l; &gzek’t-ta-; {g-), adj. — ex’e-cut/er (&k’sé-kiit/Er), n. Syn. Accomplish, manage, conduct, direct. — Execute, administer,enforce. To execute is to carry out or into eflect; to administer, to manage or direct the process of execution; to enforce, to

bring about or compel the execution of something by force or penalty, as the laws ora rule. See EFFECT.

ex’e-cu/tion (-kii’shtin), n.

1. Act or process of executing;

achievement. 2. Capitalpunishment. 3. Act or mode of performing a work of art or of performing on an instrument. 4. Effective, esp. destructive, action; as, the broadside did

great execution.

§. Law.

A judicial writ by which an

officer is empowered to carry a judgment into effect. ex’e-cu’tion-er (-€r), n. One who puts to death legally.

ex-ec/u-tive (é¢-zék/ii-tiv; tg-; &k-sék’-; tk-), adj. signed or fitted for, or pertaining to, execution; tivetalent. 2. Qualified for, concerned with, or to, the execution of the laws or the conduct of executive power; executive officer, department, 1. The executive branch of a government; also,

1. De-

as, execupertaining affairs; as, etc. —n. the person

or persons who constitute the executive magistracy of a state. 2. Hence, any person or body charged with administrative or executive work.

ex-ec/u-tor (-tér; see sense 1), m.

1. (pron. &k’sé-ku/tér)

[AF. executour, fr. L.J

One who executes something.

2.

The person appointed by a testator to execute his will. —

ex-ec’/u-to’ri-al (-to’rl-dl), adj. — ex-ec/u-trix (-triks), n. ex-ec/u-to/ry (-to/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. 1. Executive. 2. Law. Designed, or of such a nature as, to be executed in time to come, or to take effect on a future contingency; as, an executory devise. ex’e-dra (&k’sé-dra; ék-sé/dra), n.; pl. -DRAE (-dré). [L.,

See EXCURRENT.] 1. A going forth; an expedition. 2.A fr. Gr. exedra, fr. ex out + hedra seat.] An out-of-door seat or bench, nearly semicircular, with a high solid back. journey chiefly for recreation; a pleasure trip. 3. Deviation from a definite path; hence, a digression.. 4. Mech. ex’/e-ge/sis (€k/sé-jé’sis), n.; pl..-GESES (-séz). [NL., fr. Gr. exégésis, fr. exégeisthaz to interpret, fr. ex out -+ héA movement outward, or from _a mean position or axis; geisthai to guide.] _Exposition; esp., a critical explanaalso, the distance traversed. — Sym. See JOURNEY. |

ex-cur’sion-ist (-ist), n. One who goes on an excursion. ex-cur’sive (tks-kfir’siv), adj. _ Of the nature of a digres-

sion; also, prone to make excursions; digressive. — ex-cur’sive-ly, adv. — ex-cur’sive-ness, n. €X-cur’sus (-siis), 7. ; pl. EXCURSUSES (-€z; -iz), or, now less usual, EXCURSUS. (L., fr. excurrere, excursum. _ See EXCURRENT.] An appendix or a digression containing ex-

tended exposition of some point. — Sym. See DIGRESSION. ex-cus/a-io/ry (€ks-kiiz/a-to/ri; -t€r-I; Iks-), adj. Apologetic.

ex-cuse’ (ks-kiiz’; fks-), v. t.

[OF.escuser, excuser, fr. L.

excusare, fr. ex out+ causa.cause.]

1. Tomake apology

for; to endeavor to remove blame from (a person) or the

blame of (a fault); to seek to extenuate. 2. To seek or obtain exemption or release for, esp. oneself. 3. To admit to

be little censurable and to overlook; to pardon; as, to say “excuse me” to a stranger.

4. To grant exemption or

release to (aperson as from an obligation) or from (an obliga-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, ver@tire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

tion of a portion of Scripture.

ex/e-gete (¢k/sé-jét), m.

Cf. HERMENEUTICS.

One skilled in exegesis.

ex/e-get/ic (&k/st-jét/ik), ex’e-get/i-cal (1-kdl),adj. exegetikos.]

(Gr.

Pert. toexegesis; expository. —-leal-ly, adv.

ex’e-get/ics (-iks), m.; see -Ics.

The science of exegesis.

ex-em/plar (€g-zém/pleér; Ye-; -plar), n.

[From L. exem-

plar (tr. exemplars, adj.), and fr. OF. exemplaire, essemlaire, fr. L. exemplarium, tr. exemplum. See EXAMPLE.] i. One who or that which serves as a model or pattern;

esp., an ideal model; archetype. ple; a type or specimen. —

2. An instance or exam-

Sym. See PATTERN.

ex.em/pla-ry (€g-zém/pla-ri; ig-; ég/zém-plér’T; -plér-f), adj,

1. Serving as a pattern; deserving imitation.

2. Serving

as a warning; monitory; as, exemplary damages, Law,

damages given in excess of actual loss, in order to punish. 3. Serying as a type, instance, or illustration. — ex-em/-

pla-ri-ly, adv. — ex-em/pla-ri-ness, n. K = ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure,

||Foreign Word;

3 0

exemplification

ex-em/pli-fi-ca’tion (&g-zém/plt-fi-ka’shtin; Ye-), n. 1. Act of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by example. 2. A case in point. Law. An exemplified copy. ex-em/pli-fy (-zém/pli-fi), v. ¢.; -ruep (-fid); -Fy/Inc. [L. exemplum example + -fy.]_ 1. To illustrate by example; toserveasanexampleof. 2. Tomakean attested copy or transcript of, under seal. — ex-em/pli-fi-ca/tive (fi-ka/tiv), adj.

;

llex-em/pli gra/ti-a (Eg-zém/pli gra’shi-a).

[L.]

For the

sake of example; for example or instance. Abbr. e.g. ex-empt’ (Eg-zémpt’; ig-), adj. [OF., fr. L. exemptus, past part. of eximere to take out, remove, free, fr. ex out +

emere to buy, take.]_ 1. Now Rare. Cut off; set apart. 2. Free, or released, from some liability. —-m. One ex-

empted or freed from duty or fromalevy. —¥v.t. 1. Obs. To set apart. 2. To release from some liability to which

others are subject; to except or excuse, as from jury duty.

— ex-empt/i-ble, adj. ex-emp/tion (-zémp/shiin), n. Act of exempting, or state being exernpt; immunity. Syn. Exemption, immunity. Exemption suggests the act of freeing, esp. from some charge or obligation imposed by others; immunity emphasizes the state of freedom, esp. from some liability imposed by nature or general conditions.

exiguousness

ex-haust’ (&g-zdst’; ig-), v. t. [L. exrhaustus, past part. of exhaurire, fr. ex out Ae haurire, haustum, to draw, esp.

water.] 1. To draw or let out wholly, as the air from a

bell jar.

2. Touse: or expend wholly, or to the end of sup~

ply, as one’s patience or resources.

fatigue extremely.

3. To tire out or 4. To empty by drawing or letting out

the contents, as a well or a treasury.

develop completely, asa subject.

To bring out or

6. To deprive completely

of removable ingredients or of its strength or virtue; as, to exhaust a drug with successive solvents or molasses by

crystallization. — Syn. Spend, consume, drain. See TIRE. — Ant. Restore, renew, replenish. — mn. 1. Engin. The

escape of the working fluid, as steam, from an engine cylinder at the end of the working stroke. 2. Generation or induction of air currents by creating a partial vacuum; also, an apparatus for such a purpose, as to carry away dust ina

flour mill.

3. Gaseous or other material exhausted, as

from an internal-combustion engine; also, Collog., the muffler through which such material is passed, — ex-haust/er, n. — ex-haust/i-bil/i-ty, n. — ex-haust/i-ble, adj. ex-haus/tion (-zds/chiin), n. Act or process of exhausting, or state of being exhausted. —

Syn. Fatigue, prostration;

depletion. — Ant. Rest, refreshment.

ex-haus’tive (-z6s/tiv),adj.

Serving or tending to exhaust;

ex-en/ter-ate (Eks-En/tér-at), v.t. [L. exenteratus, past part., deriv. of Gr. ex out + enteron intestine.] 1. Rare. Toeviscerate. 2. Surg. To remove (an organ), as the eye-

hence, thorough; testing all possibilities. —Sym. Full, minute. — Ant. Superficial, cursory. — ex-haus’tive-ly, adv. — ex-haus’tive-ness, n. ex-haust/less, adj. Not to be exhausted; inexhaustible. — ex-haust/less-ly, adv. — ex-haust/less-ness, n. ex-hib/it (ég-zib/it; {g-), v.¢. [L. exhibitus, past part. of exhibere to hold forth, tender, exhibit, fr. ex out + habere to have.] 1. To present to view; to show, esp. publicly for purposes of competition or demonstration; to display. 2. To reveal by signs, as fear. 3. Law. To submit toa court or public officer; to present officially or in legal form

fr. exercere, exercitum, to drive on, keep busy, fr. ex out + arcere toshut up, enclose.] 1. Act of exercising; a setting in action or practicing; use; habitual activity; occupation.

To display anything for inspection. Syn. Manifest, reveal, disclose. — Exhibit, display, expose, evince

whether physical, intellectual, or moral; specif., bodily exertion for keeping the organs and functions healthy. 3. That done or prescribed to be done for training or improvement; as, a musical exercise. 4. pl. A program as of songs, speeches, etc.; as, the graduation exercises. Performance, as of a ceremony.

spicuously or ostentatiously; to expose is to display openly (esp.) something hitherto concealed. To evince, as here compared, is to exe hibit or reveal (esp.) the presence of some quality. — AMt. Hide,

—n.

Syn. Exercise, practice signify activity or exertion for the sake of improvement, either in strength or health (as in exercise) or in skill or dexterity (as in practice): as, outdoor exercise; rifle practice. As referring to the use of a given faculty, practice implies more often than exercise regular or habitual activity or performance.

ex’/hi-bi’tion (€k’s?-bish/tin), m.. 1. Act or instance of ex-

ball. — ex-en/ter-a/tion, n. : ex’e-qua/tur (€k/sé-kwa’tér), n. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of exequi, exsequt, to perform, execute.] A written authorization of a consular officer, by the government to which he is accredited. ex’e-quy (ék/sé-kwi), n.; pl. -qures (-kwiz), [From OF., fr. L. exequiae, exsequiae, a funeral procession, fr. exsequi to follow out.] Usually pl. A funeral rite; obsequies. ex’er-cise (&k/sér-siz), n. [OF. exercice, fr. L. exercitium,

2. Exertion

for the sake

of training or improvement,

—v.t. 1. To set in action; to bring to bear or employ actively, as the power of choice. 2. To exert repeatedly;

to busy; train; — used reflexively and in passive; as, exer-

cised in godliness.

3. To exert or practice for the sake of

ject to discipline.

4. To occupy the attention and effort

training or improvement, as the wits or the limbs; to sub-

of; to tax, esp. vexatiously; to harass; vex.

5. To put in

practice, as justice or patience; to discharge, wield, or exert, as authority or influence. — v.72. To drill; to take exercise. — Syn. Drill, school. — ex’er-cis/a-ble, adj.

ex’er-cis/er (-siz/ér), n. cise.

_1. One who takes or gives exer-

2. An apparatus for use in physical exercise.

ex-er’ci-ta/tion (&g-zfir’si-ta’/shiin), n.

[OF., fr. L. exer-

citatio, deriv. of exercere to exercise.] Exercise; practice or training; also, a mode or result of exercise, as an essay. ex-ergue’ (g-ztirg’; €k/sfirg), n. [F., fr. ML. exergum, fr. Gr. ex out + ergon work, i.e., accessory work.]

_The seg-

ment beneath the base line of the subject engraved on a coin

or medal, often with the date, place, mint mark, etc. ex-ert’ (€g-zfirt’; {g-), v. t. [L. exertus, exsertus, past part. of exerere, exserere, to thrust out, fr. er out + serere to

join together.]

1. Obs. To thrust forth; reveal.

2. To

put forth, as strength, ability,or any active faculty; to put

in vigorous action. — ex-er’tive, adj.

ex-er’tion (-z{ir’shtin), n. Act of exerting; exercise of any power; a perceptible effort. — Sym. See EFFORT.

ex/e-unt (k/st-iint). out.

See exir.]

[L., 3d pers. pl. pres. of extre to go

They go out, or retire from the scene.

ex-fo/li-ate (¢ks-fo/li-at), v.¢. part. of exfoliare

folium leaf.]

@ 7.

(CLL. erfoliatus, past

to strip of leaves, fr. ex out, from +

To cast or come off in scales, laminae, or

splinters; to scale or flake off, as skin, bone, mineral, bark. — ex-fo/li-a’tion, n. a) ex-fo/li-a/tive (-a’/tiv), adj. Causing exfoliation. ex-hal/ant (ks-hal/ant; &g-zal’-), adj. Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating. =m. An exhaling duct. ex’ha-la/tion (€ks/ha-la’shiin; &k/sa-; €g/za-),n. 1. Anexhaling, as of steam or vapor; evaporation; expiration; as, an

exhalation of breath.

2. That which is exhaled; efflu-

vium; emanation.

ex-hale’ (éks-hal’; &g-zal’), v. t.

[OF. erhaler,

halare, fr. ex out + halare to breathe.]_

1.

fr. L. ex-

To breathe

out; hence, to give forth (gaseous matter), as a plant; to emit,asvapor. 2. Tocause to be emitted in vapor; as, the

sun exhales the surface moisture. be given off as vapor.

ile, chaotic,

charity; old,

— v.12. 1. To rise or

2. To emit breath or vapor.

toacourt.

4. Med. Toadminister asa remedy.

— v. 2.

agree in the idea of presenting more or less prominently to view.

To

exhibit is to show so as to invite notice; to display is to exhibit con-

1. Act of showing; display.

2. Something exhib-

ited; specif., an article, or articles, displayed in an exhibi-

tion. 3. Law. A document or material object produced and identified in court or before an examiner for use as evidence. — ex-hib/i-tor, ex-hib/it-er, n.

hibiting.

2. That whichis exhibited.

3. Any public dis-

play, as of works of art, manufacture, commerce, or of

feats of skill.

4. Hng. A sum given to a student from the

funds of the college; a scholarship; hence, ex’hi-bi’tion-er, a recipient of this.

ex’hi-bi’tion-ism (-Iz’m),. Psychol. Morbid disposition to display that which modesty conceals, whether physical

or mental. — ex’/hi-bi’tion-ist (ist), n. ex-hib/i-tive (€g-zib’%-tiv; fg-), adj. Having the function of exhibiting; — often with of.

ex-hib/i-to/ry (-t6/rI;; -tér-¥; 3), adj.

chilarant

Pertaining to or calling

Ge-cil"é-rdnt;1

hil

ex-hil/a-rant (ég-zil’a-rdnt; fg-), adj. Exhilarating. —n. That which exhilarates. x & ex-hil’a-rate (-rat), v. t. [L. erhilaratus, past part. of ez-

hilarareto gladden, fr. ex out + hilarare to make merry, fr. hilaris merry.] _To make merry; to enliven; cheer. —

ex-hil’a-rat/ing (-rat/Ing), adj. ex-hil/a-ra/tion (-ra/shtin), n. Act of exhilarating, or state of being exhilarated. — Syn. Animation, gaiety, hilarity, merriment, jollity. — Ant. Depression, dejection.

ex-hil/a-ra’tive (€g-zil’q-ra'tiv; -ra-tiv; Ig-), adj. hil’a-ra.to/ry (-rd-to/ri; -tér-i). ex-hort’ (€g-z6rt’; ig-), v.t. @ 4.

Also exProducing exhilaration. (OF. exhorter, fr. L. ex-

hortart, fr. ex out + hortari to incite, encourage.] To incite by words or advice; to advise or warn earnestly. —

Ant. Dissuade. — ex-hort/er, n. ex’hor-ta/tion (ég/z6r-ta’/shtin; &k/sér-), n, } 1. Act or instance of exhorting. 2. Language intended to incite and sper Re

ex-hor/ta-tive (€g-zor’td-tiv; Yg-), ex-hor’ta-to/ry

(-td/ri;

-tér-I; 3), adj. Of exhortation; intended to ey 3 ex-hume’ (éks-hiim/; &g-ziim’; ig-), v. t. [F. exhumer, fr. ML. exhumare, fr. ie ex out + humus ground.] To dig out of the ground; to disinter. — ex/hu-ma/tion (éks/hiima/shwn; éks/t-), n. ex/i-gence (Ek/si-jéns), n. Exigency. ex/i-gen-cy (-jén-si), n.; pl. -ciEs (-s¥z). 1. State or quality of being exigent; urgent want; a case demanding action

or remedy.

quirements.

2. Such need as belongs to the occasion; re— Syn. Urgency, emergency.

See JUNCTURE.

ex/i-gent (jént), adj. [L. erigens, -entis, pres. part. of exigere to drive out, exact. See exacr.] 1. Requiring immediate aid or action; critical.

2. Requiring much.

ex’i-gi-ble Cit-b’), adj. That may be exacted; chargeable. ex-ig/U-0uS (€g-zig/iitis; fg-; &ks-1g’-; tks-), adj. (L. exiguus.)_ Scanty in amount; diminutive. — ex/i-gu’i-ty (ék’si-gi/7-ti), n. — ex-ig/u-ous-ness, n.

cre, Add, account, arm, ask, sofa; €ve, hére (27), €vent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, YI, Obey, Srb, dd, sft, cdnnect; food, fot; out, oil; ciibe, nite, Gm, Up, circés, meni;

*

exile

301

exile (&k/sil; €g’zil), n. [OF. evil, essil, fr. L. exiliwm, exsiliwm.] 1. Forced, or sometimes voluntary, removal from one’s native country; banishment.

2. A person ex-

pelled, or who separates himself, from his country. — Syn. Expulsion, expatriation. —the Exile. The Babylonian

captivity.

See BABYLON, 3.

—v.t.

To banish or expel

from one’s own country or home. — Syn. See BANISH. —

ex-i’ic (€g-zil’ik; éks-il/-), adj. ex-im/i-ous (€g-zim/i-uis), adj. CL. eximius taken out, i.e., select, fr. eximere to take out. See EXEMPT.] Now Itare. Choice; excellent. ex-ist’ (ég-zist’; Yg-), v.27. [L. existere, exsistere, to emerge, appear, exist, fr. ex out + sistere to cause to stand,

fr. stare to stand.] To have actual or real being, whether material or spiritual. 2. To have being in any

out + ordirz to begin a web, begin.]

beginning; an in-

troduction, esp. of an oration. — ex-or’di-al (-dl), adj. ex’o-Skel/e-ton (€k/s6-skél/é-ttin; -t’n), n. Zool. A hard °

supporting or protective structure developed on or secreted

by the outside of the body, as the shell of ENDOSKELETON.

ex/os-Imo/sis (&k/sds-m0/sis; &k/s6z-), n. (Ek’s6s-mos; €k/s6z-).

VL.]

acrustacean.

Cf.

Also ex/0s-mose

See osmosis. — ex/os-

mot/ic (-mot/ik), ex-os’/mic (-mYk), adj. ex’os-to/sis (€k/sds-td/sis), n.; pl. -ses_(-séz). [NL., fr. r. exostosis, fr. ex out + osteon bone.] A spur or bony

3.

outgrowth from a bone or the root of a tooth. ex’o-ter/ic (€k/s6-tér/Ik), adj. [LL. ezxotericus, fr. Gr. ex-

1. The fact or state of existing;

Suitable to be imparted to the public; hence, readily comprehensible. Cf. ESOTERIC.

specified condition or place; as, salt ex¢sts in solution. To continue to be; to live.

ex-ist’/ence (-zis’téns), n.

expectation

ex-or/di-um (ie-2brebee &k-s6r’-), 2.; pl. -DIuMs (-timz), -biA (-d)._ LL., fr. exordiri to begin a web, begin, fr. ex

oterikos, fr. exd outside.]|

1. External;

exterior.

2.

specif., sentient being; continuance in life. Continued or repeated manifestation; actual occurrence; as, the exist-

ex’o-ther’mic (-thiir’/mik), adj.. [exo--+ thermic.] Chem.

bene or entity. — ex/is-ten/tial (ég/zis-tén’shal; ék/sis-),

ex-ot/ic (NS ea adj. [L. exoticus, fr. Gr. exotikos, tr. exd outside.] Introduced from a foreign coun-

ence of astate of war.

3. A mode of being.

4. A specific

adj.

ex-ist/ent (-tént), adj.

Having being.

ex/it (Ek/sit; €g’zit). [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of exire to go out. Seeissur.] He (or she) goes off stage; as, exit Leah. exit, n. [From Ist ezit, or fr. L. exitus a going out.] 1. The departure of a player from the stage. 2. Any departure; death. 3. A way of departure; egress.

llex libris (ks li’bris). bookplate,

often bearing

[L. ex from + libris books.] the words

ex libris

A

(from the

library of) preceding the owner’s name. ex’o- (€k’s6-), ex-. [Gr. exd.] A prefix signifying out of, outside, outer layer, as in exogamy, exotoxin. ex’o-carp (-karp), n. [exo-+-carp.] Bot. Epicarp. ex’o-don’ti-a (-dén/shi-a), 7. [NL., fr. 2d ex--+ Gr. oddn,

odontos, tooth + -za.]

The branch of dentistry dealing

with the extraction of teeth. — ex’o-don’tist (-tist), » ex’o-dus (ék’sé-dtus), n. (LL., fr. Gr. exodos a going out,

fr. ex out + hodos way.]|

1. A going out; specif. (the

Exodus), the journey of the Israelites from Egypt under

Moses. 2. [cap.] The second book of the Pentateuch. ex/o-en’zyme (-én/zim), n. = ECTOENZYME.

ex of-fi’ci-o (éks 6-fish’i-6).

[L.]

By virtue or because of

an office. ex-og/a-my (&ks-6g’a-m¥), n. [exo-+-gamy.] 1. Marriage outside of the same kinship group, clan, or sib, asre-

uired by custom; outbreeding. Cf, mNpDoGAMy. 2. Biol. ‘onjugation between gametes of different ancestry, as in

certain protozoans.— ex/o-gam/ic (ék’sé-gim/ik), — ex-og/a-mous (&ks-6g/a-miis), adj. ex’o-gen (tk’sé-jén), n.

adj.

ex-og’e-nous (&ks-dj’é-ntis), adj. [exo- + -genous.] 1. Produced from without; originating from or due to external causes; as, exogenous delusions; — distinguished from en-

dogenous. 2. Biol. Growing from or on the outside, or by addition to the exterior. 3. Physiol. & Biochem. Pertaining to or designating the metabolism of nitrogenous substances obtained from food, the catabolic products ex-

creted being proportionate to the amount of protein in-

gested in the diet. — ex-og’e-nous-ly, adv.

ex-on/er-ate (&g-z0n/ér-at; {g-), v. ¢. [L. eroneratus, past part. of exonerare to free from a burden, fr. ex out, from onerare to load, fr. onus load.] 1. To relieve, as of a

2. To free from

blame; to exculpate. — Syn. Absolve, acquit.

pate. — Ant.

See EXCUL-

Charge, implicate. — ex-on/er-a’tion,

7.

— ex-on/er-a’tive (-a’tiv; -d-tiv), adj. ex/o-path’ic (€k/sé-path/ik), adj. Med. Having its source external; as, exopathic diseases. ex/oph-thal/mos (&k/sdf-thal’més), ex’/oph-thal’/mus (mis), n. ONL., fr. Gr. exophthalmos with prominent eyes, fr. ex out + ophthalmos the eye.]_ Med. Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball. — ex/oph-thal/mic (-mik), adj.

ex’o-ra-hle (Ek/s6-ra-b'l), adj. (L. exorabilis.]

sive to entreaty. — ex’o-ra-bil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), n.

Respon-

ex-or’bi-tance (€g-z6r’b?-tans; {g-), n.; pl. -TANCES (-tdnséz;-siz).

1. Gross deviation from rule, right, or propriety.

2.. Tendency or disposition to be exorbitant; greed. ex-or’bi-tan-cy (-tdn-si), 2. ;pl.-TANCIES (-siz). The quality or condition of being exorbitant; exorbitance. ex-or’bi-tant (-tdnt), adj. (L. exorbitans, -antis, pres.

part. of exorbitare to go out of the track, fr. ex out + orbita track.] 1. Going beyond the established limits of

right or propriety; excessive. 2. Law. Not within the orbit, or scope, of the law. — Syn. & Ant, See EXCESSIVE. — ex-or’bi-tant-ly, adv. ex/or-cise, ex/or-cize (ék/s6r-siz), v.t. [F. exorciser, fr. LL. exorcizare, fr. Gr. exorkizein, fr. ex out + horkizein

to bind by an oath, fr. horkos oath.]

try; extraneous; foreign. or a word.

—m.

ex’o-tox’in (&k/sé-tdk’sin), n.

An exotic thing, asa plant

Biochem. A toxin excreted

by a microorganism; a true toxin. Cf. ENDOTOXIN. — eX’o-tox’ic (-sik), adj. ex-pand’ (éks-pand’; iks-), v.t. [L. exrpandere, expansum, fr. ex out + pandere to spread out, open.] 1. To

open wide; to spread out; to diffuse.

To expel or drive off

(an evil spirit) by adjuration, esp. by use of a holy name; to

deliver from an evil spirit. — ex’or-cis/er, ex/or-ciz/er (-siz/ér), n. ex/or-cism (-siz’m), n. Act or process of exorcising; con-

2. To make to oc-

cupy more space; to dilate; to distend; to enlarge.

3. To

work out or develop in full detail, as an argument or an equation. -—v.7. To spread apart; distend; enlarge; swell. — Syn. See pirate. — Ant. Contract, shrink. — ex-pand/er, n.

pe ee

pans’), n.

[L. expansum.

See EXPAND.]

That which is expanded or its extent; a wide extent of space,

ex-pan/si-ble (-pan’s?-b’l), adj. Capable of being expanded.

ex-pan/sile (sil; 56), adj.

Capable of, pertaining to, or

characteristic of, expansion; as, expansile movements. ex-pan/sion (-shiin), nm. 1. Act or process of expanding, or state of being expanded; dilatation. 2. That which is expanded; extended surface; an expanded part. 3. Extent

of expansion; also, pure space. 4. Engin, The increasing in volume of the working fluid, as steam, in an engine cyl-

inder after cutoff, or, in an internal-combustion

after explosion.

indicated

a? + 2ab+

5. Math.

operation; b?.

expansion bolt.

engine,

The developed result of an

as, the expansion

of (a + b)? is

A bolt operating in or by an expanding at-

tachment, as a split V wedge.

Bot. A dicotyledon.

charge; to clear, as from accusation.

Characterized by, or formed with, evolution of Heat.

ex-pan/sive (éks-pan/siv; iks-),adj.

1. Having a capacity

or tendency to expand; diffusive; also, wide-extending.

2.

Of persons, feelings, etc., unrestrained; liberal; comprehen-

sive, esp. in sympathies. 3. Working by expansion, 4. Psychiatry. Characterized by exaggerated sense of wellbeing and by delusions of greatness. — Ant. Restrained.

— ex-pan/sive-ly, adv. — -sive-ness, n. ex par’te (éks par/té). [L. See Ex-; PARrT.] Upon, from, or in the interest of, one side only. ex-pa/ti-ate (éks-pa/shi-at), v. 7. [L. expatiatus, exrspati-

atus, past part. of expatiari, exspatiari, to expatiate, fr.

ex out + spatiari to walk about, fr. spatium space.]

Rare. To range at large, or without restraint.

1.

2. To en-

large in discourse or writing. — ex-pa’ti-a’tion, n.

Syn. Expatiate, dilate, descant. To expatiate is to wander at will over, or discourse copiously upon, a subject; to dilate is to enlarge upon it; to descant, to comment freely upon it.

ex-pa/tri-ate (éks-pa’tri-dt), adj. part. of expatriare,

pater

—

father.]

[ML. expatriatus, past

fr. L. ex out+ patria fatherland, fr.

Exiled;

expatriated..

—n.

(-at), v.t. To banish;to make an exile of.

€

—v.7. To

withdraw from one’s native country and become a citizen of another country. — ex-pa’tri-a/tion, n.

ex-pect’ (€ks-pékt’; fks-), v.t. (CL. PED Ce ORS, exspectare, -tatwm, to look out for, await, expect, fr. ex out ++ epettces

tolook at.)

1. Archaic.

To wait for; toawait.

2. aTo

look for (mentally); to look forward to; to look for with some confidence. b To look for as due; to consider (one) in duty bound; as, he was expected to do his duty. —v. 4. Archaic. To wait; stay. Syn. Expect, anticipate, hope, regard some future event as about to take place. Expect is the strongest, and implies some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. To anticipate is to look forward to, esp. in such fashion as to realize to

oneself what is to come.

Hope adds to expectation the implication of

desire; as, the accused hopes for an acquittal.

ex-pect/ance (éks-pék/tdans; Iks-), n.

Expectancy.

ex-pect’an-cy (-tdn-si), n. 1. The quality or state of expecting; expectation. 2. State of being expected or a subject of expectation. 3. That which is expected; the object of expectation or hope. Expecting; waiting; having expectations. — 7. One who expects; a candidate for a po-

ex-pect/ant (-tdnt), adj.

sition. — ex-pect/ant-ly, adv. ( juration of evil spirits; also, a formula used in exorcising. — | ex’/pec-ta/tion (éks/pék-ta’shtin), n. 1. Act or state of expecting. 2. Prospect of the future; anticipation, esp. of

ex/or-cist (-sist)_n. chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

K=ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure,

|] Foreign Word;

expectation of life benefits.

State of being expected; as, benefits in expectation.

expectation of life.

_

4.) ex-pe/ri-enced

ual or group after any specified age to be expected from the : Contingent.

ex-pec/to-rant (&ks-pék/té-rdnt), adj. Med. Tending to facilitate expectoration, discharges of mucus, etc. —7.

An expectorant medicine. ; ex-pec’to-rate (-rat), v.t. & 7. [L. expectorare to_drive from the breast, fr. ex out+ pectus, pectoris, breast.] _To discharge, as phlegm, by coughing, hawking, and spitting; to spit.

ex-pec’to-ra/tion (-ra’shtin), n. Act of expectorating, or that which is expectorated; expectorated matter. ex-pe/di-ence (éks-pé’di-éns; 58), n. Expediency. E

ex-pe/di-en-cy (-En-si), n.

2. Quality or condition of being

expedient; fitness. 2. Cultivation of, or adherence to, expedient means and methods; esp., subordination of moral principle for the sake of facilitating an end or purpose.

ex-pe/di-ent fab adj. [OF., fr.L. expediens, -entis, res. part. of expedire to be expedient, release, extricate. ee EXPEDITE.] 1. Apt and suitable to the end in view; as, an expedient solution; hence, advantageous. ,_ 2. Con-

ducive to special advantage rather than to what is univer-

sally right; also, of persons, guided by expediency. — Syn. Politic; profitable; advisable. See wisE. —7. 1. That

which is expedient; suitable means to accomplish an end. 2. Means devised in an exigency; shift. — ex-pe’di-en/tial -€n/shdl), adj. — ex-pe/di-ent-ly, adv. yn. Expedient, shift, resource. An expedient is a device or contrivance which serves (frequently in lieu of something better) to accomplish a given end. A shift is commonly more tentative or temporary than an expedient, and frequently implies evasiveness or trickery. A resource is that upon which one falls back, or depends, for occupation, support, or assistance; it commonly suggests less artifice,

frequently more permanence, than expedient or shift.

process or progress of; to facilitate. 2. To execute or carry through with dispatch. 3. To dispatch; to issue officially. — adj. Free of impediment or obstacles; hence: a Free; light; easy. b Quick; prompt. ¢ Handy; con-

ex’pe-di’tion (-dish’t#in), n.

1. Actof expediting, state of

being expedited, or quality of being expedite; efficient promptness. 2. A sending forth or setting forth for some

object.

3. A journey for a specific purpose; as, a military

or exploring expedition ; also, the body of persons making

such an excursion. — Sym. See HASTE. ex’pe-di’tion-ar’y (-Er’l; -Er-1; 3), adj.__ Of, pert. to, or constituting, an expedition; as, an expeditionary force.

ex’pe-di/tious (-dish’u%s), adj. , Possessed of, or character-

ized by, efficiency and rapidity in action; quick; speedy; as,

an expeditious march. — Sym. Ready, rapid. See PROMPT.

Ant. Slow. — ex’pe-di’tious-ly, adv. — -tious-ness, n. ex-pel’ (ks-pél’; iks-), v. ¢.; EX+PELLED! (-péld’); Ex-PEL/tinc._

drive.]

[L. expellere, expulsum,

fr. ex out + pellere to

1. To drive or force out; to eject.

2. To cut off

from membership in or the privileges of an institution or society; as, to expel _a student from college. — Syn. Exile, oust, dispossess. See BANISH. — Amt. Admit, inject; welcome. — ex-pel/la-ble, adj. ex-pel’lant (-pél’/ant), adj. Also ex-pel’lent (-ént)._ Tending or serving to expel. —m. An expellant medicine. ex-pend’ (ks-pénd’; iks-), v. ¢. ([L. expendere, expensum, to weigh out, pay out, fr. ex out + pendere to weigh.] To consume by use in any way; to use up; to spend. ex-pend/i-ture (-pén/di-tiir), nm. 1. A laying out of money; disbursement. 2. That which is expended.

ex-pense’

(€ks-péns’; iks-), m.

[AF.

(OF. espense),

fr.

. ecpensa, fr. L. expensus, past part. of expendere.

See ExPEND.]

1. Archaic.

Act of expending;

disburse-

ment; hence, ausing up; loss. 2. That which is expended; outlay; hence, the burden of expenditure; as, the expenses of war. 3. A source or cause of expenditure; as, children are an expense. — Sym. See PRICE. ex-pen/sive (-pén/siv), adj. Occasioning expense; costly. — Syn. See costiy.— Ant. Inexpensive, cheap; economical. — ex-pen/sive-ly, adv. — ex-pen/Sive-ness, n. ex-pe/ri-ence (éks-pér/i-éns; tks-), n. [OF., fr. L. experientia, fr. experiens,

-entis, pres.

part. of experiri,

ex-

ertus, to try, fr. ex out + the root of peritus experienced.]

. Theactual living through an eyent or events; actual enjoyment or suffering; hence, the effect upon the judgment or feelings produced by personal and direct impressions; as, to

know by expervence. State, extent, or duration of being engaged in a particular study or work, or in affairs; as, business experience,

3. Knowledge, skill, or technique

resulting from experience. The sum total of the conscious events which compose an individual life. 5. Sorme-

thing that is or has been experienced; as, his hunting ezertences, —v.t.; -ENCED (-énst); -ENC-ING (-@n-sing). 'o have experience of or learn by experience; to undergo. Syn. Know, suffer, have, undergo. — experience religion. To undergo conversion.

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

ld,

rm,

observation.

Having ex-

iks-), adj.

’

experience table.

;

Life Insurance.

A mortality table

based upon the experience of statisticians as to insured lives.

ex-pe’ri-en/tial (-En/shdl), adj.

Derived from, based on, or

pert. to, experience; empirical. — ex-pe’ri-en/tial-ly, adv. ex-per/i-ment (&ks-pér/i-mént; iks-), mn. [OF., fr. L. experimentum, fr. experirt to try. See EXPERIENCE.] L. A trial made to confirm or disprove something doubtful; an operation undertaken to discover some unknown principle

or effect, or to test some suggested truth, or to demonstrate

some known truth; as, a laboratory experiment.

conducting of tests.

3. Obs.

care,

Add,

account,

ask,

Obey,

Orb,

Sdd, sft, cénnect;

sofa;

fO0d,

2. The

Experience. — Sym. See

TRIAL. — (-mént), v. 7. To make experiment. — ex-per/iement-er (-mén-tér), n.

ex-per/i-men’tal (-mén/tdl; -t’l), adj.

1, Relating to, or

based on, experience, esp. personal experience, as distinct

from theory.

2. Of the nature of experiment; founded on

experiment; as, experimental science; given to, or skilled in, experiment. — ex-per/i-men/tal-ly, adv.

ex-per/i-men-ta’tion

(-mén-ta’shtin), n.

menting; practice by experiment.

Act of experi-

:

ex-pert’ (ks-piirt’; &ks/pfrt; 2), adj. [OF., fr. L. expers, ast part. of experiri to try. See EXPERIENCE. ] ‘aught by use, practice, or experience; clever; skillful; as, an expert surgeon. — Sym. Adept, adroit, proficient. See SKILLFUL. — Ant. Awkward, clumsy, maladroit. — ex-

pert/ly, adv. — ex-pert/ness, n.

ex/pert (&ks/pfirt),

n.

[I.]

An expert or experienced per-

son; hence, one who has special skill or knowledge in a subject; a specialist.

Syn. Expert, ale agree in the idea of masterly peohee sy, One is an expert whose knowledge and experience make him an authoritative specialist. Adept retains associations derived from its older sense

of one who has penetrated the secrets of his art, —

blunderer; novice, amateur.

ex’pe-dite (ks/pé-dit), v. t. [L. expeditus, past part. of expedire to free one caught by the foot, extricate, make ready, fr. ex out+ pes, pedis, foot.] 1. Toaccelerate the

venient.

(%ks:pér’i-énst;

perience; made skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or

The duration of the life of an individ-

averages shown in mortality tables. _ ex-pect/a-tive (éks-pék/ta-tiv; iks-), adj.

explicate

352

3. That which is expected or looked for.

t.. Bungler,

ex’pi-a-ble (&ks/pi-d-b’l), adj. Capable of being expiated or atoned for. { ‘ ex’pi-ate (at), v.t. [L. expiatus, past part. of expiare to expiate, fr. ex out+ piare to seek to appease, purify, with sacred rites, fr. piws pious.) To make complete satisfac-

tion for; atone for; as, to expiate sin. — ex’pi-a’tor, n. ex’pi-a/tion (-a/shiin), n.. 1. Act of expiating. 2. The means of atonement. — Sym. See PROPITIATION. ex’pi-a-to’/ry (éks/pi-d-t0/ri or, esp. Brit., Eks/pi-a/tér-Y; -dtér-I), adj. Having power, or intended, to make expiation; atoning. —

ex’pi-ra/tion (€k/sp?-ra/shtin), n. 1. Act of expiring; as: a Act, or process of emitting air from the lungs. _b Obs. Emission of volatile matter; exhalation. 2. A coming toa close; end; also, death.. 3. That which is expired; matter breathed forth; that which is produced by breathing out, as a sound. ex-pir/a-to/ry (ék-spir’a-to/ri; -t€r-¥; 3), adj. Pertaining

to, or employed in, the expiration or emission of air from

the lungs. _ ex-pire’ (k-spir’; ik-), v.¢. [F. expirer, fr. L. expirare, exspirare, -atum, fr. ex out-++ spirare to breathe.]. 1. To breathe out; to emit from the lungs; — opposed to inspire. 2. Obs. To emit or exhale, as an odor. —-v.7. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To emit the last breath; to die. 3. To cease; terminate.

ex-pir/er (-spir’ér), n. ex-pi/ry

Archaic.

(€k-spi/ri;

Death.

One who or that which expires.

€k/spi-r1i),

n.;

pl. -RiES

(riz).

2. A coming to an end; termination.

1.

ex-plain’ (ks-plan’; op v.t. (L. explanare to flatten, explain, fr.ex out + planare to make level or plain, fr. planus plain.] To make plain; to expound. —v.7. To =

ive an explanation. — ex-plain/a-ble (-a-b’l), adj.

yn. Explain, expound, interpret, elucidate. To explain is to make plain or intelligible; to expound is to set forth, esp. learnedly, elaborately, or dogmatically; to interpret is to bring out the meaning of something, esp. by sympathetically entering into it; to auaidete is to throw light on, esp. by clear or luminous exposition, — nt. Mud-

dle, confuse, obscure.

ex’pla-na/tion (éks/pla-na/shiin), n.

1. Act or process of

explaining. 2. 1That which i explains. . The interpretation; sense. 4. A mutual exposition of terms, meaning, or_motives, with a view to reconcile differences. —

Syn. Description, explication, exposition, clarification, ex-plan/a-tive (éks-plin/a-tiv; fks-), adj. Explanatory. ex-plan/a-to’ry (éks-plan/a-t6/ri; iks-; -tér-1; 3), adj. Serving to explain; as, explanatory notes. — -to/ri-ly, adv.

ex-plant’ (éks-plant’), v.t.

To remove to'a place or me-

dium outside the natural habitat, esp. in the culture of tis-

sue in a medium outside of the body for purposes of study. ex’ple-tive (cks/ple-tiv), adj. [LL. expletivus, fr. expictus, past part. of erplere to fill up, fr. ex out + plere to

ll.]

Filling up; hence, added merely to fill up.

—n.

Something added merely as a filling, as an extra word, phrase, or syllable; also, an oath or exclamation. ex’ple-to/ry (tori; -tér-1; 3), adj. Expletive.

ex’pli-ca-ble (éks’pli-ka-b’l), adj. That may be explained. ex’/pli-cate (kat), v.t. [L. explicatus, past part. of explicare. See ExPLorr.] To unfold the meaning of; to explain. — ex’pli-ca/tive (-ka/tiv; Eks-pl¥k/a-tiv), adj.

Eve, foot;

hGre (27), vent, Gnd, silént, makér; Ice, Yl out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Gm, wip, circeés, menii;

explication

ri; éks-plik’a-tér-I), adj. Explanatory. ex-plic/it (éks-plis’it; iks-), adj. (IL. explicitus, past part.

of eh UGG, to unfold.

See exprorr.]

1. Distinctly

stated; plain in language; clear; as, an explicit declaration.

2. Having no disguised meaning; outspoken; — applied to persons; as, he was explicit in his statement.

3. Clearly

developed; with all its elements apparent. — Syn. Open, unambiguous. — Ant. Ambiguous;

implied, unexpressed.

— ex-plic/it-ly, adv. — -it-ness, n. ex-plode’ (éks-plod’; tks-), v. t. .[L. explodere, -plosum, to drive out, as a player by clapping, fr. ex out + plaudere,

plodere, to clap, applaud.) s. To drive (a play or actor) from the stage by noisy disapprobation; to hoot off.

2. To bring into disrepute and reject; as, to explode a theory. 3%. To cause to burst noisily; to detonate. — v, t.

1. To burst violently and noisily. 2. To burst forth with sudden violence and noise. — ex-plod’er (-plad/ér), n.

ex-plod/ent (-plod’ént), m. An explosive consonant. ex’ploit (éks/ploit; éks-ploit’), n. [OF. esploit, espleit, fr. L. explicitum, prop. past part. neut. of explicare to unfold, display, fr. ex-+ plicare tofold.] A deed or act; esp.,

a heroic act. — Syn. See FEAT. ex-ploit’ (€ks-ploit’; {ks-), v. t.

value out of.

2.

. 1. To utilize; to get the

Hence, to make use of basely for one’s

own advantage or profit; as, to explozt one’s friends. — ex-

ploit’a-ble, adj. — ex-ploit’er, n.

ex’ploi-ta/tion (éks/ploi-ta’shtin), m.

a

Act of, exploiting;

utilization; now, esp., selfish or unfair utilization. ex-ploit/a-tive (éks-ploit’d-tiv; iks-), adj. Pertaining to exploitation; exploiting. ex-ploi/ter (éks-ploi’tér), v. ¢. To exploit, esp. so as to profit illegitimately. ex’plo-ra’tion (éks’/plé-ra/shiin), n. _1. Act of exploring, as for geographical discovery. 2. Med. Physical examination, as of the chest. ex-plor’a-tive (éks-plor’a-tiv; 70), adj. Exploratory. ex-plor’a-to/ry (ks-plér’a-t6/r1; éks-plor’-; -tér-i), adj. Of, relating to, used in, or connected with, exploration. ex-plore’ (€ks-plor’; fks-; 70), v. ¢. LF. explorer, fr. L. exorare to spy out, fr. ex out + plorare to cry, weep.] e Obs. To seek for or after. 2. To search through or into; to penetrate or range over for discovery. Med. To examine, as by means of a probe; as, to explore a wound. —v.1t. To make or conduct a systematic search.

ex-plor’er (-plér’ér), n.

One who or that which explores;

esp., a traveler seeking geographical or scientific discovery.

ex-plo’sion (éks-pl0/zhtin; fks-), n.

express rifle

353

ex’pli-ca’tion (&ks/pli-ka/shiin), n. 3 1. Explanation; exposition. 2. t detailed description; a full account. ex/pli-ca-to/ry (éks/pli-ka-to/ri or esp. Brit., éks’pli-ka/to-

[See ExpLope.]

1.

Act of exploding; a violent bursting, with noise, as in the case of explosives. 2. A violent outburst of feeling. ex-plo’sive (-siv), adj.. 1. Pertaining to, characterized or

operated by, or suited to cause, explosion.

2. Tending to

ex’po-sé’

(ks/pd-za’

or, esp. Brit., &ks-p0/za), n.

Prop. past part. of exposer.] discreditable.

ex-posed’

(F.,

An exposure of something

(€ks-pdzd’; iks-), adj.

1. Open to view.

2.

Unprotected, as from the weather, danger, etc. ex-pos’er (-pdz/ér), n.. One who or that which exposes. ex’po-si’tion (éks/pd-zish’/tin), n. 1. Asetting forth of the meaning or purpose of a writing, discourse, law, etc.

The art of presenting a subject in detail, apart from criti-

cism, argument, or development; elucidation; also, a dis-

course designed to convey information or explain something difficult. 3. Act or practice of exposing; exposure; aban-

donment, as of infants. . Condition of being exposed; exposure. 5. A public exhibition or show. ex-pos/i-tive (Eks-p0z/i-tiv), adj. Descriptive; expository. ex-pos/i-tor (-tér), 7. [L. See expounp.] One who expounds or explains; an expounder; commentator. exX-pos/i-to/ry (-t6/ri; -tér-I; 3), adj. Of or relating to exposition.

ex post fac’to (éks post fak’td). [L. ex postfacto from what is done afterwards.] Done or made after a thing but retroacting upon it; retrospective; as, an ex post facto law

is any law enacted with a retrospective effect. ex-pos/tu-late (éks-pds/tii-lat; Yks-), v.7. [L. expostulatus, past part. of expostulare to demand vehemently, fr. ex out + postulare to ask, require.] To reason earnestly with a person on‘some impropriety of his conduct; to remonstrate; — usually followed by with. — Sym. See REMONSTRATE. — ex-pos/tu-la/tor (-la/tér), n. ex-pos’tu-la/tion (-la’/shiin), n. Act of expostulating; ear-

nest and kindly protest;

remonstrance. — ex-pos/tu-la/-

tive (-li/tiv; -ld-tiy), adj. — ex-pos/tu-la-to/ry (-la-to/ri

or, esp. Brit., -la/tér-1; -ld-tér-1), adj. ex-po’sure (&ks-p0/zhér; iks-), n. [From Expose.]

Act of exposing or state of being exposed,

1.

2. Position as

to points of compass, or to influences of climate, etc.; as, a

3. Photog.

The act of exposing a

ex-pound’ (€ks-pound’; jks-), v.¢.

southern exposure.

[OF. espondre, fr. L.

sensitive surface.

exponere to set out, expose, expound, fr. ex out + ponere toput.] 1. To set forth; state; as, to expound a theory. 2. To lay open the meaning of; interpret; as, to expound a

text. — Syn. See EXPLAIN. — ex-pound/er, n.

ex-press’ (éks-prés’; iks-), adj. {OF. expres, fr. L. expressus, past part. of exprimere to express, fr. ex out +

premere

definite;

to press.]__

clear;

1. Directly and distinctly stated;

explicit.

2. Exact;

precise.

3. Of

special sort; as, he came for this express purpose.

a

4.

Adapted to or intended for a particular purpose. 5. a Dispatched with or traveling at special speed, or with a limited number of stops; — often opp. to local ;as, an express train. b Adapted for travel at special speed; as, an express highway. 6. Of, pertaining to, or controlling, an express

(sense 2); as, an express company.

explosion; as, an explosive temper. 3. Phonet. Pronounced with an explosion, or puff of breath, after a complete closure of the breath passage. —m. 1. An explosive substance, as gunpowder. 2. Phonet. An explosive consonant. ‘The stops p, b, t, d, k, g are called explosives. — ex-plo’/sive-ly, adv. — -Sive-ness, n. ex-po/nent (tks-p0/nént), n. (L. exponens, -entis, pres. part. of exponere toset forth. See EXPOUND. Alg. symbol written above another symbol and on the right, de-

— adv. Expressly; by express; as, to go express. —n. 1. A messenger sent,on a special errand; also, a dispatch conveyed bya special messenger. 2. A system for special transportation of parcels, money, or goods. — v.t. [OF. espresser, fr. L. ex out + pressare to press.] 1. To press or squeeze out, as the juice of a fruit; hence, to extort, as a confession; to exude, as a secretion. 2. To represent in words; to state; to make known; exhibit. 3. To delineate; depict. 4. To make known the opinions or feelings of; — used reflexively; as, he expressed himself

music. 3. One who or that which exemplifies or represents; as, he is the exponent of his party’s principles. — ex/po-

as, the sign = expresses equality. Chiefly _.U.S. To send by express. — ex-press/er, n. — ex-press/i-ble, adj. ex-press/age (-Ij), n. The carrying of parcels by éxpress; also, the charge for such carrying. ex-pres/sion (&ks-présh/iin; fks-), n._ 1. Act or product of pressing out. Act or process of representing, esp. by

noting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor; thus, a?meansa X a. 2. Anexpounder; interpreter, as of

nen/tial (€ks/pd-nén/shdl), adj. — ex’po-nen’tial-ly, adv.

ex-po/ni-ble (éks:p0/niz-b’l), adj.

Requiring explanation;

—in logic said esp. of propositions needing restatement.

—n. An exponible proposition. 3 ; ex-port’ (éks-port’; often éks/port, esp. in contrast with

import; 70), v.t.

(lL. exportare,

-tatum, fr. ex out +

portare to carry.] _To carry or send abroad, esp. to foreign countries, as merchandise or commodities in the way of

commerce. — ex-port’a-ble, adj. ‘ ex’port (éks’port; 70), n. 1. Act of exporting; exportation. That which is exported. — adj. f or con-

cerned with exportation or exports; suitable for exportation. ex’por-ta’tion (éks/por-ta/shtn), n. Act of exporting; also, commodity exported; an export. eee ex-port/er (&ks-por’tér or, esp. in contrast, éks/por-tér; 70), n. One who exports, as goods in the way of commerce. ex-pos/al (&ks-p6z/dl; -’l), n. Exposure. ex-pose’ (Eks-p6z/; iks-), v. t. [OF. exposer, fr. ex- (fr. L. ex out) + poser to place. See PosE, v.]_ 1. To lay open, as to attack, danger, test; to deprive of shelter or care; as, to expose troops needlessly; hence, to submit or subject to any action or influence; as, to exposeirontoamagnet. 2. To turn or cast out; to abandon; as, to expose an infant. 3. To lay open to, or set out for, inspection; to exhibit, as goods for sale; to disclose; as, to expose a card in dealing,

etc. 4. To disclose or unmask (something criminal, shame-

ful, etc.); to disclose the faults or crimes of (a person). 5. Photog. To subject (a sensitive film, plate, etc.) to the action of actinic rays. — Syn, See EXHIBIT,— Cover, hide, conceal; shelter. — ex-pos/er (-p6z/ér), n.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verduire (118);

uncompromisingly.

language.

. To represent by a sign or symbol;

3. A form, pose, phrase, token, or the like,

which manifests a thought, feeling, or quality; esp., a significant word or phrase; as, a common expression. 4.

Mode, means, or use of significant representation; as, to read or act with expression. %. Quality or fact of being indicative of character, feeling, etc.; also, facial aspect or intonation as indicative of feeling; as, a smiling expression.

6. Math.

A group of characters or signs, esp. algebraic

symbols, representing a quantity or operation. — ex-pres/sion-less, adj. ex-pres’sion-ism (-iz’m), n, The free expression by ob-

jective means of the subjective feelings of an individual or

group,as through art, music, poetry, dancing, etc. — expres/sion-ist, n. & adj. — -1s/tic, adj.

ex-pres’sive (éks-prés/iv; iks-), adj..

or marked by, expression.

sent; indicative.

1. Of, pertaining to,

2. Serving to express or repre-

3. Full of expression; significant; as, ex-

pressive looks. — Sym. See stcniricant. — Ant. Impassive, blank. — ex-pres’sive-ly, adv. — -sive-ness, n.

ex-press/ly, adv.

1. Inan express manner; explicitly,

For the express purpose; particularly.

ex-press’/man

(éks-prés/mdn; fks-), n.

U.S.

2.

A person

employed in the express business. express rifle. A sporting rifle for use at short ranges, em-

ploying a large charge of powder and a light (short) bullet, giving a high initial velocity and a flat trajectory.

pha cL iS) Ba

*x = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure, Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary, |} Foreign Woxds

expropriate Past part. of expropriare.]

[ML. expropriatus,

1. To deprive of possession or

Proprietary rights. 2. To take or transfer the ownership of from one owner to another. — ex-pro’pri-a/tor, n.

€x-pro’pri.a’/tion (-a/shiin), n. Act of expropriating, or state of being expropriated; specif., the action of the state in taking or modifying the property rights of individuals in the exercise of its sovereignty, as where property is sold under eminent domain. ex-pul’sion (-piil/shtin), n.

[See rexpEr.]

Act of expelling

or state of being expelled; a driving or forcing out. — expul/sive (éks-pul/siv), adj. ex-punc’tion (€ks-piingk’shtin), n. Act of expunging. ex-punge’ (-ptinj’), v. ¢. ;EX-PUNGED/ (-ptinjd’); EX-PUNG/ING

(-piin’jing).

([L. expungere,

mark for erasure by

expunctum,

to prick out

dots, fr. ex out + pungere to prick.{

To blot out, as with a pen; to rub out; obliterate. — Syn. Efface, cancel. See ERASE. — ex-pung/’er (-pun’jér), n.

ex/pur-gate (éks/pér-gat; éks-pfir/gat), v. ¢. [L. expurgatus, past part. of expurgare to purge, purify, fr.ex out,

from+ purgare tocleanse.]

To clear from anything nox-

ious, offensive, or erroneous; now, esp., to divest (a publication) of objectionable parts; as, to expurgate a book. —

ex’/pur-ga/tion, n. — ex’pur-ga’tor, n. ex-pur’ga-to’ri-al (éks-pfir/ga-t0/ri-al; 70), adj.

Expurga-

tory; pertaining to expurgation or expurgators.

i

ex-pur’ga-to/ry (ks-ptir’g4-t0/rl; -tér-1; 3), adj. Serving to Purify from anything noxious or erroneous. ’ ex’qui-site (&ks’/kwi-zit; occas., esp. by way of emphasis, éks-kwiz/It; fks-), adj. [L. exquisitus, past part. of exSStabibesto search out, fr. ex out + quaerere tosearch.] 1]

bs. Carefully selected; choice.

operation; accurate.

extern

354

@x-pro’pri-ate (ks-pro/pri-at), v. ¢.

2. Archaic.

Exact in

straighten out, asa limb; tostretch. Cf. FLEx. 4. Toenlarge, as a surface or volume; to expand; spread. 5.

Hence: To broaden the application or action of; as, to eztend power, influence, etc. To exaggerate. 7. To hold out or reach forth, as the hand. 8. To proffer or to

bestow; as, to extend sympathy.

9. Finance.

To pro-

long the time of payment of, as a debt, beyond that origi-

nally stipulated.

10. Law.

a In Great Britain, to assess

or value. b,To take, assign, or levy upon by, or in execution of, a writ of extent; to levy upon. — v. 7. Tostretch out; tospread. — Syn. Prolong, lengthen; increase, widen, broaden, reach. — Ant. Contract, narrow, reduce, restrict, decrease. — ex-tend/i-ble, adj. ex-tend/ed (éks-tén’déd; -did; fks-), adj. 1. Sketched or drawn out; also, outstretched. 2. Print. Of type, con-

siderably wider than the standard for thesame height.

See

TYPE. — ex-tend’ed-ly, adv.

ex-ten/si-ble (-tén/si-b’l), adj. _ Capable of being extended.

— ex-ten/si-bil/i-ty, ex-ten’si-bie-ness, n. ex-ten/sile (éks-tén’sil; 56), adj. Extensible. ex’ten-sim/e-ter (Eks/tén-sim/é.tér), nm. An extensometer. ex-ten’/sion (éks-tén’shtin; iks-), nm. 1. Act of extending,

or state of being extended. 2. A part constituting an addition; as, an extension toa house. Com. A written engagement

on the part of a creditor, allowing a debtor

further time to pay a debt. 4. Logic. The aggregate of things named by a term; denotation, 5. Physics. That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space.

6. Physiol. The straightening of a limb. 7. Surg. Stretching of a fractured or luxated limb so as to restore it

to its natural position.

ex-ten/si-ty (ks-tén/si-ti),n. Psychol.

3. Carefully wrought; hence, of sur-

1. The quality of extension.

Spatial quality as an attribute of sensation.

passing quality. 4. a Highly accomplished; perfected; as, ex-ten’sive (éks-tén/siv; iks-), adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, extension, 2. Having wide extent; an exquisite gentleman. hb Keenly appreciative; discrim-

inating; fastidious; as, exquisite taste. 5. Pleasing by reason of beauty, delicacy, or excellence. 6. Keen; intense; as, exquisite pain. — Sym. Refined, rare, matchless, perfect. See painry.— Ant. Gross, crude, coarse, rough. — 7. A person who is overnice in dress; a fop; dandy. — ex’qui-site-ly, adv. — ex’qui-site-ness, n. i

ex-san/guine (éks-sing’gwin), adj. ex-scind’ (tk-sind’),

v.t.

Bloodless; anemic.

[L. exscindere, fr. ex out, from

+ scindere to cut.J To cut off or out; to excise. ex-sect’ (Ek-stkt’), v. ¢. [L. exsectus, past part. of exsecaretocutout.] Tocut out.—ex-sec’tion (-stk’shtin), n. ex-sert’ (Eks-sfirt’), v.¢. [L. exsertus, past part. of erserere tostretchforth. Seerxrert.] To thrust out; to protrude. ‘am adj. Exserted. — ex-Ser’tion (-sfir’shiin), n. d ex-sert/ed (-sfir/t&d; -tid), adj. Bot. & Zool. Protruding beyond some enclosing organ or part.

ene (-sfir’til), adj. Biol. Capable of being proruded. ex’sic-cate (€k/s¥-kat), v.t. & 7. (L. ersiccatus, past part.

of exsiccare to dry up, fr. ex out + siccare to make dry, fr.

siccus dry.]

To exhaust or evaporate moisture from;

to

dry up. — ex’sic-ca’tion (-ka’/shiin), n. — ex-sic’ca-tive (Eksestk/a-tiv), adj. & n. — ex’sic-ca/tor (&k’sl-ka/tér), n. eney date (éks-stip’i-lat), adj. Bot. Without stipules, as a leaf.

ex-suf/fli-cate (ks-stif/li-kat), adj.

[Cf. LL. ersufflare to

blowupon.] Prob.,inflated;empty; — anonceuse. Shak. ex/tant (%ks/tdnt; ék-stant’; fk-), adj. (L. eztans, -antis, or exstans, -antis, pres. part. of extare, exstare, to stand

out, fr. ex out+ stare tostand.]

1. Now Rare. Standing

out; hence, conspicuous. In existence; not destroyed. ex-tem/po-ral (éks-tém’pé-rdl), adj. [L. extemporalis, fr. extempore.] Extemporaneous. —ex-tem/po-ral-ly, adv.

ex-tem/po-ra/ne-ous

(-ra/né-tis),

adj.

1. Unpremedi-

tated; extemporary, asaspeech. 2. Given to, or clever at, extempore speaking. 3. Made for the occasion; as, an ex-

temporaneous shelter. — Syn. & Ant. See EXTEMPORE. — ex-tem/po-ra/ne-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. ex-tem/po-rar/y (-tém/po-rér'l; -rér-¥; Yks-; 3), adj. 1.

Composed, performed, or uttered on the spur of the moment; impromptu, asaspeech. 2. Originated for or at the occasion; hence, sudden or unexpected. — Syn. & Ant. See EXTEMPORE. — ex-tem/po-rar‘i-ly, adv. — -rar/i-ness, n. ex-tem/po-re re adv. [L., fr. ex out + tempore, abl. of

tempus time.] Without previous study or meditation; extemporaneously. — adj. Extemporary.

Syn. Extempore (extemporary,extemporaneous), impromptu, unpremeditated. Extempore (still often interchangeable with imprompt) is now more often applied to that which is spoken without the use of a manuscript, if it has not been memorized; the word does not necessarily exclude preparation; impromptu applies to that which is composed or uttered on the spur of the moment. Unpremeditated emphasizes less strongly than extempore and impromptu the immediate stimulus of an occasion; it often applies to action; as, Gul a ee murder. — t. Prepared, planned, designed,, calculated.

ex-tem/po-rize (éks-tém/p6-riz), v. t. é 7, Todo, make, or utter extempore, or offhand; to improvise. — ex-tem’po-

ri-za’tion, n. — ex-tem/po-riz’er, n.

ex-tend’ (Eks-ténd’; iks-), v.t.

[L. extendere, extentum,

extensum, fr. ex out+ tendere tostretch.]

1.

Obs. To

take by force; to seize. 2. To stretch or draw out; hence, to lengthen or prolong either in space or time. 3. To

Ble, chiotic,

cAre,

Add,

@ccount,

Arm,

broad; wide.

3. Agric.

Designating,

or pertaining

to

any system of farming in which large areas of land are used

with a minimum of labor and outlay; — opposed to intensive, — ex-ten/sive-ly, adv. — -Sive-ness, n. ex’ten-som/eé-ter (&ks/tén-sdm/é-tér), n. (CL. extensus, past part. + -meter.] An instrument for measuring any more or less minute deformation of a test specimen as caused by tension, compression, bending, twisting, etc.

ex-ten/sor (éks-tén/sér; -sdr), n. [LL., one whostretches.] ‘Anat. A muscle which serves to extend or straighten a limb or part. Cf. FLEXOR. ex-tent’ (ks-tént’; iks-), n. [OF. estente, fr. past part. of estendre to extend, tr. L. extendere.

Hist.

land.

See EXTEND.]

1.

In Great Britain: Valuation or assessment, esp. of

2. Space or amount to which a thing is extended;

hence: a Compass; size; length. b Degree; measure; proportion. 3, Law. a In Great Britain, a writ of extent, that is, a writ to recover judgments, under which the lands, goods, and person of the debtor may all be seized to secure payment. A levy or seizure made under a writ of extent.

c Local, U.S.

A writ giving to a creditor temporary pos-

session of his debtor’s lands.

4. Logic.

Extension con-

sidered as a characteristic or function. 5. Math. Continuous magnitude, esp. geometrical, of any number of dimensions, as a line, surface, space.

ex-ten/u-ate (éks-tén/ti-at),

v.t.

[L. extenwatus,

part. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, weaken,

+ tenuare to make thin, fr. tenuzs thin.) ate.

2. To diminish;

weaken.

hence, Obs., to disparage.

1.

past

fr. ex out

To attenu-

3. To underestimate;

4. To treat or represent

(a

crime, ill, or the like) as less than it appears to be; to excuse. — Syn. See PALLIATE. — ex-ten/u-a/tor (-a’tér), 2. ex-ten/u-at/ing (-at/ing), adj. That extenuates.

ex-ten/u-a/tion (-a’shiin),n.

Act of extenuating, or state of

being extenuated; esp., palliation, as of a crime; also, some-

thing urged or done in palliation, as of a fault. — ex-ten/u-

a/tive (-tén/u-a/tiv; -a-tiv), adj. — ex-ten/u-a-to/ry (-dtd/ri; or, esp. Brit., -a/td-rl, -a-tér-Y), adj. ex-te/ri-or (&ks-t@r/I-ér; 2), adj. [L., compar. of exterus

on the outside, foreign, compar. fr.ex out.] 1. External, or outward. 2. Being or occurring without; extrinsic. 3. Relating

to

foreign

nations;

foreign. —

Syn.

See

OUTER. —n. 1. The outward surface or part of a thing; outside. 2. ‘Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony. — ex-te/ri-or-ly, adv. ex-ter/mi-nate (ks-tfir’mi-nat; fks-), v. ¢. (L. extermina-

tus, past part. of exterminare to abolish, fr.ex out + ter-

minus limit.] To destroy utterly; to annihilate. — exter’/mi-na/tor (-na/tér), n. Syn. Exterminate, extirpate, eradicate. To exterminate is to destroy utterly; to extirpate implies a violent and intentional rooting out; eradicate implies a less violent uprooting than extirpate,

ex-ter/mi-na/tion

(-na/shiin), n.

Act of exterminating;

ex-ter/mi-na/tive

(-tfir/mi-na/tiv;

-nd-tiv), adj.

total destruction; eradication.

Exter-

minatory.

ex-ter/mi-na-to/ry (-nd-t0/ri or, esp. Brit., -na/to-ri, -ndatér-I), adj. Of or relating to extermination; tending, as war, to exterminate.

ex-ter/mine (-min), v. . Obs. To exterminate.

ex/tern (&ks/t{irn; éks-tfirn’), n,

EF. ezterne,n.]

A per-

son connected with an institution but not living in it.

ask, sofa; Eve,

hére (27),

Gvent,

Snd,

silént, makér;

ice,

YIl,

charity;.dld, Obey, Grb,. ddd, sOit, connect; {O0d, f00t; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, firm, Wp, cixcés, menii;

,

external

355

ex-ter’/nal (&ks-tfir’ndl; -n’l; 2), adj. (LL. externus, fr. exter, exterus, on the outside, outward. See EXTERIOR.] . Outward; exterior; specif., applied or applicable to the

outside of the body; as, external remedies. 2. Outwardly perceptible; visible; physical, as disting. from mental or moral. 3. Outside of a thing’s extent, surface, constitution, etc.

4. Not intrinsic; superficial.

external trade.

Foreign; as,

6. Anat. Near the outside of the body;

away from the median plane.

7. Philos.

pendently of mind. — Sym. See ouTER.

— 7. Something

external; outward part; visible form; ex-ter/nal-ly, adv.

ex-ter/nal—com-bus’tion, adj.

Existing inde-

— usually in pl. —

Of an engine, deriving the

pressure necessary to produce mechanical motion from a fuel-air mixture ignited outside the engine cylinder. Cf. INTERNAL-COMBUSTION, ex-ter/nal-ism (éks-tfir’ndl-¥z’m), n. Quality or state of being manifest to the senses; also, regard for externals. ex’ter-nal’i-ty (ék/stéren4l/7-tl), n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz). Quality or state of being external.

ex-ter/nal-ize (&ks-tfir’ndl-iz), v.t.

To make external or

externally manifest. — ex-ter/nal-i-za/tion, n. ex’ter-o-cep’tive (&k/stér-d-stp’tiv), adj. [L. exter out-

extravasate —

ex’tra—con-densed’, adj.

Print. Of type, havin 4 narrower face than condensed type. See TYPE. ex-tract’ (&ks-trakt’; fks-), v.¢. LL. extractus, pas art of exirahere to extract, fr. ex out + trahere to draw” 1.

To draw out or forth; hence, to derive as if by drawins,;¢; to deduce.

etc.

2. To withdraw

by expression,

3. To choose out; to cite or quote.

distillayy’

—v.7.

To yiag

to the action of drawing out. — Sym. See ELIcIT.

tract/a-ble, ex-tract’i-ble, adj.

— €.

ex/tract (Eks/trakt), 7. 1. Something extracted; esp., some-

thing prepared froma substance by expression, decoction, or the like. 2. A selection from a writing or discourse; quotation. 3. Chem. & Pharm. The total solids, or a solid

preparation, obtained by evaporating wine, spirits, honey, a solution of a drug, or the juice of a plant.

ex-trac/tion (éks-trak’shiin; {ks-),n. or

drawing out.

1. Act of extracting,

Derivation from a stock or family;

lineage. _ 3. That which is extracted; extract; essence.

ex-trac/tive (tiv), adj. Tending or serving tracted; extract.

1. Capable of being extracted.

to extract.

mn.

Anything

ex-

ex-trac’tor (-tér),m.. One who or that which extracts, as a device for withdrawing a cartridge or shell from the cham-

side + -0 +.-ceptive asin receptive.] Physiol. Activated by, pertaining to, or designating, stimuli impinging on the

ex/tra-cur-ric/u-lar (éks/tra-kit-rik/t-lér), ex/tra-cur-ric/u-

ex’ter-ri-to/ri-al (éks’tér-7-to/ri-al; 70), adj. [See Ex-.] Beyond the territorial limits; extraterritorial. — ex-ter/ri-

ex’tra-dite (ks/tra-dit), v.t. To deliver up to a foreign jurisdiction; also, to procure the extradition of. — ex’tra-

organism from without, as in touch, smell, sight, etc. Cf. INTEROCEPTIVE, PROPRIOCEPTIVE. ex’ter-o-cep’tor (Ck/stér-d-sép’tér),n. [NL.] A sense organ excited by stimuli arising outside the body.

tori-al’i-ty (&ks-tér/7-to/ri-Al/7-ti), n. — ex/ter-ri-to’ri-al-

ly, adv. ex-tinct’

(&ks-tingkt’;

Yks-),

adj.

[L.

eatinctus,

ex-

stinctus, past part. See ExtTincuIsH.] 1. Extinguished; quenched. 2. No longer living or active; pas ed away; that has died out; as, an extinct animal or plant; without a qualified heritor; as, an extinct title.

ex-tince’tion (-tingk’shtin), n. _1. Act of extinguishing; state of being extinguished. 2. Destruction; annihilation. ex-tinc’/tive (-tingk’tiv), adj. Serving to extinguish. ex-tin/guish (éks-tYng’gwish; fks-), v.¢. [L. extinguere, exstinguere, to quench, prob. fr. ex out + tinguere, tinere, to wet, moisten.] 1. To put out, as a light or fire;

ence, to cause to die out; destroy. Law. To nullify. 3. To obscure; eclipse, as by superior splendor. — ex-tin’-

guish-a-ble, adj.— ex-tin’guish-er, n. —-guish-ment, n. ex’tir-pate (ék/stér-pat; Eks-tiir’pat), v.t. [L. extirpatus, exstirpatus, past part. of extirpare, exstirpare, fr. ex out

ber of a breech-loading firearm (see GUNLOCK, Illust.).

lum (-ltim), adj. Not falling within the curriculum; esp., of or relating to those activities, as debating, dramatics,

and athletics, which form part of the life of students, but are not part of the courses of study.

dit’a-ble (-dit’a-b’l), adj. ex’tra-di/tion (-dish’un),n.

[F., fr. L. ex out + traditio

a delivering up.) The surrender of an alleged criminal by one state to another; hence, in general, the surrender of a prisoner by one authority to another.

ex-tra/dos (éks-tra’dés), n._ LI’., fr. L. extra outside + F. dos (fr. L. dorsum) the

back.] Arch. The exterior curve of an arch. ex’tra-ju-di’cial (¢ks/tra-j00-dish’al; 114),

adj._

Out of or beyond the proper author-

( of a court or judge. — ex’ira-ju-di’cialy, adv. ex/tra-mun/dane (-miin’dan), adj. Beyond the material world.

ex/tra-mu/ral

a

Intrados, o Soffit; 6 Extr

dos.

(-mi/rdl), adj. Outside of the walls, as

city; conducted outside the limits (of a school, college; €fc.); — seid of educational facilities, etc. a ex-tra’/ne-ous (éks-tra/né-tis), adj. _[L. extraneus. See + stirps stock,stem.] Topluck un by th stem or root; to STRANGE.] |Not essential or intrinsic; foreign; as, to seperadicate. — Sym. See EXTERMINATE. — ex’tir-pa/tion, n. arate gold from extraneous matter. — Syn. See EXTRIN— ex’tir-pa/tive, adj. — ex’tir-pa’tor, n. sic. — ex-tra/ne-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. ex-tol’, ex-toll’ (éks-t5l’; -tdl’; iks-), v. t. CL, extollere, fr. ex out + tollere to raise.] _To elevate by praise; praise. = ex-traor’di-nar/i-ly (éks-tror/di-nér/%-ll; fks-; or, esp. Brit., -nér-tlY; -d’n-ri-li; Eks/tra-6r’-), adv. In an extraordinary Syn. Applaud, commend, glorify. — ex-tol/ler (-tdl’ér; manner or degree; exceptionally. -tol’ér), n. — ex-tol/ment, ex-toll/ment, n. Rare. ex-traor’di-nar’y (éks-tror/di-nér; iks-; or, esp. Brit., -dtex-tort’ (éks-tért’; fks-), v. t. [L. extortws, past part. of nér-¥; -d’ner}; or, esp. in sense 3, &ks/tra-6r’-), adj. 5 extorquere to twist out, extort, fr. ex out + torquere to extraordinarius, fr. extra ordinem outside the (usual) ortwist.] To wrest from_a person by force or any undue or der. See EXTRA-; ORDINARY.] 1. Beyond or out of the illegal power or ingenuity; to wring (from); to exact. — common order or method; not ordinary. 2. Exceeding Syn. See Evicit. — ex-tort’er, n. — ex-tor’tive, adj. the common degree, measure, or condition; hence, remarkaex-tor’tion (-tér’shiin), n. 1. Act of extorting; Law, the ble. 3. Employed or sent upon an unusual or special servoffense committed by an officer who unlawfully, by color of ice; as, an ambassador extraordinary. his office, claims and takes money or other thing of value that is not due, 2. That which is extorted. — Sym. Op- ex’ira-pro-fes/sion-al (éks/tra-pro-fésh’u%n-dl; -’1), adj. Not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business. pression, rapacity, exaction. ‘ ex/tra-red’ (-réd’), adj. Physics. Infrared. ex-tor’tion-ar’/y (-ér/I; -ér-I), adj. Extortionate. — ex-tor’tion-ate (-at), adj. Characterized by extortion; op- ex/tra-ter/ri-to’ri-al (éks/tra-tér/?-to/ri-al; 70), adj. _ Outside the territorial limits of a jurisdiction; exterritorial. — pressive; also, exorbitant. — ex-tor’tion-ate-ly, adv. ex’tra-ter’ri-to’ri-al-ly, adv. ex-tor’tion-er (-ér), n. One who practices extortion. ex/tra-ter’ri-to’ri-al/i-ty (-Al/7-ti), n. A quality, state, or ex-tor’tion-ist (Ist), m. An extortioner. privilege of exemption from the jurisdiction of local ex’tra (&ks’tra),adj._ [From extraordinary. SeeExtTRA-.] tribunals, as in the case of diplomatic agents. Beyond, or greater than, what is due, usual, or necessary; ex’tra-u/ter-ine (-ii/tér-Yn; -In), adj. Outside the uterus. additional; better or larger than ordinary. —n. 1. Some1. Quality of thing in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; ex-trav’a-gance (éks-trav’d-gdns; iks-), n. being extravagant; excess; esp., undue expenditure of esp., an added charge or fee. 2. An edition of a newspaper

other than the regular one.

3. Cricket.

A run not made

fromahit. 4. Something of anextra quality orgrade. 5. Collog. An extra workman; Motion Pictures, an actor emmioved. by the day to enact a subordinate part, as one of a crowd. —adv. Beyond the usual size, extent, or degree.

CoMBINATIONS are: extra-dry

extra-hazardous

extra-strong

ex’tra- (éks’tra-). [L.,fr. exter. See EXTERIOR.] A prefix used to form adjectives, denoting beyond, outside of, outside the scope of, as in: ex/tra-car’pal, outside the carpal region; and in the following words: extra-alimentary extracapsular extracellular extracerebral

extracorporeal extracutaneous extraembryonic

extragovernmental extrahistoric extra-League extralegal

extramarital extramolecular extraofficial

extraorbital extraparental extraparliamentary extraparochial

extrasyllogistic extravaginal extravisceral

ex’tra-bold’ (-bold’; 2),n. Print. Astyleoftype.

ex’tra-ca-non/i-cal

(-kda-non/I-kal), adj.

See TYPE.

Eccl.

Not in-

verdure

(113);

cluded in the canon, or list of authorized books.

chair; go;

sing;

ttren,

thin;

nature,

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

money.

An instance of excess; an action or thing which

is extravagant. — Syn. Waste, lavishness. — Ant, Penuriousness, miserliness; economy, frugality.

ex-trav’/a-gan-cy (-gdn-si), n.; pl. -ctes (-siz). Extravagance. ex-trav/a-gant (-gdnt), adj. [F.and ML.; F., fr. ML. ez-

travagans, -antis, pres. part. of extravagart, fr. extra outside+ vagari to wander.] | Obs. Wandering. 2. Exceeding due bounds; excessive; as, extravagant praise. 3.

Profuseinexpenditure; wasteful. 4. Excessively high; exorbitant. — Syn. & Ant. See EXCESSIVE. — ex-trav/aganit-ly, adv.

ex-trav’/a-gan’za Geen); n. [It. estravaganza, stravaganza.) A wildly irregular musical or dramatic composition; esp.,aspectacular drama like comic opera, with elaborate setting.

ex-trav/a-gate

(éks-trav’d-gat), v. 4. To rove; to exceed normal limits. 3 ex-trav’a-sate (-sat), v.t. @ 7. [extra- + L. vas vessel.] 1. To force or let out of the proper vessels, as blood; to force or pass by infiltration or effusion, as blood, lymph,

= ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh = z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

|| Foreign Word.

\

) extravasation

ete

Geo],

up, fr. ex out+ salire to leap.], 1. Obs. To leap; spring:

Act of extrava-

ex-ult/an-cy (€g-ziil/tan-si; fg-),m. Exultation, ex-ult/ant (-tdnt), adj. Characterized by, or expressing, ex-

7eruptin liquid form from a vent; as, extravasated

elt}? a-sa’tion (éks-triv/a-sa’shtin),

n.

satis also, the matter extravasated. _ ex/tevas/cu-lar (éks’trd-vas/ku-lér), adj.

cotained in vessels.

Anat.

a Not

b Destitute of vessels; nonvascular.

yra-ver/sion, ex/tra-vert. Vars. of EXTROVERSION, etc. streme’ (Eks-trém’; tks-;2), adj. (COF., fr. L. extremus,

uperl. of exter, exterus.

See EXTERIOR.]

most point or border; utmost;

final; as, the extreme hour of life. wardtheextreme.

.

most

1. At the ut-

remote.

2. Last;

3. Very far out; far to-

Existing in, or going to, the greatest

degree; greatest.

5. Very great; hence, immoderate.

tense; excessive.

See Last. —

|

Radical; ultra; as, extreme opinions. — Sym. Drastic; inAmt. Moderate; ordinary;

nearest, closest. —=7. 1. The utmost point; extremity. 2. Furthest degree; undue departure from the mean; esp., pl., things at an extreme distance from each other; as, ex-

tremes of heat and cold, of virtue and vice. 3. An extreme state or condition; hence, danger, distress, etc. 4. An ex-

cessive degree, measure, expedient, or the like. 5. Logic. A term appearing in only one of the premises of a syllogism, as contrasted with the middleterm. 6. Math. The first or the last term of a proportion or series. — ex-treme/ly, adv. — ex-treme/ness, n. iy

extreme unction.

R.C.Ch.

The sacrament administered

by a priest to one in danger of death, through application of holy oil to his organs of sense, and recital of prayers. ex-trem/ism (Eks-trém/iz’m; iks-), n. Quality or state of being extreme; radicalism. — ex-trem/ist (ist), n. ex-trem/i-ty (-trém/7-ti), n.; pl. -tms (tiz). 1. The utmost limit or part. 2. A limb of the body; esp., the end part of it. 3. The utmost point; highest degree. 4. Greatest need or peril; necessity; esp., a state that makes jzamediate death probable; also, dying. 5. An extremely severe act or measure.

ex/tri-ca-ble extricated.

(éks’tri-kd-b’l),

adj.

Capable

of

being

ex’tri-cate (€ks/tr?-kat), v.t. [L. extricatus, past part. of extricare, fr. ex + tricae trifles, impediments,

perplexi-

“Yes.] To free, as from difficulties; disentangle. 2. To ause to be emitted or evolved; as, to extricate heat. — _ yn. Loose, liberate. See pisencacr. — Ant, Entangle, .ivolve, enmesh. — ex’tri-ca/tion, n. a

ex-trin’sic

(éks-trin’sik), adj.

Also ex-trin’si-cal (-si-

kal). (CL. extrinsecus, adv., on the outside, fr. exter on the outside + secus otherwise, beside.]_1. Not contained inor belongng to a body; unessential. 2. Pertaining to, or derived from, things outside; extraneous. 3. Anat. Onginating outside a part and acting upon the part as a whole, as certain muscles. — ex-trin’si-cal-ly, adv. Syn. Nonessential, foreign. Extrinsic, extraneous. That is ex-

trinsic which is not inherent or essential; that is extraneous which is more definitely external or foreign.

ex-trorse’ (éks-trérs’), adj. CF., fr. LL. extrorsus in an outward direction, fr. extra on the outside + versus towards.

Facing or turned outwards; Bot., turned away

from the axis of growth. Cf. mvTRORSE. ex’tro-ver/sion (éks/tré-viir’shtin), n. [See EXTROVERT.] Med.

The condition of being turned inside out; as, ez-

troversion of the bladder. tra-).

Psychol.

2. Also ex/tra-ver/sion (&ks/-

Interest directed outward; a propensity

for finding one’s satisfactions in external things; — opposed to introversion.

ex’tro-vert

(€ks’tré-virt),

vertere to turn.]

n.

[extro-

(fr. extra-)

Also ex’tra-vert (éks/tra-).

+ L.

Psychol.

One whose interest is centered in external objects and actions; — opp. to zntrovert. ex-trude’ (éks-trood’), v. t. &7._ CL. extrudere, extrusum, fr. ex out + trudere to thrust.] To force, press, or push out; to protrude.

ex-tru/sion (-troo/zhiin), m. protrusion.

A driving out; expulsion; also,

ex-tru/sive (-siv), adj. 1. Expulsive; also, protrusive. Geol. Forced out at the surface; effusive, or volcanic. INTRUSIVE.

ex-u/ber-ance (-dn-si).

2. Cf.

(€2-zii/bér-dns; fg-), n.. Also ex-u’/ber-an-cy

1. State or quality of being exuberant; super2. An instance of exuberant action, growth, or the like.— Sym. Abundance, excess, plenty, copiousness, profusion. — Ant, Deficiency, scarcity, dearth, lack. ex-u’ber-ant (-dnt),adj._ [L. exuberans, -antis, pres. part.

abundance.

of exuberare to be abundant, fr. ex-+ wherare to be fruitful,

fr. wber fruitful.] Characterized by abundance or superabundance; plenteous; also, effusive; lavish. — Sym. Over-

flowing, profuse.

See PLENTIFUL. — ex-u/ber-ant-ly, adv.

ex-u’ber-ate (-at), v.7. To be in exuberance; to abound. ex/u-date (€ks/ti-dat; 118), m. Exuded matter.

ex/u-da/tion (-da’shiin), n. Act of exuding; sweating; also, the matter exuded. — ex-u/da-tive (éks-ii/da-tiv), adj. ex-ude/’ (€ks-tid’; Eg-ziid’; ¥g-), v.t. & 7. [L. exudare, exsudare, -atum, to sweat out, fr. ex out + sudare to sweat, fr. sudor sweat.] To discharge through pores or incisions,

as moisture or Other liquid. ex-ull’ (Eg-ziilt’; Ye-), v.27. (CL. exultare, exsultare, -atum, to leap vigorously, exult, freq. fr. exsilire to spring out or

ale,

2. To be in high spirits; to rejoice in triumph; to glory, as

in victory. — ex-ult’ing-ly, adv.

;

)

ultation; exulting. — Sym. See ELATED. — Ant, Downcast, disappointed, dejected, mournful. — ex-ult/ant-ly, adv. ex/ul-ta/tion (&k/siil-ta’shiin; ég/ziil-), n. Act of exulting; lively joy at success, or at any advantage gained. ex-u/vi-ae (€g-zU/vi-e; éks-ii’vi-é), n. pl. (L., fr. exuere to draw out or off.] Castskins, shells, or coverings of animals, as the skins of snakes, etc. — ex-u’vi-al (-dl), adj.

ex-u/vi-ate (-at), v.i.&t.

Zool. To shed an old covering;

to molt. — ex-U/vi-a’tion, n. -ey (-i).. A form of -y (adj. suffix), used esp. after words

ending in y, as in clayey.

ey’as (i/ds), n.

nest.

:

[F. niads fresh from the nest, fr, L. nidus

E.an eyas stands fora nias.

ling or unfledged bird.

eye (i),n.

[AS. Zage.]

See NneEst.]

A nest:

1. The organ of sight; esp., the

nearly spherical mass,

the eye/ball’, in a bony concavity of the skull, or the orbit;

also, all the yisible structures within an surrounding the or- | bit, including eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows. §| 2. a The faculty of seeing; vision; often

a developed’ Perception;

visual

as,

an

eye for the beautiful. b The act of seeing; look. c Specif., attentive regard; hence, oversight. 3. The

faculty of intellectual discrimination or inner

perception.

In general, the most

d

Horizontal section of Right Human Eye-

ball, seen from above. Somewhat enlarged. ab Conjunctiva; ¢ Cornea; d Sclerotic; e Chorioid; f Ciliary Muscle; Ciliary Process; # Iris; 7 Suspensory igament; k Posterior Aqueous Chamber between # and ¢; 1 Anterior Aqueous Chamber; m Lens; » Vitreous Humor; 0 Retina; » Yellow Spot; g Center of Blind Spot; Artery of Retina in the center of

important part; essential place, spot, or

location.

5. Some-

thing suggestive of the organ of sight,

as a spot on a pea-

cock’s tail, the center

of a target,

the hole

through a needle, the

the Optic Nerve.

center of a flower, the disk in composites, the undeveloped

bud of a cutting, potato, etc. — in the eye of the wind. Naut. In a direction almost directly opposed to the wind;

very close to the wind, —v. t.; EYED (id); EY/ING (i/Ing) or EYE/ING., 1. To view; to observe; esp., to watch with fixed attention. 2. To make an eye in or on; as, to eye a needle. —¥v.7. Obs. To appear; to look. eye/beam/ (i’/bém/’), n. A glance of the eye.

eye’bright’

(-brit’), m.

aA

small European herb (Hu-

piaesca officinalis) of the figwort family, formerly used or diseases of the eye. b The scarlet pimpernel.

eye/brow’ (-brou’),.

The arch or ridge over the eye; also,

the covering of soft hair growing on this ridge.

eye/cup’ (-kiip’), nm. A small oval cup having a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye, and used in applying liquid rem-

edies to the eyes. eyed (id), adj. Having eyes or eyelike spots. eye/glass’ (i/glas/), n. 1. A lens of glass or rock crystal used to correct defects of vision; — when used singly, com-

monly called a monocle ;when used in pairs, eyeglasses or pince-nez. 2. Eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, etc. 3. A glass eyecup.

eye/hole’ (-hol’), n.

1. The orbit of the eye.

2. A peep-

hole. 3. A circular opening to receive something, as a hook, cord, or rope; an eyelet.

eye/lash’ (-lish’), n.

a The fringe of hair that edges the

eyelid. b Now, usually, a single hair of this fringe. eye/less (i/lés; -lis), adj. Without eyes; blind. eye/let (i/lét; -lit), n. COF. oeillet, dim. of oeil (F. al)

eye, fr. L. oculus.)

1. A small hole, usually buttonholed,

for decoration as in embroidery, or for receiving a cord.

2. A metal ring or grommet, used to line an eyelet hole. 3. A small eye; an ocellus. 4. A peephole or loophole. —v.t. To make eyelets in.

eye/let-eer’ (1/12.tér’; 1/lf-), mn.

A small sharp-pointed in-

strument used in piercing eyelet holes; a bodkin.

eye/lid’ (/lid’), n.

That part of movable skin with which

an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball. ey’en (i/én). Archaic & Dial. Eng. pl. of EYE.

eye opener. That which makes the eyes open, as startling news, or, U.S. Slang, a drink of liquor. eye/piece’ (1’pés’), n. Optics. The lens, or combination of enses, at the eye end of an optical instrument. eye/serv/ant (-sfir/vdnt), n. A servant who attends faithully to his duty only when watched.

cAre, Add, @ccount, rm, ask. sofa; éve, Old, Gbey, Grb, Odd, sOft, cdOnnect; food, fo6t;

chaotic,

charity;

eyeservant

356 2.

/its normal channel into surrounding tissue.

hgre (27), Gvent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, YU, out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Grn, tip, circéés, menii;

eyeserver eye’serv’er (i/sfir/vér), n.

eye’/serv’ice (-vis),. 1. Service performed only under inspection, as under the eye of an employer. 2. Admiring looks or regard. eye’/shot’ (i’shot’), nm. Range, reach, or glance of the eye.

eye’sight/ (-sit’), n. Sight; view; observation. eye’some (-sitim), adj. Charming to look upon. eye’sore’ (-sdr’/; 70), n. Something offensive to the sight. eye’spot’ (-spdt’), n. Zool. a A simple eye or visual organ in many invertebrates, consisting of pigment cells covering a sensory nerve termination. b An eyelike spot of color.

eye’stalk’ (-st6k’), n.

facet

357

An eyeservant.

Zool. One of the movable peduncles

which, in the decapod Crustacea, bear the eyes at the tip. eye’stone’ (-stdn’), m._ A small lenticular calcareous body, used to remove a foreign substance from the eye. eye/strain’ (-stran’),. Weariness or strained condition of the eye from overuse, uncorrected defects of vision, etc. eye/string’ (-string’), n. Any muscle, tendon, or nerve of the eye, formerly supposed to break at death or blindness. eye’tooth’ (-tooth’), n,; pl. -TEETH (-téth’), Anat. A

canine tooth of the upper jaw. — to cut one’s eyeteeth.

Collog. To gain experience; become sophisticated. eye/wash/ (i’wosh’), n. Eyewater. eye’wa’ter (-w6/tér), n. A lotion for the eyes. eye/wink’ (wingk’), n. A wink; also, a glance; look. eye/wink’er (-ér), n. An eyelash.

eye/wit/ness (i/wit/nés; -nYs; 2), 7.

One who sees an ob-

ject or act; esp., one who testifies what he has seen. eyre (ar), n. [OF. etre, erre, journey, way, fr. L. iter, itineris, way,fr.root of tre to go.] 1. A journey in circuit; — used in the phrase justices in evyre, itinerant judges who under temporary royal commissions rode circuit to hold courts in the different counties of England. 2. The circuit or sessions held by the justices in eyre. ey’rie, ey’/ry (Ari; €r’t; I’ri), n. An aerie. E-zek/iel (€-zék/yél; -z@/ki-2]; 58), n. [LL. Ezechiel, fr. Gr., fr. Heb. Yehezgél.] aA Hebrew prophet of the 6th century B.c. bA book of the Old Testament. Ez/ra (Ez’ra), n. CLL., fr. Heb. ‘2zra@.] aA Hebrew priest

of the 5th century B.c.

hb A book of the Old Testament.

F F

f (€f), n.; pl. F’s, ¥’s, Fs, Fs (fs). "L. The sixth let» 1terof the English alphabet. F comes from Latin

F which, in form, came from obsolete Greek F. See DIGAMMA. SeePron.,§43. 2. a The letter F, f, printed, written, etc. b A type, stamp, etc., for the letter F,f. oc The

fa-cgade’ (fa-sid’; fa-), n._

-FACE.]

1.

Arch.

The

CF., fr. It., fr. VL. facia.

face

See

of a building; esp., the prin-

cipal face. Hence, the. face or front of anything. face (fas), n. fr. Vise facia, for facies form, merals, 40, or, in theform F, 40,000. 3. Anything having the shape of the letter F. Music. a The fourth toneof shape, face, fr. facere to make.] 1. The front part the model major scale (that of C), or the sixth tone of its of the head; of man, the part relative minor scale (that of A minor). Any symbol of the head including the representing this tone. c¢ A key or string producing this eyes, cheeks, nose, mouth, tone. 5. Asa symbol, the sixth in order or class. 6. In

sound of the letter F..

d_[eap.]

In medieval Roman nu-

Mendelian inheritance, a filial generation, the first and fol-

lowing generations being F,, Fo, etc.

fa (fa), n.

[It.]

;

Music. A syllable applied to the fourth

tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. fa-ba’ceous (fa-ba’shts), adj. [L. fabaceus, fr. faba bean.] Belonging toa family (Fabaceae) of plants, the pea family, including herbs, shrubs, and trees, the fruit of which is a true pod or legume.

Fa’bi-an ({a’bi-an; 58), adj.

1. In the manner of the Ro-

man general Quintus Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cuncta-

tor (delayer), who avoided decisive contests in the defense of Rome against Hannibal; hence, cautious; dilatory. 2. Designating or pertaining to a society of socialists, organized in England in 1884 to spread socialistic principles gradually, — m._A member of the Fabian Society. — Fa’-

bi-an-ism, n. — Fa’bi-an-ist, n. & adj. fa’/ble ({2’b’l), n. . LOF., fr. L. fabula, fr. fart to speak,

say.]

1. A fictitious narrative or statement; specif.: a An

untruth; falsehood.

b Astory of supernatural happenings,

as in legend. ¢ A narration enforcing some useful truth; esp., one in which animals speak and act like human beings. . Rare.

The plot of an epic or dramatic poem. —=v. 7. &

t.; FA/BLED (-b’ld); FA/BLING (-bling).

To compose fables;

hence, to write or speak fiction; to talk idly; to feign or speak of as true or real. — fa’bler (-blér), n. fa/bled ({a’b’ld), adj. a Toldin fable; mythical; legendary. b Having no real existence; fictitious. = fab/li-au (fab/li-d; F. fa/blé-0’), n.; pl. FABLIAUX (-0z; J’. -0/)._ [F., fr. fable fable.) Fr. Lit. A short metrical tale, usually comic, frankly coarse, and often cynical, popular in the 12th and 13th centuries. 2 fab/ric (fab/rik), n. ([F. fabrique, fr. L. fabrica fabric,

workshop.

See FOoRGE.]

structing; erection.

Astructure.

2. Act of con-

3. Structuralplan; texture.

4. Any-

thing manufactured; esp., cloth woven or knit from fibers. fab/ri-cant (fab/ri-kdnt), nm. A manufacturer.

fab’ri-cate (-kat), v.t.

[L. fabricatus, past part. of fa-

bricari, -care, to build, forge, fr. fabrica fabric.]

1. To

construct; build. 2. To construct by putting together standardized parts; as, a fabricated house. To form by

art and labor; to manufacture. 4. To invent (a legend, etc.); to devise falsely; as, to fabricate a story. — Syn. See FASHION. — fab/ri-ca/tion, n. — Syn. See FICTION. —

fab’ri-ca/tor, n. 4 Fab/ri-koid (fib/ri-koid), m. [See FABRic; -o1D.] A trade-mark for a leatherlike fabric used in_ upholstery, bookbindings, etc.; hence [sometimes not cap.], this fabric.

fah’u-list (fib/ii-list), n.

One who invents or writes fables;

also, an inventor of falsehoods; a liar.

fab’u-lous (lus), adj.

[L.fabulosus.]

:

1. Feigned, asa

fable; fictitious. 2. Like a fable, esp. in exaggeration; astonishing. — fab’u-lous-ly, adv. — fab’u-lous-ness, n.Syn. Fabulous, mythical, apocryphal are here compared in their

secondary senses. Fabulous connotes that which is incredible or beyond sober reality; as, fabulous wealth, Mythical is often euphemistic for what is feigned or nonexistent; as, a mythical tale. Apocryphal adds the implication of spuriousness or sham; as, apocryphal

books. — Amt. Believable, credible, veritable, actual.

forehead, and chin. chaic.

2. Ar-

Presence; view; sight.

3. Expression

of

counte-

nance. 4. Collog. A grimace; as, tomake facesat one. 5. Collog. Confidence; also, boldness; as, to have the

face to ask. 6. Outward Aah seed ey disguise;

pretense. . Dignity; prestige; as, to save (one’s) face.

A Facade of Amiens Cathedral.

&. The exact amount expressed on a note, bond, etc.

The physical features; — said of

acountry.

face.

11.

The principal side or surface of anything; the q

front of a building, an arch, a cliff, etc.

A side or sur-

face dressed, finished, or spegally Prepared, as the finished side of cloth or leather, the inscribed or printed side of a document, the marked side of a playing card, watch, etc.

13. The acting surface, esp. of a tool orimplement. 14. Fort, a The portion of a work forming one side of a salient angle. b The front between two neighboring bastions or other salient works.

15.

Math. & Cryst. Any one of the

plane surfaces that bound a polyhedron or other geometrical solid or a crystal.

6. Mil.

formation, esp. of a square.

wall of the tunnel,

progressing;

the

breast.

18. Print.

printing surface of a type, plate, etc.

type.

One of the sides of a

17. Mining.

The end or

drift, or_excavation at which work is

a The

upper

or

b The style or cut of

See TYPE.— in (the) face of. In the immediate

presence of; also, in opposition to; despite. Syn. Face, countenance, visage, physiognomy.

Face is the

simple and direct word; countenance is more elevated, and often re-

tains the implication of looks or expression. Visage is now chiefly poetical; it often emphasizes outward appearance. Physiognomy denotes the face esp. as expressive of ainda disposition, or, figuratively, significant aspect. _

—v.t.; FACED (fast); FACING (fas’ing). 1. To confront impudently. 2. To stand with the face toward. 3. To meet face to face. 4. To oppose firmly; resist. 5. To contemplate the prospect of. 6. To puta facing upon; as, a building faced with marble. 7. To line near the edge,

esp. with a different material; as, to face the front of a

coat. 8. To give a specious appearance, or “face,” to; as, to face tea with coloring matter. 9. CardPlaying. To turn (a card) face upwards. 10. Mach. To make flat or smooth the surface of, as a stone or acasting. 11. Mil.

To cause to turn or present a face or front.

—¥v.7. To

turn the face; as, to face to the right or left; to present a face or front. — face/a-ble, adj. face card. Card Playing. The king, queen, or knave. face’—hard’en, v.t. To harden the face or surface of.

face lifting.

An operation of plastic surgery for the re-

moval of facial wrinkles or defects. fac/er (fas’ér), m. 1. Collog. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any stunning defeat. 2. One who or that which faces; Mach., a cutter for facing.

fac’et (fas’ét; -it), n..

[F. facette.]

1. One of the small

plane surfaces of a diamond or other cut gem.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdiire (118); « = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

9.

10, The sur-

face of anything; esp., the front, upper, or outer part or sur-

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

2. Arch.

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

pound eyes of insects and crustaceans. facets on.

fa-cete’ (fa-sét’), adj. Archaic.

CETE.]

—v.¢.

[L., fr. facetus.

Witty or humorous writings or sayings.

fa-ce/tious

To cut

[L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious.]

Facetious; witty.

fa-ce’ti-ae (fa-sé’shi-é), n. pl.

(-shi/s), adj.

See Fa-

Given to or characterized by

pleasantry or levity; jocose; exciting laughter. — Syn. See

witty. — fa-ce’tious-ly, adv. — fa-ce’tious-ness, n. bes cette! (fa/sét’), n. ([F.] = FACET. ace value. a The value indicated on the face. b Nominal value, as of a bond. c Apparent value; as, words taken at their face value.

: fa’cial (fa’shdl), adj.

1. Of or pertaining to the face; as,

2. Concerned with or improving the the facial nerve. freshness, etc., of the human face, esp. by massage, cosmetics, etc.; as, facial massages, etc. =. Collog. facial treatment or massage.

facial angle.

The angle made by

the intersection of the axis of the 1

make,

do.]

as incalefacient.

ab Axis of the Face; ¢ d Axis of the Skull.

4. Easily persuaded to

5. Expert; fluent. — fac’ile-ly,

To make easy or less diffi-

cil’ ct, n.; pl. -TIES ae 1. Quality of being zasily performed; ease. 2. Readiness from skill or use; dexterity. 3. Easiness to be persuaded; — usually in a bad sense; pliancy. 4. A thing that promotes the ease of any action, operation, or course of conduct; — usually in pl.; as, facilities for study.

fac’ing (fas’ing), n.

1. A lining at the edge of a garment,

ofauniformcoat.

2. A covering in front, for ornament or

as for ornament; pl., Mil., the collar, cuffs, and trimmings

other purposes; as, the facing of an earthen slope, building, etc. Any material used for facing.

fa-cin’o-rous (fa-sin/é-rtis), adj.

[L.facinorosus, fr. fa-

cinus deed, bad deed, fr. facere todo.] Now Rare. Atrociously wicked. fac-sim/i-le (fak-sim/%-le; -l1), n.; pl. -vEes (-léz; -l¥z). [L. fac simile make like.] An exact copy. — Syn. See pupLi-

CATE. fact (fakt),._

to do, make.]

[L. factum deed, act, fe past part. of facere 1. A thing done; deed.

“an accessory after the fact,” etc.

actual existence; anevent.

Obs., except in

2. That which has

3. The quality of being actual;

actuality. 4. The statement of a thing done or existing; loosely, the thing supposed (even though falsely) to be done or to exist.

5. Law.

Specif.: Usually in pl. Any of the

circumstances or matters of a case as alleged; also, that which is of actual occurrence; reality as an event.

fac’tice (fik/tYs),.

[F.]

An elastic solid made from cer-

tain vegetable oils, as linseed, by treatment with sulphur or sulphur monochloride. fac’tion (fk/shtin), n. _[F.and L,; F., fr, L. factio a,mak-

ing.

See FASHION.]

1. A party, combination, or clique

within a state, party, or the like. 2. Party spirit; also, dissension. Obs. Aset or class of persons. — Syn. Clique, cabal, junto. See COMBINATION. hig

fac’tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj. Of or pertaining to a faction; characterized by faction. — fac/tion-al-ism (-iz’m), n. fac’tious (fak/shis), adj. CF. or L.; F. factiews, fr. L. factiosus.]_

1. Given to faction; raising dissensions; sedi-

tious. 2. Proceeding from, or characterized by, faction. — fac’tious-ly, adv. — fac’tious-ness, n.

fac-ti’tious (fik-tish’ts), make.] 1. Artificial;

adj.

[L. facticius, fr. facere to

sham. 2. Formed by, or adapted to, an artificial standard; not natural; as, a factitious value. — fac-ti/tious-ly, adv. — -tious-ness, n. Syn. Factitious, unnatural. That is unnatural which departs in

any way from a normal state; that is factitious which is brought about or wrought up by effort.

fac’ti-tive (fik/tv-tiv), adj.

The causative agent in

Any

of the elements,

quantities,

or symbols

which, when multiplied together, form a product. Math.

— v. t.

To factorize. — fac’tor-ship, n.

fac’tor-age (i),

.

a The business of a factor.

hb The

commission or allowance of a factor. ; fac-to’ri-al (fak-t0/r¥-dl; 70), adj. Of or relating to a factor

r factors.

—m.

Math.

A continued product of factors

derived from any function (x) by successively increasing or decreasing the argument x by a constant, generally 1.

fac’/tor-ize (fak’tér-iz), v.t. 1. Law. In Vermont and Connecticut, togarnish. 2. Math. Toresolve into factors. — fac’tor-i-za’tion, n.

;

fac/to-ry (fik/té-ri), n.; pl. -R1Es (riz).

1. A trading sta-

1. Obs.

A busy-

2. A person employed to do all kinds of work. adj.

Relating to, or containing, facts;

CF., fr. L. factura a making.]

or manner of making or doing anything.

adj. [F., fr. L. Angles, 1, of an to make, do.] 1. Facial Orthognathous Skull and Obs., easy to un- 2, of a Prognathous Skull.

i— fa-cil’/i-ta/tion, n.

6. Biol.

actual. — fac’tu-al-ly, adv.

(A suffix signifying

i-tate (fa-sil/7.tat), v. ¢.

7. Math.

fac/ture (f3k’tir), n.

sci.’ 2. Fasy to surmount. “ and mild in manner or dis-

a

a result; a constituent.

heredity; a gene. 6. Scot. & Local U.S. One appointed by law to have charge of forfeited or sequestered property.

body.

A multipli-

?

2.

Obs. exc. Scot. A steward or bailiff of an estate. 3. The agent in charge of a trading post of the Hudson’s Bay Company. 4. One of the elements that contribute to produce

fac, imper. of facere to do+ totus all.]

neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of

making, causing, fac’ile (fas/1l; 56), \*egalis,fr.facere adv. -) do; also,

1. One

who acts, or transacts business, for another; anagent.

fac’/tu-al (fak’ti-dl),

cand. -fa/cient (-fa’/shént). [L. faciens, -entis, pres. part. of facere to uw

(F. facteur, fr. L. factor.]

for the manufacture of goods; a manufactory. fac-to’/tum (fak-t0/ttm), n. [ML., lit., do everything, fr.

the breadth of the face to its length

usually expressed in hundredths of the latter. fa/ci-end_(fa’/shi-énd), n. [From Math.

fac/tor (fik’tér), n.

tion where factors reside and transact business. 2. building, or collection of buildings, usually with equipment,

face with the axis of the skull. facial index. Craniom. Ratio of

facere to do.]

Fagin

358

facete

The fillet between the flutes of a column. 3. Zool. The surface of one of the small eyes which make up the com-

[See ract.]

(see ARTIFICIAL)

Gram.

Pertain-

ing to or designating a yerb which expresses an idea of mak-

ing or rendering anything to be of a certain character, and

hence taking besides its object a complement (he made the

water wine; ye call me chief). — fac’ti-tive-ly, adv.

Act

fac/u-la (fak/t-la), n.; pl. -LaE (le). [L., dim. of faz, facis,a torch.) A shining streak on the surface of the sun brighter than the surrounding regions of the photosphere. fac/ul-ta/tive ({ak/wl-ta/tiv), adj, 1. Having relation to the grant of a faculty, or authority, privilege, or the like; hence, optional; as, facultative enactments, or those which

convey a faculty, or permission, 2. Of such a character as to admit of existing under various forms or conditions, of happening or not happening, etc. 3. Biol. Having the

power to live under different conditions; as, a facultative ' parasite; — opp. to obligate.

fac/ul-ty (fak/Ul-tY; -’l-tf), n.; pl. -TrEs (-tYz). culté, fr. L. facultas,

1. Ability to act or

[OF. fa-

fr. facilis easy, fr. facere to make.]

do.

A physical power or function;

as, the faculty of hearing. 3. Archaic. That in which one is trained; trade. 4. Natural aptitude. 5. Power, au-

thority, or prerogative given or conferred. learning or instruction in a university.

_6. A branch of

7. The body of

persons to whom are entrusted the government and instruction as of a university or college. 8. The members of a profession or calling; as, the legal faculty.

9. Psychol.

One of the powers into which psychologists formerly divided the mind (as will, reason, instinct), and through the

interaction of which they endeavored to explain all mental phenomena. —

fad (fd), n..

Syn. See Girt.

A custom, amusement, or the like, followed

for a time with exaggerated zeal; a craze.

— Syn. See FASH-

10N. — fad/dish (fad/ish), adj. — fad/dist (ist), n. fad/dy (faid’t), adj.; Fap/pI-eR (-1-€r); -pi-EsT. Collog. Addicted to, or like, a fad. fade (fad), v.¢7. (OF. fader, fr. fade pale, wan, dull.]_ 1.

To grow weak; to decay; wither, as a plant. 2. To lose freshness or brilliance; to grow dim. 3. To sink away; to vanish. 4. Motion Pictures. To change gradually in dis-

tinctness on the cause to wither, to fade; — with ||fade (fad), adj. fade’less, adj. fadge (fa}), v.i. fae’cal, fae’ces,

fa/ér.ie, ta/ér-y

screen; — with in or owt. —v.t. 1. To dim, etc. 2. Motion Pictures. To cause in or owt. [F.] Insipid; flat; commonplace. Untading. — fade/less-ly, adv. Now Rare. To suit; hence, to succeed. etc. Vars. of FECAL, etc.

(fa/ér-¥; far/l), n.

[See Farry.]

1.

Archaic. The world of fairies, esp. of such fairies as were first drawn by Spenser. 2. Obs. A fairy. faer’y (far/i), adj. Also faer’ie. Fairy.

Faf/nir (faiv/nir), n.

(ON. Fafnir.].

In the Eddas and

the Volsunga Saga, a giant who, in the form of a dragon, guards the treasure of Andvari. He is slain by Sigurd. fag (fag), n. Collog. A cigarette. fag (fig), v. 7.; FAGGED (figd); FAG/GING. 1. To labor to weariness; to drudge. 2. To act asa fag. —v.t.1. To tire by labor; to exhaust. 2. To use or treat as a fag. — Syn. See TIRE. —7n. 1. Collog. Brit. Toil; drudgery.

2. In English schools, a boy who does service for another

boy of a higher form; hence, a menial; a drudge. fa-ga’/ceous (fa-¢a/shtis), adj. [L. fagus beech.]

Bot.

Belonging to a family (fagaceae) of trees and shrubs, the beech family, including the oak (Quercus), (Fagus), and the chestnut (Castanea).

fagend.

the beech

The last part or coarser end of a web of cloth, the

untwisted end of a rope, etc.; hence, a remnant; a worn, poor, or last part of anything.

Fa/gin (fa’gin), n.

In Dickens’s Oliver Twist, a villainous

old Jew who acts as a fence, or receiver of stolen goods, and who trains boys and girls to be pickpockets.

fle, chiiotic, cre, &dd, Gccount, arm, ask, sofa; Eve, charity; old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sit, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére (27), @vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Il, out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Gm, tip, circés, menii;

fagot

fake

309

fag’ot, fag’got (fie/%t), n. (CF. fagot.]_1. A bundle of sticks or twigs, as for fuel or a fascine. 2. Ironworking. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding

heat; a pile. —v. ¢. To make a fagot of; to bind ina fagot. fag’ot-ing, fag’got-ing, n. Embroidery. A process of

drawing out horizonta] threads from_a fabric, as linen, and tying the remaining cross threads into hourglass-shaped bunches; also, the work itself.

||Fahl’/band’ (fal’baint’; #. -band’), n._ [G., fr. fahl duncolored+ band a band.] Petrol. A band or stratum in crystalline rock, containing metallic sulphides.

—adv.

1. Inafairmanner.

2. Obs. Quietly; moderately.

3. Evenly; squarely; as, struck fair between the eyes.

—n.

Archaic.

1. Fairness; beauty.

2. A fair woman; a

sweetheart. 3. That which is fair or fortunate, —v. 7. Of the weather, to clear. fair (far),n. [OF. feire (F. fotre), fr. L. feria holiday, pl. feriae days of rest, holidays, festivals. A gathering of

buyers and sellers at a stated time and place for trade. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles, etc., usually for charity. 3. A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc.; as, a county fair.

fair and square.

Collog.

Justly; honestly; equitably.

Pahr’en-heit (far/én-hit; far’-), adj. Designating, or con- fair ball. Baseball. A batted ball that first strikes the forming to, the scale used by G. D. Fahrenheit in the graduground beyond first or third base and within the foul lines, ation of his thermometer.. —m. The Fahrenheit therora batted ball that comes to rest before passing first or mometer or scale. On the Fahrenheit thermometer, under third base and within the foul lines, or a batted ball that standard atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is after striking the ground passes first or third base within at 212 degrees and the freezing point at 32 degrees above the foul lines. the zero of its scale. The zero point represents the tem- fair catch. Amer. Football. A catch of a kicked ball perature produced by mixing equal quantities, by weight, made by a player on side who makes a prescribed signal of snow and common salt. Abbr. F’. or Fahr that he will not attempt to advance the ball when caught.

fa‘ience’ (fa/yans’; fi/ans’; fa/-),n. [F., fr. Paenza, Italy.] Decorative earthenware as distinct from tableware. fail (fl), v.72. [OF. faillir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to deceive, fail.]

To be wanting; to fall short; to come to an

end. To fall away; to decline; decay; also, to fade or die away. 3. To become weaker; as, the old manis failing

rapidly.

4. Tobe found wanting in an action, a duty, an

effect, etc.; to miss.

5. Rare.

Toerr; tobe mistaken.

To become bankrupt or insolvent.

6.

—v. t. 1. To be want-

ing to; to disappoint; desert. 2. Rare. To leave undone; to neglect. — mn. Failure; — chiefly in without fail. fail’/ing, adj. That fails. —n. A failure; hence, a deficiency; weakness; as, a mental failing. — Syn. See FAULT. — prep. a Lacking; as, failing a purchaser, he rented the farm. hb In case of failure of; as, failing his arrival, we

He may not then be interfered with. fair copy. A neat and exact copy, esp. of a corrected draft of a document; also, the form of such a copy.

fair green.

Golf. A fairway.

fair/ing,n. a A present, orig. at or froma fair. b Deserts. fair’ing, n.. Engin. A member or structure the primary

function of which is to produce a smooth outline and to reduce drag, as in an aircraft.

fair’ish (far/ish), adj.

fair/—lead’

Tolerably good, well, or large.

(far/léd’), n.

Naut.

a Also fair’—lead/er

(-led’ér). A block, ring, or strip of plank with holes, serying as a guide for the running rigging or any rope, to keep it

from chafing.

b Sometimes fair lead.

A course of run-

ning rope that avoids all chafing. fair’ly, adv. 1. Obs. a Handsomely; also, speciously. b Softly. ¢ Courteously. 2. Actually; positively; as, he is fairly exhausted, 3. Favorably; as, a town fairly situated. 4. Ina fair manner; justly. 5. Plainly; distinctly. 6. Tolerably; as, she sings fairly well.

shall stay here. — fail’/ing-ly, adv. faille (fal; #7. fa’y’), n. [(F.]_ A ribbed silk fabric of plain weave, used for dresses, men’s ties, etc. fail/ure (fal/tr), n. [Earlier failer, fr. AF. failer, for F. faillir, the infin. used as n._ See Fart.) 1 falling short; a deficiency or lack. 2. Omission to perform; as,

fair’—mind’ed

inanexamination. 4. Deterioration; decay; as, failure of intellect. 5. A becoming insolvent; bankruptcy. 6. A person or thing that has failed. fain (fan), adj, [AS. fagen.] 1. Well-pleased; glad. 2.

fair/’ness (far/nés; -nfs), n. State of being fair. ity fair’—spo’ken (-spd/kén; 2),adj. Using fair speech, or uttered with fairness; bland; civil; courteous; plausible fair’/way’ (far/wa’), n. 1. The navigable part of a river,

failure to keep a promise.

3, Want of success; as, failure

Relatively _satisfied or contented; hence, constrained.

Archaic.

Inclined; desirous; as, fain to be wise.

fai-naigue’ (fd-naig’),v.7. &t.

3.

— adv.

With joy; also, preferably; — now with would.

To revoke at cards; hence,

to shirk; to cheat. — fai-nai’guer (-na’gér), n.

(-min/déd; -did; 2), adj.

Unprejudiced;

just; judicial; honest. — fair/—mind/ed-ness, n.

bay, etc.

2. Golf. That part of a playing course exclu

sive of tees, putting greens, and hazards. fair’y (far/I), n.; pl. ratrres (-iz). LOF. faierie, faerie, enchantment, fairy folk, fr. LL. fata one of the Fates, hence, fairy, fr. L. fatum fate. See rate.] A minor super-

Liter-

natural being, supposed to be able to assume human form

fai/né-ant (fa’/né-ant; PF. fa/na’/an’), adj. [F. (after faire to do and neant noeine fr. OF. feignant.] Inactive;

— adj. Of the nature of, or like, a fairy or fairies; belonging to or associated with, fairies. — fair’y-hood (-hodd), n. —

fai’ne-ance (fa/né-dns), fai/ne-an-cy (-dn-s!), n. ally, do-nothingness; inactivity; indolence.

idle. —n. An idler; a sluggard. faint (fant), adj. [OF. faint, feint, past part. of faindre, feindre, to feign, shirk.

See FEIGN.1

age or spirit; timorous; cowardly. weak;

languid.

_3. Producing

1. Wantingin cour-

2. Lacking strength;

a sensation

of_ faintness;

oppressive. 4. Performed weakly or feebly. 5. Lacking distinctness; dim. — mn. Actor state of fainting; a swoon.

—v.%.

orspirit.

1. Archaic.

Tosink into dejection; to lose courage

2. Poetic. To become weak.

3. Toswoon.

4.

Rare, To lose brightness. — faint’er, n. — faint/ish, adj. — faint’ish-ness, n. — faint/ly, adv. — faint/ness, 7. faint/heart’ed (-hiar’téd; -tY¥d; 2), adj. Cowardly; timid.

— faint/heart’ed-ly, adv. — faint/heart’ed-ness; n.

faints (fants), n. pl. Also feints (fants). [See Faint weak.] The weak and impure spirit which comes over last in the distillation of whisky or other liquor.

fair (far), adj.

[AS. feger.]

_1. Pleasing to the eye;

beautiful. 2. a Plausible; inspiring hope; as, fair promises. b Gracious; courteous; as, fair speech. 3. Ample

in size; as, a fair estate.

gant.

Obs.

a Desirable.

b Ele-

5. Light; blond, as opposed to brunet; as, fair hair.

6. a Characterized by frankness, honesty, or candor; up-

right; just. b Conformed to, or in conformity with, the established rules of a game, task, etc.; as,a fair blow. 7. Clean; pure; spotless; as,a fair name. §. Without sudden

or angular deviation, as in line or surface; smooth; flowing; as,aship’sfaircurves.

9. Distinct; legible; as, fair hand-

writing. 10. Open_to legitimate pursuit; —in phrase fair game. 11. Free from marked merit or defect; hence, average;

pretty good; as, fair health.

from obstacles; open; as, in fair view.

13.

12.

Free

a Not stormy;

favorable; — said of the sky, weather, etc. hb Specif., free or nearly free from rain, hail, orsnow. 14. Likely; promising; as, a fair chance of success. Syn. Comely; just, honest, unprejudiced ; blond; auspicious. — Fair, impartial, unbiased, disinterested imply freedom from undue influFair implies, negatively, absence of injustice or fraud; posience. ; tively, the putting of all things on an equitable footing. Impartial implies absence of favor for one party more

than the other.

Unbi-

ased expresses even more strongly lack of prejudice or prepossession. Disinterested denotes that freedom from bias due to absence of selfish interest. — Amt. Ugly; prejudiced; dark, brunet; ominous.

chair;

go; sing;

then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118);

(usually

diminutive),

and

to meddle

in human

affairs.

fair’y-ism (-iz’m), n. — fair’y-like/ (-lik’), adj. fair’y-land/ (-lind’), n. The land or abode of fairies. fairy ring. A circle ina lawn or meadow consisting of luxuriant vegetation or of certain mushroom fungi.

||fait’ ac/com’pli’ (fé/-ta/kon/plé’).

plished and presumably irrevocable.

[F.] A thing accom-

faith (fath),n. [OF. feid, feit, later fez, F. fot, fr. L. fides.] Belief in God, revelation, or the like; as, soundness of

faith; esp., orthodoxy in theology; in a practical religious

sense, trust in God. 2. Fidelity to one’s promises, or allegiance to duty, or toa person; loyalty. 3. That which is believed; esp., a system of religious beliefs. 4. Com-

plete confidence, esp. in someone or something open to question or suspicion. — Syn. See BELIEF. — Amt. Doubt, unbelief.

— ieeeke n, esas — Rees Fer- | Fiery, here: Geyamonch , Tdhxlsine Te, t th ardent. Fervent suggests great w: vent, fervid, offen, "Monet andsug pres vehement :usrestes snes feeling

overheated

often)

(esp. with reference to imagination,

elo-

uence, etc.); ardent connotes eagerness and fine enthisiaat

Sed er/vi/dor’

fer’vor, fer’vour (ffir’vér), n.

L. fervor, fr. fervere.

[OF. fervor, fervour, fr.

See FERVENT.)

[fetus + -parous.]

|stich fertich Mi(e'tish: 3 ft/ish), Ss), n° Charm, fr. L. facticvus artificial.] Gee

fascia band.) Her. A band drawn horizontally across the center of an escutch-

TOIT ut

eon. — fess’/wise’, fesse/wise’ (-wiz’),

adv. fes/tal (fés/tal; -t’l), adj. _[OF., fr.L. festum. See Feast.) Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a holiday or a feast; festive. — fes/tal-ly, adv. fes’ter (f&s’tér), v. 7. CME. festren, fr.

fester,n.]

| |

fe’tor, foe’tor (fé/tér; -tér), n. bond.

a Fess.

of festinare to hasten.] Rare. To hasten. — fes’ti-nate (nat), adj. — fes’ti-nate-ly, adv. fes/ti-na/tion (-na’shiin), n. Haste. gay.

See rerstive.]

adj.

_([OF., fr. L. festivus festive,

1. Of, pertaining to, appropriate to,

or set apart as, a festival. 2. Obs. Festive. —n. 1, time of feasting or celebration; a feast. 2. A periodical

season of entertainment of a specific sort; as, a music festival. 3. Revelry; festivity; — esp. in the phrase hold, keep, or make festival. — Sym. See FEAST.

fes’tive (fés/tiv), adj. (CL, festivus, fr. festum holiday, feast. See FeAST.] Pertaining to or befitting a feast or festival; joyous; gay. —fes/tive-ly, adv.— fes/tive-ness, n. fes-tiv/i-ty

(f€s-tiv/’7-ti), n.; pl. -r1es (-tiz).

Condition

or

quality

of being

festive.

_1. a Obs.

hb Joyfulness;

gaiety. 2. A festival; now, often pl., festive activities. fes’ti-vous (fés’ti-viis), adj. Rare. Festive. fes-toon’ (f&s-toon’), n. [F. feston, fr. It. festone, fr.

festa feast.]

1, A garland or wreath hanging in a curve,

used in decoration for festivals, etc.

A carved

—».t.&%.

or molded

et/ter (fee) (fét/ér), fet'tor Chiefly in pl.

ornament

representing

lating to, characteristic of, or in the condition of, a fetus.

fe-ta/tion, foe-ta’tion (fé-ta’shiin), n.

shrub

The formation of 1. To go and

get; to go and bring toward the person speaking. 2. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state; as, to fetch

the butter in the churn.

3. Now Dial.

To bring to ac-

complishment; to achieve. Also, to draw (a breath); heave (a sigh). 4. Dial. To reach; to arrive at. 5. To derive; deduce; as, to fetch analogies from nature. 6. Collog. To interest; attract. 7. To bring, asa price; to sell

for.

8. Collog. To strike; as, he fetched him a clip on the

chin; to deal (a blow). —,v. 7. 1. To get and bring things. Specif., Hunting, to retrieve killed game.

2. Naut.

To

hold a course; also, to veer. 3. To arrive at a point; — usually with wp or through. — Sym. See BRING. ——7.

1. Act of fetching or reaching after; also, the distance so spanned or the effort involved. 2. A stratagem; trick. fetch, n. The apparition of a living person; a double. fetch’er (féch’ér), m. One who or that which fetches.

fetch’ing, adj. Collog. Pleasing; attractive. — fetch’ing-ly, adv. fete, féte (fat; F. fat), n. (CF. féte. See reast.] A festival; esp., an outdoor entertainment on a lavish scale. — ». t. To feast; to honor or commemorate

by a fete.

;

||fete’ cham/pé’tre (f4t/ shin’pa’tr’). | [F., a rural festival.] An entertainment in the open air.

that restrains; a re

=

.

from motion; to confine. — Syn.

(Neopieris

nitida)

having small cylindric flowers

b An ornamental evergreen shrub

(Pieris floribunda) having white bell-shaped flowers. fot eroee Ce) n. Fetlock. et/tle (fét/’l), v.¢.; FET/TLED (-’ld); FET’TLING (-ling). [ME. fet(t)len to fettle (in sense 1), orig., to gird up, fr. AS. fetel girdle, belt.] 1. Dial. To put or set in order.

, Dial.

To beat; thrash.

3. Metal.

To cover or line

with loose material, as the hearth of a reverberatory fur-

nace.

=n.

1. State of being fettled, or made ready; con-

dition; as, in fine fettle. 2. The fettling for a furnace. fet’tling (ling), n. Metal. Loose material, as ore, sand, etc., thrown on the hearth of a furnace, to protect it.

fe/tus, foe’tus (f€/tts), n.; ine FETUSES, FOETUSES (-&2; -iz). [L., a bringing forth, offspring.] The young or embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg, esp. in the

later stages of development (in man from the end of third month until birth, embryo being applied to earlier stages).

feu (fi), n.

(OF. feu, fieu, fief.]

feudal benefice.

Scots Law.

a A fee, or

b A tenure where the vassal, in place of

military services, makes a return in grain or in money; also, a grant of land to be so held; hence, inaccurately, a per-

petual lease for a fixed rent. c A piece of land held under one of these tenures. —v.t. Scots Law. To grant (land) upon feu. feu/ar (fi/ér), n. Scots Law. One who holds a feu.

feud (fd), n.

(ME. feide, fr. OF. faide, feide, fr. OHG.

féhida.] A contention or quarrel; strife between families, clans, etc.

esp., an inveterate

feud, feod (fiid), n. [ML. feudum, feodum, of G. origin.] Law. A fee, or feudal benefice; a fief. feu/dal (fii/’ddal; -d’l), adj. Of or pertaining to a feud or state of hostility. ; feu/dal, adj. 1. Of, relating to, or of the nature of, feuds, fiefs, or fees. 2. Of or pertaining to the ieudal system; as, feudal law. — feu/dal-ly, adv. feu/dal-ism (iz’m), n. ‘The feudal system, or its principles, relations, and usages. — feu/dal-ist (ist), n. — -is/tic (-Is/tik), adj. "

feu-dal/i-ty (fi-daV7-ti), n. feudal; feudal practice.

1. Quality or state of being

2. A feudal holding; a fief.

feu/dal-ize (fii/ddl-iz; fti/d’l-),v.t.

To reduce to a feudal tenure; to conform to feudalism. — feu/dal-i-za/tion, 7. feudal system. The system of polity which prevailed in Europe in the Middle Ages, based upon the relation of lord

to vassal, with the holding of land in feud. The principal incidents of the feudal system were homage, service of the tenants, wardship, forfeiture.

marriage,

reliefs, aids, escheat, and

feu/da-ry (ft/dd-rf). Var. of FEODARY. feu/da-to/ry (fi/da-to/ri; -tér-¥; 3), n.; pl. -RTES 1. One

K=ch

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

A

feter.]

1. To put fetters upon; _/Fetlock.

followed by capsules.

a fetus, normally in the womb; pregnancy.

fetch (féch), v. ¢.. [AS. feccan, fetian.]

[LJ

fet/ter-bush’ (-bddsh’), n. Either of two shrubs of the heath family, native to the southern U. S.: a A handsome

a festoon.

To form in, adorn with, or connect by, festoons.

—v.t.

shackle. 2. To restrain See HAMPER.

2. Arch. & Sculp.

fes-toon/er-y (-ér-I), n. Festoonlike arrangement. fet (fet), v. ¢.; FeT; FET/TING. [AS. fetian.] Obs. To fetch. fe’tal, foe’tal Cee) adj. Anat. & Zool. Of, re-

[AS. fetor,

n. . Jetor, feter. 1.A shackle for the feet; a

2. Anything

straint.

or inflammation; to rankle. To cause to fester or rankle.

—n. LCOF-. festre, fr. L. fistula a sort of ulcer.] A small suppurating sore; a pustule. fes’ti-nate (fés’ti-nat), v. 7. @ #. [L. festinatus, past part.

fes’ti-val Cn

1 body, as the foot. — fe’tish-is’tic, fe’tich-

,19 tic (-is’tik), adj.

eS fe’tich-ist (ist), n. A believer in etishes. fet/lock (f&t/l5k), n, [ME. fetlak, ee. The tufted

Wi

ll( il | NUH

1. To generate pus., 2. To

cause progressive poisoning 3. To putrefy; rot. -—v.t.

magical powers, , as in from harm, in curing disease,

2. Any object of special devotion.

fe’tish-ism, fe’tich-ism (‘z’m), n. 1. Devotion to or belief in fetishes. 2. Psychopamee Fixation of erotic interest. on a part of

1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used as a teacher's]

A tufted perennial grass (genus Fes-|

1. An ob-

ject supposed to gee

S2V!ng its owner

Fes/cen-nine (fés’é-nin; -nin), adj. ([L. Fescenninus, fr. Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Scurrilous; obscene. fes’cue (fés’kti), n. [OF. festu, deriv. of L. festuca stalk,

2. Bot.

CB. fé

Whe, r. Pg. feitigo, adj., artificial, n., sorcery,

1. Intense heat.|

tuca) with panicled spikelets; — called also fescue grass. fess (fés), n. _Also fesse (fés). [OF. fesse, faisse, fr. L.

mammals,

Designating

completely npletely developed developed.

= 2. Intensity of feeling or expression; glowing ardor. Syn. Fervor, ardor. Fervor suggests glow or ebullition; ardor,| Am, Indifference, apathy.

straw.]

(sid’al;

é

as marsupials, whose young are born very in-

fiery or burning heat. —

pointer.

;

2. Ardent; zeal- |f¢-tip’a-rous, foe-tip’a-rous (fé-tip’a-riis), adj.

— Syn. & Ant. See FERVENT. — fer’vid-ly, adv.| ade cid S e RE (fér/ve/dor’), n. [LF. J, See REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR. Sakis paeueae

ous.

foe’ti-cid’al

5

See rer- | ,Stinking. — fet/id-ly, adv. — fet/id-ness, n.

[L. fervidus, fr. fervere.

1. Very hot; burning; boiling.”

VENT.]

=

Behe

tere, foetere, tostink.] Having an offensive smell;

nt. Dull, impassive, listless.

fer/vid (far’vid), adj.

- ; See a fetus. — fe’ti-cid’al,

fet/id (fét’id; fetid), adj. _ [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. fe-

holding

lands by feudal

tenure.

in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=

(-riz).

2. A feud or

in azure.

{| Foreign Word.

feudist fief; a feudatory state.

372

fiddle

— adj. Standing in, or belonging | ari), adj. — fi-bril/li-form _(fi-briV/i-f6rm),

to, the relation of a feudal vassal to his lord.

adj. — fi’-

bril-lose ({1/bri-los), adj. — fi’bril-lous (-lts), adj.

a A white insoluble fibrous

Biochem.

Law. A person versed in feudal law. | fibrin (fi/brin), n.

feud/ist (fad/ist), n.

b

protein, formed esp. in the coagulation of the bl One who is party to a (hostile) feud. feud’ist, n. U.S. Feuil/lants’ (ft’y’-yin’), n. pl. [F.] Fr. Hist. A political Gluten; — called plant or vegetable fibrin. ; club of supporters of constitutional monarchy, formed in | fi/bri-no- (fi/bri-né-). A combining form for fibrin.

i

Biofi-brin’o-gen (fi-brin’6-jén), n. [fibrino-+--gen.} 1791. The Jacobins suppressed it in 1792. ||feuil/le-ton’ (ffi/yé-ton’; f”7E), n. [F., fr. fewille leaf.] | chem. A soluble protein existing in the blood, and in other animal fluids, which by the action of fibrin ferment, or A part of a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the

thrombin, yields the insoluble substance fibrin, thus producing coagulation. — fi/bri-nog’e-nous _(f1/bri-noj’éarticle thus printed. — feuil/le-ton-ism (-t6n-iz’m), .— nus), fi/brin-o-gen/ic (fi/bri-nd-jén/Ik), adj. feuil/le-ton/ist (-tdn/ist), n. — feuil/le-ton-is/tic (-tonfi/brin-ous (fi/bri-nus), adj. _Having, or partaking of the {s/tik), adj. ; ; fe’ver (fé/vér), n.. CAS. féfer, fr. L. febris.] .1, A diseased | properties of, fibrin; as, fibrinous exudation. state marked by increased heat, accelerated pulse, and gen- fi/bro- (fi’br5-), fibr-. A combining form for fiber, used in eral functional derangement, usually with thirst and loss | anatomy, physiology, etc., to indicate connection with, or of appetite. 2. Excessive excitement due to strong emorelation to, fibrous structure, fibrous tissue, or connecpage) devoted to light literature, criticism, etc.; also, the

tion.

—v.t.

Toafiect with fever.

fe’ver-few (-fu), n.

—fe’vered

(-vérd), adj. | tive tissue ; also, fibrous and. fibroid (-broid), adj. Like, forming, or composed of, fibrous tissue or tissues; as, a fibrovd tumor. parthenium) of the fi’bro-in (-bré-in), n. [L. fibra a fiber.] Biochem. An albuminoid, the chief ingredient of raw silk.

CAF. fewerfue, fr. LL. febrifug(i)a

fr. febris fever + fugare to put to flight.] European

herb

(Chrysanthemum

aster family.

A perennial

fever the : normal 98.6° Fahren: heat. Heat of the body over ov

fi-bro’ma (fi-br6’m4), n.; pl. -MATA (-mda-td), -MAS (-maz). heit; hence, an abnormal condition of interest or excitement. | [NL., fr. fibr--+ -oma.] Wied. A benign tumor, mainly of

fe/ver-ish (fé/vér-ish), adj.

1. Having a fever; showing | fibrous tissue. — fi-brom/a-tous

increased heat and thirst. 2. Indicating, or pertaining to,| tts), adj. fever. 3. Causing fever; infected with fever. 4. Dis- | fi-bro’sis (-bro’sis),

ordered as by fever; excited. — fe/ver-ish-ly, adv. — -ish-|

ness, n. “ ; fe’ver-ous (-iis), adj.

fe’ver-root’

(-root’), m..

: Feverish. — -ous-ly, adv.

n..

_

A coarse American herb (7'ri- }fib’ster (fib/stér), n.

a Acarious ulcer or necrosis.

fever tree.

Any of several trees which are thought to in-}

Med.

A

condition marked by increase of interstitial fibrous tissue.

fibrous (fi/briis), adj. [NL. fibrosus.] Containing, or | like, fibers; as, the fibrous husk of the coconut.

osteum perfoliatum) of the honeysuckle family.

fever sore.

(-brém/d-tts; -bro’md-

[NL., fr. fibr--+-osis.]

b = COLDSORE.}

| fib’u-la

buckle] fg.

Collog.

(fib/ti-la), n.;

1. Gr.

A brooch

One who tells fibs.

pl. -Lar

(-lé), -Las

& Rom. An-

or clasp.

(¢ldéz).

[L.,

2. Gio

dicate regions free from fever or which yield febrifuges; | Anat. & Zool. The outer, and esp.: a The blue gum Hucalyptus globulus. b An orna-} usually the smaller, of the two Fibula, 1 mental rubiaceous tree (Pinckneya pubens) of the south-} bones of the hind limb (or _ Tee eastern U. S. | leg), below the knee. — fib/u-lar (-lér), adj. fe/ver-weed’ (fé/vér-wéd’), n. Any of several plants of a |-fic -ffk). [F. and L.; F. -fique, fr. L. -ficws (as in somnt-

genus (Hryngiwm, esp. H. aquaticum)

of coarse bristly | jfiews somnific), fr. facere to make.]

herbs of the carrot family; — from their use in medicine.

fe/ver-wort’ (-wiirt’), n.

@ = FEVERROOT.

set Hupatoritum perfoliatum. few (fii), adj. (AS. féawe, pl.J

Not many; of small num-|

er. — Syn. See tess. — Ant. Many, numerous.

few/ness (-nés; -nis), n.

A suffix signifying

making, causing ; as in soporific, scientific.

h The bone- } -fi-ca’tion (-fi-ka’shim).

[F. and L.; F., fr. L. -ficatio,

-onts, fr. -ficare (in comp.) to make.} a making, causing, as in pacification.

A suffix denoting

| Fichte (1762-1814) or his philosophy.

— mn, An idealist

Fich’te-an (fix’té-dn), adj.

State of being few; paucity.

Pertaining to Johann Gottlieb

few’ter-er (fti/t@r-ér), m. _[AF. veutrier, fr. OF. veutre,} of the Fichtean school. — Pich’te-an-ism (-iz’m), n. veautre, a hunting hound.} Obs. A keeper of greyhounds; | fich’u (fish’60; F’. fe/shii’), n. [F., neckerchief.] A kind of

hence, an attendant.

:

¥

ie

,

| ornamental three-cornered cape, worn by women.

few’trils (ft/trilz), n. pl. Dial. Little things; trifles. iey (3), adj.

CAS. fége.]_

1. Archaic & Scot.

fick’le (fik’’"), adj.

Fated to}

merly worn

| 2. An insignificant trifle.

fie’tile (ffk/til or, esp. Brit., -til), adj. {[L. fictilis. See riction.] Molded, or capable of being molded, into form | by art; made of molded clay; relating esp. to pottery.

EF., fr. A small

French hackney coach. fi/an-cé’ (fé/in.sa’; fé-an’sa; FP. f6/ANn’sa’), n-.

| fic’tion (fik/shin),mn. [F., fr. L. fictio, fr. fingere, fictum, | to form, invent, feign.] 1. Obs. Act of fashioning; hence,

CF.]

betrothed person.

Fi/an-na

a device.

es

2. Obs. Dissembling.

_ 3. A feigning or imag-

ining; as, by a fiction of the mind.

Fez,

(fé/d-nd), n., or Fi/an-na Bir’-

eann (arin). The Fenians.

Steady, reliable, con

| fi’co (fe’k0), n.; pl. -cons Ck6z). [It., a fig, fr. L. ficus.] | 1. Obs. A fig, a sign of contempt made by the fingers.

as the national headdress of

masc., fi/an-cée’ (-sa’), n. fem.

Liable to change; un-

Syn. Irresolute, vacillating, variable,

mutable. See FAITHLESS. — Ant. | stant. — fick/le-ness, n.

fr. fez, Morocco.] A form of felt or cloth cap, usually red and having a tassel, for-

the Turks. — fezzed (fézd), adj. fi-a’cre (fé-a’kér; F. fya’kr’), n. the Hotel St. Fiacre, Paris.]

(AS. ficol.]_

stable; capricious. —

ie. 2. Having the air of one under a doom or spell. fez (f€z), n.; pl. rezzes (f€2/€z; iz). [F.,

feignedor imagined;

4. That which is

esp., a feigned or invented

[Ir. fianna Fenians + Eireann of Ireland.] | 5- Fictitious literature; specif., novels. 6. Law. eee “eta possible shine: 95 a pel een

il’

(fol).

Rianne

Bail

,

ee

-

Invention,

fable, coinage,

forgery, falsehood.

—

story.

An asee

Fiction, fig-

Paty oppexed to. theoath of allesiange and tofurther | Be™memtfabrication (n theEERsenvebr invention). Piction suggestsimpayments of land annuities to Great Britain. ; PT ELE as MPLS) Cleo NEA OS )

ent

r

,

opposed to fact, truth, reality; figment implies more irresponsible in-

fi/ar (fé/ér), n. Scots Law. One in whom the fee simple of | vention; it often suggests a somewhat transparent fiction, esp. to keep an estate >isis vested. A vest 2 K up appearances; fabrication commonly implies something made up to deceive. — Ant. Fact, truth. fi-as’co_(f€-4s’k6), n.; pl. -coEs or -cos (-k6z). [It., orig. bottle.] A crash; a complete or ridiculous failure. fic’tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj. Pertaining to, or characterized fivat (frat; -dt), n. [L., let it be done.] | A formula of by, fiction. — fie/tion-al-ly, adv.

sanction, consisting of the word fiat, by which authority is | fic’tion-ist (ist), m.

given; hence, a sanction; decree.

fiat money.

U.S.

A writer of fiction; a storyteller.

fic-ti’tious (ffk-tish’%is), adj. EL. ficticius. See Fiction] 1. Feigned; imaginary; not genuine. 2. Of, pertaining i ini

Paper currency of government issue

which is made legal tender by fiat or law, does not repre- | to, orlike, fiction. — Syn. See agtrricrat. — Ant. Actual, ent, or oris Piet ao Lonely, seg — fic-ti/tious-ness, n. sent, is nnot based upon, specie, and contains no promise

of redemption.

fib (fib), n.

‘

([Perh. fr. fable]

trivial matter.

—v.7.;

fae a fib. = fiber C2. ib,

v.t.

7%.

Slang.

ctitious person.

_A falsehood concerning a | fic’tive (fik’tiv),adj.

rIBBED

(fibd); FiB/BINc.

To]

LF. fibre, fr. L. fibra.]

1. A}

fid (fid), n.

thread or threadlike structure or object. 2. Bot. aA} slender, threadlike root,as that of a grass. b Along slen-} der thick-walled cell, as in sclerenchyma. 3. Collectively, | sid Spall «Hie tae anv a lode aeate i: when capable of

being spun and

woven.

i

gives texture or substance; hence, essential 5. Chem. Short for VULCANIZED FIBER.

fi/bri-form (fi/bri-f6rm), adj. Likea fiber. fibril (fi/bril), n.

1. Gopal

tive-ly, adv.

To beat; to pummel.

fi/ber, fi/bre (fi’bér), n.

Law. A corporati

imaginativecreation.

Naut.

(Dial. E.

b

litic.

ch ok oerericat

2. Imaginary; feigned. — fic’.

aul

,

fid a small, thick |

Asquare bar ee ae on

é

qed eT

a

:

the topmast. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used asasupport. 3. A tapering pin of wood or, loosely iron, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing, to stretch eyes, etc. ‘

at which | -fid (-fid). [L.i i character, aR pee Dod Cee parts ; specif., Bot., lobed or cleft, as in pinnatifid. Hand

fid’dle (fid’l),n. [AS. fithele, fr. L. vitula.] 1. Col. ‘Wa

(NL. fibrilia, dim. of L. fibra fiber.]|

log. Musie. Aviolin. 2. Something shaped likea 4 fiddle. 3. Nawt. A rack or light railing of cords, or the (i/bri-lér), fi/bril-lar’y (-lér/i or, esp. Brit., -lér-i, fi-bril’- | like, to keep dishes from sliding off a cabin table in rough

_ small thread orfiber,

ale, chaotic,

charity;

c&re,

Add,

2. A root hair. — fi’bril-lar

account,

arm,

ask,

sofa;

Gve,

Gld, Obey, Srb, Sdd, sOft, connect; food, fodt;

F

here (27),

vent,

End,

silént, makér;

out, oil; ciibe, Gnite, fim,

ice,

Yl,

tip, circés, menti;

a

fiddle-faddle weather.

1. Collog.

373

—v.7. & t.; BID/DLED (’ld); FIp/pLING

(-l¥ng).

To play on a fiddle. __2. To move beats

ae ae BeNey y; hence, to trifle; to potter.

id’dle—fad/dle (ffd’’l-fad’l), n.

oan = vt.

Collog.

Colloq.

A trifle; triflin:

To eee to Gdale with trifles.

e-head’ (-héd’), n.

aut.

:

An ornament on a ship’s is

bow, curved like the scroll at the head of a violin. fid’/dler (f¥d/lér), m. One who fiddles.

fiddier crab. A burrowing crab (genus Uca) of the Atlantic coast; —so called

fife rail

field’er (fél’dér), n. One who fields; specif., a player stationed in the field, as in baseball or cricket. field’er’s choice (-dérz). Baseball. An attempt by a fielder, when handling a batted ball, to retire a base runner other than the batter, when a play to first base would have retired the batter. field’/fare’ (féld’far/), n. [AS. feldeware, for feldefare.] A medium-sized European thrush (Turdus pilaris) with ash-colored head and chestnut wings. field glass. A small compact binocular telescope.

from the position in which the male often holds the enlarged claw.

fid/dle-stick’ n.

_(fid/’l-stik’),

1. A violin bow.

2.

A mere nothing; — used, esp. in pl., as an interjec-

B Fiddler Crab (Uca minazx).

Cs) Any of a genus (Cithareaylum)

tion.

fid’dle.wood/ (-w00d’), n.

of verbenaceous tropical American trees, or their hard wood. fid/dling (fid/ling), adj. Collog. Trifling; petty. fi'de-i-com/’mis-sat/y (fi/dé1-kdm/¥-str/t;_-sér¥; 3), n.

[LL. fideicommissarius.]

Civil Law.

of a fideicommissum. — adj. Civil Law. or of the nature of, a fideicommissum.

fi‘de-i-com-mis’sion

(-kd-mish’tin), n.

The beneficiary

Of, relating to,

Civil Law.

The

fi/de-i-com-mis’sum (-kd-mis/tim), n.; pl. -sa (-d).

CL.

making of a fideicommissum.

prop., a thing entrusted to faith. See rarTa; COMMIT. Rom. & Civil Law. A bequest which a decedent effects by begging or requesting his heir to turn over to another a

Portion of the decedent’s estate. fi-del’i-ty (fi-d2l/7-ti; {1-), n.; pl. -tres (-tYz). fr.

fidelitas.

See FEALTY.]

Careful

[F. fidélité,

observance

of

duty, or discharge of obligations; esp.: a Loyalty. b Adherence to the marriage contract. _c¢ exactness, as in a

copy. — Syn. Allegiance, fealty. See constancy. fidge (Yj), v. t. & 7.; FIDGED (fijd); rmc/iNc. Dial. To fidget. —n. Chiefly Scot. A fidget. fidg’et (fij/Et; Xt), v. 7. _To move restlessly. —v. ¢ To cause to fidget. —m. 1. Uneasiness. 2. pl. Restlessness, a8 shown by nervous movements.

fidg/et:y ({7j’¢-ti; -1-ti), adj.

3. One who fidgets.

Restless. — fidg’et-i-ness, n.

fi-du/cial ({i-di’shal), adj. [1.. fiduecia trust, confidence.] 1. Founded on faith or trust, esp. religious beliefs. 2. Having the nature of a trust; fiduciary. 3. Physics, etc. Taken as a standard of reference; as, a fiducial line, point,

etc. — fi-du/cial-ly, adv.

fisdu’ci-ar’y (-shi-@r/I_or, esp. Brit., -€r-¥; -shari), adj. 1. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. Of the nature

of a trust; confidential; as, in a fiduciary capacity. Resting upon public confidence for value or currency; —

said of fiat money and the like. —7.;

pl. -res (Iz).

One

who holds a fiduciary relation or acts ina fiduciary capacity. fie (f1), interj.

Exclamation expressing disgust, dislike, or,

now commonly, a humorous affectation of being shocked. fief (féf), n. L[EF.J Law. A feudal estate; a fee. field (feld), m. (AS. feld.] 1. Chiefly pl. Open country. 2. Cleared land; a tract, often enclosed, used for tillage or pasture. 3. A natural area yielding some particular, esp. mineral, resource; as, a coal field. 4. A piece of land put to a particular activity;

as, a flying field.

place where a battle is fought; also, the battle itself. extension,

the country

covered

6. An open extent or expanse.

by military

5.aA

b By

operations.

7. A space or ground on

which something is drawn or projected; specif.: a In her-

aldry, the whole surface of an escutcheon. b Ina flag, the ground of each division. 8. A sphere of activity or op-

portunity; specif., the area visible through the lens of an optical instrument, as a telescope. 9. Hlec. Short for FIELD MAGNET, FIELD WINDING. 10. Physics. A region or space traversed by lines of force, as of a magnet or electric current (magnetic force). IL. Sports. a An athletic

or playing area. b Specif., the central portion, usually enclosed by a racing track, of an athletic area, on which are contested such events as the high jump, pole vault, throwing of weights, etc. c All the players in action on a field; as, in football, to run through-a broken field. ad In baseball, cricket, etc., the side in the field, as opposed to the side at bat. e All the competitors in a sporting contest where more than two are entered. — Syn. Lot, meadow, clearing; battlefield; sphere, range, compass.

—adj.

1. Pertaining or belonging to the fields; made or

conducted in, or used in the field; as, field operations or

equipment. 2. Growing in_or inhabiting the fields or open country. 3. Sports. Of or performed or contested on the field (def. 11 b) as disting. from the track. —v.t. Sports. a To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder. b Fo put (a team or designated players) into the field for actual play; as, to field a weak team. — v.12. Sports. To play as a fielder. ; ay in the armies with used Artillery a Mil. field artillery.

field.

b [caps.]

U.S. Army. Anarm of the regular army

under a major general known as the Chief of Field Artillery.

field battery. Mil. A battery of field artillery. field clerk. A clerk on active service with an army. Eke A gla eet SN

Ki

Diagram of Field Glass. Rays from AB through Object Glass Q, would form asmaller inverted Image da, except that the concave Eyepiece # causes them to diverge (Oa to x, Ob to y) and to appear to come from a/b’, where the eye sees an erect magnified Image,

field goal. a American Football. A goal from the field, b Basketball. A basket thrown while the ball is in play. field magnet. A magnet used for producing and maintaining a magnetic field; — used esp. of the exciting magnets of dynamos and electric motors.

field marshal; pl. rep MarsHats.

Mil. Jn some armies,

an officer next in rank below the commander in chief. field music. Mil. & Nav. a The musicians, drummers, fifers, buglers, and pipers attached to military companies. The music produced by drummers, fifers, pipers, or buglers.

field officer.

Mil. A military officer of the rank of colonel,

lieutenant colonel, or major.

field of force.

Physics. = riExp, n., 10.

field of honor. a Formerly, a place where a duel was fought. b A battlefield. field of magnetic force. = MAGNETIC FIELD. field’piece’ (féld’pés’), n. A gun mounted on wheels, for use in field campaigns. fields’man (féldz’méin), n. Cricket. A fielder. field trial. A trial of sporting dogs in actual performance. field winding. Zlec. The winding of the field magnet of a dynamo or motor.

field’work’ (féld’wfirk’), n.

Mil.

Any temporary forti-

fication thrown up by an army in the field.

field work.

Work of gathering scientific data from the

field. — field’/work’er (-wifir’kér), n. : fiend (fend), n. [AS.féond.] _1. Satan; the Devil; hence, any demon. 2. A person of diabolical wickedness or, esP., cruelty. 3. Collog. A person who uses something, such as a drug, to excess; as, a dope fiend; also, one who is exces~ sively devoted to some pursuit; as, a golf fiend.

fiend/ish, adj.

Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel.

— fiend’ish-ly, adv. — fiend’ish-ness, n.

Syn. Fiendish, devilish, diabolical, dermoniac, demonic agree (except sometimes.demonic) in the idea of superhumanly evil qualities. Fiendish commonly implies excessive cruelty or malignity; as,fiendish tortures; fendishglee. Devilish, which often suggests abnormal wickedness, is often loosely used as an intensive with a coarsely humorous connotation; as, a “devilish good dinner.” Diabolical often (and sometimes devilish) connotes colder and more calculating malevolence than fiendish; as, diabolical ingenuity, crimes. Demoniac often suggests frenzy or excesses; as, demoniac laughter; demonic more often suggests the inexplicable orsuperhuman element in life or esp. genius; as, demonic power.

fiend’like’ (fénd/lik’), adj. _Fiendish. _. fiend/ly (-li), adj. Rare. Fiendlike; devilish.

fierce (fers), adj.; FIERC’HR (fér/sér); Frerc/est. fers, fiers, nom.

cruel.]

inspire terror. 2. Furious; raging; also, extreme in intensity; overpowering. — Syn. Brutish, cruel, savage; passionate. See rERocrous. — Ant. Kind, tender; gentle.

— fierce/ly, adv. — fierce’ness, n. fiere. Var. of FER.

||fi”e-ri fa’ci-as (fi/é-ri fa’shi-4s). [L., cause it to be done.] Law. A common-law writ lying for one who has recovered judgment in debt or damages.

fifer-y (fi/ri; fi/ér-T), adj. ;FYER-IER (firi-€r); FIYER-LEST.

1. Consisting of, containing, attended by, or bearing, fire. 2. Heated by fire, or as if by fire; hot; burning. 3. Resembling fire; glowing. 4. a Vehement; ardent. b Passionate; irritable. 5. Inflammable; as, fiery damp in a

mine.— Syn. Hot, flaming; violent; irascible, choleric. See, sprritep. — Ant. Icy; nonchalant. — fi’er-i-ly, adv. — fi’er-i-ness, n. ||fies’ta (fyés’td), n. [Sp. See reasr.] Areligious fes-

tival; a saint’s day; also, any holiday or festivity. fife (fif), n. [MHG. pfife (whence F. fifre), G. pfeife.] Music. A small

simple

form

of ——==3————»9—-s-s—-s-e-6—

flute with shrill t d chiefly toeae accompany the drum.

Fife.

—v.i.&

t. To play (on) a fife.

— fiffer (fif’er), mn.

fife rail.

Nauwt. A rail about the mast, near the deck, to

which running gear is belayed.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); « = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

[OF.

of fer, fier, fr. L. ferus wild, savage,

1. Vehement in anger or cruelty; of a natureto

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

CAS. fiftyne, fifténe.]

See

NUMBER, Table. — fif/teenth’ (-tenth’; 2), n. & adj. fifth (fifth), n. [AS. fifta.] 1, See NuMBER, Table. 2. Music. a The interval embracing five diatonic degrees. b The tone at this interval. ¢ The harmonic combination of two tones a fifth apart, d The fifth tone of a scale, reckoning up from the tonic; the dominant. — fifth, adj. — fifth/ly, adv.

fifth monarchy.

A universal monarchy, supposed to be

prophesied in Daniel ii.

Fifth Monarchy Men.

See Firra Monarcuy MEN.

WHist. A fanatical sect in England,

of the time of the Commonwealth (1649-1660), who maintained that the fifth monarchy, during which Christ would reign on eartha thousand years, was near at hand and that they must assist to establish it by force. fifth wheel. a A horizontal segment made up of two parts rotating on each other above the fore axle of a carriage, forming a support to prevent careening. b An extra wheel carried for use as substitute for a disabled wheel. ¢ Hence, a supernumerary or superfluous person or thing. fif/ty ({Tf/ti), n. & adj., (AS. fiftig.] See NuMBER, Table. — fif/ti-eth (-tY-éth; -Yth), n. & adj.

fif/ty-fold/ (-fold’; 2), adj. & adv.

See -FoLp.

fig(fig), n. [OF. figue, fr. Pr. figa, fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig] 1. The oblong or pear-

shaped fruit of the fig tree, pulpy when ripe, and eaten raw or preserved or dried with sugar. 2. Any of a genus (Ficus) of moraceous, trees distinguished by the peculiar, fruit

(syconium),

Any of several trees the true fig. 4. a

2. Condition; form. fig’eat/er (-ét/ér), n. A large flower beetle (Cotinis nitida)

of the southern United States. fight (fit), n. [AS. feoht.] 1. A violent physical struggle or victory. 2. Struggle; contest; as, fight the good fight. for fighting;

pugnacity.

4.

A screen for the combatants in ships. — Syn. AfSee CONTEST.

— v. 7. FOUGHT ({6t); FIGHT/ING. 1. To attempt to defeat, subdue, or destroy an enemy; to engage in contest. To act in opposition to anything; to contend. —v.¢t. 1. To

carry on, or wage, as a battle; to win or gain by struggle, as one’s‘way; to sustain by fighting, as a cause. 2. To war against.

To cause

to engage

in a fight; as, to fight

cocks. — Syn. Battle, war, tilt, combat, strike. — fight’a-ble, adj.— fight’/er, n.— fight shy of. To avoid meeting fairly or at close quarters. — fight (with) windmills. To combat imaginary evils, as Don Quixote tilted against windmills thinking them giants.

fight/ing cock.

aA gamecock.

bA pugnacious man.

fighting top. The top on a war vessel. fig marigold. Any of several carpetweeds (genus Mesembryanthemum) with showy white or pink flowers. fig’ment (fig’mént), n. | [L. figmentum, fr. fingere to form, inyent.] An invention; a fiction; something feigned or imagined. — Syn. See Friction. — Ant. Reality. fig/u-line (fig’t-lin; -lin), n. CF., fr.L. figulina pottery, fr. figulus potter, fr. fingere toshape.] A piece of pottery; esp., a statuette.

fig/u-rant (fig’ti-rant; /. f@/gii/rin’), n. masc.

[F., prop.

pres. part. of figurer to figure, represent, make a figure.] One who dances at the opera as one of a group; an accessory character on the stage, with no speaking part.

te ke (fig/ti-rant’; F. f/gii/rant’), n. fem. emale figurant; esp., a ballet girl.

fig/ur-ate (fig’iir-at), adj.

drawing; a likeness; image.

A person, thing, or action

representative of another. 6. An imagined form; phantasm. 7. A diagram or drawing illustrating the text of a book; acut. Abbr., fig. 8. An outline traced by a series of evolutions, as with skates on ice or with an airplane in the air.

9. A pattern; design.

10. Appearance or im-

pression made, esp. by a person; as, to present a sorry figure. A personage; character; as, the great figures of

history. Bio: Collog. Value, as expressed in numbers; price. 13. Dancing. A set or group of evolutions in a dance. 14. Geom. A drawing made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface

or space enclosed on all sides, — called plene or superficial when enclosed by lines, and solid when enclosed by surfaces. Logic. The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term. 16. Music. A short, coherent group of tones or chords, which may grow into a phrase, a theme, or an entire composition. 17.

Rhet.

—v.t.

line of.

A figure of speech (which see). — Sym. See FORM.

1. To represent by a figure; as: a To trace the outb To portray, as by description.

c¢ To fashion;

2. To represent by a metaphor.

3. To adorn

4. To indicate by numerals; also, to calcu-

a figure, esp. a pictorial figure.

of a fig, practically

or disposition

object having shape or form. The form of anything; shape; outline. 4. The representation of any form, as by

make a figure; to be distinguished. 2. Collog. To reckon in figures; hence, to calculate; plan. fiz/ured (fY¥g’tird; Brit. fig’érd), adj. 1. Represented by

nothing; a fico; —used in contempt. b A gesture of contempt. fig, v.t. Obs. To insult with a Fig. Leaves and Fruit. (46 to Ys) fico. Shak. fig(fig), v,t.; FIGGED (ffgd); rIc’cING. To dress; to rig; — ic iefly with out or up. —n. Collog. 1. Dress; array.

3. Strength

l.a

1, 2,3, etc. _b pl. Such characters used in reckoning; also, use of them in Conine as, good at figures. 2. A body;an

late. 5. Music. To write figures over or under (the bass) to indicate the accompanying chords. _—v.7. 1. To

esp.

fray, conflict; combativeness.

(COF., fr. L. figura.]

A written or printed character representing a number, as

with figures.

the cultivated fig tree (F’.. caria)

Obs.

fig’ure (fie’tir; Brit. fig’ér),n.

shape.

native to southwestern Asia.

Australia. resembling The value

file

374

fifteen fif/teen’ (fif/tén’; 2), n. & adj.

CF.J

A

[L. figuratus, past part. of

figurare. See F1GuURE.] 1. Now Rare. Ofa definite form or figure. 2. Music. Florid; involving passing discords by the freer melodic movement of one or more voice parts; as, figurate counterpoint. — fig/ur-ate-ly, adv. fig/u-ra/tion (fig/ti-ra’shiin), n. 1. Act of giving figure, or eterminate form. 2. Form; shape; outline. 3. Act of representation in figures and shapes; emblematical or typical representation. 4. Music. a The ornamental treat-

2. Adorned with, formed

into, or marked with, figures; as, figured muslin. 3. Not literal; figurative. 4. Music. a Figurate. b Indicated

by figures. fig/ure-head’ (fig/tir-héV; Brit. fig’€r-), n. figure on the bow of a vessel.

1. Nawt. The

2. A nominal, but not real,

head; esp., one who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or

duties. figure of speech. Rhet. A form of. expression such as an allegory, metaphor, or simile, other. than plain and normal, adopted for stylistic effect. fig/u-rine’ (fY¥g/i-rén’), n.

([F., fr. It. figu-

or statuette. fig’wort’ (fig’wirt’),

Any of a genus

rina.)

A small carved or molded figure

(Scrophularia)

n.

of plants,

chiefly coarse

herbs with small flowers; also, any plant of

the family

(Scrophulariaceae)

which in-

cludes this genus. Fiji (fe’i@), nm. _A member of the native race of the Fiji Islands. The Fijis are Mel-

anesians with Polynesian intermixture. — Fi-ji/an (f@-jé/an; fé/jé-dn), adj. & n.

fike (ik), v1. & n. Scot. & Ir. Fidget;

fare

uss. fil’a-ment (fil/a@-mént), n. [CF., fr. ML. filamentum, fr. filare to spin.] 1. A thread, or a slen@ der, threadlike object, process, or ap- { a g pendage. Bot. a The anther-bearing | stalk of

astamen.

b A threadlike series

of cells or a very long cylindrical single cell, as of certain algae, fungi, and bacteria. 3. Hlec. A threadlike conductor as of carbon or metal, that is rendere

incandescent by the passage of an electric

current. — fil/a-men/ta-ry (-mén/ta-ri), adj. — fil’a-men/tous (tts), adj.

fi/lar (fi/lér), adj.

LL. filuwm.athread.J

rl

1 Anther; 2 Filament.

Of or relating to

a thread or line; characterized by threads stretched across the field of view; as, a filar microscope.

fi-la’ri-a (fi-la/ri-@; 6), n.; pl. -RtAE (-€). [NL., fr. L. filum athread.] Zool. & Med.’a Any ofa nes genus (Filaria)

of slender nematode worms, parasitic in the blood and tissues of vertebrates, having various invertebrate animals as

intermediate hosts.

b Any of various related genera, as the

Guinea worm. — fi-lar’i-al (-lar/i-dl), fi-lar’i-an (-dn), adj. fil/a-ri’a-sis (fil/d-ri/d-sis), n. [NL.] _ Infestation with filariae; also, the resulting diseased condition.

fil’a-ture (fil/a-ttir), n. aA drawing out into threads; hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons, _b A reel for draw-

ment of a passage by the use of passing notes and other

ing off silk from cocoons; also, an establishment for reeling silk.

by a Ex-

fil/bert (ffl/bért), nm. (CF. dial.J Either of the two European hazels (Corylus avellana pontica and C. maxima);

devices. b The figuring of a thorough bass. fig’ur-a-tive (ffg’iir-d-tiv), adj. 1. Representing figure, or by resemblance; typical; emblematical.

pressing one thing in terms normally denoting another with which it may be regarded as analogous; as, figurative language, sense.

3. Abounding in figures of speech; flow-

ery; as, a figurative description.

4. Relating to the rep-

resentation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. —

fig/ur-a-tive-ly, adv. — fig’ur-a-tive-ness, n.

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

c&re,

Gld, Obey,

Add,

@ccount,

Arm,

ask,

6rb, Gdd, sft, cdnnect;

sofa;

also, their thick-shelled and sweet-flavored nut. filch (filch), v.¢. To steal; to pilfer. — Sym. See sTEAt. — filch’er (fYl/chér), n. file (fil), n. [F., row, fr. filer to spin, or, in some senses, F. fil thread, course; both fr. L. filwm thread.] 1. A line, wire, or other device by which papers are put and kept in @ve,

food, foot;

here

(27),

évent,

End,

out, oil; ciibe, Unite,

silént, makér; ice, ill , » Up, circ%s, menti;

file Papers are preserved. 3. Obs.

2. An orderly collection of papers.

A roll; list.

4. A row

of persons,

animals, or

things, arranged one behind the other. 5. Chess. A row of squares from one player to his opponent across the chess-

board. 6. Mil. a A row of soldiers ranged one behind another; — opp. to.rank. b A small number of soldiers

detailed as a detachment.

ranged in a methodical manner.

—v.7.

file or line, as soldiers.

To march ina

file, m. [AS. fil, feol.] _1: Mach. A hardened steel instrument having cutting

;

E

Flat

File;

Round

2

File;

3

Triangular File.

fil’er (f1l’Er), m. One who orthat which files.

[F.]

d Painting.

c¢ Architect.

A composition,

& Engin.

A plate

as of powdered silica

and oil, used to fill the pores and grain of wood before applyThe tobacco used for

b Any of 1

||fillet’ (felé’; EH. fé-1a’; fla; 2),n.

Var. of FILIGREE.

ing paint, varnish, etc. e Tobacco. the interior portion of cigars.

Ar-

related oddly shaped plectognath a

fil/la-gree (fil’a-gré).

filled gold (fild). Jewelry. Asubstitute forsolid gold, consisting of a base metal, usually brass, mechanically covered with a layer of hard gold of appreciable thickness. : filled milk. Skim milk enriched in fat content by the addi-

ture.

Any leathery

rough,

skins; specif.: a A triggerfish.

many

2. That

which fills; esp., material that fills or is used in filling a re-

bulk, weight, or viscosity.

with off and away.

file, v.¢. [AS. flan, fr. fal foul] chaic & Dial. To defile. file’fish’ (f{1l/fish’), n.; pl., see FISH.

i shes._

—vn. 1. A fullsupply; as much as supplies want.

or other piece to fill in a space between two parts of a struc-

2. To remove with a file; — used

with

to complete by insertions; as, to fill in an application. — fillout. a To enlarge to the desired limit; also, to fill in. b To distend. c To be distended to proper dimensions.

tion of vegetable oils. xu fill’er (f1l’ér), m. One who or that which fills; as: a Filling ora filling. b A substance added to another, as to increase

ridges, or teeth, upon its surface, used for abrading or smoothing metal and other substances. 2. Slang. A shrewd person; also, a fellow; cove. —v.t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with or as if with a

of certain fishes

will catch them full; to proceed on the course after having been brought up in the wind. — fillin. To insert; also,

¢ Collog. A number or numeri- | ceptacle, cavity, or the like.

cal position on the lineal list for promotion. file (fil), v. t. To setin order; to lay away (Papers, etc.), ar-

file.

filth

375

order; now, any device, as a folder or cabinet, in which

a Cookery.

Fil-

fi/let’ de sole’ (f@/l@/ d’ sal’). [FJ Fillet of sole. |fi/let’ mi’gnon’ (mé/ny6n’; EZ. fé-la’; fla). (FJ

pl. -RtEs (-r¥z). [LOF. fumeterre, prop., smoke of the ground, fr. L. fumus smoke +-

terra earth.]

Any of a genus (fumaria, family Fumari-

aceae) of erect or climbing herbs; esp., the common fumitory

(F. officinalis), used in medicine as a tonic, alterative, and diaphoretic. fum/y (ftm/%), odj.; FuM’t-rRr (-1-ér); -1-eSst., Producing fumes; vaporous. — fum/i-ly, adv. — fum/i-ness, n.

fun (ftin),7.

[From fun_to trick, ¢ajole, prob. fr. fon to be-

fool. See FonD, adj.) Sport; merriment; playful action or speech. — v.72. Collog. To act in fun; to make fun; joke.

fuenam/bu-list (fi-nim/bi-list), n. (L. funambulus, fr. funis rope + ambulareto walk.) A ropewalker or ropedancer. — fu-nam/bu-lism (-liz’m), n.

chair;

go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdre

Numbers refep to §§ inGuide to Pronunciation,

(118);

fu/ner-al (fii/nér-al), adj. . {OF., fr. ML. funeralis ofafuneral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral.] Pertaining to or befitting a funeral; used at the burial of the dead. — 7m. [F, Sunérailles, pl.)

1. The rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, esp. by interment; obsequies. 2. The procession attending the burial of the dead. fu-ne/re-al (fi-nér’é-dl), adj. (CL. funereus.] _Appropriate to a funeral; sad and solemn. — fu-ne’re-al-ly, adv. fu-nest’ (fii-ntst’), adj. [T'. funeste, fr. L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, destruction.] _Fatal; dire; doleful. fun’gal (fiing’gal), adj. Bot. Fungus. =n. A fungus.

fun/gi (ftin’j1), n., pl. of FUNGUS.

fungi-.

A combining form for fungus, as in fun-gif’er-ous,

fun’gi-form, fun-giv’o-rous (see -FEROUS, etc.).

fun’gi-ble (ftin’j7-b’l), adj.

Law.

Such that one specimen

or part may be used in place of another in the satisfaction of an obligation, as money, food, etc. —m. [ML. (res) fungibiles, fr. L. fungi to discharge.] A thing that is

fungible. — fun/gi-bil/i-ty (-bil’7-tY), n. fun’gi-cide (ftin’jl-sid), n.. Cfungi--+- -cide.]

Any sub-

stance that destroys fungi or inhibits the growth of the

spores or hyphae, — fun/gi-cid’al (-sid/dl; -’l), adj. fun’goid (fting’goid),adj. [fungus-+-oid.] Resembling, or characteristic of, a fungus; fungal. — 7m. A fungus. fun-gos’i-ty (fting-g6s/7-tl), n.; pl. -T1ms (-tYz). Fungus quality; a fungus excrescence. fun/gous (fiing’giis), adj. (L. fungosus.] Fungus.

fun’gus (fiing’gus), n.; pl. FUNGI (fiin’jI), FUNGUSEs (fiing’sUS*€Z; -1Z). -» @, mushroom.] ny of a group |’ (Fungi) of thallophytic plants comprising the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, etc.

They are destitute of

chlorophyll and reproduce mainly by means of asexual spores. 2. Med. A morbid spongy growth, esp. of granuDees — adj. Of the nature of, pertaining to, or like, a ungus. fu/ni-cle (fi/n!-k’l), n. [L. funiculus, cord.] A small cord; a funiculus.

fu-nic/u-lar (fii-nik/i-lér), adj,

dim.

consisting of, a funicle, a funiculus, or funiculi.

x = ch in G, ich, ach;

of funis

1. Pertaining to, like, or

bon; yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary.

2. Per-

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

funicular railway

fusibility

406

taining to, or dependent on, the tension ofacord. — 7. In fur’/nish-ing, n. 1. Act of supplying furniture or fittings. full funicular railway. A cable railway; esp. any form of Ornament; adornment. 3. pl. Furniture, fixtures, etc. mountain railway in which the ascending car and the de- fur’ni-ture (ffir/ni-ttr),n.. [F. fourniture.] 1. Archaic. scending car counterbalance éach other in weight. A furnishing or state of being furnished. 2. Necessary

fu-nic/u-late (fti-nik’ti-lat), adj. Having, or forming, a funiculus. fu-nic’u-lus (-ltis), n.; pl. -11 lt). [L.,a little cord. See FUNICLE. } Anat. a The umbilical cord. band, or bundle of fibers. ¢@ The spermaticcord. The stalk of an ovule. (ftingk), n. Collog. 1. A shrinking back

A cord, 2. Bot.

through

fear; panic. One who shirks through fear. — 4. 7. To shrink back through fear; flinch. —v.¢. 1. To shrink

from or shirk because of fright. 2. To cause to flinch. fun/nel (fiin’2l; -), n. (Pr. founil, enfounith, fr. L. fundibulum, infundibulum, funnel, deriv. of in in-+ fundere

to pour.]. i. A vessel (usually an inverted cone) with a tube at the point, through which liquids, powders, etc., may be run into another vessel. flue for air, light,

smoke, or vapor; a smokestack, esp.ofasteamship. —s

such characters. 2. Any

\£)o NG 5

:

:

9

Egyptian Hieroglyphics.

obscure or unintelligible symbol, sign, etc.; also, pl. illegi-

ble, writing. — hi/er-o-glyph/i-cal-ly, adv. — hi/er-og/ly-

phist (-6g/li-fist), n.

hi’er-ol’/o-gy (hi/ér-5l/5-ji), n.; pl. -GtES (-Jiz). -logy.|

[hiero- +

5 body of knowledge of sacred things; literary or

hierophantés, fr. hieros sacred + phainein to show.] 1. Gr. Antiq. A priest; specif., the chief priest of the Eleusinian mysteries. 2. Hence, an expositor of sacred mys-

GS--

—v. t.

teries. — hi/er-o-phan/tic (fan/tYk), adj. hig’gle (hig’’l), v. 7.; -GLED (-’ld); -cLine (ling).

stickle for small advantage; chaffer.

[AS. hg-

dan.] To conceal; withdraw from sight; put out of

eo? ee

view; secrete. 2. To withhold from knowledge; keep

secret.

3. To obstruct or

shelter.

5. To turn away,

view

of.

4. To

aoe | we ae Seng, seceeeeter Cra @)eee A a:

as the eyes or face, in dis-

Ragu, srenieeg te—v. 1. Hide, 1. abdc Butt; A Bea, A BdbBends;a 6 FC o lie concealed; keep _onei Shoulder; self out of view. — hid’er abfe Range; E, E Belly Offal;

(hid/ér), n. D, D, D Cheeks and Faces. Syn. Cover, mask, veil, cloak, shroud, bury, screen, disguise; dissemble, suppress. — Hide, conceal, secrete. Hide (the general term) and conceal are often interchangeable. But conceal often emphasizes more strongly the element of intention or the effectiveness of the result, and is oftener used of a refusal to divulge; as, the bonnet hid her face; the papers were concealed in a secret drawer. To secrete is

to deposit in close hiding. — Amt. Expose, show, display, reveal.

hide’bound’ (hid’bound’), adj. 1. Having the. skin adhering closely to the ribs and back; — of an animal. 2. Obstinately narrow; stupidly conservative. 3. Kept from growing by having bark too firm or close; — of trees.

hid’e-ous (hid’é-ts), adj. [OF. hidous, hisdos, fr. hide, hisde, fright.] | 1. Now Collog. Dreadful; awful.

Revolting; horribly ugly or discordant; shocking; morally detestable. — hid’e-ous-ly, adv. — hid’e-ous-ness, n. hid’/ing (hid/ing), n. Collog. A flogging.

Concealment; also, place or means

of con-

hi-dro’sis (hY-drd/sts), n._ (NL., fr. Gr. hidroun to sweat, hidros, sweat.], 1. Physiol. Perspiration. Med. Excessive perspiration or any skin disease characterized by it. hie (hi), v. 7.; HED (hid); ay/1NG, HIE/ING.

[AS. higian.]

To hasten; go in haste; — often reflexively. (ML. hierarcha, fr. Gr. hie(hi/ér-irk), n. rarchés, fr. hieros sacred + archos leader, ruler, fr. archein to rule.{ The chief of a sacred order; a member of a hierarchy. — hi/er-ar/chal (-ar/kdl), adj.

hi’er-arch

hi’er-ar/chism (-ar/kiz’m), n._ The principles or authority

of a hierarchy. — hi’er-arch/ist (-adr’/kist), n. hi’er-arch’y (hi/ér-dr/k¥), n.; pl. -arcuies (-kY¥z). 1. A rank or order of holy beings, esp. of angels; also, usually celestial hierarchy, the angelic orders collectively. A body of rulers, esp. of ecclesiastics, disposed organically in ranks and orders each subordinate to the one above it;

also, such a system of church government or its authority. 3. A series of objects, or items divided or classified in ranks or orders, as in natural science or logic; a hierarchical

arrangement. — hi/er-ar/chic (-ar’kik), hi/er-ar/chi-cal, adj. — hi/er-ar’chi-cal-ly, adv. hi/er-at/ic (hi/ér-at/ik), adj. Also hi/er-at’i-cal (7-kdl).

L. hieraticus, fr. Gr. hieratikos.] 1. Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to, or originated by priests. 2. Egypt. Archaeol. Designating an abridged and somewhat cursive form of hieroglyphic writing which in late use was reserved for religious writings. — hi/er-at’i-cal-ly, adv.

hi’er-o- (ui/ér-6-), hier-. meening

(i-kdl).”

eroglyphikos,

Of the nature of a hieroglyph or hieroglyphics; inscribed with pee n. 1. A sacred character; a char-

2. Chiefly Hu-

The human

HID/ING (hid/ing).

hid’ing, n. cealment.

A slave_attached to the service of a

by St. Jerome (L. Hieronymus).

1. To take the hide from. 2. Collog. To flog severely. hide (hid), v. t.; HID (hid); HID/DEN (hid/’n) or HID;

the

Gr. Relig.

Hi/er-on’/y-mite (-5n’/i-mit), n. _A member of any of various hermit orders named after St. Jerome. hi’er-o-phant (hi/ér-6-fant; hi-ér’-), n. [From LL., fr. Gr.

— Syn. See skin.

bar

slave.]

temple. — hi/er-o-du/lic (-dii/lik), adj. i hi’er-o-glyph/ (hi/ér-6-glif’), n. A hieroglyphic. hi/er-o-glyph’ic (-glif’ik), adj. Also hi/er-o-glyph/i-cal

in old English

charters. hide, x. [AS.hgd.]. 1. The skin of an animal, either raw

or dressed.

Chiero-

by. ecclesiastics; a hierarchy. —

traditional embodiment of the religious beliefs of a Peon. Hi/er-o-nym/ic (-6-nim/ik), -nym/i-an (-I-dn), adj. ade

varying from 80 to 120 acres;

—common

Government

acter in the picture writ-

_[Sp., contr. fr.

A title denoting a

Spanish nobleman of the lower class. hid’/den_(hid’’n), past part. of HIDE, conceal. adj.

-cracy.]

hi/er-o-crat/ic (-6-krat/Tk), hi/er-o-crat/i-cal, adj.

[Gr. hieros.]

sacred, as in hi’er-o-gram’

A combining form

(see -GRAM).

1. To

2. To peddle pro-

visions. — hig’gler (-lér), n. hig’gle-dy—pig’gle-dy (hig/’l-di-pig’’l-dl), adv. In confusion. — adj. Jumbled. —n. Confusion; jumble. high (hi), adj. [AS. héah, héh.] (1. Lifted up; lofty;

tall; elevated.

2. Having (the specified) altitude or ele-

vation; as, ten stories high. Advanced to or toward its mid, acme, or fullness of character; as, high summer. 4. Long past;’ ancient; remote; as, high antiquity.

Sharp; shrill; — of sound. Elevated or exalted in character or quality; noble; sublime. 7. Intellectually

deep; profound. 8. Of great importance; first; chief; as:a Exalted in standing, rank, dignity, etc. Grave; serious; as, a high crime. mighty; as, high winds;

boastful.

9. Forcible; powerful; strong; high speed. 10. a Arrogant;

Showing elation.

11. Slang.

Intoxicated.

12. Extreme or rigid, esp. in matters of doctrine or ceremony. 13. Of greater degree, size, amount, content, efficacy, etc., than ordinary; superior in some specified or

understood way; as, high stakes; iron high in phosphorous; in high gear.

14. Dear in price; costly.

15. Strong-

scented; slightly tainted; — of game to be cooked.

Biol.

Having

a complex

organization; — usually

16.

in the

comparative degree; as, the higher apes. Geog. Far toward one of the poles; — chiefly in phrase high latitude.

18. Music. Acute in pitch; sharp; — opposed to grave or low. 19. Phonet. Of a vowel, uttered with some part of the tongue high up toward the palate (é in eve). Syn. High, tall, lofty. High, the general term (opposed to low), applies to extension upward ;that is tall (often opposed to short) which is high as compared with others of its kind, esp. when its breadth or diameter is relatively small; that is lofty (often poetical for high) which is of great or imposing altitude; as, a high (not fall) hill; a high (or fall) tree, building; a tall (not high) man; a lofty mountain. High and lofty (not tall) also apply to that which is at great or considerable height; as, a high (or lofty) cloud. High alone is used to express degree or intensity; as, high speed, power, color. |

—n.

1. Chiefly Collog.

etc.; a height.

A high place, condition,

level,

2. An area of high barometric pressure.

high, adv. Ina high manner, degree, station, etc.; at or to a high place, altitude, pitch, etc. — high’ly, adv. high’ball’ (hi/bdl’), n., or high ball. A drink of diluted spirits served with ice in a tall glass. high’bind/er (-bin’dér), n. U.S. One

of a band of Chinese criminals in a

Chinese quarter, hirable as assassins. high blower. See BLOWING, n., 2. high’born’ (hi/bérn’; 2), adj. Of noble birth. Shak. high’boy’ (-boi’), n. A.chest of drawers mounted on a tablelike base

or lowboy.

:

high’bred/ (hi/bréd’; 2), adj.

Of su-

perior blood or breeding; aristocratic.

high’—brow’ (hi/brou’), n._

learned

person;

an

Slang.

A

intellectual. —

high’—browed’ (-broud’), high’—brow’ism, n.

adj. —

High Church. In churches of the Anglican Communion, a party that stresses the ecclesiastical, liturgical,

and sacerdotal aspects of Anglican-

Highboy.

ism. — High’—Church’ (-chitirch’; 2), adj.

file, chaotic, cre, Add, @ccount, firm, ask, sofa; Eve, hére (27), évent, End, sil@nt, makér; ice, YIl, charity; Gld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, soft, cdnnect; fO0d, fO6t; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tip, circés, menii;

~

high comedy high/er crit/i-cism (hi/ér).

The use of scientific and his-

torical methods in the study of literature, esp. of the Bible.

high explosive. An explosive, as trinitrotoluene, that generates gas with extreme rapidity and has a shattering

effect. — high’—ex-plo’sive, adj. high’fa-lu’tin (hi/fa-li’tin; -t’n), -ting (-tYng), n. Colloq. High-flown, bombastic language. — adj. Collog. Highflown; pretentious. E high’fli’er, high’fly’er (hi/fli’ér; hi/flv’ér), n. One that

flies high.

Hence:a One notably pretentious, extravagant,

etc. b Inthe 18th century, an extreme partisan. — high’fly’ing (-fli/ing; 2), adj.

high’—flown’ (hi/flon’; 2), adj.

1. Elevated; proud. 2. urgid; bombastic; inflated; as, high-flown language. High German. The language of the (southern) highlands of Germany. See GERMAN, 2. high hand. Highhanded use of power. r high’hand’ed_ (hi/han’déd; -did; 2), adj. Overbearing; arbitrary. — high’hand’ed.ly, adv. — -ed-ness, n. _ high’—hold/er (-hol/dér), high’hole’ (-h6l’), n._ The flicker. high’jack’er, hi’jack’er (jak’@r), n. | [Origin obscure.] Slang, U.S.

a A holdup man.

Hence, esp,, a highway-

man who robs bootleggers and rumrunners of their stock. high jinks. Noisy revelry; wild behavior. high jump. Athletics. The jump for height. : high/land (hi/lénd), n._ Hilly or mountainous land; specif.,

the High’lands

(hi/ldndz; Scot. hé/lants), the elevated

region of Scotland. — high’/land-er, High’land-er, 7. Highland fling. A lively folk dance of the Highlands. _ high light. The brightest spot in a painting, drawing, etc.; hence, an event, scene, etc., of paramount interest. High Mass. R&.C.Ch. Mass with incense, music, the assistance of a deacon, subdeacon, etc. high’—mind’ed eek som

2. Having or characterized

*2), adj.

1. Proud; arrogant.

by high or noble principles or

feelings. — high’/—mind/ed-ness, n. _ ‘ high’ness (hi/nés; -nis), rn. 1. Elevation; loftiness. 2. {cap.] A title of honor given to kings, princes, etc. high place. In ancient Semitic religions, a temple or altar, jeually on a hill or elevation. 4 i high’—pres/sure (see Pron., § 2), adj. 1. Having or in-

volving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmos-

phere.

2. Urgent; as, high-pressure salesmanship.

high priest.

high

:

A chief priest; esp., the head of the Jewish

priesthood.

li

Also high’—proof’

roof.

(see Pron.,

2

§ 2), adj.

highly rectified; strongly alcoholic; as, high-proof spirits.

high’road’ (hi’rdd’), n._

high school.

U.S.

A highway; hence, an easy way.

A school composed

of the grades

above those of the elementary school, and preparing college, business, a trade, etc.

for

ocean;

lies

high sea.

The open, unenclosed portion of the sea or

specif., pl., Brit., that part of the sea which

not within the body of a country. —high’—sea’ (-s¢’; 2), adj. : high’—sound/ing (see Pron., § 2), adj. Pompous or imposing in sound. Characterized by high’/-spir’it-ed (see Pron., § 2), adj. a bold or lofty spirit; having mettle. high’-strung’ (see Pron., § 2), adj. Ina state of tense or quick sensibility; highly sensitive or nervous. hight (hit), v. ¢. & 7.; past & past part. nicHtT. [AS. hatan

oneself;

to call, name.]

— chiefly in past

1. Archaic.

part.

To

2. Scot.

name;

to call

To promise;

to assure.

hight. Chiefly Dial. Var. of HEIGHT. ; high tea. Tea (a meal) with meats and extra relishes. high’-test’ (see Pron., § 2), adj. That passes a difficult test; specif., having a low boiling-point range, as certain gasolines.

high tide.

hindsight

471

high comedy. Brilliant, witty comedy of character. high day. A holy or feast day.

The tide at high water, thats, when the water

is at the greatest elevation; hence, culminating point. high time. a Quite time; none too soon. b Slang.

A

time of great excitement or enjoyment; a carousal.

high’—toned’ (-tdnd’; 2), adj. 1. High in_tone or sound. 2. Elevated; dignified. 3. Collog., U.S. Stylish. high treason. Treason against the sovereign or the state. high’ty—tigh’ty (hi’ti-ti’tl), interj. & adj. Hoity-toity. high’way’ (hi’wa’), n. A main road or thoroughfare; hence, a road or way open to the use of the public. — Syn.

See way. high’way’man (hi/wa’/mdn; hi-wa’-), n. A highway robber. high’—wrought’ (hi/rét’; 2), adj. 1. Elaborated. 2. urbulent; worked-up. hi’jack’er (hi/jaik/ér). Var. of HIGHJACKER. hike (hik), v. t. Chiefly Dial. To move witha swing, toss,

jerk, or the like. —v. 7. 1. To march laboriously; hitch: 2. Collog. To walk or tramp. —n. Act of hiking; a

hi-lar’i-ty (hY-1ar/%-t¥; hi-), n.. (F. hilarité, fr. L. hilaritas, fr. hilaris, hilarus, cheerful, fr. Gr. hilaros.] Boisterous mirth; hilariousness. — Syn. Glee, gaiety, joy-

ousness, joviality, jollity. See CHEERFULNESS. hilch (hilsh), n. & v. Scot. & Ir. Limo; halt. hil’/ding (hil/ding), n. Archaic. A base wretch or jade. .-— adj. Base; spiritless. i hill (hil), n. [AS. hyll.] 1. A natural elevation of land

lower than a mountain and usually rounded. . An artificial heap or mound, as of earth; as, a hill made by ants.

3. Specif., a heap of earth raised about the roots of

a_plant or cluster of plants; also, the plant or cluster of

plants so cultivated; as, a hall of corn. t2s> ComBINATIONS are: hili’man, hill/side’, hill’top’. —v.t. 1. To form into a hill, heap, or mound. 2. To surround with earth; as, to hill corn. — hill/er, n.

hill/bil/ly (hiV/byYVI), n. [hill+ 2d billy.) Collog., U.S. A backwoodsman or mountaineer of the South.

hill myna. An Asiatic bird (Hulabes religiosa) allied to the starlings. It is often tamed and taught to speak.

hil/lo, hil/loa (hil’d; hi-16’), n. & interj. Archaic. = HOLLO. ; hiil’ock (hY/%k), n. A small hill. — hill’ock-y (-i), adj. hill’y

(hil/t),

adj.;

BILW/rER

(-4-€r);

HILL/EEST.

Abounding with hills. 2. Steep. — hill’i-ness, n. hilt (h¥lt), n. (AS. hilt, hilte.] _A handle, as of a sword

or dagger. — v. ¢. To furnish with a hilt. hi/lum (hi/luim), n.; pl. wira (la). [L., a little thing, trifle.] 1. Bot. a The mark at the point of attachment

of an ovule forming the “eye.”

grain.

2. Anat.

& Zool.

him (him; 4), pron.

b The nucleus of a stareh

A mark, notch, or opening.

[AS., dat. of h@.]

Objective case

of HE. Hi-ma/la-yan (hY-mi/ld-ydn; hYm/a-la/ydn), adj. [Skr. himalaya, fr. hima snow+ Glaya abode.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Himalayas. a hi-mat/i-on (hY¥-mit/Y¥-6n), n.; pl. HIMATIA (-d).

(Gr.J]

Gr. Antig.

A garment consist-

ing of a rectangular cloth draped over the left shoulder and about the body.

Him/a-vat (him/a-vit), n. himself’

See DrEvr.

(him-sélf’; 4), pron.

An empha-

sized form of the pron. for the third person sing. masculine.. Its uses are: 1. For emphasis: a As a simple objective; as, it is for himself. b In apposition; as, John himself told us. c¢ Asa predicate nominative; as, he

went himself. d Dial. As a subject nominative, esp. when referring to the master or

head of a household. 2. Specif., esp. after be, become, etc.: His proper or normal self or state of mind. 3. Asa reflexive; as, he hurt himself. Him/yar-ite (him/y4r-it), n. [From Ar.

Sophocles Van ring a

Himyar, a legendary king in Yemen.] | 1,

imation,

ne of an important Arab tribe of antiquity dwelling in

southern Arabia. 2. An Arab of a group of related ancient tribes of southern Arabia, or of their descendants. —

Him/yar-ite, Him/yar.it’ic (-it/Ifk), adj. hind ouy n. (AS. hine, hina, orig. gen. pl. of hiwan

domestics.] 1. A farm assistant. 2. Hng. A peasant. hind (hind), n.; see PLURAL, Note,3. [AS.] The female of the red deer. f. STAG. hind (hind), adj. ;BIND/ER (hin/dér); HIND/MosT or HIND/-

ER-MosT.

Ofor pertaining to the part or end which fol-

lows or is behind; rear. — Sym. See POSTERIOR.

hind’brain’ (-bran’), n. Anat. a The posterior of the three primary cerebral vesicles, or the part of the brain developed from it, including the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata; the rhombencephalon. b The meten-

cephalon (cerebellum and pons) only. Cf. AFTERBRAIN. hind/er (hin/dér), adj. Of or pertaining to a part that follows or is in the rear.— Sym. See POSTERIOR. hin/der (hin/dér), v. ¢. [AS. hindrian.] 1. To keep back or behind; check; obstruct. 2. To prevent; embarrass;

debar; shut out.

—v.7.

To interpose obstacles or im-

pediments; to be a hindrance. — Syn. Retard, delay; hamper, impede; block, bar. — Ant. Expedite, advance, promote. — hin/der-er, n.

hind’er-most (hin’dér-most; -mtist), adj.

hind’—gut’ (hind’giit)), n.

Embryol.

See HIND, adj,

& Zool.

The poste-

rior part of the alimentary canal. Hin/di (hin/de), n. (Hind. hind?, fr. Hind India, fr. Per.]

An Indo-Aryan language, the chief vernacular of northern India. Itis divided into Eastern Hindi, and Western

Hindi (of which the chief dialect is Hindustani). hind’most (hind’most; -mtst), adj. See HIND, adj. hind/quar/ter (hind’kwé6r/tér; 2), n. The back part of the half of a carcass (beef, veal, lamb, mutton), divided usually between the twelfth and thirteenth ribs.

hin/drance

(hin/drans), nm. A hindering or that which

hinders. —— Syn. Obstruction, obstacle, interruption, check, delay, restraint. See pirricutry. — Ant. Aid.

-tramp; march. — hik’er (hik/ér), n. . hi-lar’i-ous (hi-lar/i-tis; hi-), adj. Noisily merry; boisterous. — hi-lar’i-ous-ly, adv. — hi-lar/i-ous-ness, n.

hind’sight’ (hind/sit’), n.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtre (118);

K =ch

Humorous.

1. The rear sight of a firearm.

Perception of the nature

and demands

of an event after it has happened; — opposed to foresight.

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh =z

Nuwbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

t. Hind India.

(Per. CF Hindi,

An adherent of Hinduism.

2. In

Continental and American usage, a member of one of the

native races of India. — Hin’du, Hin/doo, adj. — Hin’du-ize, Hin/doo-ize (hin’d06o-iz), v. t.

Hin/du-ism,

Hin’doo-ism

(hin/’d00-iz’m), n.

|The na-

tive religious and social system of India. It is a devotional polymorphic theism with a philosophical background, and a social system based on_ the idea of function (dharma) and caste observances. The number of sects is very large.

Hin/du-sta/ni,

Hin/doo-sta/ni

(hin/doo-sta’né),

adj.

(Hind. Hindustani an Indian, fr. Per. Hindustan India.]

Of or pertaining to Hindustan or its people or Hindustani.

—n. Also Hin/do-sta’ni (hin/d6-). The most important dialect of Hindi, written in both the Arabic and the Deva-

nagaricharacter. Itssubdialect, Urdu, isspoken by Mohammedans. Itiscurrent asa lingua franca over nearly all India. hinge (hinj), n. [ME. heng, heeng.] 1. The joint, or

flexible piece, on which a door, gate,

lid,

histo-

472

Hindu Hin/du, Hin’doo (hYn’do0; hin’dd0’), n..

hip’po-drome {hip’S-drom), n.

with tiers of seats for spectators. 2. An arena for equestrian performances; a circus. hip’po-griff, -gryph (hip/d-erif), n. F. hippogriffe.] ‘A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. Hip-pol’y-tus (hi-pol/i-tiis), n. [L., fr. Gr. Hippolytos.] Gr. Myth. A son of Theseus. His stepmother, Phaedra,

fell in love with him, but he repulsed her advances. Phaedra hanged herself accusing Hippolytus of ravishment. Poseidon, answering the imprecation of Theseus, sent a

sea monster which so terrified the horses of Hippolytus that they dragged him to death.

Hip-pom/e-nes (hi-pom/é-néz), n. See ATALANTA. hip-poph/a-gous (hi-pof’a-gts), adj. [hippo- + -pha-

gous.] Eating horseflesh. — hip-poph/a-gy (-ji), n. hip’po-pot’a-‘mus (hip/d-pdt’a@-mtus), n.; pl. HIPPOPOTAMUSES (-€z; -1z), HIPPO= : POTAMI

etc,

(-m1), sometimes

U4

2. Anarticulated

nippopotamus. L[L., fr. gf Gr. hippopotamos, fr. hippos horse+ potamos

That

its

turns

or

swings.

joint, as of a bivalve shell. 3.

on

river.] Any of a family (Die rapolemidag) 5e5 of

which

anything turns or depends. 4. Obs.

fur-

nish with, hinges. — vv. 7. To stand, depend, hang, or turn, as on a hinge. — hing’er (hin’jér), n. hin’ny (hin’t), n.; pl. pInNtES (iz). ([L. hinnus.] A

hybrid between a stallion and an ass. ([L. hinnire.]

To neigh; whinny.

Rare.

hint (hint), n. [ME. henten to seize, catch, fr. AS. hentan.] 1. Obs. An occasion; moment; time; turn. 2. A allusion;

intimation;

gestion.— Syn.

insinuation;

See SUGGESTION.

mind by a hint; suggest indirectly.

—v.¢..

a covert

sug-

To bring

—v.7.

to

To make a

hint or hints. — hint/er, n. — hint/ing-ly, adv. Syn. Hint, intimate, insinuate,imply imply suggestion. To hint

is to suggest indirectly or by covert allusion. The word often implies lack of candor or straightforwardness; as, some darkly hinted of treachery. Intimate often implies a lighter or more elusive suggestion than hint, but does not connote lack of frankness; to insinuate is to hint artfully or to convey an underhand suggestion; as, cowardly insinuations.

Imply is in general opposed to express.

hin’ter-land/ (hin’tér-lind’; @. -lant’), n.

(G.]

The re-

gion lying behind the coast district; hence, a region remote

from cities and towns. ? hip (hip), interj. A call to attention, as in beginning a cheer. hip (hip), n._ CAS. hype.) 1. The projecting region of

each side

of the body below the waist, formed by the lateral

parts of the pelvis and upper part of the thigh; haunch.

2. Arch.

The external angle formed by the meeting of two

sloping sides of a roof, which have their wall plates running in different directions. —on, or upon, the hip. Ata disadvantage; as, to take or have one on the hip;—a

phrase derived from wrestling. HIP/PING.

— v. t.; HIPPED

To make with a hip or hips, as a roof.

(hipt);

hip, n._ CAS. héope.] The ripened fruit of a rosebush. hip and thigh. Overwhelmingly; unsparingly, hip’bone/ (hip’bon’), n. hip’parch

(hip/ark), n.

‘The innominate bone. [Gr. hipparchos, hipparchés, fr.

hippos horse + archein to lead, rule.]

mander of cavalry. hipped (hipt), adj.

mitre

Gr. Antig.

.

A com-

1. Having hips of a specified kind; as,

large-hipped ; narrow-hipped.

2. Hipshot.

nating a roof having hips. hipped, adj. Collog. a Depressed. hip’pish (hip’ish), adj. hip’po- (hip’6-), hipp-.

esig-

b Obsessed.

Collog. Somewhat hypochondriac. (Gr. hippos.]_ A combining form

meaning horse, as in hip-pol/o-gy, hip’po-phile. hip’/po-cam/pus (-kim/piis), n.; pl. -PI (-pi). [L., the sea horse, fr. Gr. hippokampos, fr. hippos horse + kampos a sea monster.] 1. Gr. & Rom. Myth. A sea monster with

head and forequarters like a horse and tail like a dolphin or fish. 2. Anat. A ridge extending throughout the length of the descending horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. — hip/po-cam/pal, adj.

7

hip’po-cras (hip’6-kras), n.. [OF. ypocras, prop., Hippocrates.]

Hist.

A highly spiced wine.

Hip’po-crat/ic (-krat/ik), adj. from Hippocrates, Biog.

Hippocratic oath.

An oath, embodying a code of medical

ethics, generally taken by recipients of the M.D. degree. Hip’po-crene (hip/6-krén; hip/6-kré/né), m. | [L., fr. Gr.

hippokrené, fr. hippos horse + kréné fountain.] tain on Mount

allied

A foun-

Helicon in Boeotia, fabled to have burst

forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus.

ale,

chaotic,

to

as i lint

the

=

é

Hippopotamus.

i

Bs

(130)

to the elephant, the largest existing quadruped. -hip’pus (-hip/u%s).

c&re,

Hdd,

account,

firm,

ask,

ld, dbey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, connect;

sofa;

(Gr. hippos.]

Zool.

Acombining form

meaning horse, used in generic names, esp. in paleontology. hip roof. A roof with sloping ends and sides; hipped roof.

hip’shot’ (hip/shdt’), adj.

(Chip -+ shot.]_

Having the hip

dislocated; hence, having one hip lower than the other.

hir/cine (hfir’sin; -sin), adj.

[L. hircinus, fr. hircus he-

goat.] Goatlike, esp. in smell; also, goatish. hire (hir), n. [AS.hgr.] 1. The price paid for the use of a thing or a place, for personal service, or for labor; pay. 2. Act of hiring something. — Syn. See wacrs. — v. t. 1. To engage the labor or services of, for hire. 2. To procure

for temporary

use, for a compensation,

3. To

grant temporary use of, for compensation; let; lease.

v. 1. Collog.

—

To give one’s services for hire. — hir’a-ble

hir’a-b’l), hire’a-ble, adj. — hir/er, n.

yn. Hire,charter. Hire is the general term; charter is commonly applied to vessels, but is occasionally used (colloq.) of other conveyances. See EMPLOY.

hire/ling (ling), n. One who is hired; hence, a mercenary. — Syn. See MERCENARY. — hire/ling, adj. hir’ple (hfir’p’]; hir’-), v. 7. & n. Scot. Hobble; limp. hir’sle (hfir’s’l; hir’-), v. 7. & t. Scot. To hitch along. hir’sute (hiir’stt; hfir-stt’), adj. [L. hirsutus.] Rough with hair or bristles; shaggy. — hir’sute-ness, n.

hi-ru/di-noid

(hi-ro0’di-noid), adj. (L. hirudo, -inis, leech + -o7d.] Zool. Resembling a leech. hi-run/dine (hi-rtin/din; -din), adj. (L. hirundo swallow.] Zool. Like or pertaining to the swallows. his (hiz; 4), pron. [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & neut.

of hé, neut. hit.

See HE.]

Of him; — the possessive case

of he used as an objective genitive (as, his memory will live

long) or absolutely (as, the book is his).

— adj. Belong-

ing or pertaining to him; made, experienced, etc., by him.

His-pa/ni-a (his-pa/ni-4; his-pi’-),n. [L.J country comprising modern Poetic, Spain. His-pan/ic (his-pin’ik), adj.

now,

Spanish. — His-pan/i-cism

(-Y-siz’m), n.

stiff hairs, or minute spines.

An ancient

Spain and Portugal;

his’pid (hYs/pid), adj. [L. hispidus.]

Rough with bristles,

— his-pid’i-ty (his-pid/7-ti), n.

hiss (his), v. 7. _ [ME. hissen, of imitative origin.]

_To

make a sharp sibilant sound; to make the sound emitted by an angered goose or snake; esp., as an expression of

hatred or disapproval. —v.t. 1. To condemn by hissing. 2. To utter with a hiss) —m. The sound made in hissing or one like it. — hiss’er, n.

hiss/ing, n.

1. Act of emitting a hiss or hisses.

2. Ar-

chaic. An object of scorn or contempt. hist (hist), interj. Hush! Be silent! Listen! —v. To say “Hist” to, or urge by or as if by that sound.

his’ta-mine (his’ta-mén; -min), n.__

t.

[histidine + amine.]

A crystalline base, C;HsN2CH:CH,N Hk, occurring in ergot

and formed by bacterial decomposition of histidine and

also made synthetically. It lowers blood pressure, stimulates contraction of the uterus, etc.

his/ti-dine (his’ti-dén; -din), n, tissue.]

Also -din.

(Gr, histion

Biochem. A crystalline basic amino acid, CsH,-

N,0., formed in the splitting of proteins. his’tie (his’ti), adj. Scot. Bare; barren.

his/to- (hYs’td-), Chiefly Biol. histoblast

hist-.

€ve,

fO0d, fot;

hére (27),

_[Gr. histos loom, warp, web.]

A combining form, meaning f7sswe; as in: histography histopathology

histochemistry histogenesis

Also, its waters, supposed to impart poetic inspiration.

charity;

2

popotamus amphibius), found in African rivers, and, next

3 T Hinge; nd-eyeind;: 26Strap; 1Hook-a Gate, ap;

Hinges,

(hin’jing). To at-

remote

mammals

AN

(Hippo-

in habits; esp., one (Hip-

(hinjd); HING’ING

hin’ny, v.7.

genus

hogs, and largely aquatic

of the compass. —v. t.; HINGED tach

typical

potamus) of herbivorous

The earth’s axis, oracardinal point

by, or

(F., fr. L. hippodromos,

fr. Gr. hippodromos, fr. hippos horse + dromos course. 1. Gr. Antig. An oval track for horse and chariot races,

histolysis histomorphology

évent,

&nd,

silént,

histophysiology histotome

makér;

ice,

Yl,

out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, Up, circés, menii;.

histoid his/toid (his/toid), adj.

Med.

bling the normal tissues; as, histoid tumors.

his-tol’/o-gy Ogee

ah n.

[histo-+-logy.]

Resem1. That

branch of science which treats of the minute structure of animal and vegetable tissues. 2. The tissue structure or organization, as of an. organism. — his/to-log/i-cal (his/-

t6-10j/I-kal), adj. — his-tol’/o-gist (his-t5l/d-jist), n. his’tone (his’ton), m. Also his’ton (-tdn). [Gr. histos tissue.] Biochem. Any of a class of basic proteins, soluble

in water and dilute acids, yielding amino acids on hydrolysis. Injected into an animal, they show a toxic action and

prevent coagulation of the blood. his-to’ri-an (his-t6’ri-dn; 70), n. L.A writer of history; chronicler; annalist. 2. One versed in history. his-tor’ic (-tdr/ik), adj. Historical; esp., famous in history.

his-tor/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj.

[L. historicus, fr. Gr. histori-

kos. See uisrory.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, history; narrating, dealing with, or based upon, history; true to history; as, historical evidence, fidelity, or

novels; few details were historical. 2. Not now used except in historical accounts; — of words. 3. Historic; his-

toried. — his-tor/i-cal.ly, adv. — his-tor/i-cal-ness, n. historical, or historic, present. Gram. The present tense used in telling of past events. ‘

historical school. A number of economists who have been variously classed together as pursuing the historical method, or the induction of principles from facts as shown by historical research.

his/to-ric/i-ty (his’t6-ris/7-tY), n.

hobby

473

[hist-+-oid.]

Actual occurrence or ex-

istence; historical genuineness. his’to-ried (his’té-rid), adj. Having a history; storied. his-to/ri-og/ra-pher (his-t6/ri-dg’rd-fér), mn. LF. historio-

graphe, fr. L., fr. Gr. historiographos, fr. historia history + graphein to write.) | historian; esp., one designated

to write a history. — his-to/ri-og/ra-phy (-fi), n.

his’to-ry (his’té-ri), n.; pl. -R1Es (-riz). _[L. historia, fr.

Gr. historia history, information,

fr. histor knowing,]

1. A narrative of events; a tale; story.

2. A systematic

written account of events, particularly of those affecting a

hith’er-most (hith’ér-most), adj.

hith’er-to’

(hith/ér-too’;

2), adv.

Nearest on this side.

2. Up to this time; as yet; until now.

hith’er-ward (-wérdz).

(hith’ér-wérd), adv.

Toward this place; hither.

1. To

this place.

2

Also hith’er-wards

hit or imiss. Haphazardly. — hit/—or—miss’, adj. Hit’tite (hit/it), n. [Heb. Hitttm Hittites.] _1. One of

an ancient people (or group of peoples), of undetermined origin, who invaded and conquered Asia Minor and Syria in the 2d millennium B.c. 2. The official language of the

Hittite empire. — Hit’tite, adj. hive (hiy), nm. [AS. hf] 1. A beehive.

of one hive; a swarm of bees. 3. Something suggestive of a_ beehive as in a place swarming with busy occupants. —v.t. 1. To collect into, or causeto enter, a hive. 2.

To

store

up

2. The bees

in a hive, as honey;

hence, to lay up a store of. v.t. To enter a hive together, as bees;to reside in a body. — hiv/er (hiv’ér), 7.

hives (hivz), n. [Scot.] Urticaria; any eruptive skin disease. ho (ho), interj. [OF.] Stop! Stand still!

Whoa! ho (hd), interj. Also hoa. 1. A cry of surprise, delight etc., or when repeated, z of derisive laughter.romes Hallool Attend! 3. Expressing a (specified) direction or destination; as, westward ho. ho-ac/tzin (h6-4k/tsin). Var. of HOATZIN. hoar (hor; 70), adj. [AS. har gray, old.] 1. White or light gray.

2. Gray or white with age; hoary; venerable.

3. Now Dial. Moldy; musty; stale. —m. 1. Hoariness. 2. Hoarfrost. hoard (hord; 70), n. [AS. hord.] A store laid up; a hidden

supply.

— v. t. To collect and lay up; amass and conceal.

— v.t. To hoard money or the like. — hoard/er, n. hoard/ing (hdr’ding), n. Act of one who hoards; also, something hoarded.

nation, institution, science, or art, usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes. 3. The branch

hoard/ing,n. [From OF. hourd barrier, palisade, of Teut. origin.) A temporary screen of boards enclosing a

Events which form the subject matter of a history; as, to

hoar’frost’ (hor/frdst’/; 74), n..

of knowledge that records and explains past.events.

4.

survey the history of amoyement. 5. Something that belongs to the past; as, that is all history. his’tri-on/ic (hYs’tri-6n/tk), adj. [LL. histrionicus, fr. L.

histrio an actor.] Of or pertaining to the stage or actors; theatrical. — mn. An actor; also, pl., dramatic representation; theatricals. — -on/i-cal, adj. — -on/i-cal-ly, adv.

hit (hit), v..t.; niv; mIv/TING.

[ON. hitta.]

1. To reach

with or as if with a stroke; to strike or touch, usually with force and often as a result of an aim. Hence: a To

bring into violent contact; knock; as, to Ait one’s head in falling. b To deliver; as, to hita blow. 3. To affect to one’s detriment, discomfort, or discomfiture; as, the taunt

hit him hard. To come upon or meet with as after search or by chance; arrive at; as, to hit the answer to a riddle. , 5. To accord precisely with; suit. To represent, mimic, or reproduce; as, to hit the right note. 7. To set in operation as by striking or touching. — v. 7%, 1. To deliver a blow; make

thrusts; strike;

— often with

2. To come in contact forcibly; collide.

out.

3. To come,

happen, or light (upon); as, to hit upona solution.

4. To

accord; suit; agree. fan internal-combustion engine, to fire the charge in its cylinders. — Syn. See stRIKE. —

hit off. To improvise, imitate, etc., neatly and easily. hit, n. 1. A blow striking the object.aimed at, 2. A

collision. 3. aA stroke of success. _b A conspicuously successful play, book, etc. 4. An effectively turned or directed phrase; esp.,

mon.

a stinging remark.

Backgam-

A game won after the adversary has removed some

of his men, counting less thana gammon; sometimes, any

game won.

6. BallGames.

construction; hence, a billboard.

A silvery-white deposit

of ice needles formed during still, clear nights. hoar’hound’ (-hound’). Var. of HOREHOUND. hoarse (hors; 70), adj. _ (ME. hors, also hos, has, fr. AS. has.]

arsh; grating; discordant;

— of sounds.

2.

Having a rough, grating voice, as when affected with a

cold; making a hoarse cry or sound. — hoarse’ly, adv. — hoarse/ness, n. hoars’en (hor’s’n), v. t. & 7. To make or become hoarse. hoar’y (hor’l), adj.; -r-ER (1-@r); --Est. 1. White or whitish; white or gray with age. 2. Remote in time past. — hoar’i-ness, n.

ho-at/zin (hd-it/sin), ho-ac’tzin (h6-ak’tsin), n. [Sp., fr. Nahuatl watzin.] A peculiar crested South American bird (Opisthocomos cristatus) smaller than a pheasant.

hoax (hoks), n.; pl. HOAXES (-€z; -Yz). [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus.] A deception for mockery or mischief; a practical

joke.

== v.t. To deceive by a hoax. —

hoax’/er (hok/sér), 7.

xa

:

hob (hdb), n. (Orig. a familiar alteration of Robin, Robert.) 1. Dial. a A rustic; clown. A fairy; sprite; elf. Orig. [cap.] = Rosin GoopreLtow. 2. Collog. Mis.

chief; as, to raise hob.

hob, n.

[Origin uncert.]

1. A projection at the back or

side of a fireplace on which something may be kept warm. 2. A peg,

pin, or mark

used as a target in some

games;

also, any of these games.

hob’—and—nob’, adj.,orhob and nob.

On familiar terms;

in close companionship; intimate.

The philosophical system of A stroke by which the ball is Hob’/bism (hdb/iz’m), . Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679); esp., his theory that absolutism in government is necessary to prevent the an-

hit so as to result in a score, or, some other advantage; specif., Baseball, a base hit. — hit/ter, n. hit/—and—miss’, adj. Sometimes hitting, or corresponding in position, and sometimes not. hitch (hich), v.¢. 1. To move with jerks.

2. To catch or fasten as by a hook or knot; to make fast, unite, or yoke.

—v.i. 1. To move haltingly, jerkily, or discontinuously; hobble; hop. 2. To become entangled, caught, or yoked;

to catch or cling to something.

3%. Collog.

To agree;

harmonize. —n. 1. A sudden movement or pull; a jerk. 2. A hobble; a hop. 3. A stop or sudden halt; impedi-

archy

to which natural selfishness and warring

interests

of men inevitably lead. — Hob/bist (ist), n. hob’ble (hob/’l), v. 7.; -BLED

(-’Id); -BLInG (ling).

[ME.

hobelen, hoblen.] 1. To go unevenly; wabble. 2. To walk lame; limp. — v.t. 1. To cause to limp; make lame.

2. To fetter; hopple; clog. =m. 1. A hobbling gait; limp. 2. Collog. A difficulty. 3. A fetter; hopple; clog. — hob/bler (-lér), n. — hob/bling-ly, adv. hob’ble-bush/ (hob”’1l-bdosh’), n. A North American shrub

4. Act of catching hold of or on some-

(Viburnum alnifolium) of the honeysuckle family. hob’ble-de-hoy’ (-dé-hoi’), n.. A youth between boy and man; an awkward, gawky fellow.

knot or noose that can be easily untied; — used for tem-

hobble skirt. A woman’s skirt so scant at the bottom as to restrain freedom of movement as a hobble does.

ment; obstacle.

thing. 5. A connection between a portable implement, as a plow, and the source of draft, asa tractor. 6. Naut. A

porary fastening.

See KNOT, 7., Illwst. — hitch/er, n.

hitch/hike’ (hich’hik’), v.7.

Slang.

To make one’s way,

esp. when hiking, by getting rides in automobiles.

hith’er (hyth’ér), adv. Syn. Hither,

here.

[AS. hider.]

To this place.

Hither was formerly used with verbs of mo-

tion; here, with verbs of rest. in poetic or elevated style.

Here has now displaced hither, except

— adj. Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; also, of time, earlier.

hob/by (hob’Y), n.; pl.-Bres (-iz).

[OF. hobé, hobet, dim.

of hobe hobby, falcon.] _ A small Old World falcon (Falco subbuteo), formerly trained and flown at small birds.

hob’by, n.

[ME. hoby, hobyn, prop. orig. an ambling or

pacing horse.] , 2. An

engrossing

ial, A strong medium-sized horse.

topic,

plan,

etc.,

to

which

con-

gives his spare time. — Sym. See VOCATION.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

one

stantly reverts; also, an occupation or interest to which one

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word;

hobbyhorse

hold

474

hob’by-horse/ (hdb/Y-hérs’), n. 1, A figure of a horse fas-

ally so called from some fancied resemblance to a hog; esp.:

tomimes, etc.; also, the performer. 2. Obs. a A buffoon. b A prostitute. 3. A stick, often with a horse’s head or

maximus) used for food. b The pigfish (Orthopristis chrysopterus). 2. Obs. a A porpoise. b A manatee. hog/gish (hdg/ish), adj. Grossly selfish, gluttonous, or

tened

to the waist of a performer in the morris dance, pan-

figure, on which boys pretend to ride.

hob/gob/lin (héb/gdb/lin), n._

1. A mischievous sprite;

[cap.], Robin Goodfellow, or Puck.

ogy.

hob/nail’ (-nal’), n. [hob peg+ nail.]_1. A short, largeheaded nail for studding shoe soles. 2. A rustic; clown. — hob/nailed’ (-nald’), adj. hob/nob’ (-ndb’), adv. [AS. hebbe_have+ nxbbe have not, fr. ne not+ habban to have.] Hit or, miss. ;

hob/nob’, v. 7.; -NopBeD’ (-ndbd’); -Nos/sInc: To drink familiarly; hence to be on intimate terms; — with with. —n.

A drinking together; a familiar chat.

ho’bo (h6’b5), n.; pl. HOBOS, HOBOES (-b6z).

ay

_ [Origin un-

known.] @ A migratory worker. bh A professional tramp. — ho/’bo-ism (-iz’m), n. : Hob/son’s choice (hdb’s’nz). A choice without an alternative; the thing offered or nothing; — so-called in allusion

tothe practice of Thomas Hobson (d. 1631), at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and required every customer to take the horse which stood nearest the door.

hock Gok), n. hind

[AS. hoh heel.]

The tarsal joint in the

limb of digitigrade quadrupeds, as the horse, corre-

sponding to the ankle of man, but elevated and bending

backward; also, the corresponding —v.t. To hamstring. ;

hock, n.

joint of a fowl’s leg. ; ;

A certain white Rhine wine (Hoch’hei’/mer

(hdk’hi/mér; hdx’-]); hence, any white Rhine wine. hock, n.& v. Slang, U.S. Pawn; pledge.

,

a A large West Indian and Florida wrasse (Lachnolaimus

filthy. — hog’gish-ly, adv. — hog/gish-ness, n.

hog/ma-nay’

(hdg’ma-na’),n. Scot. New

Year’s Eve,

when children go about singing, and soliciting gifts. hog/nose’, or hog/—nosed’, snake (hdg’n6z’, -ndzd’).

of several rather small, harmless,

stout-bodied

American snakes constituting a genus

Any

North

(Heterodon).

hog/nut’ (hdg/ntit’), n._ a The earthnut Conopodiuwm denudatum. b In the United States, the pignut.

hog peanut. The earthpea. hogs’head (hogz’héd), n. [That is, hog’s head; why so

called is unknown.] A large cask, esp. one containing from 63 to 140 gallons. 2. A large measure for liquids,

esp. one of 63 U.S. gallons, or 238.5 liters. Abbr. hhd. hog’shouth/er (hég’shooth’ér), v. 7. Scot. To jostle with the shoulder. ave" hog/wash/ (-wdsh’), n.

hog’/weed’

(-wéd’),

n.

Collog.

Swill for hogs; refuse.

Any of various weeds or coarse

plants, as ragweed, knotweed, sow thistle, dog fennel.

Hoh/en-stau/fen (hd/én-shtou/fén), n.. A member of a German princely family, of Swabian origin, which furnished sovereigns of Germany, 1138-1254, and of Sicily, 1194-1266.

Hoh/en-zol/lern (ho/én-tsdl/érn), n.

A member of a Ger-

man princely family, founded about the 11th century, from

which came the kings of Prussia from 1701 to 1918 and the German emperors from 1871 to 1918.

hoicks (hoiks), hoick coh interj.. Hunting. A call used to incite the hounds. —v.¢. &%. To urge by or as

hock’ey (hdk/Y), n._ [Perh. fr. OF. hoquet shepherd’s crook, fr. hoc hook, fr. MD. hoek.] 1. A field or ice-rink game (field hockey or ice hockey) in which each of two sides seeks to drive a ball or disk through opposite goals. 2. pl. -Evs (iz). In full hockey stick. _ The stick,

by the cry “hoicks.” hoi/den (hoi/d’n). Var. of HOYDEN.

curved or hooked at the end, used in driving in this game, ho/cus (hd’kiis), v.t. 1. Tocheat. 2. To adulterate; drug.

hoise (hoiz), v. t.; HorseD (hoizd) or Horst (hoist); HOIS’ING (hoiz’-). [See Horst. To hoist; — now chiefly in

ho’cus—po/cus (-pd’ktis), n. _[Prob,. invented by jugglers in imitation of Latin.] 1. Ajuggler’s formula. 2. A jug-

hoist (hoist; dial. hist), v, t.; HOIST/ED; HOIST/ING.

gler.

3. A juggler’s trick; sleight of hand; hence, non-

sense intended to cloak deception. To cheat; trick.

hod (hod), n.

with a

(MD. hodde.]

& 2. Collog.

1. A wooden tray or trough

handle, borne on the shoulder,

for carrying mortar, coal scuttle.

hod

—v.t.

carrier.

brick, etc.

Also

hod’man

i

(hiéd’’n),

n.

404

64.4

gredients; hence, a mixture; medley. od for Mortar. hoe (hd), n. _COF. howe, fr. OHG. houwa, fr. houwan to

hew.]

long-handled

implement

with

—v.t.

&1.;

HOED (hod), HOE/ING. To dig, scrape, clean, etc.,

with a hoe. — ho’er (hO/ér), n. hoe’cake’ (ho’kak’), n. Southern U.S. A cake

of Indian meal, baked before the fire or in the A swine; a pig,

or, boar; esp.,

an

Hoes.

1 Garden; 2 Warren; 3 Scuffle; 4 Weeding; 5 Grub.

2. To cut short (a horse’s mane) so as to make it bristly.

—v.%.

To

edge or height of a flag, as when flying from a staff.

b The

Cf. DROP, n., 9.

Hocus-pocus.

ho’/kum (ho’kiim), n, (Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Slang. Ina play, speech, etc., deliberate stimulation of emotion by artificial means; also, the means so used; bunk. hold

(hold),v. ¢.; HELD;

HOLD/ING.

HoLp/eN

past part., is now rare, archaic, or legal.

(hGl/d’n),

[AS. healdan,

from gaining an advantage. ¢ To keep bound; oblige; to hold one to his word. 6. To entertain; harbor; to hold no prejudice; to accept; as, to hold a theory. To consider; regard; judge; as, to hold one guiltless.

8. To carry on or join in, as something which is the result

market. 2. Dial. A young unshorn sheep. 3. Collog. A selfish, gluttonous, or filthy person. — v. t.; HOGGED (hdgd); HOG’GING. To cause to arch like a hog’s back. To

[Ear-

To raise;

1. Collog. Act of

versation; also, to invoke, conduct, or preside at; as, a judge holds a court. 9. To maintain in being, action, a

adult animal suitable for

3. Slang.

hissen.]

of united action; as,to hold a meeting, a session, or con-

hogg, prob. of Celt. ori-

gin.

—n.

hoisting; a lift; a boost. 2. A lifting apparatus; esp., an elevator, or lift, for heavy loads. 3. a The perpendicular

or as, as, 7.

ashes, originally on a hoe. hog (hdg; 74), n. LAS.

sow,

elevate; esp., to lift with tackle.

haldan.] 1. To maintain possession of, or authority over; to retain by force. 2. To retain in love or affection. 3. To receive and retain; contain. 4. To have or keep, as in the grasp; to cause to remain ina given position, relation, or the like; sustain; support. To impose restraint upon; specif.: aTo keep from relaxing or letting go, as interest, attention, etc. b To keep from advance or attack

a thin,

flat blade set transversely, used for weeding, cultivating, etc.

hoist with his own petard, blown up by his own bomb.

lier hoise, hyse, fr. D, hijschen, LG.

surprise or disapproval. ho/key-po/key (h0’ki-p0’ki), n.

Scot.

hodge’podge’_ (hdj’pdj), n. |[From woTcHroTcH.] A stew of various in-

The many; the masses.

— hoist’er, n. E hoi’ty—toi’ty (hoi’ti-toi/ti; 2), adj.. Giddy; flighty; also, haughty; patronizing. —n. A hoity-toity person or action. —

Hogfish (L. maximus). (142) 1. Any of various fishes usu-

chaotic, care, add, account,

charity;

Old, Obey,

b To remain in possession or

enjoyment of beyond one’s term. — hold up._

arm,

ask,

Orb, Gdd, sGft, connect;

sofa;

a To ex-

hibit; display; as, held wp as an example. b Collog. (1) To stop in order to rob. (2) To stop or impede. —n. 1. Obs. A keeping in charge; possession; protection.

2. Astronghold.

3. Prison.

thing, asa lock or a receptacle.

Eve,

hére

(27),

Gvent,

&nd,

4. That which holds some-

5. Act or manner of hold-

silént,

f00d, foot; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, Gm,

makér;

ice,

Y{ll,

tp, circés, menii;

hold thing that may

be grasped or held; means of support.

8. Music. A pause. hold (hold), n. [ME. hol, holl, hole, and D. hol hold, hole.J

Naut. The whole interior of a vessel below decks, or, strictly, below the lower deck, where cargo is stowed.

hold/all’ (-61’), n.

A container for all sorts of things, esp.

a kind of portable case used by tourists, soldiers, etc.

hold’back’ (-bak’), n. 1. A check or hindrance. 2. A device to enable a horse to back or hold back a vehicle. 3. A device for holding a door open.

hold’er (hol’dér), m. 1. One, who or that which holds. 2. A tenant. 3. The person in possession of, and legally entitled to receive payment of, a bill, note, or check.

hold’fast’ (hold’fast’), n.

1. A tight hold or grasp.

2.

Something, as a long, flat-headed nail, a catch, or a clamp, used to secure and hold in place something else. hold’ing (hol’ding), n. 1. Land held, esp. of a superior. Property owned, of any description, as bonds or stocks.

holding company. Finance. a A company the principal business of which is to own the stocks or securities of other companies. b An operating company, which acquires all

or part of the stock of subsidiaries. hold/up’ (hold’tip’), m. A holding up; specif., Slang, an assault for the purpose of robbery. hole (hol), n. (AS. hol hole, cavern, fr. hol, adj., hollow.]

opening into or through anything.

2. A hollow

place; a cavity; a pit. 3. A deep place in a stream; as, a swimming hole. 4. Aden or burrow. 5. A detect; flaw;

as, to pick holes.

6. Collog.

An embarrassing position.

7. Games. A small cavity into which a marble or ball is to be played; hence, a score made by so playing. Syn. Hole, cavity. Hole may apply either to a recess or depression or to an aperture or perforation. Cavity is a more learned word, and applies only to a recess or a depression within a body; it connotes particularly emptiness; as, a cavity in a tooth; the abdominal cavity.

—v.t. 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes in. 2. To drive into a hole, as an animal, or a golf ball. —v. 7. To go or get into a hole. — hole out.

hole’y (hol’i), adj.

Golf. To hole a ball.

Having a hole or holes.

hol/i-but (hol’7-but). Var. of HALIBUT. hol’/i-day (hol’?.da or, esp. Brit., -di), n.

1. Now hol’y-day.

A religious feast day.

exemption from labor or work; hence, often

recreation or rest; vacation.

3. A day fixed

holy + day.] 2. Any day of pl., a period of

by law for the

suspension of business; — called legal holiday.

— adj.

1. Joyous; gay; as, holiday attire. 2. Occasional. ho’li-ly (ho/li-1i), adv. [From HoLy.] Piously; also, sacredly. ho’li-ness (-nés; -nis), n. [AS. Wa 1. State or

character of being holy.

2. [cap.] A title of the Pope;

— used with his or your.

Syn. Holiness, sanctity, righteousness. Holiness suggests oftener inherent or intrinsic state or quality; sanctity (the more formal term), a state regarded rather as acquired or conferred; it often suggests sacredness or inviolability. Righteousness differs from holiness in connoting rather unswerving rectitude or conformity to the divine law than spiritual purity or freedom from sin.

hol’/la (hola or, esp. as an exclamation, hé-la’), inter]. {F. hold, fr. ho ho+ Ia there.]__An exclamation meaning: Stop!; now usually, Ho there! Hey! —vn. Acall or the sound of “holla.”

hol’la (hola). Var. of HOLLO. hol/land (hdl’dind), x. [rarely cap.J,_ A cotton or linen, glazed or unglazed, fabric used for window shades, furniture coverings, etc.; — also used in pl. with singular construction. Wiese 7 A native of Holland; a Hol/land-er (hdl/an-dér), n. Dutchman. : i Ff Hol/lands (hdl’/dndz), n., or Holland gin. Gin made in Holland. ; oc x hol’/lo (hol’6 or, esp. as_an exclamation, hd-ld’), inter].

Also hol/loa (hol/0; hd-15’).

An exclamation used as a call

to stop or pay attention, or to incite dogs in the chase._ —

n. A call of “hollo.” HOL’LO-ING. To call shout aloud; chase or hol/low (h3l’5), adj. ing a cavity within a

pressed;

concave;

— (hdl’d), v. 2.; HOL/LOED (-dd); out, or exclaim; halloo. —v.t. To incite with shouts; shout to. CAS. holh a hollow, hole.] 1. Havsolid substance; not solid. 2. De-

sunken.

Holy Roman Empire

475

ing; seizure; grasp. 6. Authority or ground to take, keep, restrain, etc.; as, the law has no hold on him. 7. Some-

3. Empty;

hence, hungry.

4. Reverberated, or sounding as if reverberated, from, a cavity; deep; muffled; as, a hollow roar. 5. False; deceitful; faithless; as, hollow praise; also, worthless; vain; as, a hollow victory. —adv. 1. Hollowly. 2. Collog. Wholly;

family Ilicaceae) of trees and shrubs having thick, glossy, spiny-margined leaves and bright-red berries. foliage or branches of the holly.

hoi/ly-hock

(hdl/¥-hok),

2. The

n.

(CME. holthoe, fr. holi holy

a biennial; also, its flower.

It has large, coarse, rounded

hoc mallow.]| A tall perennial Chinese herb (Althaea rosea) of the mallow family, cultivated in gardens as

eaves.

hoim (hom), n._ [AS. holen holly.] a The holm oak. b Now Dial. The holly. holm, n. [AS., hill, island, (high) sea.] 1. Anislet ina

river or lake or near the mainland; — common in English

placenames. 2.Hng. Low, flat land near a river; bottoms. hol/mi-um (h6l/mi-tim), n. [NL., fr. Holmia, Latinized form of Stockholm.] Chem. A metallic element of the rare-earth group. Symbol, Ho; at. no., 67; at. wt., 163.5. holm oak (hom). An evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) of southern Europe, with hollylike leaves; also, its wood.

hol’o- (h6l’6-; often h0/l6-, esp. in scientific words). (Gr. holos.) A combining form meaning whole, entire, as in hol’o.cryp’tic, hol/o-sym/me.try. hol’o-blas/tic (-blas’tik), adj. [holo- + -blast + -tc.] Embryol. Undergoing total or complete cleavage; — said of certain eggs, and opposed to meroblastic.

hol’o-caine (h5l’6-kan; hd/l5-), n. a Chem. A crystallized base, CisHaN2Oz. b Pharm. Phenacaine, used as a local anesthetic. hol’o-caust (h5l/6-kést), n._ [F.nrolocauste, fr. L., fr. Gr.

holokauston, neut._ of holokaustos, fr, holos whole + kaustos burnt.] A sacrificial offering the whole of which is consumed by fire. 2. Destruction, esp. by fire, of large numbers of human _ beings. — hol’o-caus/tal (-kés/tal; -t’l), adj. — hol/o-caus’tic (-tik), adj.

Hol’o-cene (h6l/6-sén), adj,

[holo- + Gr. kainos recent.]

Geol. Pertaining to or designating the Recent epoch. Hol/o-fer/nes (h5l/6-ftir’néz), n. See JupirH. hol’o-graph (hol/é-graf; 9), n. CF. or L.; F. holographe,

fr. L., fr. Gr. holographos, fr. holos whole + graphein to

write.] A document, as a will, wholly in the handwriting of the purported author. — hol’o-graph, hol/o-graph/ic (-graf’/ik), hol’/o-graph/i-cal, adj.

hol’o-he’dral

(-hé’drdl), adj.

|[holo-+.Gr.

hedra seat,

base.] Cryst. Having all the faces required by complete symmetry; — opposed to hemihedral and tetartohedral. hol’/o-mor’/phic (-mér/fik), adj. Cryst. Symmetrical in form as regards the two ends.

hol’o-phote light.]

(hdl’6-f5t), n.

| [holo--+ Gr. phos, photos,

An apparatus used in lighthouses, etc., In which,

by means of lenses or reflectors, or both, a large amount of the light from the lamp is collected and thrown in the de-

sired direction. — hol’o-pho/tal (-f0’tdl; -t’l), adj.

hol’o-phras/tic (-fras/tik), adj. _ [holo- + Gr. phrastikos suited for expressing, fr. phrazein to speak.] Expressing a complex of ideas in a single word.

hol’o-thu’ri-an (-thi/rl-Gn), n.

[L. holothuria, pl., a sort

of water polyp, fr. Gr. holothourion.]

Zool. Any of a

class (Holothurioidea) of echinoderms having an elongate, flexible, tough, muscular body; a sea cucumber. holp (holp), hol’pen (hol’pén). See HELP.

Hol/stein—Frie’sian

(hol’stin-fré/zhdn),

stein (hol’stin; popularly -stén).

Friesland.

n.__

Also Hol/-

[From Holstein and

(See

Gaz.)] _ One of a breed of black-and-

adj.;

Ho/LtEeR

white dairy cattle of very large size, orig. from North Holland and Friesland. hol’ster (hol/stér), n. [D.] A leather case for a pistol. holt (holt), n. [AS.] Archaic. A wood; copse; wooded hill. ho/lus—bo/lus (h0/lts-bo/lus), adv. Allat once; altogether. ho/ly

(ho/lf),

(-l¥-€r); HO’LI-EST.

halig ; akin to AS. hal whole, well.]

CAS.

Set apart to the

worship of God; hallowed; sacred. 2. Worthy of adoration or veneration. Associated with Christ or events of his life; as, holy places, the holy cross. _&. Spiritually

whole; of unimpaired innocence or proved virtue; godly. — Syn. See SACRED. —vn.; pl. HOLIES (-liz). A holy thing or place; a sanctuary. Ra Holy City. A city which is the center of religious worship

and traditions, as Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, etc.

Holy Communion. = Evcuarist, 1 a. ho/ly-day’ (ho/li-da’), n. Also holy day. = HoLmay, Holy Father. A title of the Pope. we

Holy Ghost. Holy Grail.

The third person of the Trinity.

See GRAIL.

:

>

1.

aire

completely; utterly; — usually in phrase to beat all hol-

Holy Land. Palestine; — so called first in Zechariah ii. 12. Holy Office. The tribunal of the Curia once called In-

a channel, basin, or valley. — v.t. & 7. To make, or to become, hollow. — hol/lowly, adv.— hol/low-ness, n.

holy of holies.

low.

—n.

1. Acavity;ahole.

hol’/lus-chick’

2. Asurface depression;

(hdl/us-

chik/), 7.; pl.HOLLUSCHICKTe (-chik/f). (Prob. fr. Russ.

golyshka_bare

of posses-

sions, offspring, etc., fr. golyt nae , ones ale fur seal; a bachelor. act hol’ly (hoi), n.; pl. “tins European Holly (I. aquifolium). (48) (iz).

(AS. holen, holegn.J]

chair;

go; sing;

then,

thin;

1. Any of a genus

(Ilez,

natiire, verdtre

(118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

quisition.

:

’

The innermost apartment of the Jewish

tabernacle and temple, where the ark was kept.

holy orders.

|

f

The ranks, or orders, of the Christian min-

istry; specif.: a &.C.Ch. The orders of priest, deacon, and subdeacon. bAnglican Communion. The orders of bishop, priest, and deacon. ' Holy Roman Empire. The medieval and modern empire of the German-speaking peoples of central Europe, from

the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor of the West at Rome in 800 (or from Otto I, 962-973) (Francis I of Austria) in 1806.

K = ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

to Francis

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

II

in azure,

|] foreign Word,

holy rood

| homogamy

476

[often caps.) Government of a country» holy rood. _A cross or crucifix placed over the entrance to ;home rule. colony, oe etc., as to local and internal legislation, the chancel of a church. by power vested in the people within the country, district, Holy Saturday. The Saturday before Easter Sunday. Holy See.

R&.C.Ch.

etc. — home ruler, Home Ruler.

The Apostolic See.

Holy Spirit. The Holy Ghost. ho/ly-stone/ (hd/li-ston’), n.. Nauwt. A soft sandstone used to scrub decks. — v. ¢. & 7. To scrub with a holystone. Holy Synod. The governing body in any of the Orthodox Churches. i Holy Thursday. 1. 2.C.Ch. The Thursday in Holy Wee 2. Anglican Communion. ‘The Thursday on

ayich: the Ascension is commemorated.

ho/ly-tide’ (hd/li-tid, nm. A time devoted.to religion. holy water. Water blessed by a priest.

Holy Week.

Eccl. The week before Easter, in which the

passion of Christ is commemorated.

Holy Writ.

The sacred Scriptures.

hom-. = HoMmo-. hom/age (hom/ij; Sm/-), n. [OF., fr. ML. hominaticum, fr. homo a man, ML. also, a client, vassal. ] ceremony by which a man acknowledged himself the vassal of a lord; also, the relation between the lord and his vassal. An act done or thing rendered as an acknowledgment of, or as part of the services required by, vassalage. 3. Respect

or

reverential

regard;

deference;

esp.,

respect

paid by external action; obeisance. — Syn. See LOYALTY. hom/ag-er (hdm/ij-ér), n. A vassal.

hom/bre

home

(Sm/bér).

(hom), n..

Var. of omper.

[AS. haém.]

1. One’s dwelling place;

abode of one’s family. 2. One’s abode after death; the grave. he abiding place of the affections, esp. domestic affections. 4. One’s native land or place. 5. Habitat; seat. An asylum. 7. The social unit or center formed by a family living together. 8. In various games, the goal; esp., Baseball, the plate. — Syn. See HABITABON. -- adj. Of or pertaining to home; domestic. That amg home; poignant; intimate; effective; as, a roy thrust. —adv. To one’s home or country. 2. To the vital center or seat; to the heart or core; close. 3. To the place where it belongs; to the point aimed at; as, to drive a nail home. 4. Naut. a To or towards the ship or its interior; as, the anchor came home slowly. To or towards the land. —v.¢. & 2. To send to or place in a home; to go to or be in a home. home-. = HoMEo-.

home/bred’

(hdm/bréd/; 2), adj,

1. Bred at home; do-

mestic; not foreign. 2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated. home economics. ‘The science and art dealing with homemaking, esp. the selection and preparation of food and clothing, conditions of living, the use of income, the care and training of children, etc.; also, the study or teaching of home economics., home/less, adj. Having no home. — home/less: ness, n. home’like/ (hom/lik’), adj. Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly. — home’like-ness, 7. home/ly (hom’1i), adj. ;HOME/LUER (-li-ér); HOME/LI-EST. 1. Chiefly Archaic & Dial. a Familiar; friendly intimate. b Fond of one’s home and home life. Charac-

teristic of home

life; simple;

plain; aiteacinine!

as,

homely phrases; also’ (depreciatively) wanting polish or refinement; rude. 3. Of plain or coarse features; plain; not comely. — home’li-ness, 7. home/made’ (hom’mad’; 2), adj. Made at home; of domestic manufacture; hence, simple; plain. home/mak’er Cmak/ér), One whose occupation is household management. — “home’mak’ing, n. & adj.

ho’me-o-, ho’moe-o- (hd/mé-6-; hdm/é.d-), ho-moi/o(hd-moi/6-). [Gr. homoios.] A’combining form meaning

home run.

Baseball.

A hit enabling the batter to make

the complete circuit of the bases without

the aid of an

error by the opponents. home’sick’ (hom/sik’), adj. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. — home/sick’ness, n. home/spun’ (-sptin’), adj. 1. Spun or wrought at home;

coarse; plain. 2. Made of homespun. —vn. 1. Clot made at home, or of yarn spun at home, or like that of home make. 2. Obs. A rustic. home/stead (-stéd), n. 1. The home wee a home and the ground iniescdiaiely: connected with it. . Law. The land and buildings thereon occupied by the owner as a home for himself and his family, and protected by law from the claims of creditors. home/stead-er (-st@d-ér), 7. One who holds a homestead; specif., U..S., one who *has entered upon or acquired a homestead under provisions of homestead laws. homestead law. A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a homestead from attachment or ‘sale under execution for general debts.

home’stretch’

(hom/stréch’), n.

Sport.

That part of a

racecourse between the last curve and the winning post.

home/ward (-wérd), home/wards (-wérdz), adv. Toward, or in the direction of, home. home/ward (werd), adj. Being in the direction of home. home/work’ Cwirk), Work done or to be done at home; specif.: a Work let out by manufacturers or middlemen to be done in the home of the worker. Educ. Any assignment for study or preparation outside the classroom. home’y (hom/t), adj.; Hom/1-ER (-1-€r); HoM’I-EST. Collog. Pertaining to home; homelike; intimate.

hom/i-cide (hom/7,sid), 2 =

fr.

homed da.]

LOR, fr. L. homicidium, fr. A

(-sid’al; -’1;2), adj. hom /‘i-let/ic (- BND, adj. _Also hom/i-let/i-cal (-i-kal). (Gr. homilétikos, fr. homilein to be in company with.] Having the nature of a homily; of or pertaining to homiletics, hom‘i-let/ics (-iks),n. [See -1cs.] The art of preaching; that branch of ACH ne which treats of homilies or sermons. hom/i-list (hém/7-list), m. One who delivers homilies. hom//i-ly (-li), n.; pl. -t1es (-liz). [OF. omelie, fr. LL., fr. Gr. homilia communion, converse, fr. homilos an assembly, fr. homos same + ale a crowd.] A discourse or sermon. 2. A tedious exhortation on some moral point.

hom/ing (hom/ing), adj. Home-returning; also, dwelling. homing pigeon. A pigeon trained to return home from a distance.

hom/i-ny (hém/%-ni), n. _[From rockahominy, of Algon-

quian origin.] A dry maize product made by breaking the kernel into particles of even size, coarser than in corn meal. ho’/mo (hd’m5), n.; pl. HomINES (hdm/¥-néz). [L., man.] Man; a man. cap.] Zool. The genus of mammals consisting of mankind, usually considered as belonging to the i (Primates) which contains also the monkeys, apes, and lemurs. ho’mo- (ho’mo-; hdm/6-; the accent. & pron. vary with the number_of syllables), hom-. (Gr. homos.] A combining form denoting one and the same, common,

joint, like; — often opp. to hetero-, as in homogeneous, homonym. hem. Designating a homologue usually the next higher) of a (specified) compound, as in ho/mo-

like, similar, as in homeopathy. cre’o-sol, CyH),02 Bacteriol. For, or from, or to the same species, as in ho-mol’y-sin, a form of hemolysin. ho/me-o- mor’/phism, ho’/moe-o-mor’phism (-mér’fiz’m), m. (Gr. homoiomor phos of like form, fr. homozos like als ho’mo.-cen’tric (-s€n’trik), adj. Having the same center. morphé form.) Cryst. A near similarity of crystalline ho/mo.cer’cal (-sfir’kal), adj. [homo- + Gr. kerkos tail.] forms between unlike chemical compounds. See IsomorHaving the upper and lower lobes nearly or quite symPHISM. — ho/me-o-mor’phous (-fi/s), adj. metrical, with the vertebral column ending at or near the ho/me-o-path, ho’moe-o-path (h6/mé.é. path; hém/é-6-), middle of the base; — said of the tail fin of certain fishes; n. A practitioner of homeopathy. also, having or pertaining to a tail fin of this structure. ho/me-o-path’ic, ho/moe-oGrete, (-path’ik), adj. Of ho/mo-chro-mat/ic (-kré-mit/ik), adj. _[homo-+ chroor pert. to, or according to the principles of, homeopathy. matic.) Consisting of, having, or pertaining to, one color ho/me-. op/a- thist, ho/moe-op/a-thist (- plas thist),n. A or hue; homochromous; — opposed to heterochromatic. believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. —ho/mo-chro’/ma-tism (-kro/mé:-tiz’ m), 2. — ho/moho/me- op/a- thy, ho’/moe-oop/a-thy (é ped thy), [hochrome (hd’mé6-krom; hiém/6-), adj. meo-, homoeo- de -pathy.] Med. The theory Kolding that ho/mo.chro/mous (- kro/mts), adj. [homo- + Gr. chroma disease is cured by remedies which produce on a healthy color.] Of the same or uniform color. person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint ho’/moe-o- (hd’mé-3-; hdm/é-5-). Var. of HOMEO-, as in: of the patient, the remedies being usually administered in homoeomorphism homoeopathic homoeopathy minute doses. homoeopath homoeopathist homoeotypic ho/me-o-typ/ic, ho/moe.o-typ/ic (-d-tip’{k), -typ/i-cal ho/mo.er/o-tism (h6/m6.ér’/6-tiz’m; hdm/6-), n. Chomo- +(1-kdal), adj. Biol. Designating the second nuclear dierotism.] ee ensanalgess: Homosexuality. — ho/movision in meiosis, in which the chromosomes divide equally, e-rot/ic (-€-rdt/ik; -é-), adj. ho’mer (ho’mér), n. (Heb. homer.) A Hebrew measure ho-mog’a-my (hd. smdgriemi), n [Gr. homogamos marof capacity equal to ten ephahs; a kor. ried together, fr. homos the same + gamos marriage. ] hom/er (hom/ér), n. Collog. Baseball. A home run. Bot. a State of having flowers alike throughout, as in the heads of cichoriaceous plants; — opposed to heterogamy. Ho-mer’ic (hd-mér/¥k), adj. Also Ho-mer’i-cal (-i-kdl). b Maturation of the stamens and pistils at the same peRelating to, or characteristic or suggestive of, the Greek riod; — opposed to dichogamy. 2. The mating of like epic poet Homer, his age, style, or poems, or their contents. with like. — ho-mog’a-mous (-miis), adj. — Ho-mer’i-cal- ly, adv.

fle, chaotic, cre, dd. charity; Gld, Obey, Srb,

@ccount, rm, ask, sofd; 6ve, Sdd, sft, cdnnect; food, fo6t;

hére (27),

vent,

out,

-

oil; cube,

Gnd, en

Unite,

silént, makér; A

Gm,

.

ice, ~

tip, circés,

Yl, ae

ment;

homogeneity

477

honeybee

ho/mo-ge-ne/i-ty (hd/mé-jé-né/7-ti; hdm/6-), n.; pl. -TIES (-t¥z). Homogeneous character. ho/mo.ge/ne-ous (-jé/né-ts; 58), adj. [ML. homogeneus,

hom/o-phone (him/6-fon; ho/m6-), n. 1. A letter or character expressing a like sound with another. 2. A homonym. hom/o-phon’ic_ (-fSn/ik), ho-moph’o-nous (hdé-m6f/dfr. Gr. homogenés, fr. homos the same + genos race, kind. ] nus), adj. [Gr. homophonos, fr. homos the same+ 1. Of the same kind or nature; consisting of similar parts

or elements; — opposed to helerogeneous. | Alike in nature and therefore comparable in size. same

degree or dimensions; as, a homogeneous

ath. a b Of the

equation.

—ho’/mo-ge/ne-ous-ly, adv. — ho/mo-ge/ne-ous-ness, n.

ho’mo-gen-ize

(h0’m6-jén-1z), v.t.

To make homogene-

ous. — ho/mo.-ge/ni-za/tion (-jé’ni-za/shtin; -ni-), n. — ho’mo.-gen-iz/er, 7. ho-mog/’e-nous (hé-m6j’é-nuis), adj. Biol. Having a resemblance in structure due to descent from a common progenitor. ho-mog’e-ny (-ni), n.. [Gr. homogeneia, fr. homos the same + genos race, kind.] Biol. True homology. ho-mog/o-ny (hd-m6g/6-ni), n. [Gr. homogonos, fr. homos

the same+ gonos offspring.] Bot. The condition of having one kind of flowers with the androecium and gynoecium

of uniform relative length; — opposed to heterogony. — ho-mog’o-nous (-nts), adj. — ho-mog/’o-nous-ly, adv. hom/o-graph (hém/é-graf; hd’mod-; 9), n. [Gr. homographos with the same letters, fr. homos-+ graphein to

write.] One of two or more words identical in orthography, but different in derivation and meaning; as, fair,

park et and fair, beautiful; lead, to conduct, and lead,

metal. ho-moi/o- (hd-moi/6-). Var. of HoMEo-. Ho/moi-ou/si-an (h6/moi-60/si-dn; -ou/si-din), n. & adj.

(Gr. homoiousios, homoioousios, of like substance, fr. homoios like + ousia the substance, being, essence.] Ecel. Hist. (One) holding a doctrine midway between that of

the Homoousians

and Heteroousians,

and affirming

essential likeness of the Son to the Father. ou/si-an-ism, n.

the

— Ho/moi-

ho-mol/o-gate (hé-m6l/6-gat), v.t.. [ML. homologatus, past part. of homologare to homologate, fr. Gr. homologein to assent, agree.] Civil Law. To approve; allow; confirm. =v. 7%. To be or act in accord or agreement. ho/mo-log’/i-cal (ho/m6-16j/i-ka@l; hdm/6-), adj. Also ho/mo-log/ic (-ik). Homologous. — ho/mo-log/i-cal-ly, adv. ho-mol’/o-gize (h6-m6l/6-jiz), v. ¢. .To make homologous; specif., Bzol., to determine the existence of homology between, as parts.

ho-mol/o-gous (-giis), adj. CML. or Gr.; ML. homologus, fr. Gr. homologos assenting, agreeing, fr. homos the same

+ logos speech, proportion.]|

1. Having the same relative

position, proportion, value, or structure. Biol. Exhibiting homology. 3. Chem. Having the relation of

compounds of a series whose successive members possess similarity in structure but_regular difference in formula. 4. Immunol.,

Med., etc.

Having

the relation of an im-

mune serum and the particular species of bacterium by

phoné sound, tone.]

Music.

the same pitch; unisonous.

a Orig-, sounding alike; of

Cf. ANTIPHONAL.

b Of or

pertaining to homophony; monodic; monophonic. ho-moph/o-ny (hé-mdf/d-ni; hdm/6-fd/ni), n. Sameness of sound; specif.: Music. a Unison. b = monopy, 3 a. ho-mop’ter-ous (hd-mdp/tér-tis), adj. [homo-+ Gr.

pteron wing.] Zool. Belonging to a large order (Homoptera) of insects having sucking mouth parts, comprising the cicadas, aphids, scale insects, etc. — ho-mop/ter-an

(-dn), adj. & n. Ho/mo sa’pi-ens (hd’md sa/pi-tnz). [L. See HOMO; SAPIENT.] Man, regarded as an organic species.

ho/mo-Ssex’u-al/i-ty Eroticism

for one

(hO/mé-stk/shoo-4l/7-t¥;

of the same

sex.

hdm/5-),

n.

— ho/mo-sex’u-al

(-stk/sh00-dl; cf. SEXUAL), adj. & n. : ho-mos’po-rous (hé-mds’pé-ru%s; hd/md-spd/riis; 70), adj. [homo--+ -sporous.] Bot. Having asexual spores of one kind only; — opposed to heterosporous. — ho-mos/po-ry (hd-mos/pb-r¥), n-

ho’mo-tax/is (ho/ms.tik/sis; hdm/d-), n. [NL., fr. homo+ -taxis.] Similarity in arrangement; esp., Geol., similarity in fossils and in order of arrangement of stratified deposits which are not necessarily contemporaneous. — ho/mo-tax/ic (-sik), adj. ho/mo-thal/lic (-thal/ik), adj. [homo--+ Gr. thallos

young shoot.]|

Bot.

Having a single type of mycelium

with two kinds of branches (hyphae), which function as

opposite sexes in reproduction; — opp. to heterothallic. ho/mo.zy-go/sis (-zi-g0/sis; -zY-), n. [NL., fr. homo-+ Gr. zygosis a balancing, fr.zygon yoke.] Biol. The union of gametes to form a homozygote; the state of being a homozygote. ho’mo.zy’gote (-zi/g6t; -zig’/dt), n. [homo-+ zygote.]

Biol.

An animal or plant containing either member (not

both) of at least one pair of allelomorphic Mendelian characters. — ho/mo-zy’gous (-zi/gis), adj. ho-mun/cu-lus (hé-miing’kti-lus), n.; pl. -cutt (-lit). [L.,

dim. of homo man.]

A little man; a dwarf; manikin.

hom/y (hom/i), adj. Collog. Var. of HOMEY. Hon-du/ran (hon-d00/rdn), adj. & n. from Honpuras, Gaz.

hone (hon), m. [AS. han astone.] A fine whetstone, esp. for razors. —v. t. To sharpen or dress with a hone. hone, v. 7. [F.hogner.] Dial. To grumble; lament; also, to yearn.

hon/est (Sn/ést; -Yst), adj. [OF._honeste, oneste, fr. L. honestus, fr. honos, honor, honor.] 1. Archaic. Honorable; hence, creditable; suitable. _2. Characterized by

integrity and straightforwardness in conduct, thought, speech, etc.; free from fraud. 3. Genuine, full, unadulterated, or the like; as, honest goods.

4. Open; frank; as,

means of which it is prepared. hom/o-logue (hém/6-lég; 74), n. That which is homologous to something else; as, the members or terms ofa ho-

virtuous. — hon/est-ly, adv.

other; specif., Biol., a part or organ exhibiting homology. ho-mol/o-gy (hd-m6l’6-i1), n.. [Gr. homologia agreement.

absence of intent to deceive, and implies candor, fairness, straightforwardness. Sincere suggests more strongly desire to conform to the

mologous series in chemistry are the homologues of each See HomoLocous.]

1. Quality of being homologous.

Biol. Correspondence in type of structure between parts or organs of different organisms due to evolutional differentiation by the process of evolution from the same or a corresponding part or organ of some remote ancestor. 3. Chem. The relation existing between the compounds of a

series whose successive members possess, in addition to

similarity of structure, a regular difference in formula. ho/mo-mor’phism (ho’m6-mdr’fiz’m; hém/6-), n. Like-

ness in form; as: a Biol.

= HOMOMORPHY.

bh Bot.

State

of having perfect flowers of only one type or kind. ¢ Zool. Similarity of the larva and the adult. — ho/mo-mor’phic (-ffk), adj. — ho’/mo-mor’phous (-fis), adj. ho’mo-mor’phy (ho’m6-mér’fi; hdm’6-), n. Lhomo- + Gr. morphé form. Biol. Similarity of form with different

an honest countenance.

5. Archaic.

Chaste; faithful;

Syn. Straightforward, candid, guileless, ingenuous. — Honest, sin-

cere express freedom from deceit, esp. in speech.

Honest expresses

truth, and characterizes an object as heartfelt, often as genuine. —

Ant. Dishonest, fraudulent, false, deceitful, crooked. hon/es-ty (6n’és-tY; -Ys-ti), n. 1. Quality or state of being honest; specif.: a Obs. Honor. | b Integrity; truthfulness;

freedom from fraud.

¢ Archaic.

Chastity.

2. Any ofa

genus (Lunaria) of brassicaceous European plants.

Syn. Uprightness, trustworthiness, equity, justice, fairness. — Honesty, honor, integrity, probity. Honesty is the general term for freedom from fraud ; honor adds the implication of high-mindedness or a nice sense of allegiance to one’s standards, Integrity denotes uprightness or incorruptibility, esp. in the execution of trusts; probity is tried integrity. — AMt. Dishonesty, improbity, falseness.

hone/wort’ (hon’wirt’), m.

Any of several plants of the

carrot family, as the stone parsley. hon/ey (hitin’1), n.; pl. HONEYs (-1z). [AS. hunig.] 1. A sweet viscid material elaborated in the honey sac of bees fundamental structure; superficial resemblance between out of the nectar of flowers. 2. Honeylike quality or charorganisms of different groups. acter. 3. Sweet one;—a term of endearment. — adj. hom/o-nym (hdm/6-nim; ho’mo-), n.. [See Homonymovs. ] Resembling ; 1, A word having the same pronunciation as another, but honey; sweet; differing from it in origin, meaning, and often, in spelling, hence, dear; preas bare and bear; a homophone. 2. One of two or more cious. —=W.t.; having the same name; a namesake. 3. Biol. A preocHON/EYED | or cupied generic or specific name, rejected on the basis of the HON/IED (-1d); law of priority, which requires the use of the oldest pubHON/EY-ING. 1. lished available name. — ho/mo-nym/ic (hO0’/m6-nim/ik; To make sweet, hém/6-), adj. as with honey. ho-mon/y-mous (hé-mdn/%-miis), adj. [L. homonymus, . To make fr. Gr. homodnymos, fr. homos the same+ onyma, for etc.) affectedly (speech, language,

onomaname.] a Having the same name. b Having the qualities of a homonym or homonyms. ho-mon/y-my (-mi), n. Homonymous state or character.

Ho/mo.ow’si-an

(h0’/m6-00/si-dn;

-ou/si-dn;

hom/d-),

n.

endearing or intimate; hence, to flat-

ter

or

conciliate.

—¥v.7.

To

be

gentle, agreeable, or coaxing; also, to become obsequious; to fawn.

fr. homos the same+ owsia Hcecl. Hist. (One) holding

hon/e epee Oy, n., fas of certain

with the Father. Cf. Homorousian, HeTEROOUSIAN. — Ho’mo-.ou’si-an-ism, n. chair; go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdlre (118);

species Apis mellifera, native to Eu-

& adj. (Gr. homoousios, being, essence, substance.]_

that the Son of God is of the same essence or substance

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

social

honey-producing

bees

1 Queen; 2 (genus Honeybee. 4, :

Apisandalliedgenera),esp.thoseofthe

Wore Gay? £ ied

rope, kept for their honey and wax in most parts of the world.

K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

hon/o-rar/i-um -1uMS (-timz).

mass of hexagonal cells of wax built by honeybees. 2. Any, substance, as cast

honorary

—adj.

a honeycomb.

like secretion produced by many homopterous insects. honeydew melon. A sweet, smooth-skinned, white variety of muskmelon. honey eater. Also hon/ey-suck/er (htin/i-stik/ér), n. Any of a numerous family (Meliphagidae) of oscine birds of Australasia which extract nectar and insects from

Well-known species are the wattlebirds and the

friarbird. hon/eyed (hiin’id), past & past part. of HONEY. adj. Abounding with, or like, honey; sweet. Any

of two genera

(Indicator

Specif., and Pro-

dotiscus) of small, plainly colored nonpasserine birds of Africa, the Himalayas, and the East Indies. They lead men and animals to the nests of bees. 3

honey locust.

An ornamental North American caesal-

piniaceous tree (Gleditsia triacanthos), bearing spines on the trunk and having bipinnate leaves. hon’ey-moon’ (hiin’i-moon’), n. The first month or so

after marriage; the holiday spent by a couple after marriage.

honey sac.

In bees, the distention of the esophagus, in

which the honey is elaborated. hon/’ey-suck/er (hiin’Y-stik/ér), n. The honey eater. hon/ey-suck’le (-stik’’l), n. [AS. hunigsiice privet.

HONEY; SuCK.]

1. Obs. Clover.

2

See

Any of a genus (Lonicera) of capri-

twining vines, having tubular, fragrant, white, yellow, or red flowers.

of several other

hoii/or-er, hon/our-er (6n’ér-ér), m._

One who honors.

hon/or-if/ic (-if/ik), adj. Also hon/or-if/i-cal (-i-kal).

[L.

honorificus. See HONOR; -FICc.] Conferring or importing honor or respect; esp., designating a class of epithets in Chi-

nese, Japanese, etc., used in respectful address. — mn. An honorific word or phrase. — hon/or-if’i-cal-ly, adv. honor point. See EscUTCHEON, 1.

hon/ors of war (5n/érz).

Mil.

Distinctions or privileges

granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed and with colors flying. hooch (hddch), n. Short for HoocHINOO; hence, Slang, U.S., crude ardent spirits, esp. liquor surreptitiously made or obtained.

hoo’chi-noo’ (hd0/chi-ndo’), n. (Var. of Hutsnuwu, name of a Tlingit tribe, applied to an alcoholic drink made

by the Indians.] A distilled liquor made by Alaska Indians. hood (hodd), n. [AS. hdd.] 1. A flexible covering for the head and neck, as on a robe or mantle. 2. Hence:

a A monk’s cowl. b An ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown or ecclesiastical vestment. ¢ A covering for a horse’s head. 3. Something resembling a hood in form or use, as the top of a carriage or automobile, a chimney top, a, hood-shaped flower petal, etc. conry. A covering for a hawk’s head and eyes. con,

Illust.

_Mach.

cowl

4. Fal-

See FALfor parts of

or cover

mechanisms; specif., the removable metal covering over the engine of an automobile. 6. Zool. crest. —v.t. To cover with or as with a hood; to furnish with a hood or hood-shaped appendage.

-hood (-hoéd). _[ME. -hod, -had, fr. hod, had, rank, condition, fr. AS. had.] noun-forming suffix, denoting in often develop various secondary

crete instance or example of the quality or state, as a false-

fragrant-

hood. (2) A collective total of those having the given character or state, as a brotherhood. hood/ed (h0od’éd; -id), adj. 1. Covered or furnished

flowered plants; — usually with quali-

fying adjective; as, the bush hon-

eysuckle (Diervilla). honeysuckle ornament. The anthemion. i hong (hong), n. [Chin. (Pek.) hang’,

Cant. hong a mercantile house, fac-

tory.] An establishment or factory for foreign trade in China, as for- Honeysuckle (L. caprimerly at Canton. (A) folium).

hon/ied (hiin’id). Var. of HONEYED. honk (hingk; 74), n. [Imitative.] The cry of a wild goose

orasound likened to it, as the noise of a horn. — honk, v. 7.

hon/or, hon/our

of

or

general state, condition, quality, character, as in manhood, state or character of being a man. These nouns senses, esp.: (1) A con-

foliaceous shrubs, mostly ornamental

3. Any

in recognition

[L. honorarius, fr.

ebt.

_ Honeycomb.

hon/ey-dew’ (hiin/i-dii’), n. a The sweet material exuding from the leaves of many plants in hot weather. b A honey-

guide.

usually

usual to it; also, holding such a_title or place. 3. Depending on one’s honor, as for fulfillment; as, an honorary

tropical America.

honey

or reward,

honor honor.] 1. Done or conferred as a sign of honor. 2. Designating a titleor place which is held without rendering service or receiving the emoluments or privileges

honey creeper. Any of a numerous family (Coerebidae) of small bright-colored oscine birds of tropical and sub-

flowers.

payment

hon/or-ar/y (6n/ér-ér/1; -€r-¥; 3), adj.

Of, like, or pertaining

to, honeycomb; esp., having a pattern resembling that of honeycomb; as, a honeycomb radiator. 2. Radio. Pertaining to a ope of basket-weave coil winding in which spaces are left which suggest cells of

(6n/6-rar/i-tim; hon/6-), n.; pl. -IA (-d), (LL. (sc. donwm),fr. honorarius.) An

gratuitous or professional services on which custom propriety forbids any price to be set.

iron, tripe, etc., having cells suggesting a

honeycomb. — v. t. & 1. To make or become full of holes or cavities like a honeycomb.

hook

478

honeycomb

(Sn/ér), n.

with a hood. Hood-shaped; esp., Bot., cucullate, as the spathe of the Indian turnip. 3. Zool. a Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plumage; — said of birds. b Having a hoodlike crest on the head. c Having the skin at each side of the neck ca-

pable of expansion by movements of the ribs, as the cobra. hooded seal. A large North Atlantic seal (Cystophora cristata). The male has a large, inflatable, hoodlike sac upon the fore part of the head. hood’ie, hood’y (hdod/¥; Scot. hood’y), n. The European hooded crow

(Corvus corniz).

_ [OF. honor, onur, fr. L. hood/lum (hood/ltim), n. Collog. A young rowdy. hood’man (h06d’mdn), n. Archaic. The person blindfolded in hood’/man—blind’ (-blind’), or blindman’s buff. That to which esteem is paid; distinguished position. 3. honor, honos.] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth; manifestation of respect; hence, fame; credit; good name.

A token of esteem paid to worth; as: a A mark of respect,

hoo’doo

(ho0’d66),

n.

1.=voopoo.

2. Collog.

One

¢ A ceremonial sign

who or that which brings bad luck. —v. t. Collog. To be a hoodoo to; to bring bad luck to.

as, to do the honorsof the table. 4. A title applied to the holders of certain civil offices; as, His Honor the Mayor.

hood’wink (hood’wingk), v.t. [hood+ wink.] 1. To blind by covering the eyes. 2. To cover; to hide, as by dis-

asa title.

bObs.

A bow;acurtsy.

of consideration; as, civil honors.

d pl. Social courtesies;

5. a That which rightfully attracts esteem, as dignity and courage; esp., excellence of character; in. men, in-

tegrity; uprightness;

in women,

purity; chastity.

bA

nice sense of what is right, just, and true; as, a man of honor. One whose worth brings respect and fame; as,

he is an honor to his nation. 7. academic distinction awarded for Games. aCards. pl. (1) Whist. and jack of trumps. (2) Bridge. of the trump suit, or the four aces

Be Educ. A grade of high proficiency. 8. The ace, king, queen The five highest cards at no-trump; also, all

affecting the value of the rubber.

b Golf. The privilege

scores above the line, counting nothing toward game, but of playing first from the tee. — Syn. See REPUTATION, HoNESTY. — Ant, Dishonor, shame, infamy.

—v.t. 1. To regard or treat with honor, as by due obedience and courtesy; also, as used of the Supreme Being, to

adore; worship. To bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; exalt. om. To accept and pay when due; as, to honor a draft.

hon/or-a-ble, hon/our-a-ble (5n/ér-d-b’l), adj. 1. Worthy

of honor: a Noble; illustrious. b Commendable; estimable. c Of reputable association or use; respectable. 2. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor; as, an

honorable burial. 3. Conferring honor, or procured by noble deeds. 4. Entitled to honor; —a title of distinction

given to certain officials, usually simply as a courtesy title. r. Hon. haracterized or actuated by honor; as, an honorable man. — -a-ble-ness, n. — -a-bly, adv.eR

le,

chaotic,

charity;

care, add, account,

iirm,

ask,

sofa;

sembling. To deceive; to impose upon. — hood/wink-er, 2. eet ue EL ae ‘ n. Slang, U.S. Nonsense. oof

(hoof;

thosyayse

85), n.; pl.

PAS: Aaf]

moors

(hoofs),

2, The

ee

covering of horn which protects

rarely

ee

HOOVE

a

the ends of the digits of ungu-

lates, as the horse, swine, etc.; also, the foot as a whole, esp. of a horse. 2. A hoofed animal; a beast. —v.t. & t1.aToC walk. b To trample with the

hoofs. hoof’bound/ (-bound’), adj. Having a dry and contracted hoof. hoofed (hooft), adj. Furnished with hoofs; ungulate.

hook (hook), n. [AS. hdc] 1. A curved or bent implement for

catching, holding, sustaining, or Bottom of Horse’s Hoof (un-

pulling anything. An implement for cutting or lopping, as a ore 3. A 28. Bi i

shod), a, b, ¢, d Parts of Wall (a Toe, 3b, Side Walls, ¢, ¢ Quarters, d, d Buttresses); ¢, ¢€ yan efi

form, as a spit or narrow cape

*fite fines s Soles hFrog;

omething resembling a

turned landward

hook in

at the outer

priate

~

‘

,

end, an angular or recurved mark in a written character, 5. NERA Baseball.

a recurved of a plant etc. de Sos AAA 1)part SESARL AER or SAanimal, EEE

Gve,

hére (27),

@vent,

&nd,

silént, makér;

ice,

ll,

Old, Obey, Orb, Odd, sdft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Grn, tp, circés, menti;

f

hooka A curve.

6. Boxing.

elbow bent and rigid.

479

A short swinging blow with the

7. Golf. A stroke in which the ball

curves to the left of the intended line of play. sic.

8. Mu-

One of the cross strokes on notes of small denomina-

tion;

— called also pennant.

The eighth note (ah) has

horizon

hope (hop), n. _ [AS. hopa, tohopa.]_ 1. Desire with expectation of obtaining what is desired, or belief that it

is obtainable. 2. Trust; reliance. 3. Ground or source happy expectation; hence, good promise; as, a land of hope.

4. That which is hoped for; an object of hope.

—v.%. 1. To entertain hope; — usually followed by for. 2. To trust; — usually followed by in. —v.t. 1. To

one hook, the 16th note ( f\) has two, etc. — by hook cherish hope of. 2. To desire; wish; trust; — often used or by crook. One way or other; by any means. — v. t. colloquially regarding uncertainties. — Syn. See EXPECT. 1. To give the form of a hook to; crook. 2. To catch or hope chest. Collog. A chest or box in which a young fasten with a hook; to seize or hold with a hook; as, to woman accumulates an outfit of clothing, linen, etc., in hook a trout; hence, to secure; catch. 3. To steal; pilfer. 4. To pierce with the borne, as cattle; to gore. 5. To work, as canvas, by drawing

with a hook.

6. Sports.

loops of yarn,

a Boxing.

etc., through it

To strike with a

hook. b Cricket. To pull. cGolf. To strike the ball so that a hook results. —v.7. 1. To bend; to curve as a hook. 2. Slang. To make off; clear out; — often with at, 3. To be caught or fastened by or as if by a hook; as,

a dress that hooks. hook’ah, hook’a (hook’a), n.

[Ar. huggah a round box,

a bottle through which tobacco fumes pass.] A pipe with a long flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by passing through water.

hooked (hookt or hook’éd; -id), adj.

ofa hook.

hooks; as, a hooked rug.

hook’er (hook’ér), n. hook.]

1. Having the form

2. Provided with a hook or hooks; made with

Naut.

— hook’ed-ness, n.

[D. hoeker fishing vessel, fr. hoek

a A kind of fishing boat with one mast,

used on the coasts of England and Ireland. b A sailor’s contemptuous term for any old or clumsy craft.

hook’/up’

(-tip’),

~.

An assemblage

of apparatus,

anticipation of her marriage. hope’ful (hop’fo0l; -f’l), adj.

hope.

1, Full of hope; inclined to

Having qualities which excite hope.

young person humorously considered hope/ful-ly, adv. — hope’ful-ness, n. Syn. Hopeful, sanguine,

confident.

—n.A

as promising. —

Hopeful applies to that

which is full of or inspires hope; that is Samguine which is habitually or confidently hopeful. Confident adds the implication of assurance or positive expectation.

hope/less (-lés; -lis), adj.

1. Destitute of hope; despair-

ing. 2. Giving no ground of hope; desperate; as, a hopeless cause. — hope/less-ly, adv. — -less-ness, n.

yn. Hopeless, desperate, despairing. Hopeless implies the abandonment of hope; desperate connotes the recklessness, despairing, the utter hopelessness, of despair or extremity. Hopeless also applies to what is beyond hope; desperate, to what is extremely perilous or Past retrieving.

hop/lite

(hop/lit),

n.

(Gr.

hoplités,

weapon.] Gr. Antig. A heavy-

fr. hoplon tool,

armed infantry soldier.

cir-

cuits, etc., used for a specific purpose, as for radio transmission or reception; also, the plan of such an assemblage.

hook’worm) (-wfiirm’), n.

_Any of certain parasitic nema-

tode worms (genera Ancylostoma, Necator, etc.) having hooks or spines about the mouth. hookworm disease. Med. Ancylostomiasis. hook’y (hook’/Y), n. A word used in the phrase to play hooky, to run away, to play truant. hook’y, adj. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks.

hoo/li-gan (hoo/li-gdn), n. [After an Irish family in London.] Orig. Slang, Eng. A loafer or ruffian, like the

hoodlum. — hoo/li-gan, adj. — -gan-ism, n. hoo/ly (hoo/li; dial. also hf/li, hii/li), adj. & adv. Wary; soft; slow.

:

hoop (hoop; 85), n.

[AS. hdp.]

f

Scot.

1. A circular strip for

holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc., or any of various purposes, Something resembling a hoop; a ring; circlet; specif., a finger ring. 3. A circle, or combination of circles, of elastic material, used for expanding the

skirts of ladies’ dresses; — chiefly in pl. 4. Croquet. An arch or wicket. —v.¢. To bind or fasten with hoops; hence, to clasp; surround. hoop/er (hoop’ér), m. One who puts hoops on casks or tubs; a cooper. hoo/poe (h00’p00), n. [F. huppe, fr. L. upupa.] Any of

a family (Upupidae) of Old World having a slender curved bill.

hoose’gow, hoos’gow aw.

nonpasserine

(h60s’gou; -g6), n.

(Perh. fr. Sp. juzgado a court.]

jail; lockup; guardhouse; prison.

Hoo/sier (hoo/zhér), n.

birds

Also hoose’—

Slang, U.S.

U.S. An inhabitant of the State

of Indiana, the Hoosier State; — a nickname.

hoot (hoot), v. 7.

1. To utter a loud shout; now usually,

to cry out in contempt.

To make a sound resembling

that of hoot; specif., to utter the cry of an 1. To assail with contemptuous cries. 2. hoots.. —z. 1. A loud inarticulate shout a derisive shout. 2. The cry of an owl. hoot (hoot; dot), hoots (hdots; cots), interj.

owl. —v.¢. To express in or noise; esp., Scot. Hush;

tut; — an exclamation of impatience, dissatisfaction, etc. hooves (hoovz), n., pl. of HOOF. hop (hop), v. 7.; HOPPED (hdpt); Hop/pinc. _[AS. hopaan to leap, dance.] 1. To move by a quick springy eap or successive leaps, as do birds, toads, grasshoppers, etc.; also, to spring or jump on one foot. 2. Collog. To dance. 3. Slang. Loosely, to go; as, ;

hop toit. —v. t. To hop, or leap, about or over. _2. Collog. To get

y-

of a fly (Piophila casei) infesting cheese; also, any

o

various other leaping insects. 3. A chute, box, or recep-

tacle, usually funnel-shaped,

for delivering any material, as

to animals or to a machine;

as, the hopper in a grain elevator; the hopper which feeds coaltoafurnace. 4. A tank

holding liquid and having a device for releasing its con-

Hoplite (Statuette from

tents through a pipe; as, the

dona)

hopper of a toilet. 2 hop’per—bot’/tom car, or hopper car. Railroads. An open-top freight car equipped with hoppers in the bottom

that drop to discharge the contents. hopper closet. A toilet with a hopper. See HoppER, 4. hop’ple (hdp/’’l), v. t. & n. Hobble; fetter. hop’scotch’

(hop’skéch’),

line, scratch.]

n.

[hop

to leap+ scotch

a

A child’s game in which the

players hop through the divisions of a figure traced, or scotched, on the ground.

Ho/rae

(ho/ré; 70), ei

rai.)

Gr. Relig.

be [L., fr. Gr. Ho-

Goddesses of the seasons,

hence of orderliness. ho’ral (ho/rdl), adj, hour.]

hourly.

[L. horalis, fr. hora

Of or relating to an hour or hours;

;

ho/ra-ry (hd/rd-rl), adj.

;

[ML. horarius, fr.

L. hora hour. . Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. 2. Occurring once an hour; hourly. 3. Astrol. Of or pertaining to specific or fitting times, or their determination.

Ho-ra’tian (hé-ra’shdn; -sh¥-dn), adj. Horatianus.]

[L,

Hopscotch.

Of or pertaining to the Latin poet Horace

(Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 65-8 B.c.), or resembling his

poetic style.

:

Ho-ra/tius Co’cles (h6-ra/shtis k0’kléz; hé-ra’sh¥-%s).

In

Roman legend, a famous hero who defended a bridge at Rome against the Etruscan army under Lars Porsena. horde (hodrd; 70), n. L[F., through G. & Pol., fr. Turk.

orducamp,army.]

1. Aclanor tribal group of Mongolian

nomads; hence, any loosely organized group of. nomads. 2. Any crowd; swarm; pack. —v.%. To associate in or form a horde.

upon by or as by hopping; as, to hopa freight. —m. 1. A short brisk leap, esp. on one leg. 2. Collog. A dance;

hore’hound’

esp., an informal dance or ball.

(hor’hound’), n.

[AS. harhiine, harehiine,

fr. har hoar, gray + hine, nameof a plant.}

flight in an aircraft. hop, n, . (MD. hoppe (D. hop) Meee ie A twining vine (dumulus lupulus)

mint

(Marrubium

vulgare)

with

hoary

1. A bitter

downy

2. Anextract or confection made from this plant.

leaves.

3. Any

of several other mints. ho-ri’zon (ho-ri/z’n), n. [OF. orizonte, fr. L., fr. Gr. horizon (sc. kyklos) the bounding line, horizon, fr. horizein to bound, fr. horos boundary.] 1. The apparent junction

with 3-lobed or 5-lobed leaves and greenish flowers, the pistillate growing in cones or strobiles. 2. pl. The ripe dried pistillate cones of these plants used in medicine, and to impart a bit-

of earth and sky, called the apparent, local, or visible

Hop (H. lupulus). ter flavor to malt liquors. Leaves and strobiles. hop clover. Any of a genus (7’7ri(4) folium, esp. T. agrarium and T. procumbens) of fabaceous herbs, having yellow flowers. a a

horizon.

perience.

2. Figuratively,

3. Astron.

range

of perception

or ex-

a A plane passing through the eye

of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given

place; — called the sensible horizon.

b A plane paral-

lel to the sensible horizon, and passing through the earth’s

aS

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtre (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

hop’per (hdp’ér), n. that hops.

aaa

x= ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

||Foreign Word.

480

horizontal

horse

center, or the great circle formed by the intersection of this plane with the celestial sphere; — called the celestial, rational, geometrical, or true horizon. . Geo

horn‘tail/ (hérn’tal’), n.

tor, esp, in landscapes, where natural horizon.

horn’worm’

The deposit of a particular time, usually identified by distinctive fossils, 5. Painting. Tn a picture, the imaginary ine on which is projected the point of sight of the spectathis horizon replaces the

hor‘i-zon/tal (hor’/%-zdn/tdal; -t’l), adj. ing to, or near, the horizon.

1. a Of, pertain-

Parallel to the horizon; on

alevel.. ¢ Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon. 2. Designating any of various machines placed or operat-

ing chiefly along a plane parallel to the horizon; as, a hori-

zontal engine. —mn. A thing that is horizontal. — hor/-

i.zon/tal-ly, adv. hor’mone (hér’mon), n.

[Gr. hormon, pres. part. of hor-

maein to excite.] Physiol. A substance, esp. a specific organic product of the cells of one part, as of the adrenal

glands, transported in the body fluid or the sap of an organism and producing a specific effect on the activity of

cells remote from its source; an internal secretion; an autacoid; strictly, one which is excitatory, as distinguished from chalone. — hor-mo/nal (hér-m0/ndl; -n’l), hor-mon/ic

(h6rem6n/ik), adj.

horn (hérn), n._

[AS.]

1. One of the hard processes borne

on the head of many hoofed mammals, including the permanent horns of cattle, sheep, goats, etc., and the solid,

bony horns of deer, shed annually (called antlers).

2. Any

natural projection from an animal, suggestive of a horn,

as a tuft of feathers on the head of a bird. 3. of a cuckold, cuckolds being reputed to wear The tough, fibrous material, keratin, of which are composed; also, any similar substance. 5.

Anemblem horns. true horns a A drink-

ing cup, or beaker; hence, a drink. b The cornucopia, or horn of plenty. oc A vessel made of a horn, esp. one for containing powder. _6. Something resembling a horn; as: a One of the curved ends of a crescent. b The beak-shaped

point of ananvil. ¢ The high pommel ofasaddle. 7. Bib. A symbol of strength, power, glory, or pride. 8. Music.

a A wind instrument of music, orig. of a horn, now of brass or other metal. b= FRENCH HORN. 9Q. Radio. A tube used in some types

of loud-speaker.

and hard white wood.

(-wfrm’),

The larva of various

n.

hawk

moths, having a hornlike process, as the tobacco

worm.

horn/wort’ (-wirt’), n. Any of a genus (Ceratophyllum,

family Ceratophyllaceae) of Horntail (Tremex

aquatic

herbs

found

in

quiet fresh waters. horn’y (hér’ni), adj. ; HORN’-

columba).

TER (-ni-€r); HORN/LEST. 1. Of horn, or a hornlike substance. 2. Having horns or hornlike projections. 3.

Hard, callous, or semiopaque, like horn. hor’o-loge (hor’6-10j; -16j), n. (OF. horloge, orloge, fr. L., fr. Gr. horologion, fr. hdra hour + legen to say, tell.] A timepiece; a watch, clock, or dial.

ho-rol’o.ger (h6-rdl’5-jér),m.. A maker or vender of clocks

and watches; one skilled in horology. hor’o-log/ic (hér/6-15j’/ik), adj. Also hor’o-log/i-cal (-i-kdl). Of or pertaining to a horologe or horology. ho-rol/o-gist (hé-r5l/6-jist), n. A horologer. ho-rol’o-gy (-ji), n. The science of measuring time, or the art of constructing clocks, dials, etc. hor’o-scope (hoér’é-skop), n. (F., fr. L., fr. Gr. horoskopos, fr. hora hour + skopos watcher.] Astrol. a Aspect of the stars at a particular time; horoscopy. bA

diagram or scheme of the twelve housesof heaven, showing the relative positions of planets and signs of the zodiac, by which astrologers profess to foretell the events of a person’s life or to answer horary questions. ho-ros/co-py (hd-rds’/ké-pi), mn. L. The art or practice of casting horoscopes, or observing the disposition of, the stars, with a view to predicting events. 2. Aspect of the stars at a specific time, as at one’s birth.

hor’ri-ble (hor’%-b’1; 74), adj.

(L. horrendus.]

Fear-

(OF. horrible, fr..L. hor-

ribilis, fr. horrere.| Exciting, or tending to excite, horror; dreadful; shocking. — Syn. See FEARFUL. — hor’rible-ness, n. — hor’ri-bly, adv.

Hor, 8 a.

horn/blende’ (-blénd’), n. ([G., fr. horn horn + blende blende.]_ Amphibole, properly the common dark alumi-

nous variety. — horn-blen/dic (hérn-blén/dik), adj. hornblende schist. Petrog. See AMPHIBOLITE.

horn/book’ (hérn’book’), n. | A kind of child’s primer formerly in use, consisting typically of a sheet of parchment protected by a sheet of transparent horn. Hence, a ruditreatise.

horned (hérnd or, poet. or rhetorical, hor’néd, -nid), adj.

Furnished with a horn or horns; having a hornlike process;

— often used in combinations in the sense of having (such or so many) horns, as in broad-horned, four-horned.

horned pout. A bullhead, esp. one species (Ameiurus nebulosus) which is common in the eastern United States and has been introduced into streams of the Pacific coast.

horned toad. Any of certain small, harmless, scaly, insectivorous lizards (genus Phrynosoma) having hornlike spines.

horned viper. See CERASTES. hor’net (hér/nét; -nit), n. (CAS. hyrnet.]_ A large strong wasp whose sting is very severe; esp., a European species (Vespa crabro) and the American white-faced hornet (V.maculata). Horn/ie (hér/ni), n. Scot. The Devil. ¢ hor-ni/to (hér-ne’td; Sp. dr-), n. (CSp.

dim. fr. horno oven, fr. L. furnus, Geol. _A low, oven-shaped mound, in

in trees.

ful; frightful; horrible. — hor-ren’dous-ly, adv. hor/rent (hor’ént), adj.. [L. horrens, pres. part. of horrere to bristle.] _ 1. Standing erect, as bristles; bristling. Rare. Horrified; horrible; expressing horror

horn’bill’ (-bil’), x. Any of a family (Bucerotidae) of large nonpasserine Old World birds having enormous bills.

mentary

female commonly having a stout ovipositor. Their laryae burrow in plants, often

hor-ren/dous (h6-rén/dis), adj.

—v.t. 1. To

furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to. 2. Archaic. To cuckold. 3. To gore with the horns. — horn/less, adj. horn’/beam/ (-bém’), n. Any of a genus (Carpinus) of betulaceous € trees, having smooth gray bark

.Any of certain hymenopterous

insects (superfamily Siricoidea) related to the sawflies, the

volcanic regions, emitting smoke and vapors. horn/—mad’ (hérn’mad/; 2), adj. En- White-faced Hornet raged enough to gore; hence, furious; (V, maculata). (36) raving crazy. — horn/—mad/ness, n. s horn of plenty. A cornucopia. See AMALTHAEA. horn’pipe’ (hérn’pip’), n. aA musical instrument formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe anda reed mouthpiece. b A lively dance, orig. accompanied by hornpipe playing, popular among sailors. c A lively tune for such a dance. horn pout. The horned pout. horn silver. Cerargyrite. A variety of horn/stone’ (hérn/ston’), n. Mineral. quartz much like flint, but more brittle. Lorene Cswog’’]), v. t. Slang. To bamboozle; to oax.

hor/rid (hor’fd), adj. CL. horridus.]

1. Archaic. Rough;

bristling. 2. Hideous; shocking; hence, very offensive; now often, Collog., rather objectionable; offensive. — hor’-

rid-ly, adv. — hor’rid-ness, n. hor-rif’ic (ho-rif/ik), adj. [F. or L.; F. horrifique, fr. L. horrificus, fr. horrere to be horrible.) Causing horror; horrifying; frightful.

hor’ri-fy (hor/7-fi), v. ¢. ;-Frep (-fid); -Fy/Inc. care.]

[L. horrifi-

To strike with horror. — hor’ri-fi-ca/tion, n.

hor-rip/i-la/tion (ho-rip/%-la’shtin), n. _[L. horripilatio, fr. horripilare to bristle, fr. horrere to bristle + pilus the hair.], Med. A bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc.; goose flesh.

hor’ror (hor’ér), n. (COF., fr. L. horror, fr. horrere to bristle, shiver, be dreadful.{ 1. Archaic. A bristling up; a roughness. A shivering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever. 3. A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence; great aversion and repugnance. 4. The quality of exciting horror; that which excites horror or dread, or is horrible. — Syn. See FEAR. — the horrors. a The

blues. b Collog. A spasm, or spasms, of horror. ||hors’ de com/bat’ (6r’ dé k6n’ba’; hér’). [CF.]

Out of

the combat; disabled from fighting. hors/ d’oeu’vre (dii’/vr’); pl. D’oruVRES (dfi/vr’). [F. hors d’euvre, lit., outside of work.]_ A relish or appetizer, served usually at the beginning of a meal; — chiefly in pl. horse (hors), n.; pl. HORSES (h6r’s€z; -siz). [AS.hors.] 1. [pl. also rarely HORSE. See PLURAL, Note, 2.] A large,

solid-hoofed, herbivorous mammal (Hquus_caballus) domesticated by man since a prehistoric period, used as a beast of burden, a draft animal, or for riding; by extension, any of certain closely allied extinct species. 2. The male

of the horse; usually, a gelding, but sometimes a stallion. 3. Anything on which one rides, sits, exercises, or is carried as on a horse. &. A frame, usually with legs, to support something, as planks, a staging, or clothing. 5. A

jocular, friendly, or, sometimes, opprobrious, name for a

man; as, old horse.

6. Student Slang. a A translation or

other illegitimate aid in study or examination; — called also trot, pony. b Horseplay; tomfoolery. 7. Collog. Chess.

A knight. 8. Gymnastics. An apparatus shaped somewhat like the body of a small horse, used for vaulting exer-

cises, etc.

9. Mil.

[pl. HoRSE.]

alry; as, a regiment of horse.

Mounted soldiery; cay-

10. Mining Geol. A mass

of the same character as the wall rock, occurring in a vein.

11. Zool. Ina broad sense, any member of the horse fam-

ily (Equidae), which includes the asses, zebras, etc.

ale, chaotic, care, Add, account, arm, ask, sofa; Eve, hére (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Gld, Obey, 6rb, Sdd, sft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; cube, Unite, Gm, tp, circés, ment;

horseback

481

=v. 2. 1. To provide with a horse, or with horses; to place onahorse. 2. To place on the hack of another, or ona wooden horse, etc., to be flogged; hence, to flog. 3. Slang.

To make (one) the object of horseplay; also, to ridicule. —».%. To get, or go, on horseback. —adj. 1. Pertaining to a horse or horses. 2. Large or coarse of its kind or genus; as, a horse mackerel. 3. Mounted on horses; for mounted troops; as, horse archers.

horse/back’

(hérs’bak’), m.

A natural ridge;

L. The back of a horse.

a hogback.

horse/car’ (hérs’/kar’), n. car drawn by horses.

horse chestnut.

— adv.

2.

On horseback.

U.S. a A railroad car or street-

b A car fitted for transporting horses.

The large nutlike seed of a tree (Aescu-

lus hippocastanum) brought from Constantinople in the 16th century, now common in the temperate zones; also, the tree. horse/cloth’ (hérs’kloth’), n. A cloth for a covering or trapping of a horse. horse’flesh’ (-flésh’), n._ 1. The flesh of the horse, esp. ollog. Horses collectively. whenslaughteredforfood. 2. horse’fly’ (-f17), n. 1. Any ofa family (Tabanidae) of swift two-winged flies, sometimes large; — called also gadfly, The females suck

the blood of animals.

2. Any

of

Any ofagenus (T'rios-

Mil.

body of cavalry so called; esp., the cav-

alry brigade of the English household troops, which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign. 2. Collog. The

building opposite Whitehall, London, serving as headquarters for several regiments of the Guards, and as offices for some departments of the War Office.

from the mane or tail. horse’hide’ (-hid’), n. from it.

a A hair of a horse, esp. one

b Haircloth. — horse’hair’, adj. A horse’s hide or leather made : i : horse’jock’ey (-jOk/f), n. A professional rider or driver of : 4 race horses; — usually merely jockey.

horse latitudes.

Nawt.

Either of two belts or regions in

the neighborhood of 30° N. and 30° S, latitude, characterized by high pressure, calms, and light bafiling winds. horse/laugh’ (-lif’; -laf’/), n. A loud, boisterous laugh.

horse/leech’ (-léch’), n. Also formerly horse leach. 1. Archaic. A veterinary surgeon. 2. A common European leech (Haemopis gulo), said (perhaps incorrectly) to attack the nose and mouth of horses when drinking. |

horse/less (-l&s; -lfs), adj. _Without a horse; specif., not requiring a horse; — said of self-propelled vehicles.

horse mackerel.

a The common tunny.

b Locally, any

of several other large fishes, as the bluefish, saurel, etc.

horse’man

A rider on horseback;

n.

(hérs’mdn),

one

skilled in the management or care of horses; specif., Obs., ’

a cavalryman. — horse/man-ship, 7.

horse marine. One of a mythical body of marine cavalry; also, a marine or sailor on mounted duty ashore or a cavalryman on shipboard; hence, a man out of his element.

horse/mint’ (hérs/mint’), n._ a Any of several European

mints, esp. Mentha longifolia and M. aquatica. bU.S. Any of a genus (Monarda) of coarse herbs. horse nettle. A prickly weed (Solanum carolinense) of the nightshade family, with yellow berrylike fruit.

horse pistol. A large pistol, formerly carried by horsemen.

horse’play/ (hérs’pla’), n.

horse’pow’er (-pou/ér; 2), n. exerts in pulling.

Rude, boisterous play.

1. The power which a horse

ech, A unit of power, numerically

equal to a rate of 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute

(= 550 foot-pounds per second). horse/—rad/ish (-rad/ish; 2), n.

Abbr. h.p. or hp. A tall coarse white-

flowered brassicaceous herb (Armoracia

rusticana),

pungent root of which is used as a condiment. horse rake. A horse-drawn rake. | horse sense. Collog., U.S. Practical common sense.

horse/shoe’ (hérs’sh6o/; hérsh’-), n, usually a narrow plate of iron con-

the

shoe.

3. Short

for HORSESHOE

(Equisetum)

1

2,

Any of a genus

of perennial flowerless plants related to the

ferns. 3. A Turkish standard, denoting a pasha’s rank. Commanders were distinguished by the number of horsetails carried before them.

horse/weed’ (-wéd’),

n.

A North American weed (Lepti-

lon canadense) of the aster family, with yellowish flowers.

horse/whip/ (-hwip’), n. wuir.

horse’wom/an horseback.

chair;

A whip for horses.

To flog with a horsewhip.

(-woom/dn), n.

hor’ta-to/ry (-t0/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj.

[L. hortatorius.]

hor’ti-cul/ture (hér’ti-kil/tiir), n.

[L. horti (gen. of hor-

ing, or characterized by, exhortation; exhortatory.

Giv-

tus) cultura cultivation of a garden.] Cultivation of a garden or orchard; art of growing fruits, vegetables, ornamen-

tal plants.— hor’ti-cul’tur-al, adj.— hor’ti-cul’tur-ist, n.

hor’tus sic/cus (hér’tts sik’is).

[L., a dry garden.]

collection of dried botanical specimens; a herbarium.

Ho/rus Bosh n. (L., fr. Gr. Horos, fr. Egypt. Heru.J Egypt Relig. The hawk-headed god of day. ho-san/na (hé-zin’a), interj. [LL., fr. Gr. hosanna, fr. Heb. hoshi‘ah nn&@ save now, we

pray.]

An exclamation of praise to the Lord or

the Saviour.

—n.

A cry of “hosanna.”

formerly worn, often fastened to the doublet by

}\

ribbons or strings called points; later, breeches

reaching only to the knee.

iy

3. pl. sometimes

HOSES. A flexible pipe, as of rubber, for con- fi veying fluids from a faucet, hydrant, etc. v.t. To drench by means of a hose; as, to hose the garden.

Ho-se/a (ho-zé/4; -23/a), n.

_

[Heb. HodshZa‘.] _Horus.

a A Hebrew prophet. of the 8th century B.c._ of the Old Testament.

ho/sier (ho/zhér), n.

b A book

One who deals in hose, or in cloth-

ing knit or woven like hose.

ho/sier-y (-i), n.

1. The business of a hosier.

2. Hose

in general; goods knit or woven like hose. hos’pice (hés/pis), n. CF., fr. L. hospitiwm hospitality, an inn, fr. hospes stranger, guest.]_ An inn for travelers, esp. one kept by a religious order.

hos’pi-ta-ble (hos/pi-ta-b’l; Brit. also hds-pYt/a-b’l), adj. (MF., fr. L. hospitare to receive as a guest.] Receiving and entertaining guests generously and kindly. . 2. Proceeding from or suggestive of kindness and generosity to guests or strangers. Liberally receptive; as, a mind hospitable to ideas. — hos’pi-ta-bly (-bl¥), adv. hos/pi-tal (hos’pit-dl; -’l), n. (OF. (F. hdpital), fr. ML.,

fr. L. hospitalis relating to a guest, fr hospes guest.] 1. Hist. A place for shelter or entertainment of travelers, strangers, etc. 2. Obs. exc. Hist. A charitable institution for the refuge, maintenance, or education of needy, aged,

infirm, or young persons.

3. An institution in which pa-

tients or injured persons are given medical or surgical care.

hos’pi.tal-er, hos/pi-tal-ler (hds’pit-’l-ér), n, pitalier.

See HOSPITAL.]

[OF. hos-

1. One residing in a hospital;

in some London hospitals, once religious

establishments,

the title of a

chief religious ‘officer. 2. Obs. exc. Hist. A member of any of many religious orders whose chief purpose was to care for the sick or needy. : cap.)

order

One of a religious military

called

the Knights

of St.

John of Jerusalem, growing out of

a hospital founded at Jerusalem about

hos’pi-tal/i-ty (hos/p7-tal’7-ti), n.; pl.

-TIES (-tiz). Hospitable treatment, reception, or disposition. hos’pi-tal-ize (hds’pit-’]-1z), v. t. Med. To placein a hospital for treatment. — hos’pi-tal-i.za’tion, n. HOSPITIA.(-@).

craB. —v.t. To furnish with horseshoes; to shoe (a horse). horseshoe crab. A king crab, or Horseshoes. 1 Plain Shoe; xiphosuran. with Toe and Heel horse’tail’ (hérs’tal’), n. 1. The 2 Shoe ks,

tail of a horse.

[L. hortativus, fr. horteri

to incite.] Giving exhortation; advisory; exhortative. — hor’ta-tive-ly, adv. "

1. A shoe for horses, hos-pi/ti-um (hds-pish’i-tim), n.; pl.

formed to the rim of a horse’s hoof. 2. Anything shaped like a horse-

Ing; as, a horsy man; horsy talk. — hors/i-ness, n.

hor’ta-tive (hér/ta-tiv), adj.

Close-fitting coverings for the legs and waist as

Horsefly (Tabanus y lineola). (A)

1. A picked

horse’hair’ CESAR IA) n.

string of horses or ponies.

hors’y (hér’si), adj.; HORS/I-ER (-si-€r); Hors/LEsT. 1. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or suggestive of, a horse. 2. Addicted to, or having to do with, horses or horse rac-

ing also the foot; a stocking, or stockings,

teum, esp. 7’. perfoliatum, the fever-

root) of caprifoliaceous plants. —

Horse Guards.

Western U.S. A herder in charge of a

hose oes n. ;pl. HOSE, formerly HOSEN (h0’z’n). (AS.] 1. A leg covering, in modern use cover-

various other flies annoying to horses.

horse gentian.

hosteler

horse wrangler.

A woman

— v. t.; see

who rides on

go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdiire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

Hist.

A hospice.

Hospitaler, 3,

hos/po-dar (hés’po-dar), n. [Rumanian.] A title formerly borne by the princes or governor of Moldavia and Walachia as vassals of the Sultan.

host (host), n. 1. An army.

[OF., fr. L. hostis enemy, ML., army.] Any great multitude; a throng.

host, n. (OF. hoste, fr. L. hospes stranger, guest, host.] 1. One who receives or entertains another; specif., a land-

lord.

2. Biol. Any living animal or plant affording sub-

sistence or lodgment to a parasite.

host, n. [OF. ozste, fr. L. hostia sacrifice, victim.] [now often cap.] Eccl, The Eucharistic wafer, or bread, before

or after consecration. hos’tage (hos/tij), n. [OF., fr: ML. hostaticus, prob. for hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest.) State of a person given

or kept as a pledge, as for the fulfillment of a treaty; hence,

a person in such a state or position; as, held as hostage,

hos/tel (hds/tél; -t'), n.

[OF., fr. ML. hospitale.

See

HOSPITAL.] A place of lodging; inn. hos’tel-er n. ee Archaic. The keeper or inn. th (-€r), SEA EES SA aa aia ofaa hostel ae IE LE

K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|] Foreign Word,

hostelry

| housemaid

482

hos’tel-ry (hds’tél-r¥), n. ;pl. -r1Es (-riz).. [OF. hostelerie. See HOSTEL.] Archaic. An inn; a lodginghouse. host’ess (hés/tés; -tis), n. A female host.

A. coarse boraginaceous weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with tongue-shaped leaves, and reddish flowers; also, any

of certain other species of the same genus. hos’tile (hds’til or, esp. Brit., -til; 56), adj. CF. or L.; : F., |hour (our), n. LOF. hore, ore, fr. L. hora, fr. Gr. hora a season, hour.] 1. The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty fr. L.. hostilis, fr. hostis enemy.] Belonging or appropriate minutes. Abbr. hr.,or h. (sing. & pl.) ; hrs. (pl.). 2. The to an enemy; having or showing ill will; unfriendly. — Syn. time of the day, as indicated by a timepiece. Fixe Malevolent, opposed, contrary, unsympathetic. — Ant. time; a particular time or occasion. 4. A measure of disFriendly, amicable, favorable, benign. — hos’tile-ly, adv. hos.til/i-ty (hds-til/7-ti), n.; pl. -TIes (-tiz). 1. State of tance estimated by the time normally consumed in travelingit. 5. Astron. a Sixty minutes of sidereal time. bAn being hostile; enmity. An act of open enmity; a hostile angular unit of right ascension; 15 degrees (measured along deed; esp., pl., acts of warfare. Syn. Hostility, enmity, animosity.

Hostility is (commonly

open) antagonism, esp. as manifested in action; enmity is oftener the feeling (sometimes the state) of hatred or ill will; animosity is active enmity, often with bitterness; as, the protectionists’ hostility to free

trade; to harbor enmity; vindictive animosity.

hos/tler (hds/lér; 5s’lér), n. [COF. hostelier innkeeper.] One who takes care of horses at an inn or stable; hence, anyone who takes care of horses; a groom; — often spelled ostler.

hot (hot), adj.; Hot’TER (-€r); HoT’/TEST. [AS. hat.] 1. Having, or characterized by, a (relatively) high tempera-

ture; — opposed to cold and exceeding warm in degree.

2.

Characterized by violent activity, emotion, or passion; as:

a Ardent; fiery. Violent; raging. ¢ Excited; urgent. d Lustful. e Kindled with eager desire; as, hot for reform.

3. Inducing or suggesting heat; as: a Pressing hard or close; as, a hot chase. b Fresh; recent; as, hot from the

press.

c¢ Producing a sensation as of heat; pungent; as,

hotasmustard,

d Slang.

Highly exciting, novel, or other-

wise fashionably taking. object or solution sought.

4. Games. Very near to the 5. Hunting. Strong; intense;

clear; — said of the scent. — Syn. Torrid, burning; fervid, passionate. — Ant. Cold, frigid; apathetic, indifferent.

hot/bed/ (-béd’), n. 1. Hort. A bed of soil enclosed in glass heated by fermenting manure, etc., for raising seedlings. 2. A place or environment which favors rapid growth or

development.

:

;

:

hot/—blood’ed (see Pron., §2), adj. 1. Excitable; highspirited; ardent. 2. Having Thoroughbred blood. hot/box’ (hdt’boks’), n. A journal box, as ona railroad car, overheated by friction. hotch (hich), v. t. & 7. [F. hocher to shake, fr. D. hotsen to shake, jolt.] Scot. To jog; joggle; fidget. 1. Law. A hotch’pot’ (-pot’), n. [See HoTcHpotcu.] throwing into a common lot or stock, of property for equality of division. 2. A hotchpotch. : hotch’potch’ (hdch’pich’), n. [From earlier hotchpot fr. F. hochepot, fr. D. hutspot hotchpotch.] 1. A mingle mass;

a stew of various ingredients;

a hodgepodge.

2.

Law. A hotchpot. : hot cockles. A rustic, or childish, play, in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him. hot dog.

Slang.

A heated wienerwurst

esp. one placed in a split roll. ho-tel’ (ho-tél’; Brit._also 6-tél’), n.

hostel.

See HosreLt.]

or frankfurter,

CF, Adtel, fr. OF. 1. A house providing lodging and

usually meals for the public, esp. for transients; an inn. 2. (F. pron. 6/tél’) In French usage: a The mansion of a person of rank or wealth. b A public building. hot’foot! (hdt/f0t’; 2), adv. Collog. In impulsive haste. hot/head’ (-héd’), n. A hotheaded person. a hot’/head’ed (-héd’éd; -id; 2), adj. Fiery; hasty; impetuous. — hot/head’ed-ly, adv. — hot/head’ed-ness, n.

hot/house’ (-hous’), n.

1. Obs. A bagnio. | 2. A glass-

house artificially heated for growing or keeping tender or tropical plants. hot/ly (hot/li), adv. Ina hot or fiery manner; ardently. hot/ness

(-nés; -nis), n.

Quality or state of being hot.

hot pot. Mutton or beef cooked with potatoes in a tightcovered pot. hot’—press’, v. t. To gloss (paper or cloth), or to express (oil), by combined heat and pressure. — hot/—press/er, n. hot’spur’ (hot/spfir’), n.

Arash, hotheaded man.

Hot’ten-tot (hot/’n-tot), nm. (S. Afr. D., lit., hot and aa 1. One of a South African race apparently allied to both

the Bushmen and Bantus.

2. The Hottentot language. —

Hot’ten-tot, adj. hot’ter (hdt’ér), v.7. & t. Scot. & N. of Eng. 1. To shake, as with rage or laughter. 2. To talk confusedly.

Hou/’dan (hoo/din), n. [F., fr. Howdan, town in northern France.]_ One of a French breed of crested domestic fowls with black-and-white or white plumage, and five toes. hough (hdk; Scot. hox), n. Chiefly Scot. The hock.

the equinoctial).

for prayer.

6. pl. Eccl.

a The times of the day set

b The prayers appointed for such times.

7.

Educ. The period of session of a class; as, a fifty-minute hour. 8. pl. [cap.] Gr. Relig. = Horar. hour’glass/ (-glas’), n._ An instrument for measuring time,

esp. the interval of an hour, by the time occupied by a cer-

tain quantity of sand, water, or mercury in running from

the upper of two compartments through a small

aperture into the lower compartment. hou/ri (hoo/ri; hou/ri), n.; pl. -r1s (riz). CF., fr. Per. hiiri, fr. Ar. hiirtyah a white-skinned,

black-eyed woman.]

“A nymph of the Moham-

medan paradise. hour’ly (our’li), adv. continually, — adj. hour; frequent.

Every hour; frequently; Happening or done every

Hour-

house (hous), n. CAS. his.] 1. Astructure for glass. human habitation; esp.,a human habitation whichis fixedin place and is intended for the private occupation of a family or families. 2. a Anything serving an animal other than man for habitation, as the shell of a snail, the nest of bird, etc. bA building in which something is housed; as, a

coach house.

3. Any place of abode or deposit, as the

body as the habitation of the soul,

abode of man, etc.

the grave as the final

4. Those who dwell in the same house;

a household, 5. A family of kindred; esp., a noble family or an illustrious race; as, the House of Windsor. 6. A religious fraternity or its place of abode. 7. A college in a university; a boardinghouse

or dormitory

in a college or

school; also, the students in either collectively. 8. One of the estates of a kingdom or other government assembled in parliament or legislature; as, the House of Representatives; also, the building, or chamber, where it meets.

9.

body of men forming a deliberative or consultative assem-

bly, esp. of an ecclesiastical or a collegiate character; as, the house of bishops.

10.

A theater; hence,anaudience.

11.

Astrol. a A twelfth part of the heavens as divided’ by six circles intersecting at the north and south points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or nativities. b A

zodiacal sign regarded as the seat of a planet’s greatest influence.

_

Com.

A place of business; hence, a firm or

commercial establishment.

house (houz), v. t. ina house.

1. To lodge in a house; also, to store

2. To cover, enclose, or shelter as if by put-

ting ina house. 3. Obs. To drive to shelter ina house. 4. Naut. To stow or secure in a safe place; as, to house a yacht for the winter. —v.7. To take shelter or lodgings, houseboat’ (hous/bot’), n. A covered boat used as a dwell-

ing, esp. a large, flat-bottomed boat with a superstructure much like a house, used for leisurely cruising.

house’break/ing (-brak/ing), n. The act of breaking open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling house of another, by day or night. — house’break’er, n.

house’bro’ken

(-bro’kén),

house’broke’

(-brok’),

Trained to live in a house, as a dog. house/carl’ (-karl’), n. (AS. hiscarl, fr. ON.

adj.

hiskarl.

See HOUSE; CARL.]

A member of the household or body-

house’fly’ (-fli’), n.

A two-winged fly (Musca domestica)

guard of a Danish or early English king or noble.

found in all habitable partsof the world.

It is occasionally

an agent in transmitting diseases, esp. typhoid fever. house’ful (-f00l), n. _As much or as many as a house will accommodate; as, a houseful of guests.

household (-hold; -dld), n. _Those who dwell as a family under one roof. — adj. Of or pertaining to a household; hence, domestic; familiar; common;

as, household tasks.

household arts. The occupations connected with a household or similar group; hence, Hduc., a group of courses covering instruction and practice in such occupations.

house’hold’er (hous’hol’dér), n. The master or head of a family; one who occupies a house with his family or alone;

head of a vessel to support the heel of the topmast and the

specif., in Great Britain, one who occupies such a dwelling as to qualify him to exercise the franchise. household troops. Troops appointed to attend and guard a sovereign or his residence.

tain side bars that add rigidity to the parts they connect. hound, n. [AS. hund.] 1. Orig., a dog; now, specif,, a

work of keeping house. — house’keep/ing, n. how/sel (hou’z’l), n. CAS. hiisel.] Archaic. The Eucha-

hound (bound), n. knob.]

(ME. hune, fr. or akin to ON. hiinn

1. pl. Shipbuilding.

The framing at the mast-

upper parts of the lower rigging.

2. pl. Vehicles.

Cer-

house’keep/er (-kép/ér), n.. rist.

dog of any of certain breeds used in the chase. The typical hounds have large drooping ears and hunt by scent. 2. A

house’leek’

in the game of hare and hounds. —v. t. To hunt, chase, or track with, or as with, hounds; to pursue unre-

house/line’ (-lin’),n.

despicable person. lentingly.

3. A player who is one of the “hounds”

2. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit.

hound’s/—tongue’ (houndz/tiing’), n. [AS. hundes tunge.]

le, chaotic, c4re, Add, charity; Old, Obey, Orb,

One who does or oversees the

(hous’lék’), ».

[house + leek.]

A pink-

flowered crassulaceous plant (Sempervivum tectorum) of Europe, found on old walls and roofs.

Naut. Asmall line of three strands

laid left-handed, for seizing. house’maid’ (-mad’), n. A female house servant.

@ccount, rm, ask, sofa; éve, Sdd, sit, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére (27), @vent, nd, out, oil; ciibe,

silént, makér;

tinite, Grn,

ice, YIl,

tip, circw%s, menii;

housemaid’s knee house’maid’s’ knee (hous/madz’).

enlargement of the bursa in the front of the patella.

House of Assembly.

In South Africa, the lower house of

the legislature.

House of Bur’gess-es (bfir/jés-éz; -jfs-; -iz).

The colo-

nial representative assembly of Virginia.

House of Commons.

a The lower house of the Parlia-

ment of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. b The lower house of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. house of correction. An institution where persons are confined who have committed a’minor offense and who are considered capable of reformation.

House of Delegates.

U.S. The name of the lower house

in some States, as Virginia and Maryland.

House House Great House

House

of Keys. See Keys. of Lords. The upper house of the Parliament of Britain and Northern Ireland. of Peers. The upper legislative house in Japan.

of Representatives.

The

lower, or popular,

branch of the United States Congress and many State and other legislatures, as of Mexico, Japan, and Australia.

‘house organ. A publication of a business concern, containing articles of interest to employees and customers. house

party.

A gathering

and

huffy

483

A swelling due to an

entertainment,

lasting

over one or more nights, of a party of guestsin a house, usually in the country; also, the guests collectively.

howe (hou), n. Chiefly Scot. A hollow; a dell. how-ev’er (hou-Ev’ér), adv. Contr. how-e’er’ (-ar’; -ar’). In whatever manner, way, or degree; by whatever means or to whatever extent. 2. Nevertheless; yet. = conj. Obs. Although. — Syn. See But. howff, howf (houf; ouf; hof; df), v.7.,v.t.,& n. Scot. Haunt; resort.

how’itz-er con

nice, orig., a catapult.]|

n.

[G. haubitze, fr. Czech houf-

Ordn.

A short, light cannon,

usedto deliver curved fire, with shells of lower muzzle velocities than those from guns, at angles between 20 and 45 degrees.

howk (houk; ouk; hok; Ok), v.t. & 7.

[ME. holken.]

Now Dial. To hollow out by digging; to dig. howl (houl), v. 7. [ME. houlen, fr. or akin to MD. hulen, huylen.] 1. To utter a loud, long, mournful cry, as dogs.

2. To lament; wail. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast. —-v. . 1. To utter with howling. 2. To affect, effect, or bring by howling. —m. 1. The loud, long, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound.

A wail, or cry of disappointment, rage, or the like. howl’er (-ér), n. 1. One who or that which howls. 2. A

howling monkey,

3. Slang. Anything exaggerated, esp.

a stupid and ridiculous blunder. howlet (hou/lét; -lit), n. Archaic. Owl. howl/ing mon’key. Any of a genus (Alowatta) of South

American and Central American monkeys having a long A senior resident physician prehensile tail, and making remarkable howling noises, as the ursine howler (A. ursina) of Brazil. house’—rais’ing (hous’raz/ing), n. In rural districts, the In what manner sojoint erection of a house or its framework by a gathering of how’so-ev’er (hou/sé-€v’ér), adv. ever; to whatever degree or extent. neighbors. ary

house physician or surgeon.

or surgeon of a hospital or other public institution.

house’/room’ (-rd0m’), n. Space for accommodation in a house; lodging; as, to give any one howseroom. house’top’ (-tdp’), n. A roof. : house/warm/ing (-wér/ming), n. A merrymaking made by or for those taking possession of a new house. house/’wife’ (hous’wif’; still occas. hiiz/if; in sense 3 usually hiiz’¥f), n. ; pl. -wIvEs (hous/wivz’; htiz/ivz). 1. The

female head

of a household.

written huswife.

2. Obs. A hussy; — usuall

3. A little case or bag for needles, thread,

pins, etc.; — called also hussy.

Sometimes spelled hus-

wife. — (hous/wif’; hiiz/if), v.t.& 7. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife. house’wife/ly (hous/wif/li), adj. Pertaining or appropri-

ate to, or of the character of, a housewife; domestic; thrifty.

— adv. Ina housewifely manner. — house’wife’li-ness, 7.

house/wif/er-y (hous/wif/ér-1; -ri; htiz/Yf-ri),

nm.

The busi-

ness of a housewife; female management of a house.

house’work’ (hous/wiirk’), m. The work of housekeeping. hous/ing (houz/ing), m. [See House to shelter. In some

senses confused with the following word.] 1. Act of putting or receiving under shelter; also, dwelling in a habitation. That which shelters or covers; shelter. Provision of dwelling quarters, esp. of houses. 4. Arch. a The space taken out of one solid to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. b Aniche,asforastatue. 5. Mach. An upright, frame, or other support to hold a thing in place, as journalbox supports. Naut. That portion of a mast which is beneath the deck, or of a bowsprit which is inboard.

hous/ing, n. [OF. houce (F. housse).] A cover, esp, one of cloth for a horse’s saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horsecloth; pl., trappings.

hous/ing, n.

Nauwt. A houseline.

hous-to/ni-a (ho0s-t0/ni-d), n. ([NL., after Wm. Houston (1695?-1733), Eng. botanist.] Bot. Any of a genus (Houstonia) of rubiaceous herbs including the common bluet. Hou-yhn/hnm (hoo-fn’/tim; hwin’tm), n. In Swift’s Gul-

liver’s Travels, one of a race of horses endowed with reason

and noble qualities and ruling the Yahoos. hove (hov), past & past part. of HEAVE. hov’el (hdv/21; hitv’-;-’l), n._ (ME. hovel, hovyl.J 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, protecting produce, etc. 2. A shed or shelter for human beings; also, a small, mean house; a hut. — . t.; -ELED (-éld) or -ELLED; -EL+I1NG or

-EL-LING.

To put in a hovel; shelter.

hov/er (htiv/ér; hov/ér), v. 7. [ME. hoveren, fr. ME. hoven to hover, linger.], 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain suspended about or over a place or object. 2. To move to and fro near a place, watchfully or irresolutely; hence, figuratively, to be in a state of irresolution. — Syn. See FLIT. — 7. Act or state of hovering. — hov’er-er, n. — hov’er-ing-ly, adv. how (hou), adv. [AS. hi.] 1. In what manner or way.

2. To what degreeor extent, number or amount.

3. In

hoy (hoi), n.

[MD. hoey, hoet (D. hut, hew).]

A former

type of sloop-rigged coasting vessel; now, a heavy barge.

hoy, znterj. An exclamation —n. A call of “hoy.” hoy’den, hoi/den (hoi’d’n), n. Rude; roistering.

hub (hitb), m._

— v.17.

used in calling attention.

A rude, bold girl. To act like a hoyden.

— adj.

1. The central part of a wheel; the nave.

2. Acenter of activity; specif., the Hub, Boston, U.S. hub/ble—bub’ble (hib’’l-bitb’”’l), n. 1. A tobacco pipe so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise.

hub/bub

2. A bubbling sound; confused chatter.

(hiib/iib), mn.

1. A loud noise of many

shouting at once; uproar.

voices

2. Tumult; confusion; rumpus.

huck/a-back (hik/d-bak), n. A strong fabric of linen, or linen and cotton, much used for towels. huck’le (htk’’l), n. _[ME. hoke, huke.]_ The hip; the haunch; also, a bunch or part projecting like the hip.

huck’le-ber’ry

(-bér/l), n.. [See WHORTLEBERRY.]

a Any

of a genus (Gaylussacia) of vacciniaceous American shrubs, esp. the common market berry (G. baccata); also, the berry. bU.S. Erron., a blueberry. huck’le-bone’ (-bon’), n. a The hipbone. b The talus. huck’ster (hik’stér), n. [MD. hokester, hoekster, fem. of

hoeker.

See HAWKER.]

1. A peddler; hawker.

2. Amean,

mercenary person. — huck’ster-ess, huck’stress, n. hud/dle (hiid’’l), v. 7.; HUD/DLED Cid; HUD/DLING (-ling). 1. To crowd together, from confusion, fear, or the like. 2. Amer. Football. To gather in a huddle. —v.t. 1. To crowd together. 2. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; hence, to do imperfectly. 3. To drive, push, or

thrust, hurriedly or in disorder.

4. To draw

(oneself)

into a contracted heap; — usually with wp; as, he was

huddled up close to the fire. —n. A number of persons or things crowded together confusedly; a jumble. 2. a Amer. Football.

A close grouping

together of the

members of a team behind their line of scrimmage, as to receive signals.

b Hence, Slang, a secret conference.

Hu/di-bras/tic_(hi/di-bras’tik), adj. Similar to, or in the style of, Butler’s Hudibras; mock-heroic; sportively

burlesque. Hud’son seal (hiid’s’n).

The fur of the muskrat plucked

and dyed to resemble seal. hue (hii), n. LAS. hiew, hiw, héow.]_ 1. Obs. Form; appearance. olor. That one of the three attributes of some colors by virtue of which they differ characteristically from the gray of the same brilliance, and in respect to which they fall into classes which may be designated as red, yellow, green, blue, or intermediates of these. See coLor. — Syn. Sce coLor. hue, x. (OF. hu, fr. hwer to shout.]_ A shouting; an outcry, esp. in the chase. Obs., exc. in hue and cry, Law, a loud outcry with which felons were anciently pursued; also, the pursuit; hence, any clamor of alarm, pursuit, or

assault.

A

—vn. A way,

hued (hid), adj. Having color; — usually in combination. huff (hiif), v.¢. [Imitative.] 1. To swell; to puff up. 2. To treat with arrogance; to offend; to make angry or sulky. —v.7. 1. To puff; to blow. 2. Obs. To bluster or swell with anger or arrogance. — 7. A swell of sudden

A ieee or pavilion, generally covered, on the back of an

huff’ish (hif’ish), adj. a Obs. Disposed to be blustering orarrogant. b Petulant. — huff/ish-ly, adv. — -ness, n. huff’/y (1), adj.; HUFFYL-ER (--ér); HUFF’L-EST. 1. Obs.

what state or condition., 4. For what reason; why. 5. By what name or title; with what meaning; to what effect.

6. At what price; how dear.

_7. What.

method, or manner, or a question in regard to this. how-be/it (hou-bé/it), conj. [how+ be+it.] 1. Archaic. Be it as it may; nevertheless. 2. Obs. Although; albeit. how/dah (hou’da), n. _[Hind. hawdah, fr. Ar. hawdaj.] elephant.

how’die, how/’dy (hou/di; ou/di; hd/di; 5’-), n. Scot. A midwife.

chair;

go; sing;

then,

thin; natiire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

Chiefly

(118);

anger or arrogance.

_

;

Arrogant. 2. Easily offended; pettish. — huffi-ly, adv. — huff’i-ness, n. K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh=~z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|] Foreign Word.

hug

humor

484

of polite learning, esp. the ancient classics and belleshug (hig), v. .; HUGGED (htigd); HUG’cING. 1. Toclasp lettres. 4. Mankind; human beings collectively. to the bosom; to embrace. 2. To hold fast; to cherish. 3. To keep very close to; as, the ship hugged the coast. |hu’/man-ize (hi/mdn-iz), v.¢. 1. To make human; to —n. A close embrace. adapt to human nature or use. _2. To render humane; to refine or civilize. — hu/man-i-za’/tion, n.— hu/manhuge (hij), adj. [ME. huge, hoge, fr. OF. ahuge, ahoge.] IZ/6r 7. ‘ Very large; enormous. — Syn. See ENORMOUS. — Ant. hu/man-kind’ (-kind’), n. Mankind; the human race. Tiny. — huge/ly, adv. — huge/ness, n. hu/man-ly, adv. In a human manner; after the manner huge/ous (huj’ts), adj. Collog. or Humorous. Huge. of men; according to the knowledge and wisdom of men. hug/ger-mug/ger (hig/ér-miig/ér), n. 1. Archaic. Prihum/ble (him/’b’1; formerly, and still occas., tm’b’)), adj. vacy; secrecy; — chiefly in in huggermugger, with_haste LOF. humble, umble, fr. L. humilis on the ground, low, fr. and secrecy. Contusion; a muddle. —adj. 1. Se-

cret; sly. 2. Confused; disorderly. — v. t. To keep secret; hush up. — v.17. To act or confer stealthily. | hug’/—me-tight’ (hiig’mé-tit’), n. A close-fitting knitted jacket, with or without sleeves. : Hu/gue-not (hii’gé-not), n. [F., fr. eiguenot, fr. G. eidgenoss confederate.] Heel. Hist. A French Protestant in

the 16th and 17th centuries; one of the members of the Reformed or Calvinistic communion.

hu/la (hoo’ld), hu/la—hu/la, n.

— Hu/gue-not-ism, n.

[Hawaiian.]

A native

Hawaiian women’s dance, mimetic and often lascivious. hulk (hilk), n. [AS. hulca light, swift ship.] 1. A ship;

now, only a heavy ship of clumsy build. 2. a The body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for sea. b A vessel built for

other purposes than seagoing; specif., usually pl., one used as a prison. 3. Anything or anyone bulky or unwieldy. — v. 7. To grow or rise in bulky form; — usually with wp. hulking (hil’king), hulk’y (-kY), adj. Bulky; loutish.

humus ground.]

1. Not proud or assertive; lowly. , 2.

Near the ground; not high; not pretentious; unassuming. Syn. Humble, lowly, low. Humble (opp. to proud) and lowly

(often opposed to lofty) are frequently interchangeable. Humble now often connotes undue self-depreciation, sometimes verging on abjectness; lowly less often applies to persons, and is not derogatory. Low, from itscommon implication of inferiority, is rare as a synonym for humble or lowly. — t. Proud, haughty, arrogant.

—v.t.;

HUM’BLED

(-b’ld); HUM’BLING

(-bling).

1. To

bring low; to reduce the power or. exaltation of; to lower.

2.

To make humbleor lowly in mind. — Syn. See aBASE.

— Ant. Exalt, dignify, raise. — hum /ble-ness, n. — hum/bler, n. — hum/bly, adv.

;

hum/pble (h)iim’’1; h)oom/’l). Var. of HUMMEL. hum/ble-bee/ (hiim’b’l-bé’), n._ The bumblebee.

humble pie.

a Umble pie, or pie made of the inferior parts

ofa deer and served to the huntsman and other servants. b In the phrasé to eat humble pie, humiliation.

hull (ht),x. [AS.Aulu.] 1. The outer covering,or husk, of any fruit or seed; the calyx or involucre of certain fruits, as the strawberry. Hence, any covering or casing. Naut. The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of

hum/bug’ (hiim/biig’), m. [Origin unknown.] 1. An imposition under fair pretenses; something contrived to deceive

portion of a flying boat which furnishes buoyancy when in contact with the water, and to which the main supporting surfaces and other parts are attached. The main structure of a rigid airship. —v.t. 1. To strip or take off the

-BUGGED/ (-btigd’); -BuG/cING. To deceive; to impose on; hoax. — hum/bug/ger, n. — hum/bug/ger-y, n.

hum/drum/ (-driim’), adj. Monotonous; dull. — Syn. See irKSOME. — mn. 1. A dull fellow; bore. 2. Monot-

with a shot, torpedo, or the like. — hull’er, n. A conhul/la-ba:loo’ (hiil’a-ba-l00’; hul/d-ba-100’), n. fused noise; uproar. hul-lo’ (hii-16’), interj. An exclamation of greeting; hollo. hum (htim), znterj._ Ahem; hem. 2

hu/mer-al tnviener aly, adj. [L. humerus the shoulder.] 1. Anat. & Zool. Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the humerus; brachial. 2. Of or pertaining to the shoulder. hu/mer-us (tis), n.; pl. -MeRI (-1). ([L., better wmerus, shoulder.] Anat. & Zool. a The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the arm or forelimb. b The brachium.

or suggestive of, that of the letter m prolonged, without

Chem. Pertaining to or derived from humus; as, hwmic acid. hu/mid (hii/mid), adj. (F. humide, fr. L. humidus, umidus, fr. hwmere, umere, to be moist.] Damp; moist. — Syn. See moist. — hu/mid-ly, adv. — hu/mid-ness, n. hu-mid/i-fy_ (ht-mid/%-fi), v. ¢. ; -Fuep (-fid); -Fy/Inc. [hu-

masts, yards, sails, and rigging.

hullof,ascorn.

a The

2. To pierce or strike the hull of (a ship)

hum (hiim), v. 7.

[Imitative.]

opening the mouth.

top.

Aeronautics.

1. To utter a sound like,

2. To drone; buzz; as, a humming

3. To sing with closed lips and without articulating.

4. To give forth a low, murmuring sound, as from the blending of many voices; as, the street hums. 5. Collog.

To be very_active or spirited; as, to make things hum.

—v.t.

1. To sing with the lips closed and without articu-

lation; as, to hum a tune.

To affect or effect by hum-

ming; as, he hwmmed me tosleep. or sound made by humming.

— mn. Act of humming,

hu/man (hi/mdn), adj. [OF. humain, fr. L. humanus.] 1. Belonging or relating to man; characteristic of man.

2. Designating, or being, a man; consisting of men; having

human form or attributes. —m. A human being. Syn. Human,humane. Human applies to whatever is characteristic of man as man; it frequently connotes the common sympathies, passions, or failings of men; as, h1man forms, actions, ambitions, Hu-

mane now commonly refers to that which evinces active sympathy or compassion for others, esp. for the lower animals.

hu-mane’ (hii-man’), adj. 1. Having

(L. humanus.

See numan.]

feelings and inclinations creditable

to man;

kind; benevolent. . Humanizing; refining; as, humane studies. — huemane/ly, adv. — hu-mane’ness, n.

Syn. Compassionate, sympathetic, tenderhearted. —Humane, merciful, Humame (see HUMAN) emphasizes kindness, benevolence,

or sympathy, without necessary implication of a possible conflict between these and opposite feelings; merciful oftener implies forbearing treatment, esp. of those who have offended or who merit (or are de-

fenseless against) severity. — Amt. Cruel, harsh, pitiless, ruthless.

and mislead; hoax; fraud; sham.

imposture.

2. A spirit of deception;

One who deceives or misleads.

— v. t.;

onous and tedious commonplaceness.

hu/mic

mid

ten;

(hi/mik), adj.

[L. humus the earth, ground.

+-fy.] To render humid, as the atmosphere; to mois-

damp. — hu-mid/i-fi-ca’tion, n. — hu-mid/i-fi/er, n.

hu-mid/i-ty (hti-mid/7-ti), n.

hu/mi-dor (hi’mi-dér), n.

Moisture; dampness.

A case, as for storing cigars, in

which the air is kept properly humidified; also, a_contrivance, as a tube containing moistened sponges, placed in a case to keep the air moist.

hu-mil/i-ate (hi-mil/T-at), v. ¢. CL. humiliatus, past part. of humiliare, fr. humilis. See HUMBLE.] To reduce toa lower position in one’s own eyes, or in the eyes of others; humble; mortify. — Syn. See aBasE.

hu-mil/i-at/ing (-at’ing), adj.

Humbling; mortifying. —

hu-mil/i-at/ing-ly, adv. hu-mil/i-a’tion (-a’/shtin), n.

Act of humiliating, or state

of being humiliated; mortification.

hu-mil’i-a-to/ry (hu-mil/i-4-t6/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. to humiliate. zt hu-mil/i-ty (hii-mil/%-ti), n.; pl. -tres (-tiz).

milité, fr. L. humilitas.]_

Tending [OF. hu-

1. State or quality of being

humble in spirit; freedom from pride and arrogance. 4 An act of submission or humble courtesy. 3. Obs. Humble condition or estate; humbleness. — Syn. Lowliness,

hu/man-ism (hi/mdn-iz’m), n. 1. Human nature; humanity.. 2. The study of the humanities; polite learning;

meekness. — Ant. Pride, arrogance, conceit, vanity. hum/mel (hitm’’]; tim’’l; hoom/’’l; 66m/’l), adj. Also

parted by those who brought the Greek and Roman classics into new vogue during the Renaissance. 3. A mode or attitude of thoughtor action centering upon distinctively human interests or ideals. — hu/man-ist (Ist), n. & adj. — hu’/man.-is/tic (-is/tik), adj.

Hornless; — of cattle. b Awnless; — of grain. hum/mer (htim/ér), n. One who or that which hums. hum/ming (hitm’ing), adj. a Droning; buzzing. b Col-

esp.

Loften cap.], the learning, or cultural impulse, im-

hu-man/i-tar/i-an (hii-min/7.tar/f.dn), of humanitarianism.

n. 1. An adherent

2. A philanthropist.

— adj. Of

or pertaining to, or characteristic of, humanitarianism.

hu-man/‘i-tar/i-an-ism (iz’m), n. 1. Theol. The tenet denying the divinity of Christ. 2. Mthics. a The doctrine that man’s obligations are limited to, and dependent alone on, man and human relations. b The doctrine that man’s nature is perfectible through his own efforts without divine

grace. 3. Regard for the interests of mankind; benevolence. hu-man/i-ty (hu-min/7-ti), n.; pl. -rirs (-tiz).. [OF. hu-

manité, fr. L. humanitas.] 1. a Quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings.. b p/. Human characteristics and attributes,

2. Quality of being humane; the kind feelings,

dispositions,

and sympathies

of. man.

| 3..a Archaic.

Mental cultivation; liberal education, as classical and polite literature. b Usually in pl., with the. The branches

file, chaotic, charity;

care, Hdd,

Old, Obey,

dccount,

Grb, Sdd, sft,

rm,

ask,

cdnnect;

hum/ble

Scot. & Dial. Eng.

a

log. Active or spirited; big. ¢ Collog. Frothing; strong; — of ale, beer, etc. — hum/ming-ly, adv.

hum/ming-bird’ (-bfird’), n. of chiefly small,

Any of.

brilliantly

colored,

family (Trochilidae) nonpasserine

birds.

In flying, the wings beat so rapidly that a humming sound

is produced, and only a blur is visible.

hum/mock

(hitm/%k), n.

_1. A rounded knoll or hillock.

2. A ridge of ice as in an ice field. 3. Southern U.S. = 2d Hammock. — hum/mock-y (-i), adj.

hu/mor, hu’mour (hi/mér; nee n._ LOF. humor, umor, fr. L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid.] 1. Archaic. Moisture; vapor.

2. a In old physiology, a fluid or juice, esp.

one of the four fluids — blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile),

and melancholy (black bile) — conceived as determining a

person’s health and temperament. b Hence, one’s disposition or state of mind; mood. 3. A changing and uncertain state of mind; a caprice; whim; fancy. 4. pl. Whimsical or freakish actions or happenings. 5. a That quality which appeals to a sense of the ludicrous or ab-

sofa; Eve, food,

(h)tim’’l; h)oom/’l).

foot;

here (27),

évent, Gnd,

out, oil; ciibe,

Unite,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

firn, tip, circiés, menii;

hurly-burly

485

humoral

surdly incongruous; comicality. b The mental faculty of hunk (htingk), n. Collog. .A large lump or piece; a hunch; discovering, expressing, or appreciating ludicrous or abas, a hunk of bread. surdly incongruous elements. Biol. A normal, func- hun/kers (hiing’kérz), n. pl. Scot. & Dial. Haunches. tioning fluid or semifluid of the body, as the blood, lymph,

or bile. posedly See WIT, —v.t.

hunks (hiingks), n. sing. & pl. A surly, ill-natured person;

7. Med. Any chronic cutaneous affection supa covetous, sordid man; a miser. arising from a morbid state of the blood. — Syn. hunk’y (hiingk’i), adj. Slang, U.S. Allright; in a good MOOD. —outof humor. Displeased; dissatisfied. condition; also, even; square. 1. To comply with the humor of; to gratify; inn.; He HUNKIES (iz). Slang, U.S. Also HUNKS u p dulge. 2. To adapt oneself to. — Sym. See GRATIFY. ‘hunk’y, (hiingks).. foreign-born laborer, usually unskilled, esp. — hu’/mor.al, hu/mour-al (hi/mér-Gl), adj. a Hungarian or Yugoslav.

hu/mor-esque’ (hii/mér-ésk’), n.

[G. humoreske.]

Mu-

sic. A composition of a humorous or fanciful character; @ caprice. FE

hu/mor-ist, hu/mour-ist (hi/mér-ist;, i’), n. 1. One subject to humors or whims, which he indulges in whimsical ways.

2. One

who

displays humor

in speaking

or

writing; a wag; droll. hu’/mor-is/tic (Ys/tik), adj. Also hu/mour.is/tic. Of or pertaining to humor or a humorist. hu/mor-ous, hu/mour-ous (hti/mér-uis; i/-), adj._ 1. Obs. Moist; watery. 2. Capricious; whimsical. 3. Fullof, or characterized

by, humor; jocular; funny.

4. Obs.

Med.

Humoral. — hu/mor-ous-ly, hu/mour-ous-ly, adv. — hu/mor-ous-ness, hu’mour-ous-ness, n. hump (hiimp), n. 1. A rounded protuberance, esp. one formed by a crooked back in human beings, or by a fleshy mass on the back of some animals, as the camel, bison, and whale. . Amound orhummock. 3. Slang, Brit. A fit of the blues; sulks. 4. Slang, Australia. A long tramp with a bundle on one’s back. —v. t. 1. To make humpshaped; to hunch. 2. Slang, Australia. To put or carry on the (humped) back; to shoulder; hence, to carry, in general. 3. Slang, U.S. To exert; as, hump yourself. hump/back’ (hitimp’bak’), n. 1. A crooked back; a humped back. humpbacked person; a hunchback. 3. Any whalebone whale (genus Megaptera) related to the rorquals, but having very long flippers. hump/hbacked/ (-bikt’), adj. Having a humped back. humped (hiimpt), adj, Having a hump; humpbacked. humph (hiimf), znterj7. An exclamation expressing doubt, contempt, etc.

Hump’ty Dump/ty (htimp’ti dtimp’ti). The hero of a well-known nursery rhyme. Full of hump’y (hiimp’s), adj. ; Hump/I-ER (-I-€r); -1-EST. humps or bunches; covered with protuberances; humped. hu/mus (hii/miis), n. [L., the earth, soil.] A brown or

black material formed by the partial decomposition of

vegetable or animal matter; the organic portion of soil. Hun (hin), n. [L. Hunni, pl.J 1. One of a barbarous

Asiatic people that invaded Europe about a.p. 450, controlling for a time a large portion of central and eastern

Europe. 2. One wantonly destructive; a vandal. hunch (htinch), v. ¢._ 1. Obs. To jostle, esp. with the elbow; to shove.

an arch or hump..

To thrust out in a hump; to bend into

— v. 7. To thrust, shove, or move one-

self forward jerkily.

—n.

hump; protuberance,

3. Collog.

lump; a hunk,

2, A

A strong, intuitive im-

pression that something will happen; — from the gambler’s superstition

hunchback.

hunch’back’

that it brings luck to touch the hump of a (-bak’) n.

A back with a hunch or hump;

(htin’dréd), n.

[AS., fr. the stems of AS. hund

also, a hunchbacked person. hunch/backed/ (-bakt’), adj.

hun/dred

d Having a humped back.

hundred + -red (akin to Goth. rathjo number).]

1. See

NUMBER, Yable. 2. Brit. Hist. A division of a county. 3. U.S. Hist. A small political division, still surviving in

Delaware. — hun/dred, adj. hun/dred-fold’ (htin’dréd-fold’), adj., adv., & n. See -FOLD. hun/dred—per-cent/er, n. A person, esp. an American, of thoroughgoing,

hun/dredth

unqualified, and often blatant patriotism.

(htin’drédth), adj.

& n.

See NuMBER, Table.

hun/dred-weight’ (htin/dréd-wat’), n. A denomination of weight, commonly 112 avoirdupois pounds in England,

and 100 pounds in the United States. Abbr. cwt. hung (hiing), past & past part. of HANG. Sce HANG. Hun-gar’i-an (hiing-gir/i-an; 6), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Hungary or its people. 2. Obs. Slang. Thievish; beggarly. —mn. 1. A native or citizen of Hungary; esp., a Magyar. 2. The language of the Magyars. See MAGYAR. hun/ger (hiing’gér), n. LAS. hungor.] 1. a A craving or need for food. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food. e¢ The weakened condition brought about by lack of food; as, to die of hunger. 2. Any strong

or eager desire; craving.

—v. 1. 1. To feel, or be op-

pressed by, hunger. 2. To have an eager desire; to long. —v.t. To famish; starve. -

hun/ger-ing-ly (-Ing-li), adv. hun/ger-ly (li); adj.

Archaic.

Hungrily.

hunk’/y—do’ry_ (-d6/ri; 70), adj. Collog. Quité to one’s content; comfortably nice. Hun/nish (hiin’ish), adj. Of, like, or pertaining to, the Huns; barbarous. — Hun/nish-ness, n. hunt (hint),».é. [AS. huntian.] 1. To follow or search for (game) for the purpose of capturing or killing; to pursue (game or prey) for food or in sport. 2. To search diligently after; to seek. 3. To drive; chase; hence, to follow up with, or as with, persecutions or annoyances; as, he was hunted from the parish. 4. To traverse in pursuit of game; as, he hunts the woods; hence, to search carefully; as, he hunted the house for the papers. 5. To use

or managein the chase, as hounds or a horse.

Ringing.

of bells in a hunt. chase.

—m.

— v. 7.

1. Act or practice of hunting;

2. An association of huntsmen.

hunted over. from five to hunt/er, n. One who 3. a A dog

3. A district

4. A regular course of changes ona series of twelve bells. See CHANGE RINGING. 1. One who hunts wild animals; a huntsman. hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game. that scents game, or is trained to the chase.

b One of a class of horses adapted for use in hunting, esp. in fox hunting.

4. A watch having a hunting case.

hunt/ing, n. 1. Act of one that hunts; specif., the pursuit of game. Elec. A periodic variation in speed of a synchronous machine from that of the true synchronous

speed. adj. Of, pertaining to, or adapted for use in, hunting; as, a hunting dog.

hunting case.

A watchcase with a hinged cover to protect

the crystal from accidents, as on the hunting field.

hunting knife. A large, stout, very sharp knife used to skin and cut up, and sometimes to dispatch, game.

hunting watch. = HUNTER, 4. hunt’ress (hin’trés; -trifs), 7. A woman who hunts. hunts’man (hints’mdn), m. 1. One who hunts. 2. The

person whose office it is to manage the hunt. hunts’/man’s—cup’ (hiints’mdnz-), n. The common pitcher

plant (Sarracenia purpurea) of the northeastern United

States; — so called from the shape of its pitchers, or leaves. hunt’s’—up’, x. A tune played on the hunting horn to call out the hunters; hence, any rousing

tune.

Hu/on pine (hi/6n). [From the river Huon in Tasmania, named after a French officer.] A large Tasmanian timber tree (Dacrydium franklinii).

hur’cheon (hitir’chiin), n. hedgehog; an urchin.

Dial.

A & =

hur’dies (htir’diz), n. pl. Scot. The buttocks; rump. hur/’die (hfir’d’l), m. LAS. hyrdel.J]_ 1.

A movable frame, asof wattled twigs, for enclosing land, for folding sheep,

etc.

Hurdle,

2. In England, a sled or crate on

abet

1

which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execu3. An artificial barrier over tion. :

which men or horses leap, asin a race; hence, figuratively, a barrier to

be surmounted.

4. pl., with the. A

race (hurdle race) in which these barriers are used. —v. t.; HUR/DLED (-d’ld); HuR’pLING (-dling). 1. To hedge, cover, make, or enclose with hurdles. 2. To leap over while running, as one leaps a hurdle; figuratively, to surmount (an obstacle). — hur’dler (-dlér), n. hurds (hfirdz), n. pl. [AS. heor-

dan.]

The refuse or coarse part of

flax, hemp, or other textile plants;

Hurdle,3.

tow.

hur/dy—gur/dy

(hfr’di-gfir’di),

n.;

pl.

-pirs |(-diz).

usic. aA Jutelike stringed instrument, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a resined wheel turned by a crank at the end. Any instrument, esp. of street music, played by turning a handle.

hurl (hfrl), v.¢

tive origin.]

overthrow;

Hungry-looking.

6. Change

To shift the order of (a bell) ina hunt.

1. To follow the chase; to pursue game. 2. To seek; pursue; search. 3. Change Ringing. To shift the order

[ME. hurlen, hourlen, prob. of imita-

1. To throw or cast with violence.

to cast down.

2. To

To utter with vehemence;

an eager desire or craving. 2. Obs. Marked by lack of food; famine-stricken. 3. Not rich or fertile; barren; as,

as, to hurl invective. —v.%. 1. Archaic. To hurl oneself; to rush. 2. To throw something (at another). 3. Slang, Baseball. To pitch. — Syn. See THRow. —n. A violent throw; cast. — hurler, 7. hurl’y (hfir’li), n.; pl. wuRLiEs (-liz). Turmoil; uproar. hurl’y—burl/y --bfr/li), n.; pl. -tres (liz). Tumult; up-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdUre (118);

K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

hunger strike.

Refusal, as of a prisoner, to eat enough to

sustain life, so as to obtain his demands. hun/gry (hiing’gr¥), adj.; HUN’GREER (-gri-€r); HUN/GRIest.

[AS. hungrig.]

,1. Feeling hunger; hence, having

a hungry soil. — hun/gri-ly, adv.

— hun/gri-ness,

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

n.

roar; also, a storm.

-—~ adj. Tumultuous; confused.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

One of a tribe of Iroquoian Indians, formerly occupying

the country between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. | hur-rah’ (h00-r6’; hi-; -rii’), inéerj. A shout expressing joy, triumph, applause, etc. — mn. A cheer; a shout of joy. — v. 7. & t. To utter hurrahs; to cheer. hur-ray’ (hd0-ra’; hiw-). Colloq. var. of HURRAH.

hur’ri-cane (hfir’i-kan; -kain; -kén), n.

[Sp. huracdn, fr.

Taino huracan, hurricdn, hurricane, evil spirit.] clone of large extent, usually with rain, thunder,

cyand

lightning. It is the highest term in scales of wind force, but does not imply so great a velocity as tornadic winds, rarely exceeding 100 miles an hour. iat

hurricane deck. The upper deck, usually a light structure, on a river steamer or like boat.

hur’ried (hfr’id), adj. 1. Going or working at speed. 2. Done in a hurry; hasty. — hur/ried-ly, adv. — hur’ried-ness, n. hur’ry (hfr/Y; 117), v. t.; HUR’RIED (Jd); HUR/RY-ING, _1. To move, carry, or make

to move, with great or flurried

haste. 2. To impel to hasty action. 3. To urge on; to hasten the preparation_or progress of. —=v.7. To move or act with

haste. —

Syn.

Speed, precipitate,

expedite,

1. Quick, hurried motion; rush; scurry.

2. Act

quicken. — Ant. Slow, retard, delay. —7.; pl. HURRIES

(Iz).

of hurrying, or state of being obliged to hurry; flurried haste or eagerness. —

Syn.

See HASTE.

hur’ry-scur’ry, hur/ry-skur’ry, n. [hurry+ scurry.] Flustered haste; disorderly confusion. —v.t. & 7. To move or act hurry-scurry. — adj. Marked by, or full of, haste and confusion. — adv. Confusedly.

hurt chord, v. t.; HURT; HURT/ING. [OF. hurter to knock, thrust,of Teut. origin.] 1. To cause physical pain to.

2. To impair the value, usefulness, beauty, or pleasure of;

to damage. v.%.1.

hyaloid membrane

486

Huron

[F.,‘ lit., unkempt person, ruffian.] |hus-sar’ (ho0-ziir’), n. 1

Hu/ron (hi/rén), n.

3. To wound the feelings of; to distress. |

To cause pain, injury, or damage

of any kind.

2. Collog. To give the sensation of pain; as, my back hurts. — mn. 1. A wounding blow; also, the wound or injury caused by a blow; any bodily injury causing severe pain, or the painitself. 2. An injury causing pain of mind or conscience. 3. Injury; damage. — hurt/er, n.-

r. Serb.

[Hung. huszdr, orig., a freebooter,

husar, gusar, fr. ML.

cursarius.]}

Mil. Orig., one of the light cavalry of Hungary and Croatia; now, one of a class of cavalry of European armies, usually brilliantly uniformed.

Huss/ite (hiis’it), n.

Eccl. Hist. A follower

of John Huss, Bohemian reformer, who was

adjudged a heretic by the Council of Constance (1414-18) and burnt alive in 1415. He taught largely the doctrines of Wycliffe except upon the Eucharist, whereon he was

orthodox. — Hussite, adj. — Huss/it-ism

(-it-{z’m), n. hus/sy (htiz/i;

his/f),

n.;

pl. -stes

(iz). %

B

Contr. fr. huswife.] _1. Contemptuous. worthless woman or girl; a jade. 2. Jo-

cose. Apert girl. 3. Now Dial. A small case for needles, thread, etc.; a housewife. hus/tings (htis’tingz), n. pl., usually construed as sing. [AS. histing, fr. ON. hiisthing, fr. his house+ thing thing, assem-

bly.] Hist. A court formerly held in Hussar, early various English boroughs or cities. It still 19th cent. survives in London. 2. The platform from which candidates for Parliament were formerly nominated; also, the proceedings at an election; now, any place where political

campaign speeches are made. Any of various local courts of Virginia; — called usually hustings court. hus/tle (hiis’’l), v.¢. & 7.; HUS/TLED (-’ld); HUS/TLING

(ling),

[D. hutselen toshake.]

1. To shake together in

confusion; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely. Collog. To force onward rapidly; as, he hustled the work. Collog. To move or act with resolute energy. —n. The

act of one who hustles; specif.: a A pushing or shoying. Collog.

Energetic activity; push.

— hus/tler

(lér), n.

b

hus/wife (hiiz/if). Var. of HousEwIFE. Obs. exc. in sense 3. hut (hit), n. L[F. hutte, fr. MLG. hiitte, fr. OHG. hutta, huttea.] A rude small house, hovel, or cabin. — v. t. & t.; HUT/TED; HUT/TING. To place in a hut or huts; to live in a hut or huts; to furnish with huts.

hurt/er (hfir’/tér), n. [OF. hurtoir.] A strengthening hutch (hich), n. [OF. huche, huge, fr. LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like; as, a grain piece; esp., Ordn., a buffer or the like tocheck the motion of a gun carriage as the piece is run into position for firing.

hurt’ful (hfirt/f00l; -f'l), adj. Tending to impair, damage, or pain. — Syn. Pernicious, malign, detrimental, noxious,

destructive. — Amt. Beneficial, salutary; harmless, innocuous, innocent. — hurt/ful-ly, adv. — -ful-ness, n. hur’tle (hiir’t’), v. 7. ;HuUR’TLED (-t’ld); HUR/TLING (-tling). [ME. hurtlen, frea. of hurten to hurt.] 1. To meet

with violence or shock; to clash. 2. To move rapidly; to rush suddenly. o make a threatening sound, like the clashofarms. —v.¢. 1. Archaic. To strike against; collide with. 2. To drive or throw violently. hur’tle-ber/ry, (-bér/i), ». The European whortleberry (esp. Vaccinium myrtillus); also, the American huckleberry (genus Gaylussacia). hurt’less (hiirt/lés; -lfs), adj. Harmless; also, unhurt.

hus’/band (hiiz/bdénd), n. _ LAS. hiisbonda, bondi husband, householder, peasant.] has a wife; —the correlative of wife.

steward; manager.

fr. ON. his-

4. A man who 2. Archaic. A

—v. t. 1. To direct and manage with

frugality. 2%. Archaic. To furnish with a husband; to mate. 3. ‘l’o become, or act as, the husband of; to marry. hus’band-man (-mdn), n. A farmer; a tiller of the ground. hus’band-ry (-ri), m. 1. Care of domestic affairs; hence,

thrift; wise management.

2. The business of a husband-

man; farming. 3. Management of one’s affairs. hush (hiish), v. ¢. ; HUSHED (hisht) or, chiefly Obs., HUSHT; HUSH’ING.

(ME. hussht silent, taken as a past part., of

interjectional origin.]_ 1. To make quiet, still, or calm. 2. Toallay;soothe. 3. To procure silence concerning; — usually with up.

— v.17. To become or to keep still or

quiet. —adj. Archaic. Still; hushed. — 7. Stillness or silence, esp. following noise; quiet. —

ice,

YIl,

Grn, tip, circd%s, menti;

hypodermic injection hypodermic injection. Med. the subcutaneous tissues.

hypodermic

medication.

Application of remedies by

injection under the epidermis. hypodermic needle. The needle of a hypodermic syringe.

sb aeccslney syringe.

A small syringe equipped with a

ollow needlelike point, used in hypodermic medication. hy’po-der/mis (hi/p6-dtir’mis; hip/6-), n. CNL.] Zool.

he cellular layer which lies beneath, and which secretes,

the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, r

other invertebrates. hy’po-eu-tec’tic (-t-ték/tik),

adj.

annelids, and some

Physics,

Metal., &

Chem. Containing the minor constituent in an amount less than that in the eutectic mixture. hy’po-gas/tric (-gis’trik), adj. Anat. Designating, or pertaining to, the lower median region of the abdomen. Bee cee thas Ceis’trY-tim), n.; pl. -rr1a (-4). _[NL., r. Gr. hypogastrion, fr. hypo under + gastér belly.] The hypogastric region. Pees (-ié/al), adj. [hypo--+- Gr. gé the earth.] 1.

Of, pertaining to, or occurring, below the surface of the

pear or uaa the gt CG: he p’o-gene (hip’6-jén; hi’pd-), adj.

on .]

ngeos ypo-

ee + -gene (=

Formedor crystallized at depths beneath the earth’s

surface; also, plutonic; — said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks; as, hypogene action. Opposed to epigene. hy-pog’e-nous (hi-pdj’é-nts; hi-), adj. Bot. Growing on the lower side of anything, as fungi on the under surface of leaves. hy’po-ge/ous (hi/po-jé/tis; hip’d-), adj. Also hy’po-gae/ous. [hzpo--- Gr. gé the earth.} Bot. & Zool. Growing or ripening underground, as the peanut. Bypioe um (hip’/d-je/tim; hi/ps-), n.; pl. -GEA (-d). [L., r. Gr. hypogaios, hypogeios, subterranean, fr. hypo

under + gaia, g@, the earth.] Anc. Arch. The subterraneous portion of a building; a cellar. hy’po-glos’sal (hi/pé-glés’dl; hYp/6-; -1), adj. Lhypo- +

Gr. glossa tongue.]

| Anat.

Designating the last pair of

cranial nerves in reptiles, birds, and mammals, distributed to the region of the base of the tongue, of which they are the motor nerves. -— m7. A hypoglossal nerve. hy-pog/y-nous (hi-pdj/%-nts; hi-), adj. [hypo--++-gynous.]

Bot. a Inserted upon the torus or axis below the gynoecium and free from it; — said of sepals, petals, and stamens. h Having these parts so inserted; —said of a

De

aa

aval hee ue

hy’po-nas/ty (hi’/po-nas/ti;

hip’d-), n.

Yypo-

T. na-

ho dose prescede| Plant Physiol. That state in which the more vigorous growth of the lower surface of an organ, as a young fern frond, causes an upward curvature. Cf. EPINASTY. — hy’po-nas/tic (-nas/tik), adj. — hy’po-nas/ti-cal-ly, adv. ; :

hy’po-ni/trous (hi/p6-ni’trtis), adj. Chem. Pertainingto or designating a white crystalline nitrogenous diacid, H,N2O, (probably HON.NOH), formed by condensation of

hydroxylamine and nitrous acid, and otherwise.

Asa

solid,

hyponitrous acid is explosive; in solution, it is more stable. hy’po-phos’/phite (hi/p6-fos/fit), n. Chem. Asalt of hypophosphorous acid.

hy’po-phos’pho-rous (-{6s/f6-rtis; -fs-f6/rts), adj.

Chem. Pertamning to or designatinga monoacid of phosphorus, H;PO,. It is a white crystalline solid, and has a powerful reducing action.

|

hy-poph’y-sis (hi-pof’%-sis; hi-), n. [NL., fr. Gr. hypophysis an undergrowth, fr. hypo under + physis nature, origin.] Anat. The pituitary body.

hy’po-pi-tu/i-ta-rism =(hi/p6-pi-tii/-ta-riz’m;

hYp/d-),

n.

hypo- + pituitary +-ism.] Med. Deficient activity of the pituitary body; also, the resultant abnormal state.

hy’po-pla/si-a (-pla/zhi-d),n.

ed.

[NL., fr. hypo--+ -plasia.J

A conditionof arrested development in which an

organ or part remains below the normal size or in an immature state. — hy’po-plas’tic (-plas/tik), adj.

"eae

Bt(hi’pd-ploid; hip’6-), adj. [hypo--+ Gr. -ploos Biol. Having or designating a chromosome num-

ber which is less than the basic chromosome number. — hy’po-ploid, iy/po-plolay, n. : ; hy’po-po/di-um

(-po/di-tim), n.; pl. -pta (-4).

hypotonicity

491

An injection made into ;

[NL., fr.

1 alae -podium.] ot. The base of a fotaee or floral leaf, ae cart the stalk ee itpresent.

hy-po’py:on (hi-po’pi-on; hY¥-),n. (NL., fr. Gr. hypopyon Tanto ulcer, deriv. of hypo under + pyon cae te Med. A collection of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye. hy-pos/ta-sis (hi-pds/td-sis; hi-), n.; pl. -sEs (-séz). [L., re Gr. hypostasis subsistence, substance, deriv. of hypo

under + histasthai to stand, middle voice of histanat to cause to stand.] Eccl. Hist. a In the original Nicene use, equivalent to ousia ; specif., the unique essence of the Godhead, and as such, of the three persons of the Trinity,

hy’po-stat/ic (hi/pé-stat/ik; hip’d-), adj. (Gr. hypostatios.] 1. Ofor relating to hypostasis; hence, constitutive, or elementary. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal; relating to the divine hypostases, or subsistences. 3 Depending on, or due to, deposition; as,hypostatic congestion, due to settling of Bloodsby gravitation; hypostatic pneumonia.

hy’po-stat/i-cal (i-kal), adj.

Hypostatic (senses 1 & 2).

hy-pos’ta-tize (hi-pds/ta-tiz; hY-), v. t. To make into, or re-

gard as, a separate and distinct substance; also, to assume as a reality. — hy-pos’ta-ii-za’tion, n. hyp/o-style (hip/é-stil; hi’pd-), adj. [Gr. hypostylos resting on pillars, fr. hypo under + sétylos a pillar. Arch.

Having

the

roof resting

upon. rows of columns; constructed by. means of columns, as the hall at Karnak in Egypt.

hy’po-sul/phite

(hi/-

pé-sil’fit),

n. Chem. a

=)

Vsasdokite

Hypostyle Hall at Karnak.

a

thiosul-

;

= SS

of soda (sodium thiosulphate, Na2S,O;), a crystalline sa

used in photography as a fixing agent. sulphurous acid proper.

b A salt of hyp:

Sodium hyposulphite, NazS,0,,

is used in dyeing, etc., as a reducing agent.

hy’po-sul-phu/rous (-sil-fii/ris; -stil/fi-ris), adj. Chem. Pertaining to or designating an unstable diacid, H;S:0,, obtained by reducing sulphurous acid. The acid and its

salts are strong reducing and bleaching agents. hy’po-tax’is (hi/pé-tak/sis; hYp/6-), n. [NL., fr. hypo- -+

-taxis.]

Gram.

Subordinative expression of the syntactic

relation between main and qualifying elements. — hy’po-

tac’tic (-tak’tik), adj. hy-pot’e-nuse (hi-pdt’é-niis; hi-), hy-poth’e-nuse (-poth’-), n. LL. hypotenusa, fr. Gr. hypoteinousa, prop., subtending

(sc. grammé),

stretch.]

deriv.

of hypo

under

+

teinein

to

Geom. The side of a right-angled triangle that is

opposite the right angle. hy-poth’ec (hi-pdth’ék; hi-), n. ([F. and L.; F. hypothéque, fr. L. hypotheca, fr. Gr.

a

hypotheke a thing subject to some obligation, fr. hypotithenai. See HYPOTHESIS.]

1. Roman

Law & Civil Law System.

An

obligation, right, or security given toa cred-

itor over property of the debtor without ¢ 4 Hypotenuse.

transfer of possession or title to the creditor; — distinguished from a pignus or pledge. 2. Scot. Affair;— usually in the phrase the whole or hale hypothec.

hy pote cary (hi-poth’é-kérY; -kér-¥; hi-; 3), adj. Law. Of or pertaining to, or created or secured by, a hypothec. hy-poth’e-cate (hi-pdoth’é-kat; hi-), v.t. [ML. hypothecatus, past part. of hypothecare to pledge, fr. L. hypotheca pledge.) 1. Law. To subject to a hy pothecane

pledge without delivery of title or possession.

2. Com-

merce. ‘To deposit as security for a loan. hy-poth’e-ca/tion (-ka’shtwin), n. Law. Act or contract by | which property is hypothecated. — hy-poth/’e-ca/tor — Cpoth’é-ka’/tér), n. |

hy’po-ther/mal (hi/pé-thfir’mdl; hY¥p’6-), adj.

[hypo- i

thermal.] _Moderately warm; tepid. 2 hy-poth’e-sis (hi-pdth/é-sis; hi-), n.; pl. -ses (-séz). [NL., er Gr. hypothesis foundation, supposition, fr. hypotithenai to place under, fr. hypo under + tithenai to put. See HYPO-; THESIS.] 1. A tentative theory or supposition pro-

visionally adopted to explain certain facts and to guide in the investigation of others; — frequently called a working hypothesis; as, the nebular hypothesis. 2. Something assumed or conceded merely for the purposes of argument or action; as, start with this hypothesis. — Syn. Postulate, assumption,

supposition.

ee THEORY.

hy-poth’e-size (-siz), v.7. & t. To make a hypothesis; to make a hypothesis of; to assume.

hy’po-thet/i-cal (hi/p6-thév/i-kal; hYp/6-), adj. po-thet/ic (ik).

Also hy/-

([L.hypotheticus, fr. Gr. hypothetikos.]

1. Involving a formal hypothesis or condition; as, a hypo-

thetical proposition or judgment; — in logic, as applied to propositions, contrasted with categorical and disjunctive. 2. Characterized by, or of the nature of, a hypothesis; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reasoning and deducing

proof,

or of accounting

tor some

fact.

3.

Con-

cerned with hypotheses; given to making hypotheses; as, a hypothetical thinker. — hy’po-thet/i-cal-ly, adv.

Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. b In later use, one of the persons of the Godhead. Also, the whole personality of

hy’po-thy’roid-ism (-thi/roid-iz’m), n.

vine.

hy’po-ton/ic (-tn’/Tk), adj. Physiol. a Having less than the normal tone. b Having a lower osmotic pressure than

Christ as distinguished from his two natures, human and di-

2. Med. a That which is deposited at the bottom of

a fluid; sediment. b Hyperemia caused by settling of blood in the dependent parts of anorgan. 3. Philos. Substance, subsistent principle, or essential nature of anythins.

chair;

go; sing;

then,

thin; nattire, verdtire (118);

Med.

Deficient

activity of the thyroid gland; also, the resultant abnormal state. — hy’po-thy’roid, n.

ay isotonic fluid. nis’%-ti), n.

K=ch

See rsoTontc. — hy’po-to-nic’i-ty (-t6-

in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh =~

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

(

A

,

hypoxanthie hy’po-xan’thine

(hi/p6-zin/thén;

viscosity

Also -thin.

A combining

or internal friction.

) Ina magnetic material, as

iron, a lagging in the values of resulting magnetization due to a changing magnetizing force.

Biochem. .A crystalline nitrogenous compound, C;HsN,0, closely related to xanthine and occurring with it, esp. in muscle tissue. — hy’po-xan/thic (-thik), adj. hyps (hips), n., pl. of Hyp. Collog. Hypochondria. hyp’so- (hip’sd-). [Gr. hypsos.] meaning height, as in hypsometry.

ibex

492

-thin), n.

hys’ter-et/ic (his/tér-ét/ik), adj.

Of or relating to hystere-

sis; as, hysteretic loss, a loss of energy due to molecular

change manifest in heat; hysteretic constant, the hyster-

form

etic loss in ergs per cubic centimeter per cycle. hys-te/ri-a (his-tér/i-d), n. [NL.. See nysrericaL.]

[hypso- + -graphy.] By oer ay (hip-sdg’ra-fl), n. b The observation or deeog.. a Topographic relief.

1.

Med. A psychoneurosis characterized by emotional excit-

scription of topographic relief. ¢ The parts of a map, collectively, which represent topographic relief. d Hypsom-

ability and various vasomotor derangements, probably due to mental causes, as autosuggestion, dissociation, or repressed emotion. 2. Any outbreak of wild emotionalism;

etry, or the measurement of heights. — hyp’so-graph/ic (hY¥p/s6-graf/tk), hyp/so-graph/i-cal, adj. . hyp-som/e-ter (hip-som/’é-tér), n. Lhypso--+=-meter.] An

as, war hysteria.

apparatus for determining heights, as of mountains, by finding the boiling point of a liquid. hyp-som’e-try (-tri), n. In geodesy, the measurement of heights, as with reference to the sea level. — hyp’/so-met/ric (hip’sé-mét/rik), -met/ri-cal, adj. — -met/ri-cal-ly, adv. — hyp-som/’e-trist (hip-sdm/é-trist), n.

hys-ter/ic (-tér/ik), adj.

Hysterical.

hys-ter’i-cal (i-kdl), adj. (L. hystericus, fr. Gr. hysterikos, fr..hystera womb.] 1. Pertaining to, or affected by hysteria. 2. Wildly emotional. — hys-ter/i-cal-ly, adv. hys-ter/ics (-iks), n. pl. A hysterical fit; hysteria. hys’ter-o- Wo eae hyster-. (Gr. hystera the womb.] A combining form denoting connection with, or relation

hy/ra-coid (hi/ra-koid), n. [See HyRax; -om.] Zool. An to, the uterus or hysteria. animal of an order (Hyracoidea) of ungulates consisting, of hys’/ter-o-cat/a-lep/sy (-kat/a-lép/si), n. Med. Hysteria but one well-marked genus (Procavia), the species of which attended with catalepsy. are known as conies, rock rabbits, etc. They are confined hys/ter-o-gen/ic (-jén/ik), adj. Med. Producing hysteria; to Africa and southwestern Asia. — hy’ra-coid, adj. — as, the hysterogenic pressure points on the surface of hy’ra-coi/de-an (-koi’dé-dn), adj. & n. the body, pressure upon which may produce or arrest an

hy’rax (hi’/raks), . ; pl. -RAXES (-rak-s€z; -s1z), -RACES (hi/-

TG+Séz).

NL., fr. Gr. hyrax shrew mouse.]

attack of hysteria. hys/ter-oid (his’tér-oid), adj. Also hys/ter-oi/dal (-oi/ddl; -d’l). Lhyster- + -oid.] Med. Resembling hysteria. hys/ter-o-new/ras-the/ni-a (-d-ni/rds-th@/ni-4; -thé-ni/da), mn. [NL.] Med. Neurasthenia associated with hysteria.

Zool.

hyracoid animal. yr-ca/ni-an (hfir-ka/ni-dn), adj. from HyRcantA, Gaz. ’son (hi/s’n), n, [Chin. (Pek.) hsi!-ch’un’, lit., bloom-

ing spring.] A kind of green tea from China having a special twist. The early crop [called yii*-ch’ien?, lit., “before

hys’ter-on prot’er-on (his/tér-6n prot’ér-6n). [LL., fr. Gr. hysteros the latter + proteros before others, sooner.]

the rains”] isyoung hyson. The light and inferior leaves winnowed from the hyson are called hyson skin. hys/sop (his’up), n. [OF. ysope, fr. L. hysopum, hysso-

An arrangement reversing the natural or rational order, specif.: Rhet. A figure in which the natura] order of the

pum, -pus, fr. Gr. hyssdpos, -pon, an aromatic plant, fr. Heb. z206.4 1. A European mint (Hyssopus officinalis)

with highly aromatic and pungent leaves. Scripture is supposed

spinosa). genus

2. Local,

(Artemisia)

The hyssop of

to be a species of caper

U.S.

of the

(Capparis

Any of several species of a

thistle family.

Eccl.

sprinkler for holy water. Ps. li. 7. hys’ter-ec’to-my (his/tér-ék/té-mY), n. [hyster- + -ectomy.] The surgical removal of the uterus.

sense is reversed (valet atque vivit, “he is well and lives’).

2. Logic. The fallacy of explaining a thing by that which

presupposes it and so inverting the natural order of reason. hys’ter-ot’o-my (his’tér-t’6-my), n. _[hystero- + -tomy.] Med. a The Caesarean section. b Incision or section of the uterus, esp. of the neck of the uterus. hys’tri-co-mor/phic (his/tri-k6-m6r/fik), adj. (Gr. hystrix

porcupine + -morphic.] Of, belonging to, or designating one division (Hystricomorpha) of rodents (suborder Simplicidentata), comprising the porcupines, cavies, agoutis,

hys’ter-e’sis (-@sis), n, [NL., fr. Gr, hysterein to be behind, to lag.] Physics. a A retardation of the effect,

chinchillas, and allies.

hyte (hit), adj.

when the forces acting upon a body are changed, as if from

Scot.

Mad.

I I * @, 2.; pl. Vs, r’s, Is, 18 (iz). 1. The ninth letter of , 1 thé English alphabet. It came through Greek (the

iota) and Latin from Phoenician (the Semitic yodh), and probably ultimately from Egyptian. In Anglo-Saxon the salue of the vowel when short was that of modern short 7 in pin, but when long its value was practically the same as that of Italian long 7 or English “long e” as in mete (see E). It was only in the early modern period that it devel_ oped the present diphthongal sound of English “long 7” asin pine. J also represents other sounds in English: that of win urn, as in thirst; that of ein mete (in words of foreign origin), as in pique, machine; and that of consonant -

y (in many

words in which it precedes another vowel), as

jn onion, million. .See Pron., § 50; J. 2. a An instance of the letter I, i, printed, written, painted, etc. A type, stamp, etc., for the letter I, i. _¢ The sound, or any sound, of the letter I. od [cap.] In Roman numerals, 1. When prefixed Idenotes that Lis to be subtracted; thus, [V means 3. Anything having the shape of the letter I. 4. Asa

symbol, the ninth in order or class. 1), pron. ; poss. My (mi; ¢f. MY) or MINE (min); object. ME (me; cf. ME); pl. nom. WE (we; ¢f. WE); poss. OUR (Our) or ouRS (ourz); object. us (Us; ef. US). LAS. ic.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person, by which a person denotes himself. — 7. The pronoun T regarded as a word or represented as a person; specif., Metaph., the ego.

i-.

Archaic var. of y-.

i.

Chem.

-ia.

Inactive; — in optic polarization.

[(L. -ia or Gr. -2a, an ending of fem. nouns, usually ab-

i’amb (i/amb), n.

bos.]_

[F. iambe, fr. L. iambus, fr. Gr. iam-

Pros. A foot consisting of a short syllable followed

by a long one, as in Gmans, or of an unaccented syllable _followed by an accented one, as in invent.

i-am/bic (i-4m/bik), adj.

1. Pros. Consisting of an iamb

or of iambics. Gr. Lit. Designating a type of poetry, chiefly satirical, characterized by iambic meter. — 7. Pros. a An iambic foot. b A verse composed of iambic

feet. 2. A satirical poem. i-am/bus (-biis), n.; pl. -BI (-bi).

(L.J

An iamb.

-ian. [F. or L.; F. -den, fr. L.-tanus. See -an.] Anadijective suffix, composed of thematic or (rarely) connective ¢

and -an, as in Christian, barbarian, Jeffersonian. -lana. = -ANA; — from use of -ana after stems ending in 7. -V/a-sis (i/asis). [NL.J] A combining form signifying

rocess or course of action,

as in odontiasis; specif.,

Med., denoting a morbid condition, as in mydriasis.

iat/ric (-dt/rik), i-at/ri-cal (-ri-kal), adj. [Gr. tatrikos healing, fr. zatros physician, fr. iasthaz to heal.]__ Of or relating to medicine or a medical practitioner; medical.

-Lat/rics (-at/riks). treatment

Med.

A combining form, denoting

of disease, as in pediatrics.

-V/a-try (i/a-trY).

[Gr. iatreia.]

A combining form mean-

ing medical treatment, healing, as in psychiatry.

I-be/ri-a (7-bér/¥-4), n._ [L. Iberia, Hiberia, Spain.] ancient name of the Spanish peninsula.

I-be/ri-an (-tin), adj..

The

1. Of or pertaining to Iberia (the

stract, and of neut. plurals.| A noun sufhx occurring in: a Names of diseases, as in neuralgia. b Names of countries, as in Tasmania. ¢ Names of alkaloids, as in mor-

Spanish peninsula), its inhabitants, or the Iberian race. 2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Iberians of the Caucasus (of modern Georgia). —= 7. 1. One of the ancient inhabitants of Iberia, early known to the Greeks and con-

Names of classes, orders, and other divisions of plants and animals, all plural, as in Mammalia. g Various other

a short, dark, dolichocephalic race, probably the neolithic inhabitants of western Europe. One of an ancient

phia. Generic names of plants, asin Dahlia. e Names of classical festivals, mostly plural, as in Saturnalia. f

words from Latin or Greek, as in sepia, and the plurals

memorabilia, bacteria, etc. l.a’go (@-4’g0), n. The ancient, or ensign, of Othello, in Shakespeare’s Othello, a subtle and malignant villain.

-ial.

An adjective sufix composed of the connective 7 and

-al, as in connubial, fluvial.

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Sdd,

@ccount,

rm,

ask,

sofa;

quered by the Romans. 2. Hence, a. member of the Iberian race (of which the Spanish Iberians are typical), people of the Caucasus, probably ancestors of the modern

Georgians. 4. A native or inhabitantof Spain or Portugal. i/bex (i/béks), n.; pl. IBEXES (-bék-séz; -siz), IBICES (ib/iséz; i’bi-), sometimes inex. [L., the chamois.] | Any of certain wild goats, esp. the Alpine ibex (Capra ibezx), of the Oid Worid, having large recurved horns.

éve,

hére (27),

évent,

&nd,

silént, makér;

ice,

YH,

Gld, Gbey, Srb, Sdd, sGft, cdOnnect; food, {66t; out, oil; ctibe, Gnite, fim, ip, circus, meni;

ibidem lli-bi”dem ({-bY’d&m), adv.

_commonly abbreviated ibid.

493

[L.J]

In the same place; —

i/bis (i’bis), n. ;see PLURAL, Note, 3. (L., fr. Gr. ibés, fr.

Egypt; hab.] _Any of certain wading birds (family Threski-

ornithidae) related to the herons.

‘The best-known species,

the sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), common in

the Nile basin, was venerated by the ancient Egyptians.

-l-ble (-%-b’l). (L. -dbilis.] An adjective su See -ABLE. — -1-bil/i-ty (-?-bil/%-tY). fb’sen-ism (ib/sén-iz’m), n. Dramatic

invention

characteristic

Henrik Ibsen.

or

of

fr. ichnos

step + graphein

ronic, quixotic. dConnected_or dealing with, as in aquatic, dramatic. e Chem. Specif., denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its

highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds named with an adjective ending in -ows; as,

ferric, sulphuric. 2. Nouns from: a The substantive use of adjectives in any of the senses preceding, as in magic, classic, mechanic, Icelandic. b Greek or Latin nouns that were originally adjectives used substantively and adopted into English, asinmusic, public. See -1cs. tas Adjectives in -te often have a parallel form in -ical, sometimes with a distinction in meaning, the form in -ic denoting the senses having closer relation to the subject

denoted by the root and the form in -ical denoting the remoter senses. Thus, a historie¢ event, one that is a part of

history, but a historical treatise, one that deals with history; a comze opera, a comical grimace.

In terms of chem-

istry and adjectives from proper names, -ical is seldom used.

tas- Adverbs are formed from adjectives in -ic by adding

-ly or (usually) ally.

-i-cal (1-kdl). CLL. -icalis, fr. -tews + -alis.] A compound suffix forming adjectives: a From nouns in -te, -ics, as in musical, ethical. hb Parallel to adjectives in -ic, as in

fantastical, comical. See -1c. I.car’i-an (1-kar’i-an), adj. Of, pertaining to, or character-

istic of, Icarus (see DAEDALUS); soaring too high for safety. Ic/a-rus (ik/d-rtis; /kd-), n. See DaEDALus.

1. Water frozen.

2. Any frozen

dessert, esp. one not containing cream, as a water ice, sher-

bet, or frappé._ 3. Any substance looking like ice; as, camphorice. 4. Icing; frosting. A coldness, as of formal-

ity or reserve. 6. Slang. A diamond. —v. t.; ICED (ist); Ic’ING (is/ing). a To cover or supply with ice; to

b To cover with

icing.

¢ To chill or

cool, as with ice. -— adj. Of ice; connected with ice. -ice Cis). (OF. -tce, -ise, fr. L. -itius, -itia, -itiwum.] suffix denoting act, quality, condition, as in service. ice age. Geol. The glacial epoch.

A

ice’berg’ (is’birg’), n. COf Scand. origin, perh. through D.] _A huge, floating mass of ice, detached from a glacier.

ice’/blink’ (-blingk’), mn. A white streak in the sky near the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice. ice/boat’ (-bot’),n. 1. Askeleton boat or frame on runners

propelled on ice by sails. 2. Also ice’break’er (-brak/ér). A strong steam

track,

ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. 2. A thin, acrid discharge, ag gem : _ ulcer. — i/chor-ous I/kOr-ts), adj.

ich’thy-ic (ik/thi-tk), adj.

ich/thy-or’nis (-dr’/nis), n.

A

LNL., fr. ichthy--++ Gr. ornis

n. [ichthyo- + Gr. sauros lizard-] Any of an order (ichthyosauria) of extinct marine reptiles, with fish-shaped

body and porpoiselike snout. ich’thy-o/sis (ik/thi-0/sis), n. [NL., fr. ichthy- + -osis.] Med. A disease, usually congenital, in which the skin is thick, rough, and scaly. — ich’thy-ot/ic (-St’ik), adj.

-i’cian (ish’an).

[F. -icten, fr. -ien added to nouns.]

A

suffix denoting a specialist or practitioner in a (specified) field, as in musician, technician. i/ci-cle (i/sik-’l), n. (CME. istkel, fr. AS. is ice +.gicel

icicle.]

A pendent mass of ice, formed by the freezing of

dripping water. — i/ci-cled (-’ld), adj. i’ci-ly (i’st-li), adv. In an icy manner. i/ci-ness (i/si-nés; -nis), n.. Quality or state of being icy,

ic/ing (is/ing), n. A coating for cakes, made from sugar combined with water, milk, or egg white; frosting. ick’er (ik’ér), n. LAS. eher.] Scot. An ear of corn.

i’con (i/kdn), n. ; pl. Icons (i/k6nz), ICONES (1’k6-néz). [L., fr. Gr. eikon, etkonos.] 1. An image or representation. 2. Eastern Ch. An image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a :

taining to an icon, image, or other representation; — applied specif. in art to statues and busts sculptured according to fixed or conventional representation or symbolism.

A

meaning

ice’ cream’ (is’ krém’).. A

[See 1con.] _ A combining form

image, as in i-con’o-clasm, image breaking.

CML. iconoclastes, fr. MGr. e7-

konoklastés, fr. eikon image + klastés a breaker, fr. klan

containing

to break.]

1. A breaker of icons, or images; an opponent of

religious use of images. 2. One who attacks cherished beliefs as shams. — i-con/o-clas’tic (-klas/tik), adj.

cream, or butter fat, flavoring,sweetening,and,usu- 4

i-con/o-graph/ic

ally, eggs.

;

Iceboat, 1.

shore in arctic regions between high and low watermarks. ice’house’ (is’/hous’), n._ A building for storing ice. Ice/land/er (is/lin/dér; -lan-dér), n. A native of Iceland. Ice-lan/dic (is-lan/dik), adj. Of, or pertaining or relating to, Iceland, the Icelanders, or Icelandic. —n. e language of the Icelanders, a Scandinavian tongue. 3

Iceland moss.

A lichen (Cetraria islandica), of arctic

Iceland spar.

Mineral. A doubly refracting, transparent

regions, sometimes used medicinally or as food.

variety of calcite, the best of which is obtained in Iceland.

A man who deals in or delivers ice.

A slender ice particle that floats in the air

in clear, cold weather.

[Gr. ichthys, -yos.]

_[Gr. ichthyoeidés.] _ReZool. A fishlike animal. — adj. [ichthyo- + -logy.] a The treats of fishes. b A treatise

bird.] Paleontol. Any of agenus (Ichthyornis) of extinct toothed birds. _The best-known species (I. victor) was about the size of a gull. t ich’thy-o-saur’ ({k/thi-6-s6r’), ich’/thy-0-sau/rus (-s6/rtis),

i-con/o- (i-k5n/6-), icon-.

ice needle.

2

on fishes. — ich/thy-o-log/ic (-6-16j/ik), -log’/i-cal, adj. — _ich’thy-ol/o-gist (-6]/6-jist), n. ich’thy-oph/a-gy (-6f/a-j1), n, LF. ichthyophagie, fr. Gr. ichthyophagia.] The practice ofeating, or living on, fish. _— ich’thy-oph’a-gous (-giis), adj.

i-con’o-clast (-klast), 7.

ice’man/ (is’min’), n.

Fly (Enicosps-

PME)

_combining form meaning fish, as in ichthyology.

ich’thy-oid (ik’/thi-oid), adj. sembling a fish. —m. Old _ich’thy-oi’dal (-oi’dal; -d’l), ich’thy-ol’/o-gy (-OI/6-ii), m. department of zoology which

refrigerator.

ice foot. A wall or belt of ice that forms along the

Ichneumon

Pertaining to fishes; having

ich’thy-o- (ik/thi.6-), ich’thy-.

with ice; as, an icebound vessel; an icebound harbor.

food

Nim

ichthys, -yos, a fish.] Zool. _the characters of a fish.

i-con/ic (i-kOn/ik), adj. Also i-con/i-cal (-i-kdl). [L. biearian fr. Gr. eikonikos, fr. eikon image.] _Of or per-

ice. ice’bound’ (-bound’), adj. Surrounded or obstructed

frozen

foot-

to describe.]

A horizontal section, as of a build_ing, drawn to scale; ground plan. i’chor (i/k6r; i/kér), n. _[NL., fr. Gr. ichdr.] 1. Class. Myth. An

saint,

vessel for breaking through

ice’box’ (is’boks’), nm

; lit.,

(Through F. & L., fr. Gr. ichno-

graphia,

the nature of, consisting of, charSacred Ibis. (4s) acterized by, as in angelic, iambic. f or belonging to, as in apostolic, volcanic. c After the manner of, characteristic of, resembling, as in By-

convert into ice.

_ glistening papillose dots or vesicles. ich-neu/mon (ik-ni/mén), n. [L., fr. Gr. ichneumon,

ich-nog/ra-phy

eral, of PE pertauning to, and forming: 1. Adjectives, denoting: a Of

[AS.7%s.]

— I-ce/nic (-nik), adj.

vae are for the most part internal parasites on the larvae of other insects, esp. on caterpillars. (ik-ndg/ra-fi), n.

-ic (ik). [F. or L. or Gr.; F. -ique, fr. L.-icews, native suff. or fr. Gr. -tkos.]_ A suffix signifying, in gen-

ice (is), n..

‘ the Romans, A.D. 61.

ice plant. An Old World plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, family Aizoaceae), with foliage covered with

the tracker, so called because it hunts out the eggs of the crocodile.]_ 1. A mongoose, supposed by the ancient _ Egyptians to devour crocodile’s eggs. 2. Anichneumon fly, ichneumon fly. Any of a large group of insects (order Hymenoptera, chiefly of the family Ichneumonidae) whose lar-

construction

of the writings

iconostasis

I-ce’ni (i-sé/ni), n. pl._ [L.] An ancient tribe of Britons which under its queen Boudicca (Boadicea) revolted against

International symbol, —.

(-graf/ik), -graph’i-cal (-i-kdl), adj.

fr. Gr. eikonographia a sketch or description, fr. eikon image + graphein to describe.]_ 1. Art of representation by pictures or images; the description or study of portraiture or representation. 2. An iconographic record or

illustration. ; i/co-nol/a-try (-nol/a.-tri), n. [icono- +- -latry.] Image worship. — 1/co-nol/a-ter (-tér), n. ; i/co-nol’o-gy (-6-j1), n. [icono--+ -logy.] Science or lore of icons; study of the use of icons; also, icons collectively. — i-con/o-log’i-cal (i-k6n/6-15j/i-k dl), adj. i/co-nos/ta-sis (i/k6-nds’ta-sis), n.; pl. -SES (-séz). _Also

i-con’o-Stas (i-k6n’6.stas), i-con/o-sta’si-on (-sta/si-6n).

(NL., fr. NGr. eckonostasis, fr. Gr. eikon image + stasis

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdlre (118); x= ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Of

or pert. to iconography; representing by pictures. i/co-nog/ra-phy (1/k6-nog/ra-fi), n. [ML. iconographia,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|| Foreign Word.

a standing.]

_ Eastern Ch.

The partition with doors,

adorned with icons, which separates the bema of a church

from the choir or from the nave. i/co-sa-he/dron (i/k6-sa-he/driin), n. ; pl. -pRA (-dra). [Gr. eikosaedron, fr. eikost twenty + hedra seat, base.] Geom.

A polyhedron of twenty faces.—1/co-Sa-he/dral (-drdl), adj.

i’co-si- (i/k6-sY-), icos-. [Gr. eikosi.]_

A combining form

meaning twenty, as in i/co-si-tet/ra-he/dron, a twentyfour-sided solid. _ : -ics (ks). [See-1c.] A suffix used in the names of certain sciences, systems, etc., as in acoustics, mathematics. Such names originally had the singular form, as still in mustc, rhetoric, logic; but since 1600 their plurals have been the

regular forms. As denoting a scientific treatise or its subject matter these plural forms are now construed as singu-

lar; but forms in -ics denoting matters of practice (gym-

nastics, tactics), activities (athlet?cs), tics), are usually construed as plurals.

ic-ter/ic (ik-tér’tk), adj.

qualities

(acous-

Also ic-ter’i-cal Cena

actericus, fr. Gr. ikterikos, fr. ikteros jaundice.] taining to, affected with, or a cure for jaundice. remedy for jaundice.

—m. :

CL.

Per-

A

ic’ter-us ({k’/tér-ts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ikteros jaundice.] 1. Med. Jaundice. 2. Plant Pathol. A diseased condi-

_tion, as of grain, in which the foliage turns yellow. ic/tus (ik’/tts), n.; pl. 1crusES (-&z; -¥z), 1crus. [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. Pros. Metrical or rhythmical

stress or beat in utterance.

2. Med.

a A stroke or blow,

_as in a sunstroke; pulsation. b A fit. Yoy (i/si), adj.; 1/cl-ER (-si-Er); ’crest.

[AS. istig.]

3 1.

Having ice within, about, or over; cold; frosty; as, icy seas. 2. Resembling ice; chilling; frigid; cold.

id (id), n.

[(G., short for idioplasma.

Psychoanalysis.

oe

idiom

494

icosahedral

See mwioPLasM.]

The fundamental mass of life tendencies,

2. The

state of being ideal; also, existence only in idea. capacity to form or entertain ideals. _

i-de’al-ize (i-dé/al-1z), v. t. To give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics to,

ideals; to work

i-de/al-iz/er, n. i-de’al-ly (1), adv.

—v. 7%. To form

idealistically. —i-de/al-i-za/tion,

n. —

i wands a In idea or imagination; mentally.

b Conformably to an ideal; periectly. . i-de/ate (i-dé@/at), v.¢. 1. To form in idea; to conceive. To have ideas, thoughts, or impressions of.

i-de/ate (-4t), n. Philos. An actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea. : i/de-a/tion (i/dé-a’shtin), n. Function or capacity of the

mind whereby it entertains ideas. — i/de-a/tion-al, adj. —

i/de-a’tion.-al-ly, adv.

||i/dem (/dém), pron. & adj.

[L.]

The same; the same

as that mentioned above; — often abbreviated 7d. i-den/tic (i-dén’tik), adj. Identical; specif., in diplomacy,

designating an action or expression in which two or more governments follow precisely the same course or employ

the same form; — distinguished from a joint action. i-den/ti-cal (ti-kdl), adj. [ML. identicus. See mDEN-

SUEY.) The same; not different or other. 2. Exactly alike or equal.—i-den/ti-cal-ly, adv.—i-den’ti-cal-ness, n.

Syn. Identical, same, equivalent, equal, tantamount. Identical is the strictest term for entire and absolute agreement; as, no two leaves are identical. Same (which may be exactly synonymous with identical), is often used more loosely, either in the sense of that which itself does not change, or of that which is of like sort, character, or quality; as, the same words, he manifests the same spirit. Things are equal which are the same, esp. in number, amount, magnitude, value, or the like; they are equivalent when they amount to the same thing, esp. in worth, force, or import. Tantamount is commonly applied to other than material things; as, his statement was tantamount to a confession.

out of which the ego and libido tendencies develop. i-den/ti-fi-ca/tion (j-dén/tv-ff-ka/shtin), n. Act of identifyI’d (id). Acontraction of I would or I had; — often used ing, or state of being identified. for I should. i-den/ti-fy (i-dén/ti-f1), v. t.; -rrep (fid); -ry/Inc. 1. To -id (id). (L. -is, pl. -ides, patronymic suffix, daughter (s) make to be the same; to consider as the same in any rela-

of, fr. Gr. -is, pl. -ides.] a Astron. A’suffix used with the name of a constellation in naming meteors which appear to radiate from it,asin Persezd. hb A suffix used in names of epic poems, as in Aeneid.

-id (id).

(Cf. F. -ide.

See -mar.]

Zool. A suffix, de-

rived from -idae, used to form English nouns and adjectives

designating members of zoological families, as in clupeid. -id. [F. -ide, fr. L. -idus.] Chem. = -we.

-i-dae (1-dé)._ [Pl. of L. -ides, patronymic suffix, son of, fr. Gr. -idés.]_ Zool. The suffix with which, in modern classifications, all names of families of animals are formed, as in

Felidae (the cat family).

I/da-ho/an (i/da-h6/an), adj. & n. from Ipano, Gaz. -ide (id; -fd). [From oxide.] Chem. A suffix used in names of compounds, asin chloride. In binary compounds it denotes the nonmetallic or negative element or radical,

_as in hydrogen sulphide, lead iodide.

i-de’a (i-dé’a; -d@’a), n.; fr. idein to see.]

pl. meas

(-dz).

[L., fr. Gr.,

1. Piles. a A concept, a representa-

tion, or a presentation of sense.

b Platonism.

One of the

archetypes, or patterns, of which existing things are imperfect copies. 2. A design; a preliminary plan; often, a plan or purpose of action; project. 3. Archaic. A visible representation ofa conception; a realized ideal. 4, aObs. An image, or picture recalled by memory. b An indefinite or fanciful notion; a fancy. 5. Broadly, any object of the mind existing in thought; a notion, or mental impression. 6. A formulated thought or opinion. i-de/al (i-dé/dal; 1-d@/al), adj. [F. idéal, fr. L. idealis.] 1. Existing as a pattern, or archetypal idea. 2. a Evisting as a mere mental image; existing in fancy or imagination only. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, mental images; conceptual. 3. Of or pertaining to an ideal or to perfection of kind; existing as a perfect exemplar. 4. Philos. Of or pertaining to idealism; idealistic. — Syn. Perfect, consummate; fanciful, imaginary; intellectual, mental. -— 7m. A standard of perfection, beauty, or excellence. — Sym. See PATTERN.

i-de/al-ism (7-dé/al-iz’m), n.

1. Philos. Any theory which

affirms the central importance of mind, or the spiritual and ideal, in reality; specif.: a Theory which regards reality as essentially spiritual or the embodiment of mind or reason. b Theory which identifies reality with perceptibility or denies the possibility of knowing anything except the mental life. 2. The practice of forming ideals; the tendency to idealize; also, that which is idealized. 3. Jn literature and art, the theory or practice which values ideal or sub-

jective types or aspects of beauty more than formal or sensible qualities, or that which affirms the pre-eminent value of imagination as compared with faithful copying of nature; — opposed to realism.

i-de/al-ist (ist), n. 1. a An adherent of a theory of idealism in philosophy. _ b An artist or author who advocates or practices idealism in art, writing, etc. 2. One who idealizes; hence, a visionary; a dreamer. i-de/al-is/tic (is’tik), adj. Also i-de/al-is’ti-cal (-tY-kd]).

Of or pertaining to idealists or idealism. — i-de/al-is/tical-ly, adv. i/de-al/i-ty (7/d6.4)/7-ti), n.; pl. -T1Es (-tiz). 1. Quality or

tion. (with

2. To establish the identity of; to prove the same something described, claimed, or asserted). —

i-den/ti-fi/er, n.

{-den/ti-ty (-ti), n.; pl. -Tres (tYz). [F. zdentité, fr. LL. identitas, irreg. fr. L. idem the same.] 1. a Sameness of essential character. b Sameness in all that constitutes the objective reality of a thing; selfsameness; oneness. 2. Unity and persistence of personality; individuality; as, to forget one’s identity. 3. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted; as, to establish the identity of stolen goods.

id/e-o- (id/¢-6-; 1’dé.6-),_ [F. ideo-, fr. Gr. idea.] bining form meaning idea, as in ideology.

id’e-o-gram/ (-gram’), n..

[ideo- + -gram.]

A com-

1. A picture

or pictorial symbol as an original (not phonetic) element of writing; an early form of hieroglyph. 2. A graphic symbol used for convenience and representing an idea rather thana

word; as, 3 (read as three in English, drei in German, trois in French). ; id’e.o-graph’ (-graf’), n. [ideo- + -graph.] An ideogram. —id/e-o-graph’ic (-grat/ik), id/e-o-graph/i-cal, adj. — id’e-o-graph’i-cal-ly, adv.

id/e-og’ra-phy (id’e.dg’ra-fi; /dé-), n. Employment of ideograms; representation of ideas by graphic symbols. id’e-ol’o-gy Cre n.; pl. -GIES (-jiz). _[F. idéologie.

See IDEO-;

-LoGy.]_

1. Philos,

The science of ideas;

specif., a theory of the origin of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation. 2. Visionary theorizing. 3. Manner or content of thinking characteristic of an indi-

vidual or class; as, bourgeois

ideology.

— id/e-o-log’ic

_ (-6-16j/7k), -log’i-cal, adj. — id’e-ol’o-gist (-51/6-jist), n. ides (idz), n. pl. [F., fr. L. idus.] A certain day of the ancient Roman month, the 15th in March, May, July, and October, and the 18th in other months. \|id est (id Est). [L.] That is. Abbr. ze. id/i-o- (id/¥-6-). [Gr. ¢dios.] A combining form meaning: a One’s own, personal, separate, distinct, as in idiosynb Biochem. & Med. crasy. Self-produced.

id/i-o-blast’ (-blast’), n. _ [idio- + -blast.]_

pothetical structural unit of the cell. cell

differing

from

_ Cblas/tik), adj.

neighboring

a Biol.

b Bot.

id/i-oc/ra-sy (id/I-dk/ra-st), n.; pl. -stes (siz). krasia.

See Ito-; crasis.]

_idiosyncrasy.

id/i-o-cy (id7i-5-sT), n.

A hy-

An isolated

cells. — id/i-o-blas’tic

[Gr. idio-

Peculiarity of constitution;

[From mror.]

1. Extreme defi-

id/i-o-e-lec/tric (id/I-6-8.1ék/trik), adj.

Also id/i-o-e-lec’-

ciency in intelligence, commonly due to incomplete or abnormal development of the brain. See IDIOT, MENTAL DEFiclENcy. 2. Anything idiotic. tri-cal (-tri-kdl), adj.

[idio-+ electric.]

_able of becoming electrified by friction.

Physics.

Cap-

id/i-om (id/i-tim), n. [¥. and L.; F. idiome, fr. L. idioma,

fr. Gr. idioma, fr. idioun to make a person’s own, fr. idios

one’s own, proper.] 1. The language peculiar to a people, ° (a tongue) or to a district, community, or class (a dialect). 2. The structural form peculiar to any language. 3. An expression in the usage of a language, that is peculiar to

ale, chaotic, care, Add, account, firm, ask, sofa; Eve, h@re (27), €vent, Gnd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sdft, cénnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Gm, up, circes, menii;

idiomatic characteristic of an author. id/i-o-mat/ic ({d/i-d-mat/ik), adj. (-¥-kal).

Also id/i-o-mat’i-cal

Of or pertaining to, or conforming to, idiom. —

_id/i-o-mat/i-cal-ly, adv. — -i-cal-ness, n. id/i-o-mor’phic (-m6r/fik), adj.

Having a form of its own.

[idio-+-morphic.]

2. Cryst.

1.

Having its proper

crystallographic form or shape; as, an idtomorphic mineral; _— opposed to xenomorphic. —-mor’phi-cal-ly, adv.

id/i-op’a-thy (id/i-6p/d-thi), n.; pl. -rares idiopatheia,

fr. idios proper,

schein, to suffer.]

Med.

(-thiz).

peculiar + pathein,

[Gr. pa-

A morbid state not preceded or

caused by any other disease; a primary disease. — id/i-o_path’ic (-0-path’ik), adj. id/i-o-plasm (id/f.6-pliz’m), n.. [idio--+-plasm.] Biol.

That portion of the cell protoplasm supposed to determine the character of the species and to be the physical basis of

hereditary transmission; germ plasm. — id/i-o-plas-mat/ic (-plizemat/ik), adj.

id/i-o-syn/cra-sy

Igraine

495

itself eitherin grammatical construction or in having a rneaning which cannot be derived as a whole from the conjoined meanings of its elements. 4. A form of expression

(1d/i-6-sing’kra-si), n.; pl. -stes (-siz).

i-do/ne-ous (i-d6/né-tis), adj.

[L. idoneus.]

Suitable.

Id/u-mae/an, Id/u-me/an (id/ii-mé@/an), adj. & n. from _Ipumara, Gaz. i/dyl, idyll (dil or, Brit., ¥d/i)), n. [L. idylliwm, fr. Gr. eidyllion, fr. eidos form.] _1. Any simple description, either in poetry or_prose, of rustic life, pastoral scenes,

_or the like.

2. A fit subject for an idyl.

VeyEdst, i/dyll-ist (Ist), n. ic poet.

-

A composer of idyls; an idyl-

idyllic (i-diV’Yk; ¥-), adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, an idyl; pleasing or picturesque in its natural simplicity. —i-dyl/li-cal-ly, adv. — i-dyl/li-cism (i-siz’m), n. -le (-i). A former spelling of -y ;— now used as a diminutive suffix, as in birdie.

-ler (-€r)..

[F., fr. L.-arius.]

A noun suffix equivalent to

.7eer, as in gondolier, cashier, cavalier, grenadier. if (if), conj. [AS. gif.] 1. In case that; granting, allow-

ing, Or supposing that; — introducing a condition or subposition.

2. Whether; — introducing indirect questions.

Syn. If, provided. If implies a condition; provided always adds the implication of a stipulation or proviso,

— 7.

The conjunction if; hence, a condition; supposition.

(Gr, idiosynkrasia, fr. idios proper, peculiar + synkrasis

Ig/dra-sil, Ig/dra-syl, Igg/dra-sil.

perament. — Sym. See EccENTRiciTy. — id/i-o.syn-crat’-

ig/loo, ig/lu (ig/loo), n. [Eastern Eskimo tgdlu snow ouse.] An Eskimo house or hut, often made of snow blocks and in the shape of a dome. e ig/ne-ouws (g/né-tis), adj. CL. igneus,

a mixing together.]

_A peculiarity of constitution or tem-

_ic (-sin-krat/ik), adj. — id/i-o-syn.crat/i-cal-ly, adv. id/i-ot (id/i-wt), n.

[OF. idiot, fr. L. idiota, idiotes, igno-

rant person, fr. Gr. zdidtés, also and orig., a private person,

fr. idios proper, peculiar.) 1. A person afflicted with idiocy. Idiots are incapable of connected speech or of

avoiding the common dangers of life. —a term of reproach.

2. A fool; simpleton;

id/i-ot/ic (id/i-6t/ik), id/i-ot/i-cal (-Y-kG@l), adj._

cus ignorant,

fr. Gr. ididtikos.

See wior.]

senseless. — id/i-otfi-cal-ly, adv.

id/i-ot-ism (id/i-iit-iz’m), n._

[L. idiotiFoolish;

[Insense 1, fr. F. idiotisme,

fr. L. idiotismus the way of a private person, the common or vulgar manner of speaking, fr. Gr. ididtismos, deriv. of

idiotes.

Seeip1or.]

1. Obs. Idiom. 2. [F. idiotisme,

fr. idiot.) Character or quality of being idiotic; specif.: a fare. Idiocy. b Obs. Ignorance. foolish act. i/dle @/d’l), adj.; ’prER (i/dlér); ’prest (7/dlést; -dlist).

fr. ignis fire.]

Vars. of YGODRASILL.

1. Pertaining to, hav-

ing the nature of, or like, fire; containing fire. Geol. Resulting from the action of heat within the earth, usu-

ally accompanied by fusion; of rocks, formed by solidification of a molten Igloo. _magma. : (L. tgnescens, pres. ig-nes/cent (Ig-nés/ént; -’nt), adj. part. of ignescere to become inflamed, fr. zgnis fire.]

Emitting sparks when struck with steel; hence, becoming

inflamed; inflammatory. llig’nis fat/u-us (ig/nis fat’fi-tés); pl. IGNES FATUI (Ig/néz fit’ti-1). CML., fr. L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish; — from its tendency to mislead travelers.] 1. A light that appears

1. Without worth or basis; use-

in the night over marshy grounds, supposed to be caused by

Syn. Unfounded, baseless; worthless, trifling, ineffectual; unemployed; loafing. — Idle, lazy, indolent, slothful. Idle emphasizes the fact of inactivity or lack of occupation; it may or may not imply

ig-nite’ (ig-nit’), v. ¢. CL. ignitus, past part. of ignire to

S. idel vain, useless.],

less; vain; as, idle theorizing. 2. Not occupied; inactive. 3. Lazy; slothful; as, an 7dle fellow.

disparagement; lazy, suggesting disinclination to eflort or work, is commonly derogatory. Indolent implies a habitual love of ease and

a settled dislike of activity. Slothful implies excessive and sluggish indolence. — Amt. Busy, industrious, active, diligent.

— v. i.; I/DLED (-d’ld); ’pLING (-dling). 1. To lose time in idleness; esp., to saunter idly. 2. Mach. To run dis-

connected, so that power is not used for work; — said of machines, etc.

—

v. t. To spend in idleness; waste.

—i/dle-ness, n. — i/dler (-dlér), n. — i/dly (-dli), adv. i/dlesse (i/dlés), n. Archaic. Idleness.

idle wheel. Mach. A gear wheel placed between two others, to transfer motion from one to the other without changing the directionof revolution or the velocity ratio. H

i/do.crase id’6-), n.

(7/dd-kras;. LF., fr. Gr.

_Vesuvianite.

i/dol (dul; -d’l), n. LOF. idole, idele, fr. L. tdo-

as an object of worship; in Scriptural language, a

false god; a heathen deity.

2. Obs.

Any image or repre-

lolatrés.

1. A worshiper of idols.

sentation; also, an impostor. 3. A form or, appearance visible but without substance, as an image in a mirror. 4. An object of passionate devotion. i-dol/a-ter (i-d5l/a-tér), n._ [F. idoldtre, fr. L., fr. Gr. eidd-

See ioLatTRy.}

2. A misleading influence or thing.

take fire; to begintoburn. — Syn. See KINDLE. — ig-nit’-

er (-nit/ér), ig-ni/tor (-ni’tér), 1. — ig-nit/i-ble (-nit’7b’l), ig-nit’a-ble (-d-b’l), adj.

ig-ni/tion ({g-nish’t%in), n. fire; loosely, burning.

1. Act of igniting; a setting on

2. Means of igniting.

3. In in-

ternal-combustion engines, the process or the means of ig-

niting the mixture, as an electric spark from a ig-no/ble (¥g-nd’b’l), adj. LF., fr. L. ignobilis, -+- gnobilis, nobilis, noble.J . Of low birth not noble; humble. _2. Not honorable; base;

magneto. fr. in- not or family; mean. 3.

Falconry. Designating the short-winged hawks (as the goshawk) which rake for their prey instead of pouncing. —

Syn. Low, vile, dishonorable, disgraceful, shameful.— Ant. Noble, honorable, worthy. — ig-no/ble-ness, n. — ig-no’bly, adv. ig/no-min/i-ous ({g/nd-min’i-tis), adj. _ [F. ignominieuz,

ig/no-min-y (ig/nd-min-i), .; pl. -tes Ciz).

C

lum, fr. Gr. eiddlon im-

C Idle Wheel. age, phantom, idol, fr. eidos that which is seen, form, shape; akin to Gr. idein to see.] 1. An image or representation of a deity, made or

used

also will-o’-the-wisp.

ignite, fr. ignis fire.] To subject to fire; to heat strongly; to render luminous by heat; also, to kindle. —v. 7%. To

fr. L. ignominiosus.] 1. Marked with, or full of, ignominy; dishonorable. 2. Deserving ignominy; despicable. 3. Humiliating; degrading. — ig/no-min/i-ous-ly, adv.

eidos form -+ krasis mixture.]

the combustion of marsh gas (methane); — popularly called

An adorer; admirer. — i-dol’a-tress (-trés; -tris), n.

2.

i-dol’a-trize (-triz), v. 7. To worship idols; to pay idola-

[F. igno-

minie, fr. L. ignominia ignominy (i.e., a deprivation of one’s good name), fr. in- not + nomen name.] 1. Dis-

grace or dishonor; infamy. 2. Quality or conduct deserving disgrace. — Syn. See DISHONOR. See [L., we do not know. IGNORE.] An ignorant person; a dunce. ig/no-rance (ig/n6-rdns), n. State of being ignorant; want of knowledge. p

ig/no-ra/mus (-ra/mus), n.

ig/no-rant (-rdnt), adj. [OF., fr, L. ignorans, -antis, pres. part. See 1GNoRE.] 1. Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed.

2. Uninformed (in); unaware (of).

3. Resulting from, or showing, ignorance. —-rant-ly, adv.

[OF. ¢dolatrie, fr.

Sym. Unlearned, uneducated, illiterate, unlettered, untutored. Ignorant, illiterate, unlettered, untutored. One is ignorant who is without knowledge in general or in a particular matter; one is illiterate who is without knowledge acquired by reading or study (the word applying esp. to one who cannot read and write); unlettered is chiefly literary or rhetorical. Untutored suggests unsophisticatedness or intellectual crudeness. — ANt. Wise, learned.

latreia service.) 1. Worship of a made image as a god. 2. Excessive love or veneration for anything.

ig-nore’ (Ig-nor’; 70), v. t. [F.ignorer, fr. L. ignorare, fr. in- not + the root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become acquainted with.] To refuse to take notice of; to disre-

trous worship. -—v.t. To make an idol of; to idolize. i-dol/a-trous (-trus), adj. Of or pertaining to idolatry; of the nature of idolatry; given to idolatry. — i-dol’a-trous-

ly, adv. —i-dol’a-trous-ness, n. i-dol’a-iry (-tri), n.; pl. -rrtEs (-triz).

L. idololatria, fr. Gr. eiddlolatreia, fr. eidolon ido

Vdol-ism (i/ditl-iz’m; i/d’l-), n.

Worship of idols; idoliza-

tion, also, false thinking; a fallacy.

i/dol-ist (ist), n.

An idolater. —

gard willfully. — Syn. See overtoox. — Ant. Heed, attend. — ig-nor’er (-nor’ér), n.

i/dol-ize (-iz), v. t. To make an idol of; esp., to love to ex-

I’go-rot’ (é/g6-rot’), n.; pl. -RoT (-rdt’), -ROTS (-rdts’). Also I/gor-ro’te (@/gér-rd/ta). [Sp. Igorrote.] A member

I.dom/e-neus (i-ddm/é-niis), n._

I-graine’ (é-gran’), n.

cess; reverence to adoration. —v.7. To practice idolatry. — i/dol-i-za’tion, n. — i’dol-iz/er, n.

[L., fr. Gr. Idomeneus.]

A king of Crete, leader of the Cretans against Troy.

—

Chair;

go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdtire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

of any one of the three Indonesian groups of northern Luzon, Philippine Islands.

In Arthurian legend, the wife of

Uther, and mother of Arthur.

x= ch in G. ich, aeh;

bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

iguana

origin. ] Any of ene) large tropical American lizards of several genera (esp. ¢2 pours and i SteR aCe Os, family Iguanidae). The bestknown (I. iguana) attains a length of five or six feet. Iguana (I. iguana), (%o) i-guan/o-don (I-gwan/6-don), n. LNL., fr. iguana+ Gr. odin, odontos, tooth.J, Paleontol.

Hluminati

496

i-gua/na (i-gwi/nd),n. ([Sp., of Arawakan and Cariban

Any of a genus (Iquanodon) of gigantic herbivorous

illefeah il.iveab,; Ae [F. , Jesus. il- a ). .An assimilated form of in-, not, as in dllogical; and of in-, in, as in z/lumine. ness; a mood of bad temper. — ill/—hu’/mored, or —hu’i/lang-i/lang (@ling-é/ling), n. ([Tag.] aA tree (Camoured (-mérd; 2), adj. — ill/-hu’/mored. ly, —hu’nangium odoratum, family Annonaceae) of Malaysia, the moured-ly, adv. — -mored-ness, -moured-ness, n. Philippines, etc., with greenish-yellow, very fragrant il-lib’er-al (il-lfb’ér-dl), adj. LF. cllibéral, fr. es illibeflowers. b An essence or perfume distilled from its flowers. ralis.] 1. Not liberal; esp., without a liberal education; -ile (Il; Brit. usually -il; 56), -il Gil)., CF. or L.; F. -dl, lacking culture; ungentlemanly. Indicating a lack of -ile, fr. L. -ilis.| A suffix in adjectives (and their de: culture or breadth of view; bigoted. . Not generous; rivative nouns) signifying of, or pertaining to, approprtstingy. — il-lib’er-al/i-ty (ali. ti), mn. — il-lib’er-al-ly, ate to, suited for, capable of, etc., as in docile, virile; adv. — il-lib/er-al-ness, 7. civil, utensil. il-lic’it (il. ue j-lis’it), adj. CF. tllicite, fr. L. cllicttus, il’e-0- (i’é.6-), il’e-. A combining form for ileum, as in fr. al- not + licitus, past part. of licere to be permitted.] il’e-os’to-my, il’e-ot/o-my (see -STOMY, -TOMyY); denotNot permitted; improper; unlawful. — il-lic’it-ly, adv. — ing also tleac and, as in il/e-o.cae’cal, il’e-o-ce’cal, pert. il-lic/it-ness, n. to the ileum and caecum; il/e-0-col’ic, il/e-0-co- li’tis. il-lim/it-a-ble (iL-lim/Yt-4-b’l), adj. Incapable of being il’e-um (i1’é-ti1m) CL. “ile, ileum, ilium, pl. ilia, groin, limited; immeasurable. — il-lim/it-a-bil’i-ty (-bYl’7-ti), flank.] Anat. The last division of the small intestine; the il-lim/it-a-ble- ness, n. — il-lim/it-a-bly, adv. part between the jejunum and large intestine. — il’e-ac iblin/icum (¥-lin/T-tim), CNL., fr. Illinois + -tum.] (ak), adj. Chem. A rare metallic elnieue discovered in 1926. Symil’e-us_(-ts),n. [NL., fr. L. ileus, ileos, fr. Gr. eileos, bol, IZ; at. no., ileos.] Medd. A morbid condition’ due to intestinal ob- Il/li-nois’ (lt-noi’; --noiz/), n.. LF., of Am. Indian origin.] struction, marked by complete constipation. — il’e-ac, adj. An Indian of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes, formerly Vlex (/léks), n.; pl. ILEXES (/lék-séz; -s¥z). (L., holm occupying Illinois and parts of Iowa and Wisconsin. oak.] 1. Phe holm oak. A shrub or tree of a genus Ue nois/an (-noi’dn; -noiz’/Gn), adj. & n. from ILtrnots, (Ilex) having small flowers end berrylike fruits; a holly. il’i-ac (V/¥-4k), adj. (EF. orL.; F. tliaque relating to the il. liq/uid (i1-l¥k’wid), adj. Law. That has not been made colic, fr. L. thacus, fr. ileus colic, confused with iliwm clear and certain; — said esp. of a right or claim not fixed ileum.] Tleac. 2. Anat. Pertaining to the by a written instrument or by a decree of the court. ilium; of or in ee.region of the ilium. il-lit/er-a-cy (il-lit/€r-a-s¥), n.; pl. -cres (-siz). 1. Quality IVi-ad (Vi-dd),n. .(L. Ilias, -adis, fr. Gr. Ilias, -ados or state of being ges hea: want of learning; specif., in(sc. poiésis), fr. eon Ilion, lium, the city of Tlus, a son ability to read and write. 2. An instance of such ignoof Tros, founder of Ilium (Troy).] “1. A Greek epic poem rance; a literary blunder. ascribed to Homer. It narrates events of the last year of il-lit/er-ate (it), adj. {L. dlliteratus, fr. cl- not+ litethe Trojan War. 2. An epic resembling Homer’s Iliad; ratus learned.]’ 1. Ignorant of letters or books; unedualso, a long series, as of woes; a long account. cated; specif., unable to read. 2. Unlearned; unrefined; il/i-o- (i/f-6-). A combining ‘form for tliwm, denoting in as, illiterate style. — Syn. See IGNORANT. — 7. An iladjectives iliac and, as in il/i-o-sa/cral, iliac and sacral. literate person. — -ate-ly, adv. — -ate-ness, n. -i/i-ty (-i1/%-ti). (F. -ilité, fr. L. -ilitas.] A suffix form- ill’—look/ing (i1/l00k’ing; 2), adj. _IIl- favored; homely; ing nouns denoting quality or condition, correspondent also, evil-looking; sinister. to adjectives ending in -able, -ible, -dl, and -tle, as in ill/—man/nered (-min’érd; 2), adj. _Impolite; rude. — affabzlity. i/i-um (i//Y-tim), 2. [See 1zrnum.] Anat. The dorsal and upper one of the three bones composing either lateral half of the pelvis.

ilk (ilk), pron. [AS. zlca.] Obs. With the or that, the same person or persons; the same thing. — of that ilk. Scot. Of the same (name, surname, place, or territorial designation); as, Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant.

ilk, n. Family; ‘kind; breed; class; —a misuse. ilk) adj. & pron. [Northern form of each.) Scot. & Dial. Each; every. il/ka Vk), adj.

[ilk each+ a, indef. article.]

Each; every. ill (il), adj.; compar. worse; superl. worst.

Scot.

[ON. illr, Evil; wrong. on-

of uncert. Savin % Archaic. trary to ae eee etc.; bad; unwholesome; unfortunate; unlucky; painful; disagreeable. Defec-

tive; of persons, anekitteal: not accordant with rule, fitness, or ee incorrect; unpolished. . Characterized by bad intention; malevolent; See ID 5. Not healthy; hence, sick; indisposed. — Sym. See BAD, sIcK. — Ant. Well. — adv. In an ill manner; badly. —n. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil; misfortune; disease; pain. T’Ul (Gil. Colloq. contr. of I will ;— often used for I shall.

ill/—ad-vised’ (il/ad-vizd’; 2), adj.

Exhibiting, or due to,

lack of due or wise consideration or counsel; injudicious. il-la’tion (1-1a/shtin), n. [L. illatio, fr. illatus, used as past part. of inferre to carry or bring in,ia Inference from premises or reasons; hence, that which is inferred or deduced. il’la-tive ale tiv; Y.la/tiv), adj. [(L. 2llativus.J_ Inferential; as, an 21.lative pepeeguences an, illative word, as then, therefore, etc. — il’la-tive-ly, adv.

il-laud/a-ble (il-l6d’d-b’l), adj. Not laudable. ill’/—be/ing (il/bé’ing), n. Ill state or condition. ill’/—bod/ing (- bod/ing; 2), adj. Inauspicious; ill-omened.

ill/—bred/ (-bréd’; 2), adj.

Badly brought up; impolite.

ill/—man/nered-ly, adv. — ill/-man/nered-ness, n.

ill nature. Bad disposition or temperament; churlishness. ill/—na’tured (-na/tiird; 2), adj. Cross; crabbed; surly. —

ill/—na/tured-ly, adv. — ii'—na’tured- ness, 7.

ill/ness (il/nés; -nis),7 Obs. Wickedness; also, unfavorableness. ; Dae malady; sickness. il-log’i-cal (i1-16j/i-ka)), adj. Not observing the rules of logic or correct reasoning. — il-log’i-cal-ly, adv. — illog’/i-cal-ness, n. ill/—o’/mened GV5/mend; 2), adj. Having bad omens;

inauspicious.

ill’-starred’,

adj.

ill temper.

Bad

Born

under,

or having

one’s

affairs

controlled by, an evil star; — from astrological beliefs.

temper;

_crossness. — ill’—tem/pered

(-t&m/pérd; 2), adj. — ill/—tem/pered- ly, adv.

ill/-treat’ al'tret’y, v.t.

To treat cruelly or improperly;

to maltreat. — ill/-treat’ment, n.

il-lume’ (i--lum’), wt.)

TO illuminate.

ii-lw/mi-nant (i-li/mi-‘ndnt),n. That which illuminates

or affords light. il-lu’/mi-nate (-nat), v.¢. [L. illwminatus, past part. of illuminare, fr. il- in-+ luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light.] 1.’To make light; to light up; to enlighten. 2. re throw light on; to elucidate. 3. To render illustrious. To adorn, as an initial letter, with designs in gold, briline colors, or the like, or a book or page, with borders, initial letters, or. pictures in colors and gold, as in medieval manuscripts. To decorate with artificial lights, as a building on a gala occasion. —v. 7. To light up in token of rejoicing. — (-nat), adj. Illuminated; specif., Obs., enlightened. — (nit), n. One who is enlightened; one of the illuminati. il-lu/mi-na/ti_(-na/ti; -nd’t®, n. pl.; sing. TLUMINATO (-to). (CL.dlluminatus, sing., It. alluminato. See ILLU-

MINATE, v.]

Those who claim special illumination, spir-

itual or intellectual; — often capitalized when applied to the members of various special sects or groups.

Ble, chaotic, cAre, Add, dccount, firm, ask, sofa; @ve, hére (27), €vent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, YIl, charity; old, Gbhey, Orb, Bdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, fO6t; out, oil; cube, tinite, firn, Up, circés, menti;

on

illumination

or state of being illuminated; a lighting up; as, the illumination of the hall. 2. Enlightenment, spiritual or men-

tal.

3. Adornment of a letter, manuscript, book, etc.,

with brilliant, colors, gold, silver, elaborate flourishes, miniature designs, or the like; also, the colors, designs,

etc., thus used. 4. Photom. The surface light density, or luminous flux or power per unit area, on an intercepting surface at a point.

il-lu/mi-na/tive (1-li/m?-na/tiv; -nd-tiv), adj. Tending to illuminate. Le 4 pegs il-lu’mi-na/tor (-na/tér), m. One who or that which illuminates; as: a One who illuminates manuscripts, etc. Any of various devices or instruments for lighting.

il-lu/mine (i-li/min), v. ¢. & 7. _[F. tllwminer, fr. L. illuminare.|} To illuminate or be illuminated; to light up. — il-lu’mi-na-ble, adj. Il-lu/mi-nism (-mi-niz’m), 7. The principles of the Iluminati. — Il-lu/mi-nist (-nist), 7. ill/—us/age ({l/is’Ii; -iiz/Ti), n. Abusive treatment. ill’/—use’ (-iz’), v.t. To subject to bad or cruel treatment; to abuse.

—

(-tis’), 7. Ill-usage; abuse.

il-lu’/sion (i-li/zhtin), n_ (OF, fr. L. illusio, fr, illudere, illusum, to illude.} 1. An unreal or misleading image presented to the vision; a deceptive appearance. 2. State or fact_of being deceived; false impression; misconception. 3. A perception which fails to give the true character of an object perceived. Psychologists recognize normal illusions, and abnormal or pathological illusions,

which are often not distinguishable from hallucinations.

4. A delicate net lace, for veils, scarfs, etc.; tulle. — Syn. See DELUSION. — Ant. Fact, actuality, reality. il-lu’sion-al (-dl; -’l), adj. Of the nature of illusion. il-lu’/sion-ism (-Iz’m), n. Any doctrine which affirms that the phenomenal world is wholly illusory. Lith il-lu’sion-ist (ist), m. 1. One given to illusion; a visionary. 2. An adherent of illusionism. A conjurer.

jl-lu’sive (i-li/siv), adj.

Deceiving by false show; illusory;

unreal. — il-lu/sive-ly, adv. — il-lu’/sive-ness, n. _ il-lu’so-ry (-s6-ri), adj. Deceiving; fallacious; illusive.

il/lus-trate (il/tis-trat; Y-lus/trat), v.t. past part. of illustrare to illuminate.]_ enlighten; illuminate.

2. Obs.

[L. illustratus, 1. Archaic. To

To make illustrious.

3.

Obs. To make luminous; to light up. 4. To make clear; to explain, as by figures and examples. 5. To provide with pictures or designs for elucidation or adornment; of pictures, etc., to elucidate or adorn.

:

:

il/lus-tra’tion (il/us-tra’/shtin), n. _ 1. Act of illustrating,

or state of being illustrated; specif.: a A making illustrious; distinction, or an instance or cause of it. b A making clear, evident, or distinct; elucidation.

_¢ Pictorial eluci-

dation; adornment with pictures, 2. That which illustrates; a comparison or example intended to make clear. 3. A picture designed to elucidate or decorate a book, article, etc. Abbr. zllust. :

il-lus’tra-tive

(i-ltis’tra-tiv; Y/ts-tra/tiy), adj. _Tending

or designed to illustrate. — il-lus/tra-tive-ly, adv.

ilV/lus-tra’/tor (il/tis-tra’/tér; Y-lis’tra-tér), n. that which illustrates.

il-lus’tri-ous (i-ltis’tri-ts), adj. illustrare to illuminate.]

One who or /

[L. illustris; akin to L.

1. Archaic. Brilliant; lustrous.

2. Characterized by_greatness, nobleness, or the like; fa-

mous; renowned. — Syn. Noted, noble, glorious. See EMINENT. — il-lus/tri-ous-ly, adv. — il-lus’tri-ous-ness, 7.

ill will. Inimical, esp. malevolent, feeling. — ill’—willed’ (ilwild’; 2), adj. : i ill’/—wish/’er, n. One who wishes ill to another. ily (ili), adv. Badly; ill. IL-lyr’i-an (i-lir/i-Gn), adj. & n. from Intyrta, Gaz.

il/men-ite (il/mén-it), n. [From, Il/men, a chain of the Ural Mountains. ] “Mineral. An iron-black mineral composed of iron, titanium, and oxygen, usually massive. Vlo-ka’/no (@/l6-ka/nd), ».; pl. -Nos (-n6z; Sp. -nds). [Sp.

Ilocano, fr. Iloko, native name.] __ 1. A,member of one of the chief native peoples of the Philippines. They are

Christian Malays. 2. Their language,a Malayan tongue. im- (im-). _An assimilated form: a Of in-, not, as in im-

mature.

b Of, Latin or English

in-, in, sometimes

for

earlier em-, as in tmbue, impeach.

I’m

(im).

Colloq. contraction of I am.

:

im/age (im/ij), n., [OF., fr._L. imago, imaginis, fr. the root of imitari toimitate.]

1. a An imitation or likeness

of any person or thing, sculptured, drawn, painted, or the like; esp., an imitation in solid form, as a sculptured figure; statue.

b Hence, form; aspect; likeness; semblance.

2.

A copy or counterpart. 3. A mental representation of anything not actually present to the senses; a picture

drawn by the fancy; broadly, a conception; idea. chaic.

An illusory appearance;

an apparition.

type; as, she is the image of devotion.

representation.

imbricately

497

il-lu/mi-na/tion ({-10/m%-na/shiin),n, 1. Anilluminating,

4. Ar-

5. A

6. A symbol; a

‘7. The optical counterpart of an object,

produced by a lens, mirror, or other optical system.

Syn. Image, effigy. Image commonly suggests religious veneration; effigy is commonly limited to images as sculptured (esp. on sepulchral monuments) or engraved (esp. on coins), and to the phrase “to burn (or hang) in effigy.” Except as here indicated, both words have been practically displaced by statue.

1. To exhibit

or represent in language; to describe or portray. 2. To represent to the fancy or recollection; to conceive; imagine. To form an image of; to portray; also, to reflect;

_mirror.

4, To represent symbolically; to typify.

im/age-ry (im/{j-ri; -ér-i), m.. 1. Images in general. - Mental images taken collectively; broadly, the wor

|

memory, imagination, or fancy. 8. Figurative langu: 4 _esp. when used as ornament. im.ag/i-na-ble (i-maj/i-nd-b’l), adj. _Capable of being _imagined; conceivable. — im-ag/i-na-bly, adv. im.-ag/i-nal ¢ndl; -n’l), adj. Zool. Of or pertaining to an _imago. im-ag/i-nar/y (-nér/l; -nér-¥; 3), adj. Existing only in _Imagination or fancy; not real; fancied; ideal.

im-ag/i-na/tion imagining;

(-na/shiin), n.

formation

of mental

1. The act or power of images

of objects

not

present to the senses, esp. of those never perceived in their entirety; hence, mental synthesis of new ideas from ele-

ments experienced separately.

2. Archaic.

A conception

or imagining of some event; a scheme, plot, or project, esp.

of evil.

3.

A mental image, conception, or notion; a crea-

tion of the mind, esp. an idealized or poetic creation; also, a fanciful or vain notion; as, idle ¢maginations. Syn. Imagination,

fancy

(in their application to artistic, esp.

poetical, composition). Formerly, imagination and fancy were used without distinction. In present usage; imagination connotes esp. the exercise of plastic or creative power; fancy suggests the play of

_ associations more remote, arbitrary, or capricious.

im-ag/i-na/tion.al (-al; -’l), adj. or caused by, the imagination.

Pertaining to, involving,

im-ag/i-na/tive (I-m4j/%-na/tiv; -nd-tly), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the imagination; proceeding from, or characterized by, imagination, Given to imagining; full of _fancies. — im.ag’i-na/tive-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n.

im.ag/ine (I-maj’In), v. t.

[OF. imaginer, fr. L. imagt-

nari, past part. imaginatus, fr. imago image.

See IMAGE.]

To form a mental image of;to represent or picture to oneself; to produce by the imagination. 2. Archaic. To contrive in purpose; to scheme. 3. Collog. To suppose or think to be; guess. —v.7. 1. To form images; to

exercise the imagination. 2. Collog. _suppose. — Syn. See CONCEIVE.

To fancy;

think;

im/ag-ist (im/Ij-Yst), n. Any of a group of modern poets who compose chiefly in vers libre and express their ideas and emotions through a series of clear, precise images. — _im/ag-ism (-iz’m), n. — im/ag.ist, im/ag-is’tic, adj.

dma

eo Some'ed), n.; pl. IMAGOES (-g0z), IMAGINES (imaj/i-néz). (CL. Animage. 2. Zool. An insect in its final adult, sexually mature, and usually winged, state. 3. Psychoanalysis. The more or less infantile conception of the parent retained in the unconscious. icmam/ (i-mim/’), iimaum/’ (i-maim/; -m6m/), n. [Ar. imam.) 1. A Mohammedan priest. 2. Among the Moslems, any of various persons called by this name as a

title, as: a [cap.]

Islam.

b [cap.]

The spiritual and_ temporal

Thecaliph.

¢ [cap.]

head of

Any of the twelve

heads of Islam recognized by the Shiites.

d Any person

who is followed as an authority in theology and law. i-mam/ate (i-maim/at), n.. The region or country ruled over by an imam; as, the imamate of Yemen.

i-ma/ret (i-mi/rét), n. (Turk. ‘imarat, fr. Ar. ‘imarah building.] In Turkey, an inn; hospice. im-balm/’ (im-bim/’), im-bark’ (im-birk’), etc. Vars. of EMBALM, EMBARK, etc. im/be-cile (im/bé-sil, -s’l, or, esp. Brit., {m’bé-sél, -sil), adj. (¥. imbécile, fr. L. imbecillus weak, feeble.] 1. Weak; feeble; esp., mentally weak; feeble-minded. Imbecile persons are commonly incapable of earning a living. 2. Stupid; fatuous; idiotic. — m. An imbecile person. im/be.-cil/i-ty (-sil’7-ti), n.; pl. -rmes (-tY¥z). 1. Quality of being imbecile; weakness, esp, of mind.

Ficiency.

2. Incapacity;

inability.

See MENTAL DE-

3. Foolishness;

fatuity, or an instance of it. im-hbed’ (im-béd’), v. t.; see BeD. To embed. im-bibe’ (im-bib’), v.t. [I. and L.; F. imbiber, fr. L. ambibere to drink in, fr. im- in + bibere to drink.) 1.

Obs.

To saturate; soak; steep.

2. To receive or absorb

into the mind and retain; as, to imbibe principles.

3. To

drink or drink in; hence,to inhale; absorb. — im-bib’er (-bib/ér), n. — im/bi-bi/tion (im/bY-bish’%n), n. im.-bit/ter ({m-bit/ér), v. ¢. To embitter. im-bod’y (im-bdd’t), v. t. To embody.

im-bold/en (im-b6l/dén; -d’n), v. t. To embolden. im-bos’/om (im-b00z/t%im; -bd0/ztim), v. t. To embosom. im-bow’er

(im-bou/ér), v. ¢. & 7.

To embower.

im/bri-cate (im/br7-kat), im/bri-cat/ed (-kat/éd; -¥d), adj. [L. imbricatus, past part. of ¢mbricare to cover with tiles, fr. ¢mbrez, -icis, a hollow tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Lying lapped over each other in regular order, like tiles or shingles

on a roof;—said

of bud scales, involucral bracts, the

scales of fishes, etc. 2. Decorative Art. Having regularly overlapping scales, or a representation of such scales. — im/bri-cate-ly, adv.

im/bri-cate (-kit), v.¢ & 7. To lay or lie in order, one lapping over another, so as to form an imbricate surface; to overlap like tiles.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

F

== v, t.; IM/AGED (-ijd); 1m/AG-ING (-ij-Ing).

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

|

-~ ates

im/bri-ca’tion ({m/bri-ka’shtn), n. An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or shingles; also, a decoration suggesting such a structure. im-bro’glio (ijm-brol’y6), 7.; pl.

-GLIOS (-yoz). [It.] 1. Rare. A sonfused mass. ,2. An intricate complicated

situation;

also, a

omplicated and embarrassing state of things; a serious misun-

derstanding. im-brown/ (im-broun’).

im-brue’

(im-br60/),

Imbrication.

A compound of the bivalent group NH; specif., a

compound of this group with a bivalent acid radical.

Chem.

A combining form

for imide, meaning: Pertaining to, containing, or designating, the bivalent group NH, united to or in a radical of

acid character; — distinguished from imino-. —i-mi’do (-do), adj. i-mid/o.gen (i-mid’6-jén; i-meé/dé-), n. _[imido- + hydrogen.) Chem. The bivalent radical NH; the imido or imino group. i a, i-mine/ (j-mén’; {m/in), n. [Arbitrary variation of amine.]

Chem. A compound hydrocarbon radical.

of the group NH

i-mi/no- (1-mé/n6-; {m/i-nd-).. for imine, meaning:

Chem.

with a bivalent

A combining form

Pertaining to, containing, or, desig-

nating, the bivalent group NH when united to or in nonacid radicals (as imines); — distinguished from imido-.

—i-mi/no (-n0), adj. : im/i-ta-ble (im/%-ta-b’l), adj. Capable of being imitated. im/i-tate (im/%-tat), v. ¢.. LL. imitatus, past part. of imi-

tari to imitate.]

1. To follow as a pattern, model, or

example; to copy, or strive to copy. 2. To be or appear like; to resemble. 3. To mimic. Syn. Imitate, mimic, mock, ape (in the sense of copying). Imi-

tate is the general term; mimic implies exact imitation, esp. of voice,

gesture, manner, etc., often in sport or ridicule; to mock commonly adds the implication of derision or contempt; to ape is to imitate servilely or with absurd pretension; as, an aflected imztating of Shakespeare; to mimic one’s tone of voice; they provoke him and mock his rage; to ape the manners of the rich,

im/i-ta/tion (-ta’shiin), n. 1. An imitating; a copying. 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; an artificial likeness.

3. Properly, a literary work designed to repro-

duce the style or manner

of another author..

the melodic theme, phrase, another part. Imitation is or phrase and its repeated and note values, free when

or motive previously found in s¢rict when the original theme form are identical in intervals the repetition has some modi-

Mimicry.

5.

Music.

fication. —adj. imitation lace.

4. Biol.

The repetition in a voice part of

Simulating something a> J B

superior;

as,

im/i-ta/tive (im/7-ta’tiv; -tda-tiv), adj. 1. Marked, by imitation. 2. Inclined toimitate, or copy. 3. Imitation;

counterfeit. 4. Zool. Mimicking. — im/i-ta‘tive-ly, adv. — im/i-ta/tive-ness, n. im/i-ta/tor (-ta/tér), m. One who imitates. im-mac/u-late ((-mak/i-lit), adj. [L. ¢mmaculatus, fr. im- not + maculatus, past part., spotted.] 1. Without stain or blemish; pure. 2. Without flaw, fault, or error. 3. Without spot; spotlessly clean. —im-mac/u-late-ly,

adv. — im-mac/u-late-ness, i.

Immaculate Conception.

if

/.C.Ch. The miraculous con-

ception by which the Virgin Mary “in the first instant of her conception by a singular privilege and grace granted

by God, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.” Immaculate Conception is not the same_as virgin birth. im-mane’ (i-min’), adj. [L.immanis.] Archaic. Very

great; huge; also, monstrous in character; inhuman. im/ma-nence (im/d-néns), im/ma-nen-cy (-nén-si), n. 1. Immanent state; an indwelling. 2. Theol. The indwelling presence of God in the world (including man).

im/ma-nent

(-nént), adj.

[L. immanens, pres. part. of

ammanere to remain in or near, fr. ¢m- in + manere to remain.] Remaining or operating within the subject con-

sidered; indwelling; inherent; often, as applied to a mental event, confined to consciousness or to the mind; subjective. — im/ma-nent-ly, adv. Im.man/u-el (i-main/u-él), n. [Heb. ‘Immaniiél, fr. ‘im

with + Gn us + 21 God.] of the Christ.

Js. vii. 14.

God with us; — an appellation Matt. i. 23.

'

im/ma-te’ri-al (im/md-tér’l-d]), adj, [ML. immaterialis.) 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual. 2. Of no substantial consequence; unimportant. — im/ma-te’ri-al.ly, adv. — im/ma-te/ri-al-ness,

im/ma-te’ri-al-ism (-Yz’m), n,

n.

The doctrine that external

bodies are of the essence of mind. — -al-ist (ist), n.

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

State or quality of being immaterial; also, something immaterial. im/ma-te/ri-al-ize ({m/md-tér’i-dl-iz), v. . To render immaterial. I . :

(im/d-ttir’), adj.

Gccount,

arm,

ask,

[L. immaturus, fr. im-

mature, ripe.])

1. Archaic.

Premature.

2. Not mature; not arrived at full development; unripe; unfinished. 3. Phys.Geog. Youthful; not yet mature; — said of topographic features, esp. valleys, drainage, etc.,

Var. of EMBROWN. (OF. embreuver, embevrer, To stain; drench; — now only of

i-mi/do- (i-mé/dé-; Im/i-dé-)..

im/ma-:te/ri-al’i-ty (im/mé-tér/l-21/7-ti), 2. ; pl. -TIES (-tiz).

not+ maturus

MnDs

blood, gore, etc. im-brute’ (im-broot’), v. ¢. & 7. [im- in-+ brute] To degrade or sink to the state of a brute. im-bue’ (im-bi’), v. é [L. imbuere.] 1. To saturate; to impregnate; imbrue. 2. To tincture deeply. im/id.az/ole (im/id-az/6l; -d-z51’),n. Also -ol. [imide + azole.| Chem. A white crystalline base, CsH,No. im/ide ({m’id; -Id), n. Also im/id. {From AmIpE.]

Chem.

e

Immix.

im/ma-ture’ )

»v. t.

to give to drink, soak.]

e

498

imbrication

so long as most of the area is well above base level. — im/ma-ture/ly,

nn. — im/ma-

(i-mézh/ér-d-b’1; Im-mézh’-), adj.

capable of being measured; illimitable. — -a-bly, adv.

im-me/di-a-cy

(i-mé/di-dsf), n.

being immediate;

In-

Quality or state of

specif., freedom from intervention of a

medium; directness; direct presence. 2. Philos. The direct content of consciousness, or consciousness itself, as distinguished from what consciousness represents or medi-

_ates a knowledge of. im-me/di-ate (-di-7t; Brit. also -jit),adj. [ML.immediatus.) 1. Having no intermediary or intermediation. Specif.: a Next in line or relation; not secondary or remote.

b Acting without the intervention of another object, cause, or agency. c Direct; intuitive. d Directly or intimately

touching or affecting. 2. Not distant or separated in time or space; adjoining; nearest; next. — Sym. See DIRECT.

— Ant. Remote, distant. — im-me/di-ate-ness, n.

im-me/di-ate-ly, adv, a Without

In an immediate manner; specif.:

intermediary;

Syn. See DIRECTLY.

—

closely.

conj.

b Without

As soon as.

delay. —

im-med/i-ca-ble ({m-méd/7-kd-b’l), adj. Incurable. Im/mel-mann turn (im/é]-man). [After Max Immel-

mann (1890-1916), Ger. aviator.]

Aviation.

A maneu-

ver in which an airplane is first made to complete half of a loop and is then rolled half of a complete turn. im/me-mo’ri-al_(im/mé-m0/ri-al; 70), adj. [ML. imme-

morialis.] Extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition; indefinitely ancient. — -al-ly, adv. im-mense’ (i-méns’), adj. [(F., fr. L. immensus, fr. imnot + mensus, past part. of metir7 to measure.) 1. Unmeasured; infinite. Commonly: Very great; vast; huge.

2. Slang.

Hyperbolicaily,

of surpassing

excellence. —

Syn. Prodigious, monstrous. See ENORMOUS. — immense’ly, adv. — im-mense/ness, n. im-men/si-ty (i-mén/s?-ti), n.; pl. -TrEs (-t¥z). State or quality of being immense; vastness; hugeness; also, infinite

being, existence, or space. im-men/su-ra-ble ({m-mén/sh00-rd-b’l), adj. [F., or LL. tmmensurabilis.] Not mensurable; immeasurable. im-merge’ (i-mtirj’), v. t. & 7.; see MERGE. [L. immergere, fr. im- in-+ mergere to dip.] To immerse.

im-merse’ (i-miirs’), v.¢.

[See ummerce.]

into anything that surrounds

1. To plunge

or covers, esp. into a fluid.

2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To engage deeply; to engross; to absorb. — im-mersed/ (I-miirst’), adj. — Syn.

See ABSORBED. im-mer’sion (i-mfr/shiin), m..

1. Act of immersing,

or

state of being immersed; specif., baptism by submersion of the person in water. Astron. Disappearance of a celestial body behind, or into the shadow of, another.

im.mer’sion-ism

(-iz’m), n.

The doctrine that immer-

sion is essentialto Christian baptism; the practice of baptism by immersion. — im-mer/sion-ist (ist), n. im-mesh/ (im-mésh’). Var. of ENMESH. im/me-thod/i-cal (im/mé-thod/i-kal), adj. Unmethodical, im/mi-grant (im/?-grint; -grdént), n. One who, immi_grates. —

Syn. See EMIGRANT.

—

adj. Immigrating.

im/mi-grate (-grat), v.7. | [L. immigrare, -gratum, to immigrate, fr. 7m- in-+- migrare to migrate.] To come into a country of which one is not a native, for permanent residence. —-v.é. To bring in or send as immigrants. im/mi-gra’tion (-era/shiin), m.. 1. An immigrating, 2. The number of immigrants during a given period.

im/mi-nence (im/i-néns), n. 1. Condition or quality of being imminent. 2. That which is imminent; impending evil or danger.

i i im/mi-nen-cy (-nén-si), n.

im/mi-nent (-nént), adj.

Imminence.

[L. imminens, pres. part. of im-

minere to project, fr. ¢m- in-+ minere

(in comp.)

to pro-

ject.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately; impending; — said esp. of misfortune or peril. 2. Projecting over; overhanging. — im/mi-nent-ly, adv. Syn. Imminent, impending. Imminent

an evil) which

threatens

pen; that is impending

to happen

which

applies to that (esp.

immediately, or is about to hap-

hangs

suspended, it may be indefi-

nitely, over one; as, discovery was imminent;

an impending

im-min/gle (im-ming’g’l), v. t. & 7.; see MINGLE. intimately; to blend; intermingle. im-mis/ci-ble (i-mis’?-b’l), adj. Not capable

_mixed or mingled. im-mit/i-ga-ble (i-mit/¥-g4-b’l), adj. fr. im- not + mitigare to mitigate.]

storm.

To mix

of being

[L. immitigabilis, Not capable of be-

ing mitigated. — im-mit/i-ga-bly, adv.

im-mix’

(im-miks’), v. t, & 7.; see mix.

past part.]

sofa;

odv.—im/ma-ture/ness,

tu’ri-ty (-tu/r?-ti), n.

im-meas/ur-a-ble

Eve,

(CL. immiztus,

To mix intimately; commingle.

hére (27),

Svent,

End,

silént,

makér;

ice,

iil,

Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; fOdd, foot; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, fim, wp, circés, menii;

immixture

im-mo’bile (im-m6’bil; -bél; 56), adj. LF., fr. L. im_mobilis.) Immovable; fixed; also, motionless. im/imo-bil/i-ty ({m/6-bil’7-tY), m. Fixedness; also, motion-

_lessness. fs im-mo’bi-lize (im-m6/b?-liz), v. t. [F.immobiliser.]

To

make immobile, as troops or a fleet; in surgery, to make

immovable, as a jointby use of splints or stiffened bandages; in finance, to withhold (specie) from circulation for the purpose of havingitas security for other money; to convert (circulating capital) into fixed capital. — im:mo/bi-

_li-za’tion, n.

im-mod’er-a-cy (im-mdd/ér-d-sf), n.

im-mod/er-ate (It), adj.

Immoderateness. [L. immoderatus, fr. im- not +

moderatus moderate.] 1. Not moderate; unreasonable; extreme. 2. Obs. a Characterized by excess; intemperate. b Without limits; boundless. — Syn. Exor-

bitant, inordinate. See Excessive. — Ant, Restrained, moderate, temperate. — im-mod/er-ate-ly, adv. im-mod’er-a’tion (-a’shiin), n. Want of moderation. im-mod/est (Im-mdd’ést; -ist; I-), adj. Not modest; forward; bold; often, specif., indecent. — Syn. Indecorous, shameless,

brazen;

unchaste, obscene. — im-mod/est-ly,

adv. —im-mod/es.-ty, 1. _ im/mo.late (im/6-lat), v. ¢, [L. immolatus, past part. of tmmolare to sacrifice, orig., to sprinkle with sacrificial meal, fr. ¢m- in + mola grits mixed with salt.] To sacrifice; esp., to kill as a sacrificial victim. — im’mo-la/tor (-la’tér), n. im/mo.la/tion (-la/sht%n), n. Act of immolating; also, a sacrifice. im-mor/’al (im-m6r’dl; D, adj. Not moral; contrary to conscience or moral law; licentious. — im-mor/al-ly, adv.

im/mo.ral/i-ty

(im/mé6-ral/7-ti), n.; pl. -r1Es (-tiz). _ State

or quality of being immoral; vice; wickedness; specif., unchastity; also, an immoral act or practice; a vice. im.mor’tal (i-m6r/tdl; -t’l), adj. [L. immortalis, fr. im-

not+ mortalis mortal.] 1. Not mortal; imperishable. 2. Connected with, or pertaining to, immortality. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this world; abiding. —

Syn. Divine, godlike; undying; eternal, endless, deathless. — Ant. Human; perishable; mortal: —n. 1. immortal being; esp., pl., Gr. & Rom. Myth., the gods. 2. aA person, esp. an author, whose fame is lasting. b [cap.] A member of the French Academy. im/mor-tal’i-ty (im/6r-tal/7-ti), n. Quality or state of being immortal; unending existence or fame. im-mor’tal-ize (i-mé6r’tdal-iz), v.é. To render immortal. im/mor-telle’ (im/6r-tél’), n. [F.] = EVERLASTING, n., 3. im-mo/tile (im-m0/til; 56), adj. Not motile.

im-mov/a-ble moved;

firmly

unyielding. liable

({m-moov’a-b’l), adj.. fixed; hence:

c Unimpressible;

to be removed;

1. That cannot be

a Stationary.

_hb Steadfast;

impassive.

permanent

2. Law.

Not

in place or tenure. —

Syn. Immobile, firm; rigid, obdurate. — Amt. Unstable, shifting; wavering, weak. —n. pl. Law. Lands and things adherent thereto, as trees, buildings, etc. — immov/a-bil’i-ty (-bil’7-ti), im-mov/a-ble-ness, n. — im_mov/a-bly, adv.

im-mune’ (i-miin’), adj. [F., fr. L. immunis. See mmmUNITY.] Exempt, as from a tax; protected against a disease, aS by inoculation; One that is immune.

im-mu/ni-ty

(i-mi/ni-ti),

impaste

499

im-mix/ture (im-miks/tiir), n. Act of immixing, or quality _or state of being immixed; involvement.

enjoying

immunity.

—n.

b Falconry. To graft or repair _(a wing, tail, or feather) with a feather or feathers. c¢ Hence, to fasten (wings) on or to equip with (wings) so as to develop in power of

_ flight; — often used figuratively. im.-pact’ (im-pakt’), v.¢. [L. impactus, past_part. of impingere. See IMPINGE.] To drive close; fix firmly; pack; wedge. — (im/pakt), m. 1. A striking together;a col-

lision communicating force. 2. Mech. Actof impinging, as of a stream against a vane; also, the single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against,another either in motion oratrest.

3. An impacting; forcible contact. — im-pac/-

_tion (-pak/shiin), n.

im-pact/ed (im-pak/téd; -tfd), adj. Driven together or ae esp., Dent., wedged between the jawbone and another ooth. im-pair’ (im-par’), v. t. [OF. empeirier, deriv. of L. imin + pejorare to make worse, fr. pejor worse.] _To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength. — Syn. Deteriorate, injure, damage, mar; de-

crease, lessen, reduce, weaken.

— mn. Archaic.

Impair-

ment; deterioration. —im-pair’er, n. — im-pair’/ment, 7.

im-pale’ (im-pal’), v. ¢.

_[OF. & F. empaler, fr. em- (fr. L.

an) + pala pale, stake.]_ 1. Now Rare. To enclose with or as with pales; surround; hem in. 2. To pierce with or

as with a pale; to torture or punish by fixing on a sharp

Stake. — im-pale/ment, n. — im-pal’er (im-pal/ér), n. im-pal’pa-ble (im-pal’pé-b’l), adj... 1. Not. palpable; that cannot be felt; intangible. 2. So fine, delicate, etc.,

as not to be easily perceived, discerned, or apprehended. —n. Anything impalpable. — Syn. See INTANGIBLE. — im.pal’pa-bil/i.ty (-bil’7-ti), n. — im.pal’pa-bly, adv.

im/pa-na/tion (im/pd-na/shtin), n.

(ML. impanatio, fr.

impanatus, past part., deriv. of L. 4m- in + panis bread.]

A doctrine that the body of Christ is present in the Eucha-

tistic bread and wine withoutany change in their substance. im-pan/el (Im-pin/él; -’l), v. t.; see PANEL. To enter in or _on a panel, or list; enroll.

im.-par/a-dise (im-par/d-dis), v. t. To put in, or as in, paradise; enrapture.

im-par’i-ty (im-par’?-tf), n. im-park’ (im-park’), v.¢.

park.]

Inequality; disparity. (OF. emparquer, fr. pare

To enclose in or for a park; shut up or off. — im/-

par-ka/tion (im/par-ka/shiin), n. im-part’ (im-part’), v.¢. [OF. ¢mpartir, empartztr, fr. L. impartire, fr. im- in + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share.] 1. To bestow a share of; give from

one’s store or abundance; communicate. 2. Tocommunicate by words or signs; make known; disclose. —v. 7. To give a part or share; to give. — Sym. Grant, confer, transfer, dispense; reveal, discover, divulge. — im-pari/a-ble, adj. — im/par-ta/tion (im/par-ta/sht&in), n. — im-part’er, n. — im-part/ment,

n.

im-par/tial (im-pir’shdl), adj. _Not partial; not favoring one more than another; equitable; just. — Syn. See Farr. — im-par’tial-iy, adv. — im-par’tial-ness, n.

im/par-ti-al/i-ty, (im/par-shi-al’7-t¥; -shal’7-tl), n._

Free-

dom from favoritism or bias; fairness; disinterestedness.

im-part/i-ble

({m-par’t?-b’l), adj.

(LLL. impartibilis.]

Not subject to partition; indivisible, as an estate. part/i-bil/i-ty (-bil’/?-tr), n. —im-part/i-bly, adv.

im-part/i-ble, adj. [Fromimpart.]

— im-

Capable of being im-

parted. — im-part/i-bil/i-ty, n. — im-part/i-bly, adv. im-pass/a-ble (im-pas/d-b’l), adj. Incapable of being

passed, traversed, or circulated; as, an impassable road or

(CF. im-

coin. — im-pass/a-bil’i-ty (-bil’7-ti), im-pass/a-ble-ness, n. — im-pass/a-bly, adv.

is acquired through pro-

bilis, fr. im- not + passibilis passible.{ 1. Archazc. Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm, 2. Not to be moved or touched; unfeeling. — im-pas/si-bil’i-ty (-bil/7-

n.; pl. -tres (-tiz).

munilé, fr. L. immunitas, fr. tmmunis free from a public service, fr. 7m- not + munia services, obligations.] im.-passe’ (im-pas’; Im/pas; 9; F’. an/piis’), n. ;pl. IMPASSES (im-pas’éz; -iz; #. an/pads’). [F.] An impassable road or 1. Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, tax, etc. way;a blind alley; hence, a predicament affording no escape. 2. State or power of resisting the development of a (given) im-pas/si-ble (im-pas/i-b’l), adj. | [F., fr. LL. impassidisease, esp. of resisting infecting microorganisms or their

products.

Active immunity

duction of antibodies within the immune_ organism; pas-

sive immunity, by injection of serum from another individual. — Syn. See EXEMPTION.

im’mu-nize

(im/ii-niz; Y-miin’iz), v.¢.

To render im-

mune. — im/mu-ni-za/tion (im/u-ni-za/shtn; Y-miin’T-), n. im-mu/no- (i-mii/nd-). A combining form for immune. im/mu-nol’o-gy (im/t-ndl/6-j¥), n. _[immuno-+ -logy.]

The bacteriological and chemical science treating of immunity to disease. kdl), adj.

— im-mu/no-log/i-cal

(i-mi/n6-16j/I-

im-mu/no.re.ac/tion (I-mii/nd-ré-Ak/shtin), n.. Immunol.

A reaction between antigen and antibody, as in the blood. im-mure’ (i-mir’), v. ¢. [I’. emmurer, or ML. immurare. See mm- in; MurE.] To enclose within or as within walls;

hence, to imprison; also, to entomb.— PRISON. — im-mure/ment, n. im.-mu/si-cal ({m-mii’zi-k dl; f-mii’-), adj.

Sym.

See ImMi Unmusical.

im-mu/ta-ble (i-mii/ta-b’l), adj. Not mutable; unchangeable; invariable.

— im-mu/ta-bil/i-ty

(-bil/7-ti), im-mu/-

ta-ble-ness, n. —im-mu/ta-bly, adv. imp (imp), 7. [ME..,a grait, fr. AS. impa.J 1. Archaie. An. offspring; child; scion, 2. A young, petty, or little

devil; — from the phrase imp of Satan, often applied to

_human beings. 3. A mischievous child. imp, v.t. & 7. Archaic. a To engraft; also, implant.

chair;

go; sing;

ti), im-pas/si-ble-ness, n. — im-pas’si-bly, adv. Syn. Impassible, impassive are often used without distinction.

But impassible oftener suggests incapability of injury, feeling, or emotion; impassive emphasizes rather the condition of one who feels or shows no emotion, without necessary implication of insusceptibility; as, he is utterly impassible, cold and resolute, like fate; his impassive face betrayed no anger.

im-pas/sion (im-pash/wn), v. t. To fill with passion; to arouse the passions of. im.pas/sion-ate (-it), adj. Rare. Dispassionate. im-pas/sion-ate, adj. [It. impassionato, past part.] Impassioned. — im-pas/sion-ate-ly, adv. im-pas’/sioned (im-pash’tind), adj. Full of passion or warm feeling; ardent. — Sym. See PASSIONATE. im-pas’sive (im-pas/iv), adj. 1. Now Rare. Impassible;

also, insensible; inanimate.,

— im.-pas/sive-ly, adv. — im-pas/sive-ness,

Siv/i-ty (im/pa-siv/%-ti), n.

im-paste’ (im-past’), v.¢.

:

[It, ¢mpastare.

im/pasq

See m- in;

pastE.] 1. To enclose in or as ina paste. _ 2. To solidify. 3. Todecorate by impasto. — im/pas-ta’tion (im/pas-ta’shiin), n.

then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); % = ch in G. ich, ach;

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

2. Devoid of emotion or of

signs of emotion; showing indifference, stoicism, apathy, etc.; also, calm; serene. — Syn. See IMPASSIBLE, PASSIVE.

bon;

yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

||Foreign Word.

impasto body of pigment so applied. ; im-pa/tience (im-pa/shéns), n. Lack of patience. im.pa/ti-ens ({m-pa’shi-énz), n. [L.,impatient.],

Any of

a widely distributed genus (Impatiens) of balsaminaceous

annual plants with irregular spurred or saccate flowers and

dehiscent capsules.

:

im-pa/tient (-shént), adj.

[OF. impacient, fr. L. tmpa-

tiens, fr. im- not + patiens patient.] 1. Not patient; restless because of pain, delay, or opposition; uneasy. Prompted by, affected by, or indicating, impatience. — Syn. Eager, anxious; hasty; intolerant; irritable, peevish.

—im-pa/tient-ly, adv. — im.pa/tient-ness, n. _ im-pav’id (im-pav/id), adj. LL. impavidus, fr, im-not +

avidus timid.]

Fearless. — im/pa-vid/i-ty (im/pda-vid/-

wth), n. —im-pav/id-ly, adv. : im-pawn’ (im-p6n/), v. é. To put in pawn; to pledge. im-peach’ (im-péch’), v.t. [OF. empeechierto prevent,

hinder, fr. LL. impedicare to entangle fr. am- in + pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot.]_

1. To bring an accusation

against; specif., to charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to

accuse; esp., to charge (a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office. 2. To impute some fault or defect to; to call in question; as, todmpeach one’s motives; specif., to challenge the credibility or validity of, asa witness or apromissory note. —m, Impeachment. —im-peach/a-bil’i-ty (-bil’%-ti), adj. — im-peach’er, n.

n. — im-peach/a-ble, ‘ ;

im-peach/ment (-mént), n,_ 1. Act of impeaching. 2. Law. a Accusation or liability thereto. b Arraignment,

esp. of a public officer for misconduct while in office. im.pearl (im-pfirl’), v. t. Poetic. To form into, or as into,

pearls; to adorn with or as with pearls. im-pec’ca-ble (im-pék’a-b’l), adj._ CLL. impeccabiiis, fr. im- not + peccare to err, sin.] 1. Not liable to sin. 2.

Free from fault, blemish, or error; faultless,

— 7.

One

who is impeccable. — im-pec/ca-bil/i-ty (-bYl/7-ti), n. — im-pec/ca-bly, adv. : ; : im-pec/cant (-ptk/ant), adj. Sinless; inerrant. — impec’cance

(-dns), im-pec’/can-cy (-dnsi), n.

im/pe-cu/ni-ous (im/pé-kii/ni-t%s), adj. LF. or L.; F. impécunieug, fr. L. im- not + pecuniosus rich, fr. pecunia

money.]

Not haying money; habitually without money;

poor. — im/pe-cu/ni-os’i-ty (-ds/7-ti), n. — im/pe-cu/nious-ly, adv. — im/pe-cu’ni-ous-ness, n.

im-ped/ance Blec.

(im-péd/dns), n..

[impede + -ance.]

_1.

The apparent resistance in a circuit to the flow of an

alternating current, analogous to the actual resistance to a

direct current. 2. The ratio of the pressure to the volume displacement at a given surface in a sound-transmit-

ting medium. 2 : ¢ im.pede’ (im-péd’), v. ¢. [L. impedire, lit., to entangle the feet, fr. im-in-+ pes, pedis, foot.] Tostop in progress; obstruct; hinder. — im-ped/er (-péd’ér), n. 2 im-pe/di-ent (im-pé/di-ént), adj. @n. ([L. impediens, -entis, pres. part.] (One) that impedes. im-ped/i-ment (im-péd/%-mént), n. [L. tmpedimentum.]

1. Obstruction; also, a hindrance; obstacle.

2. A bodily

defect obstructing functions; — Obs., exc. of organic obstructions to speech. 3. Law. & Canon Law. a A cause or fact, as compulsion, which prevents the formation of a

valid marriage; — usually

called diriment, impedi-

but does not invalidate it. —

Syn. See pirricuLty. — im-

ment.

b A cause or fact which prevents a licit marriage

ped/i-men/tal (-mén/tdl; -t’l), -men/ta-ry (-ta-ri), adj.

im-ped/imen’/ta (-mén/ta), n.pl. [L.] 1. Encumbrances; baggage. 2. Law. Impediments. 3. Mil. Supply trains. ! im.-ped/i-tive (-péd/7-tiv), adj.

: F 3 Hindering; obstructive.

im-pel’ (im-pél’), v. t. & 7.; -PELLED’ (-péld’); -PEL/LING. LL. tmpellere, fr. im-in-+ pellere, pulsum, to drive.] To

drive or urge forward or on; give an impulse to; propel; force; constrain. — Syn. See move. — Ant, Restrain,

stop, deter. —im-pel/ler, n. im-pel’/lent (-ént), adj. Impelling. —n. agent, force, etc. : im.-pend/ cpend’), v.t. [L. impendére,

pendere to hang.]

to be imminent.

im-pend/ent

An impelling ‘ fr. im-_in.+

To hang (over) threateningly; hence, :

(-pén/dént), adj.

impersonal

500

im.pas’to ({m-pas/td; 9), n. [It.] Painting. The thick applicationof a pigment to a canvas or panel; also, the

Impending.

‘

— im-pend/-

ence (-déns), im-pend/en-cy (-dén:-si), n. im-pend/ing, adj. Threatening to occur soon; approaching. — Sym. See IMMINENT. im.pen/e-tra-bil/i-ty (im-pén/é-tra-bil/7-tY), n. 1. Quality

im-pen/i-tent (im-pén/7-tént), adj.. Not penitent; unrepent-

ant. —im.pen/i-tent-ly, adv.— im-pen/i-tent-ness, 7.

im-pen/nate (im-pén/at), adj. [L. im- not + penna feather.] Belonging to an order (Sphenisciformes, or Im-

pennes) of flightless aquatic birds, comprising the penguins.

im-per/a-tive

({m-pér/d-tiv), adj.

imperare to command.]

(lL. imperativus,

1. Gram.

mand, entreaty, or exhortation.

fr.

Expressive of com-

2. Expressive of, or of

the nature of, command; directive; commanding; authori-

tative. 3. Not to be avoided or evaded; obligatory; binding; compulsory; as, an tmperative task. Syn. Mandatory, urgent, pressing. —Imperative, peremptory, imperious. That is imperative which expresses command; that is peremptory which is positive or dictatorial, esp. in command; imperious emphasizes the idea of arrogance; as, conscience is imperative; the judge peremptorily forbade talking; an imperious monarch.

—n. 1. Gram. The imperative mood; also, a verb or verbal form denoting it.. Abbr. imp., imper., or impr. 2. Something which is imperative; a command. See CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE. i e _— im.per’a-tive-ly, adv. — im.per/a-tive-ness, n.

im/pe-ra/tor (im/pé-ra’t6r; -tér), n. _ [L.] emperor. — im.-per/a-to/ri-al

(Commander;

(Im-pér/a-t0/ri-al),

_im-per/a-to/ri-al-ly, adv. im/per-cep’ti-ble (im/pér-sép/ti-b’l), adj.

adj. —

Not perceptible

by the senses or mind; hence, very slight, gradual, or subtle.

— im’per-cep/ti-bil/i-ty (-bil’i-tt), ness, n. — im/per-cep’ti-bly, adv.

im/per-cep’tive (-tiv), adj..

im /per-cep’ti-ble-

Without,

or wanting in, per-

ception. —im/per.cep-.tiv’i-ty C-stp-tiv’%ti) , 1m/per-cep/-

_tive-ness, n.

im.per’fect ({m-pfir/fékt; -fikt), adj.

im- not + perfectus perfect.]

incomplete.

_2.

[L. imperfectus, fr.

1. Not perfect; defective;

Gram. Expressive of action or state as in-

complete or in continuance; commonly, complete past action

tense, Music.

expressive of in-

(I was choosing); as, an imperfect

Law. Not enforceable; haying no sanction. 4. Diminishede —n. Gram. The imperfect tense,

or a verb or verbal form denoting it.

Abbr. imp., imperf.,

_or impf. — im-per’fect-ly, adv. — im-per’/fect-ness, n. imperfect flower, Bot. A diclinous flower. im/per-fec’tion (im/pér-fék’shiin), n. Quality or state of being imperfect; also, deficiency, fault, or blemish. — Syn. _Incompleteness, defectiveness; defect, flaw, failing.

im.-per’fo-rate (im-pfir’fo-rat), adj. (-rat/éd; -id).

1. Not perforated;

Also im-per’fo-rat/ed

having no opening or

aperture. 2. Philately. Without perforations or roulettes separating the individual stamps. Abbr, imperf. —n. An imperforate stamp. — im.per’fo-ra’tion, n.

im-pe/ri-al (im-pér’i-al), adj. [OF. emperial, imperial, fr. L. imperialis, fr. imperium. See EMPIRE.| 1. Ofor

pertaining to an empire or an emperor. 2. Supreme; sovereign. f or pertaining to a state as sovereign and supreme over colonies, and the like. . Of superior or unusual size or excellence. 5, Designating the weights and measures established by law in the United Kingdom. —n. Cf£. F. impériale, for senses 3 & 5.]

{cap.]

An adher-

ent of the Holy Roman emperor, or a soldier of his troops. An article of unusual size or excellence. 3. The top or roof of a coach, esp. of a diligence. 4. A Russian gold coin of 15 rubles, not coined since 1917. poleon III, emperor of the French.] pointed tuft of haironaman’schin. 6.

5. [After Na——_

Asize of paper (U.S.23 in. X 31 in.; Eng.

22 in. X 30 in). —im-pe’ri-al-ly, adv. imperial gallon. See GALLON. im.pe/ri-al-ism (im-pér/i-dl-1z’m),n. 1.

Imperial government, authority, or system. ‘he policy, practice, or advo- BTN i 4 cacy of seekingtoextend the control, doys poemoaser sete ofa Bat. — im. en SUSU St ri.al-ist, ist), n. & adj. — im-pe/ri-al-is’tic (is/tY _adj. — im-pe’ri-al-is’ti-cal-ly, eae ‘ K),

imperial moth.

A handsome American moth (Basilona

_impertalis), yellow with brown bands. im-per/il (im-pér/7l), v. t.; see PERIL. To endanger.

im-pe’ri-ous (-pér/i-tis), adj. _ [L. imperiosus.] rogant; overbearing; domineering.

2.

1. Ar-

mperative; urgent;

compelling. — Syn. See IMPERATIVE. — im-pe/ri-ous-ly, adv, — im.pe/ri-ous-ness, n.

im.per’ish-a-ble (-pér/ish-a-b’l), adj.

Not perishable; in-

destructible. — im-per/ish-a-bil/i-ty_ (-bil/7-ti), im-per/_ish-a-ble-ness, n. — im-per/ish-a-bly, adv. im-pe/ri-um (im-pé/ri-tim), n.; pl. -RIA (-4).. [L. See

EMPIRE.]

1. Supreme power; absolute dominion; empire.

2. Law. Right to command; right to employ the force of _ the state to enforce the laws. tue of which two portions of matter cannot at the same im-per’ma-nent (-piir’mdé-nént), adj. Not permanent. time occupy the same space. ‘ im.-per’me.a-ble (-p{ir’mé.a-b’l), adj... Not permeable; im1. Incapable of pervious. — im-per/me.a-hil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), im-per’me.aim-pen/e-tra-ble (-ptn/é-tra-b’l), adj. being penetrated or pierced; impervious. 2. Incapable of _ble-ness, n. — im-per/me-a-bly, adv. being comprehended; unfathomable. 3%. Inaccessible, as im-per’son-al (im-piir’stin-dl), adj. [L. impersonalis.] to knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc.; as, an impenetrable 1. Not personal; specif.: a Without personal reference or

or state of being impenetrable.

2. That property in vir-

heart or mind. 4. Having the property of impenetrability. —im-pen/e-tra-ble-ness, n. —im-pen/e-tra-bly, adv. im-pen/i-tence (im-pén/7-téns), im-pen/i-ten-cy (-tén-si), n.

ale,

Fact, quality, or condition of being impenitent.

chaotic,

charity;

care,

&dd,

@ccount,

rm,

ask,

ld, obey, Grb, dd, s&ft, cdnnect;

connection; as, 7mpersonal criticism.

sonality; as, an impersonal God.

_b Not having per-

2. Gram. a Of certain

verbs, denoting the action of an unspecified agent, and

hence used either with no subject or a merely formal one

hére (27), Svent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, food, f5dt; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Grn, tip, circés, menii; sofa;

€ve,

impersonality

impers. — im.per’son.al’/i.ty (-4l/7-ti), n. — im-per’son-

_al-ize, v. t. —im-per’son-al-ly, adv.

im-per’son-ate (Im-piir/stin-at), v. t. 1. To invest with personality; personify. To assume or act the person or

character of; personate.

—

adj. Invested with person-

_ality. — im.-per’son-a’tion, n. — im-per’/son.a’tor, 7. im-per/ti-nence (im-pfir/ti-néns), n.; pl. -NENCES (-nén-

s€z; -siz). Also im-per’tinen-cy (-nén-si). 1. The fact or action of being impertinent; specif.: a Irrelevance; unfitness; impropriety. b Incivility; insolence. 2. An im-

_bertinent, irrelevant, or uncivil remark, action, etc.

im-per’ti-nent (-nént), adj. Fe fr. L. impertinens, -entis, fr. im- not + pertinens.] 1. Not pertinent; irrelevant; inapplicable. _ 2. Not congruous; inappropriate, 3. Not restrained within due or proper bounds; rudely officious; pert; saucy; insolent. — Syn. See orricious. — Ant. Per-

tinent; courteous, polite. — im-per’ti-nent-ly, adv. im/per-turb/a-ble (im/pér-tiir’bd-b’l), adj. Incapable of being disturbed or disconcerted; calm; serene. — Syn. Phlegmatic, placid, tranquil, impassive. See cooL. — Ant.

Excitable,

per-turb/a-bil’i.ty

irascible,

im.per’vi-a-ble (im-piir’vi-d-b’l), adj.

im-per’vi-ous (-vi-tis; 58), adj. (im/pé-ti’g0), n.

Med.

pustulous

_(-ttj/t-ntis), adj.

Impervious.

Not pervious; impene-

disease. — im/pe-tig/i-nous

im/pe-trate (im/pé-trat), v. .

[L. impetratus, past part.

of impetrare to obtain, fr. im- in + patrare to bring to pass.] 2. To B entreat; f be1. To obtain by entreaty. ft

seech. —im/’pe-tra’tion, mn. — im/pe-tra’tive, adj. — im/pe-tra/tor, n. im.-pet/u-os/i-ty (im-pét/ii-ds/7-tt), n. Impetuousness. im-pet/u-ous (im-pét’ii-tis), adj. [F. impétweua, fr. L.

impetuosus. See IMPETUS.] 1. Rushing with force and violence; furious. 2. Hastily or rashly energetic; impulsive and vehement in action or feeling. — im-pet’/u-ous-

ly, adv. — im.pet/u-ous-ness, n.

ym. Eager, precipitate, headlong; passionate, ardent, fervid. — Impetuous, vehement agree in the idea of energetic action. Impetuous emphasizes the idea of eager, hasty, or headlong impulse; vehement, that of ardent, violent, or passionate fecling; as, for his impetuous blow, he later felt vehement regret. — Amt. Subdued, moderate; deliberate, slow, calculating.

im/pe-tus

(im/pé-ttis), n.; pl. -TuSES (-€z; -iz).

[L., fr.

impetere to rush upon, fr. ¢m- in+ petere to seek.] 1. The property possessed by a moving body in virtue of its mass and its motion; — applied commonly to bodies moving suddenly or violently, and indicating the origin and in-

tensity of the motion.

incentive; stimulus.

im/pi (im’/pi), n.

Cf. Momentum, 1.

(Zulu.]

2. Impulse; Ht

A body of Kaffir warriors.

im-pi/e-ty (im-pi/éti), n.; pl. -TuES (-tiz)., 1. Want of piety; irreverence; ungodliness.

im-pig’/no-rate

(-pig/nd-rat). v.t

past part. of ¢mpignorare.]

2. An impious act.

[ML.

impignoratus,

To pledge; pawn; mortgage.

— im.-pig’no-ra’tion, n.

im-pinge’

:

(im-pinj’), v. 7. ;Im-PINGED’ (-pInjd’); 1m-PING/-

ING (-pin’jing).

strike, fix.]

L. impingere, fr. im- in + pangere to

1. To strike or dash (on, upon, against), esp.

with a clash or with sharp collision; of radiant_or aerial

waves,

to come sharply

(on or upon a body).

2.

To en-

croach or infringe (on or upon). _ 3. To come into_close

contact. —im-pinge’ment, n. — im-ping/er (-pin’jér), 7.

im/pi.ous (im/pi-ts; 58), adj. _ Not pious; wanting piety;

irreverent; profane; also, unfilial; undutiful. — Sym. See TRRELIGIOUS. — Ant. Pious, devout. — im/pi-ous-ly, adv. — im/pi-ous-ness, 7. i ae imp/ish ({mp’ish), adj. Having the characteristicsof an

imp; mischievous. — Sym. See MISCHIEVOUS. — imp/ish-ly, adv. — imp/ish-ness, 7. im-pla’ca-ble (im-pla’/ka-b’l; -plik/a-b’l), adj. | Not placable; inexorable. — im-pla/ca-bil/i-ty (-bil/%-ti), im-pla’ca-ble-ness, . — im-pla/ca-bly, adv. _ im/pla-cen/tal (im/pla-sén/tal; -t’l), adj... [See 1m- not; PLACENTAL.] Belonging to a primary division (Implacentalia) of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, most of which have no placenta. — im/placen/tal, n. — im/pla-cen/tate (-tat; {m-plas’én-), adj. im-plant’ (im-plant’; 9),v.t.. L. To plant or set securely or deeply; hence, to instill or inculcate thoroughly.. 2. To move or insert living tissue in a living site, as in skin graft-

ing. —im-plant/er, rn.

im/plan-ta’tion

2. Med.

_

;

(im/plin-ta’shtin), n,

‘

1. An implanting.

a Introduction of a drug beneath

the skin.

Spontaneous passage of cells, esp. tumor cells, to a. new site.

im-plau/si-ble ({m-pl6/zi-b’l), adj.

plau/si-bly, adv.

j

Not plausible. — im-

ed

im-plead’ (im-pléed’/), v. t. & 7. [OF. emplaidier.] 1. To sue or prosecute at law; hence, to accuse. 2. To plead, as a cause. — im-plead/a-ble, adj. — im.-plead/er, n.

chair;

go; sing;

[LL.

implementum_a

or execution of something. Syn. Implement, tool, utensil, instrument

suggest relatively

simple construction and personal manipulation. Implement and tool are often interchangeable. But implement is the broader term, often implying that by which any operation is carried on; tool commonly suggests the implements of a craftsman or laborer. Utensil applies esp. to the implements of the kitchen; as, cooking utensils. Instrument implies more

instruments,

delicate operations

astronomical

instruments,

than fool; as, surgical

a draftsman’s

instruments.

Instrument and tool (the latter in this sense always a term of contempt)

are applied figuratively to one made use of for another’s purpose.

— (ment), v. ¢. 1, To accomplish; fulfill; complete; carry out. 2. ‘To provide with an implement or implements. — im/ple-men/tal

(mén/tdl;

_ta/tion, n.

im-ple’tion (im-plé/shtin), n. _MenT.]

-t’l), adj.

— im/ple-emen-

.[LL. impletio. _ See IMPLE-

A filling; state of being full; that which fills.

im/pli-ca/tion (-ka/shiin), n.. An implicating or an implying; specif., something implied that gives ground for an

n.

CL., fr. impetere to attack.]

skin

n.

filling up, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, finish, fr. im- in + plere to fill.) An article of equipment; esp., a tool, utensil, instrument, etc., essential to the performance

Calmness; quietude.

trable, as by, light rays, moisture, etc.;— often figurative. _—— im-per’vi-ous-ly, adv. — im.-per’vi-ous-ness, 7.

a

(im/plé-mént),

sensitive. — im/-

emotional,

im/per-tur-ha/tion (-tér-ba/shiin), n.

im/ple-ment

im/pli-cate (im/pli-kat), v.¢. [L. implicatus, past part. of zmplicare to involve.] 1. To fold or twist together; entwine. 2. Toimply. |3. To bring into intimate or in-

(-bil/7-ti), im/per-turb/a-ble-ness,

_— iin/per-turb/a-bly, adv.

importancy

501

(it rains). b Indefinite. —m. 1. That which is impersonal. 2. Gram. An impersonal verb. Abbr. imp., or

then, thin; nattre, verdtre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

_criminating connection; involve. — Syn. See INVOLVE.

inference. — im/pli-ca/tion-al, ka/tiv; {m-plik’a-tiv),

_im/pli-ca/tive

adj. — im/pli.ca/tive-ly,

(im/pliadv. —

_im/pli-ca-to/ry (im/pli-kda-to/r¥; -ka/td-ri), adj.

im-plic’it (im-plis/it), adj.

([F. or L.; F. implicite, fr. L.

implicitus, past part. of implicare to entwine.] _1. Obs. Implicated; entangled. 2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed; implied; as, an implicit

condition of an agreement. 3. Involved in the nature or being of something, though not shown, expressed, or real-

ized; virtual or potential; as, the oak is implicit in the

acorn.

4. Unreserved; unquestioning; complete; as, im-

_ plicit obedience. — im-plic/it-ly, adv. — -it-ness, n.

im-plied’ (im-plid’), adj. _inferential; not express.

im-plode’

_Virtually involved or included;

See IMPLY.

[im- in + L. plodere, _plaudere, to clap.} To burst or form with implosion. im-plore’ (im-plor’), v.¢. [L. implorare, fr. ¢m- in + plorare to cry aloud.]_ To call upon, or for, in supplication; pray to, or for, earnestly; beseech; entreat. — Syn. See BEG. —im-plor’er (-plor’ér), ». — im-plor’ing.-ly, adv. — im-plor’ing-ness, n. im-plo’sion (im-plo’zhtin), n. [im---explosion.] 1. A

bursting

Phonet.

(im-plod’),

v.¢. & 2.

inwards; —contrasted

with

explosion.

2.

a Compression of air between the closed glottis

and the closed oral and nasal passages, as in forming the

voiceless stops p, t, k.. b The inrush of air in forming a suction stop. — im-plo/sive (-siv), adj. & n. im-ply’ (im-pli/), v.¢.; IM-PLiED’ (-plid’); IM-PLY/ING. LOF. emplier, fr. L. implicare.] 1. Obs. Toinfold. 2. To inyolve in substance, or by fair inference, or by con-

struction of law, when not expressly stated; to contain by implication; as, war implies fighting. 3. To express indirectly; to hint or hint at.

Syn. Imply, involve are sometimes interchangeable. But to imply is commonly to include virtually or carry as an inference; to involve is to include necessarily or carry as a consequence; as, your

answer ¢mplies that you agreed disgrace. See HINT.

im-pol’i-cy (-pdl/%-st), m.

to his scheme, which involves your

Unwise policy; inexpediency.

im/po-lite’ (im/p6-lit’), adj. Not polite; uncivil; rude. — im/po-lite/ly, adv. —im/po-lite/ness, n.

im-pol/i-tic (im-pdol’7-tik), adj.

Not politic; unwise; inex-

pedient. — im-pol/i-tic-ly, adv. — im-pol/i-tic-ness, n. im-pon/der-a-ble (-pdn/dér-a-b’l), adj. Not ponderable;

incapable of being weighed. —mn. An imponderable thing, substance, etc. —im-pon/der-a-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), n.

—im-pon/der-a-ble-ness, mn.—im-pon/der-a-bly, adv. im-pone’ (-pon’), v.t. LL. imponere, impositum, to place upon.] Obs. To stake; pledge. Shak. im-port’ (im-port’; often Im/port, esp.in contrast with - export), v.t. _[L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to

cause, ir. im- in + portare to bear.

Sense 3 & v. i. come

through F.] 1. To bear or carry with it; specif.: a To purport; mean; signify. b To express or state.. ¢ To imply. 2. To introduce from without; esp., to bring (wares)

into one country from another country in commerce;— opposed to export. 3. To be of importance to; concern. —v.%..To be of moment; matter; — with little, much,

etc.—im-port/a-bil/i-ty

(-bil/%-ti),

n.— im-port/a-ble

(im-por’tda-b’l), adj. — im-port/er, n. im/port (im/port; formerly also Ym-port’), n. 1. Meaning; purport; signification; esp., of a word or phrase in its context. 2. Importance. 3. Merchandise imported; —

generally in pl. — Sym. See MEANING. im-por’tance (im-p6r/tdns), n. Also, Obs., im-por/tan-cy (tdnsi). 1. Quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance. 2. Obs. aA

weighty matter.

b Importunity.

ce Import; meaning.

Syn. Importance, consequence, moment. Importance is the general term; consequence, chiefly in the phrase of (esp. great, small, any, no, etc.) consequence, suggests that which involves results;

K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet; zh

=z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word.

suggests weight, influence, or value.

im-por’tant (im-por! tint), adj. quence; significant; weighty.

{F.]

1. Having conse-

2. Consequential; pompous.

3. Obs. Importunate; urgent. — Sym. Momentous, considerable, influential. — im.-por/tant-ly, adv. im/por-ta/tion (im/pér-ta’shiin), n. Act or practice of importing; that which is imported. im.por’tu-na-cy (im-pdr’tii-nd-s!), m. Importunateness. im-por’tu-nate (-nit), adj. 1.,Obs. Troublesome. 2. Troublesomely urgent; overpressing in request or demand; urgent. — im. por’tu-nate-ly, adv. — -nate-ness, n. im/por-tune’ (im/pér-ttin’; {m-pér/tiin), adj. cE. importun, fr. L. importunus, fr. im- not + portus port, harbor, prop., entrance, wecesss) Importunate. —v.t. 1. Obs. a To annoy. b To press on; impel. 2. To ply or_press with requests; to urge persistently. Now Rare. Vo request or solicit with urgency. —v. 2. Tobe importuna te. Syn. See BEG.—im/por-tune/ly, adv. — im/portun/er (im/péretiin’ér),7 im/por-tu/ni-ty (im/pér-ti/néti),n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz). Quality of being importunate; troublesome pertinacity. im-pose’ (im-p6z’), v. t. LE. amposer, fr. im-in-b poser to place.] To subject (one) ¢o a charge, penalty, or the like. To lay asa charge, duty, command, etc.; hence, to levy; inilict; as, to impose burdens or a penalty. Eccl.

To lay on

(the hands),

as in confirmation.

Archaic. Yo place; deposit. 5. To pass or palm off. |6. To obtrude; as, to zmpose oneself upon others. 7. Print. To arrange in order ona table of stone or metal (imposing Stone or table) and lock up in a chase. —v.7. 1. To

impress oneself or itself, esp, obnoxiously; presume; as, to impose upon good nature. 2. To practice tricks or deception; — with on or upon. — im-pos/er (-piz’ér), n. im.pos/ing (im:pdz/ing), adj. Impressive because of size,

power, etc. — im- pos’ing- ly, ens impo. Si’tion (im/pd-zish/uin), Act of imposing. 2. That which is imposed; aoe a K levy or tax. b An precasive unwarranted, or ‘uncalled-for requirement or burden. ¢ A trick or deception; imposture. 3. Act of laying on the Vode asa religious ceremony, as in ordination. im-pos/si-bil’1-ty (im-pds/ ae ti), n.; pl. “TIES (-(01V3 vebed Bs Quality of being impossibl e, An it Sano caee thing. iim-pos/si-ble (im-pds/7-b’l), adi [OF., L. impossibilis.] _1. Not. possible; incapable of wie or of occur-

ring.

2. Utterly impracticable or hopeless.

3. Collog.

Without chance of favor or acceptance; highly unsuitable. — im.pos/si-ble-ness, n. — im-pos/si- bly, adv.

im/post (im/pGst), n.

TOF., fr. L. impositus, past part. of

imponere to impose.] LA tax; esp., a customs duty. Slang. The weight carried by a horse in a handicap. — Syn. Excise, levy, tribute. —v.¢. U.S. Customs. To

classify (imports) in order to fix the duties. — im/post- er, n. im/post,n. [F. imposte, fr, It. imposta, fr. L.] Arch. The top eaabes ofa pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which the weight of an arch rests. See ARCH, Tilust. im-pos’tor EPO) a [LLY ” One who imposes upon others for the purpose of deception; a pretender.

Syn. Impostor, quack, mountebank, charlatan. Impostor is the generic term, denoting esp, one who passes himself off for someone else. Quack (also mountehank and charlatan originally) is an unskilled pretender, esp. to medical knowledge or skill. Mountebank often carries a suggestion of buffoonery; charlatan adds the implication of pretentious, flashy, or magniloquent display.

im-pos’/tu-mate, im-pos/thu-mate (ti-mat), v.7. « ft. To form or affect with an abscess. — im: pos’tu-ma/tion, -thu-ma/tion, n. (Corrupt. of im-pos/tume, im-pos/thume (-tiim), n. wpa eee) through OF. & L., fr. Gr. ape ema separation —v. tl. & 4. pus into an ulcer.] Now Rare. Abscess.

= IMPOSTUMATE.

im-pos/ture (tir), n. [F., LL. impostura.] Act or conduct of an impostor; a ae or imposition; deception. Se ee (im/p6-téns), n. Also im/po-ten-¢y (-tén-si). 1. Quality or state of "being impotent; weakness. 2. Poetic. Want of self-control. 3. Incapacity for sexual in ter course.

im/po-tent

(-tént), adj.

1. Not potent;

wanting

power,

strength, or vigor, whether physical, intellectual, or moral; deficient iin capacity. 2. Obs. Ungovernable. Wanting the power of procreation; sometimes, barren. — Syn. See POWERLESS. — im/po. tent. ly, adv. — im/’po-ientness,

as in a pound;

1. To shut up or place in or

hence, to seize and hold in legal custody.

2. To collect (water) for irrigation purposes, or the like. — lin.pound’age, n, — im.pound/er, n. im.-pov’er-ish (im-pov/er-ish), v. t. COF. empovrir, fr. em- (fr. L. in) + povre meee

1. To make poor; reduce

to poverty. 2. To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of (and). — im-pov’er.ish-er, n. — -ish-ment, n. im-pow/er (im-pou/ér). Var. of EMPOWER. im-prac/ti-ca-ble (im-pr#k/ti-ka-b’l), adj. L. Not practicable; infeasible; also, not usable. 2. Unmanageable; intractable. — im-prac/ti-ca-bil’i-ty (Cbil/7-ti), n.— imprac’ti- ca-ble- ness, rn. — im. prac/ti- ca-bly, adv.

ale,

im-prac/ti-cal (Im-prik/ti-kal), adj. _Not practical; theoretical; also, not useful.— im-prac’ti-cal/i-ty (-kaV7ti), im.prac’ti-cal-ness, n.

im/pre-cate (im/pré-kat), v. t. & 7. [L, imprecatus, past part. of tmprecart to imprecate, fr. im-in, on-+ precari to pray.] To invoke, as evil, by prayer; hence, to curse. —

im/pre.ca/tor (-ka/ tér), m. — im/pre-ca-to/ry (-kd-to/rl; -ka/téeri), adj. An imprecating; esp., a im/pre-ca/tion (-ka/shiin), n. curse. —

Sym. See CURSE.

im-pregn’ (im-prén’), v. t. Poetic. To impregnate. im-preg/na-ble (im-prég’na-b’l), adj. UF. imprenable, fr. amassault; pil’i-ty na-bly,

not + prenable pregnable.]| Not to be taken by able to resist attack; unassailable. — im-preg/naCbhiV%-tH, im- preg’na-ble-ness, n. — Im-preg’adv.

im-preg’/na-ble, adj.

chaotic,

cfAre,

Add,

@ccount,

rm,

ask,

sofa;

[See IMPREGNATE.]

Capable of

being impregnated, as aD egg. im-preg’/nate (-nit), adj. [LL.impraegnatus, past part. of tmpraegnare to impregnate, fr. L. im- in + praegnans

pregnant.] Impregnated. — (nat), v. ¢. To make pregnant; get with child or young. 2. To infuse particles of another substance into; cause to be permeated or satu-

rated. 3. To infuse an active principle into; render fruitful or fertile. 4. Biol. To introduce sperm cells into; fecundate. — im/preg-na’tion, n. — im-preg/na-tor, 7. im-pre’sa (ém-pra’zi), im-prese’ (im-préz’), n. [It. 7mpresa undertaking.] Hist. A device or motto ona shield. im/pre-sa/ri-o on)‘/pra-sd/ri-5), n.; pl. -RIOS (-6z); -SARI (-sa7ré).

[It., fr. impresa

enterprise.]

The projector,

manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company.

im/pre-scrip’ti-ble (im/pré-skrip/ti-b’l),

Not subject to prescription; inalienable; also, absolute. — im/prescrip/ti-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), n. — im/pre-“scrip’ti-hly, adv. im. press’ (im-prés’), v. ¢. LL. impressus, past part. of imprimere

adj.

to impress, fr. 7m- in, on + premere

to press. ]

1. a To apply with pressure so as to imprint. To produce, as a mark or stamp, by such pressure. 2. a To produce’a vivid impression ol; as, to impress ideas on the mind. b To affect, esp. forcibly or deeply; as, to impress one favorably. 3. 'To press, stamp, or print something in orupon. &. Elec. Tocreate or establish (an electromotive force or difference of potential) in a conductor. — impress’er, 7. im/press (im/prés; formerly also Ym-prés’), n. 1. Act of impressing. A mark made by pressure; imprint; the image, figure or other result of impressing; an impression. 3. Characteristic; mark of distinction; stamp; as, the work bore the impress of a great, artist. im-press’ (im-prés’), v. ¢. [im- in + press to force into service.} To levy for public service; specif., to take by force for public service; esp., to force into the naval service. — (im/prés; formerly ¥Im-prés ’),n. Impressment.

im. press/i-ble (-prés/%-b’l), adj. Capable of being impressed; susceptible. — im: press/i-bil’i-ty (-bil/7-ti), . im.pres’sion (im-présb/tin), nm. 1. An impressing. 2. Effect produced by impressing; specif.: a An impress; indentation; stamp; imprint. bA characteristic, trait, or feature, resulting from immaterial or indirect influence, c Influence or effect on feeling, sense, or the intellect; esp., a lively or profound effect, A vague or indefinite remembrance, belief, or opinion. 3. Dent. An imprint of the teeth and adjacent parts. 4. Print. a Pressure of type, plates, etc., on paper, or its result as to appearance;

as, a heavy or a Clear impression. A printed copy from type, an engraved block, etc. §&. Psychol. The immediate conscious effect produced by stimulation of the senses; also, the stimulation apart from the sensation aroused. Publishing.

issue; esp.,

The whole number of copies printed for one

Lee

reprinted

without

pres/sion-al, adj. im. pres/sion-a- ble (-4-b’l), adj,

alteration. — im-

Liable or subject to im-

pression; capable of being molded; plastic; also, impressible. — im-pres/sion-a-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), im-pres’sion. a-

ble-ness, n. im. pres/sion- ism (-1z’m),n. 1. A type of realism the aim of which is to render the immediate sense impression of the artist apart fromm any element of inference or study of detail. In literature, depiction of scene, emotion, or character with broad ee le: and little elaboration of detail. 3. Music, A style of composition designed to create descriptive impressions by evoking moods. — impee stomsist Cist), n. & adj. — im-pres/sion-is‘tic (-Is/1K)

n.

im- pound? ((Im-pound’), v. t..

charity;

imprest

502

important

it is often applied — as is also, less often, importance — to social rank or distinction, sometimes with the implication of pomposity or selfimportance; Moment, now only in of (greet, small, no, etc.) moment,

im. pres/sive

(im-prés/fv),

adj..

[From

1st mpress.]

Making, or tending to make, an impression; having power

to impress; adapted to touch the sensibilities, or affect the conscience. — im-pres/sive-ly, adv. — -sive- ness, n. im.press/ment (im-prés’mént), n.. Act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public service. im. pres/sure (im-présh’ér), m. Impression.

im-prest’ (im-prést’).

PRESS. im/prest (im/prést), adj.

Archaic past & past part. of IMAdvanced; lent.

—m.

[im-

prest, after It. imprestare. See prest, n.] A loan ora vance of money; esp., an advance from government funds to enable a person to discharge his duties.

Eve,

Gld, Obey, érb, Gdd, sGft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére

(27),

vent,

Gnd,

sil@nt,

makér;

ice,

ll,

out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Grn, tip, circtés, menii;

imprimatur

503

im/pri-ma/tur ({m/pri-ma/tér; -pri-), n. printed.}

[NL., let it be

1. Law. A license to print or publish a book,

paper, etc.; also, where censorship of the press exists, approval of that which is published. 2. Hence, sanction;

approval. ||im-pri’mis ({m-pri’mYs), adv. ([L., for in primis among the first, chiefly.] In the first place.

im.print’

(im-print’),

v.t.

LOF.

empreinter,

fr. .em-

preinte, deriy. of L. im-in-+ premere to press.] 1. To impress; mark by pressure; stamp. 2. Tostamp or mark, as letters on paper, by. means of type, plates, stamps, etc.

3. To fix indelibly, as in the memory. — im.print/er, n. im/print (im’print), n._ 1. Whatever is imprinted; an im-

press. 2. The place of publication, publisher’s name, and date, etc., now usually printed at the foot of a title page;

the name of the printer, etc., on any printed sheet. im.-pris’on (im-priz’’n), v. t. To put in prison; to confine. — im-.pris’on-ment, n.

Syn. imprison, incarcerate, immure. Imprison js the general term, incarcerate, more bookish, immure (commonly elevated)

retains its implication of enclosure within walls.

im/prob.a-bil’i-ty (im/prob-4-bil’7-ti), n.; pl. -T1es (-tiz).

Quality or state of being improbable; unlikelihood; also, that which is improbable; an improbable event or result. im-prob/a-ble (im-prdb/a-b’l), adj. Not probable; unlikely

to

be true orto occur; not to be readily believed; not to be

expected. —im.-prob/a-ble-ness, n.—im-prob/a-bly, adv. im-pro/bi-ty (im-pro’bi-ti; -prob/%ti), n. [L. improbitas, fr. ¢m- not + probitas probity.] Lack of probity; want of integrity. * § 2

im-promp/tu (im-prémp/’tt), adv.

& adj.

[F., fr. L. in

in

im/pro-vi-sa’/tion ({m/pr6-vi-za/shiin; Ym/prov-i-), n. im-prov/i-sa/tor (Im-prov/%-za/tér; im/pro-v1), n.

adj. — im-prov/i-sa-to’ri-al-ly, adv. — im/pro-vi/sa-to/ry (im/pré-vi/za-to/ry, -vizla-to/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. im/pro.-vise (Im’pré-viz; {m/pré-viz/), v. t. & 7. [F.improviser, fr. It. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, sudden, extempore, fr. L. improvisus, fr. im- not + provisus foreseen, provided.] 1. To compose, recite, sing, act, etc., extemporaneously; extemporize. 2. To make, do, or provide, offhand; as, to improvise a hammer out of

a stone. — im/pro-vis/er, n. |im/prov-vi/sa-to/re_(¢m/prév-vé/za-td/ra),

* n.; pl. -TORI

(-ré). [It.] One who composes and sings or recites short _ Poems extemporaneously.

im-pru/dent (im-pr0o/dént), adj.

_[L. imprudens, -entis,

ir. ¢m not-++ prudens prudent.]

Not prudent; wanting in

discretion or caution; indiscreet; injudicious; as, 7mpru-

dent behavior. —im-pru/dence, _adv. — im-pru/dent-ness, n.

n.— im-prw’dent-ly,

si). Quality of being impudent; _ brazenness; insolence.

shameless

ini’pu-dence (Im’pii-déns), n.

Also im/pu-den-cy (-déneffrontery;

im/pu-dent (-dént), adj. [L. impudens, -entis, fr. im- not pudens ashamed, modest, pres. part. of pudere to feel

shame.]

1. Obs. Wanting modesty; shameless.

2. Bold

or pert, with contempt or disregard of others; unblushingly forward; insolent. — Sym. Audacious, brazen, rude. See

orricious. — Ant, Respectful, courteous, polite, difiident.

—im/’pu-dent-ly, adv. — im’pu-dent-ness, n. im/pu-dic/i-ty (im/pii-dis’%-ti), n. Immodesty,

An impromptu address, composition, etc.

im-pugn’ (im-piin’), v.t. [OF. impugner, nare, fr. in on, against + pugnare to fight.]

as, an impromptu verse. — Sym. Sec EXTEMPORE.

—

7.

Not proper; specif.: a Not

appropriate, fit, or congruous; as, ¢mproper dress.

b Not

accordant with fact, truth, or right procedure; incorrect; inaccurate; as, an improper conclusion. ¢ Not regularly

or normally formed, or not properly so called; as: improper

fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. €@ Not accordant with propriety or good taste; indecorous; indecent. — im-prop’er-ly, adv.

Syn. Improper, indecent, unseemly, indecorous, unbecoming, indelicate. That is improper which in any way violates propriety; unseemly is stronger; indecent, the strongest term, applies to that which is grossly offensive to modesty or propriety; as, tmproper conduct; an unseemly quarrel; indecent language. ‘That is indecorous which transgresses etiquette or civility, esp. in public; that is unbecoming which does not befit one’s character or standing; that is indelicate which verges upon immodesty, or (sometimes) which betrays lack of tact or of refined perceptions; as,he was so indecorous as to talk

during the sermon; sentiments unbecoming to her; it often is indelicate to praise a person in the presence of others. bah a

im-pro’pri-ate ({m-pro’pri-at), ae: atus, past part. of propriare.

Cim-in+ L.

ee

ee APPROPRIATE.

m-

propriated. — (-at), v. #1. Obs. To appropriate. 2. Eng. Eccl. Law. To transfer to lay control or ownership (monastic

properties). — im-pro/pri-a/tion,

n.— im-

pro’/pri-a’tor,n,

x

im/pro-pri’e-ty (im/pro-pri’é-ti), n.; pl. -rmEs (-tiz). 1. uality or fact of being improper. An improper or ineis act. 3%. An incorrect use of a word; a violation of linguistic good usage. — Sym. See SOLECISM. im-prove’ (im-proov’), v. t. [Earlier improue, enprowe, fr. OF. en in (fr. L. in) + prou profit, excellent, fr. L. pro,

prod in prodesse to be useful.] good account;

time.

2. Now

1. To turn to profit or

to use to advantage;

Dial.

To make

as, to improve

use of; employ.

one’s

3. To

augment or enhance in value or good quality; make better;

as, to improve one’s health by exercise.

4. Specif., U.S.,

to enhance in value, as land by cultivation or reclamation, or property by erection of buildings, or the laying out of streets and installing of utilities. —-v. 7. 1. To increase; rise in value. 2. To grow better. 3. To make improvements; — usually with on or upon. — im-prov/a-bil’i-ty

(-proov’a-bil/7-ti),m.— im-prov/a-ble, adj. — im-prov’a-ble-ness, n.—im-prov/a-bly, adv. —im-prov’er, n. — im-prov/ing-ly, adv.

Syn. Mend, amend; rectify, correct; advance, promote. —Imrove, better, ameliorate. Improve (the general term) and Better (more vigorous and homely) apply to objects and conditions, and do not necessarily imply that these are bad to begin with;

ameliorate now applies chiefly to conditions (commonly unfavorable); as, the mind 1s improved by exercise; a good essay is bettered by revision; his misery cannot be ameliorated. Improve alone is used in the sense of “turn to advantage’’; as, to ¢mprove an opportunity. —

t. Injure, impair, damage.

;

i

im-prove/ment (-mént), n.. 1. An improving; esp., betterment. 2. State of being improved; esp., enhanced value or excellence. 3. A result of improving, or that which constitutes it; as, electricity is an tmprovement on gas.

4. An addition or modification that improves land, a machine, a manufacture, etc. : ; im-prov/i-dent (im-prov/7-dént), adj. Not provident;

wanting foresight or forethought; not providing for the future; thriftless. — Sym. Negligent; extravagant, shiftless, prodigal, wasteful. — im-prov/i-dence (-déns), n. —

im-prov/i-dent-ly, adv.

chair;

go; sing;

ten,

thin;

nature, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

An im-

Droviser, — im-prov/i-sa-to/ri-al —(im-prov/¥-za-t0/ri-l),

romptu in readiness, at hand, fr. in + promptus visiiy, readiness.] Offhand; extemporaneous; extempore;

im-prop’er (Im-prop’ér), adj.

Act,

art, or result, of improvising; impromptu invention. — im/_ bro-vi-sa’tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj.

fr. L. impugTo assail by

words or arguments; to call in question; oppose as false; as, to impugn one’s veracity. — Syn. See DENY. — im-pugn’a-ble, adj. —-im/pug-na/tion (im/ptig-na/shtin), n.

im.-pu/is-sant (im-pi/i-sdnt; Ym-pwis/ant), adj. CF., fr. im- not + puissant.) Powerless; impotent; feeble. — im.-pu/is-sance, n. im/pulse ({m/pils), nm. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See

IMPEL.} 1. Actof impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; also, the motion produced by such an impulsion. 2. A. sudden incitement to action, insight,

etc.; a spontaneous inclination; as, to acton impulse. 3. motive, propension, or tendency, that is not instinctive and not governed by reason; as, a man of good impulses.

Mech.

The product of the average value of a force and

the time during which it acts, a quantity equal to the change in momentum produced by the force. 5. Physiol. A change transmitted through certain tissues, esp. nerve

fibers and muscles, and resulting in physiological activity

or inhibition. — Syn. See morive. im-pul/sion (im-piil’shiin),n. LF., fr. L. ¢mpulsto.

See

IMPEL.] _ 1. Act of impelling, or state of being impelled; also, theimpelling force.

tion. 3. Onward impetus.

2. Animpulse, or sudden inclina-

tendency

im-pul’sive (-s{v), adj.

derived

from an impulsion;

1. Having the power of driving or

impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent.

2. Actu-

ated or characterized by impulse or impulses; impetuous.

3. Mech. Acting momentarily, or by impulse. — im-pul’sive-ly, adv. — im-pul’/sive-ness, n. im-pu/ni-ty (im-pi’n?-tl), n. (CF. impunité, fr. L. impunitas, fr. impunis without punishment, fr. imm- not + poena punishment.] Exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss. k 5 im-pure/ (im-pir’), adj. [L.impurus, fr. im-not-+ purus pure.] ot pure; specif.: @ Containing something unclean; dirty; unwholesome. hb Adulterated. c Of art, etc., mixed; not of one style, tone, period, etc. Unclean ceremonially; mot purified; defiled. e Unchaste; lewd; obscene. £ Not, idiomatic; as, impure pure/ly, adv. —im-pure/ness, n.

Latin. —im-

im-pu/ri-ty (im-pii/r7-ti), m.; pl. -rms (-tiz). 1. Condition or qualityof being impure. 2. That which is, or

which renders, impure. : im-put/a-ble (im-pit’d-b’l), adj. That may be imputed; ascribable. —im.put/a-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-tY), im-put/a-ble-

ness, n. —im-put/a-bly, adv.

im/pu-ta/tion (im/pii-ta’shtin), n. Act.of imputing; thing imputed; specif., attribution of evil; insinuation. — im-

put/a-tive (im-pit’d-tiv), adj. —im.-put/a-tive-ly, adv. — im-put/’a-tive-ness, n. } im-pute’ (im-pit’), v. t, [F. imputer, fr. L. imputare to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute, fr. zm- in +

putare to reckon, think.] 1. To ascribe (to one) as author, responsible originator, or possessor; to charge (a fault °

or the like); to credit (a virtue or good); as, to impute the

theft to a tramp.

raign.

%. Theol.

To

Law. To impose as a charge; arascribe

vicariously. —

REFER. — im-pui’er (-piit’ér), n.

in (in; 4), prep.

[AS.]

Syn.

See

Primarily,in denotes situation or

position with respect to a surrounding, encompassment, or enclosure. It may indicate either simple location or direction, the latter sense in modern

K =ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

English being generally

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

in distinguished by the use of into.

inburst

504 In is specifically used as:

L. Indicating being within, as a bounded place, a limited time, an encompassing material, a class or group, etc.; as,

inanitio emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inants empty.) 1. Inanity; emptiness. 2. Exhaustion from lack or nonassimilation of food.

to travel in Italy; in,one’s childhood; dressed in silk. 2. Indicating inclusion in a whole; as, the tallest boy in the class. 3. Indicating inclusion with respect to scope, in-

in-an/i-ty (in-dn/7-ti), n.; pl. -T1Es (-tiz)..

fluence, occupation, condition, nature, participation, etc.;

in/ap-peas’a-ble ({n/d-péz’d-b’l), adj.

as, to be in difficulties, in business, or im ruins. 4. Indicating being limited with respect to manner, quality, means, substance, etc.; as, to argue in a circle; to be, in

truth, a sorry lot; a statue 7m marble. — Sym. See at. — in asmuchas. See INASMUCHAS.. . S 1. To or towards the inside, as of a house,

— adv.

harbor, etc.; as, come in; a ship on the way in. _2. So as to be mingled, form a part of, or the like; as, mix in the flour; paint im another figure. _ 3. So as to be in place, in

line, In agreement, etc.; as, their plans fell 7m with ours; to

fitina piece. — adj. 1. Being inside or within an understood place, condition, connection, etc.; as, he is not in; _the in party. 2. Coming, bound, etc., in; as, the in train.

in (in), n. 1. One who is in, esp. in office; — usually pl. 2. A re-entrant angle; a nook or corner. —v.t. Dial. To enclose; also, to take in ; specif., to harvest.

in- (in-).

A prefix from Eng. prep. and adv. in, also from

Lat. prep. in, meaning in, within, into, toward, on, as in income, inside, indeed, incline. Tn words from the Latin,

in- regularly appears as il- before 1, ir- before r, and im-

before a labial, as in zllusion, irruption, imbue, impart. It is often merely intensive, and sometimes its force is en-

tirely lost.

In native words in- is generally unchanged by

_ the following consonant, as in inland, inroad, inmate.

in- (in-).

[L.;,akin to E. un-.]

An inseparable prefix, or

particle, meaning not, non-, un-, as in inactive, incapable. In- becomes i- before 1, ir- before r, etc. See 1st 1n-.

-in.

Chem. Asuffix.

See 2d -1Nr.

A

in/a-bil/i-ty (in/d-bil’%-ti), n. Quality or state of being unable; insufficiency, as of power, strength, or resources. Sym. Incompetence, impotence, incapacity. — Inability, disability. Inability ordinarily suggests inherent lack of power to perform something; disability now commonly implies some loss of the needed competency or qualification.

l|in ab-sen/’ti-a (in Ab-sén/shY¥-4)._[L.]_

In absence, as of

_ the accused or of a person receiving a degree.

;

in/ac-ces/si-ble (In/ik-sts/%-b’l), adj. _Not accessible. — in/ac-ces/si-bil/i.ty (-bil/7-ti), n. — in/ac-ces’si-ble-ness, n. — in/ac-ces’/si-bly, adv. x in-ac/cu-ra-cy (in-dk/t-ra-sl), n.; pl. -cres (-sIz). Quality or fact of being inaccurate; also, a mistake; an error.

quality of being inane.

1. State or

2. An inane thing; esp., a sense-

_less remark.

Not appeasable.

in-ap’pe-tence (in-dp’é-téns), in-ap’pe-ten.-cy (-tén-si),

n.

_ Want of appetite or desire. — in-ap’pe-tent (-tént), adj :

in-ap’pli-ca-ble (-dp/li-ka-b’l), adj.

Not applicable; un-

suitable; irrelevant. — in-ap/pli-ca-bil’i-ty (-bYl/7-th), inap’pli-ca-ble-ness, n. — in-ap/pli-ca-bly, adv. in-ap’po-site (-4p’6-zit), adj. Not apposite or pertinent. in/ap-pre/ci-a-ble (in/d-pré/shi-d-b’l), adj. a Rare. Inval_uable. b Too small to be perceived. — -a-bly, adv. in/ap-pre’ci.a’tive (-a’tiv; -d-tiv), adj. Not appreciative. in/ap-pre-hen/si-ble (in/4p-ré-hén’si-b’l), adj. Not apprehensible; unthinkable.

in/ap-pre-hen/sion (-shtin), n. Want of apprehension. in/ap-pre-hen/sive (-s{v), adj. 1. Deficient in power of _apprehension. 2, Without apprehension of danger.

in/ap-proach/a-ble ({n/d-proch’a-b’l), adj. _Not approachable; also, unrivaled. —in/ap-proach/a-bil/i-ty (-bY1/%_ ti), n. — in/ap-proach/a-bly, adv.

in/ap-pro’pri-ate (-pr6’pri-it), adj. Not appropriate. — _in/ap-pro/pri-ate-ly, adv. — in/ap-pro’pri-ate-ness, n. in-apt’ (in-apt’), adj.

Not apt; not suitable; also, not

_teady; inept. — in.apt/ly, adv. — in-apt/ness, n.

in-apt/i-tude (-dp’ti-tiid), n. Want of aptitude. in-arch’ (in-arch’), v. t., [vn-in+ arch, y.]_ To graft by

bringing cion and stock into contact while both are growing

on their own roots.

in-arm/ (-irm’), v. t. To surround by or as if by the arms. in/ar-tic/u-late

(in/ar-tik/i-lat), adj.

[L. inarticulatus,

fr. ¢n- not + articulatus articulate.] | tered without the definite articulations

speech.

f sounds, utof intelligible

2. Incapable of articulating; dumb;

hence, un-

able to speak intelligibly or expressively. 3. Zool. a Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as, an inarticulate worm. hb Without a hinge; pertaining to a primary division (Inarticulata, or Lyopomata) of brachiopods. — Syn. See puMB. — Ant. Vocal. — in/ar-

tic’u-late-ly, adv. — in/ar-tic’u-late-ness, n. in-ar’ ti-fi’cial (in-ar’tt-fish’al), adj. _1. Not

artificial;

natural; artless; simple; direct, 2. Inartistic;

clumsy.

— in-ar’ti-fi/ci-al/i-ty (fish/i-4//7-th), n.— in-ar’ti-fi’cial-ly, adv. 3 in-ac/cu-rate (-rit), adj. Not accurate; hence, incorrect; er(In/ar-tis/tik), adj. Also in/ar-tis’ti-cal (-tironeous. —in-ac/cu-rate-ly, adv.—in-ac/cu-rate-ness,n. in/ar-tis’tic kal). Not artistic; lacking in artistic taste. — in/ar-tis/in-ac’tion (in-4k’shitin), n. Lack of action; idleness; inti-cal-ly, adv. ertness. in/as-much’ as ({n/dz-miich’). Seeing that; since.— in-ac’ti-vate (-tY-vat), v. t. To render inactive; specif., ImSyn. See BECAUSE. munol., to destroy certain biological activities of, as to de- in/at-ten’tion (in/d.tén’shtin), n. Lack of attention. — stroy the complement action of normal serum by heat. — Syn. See NEGLIGENCE. in-ac’tive (-tiv), adj.. Not active; as: a Inert; having in- in/at-ten/tive fae adj. Not attentive; heedless; negliertia; not haying active properties. b Sluggish; indolent. c Physics

& Chem.

Optically neutral in polarized light; —

said of certain isomeric forms; as, tnactive fructose. —

yn. See _ INERT. —in.ac/tive-ly, adv. — in-ac/tiveness, n. — in/ac-tiv’i-ty (In/ak-tiv/7-tl), n.

in/a-dapt/a-ble ({n’a-dap’ta-b’l), adj.

Not adaptable.

in-ad’e-quate (in-ad/é-kwit),adj. Not adequate; deficient. — in-ad’e-qua-cy (-kwa-si), n. — in-ad’e-quate-ly, adv. — in-ad/e-quate-ness, n. ; :

in/ad-mis/si-ble ({n/ad-mis/t-b’l), adj.

Not admissible. —

gent. — -tive-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n.

in-au/di-ble (in-6/di-b’l, adj. Not audible.— in-au/dibil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), in-au’di-ble-ness, n. — -di-bly, adv. in-au’/gu-ral (in-d’gt-rdl), adj. _[F.] Pertaining to an inauguration. — mn. U.S. An inaugural address. in-au’gu-rate (-rat), v.¢. ([L. inawguratus, past part. of inaugurare to take omens; hence, to consecrate, inaugu-

rate, fr, in- in + augurare to augur.] induct into an office formally; install.

1. To introduce or 2. To begin or initi-

in’/ad-mis/si-bil’i-ty (-bil/7-ti),n.—in/ad-mis’si-bly, adv.

ate under favorable or auspicious circumstances or with

inadvertentia.] Fact, action, or result of, being inadyertent; inattention or an error resulting from it; an oversight. — Syn. See NEGLIGENCE. ; in/ad-vert’en-cy (-tén-sl), n. Heedlessness; inadvertence. in/ad.vert’ent (-t@nt), adj. Not turning the mind toa matter; heedless; inattentive. — in/ad-vert/ent-ly, adv.

thing beneficial); to set in motion. — Syn. See INITIATE. — in-au’gu-ra/tion (-ra’shiin), in-au’gu-ra/tor, n. Inauguration Day. The day on which the President of the

in/ad.vert’ence (-vfir’téns), n.; pl. -ces (-tén-séz).

in/ad-vis’a-ble (-viz/d-b’l),

adj.

[ML.

Not advisable; inexpedi-

ent. — -vis/a-bil/i-ty Cbil’t. ti), -vis’a-ble-ness, n.

-i/nae (-i/né).,

[L. fem. pl. ending of adjectives in -inus.]

ceremony.

¥

To

commence

or enter

upon

(esp.

some-

United States is inaugurated, now the 20th of January in

every year next after a year divisible by four, but previous

to 1934, the 4th of March in such years. in/aus-pi/cious (in/és-pish’tis), adj. Not auspicious; illomened; unlucky. — in’aus-pi/cious-ly, adv. — in’/auspi’cious-ness, 7.

:

in’be/ing (in’bé/ing), n. 1. Inherence; immanence. Inner or inmost being; essence.

2.

Zool. A termination (in recent classifications) for all names of subfamilies. Cf. -IDAE. in-al/ien-a-ble (in-4l/yén-d-b’l; -a/l¥-én-), adj. Incapable of

in/board’ (in’bord’; 70), adj.

in-al/ter-a-ble (-6l’tér-a-b’l), adj.

Mach. From without inward; toward the inside. in’/born’ (-bérn’; 2), adj. _Born in or with one; natural;

being alienated, surrendered, or transferred. — in-al/iena-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), n. —in-al/ien-a-bly, adv. :

Not alterable. — in-al’/-

ter-a-bil’i-ty (-bil’?-ti), n. — in-al’ter-a-bly, adv.

in-am/o-ra/ta (in-dm/6-rii/ta), n. _[It. ¢nnamorata, fem., innamorato, masc., past part. of znnamorare to inspire with love.] A woman in love or beloved. — in-am/o-ra/to (-t0), n. mase.; pl. -TOS (-t5z).

in’—and-in’, adv. & adj.

Repeatedly in generations of the

same or closely related stocks; — of mating, breeding, etc.

in-ane’ (in-an’), adj. ([L. inanis.] Without contents; empty; esp., void of sense or significance; pointless. — Syn.

See Empty,

— 7. That which is inane; the void of

space. — in-ane/ly, adv.

;

§

in-an/i-mate (in-in’i-mat), adj. Notanimate or animated. — Syn. See LireLess. — -mate-ly, adv. — -mate-ness, n. in/a-ni’tion ({n/a-nish/%n; {n/4-), n. (CF. or L.; F., fr. LL.

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

dd,

d@ccount,

Arm,

ask,

Old, Sbey, Grb, Bdd, s6ft, cdnnect;

sofa;

line of a_vessel’s

& adv.

1. Naut.

bulwarks or hull.

Inside the

Cf. OUTBOARD,

2.

such by nature. — Syn. See INNATE. in’bound/ (-bound’), adj. Inward bound.

in-breathe’ (in-bréth’), v.¢.

1. To breathe (something)

in; toinhale. 2. To infuse by breathing; to inspire. in’bred/ (in/bréd’; 2), adj. 1. Bred within; innate. 2. (pron. {n’/bréd’; 2) Subjected to or produced by inbreeding. — Syn. See INNATE. in-breed’ (in-bréd’), v. t.; IN-BRED’ (-bréd’; cf. the adj.);

IN-BREED/ING.,

1. To produce or generate within.

To subject to inbreeding.

"2.

in’breed/ing (in’bréd/ing), m. Breeding or mating of closely related individuals or stocks, to preserve or fix favorable or eliminate unfavorable characters. in’burst’ (-bfirst’), x. A bursting in or into; an irruption.

Gve,

hére

(27),

€vent,

nd,

silént,

food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, Gm,

makér;

tip, circés,

ice,

Yl,

menti;

inby

505

incident

in’/by’, in’bye’ ({n’bi’), adv. [in-in+ bud Scot. In an | in-cen/di-ar/y (in-sén/di-ér’l; -€r-Y; 3), adj. [L. incendiainward direction; within; near. — adj. i Situated close by. rius, fr. incendiuma fire. See INCENSE, v.] 1. Of or per— prep. Close to. taining to the malicious burning of property; as, incendiary material; an incendiary crime. 2. Tending to excite In’ca (ing’ka), n. [Sp., fr. Quechua ynca prince of the rulor inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; ing family.] 1. An Indian of a Quechuan tribe or group of seditious. 3. Pertaining to or designating explosive mistribes. of the highlands of Peru, predominant in South siles containing chemicals which ignite at the bursting of America at the advent of the Spaniards. 2. Specif., one of the shell. —7n.; pl.-1es (Yz). 1. One who maliciously or the he family; esp., the ruling chief. — In’can (-kan), willfully sets fire to a building or other property. 2. One n. & adj. who excites faction, quarrels, or sedition; an agitator. 3. in-cage’ (in-kaj’). Var. of ENCAGE. in-cal/cu-la-ble (in-kal’/kii-la-b’1), adj. Not capable of be- _Obs. Anything that excites passion, strife, or evil-doing. ing calculated; very great; also, undeterminable; uncertain. in-cense’ (in-séns’), v. ¢. [OF. incenser, fr. L. incensus, past part. of incendere to burn, fr. in- + root of candére to — in-cal’cu-la-bil’i-ty (-bil’%-th), in-cal’cu-la-ble-ness, n. be of a glowing white.] To enkindle or excite, as a passion; — in.cal/cu-la-bly, adv.

in/ca-les’cent (in’ka-lés’ént; nt), adj. [L. incalescens, -entis, pres. part. of incalescere to grow hot.] Rare.

Growing warm. — in/ca-les’cence (-éns; -’ns), n. in/can-desce’ (in/kdn-d&s’), v. 7. & t.; -DESCED’ (-dést/);

-DESC/ING (-dés’ing).

[L. incandescere.]

To be or be-

come, or cause to become, incandescent. in/can-des/cence (-éns; -’ns), n. Glowing due to heat.

in’can-des/cent (-ént; -’nt), adj. [L. incandescens, -entis, pres. part. of incandescereto become hot, fr. in- in + candescere to become red-hot, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering whiteness.) 1. White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; hence, clear; shining; brilliant. 2. Pertaining to or designating a lamp (incandescent lamp)

whose light is produced by in-

candescence of some specially prepared material, as the filament of an electric bulb. —

in/can-des/cent-ly, adv.

in/can.ta’tion (in’kan.ta/shiin), n.

[F., fr. 4

Loosely, magic; sorcery; enchantment.

incapabilis.]

capacity, ability,

or qualification; incompe-

il

HN

Lamp.1Base;

2 Stem; 3 Fil.

ani t;

4

mit; insusceptible; — now only_with of; as, incapable of

measurement. 4. Notable or fit for the doing or performance. (of some specified action). 5. Law. Wanting legal ualification or power; disqualified; ineligible.

yn. Incapable, unable. Incapable commonly implies inherent or permanent lack of power to do or bear something; unable, want of ability to meet or perform a specific requirement or task.

— 7, One who is incapable. i — in’ca-pa-bil’i-ty (in/ka-pa-bil/7-ti), n. — in-ca/pa-hle-

ness, n. — in-ca/pa-bly, adv. in/ca-pa/cious (in/kd-pa/shi%s), adj, [LL.. incapaz.] Not capacious; of insufficient capacity; specif., deficient

mentally. — in’/ca-pa/cious-ness, 7. in’ca-pac’i-tate (-pas/7-tat), v. t. To depriveof capacity or capability; disable; disqualify. — in/ ca-pac/i-ta/tion, 7. in’/ca-pac/i-ty (-ti), n.; pl. -T1ES (-tiz). Lack of capacity. in-car’cer-ate (In-kir’sér-at), v.¢t. [ML. incarceratus,

past part. of incarcerare to imprison, fr. ¢n- in + carcer To imprison; hence, to confine; hem in, —

Syn.

See IMPRISON.. — (-t), adj. Now Rare. Imprisoned. — in-car’cer-a’/tion, n. — in-car’cer-a/tor, n.

in-car/di-nate a R.C.Ch.

(-kar/di-nat),

v.t.

To accept canonically

[ML.

incardinare.]

(a candidate for the

priesthood) or to receive formally (a priest from another

diocese) as a diocesan subject. b To make (one) a cardinal. — in-car’di-na/tion, n. in-car/na-dine (-kar’nd-din; -din), adj. [F.incarnadin, fr. It. incarnatino, fr. incarnato. See INCARNATE.] a Of the color flesh. b By extension, red, esp. blood-red. Incarnadine color. — v.t. To make incarnadine.

in-car/nate

(-nat), adj.

—n.

[LL. incarnatus, past part. of

incarnare to incarnate, fr. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. Invested with flesh or bodily nature and form; esp., embodied in human form; hence, personified. 2. a Of the

color flesh or flesh pink.

.b Red; rosy.

— (nat), v. ¢. 1.

To make incarnate; to invest with flesh; embody. 2. Hence: a To give a concrete or actual form to; realize, actualize. b To show itself as the embodiment of.

in/car-na/tion 2.

(in/kir-na/shtin),

[usually cap.)

Theol.

n.

1. An incarnating.

The union of Divinity with hu-

manity in Christ. 3. A person, animal, or other being, embodying a spirit or deity. 4. Any concrete or actual form incorporating or exemplifying a principle, ideal, or the like; esp., a person showing a trait or typical character

to a marked degree. 5 in-case’ (in-kas/), v. t.. [in-in-+ caseabox.]

To enclose

in or as in a case. — in-case’/ment, n. E in-cau/tion (in-k6/shtn), n. Want of caution. in-cau’tious (-shiis), adj. Not cautious; heedless; rash. — in-cau/tious-ly, adv. — in-cau’tious-ness, 7. : in-cen/di-a-rism (in-sén/di-d-riz’m; 58), n. Incendiary action or practice. Cf. ARSON.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

_ 3. Pleasing

attention;

homage;

flattery.

2. To perfume as if

See Motive.

— Ant. Re-

undertake. To take in; to intussuscept. —v. 7. 1. To complete the taking of the degree of master or doctor;

a

tent; unqualified. 2. Archaic. Not in a state to receive so as to be affected or moved by, or so as to be sensible; not receptive; not susceptible; — with of; as, incapable of pain. Not in a state or of a kind to ad-

prison.]

fragrance.

— v.t. 1. To burn incense before.

_with incense. — v.27. To burn or offer incense. in-cen/tive (in-sén/tiv), adj. _[L. incentivus, fr. incinere to strike up or set the tune, fr. 7n- + canere to sing.] Inciting; stimulative. 2. Obs. Kindling. —7n. LL. incentivum.] That, which incites, or tends to incite, to de_straint, check, curb, in-cept’ (in-sépt’), v. t. [L.inceptare to undertake, begin, v. freq. of incipere to begin.] _1. To begin; commence;

Incandescent

[F., fr. LL.

1. Not capable; wanting in

1. Material

termination or action; motive; spur. — Syn. Goad, stim-

1. The use of spells or verbal charms, spoken or sung, as a part of the ritual of magic; also, the verbal formula chanted or recited. 2. in-ca/pa-ble (in-ka’pa-b’l), adj.

incensus, past part. of incendere to burn.]

used to produce a perfume when burned. 2. The perfume or the smoke exhaled from spices and gums when burned in celebrating religious rites; hence, any pleasing scent or

ulus, incitement, provocation.

2

LL. incantatio, fr. incentare to chant a magic formula over one. See ENCHANT.]

now, specif., to inflame with anger; madden. — Syn. See

_ IRRITATE. — in-cense/ment, n. in/cense (in/séns), n. [OF. encens, fr. LL. incensum, fr.

— now used only at Cambridge University, England. Hence, to enter upon a career of any sort. — in-cep/tion _ Cs€p/shtin), n. — Sym. See oriGin. — in-cep/tor (-tér), n. in-cep’tive (-stp’tiv), adj. 1. Beginning, or relating to a

beginning. 2. Gram. Denoting the beginning of an action, state, or occurrence; — said of a. verb. —m. An in-

_ceptive word, phrase, etc. in-cer’ti-tude (-sfir’ti-tiid),

n._

[F., fr. ML. incertitudo,

fr. L. incertws uncertain.] Uncertainty of mind; lack of assurance; hence, insecurity.

in-ces’sant (-sés’ant), adj.

[F., fr. LL, incessans, -antis,

fr, in- not + cessare to cease.]

without interruption;

Continuing or following

unceasing, —

Sym.

See CONTINUAL.

— in-ces’/san-cy (-dn-si), nm. — in-ces/sant-ly, adv. in/cest ee oe n. CL. incestus, incestum, unchastity. incest, fr. incestus unchaste, fr. in- not + castus chaste.J

The crime of cohabitation between

persons

related

within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. 2. Eccl. = SPIRITUAL INCEST. in-ces/tu-ous (in-sés/tti-%s), adj. Guilty of incest; also, involving, or pertaining to, incest. — in-ces/tu-ous-ly, adv. inch (inch), n. _[AS. ynce, fr. L. uncia the twelfth part, inch, ounce.]_ 1. A measure of length, the twelfth part of

a foot (= 2.54 cm.). Abbr. in, Symbol /’.. 2. Hence: a Of rain, snow, etc.: A fall sufficient to cover the surface or

to fill a gauge to the depth of one inch; as, two inches of

rain. b A degree of pressure sufficient to balance the weight of a liquid column one inch high in a barometer or

manometer (when the liquid is not named_ mercury is understood); as, an atmospheric pressure of 30 inches.

c Short for WATER-INCH. 3. A small distance or degree; hence, a critical moment. — v. ¢. To drive or move by inches or small degrees.

small degrees. inch, n. [Gael. innis.]

— v.72. To advance or-retire by

Zk Scot. & Tr. An island.

inch’/meal’ (-mél’), adv. little; gradually.

Also by inchmeal.

Little by

in-cho/ate (in-k0/ft; In’k6-at), adj. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, past part. of incohare to begin.] Recently or just begun;

cho/ate-ly,

being in the first stages; rudimentary. — in-

adv. — in-cho/ate-ness,

n. — in/cho-a/tion

(in/k6-a/shuin), n. in-cho/a-tive (in-k0’a-tiv; Yn’k6-a/tiv), adj. 1. Rare. Inchoate. 2. Inceptive; — esp. of a verb. —n. inceptive verb. ati inch’worm/ (inch’wirm’), n. A measuring worm.

in/ci-dence

(in’si-déns), n.

1. Act, fact, or manner of

falling upon or affecting; also, range of occurrence or influence. 2. Physics. The falling of a projectile, ray of light,

etc., on a surface; specif., usually angle of incidence,

the angle formed by the line of a falling projectile, ray, etc., and_a perpendicular arising from the point of incidence. 3. Geom. Partial coincidence or community of elements between two figures, as of a point and a line containing it.

in’ci-dent (-dént), adj.

[F. and L.; F., fr. L. incidens,

-entis, pres. part. of incidere_to fall into or upon, fr. inin, on + cadere to fall.]

1. Liable to happen; apt to oc-

cur; hence, naturally happening or appertaining, esp. as a

subordinate

or subsidiary feature.

dental; fortuitous.

onasurface.

another

2. Now Rare.

3. Falling or striking, asa

. Law.

Inci-

ray of light

Dependent on, or appertaining to,

thing (the principal);

directly and immediately

K=ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

essential part of it. — Sym: See suBJEcT. ——n. That which happens or takes place; an event; occurrence. 2. A subordinate action or — an accidental occurrence; hence, a slight matter. Law. Something that is incident to another.— SoniSee EVENT. in/ci-den/tal (in/s%-dén/tdl; -t’l), adj. 1. Happening as a chance or undesigned feature of something; casual; hence, minor; of secondary importance; as, an ¢ncidental expense. 2. Liable to happen or to follow as a chance feature or incident; as, trials 2ncidental to married life. — Sym. Contingent; accessory. See ACCIDENTAL. =n. 1. That which is incidental; esp., pl., subordinate items not particularized. . Music. ‘A om as a grace note, foreign to a chord. — in/ci- den/tal-ly, adv.

in-cin’er-ate (in-sin/ér-at), v.t..& 7. past part. of incinerare

[ML. incineratus,

to incinerate, fr. in- in + cinis,

cineris, ashes.] ‘To burn to ashes; to consume, or be consumed, by fire; cremate. — in- cin/er-a/tion, n. in-cin/er-a’ tor @ a/tér), m, One who or that which incinerates; esp., a furnace for incinerating substances. in-cip’i-ence (In-sip/i-éns), n. Also in-cip/i-en-cy (-én-si). The fact of being incipient; beginning; commencement. in-cip’i-ent (in-sip’f-ént), adj. [L. incipiens, pres. part.

of incipere to begin.]

Beginning to be, or to "show itself.

—in-cip’i-ent-ly, adv.

in-cise’ (in-siz’), v. t. (F. inciser, fr. OF, enciser, fr. L. incisus, past part. of incidere to incise, fr. in- in caedere tocut.]

To cut into with a sharp instrument; to depict or

inscribe by carving or engraving. in-cised’ (-sizd’), adj. 1. Cut in; engraved.

2. Having

the margin deeply and sharply notched. See LEAF, Illust. in-ci’sion (-sizh’t%in),nm. 1. Anincising. 2. A cut; gash; also, a marginal totch: 3. Incisiveness. in-ci/sive (-sI/sIv), adj. Cutting; penetrating; hence, acute; clear-cut; trenchant; also, biting. — Sym. See SHARP.

*

— in-ci’sive- ly, adv. — in-ci’sive-ness, n. in-ci’sor (-si/zér), n. [NL.] Zool. A tooth adapted for cutting; specif.,. in mammals, any of the cutting teeth in _ front of the canines in either jaw.

in-ci’so-ry (-si/sé-ri), adj. Adapted for cutting. in/ci-ta’tion (in’si-ta/shiin; Yn/si-), n. An inciting, also, an incitement;

incentive.

in-cite’ (in- sit’), v.t.

[F. inciter, fr. L. incitare, fr. in-

in+ citare to rouse, stirup.]

To arouse to action; spur or

urge on. — Syn. Stimulate, goad, proyoke.

Ant.

Restrain,

check;

See MOVE. —

curb. —in-cite/ment,

n.— in-

cit’er (-sit’ér),n. in/ci-vil’i-ty (in/s7-vil/7-ti),n.; pl. -TrEs (-tiz).. 1. Quality or state of being uncivil; pie sia 2. A rude or discourteous act. — Syn. impoliteness, discourtesy, boorishness. in/ci-vism (in/si-viz’m), n. Lack of civism or of patriotism.

in-clasp’ (in-klasp’).

Var. of ENCLASP.

in-clem/ent (in-klém/ént), adj. [L. inclemens, fr. innot + clemens mild.] Not clement; harsh; severe;_of weather, stormy; of temper, acts, etc., unmerciful. — inclem/en-cy (-én-si), n. — in-clem/ent- ly, adv.

ieee Se (in-klin’a-b’l), adj. pose in’cli-na’tion (In/kli-na/shiin), n.

incomparably

506

incidental

pertaining to, or involved in, something else, though not an

Inclined; favorably dis-

[F., fr. L. inclinatio.] 1. A particular disposition; propensity; bent; bias. A tendency; trend. 3. An act or practice to which one is inclined. An inclining, bending, or bowing; esp., a bow; nod. 5. A deviation from the true vertical or horizontal; a slant; also, the amount or degree of such deviation. 6. An inclined sur ace; aslope. 7. Geom. The angle determined by two lines or planes; as, the inclination of two rays of light. — Syn. Proneness, leaning, proclivity. — Ant. Aversion, Tepugnance, antipathy. i in-cli/na-to/ry (inkl na@-to/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. Leaning or inclining. in-cline’ (in-klin’), v. LOF. encliner, incliner, fr. L. inclinare, fr. in- in istclinare to bend, incline.] 1. To bow; to incline the head or body forward. 2. To lean or tend, as to an opinion or a person; be favorably disposed. 3. To deviate from a line, direction, or course; to slope; slant. —v.t. 1. To cause to incline, bend, slant, ete. 2. To turn; dispose; 1influence. — in-clin’er (-klin’ er), n. — incline one’s ear. To listen favorably. in/cline (in’klin; in- klin’), n. An inclined plane; a slope. in-clined’ (in-klind’), adj. Having inclination; specif.,

legal use in the United States, inclose is preferred in speaking of land. —in.clos’er (in-kloz/ér),n in-clo’sure (in-kld’zhér), n. Enclosure. in-clude’ (in-klood’; 114), v.t.. LL. includere, inclusum, fr. in- in + claudere to shut.] 1: To confine; shut_up; enclose. 2. To comprehend or comprise, as the whole comprises a part; contain; embrace. Syn. See CONTAIN.

— Ant. Exclude.

— in-clud/a-ble, in-clud/i-ble, adj.

in-clud’ed (-klood’éd; -id), adj. a Enclosed; embraced. 2. Bot. Not projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla; said of stamens and pistils; — opposed to exserted. in.clu/sion (- en ienm. 1. Act of including, or state of being included. That which, or anything that, is included; specif.: an foreign body, gaseous, liquid, or solid, enclosed in the mass of a mineral. b Biol. A passive product, as of cell activity, as a starch grain. inclusion body. A characteristic stainable particle in the nucleus or cytoplasm in tissues infected with a filtrable virus, as in smallpox and rabies. in-clu’sive (in-k100/sfy), adj. 1. Including or tending to include. Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as, from Monday to Friday inclusive. Abbr. ancl. — inclisive-ly, adv. — in-clu/sive-ness, n.

in/co-er’ci-ble

(in/k6-fr’si-b’l),

adj...

1. Not

coercible.

2. Not capable of reduction to a liquid by pressure. in-cog’ (in-k6g’), adj., adv., & n. Collog. Incognito. in-cog/i-ta-ble (in-kdi7¥-ta-b? 1), adj.__(L. incogitabilis, fr. in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Not cogitable. in-cog/i-tant iG-tdnt), adj. ‘Thoughtless. in-cog’ni-ta (in-kdg/ni-ta), adj. & n. Fem. of INCOGNITO. in-cog/ni-to (-t0), adj. & adv. [It. incognito, masc., incognita, fem. jaa Op incognitus unknown, fr. in- not AR cognitus known, past part. of cognoscere.]

With (one ’s)

identity concealed; esp., in a capacity other than one’s official capacity, or under a name or title not calling for special recognition. —n.; pl. -TOS (-t6z). One appearing incognito; also, the seateror disguise of such a one. in-cog/ni-zant (-zdént), adj. Not cognizant; — with of. in/co-her’ence (in/ké-he r’éns), n.. 1. The state or fact ot being incoherent. 2. That which is incoherent. in/co-her/en-cy G Yn), n.; pl.-ENCIES (-siz). Incoherence. in/co-her/ent (-ént), adj. Not coherent; as: a Wanting cohesion; loose. b Wanting agreement or co-ordination; incongruous; inconsistent. —

in/ce-her’ent-ly, adv.

in/com-bus’ti-ble (in’k3m-biis’ti-b’ }, adj. Not combustible. —m. An incombustible substance. — in’/com-bus’ikbil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), -bus/ti-ble-ness, n. — -ti-bly, adv. in’/come (in‘kiim), n.. 1. A coming in. 2. Something

that comes in as gddition: 3. That gain or recurrent benefit (usually measured in money) which proceeds from labor, business, or property; revenue; receipts.

in’com/er (in’ktim/ér), n. income

tax.

One that comes in.

A tax on a person’s incomes, emoluments,

profits, etc., or on the excess over a certain amount.

in/com’ing ‘(in’ktim/ing), adj.

Coming in; accruing, as

profit; taking possession, as a tenant; beginning, as a year. — Nn. Acomingin. 2. That which comes in; an income, in/com-men/su-ra-ble (in’/kd-mén’sh00-rd-b’ py, adj. 1. Not commensurable; having no common measure, as quantities when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of each. 2. Having no common basis of comparison as to value, size,etc. —m. a That which is incommensurable. b One of two or more quantities having no common measure. — in/com-men/su.-ra-bil’i-ty (-bil/7-ti), in‘com-

mei/su-ra-ble-ness, n. — in‘com-men/su-ra-bly, adv. in/com-men/su-rate (-rit), adj. Not commensurate; specif.; a Incommensurable. _b Inadequate; disproportion-

ate. — in/com-men/su-rate-ly, vate. mess, n.

adv.— in/com-men/su-

in/com-mode! ({n/k3-mod/), v. t.

[F. incommoder, fr. L.

incommodare, fr. incommodus inconvenient, fr. in- ‘not -+ commodus convenient.] To give inconvenience or trouble to; put out; discommode. — Syn. Annoy, disturb, inconvenience, disquiet, molest. in/com. modi. ous (-m0/dY-i#s), adj. .Not commodious; inconvenient, — -di-ous: ly, adv. — -di-ous- ness, 7. in/com-mod/i-ty (-m6d/7- tt), n. Inconvenience.

in/com-mu/ni-ca-ble (-mii’/n?-kda-b’l), adj. _Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, told, or imparted. — in/com-mu/ni- ca. bili. ty (bil/%ti), in’com-mu/nica-ble-ness,

7. — in/com. mnv/ni.ca- bly, adv.

Math., making an angle with some line or plane. inclined plane. Mech. A plane surface that makes an

in’com-muw/ni-ca/do (in/kd-mi/ni-ka/d6), adj. [Sp. ¢ncomunicado.] Without means of communication; also, in

b Archaic. Party or following. in/cii-nom/e-ter (in‘/kli-ndm/¢-tér), n. [incline -+ meter.] 1. Magnetism. An apparatus to aetenee the direction of the earth’s magnetic force with relation to the plane of the horizon; a dip needle with its accessories. 2. A machinist’s clinometer. See cuinometeR. 3. An. instrument or device for indicating the inclination to the horizontal of an axis of an aircraft. in-close’ (in-kloz’), v. t. [See encrose.] In To enclose.

a Unchangeable. b Unexchangéable. — in/com-mut/abil/i-ty (-bil’7-ti), -mut/a-ble-ness, n. — -mut/a-bly, adv. in/som-pact’ (in/kom-pakt’), adj. Not compact; not solid; loose; discrete. — -pact/ly, adv. — -pact/ness, n. in-com/pa-ra-ble (in-k6m/pda-ra-b’l), adj. 1. Beyond comparison; without a peer or equal; matchless. 2. Incommensurable; — followed by with or to. — in-com/pa-rabil/i-ty (-bil/7-tY), u-com/pa-ra-ble-ness, n. — in-com/pa-ra-bly, ad».

oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. When used as one element of a machine, the machine is classed as a simple machine (which see). in-clin’ing (in-klin’ing), n. a Inclination; disposition.

Ble,

chaotic,

charity;

c&re,

old, Gbey,

Add,

@ccount,

firm,

ask,

Orb, Sdd, s@ft, connect;

sofa;

food,

solitary confinement. in/com-mu/ni.ca/tive (-mii/n?-ka/tiv; -kd-tiv), adj. Not communicative; reserved; exclusive. — -tive-ness, n. in/com-mut/a-ble (- miit/a-b’ 1), adj. Not commutable; as:

Sve, foot;

hére (27),

€vent, &nd,

silént, makér;

out, oil; ctibe, iinite, tim, tip, circés,

ice, Yll, menii;

incompatibility

like; irreconcilable.

3. Pharm. & Med.

Incapable of be-

ing put or used together because of undesirable chemical physiological effects; — said of drugs or the like, and different blood types. — Sym. See INCONSISTENT. — One thatisincompatible; esp., pl.: a Incompatible drugs.

or of 7. b

Incompatible propositions. — in/com-pat/i-bil/i-ty (-bil’ti), in/com-pat/i-ble-ness, n..— -pat/i-bly, adv.

in-com/pe-tence

(in-kdm/pé-téns),

m.

Also in-com/pe-

ten-cy (-tén-si). Quality, state or fact of being incompetent; inadequacy; specif., want of legal qualification or fitness, — Syn. Disability, unfitness, inability. — Ant. Ability, adequacy, proficiency. in-com/pe-tent (in-kom/pé-tént), adj. [F. incompétent,

fr. LL. incompetens.] Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, capacity, qualifications, or the like; specif., not haying the necessary legal qualifications. — mn. One

who is incompetent, as one incapable of managing his affairs because mentally deficient or undeveloped. — in-com/petent-ly, adv. in/com-plete’ (in’kom-plét’), adj. (LL. incompletus.] Not complete; not finished; not having all its parts; imperfect; defective. — in’com-plete/ly, adv. — in’com-plete/ness, n. — in/com.ple’tion (-ple/shin), n. in’com-pli/ant (-pli’ant), adj... Not compliant; unyielding; of substances, not pliant. — in’/com.pli/ance (-dns), in/-

com.-pli’an-cy (-dn-si), n. — in’/com-pli/ant-ly, adv. in/com-pre-hen/si-ble (in/kOm-pré-hén/si-b’l), adj. _ 1. Archaic.

That no limits can contain; illimitable.

2. Not

capable of being comprehended; unintelligible. — in/com-

pre-hen/si-bil/1-ty (-bil’7-ti), in’com-pre-hen/si-ble-ness, n. — in/com-pre-hen/si-bly, adv. in/com.pre-hen/sive (-siv), adj. Not comprehensive.

in’com-press/i-ble (in’/kom-prés/%-b’l), adj. Not compressible; resisting or incapable of compression. — in/com-press/i-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), n. in’/com.put’a-ble (-piit’a-b’l), adj.

Not computable.

in/con-ceiv’a-ble (in’/kdn-sév’a-b’l), adj. Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived, imagined, or believed. — in/-

con-ceiv/a-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), in/con-ceiv’a-ble-ness, n. — in/con-ceiv’a-bly, adv. in’con-clv/sive (-klo0’sivy), adj. Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not leading to a definite result. — in/conclu’sive-ly, adv. — in’con-clu’sive-ness, n.

in/con-den’sa-ble (-dén/sd-b’l), adj. Also -si-ble (-s%-b’l). Not condensable; incapable of being condensed. — in/conden/sa-bil’i-ty, -si-bil’i-ty (-bYl/7-tY), n. in-con/dite ({n-k6n/dit), adj. [L. inconditus, fr. in- not -+ conditus, past part. of condere to put or join together.]

Badly put together; unformed; crude. in/con-form/i-ty (In’/kdn-f6r/mi?-ti), n. Want of conformity. in-con/gru-ent (in-kong/grd0-ént), adj. Incongruous; not congruent. —in-con/gru-ence (-éns), eat-ly, adv. ie caer

in/con-gru/i-ty

(in/k6ng-gro0/%-tl),

n.;

n. — in-con/gru2

pl. -TIES

(-tiz).

1. Quality or state of being incongruous; unsuitableness;

inconsistency.

2. That which is incongruous.

in-con/gru-ous (in-kdng’gro6-%s), adj. [L. incongruus.] Not congruous or congruent; specif.: a Incompatible; as,

incongruous beliefs. b Not conforming (to); being at variance (with); as, conduct incongruous with one’s ethics. Lacking propriety. d@ Having inconsistent or in-

harmonious parts, qualities, etc. —Sym. See INCONSISTENT. —in-con’gru-ous-ly, adv. — in-con/gru-ous-ness, n. in’con-sec’u-tive (in/kdn-sék/ii-tiv), adj. Not consecutive. in-con’se-quent (in-kon’sé-kwént; -kwént), adj. _ [L. inconsequens. See IN- not; CONSEQUENT.] 1. Not following from the premises; illogical. 2. Not in sequence; inconsecutive; irrelevant. 3. Characterized by want of logic or relevancy. — -Se-quence, n. — -Se-quent-ly, adv.

in-con/se-quen’tial (-kwén/shdl), adj.

irrelevant.

2. Unimportant;

1. Inconsequent;

VAR

courteous. — in/con-sid’er-ate-ly,

adv. — in/con-sid’er-

— in/con-sid/er-a’tion (-a/shwin), n.

in/con-sist/ence (in’kdn-sis’téns), n. Inconsistency. in’con-sist/en-cy Coy n.; pl. -ctes (-siz). Quality, state, or an instance, of

being inconsistent.

inharmonious;

—

*

Not consistent; incompatible; specif.:

a Of

propositions,

ideas, beliefs, etc., so related that both (or all) cannot be true. b Of persons, incoherent or illogical in thought or actions; hence, inconstant; fickle. — -ent-ly, adv.

Syn. Contradictory, inconsonant, discordant, dissonant, discrepant. — Inconsistent, incongruous, incompatible. Inconsistent implies contradiction or discrepancy; incongruous, lack of harmony, or reciprocal unsuitability, often verging on absurdity; incompatible

chair;

go;

sing;

then,

thin;

disconsolate. — in/con-sol/a-bil/i-ty

_Not consolable;

(-bil’%-ti),

-sol/a-

_ble-ness, n. — in/con-sol’a-bly, adv. in-con’so-nant (in-kon’sd-ndnt), adj. Not consonant; _discordant. — -So-nance (-ndns), n. — -So-nant-ly, adv. in/con-spic/u-ous (in/kdn-spik/ii-t%is), adj. Not-conspicu-

ous; hardly discernible; not prominent or striking. —- in/-

_con-spic’/u-ous-ly, adv. — in’con-spic/u-ous-ness, 7. in-con/stant (in-kon/stdnt), adj. Not constant; not stable or uniform; changeable; fickle. — Sym. See FAITHLESS. — _in-con/stan-cy (-stdn-st), n. —in-con/stant-ly, adv. in’con-sum/a-ble. (in/kdn-siim/d-b’l), adj. Not consum-

_able; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent.

in/con-test/a-ble (-tés/td-b’l), adj. Not contestable; not to be disputed or controverted. — Syn. Undeniable, indubitable,

indisputable,

incontrovertible,

irrefragable,

unguestionable, certain. — in/con-test/a-bil/i-ty uti), m. — in’con-test’a-bly, adv. in-con’ti-nent_(in-kdn/ti-nént),

continens.

adj._

(-bil’-

[OF., or fr. L. in-

See IN- not; CONTINENT.]

1, Not continent;

esp., not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly

the sexual appetite; also, unable to contain, keep, or restrain; as, tnconiinent of secrets. 2. Med. Unable to restrain natural evacuations. — in-con/ti-nence (-néns), _n,. — in-con/ti-nent-ly, adv. in-con/ti-nent, adv. Also in-con’tinently. [F. incontinent, fr. L. in continent (sc. tempore), lit., in continuous time.]

Archaic.

At once; immediately.

in’con-trol/la-ble ({n’/kdn-trol’a-b’l), adj.

Uncontrollable.

in/con-tro-vert’i-ble_ (in’kOn-tré-vfir’ti-b’l), adj. Not controvertible; indisputable. — in/con.tro.vert/i-bil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), -vert’i-ble-ness, n. — -vert/i-bly, adv.

in’/con-ven/ience (in/kdn-ven’yéns), n. 1. Quality or condition of being inconvenient; discomfort; incommodiousness.

2. That which is inconvenient; esp., that which

gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness. —v. t.; -IENCED (-yénst); -IENC-ING (-yén-sing). To put to inconvenience; to incommode.

in/con-ven/ien-cy (-yén-si), n. _Inconvenience. in/con-ven/ient (-yént), adj. [OF., fr. L. inconveniens.]

L. Obs. Not suitable; inexpedient. 2. Not convenient; giving trouble, annoyance, or delay; disadvantageous; in-

opportune. — Sy « Incommodious, uncomfortable, cum-

bersome, unhandy, unseasonable, troublesome, annoying.

— in/con-ven/ient-ly, adv. in’/con-vert/i-ble (in/kdn-viir’t?-b’l), adj.

Not convertible;

of paper money, not exchangeable on demand for specie. — in/con.vert/i-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), -vert’i-ble-ness, n.

in/con-vin/ci-ble (-vin’/st-b’l), adj. & mn, .(One) not convincible. — in/con-vin/ci-bil/i-ty (-bil/%-ti), x. — in/con-

vin/ci-bly, adv. in/—co—or’di-nate ({n/k6-6r/d%-nat), adj.

in/—co-or’di-na/tion (-na/shiin), n.

Notco-ordinate.

Want of co-ordina-

tion.

in-cor’/po-ra-ble (in-kér’pd-rd-b’l), adj.

Capable of being incorporated. [L. incorporatus. See 1Nin-cor’po-rate (-rat) adj. not; CORPORATE. ] incorporeal.

in-cor’po-rate, adj.

[L. incorporatus, past part. of in-

corporare to incorporate, fr. provoking little laugh; provoking to dignity; incensed at insults,

ir/ri-tat/ing (tating), adj. ir/ri-tat/ing-ly, adv.

ir/ri-ta’tion (-ta/shtim), n.

Provoking; that incenses. —

An irritating, or state of being

irritated; specif., Med., a condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body.

ir/ri-ta/tive (ir/7-ta/tiv), adj, tating.

1. Serving to irritate; irri-

2. Accompanied with, or produced by, irritation,

ir-rup’tion (i-rip’shtin), n.

([L. irruptio, fr. irrumpere,

irruptus, fr. ir- in + rumpere to break.) 1, A bursting in. 2. A sudden and violent inroad or invasion. ir-rup’tive (-tiv), adj. 1. Rushing in or upon; tending to irruption. 2. Petrology. Intrusive. is (iz; 4). [AS.]_ A verb form supplying the third person _singular, present indicative, of the verb be; as, he is a man.

is-. = Iso-. V’saac (i/zak), n. (LL., fr. Heb. VitshGg, lit., laughter.] Bib. A Hebrew patriarch, son of Gra tah and Sarah, husband of Rebekah, and father of Jacob and Esau.

is’a-cous’tic (is/é-k00s/tik; -kous/tik), adj.

[is--+ acous-

tic.] Of or pertaining to equal intensity of sound. i/sa-go’ge (1/sa-g0/jé), n. LL., fr. Gr. evsagage, fr. eisagein

to introduce, fr. evs into + agein to lead.] An introduction,

as to a subject of research. — i/sa-gog’ic (-g0j/ik), adj. i/sa-gog/ics (-g6j/tks), i/sa-gog’ic (ik), n. [See Jed

Introductory study; esp., Theol., study of the literary an

external history of the Bible.

sofa; @ve;

charity; old, Sbey, Orb, dd, sdit, cdnnect; food, £S6t;

hére (27),

€vent,

&nd,

out, oil; ctibe, wnite,

silént,

makér;

ice,

Yl,

Grn, tip, circts, menii;

|

Isaiah

535

I-sa/iah (i-2a/yd; i-21’a), n. (Heb. Yésha’yah, lit., salvation.] aA major Hebrew prophet in Judah (about 740 _to 701 B.c.). b A book of the Old Testament. i/sa-tin (i’sd-tYn; {z/d-), n. Also, less properly, i’sa-tine (tin; -ten). [NL. Isatis, a genus of plants, fr. L. isatis a kind of plant, fr. Gr. isatis woad.] Chem. An orange-red

crystalline compound,

CsHsNO.,

obtained, by oxidation

of indigotin, and from certain other aromatic compounds.

Is.car/i-ot (is-kar/T-6t), mn.

[L. Iscariota, fr. Gr. Iskari-

otes, fr. Heb. ish-gériyoth the man of Kerioth (a village in Palestine).], Surname of Judas, who betrayed Christ; hence, a traitor.

is-che/mi.a, is-chae’mi-a_(is-ké/mi-4), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ¢schein to check + -emia.] Med. Deficiency of blood in a part; local anemia. — is-che/mic (-ké/mik; -kém/ik), adj.

is’chi-um (is/ki-tim), n.; pl. -cata (4).

[L., fr. Gr. ischi-

on.| Anat. The dorsal and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; the seat bone.

Dea

(-dl), is/chi-ad/ic

Yk), adj.

(-Ad’/ik), is/chi-at/ic (-at’-

ise, i’se (is). Scot. & Dial. Eng. contraction of I shall. -ise (-1z). A suffix, in verbs, equivalent to -1z5.

Iseult’ (i-soolt’). Var. of Isorpe. E -ish (ish). [AS. -ise.] A suffix used to form adjectives: a On names of peoples, as in Scottish, Turkish.

b On

nouns, with the meaning of the nature of, belonging to, as

in boyish, clownish, outlandish ;— now often_derogatory in force, with the sense having or showing the unde-

strable traits of, as in childish petulancy; womanish

diplomacy. ¢ On nouns, with the sense of verging upon, suggestive of, resembling, as in bookish phrases. 4dOn adjectives, with the sense of somewhat, as in whitish. Ish’ma-el (ish’m4-él), n. |[Heb. Yishma‘e’l, ie., God

hears.]

Bib. Son of Abraham and Hagar (see HAGAR);

hence, a social outcast.

Ish’ma-el-ite (it), n.

1. A descendant of Ishmael.

An outcast. — Ish’ma-el-it/ish

Ish/tar (ish’tar),

n.

(it/ish), adj.

[Assyr.-Bab.]

2.

Babylon. Relig. The

chief goddess of the pantheon; the goddess of love and of

the reproductive forces of nature; also, esp. with the Assyrians, goddess of war.

i/sin-glass’ (i/zing-glas’), n. [Obs. D. huysenblas, lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon.] AA semitrans-

parent, whitish , and very pure form of gigelatin, prepared from the air bladders of certain fish (originally sturgeons,

now largely cod, ling, and carp). in thin transparent sheets.

Vsis (sis), n. Ast.]

2. Collog.

(L., fr. Gr. Iss, fr. Egypt.

Egypt. Relig.

Mica, esp. /

No

An Egyptian goddess

«ty

of motherhood and fertility, sometimes represented as cow-headed. She is sister

Islam-

{z/-), n.

ing properties, as the is/lands of Lang’er-hans (ling/érhans), groups of granular cells among the gland tubules and

alveoli of the pancreas, which produce an internal secretion controlling the oxidation of sugar, — v.t. 1, To iso-

late. 2. To furnish with or as with islands. is/land-er (i/ldn-dér), n. A native or inhabitant

of an

Islands of the Blessed. Class. Myth. Islands of the Western Ocean, where favorites of the gods dwell, after eath.

Astron.

Any of the million or more

An island; now, usually, a small island.

Chiefly Poetic.

— v, t.& 4. ; ISLED

(ild); Ist’tnc Gl/ing). To island; also, stay in an isle. is/let (7/lét; -lft), n. [OF. islette, dim. of isle.] A little island.

-ism (Iz’m). -ismos.]

[F. or L.; F. -isme, fr. L. -ismus, fr. Gr.

A suffix forming nouns, with the meaning of:

a Action: (1) Act or fact of doing (what,the corresponding verb denotes), often also the result, as in baptism, ostra-

cism, plagiarism.

(2) Manner. of action or conduct

characteristic of (the person or kind of person indicated),

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

[Gr. isos equal.]

_A combining form

meaning equal, alike, the same: similarity,

uniformity,

a Denoting, equality,

or identity,

as in tsochronal.

b (pron. i/sd-; occas. €/sd-) [From, zsomeric.] Chem. Denoting isomeric with, as i/so-cy-an/ic acid, which is iso-

_meric with cyanic acid; i/so-bu’tane, i/so-bu’tyl.

i/so.ag-glu’ti-na/tion (-G-gloo’ti-na’shiin), n,

Med. The

agglutination of the blood corpuscles of an animal (or man)

_ by the serum of another animal of the same species. i/so-ag-glu/ti-nin

(-d-gloo/ti-nin), n.

An agglutinin spe-~

_cific for the cells of another individual of the same species. i’so-bar (1’/sé-bar), n.__ [iso--+ Gr. baros weight.] _ 1. Meteorol.

A line marking places upon the earth’s surface

where the height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time or for a certain period. 2, Chem. One of two atoms having identical atomic

weights but. different _ -bar’ik), adj.

i’so-cheim

Phys. Geog.

atomic

(i’s6-kim),n.

numbers. — i/so-har’ic

[iso--++ Gr. chetma winter.]

An imaginary line connecting places having

the same mean winter temperature.

Cf. IsoTHERE. —i/So-

chei/mal (-ki/md]), i/so-chei/me-nal (-ki/mé-ndl), adj. i/so-chro-mat’/ic (-kré-mat/ik), adj. 1. Optics. Of the same color;— said of lines or curves of the same tint appearing in figures formed by interfering light waves passing through biaxial crystals.

2. Photog.

MATIC.

i-soch’ro-nal

(i-sdk/r6-ndl; -n’l), adj.

= ORTHOCHRO-

Uniform in time;

of equal time; recurring at regular intervals. — i-Soch’ronal-ly, adv. — i-soch’/ro-nism (-niz’m), n.

i-soch’/ro-nize (-niz), v.t.

To render isochronal.

issoch’ro-nous (-nts), adj. [Gr. isochronos, fr. isos equal + chronos time.] Isochronal. — i-soch’/ro-nous-ly, adv. i-soch/ro-ous (-iis), adj. [iso--+-chroous.] Of the same tint or color throughout.

See 1so-;

A system of government in which all have

i/so-cy’a-nine_(i/s6-si/d-nén; -nin), m.

zone on a street. 3. Anat. Any group of cells differentiated from the surrounding tissue, as in structure or stain-

_ galaxies of stars like our own Galaxy. isle @l),”. [OF. cle, isle, fr. L.insula.]

i’so- (1’sd-), is-.

equal political power. — i/so-crat/ic (i’s6-krat/Yk), adj.

I., Is, (sing.& pl.), 2. Anything that is regarded as resembling an island in position, isolation, etc., as a safety

island universe.

[See -1sm.] _ A distinctive doctrine, ideal,

_system, or practice; — usually disparaging.

pEmocracy.]_

faith, doctrines or religious system, or sway, of the Moslems; Islam. Is/lam-ite (-it), 7. A Moslem. Is/lam-ize (-iz), v.7. & t. To conform, or convert, to Islam. is/land (i/ldnd), n. [AS. igland, égland, églond, fr. 7g, ég, teg, island+ land, lond, land.] 1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Abbr.

island.

fied) thing, as in alcoholism.

ism (iz’m), n.

two sides have the same dip. j i/so-clin’ic (-klin’/ik), adj. & n. Isoclinal. i-soc/ra-cy (i-sdk/ra-si), n. (Gr. isokratia..

Isis,

The

as in Quakerism, Berkeleianism, egotism, stoicism, real-

ism. (2) Adherence or attachment to (a system or idea), as in Anglicanism. A characteristic or peculiarity of (esp. language), as in an Americanism, a colloquialzsm. e Med. An abnormal condition from excess of a (speci-

tion or dip, as of a dip needle; as, 7soclinal lines joining

is his prophet. 2. The whole body of Moslems, or the countries they occupy. — Is-

Is/lam-ism | (is/lam-iz’m;

b State, condition, or

from adjectives or nouns of state or condition, as in hypnotism, barbarism. ¢ (1) Doctrine or practice of (a religious or philosophical system or a theory or principle),

points on the earth’s surface. —m. An isoclinal line. i’so-cline (i’sd-klin), n. [See rsocitnaL.] Geol. An anticline or syncline so closely folded that the rock beds of the

ism. Their creed, or formula of faith, is: There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed’

lam/ic (is.lim/Yk; 1z-; Ys-lim/Yk), adj. — Is/lam-it/ic (is/lam-it/¥k; ¥z/-), adj.

as in despotism, heathenism.

fact of being ; — from passive or neutral verb senses, or

i/so-cli/nal (i’s6-kli/ndl; -n’l), adj... [¢so- + Gr. klinein to incline.]_ Of, having, or indicating, equality of inclina-

and wife of Osiris. Is/lam. (is/lam; z/-; fs-lim’), n. [Ar. Islam, lit., submission (to the will of God).]

i. The religion of the Moslems;

isolate

Also -nin.

— [See

Iso-; CyANO-.] |Any of a certain series of dyes capable of sensitizing photographic material. i/so-di/a-met/ric (-di/a-mét’rik), adj. Having equal diameters.

:

fe

i/so-di-mor’phism

(-di-mér/fiz’m),

n.

Mineral.

Iso-

morphism between the two forms, severally, of two dimor-

phous substances. — i/so-di-mor’phous (-ftus), adj.

i/so-dy-nam/ic (-di-nim/Yk; -di-), adj.

Also i/so-dy-nam/-

i-cal (-i-kdl). Of, having, or denoting, equality of force; marking points of the same magnetic intensity.

i/so-e-lec’tric (-é-lék/trik), adj.

Having the same electric

potential; as, 7soelectric points.

i/so-ga-mete’

(-gd-mét’), n.

Biol.

A gamete of a type

not exhibiting sexual or other differentiations.

i-sog’/a-‘mous

(i-sdg’a-miis),

adj.

|

[iso-+-gamous.]

Biol. Characterized by the conjugation of similar gametes.

— i-sog’/a-my (-m)), n. : Z i-sog’e-nous (i-s6j/é-ntis), adj. [iso-+-genous.] Having the same origin. — i-sog/e-ny (-ni), n.

Biol.

i/so-ge’o-therm (1/s6-je’6-thfirm), n. _ [¢so- + geo- + Gr. thermé heat.] Geol.’ A line or curved surface beneath the earth’s surface passing through points having the same mean temperature. — i/so-ge’o-ther’mal (-thtir’mdl),

-ther’/mic (-mik), adj.

i

i-sog/o-nal (i-sdg’/6-ndl; -n’l), adj.

f

Having equal angles.

i/so-gon/ic (i/sd-g0n/Tk), adj. [Gr. isogénios having equal angles.] Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles; indicating equality of declination of the magnetic needle. —mn. An isogonic line. i ; i/so-late (1’s6-lat; {s’6-), v. t.. [From isolated, fr. F. isolé, fr. It. from anenclosed place. 2. Tosally forth;emerge. 3. To sponding values of the dependent and proceed, as progeny; to be descended. To accrue, as independent variables. rents. To be derived; to emanate; to be produced as i/so-pod (-pdd), n. [iso-+ -pod.J an effect; result. 6. To be given out officially, as a proclaAny. of a large order (Isopoda) of small mation, or emitted, as money. 7. To terminate; as, how sessile-eyed crustaceans in which the will the cause issue? —v. t. 1. To cause to issue; to dis-

body is composed of seyen free tho-

charge. 2. To deliver, or give out, as provisions. » Lo send out officially; to publish; to emit. — is’su-er (ish’-

racic segments each bearing a pair of legs typically alike in size and direction. — i’so-pod, adj. — i-sop’o-dan (i-sdp/6-ddn), adj. & n.

i/so-prene (i’sé-prén), n.

UsEr; -O0-€r), 7.

-ist Cist). [F. or L. or,Gr.; F. -dste, fr: L. -¢sta, fr. Gr. -istés.] A suffix forming agent nouns denoting: a One

_[Appar. an

who does, or makes a practice of (1) a given action, com-

arbitrary formation. Cf. -ENrE.] Chem. A volatile liquid hemiterpene, CsHs, obtained by heating rubber and otherwise.

i/so-pro’pyl

(-pro’pil), n.

Chem.

A

caivalee es ical, (CHs).CH, isomeric

with normal

propyl.

monly expressed by a corresponding verb in -ize, as in

monopolist ; or (2) a specified class of conduct, as in bigamist. One who practices a given art, as in rhapsodist; one professionally or particularly occupied with, or

lsopod (Idothea bal-

tica). a Caudal Shield.

i’so-pyre (i’sé-pir), n, [iso-+ Gr. pyr fire.] Mineral. impure opal containing iron, alumina, etc. i-sos/ce-les (i-s0s/é-léz), adj. _[L., fr. Gr._zso-

skelés, fr. tsos equal+ skelos leg.] Geom. ing two equal sides; — of a triangle.

i/so-seis’/mal —n.

((i/si-sis’mal),

An isoseismal line.

adj.

An

Hav-

isth’/mi-an (is’mi-dn; isth’-), adj. isthmus, as [cap.]: a The

Tsoseismic. ;

i/so-seis’mic (-mik), adj.

[iso--+ seismic.] |Af-

i-sos/ta-Sy (i-sds/td-si), n.

[iso-- Gr. stasis a,

Isthmus

Of or pertaining to an of Panama.

b The

Isthmus of Corinth, Greece, or the games anciently cele-

fected with, pertaining to, or indicating equal i ie Tsosceles tensity in an earthquake shock. } ‘Triangle.

‘

standing still.} The state or quality of being isostatic; Geol., general equilibrium in the earth’s crust, supposed to

be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitative stress.

i/so-stat/ic (1/sd-stat/Tk), adj.

skilled in, a given department of knowledge or a (specified)

musical instrument, as in botanist, organist; or a given subject or thing, as in humorist, balloonist. ¢ One who professes, or adheres to, or advocates to an extreme, a given doctrine, system, or cult, commonly denoted by a _corresponding noun in -ism, as in atheist, hedonzst.

Subjected to equal pressure

_ brated there. — mn. A native or inhabitant of an isthmus. isth’mus (is’mts; Isth’-), n.; pl. istumusES (-€z; -¥z), IstHMI (-mi). [L., fr. Gr. isthmos isthmus, neck, narrow passage.] _ 1. Geog. A neck or narrow strip of land by which two larger portions of land are connected. 2. Anat.

Zool.

A contracted part or passage connecting two

_larger structures or cavities.

is’tle (is’tl®),m. Also ix/tle (iks/tlé; -tl¥; s’-).

[Sp. iztle

fr, Nahuatl ichtli.]_ a The fiber from the leaves of a kind of wild pineapple (Bromelia sylvestris). b The fiber from

various Mexican agaves, used for cordage, basketry, etc. from every side; being in hydrostatic equilibrium. i/so-there (i/sd-thér), i-soth’er-al (i-sdth/ér-dl; 1/s6-th@r- Is/tri-an (is/tri-dn), adj. & n. from Isrrta, Gaz. al), m. ([tso-+ Cr theros summer.] Phys. Geog. A line it (it; 4), pron.; poss. 17s; obj. 1. [ME. it, hit, fr. AS. joining points on the earth’s surface having the same mean hit, neut. of hé.] The neuter pronoun of the third person, summer temperature. — i-soth’er-al, adj. singular number, used: 1. As a substitute for any neuter Vso.therm (-tharm), n. [iso--++ Gr. therm? heat.] 1, noun in the nominative or objective case. 2. Asa demon-

file, chaotic, cAre, dd, dccount, rm, ask, sofa; Eve, hére (27), Event, Snd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Old, Sbey, Grb, Gdd, séft, cdnnect; fO0d, foot; out, oil; ctibe, nite, fim, wip, circt%s, menti;

itacolumite strative; as, what is 7t?

537

3. As an indefinite nominative

for an'impersonal verb; as, zt snows.

As a substitute

for such general terms as the State of affairs or the circumstances; as, how fares it? As a grammatical (usually anticipatory) subject or object of a verb; as, zt is hard to believe what one hears. 6. Collog. Asan indefinite object after some verbs, or after a substantive used as a verb; as,

to foot it. — 7. In certain games, as tag, the player who _must perform a given task, as catching another player. ©

it/a-col/u-mite (it/d-kél/ti-mit), n. | [From Itacolumi, a

izzard

a circuit. -—=7. One who travels from place to place. — _i-tin’er-ant-ly, adv. i-tin/er-ar’y (1-tin’ér-ér’T; 1-; -€r-¥; 3), adj. Pertaining toa route, or journeying, or roads. —7.; pl. -ARIES (-iz).. 1.

Aroute.

2. Arecordofaiourney.

&. A travelers’ guide-

_ book or outline of a route. 1-tin/er-ate (i-tin’ér-at; i-), vz. [LL. ctineratus, past part.] Totravel about or on a circuit, esp. to preach. —

i-tin/er-a/tion, n.

developed from the vulgar, or popular, Latin of ancient

-i/tion (-ish’tn). [F. or L.; F. -ition, fr. L. -itionem.]. A noun suffix equivalent to -ATION, as in audition, transition. -I’tious (ish/tis). [L. -iciws.] An adjective suffix denoting of the nature of or characterized by, as in fictitious. -i/tis (-i/tis; by some -é’tis). _[Gr. -itis, orig. fem. adi. suffix.] A noun suffix used to denote: A disease ;specif., an i aaraetory disease of a (specified) part, as in bronitis.

T-tal’ian-ate (-at), adj. Having an Italian form, character,

pound suffix used in naming certain alcohols having more _ than one hydroxyl group.

mountain of Brazil.]_

Petrog.

A schistose micaceous

quartzite which in thin layers is flexible (called flexible

sandstone)._

Af

I-tal/ian (i-tal’ydn), adj.

ak

Of or pertaining to Italy or its

people, or their language or literature.

I-tal/ian, n.

1. A native or citizen of Italy, or a member of

one of its native races.

2. The language of the Italians,

times, the standard dialect being the Tuscan.

or appearance. — (-at), v. t. To Italianize. 7 I-tal/ian-ism (-iz’m), n. A practice, phrase, or idiom,

peculiarly Italian; Italian quality, spirit, etc.

f

I.tal/ian-ize (-iz), v.i.. To speak or become. Italian. —v.t. To render Italian in any respect. — I-tal/ian.i-

za’tion, n.

:

aA

Italic (1-tal/Tk), adj. [L.JItalicus.] 1. Of or pertaining to ancient Italy orits peoples. 2. [not cap.] Designating

type in which the letters slope up toward the right, as in

these words. See TYPE, n. —n. [not cap.] An italic letter or type, or such letters, print, etc,, collectively, called also italics and now used chiefly to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc., or to indicate words borrowed from a foreign language and regarded as not yet Anglicized. See TYPE, n. I-tal/i-cism (-7-siz’m), n.

An Italianism.

:

i-tal/i-cize (-siz), v.¢.& 72. To print in italics; to underline

(written letters or words) with a single line. ati itch (ich), n. [AS. gicce. See rrcu,v.] 1. An itching, contagious eruption of the skin; specif., one caused by a certain parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabiet) that burrows and breeds in the skin of man and animals; scabies. sensation in the skin occasioned, or like that occasioned, by

theitch eruption,

3. Aconstantirritating desire. —v. 2.

[ME. icchen, yicchen, fr. AS. giccan.]

1. To have an

uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected. 2. To have a constant desire; to long. — itch’y (ich’i), adj.

-ite (it).

([F. orL. or Gr.; F. -ite, fr. L. -cta, -ctes, fr. Gr.

-ités, fem. -itis.] 1. A noun suffix denoting: a A native or citizen of, as in Gothamite. b One of a party, a sym-

pathizer with or adherent of, as in Benthamite. 2. An explosive or any of various other manufactured substances, as in melinite. Chem. = -ITOL, as in mannite. 4.

Mineral.

A mineral or rock, as in anthracite, syentte.

5. Paleontology. A fossil, as in trilobite. _6. Zool. division of the body or of a part, asin somite.

-ite.

[L.-itws, an ending of past participles.]

A :

A suffix in

adjectives, and verbs formed from Latin past participle

stems, as in favorite, exquisite, expedite, unite. -ite. [Arbitrary var. of -afe (see Ist -ATE, 3).] Chem.

A

suffix denoting a salt or, ester formed from an acid whose

name ends in -ous, as nitrite, from nitrous acid. i/tem (i’tém; -t@m), adj. [L.] Also; — used to introduce

each article inan enumeration. —7. 1. Obs. A warning; ahint. 2. An article; a separate particularin an enumeration or account; a detail,

3. A separate piece of news or

information; a short article; paragraph.

—v. t. To set or

note down as an item, or by or in items.

sah

i/tem.ize (i/tém-iz), v. t., Chiefly U.S. To state in items, or by particulars; as, to itemize charges or an invoice.

it’/er-ance (it/ér-dns), n. it/er-ant (dnt), adj.

Iteration; repetition.

[L. iterans, pres. part.]_

; Iterating.

it/er-ate (-at), v.¢. (CL. diéeratus, past part. of ¢terare to repeat, fr. iterwm again.] _To utter or do a second time or

many times; to repeat. — it/er-a/tion, n. it/er-a/tive (-a’tiv; -a-tiv), adj. Repeating; repeated. V’thunn, I’/thun (é’thoon), n. Norse Myth. The wife of Bragi, having the golden apples of youth in her keeping. L-thu/ri-el (-thi/ri-2)), ». [Heb. yithtir7’él the superiority

of God.] In Milton’s Paradise Lost, an angel who found Satan “squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,” and _transformed him by a touch of his spear to his proper shape.

ith’y-phal/lic (ith’i-fal/ik), adj. [L. ithyphallicus, fr. Gr. ithyphallikos, fr. ihuphalias membrum virile erectum, or

a figure thereof.]_ 1. Of the phallus carried in the festivals of Bacchus; hence, lewd. 2. Written in the meter of the Bacchic hymns; esp., consisting of a trochaic tripody.

An ithyphallic poem.

i-tin’er-a-cy (i-tin’ér-d-st; i-), n.

—

7.

Also i-tin’er-an-cy (-dn-

si). Act of itinerating, or stateof being itinerant. 2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; also, a body of itinerants.

3. Itinerant preach-

, As. y é she r i-tin’er-ant (-dnt), adj. (LL. itinerans, -antis, pres. part. of itinerari to make a journey, fr. L. zter, itineris, a_walk, journey.] Passing about a country; going or preaching on

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattre, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

-I-tol (-i-tol; -7-tdl).

[1st.-ite + -ol, 1.].

Chem., A com-

its (its), adj. _ [it, pron. + ’s, possessive case ending.]

1. f or belonging to it, that object, or itself, as possessor. 2. Of or relating to it as source, cause, agent, etc. 3. or relating to it as object. it’s (its). Contraction of it is. it-self’ (itself), pron. Emphasized or reflexive form of tt.

-Lty (%ti). | [F. or L.; F, -ité, fr. L. -itas.

See-ry.]

A

suffix denoting state, condition, quality, or degree, as in

acidity, calamity. -ive (iv). ([F.orL.; F. - Certain words ending with the sound of 7 are always

spelled with -7se after the French -iser or -ise, as devise,

surprise. But, the great body of words so ending are spelled either -ize or -cse. There is a tendency to prefer the -ize spelling.. In general, the forms in -tse are not en-

tered in this dictionary. See Orthography, § 18. iz’/zard (iz/érd), n. [Formerly ezed.] Dial. The letter li

=ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Explanaticns of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word:

5

538

Jacobean

J much more cowardly than wolves. 2. One who does mean work for another’s advantage. J ’ J of the Aris ‘alphabet. J is a late variant of the Latin I, which was used indifferently as a vowel or as a con- jack’/a-napes/ (jik/a-naps’),n. _[ForJacko’ (= of) Napes (for Naples) a Jack (monkey sonant (English y in yet), As the form prolonged above or or ape) from Naples in Italy.] 1. Archaic. below the line was often initial, and the initial was usually consonantal, the J gradually became differentiated from 7 A monkey; an ape. A coxcomb; an im-

* (ja), n.;

pl. J’s, YS, JS, JS Gaz).

1. The tenth letter

in function as well as form until in the 17th century the distinction of 7 as consonant and 7 as vowel was fully estab-

lished.

In English, the regular sound of j is as in jet

pertinent or conceited fellow.

jack/a-roo’ (jak/a-ro0’), m.. garoo.]

_Collog., Australia.

[Jack + kanAn inexperi-

(= dzh), the same asgingem. See Pron.,§ 59. Etymoenced colonist. logically, English j is of varied origin (cf. the etymologies of jack’/ass/ (jik’as’/;9),n. [Jack+ass.] 1. conjure, jelly, jot, journey, joy). 2. a An instance of A male ass. dolt; a blockhead. the letter J, j, printed, written, etc. bh The sound of the jack hoot, jack’boot’ (jak’boot’), n. Akind letter J. c As a Roman numeral, 1; — still used in preof large boot reaching above the knee, forscriptions (vi=6). 9&8. Asa symbol, tenth in order or class, merly worn by cavalrymen. jab Gib), v.é & ¢.; JABBED (jibd); jan/Binc. [Var. of jack/daw’ (jik’d6’), d n, . _LJack + daw, n.J jos tostab.] To thrust abruptly with something sharp; to glossy black crowlike bird (CorTed poke. —n. A jabbing. : -: vus monedula) of Europe, sim- , jab/ber (jab’ér), v. 7. & t. To talk or utter rapidly, indis- Jlar to the American grackles. tinctly, or unintelligibly; to chatter. — mn. Act of jabber- jack’et (jak/ét; -it), n. F. ing; incoherent utterance; gibberish. — jab’ber-er, n. jaquette, dim. of jague. ee jab/i-ru (jab/%-r00), n. _ [Sp. & Pg. jabiri, fr. Tupi jabiru, 2d JACK.) | short coat jaburt.] The wood ibis (Mycteria americana). _ _ without skirts, usually with Loe jab/o-ran/di (jib/S-ran’di), n.. (Pg. & Sp., fr. Tupi jabosleeves. Any of. various randi.) Pharm. The dried leaflets of a rutaceous shrub outer coverings or casings; as:, Jackdaw. (Pilocarpus

carpine. a/bot’

jaborandi),

(zha/bd/ or, esp.

containing

alkaloids,

as pilo-

:

Brit., zha’bd), n. ; pl. JABOTS (zha/-

Jabot ea boe. FP. zha/bo). {F.] worn by men on the shirt bosom.

1. Originally, a ruffle 2. A trimming of lace,

tulle, chiffon, etc., worn by women down the dress front.

ja/ca-na’ (zha/sa-ni’), n._

[Pg., fr. Tupi jaganam,

jassa-

nam.] Any ofa family (Jacanidae) of wading birds having extremely long toes, enabling them to run about on floating ly pads. Sa ip

ja’cinth (ja’/sinth; jis’Inth), n. LOF. cacinte, iacincte (F. jacinthe), fr. L. hyacinthus.] Hyacinth, the gem, esp. when nearly pure orange in color. : jack Gk), n.; pl. Jacks (jks), sometimes Jacx. [Pg. jaca, fr. Malayalam cakka.] 1. The fruit of a large East Indian moraceous tree (Artocarpus integra), allied to the breadfruit; also, the tree, or its fine-grained yellow wood, used in cabinetwork. 2. The carnation.

jack Gk), n. [OF. jaque, fr. Sp. jaco jacket, coat of rail 1. A coarse medieval coat of defense, esp. one of leather. 2. [Perhaps from its resernblance toa jack book) ot has

waxe

A pitcher or can for liquor, originally of

a U.S.

A wrapper for an official document.

Fi

Ki)

Jack Béot

a

:

A common

(742)

b A tough

metal covering on a bullet or projectile. c¢ A coating or lagging of some nonconducting material, used to prevent heat radiation. d An outer casing through which can be passed a fluid for maintaining a predetermined temperature. € A detachable outer paper wrapper, issued with _a bound book. jack’-in—a—box’, n. A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora, family Hernandiaceae),

bear-

_when the lid is raised, a figure springs. jack’—in-the-pul’pit, n.; pl. -putrits.

An

_ing a drupe that rattles in the calyx when dry. jack’—in—the—box’, n.; pl. JACK-IN-THE-BOXES, A child’s toy, consisting of a box, out of which,

American spring-flowering woodland herb (Arisaema triphyllum) of the arum family, bearing an upright club-shaped spadix with an overarching green and purple spathe.

Jack Ketch

_cutioner.]

(kéch).

[After a notorious exe-

Eng. A public hangman.

jack’knife’ (jik/nif’), n.;

pl. -KNIVES (-nivz/).

f

Spathe :

Spadix

and

of

Jack-in-thepulpit. (4%)

1. A large, strong pocketknife. 2. A dive in which the diver bends from the waist and touches his ankles while holding his knees un-

flexed.

jack/—of—all/—trades’, n. A person who can do passable work at various trades; a handy man.

jack’—o’-lan’tern, n.; pl. -LANTERNS.

An ignis fatuus. 2. A lantern made of a pumpkin, so as to show fea_tures of a human face. jack pot. Poker. A pot or pool which

cannot be opened until some player has a pair of jacks or better.

jack rabbit. Any of several large hares (genus Lepus) of western North

Sa

Jackknife, 2.

America, having very long ears and long hind legs.

jack’screw’ (jik/skroo’), n.

A jack in which a screw is

_used for lifting, or exerting pressure. jack’snipe’ (-snip’), n. ;see PLURAL, Note,3. a A true snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula) of the Old World, smaller than the common snipe. The pectoral sandpiper. Ratchet Jack with additional Foot jack’stay’ (-sta’),. Naut. a Aniron rod, wooden bar, or Lift. A Socket for wire rope, stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the Elevating Lever; sails are fastened. b A support of wood, iron, or rope, runB Pawl to lift ning up and down a mast, on which a yard travels. Rack;C Detent to jack’stone’ (-stdn’), n.. a pl. A game played with five or keep, Rack from six smal] stones or specially shaped pieces of metal. b One slipping back; D of such metal pieces. Rack; £ Lifting Is

11. Mech.

& Mach.

A portable ma-

chine, for exerting great pressure, or lifting a heavy body through a small distance, as a jackscrew, a ratchet jack, a

hydraulic jack.

12. Nault.

A bar of

iron at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast and spread the royal

shrouds.

Nav.

Foot; ead.

A small flag used

F

Lifting

as a signal, usually the same as the union (called more fully

union jack).

i

:

i

—v.t. 1. To move orlift by means of a jack; — with up; hence, Collog.: a,To increase, as

prices. _b To bring up to one’s duty. 2. U.S. To hunt or fish for at night witha jack.

jack’—a-dan/dy,

mn.

A

little

3._

(Turk. chagal,

fr. =

Per. shagal, shaghal.] 1. Any of several wild dogs (esp. Canis aureus)

1. An effigy stuffed with straw.

One of a set of straws or of strips of ivory, bone, etc., thrown ina heap, to be plucked out without disturbing the rest; also, pl., the game so played. jack’—tar’ (jik’tar’), n. Collog. A sailor.

jack towel. A coarse towel, hung on a roller. Ja/coh (ja’ktib),n. (CLL. Jacobus. See 3d jack.]

Bib.

Hebrew patriarch, son of Isaac and Rebekah, father of the twelve patriarchs (Gen. xxv-l).

dandy, or foppish fellow. lip jack’al (j4k/6l), n.; see PLURAL, Note,

jack’straw’ (-strd’), m.

Jac/o-be/an (jak/d-bé/dn), adj. [NL. & LL. Jacobaeus, fr. Jacobus Jacob, James.] Of or pertaining to James I, of 2S

Jackal (C. aureus).

(140)

i of the Old World, smaller, more yellowish, and

England, his reign or times; specif., designating, or pertaining to, a style of architecture and decoration prevailing in

England in the early 17th century, a continuation-of the Elizabethan, with freer use of the classical orders. — 7. A Jacobean statesman or writer.

le, chaotic, cre, Add, dccount, arm, ask, sofa; Gve, hére (27), Event, nd, silént, makér; ice, ‘ll, charity; Gld, Obey, Orb, Gdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, nite, Gn, tip, circés, menii;

Jacobin

japan

539

Jac’o-bin (jak/d-bin), n. [F.] 1. Eccl. Hist. A Dominican friar. _One of a society or club of radical democrats in France during the revolution of 1789; hence, a plotter against an existing government; a violent radical or turbuent, demagogue. [not cap.] A breed of fancy pigeons having the neck feathers reversed, forming a fluffy hood.

Jac’o-bin/ic (-bin/ik), Jac’/o-bin/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj.

Of or

Vars. of Jah/ve, Jah’veh (ya’vé), Jah’/vism, etc. _ YAHWEH, etc. s ae : jail Gal), n. Also gaol Gal). [OF. jaiole, ONF. gaiole, fr. VL. cabeola, dim. fr. L. cavea cage.] A building for

the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, esp. for minor offenses or pending judicial proceeding; a lockup.

— v. t. To confine in or, as ina

jail.

Jac’/o-bin-ism (jak/6-bin-iz’m), n.. 1. The principles of the French Jacobins; violent radicalism, esp. in politics.

jail/bird’ (-bfird’),. _ Also gaol’/bird’. Collog. A prisoner in jail; a habitual criminal. 4 ‘ jaildelivery. 1. Eng. Law. The clearing ofa jail by bringing the prisoners to trial, esp. at the assizes.. 2. Deliver-

BEAN.] Eng. Hist. A partisan or adherent of James II, after his abdication, or of his descendants. — Jac’o-bit/i-cal

jail’er (-€r),n. Also jail’or, gaol’er. The keeper ofa jail. Jain (jin), Jai/na (ji/nd). [Hind. Jaina, fr. Skr. Jaina,

Ja’coh’s lad/der (ja’/ktibz). _1. The ladder which Jacob

Jain/ism (-iz’m), n. A heterodox Hindu religion founded about the 6th century B.c. in which the Vedas are rejected, as in Buddhism, and respect for the lives of animals is car-

pertaining to the Jacobins of France; violently radical.

A Jacobinic idea or trait. — Jac’o-bin-ize (-iz), v. t. Jac/o-bite (-bit), n. [LL. Jacobus James. See JAco-

(-bit/i-kal), adj. — Jac’o-bit-ism (jik’6-bit-1z’m), n.

saw in his dream. (Gen. wire ladder with wooden Ja/cob’s—lad/der, n.. A nial herb (Polemonium

xxviii. 12.) 2. Naut. A rope or or iron rungs. pinnate-leaved European perencaeruleum) with bright-blue. or

white flowers; also, any of several related American species. ja-co’/bus (ja-k6’bis), m. [See Jacosirr.] The unite. jac/o-net (jak/é-nét),; m. (Corrupt. of Jagannath (now

Puri), India, where

first made.] _A thin cotton fabric, used

for dresses, infants’ garments, etc.

Jacquard’ loom (jd-kard’). | [After v6 M. Jacquard (1752-1834), a French mechanician.] loom fitted with

a mechanism controlled by a chain of perforated cards, for weaving figured fabrics.

Jacque’mi-not

(jak/mY-no; Ff. zhak/mé/no’), n.

[After a

French general.] A deep crimson perennial rose. ||Jac’que-rie’ (zhak/ré’), n._ CF.) A revolt of French

peasants against the nobles in 1358, named from the con-

temptuous title, Jacques’ Bon/homme?’ (zhak’ bd/ném/) given by the nobles to the peasantry; hence, any revolt of

Peasants, jac-ta’tion

seaisNte

(jak-ta/shvin), n.

throw, boast.]

1. Med.

30:

[L. jactatio, fr. jactare to

Jactitation.

jac’ti-ta’tion (jik/ti-ta’shiin),

n.

2. Boasting.

[ML. jactitatio.]

1.

Boasting; bragging; specif., Law, false boasting or assertions repeated to another’s prejudice; falseclaim. 2. Med.

ance from a jail, whether by force or otherwise. fr. jina saint, fr. jina victorious.]

|

An adherent of Jainism.

ried to great lengths. jaVap Gal/ap), n. [F., fr. Sp. galapa, fr. Jalapa, town in Mexico.] a The purgative tuberous root of a Mexican

plant (Hxogoniwm jalapa) of the morning-glory family,

or a powdered drug from it.

jal/a-pin (jal/a-pin), ».

b Any plant yielding jalap.

Chem.

An ether-soluble glucoside

constituent (about ten per cent) of true jalap resin. CF jal/ou-sie’ (zhal/d0-ze’ or, esp. Brit., zhil’00-2@), n. prop., jealousy.]__ A blind or a shutter having horizonta ul slats sloping like louver boards, to admit air and light and , exclude sun and rain, ; jam (jam), v.t.; JAMMED

(jamd); jam’/minc.. Also jamb, Gam). 1. To press intoa close or tight position; to crowd; squeeze; wedge in; also, to thrust or apply with force and suddenness; as, to yam one’s brakes on; to force as if by jamming; as, to jam _a bill through a legislature. 2. To crush or bruise. 3. To cause to be wedged or fixed so as to

be unworkable, as some movable part of a machine. 4. Radio. To render (radio signals) unintelligible by sending interfering

signals.

wedged, or fixed.

—v.7%.

1. To

become

blocked,

2. To become unworkable through the

wedging or fixing of some part or parts.

«

of large

Toadies

size, with a long handle, used

in lading or dipping.

— v. t.; LA’DLED (-d’ld); LA’DLING

(-dling). To take up and convey (-dlér), n.

la-drone’ (1a-dron’), n.

in a ladle. — la/dler

1 ‘[Sp. ladrén, fr. L., latro robber.]

A thief; highwayman; — in Spanish-speaking regions.

la-dron’ism (ld-dron/iz’m),n.

ChieflyPhil.I.

Robbery

or intimidation by ladrones; brigandage.

la’dy (la’di), n.; pl. Laptes

(-diz).

[ME. ladi, lavedi,

lafdi, fr. AS. hlz#fdige, fr. hlaf loaf + a stem akin to d%ge

maid.} 1. Obs. The mistress of a household, 2. A woman having proprietary rights, rule, or authority; — a feminine correlative of lord. [cap.] Specif., the Virgin Mary; — usually with Our. 4. [cap.] In the British Empire, a title prefixed to the name of women of certain ranks, as to that of: (1) A marchioness, countess, viscountess, or baroness; (2) The daughter of a nobleman not lower

than earl; (3) The wife of one who has Lord prefixed by courtesy to his Christian name; (4) The wife of a baronet or

knight.

5, Wife; —now

applied to one of recognized

social standing. 6. A woman of social distinction or position; — now correlative of gentleman. if te=>_In addressing women, the sing., lady, is now confined

to poetic, rhetorical, or uneducated use, the ordinary form

being madam ; but in the pl., ladies is the ordinary term.

7. A woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart. 8. The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster. — Sym. See FEMALE, n. — adj. 1. Belonging or becoming to a lady or ladies; ladylike. 2. Female; as, lady president.

—v. t. Obs. lady beetle.

To make a lady of. A ladybird.

la/dy-hird’ (1a’di-bfird’), n. _ [Equiv, to, bird of Our Lady.] Any ofa family (Coccinellidae)

of small, often brightly colored beetles of temperate and tropical regions, feeding upon

sects and their eggs.

in-

{

They are of great value; adybird

to man in destroying plant lice and scale insects. (Ceratomela’dy-bug/ (-big’), n. U.S. & Dial. Eng. A gilla _fusladybird.

Lady Day.

cilabris).

Orig., any feast day of the Virgin Slightly en-

Mary; now, Annunciation Day, March 25; larged. — the present use in England where it is a quarter day. la’dy-fin’ger (1a/di-fing/gér), n. Cookery. A small fingershaped spongecake. ,

lady in waiting.

lake dwelling

561

lac/u-nar’y (lak/ti-nér’l or, esp. Brit., -n€r-1; la-kii/na&ri),

A lady of a queen’s or a princess’s house-

hold, appointed to wait upon or attend her.

la/dy—kill/er, n.

(genera Cypripedium and Fisstpes) with a pouch-shaped ip somewhat resembling a slipper. b Any of certain other orchids having similar flowers, as Cytherea bulbosa and Peramiuwm giganteum.

la/dy’s—smock’, n. Alsolady smock. The cuckooflower Cardamine pratensis.

la/dy’s—tress/es, la/dy’s—trac’es, n. Any orchid of the genus Spiranthes. La-er’tes (l4-fir/téz), n. (LL., fr. Gr. ertés.] 1. In Greek legend,

father of Odysseus.

2. The impetu-

ous son of Polonius, and brother of

Ophelia, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. lae’vo- (lé’vo-). Var. of rrvo-, as in lae’vo-ro-ta’tion. —lae/vo (-vo), adj. lag (ae), ony: s erika Deal, ee indermost. 4. Obs. exc. Dial. Be’s-slipper. lated; sluggish; tardy. —v.7. 1. nein hg SAL,

To walk or move slowly; to stay or fall behind; to linger or loiter. 2. Marbles. To toss one’s taw toward a line (lag line) on the ground, to determine the order of play. —7n. . Now Rare. One who lags; that which is last. 2. Obs.

The lowest class.

3. a Act or condition of lagging; retar-

dation, as in movement, operation, or development.

b The

amount of lag or of retardation of anything. 4. Marbles, Act of lagging. lag, v. t. Slang. a To transport for crime; to send to penal servitude, b To arrest. — 7. Slang. a One who has been transported or sentenced to penal servitude; a jailbird. b A term of transportation or penal servitude.

lag,n. Astave ofa cask, drum, etc.; also, one of the narrow strips covering a boiler, a carding machine cylinder, or the

ike. —v.t.; LAGGED

(lagd); Lac’cinc.

To cover or

provide with lags or lagging.

lag’an (laig’dn), lag’end (-énd), n. [OF. lagan, lagand.] Law. Goods sunk in the sea with a buoy attached in order that they may be found again. Lag b’O’/mer (lig bo’mér), See JewIsH HOLIDAYS. la’ger (la/gér). Var. of LAAGER. la’ger beer, or la’ger (la’gér; 16’-), n. [G. lager bed, storehouse + bier beer.] A beer, made orig. in Germany, that is laid up or stored for some months before use. lag/gard (lag’érd), adj. Slow; lagging; loitering. —n, A

loiterer. — lag’gard-ly, adv. — lag’gard-ness, n. lag/ger (lag’ér), n. One who lags. lag/gin (lag/in), lag’gen (-@n), n. Dial. The inside angle between the side and bottom of a wooden dish; pl. staves.

lag’ging (lag/ing), n._ a Action of covering something, asa boiler, with lags, strips, or the like, or with a covering of nonconducting material. hb The material so used.

la-gniappe’ (lan-yap’), la-gnappe’ (lan-yap’), n.. fr. F.la Lok FSp. fiapa, yapa, isiana, a trifling present given la-goon’ (ld-g00n’), n. Also lagune, fr. It. laguna, fr. L.

lacus lake.]

[Creole.

athe same sense.] In Louto customers by tradesmen.

la-gune’. [F. and It.; F. lacwna ditch, pool, pond, fr.

A shallow sound, pond, or lake, esp. one

near, or communicating with, the sea. la’ic (1a/ik), adj. (LL. lateus.] Of or pert. to a layman or the laity; lay; secular. — mn. A layman. — la/i-cal (la’{-kdl), adj. —la/i-cal-ly, adv. laid (lad), past & past part. of LAY.

laid

paper.

Paper marked with parallel lines or water-

marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires.

laigh (lax), adj. & adv. Scot. Low. —n. lain (lan), past part. of LIE, to recline. lair (lar), n. [AS. leger.] a bed or couch; esp., the bed to one’s lair; to rest. -——v. lair, v.7. Scot. To stick or

lair.

A lowland.

A place in which to lie or rest; of a wild beast. —-v. 7. Togo ¢. To provide with a lair. sink when wading in mud.

Dial. var. of tore, learning.

laird (ard; Scot. lard), n... [See torp.J] proprietor. — laird/ly, adj. :

Scot.

A landed

||lais’sez’ faire’ (1é’sa/ far’). Also lais’ser’ faire’ (1é/sa’). {l.] Literally, let (people) do, or make (what they choose); hence, noninterference; — a phrase used in economics, esp. by the physiocrats, deprecating governmental

interference intended to foster or regulate labor, etc, lais’sez’—faire’, adj. Noninterfering; tolerant. laith (ath). Dial. var. of LOATH. la/i-ty (1a/%-tY), n.; pl. -t1Es (-tiz). [See ray, adj] The people, as distinguished from the clergy; laymen.

1.

2.

Those not of a certain profession, as law or medicine.

Slang. A man who has the reputation of La/i-us (1a/i-tis; la’ytis), n. See OEDIPUS. fascinating women. — la/dy—kill/ing, adj. & n. lake (Jak), nm. [F. laque, fr. Per. lak. See tacresin.J 1. A purplish-red pigment prepared_from lac or cochineal; la/dy-kin (1a/di-kin), n. [lady + -kin.] A little lady. also, the color of this pigment. 2. Any of many colored la/dy-like’ (-lik’), adj. 1. Likea lady; well-bred. 2. Beinsoluble metallic compounds of dyes. — lak’y (ak), adj. coming or suitable to a lady. — Sym. See FEMALE, adj. (OF. lac, fr. L. lacus.] 1. A considerable | lake (Jak), n. la’dy-love’ (-ltiv’; 2), n. A sweetheart or mistress. inland body of standing water. 2. A pool of other liquid, la/dy’s —fin’/ger (a’diz-),n. Cookery. Var.ofLADYFINGER. as oil. — lak’y (lak’i), adj. la’dy-ship (1a’di-sh¥p), n. Rank, position, or personality

of a lady; — used (when preceded by her or your) to desig-

Lake District or Country.

nate or address one having the ranking title of Lady.

lake dwelling.

la’dy’s—slip’per, n.

Also la’dy—slip’per.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

See Gaz.

A dwelling built over a lake; specif., such a

a Any orchid| dwelling of prehistoric times. — lake dweller.

K= ch in G, ich, aeh; bon; yet; zh =~% in azure,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

|| Foreign Word,

>a

lake herring

lal-la’tion (13-1a/shiin), n.. [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lul-

laby.] Imperfect enunciation of the letter.r, whereby it sounds like J. is lam (lam), v. t. & 7.; LAMMED (limd); Lram/minc. Now Slang. To beat soundly; to thrash; whack. p lam, v.z. Slang. To flee, esp. from an officer of justice. —n. Slang. A getaway; escape.

la’ma (li’ma@),n.

[Tibetan, writtenas blama.]

In Tibet,

etc., a priest of Lamaism; — so called by foreigners.

La’ma-ism (-Yz’m), n. _The Buddhism of Tibet and Mongolia, the tenets of which are those of Buddhism coupled with corrupted Sivaism and native shamanistic practices. Its elaborate hierarchy is headed by the Grand, or Dalai, Lama. — La’/ma-ist

(ist), n.

(-is/tik), adj.

&

adj. — La’ma-is’tic

La-marck’i-an (la-miir’ki-dn), adj. Designating, or perSee LAMARCKISM. taining to, the theories of Lamarck. — mn. A supporter of these theories.

La-marck/ism (ld-miark/iz’m),n. Biol. The theory of organic eyolution proposed and maintained by the French naturalist Lamarck (1744-1829), that changes in environ-

ment cause changes in structure of animals and plants, and that acquired characters are transmitted to offspring.

la/ma-ser’y (1i’m4-sér't or, Brit., -sér-1; la-ma/s€r-1), n. ; pl. -SERIES (-jz). A monastery or convent of lamas. lamb (lim), n.

[AS.lamb.]

1. Ayoungsheep.

2. The

flesh of a young sheep, when slaughtered and dressed for

food.

3. A person innocent, gentle, or weak as a lamb.

4. Stock Exchange Cant.

One who speculates amateur-

ishly. 5. Short for LAMBSKIN. lamb or lambs.

— v.17, To bring forth a

lam/baste’ (lim’bast’), v.¢. [lam + baste to beat.] Slang. To beat; thrash; also, to chide roughly. lamb/da (lim/dda),. ([Gr.] The eleventh letter (A, d) of

the Greek alphabet, corresponding to the English J, 1. lamb/doid (lim/doid), adj. Also lamb-doi’dal (lim-doi’dal; -d’l).. (Gr. lambdoeidés, fr. lambda the letter lambda (A) + eidos shape.) Of the shape of the Greek lambda

(A); hence, Anat., designating the suture connecting the occipital and parietal bones. lam/ben-cy (lam/bén-si), n.; pl. -cres (-siz). Quality, state, or fact of being lambent; that which is lambent.

lam/bent (-bént), adj. lambere to lick.}

_[L. lambens, -entis, pres. part. of

1. Playing lightly over a surface; flick-

ering; as,alambent flame.

2. Softly radiant; as, lambent

eyes. 3. Characterized by lightness of touch and brilliance; as, lambent humor. — Syn. See RADIANT. — lam/bent-ly, adv.

lam/bert (lam/bért), n._ 77), Ger. physicist.J.

[After Johann H. Lambert (1728-

Photom.

The C.G.S. unit of bright-

ness, equal to the brightness of a surface which is radiating

or reflecting one lumen per square centimeter.

Lam/beth Pal/ace (liam/béth; -béth).

The official London

residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

lamb’kin (lim/’kin), n.

1. Asmalloryounglamb.

young or tender person; — chiefly in endearment. lamb/like’ (-l7k’), adj. Like a lamb; gentle; meek.

Lamb of God, the Lamb.

2. A

Bib. Christ, in allusion to the

paschal lamb. John i. 29. lam/bre-quin (lim/bré-kin; lam/bér-), n.

[F.]

1. Obs.

exc. Hist. A kind of scarf attached to the helmet, to pro-

tect it from wet or heat.

5.

A piece of, drapery

hanging from a shelf or from the casing above a window. lamb/skin/ (lam/skin’), n. A lamb’s skin, or leather made from it; esp., a skin dressed with the wool on. lame (lam; /’. lam), 7”. (F., fr. L. lamina, lamna.J. aA

thin plate, as of metal.

b pl. Small steel plates combined

so as to slide one upon the other and form a piece of armor. la‘mé’ (la/ma’), n..

CF., lit., laminated, fr. lame gold or

silver thread or wire.]

lampoon

562

lake herring. A cisco (esp. Leucichthys artedi), found from Lake Memphremagog to Superior ard northward. Lake poets. Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who lived in the Lake District; — orig. so called in derision. lake salmon. The namaycush. lake trout. Any of certain trout and salmon found in lakes; esp., in America, the namaycush. lakh (ik). Var. of Lac, one hundred thousand. la’kin (1a’kYn). Obs. contraction of LADYKIN. Lal/lan (lian), adj. Of the Lowlands. —n. Lowland cottish.

A rich fabric woven from metal

threads sometimes mixed with silk, wool, or cotton.

lame (lam), adj. [AS.lama.] 1. Physically disabled; infirm. Disabled by reason of the imperfect, action of a limb through injury or defect; specif., disabled in the leg or foot. 3. Hence, hobbling; limping; also, unsatisfactory; as,alameexcuse. —v.t. Tomake lame; cripple. —v. 7. To go or become lame. — lame’/ly, adv. — lame/ness, n. lame duck. A disabled person or thing; specif.: a Stock

Exchange. A person unable to fulfill his engagements. b U.S. Political Cant. An officeholder who has failed of

lam/el.late (lim/é-lat; la-mél’at) ,lam/el-lat/ed (lam/é.1at’d; -id), adj.

a Composed

plates or lamellae.

la-mel/li-branch

of, or furnished

with, thin

b Composed of a flat plate or leaf.

(ld-mél/i-brangk),

n.

[See LAMELLA}

BRANCHIA.] Zool. One of a class (Lamellibranchia or Lamellibranchiata) of mollusks, including the clams, oy-

sters, mussels, etc., distinguished by having the body bilaterally symmetrical, compressed, and enclosed within the

mantle, which secretes a bivalved shell. — la-mel’li-bran/’-

chi-ate (-braing’ki-at), adj. & n. la-mel/li-corn (-kérn), adj. [lamella+ L. cornu a horn.]

Zool. Having or designating antennae ending in flattened plates. 2. Belonging to a superfamily (Lamellicornia) of beetles having this form of antennae.

— 7.

lamellicorn beetle.

‘A

la-mel’li-ros/tral (-rds/trdl), -ros/trate (-trat), adj. LAMELLA; ROSTRUM.]

[See

Belonging to a group (Lamelliros-

tres) of birds including ducks, geese, and swans. la-mel/lose (ld-mél’6s; lim/é-los), adj. Lamellate. la-ment’ (la-mént’), ». 7._ [F. lamenter, fr. L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a lament.] To express or feel sorrow; to

mourn

greatly.

about. — Syn.

—v.t.

To express

See DEPLORE.

deep sorrow

for or

— 7. 1. Expression

grief or sorrow; lamentation; weeping.

of

2. An expression

of lamentation in a literary form, as an elegy or dirge.

lam/en.ta-ble (lim/én-ta-b’l), adj. ing grief. 2. Fitted lam/en-ta-bly, adv.

lam/en-ta/tion

to awaken

(-ta/shiin), n.

1. Mournful; express-

lament;

sorrowful. —

Act of lamenting or be-

wailing; audible expression of sorrow; wailing; a lament.

Lam/en-ta/tions (-shiinz), n. pl.

Bib. A book of the Old

Testament attributed to the prophet Jeremiah. la-ment’ed (la-mén/téd; -t¥d), adj. Mourned for. la/mi-a (la’mi-a),n. (L.,fr,Gr.lamia.] 1. Class Myth. One of a class of man-devouring monsters, commonly repre-

sented with the head and breast of a woman and body of a serpent.

Hence, a vampire; witch; sorceress.

la’mi-a’/ceous (la/mi-a/shtis), adj. [NL. Lamium, genus name (fr. L. lamiwm a dead nettle) + -aceous.] Bot. Belonging toa family (Lamiaceae, syn. Menthaceae), the mint family, of mostly aromatic herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees.

lam/i-na (lam/i-nd), n.; pl. -NAE (-né@), -NAS (-ndz). [L.J 1. A thin plate or scale; a layer; a flake. 2. Bot. The blade or expanded part of a foliage leaf.

lam/i-na-ble (lam/%-nd-b’l), adj. Capable of being formed intoa lamina or laminae.

lam/i-nar (-nér), adj.

Also lam/i-nal (-n@l).

in, consisting of, or like, laminae. lam/i-na’ri-a’ceous (-na/ri-a’/shtus), adj.

Arranged

[NL. Laminaria,

genus name ee L. lamina thin plate) + -aceous.] Belonging to a family (Laminariaceae) of brown algae, com-

prising many seaweeds, the kelps, of gigantic size. lam/i-nate (lam/i-nat), adj. Shaped like, or consisting of,

laminae. — (-nat),v. ¢. 1. To cause to separate into laminae. 2. To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling. 3. To cover or construct with laminae. — (-nat), v. 7. To

divide into laminae. lam/i-nat/ed (-nat’éd; -Id), adj.

lam/i-na/tion (-na/shtin), n.

Laminate.

Process of laminating; state

of being laminated; also, a Jaminated structure; a lamina.

lam/‘i-ni’tis (-ni’tis), n.

[NL.]

Inflammation of a lam-

ina, esp. of the fleshy laminae of the horse’s hoof. lam/i-nose (lim/i-n6s), adj. Laminate. lam/i-nous (-ntis), adj. Laminate. Laim/mas (lam/as), n. [AS. hlammesse, hlafmesse, loaf Mass, bread feast, fr. hlaf loaf + mzsse Mass.] The first

day of August (Lammas

Day) or the time of year (Lam/-

mas-tide’ [-tid’]) about that day. lam/mer-gei’er, lam/mer-gey’er (lim/ér-gi/€r), nm. Also lam/mer-geir’ (-gir’). (G. laimmergeter, fr. lamm, pl. lammer, lamb + geier vulture.] The largest European bird of prey. (Gypaétus barbatus grandis), found in mountainous regions from the Pyrenees to northern India. lamp (lamp), . [OF. lampe, fr. L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. lampas, -ados, torch, fr. Jampein to shine.) 1. A vessel

with a wick for burning oil or other inflammable liquid to produce artificial] light; hence, any of various vessels or de-

vices for producing light or heat; as, an arc lamp;

safety

lamp. 2. Poetic. A torch. 3. A heavenly body, as the sun, moon, or a star; also, a flash. lam/pad (lam’pad), n. [Gr. lampas, lampados. See rAMP.] A lamp or candlestick; — from Rev. iv. 5. lam/pas arate) n. [F.] zinc, aluminum, or some other substance. — lith/o-graph/||lit’ de jus/tice’ (1é/ d’ tages Set[F.] Fr. Hist. Bed of ic (lith/6- griffik), -graph/i-cal, adj. — -i-cal-ly, adv, justice; the platform on which the king sat when he held a lith’oid (ith/oid), adj. Also litthoi/dal a.‘thoi/dal). formal session of Parliament; also, the session itself. (Gr. lithoeidés.] Like a stone. -lite (lit). [After F. -lite, for -lithe.] A combining form

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtre (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|| Foreign Word)

lithologist Mineral.

A smooth compact variety of common kaolin.

lith’o-phyte (fit), n. [litho-+-phyte.] Rare. A plant or plantlike organism having a stony structure, as corals. lith’o-pone (-pon),2 [Prob. fr. litho-+ L. ponere to pllice A white pigment containing zinc sulphide, used in linoleum, rubber goods, etc. lith/o. dea (-sf€r), 7. [litho- + sphere.] The solid part of the eart

li.thot’o-my “i thdt/d-mi), n.

livery

586

li-thol’o-.gy (i-thol’6.ji),n. [litho-+-logy.] The study of rocks. — li-thol/o-gist (-iJst), nlith’o-marge (lith’é-miirj),n (litho- + L. marga marl.]

[LL. lithetomia, fr. Gr.

lithotomia. See LiTHO-; -ToMy.] Surg. The operation or art of cutting for stone in the bladder. — lith/o-tom/ic (lith’d-t6m/ik), adj. — lith’o-tom/i-cal, adj. li-thot/ri-ty (-rh.th) n. [litho-+ L. terere, tritum, to rub, grind.] |Surg. The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into pieces capable of being voided.

Lith/uwither-an (lith/i-a/ni-dn; 58), adj. & n. from LitauANIA,

leitourgikos.) Pert. to, or of the nature of, a liturgy; oyor pert. to public prayer and worship. — li-tur’ gi-cal-ly, adv. li-tur’gics (li-tfir’jiks), n. The science of worship; the history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies. lit/ur-gist (lit’ér-jYst), m. a One who favors or adheres to a liturgy. b A student or compiler of liturgies. lit/ur-gy (ii),n.; pl. -cies (-jiz). ([F. liturgie, fr. ML. liturgia, fr

r. leitourgia a public service, public wor-

ship.] 1. Beel. The public rites and services of the Christian Church; specif.: a The Eucharistic rite, called the Liturgy (also Divine Liturgy) in the Eastern, the Mass in the Western, Church. b The Eucharistic rite in any of its historical forms; as, the Roman liturgy. 2. A rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship. liv’a-ble_ (liy’a-b’l), adj. 1. Such as can be lived; endurable. Such as is pleasant or suitable to live in or with. live (liv), v. 7. [AS. libban, lifian.] 1. To be alive; to have life. 2. To continue in life. 3. To get a livelihood; subsist; also, to be nourished; feed. 4. To pass life in a certain manner, as to habits, or circumstances.

To dwell; reside. 6. To continue in human memory or record. 7. To outlast danger; to float; — said chiefly of a vessel. 8. To live a life rich’in experience. — Syn. See RESIDE. — Ant. Die. —v.t. 1. To experience, pass, or spend, as one’s life. BOeTS see habitually in conformity with; as, to live new ideas. fr. lis, litzs, dispute, Lyauet To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law. —v.%. To carry on a legal live (liv), adj. [From ative.] 1. Alive; not dead. 2. Of or pertaining to the living state or a living being or beings. contest by judicial process. — lit’i- ga/tor, n. Of fire, fuels, etc.: Burning; glowing; hence, ardent; lit/i-ga’tion (-ga’shiin), n. _Act or process of litigating;a 3. as, a live hatred; of a match, etc., not burned, exploded, suit at law; also, figuratively, dispute; discussion. or the like. 4. Fullof ae specit.: a Teeming with living li-ti’gious (1i-tYj’ tis), adj. LF. litigieuz, fr. L. litigiosus beings. .b Chiefly U.S. Fullof, or characterized by, vigor fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare. See LITIGATE. or alert interest; also, of current interest; as, a live topic. Inclined to judicial contest; contentious. 2. Subject 5. Of color, bright; vivid; also, of timber, etc., of normal to, or involved in, dispute at law. 3. Of or pertaining to brightness; hot ‘ “dead,” or opaque. In its pure or nalitigation, — Syn. See BELLIGERENT. — li-ti/gious-ly, tive state; of rock, unwrought; not quarried. Elec. adv. — li-ti’gious-ness, 7. Electrically connected to a source of voltage, or electrically lit’mus Ce: n. [ON. litmose lichen used in dyeing, charged. Engin. Imparting power; driven; as, a live fr. litr color, dye. + mosi moss.] Chem. A dyestuff obaxle. 9. Gun. Charged, as a shell, cartridge, etc. 10. tained from certain lichens. aeis turned red by excess of Print. Ready for use; not dead; as, live matter. acid and blue by excess of alkali. live/a-ble (liv’a-b’l). Var. of LIVABLE. litmus paper. Chem. pees paper colored with litmus. lived (livd), adj. Having life. li’to.tes (11/td- {25 1¥t/5-) NL., fr. Gr. litotés, fr. litos live’—for-ev/er (Iiv/- ),n. A common Eurasian crassulaplain, simple.] Rhet. Untetea terest to avoid censure or ceous garden herb (Sedum triphyllum), naturalized in to increase the effect (a citizen of no mean city, that is, of eastern North America. an illustrious city). live/li-hood (liv/li-hood), n. [ME. livelode, liflode, pron.5 li’tre (lé’tér). Var. of LITER. course of life, life’s support, maintenance, fr. AS. 1 lif life + lit/ten (l¥t’’n), adj. Poetic. Lighted. lad way, maintenance. ] ‘Means of supporting life; sublit/ter (lit/én,n. _[OF. litiere, deriv. of L. lectus bed.] sistence; support. — Syn. See LIVING. 1. a A couch an shafts, usually covered and provided live load (liv). Arch. & Eng. The load to which a strucwith curtains, for carrying passengers. b A stretcher for ture is subjected in addition to its own weight. carrying a sick or wounded person. 2. The young brought (liv’ling’; 74), adj. [ME. (the) lefe longe, leve forth at one time by a sow or other multiparous animal, live’long’ longe. See LIEF; LONG.] Whole; entire; long in passing; taken collectively. 3. Straw, hay, etc., used as Pao for — used of time, esp. as tedious. animals, or for other uses, as for a Covering for plants. live/ly (liv’li), adj.; j -LILER (-l¥-ér); -r1-est. [AS. lz7flze 4. a Things lying scattered about; scattered rubbish. b living. See Lire; -ty.] 1. Full of life; as: a Vigorous; Disorder or untidiness. 5. Forestry. The upper, only brisk. b Animated; spirited. _¢ Vivid; keen. 2. Rare. slightly decomposed, portion of the forest floor. — v. t. Representing life; lifelike. 3. Enlivening; as, a lively air. 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter. 4. Responding quickly to outer forces; rebounding quick2. To put into disorder, asaroom. 3. To beara litter of. ly; as, a lively ball. — adv. Ina lively manner; briskly; —v. i. To produce a litter, or young vividly. — live/li-ly, adv. — live/li-ness, n. lit’té’ra’teur’ Aah lit/ter-a-teur’ (lit/€r-4-tfir’), Syn. Energetic; buoyant, airy, blithe, lighthearted, sportive, frolicee bes littérateur.] A literary man. some. — Lively, animated, vivacious, sprightly, gay apply to that lit/ter-y (lit/ér-l), adj. Covered or encumbered with litwhich is full of life. Lively suggests esp. briskness, alertness, or en-

lit/i-ga-ble (it? “gd-b’l), adj. Sack as can be litigated. lit/i-gant (-gént), adj. CF., fr.L. litigans, -antis, pres. part.] Disposed to litigate; engaged in a lawsuit. —n. One engaged in a lawsuit. lit/i-gate (-gat), v.¢. ([L. litigatus, past part. of litigare,

ter; consisting ot or constituting litter.

lit’tie (it), adj. ;Lrt/TLER (-lér); L11/TLESsT; both chiefly dial. or familiar, comparison being regularly made by LEss Or LESSER, LEAST, except in some special applications. [AS. lytel.J Y. Small in size or extent; diminutive; — te opposite of big, large, or great; as, a little body. . Short in duration; brief.’ 3. Small in quantity, mehr or degree; not much. 4. Small in dignity, power, importance, orscope. 5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak. 6. a Pleasingly small or trifling; as, fascinating little ways. b Small in extent _of vig narrow; illiberal; as, men of little natures. — Sym. See eo — adv. In a small quantity or degree; slightly. When preceding a verb:

Not at all.

—n.

time, distance, etc.

— lit/tle-ness, n.

That high |is little; a small amount,

2. A small degree or scale; miniature.

:

Little Bear. Astron. Ursa Minor. Little Fox. Astron. Vulpecula. oe go. Cambridge Univ. The first examination, for the A.degree, officially ‘“The Previous Examination.” little‘hours. R.C.Ch. The offices of prime, tierce, sext, and none. Vespers and complin are sometimes included. lit/tle-neck’ (lit/’]-nék’), n., or littleneck clam. The young of the quahog, or round clam (Venus mercenaria),

when large enough to be eaten raw. little office. &.C.Ch. An office in honor of the Virgin Mary like, but shorter than, the Breviary. Little Russian. See Russian, n. lit/to-ral (lit/6-rdl), adj. CL. littoralis, prop. litoralis, fr. littus, prop. litus, the seashore. ]

‘or pert. to a shore,

esp. of the sea. — mn. [It. littorale.] A coastal region. li/tu (1€/t00), n., pl. of LIT. : ! li-tui’gi-cal (1f-tfir/ji-kdl), adj. Also li-tur’gic (-jik). [Gr.

fle,

chaotic,

charity;

care, Hdd,

Gld, Gbey,

Grb,

ergy; animated applies esp. to that which is also spirited or ‘bright. Vivacious and (esp.) sprightly suggest greater lightness of spirits or quickness of wit. Gay implies exuberant spirits. — Ant. Inactive, motionless, still; dull, listless, apathetic, sluggish, solemn.

liv’en (iv/én), v.t. & t. Collog. To enliven. live oak (liv). Any of several evergreen oaks; esp., Souwtheastern a timber tree (Quercus virginiana) much used in shipbuilding. liv’er (liv’ér), n. . One who or that which lives, 2. A resident; a Ce as, a liver in Brooklyn. liv’er,n. (CAS. lifer.] 1. In vertebrates, a large glandular organ which secretes bile and causes important changes in the blood, esp. by converting sugars into glycogen, and in forming urea. 2. In. many invertebrates, a large compound gland discharging into the alimentary canal. 3. he liver regarded as the seat of passion or desire. A white liver is traditionally the characteristic of a coward. 4. The tissue of the liver of an animal used as food. liver extract. An extract, of the water-soluble constituents of fresh mammalian liver, used in anemia.

liv’er-ied (liv’ér-id), adj.

liv’er-ish (-ish), adj.

hence, crabbed; testy.

liv’er-wort!

(liv/ér- wirt’),

1. Any

bryophyte

of a

class (Hepaticae) related to ee resembling the mosses, but

iffering in reproduction, development, and structure of the gametophyte. 2. Any herb of the genus Hepatica. liv’er-wurst’ (-woorst’),n {Partial trans. of G. leberwurst.] A sausage containing a large proportion of liver,

liv’er-y (liv/€r-i), n.; pl. -errEs (Iz). [OF. livreea gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., that handed over, fr. livrer to deliver, fr. ML. & L. liberare.]

1. That which is delivered out formally; as: a Now Rare,

dirm, ask, sofa; Sve, Sdd, soft, cdnnect; fOGd, fot;

dccount,

Wearing a livery.

Collog. Having a disordered liver;

hére (27), Svent, | énd, silént, makér; ice, wll, out, oil; ciibe, tinite, dm, ip, circ#is, meni;

livery company

587

An allowance of food, as to a family, to servants, to horses,

lob tion for merchant vessels and yachts, and. publishing

etc, b The uniform clothing issued by feudal superiors to Lloyd’s Register, an annual register containing a list of their retainers. ¢ The peculiar dress by which the servants vessels, their age, build, tonnage, classification, etc. of a person of some fashion are often distinguished. 2. lo (16), interj. [ME. lo, fr. AS. la.] Look! Behold! haracteristic dress or outward appearance. $3. a Per- loach (loch), n.; pl. LOACHES (-€z; -¥z). [F.loche.] Any sons in one’s livery; retainers; — used as a collective noun. of certain small Old World b The peculiar garb appropriated by any association of fresh-water fishes (Cobipersons to their own use; also, the whole company of pertis, Nemachisons wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of tus, and allied the association; a livery company. horses: a The genera), constifeeding, stabling, and care of horses for pay. 1b The keeptuting a family ing of horses, and hence of vehicles, boats, etc., in readi(Cobitidae) or ness to be hired. ¢ U.S. A livery stable. 5. Law. The included in the act of delivering legal possession of property. carp family livery company. One of the guilds of London. . (Cyprinidae). Loach (N. barbatulus). (A) liv’er-y-man (liv’ér-i-mdn), n. _1. Archaic. A liveried load (16d), n. retainer. 2. A freeman of the city in London, entitled to (ME. lode load, way, prop. the same word as lode, but wear the livery of the company to which he belongs. 3. confused with lade.] 1. That which is, or is to be, Jaid on One who keeps a livery stable. or put in anything for conveyance; a burden; hence, a livery stable. A stable where horses and vehicles are kept cargo; pack. 2. A weight or quantity of anything resting for hire, and where stabling is provided. upon something else regarded as its support. 3. That

lives (livz), n., pl. of LIFE.

live steam.

Steam direct from the boiler, having its full

power of expansion. live’stock’ (liv’stok’), ». Domestic animals used or raised on a farm, esp. those kept for profit. liv’/id (liv’id), adj. [F. or L.; F. livide, fr. L. lividus ;

which burdens or weighs down the mind or spirits. 4. The charge of a firearm; as, a load of powder. 5. Collog. pl.A great deal; very much.

6. The amount

of werk

which an office or worker is expected to carry; as, a teach-

li-vid/i-ty (li-vid/?-ti), n. — liv’id-ly, adv. — -ness, n. liv’ing (liv’ing), n. 1. The state of one that lives. 2.

ing load of twelve hours. 7. Elec. The power delivered by a source of electric current. 8. Mech. a Amount of pressure due to superimposed weight, whether stationary or moving. hb External resistance overcome by a machine or prime mover. 9. Mech. & Elec. Engin. The rate at which work is being done at any time by a plant or system;

living. 3. Means _of_living; livelihood. 4. Archaic. Estate; property. 5. Hng. Eccl. A benefice.

Syn. Load, burden. Literally, a load is that which is carried; burden commonly adds the implication of difficulty or labor.

akin to L. livere to be of a bluish color.]_

as flesh by contusion; black and blue.

1. Discolored,

2. Ashy gray. —

The passing of one’s life (in a specified manner); as, riotous Syn. Living, livelihood, subsistencé, sustenance.

Living and

livelihood refer to maintenance in general. Living is now rare except in the phrases, to make, or earn, a living; livelihood sometimes suggests more definitely the actual means of support; as, his trade is his only livelihood. Subsistence and sustenance refer more specifically to that which actually sustains animal life. Subsistence is more general;

sustenance is commonly limited to food,

liv/ing, adj.

a

1. Alive; that lives.

2. Active; operative;

as, living ideas; a living faith, 3. Ignited; burning; as, living coals. Of or pertaining to the living; as, within living memory. . Producing life or vigor; enlivening.

6. Fullof, or true to, life; vivid.— the living. are alive. : F Z

Those who te

living death.

Life deprived of all that makesit worth living.

living wage.

Econ.

generally,

to meet

A wage sufficient to live on, that is,

the reasonable mental,

moral, and

physical needs of a person in his station in life.

also, its output at any moment; as, the load ona

generator.

— v, t. 1. To lay a load or burden on or in; hence, to add

weight to so as to oppress or embarrass.

or in something, as for carriage.

oppress as does a burden.

2. To place on

3. To weigh down

or

4. To supply abundantly.

5. To increase in weight by addition of some heavy substance; as, to load sugar, sponges, etc.; loaded dice are

weighted so as to influence their position on settling after a throw._ 6. To place a load or charge in (a firearm, etc.). 7. To adulterate

or drug; as, to load wine.

Insur-

ance. Toadd loading to (apremium). —v.7. 1. To rive or receive a load. 2. To insert the charge or cartridge in a firearm.

5

load displacement. Naut. The displacement of a ship when loaded to the extent for which she was designed. load/er (lod/ér), m.

load factor.

One who or that which loads.

Elec. The ratio of average to maximum load,

whether of production, use, or endurance.

livre (lé/vér; 7. lé’vr’), n._ [F., fr. L. libra a pound of load/ing, n. a Aeronautics. The wing loading. b Intwelve ounces.] A former French money of account, orig. surance. An amount added to the net or pure premium

the value of a pound of silver. lix-iv/iate (lYk-siv/i-dt), v.t. [L. lixivius, fr. liz ashes, lye.] To separate by washing with some solvent; leach. — lix-iv/i-a/tion, n. — lix-iv’i-a’tor, n. lix-iv/i-um (tim), n.. [L. lixiviwm, lixivia.] Any solution obtained by lixiviation, esp. lye. liz/ard (liz/érd), n. (OF. lacertus, for L. lacerta.]

a Any of the numerous

small, long-bodied, fourlegged reptiles, with ta-

rae

7);

ly

My

of large size, as dinosaurs, crocodilians, etc., and, incorrectly,

amphibians,

bh Zool.

Any

a Any of certain slender marine fishes con-

stituting a family (Synodontidae) and having a scaly lizardlike head and large mouth. b The saury. lla’/ma (lii/md), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. ([Sp., ie — fr. Quechua llama.] |Any of several wild and 7% domesticated South American ruminants allied to the camels, but smaller and without a hump; esp., the domesticated guanaco, used as a beast

of burden in the Andes.

Ila/no (li’nd; Sp. lya’no), n.3 gzz 1. LLANOS

(-n6z;

Sp.

-nOs). fy

ance.

corporation

news.

Marine

insurance

(0) vo

ee

2. A society in London,

business.

having

as its

chief object the establishment of a standard of construc-

chair;

loan (l6n), 7. [ON.lan.] 1. Act of lending; a lending; permission to use; as, the loan of a book. 2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. a sum of money lent at interest. —v.t. & 1. To lend. Fe, loan (lon), loan’in (]on’in),n. Scot. Amilking yard; alane,

[AS. lath hostile, odious.]

Filled

Sym. See RELUCTANT.

To dislike

Extreme disgust; detestation.

loath’/ly (l6th/li), adj. Loathsome. —adv. Unwillingly. loath’/some (loth’stm), adj. Fitted to cause loathing; disgusting; odious. — -Some-ly, adv. — -some-ness, n.

lob (l5b), n.

Obs. exc. Dial.

lob, v. é.; LoBBED

A dull, heavy person.

(l6bd); top/Binc.

To throw, toss, or

the like heavily or slowly; as: a Cricket.

hand.

—v.%.

go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K=ch

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

1. Archeic.

greatly; now, esp., to have extreme disgust at; to detest. — Syn. See HATE. ; loath’ful (loth’fool; -f’l), adj. Loathsome.

Llama (L. huanacos).

principal

[AS.lam.]

2. A soil consisting of a friable mixture

of varying proportions of clay, sand, and organic matter. —v. t. To cover or fill with loam. — loamy (-i), adj.

loathe (loth), v. ¢. LAS. lathian to be hateful.]

Lloyd’s originated from the coffeehouse opened by Edward

Lloyd, in 1688.

but not now in good usage), n.

Any earth orsoil.

loath/ing (loth’/ing), n.

the

To spend time in idleness.

with disgust or aversion; averse. —

Liy Uf

oO

is

[Origin uncert.]

loaf’er (lof/ér), nm. One who loafs; a lazy lounger. loam (lom; Brit. 16m or 160m; loom is common in'the U.S.,

loath, loth (loth), adj.

Y, Wi

London, Eng., for conducting an insurance business, pro-

tecting the commercial and maritime interests of its members, and publishing shipping

2.

loan word. [After G. lehnwort.] A word taken from another language and at least partly naturalized.

Ly

Sp., plain, even, fr. L. planus. | Sp. Amer. An extensive plain. Lloyd’s (loidz), n. Insur-

7

depth to which she sinks in the water when properly loaded. load’star’ (lod’stiir’). Var. of LoDESTAR. load’stone’, lode/stone’ (l6d’stin’), n. [load, lode+ stone.] Magnetite possessing polarity; hence, that which

loaf, v.i. shaped

member of a division (Lacertilia) of reptiles including chameleons, geckos, and allied limbless forms.

lizard fish.

A coil inserted in a circuit to in-

Nauwt. The line on a vessel indicating the

Cookery. A dish, as of highly seasoned minced meat and vegetables, baked in the form of a loaf.

pr yi to similarly

as salamanders and newts.

load line.

of bread; hence, a shaped mass of cake or sugar.

Ae

term is extended to simi-

lar reptiles, many of them

Zlec.

crease its inductance.

strongly attracts. loaf (lof), n.; pl. LOAVES (lovz).. [AS. hlaf.] 1. a Obs. exc. Dial. Bread. hb A regularly shaped or molded mass

=

Dippy 2 I SF iby

pering tail, and scaly or tuberculated skin. The

to provide for business expenses, future contingencies, etc.

loading coil.

To bowl under-

b Lawn Tennis. To return (a ball) ina high curve. 1. To go heavily or lumberingly.

2. Lawn Ten-

in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure.

|}Foreign Word.

lobar nis. Tomakea lob.

ball ee well up in the air, usually with considerable spin. b Zennis. A ball returned in a high curve. lo/bar (lo’bér), adj, Of or pertaining to a lobe or ‘lobes; as, lobar pneumonia. lo/bate (10’/bat), adj. Also lo’bat-ed (-bat-éd; -id). [See ioe J Having lobes or rounded divisions. — lo’bate-ly,

lo.fa’tion

(16. ba’-

shun), n. a State

of being lobed; formation of lobeser lobules. b A lo or lobule.

lob/ber (1Sb’ér),fen One who lobs. lob/by

::

Lobation, Bot.

1 Lobed; 2 Cleft; 3 Parted;

(l5b/¥), Ret

pl. -BIES (-iz).

locker

588

——m. a Cricket. A:slow underhand

4.Divided.

[ML.lobium, lobia.

See ropcr.]

1. A

a Concernment with local affairs; sectionalism.

‘b A local

idiom or peculiarity of speaking or acting. 1. Fact or lo-cal’i-ty (16-kal/t-ti), n.; pl. -TrES (-tiz). state of being local. 2. Position; place. lo’cal-ize (10’kél-iz), v.¢. [From LOCAL.] To make local; to fix in, or assign or confine to, a definite place or locality. — lo’cal-i-za’tion, 7. local option. The right ‘of. determining by popular vote within certain districts, as in each county, city, or town, whether the sale of alcoholic beverages shall be allowed. lo’cate Ooeet ]6-kat’), v.t. [L. locatus, past part..of locare to place, fr. locus place.] 1. C hiefly U.S. To designate the site or place of; as, to locate a public building, a mining claim. 2. To set or establish in a particular spot. 3. To search for and discover the position of; as, to locate

anenemy.

4. To assign a place to.

take up one’s residence; to settle.

—v. 7. Collog.

To

lo-ca’tion (1d- ae 1. Act or process of ‘locating (in various senses). " Gitadtion; place; specif. oeJocality of or for a ‘residence, factory, store, etc. _ t which

passage or hall, esp. when large enough to serve also as’a waiting room, éte., as in the British House of Commons, and in the United States in :capitols and large railroad is located; esp., a tract of land designated in eet to stations. Hence, the foyer of a hotel. The persons, place and purpose, as ie mining claim ag S.), a, farm ‘or collectively, who frequent ‘the lobbies of.a legislative house station (Australia). Civil Law. A letting for hire. to transact’ business with the legislators, esp. in ‘the: effort 5. Motion Pictures. msplace outside of a studio where a to influence proceedings ‘by personal agency. — v. 1. picture or part.of it is filmed; —.chiefly in‘on location. -BIED (-Id); -BYAIN6. ‘Chiefly U.S. To ‘address or solicit loc/a-tive (l5k’a-tiv), adj. [From L. locus place, after, L. members of a legislative body ‘ia the lobby or: ‘elsewhere, vocativus vocative.] Gram. oh Sipe ee to or designating with intent to influence legislation. —.¢. To urge or a case denoting place, or ‘the place where, or wherein. procure the passage of (a bill, measure, etc.) by lobbying. —n. The locative case; also, a word in that’ case. lob/by-ist Cist),n. Chiefly U. S. A: -member ofthe lobby. lo’ca-tor (10’ka-tér; _16-ka’ten), n. {L.J U.S. One who — lob’by-ism (-iz’m), n. locates land or a mining claim. lobe (lob), n. [F. lobe, NL. lobus, fr. Gr. lobos.] 1. A loch (15x), n. (Gael. &'OIr.] Scot. A lake; also, a bay or projection or division of a rounded form. 2. Anat. A arm of the sea, esp. when nearly Jandlocke rounded ‘projection of an organ or part, esp. one marked oyageeae (10/ki-; 16k/Y-@), n. pl. ENL., fr. Gr. Lachianypl. off by a fissure; .as, the lobes of the brain, ‘the lungs, etc. lochios of childbbirth, fr. ochos a lying- in, childbirt! hy lobed (ldbd), adj. Having lobes; lobate; — specif. of ed. & Veter. The discharge from the uterus:and vagina folowing delivery. — lo’chi-al (10’ki-@}), adj. o-pe’l1a her e! -bel’/y da; 5 lo’ci (10’si), n., pl., of Locus. +5 anter “Matthias e Lo-

lobo

IObONa;

-belya:

BS

lock (15k), n.

bel, eres botanist.” Any of a genus (Lobelia, family Lobeliaceae) of herbaceous plants, of wide .distri-

bution. Many’species are cultivated, lob/lol/ly (15b/151'l), n.; pl. Loris (-1z).

1, Thick

gruel.

lock, n.

a drawer,

one (Pinus taeda), with thick, “flaky bark, and spiny- tipped cones: also, the wood.

GLG.,,

loblolly boy. A surgeon’s attendant on shipboard. syphilitica). lo’bo (10’b6), n. [SP., apd Os Cee cAI Lobelia (L.(38) Western he timber wol

(l5b’skous’), n.

Also lob’scourse’

(-skors/;

70). Naut. A stew of meat, vegetables, ship biscuit, etc. LAS. loplob/ster (lOb’stér), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. pestre, lopystre, fr. L. locusta 1dbster, locust, ‘perh. under the influence of AS. loppe a spider.] 1. Any large marine macrural crustacean used as food, esp. those of a genus (Homarus) with’ stalked compound eyes, and five pairs of legs, of which the first two are modified into enormous chelae, or pincers. The spiny lobsters, or sea 4 crayfishes (Palinurus and allied genera) lack the large chelae.. 2. Slang. A gullible, awkward, bungling, or:redfaced person. lob/ule (l5b/il),n. A small lobe; also, a subdivision ad a lobe. — lob/u-lar (-t-lér), adj.

lob’ worm! ”USb/worm’),

nm.

tA ‘lug-

American Lobster (7. (4o) americanus).

lo’cadated), n., pl. of Locus. lo’cal do"kah, adj. _GF., fr...

localis, fr. locus place.] 4. Characterized by, or Fh to, place, or position in space; as, a local body. Char-

acterized by, relating to, or occupying, a Sehr

place

local celebrities.

as, a

or places; not. general or widespread; as, local anesthesia; 3. Hence, not broad

or general;

local point of view. 4. a Relating to, esp. confined to or dependent upon, a single transportation line, esp. a railroad; as, local traffic.

b Of railway ‘trains, accommodat-

ing acertain limited district; as, local service, rates; — opp. to through. ¢ Of a public conveyance, making all the stops on its run; —~ opp. to express. — 7. A local person or thing; as: a A local train, or other public conveyance. b Newspapers. An item of news relating to the place where the paper is published. — lo’cal-ly, adv. lo-cale’ (l6-kal’), properly lo-cal’, n. [F.local.J] A locality, esp. with reference to some characteristic feature. local government. Polit. Sci. Self-government in local affairs by a city or other limited area; also, the governing body or person of such a city or locality. lo’cal-ism (10’kal‘iz’m), n. ‘State or quality of being local:

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

old, Obey,

Add,

diccount,

érb, dd,

1. A tuft, ee or ringlet of

CAS. loc enclosure, an enclosed place.]

fastening, as for a dgor, a trunk lid,

2. Also

loblolly pine. Any of several pines of the southern United States, esp.

lob’scouse’

CAS. loce.]_

hair; hence, pl,, the hair of the head. A’ naturally \cohering bunch of wool, cotton, flax, or fhe like; a flock.

iba

Oe

PAM —

Comparison is now made with more and most, but formerly by -lier and -liest, as in softlier, truliest.

Before

-ly, various contractions occur, esp. by dropping J or le or

by changing y to 2, as in capably, dully, trebly, happily.

ly’ard, ly’art (li’érd, -ért), adj.

Dial,

Gray.

ly’can-thrope Sian: l-kan’-), n. (OGr. lykanthropos, fr. lykos a wolf + anthropos a man.] 1. One affected with lycanthropy. 2. A werewolf.

ly-can/thro-py (li-kan’thro-pY), n. 1. A formof which the patient imagines himself a wolf. Assumption of the form and traits of a wolf by or magic. — ly’can-throp/ic (li/kan-throp/ik),

insanity in Folklore. witchcraft adj.

Ly-ca’on (li-ka’6n), n. LL., fr. Gr. Lykadn.] Gr. Myth. An Arcadian king who, when Zeus came in disguise, set be-

fore the god a dish of. human flesh to test his divinity. Zeus transformed him into a wolf. || ly’cée’ eae n. [F.]_ A French public secondary school which prepares for the university.

ly-ce’um (li-se/tim),”. [L., fr. Gr. lykeion, after the neighboring temple of Apollo, fr. Lykeios, epithet of Apollo.]

1, [cap.]

A, tract of ground near ancient Athens, the site

of a gymnasium,

but most famous as the place in whose

shaded walks Aristotle taught. 2. A house or apartment appropriated to. instruction by Jectures. 3. U.S. An

association providing inspirational lectures, concerts, en-

tertainments, etc. 4. = LYCEE. lych’nis (lik/nis), n. [1., a kind of red flower, fr. Gr.

lychnis.]

Bot. Any of a genus (Lychnis) of silenaceous

herbs, with terminal cymes of showy, mostly red or white

flowers, as the scarlet lychnis (L. chalcedonica) and the

rose campion (L. coronaria). Lyc/i-an (lis’i-an; lish’i-dn), adj. & n. from Lycra, Gaz. ly’co-pod (li/k6-pod), n. Also ly’co-po/di-um. (-p0/di-tim). [Gr. lykos wolf + pot -podium.] Bot. Any of a genus

(Lycopodium, family, Lycopodiaceae) of plants, the club mosses, erect or creeping, with evergreen leaves. lydd/ite (lid/it),n. [From Lydd, Eng.] | A high explosive, chiefly picric acid, used as a Shell explosive. Lyd’i-an (lid’i-tin; 58), adj, 1. Of or pertaining to ancient Lydia, its inhabitants, or its language, 2. Soft or effeminate; also, voluptuous... ==. a A citizen or one of the people

of ancient

Lydia.

_b The

language

of ancient

Lydia, showing certain affinities with the Hittite.

lye (li), n.

LAS. léah.]

1. Originally, a strong alkaline

liquor (containing chiefly potassium carbonate), obtained

ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

Old, Obey, rb,

account,

Arm,

by leaching wood ashes and formerly much used in soap-

making, washing, etc.; now, any strong alkaline solution. 2. Any solution obtained by lixiviation; a lixivium. ly’ing (li/Yng), pres. part. of Lie (either sense).

lu/thern (li/thérn), ». A dormer window. lut/ing (lit’ing), n. Chem. = LUTE, cement. lut/ist (Ist), n.

lyric

598

Lutheranism

Luther. =n. One'who accepts or adheres to the doctrines of Luther. The cardinal doctrine is that of justification by

ask,

sofa;

ly’ing—in’, n. The state attending, and consequent to, childbirth; confinement; oe vibeans oc lymph (limf; 89), 7. . lympha, for earlier limpa, Lape water, goddessof water, fr. Gr. nymphé onde nymph, goddess of moisture.] 1. Poetic. A spring of

water; hence, water.

2. Obs.

The sap of plants.

3.

Anat. & Physiol. A nearly colorless coagulable fluid, contained in the lymphatic vessels. It consists chiefly of blood plasma and colorless corpuscles. lymph-.

= LymMpHo-.

lym-phad/e-ni’tis (lim-fad/é-ni/tis; lim/fa-dé-), n. ‘ENS nflammation of fr. lymph- + aden- + -itis.]

lymphatic glands.

4

lym.phan/gi-al (lim-fan’ji-dl), adj. Anat. Of or pertainrete Osthe er vessels. : " ert ead ym.phan/gi-o- (Iim-fain/ji-d-), lymphangi-. A combining fore for lymphangial, as in lym-phan/gi-i/tis, lymphan/gi-ot’o-my (see -ITIS, -TOMY). ; :

lym-phat/ic (lim-fat/’fk), adj... [L. lymphaticus distracted, frantic.] 1. Of, pertaining to, containing, or conveying, lymph; pertaining to lymph glands or lymphatics; caused by the condition of the lymphatic glands; as, lymphatic leukemia. 2. Designating, or having, a temperament lacking energy or indisposed to exertion or excitement.

— m7. A vessel containing or conveying lymph.

lymphatic gland. = tymMpH GLAND. lym/pha-to- (lim/fa-t5-). A combining form for lymphatic, as in lym/pha.-tol’y-sis

(see -LYSIS).

lymph cell. = tyMpHOCYTE. lymph gland or node. One of the masses of lymphoid tissue (not true glands) from which the lymphocytes are derived. lym/pho- (lim/f6-), lymph-. [See tympx.] A combining

form for lymph denoting: Connection with, or relation to, lymph or the lymphatics. lym/pho.-cyte (-sit), n. [lympho- + -cyte.]_ Anat. One

of the colorless, nucleated, amoeboid cells found in the

lymph and derived from lymphoid tissues. lymph/oid (lim/foid), adj. [lymph + -oid.]_ Anat. a Like, pertaining to, or resembling, lymph. | b Of, like, or pertaining to, lymphoid tissue, the tissue characteristic of the lymph glands. See ADENOID, adj. b. lyn-ce’an (lin-sé/dn), adj.

Of a lynx; sharp-sighted.

lynch (inch), v. ¢. To inflict punishment, especially death, upon, without the forms of law, as when a mob captures and hangs a suspected person. — lynch/er, n. lynch law. Formerly Lynch’s law (linch’iz)..

[Prob.

after Charles Lynch (1736-96), planter and oe of the peace in Virginia, who employed extralegal methods of trialand punishment.] Act or practice by private persons

of inflicting punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of law. lynx (lingks), n.; see PLURAL, Note, L. lynz, lyncis, fr. Gr. lynzx.]

Any of a genus (Lynz) of wildcats having long legs,a

short stubby tail, and often tufted

ears.

There

common

lynx

(460)

European Lynx (L. lynx).

is a

of northern

Europe

American lynxes are the Canada

(Lynz

The

lynx (L. canadensis)

and allied varieties, and the bobcats. lynx’/—eyed’, adj. Having acute sight. ly/on-naise’ (li/%-naz’; I’. 1e/6/naz’), adj.

lyonnais of Lyon.]

ef

lynx).

_([F., fem. of

Cookery., Cooked é la lyonnaise, or

with flaked or sliced fried onions; as, lyonnaise potatoes.

Ly/on-nesse’ (li/d-nés’),n.

[OF.Leonois.]

In Arthurian

legend, a country fabled to have been formerly contiguous to Cornwall, but to have long since sunk beneath the sea.

Ly’ra (li/rd), n.; gen. Lyrar

(ré).

[L.

northern constellation, representing

or Mercury; the Harp.

See tyre]

A

the lyre of Orpheus

It contains Vega, fourth

brightest star in the heavens.

ly’rate

Id).

(li’rat), adj.

1. Bot.

Also ly’rat-ed

(-rat-éd;

Lyre-shaped, or spatulate and

oblong, with small lobes toward the base.

LEAF, Illwst. 2. of the lyrebird. — lyre (ir), n. [OF. Gr. lyra.

See

Shaped like a lyre, as the tail ly’rate-ly, adv. lire (F. lyre), fr. L. lyra, fr. usic. A stringed instrument

of the harp class used by the ancient Greeks, esp. in accompanying song and recitation. Astron. The constellation Lyra.

lyre’bird’ ae, passerine

n.

L

~¥"°-

2. [cap].

Any of three species of Australian

birds (genera Menura and Harriwhitea), the

males of which have very long tail feathers which are lyre shaped when spread. lyric (lir’Yk), adj. [F. or L.;F. lyrique, fr. L. lyrieus, fr.

Gr. lyrikos.]

1. Of or pertaining toa lyre.

2. Suited to

be sung to the lyre; appropriate for song; as, lyric poetry.

Eve,

Sdd, sOft, cOnnect; {O0d, foot;

thére (27),

€vent,

End,

silént,

out, oil; ctibe, tinite, Gn,

makér;

ice,

Yl,

tp, circés, menii;

lyrical

599

Lyric poetry, whether actually sung or not, is generally

machicolation dissolution,] A biologically important basic amino acid, CsH,4N.02, produced on hydrolysis of many proteins.

composed in stanzas, is expressive of the poet’s feeling rather than of outward incident or events, and may take a special form, as ode, sonnet, hymn, roundel, or any of numerous verse schemes. 3. Music. a Of a quality espe-

ly’sis (li’sis), n.

ic and coloratura, and said of voices. hb Musical; operatic; as, thelyricdrama. =n. A lyric poem or composition.

-lysis.

cially gdapted for singing songs; — contrasted with dramatlyr’i-cal (ifr’i-kal), adj.

[NL.,fr.Gr. lysis.]

1. Med. The reso-

lution or favorable termination of a disease, coming on gradually. Cf. crisis. 2. Biochem. A process of disintegration or solution, as the action of a lysin; cell destruction.

(Gr. lysis a loosing.)

A combining form signify-

ing: 1. A loosing, dissolving, solution, dissolution, as in catalysis, paralysis, pneumatolysis. 2. Chem. a The decomposition of a substance, as in electrolysis, hydro-

Lyric. —lyr‘i-cal-ly, adv.

lyr’i-cism (lir/%-s¥z’m), n. Quality of being lyric. lyr’i-co- (Iir/i-k6-).. A combining form for lyric, denoting lyrical and, as in lyr’i-co—dra-mat/ic, lyr’i-co—ep’ic.

lysis.

In biochemistry, dissolution, destruction, or

disintegration; biolysis; as in autolyszs.

-lyte (lit).

ly’ri-form (li/r7-f6rm), adj. Lyre-shaped. lyr/ism (lir’iz’m), n. a Act of playing on a lyre or harp. pb = LYRICISM. lyr/ist (lir/ist; lir’-), n. A player on the lyre; hence (pron. lir’ist), a composer or singer of lyrical poetry. lyse (lis), v. t.. Bacteriol. & Physiol. To cause to undergo lysis. = v.17. To undergo lysis.

4

;

(Gr. -lytos, corresponding to nouns in -lysis.]

Physical Chem.

A combining form denoting a substance

subjected to decomposition, as in electrolyte. -lyte (lit). = -LITE.

lyt/ic (lit/ik), adj.

Of or pertaining to lysis or a lysin; pro-

ductive of, or effecting, lysis, or cell destruction. -lyt/ic (-lit/ik). [Gr. -lytikos, fr. lytikos, able to loose,

loosing.]_

-lyse (-liz). = -LYZE. ’ sae ly’si- (li’si-; lis/f-), lys-.. [Gr. lysis.] A combining form meaning loosening, used as equiv. to -lysis, as in lysin,

ending

1. A suffixofadjectives corresponding to nouns

in -lysis, as in analytic, paralytic.

See -LYSIS.

ly-sim/e-ter (li-sim/e-tér), n. [lysi--+-meter.] A device for measuring the percolation of water through soils and

2. Biochem. A suffix denoting hydrolytic enzyme action on the substance to the name of which it is added. | lyt’ta (lit’a), n.; pl. tytTar (-@). [L., a worm said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine mad-

age. ly’sin (li’stn), n. _Biochem.

-lyze, -lyse (-liz).

determining the soluble constituents removed in the drain-

ness, fr. Gr. lytta, iyssa, lit., madness.] A cartilaginous rod lying along the tongue in many carnivores, as dogs.

Any of a class of substances

capable of dissolving bacteria, blood corpuscles, or the like. ly’sine (li’sén; -sin),n. Alsoly’sin. [Gr. lysis a loosing,

[F.-lyser.]

A combining form forming

transitive verbs corresponding to nouns ending in -lysis, as

in analyze, catalyze, hydrolyze,

M M

(ém), 7.; pl. M’s, u’s, MS, ms (€mz).

It

Mac-beth’ (mak-béth’), n. The title and hero of a tragedy by Shakespeare. Mac/ca-be’an (mik/d-bé’ain), adj. Of or pert. to Judas

ee

Mac/ca-hees (mak/a-béz), n. pl. 1. The name given in later

1. The

> MM thirteenth letter of the English alphabet,

comes through the Latin from the Greek M (mu), which in Its sound. is

M,m. umerals,

1,000,

or, in the form M, 1,000,000.

¢ Print.

2 1st rm, 2. 3. Anything having the shape of the letter M. 4. Asa symbol, the twelfth or (see K, 4) thirteenth in order or class. m-. hem. See META-.

ma’am mam;

(mim; mim; when unaccented usually, collog.,

’m), nm,

Madam;—a

colloquial

contraction

of

madam now used only parenthetically or at the end of a sentence, but formerly in direct address, At the English

court it is used in addressing the queen or a royal princess. Mab (mab), n. See Queen Mas. ;

ma-ca/bre (mé-ki’b’r; #. ma’ka’br’), adj. ber.

dance

Also ma.-ca’-

L[F. macabre, for OF. Macabré, dance Macabré, the of Macabré,

where

Macabré

is a proper

name.]

Maccabeus or the Maccabees; as, the Maccabean princes.

times to the Hasmonaeans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV, 175-164 B.c. 2. Two historical books of the Apocrypha.

mac/ca-hoy (mak/d-boi), mac’co-hoy (mik’6-),n.

or carried before, a dignitary as an ensign of his

authority. 3. One who carries a mace. 4. Billiards. A rod with a flat. wooden head, formerly sometimes used instead of a cue.

mace, n..

[OF. macis.]

An aromatic spice con-

sisting of the dried external fibrous covering of the

nutmeg.

Pertaining to, or suggestive of, the dance of death, a dance in which Death, as a skeleton, leads skeletons to the grave. ma-ca’co (md@-ka’k5), n._ [Pg., fr. Tupi macaca, macaco, monkey. Cf. MACAQUE.] Any of several lemurs. macad/am (médk-Ad’im), n. [After John L. McAdam,

mace’—bear’er, n. An officer who carries a mace. mac/é-doine’ (mas/4.dwin’; F’. ma/sai/dwan’), .n.

b The broken stone used in macadamizing. _ mac.ad’am-ize (-iz), v. t._ To construct or finish (a road)

Mac’e-do/ni-an

Scot, engineer.]

a Macadamized roadway or pavement.

by packing a layer of small broken stone on a convex welldrained earth roadbed. — mac-ad/am.i-za/tion, n.

ma-caque’ (ma-kak’), n._ [F., fr. Pg. macaco.] Any of certain short-tailed monkeys (genus Macaca and allied

génera), of Asia and the East Indies. mac/a-ro/ni (mik/d-r0/ni), n.; pl. -NIS (-niz), esp. in sense 1, or -NIES (-niz), esp. in sense2. [It. maccheroni, maccaront, pl.]_

=

1. A paste, chiefly of wheat flour,

dried in the form of slender tubes, and

used, when cooked, as food. Cf. spaGHETTI, VERMICELLI. 2. Hist, One ofa

class of traveled young men affecting for- 7

eign ways.

\

2. Of or pertaining to a burlesque comin which

Gls (A, ararauna).

of numerous parrots (chiefly genus Ara) ‘/+ 5) of South and Central America. They are among the largest of parrots, with brilliant plumage.

go; sing;

then,

a sauce or as a garnish,

(mas/é-d0/ni-din;

58), adj. & n.

mac’er (mas/ér), n. [F. massier.] A mace-bearer. mac/er-ate (mas/ér-at), v. t. & 7. [L. maceratus, past part. of macerare

to soften.)

away; hence, to oppress; torment.

1. To waste

‘Wy

2. Tosoften Mace of the

by steeping in a liquid; to separate the partsof British (vegetable fibers) by steeping; tosoftenand wear House of away (food) by physiological processes. — Commons. mac’er-at/er, mac’er-a’tor, n. — mac/er-a’tion, n. ma.-che/te (ma-cha’ta; also md-sh&t’, ma-shét’), n. [Sp.] A large heavy knife, used, esp. in Eek ae South America and the West Indies, =a for cutting cane, clearing 2 paths, etc. -ydn;

58),

5

Machetes, 1 for cutting cane, 2 for

theories, esp. to the doctrine that any means, however un-

words, and with hybrids. mac/a-roon’ (mik/d-rd0n’; 2) nm. “LE. macaron, fr. It. maccherone.] A small cake, composed chiefly of the white of eggs, sugar, and pounded almonds, or, sometimes, filberts, coconut, or the like. Blue-and-Yellow Ma-

chair;

A mix-

adj. Also Mach’i-aBetige id capone vel/i-an. a Of or pertaining to the Florentine statesman Niccolé Machiavelli (1469-1527), or relating to his political

vernacular words of one or more modern languages are intermixed with Latin

ma.caw’ (mé-k6’), n. [Pg. macao.] Any

Cookery.

from MAcEponiA, Gaz,

Y-a-vél’'i-Gn;

a-ron/i-cal (X-kdal). 1. Mixed; confused.

position (called a macaronic)

[F., earlier, a kind of parsley.]

ture of cut or small cooked vegetables served as a salad or cocktail or in a jellied dessert, or used in

Mach/1a-vel/li-an (mik’-

mac/a-ron’ic (-rén/ik), adj. Also mac/-

[From

Macouba, the name of the district in Martinique where

it is made.] kind of snuff. mac’ca-ro’ni, mac’ca-ron’ic. Vars. of MACARONI, etc. mace (mas), n. [OF.]_ 1. A heavy staff, often spiked, used esp. in the Middle Ages for breaking armor. Hence, a club used as a weapon. 2. A staff borne by, 4%

thin; natiire, verdure

(118);

scrupulous, may be justifiably employed by a ruler in order to maintain a strong central government.

Hence, char-

acterized by political cunning or bad faith. — Mach/i-avel/li-an, n.— Mach/i-a-vel/lism (-vél/iz’m), n.

ma.-chic’o-iate (md-chik/6.lat), v. t,

[ML. machicolatus,

past part.] To furnish with machicolations, as a turret. ma-chic/o-la/tion (-la/shtin), n. Arch. An opening be_ tween the corbels of a parapet, or in the floor of a gallery or

the roof of a portal, for discharging missiles upon assail-

ants; also, a gallery or parapet containing such openings. See BATTLEMENT, Jilust,

K = ch in G, ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

||Foreign Words

machinate plan; contrive; esp., to scheme to mach/i-na/tion (-na/shtin),n.. 1. An artful design or plot. — Syn. mach/i-na/tor (mak/%-na/tér), n.

ma-chine’ (mda-shén’), n.

do harm; to plot. Actofmachinating. See conspiracy. A plotter.

2.

[F., fr. L. machina machine,

device, trick, fr. Gr. méchané, fr. méchos meaus, expedient.) i. Archaic. A material construction; specif., the

bodily frame.

2. Hence, a contrivance of a mechanical

sort; specif., a vehicle or conveyance; — applied formerly to a coach, cart, etc., now variously to an automobile, airplane, etc. 3. aIn the theater, an apparatus to'produce stage effects; — chiefly in reference to the ancient stage.

DEUS EX MACHINA. b Hence, in reference to literature, any contrivance for dramatic presentation; esp., a supernatural agency. 4. Any device consisting of two or more resistant, relatively constrained parts, which may serve to trans-

mit and modify force and motion so as to do some desired kind of work; popularly,

a complex combination of such

parts together with their framework, fastenings, etc. Any person or organization that acts like a machine. | 6.

The working bodies, often under the power of a boss, in a political party, through which its policies and activities are directed;

— used disparagingly.

—

adj.

Of or per-

taining toa machine or machinery; also, produced by ma-

chinery;

figuratively,

stereotyped.

—v.t.

To

plane,

shape, turn, mill, etc., by a machine or machines.

machine gun.

Mil. An automatic gun using small-arms

ammunition for rapid continuous firing.

ma-chin/er-y

(md-shén/ér-i),

n.

1. The assemblage of

contrivances employed in the development of a plot, as of a poem. Machines, in general, or collectively; also, the

working parts of a machine. Ky The means and appliances by which anything is kept in action or a desired result is obtained.

machine tool.

Any machine, such as a lathe, planer, etc.,

which is operated by power, and is partly or wholly automatic. — ma-chine’—tool’, adj.

ma.-chin/ist (md-shén/ist), n.

1. a A constructor of ma-

chines and engines. b One skilled in the use of machine tools. c One who works or runsa machine. 2. One who

constructs

or controls

madness

600

mach/i-nate (mik/i-nat), v.i.@t. [L. machinatus, past part. of machinari to devise, plot. See macnine.]’ To

theatrical machinery.

3. U.S.

Navy. A warrant officer assistant to the engineer officer. ma-chree’ (md-kré’), n. [Ir. mo my + croidhe, Olr. cride, heart.] An Anglo-Irish term of endearment. -machy. ([Gr. maché battle.] A combining form denot-

size in a, (specified) type; — chiefly in Biol. and Measures: as in:

macrobacterium macrococcus macrofarad d Denoting a kind visibly large; macroscopic.

mac/ro-cosim (mik/r6-k6z’m), n. [F.macrocosme, fr. Gr. makros long, great +- kosmos world.) The great world; the universe. — mac/ro-cos/mic (-kdz/mik), adj. mac’ro-cyst (sist), n. A large spore case or cyst; specif., Biol., a very young encysted plasmodium. mac/ro-dome (-ddm), n. Cryst. See DoME, n., 4. mac’/ro-ga-mete’ (mik/ré-g4-met’), n. Biol. The larger,

or female, of two conjugating spores. mac/ro-graph (mik/ré-graf; 9), n. [macro- +- -graph.] A graphic reproduction, usually photographic, of an object, either unmagnified or slightly magnified.

ma.-crog’ra-phy (md@-krég’ra-f1), n. an indication of nervous disorder.

Writing of great size,

ma/cron (ma/krén; mak’ron), n. [Gr. makron, neut. of makros long.) A short, straight, horizontal mark [-] placed over vowels to denote long quantity. tes In the respelling for pronunciation in this Dictionary

the macron indicates the regular “long,” or name, sounds

of the vowels: @ in dame, @ in éve, 7 in ice, 6 in Old, and ui in use. mac’ro-phys/ics (mik’ré-fiz/iks), n.. [macro-+ physics.] That part of physics which deals with the larger aggrega-

tions of matter, that is, with bodies large enough to be

directly and individually observed and measured. mac’/ro-scop/ic (-skdp/ik), adj. Large enough to be observed by the naked eye; — opposed to microscopic. mac/ro-spore (mak/ré-spor; 70), n. Bot. = MEGASPORE. ma-crw’ral (md-kroor/al), adj... Lmacr- -+ Gr. oura tail.] Zool. Belonging to or designating a suborder (Macrura) or other division of decapod crustaceans, including the lob-

sters, prawns, shrimps, and many similar forms. — ma-

cru/ran (-dn), n. — -roid (-oid), adj. — -rous (-ts), adj. mac’u-la (mak/i-ld), n.; pl. MACULAE (-lé). [L., spot, stain.] A spot, blotch, or stain; a macule. mac/u-late (-lat), v.¢. [L. maculatus, past part. of macu-

lare to spot.] To spot; stain; defile. — (-lit), adj. Blotched; hence, defiled; impure. mac/u-la/tion (-la’shtin), n. a A spotting; a spot; blemish. b The arrangement of spots on an animal or plant. mac/ule (mik/il), n. [F., fr. L. macula.] A spot or blemish; a macula. —v.¢. & 7. To blur; to spot.

mad (mad), adj. ; MAD/DER (-ér); MAD/pEst.

[AS. gemzd,

Hort.

past part. of a v. fr. gemad mad.] 1. Crazy; insane. 2. Proceeding from, or characterized by, delusion or want of reason; foolish; esp., rashly foolish; senseless. 3. a Carried away by anger; enraged. b Frantic or distraught; as,

(mik/ér-él), n.; see pLuRAL, Note, 3. [OF. An important North Atlantic spiny| finned food fish chan 2 5

devoted. d Extravagant; esp., extravagantly gay; hilarious. . Rabid; furious because of abnormal excitation. 5. Affected with rabies; as, a mad dog. — Syn. See InSANE. —v.t. & 7.; MAD/DED; MAD/DING. To madden.

ing contest between or by means of, as in logomachy. mac’in-tosh (mik/in-tésh). Var. of MACKINTOSH.

Mce/In-tosh (mik/in-tdsh), n.. Also McIntosh Red. ter John McIntosh, of Ontario, who discovered it.] A late-ripening fine variety of brilliant-red apple.

[Af-

mack’er-el

maquerel, fr. ML. macarellus.] (Scomber

scom-

brus,

family

about

18 inches

ea

g

2c

GASCAR, Gaz.

long, green with Common Mackerel (S. scombrus). (42) blue bars above and silvery below; also, any of various related fishes of a

superfamily (Scombroidea), as the frigate mackerel (Auzis thazard and A. rochet). mackerel sky. A sky covered with rows of clouds, resembling the patterns on a mackerel’s back. Mack’i-naw (mik/i-nd), adj. [Can. F., Mackinac, fr. Michilimackinac.]

Pertaining to Mackinac,

Michigan,

where stores were formerly distributed to the Indians, or to

the Straits of Mackinac. Mackinaw blanket. A thick blanket formerly in common use in the western United States.

A flat-bottomed boat, used esp. on the

upper Great Lakes and their tributaries. Mackinaw coat. A short, heavy, plaid coat. Mackinaw trout. The namaycush. é mack/in-tosh (mak/in-tdsh), n._ [After Charles Macintosh (1766-1843), the inventor.] aA waterproof outer garment. b The cloth from which mackintoshes are made. mack’le (m2k/’l), n. [F. macule.] A macule; a spot. ma/cle (mik/’l), n. [F.]_ aA twin crystal; esp., a flat, twinned crystal of diamond. A dark spot in a mineral.

mac/ra-mé (mik/rd-ma), n., or macramé lace. magramah

veil.]

Mad/a-gas’can

madam

Scombridae),

Mackinaw boat.

mad with anxiety.

[Turk.

handkerchief, fr. Ar. migramah embroidered

A coarse, usually fringed, lace in geometrical de-

signs, used esp. for decorating furniture.

mac/ro- (mik/ré-), macr-.

[Gr. makros long.]

A com-

bining form meaning long in extent or duration ; — opposed to micro-, a8 in macrocosm. Specif.: a Anat. d Med. An enlargement or excessive development ;—

chiefly in nouns, as in: macrocephaly

macrodactylism

2

macrostomia

b Bot. & Zool. Having (a specified part) unusually large,

esp. elongated; — in adjectives, as in:

macrocarpous

ec (Cf. macrocosm.J]

macromandibular

macrostomatous

An individual or unit of greater

¢ Carried away by desire; senselessly

(mad/d-gis’/kdn), adj. & n. from Mapa-

(mid’im), n.

[See mapame.] A form of polite address to a lady; — variously used. mad/ame (mad/dm; F’. ma/dam/), n.; pl. MESDAMES (ma/dam’). CF., fr. ma my (ir. L. mea) + dame dame.] My

lady; —a French title given to all married women. In English usage it is commonly applied to foreign married ladies of whatever nationality.

mad/cap’ (mid’kip’), adj. wild; reckless.

Abbr. Mme.; pl. Mmes.

Inclined to wild sports; hence,

—= 7. A madcap person.

mad/den (mid/’n), v. ¢. To make mad; to drive to madness;

to craze; enrage. —v.7. To become mad; to act as if mad. mad/den-ing, adj. _That maddens; also, irritating; vexatious. — mad/den-ing-ly, adv.

mad/der (mid/ér), n.

[AS. medere.]

1. A rubiaceous

Eurasian herb (ubia tinctorwm) with verticillate leaves

and small yellowish panicled flowers succeeded by berries; also, by extension, any other species of this genus. 2. The root of this plant, used in dyeing; also, a dyestuff prepared

from it. 3. The color (Turkey red, etc.) imparted by madder. =-—¥v.¢. To treat or dye-with madder. mad/ding (mad/ing), adj. Mad; raving; wild; furious. mad/dish (-Ish), adj. Somewhat mad. made (mad), past & past part. of MAKE, v.

Ma-dei/ra_(ma-dér’a; ma-da/ra), m.

Wine made on the

island of Madeira, : ||ma/de-moi/selie’ (mad/mwa/zél’; mad/é-m6-zél’; collog. mam/zél’), 7. ; pl. MESDEMOISELLES (mad/mwa/zel’). _[F., fr. ma my, fem. of mon + demoiselle a young lady.] A French title of courtesy given to an unmarried lady, equivalent to Miss. Abbr. Mile.; pl. Miles.

made/—up’, adj.

a Falsely devised; fabricated, as a story.

b ‘Artificial; as, a made-wp complexion.

mad’house/ (mad’/hous’),7.

A house where insane persons

are detained and treated; also, a place of confusion. mad/ly (-li), adv. Ina mad manner; wildly. mad/man (-mdn), n. A lunatic; a crazy man. mad/ness, n. Condition or instance of being mad; lunacy; also, extreme folly or rage.

file, chaotic, cAre, Add, account, firm, ask, sofa; Eve, hére (27), @vent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Gld, dbey, Grb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, nite, firn, tip, circés, menti;

Madonna Ma-don’/na (ma-din’a), n.

[It. madonna my lady.]_

1.

(not cap.] My lady; — a term of address in Italian.

2. a

An Italian designation of the Virgin Mary. hb A pictorial or carved representation of the Virgin Mary. ma.-dras/ (ma-dras’; 9),.. [From Madras, India.] 1. A large silk or cotton kerchief, usually of bright colors, such

as is often used by negroes for turbans.

2. A fine cotton

fabric used for dresses and shirts. — ma-dras’, adj. ||ma’dre (ma/dra), ». [Sp.] Mother. mad/re-pore oe eee 22 70), . LE. madrépore, fr. It. madrepora, ir. madre mother P age pore (see PORE, 7.) or perh. r. poros a soft stone.] Any of a genus

(Acropora)

branching

corals,

of stony, often

tropical seas.

abundant

in

amorous

setting.

(sc.

A com-

poser ofmadrigals.

ma-dro/fia

(md-dro/nyd),

space in the Milky Way, near the

[From Magenta, Italy.] Fuchsin; also, the purplish shade of red produced by the dye. mag/got (mag/it), n.. 1. A soft-bodied, grublike, footless

larva of an insect, as of the house-

fly; — applied esp. to forms liv-

ing in decaying matter.

fantastic notion.

mag’got-y (1), adj.

2. A

LEU

ma

1 ANS

2 pS

Infested Ziff

with maggots.

=

VBA)

Ma/gi (ma’ji), n. pl.; sing. Ma-

=

)

Gus (-gtis). [L., pl. of Magus ueaie Mesos, fr. OPer. Moats - 4 pniestly caste or order 0

a

, he

Bes

ke

A Madrepore of Florida.

ma-dro/fio

End of a Branch. (-ny6),

n.

[Sp.

madrofio.| An evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus menziesii), of the Pacific coast of North America, having a

smooth bark and edible red berries (madrofia apples).

ma-du/ro (md-d60/rd), adj.

black

ma-gen’ta (ma-jén’ta), n.

ey

1 Adult Fly; 2 Maggot.

ightl.

SHER

Coated

i

2. [not

cape] Pl. of Macus bh. — Ma/gi-an, ma/gi-an (ma/ji-dn),

a An unac-

mad/ri-gal-ist (ist), n.

bA

Southern Cross.

se

[Sp.,mature.]

J. & Nn.

mag/ic (maj/ik), n. [LOF. magique, fr. L. magice, fr. magiké (sc. techné), fr. magikos. See MAGIC, adj.) The art which claims or is believed to produce effects the assistance of supernatural beings or by a mastery

and adapted to musical

2. Music.

clouds.

.

religion was very similar to that of Zoroaster.

herba) an everlyric, usually

companied setting of such a poem in (usually) five or six parts. Any part song or glee.

-

ancient Mediaand Persia. Their

mad/ri-gal (mid/ri-gal), n. [It. madrigale, mandrigale, fr. LL. matricalis lasting. ]

magnesite

601

Dark-colored

and strong; — said of cigars. — ma-du’ro, n. mad’wom/an (mad’wo0m/dn), n. An insane woman. mad/wort’ (-wfirt’), . a Any cress of the genus Lobularia. b Gold-of-pleasure. mae (ma). Scot. & dial. var. of MoRE. Mae.-ce’nas (mé-sé/nds), n.; pl. -cENASES (-€z; -Yz). _[L., name of the patron of Horace and Vergil. See Biog.] A patron, esp. of literature and art. Mael/strom (mal/stroém), n. [D., now maalstroom, fr. malen to grind, whirl round + stroom stream.] A whirl-

pool off the west coast of Norway; hence [not cap.], any

Gr. 1. by of

secret forces in nature. 2. The power brought into play by magic; hence, any seemingly occult power. — Syn.

Sorcery, necromancy, conjuration, enchantment. — adj. Also mag’i-cal. F. magique, fr. L. magicus, fr. Gr.

magtkos, fr. magos.. See Maci.] 1. Of or pertaining to magic. 2. Hence: Seemingly requiring more than human

power; startling in performance; producing effects which seem supernatural. 3. Characterized by, or having the powers or effects of, magic; hence, enchanting; as, a magic land or scene. — mag’/i-cal-ly, adv.

ma-gi/cian (md-jish’/an), n.

in magic; sorcerer; conjurer.

magic lantern.

[F.magicien.]

One skilled

An optical instrument having lenses for

throwing upon a screen magnified pictures from slides

placed in the focus of the outer lens.

See STEREOPTICON.

ma-gilp’ (md-gilp’), ma-gilph’ (-gilf’). mag/is-te’ri-al (m4j/is-tér/i-al), adj. fr. LL. magisterius.]

Vars. of MEGILP.

[ML. magisterialis,

1. Of or pert. to a master; authori-

tative; hence, dictatorial. 2. Of or pert. to a magistrate, his office, or his duties. — mag/is-te/ri-al-ly, adv.

turmoil of wide-reaching influence; as, a maelstrom of vice. mag/is-ter/y (mij/is-tér’T; -t@r-¥), n. ; pl. -TERIES (-Yz). [L. mae/nad (mé/nad), ».; pl. MAENADS (-n3dz), MAENADES magisterium the office of a chief, president, director, tutor. (mén/a-déz). [L. Maenas, -adis, fr. Gr. mainas, -ados, See MAGISTRATE.] 1. Alchemy. A principle of nature fr. mainesthat to rave.] Gr. Relig. A nymph attendhaving transmuting or curative powers. 2. Chem. A ant upon Dionysus; a bacchante. 2. Any frenzied or unprecipitate, esp. from metallic solutions. naturally excited woman. — mae-nad’ic (mé-nad/¥k), adj. mag/is-tra-cy (-tra-si), n.; pl. -cies (-siz). 1. State of ||ma/’es-to’so (ma/és-t0’sd), adj. [It.] Music. Majestic; being a magistrate. fice or, dignity of a magistrate; stately; — used as a direction. — ma/es-to/so, adv. also, the collective body of magistrates. 3. District or jurisdiction of a magistrate. ma-e/stro (mid-é/stré; almost_mis/trd), n.; pl. -STROS (-strdz), -STRI (-stré). [It., fr. LL. magister. See MASTER. ] mag/is-tral (-trél), adj. _[L. magistralis.]_ 1. MagisMaster; a master in any art, esp. music; a composer,

ductor, etc. : maf’fia (maf/fé-ad), ma/fi-a

2 (mi/fed),

n.

con-

[It. maffia.]

1. In Sicily, popular hostility to the law; also, the body of

persons imbued with this sentiment. 2. [cap.]. Hence, a supposed organization of Sicilians or Italians in foreign countries, as revealed by similar hostility to law. miaf/fick (maf/ik), v. 7. [From Mafeking, town in South

Africa.] Collog. Brit. To celebrate hilariously, as the English after the relief of Mafeking, May 17, 1900. mag (mig), n. Slang, Eng. A halfpenny. mag’/a-zine’ (mig/d-zén’; in sense 4, often mag’a-zen; 2), n. LF. magasin, through OF. & It., fr. Ar. makhazin, pl. of makhzan storehouse, granary, cellar.} 1. A warehouse, storehouse, or depot, esp. for military stores. 2. a The room in which powder is kept ina fort ora ship. hb A district rich in natural products. cA reservoir or supply chamber for a stove, battery, camera,or other apparatus. dG A chamber in a gun for holding cartridges to be fed to the

piece.

3. Thecontents ofa magazine; as:a An accumula-

tion of munitions of war.

}b A stock of provisions or goods.

4. A periodical containing miscellaneous articles, stories, poems, etc. In France, a store, or shop.

magazine gun, rifle, or pistol.

A rapid-firing small arm,

as a rifle, with a reservoir of cartridges. ) mag’a-zin/ist (mig/a-zen/ist), n. One who edits or writes for a magazine. — mag’a-zin/ism (-iz’m), n. Mag/da-len (mig/da-lén; see note below), Mag/da.lene (-lén or, esp. in Mary Magdalene, mag’da-le/né), n.

Magdalene, fr. Gr.. Magdaléné.]

[LL.

Mary Magdalene;

— used with the. 2. [not cap.] a A reformed prostitute. b A house of refuge or reformatory for prostitutes. fcs> The pron. m6éd/lin (cf. MAUDLIN) is usual for Magdalen College, Oxford, and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Mag/da-le/ni-an pe’ri-od (mig/da-lé/ni-an; 58). Archaeol. A period representing the highest_paleolithic culture in Europe; — from La Madeleine in France, where artifacts were discovered. By mage (maj), n. [F., fr. L. magus.] A magician.

Mag/el-lan/ic (maj/é-lin/ik; mag’; the name Magellan is

terial; authoritative.

2. Prescribed by a physician; hence,

effectual. 3. Fort. Guiding; principal; as, magistral line, a guiding line with reference to which the drawing for a work is made. Pharm. Formulated for a particular case; — opposed to officinal. mag’/is-trate (-trit), n. [L. magistratus, fr. magister

master.]

A person clothed with power as a public civil

officer; as: a The official first in rank in a government, the chief, or first, magistrate. b A public official of a class having summary, often criminal, jurisdiction. mag/is-tra-ture (-tra-tiir), n. Magistracy. ’ mag’ma (mig’md), n.; pl. -MATA (-md-td), -MAS (-mdz). CL., fr. Gr. magma. Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste. 2. Geol. Molten rock material within the earth from which an igneous rock results by cooling and crystallization. harm.

A suspension of precipitated material in a watery vehicle. — mag-mat/ic (mag-mat’ik), adj. Magna Char’ta (maig/nd kir’/ta), Mag’na Car’ta. {ML.] _ 1. The Great Charter, so called, to which the English barons forced King John to affix his seal June 15, set at Runnymede. 2. A constitution guaranteeing rights. ; SHIA mag/na-nim/i-ty (maig/nd-nim/7-ti), n.; Re -TIES (-tYz). i, Quality of being magnanimous. 2. A magnanimous

act. mag-nan/i-mous mus,

fr. magnus

(mig-nain/%-miis), adj. great + animus

mind.]

_[L. magnani-

1. Great of

mind; elevated above what is low, mean, or_ungenerous.

2. Dictated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul; honorable. — mag-nan/i-mous-ly, adv. — -mous-ness, 7.

mag/nate

(mag/nat), n.

fr. magnus great.]

[LL. (pl.) magnates,

person of rank or

magnati,

distinction.

2. Formerly, one of the nobility, or certain high officers of

state, of Hungary or of Poland.

3. Aperson prominentin

the management of a large industry; as, an oil magnate. Inag-ne/sia (mig-né/shd; -zha),n. [ML., fr. Gr. hé Magnesia lithos, prop., the Magnesian stone.] Chem. Magnesium oxide, MgO, a light earthy white substance, slightly

alkaline, used as a mild antacid laxative.

It is also used in

commonly pron’d ma-jél’an in U.S., ma-gél’an in Eng.), adj. Of, pert. to, or named from, Magellan, the navigator, Magellanic Cloud. Astron. a Either of two nebulous ap-

mag-ne/sian(-shdn; -zhdn), adj. —mag-ne’/sic (-sik), adj. mag/ne-site (mig/ne-sit), n. Native magnesium carbon-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118);

K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z

pearances about 30° from the South Pole, resembling

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

thin

making

firebricks and crucibles,

*

as an insulator,

etc. —

ate, MgCOs.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

“

magnesium mag-ne’si-um

MAGNESIA.]

n.

[NL.

See

magni-.

Mg;

mag-nip’o-tent, mag-nis’o-nant. Specif., Zool., long, as in mag/ni-cau/date, mag’ni-ros’trate. mag-nif/ic (mag-nif/ik), adj. Also mag-nif/i-cal (-Y-kd)). LF. magnifique, fr. L. magnificus.] 1. Magnificent; sublime. 2. Grandiloquent; also, eulogistic.

Chem. A silver-white metallic element, mal-

leable and ductile, and light (sp. gr., 1.74).

at. wt., 24.32.

Symbol,

_It burns with a dazzling, strongly actinic

light (magnesium light), used in signaling and in photography. . mag’net (mag/nét; -nit),n. [OF. magnete, fr. L. magnes -etis, fr. Gr. Magnétis lithos a magnet, metal that looke

ke silver, prop., stone of Magnesia. ] A loadstone; hence, something which attracts.. 2. Any body having the property of attracting iron; specif., a mass of iron or steel

having this property artificially imparted.* , mag-net/ic (mag-nét/ik), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a magnetized substance; as, a magnetic needle. or

pertaining to, or characterized by, the earth’s magnetism; as, the magnetic meridian. 3. Capable of being magnetized, as a piece of iron. 4. Endowed with great personal

attractiveness. 5. Having, susceptible to, or induced by, hypnotism, so called; as, a magnetic sleep. — mag-net’1cal, adj. — mag-net’i-cal-ly, adv.

magnetic equator.

maharajah

602

(mag-né/shi-tim; -zhi-tim),

The aclinic line.

See ACLINIC.

magnetic needle. A slender bar of magnetized steel which, when suspended so as to be free to turn, is used to indicate the direction of the earth’s magnetism.

It constitutes the

essential part of a compass. magnetic north. The direction indicated by the northseeking pole of the horizontal magnetic needle. ’ magnetic pole.

Mag-nif/i.cat (-i-kit), n.

throughout adjacent regions.

These spots are respectively

the North (N. lat. 71°, W. long. 96°) and the South (S. lat. 72-73°, E. long. 156°) Magnetic Pole. mag/net-ism (mig’né-tiz’m; -ni-tiz’m),n. 1. Physics. A property of the molecules of certain substances, as iron, in

virtue of which they may be magnetized.__2. Power to attract; power to gain the affections.

3. The science which

magnetizea needle.

2. To attractas a magnet attracts;

[See macnet.]

netism, as in magnetoelectric.

magnific.]

-NETOS (-t0z). netoelectric

Hlec.

machine;

orrespect.

3. To exaggerate; as, to magnify a loss.

A mag-

Speaking pompously;

capability of being greater or less.

Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), French botanist.] of a genus (Magnolia) of magnoli-

fragrant, large, white, pink, or purple flowers; also, the flower. he blossom of the evergreen magnolia (M. grandiflora) is

the State flower of Louisiana and

adj.

Also

mag-ne/to-

ized by, electricity developed by

magnets.

sits

Magneto. 1 Permanent Magnet; 2 Pole Pieces; 3 Armature Core; 4 Armature Shaft; 5 Armature Winding, one end of which is in direct connection with the Armature Shaft, the other attached to the Slip Ring (6) which is fastened to and revolves with the Armature Shaft; 7 Collector Brush,

¥

(mig-né/té-md/tiv;

Sa

a

[Neut. sing. of L. magnus

hitch (mig/nitis).

A great work; esp., alit-

See knot, Illust.

1. Any of numerous birds (genus Pica and

and black-and-white plumage; esp., the common European species (P. pica), and the closely sim-

ilar American species (P. p. hudsonia

mag/né-td-),

adj.

eT

eT

and P.

nuttali).

2. A

chatterer; also, a scold. mag/uey (maig’wa; Sp. mia-ga’e) nm. (Sp., prob. of Taino origin.

a Any of the fleshy-leaved Mexi-

s 30

tive force), the cause of a flux of magnetic induction. mag-ne’to-scope (mig-né/td-skop; maign&t’d-), n. Phystes. An instrument for detecting magnetic force. mag/ne-tron (mig’né-tron), n. [magnet + electron.] A vacuum tube containing an anode and a heated cathode, the flow of electrons from cathode to anode being controlled by an externally applied magnetic field. Sy

n.

related genera) allied to the jays, ®

Pertaining to or designating a force (magnetomo-

ile, chaotic, care, add, charity; Old, obey, Orb,

(mig/nim),

0/pus (3/puis).. [L.]

but having a long graduated tail

-meter.] Physics. An instrument for measuring the intensity and direction of magnetic forces. — mag/ne-tom/e-try (-tri), n.

rae

*

A two-quart bottle for wine or spirits.

pie magpie.]

mag-ne’to-e-lec/tric/i-ty (-é-lék/tris/7-ti), nm. Electricity developed by means of magnets. ! mag-ne’to-gen/er-a/tor (-jén/ér-a/tér), n. A magneto. mag/ne-tom/e-ter (mig/né.tdm/é-tér), n. [magneto-+

mag-ne’to-mo/tive

(mag-n0/lf.a’-

mag’pie (mag’pi),n. [Mag, Maggoi, fr, F. Margot, old dim. of Marguerite, common name of the magpie. See

phenomena. — mag-

e-lec’tri-cal (-tri-kal). Physics. Pertaining to, or character-

Elec.

of Mississippi.

to

(-€-1ék’-

trik),

Bot. Any

erary or artistic work of importance; one’s greatest work.

The science which deals with

mag-ne’to-e-lec/tric

A degree of

aceous trees or shrubs, chiefly with

great.]

ne/té-kém/is-tri; mig-nét’6-),n.

(-di/nd-

3. Astron.

pared with other quantities of the same class. mag-no/lia (mag-n0/li-d; -ndl’ya; 58), n. _[NL., after

mag/nus

mo), 2. _ A dynamo with permanent field magnets.

Syn.

brightness of a celestial body, esp. of a fixed star; also, a number expressing brightness. 4. Math. A number assigned to a quantity, by which the quantity may be com-

mag/num

erated by the engine itself. mag-ne’to-chem/is-try (m%g-

ne’to-chem/i-cal (i-kdl), adj.

grandiloquent. —

great. ] Greatness; as: a Physical greatness. b Qbs. Greatness of character; fame; nobility. .¢ Greatness of influence or effect. 2. a Size; spatial quality. bh Quantity;

mag/num

used to generate the current for the electric ignition In an internal-combustion engine and op-

mag-ne/to-dy’na-mo

bombastic;

See TURGID. — -quence (-kwéns), n. — -quent-ly, adv. mag/ni-tude (mig/ni-tiid),n. [L. magnitudo, fr. magnus,

shiis), adj. Bot. Belonging to a family (Magnoliaceae) of shrubs and trees, the magnolia family, with large, fragrant, showy flowers.

tor) with permanent magnets,

chemical

diameters.

— v.27. To have

the power of causing objects to appear larger than they are. — mag/ni-fi/er (-f1/Er), n. mag-nil’o-quent (mag-nil’6-kwént), adj. [L. magnus great + loquens, -entis, pres. part. of logui to speak.]

esp., an

of magnetism

2. Toenlarge, either in fact or in appearance;

as, the microscope magnified, the object 100

mag-no/li-a’ceous

alternator (magneto alterna-

the relation

An honorary, title denoting a grandee of

fr. L. magnificare. See MAGNIFICENCE.] 1. Archaic. a To praise highly, b To cause to be held in greater esteem

¢ Magnetoelectric, as in

(mag-né/td), n.; pl.

_b As applied to

Venice. 2. Any person of high position. mag/ni-fy (mag/ni-fi), v.t. COF. and L.; OF. magnifier,

mag-ne’to-ma-chine’, mag-ne’to-tel/e-graph, mag-ne’mag-ne/to

fr. magnus

mag-nif/i-co (mig-nif/%-k6), n.; pl. -cors (-k6z). _ [It.,

A

a

[OF., fr. L.

magnificent,

terized by grandeur or majestic beauty.

combining form for magnetic, denoting: a Magnetic force, asin magnetometer. b Pertaining to or actuated by mag-

to-tel’e-phone.

fr. magnificus

ideas, language, etc., exalted; noble. — Sym. See GRAND. — Ant. Simple, unostentatious. — mag-nif/i-cent-ly, adv.

to charm; captivate. 3. To hypnotize. — mag/net-i-za’tion, n. — mag/net-iz/er, n.

mag-ne/to- (mag-né/td-; maig/nétd-).

(mag-nif/7-séns; -s’ns), n.

magnificentia,

great + facere tomake.] Splendor of surroundings; also, grandeur. mag-nif’i-cent (-sént; -s’nt), adj. [OF.J 1. Exalted in place; — now only o former famous rulers; as, Lorenzo [de’? Medici] the Magnificent. 2. a Characterized by sensuous splendor or sumptuous adornment; also, charac-

Capable of being mag-

netized. — mag’net-iz/a-bil’i-ty (-bil/%-ti), n. mag/net-ize (mig/né-tiz; -ni-tiz), v. ¢. 1. Tocommunicate magnetic properties to; to convert into a magnet; as, to

The Latin

A magnifying;

specif., apparent enlargement of an object by an optical instrument.

mag-nif/i-cence

treats of magnetic phenomena. 4. Mesmerism. mag’net-ite (-tit), 7. Mineral. Aniron oxide (Fe;O,) and important ore, sometimes possessing polarity, being then called loadstone.

mag/net-iz/a-ble (-tiz/d-b’l), adj.

[L., it magnifies.]_

version of the song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46-565.

mag/ni-fi-ca/tion (mag/n?-fi-ka/shtin), n.

Either of the poles of a magnet; specif.

{caps.], either of two spots on the earth’s surface, toward which the compass needle points from any direction

A combining form meaning big,

great, asin magnificent, magniloquent; mag-nip’o-tence,

magnetic field. _The portion of space near a magnetic body

or a body carrying a current) in which the magnetic forces ue to the body (or current) are sensible. ¥

[L. magnus.]

can

agaves,

pulque.

esp.

b Any

plant of a genus

one

yielding

fiber-yielding

(Furcraea)

re-

lated to the agaves. c The cen- European Magpie (P. pica). (a) tury plant. Ma/gus (ma/gts), n.; pl. Maat (-ji). [L.] a One of the Magi. b [not cap.) pl. MaGt (-ji). A magician.

Mag’yar (mag’yar; Hung. mdd’/yor), n. (Hung.] One of the dominant people of Hungary; also, their language, a

Finno-Ugric tongue. — Magyar, adj.

Ma-ha/bha/ra.ta (ma-ha/bi’rd-ta), n. ra.tam (tam).

Also Ma-ha’bha’-

([Skr. Mahabharata, lit., the Great Bha-

rata (Story).] One of the two great epics of the Hindus. ma-ha/ra’ja, ma-ha/ra/jah (ma-ha/rii/ja; Angl. ma/hi-ri’-

Se

ja), n.

[Skr. maharaja, fr. mahat great + rajan king.]

A title of certain Hindu princes, esp. of the ruling chiefs of the principal native states, ranking above a raja.

G@ccount, firm, ask, sofa; Eve, Sdd, sOft, connect; food, foot;

Sw

poe

a) Sag ee

ee

ee

hére (27), Event, Gnd, silént, makér; ice, ill; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Gm, tip, circés, meni;

maharanee ma-ha/ra/ni,

ma-ha/ra/nee

maharanit great queen.]

A queen or sovereign princess of

an Indian state. ma-hat’ma (md-hit’/mé; Angl. ma-hit’ma),n. [Skr. mahatman, lit., great-souled, wise.] Theos. One of a class of

sages, reputed to have superior knowledge and powers. —

ma-hat’ma-ism

(-iz’m), n.

Mah/di (ma/d¢), n. [Ar., the guided one.]_ Among Mohammiedans, the last imam, or leader of the faithful. The

title has been taken by several leaders of Moslem sects, notably by Mohammed Ahmed, who overran the Egyptian Su-

dan, and

in 1885

captured

Khartoum. — Mah/dism

(-diz’m), n. — Mah/dist (dist), n.

Ma-hi’can (ma-hé/kdn),n.

Any of the Algonquian Indians

formerly between the Hudson River and Narragansett Bay; specif.: a One of the Mohican, a confederacy on_the

upper Hudson.

necticut.

mah/—jonge’

6 One of the Mohegan, a tribe of Con-

(mii’jong’), mah’jong’, nm.

[From Cant.

pron. of Chin. (Pek.) ma*-ch’zao’, lit., house sparrow.]

Chinese game played, usually, by four persons with 144

“tiles,” similar to dominoes.

mahl’stick’ (mil/strk’; mél’-).

Var. of MAULSTICK. ma-hog/a-ny (md-hog/d-nt), n.; pd. -NrES (-niz)._ [Obs. Sp.

mahogani, formerly current in the W. Indies.] 1. The valuable hardwood of a tropical American meliaceous tree (Swietenia mahagont); also, the tree yielding this wood. 2. Any of various other trees yielding a wood resembling

mahogany (sense 1). 3. The average color of mahogany wood, reddish red-yellow in hue, of medium saturation and low brilliance.

See cotor.

—

adj. Of or pertaining

the mahogany. Ma-hom/et-an (md-him/é-tdn; -i-tén), ism, etc. Vars. of MoHAMMEDAN, etc.

to

Ma-hom/et-an-

Ma-hound’ (mé-hound’; -hdond’), n, [OF. Mahon, Mahom; influenced by E. hound.] 1. Archaic. Moham-

med.

2. Scot.

The Devil.

ma-hout’ (md-hout’), n.

_[Hind. mahaut.]

Hast Indies.

The keeper and driver of an elephant. Vars. of MARATHA, Mah-rat’ta (mé-rat’a), Mah-rat’ti. MaRaAtTaI. : i

maid (mad), n.

[From marpEn.]

(1. An unmarried girl

or woman; usually, a young unmarried woman; a maiden; esp., a virgin. 2. A female servant.

maid’/en (mad’’n), n.

[AS. mzgden; akin to AS. megth

maid.] Amaid. 2. Aninstrument like the guillotine, formerly used in Scotland for beheading. 3. Cricket. A maiden over. 4. Horse Racing. In trotting, a horse that has never wonarace. — adj. 1. Never having been married; virgin.

2. Of or pertaining to a maiden; character-

istic of a virgin. 4. Designating,

3. First; earliest; as, a maiden speech.

or pertaining

to, a horse that has never

won a prize, soil that has never been plowed, etc.; fresh; untried; unused. maid’en-hair’ (-har’), n., or

maidenhair

fern.

majestically

603

(mé-hi/ri/n@), n. |[Hind.

Any of a

pers, etc., conveyed under public authority from one post

office to another. bh The system of appliances used in the postal service. 3. Now Chiefly U.S. That which comes in the mail; letters, etc., received through the post office.

4. That which conveys mail, as a vehicle, boat, or person.

— adj. Carrying or usedin handling mail.

U.S.

mailed (mald), adj.

[See 2d marz.]

mailer (mal’ér), n.

One who or that which mails; also, a

machine (mailing machine) for addressing mail matter, mail’/ing (mal/ing), n. [See mart rent.] Scot. A rented

farm, or the rent paid. maill (mal). Var. of Ist mart. mail’man/ (mal’/min’), n. A postman.

mail order.

An order for goods which is received and filled

by mail. — mail’—or/der, adj. — mail-order house. maim (mam), v.t. LOF. mahaignier, meshaignier.] 1. To deprive of the use of a member, so as to render a person

less able to defend himself. 2. To mutilate; disable. maim,n. Inlaw language may’hem (ma/hém), and mai’hem. [ME. maheym, fr.OF.mahaing.] Archaic. Privation of the use of a member of the body; a serious physical injury. main (man), n.

[AS. mzgen strength, power,

of arailroad.— for, orin, the main.

— adj. 1. Powerful; forceful.

(man/lind’;

-lénd), n.

main/mast’ (man’/mast’; -mdst), n. _ Naut. The mast regarded as the principal mast in a ship or other vessel.

mains

H.D.)

(manz), n.

([Scot., pl. of main for domain.

Scot. The farm attached to a mansion.

piece of mechanism,

1.

D>

Cricket. An over

Frond of Maidenhair Fern (A, pedatum).

birth, whose duty it is to attend a queen or a princess. ) The principal attendant on a bride at the wedding ceremony; — so called when unmarried; when married, called

matron of honor.

(mad/sfir/vant), n.

Designating,

A female servant.

[Gr. mazeutikos, fr. maia

or pertaining

to, the

Socratic

method (which see); — so called because Socrates held that

teaching is eliciting memory. — ma-ieu’ti-cal, adj. mai/gre (ma/zér; ma’gr’), adj. [F. See meacer.] Designating articles of diet free from flesh or the juices of flesh. mai/hem (ma/hém). Var. of Mar. mail (mal),n. Alsomaill. [AS. mal, fr. ON. mal speech, agreement.] Obs. exc. Scot. Payment; rent.

mail,n.

[OF. maille, fr. L. macula spot, a mesh of a net.]

1. A flexible fabric of interlinked metal rings used as defensive armor.

FINN

ous animals, as of a lobster.

one ane oe ee aha,

n.

Scot.

malha,

!. mate,

wallet.]

=v. t. eee

is

Ir.

- mal-

1. Obs. exc.

A bag; a traveling bag.

BEY j

The bag or bags, with the letters, pa-

s adj.

[F. mal @ propos,

culus male, masculine, dim. of masa male.]

1. Desig-

nating, or of or pertaining to, a human being or animal of

the sex which begets young;

— opposed to female.

2.

Suitable to the male sex; characteristic of a male; mascu-

line, _ 3. Denoting an intensity or superiority of the characteristic qualities of anything. 4. Consisting of males; as, a male choir. 5. Bot. Pertaining to or designating any organ or reproductive body accomplishing fertilization,

or the plant bearing such organs; as, a male gamete. In seed plants, male is a popular equivalent of staminate.

In Zool. & Bot. the male sex is indicated by the symbol of Mars (3). 6. Mach. Adapted for fitting into a corre-

sponding hollow piece; as, a male gauge.

Syn. Male, masculine, manly, mannish, manlike, manful, virile. Male (opposed to female) applies to animals and plants as well as to human beings, and always suggests sex; masculine (opposed to feminine) denotes that (esp. strength, vigor, etc.). which belongs to, or is characteristic of, men, and cften suggests gender rather than sex. Manly commonly suggests a man’s finer qualities, esp. courage, frankness, independence. Manlike is more apt to suggest characteristically masculine qualities or (esp.) foibles. Mannish isa term of contempt; as compared with the corresponding use of masculine, it expresses affected

rather than natural qualities, Manful implies esp. bravery or resolution; as, a manful struggle. Virile (stronger than masculine) suggests the qualities of fully developed manhood.

—n. A male human being; hence, any male organism. mal/e-dict (mal’é-dikt), adj. [L. maledictus, past part. of maledicere.] Archaic. Accursed; abominable.

mal’e-dic’tion (-dik/shiin), n.

[L. maledictio, fr. male-

dicere to speak ill, to curse, fr. male ill + dicere to say.]

1. A proclaiming of evil against someone; a curse; — opposed to benediction. 2. A speaking evil; slander. — Syn. Denunciation; anathema. See cuRSE. — mal/edic’to-ry (-dik/t6-ri), adj. mal’e-fac’tion (-fak’shtin), n. An evil deed; offense. mal’e-fac/tor (mal/é-fak/tér), n. [L., fr. malefacere to do evil, fr. male ill, evil+ facere to do.] One guilty of a malefaction; a criminal. — Syn. Evildoer, culprit, felon.

— mal’e.fac’/tress (-trés; -tris), n.

ma-lef’ic (m4-léf’ik), adj. [L. maleficus.} Harmful. ma-lef’i-cence (m4a-léf’%-séns; -s’ns), n. 1. Evil action; also, an evil deed. 2. Maleficent or malefic quality. ma-lef’i-cent (-sént; -s’nt), adj. [See mareric.] Harmful. ma-lev’/o-lent (ma-lév’d-lént), adj. _[OF. malivolent, fr. L. malevolens, -entis, fr. male ill+ volens wishing.] Wishing evil; arising from, or indicative of, ill will. — Syn.

See MALICIOUS. — -o-lence (-léns), n. — -lent-ly, adv. mal.fea’/sance (mal-fé/zdns), n. F. malfaisance, fr. malfaisant doing ill, fr. mal ill, evil-+ faisant doing.] The doing of an act which a person ought not to do; — often used of official misconduct. mal-fea/sant (-zdnt), m. A criminal. mai/for-ma’tion (mal/fér-ma/shtin), n. Irregular, anomalous, abnormal, or wrong formation. or structure. mal.formed’ (mil-f6rmd’), adj. Abnormally formed. ||mal’gré’ (mal/gra’), prep. [F.] In spite of.

||mal/gré’ lui’ (mal/gra/ lwe’).

[F.]

In spite of oneself.

mal/ic (mal/ik; ma/lik), adj. (LF. malique, fr. L. malum an apple.] Chem. Designating, or pertaining to, a crystallizable hydroxy diacid, C,H,OH(CO-H), occurring in vari-

fr. mal badly + & propos to the purpose.] _Unseasonable; ous plant juices, as in apples, grapes, etc. inopportune. — adv. Unseasonably; inappropriately. ma/lar (ma‘lér), adj. [L. mala the cheek.] Pert. to the mal/ice (mal/is), n.. COF., fr.L. malitia, fr. malus ill, cheek, or sides of the head. ==. The bone of the cheek. evil.] 1. Enmity of heart; ill will. 2. Law. The state of mind manifested by an intent to commit.an unlawful act; ma-lar/i-a (mé-lar/i-@), n. [It., contr. fr. mala eria bad air.] 1. Air infected with a noxious substance capableof esp., Malice aforethought, a deliberate intention to commit the act. — Sym. See RESENTMENT. engendering disease; esp., miasma. 2. Med. A febrile disease caused by animal parasites

(genus Plasmodium)

in the red blood corpuscles. It occurs in paroxysms, each marked by a chill followed by high fever and sweating, and

is usually either intermittent or remittent. | It is transferred to man by the bite of anopheles mosquitoes. — malar’i-al (-cl), ma-lar’ian (dn), ma-lar/i-ous (-%s), adj. mal/as.sim/i-la’tion (m4l/d-sim/7.la/shtin), n. Med. Im-

perfect assimilation of nutritive material. mal/ate (mil/at; ma/lat), n. [L.malum apple.] A salt or ester of malic acid. _

Ma-lay’ (ma-la’; ma’la; 2), adj.

Chem.

Of or pertaining to the

Malay Peninsula or Malaysia or their inhabitants.

—n.

1. A member of the dominant brown race of the Malay Peninsula and Malaysia. 2. The agglutinative language spoken by the Malays., 3.An oriental breed of game

fowls. — Ma-lay’an (ma-la/an), adj. ‘Mal/a-ya’lam (mil/a-ya’/lam),n. The Dravidian language of the Malabar coast of India, an offshoot of Tamil. Ma-lay’o- (ma-la’6-)._ Acombining form for Malay, mean-

ing Malayan and, as in Ma-lay’o—In/do-ne/sian.

Wia-lay’o-Pol/y-ne/sian, adj. Pertaining to both the Malays and the Polynesians; designating the family of languages now usually called the Austronesian (which see).

Ma-lay’sian SIA, Gaz.

(ma-la’shdn; -zhdn), adj. & n. from MAtayd 2

mal’con-tent/ (mal/kdn-tént’), adj. _(CF., fr. mal ill+ content.] Discontented; esp., dissatisfied with the government; rebellious, -=n. One discontented; esp., a discontented subject of a government; a political agitator.

Jmal/ de mer’ (mal/ dé mar’). male (mal), adj.

chair;

[F.]

Seasickness.

[OF. male, masle, mascle, fr. L. mas-

go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verditire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

ma-li’cious (mda-lish’t%s), adj.

1. Indulging or exercising

malice. 2. Proceeding from ill will; dictated by malice. 3. Law. Done with wicked or mischievous intentions or

motives. — ma-li/cious-ly, adv. — ma-li/cious-ness, n. Sym. Malicious, malevolent, malignant, malign. That is

malicious which is dictated by hatred or spite; malevolent emphasizes evil will, intent, or influence rather than malice in action. Malignant implies virulence or intense and active ill will; malign connotes esp. baleful influence.

ma-lign’ (md-lin’), adj. .[OF. maligne, malin, fr. L. malignus, for maligenus, i.e., of a bad kind or nature, fr.

malus bad + root of genus race, kind.] disposition

toward

1. Having an evil

others; malevolent; — opposed

to be-

nign. Tending to injure; baleful. — Syn. See MALIcious. —v.¢. To traduce; defame; slander. — Sym. See ASPERSE. — ma-lign’ly, adv.

ma-lig’nan-cy

(ma-lig’ndn-si), n.

Also ma-lig/nance

(-ndns). State or quality of being malignant; harmful nature; enmity. =

ma.-lig/nant (ndnt), adj.

[L. malignans, -antis, pres.

part. of malignare, malignart, to do or make maliciously. ]

1. Rebellious against God or against a government; mal-

content. 2. Havinga baleful influence; malign. 3. Disposed todo harm; malicious. 4. Med. Tending or threatening to produce death; virulent; as, a malignant tumor.

— Syn. See MALICIOUS. lig/nant-ly, adv. ma-lign/er (ma-lin/ér), n.

—n.

malcontent. — ma-

One who maligns.

ma.lig/ni-ty (md-lig’n?-ti), n.; pl. -71Es (-tiz).

1. State

or quality of being malignant; malignancy. 2. Usually in pl. A malignant act, feeling, event, etc.; as, “war, waste, plague, famine, all malignities.”

k= ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh

Exvlanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

=z in azure.

|] Foreign Words

Lace.

2.

Also ma-line’

(ma-lén’).

1. = MEcuiin

A fine silk net,

rather stiff, used in millinery and dressmaking.

ma-lin’ger (ma-linge’sgér), v. 1.. [F.malingre sickly, weakTo feign illness or inability in order to avoid doing

one’s duty; to shirk. — Ma-lin/ger-er (-ér), n.

mal/i-son

maledictio.

(mal’%-z’n; -s’n), n._

(COF. maleicon, fr. L.

See MALEDICTION.]

Malediction.

mal’/kin ere? maw’kKin (md/-), n. [Dim. of Maud, Matilda.) 1. bs. exc. Dial. A slattern; a drab; also, a

scarecrow.

2. Scot.

& Dial. Eng.

A hare; also, a cat;

also [cap.], a cat personified as a specter or familiar spirit. mall (m6l; mal; in Pall Mall, mél is the preferred pron.

Cf. PALL-MALL), n.

[From

ME. malle (see Mavt), but

associated in 17th cent. with F. mail.J

1. The mallet

used in pall-mall. The_game of pall-mall. 3. A place for playing pall-mall. Hence: A shaded walk. mallard (mal/érd), n. (OF. mallart.] 1. The drake of the common

wild

mammary

606

maline ma-lines’ (mé-lén’; F. ma‘lén’),n. [F.]

duck,

or, Obs., of any of its domesticated varieties.

Malpighian tubes or vessels.

Zool.

Tubular glands

opening into the posterior portion of the alimentary canal

in nearly all insects. Malpighian tuft. See xipnry, 1.

mal’po-si/tion

(mal/pé-zish’tn),

n.

position, as of the fetus; misplacement.

mal/prac/tice (mal/prak’tis), n.

Wrong

or

faulty

The treatment of a case

by a surgeon or physician in a manner contrary to accepted rules and with injurious results. — mal/prac.ti/tion-er (mal/prak-tish’iin-ér),

malt (mélt; mdlt), n.

n.

[AS. mealt.]

1. Grain, generally

barley, softened by steeping in water and allowed to germinate. Malt is essential in brewing and distilling. Its large carbohydrate and protein content is responsible for its use as a nutrient, esp. in wasting diseases. 2. Collog.

Malt liquor; beer. — malt, adj. malt, v.t. 1. To convert into malt, or maltlike material; as, to malt barley. 2. To make or treat with malt or malt extract; as, malted milk. —v.t. To become malt or maltlike; also, to make grain into malt.

2. pl.,see PLURAL, Note,

Mal/ta fe’ver (m6l’ta; mdl’ta). [From Malta. See Gaz.] Undulant fever. mali/ase (m6l’tas; mol’-), n. _ [malt + -ase.]_ An enzyme

rhynchos), of either sex, of the Northern Hemisphere. The domestic

is found in plants, animals, yeast, bacteria, etc. Mal/tese’ (mél’téz’; -tés’; mol/-; 2), adj. Of or pertaining

3. Hence: The common wild duck (Anas platy-

that accelerates the hydrolysis of maltose to dextrose.

to Malta oritsinhabitants.

ducks are descended from it. |

é-d-bil/7-ti), n. Quality or state of being malle-

Female.

able.

(AS)

mal’le.a-ble (mil/é-4-b’l; 58), adj._

[OF., fr. L. malleare

to hammer, fr. malleus a hammer.] 1. Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers. The so-called malleable cast iron, or, popularly, malleable iron, is cast iron made by a complex process from a certain variety of pig iron. 2. Suscep-

tible of being fashioned or molded. — mai’le-a-ble-ness, 7. mal/lee (mal’é), n. [Native name.] a Any of several eucalypts

(esp. Hucalyptus

dumosa

and LE.

oleosa). hb Australia. The dense thicket they form. mal/le-muck (mil’/é-mtik), n._ [D._ mallemok, fr. mal foolish, silly+ mok mew, gull.] A large petrel, fulmar, albatross, or other oceanic bird. :

mal-le’o-lar (md-lé/6-lér; mal’é-6-lér), adj.

[See MALLEO-

tus.] Anat. Of or pertaining to a malleolus. : mal.le’o-lus (m4@-lé’6-lvis), m.; pl. -o1t (11). [L., dim, of malleus hammer.) Anat. The rounded lateral projection

on each bone of the leg at the ankle.

mal/let (mil’ét; -it), n.

MAUL.]

[F. mazllet, dim. of mati.

See

1. A small maul with a short handle, used esp.

for driving a chisel.

2. Hence:

a A long-handled stick

oe cylindrical head, used in playing croquet.

b A polo

stick.

mal’le-us (mil’é-t%s), n.; pl. MALLEI (1). [L., hammer. See mMAuL.] Anat. & Zool. The outermost of the three small bones of the ear. See EAR, Illust. mal/low (mil’s), n. [AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva.] Any of a genus (Malva, family Malvaceae)

of plants with palmately lobed or dis-

mealm.] _Petrog. a A soft, grayishwhite, friable limestone. hb Dial. chalk; marl.

vasia, in the Morea.]_

_[L., fr. Gr. maltha.]

(1. Any of

various cements, some bituminous, others like mortar.

aA

black

viscid

substance

Golam and asphalt; mineral

intermediate

2.

pe-

bA

variety of ozo-

Mal-thu/sian (mal-thii’zhdn; -zi-dn), adj._

Of or pertain-

cerite.

tar.

between

ing to the political economist Rev. T. R. Malthus (1766—

1834), or to his views; as, Malthusian theories.

Malthus

held that population tends to multiply faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, and that, unless an in-

crease of population be checked by prudential restraint, poverty is inevitable. — Mal-thu’/sian, n.

maltliquor. A fermented liquor, as beer, made with malt. malt/ose (m6l’/tds; mél’-), n. [From Matt.] Acrystalline sugar, Cj,H2O1n, formed esp. from starch by the action of amylase. It is dextrorotatory and fermentable.

mal.treat’ (mil-trét’), v.t. LF. maltraiter.] To treat ill; to abuse; to treat roughly. — mal-treat/ment, n. malt’/ster (mélt’stér; mdlt’-), n. A maker of malt. mali’y (m6l/ti; mol’-), adj. a Containing, or like, malt. b Humorous. Addicted to malt liquor. ‘¢ Slang. Drunk. mal.va/ceous (mil-va/shtis), adj. [L. malva mallow.] Bot. Belonging to a family (Malvaceae, order Malvales),

the mallow family, of herbs, shrubs, and trees, including the cotton, okra, hibiscus, althea, etc.

mal/va-si’a (mil/vd-sé/d), n. [It. See matmsry.J] A variety of grape which yields the wine known as malmsey; also, the wine itself. — mal/va-si’an (-sé’din), adj. — mal’ver-sa/tion (mal’vér-sa’shiin), n. ([F., fr. malverser

Any of several tropical and southern African venomous snakes (genus Dendraspis) no hood.

soil containing

A rich, sweet,

A sugary mucilaginous substance obtained

Evil conduct; esp., corruption, or extortion in office. mal’voi-sie (mal/voi-zi; mal’vad-), n. [F.] Malmsey. ma’/ma (mé/mda; md-ma’; Brit. usually mami’). Var. of MAMMA. mam/ba (mim/bi), n. [Zulu im-amba, for in-amba.]

mallow rose. = ROSE MALLOw a. malm (mim; dial. also mém), n. CAS.

malm/sey (mim/zi), n. [ML. malmasta, fr. Gr. Monembasia, or Mal-

from wort.

mal/tha (mal’/tha), n.

oneselts]

difolia); hence, any malvaceous plant.

A rich clayey

malt extract.

to be corrupt in office, fr. L. male ill-+ versari to occupy

sected leaves, including the common wild mallow (M. sylvestris), of Europe, or the dwarf mallow (M. rotun-

Eng.

1. sing. & pl. Anative

of Malta. 2. The native language of the Maltese. Maltese cat. A bluish-gray variety of the domestic cat.

mal’le.a-bil/i-ty (mal/-

Australian

—n.

It

allied to the cobras but with

Mam/e-luke (maim/é-lik), n. Mallow (M. sylvestris).

aromatic wine, orig. produced in Cy(A) prus, but now also in Spain, Italy, Madeira, and elsewhere, from the malvasia grape. mal’nu-tri’tion (mil/nii-trish/iin), n. Faulty nutrition. mal.o/dor, mal.o/dour (mal-6’dér), m. An offensive odor. mal.o/dor-ous (-iis), adj. Ill-smelling. — mal-o/dorous:ly, adv. — mal-o/dor-ous-ness, n. ma-lo/nic (m4@-lo/nik; -lon/¥k), adj. [F. malonique.]

Pertaining to or designating a white crystalline diacid, CH,(CO,H),., obtained esp. by oxidation of malic acid.

LF. mameluk, fr. Ar. mam-

luk a white (non-Negro) slave or captive.] _1. One of a body of soldiers recruited from slaves converted to Islamism, who

had great political power in Egypt

(Mameluke sul-

tans, 1250-1517) until exterminated or dispersed by Mehe-

met Ali in 1811.

[not cap.] In Mohammedan coun-

oe a white or yellow slave.

slave ma-mey’ (ma-ma’; -me’). mam/ma

(mia’mda; ma-mii’;

3. [not cap.] A fighting

Var. of MAMMEE. cf. Mama), n.

Also ma/ma.

({Reduplicated from the infantine word ma, influenced in

spelling by L. mamma childs word.

mam/ma

breast.]

Mother; — now usually a

(mim/4), n.; pl. -mar (-€).

[L.,breast.]

Anat.

[See Mat-

& Zool. A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but normally rudimentary in the male.

of tropical herbs, shrubs, or trees (order Geraniales), hav-

mam/mal (mim/dl), n. One of the Mammalia. Mam.ma/lia (mi-ma/li-d; 58), n. pl. ONL., fr. LL. mam-

mal-pigh/i-a/ceous

PIGHIAN.]

Bot.

(mil-pig/l-a/shtis), adj.

Belonging to a family (Malpighiaceae)

ing opposite leaves and yellow or red flowers. Mal-pigh’i-an (mal-pig/f-dn), adj. Of, pert. to, or dis-

covered by, Marcello Malpighi (1628-94), Italian anatomist.

Malpighian

body or corpuscle. Anat. A kidney corpuscle. See KIDNEY, 1 Malpighian layer. Anat. The deeper portion of the epi-

dermis, consisting of cells whose protoplasm has not yet changed into horny material.

malis of the breast, fr. mamma breast.] Zool. The highest class of vertebrates, including man and other animals that nourish their young with milk. — mam-ma/li-an (Cdn), n. & adj.

mam-mal/o-gy (ma-mal/6.j1), n._ [Mammalia + -logy.] The branch of zoology which deals with mammals. mam/ma-ry (mam/a-ri), adj. Of or pert. to the mammae; as, the mammary glands.

le, chaotic, cAre, add, dccount, rm, ask, sofa; Gve, hére (27), @vent, Snd, silént, mak&r; Ice, Ul, chartty; old, Gbey, rb, Sdd, s6ft, cOnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, nite, tim, Up, circés, menti;

iImammee

apple.

One of a genus (Mammea, esp. M. americana) of

trees with a valvate 2-parted calyx and a large drupaceous

fruit. b The marmalade tree or its fruit, called also mammee’ sa-po’ta (sd-po/td) or mam-mee’ co/lo-ra’do (k0/l6ra/do).

c¢ The sapodilla.

mam/mer (dial. mim/ér, mim/ér), v.é. & 7. Dial. To confuse or be confused; perplex; waver; stammer. mam-mif’er-ous (ma-mif/ér-tis), adj. [mamma breast + -ferous.] Having breasts, or mammae; mammalian.

Mam-mil/la

(ma-mil/d), n.; pl. -LAz (-€).

mamilla, dim. of mamma

a breast.)

[L., better

A nipple.

mam/mil-lar/y (mam/7-lér7; -lér-¥; 3), adj.

Of, pertaining

to, or resembling, a mammilla.

maimn’/mnil-late (mim/7.lat), mam/mil-Jat/ed (-lat/éd; -id), adj. Having nipples. mam/mock (mim/uk),n. Mmam/’mon (mim/in), 2.

Dial. A shapeless piece; scrap. _[LL. mammona, fr. Gr. mamo-

nas, fr. Aram. mamonda riches.]

In the New Testament,

riches; hence Leap.], the demon of cupidity.

— mam/-

mon-ish, adj.

mam/mon-ism (-Iz’m), n. Devotion to the pursuit of wealth; the service of mammon; worldliness. — mam/Mon-ist -ist), mam/’mon-ite (it), n. mam/moth (mim/iuth), n. [Russ. mammot, mamant,

mamont.] |Any extinct elephant (family Elephantidae) distinguished by molars

having cement spaces between

filling the the ridges

&

thick oe coat. ne a perial mammoth (Archidiskodon imperator),

‘ey SY Wil LY,

j

of the American Pleistocene, is the largest known,

Slots Restoration of

h Mammoth.

(14«)

reaching a height of nearly fourteen feet. — adj. Very large.

mam/my (mam/i), n.; pl. -mres (iz). a Mother; —a child’s word. hb U.S.’ A negress nurse or servant.

man (map), n.; pl. MEN (mén).

[AS. mann, man, monn,

. A human being; esp., a male human

being; —

now restricted to males except in general application; as,

2. The human race; mankind.

3. With a, one, or anyone, indefinitely.

acter;

manliness,

:

married man;

4. Manly char-

a husband; —

correlative to wife. Now Chiefly Dial., except in the phrase man and wife. 6. An adult male servant, as a valet; also, an adult male employee; as, the men are on a

strike.

‘7. A term of familiar address often implying au-

thority, impatience, or contempt; as, Come, man, we must

go..

8. One having

1. To train (a horse) in

the manége; to put through his paces. 2. To control and direct; to conduct; guide; administer. 3. To render and keep (one) submissive; to wield with address. 4. To

treat with care; to husband.

—v.7.

5. To bring about by

contriving;

to contrive.

purpose. —

Syn. Direct, govern, order.

carry on business or affairs.

1. To direct affairs; to

2. Collog. To achieve one’s

man/age-a-ble (min/ij-d-b’l), adj. aged;

submitting

trollable.

to control;

See CONDUCT.

Such as can be man-

tractable. —

Sym.

Con-

— Ant. Ungovernable, unruly, intractable.—

man/age-a-bil/i-ty

(-bil’7-th, n. — man/age-a-ble-ness,

n. — man/age.a-bly, adv.

man/aged cur’ren-cy (man/Yjd).

Currency whose pur-

chasing power is theoretically to be stabilized, as by variation of the gold content represented by the standard mone-

tary unit.

man/age-ment (man/¥j-mént), n._

1. Act or art of manag-

ing; conduct; control. 2. Judicious use of means to accomplish an end; skillful treatment. 3. Capacity for

managing; executive skill. 4. The collective body of those who manage any enterprise or interest. — Syn. Government, direction, care, charge. ‘

man/ag-er (min’ij-ér), n. 1. One who manages; director. Abbr. Mgr. 2. A person who conducts business or house-

hold affairs with economy. — man/ag-er-ship’, n. man/ag-er-ess (-és; -is), nm. A female manager. man/a-ge/ri-al (man/a-jér’i-@]), adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a manager. — man/a-ge/ri-al-ly, adv.

man/a-kin (min’d-kin), n.

[See maniktn.]

1. Any of

Ma-nas/seh (mé-nis’é), n. [Heb. Ménagseh.] 1. A tribe of Israel, descended, accordingto the account, from Ma-

had very long, upwardly curving tusks, and a long

mon.

AGED (-ijd); MAN’AG-ING (-ij-Ing).

numerous small bright-colored clamatorial birds of Central and South America. 2. Var. of MANIKIN. ||ma-fia’na (ma-nya/na),n. [Sp.] Tomorrow. — adv. Tomorrow; before long. 2

of enamel. The wooily, or northern, mammoth (Mammonteus primigepie), resembled the existing Indian elephant, but

every man; few men.

mandatary

607

mam-mee’ (ma-ma/; -m@’), n. Also ma-mey’ (-mia’; -mé’). _[Sp. mamey, fr. Taino mamey.] One of three tropical American trees or their fruits: a Also mammee

manly

excellence.

9. Anthropol.

An individual (genus Homo, family Hominidae, class Mammalia) of the highest type of animal existing or known to have existed, differing from other high types of animals,

nasseh,asonof Joseph. 2. Aking of Judah. 2 Kings xxi. man/—at—arms’, 7.; pl. MEN-At-ARMS. A soldier; esp., a heavy-armed horse soldier.

[Sp. manatt, of Cariban

man/a-tee’ (min/a-té’), n. origin.] Any of several

aquatic

herbivorous

mammals (genus Trichechus), differing from

the dugong in having the

tail broad and rounded.

ma-nav’el-ins (md-nav’-

él-inz), ma-nav/il-ins Manatee (T. manatus). (130) (il-inz), n. pl. Slang, Chiefly Naut. Odds and ends. man/chet (min/chét; -chit), n. Archaic & Dial. Eng. loaf or roll of fine wheat bread.

man/chi-neel’ (min/chi-nél’), n. manzanillo,

fr. manzana

A

LI. mancenille, fr. Sp.

apple, fr. L.

(malum)

mati-

tree (Hippomane

man-

anum a kind of apple, fr. the name Matius, Mattius.]

A poisonous tropical American

cinella) having a milky juice, and apple-shaped fruit. _ Man/chu’ (man’choo’; attrib. also min’ch6o; 2), adj.

Of or pertaining to Manchuria or its inhabitants.

— 7.

1. One of the native Mongolian race of Manchuria, which conquered China (1644). 2. The Janguage of the Manchus, a Ural-Altaic tongue. — Man-chu’rian (mdanchoor’l-dn), adj. & n. : :

man‘ci-ple

(min/s%-p’l), n..

_LOF. manciple,

hae

a

slave, servant, fr. L. manctpium, fr. mancipare to sell.] A steward or purveyor, as for a college or Inn of Court. Man-cu/ni-an (main-ki/ni-dn; 58), n. (ML. Mancunium Manchester.] A native or inhabitant of Manchester.

— Man-cu/ni.an, adj.

i

-man/cy (pl. -BRIA (-@), -BRIUMS

Manx (mangks), adj.

ny of certain insects (genus Mantis or allied genera), remarkable for their grotesque form, and for holding their

5. Zool.

loose-bodied

ward, or in relation to, man. man’ward, adj. Directed toward man. man/wise’ (-wiz'), adv. After the manner of men.

with

worn in Spain, Mexico, etc.

Math.

A lady’s

robe, usually an overdress, resembling a mantle. man/ual (min/i-dl), adj. [F. and L.; F. manuel, fr. L. manualis, fr. manus hand.] 1. Of or pertaining to the hand or hands; done, made, or operated, by hand. 2. Of the nature of, or designed for, a manual, as a text. — 7. 1. A small book; handbook. 2. Mil. A prescribed exercise in the handling of a weapon. 3. Music. An organ keyboard for the fingers. — man/u-al-ly, adv. manual training. Training in work done with the hands,

USS., Mss., or mss.

== 2. Man-

ia), -TISES (-€z; -iz).

man/tu-a (min’ti-d), n. ferons Mantua, Italy] 1. Obs. A rich fabric, prob. of silk. 2. Hist. [From MAN-

man/ward (main/wérd), man’wards (-wérdz), adv.

man-til/la ve cine nm. _ [Sp., fr. manta.) 1. A woman’s light cloak or cape. 2. A kind of veil man/tis

'

Var. of MANTELET.

guished from a printed copy.

(Gr.

mantikos prophetic, fr. mantis seer.] f or pertaining to fEX

divination;

Var. of MANTEL.

mant’let (mint/lét; -l¥t).

See MANUAL; SCRIBE.] Written with or by thehand. — 7. 1. A written composition, as an ancient book. 2. Anauthor’s copy of his work in handwriting or typewriting; a written or typewritten document of any kind as distin-

man/tel-tree’ (-tré’),n. Arch. A

man/’tic (min/tik), adj.

produce a flush or blush; to blush; flush.

man/tle (man’t’l).

man/u-script

n.

(shéif’).

The shelf of a mantel.

spread out; — said of wings. 2. To gather or assume a covering, as froth or scum. 3. To spread over the surface as a covering; as, a scum mantled the pool; to be or become suffused with blood; of the blood, to gather so as to

Anat. & Zool. The distal segment of the forelimb of a vertebrate, including the carpus and forefoot or hand. , Lom. Law. The power or rights of a husband over his wife. _ :

over the rochet by cardinals, pee and prelates of the first

rank. man/’tel-piece’ (man/t’l-pés’),

mantle; to cloak. —v.7. 1. a To spread out the wings, one after the other, over the legs; — said of hawks. b To

TEAU; confused with manTuA.]

the lower one being steeper than the upper one. / manse (mains), 7. [ML. mansa a farm,

map

610

manor house

having at least the number of freehold tenants required to

-TLED

To cover or envelop, as with a

1.

One of a breed of domestic cats haying a

rudimentary tail, containing only about three vertebrae.

Manx’man (mangks’mén),n. A native of the Isle of Man. man/y (mén’!), adj. The comparative and superlative are

supplied by more, most, froma

maenig, monig.|

different root.

LAS. manig,

Consisting of a great number; numer-

ous; not few. — Syn. Manifold, various. — Ant. Few. tose- With a singular noun, many is now_used attributively only in many a, and predicatively only in an inverted con-

struction; as, many is the time I’ve warned him. —n. Alargenumber;—considered ellipticalfor “amanyof.” pase pron. Bebea are as, sted Sp wer ro :

man/y-plies’

(mén/i-pliz’), n. many, adj.-+ plies, pl. of ply a eid The third stomach of a ruminant. man/za-ni/ta (min/zd-né/ta; min/sd-ne/ti), n, [Sp., dim. of manzana apple.] Any of various ericaceous Californian shrubs (genus Arctostaphylos). Ma/o-ri (mii/d-ri; mou/ri; ma/ri), n.; pl. Maorts (-riz).

1. One of the aborigines of New Zealand, a Polynesian people, tall, vigorous, and brave. 2. The language of the

Maoris. — Ma’o-ri, adj.

map (map), n. LF. mappe, in mappemonde map of the world, fr. ML. mappa mundi, fr. L. mappa napkin.] 1. A representation (usually flat) of the surface of the earth,

ale, chaotic, cAre, Add, G@ccount, firm, ask, sofa; éve, hére (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; dld, Gbey, Grb, Sdd, sft, cOnnect; fo0d, fSGt; out, oil; ciibe, nite, Gm, tip, circés, menti;

maple

611

margin

;

or of part of it; also, such a representation of the celestial

March (march), n.

gestive of a map.

year containing 31 days. Abbr. Mar. march, x. [OF. marche, of Teut. origin.]

sphere, or of part of it. Sym. Map, chart.

Cf. cuarr.

water, esp. in its relation to navigation.

— v. t.; MAPPED

2. Anything sug-

A map is primarily of the land; a chart, of the

(mapt); MApP/pING.

To delineate as on a

map; also, to explore, survey, etc., in getting data for a map.

ma/’ple (ma’p’l), n._

CAS. mapolder, mapulder, mapul-

tréow, maple tree.)

Any of a genus

damage greatly; impair.

fee

(m&r/a-boo),

ee

soldiers; hence, progress; course.

1. To

-

mar/a-bout Maple., Fruit and are

OC)

(genus Leptoptilus ; esp., the African species L. erwmentferus). Iso, the adjutant (L. dubius). b Collectively,

the long soft tail or wing coverts of a marabou or adjutant, used in millinery. 2. A kind of thrown raw silk; also, a thin fabric made from it.

mar/a-schi’no (miar/d-ské’n6), n. rasca, a sour cherry, fr. L. amarus

[It., fr. marasca, amabitter.] A liqueur dis-

tilled from the fermented juice of the ma-ras’ca

ras’ka),

a small

marasca).

bitter

wild

cherry

(Prunus

(md-

cerasus

\

Cherries preserved in maraschino, (mé-raz/miis), n. L., fr. Gr. marasmos,

maraschino cherries. ma-ras/mus

fr. marainein to waste away.]

Med, Progressive emacia-

tion, esp. in infants. — ma-ras/mic

Ma.-ra’tha

(mda-ra/ta), Mah-rat/ta

(-mYk), adj.

(-rit’a), n..

i

(Hind.

Marhata, fr. Skr. Maharastra.) A member of a race of India of the western Deccan and the Bombay Presidency.

Ma-ra’thi

(mdé-ri/té;

-rit’/@),

Mah-rat/ti

(rat).

A

Sanskritic language spoken esp. by the Marathas. mar’a-thon (mir’d-thodn; -thtin), ». es ‘

ness,

° or

ion,

precision

i ual tidy often often imimplies habitual

neat

neatness;

tL

as, neatly

dressed; a tidy room. Trim adds the implication of spruceness H or ae rtness, often of snugness or compactness; eee prim suggests formality

donsnest by:weters bail Syaae aeae a deers 2. Sib as or (often) affected nicety or precision; as, a trim lawn; a prim letter, 5 > €SP.,, to operate an airplane OF airship. | — full of formality and good advice. — Amt, Disorderly, slovenly. —».t. 1. Topass over in vessels; to sail over or on; hence, | » sth: né . é See over-, Nole. overprosperous overproud overprovide overprovision overprovoke

oversolicitous oversophisticated overspecialize overspeculate overspeculation oversqueamish overstiff overstimulate overstimulation overstock overstrain overstress overstrict overstrident overstudious overstudy oversubtle

overpunish

overpunishment overquick overquiet overrash overrationalize overready overrealistic overrefined overrefinement overreligious

| overremiss overresolute overrestrain overrich overrighteous overrigorous overripe

overripen overroast overrude oversad oversalt oversanguine oversaturate oversaucy overscented overscrupulous

overseason oversensitive oversentimental overserious overservile oversevere overseverity

oversharp overshort overshorten oversilent oversimple oversimplicity oversimplify overskeptical overslow oversolemn

file, chaotic, cAre, Add, @ccount, frm, ask, sofa; Eve, charity; ld, Sbey, Srb, Sdd, sSft, cdnnect; f6d, fO6t;

oversubtlety oversufficient oversupply oversure oversusceptible oversuspicious oversweet oversystematic oversystematize overtalkative overtame overtask overtax overtaxation overtechnical overtedious overtenacious

overtender overthrifty overthrust overtimid overtimorous overtire overtrain overtrustful overunionized overuse overvaluation, overvalue overvehement overventilate overventuresome overventurous overwealthy

hére (27), Event, End, silént, makér; ice, Yil, out, oil; ciibe, Wnite, firn, tip, circés, menu;

cess.

—v.¢.; see WEARY.

To weary too much.

o/ver-ween’ (-wén’), v. 7. To think too highly or arrogant-

ly; hence, to be egotistic, arrogant, or rash, in opinion. o’ver-ween/ing (-wén’ing), n. Excessive self-importance. —adj. Unduly confident; arrogant; also, of an opinion, purpose, etc., too pretentious; exaggerated. —— -ing-ly, adv. o’/ver-weigh’ (-wa’), v, ¢. _To exceed in weight; to overbalance; hence, to weigh down; to oppress.

ofver-weight’ (0’vér-wat’),.

Weight over and above what

is required; also, excessive or burdensome weight. Exceeding normal or proper weight. o/ver-whelm/’ (-hwélm’), v.% 1. To overturn.

— adj.

2. To cover over completely, as by a great wave; to submerge;

hencé, to overpower; crush. ) o’ver-whelniing, adj. That overwhelms. — -ing-ly, adv.

o/ver-wind’ (6/vér-wind’), v. t.; see WIND. tightly or too far, asa spring. net, as in a series motor)

1. To wind too

2. Hiec. To wind (a mag-

so that magnetic saturation re-

quires less than normal current. : o’ver-word’ (0/vér-wiird’), n. A repeated word; refrain.

o/ver-work’ (-wiirk’), v. ¢.; see worK. 1. To decorate all over; — only in past part. 2. a To cause to labor too much or too long. b Obs. To work upon the mind or feelings of so as to bring over. To overdo or overelaborate. 4. To fill too full of work.

=~ v. 7%. To work too much.

o’ver-work’ (0/vér-wiirk’), n.

a Excessively severe work.

b (pron. 0/vér-wirk’) Work in excess of the usual or stipulated time or quantity; extra work. o’ver-wrought’ (0’vér-rét’; 2), past & past part. of OVERworK. Hence: adj. a Wrought upon excessively; overexcited. b Worked to excess. c Elaborated to excess. o’vi- (6/vi-). [L.ovwm.] A combining form meaning egg, as in o-vif’er-ous, serving to hold or carry eggs.

O/vi-duct

(d/vi-dtkt), n.

oxlip

709

overwear

o/ver-wear’ (0/vér-war’), v.t.;seewEAR. 1. Towearout; to use up or exhaust by wearing. 2. To outwear or outgrow. o/ver-wea’ry (6/vér-wér’/!; see OVER-), adj. Wearied to ex-

[See ovum; puct.]

Anat. &

Zool. A tube or duct serving for the passage of the eggs outfrom the ovary. _ o’/vi-form (-f6rm), adj. [ovi--+ -form.] Egg-shaped. o’vine (6/vin; -vin), adj. CLL. ovinus, fr. ovis sheep.] Designating, or pert. to, sheep; sheeplike. : o-vip’a-ra (G-vip’da-rd), n. pl. LNL.] Oviparous animals. o-vip/a-rous (-rtis), adj. _[L. oviparus, fr. ovum egg +

parere to bring forth.] Zool. Producing eggs that hatch after exclusion from the body; also, designating this form of

reproduction; — contrasted with viviparous. — 0/vi-par’ity (0/vi-pair’?-ti), 7.

0/vi-pos’it (6/vi-pdz/it), v. 7. [See ovum; posit.]

To lay

eggs; — esp. of insects. — o/Vi-po-Si/tion (-p6-zish/win), n.

owl (oul), n., CAS. ae] Any member of a group, now usually considered as constituting a separate order (Strigiformes) of birds of prey distinguished by their large head and eyes, short, hooked bill, strong talons and more or less nocturnalhabits. Among North American owls are the barn owl (Tyto alba pratincola), the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus),

and the screech owl (Otus, esp. O. asio of the East).

owl’et (-Et;-it), n.

[Dim.of owl.]

aNt:

Ke

=

y

a

A European owl (Athene noctua). b A young or small owl. owl’ish, adj. Resembling, or characteristic of, an owl.

owl’s/=clo’ver,

».

A

Californian

herb (genus Orthocarpus, esp. O ervanthus) of the figwort family. own (6n), adj. [ME. owen, awan,

r. AS. agen, past part. of agan to possess. See OWE.] Belonging to (Otus asio). oneself or itself; — often following a possessive adjective or pronoun. own, v.t. [ME. ohnien, ahnien, fr. AS. agnian, fr. Ggen

own, adj. See own, adj.] 1. To possess; to have or hold as property. 2. To acknowledge; admit; as, to own a fault,a debt. —v.7. To confess; — with to. — Syn. See ACKNOWLEDGE, HAVE. — Ant. Repudiate. own/er (5n/ér), n. One who owns; a proprietor. own/er-ship (On/ér-ship), n. State, relation, or fact of being an owner; lawful claim or title; property. owse (ous), OW’Sen (ou’sén; -zén). Scot. var. of Ox, OXEN. OX (Oks), n.; pl. OXEN (6k/sén; -s’n), rarely ox. [AS. oxa.] . The domestic bovine quadruped (Bos taurus), esp. an adult castrated male. 2. Any bovine quadruped. oxa-. Chem. A combining form denoting the presence of oxygen replacing carbon, esp. in a ring.

ox/a-late (dk’sa-lat), n.

[F.]

oxalic acid.

ox-al/ic (Oks-4)/ik), adj.

oxauis.]

Chem.

Chem. A salt or ester of

(F. oxalique, fr. L. oxalis.

See

Pertaining to or designating an acid,

C,H,O4, or (COOH)., existing in oxalis as acid potassium

oxalate, and in many plant tissues as calcium oxalate.

It

is used in dyeing, calico printing, etc.

ox’a-lis (6k/sd-lis), n. [L., a kind of sorrel, fr. Gr. oxalis, fr. oxys sharp, acid.] Any of a genus (Ozalis, family Oxalidaceae), of acaulescent herbs, the wood sorrels, having palmately or pinnately compound leaves and white, pink, or purple flowers.

o/vi-pos/i-tor (-pdz/i-tér), n. [ovi-+ L. fgets a placer, fr. ponere to place.] Zool. A specialized organ, as of in-

ox/a-zine

O/vi-sac (0/vi-sik), n. a Zool. b Anat. A Graafian follicle.

Egglike;

and one nitrogen atom. ox’bow’ (dks’bd’), n. 2. A U-shaped frame, embracing an ox’s neck. 2. Anything shaped like an oxbow; specif.,

(It., fr. L. ovwm an See morpine, Illust.

left between two parts of the stream. ox/eye’ (dks/1’), n._ [ox-+ eye.] Any of several composite

sects, for depositing eggs.

o/void (d/void), adj.

An egg case, or odtheca. : :

[L. ovwm egg + -oid.]

egg-shaped. —n. An ovoid body. o’vo-lo (6’v6-15), n.; pl. ovoxt (-1é. egg.]

A rounded, convex molding.

0’vo-vi-vip’a-rous (ONO), adj. [See ovum; viviparous.] Zool. Producing eggs that have a well-developed shell as in oviparous animals, but which hatch

within the body of the parent, as in the case of many reptiles and elasmobranch fishes. — -vip/a-rous-ly, adv. — -vip/a-rous-neéss, 7. SS ocar o/vu-lar (6/vii-lér), adj. Also o/vu-lar’y (-lér’i; -lér-¥; 3). Bot. & Zool. Pertaining te, or of the nature of, an ovule.

o/vu-late (6’vu-lat), v.i.

Biol. To produce eggs, or dis-

charge them from an ovary. — 0/vu-la/tion, n. o/vule (’viil),n. [F.,dim.fr.L. ovumegg.] 1. Bot. The megasporangium of a seed plant; popularly, an immature seed. 2. A small egg; an egg in an early stage of growth.

o/vum (0/viim), n.; pl. ovA (6’va).

female germ. cell; an egg cell, or egg, in the biological sense of that

word.

[L., egg.]

Biol.

A

1. Obs.

To own; pos-

gation to (someone) on account of something

done or received; to be

Cytoplasm; 3 Nucleolus; 4 Nucleus; 5 Chromatin. Greatly magnified.

r

,

indebted to. 5. To have or possess, as something derived or bestowed; as, he owed his wealth to hisfather, —v. 7.

To be in debt.

3

:

ow/ing (d/ing), adj. [Used in a passive sense for owed. See owE.]_ 1. a Rare. Indebted; beholden. b Due to be paid; owed. 2. Had or experienced as a result, issue, etc. chair;

go; sing;

[oxygen +

plants having heads with a conspicuous disk and marginal

rays, as the oxeye daisy. oxeye daisy. See DAISY, 2.

Ox’ford (6ks’férd), n.

Also Oxford shoe or tie.

A low

shoe laced or tied over the instep; — named from Oxford, Eng.

Oxford gray. A neutral gray of medium brilliance. Oxford movement. See TRACTARIANISM. ox’heart’ (Sks/hirt’), n. Hort. Any of certain varieties of the sweet cherry. ox/i-dase (k’si-das; -daz), n.

[oridation+-ase.]

Bio-

chem. Any of a group of enzymes that promote the oxida-

tion of various substances.

ox/i-date (5k/si-dat), v.t.&7.

To oxidize. — ox/i-da’tion,

n. — 0x/i-da/tive, adj. : ox’ide (k/sid; -sid), n.. Also.ox’id.

(TF. oxide, oxyde, fr.

b To deprive (a compound) of hydrogen, as by the

action of oxygen.

of a Sea Urchin in return, for some- Ovum showing: 1 Cell Wall; 2

to be indebted in To have an obli-

Also -zin.

Any of six parent compounds, C,H;NO,

Phys. Geog., a river bend such that only a neck of land is

gen.

be under an obligation to render

(something)

hem.

jes> In Lavoisier’s nomenclature, oxides included all compounds of oxygen which had no acid properties, as contrasted with the acids, then supposed to contain oxygen. ox/i-dize (5k/st-diz), v.¢. Chem. a To combine with oxy-

sess. 2. Tohave orbear (a feeling, involving a certain type of_conduct); as, to owea grudge. 3. To thing received; the sum of.

(5k/sd-zén; -zin), n.

containing a ring of four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom

oxygéne oxygen -++acide acid.] Chem.. A binary compound of oxygen with an element or radical.

#

owe (6), v. ¢.; OWED (0d), formerly OUGHT (6t); OW/ING. E. owen, awan, aghen, to have, own, have (to do), hence, owe, fr. AS. dgan

to have.]_

azine.|

then, thin; natiire, ver@tire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

¢ By extension, to change (a compound)

by increasing the proportion of the electronegative part, or to change (an element) from a lower to a higher positive

valence. —v.%. Chem. To become oxidized. — ox/idiz/a-ble, adj. — ox’i-diz/er, n. [oxygen + im-

ox’/ime (5k/sém; -sim), n.. Also ox/im.

ide.] Chem. Any of aseries of compounds obtained chiefly by the action of hydroxylamine on aldehydes and ketones, in which the oxygen of the carbonyl group is replaced by the group :NOH (the oxime group). ox’lip’ (dks/lip’), n. _LAS. gcreclyEe, See ox; cf. cow-

sup.] a Orig.,a hybrid primrose. b A Eurasian primula (Primula elatior). differing from the cowslip P. veris

chiefly in the flat corolla limb.

K=ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure,

|| Foreign Word.

[ML.OzxoniaOxford.]

The tail of an ox, esp. the skinned

tail, used for soup. — ox’tail’, adj.

pit.

—v.t.

[AS. dhsta.]

7. Scot.

}

Scot. & Dial. The arm-

& Dial. To hold up with the arm

or under the arms.

ox’/tongue’ (dks/tiing’),

y

n.

TERMINER. b Common Law. Pleading. A hearing or an inspection in open court which a party might demand of any instrument of which the opposite party was bound to

Any of several plants having

Bose tongue-shaped leaves, as the bugloss Anchusa offi-

cinalis. ox’y- (6k/si-).

[Gr. oxys.],

;

= it : A combining form meaning

sharp, keen, acid, shrill, quick.

ox’y-.

[From oxyceEn.]

Specif., acid, asin oxygen.

A prefix denoting: a Presence or

pa Pins of oxygen; specif., in organic chemistry, an oxygen atom united to two different atoms, as in Ox’y-di/a-

Ge/tic ac/id, O(CH,CO,H)s.

b The presence of the hy-

droxyl group (in this sense more properly hydroxy-), as in ox’y-al’de-hyde, a hydroxy derivative of an aldehyde. ox’y-a-cet’y-lene (-d-sét/7-lén), adj. Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, a mixture of oxygen and acetylene. s oxyacetylene blowpipe or torch. A welding blowpipe

using oxygen and acetylene.

:

ox’y-cal/ci-um (k/si-kal’si-tim), adj. oxygen and calcium; as, ue isan ox’y-gen (0k’si-jén), n. *. oxygene,

make profert; also, the demand for this.

oyer and terminer. Literally, to hear and determine; ence, a hearing and determining; — used in England in commissions to judgesof assize, and in the U. S. in designations of various superior courts of similar jurisdiction.

o’yez’ (d/yés’), interj. Also o’yes’. [AF. oyez hear ye. See OvER.] Hear; attend; — acry used by criers of courts to secure silence before a proclamation. — o’yez’, n.

oys’ter (ois’tér), n. Gr. ostreon.] treidae)

mollusks.

Sas

ok or eetent. fr. Gr. oxys sharp,

Chem.

back of afowl,

and

Of, per-

The plumage is chiefly black and white.

A small salted cracker for serving with

to smell + kéros wax.]

A welding blowpipe us-

Mineral.

colorless or white when pure.

A waxlike mineral,

It is a mixture of hydrocar-

bons and is used in making candles, etc. o/zone (6/z0n; d-zdn’), n. [Gr. ozeintosmell.] 1. Chem. A faintly blue, gaseous, allotropic form of oxygen, obtained

[NL.

(usually much diluted) by the silent discharge of electricity in ordinary oxygen or in air, and by other methods; — so called from its peculiar odor, which recalls that of weak chlorine. Ozone is used commercially for sterilizing water,

A combination for epigrammatic effect of contra-

dictory or incongruous words (cruel kindness). ox’y-salt’ (5k/si-sdlt’), n. [2d oxy- + salt.] Chem. A salt of an oxyacid (oxygen acid), as a sulphate. ‘

oF set pie (-stil’fid; -fid), n. Also -phid, -fide, -fid. Chem. Acompound of oxygen and sulphur with an element or radical. Oxysulphides may be regarded as sulphides in which part of the sulphur is replaced by oxygen. ox/y-to’cic (-t0/sik; -tds/Ik), adj. [lst oxy- ++ Gr. tokos birth.] Med. a Fertaining to or designating the hasten-

moe Be EY i iar led 7] Liver’ : ¥ 4

oyster stew, soups, etc.

fr. Gr. oxymoron, deriv. of orys sharp.+ moros foolish.

Fhet.

Oyster with the right Valve of the Shell and the right Mantle Lobe Spa removed. nes a Muscle;7 0

oys’ter-man (ois’tér-mdn), n. a A gatherer, breeder, or seller of oysters. b A vessel used for gathering oysters. oyster plant. a Salsify. b The sea lungwort. oys’ter-root’ (ois’tér-rdot’; 85), n. Salsify. 0-zo/ce-rite (6-z0/ké-rit; -sé-rit; 0/z5-sé/rit), mn. [Gr, ozein

To oxidize; to oxygenate.

Ox’y-:mo/ron (5k/si-m0/r6n; 70), n.; pl. -RA (ra).

2

A crab (Pinnotheres ostreum) which lives

oyster cracker.

taining to, or consisting of, a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. —n. Oxyhydrogen gas.

oxyhydrogen blowpipe or torch. ing oxygen and hydrogen.

of

as a commensal in the gill cavity of the oyster.

hydrogen, producing heat estimated at over 5,000° F.

Chem.

ny

wedge-shaped bill.

oyster crab.

An

combine with oxygen; to oxidize. — ox’y-gen-a’tion, n. ox’y-gen—hy’dro-gen weld/ing. Gas welding with oxyge:

ox’y-hy’dro-gen (6k’si-hi/dr6-jén), adj.

4. Slang. An

catcher.

genus (Haematopus) of wading birds, from 16 to 20 inches long, with stout legs and heavy

acid containing oxygen, as chloric acid, sulphuric acid. a ceca (6k/st-jén-at), v. t. Chem. To impregnate or

Ox’y-gen-ize (0k/st-jén-1z), v. t.

2. Any of various

extremely taciturn eee

oyster

forms, in combination, eight ninths by weight of water and

It is indispensable in respiration.

of a

bivalve

of the pelvic bone on each side of the lower part of the

Oxygen is the most

Also ox’y-ac/id (6k’si-as/id).

marine

tada). 3. The delicate morsel contained in a concavity

nearly one half by weightof the rocks composing the earth’s crust. It is also a constituent of a large proportion of organic compounds.

of

other bivalve mollusks more or less resembling the true oyster, as the pearl oysters (genera Avicula and Pinc-

Of or pertaining to

abundant of all the elements on the earth’s surface, for it

oxygen acid.

[OF. o7stre, fr. L. ostrea, ostreum, fr.

1. Any

genus (Ostrea) or family (Os-

aad root of gignesthai to be born. So called by Lavoisier because supposed by him to be an essential part of every acid.| Chem. An element occurring free as a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas (ordinary oxygen) in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol, O; at. no., 8; at. wt., 16.000.

Loosely, stimulating any nonstriated

ox’y-tone (5k/si-tdn), adj. [Gr. orytonos, fr. oxys sharp + tonos tone.] Gram. Having an acute accent on the last syllable. —mn. An oxytone word. — oy, oye, 0e (oi), n. Scot. A grandchild. o’yer (0/yér; oi/ér), nm. [AF., a hearing; infin. as n., fr. OF. oir to hear, fr. L. audzre.] Law. a Short for ovER AND

usually, a student or a graduate of Oxford University.

ox’ter (Sk’stér), n.

ing S Parturition. muscle.

Of

or pertaining to the city of Oxford or the university of Oxford, England. —vz. A native or inhabitant of Oxford;

ox’tail’ (Sks’tal’), n.

pachisi

710

Oxonian Ox-o/ni-an (Sks-6/ni-dn), adj.

purifying air, bleaching, etc. 2. Collog. Hence, pure and refreshing air. — 0-zon/ic (6-zdn/ik; 6-z0/nik), adj. ozonic ether. A solution of hydrogen peroxide in ether. 0/zo-nize (0/z0-niz), v.t.

Chem.

a To convert into ozone,

as oxygen. b To treat or impregnate with ozone. o/zo-nous (0’z6-ntis), adj. Pert. to, or containing, ozone.

P P

(pe), .; pl. P’s, p’s, Ps, ps (péz). 1. The six’ p teenth letter of the English alphabet. It comes through the Latin from the Greek (pi), which borrowed it from the Phoenician (Hebrew pe), where it represented the sound which it has ever since retained, that of a voiceless bilabial stopped consonant (English pet), corresponding to the voiced 6 (bet). See Pron., § 88. 2. a An instance of the letter P, p, printed, written, etc. b A printer’s type, stamp, etc., for the letter P, p. ¢ Thesound of the letter P. d [eap.] In medieval Roman numerals, 400 or, in the

form P, 400,000.

3. Asa

symbol, used to denote: a The

fifteenth or (see K, 4) the sixteenth in order or class.

b In

Mendelian inheritance, the parental generation. Cf. F. p-. Chem. See Ist PARA-, 2 b. pab/u-lum (pab/t-liim),nm. [L.] The means of sustenance; food; nourishment.

Syn. Pabulum, aliment, nutriment are here compared in their figurative senses. Pabulum denotes mental diet or food for the mind; aliment suggests esp. sustenance or support; that is nutriment which nourishes, or which promotes growth.

pa’ca (pi/kdg pak’a), n. _ (Pg. & Sp., of Tupian origin.] Any of a genus (Cumiculus, esp. C. paca) of large South

American and Central American rodents. pace (pas), n._ [OF. pas, fr. L. passus a step, pace.]

A step.

2. The lengta ofa step in walking.

the pace is estimated

tances, it is taken as 3 feet or 3.3 feet (= % rod).

Ble,

chaotic,

charity;

cfre,

Add,

account,

arm,

1.

Ordinarily

at 2.5 feet; but in measuring

ask,

dis-

The

eometrical pace, or great pace, is 5 feet. The reguation pace in the United States Army is 30 inches for quick time, and 36 inches for double time. The Roman pace (passus) was from the heel of one foot to the heel of

the same foot when it next touched the ground, 5 Roman feet. 3. Manner of stepping or moving; gait. 4. Specif.,

a, gait of the horse in which the legs move in lateral pairs,

the animal being supported alternately on the right and left legs. _5. Rate of movement; speed; as, to set the pace. —.%.;

PACED

(past); PAC/’ING

(pas’/ing).

1. To move

with slow or measured steps. 2. To move at a pace, asa horse. —v.t. 1. To walk over with measured tread. 2. Tomeasure by paces. 3. To develop, guide, or control

the pace of.

4. Racing. To set the pace for.

paced (past), adj.

as, slow-paced.

1. Having, or trained in, a certain pace;

Measured

by pacing.

3. Racing.

Having the pace set by a pacemaker; as, a paced mile. pace/mak’er (pis’mak/ér), n. Racing. One who makes or sets the pace for another. — pace’/mak’/ing, n.

pac’er (pas’ér), m. One who or that which paces; esp., a horse that paces; also, one that acts as pacemaker. pa-cha’, pa-cha/lic. Vars. of PASHA, PASHALIK. pa-chi’si (pa-ché/zi), n. _ [Hind. pacisi, fr. pacts twentyp

five, the highest throw in the game.] 1. Rkgame, somewhat resembling backgammon, much played in India. 2. U.S. & Eng. Commonly spelled par-chee’si, par-che’si, par-chi/si (pir-ché/zl).

sofa; @ve,

hére (27),

A game adapted from this.

Event, End,

silént, makér;

ice, ‘Il,

old, obey, drb, Sdd, s6ft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, Gm, tip, circés, menii;

:

pachouli

skinned, fr. pachys thick clesderma skin.]

of various

hoofed animals, usually having a thick skin, esp. an elephant or rhinoceros. These animals were formerly classed as a group, (Pachydermata) including also the hippopotamuses, tapirs, horses, pigs, and others.

Hence, one who is

insensitive. — pach/y-der’ma-tous (-diir/ma-tus), pach’

y-der/mous (-diir’mis), adj. pac/i-fi/a-ble (pas’7-f1/a-b’l), adj. Capable of being pacified. pa-cif/ic (pa-sif/ik), adj. LF. pacifique, fr. L. pacificus.

See pAciFy.] 1. Making or tending to make peace; peaceable; conciliatory. 2. [cap.] Of or pert. to the Pacific

Ocean. — pa-cif/i-cal, adj. — pa-cif/i-cal-ly, adv. pa-cif/i-cate (-7-kat), v.t. [L. pacificatus, past part. of pacificare.| To render peaceable; to pacify.

pac/i-fi-ca’tion

(pas/%-fY-ka’shiin;

padre

711

pach/ou-li (pach’06-li; pa-choo/li). Var. of PATCHOULI. pach’y-derm (pak/i-dirm), n. (Gr. pachydermos thick-

pd-sff/%-ka’-),

or process of pacifying, or state of being pacified.

n.

Act

pa-cif/i-ca’tor (pd-sif/%-ka/tér), n. A peacemaker. pa-cif/i-ca-to/ry (-ka-t6/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj. Conciliatory. pa-cif/i-cism (pa-sif’%-siz’m), n. = PACIFISM. — pa-Ccif/icist (-sist), 7.

||pa-ci’fi-co OO: n.; pl. -cos (Sp. -k6s). Sp. pacifico. See paciric.| A peaceable person; — applied specif. by the Spaniardsto the natives in Cuba and the Philippine Islands who did not oppose the Spanish arms. pac/i-fi/er (pas/?-fi/ér), n. 1. One whopacifies. 2. A nipplelike device, or a ring, for babies to suck or bite upon.

See PAcK, n.]_ 1. Asmall pack; a little parcel. 2. Naut, a A vessel conveying dispatches, mails, passengers, and

goods, and having fixed sailing days. b Loosely, a ship. — Syn. See BuNDLE. —v.¢. Tomake up into, or wrap or put up in, a packet. 4

pack’ing, n. 1. Act or process of one who or that which packs; esp., the putting up of meat, fruit, etc., for future

sale. 2. Any material used to pack, asa layer of material put between the surfaces of a flange joint. f A factory where meats, and sometimes

packing house.

other foodstuffs, are prepared for transportation, preservation, etc., as by packing in sealed cans for the market. pack/man (pak’mdn),n. One who bears a pack; a peddler. pack’sack’ (-sak’), n. A sack, as of canvas or leather, to hold blankets, clothing, etc., when traveling. i

pack’sad/dle (-sid’’l),n. A saddle made for supporting the load on a pack animal. — pack’sad/dle, v. t. 4

pack’thread’ (-thréd’), n. Strong thread or small twine. pact (pakt), n. [OF. pact, fr. L. pactum, fr. paciscere to covenant.] An agreement; compact.

pad (pad), m. Apath.

[D.orLG.

Seepatu.]

2. Now Rare.

1. Now Dial. Eng.

A highway robber.

3. An easy-

paced horse. —v.7. & ¢.; PAD/DED; PAD/DING. 1. To travel on foot; to trudge. 2. To walk or run with steady dull footfalls; — said esp. of animals.

pad, n.

[Imitative.]

The dull sound made by repeated

footfalls or impacts of a staff.

Opposition to war or to the use of

pad, n. (Origin uncert.] 1. Acushion. 2. A cushion used asa saddle. 3. Something of the nature of a cushion

tional disputes entirely by arbitration. — pac/i-fist (-fist),

4. A block of many sheets of writing paper; a tablet. | 5. A kind of cushion of absorbent material saturated with ink for inking the surface of a rubber stamp. The foot of

pac/i-fism (-fiz’m), n.

military force for any purpose; esp., an attitude of mind opposing all war and advocating settlement of interna-

n. & adj. — pac/i-fis’tic (-fis’tik), adj. pac’i-fy (pas’?-fi), v. ¢. ; -Frep (-fid);-Fy/mnc. [F..pacifier, ok. area, fr. pax, pacis, peace + -ficare (in comp.) to make.] To appease; calm; tranquilize.

Syn. Pacify, appease, placate, propitiate, conciliate, mollify. To pacify is esp. to allay anger, agitation, or resentment; to appease is to pacify by satisfying cravings or demands. But appease, together with placate and propitiate, applies esp. to the satisfaction of one who is offended or hostile, appease implying rather the allaying of hostile feeling, placate and propitiate suggesting more positively the act of rendering favorable or propitious. To conciliate is to win over from

a state of unfriendliness or distrust; to mollify is to soften or soothe (esp.) wounded feelings. — Amt. Madden, enrage; anger, vex.

pack (pak),n.

[ME.

pakke, of LG. origin.]

prepared to be carried, esp. on the back.

1. A bundle

2. Archaic. A low or worthless person; — usually with naughty. 3. A number or quantity of associated or similar persons or things; as:a A gang; as, a pack of thieves. hb A great col-

lection (of things); multitude; “lot.” oA number of hounds hunting or kept together. d A number of wild animals of the same kind, as wolves. _e A full set of play-

ing cards. In fullice pack. A large area of floating ice driven closely together. 5. Amount packed, as of fish orfruitinayear. 6. Acosmetic paste composed chiefly of

used to lessen the effect of jarring, impact, or friction.

certain animals, as the fox, hare, wolf, otter.

padding.

1. Act or process of one that pads.

2. The material with which anything is padded. pad/dle (pad’’l), n. 1. Dial. Eng. & Scot. A kind of long-

handled spud for rooting up weeds, cleaning a plowshare,

etc. 2. An implement with a broad blade, used without a fixed fulcrum to propel and steer canoes and other boats. 3. One of the broad boards, or floats, at the circumference

of a water_wheel, or paddle wheel. 4. Short for PADDLE WHEEL. 5. A paddle-shaped implement for stirring or

mixing, as in puddling iron, beating clothes in washing, etc. — v. i.; -DLED (-’ld); -ptING (-ling). 1. To use a paddle

for propelling one on or through the water. easily or gently.

with a paddle.

—v.

¢.

Collog., U.S., to beat or punish as with a paddle. pad/dle, v. 7. 1. To move the feet or wade about in shallow water. 2. To use the hands or fingers in toying or caress-

tion of the blankets or sheets used, put about a patient to

pad/dle-fish’ (pid’’l-fish’), n.; see FisH.

give him treatment. — Sym. See BUNDLE, FLOCK. —v.t. 1. To make a pack of; to place as in a _pack; to

put up for preservation or transportation. 2. To crowd together. _3. To fill closely or to repletion; tocram. 4.

To load with a pack; hence, to load; encumber.

5. To

form into a pack,as hounds, cards, orice. 6. To cover or protect tightly with something; specif., to render impervious or airtight, as by filling or surrounding with suitable

material; as, to pack a jointina pipe.

7. Western U.S.

To transport in a pack, or in the manner of apack.

8. To

send away suddenly; — often, with of. 9. Boring Slang. To be capable of delivering (a,punch, wallop, etc.) with force. 10. Med. To envelop in a pack (sense 7), within numerous coverings.

—v.i. 1. To make up packs, bales, or bundles. 2, To gather into packs; to crowd together. 3. To admit of

2. To row

To propel or move with or as

2. To beat or stir as with a paddle; also,

paddle box.

pack, etc., according to the condi-

S.

2. To fill out or expand with needless matter.

pad’ding (padd’/ing),n.

fuller’s earth, bleaches, and astringents, to be applied to the face and left until dry. 7. Med. In hydropathic practice, a wrapping of blankets or sheets called dry pack, wet pack, cold

7.

A floating leaf of a water plant, esp. a water lily. 8. Zool. a A cushionlike thickening of the skin on the soles or under part of the toes of certain animals. _b The pulvillus of an insect’s foot. —v. ¢. To stuff; to furnish with

ing.

3. To toddle.

(

The structure enclosing the upper part of a

paddle wheel of a vessel.

i

Any of a family

(Polyodontidae) of, ganoid_ fishes, esp. one (Polyodon spathula) of the Mississippi Valley, about four feet long, with a spatula-shaped snout. pad/dler (pad/lér), n. One who or that which paddles. paddle wheel. Nauf. A wheel with paddles, floats, or boards around its circumference used to propel a vessel. pad’dock (pad/wk), n. [ME. paddok, fr. padde toad + -ock.] 1. Obs. exc. Scot. Afrog. 2. Archaic. A toad. pad/dock (pad’wk), n. [For E. dial. parrock, fr. AS. pearruc enclosure, fence.]

1. A small enclosure, esp. one for

pasture, adjoining a stable or house. An enclosure near the stables, esp. at a racecourse, in which horses are exercised, etc.

3. In Australia, any field or subdivision

of arable land or grassland enclosed by a fence. To confine in or as in a paddock.

pad/dy, pad’i (pid’¥), n.

[Malay padi.]

—v. ¢.

In commerce,

stowage, or of making up for transportation or storage. 4. To depart, esp. in haste; — generally with off or away.

unmilled or rough rice, growing or cut; also, rice in general. Pad/dy (pad’t), .; pl. Pappies (iz). _[Dim. fr. Ir. Pad-

or formed into a pack; packed; as, pack ice. 2. a Carrying, or used for carrying, a pack; as, pack animals. b

saint of Ireland.] An Irishman; — a nickname. pad/dy-whack’ (pad/i-hwak’), pad/dy-wack’ (-wik’), n.

to secure a certain result; as, to packa jury. 2. Archaic. To arrange (the cards in a pack) so as to cheat.

pa/di-shah (pa/di-sha), n._ [Per. padsh@h.] Chief ruler; great king; — [often cap.] a title esp.of the shah of Per-

—adj.

1. a Used in or suitable for packing.

_b Forming

Hence, composed of pack animals; as, a pack train. pack, v.¢. 1. To bring together or make up fraudulently,

pack (pak), adj. Chiefly Scot. Intimate; also, tame. pack/age (pak/ij), n. 1. Act or process of packing. 2. a A bundle made up for transportation; a parcel. b That in which anything is packed. bbr. pkg. — Symi. See BUNDLE. _—v.t.; -AGED (-Yjd); -aG-ING (-ij-Ing). To make up into a package. ; : pack animal. An animal used in carrying packs. pack’er (pik/ér), n. One who packs; esp., a person who makes

up

bundles;

specif.,

Chiefly

U.S.,

a wholesale

dealer in provisions who packs his wares for transportation

and for market.

pack’et (pik/ét; -¥t), n.

chair;

go; sing;

then,

i

x

LAF. pacquet, dim. of ME. pakke.

thin;

natiire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

(118);

raig Patrick, Christian name, after St. Patrick, the tutelar

Dial. Eng.

A rage, passion, or temper.

sia, and now [often cap.] as Emperor of India. pa’dle (p2/d’l), n. & v.&

pad’lock’ (pid’ldk’), n.

of the sovereign of Great Britain Scot.

Hoe.

_A detachable, portable lock hav-

ing a shackle adapted to be opened for engagement through

a staple or chain. —v.¢. To fasten as with a padlock. pad’/nag’ (pid/nig’),'. Cpadpath+ nag.] Anambling nag. pa’dre (pi’dri; Sp. & It. pa’dra), n.; p PADRES (-driz); Sp. PADRES

(-dras); It. papri (-dré). _ [Sp., Pg., & It., fr. gs used used 1. A monk or priest; — esp. as

father L. pater pater father]

in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America. diers’ & Sailors’ Slang. Chaplain.

K =ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Forcign Word,

padrone ||pa-dro/ne tronus.]

..A patron;a master.

pah/la-vi (pi/la-vé), n. sing. & ip

__[It., fr. L. pa-

employment

agent,

as in America. — pa-dro/-

nism (-niz'm), n. e “2885 pad/u-a-soy (pad’ii-a-soi), n. [F. pou-de-sote, influenced by Padua, city in Italy.) A rich and heavy corded silk stuff; also, a garment made of it. — pad’u-a-Soy, adj. pae/an (pé/dn), n. Also pe/an. [L. paean, fr. Gr. paian,

fr. Paian the physician of the gods, later, Apollo.]

1. Gr.

:

.

:

pae/di-at/ric, pae/di-a-tri/cian, pae/di-at’rics, pae-di/atrist. Vars. of PEDIATRIC, etc. .

paik (pak), n. pail (pal), n.

Scot. [ME.

Athump. —v.t. Scot. To strike. payle, appar. fr. AS. pzgel a wine

A vessel, commonly circular in section, hav-

ing a bail for a handle and often fitted with a cover; as, a milk, slop, dinner, or lard pazl. — pail’ful (-f00l), n. LF., fr. It. pagliaccio, fr. .L. palea chaff.] An underbed or mattress of straw. pail-lette’ (pal-yét’), n. [F., dim. of pazile straw. See

pail-lasse’ (pil-yis’; pal/yas), n._ PALLET bed.]

pae/do- (pé/dé-), paed-. Var.of PEDO-, as in: pae/dogen/e-sis (-jén’é-sis), reproduction by young or larval ani-

A gold coin of Persia

introduced in 1927, equal to 20 rials. paid (pad), past & past part. of 2d PAY. 3 paid’/—in’ sur’plus. Accounting. Surplus resulting from sale of shares at a premium.

vessel, gill.]

Antiq. ymn of praise, joy, or triumph, associated with the cult of Apollo and Artemis. 2. A song of joy, praise,

triumph, or the like.

[Per., pert. to Riza

Khan Pahlavi, Shah of Persia.].

2. The master of a

small coaster in the Mediterranean. 3. In Italy, an innkeeper. 4. (pron. pdé-dro/ni) pl, PADRONES (-niz). An Italian

pair-oar

712

(pa-drd/na), n.; pl. -nt (-né).

A spangle; specif., a piece of paillon.

||pail/lon’ (pa/y6n’), n. ; pl.-LoNs (F. -y6n’). straw.]

LF., fr. paille

A thin leaf of metal, as for use in gilding.

pain (pan), n. [OF. peine, fr. L. poena penalty, punishmals, esp. by parthenogenesis in certain gall midges. ment, fr. Gr. poiné penalty.] 1. Punishment; penalty. pae/on (pé/dn), n. [L. paeon, fr. Gr. paidn a solemn song, Obs. exc. in phrases, esp. on, or under, pain of. 2. An also, a paeon, equiv. to paian. See PAEAN.] Gr. & Lat. affection or feeling proceeding from a derangement of Pros. A foot of four syllables, one Jong and three short. functions, disease, or bodily injury. 3. Distressing unpa’gan (pa’gdin), n. CLL. Peganus heathen, fr. L. pagaeasiness of mind; grief. 4. pl. The throes of childbirth, nus Civilian, also, peasant, fr. pagus village, Me cEL iL: 5. Chiefly pl. Labor; care or trouble; as, to take pains. Formerly, one not of a Christian people; now, one who is Syn. Pain, ache. Pain denotes sharp, sometimes sudden, ache,

neither.a Christian, a Mohammedan, nor a Jew; a heathen. 2. An irreligious person.

—adj.

1. Of or pertaining to

pagans or theiz worship; heathen; idolatrous.

2. Irreli-

gious; heathen. — pa/gan-ish, adj. Syn. Pagan, heathen.

In modern usage, that is pagan which is

not Christian, Jewish, or Mohammedan; heathen suggests adherence to polytheism or the practice of idolatry, esp. among rude or uncivilized peoples.

pa’gan-ism (-iz’m),n. 1. State of being pagan; esp., the religion and worship of pagans; heathenism. 2. Pagan

character, morals, or aesthetic quality. pa’gan-ize (-iz), v.¢. & 1. To render or become pagan or age (paj), age ED, n.2.LOF, . fr.tr. Tt It. paggvo.io] 1. . FFormerly, 1

a you

th

Patercoie training for knighthood, who acted as attend-

ployed to wait upon the members of a legislative body; an attendant at a theater.

—v.t.

[F., fr. L. pagina.]

book, manuscript,

letter, etc.

1. One side of a leaf of a bbr. p.; pl. pp.

Figuratively: a A record; writing; as, the page

5

of history.

b An event _or circumstance, which might fill a written page. 3. Print. The type set for printing a page. —v. t.; PAGED (pajd); PAG/ING (paj/ing). To mark or number the pages of; to furnish with folios.

pag’eant (p4j/Ent; formerly, & still occas., also pa/jént), n E. pagent, pagen, a movable scaffold or stage, also, what was exhibited on it, fr. Anglo-Lat.

pagina.]

1.

Hist. a One of a series of (usually) movable structures, on which the scenes of the mysteries were performed in the openair.

b A theatricalexhibition.

¢ Any show, tableau,

or temporary decoration on a fixed stage or a carriage ina public celebration. 2. A specious display; unsubstantial pomp. 3. An elaborate exhibition, esp. a parade, often with floats, for public entertainment; also, a stately funeral procession. 4. A type of community drama based on local history, given by local actors, out of doors.

pag’eant-ry (-ri), n.; pl. -R1ES, (riz).. 1. Pageants or scenic spectacles, taken collectively; also, a pageant, or play.

2. Elaborate display; pomp.

pag/i-nal (p4j/%-ndl; -n’l), adj.

:

;

[LL. paginalis.]

Con-

sisting of pages; of or pertaining to a page or pages,

ed oe (nat), v.¢. To page, asa 00. pag/i-na/tion (-na/shtin), n. Act or process

of paging

a book,

etc.;

(it.

Obey,

n. Act of > taking pains. assiduous. — -tak/i -ly, adv. peindre to paint, fr. L. pingere, pictum.] 1. a To form a represen-

— adj. Taking

(panz/tak/ing), pains;

(pant), v.t.

(COF. peint, past part. o

To tinge; to adorn with

or as with colors. 5, To represent vividly to the mind as if by painting; to depict. 6. Toput on or,apply like paint.

—v.7. 1. To practice the art of painting; also, to describe vividly. 2. To color one’s face in an attempt to beautify it. — Sym. Picture, portray, sketch.

—n.

1. A mixture of a pigment with some suitable liquid

to form a solid adherent covering when spread on a surface

in thin coats for decoration, protection, etc.; also, the pig-

ment in the form of acake. 2. The dried film of paint on a surface. 3. Pigment, as rouge, etc., for the face. . Act of painting; a coloring.

paint/brush’ (pant’briish’), m. paint.

1. A brush for applying

2. The painted cup (which see).

paint’ed bun/ting (pan/téd; -tid).

A beautifully colored

finch (Passerina ciris), of the southern United States.

painted cup.

Any of a genus (Castilleja) of plants of the

figwort family, with brightly colored bracts.

paint/er (pan/tér), n.

paint/er, n.

[Var. of PANTHER.]

The cougar.

[OF. pentoir suspensory cordage, fr. L. pen-

dére to hang.] A rope for making a boat fast. paint/er, n. [OF. peintour.]_ One who paints; esp.: a An artist who paints pictures. One who covers buildings, ships, or the like, with paint. paint/er’s col’ic (pan’ttrz). _ Violent intestinal colic, caused by chronic lead poisoning. paint/ing, 7. 1. Act of laying on, or adorning with, paints;

Fine Arts. The work of

3. Two of a sort; a couple; a brace.

A combination

of two parts, called elements,

which are so applied to each other as mutually to constrain relative motion. — Syn. See COUPLE.

CR

— v.t. To unite or arrange in a pair or couple. .

The chief Per- Pagoda at Shanghai.

Orb,

less-ly, adv.

pains/tak/ing

matics.

ing a Semitic alphabet related to that of the Avesta. c nD ask, so! ale, chaotic, cAre, add, @ccount,t, Srm, sofd;

Gld,

bodily part, affected with

Free from pain; without pain. — pain/-

specified time; also, the arrangement thus made. 7. Card Playing. @ A set of two cards of the same value or denomination. pl. Partners who continue playing against different opponents, as at duplicate whist. Kine-

sian language from the 3d to the 9th century A.D., employ-

charity;

4. Of the body ora

pain. — pain/ful-ly, adv. — pain/ful-ness, n.

stairs. 6. Two members of opposite parties or opinion in a deliberative body, who mutually agree not to vote ona given question, or on issues of a party nature, during a

Zool. Belonging to the family

Parthava Parthia.].

industrious.

pain’less, adj.

pair of scissors.

pagurus a kind of crab, fr. Gr. pagou-

(Paguridae) containing the typical hermit | crabs. — pa-gu/ri-an, n.— pa-gu’rid (pa-gi’/rid; pag’i-r¥d), n. i pah (pa), interj. An exclamation of oo contempt or disgust. rea Pah’la-vi (pii/la-vé), n. Also Peh/le- 25% vi (pa/lé-vé). [Per. Pahlavi, fr. OPer.

pain/ful (pan’fool; -fl), adj. 1. Full of pain; inflicting pain. 2. Requiring labor or toil. 3. Archaic. Careful;

4. Two persons or animals of opposite sexes associated together. 5. Now Chiefly Dial. A set; as, a pair of

memorial, such as is frequent in India, China, Farther India, and Japan.

adj.

— v. 7.

Dial. var. of PAUNCH.

other, and intended to be used together. Abbr, pr. single thing composed of two corresponding pieces; as, a

storied structure, usually a temple or a (pa-gii/ri-an),

Sym. Disquiet, trouble, afflict.

also, that which is painted.

characters indicating the sequence of

ros.)

e Joy;

the painter; also, any work of art so produced. pair (par), n.; pl. parrs; after a numeral, formerly, and now sometimes, PAIR. {OF. paire, fr. L. paria, neut. pl. of par equal.] 1. Two things of a kind, suited to each

the

the pages; page numbering; also, the Bunaee 0 PASS Weenies ’ a-go’da (pa-g0/dda), n. Archaic, pag’es (pag’od; Aieaell (Pg. pagode, fr. Tamil pagavadi.] A towerlike

pa-gu/ri-an

2. To render mentally distressed; grieve.

To give pain, —

3. To ornament by painting.

& 7. 1. To attend (one)

2. To seek out (a person) by

calling his name aloud, as pages do in a hotel.

page, n.

See ErFoRT. —

tation of, as on a canvas, by applying paints. b To make or create (a pictureor design) by means of pigments. 2. To cover with coloring matter; to apply paint to; to color.

2. Now, a youth employed for doing errands,

carrying messages, etc., as in a hotel; also, U. S., a boy em-

as a page; to act as page.

tress.

painch (dial. pansh).

paint

ant of his master and mistress, or a youth attending a person of high degree, esp. at courts, as a service of honor and

education.

continuous, often dull, bodily suffering.

comfort, ease. ‘ ‘ —-v.t. 1. To put to bodily uneasiness or anguish; to dis-

Odd, sft, cénnect;

food,

1. To form a pair; to match; suit.

to couple; tomate.

_2.

=v. 1. To unite in a pair;

3. To agree with one of the opposite

party or opinion to abstain from voting.

See PAIR, n., 6.

pair’—oar’, n. A boat rowed by two men, each pulling one oar and seated one abaft the other. — pair’—oar’, adj. eve, hére (27), @vent, 8nd, silént, makér; ice, YIl

foot;

out, oil; ciibe,

Unite,

fim,

tip, circé%s,

menti;

Paisley shawl Pais/ley shawl (paz/li).

a Cashmere shawl, formerly made at Paisley, Scotland. Pai-ute’ (pi-iit’; 2), n.__An Indian of a small Shoshonean tribe of southwestern Utah.

pa-ja’ma

(p4-ji’ma;

-jam/a),n.

-jim/a), py-ja’4ma

[Hind. collog. patjama,

(pi-ja’md;

pi-;

pajama, fr. Per. pa(t)

1. In India and Persia, thin leg-+jamah garment.] loose trousers or drawers such as those worn by Mohammedan men and women. 2. Chiefly ple A garment con-

sisting usually of jacket and trousers of silk, cotton, or the

like, and worn as a night robe, dressing gown, or costume. pal (pal), n. [Romany (in England) pal brother, mate,

pral (on the Continent), fr. Skr. bhratr

brother.] Slang. A

partner; also, a boon companion. — v. 7.; PALLED (pald); PAL/LING. Slang. _To be or become a pal (with another).

||[pa-la’bra (pd-la/bra), n._[Sp.] A word; hence, palaver. pal/ace (pal/is; -ds), n. [OF. palais, fr. L. palatium, fr. Palatium one of the seven hills of Rome, where Augustus resided.]_1. The official residence of a sovereign or, Eng.,

of an archbishop or bishop.

2. a A large stately house.

b A large public building, as for a legislature. pal/a-din (pal’a-din), n. _[F-., fr. It. paladino, fr. L. pa-

o-gy.

lor; wan heightens the implication of eebaes

—v.t.&t. To turn or make pale; to lose color. — pale/ly, adv. — pale’ness, n. 4 pale (pal),n. [OF. pal, fr.L. palus.J 1. A stake; a pointed slat, as for fencing; a picket.

2

ow

Rare.

fence or

enclosure of or as of pales; barrier. 3. An enclosure; also, limits; bounds. 4. A territory or district within certain

bounds; specif., Hist., short for English Pale, the territory of Calais, in France, under English control, or the

country (also called simply the Pale) around Dublin within which alone the English conquerors of Ireland held dominion before Cromwell. 5. Her. A perpendicular stripe In an escutcheon. — beyond, outside, or out of, the pale,

Beyond the limits, privileges, or protection,

as of the Church.

— v.t. To enclose with or as with pales; to fence. pa/le- (pa/lé-; pal’é-). = PALEO- (which see). pa/le-a (pa/lé-d), n.; pl. PALEAE (-€). [L., chaff.]

Bot. a One of the chaffy scales on the receptacle in many composite plants, esp. sunflowers.

b The upper bract, which,

with the lemma, encloses the flower in grasses. — pa/le-a’-

Var. of PALE- (see PALEO-), as in pa/lae-eth-nol’-

pa/le-eth-nol’o.gy, or pa/lae- (pa/lé.éth-ndl/5-j1; pal/é-), n.

pa/lae-o- (pa/lé-5-; pZ1/é-6-).. Var. of PALEO-. pa-laes’tra, pa-les’tra (pd-lés/tra), n.; pl. -TRAE (-tr®), -TRAS (-traz). (LL. palaestra, fr. Gr. palaistra, fr. palaiein to wrestle.] Antig. A wrestling school; hence, a

gymnasium. pal/an-quin’, keen’

Syn. Pale, pallid, wan. Pale suggests either absence of color or lack of intensity of hue; pallid implies deeper or more permanent pal-

One of the douzepers;

latinus an officer of the palace.]

hence, a champion; a legendary hero.

pa/lae-.

palimpsest

713

A kind of woolen shawl imitating

yanka palanquin, bed.]

pa/lae-.

pa/‘le-o-bot’a-ny,

Seay

ARES

A combining form

pa/lae-o-bot’a-ny

(-bdt/da-ni),

paleontology of plants. —-bo-tan/ic

&” .

2

(pal’/7t-a-b’l), adj.

n.

The

(-bé-tin’/ik), -bo-

tan/i-cal, adj. — -hot’a-nist (-bdt/a-nist), n.

E haa ; It is used in India, China, etc.

of men, by means of poles.

pal’at-a-ble

[pale--+ ethnology.) Ethnology of early prehistoric man. — -eth/no-log’ic (-Eth’nd-16j/ik), -log/i-cal, adj. — -ethnol’/o-gist (-€th-ndl’6-jist), n. pale/face’ (pal’fas/), n. A white person; —so called, as alleged, by the American Indians. pa’le-o-, pa/lae-o- (pa/lé.6-; pil/é.d-). Before vowels usumeaning old, ancient, used to denote: a Remote in the past, as in paleography, se Oe also, short for paleontological, as in paleobotany. b Early; primitive; archaic; as in paleolithic; also, short for paleolithic.

n.

[Pg. palanquim, fr. Jav. pélanki, fr. Skr. palyanka, var. of par-

A conveyance, usually for one eng ree ing of an enclosed litter, borne on the shoulders

(pa/lé.a/shiis), adj.

ally pa’le-,

pal’an-

(pal/dn-kén’),

ceous

Agreeable to the taste;

savory; hence, acceptable; pleasing. — pal/at-a-bil/i-ty (-bil’%-ti), n. — pal’at-a-ble-ness, n. — pal/at-a-bly, adv.

pal’a-tal (pal/a-tdl; -v’l), adj. [F., fr. L. palatum.] . Of or pertaining to the palate. 2. Phonet. a Formed with the front of the tongue, behind the tip (which is lowered), near or touching the hard palate, as in the voiceless fricative ch of Germ. ich, or the nonfricative Eng. y (yield); in

the Fr. nasal gn (agneau); and in the vowels 7% and e; — distinguished from palatalized and contrasted with velar. b More inclusively: (1) Formed with the blade of the

tongue near the hard palate, as ch (chin), 7 (Jug), sh (she, zh (vision). (2) Of a vowel, front. — 7. Phonet. A pala-

pa’le-og’ra-phy, pa/lae-og’ra-phy (pa/lé.dg/ra-fi; pal/&), n. 1. Anancient manner of writing; ancient writings, collectively. 2. The study or science of deciphering ancient writings,

determining their origin, period, etc. — pa/leog’ra-pher, pa/lae-og’/ra-pher (-fér), n. —pa/le-o-graph/ic or pa’lae-o- (-6-graf/ik), adj. — -graph/i-cal, adj, pa/le-o-lith’ic (-6-lith’ik), adj. [paleo- + -lith + -ie.]

Of or pertaining to the early

human culture characterized

by rough or chipped stone implements; also, designating the period of this culture.

paleolithic man.

Anthropol.

Any type of man of, or

peculiar to, the Paleolithic period, as the Heidelberg, Piltdown, Neanderthal, or Cro-Magnon man. pa‘Je-on-tog/ra-phy, pa/lae-on-tog’/ra-phy |,(pa/lé-6n-tdg’ra-fi; pal/é-), n. paleo- + Gr. onta existing things +

-graphy.] The description of fossils. — pa/le-on/total sound or its symbol. graph’ic, pa/lae- (-On/té-graf/ik), adj. — -graph’i-cal, adj. pal’a-tal-ize (-iz), v.t. Phonet. To pronounce as a pala- pa/le-on-tol’o-gy, pa/lae-on-tol’o-gy (-t6l’5-j1), n. [paleotal or front sound; specif., to modify the utterance of (a Gr. onta existing things + -logy.] 1. The science that nonpalatal sound) by simultaneously bringing the front deals with the life of past geological periods.. It is based of the tongue to or near the hard palate. — pal’/a-tal-ion the study of fossils. 2. A treatise on this science. — za/tion, n. pa/le-on/to-log’ic,or pa/lae- (-n/td-16j’/ik), adj. — -log’palate (pal/it; -dt), n. [L, palatum.J] 1. The roof of the i-cal, adj. — -log’i-cal-ly, adv. — pa/le-on-tol’o-gist, or mouth. In man the portion supported by the maxillary pa/lae- (-dn-t0l’6-jist), nm. : and palatine bones is called the hard palate, and the fold Pa/le-o-zo’ic, Pa/lae-o-zo/ic (pa/lé-d-z0/Ik; pal/é-), adj. suspended from the posterior margin of the hard palate is [paleo- + Gr. zdélife.] Geol. Of or pertaining to, or desigcalled the soft palate, or velum. Taste; — from nating, an era of geological history from the Proterozoic the mistaken notion that the palate is the organ of taste. to the Mesozoic. In its later epochs land plants, amphib3. Mental relish; intellectual taste. pa-la/tial (pa-la’shal), adj. ([L. palatiwm palace.]

Of,

befitting, or pert. to a palace; magnificent. — pa-la/tial-

ly,

adv.

5

v padlat’i-nate (pa-lit/%-nat), n.

tine.

cap.]

nate (see Gag.).

pal/a-tine

tum.)

1. The territory of a pala-

A native or inhabitant

¥

K

(pal/a-tin; -tin), adj.

mat.

Of or pertaining

Anat. Apalatine bone.

|.

of the Palati-

F

[F. palatin, fr. L. pala-

to the palate.

:

—=n.

pal’a-tine, adj. LI. palatin, fr. L. palatinus, fr. palatium. See PALACE. f or pertaining to a palace; palatial.

2. Possessing royal privileges; as, a count pala-

tine; of or pertaining,to such a count, earl, or county.

ians, and reptiles first appeared.

The Paleozoici era

—n.

or group.

Ree

pa/le-o-zo-ol’0-gy, pa’/lae-o-z0-0l’0-gy (-z0-51/6-j1), nm. The

paleontology of animals. — -z0/0-log/i-cal (-20/6-16j/1-kdl), adj. — -z0-ol/o-gist (-20-d)/6-jist), n. Pal’es-tin/i-an (pal/és-tin’T-Gn), adj. & n. from PALESTINE.

pal’e-tot (pal’/é-td; pal’/td), n.

[F.]

aA kind of loose

overcoat. A woman’s outer garment of varying fashion, pal/ette (p%l/ét; -It), m. [F. See paLtet a thin board.]

a A thin board or tablet, with a thumb hole at one end for holding it, on which a painter lays and mixes his pigments. b The set of colors put on the palette.

palette knife.

A knife, having a very flexible steel blade

and no cutting edge, used by painters to mix colors. pal/frey (pol’fri), nm. (OF. palefrei, fr. LL. palefredus, fr. paraveredus an extra post horse, fr. Gr. para along + L. veredus post horse.] A saddle horse, esp. a small horse for aA 2. [cap.] invested with royal rights in his domains. ladies. eile . qi native or inhabitant of the Palatinate. b One of the seven hills of Rome. %. A fur piece covering the neck and Pa/li (pa/lé), n._ (Skr. pal row, line.] A dialect descended from Vedic Aryan, used in Buddhist sacred writings. shoulders. [Pg. palavra, fr. L. pal/i-kar (pal/i-kar), n. [NGr. palikari, pallékart, young alav’er (pa@liv/ér: pa-la/vér), n._ See man.] A soldier of the Greek militia in the war (1821-28) ete a ln comparison, parable, ML., tale, word. against Turkey. ee PARABLE. | In Africa, a parley, usually a long one among or with the natives; hence, a conference; a debate. pal/imp-sest (pal/imp-sést), n._ [From L., fr. Gr. palim—v.1, To talk 2. Talk; esp., profuse talk; flattery. pséstos scraped again, palimpséston a palimpsest, fr. palin again + psén to tub.] A parchment, tablet, etc., which profusely; to parley; to talk idly orsoastobeguile. 1. Wanting in has been used twice or three times (double palimpsest), [OF., fr. L. pallidus.] pale (pal), adj. {cap.]

Of or pertaining

to the Palatinate.

—7.

1.

An officer of an imperial) palace: a Orig., the mayor of the palace. b Hence, esp. in medieval Europe, a vassal lord

color or in intensity of color; dusky white; ashen,

bright or brilliant; faint; dim. chroma; as, a pale pink. chair;

go; sing;

then,

2. Not

3%. Of colors, wanting in

thin; natlre, verdtire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

the earlier writing

having

been erased.

written or re-engraved; as, a palimpsest

vy. =. To make a palimpsest of. x = ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

adj.

manuscript.

Re—=

in azure.

||Foreign Word.

palindrome pal’in-drome (pil/in-drém), n.

Roman name. _2. Anat. The cerebral cortex as a whole. 3. Eccl. a R.C.Ch. A circular band of white wool with

ning back again, fr. palin again + dramein to run. A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward (madam; Hannah). pal/ing (pal/ing), n. 1. Act of fencing. 2. Wood for making pales; pales collectively; a fence. pal/in-gen’e-sis (pal/in-jén/é-sis),) n. [NL., fr. Gr. palin A new birth; regeneration; specif., again + -genesis.]

pendants, worn by archbishops over the chasuble on cer-

tain occasions.

pail’/—mall’ (pél/mél’), n.

_A

club

nodia, fr. Gr. palinovdia, fr. palin again+ didé a song.]

long, strong, pointed stake, set with

—usually sades.

pl.

—v.t.

pal/ish (pal’ish), adj.

3. A line of bold cliffs;

To surround

or fortify with pali-

Somewhat or rather pale.

pall ab, n. LAS. pel, fr. L. pallium cover, mantle, pall.J 1. fine cloth spread over something (Archaic in gen-

eral sense); esp., a heavy cloth, as of black velvet, thrown

overacofin. 2. Acovering or concealing thing; formerly, a cloak; now, esp., an overspreading mass which produces a gloomy effect; as, a pall of smoke. 3. Archaic. An

Pallas Athena, goddess of wis

dom or learning.

Pal-la/di-an, adj.

Arch.

palm/er, v. 7. Scot.

That which affords secu:

palmer worm.

Chem.

A rare metallic element of the platinum, group, silver-

white, ductile, malleable, and permanent in the air, but Symbol, Pd; at. no., 46; at. wt. 106.7.

Chem.

Of or pert.

Myth. An epithet of Athena.

2. Astron.

One of the

asteroids. pall’bear’er (pdl’bar’ér), a. One of those who attend the coffin at a funeral. pal’/let (pal/ét; -Yt), n. [ME. paillet, fr. OF. pazlle straw, fr. L. palea chaft.] A small and mean bed. pal/let, n. [F. palette, dim. fr. L. pala shovel.] 1. A wooden, flat-bladed implement such as used by potters, crucible makers, etc., for forming, beating, and rounding their works. 2. An artist’s palette. 3. Gilding. A flat brush used in manipulating gold leaves. 4. Horol. Any of the clicks or detents connected with the piece which transmits impulses from the escapement wheel to the balance, and checks the escape wheel until the return

movement of the balance.

5. Mach. A click or pawl driv-

ing a ratchet wheel. pal/lette (pal’ét; -It), n, [See pALETTE.]_ Armor. One of the plates at the armpits. See armor, Jllust. pal-liasse’ (pil-yas’, pal’/yds; pal’i-ds’, pal/i-ds), nm. A paillasse (which see).

pal/li-ate (p4l/i-at), v. t. [L. palliatus cloaked, fr. pallium. See pattcloak.] 11 Obs. To cloak; shelter; hide.

2. To mitigate; to ease without curing; as, to palliate a disease. 3. To cover with excuses; to extenuate; as, to

alliate faults. — pal/li-a’tor, n.

oh

yMN. Cover, conceal ;gloss; soften. — Palliate,extenuate. ' To pal-

liate is properly to conceal or cloak the enormity of a crime or offense, to extenuate, to lessen its magnitude.

pal’li-a’tion Cae). tenuation.

(F.]

A palliating; as: a Ex-

Mitigation; alleviation.

pal/li-a’tive (pil/i-a/tiv; -d-tiv; 58), adj. Serving to palliate. — 7. A palliative agent. — pal/li.a/tive-ly, adv. pal/lid (pal’id), adj. (L. pallidus.] Deficient in color; pale; wan. — Syn. See PALE. — pal/lid-ly, adv. — pal’lid-ness, n.

pal/li-um (pal/¥-tim), n.; pl. -LIA (-d), -LIuMs (-timz). See PALL cloak.]

1. Anc. Costume.

[L.

A himation; — the

Anat.

Pert. to,

palmarius.] A pilgrim who wore two leaves of pan crosswise in token that he had visited the Holy Land.

the preservation of which was supposed to depend the

to palladium; — used specif. of bivalent compounds. 4 Pallas (pal/as), n. ‘ane fr. Gr. Pallas, -ados.) 1. Gr.

triumph. — pal-ma/-

[L. palass

web, as in most swimming birds. — pal/mate-ly, adv. _ pal-ma/tion (pil-ma’shtin), n. State or quality of being palmate; palmate lobation; also, a palmate part. palm/er (pim/ér), n. [OF. paumier, palmier, fr. ML.

to palladium; — used specif. of quadrivalent compounds. Pal-la’/di-um (pd-la/di-tim), n.; pl. -pIA (-@). 1. Class. Antig. A statue of Pallas Athena, esp. the famous one on

lighter (sp. gr., 12.0) and more easily fusible than platinum.

also, victory;

[L. palmatus.] Hand-shaped; resemblinga hand with the fingers spread; specif.: a Bot. Having lobes radiating from a common point; — said esp. of leaf blades. See LEAF, Illust. .b Zool. Having the anterior toes united by a

om; hence, of or pert. to wis-

pal-la’dous (pd-la’dis; pal’a-), adj.

— from the

corresponding to, or situated in, the palm of the hand. pal/mate (pal/mat), adj. Alsopal’’/mat-ed (-mat-éd; -Yd).

s

Of or pertaining to

[NL., fr. the asteroid Pallas.]

palma, fr. L. palma;

ceous (pil-ma/shus), adj.

riety of the revived classic style, founded on the works of the Italian Andrea Palladio (16th cent.). pal-lad/ic (pd-lad/ik; pd-la’dik), adj, Chem. Of or pert.

pal-la’dium, n.

[AS. ge

pal/mar (pal’/mér), adj.

2. To

Of, pert. to, or designating a va-

safety of Troy. 2. [not cap.] rity; a safeguard. .

hb To pass or put by trickery; — usually with off.

success or triumph;

[From Appatt.]_ 1. To become vapid, dull, or To become satiated or cloyed, as the stomach.

Pal-la/di-an (pd-la’di-dn; 58), adj.

or toits length from the wrist to the ends of the fingers (7—10 inches). 4. A flat expanding part at the end of an armlike projection; specif., the blade of an oar or paddle. The broad flattened part of an antler, as of the moose. Sailmaking. A metal disk worn on the palm of the hand, used to push the needle through canvas in sewing sails. —v.t. 1, Tostroke with the palm or hand; also, to shake hands with. 2. In sleight of hand, to conceal about the hand. 3..a To impose by fraud; — usually with on or

resemblance of the leaf toa hand.] 1. Any monocotyledonous plant (family Arecaceae). Palms are mostly tropical or subtropical trees with tall columnar trunks bearing a crown of gigantic leaves. 2. A leaf of the palm, borne as a symbol of victory or rejoicing. _3. Any symbol of

or as with a pall; to cloak.

To make vapid or insipid; stale.

fr. L. palma. The somewhat concave part of the hand between the bases of the fingers and the wrist. The part of a glove covering the palm. A lineal measure equal either to the breadth of the hand (38-4 inches)

upon.

a square piece of cardboard, covered with linen and usually embroidered on the upperside. = v.t. Tocover with

—v.t, 1. Rare. satiate; cloy.

life.

pal/lor (pal’/ér), n. [L.] Deficiency of color, asin the face; a wan appearance; paleness. palm (pam), n. [ME.andL.; ME. paume, fr.OF. paume,

palm, n.

outer garment; a cloak. 4. Eccl. a Archaic. An altar cloth. b A linen cloth for covering the chalice; now, esp.,

Pall, v.¢. insipid.

game, once common, in which a wooden ball was

2. Written Pall Mall (pron. also pal’mal’). In London, a street on the site of a former pall-mall alley, the center of

1. An ode or song retracting something in a former one. 2. A formal retraction. pal/i-sade’ (pal/7-sad’), n. [F. palissade, fr. Pr., deriv. of L. palus a stake, pale.] 1. A fence of pales or stakes,as for defense.

The

lamaglio, fr. palla ball + maglio, fr. L. malleus mallet.]

_[MF. palinod, fr. LL. palt-

others in a close row asa defense.

4. Zool.

[Obs. F. palemail, fr. It. pal-

driven with a mallet; also, the alley in which it was played.

ancestral characters without change; — opposed to cenogenesis. b Obs. Spontaneous generation. c¢ Abrupt

pal’i-node (pal/i-nod), n.

hb An altar cloth; a pall.

mantle of a mollusk, brachiopod, or bird.

Christian baptism. .2. The doctrine of continued rebirths; metempsychosis.. 3. Biol. a The reproduction of

metamorphosis.

palmyra tree

714

[Gr. palindromos run-

/

To wander about like a palmer.

[From palmer pilgrim.]

Any caterpillar

which suddenly appears in great numbers, devouring herbage. In America, esp. the larva of a, moth (Dichomeris ligulellws) which is destructive to fruit trees. pal-met/to (pil-mét’5), n.; pl. -T0s, -TOES (-6z). Sp. palmito, dim. of palma palm

tree.] | 1. Any of several palms with simple, fan-shaped leaves; any of palms ee FAN

various PALM).

fan 2.

€ or X] of the zodiac. me i pisci-. [L. piscis.] _A combining form meaning fish, as

A white crystalline alkaloid, Cy;yHigNOs, the chief

active constituent of pepper.

pares

pitch

756

pi-per’i-dine (pi-pér’i-dén; pip/ér-¥-dén; -din), n. [F., fr. iperine. Cf. -¢de, -ine, in chemistry.] _ Chem. A liquid

A white crystalline aldehyde,

(CH,0;)CsHsCHO,

having the odor of heliotrope and used in perfumery.

Pipe’stem/ (pip/stém’), n._

The stem of a smoker’s pipe, or

something like this, as, p/., very thin arms or legs.

Pipe’stone’ (-stdn’), n.

_Petrog. A pink argillaceous stone,

carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. Pi-pette’ (p¥-pét’), n. Also pi-pet’. [F., dim. of pipe tube, cask.] _A small piece of apparatus, as a narrow glass

of Andromeda;

the Fish or Fishes.

in pis/ci-cul/ture rous.

b The twelfth sign

(pis/i-ktil’tiir), pis’ci-form, pis-civ’o-

pis-ci/na (pi-si/nd; pi-sé/-), n.

[L.,a cistern, tank, fish-

pond, fr. piscés a fish.] _ ¥ccl. A basin with a drain for the disposal of water from liturgical ablutions and the washing of altar linens. — pis/ci-nal (pis/i-ndl; -n’l), adj.

pis/cine (pis’in; -in), adj.

[L. piscisafish.]

Zool. Of or

tube, with which fluids are transferred, measured, etc.

pertaining to, or like, a fish or fishes. ‘ 3 pish (pish; psh), interj. & n. An exclamation of disgust or contempt. —v.7.&t. Tosay pish; express contempt for.

suggestive of, the form of a pipe or pipes. 3. Cookery. Decorative pipelike lines of icing. Dressmaking, ete. A narrow bias fold used to decorate edges or seams; trimming by means of such folds. — adj. 1. Playing on a musical pipe. 2. Characterized by the music of the pipe rather than of the martial drum and fife; hence, soft; tranquil. 3. Emitting a high, shrill sound; also, shrill.

pi’si-form (pi/s¥-form), adj. [L. pisum pea + -form.] 1. Likeapeainsizeandshape. 2. Anat. & Zool. Designating a bone on the ulnar side of the carpus. pis’/mire/ (pis/mir’), n. An ant. n. [Gr. pison pea + -lite.] pi’so-lite (pi/sé-lit; pio» nN. A limestone composed o: pisiform concretions. — pi/solit/ic (-lit’ik), adj. y

pip/ing (pip’ing), n.._ 1. Act of one that pipes; also, the sounds produced. 2. Pipes collectively; material in, or

— adv. So as to pipe, or sizzle; as, piping hot.

pip/it (pip/it), n.

[From its call note.]

small singing birds (family Motacillidae) lark; esp., one of the genus Anthus.

Any of various resembling

the

pip’kin (pip’kin), n. ie small earthen pot. ees a pip’pin (pip’in), n. . pipin, pepin, a seed, fr. OF.

pepin.]

1. Now Dial. Aseed.

numerous varieties. pip-sis’se-wa (pip-sis/é-wd), n.

2. An apple of one of

of piguer

Like a pipe;

to prick,

pis’til-late (pis/t%-lat), adj.

either revolvers, or automatic, pistols.

pis-tole’ (pis-tol’), n.

Pipsissewa (C. corym14 bosa).

prick.] ffense taken a one whe slighted or disdained; also, a fit of resentment; a dudgeon.

— Syn. Irritation, displeasure, pet, umbrage.

—v.t, 1. To arouse anger or resentment in; nettle; offend by slighting. To excite or arouse by a provocation; 3. To pride (oneself),

4. Aeronautics.

To charge

or attack, as by driving downward at. — Syn. Sting, irritate, provoke; stimulate, spur. pi-qué’ (pé-ka’), n. _ [F., past part. of piquer toprick.] A ribbed cotton fabric. pi-quet’ (pé-két’), mn. [F.] A game at cards.

pi/ra-cy (pi/rd-si), n.; pl. -ctEs (-siz).. [ML. piratza, fr. Gr. peirateia.] 1. Robbery on the high seas. 2. Any unauthorized appropriation and reproduction of another’s production, invention, or conception.

pi-ra’gua (pi-ra/gwa; -rig’wa),n.

—v. #.; -TOLED

Pistols are now usually

or Semiautomatic, magazine

(-t’'ld) or -TOLLED;

-TOL-ING

or

-TOL-LING. To shoot with a pistol. , Pis/tol, n. The ancient, or,ensign, of Falstaff in three of Shakespeare’s plays; a ranting swaggerer.

to the palate; pleasantly tart, sharp, or biting; pungent. Engagingly

— usually with on or wpon.

Bot. Furnished with a pistil

aimed and fired from one hand.

sting.]

challenge, rebuff, or the like; goad.

[F., fr. L. pistillum, pistillus, a

The ovule-bearing organ; the ovary with its : F ; E

or pistils; having pistils but no stamens. pis/tol (pis’t’l), n. | LF. pistole, fr. G. pistole, fr. Czech pist’al, prop., a pipe.] A short firearm intended to be

1. Archaic. Stinging; disagreeably sharp. 2. Agreeably stimulating

provocative; also, having a lively arch charm; as, a piquant face. — Syn. See pUNceS, —_ peauaatly, adv. Pique (pék), n. + fr. piquer to

pistacchio,

2. In full pistachio green. A color, yellow-green in hue, of low saturation and high brilliance. See conor.

pestle.] Bot. appendages.

tubular. bh Piping; shrill. pi’quan-cy (pé/kdn-si), 7. Piquant character, flavor, etc. pi/quant (pé’kdnt), adj. [F., pres.

part.

[It.

vera), whose drupaceous fruit contains a greenish seed (pistachio nut), used in cookery. _b The seed of this tree.

pis’til (pis’til; -t’l), n.

evergreen herbs with astringent leaves used asa perc and oe

a

(pis-ta/shi-0; pis-ta’-), n.; pl. -cHIOS (-6z).

Also pis-tache/ (pis-tash’; F’. pés/tash’).

fr. L., fr. Gr. pistakion, fr. pistaké, the tree, fr. Per. pistah, the nut.] 1. a A small anacardiaceous tree (Pistacia

Cookery. The flavor of the pistachio nut. pis’ta-reen’ (pis’/td-rén’), n. _ A debased two-real piece of Spain, once current in America. — adj. Of small value.

[Of

Algonquian origin.] of a genus (Chimaphila, esp. C. corymbosa) of

pip’y (pip’i), adj.

pis-ta’chi-o

[Sp.]

Naut. a A dug-

[F.]

The old quarter doubloon of

Spain, worth about $4; also, any of similar obsolete gold

coins. pis’to-leer’ (pis/td-lér’), n, lier.]

Also

One who uses, or is armed

pis/ton (pis/tiin; -t’n), n.

pis’to-lier’.

fF. pisto-

with, a pistol.

EF., through It. & LL., fr, L.

pinsere, pistum, to pound.]_ 1. Mach. A sliding piece moyed by, or moving against, fluid pressure, usually a short

cylinder moving within a cylindrical vessel. Music. In certain brass-wind instruments, a sliding valve moving in a cylinder like an engine piston and serving, when depressed by a finger knob, to lower the pitch. ; pistonrod. Mach. A rod by which a piston is moved, or by which it communicates motion. pit (pit), ». [D., kernel, pith.] a drupaceous fruit.

cherry.

pit, n.

,

—¥.¢.

U.S. The hard stone of

To remove the pit from, as a

(AS. pytt pit, hole, prob. fr. L. putews well, pit.]

1. A cavity or hole in the ground. 2. A pitfall for wild beasts; hence, a trap; asnare. 3. A deep place; an abyss.

out. b A dugout widened by cutting in two and inserting planks. c¢ A two-masted, flat-bottomed boat. [L. pirata, fr. Gr. peiratés, fr. petran

4. Hades; hell, or a part of it, as in the pit of hell. 5 surface depression or hollow, as on the human body; as, the armpit; also, a scar, esp. one left by a pustule. 6, An en-

robber on the high seas. _2. An armed vessel, employed in piracy. —v.i.ét. 1. Tocommit piracy (upon). 2. To

7. U.S. That part of the floor of some exchanges devoted

pi/rate (pi’r7t), n.

to attempt, attack.]

One who commits piracy; esp., a

publish without proper authorization, esp. in infringement

of copyright. 3. To take over and use in violation of exclusive assignment to another, as a wave length. — pi-rat/i-cal

(prerat/i-kdl), pi-rat/ic (-ik), adj. — pi-rat/i-cal-ly, adv. pirn (pfirn; Scot. also pirn),n. 1. The reed or guide bobbin of a weaver’s shuttle. 2. Scot. The reel on a fishing rod. pi-rogue’ (pi-rog’), n. [F., fr. Sp. piragua, of Cariban and

Arawakan origin.] A dugout canoe; any canoelike boat. pir/ou-ette’ (pir/00-ét’), n. [F.] Dancing. A whirling on

the toes of one or both feet. ouette.

IIpis’ aller’? (pé/-za/la’).

[F.]

—v.7. A

To perform a pir-

Literally, to go worst;

ence, the only course possible. pis’ca-ry (pis/kd-ri), n.; pl. -rrEs (-riz). (CL. piscarius relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish. aw.

The right or privilege of fishing in another man’s waters; — now in phrase common of piscary.

nee V7 Neéet 8V pis’ca-tol’o-gy (pis/ka-t5l/6-j1), to fish + -logy.]

ale, chaotic,

n.,

2. A fishing place; a

[L . piscart, piscatus,

Science of fishing.

care,

Add,

@ccount,

firm,

Ask,

sofa;

closed hole or area for wild beasts, for cockfighting, etc. to a special branch of business; as, wheat pit.

8. Eng.

a

That part of a theater below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, the cheaper part behind the stalls. b The spectators in the pit.

1. To place, cast, 2. To form pits in; to mark with

— v. t.; PIT/TED (pit/éd; -id); PrT/TING..

bury, or store ina pit.

pustule scars.

3. To set in a pit to fight, as cocks; hence,

to put in competition, rivalry, or antagonism; — with against; as, to pit A againstB. —v.7%. 1. To excavate.

2. To become marked with pits; specif., Med., to preserve

for a time an indentation made by pressure, as in edema.

pi’ta (peta), n.

(Sp.]

aA

fiber used for cordage, etc.,

obtained from the century plant; also, the plant itself. hb Istle fiber. c The similar fiber of several other plants, as various species of yucca.

pit/a-pat’ (pit/a-pat’), adv. __With quick succession beats; in a flutter. — v. 7%. To move or beat pitapat.

pitch (pich), n.

of

[ME. pich, fr. AS. pie, fr. L. pix, picis.]

i. A black or dark viscous substance obtained as a residue in distilling tar, wood tar, petroleum, etc., and, occurring naturally as asphalt. 2. Any of various bituminous substances; as, mineral pitch.

Gve,

hére (27),

€vent,

3. The resin, often medicinal,

Snd,

silént, makér;

ice,

Yl,

charity; Gld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, s6ft, cdnnect; food, fO6t; out, oil; ciibe, nite, firn, tip, circ#s, menii;

pitch from certain conifers.

place

757

— v.¢. To cover over, smear, or

pit/i-er (pYt/Y-ér), n.

One who pities.

soil, with or as with pitch. pit’i-ful (pit/i-f£001; -f’l), adj. 1. Full of pity; compassionpitch (pich),v.t. [ME. picchen.] 1. Toplaceand setup or ate. 2. Arousing pity; eliciting compassion. 3%. Pitiable; erect; as, to pitch.atent, 2. To throw, fling, hurl, or toss, worthyof contempt. — Syn. See CONTEMPTIBLE, PITEOUS.

usually with a definite aim or purpose.

or arrange;

3. To set in order

— Archaic, except in pitched battle.

4. To

fix or set at a particular pitch or level; as, to pitch the voice

high.

5. Baseball.

To throw (the ball) to the batsman.

— pit/i-ful-ly, adv. — pit/i-ful-ness, n.

pit/i-less, adj.

Merciless; ruthless. —pit/i-less-ly, adv.

— pit/i-less-ness, n.

;

i"

;

pit/man (pit’/mdn), n. 1. One who works in a pit, as in 6. Card Playing. To lead {a card of a ‘certain suit) and mining. 2. pl.-MANS(-mdnz). Mach. Aconnecting rod. thereby establish trumps; to establish (the trump) in this. pit saw, or pit’saw’ (pit’s6’), n. A saw worked by two way. —v.%. 1. To encamp; locate. 2. To plunge or men, one on the log, and one beneath it, often ina pit. fall; esp., to fall forward; also, to decline or slope. 3. To [OF. pitance.] A small portion, pitch something as hay, a ball, etc. 4. To fix one’s choice; pit’/tance (pit’ans), n. quantity, allowance, or wage; a dole. also, to select at random; — with on or upon. 5. Of a ship, to plunge so that the bow and stern alternately rise pit/ter—pat’ter (pit’ér-pat/ér), n. A rapid succession of and fall in the water; hence, to lurch. light sounds or beats; a patter. — pit/ter—pat’ter, adv. —n. 1. Act or manner of pitching; as: a A throw; toss; pi-tu/i-tar’y (pi-ti/f-tér/s; -tér-¥; 3; 114), adj. [L. pituita

cast. hb A plunging forward and downward, esp. of a vessel in a head sea. hat which is pitched; amount pitched.

3. A point or peak; the extreme top or bottom;

hence, the extreme reach.

4.

A slope or a degree of slope;

inclination; specif., in technical uses:a Arch.

Of an arch or

roof, the slope of the sides expressed by the ratio. of the heighttothespan.

of a vein or bed.

hb Geol.

& Mining.

¢ Mech. & Mach.

Dip or inclination

(1) Distance between

one point on a gear tooth and the corresponding point on

the next tooth. (2) Distance from any point on the thread of a screw to the corresponding point on an adjacent thread measured parallel to the axis. 5. Cards. A game at cards. Cf. AUCTION PITCH. 6. Music & Acous. a That property of a musical tone which is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves which strike the ear. The larger the number of vibrations per,second the higher the pitch. b A standard of pitch used in tuning instruments; specif.: (1) The concert, or high, pitch, with a vibra-

tion number of about 450 for the first a above middle C

(a’); (2) The diapason normal, called French, international, or low, pitch, which gives a’ 435; (3) The present standard pitch, called philharmonic pitch,

which gives a/ 440.

pitch’/blende’ (pich’blénd’), n._ [G. pechblende.], Mineral. A brown,to black massive mineral with pitchlike luster occurring incertain metalliferous veins. Itisasource

of uranium and radium. pitch’er (pich’ér),n. [OF. pichier, through Teut., fr. LL.

becarium. . A vessel, usually with a handle and lip or spout, for holding and pouring out liquids. 2. Bot. A tubular or cuplike appendage or modification of the leaves

in certain plants; an ascidium.

pitch’er, n.

1. One who pitches; as, a baseball

pitcher.

2. Golf. A light iron club with face laid far back. GoLr, Illust. :

pitcher plant.

See (

Any plant with leaves modified into pitch-

phlegm.]

(1. Secreting mucus.

a gland (pituitary body

2. Pert. to or designating

or gland), a small oval two-lobed

vascular body attached to the infundibulum of the brain. 3. Designating a type of obese, long-boned physique believed due to excessive secretion of ‘this gland. —n. 1.

The pituitary body or gland. 2. Med. A preparation made from either lobe of this gland. Extracts of the an-

terior lobe promote skeletal growth, etc.; those of the pos-

terior lobe cause increased blood pressure, contraction of

nonstriated muscle, etc. pi-tu/i-tous (-tius), adj. [L. pituitosus.] Full of, resembling, or due to mucus; discharging mucus. :

pit’y (pit’i), n.

[OF. pite, pitie, fr. L. pietas piety, kind-

ness, pity, fr. pius pious.]

1. A feeling for the sufferings

of others; sympathy; compassion.

2. A reason or cause of

pity, grief, or regret;.a thing to be regretted.

Syn. Pity, inde faery compassion, commiseration, condolence. Pity is feeling for another’s suffering or distress, and sometimes regards its object as weak or inferior;sympathy is fellow feeling with another, esp. in his grief or affiction; the word implies a certain degree of equality; compassion is deep tenderness for another, esp. under severe or inevitable suffering or misfortune. Commiseration implies profound pity or sorrow, esp. as it finds expression, for another’s misfortune; condolence suggests the expression (often formal) of sympathy.

— v. t. & t.; PIT/IED (Id); PIt’y-ING.

To feel pity for; have

sympathy with. — v.72. To feel pity. — pit’y-ing-ly, adv. Pit/y-ri’a-sis (pit/Y-ri’a-sis), n. UNL., fr. Gr. pityriasis, fr. pityron, lit., bran.]

1. Med.

A superficial affection of

the skin, characterized by irregular patches of thin, scales. 2. Veter. A disease of domestic animals characterized by dry epithelial scales.

pivot (piv/ut),n.

[F.]

1. A

point, fixed pin, or short axis, on the end of which something

—

ppp——Y

OT

turns.

ers, or ascidia; specif., the huntsman’s-cup.

pitch/fork’

(pich’férk’), m.

A fork, usually long-handled,

used in pitching hay, grain, etc. —v.¢. To pitch with or as with a pitchfork. pitch’stone’ (-ston’), n. [1st pitch + stone, after G. pech-

stein.]

Petrog. A glassy rock with a resinous luster, con- |

taining more water than obsidian.

pitch’y (pich’i), adj. resembling pitch. pitch.

1. Of the quality or nature of pitch; 2. Abounding in or smeared with

3. Black as pitch. — pitch’i-ness, n.

pit/e-ous (pit/é-tis; 39), adj. [OF. pitous.] 1. Obs. Pitying; compassionate. 2. Exciting pity or compassion; pitiful.

. Now Dial.

Pitiable; paltry. — pit’e-ous-ly,

adv. — pit/e-ous-ness, n. Syn. Piteous, pitiable, pitiful.

Piteous commonly applies to

that which moves to compassion or sympathy; that is pitiable which excites commiseration or (often) contempt; pitiful applies to that which is pathetic or oftener paltry or mean; as, a pileous face or tale; pitiable distress; a pitiful little smile, pitiful ignorance.

pit’/fall’ Core tel) nm.

A trap or snare; esp., a pit with the

opening masked, into which animals or men may fall.

pith (pith), m.

[AS. pitha.]

1. The loose spongy tissue

occupying the center of the stem in dicotyledonous plants. 2. The soft or spongy interior of a bone, afeather, etc. 3.

etc. — adj. Pivoting or pivoted; pivotal. = v.¢. To mount on, or furnish with, a pivot .or pivots.

—v.7%.

To turn or swing

on or as on a pivot.

pix (piks). Var. ofpyx. pix’y, pix’ie (pik’si), n.; pl. prxtes (-siz). A mischievous sprite or fairy. piz/zi-ca’to (pit/sé-ka’td; pét’-), adj. [It., pinched.]

Music. Plucked; — a direction to players of bowed instru-

ments to pluck the string instead of bowing. _Abbr. pizz. —n.; pl. -TI (-té). A tone so produced; a plucking. pla’ca-ble (pla’ka-b’l; plak’a-), adj. [OF., fr. L. placabilis, fr. placare to quiet.]

Capable of being, or ready to

be, placated; disposed to forgive. — pla’ca-bil’i-ty (-bil’%ti), pla’ca-ble-ness, n. — pla’ca-bly, adv. plac/ard (plik’ird), n.. [F., fr. Pr. placa plaque] A notice posted in a public place; a poster; bi pla-card’ (pld-kard’; plak’ard), v. #. 1. To post placards

— Syn. Marrow, kernel, nucleus, gist, essence.

on or in. To announce by placards. 3. To post asa placard. —v.%. To affix placards. — pla-card’er, 7. — v. ¢. pla’cate (pla’kat; plak’at; or, esp. Brit., pla-kat’), v. t.

chair;

(118);

That ‘which contains the strength or life; vigor; substance.

1. To kill, as cattle, by piercing or severing the spinal cord. L. placatus, past part. of placare to placate.| “Lo ap2. To destroy the central nervous system of (an animal, as pease; pacify. — Syn. See paciry. — pla/cat-er (pla’kata frog), as by passingawire up and down the vertebral canal. ér; plak/at-ér), n. — pla-ca/tion (pla-ka’shiin), n. — pla’. To remove the pith from (the stem of a plant). ca-tive (pla’kd-tiv; plak’a-), adj. (NL., fr. j pla’ca-to’ry Pith’e-can-thro’pus (pith’é-kain-thro’piis), n. (pla’ka-to’ri; plak’d-; -tér-¥; 3), adj. [LL. (Gr. pithékos‘ ape + anthropos man.] aA genus consist- | placatorius.| Designed to placate; conciliatory. ing of an extinct primate (P. erectus) apparently intermedi- | place (plas), n._ [OF., fr. L. platea a street, area, courtate between man and the existing anthropoid apes;— yard, fr. Gr. plateia a street, prop. fem. of platys flat, called also Java man. _ See MAN, Illust. b [not cap.) pl. broad.] 1. Now Rare. An open space, or square, ina city -THROPI (-pi). Also pith’e-can’thrope (-kan/throp). An or town. 2. Space; specif.: a Room; as, make place for animal of this genus. the ladies. bA region; locality. cA village, town, or pith’y (pith’i), adj. ;prrH’1-ER (-1-€r); prrH/i-est. 1. Concity; as, one’s native place. d A locality or spot occupied sisting of or abounding in pith. 2. Having substance and asa dwelling place or the like; as, to owna fine place. eA point; tersely cogent; as, a pithy remark or style. — portion of space reserved for occupancy, as a seat in a thepith’i-ly, adv. — pith’i-ness, 7. ater. 3. A portion of space occupied by a body; hence, proper. or assigned position, time, or character; as, everypit/i-a-ble (pit/i-a-b’l; 58), adj. 1. Deserving or exciting thing is in its place. 4. Vacated or relinquished space; pity; lamentable. 2. Lamentably insignificant or mean; stead; lieu; as, to rule in place of the king; also, situation; despicable. — Sym. See pItTEous. — pit’i-a-ble-ness, n. — state, as of mind or of affairs; as, if I were in his place. pit/i-a-bly, adv. go; sing;

then,

thin;

nattire, verdtire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

K=ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|] Foreign Word,

placebo

planche

758

6. |plague (plag; collog. or dial. pie): nN. CL. plaga a blow, plague, prob. fr. Gr. plaga, plégé.) 1. That which smites Station; esp., social rank or position. '%. A building, or or troubles; any afflictive evil; scourge; infestation. 2. the like, set apart for a special purpose; as, a place of worCollog. Anuisance. 3. a Any malignant, esp. contagious, ship. 8. A short street, court, or the like. 9. Official

A particular or specifiable spot, passage, or the like.

status or position; an office or employment; also, its duties or function. 10. Space, esp. as contrasted with time. 1. Ordinal relation; position or point in an ordered series;

as, to say in the first place.

12. Arith. The position of a

figure, or a figure in position, with reference to its relation to others of a row or series; as, a number in the first decimal place.

Racing.

The

position

of first, second, or

third at the finish, esp. the second position. — Syn. Situ-

ation, position, location, site. See OFFICE. — v. t.; PLACED (plast); PLACING (plas/ing).

i 1, To put in

a particular place; to set, arrange, or establish, in a certain

disease or pestilence.

_b Med.

An acute malignant con-

tagious disease occurring in several forms, of which the bubonic plague and pulmonary plague are the

most common. The Black Death of the Middle Ages is believed to have been the plague. —v.t. 1. To smite,

infest, or afflict, as with disease, calamity, or natural evil.

To vex; harass; torment. — Syn. See HARASS. — pla/guer (pla/gér; plég’ér), n. pla’guy (pla’ei; collog. or dial. plég’i), adj. Chiefly Collog. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a plague; harassing. — pla/gui-ly, pla’guy, adv.

dispose of in a. desired or selected way, as for investment,

plaice (plas), n. sing. & pe _LOF. plats, plaiz, fr. LL. latessa flatfish.] Any of various flatfishes, as a European

identify by assigning to, or connecting with, some place, time, or the like; as, [cannot place him. 4. In singing or

mer flounder. plaid (plaid; Scot. plad), mn,

relative position, as in rank, order, condition, etc.

2. To

attention, adoption, etc.; as, to place an order.

3. To

speaking, to produce or cause to produce tones of (voice)

with reference to the vocal organs and resonance cavities involved. Racing. To determine or announce the place of at the finish. .

pla-ce’bo (pla-sé’bo), n.; pl. -Bos, -BoES

(-bdz).

[L., I

shall please] 1. 2.C.Ch. The first antiphon (Psalm cxiv. 9. Vulgate) of the Vespers for the dead; — from its first word. 2. Med. A medicine given merely to satisfy a patient.

place kick.

3. A soothing or ingratiating remark, act, etc.

Football.

Act of kicking the ball after it has

been placed on the ground, or an instance of this.

ounder (Pleuronectes platessa) or, in America, the sum-

[Gael. plaide a blanket.]

1.

A rectangular piece of twilled woolen cloth, usually of tartan pattern, worn by both sexes in Scotland in place of a cloak. 2. Any fabric with a woven or printed design imitating a tartan

pattern.

3. A tartan or similar pattern or

design. — plaid, adj. — plaid’ed (-éd; -id), adj.

plain (plan), v.7. (OF. plaindre.] Archaic & Dial. Short for COMPLAIN. plain, adj. [OF., fr. L. planus level, flat.] 1. Plane; — rarely used in the sciences.

2. Open;

clear; free from ob-

structions; now Dial., exc. in in plain sight,

view, etc.

Open to the mind; manifest; clear; as, plain words;

One who holds or occupies a

also, candid; guileless; outspoken; as, plain speech is best. 4. Void of embellishment; specif.:a Not luxurious; simple;

placed; specif.: a The fi ding of employment for a worker. b Amer. Football. The placing of the bail on the ground

untwilled; also, not variegated, dyed, or figured. 5. Not highly born, stationed, cultivated, or gifted; of, or characteristic of, the common people. 6. Not intricate; simple;

place’man (plas’man), n.

place, esp. a public office; — usually contemptuous. place’ment (-mént), n. Act of placing, or fact of being

for a place kick; also, the position of the placed ball. pla-cen/’ta (pla-sén’ta), n. ;Pn -TAE (-t@), -Tas (-taz). CL., a cake, fr. Gr. plakous a flat cake, fr. plax, plakos, anything flat and broad.] 1. Anat. & Zool. Inmammals

(except monotremes and most marsupials), the vascular structure by which the fetus is nourished in the uterus.

Bot. Any sporangia-bearing surface; specif., that part of the carpel bearing ovules.— pla-cen/tal (-tal; -t’l), plac’en-tar’y (plas/én-tér’I; -t€r-{; pla-sén/td-ri), adj.

pla-cen/tate (pla-sén’tat), adj. Having a placenta. plac’en-ta’tion (plas/én-ta’shtin), n. 1. Mode of attachment of placenta. 2. Placental arrangement or structure. plac’er (plas’ér), n.

plac’er (plas’ér),m.

One who places or puts in place.

[Sp.]

A place where gold is obtained

by washing; an alluvial or glacial deposit, containing par-

as, plain food.

b Without beauty; homely.

as, plain sewing. —

¢ Of cloth,

Syn. Distinct, obvious, lucid; ingenu-

ous, downright, blunt.

| See rranx.

— Ant. Vague,

ob-

scure, complicated, ambiguous, abstruse; ornamented, enriched, elaborate. | —-n. 1. Level land; esp., a broad

stretch of land having few inequalities of surface; as, the

plain of Jordan. 2. pl. In North America and the British colonies, broad tracts of almost treeless level country; prairie. plain, adv.. In a plain manner; clearly; without obscurity

or ambiguity. — plain’ly, adv. — plain/ness, n.

plain’—clothes’ man. uniform. | :

plain/—laid’, adj.

A detective, or police officer, not in a "

Of a rope, consisting of strands twisted

oppositely to the twist in thestrands.

See corDaGE, Illust.

plains’man (plinz/man), n. One who lives on the plains. plain song or plain chant. a The ancient unisonous, nonmetrical chant melody of the church service. Such a melody used as a cantus firmus; hence, any cantus firmus. plain’stones’ (plan/stdnz’), plain’/stanes/ (-stanz’), n. pl.

ticles of gold or other valuable mineral. pla’cet (pla/sét; -s¥t), n. [L.,it pleases.] A vote of assent manifested by the use of the word placet. plac’id (plas/id), adj. [L. placidus, fr. placere to please.] Scot. Flagstones. Unruffled; undisturbed; peaceful; quiet. — Sym. See cal. plaint (plant), m. LOF. plaint, fr. L. planctus, fr. plangere, — plac’id-ly, adv. — plac’id-ness, n. planctum, to beat, beat the breast, lament. ] Poetic. pla-cid’i-ty (pld-sid’%-ti), m. Calmness; serenity. Lamentation; a lament. 2. A complaint. plack (lak), n. [MD. (Flem.) placke.] Scot. An obso- plain’ tiff WUT n. [LOF. plaintif.J, a One who comlete coin worth one third of an English penny. mences a personal action or suit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his rights. b The complaining party in i any litiplack’et (plak/ét; -it), n. 1. Archaic. A petticoat; fig-

uratively, a woman. 2. A slit or opening in a garment, esp. a skirt, for convenience in putting it on; — called also

gation. : plain’tive (-tiv), adj.

plate.] Zool. Designating, or having the form of scales characteristic of, the elasmobranchs. These scales resemble

lous. — plain’tive-ly, adv. — plain’tive-ness, n. plais’ter (plas/tér). Var. of PLASTER. plait (plat; plet; Brit. usually, and in sense2 of n.,&2, 3 of v., often in the U.S., plat), n. [OF. pleit, fr. L.

placket hole. 3. A pocket, esp. one in a skirt. plac’oid (plik’oid), adj. (Gr. Riae; plakos, tablet, flat teeth, bearing projecting spines tipped with enamel. — 7. An elasmobranch. ||pla/fond’ (pla/fon’), n. [F.] Arch, A ceiling formed by the underside of a floor, esp. when of elaborate design. pla’gal (pla’gal), adj. .[ML. plagalis, fr. plaga plagal

mode,

fr. Gr. plagios Bleed

Music.

Of a mode or

melody, having its keynote in the middle of its compass.

SP [OF. plaintif.] Expressive of sorrow or melancholy. — Syn. Sorrowful, mournful, queru-

plicitum, past part. of plicare to fold.J] 1. A fiatfold; a doubling back, as of cloth on itself; a pleat., 2. A braid, as of hair; a plate

=o

Ro

fold, esp. in pleats.

To interweave the strands or locks of; braid.

2.

3. To make

by plaiting, or braiding. plan (plin),n. [FI.plan, plant, fr. Ee prene (fr. L. planum

|plage (plazh), n. [F.] A beach. ee pla/gi-a-rism (pla/ji-a-riz’m; pla/ja-), n. _ Actof plagiariz-

flat surface), and fr. It. pianta, fr. L. planta sole of the foot.] 1. A draft or form, properly, one drawn ona plane, aS a map; esp., a top view or the representation of a hori-

pla’gi-a-rize (-riz), v. t. & 7. To steal or purloin and pass off as one’s own (the ideas, words, writings, etc., of another).

plane; graphic representation; diagram. 2. Method or scheme of action, procedure, or arrangement; project, pro-

ing; also, something plagiarized. — pla’gi-a-rist (-rist), n. — pla/gi-a-ris/tic (-ris’tik), adj. — pla/gi-a-riz/er, n.

pla’gi-a-ry

(-rI), n.; pl. -Rirs (-riz).

naper, Plagiarist, fr. plagium

oblique, crooked.]

‘

1. A plagiarist.

;

[L. plagiarius kid-

kidnaping,

fr. Gr. plagios

2. Plagiarism,

pla’gi-o- (pla/ji-6-), pla’gi- (pla’ji-). [Gr. plagios.]. A combining form meaning oblique, aslant, as in pla’gi-he’dral, pla’gi-o-ce-phal’ic. : ;

pla’gi-o-clase/ (-klas’), n. _ [G. plagioklas, fr. Gr. plagios

oblique + klasis a breaking.] ‘Triclinic feldspar in general; hence, esp., the soda-lime group. — pla/gi-o-clas/tic

(-klas/ttk), adj. earl ! : ; pla’gi-o-trop/ic (-trép/ik), adj. [plagio- + -tropic.] Plant Physiol. Having the longer axis inclined away from

the vertical line, as most roots and lateral branches.—

Bia eho trow }-cab ly, adv. — pla/gi-ot/ro-pism piz’m), 7.

ctl ale,

a

chaotic,

charity;

(-dt’/ré-

te cAre,

Add,

account,

frm,

ask,

Gld, Gbey, Orb, Sdd, s@{t, cdnnect;

sofa;

zontal section; an orthographic projection on a horizontal

gram, outline or schedule.

3. In perspective, one of a

number of planes conceived as perpendicular to the line of vision, and interposed between the eye and the pictured

objects.

Syn. Plan, design, project,scheme.

Plan is the general word for

a proposed method of action or procedure; design implies a settled plan, and heightens the suggestion of purpose. A project is tentative and often impracticable; a scheme is more or less speculative.

—v.t. &%.; PLANNED (plind); pLAN/NING. To forma plan (of or for); esp.: a To represent graphically. b To devise

or project a method or course of action (oi). plan-. = lst PLANO-.

pla-nar’i-an (pla-nar/¥-dn), n.. [LL. planarius level.] Zool. Any of a class (Turbellaria) of mostly aquatic small,

soft-bodied, leaf-shaped, completely ciliated flatworms. planch, planche (planch; 9), n. [OF. planche.] Now Dial. A plank, board, or slab; a floor. IN rc nh A ee de Eve,

food, foot;

here

(27),

évent,

nd,

out, cil; ctibe, Unite,

silént,

makér;

ice,

Ml,

Grn, Up, circés, meni;

planchet

Gr. platanos, fr. platys broad; — on account of its broad

leaves and spreading form.] naceae)

consisting

Any tree of a family (Plata-

of one genus

(Platanus),

with large

palmately lobed leaves and flowers in globose heads. plane, adj. [L. planus.] 1. Without elevations or depressions; even; level; flat. 2. Math. Involving only

plane surfaces. — 7. [L. planum, fr. planus level, flat.] 1. A surface in which if any two points are taken, the straight line that joins them lies wholly in that surface. 2. A flat or level material surface. 3. A level as in development, existence, or a scale of values; as, to live on a low

plane.

_ 4. a Colloq.

An airplane.

b One of the main

supporting surfaces of an airplane or a wing; — now only in

biplane, triplane, etc. — plane/ness, n. ; plane, n._(F., fr. planer to plane.] 1. A kind of trowel to smooth or surface dition of; as, four plus five (or 4+ 5); the debt plus in- |PReu’ma.tol’o-gy (-tol’6-ji), n. 1. Pneumatics, terest; — opposed to minus. — adj. 1. Indicating addition; positive; not negative; as, the plus sign [+]; a plus

quantity; — used orally to render the sign +.

to minus.

tional; extra.

3. Collog.

4. Bot. Per-|

[NL.]

pneu/ma-to-lit/ic

[pnewmato-+ -lytic.]

Petrog,

Positively

electrified;

adj.

Formed or forming by

taining to or designating a physiological, sexlike differenti- | plied to minerals and ores. 5. Elec.

Action

(-t-lit/ik),

hot vapors (or superheated liquids under pressure); — ap-

ation comparable to male, in certain plants, as fungi; as, a |pneu/ma.tom/e-ter

plus strain.

Petrog.

|_by which pneumatolytic minerals are formed.

b Addi- |Pneu/ma-.to-lyt/ic,

Denoting a greater value than]

usual in the (specified) grade; as, A plus.

doctrine of spiritual beings or spiritual phenomena; esp., the doctrine of spirits intermediate between God and man,

Opposed |Pneu/ma.-tol’y-sis (-tol/%sis), n.

2. Hence: a Collog. In predicate use, having

as an addition or gain; as, he was plus a coat.

b

2. The

(-tdm’é.tér), n.

Physiol.

An instru-

positive. | ment for measuring the amount of force exerted by the

—n. 1. The plus sign; — opposed to minus. | Symbol] lungs in respiration. + (no period). 2. An added quantity; something extra. |pneu/ma.-to-phore’ (ni’mé-t6.for/; nthmat’d-for; p’ni’-; 3. A positive quantity, also, surplus. b’nti-; 70; 88), n. [pnewmato--+ Gr. phereih to bear.] plus fours. A style of loose knickerbockers, very long and} Bot. A special root developed by various swamp or marsh baggy at the knees, worn esp. in sports, as golf. plants. It often functions as a respiratory organ.

J a ( LF. pluche, fr. peluche, fr. OF. peluchier to pluck, pick.] A textile fabric with a pile longer and| softer than that of }velvet. i j : ris ct 2 plus sign. The signZ + (orig. a contraction of Latin et meaning and) denoting addition or a positive quantity. plush (pliish), n.

Plu’to (ploo’td), n. Myth.

CL., fr. Gr. Plowtdn.]

pneu’ma.-to-ther’a-py

(nii/md-td-thér’a-pi;_ot

(ni-mék/té-mi;

p’ni-), n.

2. Astron. The most]

remote known planet of the solar system, invisible to the]

n.

[pneumo-

+ -ectomy.} The surgical removal of a part of a lung. pneu/mo- (nii/mé-; p’nii’mé-; 88). = PNEUMONO-.

| 1. Class. |pneu/mo-ha.-cil/lus (-ba-sil/tis), n.; pl. -11 (3)..

The god of the lower world, also called Hades by | pnewmo--+ bacillus.)

the Greeks and Dis by the Romans.

p’nii/-),

Treatment of disease by condensed or rarefied air,

pneu-mec’/to-my

CNL., fr.

_Bactertol.. A bacterium associ-

ated with pneumonia and other respiratory inflammations.

pneu/mo-coc/cus

naked eye., Its mean distance from the sun is about 3,680,- | “pyrumo-; oeceet

(--kdk/ts), n.; pl. -ct (si).

Bacteriol.

[NL.

The bacterium

See

(Diplo-

000,000 miles, ) fe its period of revolution, 248 years, and 1 its coccus pneumoniae, syn. Streptoccus lanceolatus) which eres diameter probably not greater than 4,000 miles. } causes lobar pneumonia. a ymbol, R. neu/mo-dy-nam/ics, (-di-nam/iks; -d¥S -Ics. plu-toc’ra.cyy (plo0-tdk/ra-st), n.; pl. -cres (-sfz). [Gr p Pneumatics. eee : eer eg

ploutokratia,

fr.

ploutos

wealth.

See

Drmocracy.] |pneu/mo-gas’tric (-eis/trik), adj.

Government by the wealthy; also, a controlling class of} rich ach men. t wloo/to-krXt: 114) 0 hoh

Anat.

Of of pertain-

j ing to the lungs and the stomach, designating or pertaining to the vagus. —m. The vagus. u/to-crat (plo0/té-krat; m. _One who has power or| pneu-mo/ni-a (ni-md/ni-d: 58). n. [NL., fr. Gr. 2 Betaence due E monia, y fr. pnewmon, BS pl.Mepneuwmones ase a the ilungs.] ie eng u to his Us wealth; V { one of the plutocracy.f Med,

plu/to-crat/ic (-krit/ik), adj. kdl).

Also plu/to-crat/i-cal Ci-|

Of, pertaining to, or,characterized by, plutocrats or}

plutocracy. — plu’to-crat/i-cal-ly, adv. L ‘ws Plu-to/ni-an (pl00-to/ni-dn; 58), adj. Of, pertaining to,|

or characteristic of, Pluto or the lower world; infernal.

plu-ton/ic (-tdn’ik), adj.

1. Geol.

Inflammation of the lungs with exudation into the lung

tissue and solidification of the tissue. Lobar, or croupous, pneumonia involves all or the greater part of a lobe of the lung.

lar pneumonia,

In bronchial, catarrhal,

tion of a molten magma deep within the earth and crystal- | cent to the small bronchi.

line throughout.

2. [eap.] Plutonian.

Plu’tus (ploo’ti%s), n.

plu/vi-al (-vi-dl), adj.

[L.]

or lobu-

commonly called bronchopnewmonia,

Formed by solidifica- | the consolidation of tissue is restricted to the lobules adja-

Gr. Myth.

God of wealth.

—

wire

pneu-mon/ic (-mSn/ik), adj. lungs; pulmonic.

a Of or pertaining to the

b Of or pertaining to pneumonia.

([L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain.] |pneu’mo-no-_(nii’m6-né-;

p’nii’/md-n6-; 88), pneumon-.

f or pertaining to rain; characterized by abundant | [Gr. pneumdn. See PNEUMONIA.] A combining form 2. Geol. Due to the action of rain. denoting lung, as in pneu’mo-not/o-my (see -TOMY). plu’vi-om/e-ter (plo0/vi-dm/é-tér), n. [L. pluvia rain + |pneu/mo-tho/rax, (nii’m6-tho/raks; p’nii’-),n. Med. A -meter.) A rain gauge. — plu/vi-o-met’ric (6-mét/rik), | state in which air or other gas is present in the pleural -met’ri-cal, adj. — plu’/vi-om/e-try (-6m/étri), n. cavity. It is often induced therapeutically to collapse the rain.

||Plu/vidse’ (plii/vyoz’; Angl. plod/vi-ds), n. REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR.

plu’vi-ous

(ploo’vi-ws;

114), adj.

L. pluviosus, fr. pluviarain.|

See}

lung in tuberculosis.

:

po-a/ceous (po-4/shts), adj.

[Gr. poa grass.]

Bot. Be-

longing to a huge family (Poaceae), of monocotyledonous

Of or pert. torain; rainy, } plants (order Poales), the grass family, distinguished from

ply (lt), 2. ¢.; PLIED (plid); pry’mNc. fr. plover, fr. L. plicare to fold.]

([F.]

Also plu/vi-ose (-ds).|

[OF. plier (F.

plier),|

the allied sedge family by the hollow culms, and by the

double,

fruit, a grain (caryopsis) instead of an achene.

1. A fold; a

hence, to poach eggs, fr. poche pocket, pouch.]

_To bend; fold;

as silk in spinning.

—v. 7. Obs. To bend; yield; also, to |poach (poch), v.t.

comply; be pliant.

—n.; pl. putes (pliz).

[OF. pochier to place in a pocket,

To cook

plait; one of the twists or strands, as in yarn; a, layer of | in boiling water, or the like, until coated; as, a poached egg. Rae asina collar. 2. Figuratively, bend; twist; bias; |poach, v.t.. [MF. pocher to thrust or dig out with the fingers, fr. LG. poken to poke.}' 1. To stamp down, trample, inclination.

chair;

go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); x =ch

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

in G. ich, ach; bon;

yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precéde Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

poacher

by trampling. To reduce to a uniform consistency, as clay, by mixing thoroughly with water. 3. To trespass on, esp. for game or fish; to take, as game or fish, by illegal methods, —v.7. 1. To sink into mud or mire while walking.

2. To become soft or muddy and full of holes

when trampled on; as, the ground poaches badly. 3. To trespass for something, esp. game or fish; to kill or destroy

game illegally. ; poach/er (poch’ér), ». One who or that which poaches. po’chard (po/chérd; also po’kérd, als pok/-), n.;

see PLURAL, Note, 3. Acommon Old World duck ( yroca ferina) related to the redhead of America. pock (pok), n. [AS. poce, poc.] Med. A pustule or spot on the skin, as in smallpox. pock. Scot. var. of POKE, a bag. j

pock’et (pdk/&t; -Yt), n.

LAI. pokete, dim. of ONF. poke,

poque, bag, pouch.} 1. A bag or pouch carried by a person; esp., a small bag inserted in a garment for carrying

small articles, as money; hence, purse; money. place suggestive of a pocket; specif.:

2. Any

a A bin for storing

coal, grain, etc. An air pocket. ¢ A cavity where foreign substance has collected or can collect. 3. Billiards Pool, Any of the bags or pouches at the corners or sides

of the table. 4. Mining. A cavity containing gold or other mineral or water; also, a small body of ore. 5. Nauwt. A place for a spar or the like, made by sewing a strip of canvas onasail.

6. The position of a contestant hemmed

in by others. , 3 —v.t. 1. To put, enclose, confine, or conceal, in or as ina pocket. 2. To receive (an affront, rebuff, etc.) without open resentment; to conceal or suppress, as pride or anger. 3. To take

(money, etc.), esp. secretly or fraudulently.

4. Billiards. To drive (a ball) into a pocket of the table. §. Politics. U.S. To retain (a bill) unsigned until after Congress or the Legislature has adjourned; — said of the President and some State governors. 6. Racing Slang.

To put (a contestant) into a pocket.

— adj. 1. Suitable, as in size, shape,

3

ake

etc., for carrying in

the pocket; as, a pocket edition. 3. Carried in, or paid from one’s own pocket or pocketbook, esp. for incidentals;

as, pocket money. pock’et-book’ (-b00k’), n.

pers, money,

A small case for carrying pa-

etc., in the pocket; sometimes,

hence, money; financial resources.

pocket borough.

a purse;

pox. — pock’—marked’

pock’y (pok/i), adj.

(-mirkt’), adj.

Now Rare.

1. Full of, or marked

2. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a pock :

F

||[po’co (p6’k5), adj. _ [It.] _ Little.

— adv. Somewhat;

slightly; — chiefly, Music, in directions.

— vn. A little.

po’co-cu-ran’/te (po/k5-koo-riin/ta; -ki-rin’té), adj. oco curante.]

top of which the seats began. b The masonry under the porate ofatemple. 2. A dais, as for an orchestra con-

uctor. -po/di-um (-p0/di-tim)._

[NL.

See poprum.] A combining

form meaning a footlike part, as in monopodium.

pod/o-phyi/lin

(ee

n.

_ [From Podophyllum,

generic name of the May apple, fr. Gr. pous, podos, foot

+ phyllon leaf.)

A bitter purgative resin extracted from

the rootstalk of the May apple.

-podous.

a

[Gr. pous, podos, foot.] _ A combining form

meaning footed, used chiefly in adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -poda. po’em (pd/ém; -Ym), n. [F. poéme, fr. L. poéma, fr. Gr. poema, poiema, fr. poiein, poein, to make, compose, write, especially in verse.] A composition in verse, characterized by imagination and poetic diction; a piece of poetry; — opposed to prose. Any composition marked by qualities ascribed to poetry, as elevation or beauty. poe-nol’o-gy (pé-n5l’6-j1). Var. of PENOLOGY. po/e-sy (po/é-st; -zi), n. [OF. poésie, fr. L. poesis, fr. Gr. poiésis.

poem.

1. Poetic.

Poetic works collectively; also, a

2. Archaic. Poetry as one of the arts; poetic writ-

ing in theory or in practice.

on a ring. po/et (po/ét; -It), n. tés.])_

3. Hist. A short motto, as

LOF. poéte, fr. L. poéta, fr. Gr. poté-

1. One who makes or composes

verses; specif., a

composer of poetry;.a writer of poems, 2. One endowed with great imaginative, emotional, or intuitive power and capable of expressing his conceptions, passion, or intuitions in appropriate language. — po/et-ess, n.

po’et-as/ter (p0/ét-As/tér; po/Et-As/tér; -it-),n. [NL. See d-astTer.] A versifier rather than a true poet. po-et/ic (pd-ét/ik), adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or according

to the practice of, a poet or poets; befitting a poet.

2. Of,

pertaining to, peculiar or proper to, or in the nature or manner of, poetry. Written or composed in verse; as,

poetic works.

4. Of a word or expression, peculiar to or

characteristic of poetry. po-et/ic, n. Usually po-et/ics (-iks). See -1cs. A treatise on poetry as,an art; a theory of poetry; sometimes, specif., versification as a subject of study.

po-et/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj. 1. Poetic. 2. Beyond or above the truth of history or nature; fictitious; idealized; also, of writers, fanciful; highly imaginative.

pocket money. Money for small personal expenses. pocket veto. The retention by the President of the United States of a bill unsigned under such conditions that it does not become a law. { pock/mark’ (psk/mirk’), n. A mark or pit due to small-

or the pox.

dwarf wall around the arena of an amphitheater, from the

Chiefly Brit. A borough whose right of po-et/i-cal-ly, adv. of POETIC, POETICAL.

representation is controlled by a single person or family. pock’et-knife’ (-nif’), n.; pl. -KNIvVES (-nivz’). A knife with folding blades, to be carried in the pocket.

with, pocks.

poind

766

or cut (up), as with hoofs; to make holes in (soft ground)

[It.

_ Literally, caring little; hence, careless;

indifferent; nonchalant.

—mn. A pococurante person; a

trifler. — po/co-cu-ran/te-ism (-iz’m), po/co-cu-ran/tism (-ki-rain/tiz’m), n. F pod (pdd), m. A number of animals clustered together; a school, as of seals and whales; of birds, a flock. pod,n. Mech. a The bit socketina brace. b The straight groove or channel in the barrel of a certain kind (pod auger) of auger. See AUGER, I/lust. : pod, n. [Origin uncert.] Bot. Any dry dehiscent seed vessel; specif., a legume, as of the pea or bean. —v.7.; POD/DED; POD/DING. 1. Toproduce pods. 2. To swell or

fill out like a pod.

is

-pod (-péd). Also -pode (-pod). [Gr. pous, ems foot.] A combining form meaning footed, used to denote in ad-

po’et-ize

poetry.

(pd/’ét-1z;

—v.t.

— po’et-iz/er,

n.

pd/it-),

v.72.

To make

or, compose

To make poetical; to celebrate in poetry.

poet laureate; pl. ports

LAUREATE.

1. Orig., a poet

worthy of bearing the Muses’ crown of laurel.

2. In Eng-

land, a title given to a poet appointed by the sovereign to be

a member of the royal household, his duty being to compose odes, etc., for court and national occasions. po/’et-ry (po/ét-ri; po/it-), n._ [OF. potterie, poétrie, fr.

ML. poetria. See port.) 1. The art or work of poets; the embodiment in appropriate language of beautiful. or high thought, imagination, or emotion, the language being

rhythmical, usually metrical, and adapted, to arouse the feelings and imagination; metrical composition; also, poetical writings; poems, collectively; verse. 2. Something poetical; poetical quality, spirit, etc.

po-go/ni-a (pé-g0/ni-a; 58), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pdgdn beard.J Bot. Any of a genus (Pogonia) of terrestrial orchids of the

North Temperate

Zone.

They have terminal solitary

flowers with a crested lip. po-grom/ (pé-grdm’), n. [Russ., devastation.] An organized massacre of helpless people, as orig. of Jews in Russia. po’gy (pd’gi; pdg’i), n.; pl. -cres (-giz). poh (po), anterj.

po/i (p0’e; poi), nm.

‘The menhaden.

An exclamation expressing contempt.

[Hawaiian.]

A native Hawaiian food

prepared from the taro root pounded to a paste and allowed

to ferment. . -poi-et/ic (-poi-ét/ik). [Gr. poiétikos, fr. potein to make.] A combining form meaning making, used to denote productive, formative, as in hematopovetic.

Jectives and nouns (one) having (such or so many) feet.

poign/an.cy (poin’ydn-si; -dn-si), n.; pl. -crEs (-siz). Quality or state of being poignant; a poignant instance. poign/ant (-ydnt; -ant), adj. [OF., pres. part. of poindre

correspond to adjectives ending in -podous. po-dag/ra (pé-dig’ra; pdd’a-grda),n. _[L., fr. Gr. podagra, fr. pous, podos, foot + agra a catching.] Med. Gout. po/des-ta’ (po/dés-ta’; pd-dés/ta), n. (It. podestd, fr. L.

also, pungent. 2. Painfully moving; affecting; touching. yn. See PUNGENT. — poign/ant-ly, adv.

-poda. [NL. See-pop.] Zool. A combining form denoting creatures having (so many or such) feet, used in names of phyla, orders, classes, etc., as in Arthropoda, which

otestas power, magistracy.] In Italy, any of several pubic officers; specif.: a Hist. A chief magistrate in medieval times, with wide powers. b A subordinate magistrate in

some

towns.

c Under

executive of a commune

the Fascist government,

podg’y (pdj/i), adj.; PoDG/I-ER

(-{-€r); PODG/I-EST.

and short; pudgy. — podg’i-ness, n. po-di/a-try (pé-di/a-tri), n. {Gr. pous,

-iatry.|

Med.

a chief

(except Rome and Naples).

i

at

c podos, foot+

The study and treatment of disorders of

the foot. — po-di’a-trist (-trist), n.

po’di-um (p0/di-iim), n. ; pl. popta (-4). [L., fr. Gr, podion, dim. of pows, podos, foot.] 1. Arch. ow wall serving as a foundation or terrace wall. In Archaeol., esp.:a The

a

ale, chaotic,

charity;

a

care, add,

dccount,

arm,

ask,

sofa;

to sting, fr. L. pungere.]_

1. Keen; piercingly effective;

poi/lu’ (pwa'lii’; pwii’l00), n._ cal man,

[F., lit., hairy, hence, physi-

fr. pod! hair, fr. L. pilus;—as

slang in the

World War perh. suggested by the uncut hair of men at the front.] Strictly, a first-line French soldier of the World War; loosely, any French soldier.

poin’ci-a/na (poin/s}-4/nd), n. [NL., after M. de Poinet, a governor of the French West Indies.] 1. Bot. Any ofa

small genus

(Poinciana)

of ornamental] tropical caesal-

piniaceous trees or shrubs having bright-orange or red flowers. 2. The royal poinciana (Delonizx regia), a

tropical tree, with immense racemes of scarlet and orange

flowers, flat woody pods, and twice-pinnate leaves. poind (poind; Scot. also piind; pind), v. t. _[AS. pyndan to

pen up.]

Scot.

@ve,

Scot. a To distrain.

Distraint.

hére (27),

Gvent,

Snd,

b To impound.

silént, makér;

ice,

—n.

Yl,

Gld, Obey, Grb, ddd, séft, cdnnect; food, fO0t; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, wip, circés, menii;

- poinsettia

767

poin-set’ti-a (poin-stt/i-d), n. [NL., after Joel R. Poinsett (1779-1851), of South Carolina.] Bot. Any of a genus (Poinsettia) of chiefly tropical euphorbiaceous American herbs or woody plants having alternate leaves, and cymose

inconspicuous green flowers, subtended by bright-colored

involucral leaves. point (point), n, [From OF. point a prick, place, moment, and fr. OF. pointe a sharp point, a pointed object (fr. LL. puncta;both fr. L. pungere, punctum, to prick).] 1. The tapering end of anything pointed. Specif.: a The tapering

end of a tract of land. b pl. Of a horse, the extremities. 2. Hence, anything having a tapering end, as a dagger, a needle.

3. a A separate part; item.

b A physical char-

acteristic of an animal, esp. one used as a standard in judgingits breeding. 4. Of immaterial things, the most prominent or important feature; as, the point of a story; (with the) the essential matter; the precise thing; — hence, in point, pertinent; aptly illustrating; as, a case in point. 5. A unit, as in the scoring of a game or test. 6. A place having definite position but no-extent in space; a place considered as to its position only; a spot. 7. Archaic. A state, as of body or health; condition.

8. A thing aimed

at or striven for; end; object... 9. A position or condition

attained; a step; stage; as, boiling point.

A crisis in affairs.

Specif.:a Rare.

_b The exact time of occurring; as, the

point of death. ¢ Culmination. d decision; resolution. 10. A dot printing. 11. Costume. A tie or aglet and used in the 16th and 17th

of a costume, as doublet and hose.

End; conclusion. e A used in writing or string ending with an centuries to join parts

Educ.

poke the hand of a timepiece, an index ona balance, etc. b One who points, or aims, a gun.

¢

A large gun dog of a breed origi-

nating in Spain at an uncertain date. It hunts by scent, and is

lean and_smooth-haired.. d Collog., U.S., An item of private information;

2. pl.

[cap.]

a hint;

tip.

Astron.

The

two stars in the Great Bear the

line joining which points nearly

toward the North Star. von Cre) . pointillisme.

,n.

ainting.

Pointer, 1 ¢.

A method of painting in which

a

an

an

the colors are applied in dots on a white ground and ac-

cording to a severely systematic plan.

See NEOIMPRES-

SIONISM. — poin/til-list (list), n. point lace (point). Needle-point lace. — point’—laced’ (-last’; 2), adj. ; point/less (point/lés; -lis), adj. Without a point; wanting point, keenness, or meaning, as a remark. — Syn. Dull, stupid, insipid, witless, inane, vapid, silly. — point/less-ly,

adv.— point/less-ness, n. . : point of honor. A matter seriously affecting one’s honor. point of order.

In parliamentary practice, a question of

point of view.

Relative position or angle from which a

order or propriety under the rules.

i

thing is seen, a question considered, etc.

t

A unit of points of the compass. The thirty-two points of diviacademic credit. 13. Hlec. Either of two platinum or sion in the, compass card; the, corresponding points b tungsten pieces of a distributor, through which the circuit which the circle of the horizon is supposed to be divided, is made or broken. 14. Exchanges. A recognized unit in quoting prices of stocks, shares, and various commodities, varying with the commodity. In stocks, in the United States, one point ordinarily means $1ashare. 15. Games & Sports. a In various games, a position of a certain player, or, by extension, the player himself.

_b

In boxing, the

tip of thechin. 16. Hunting. a Theattitude assumed by a pointer or setter dog when he finds game. hb Collog. A spot to which a straight run is made; hence, a cross-country run.

17. Lacemaking.

a Strictly,

needle-point

lace.

b Loosely, any handmade lace. 18. Math. An undefined geometric element concerning which it is postulated that at least two exist and that two suffice to determine a line. 19. Mil. A small group of men thrown out before an advance guard or behind a rear guard on the march. _ 2 Music.

of such.

A short strain, phrase, or tune; a signal consisting

21.

Naut.

One of 32 points of the compass;

also, the difference, of 1114 degrees, between two points of

the compass. tuation,

22. Philol. = VOWEL POINT.

A stop, as a comma,

colon; or, esp., a period.

24. Railroads. a Brit. Aswitch.

between two rails in a frog.

23. Punc-

hb The tip of the angle

25. Type Founding.

See

POINT SYSTEM, 2. —v.t. 1. To furnish with a point or points; as, to point a dart; also, to give point or piquancy to, as to a remark. 2. To indicate the position of, as with the finger; — esp.

with out. 3. To direct (at, to, or upon); to aim; to turn; as, to point a gun. &. To mark or divide into periods or groups, or to separate by points or dots, as figures, or esp.

the decimal fraction, from the integral part; — with off. Hunting. To indicate the presence and place of (game) by a fixed look and position; — said of setters or pointers.

6. Masonry. To scratch out the old mortar from the joints of (a wall) and fill in with new material. 7. Philol.

To mark (as Hebrew) with vowel points. 8. Punctuation. To supply with or as with punctuation marks. —v.7. 1. To direct the point of something, as of a finger, to designate an object; also, to hint fatya allude (to); — with at

orto.

2. To point game.

aim; tend.

4. Naut.

less close to the wind. point/—blank’, adv.

3. To face or look; also, to

Of a sailing vessel, to sail more or

[Prob. fr. OF. de pointe en blanc di-

rectly, blanc prob. orig. referring to the white of the target.] Ina point-blank manner.

point’/—blank’

(see Pron., § 2), adj.

1. Aimed directly

toward the mark; as, a point-blank shot.

qualified; blunt; as, a point-blank refusal.

Npotnt’ d’ap’/pui’ (pwan’ da/pwe’). [F.]

2. Direct; un-

Point of support;

of which the four marking

the directions of east, west,

north, and south, are called cardinal points, and the rest

are named from their respective directions, as N. by E.,

N.

E., N. E. by N., N. E., etc.

point system. 1. Zduc. In some schools and colleges, the system of advancing students in individual subjects by points of credit for each piece of work. 2. Type Foundang. A system according to which the various sizes of type bodies, leads, etc., bear a fixed and simple relation to one another.

The point system is based upon the pica body.

This body is divided into twelfths, called “points,” and

every type body consists of a given number of these points; as, the bodyof this book is printed in 6-point. The value of the point is .013837 inch, or nearly 42 inch. For specimens of sizes, see TYPE. ; $ .

poise (poiz), v. t. ie peser to weigh, balance, il peise, il poise, he weighs, fr. L. pensare, v. intens. fr. pendere to

weigh.]

1. Now Rare.

weighting; to ballast.

To weigh.

2. a To steady by

b To distribute the weight of prop-

erly; to balance exactly.

3. To carry, maintain, or sup-

port in equilibrium; to suspend, as in space; — often reflexive. —v.7. To hang in equilibrium; to be balanced

or suspended. |

—n.




surrounded by buildings; also, 4CD8 Quadrangle, 1. the buildings enclosing a quadrangle. 3. The tract of country represented by one of the atlas sheets published by

the U. S. Geological Survey. — quad-ran’gu-lar (kwodrang’gi-lér), adj. ee quad/rant (kwod/rdnt), n. [L. quams drans, -antis,a fourth part.] 1. The quarter of a circle, an arc of 90°; also, the area bounded by a quadrant and

two

radii.

2. An

instrument

for

altitudes, consisting com-

monly of a graduated arc of 90°, with an index or vernier, and usually haying a plumb line or spirit level for fixing the vertical or horizontal direction. 3. Anal. Geom. Any of the a, a Quadrants. four parts into which a plane is divided by rectangular co-ordinate axes lying in that plane.

The upper right-hand part is the first quadrant ;the others successively counterclockwise are the second, third, and fourth. &. Mach. Any piece shaped like, or suggestive

oF see quadeant of a circle. — quad-ran/tal (kwod-ran/-

al; -t’l), adj.

quad/rat (kwod/rdt), n. [Var. of QuADRATE, n.] Print. A block of type metal lower than the letters, — used im spacing and in blank lines. quad/rate

Square

(-rat), adj.

(L. quadratus

or approximately ,square.

squared.]_

strol.

1.

Distant

from each other 90°; — said of two heavenly bodies.

3

Zool. Designating or pertaining to a bony or cartilaginous element of each side of the skull, to which the lower

jaw is_articulated in most vertebrates below mammals.

—n.

A square; hence, anything resembling a square,

as a rectangular space. An object square or cubical inform. 3. Zool. The quadrate bone.

—

(rat), v.z. To square; agree; correspond; — followed by with. —v.¢. To make accordant with; conform to.

quad-rat/ic (kwod-rat/ik), adj. 2. Square. 2. Math. Marked by terms of second degrees as the highest; as, a uadratic equation, in which the highest power of the unnown quantity is a square. —mn. Math. A quadratic

expression or equation. quad-rat/ics (-iks), n.; see -1cs.

Math.

That branch of

algebra treating of quadratic equations. quad’ra-ture (kwoéd/ra-tiir), n. [L. quadratura.]

Math. The problem, proved

impossible of solution arithmetically or geometrically, of finding the side of a square exactly equal in area to a given

circular area. quad-ren/ni-al

(kw6d-rén/i-dl;

58), adj.

([L. quadrien-

nium a space of four years, fr. quadri-+ annus year. 1. Comprising, or lasting through, four years. 2. Oc-

curring once in four years. — quad-ren/ni-al-ly, adv.

quad-ren/ni-um

(-tim), n.; pl. -nia_ Ca).

QUADRENNIAL.]

quad/ri-

(CNL.

See

A space or period of four years.

(kwod/r¥-),

quadr-.

[L.; akin to L. guatiuor

four.) A combining form meaning consisting of, or characterized by having, four. quad/ric (kwéd/rik), adj. [L. quadraasquare.] Math.

Of or pertaining to the second degree; — used where there

are more than two variables. — m7. Alg. A quantic of the second degree. See QUANTIC.

quad’Ti-cen-ten/ni-al (kwid/ri-stn-tén/Y-d]; 58), m. The four hundredth anniversaryof any event; also, a celebration

of it. — quad’ri-cen-ten/ni-al, adj. quad/ri-ceps (kwéd/ri-s&ps), n. [NL.; fr. quadri--+ L. caput_head.] More fully ||qauad/ri-ceps ex-ten/sor

Anat.

The great extensor muscle of the

front of the thigh. — quad’ri-cip’i-tal (-sip/I-tal), adj. quad’ri-cy’cle (-si’k’l), n. A four-wheeled cycle.

quad/ri-fid (-ffd), adj.

[L. quadrifidus.

See-rip.J

Di-

vided, or deeply cleft, into four parts, as a petal. quad-ri/ga (kw6d-ri’gd), n.; pl. -GaE (-j@). [L.J] Rom. Antig. A chariot drawn by ie horses abreast. quad/ri-lai/er-al (kwod/ri-lat/ér-dl), adj. (CL. quadrilaSee LATERAL.)

Having four sides,

and four angles; quadrangular.

—~n.

1.

Geom. A plane figure of four sides and four angles; a quadrangular figure. 2. A quad-

rilateral area, as one defended by four for-

:

tresses supporting each other.

Quadrilateral.

quad’ri-lin’gual (-ling’gwdl), adj. Cquadri-+ L. lingua tongue.] Using, or made up of, four languages.

quadrangular enclosure, esp. when

measuring

quadrature of the circle.

terus.

The first Sunday in Lent.

b Either of two points

on an orbit in a middle position between the syzygies; as, the guadratures of the moon (points where, the moon being in quadrature with the sun, one half of the lunar disk is illumined).

(€ks-tén/s6r).

(kw6d/rd-Jé-nar/t-dn; 6), adj. _ CL.

Quad’ra-ges/i-ma (-jés/iema), n.

when distant from each other.90°.

1. Act

qua-drille’ (kw3é-dril’ or, now esp. Brit., kd-dril’), n.

CF.,

fr. Sp. ewadrilla, fr. cuadro battle square, fr. L. guadrus

square.]

A square dance of five figures, chiefly in § and

} time, popular in the 19th century. qua-drille’, n. (F., fr. Sp. cwartillo, fr. cuarto fourth, quarter, fr. L. guartus.] An 18th-century game at cards.

quad-ril/lion (kw6d-ril’yiin), n. & adj. ([F., formed like million.) See NUMERATION, Table. — quad-ril/lionth Cyiinth), n. & adj.

quad/ri-no/mi-al (kw6d/ri-nd/mi-dl; 58), n.

Alg. A poly-

nomial of four terms. — quad/ri-no/mi-al, adj. quad’ri-par’tite (-par’tit), adj, LL. quadripartitus, past

part. of

quadripartire to divide into four parts.]

Con-

sisting of or divided into, four parts; of a contract, etc., drawn up in four corresponding parts; also, shared in by four persons, states, etc.; as, a guadripartite treaty.

quad’ri-syl/la-ble_ (kw6d/ri-sil/a-b’l), mn.

A word of four

syllables. — quad/ri-syl-lab/ic (-si-lab’ik), adj. quad/ri-va/lent (kwéd/ri-va/lént; kwod-riv’a-lént), (quadri-+ L. valens, -entis, pres. part.

Chem.

adj.

See VALENCE.]

Having a valence of four; tetravalent. — quad/ri-

va/lence (-léns), quad’ri-va/len-cy (-lén-si), n. quad-riv/i-al (kwod-riv/i-dl), adj. (L. quadrivium place

where

four

ways

meet, fr.. quadri--+ via

a

way.]

Having four ways or roads meeting in a point; also, of ways or roads, leading in four directions.

quad-riv’i-um (-t%m),n.

p

[L., lit., crossroads.] In medieval

times, the four “liberal arts,” arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, forming the course for the three vears of

study between the B.A. and M.A. degrees. quad-roon’

fourth.)

(kwoéd-rd0n’), n.

a person of quarter negro blood.

:

quad.ru’ma-nous (kw6d-r00’ma-ntis), adj. comp. (see QUADRI-) + manus hand.] four hands, b Belonging to a group

mammals

Cf. TRIVIUM.

[Sp. cuarterén, fr. cuarto

The offspring of a mulatto and a white person;

including all the primates

quad/ru-mane

(kwod/rd0-man), n.

4

(L. quadru- in

Zool. a Having (Quadrumana) of

except

man.— :

quad-rum/vi-rate (kw6d-riim/v?-rat), n.. Also quad-riv/i-

rate (-riv’%-rat). Obs. A group or association of four men. quad’ru-ped (kwdd/rd0-péd), n. [L. quadrupes, -pedis. fr. quadru- in comp. (see QUADRI-) + pes, pedis, a foot.

Zool. An animal having four feet. — adj. Having four feet. — quad-ru’pe-dal (kw6d-r00/pé-dal; -d’l; kwod’roopéd/al; -’l), adj.

5

’

or process of making square or of determining areas; specif., quadrature of the circle. 2. Obs. Square shape; also, a

quad/ru-ple (kw6d/rd6-p’l; kw6d-ro0’p’l; 2), adj. ([F., fr. L. quadruplus.) a Consisting of four; fourfold; as, the Quadruple Alliance. b Taken in groups of four. — adv.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118);

K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet;

square.

3. Astron.

a The relation of two celestial bodies

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

quadruple

rates le meas/ure ortime.

Music. Ameasureof four

eats, first and third being accented; also, the rhythm derived from use of this measure. :

quad/ru-plet

(kwéd/rd0-plét), m.

A collection of four of

the same kind; pl., four offspring born in the same labor.

quad/ru-plex (-pléks), adj. L. 1. Fourfold. 2. Teleg. Pert. to a system by which four messages, two in

each direction, may be sent simultaneously over one wire. quad-ru/pli-cate (kw6d-roo’pli-kat), v.t. CL. guadrupli-

things, as copies of a document, corresponding exactly in

all ways. — quad-ru/pli-ca’tion, n. ; \|quae’re (kwe’ré), v. imperative. [L., imper. of guaerere to seek. See QueRy.] Inquire; question; see; — used to signify doubt or to suggest investigation. —m. A query. quaes’tor (kwés/tér; kwés’-), n. Also ques/tor. [L., fr. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask.] Rom. Hist. Any | of a number of officials, originally judges at certain crimi-

nal trials, later treasurers of state. — quaes-to/ri-al (kwés-

to’ri-dil; kwes-; 70), adj. — quaes’tor-ship, n.

_ quaff (kwaf; 9), v. 7. & ¢ To drink deeply or repeatedly; to dri —n. A drink. — quaff/er (-ér), n. quag (kwag; kw6g), nm. Quagmire. quag/ga (kwag’a), n. [From Bantu dialects, of Hottentot origin.] a A South African wild ass (Equus quagga) allied to the zebras. b Erroneously, a zebra. : uag’gy (kwae’l), adj, 1. Of the nature of a quagmire;

oggy.

2. By extension, flabby; yielding. (kwag’mir’; kwog’-), n._

land, which yields under the foot.

:

1. Soft, wet, miry

2. A position of diffi-

culty, as of one caught in a quagmire. — Syn. Morass, marsh, bog.

qua/hog (kw6’hog; kwa-hdg’), n. -hég’).

{Of Algonquian origin.]

can clam (Venus mercenaria).

Also qua’haug

A thick-shelled

(-hég;

Ameri-

quaich, quaigh (kwax), n.

[Gael, cuach, fr. LL. caucus.] Scot. A shallow drinking vessel, with ears. Quai’ d’Or’say’ ce dér’sa’). (F., lit., quay of Orsay, a

French general.)

A quay on the Seine in Paris, fronting

on which are the offices of the French Ministry of Foreign

of Teut. origin,]

[OF. quaille,

1. A migratory gallina-

ceous game bird (Coturnix coturnix), of Europe, Asia, and Africa. _2. In America,

formes) most of which are also called partridge. Specif., in the northern

and eastern States, the bob-white, on the west coast, the California (Lophortyx

Pow

1. Obs.

californi-

as, to qualify a statement. an

attribute

b To characterize by naming

or attributes;

to name

descriptively.

2.

To fit, as

or a place, office, character, or privilege; esp., to supply

with legal authority.

liquors.

5. Gram.

4. To modify the strength of, as

To limit or modify the meaning of,

as an adjective or adverb; to modify,

—v.7.

become qualified; to be fit, as for an office.

1. To be or

2. To obtain

legal or competent power or capacity. 3. In sports, to exhibit a required degree of ability in preliminary contests. Syn. Modify, qualify.

To modify is to change in form or in cer-

tain qualities rather than materially or essentially; to qualify is esp. to make less general, positive, strong, or severe.

qual’i-ta/tive (kwol/?-ta’tiv), adj.

Relating to or. con-

cerned with quality; as, qualitative analysis in chemistry; — contrasted with quantitative. — qual’i.ta’tive-ly, adv. qual’i-ty (kw6l’7-ti), n.; pl. -rres (-tiz). [OF. qualité, fr. L. qualitas, fr. qualis, how constituted, as.]_ 1. Now Rare. Proper or essential being; nature. 2. Hence, an

attribute; characteristic.

fine quality of yarn.

ity, or virtue.

3. Class, kind, or grade; as, a

4, Distinctive

trait, power, capac-

5. Specif.: a Excellence of character; as,

the thoroughbred shows quality. b An acquired trait; accomplishment. c¢ Now Rare. Social status; as, persons of the best quality ;hence, persons, collectively, of a high

social status. 6. Acoustics. That property of a tone which may distinguish it from another tone having the same pitch and loudness. 7. Logic. The character, in a proposition, of being affirmative or negative. 8. Philos. A property or attribute. 9. Phonet. The identifying character of a vowel sound, determined chiefly by the resonance of the vocal chambers in uttering it; — contrasted with quantity, or duration. Syn. Quality, property, attribute.

Quality applies to that which

is predicable of anything as one of its characteristics; a property is a peculiar or special quality; an attribute is an essential or inherent quality or property.

1. A sudden attack of illness,

faintness, or pain, esp. nausea. 2. Hence, a sudden misgiving or faintheartedness. 3. A scruple; compunction. Syn. Scruple, qualm, misgiving. A scruple isa fecling, esp. conscientious, of doubt or hesitation; a qualm is a sudden, esp. uneasy, scruple; a Misgiving is a feeling, often apprehensive, of mistrust.

edible drupaceous fruit, or its edible nut (called also quandong nut). quant (kwant; kwont), n. Hng. A punting pole with a

Wise; expert;

also, crafty. 2. Archaic. Skillfully wrought; hence, graceful; nice; neat. 3. a Strange; pe-

California Quail. b Strange but pleasing, esp. because of suggesting customs, dress, or the like of former generations. — Syn. See STRANGE. — quaint/ly, adv. — quaint/ness, n. 2

culiar.

quake (kwak),v. 7. CAS. cwacian.],

1. To shake, vibrate,

or quiver, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind. To shudder; bling; esp., an earthquake.

fr. ML. qualificare, fr. L.qualis how constituted, as + -ficare (in comp.) to make.]| 1. a To reduce from a general to a particular or restricted form; to modify; limit;

tree (Pusanus acuminatus, family Santalaceae); also, the

quaint (kwant), adj. (OF. cointe, tr. L. cognitus known, past part. of cognoscere to

tremble. — Syn. See sHivER.

3. Modification; as, to promise with-

qualm/ish, adj. 1. Feeling qualms, esp. of nausea. 2. Like, or of the nature of, a qualm; also, likely to produce qualms. — qualm/ish-ly, adv. — qualm/ish-ness, n. quam/ash (kw6m/ash; kwd-mash’). Var. of camass. quan/da-ry (kwdn/da-ri or, esp. Brit. and formerly, kw6ndar’i), n.; pl. -Rres (-riz). A state of perplexity or doubt; a dilemma. — Syn. See PREDICAMENT. quan/dong’ (kw6n/dong’), n. Also quan/dang/ (-ding’), quan/tong’ (-tdng’), etc. [Native name.] An Australian

any of Several small game birds (order Galli-

quail ca).

tion of citizenship. out qualification.

qual/i-fied (kw6l’7-fid), adj. 1. a Competent; fit. b Having complied with requirements or conditions for an office, employment, etc. Limited or modified in some way, esp. as to the legal effect. — qual’i-fied-ly, adv. qual’i-fy (-f1), v. ¢.; -riep (fid); -Fy/Inc. [F. qualifier,

qualm (kwam; kw6m), 7.

Affairs; hence, the French Foreign Office.

quail (kwal), v.27. To sink under trial or prospect of danger; to lose heart; hence, shrink; cower. — Syn. Finch, quake, tremble, blench. See SHRINK. m

quail, n. ; see PLURAL, Note,3.

a status, the perfection of a right, etc.; as, the qualifica-

Hence, to soften; mitigate; abate; assuage.

catus, past part. of quadruplicare, fr. quadruplex fourfold.] To quadruple. — (kat), adj. Fourfold; Math., raised to the fourth power. — (-kat), m. In pl.: Four

quag/mire’

quantity

812

Fourfold. — (kwéd’rd6-p’l), n. _A sum or amount four times as great as another; a fourfold amount. ’ quad.ru/ple (kw6d-r00’p’l; kw6d/r00-), v, t. & 7. ; -RU/PLED (-p’ld); -ru/piine (pling). 1. To multiply by four; to increase fourfold. 2. To total four times as many as.

— 7. A shaking or trem’

Quak’er (kwak/ér), nm. [From Quake, v.] One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, about 1650, the members of which call themselves Friends. The name Quaker was applied in derision in 1650 by a judge to Fox, who bade

the justice tremble at the word of the Lord. — Quak’er-

ess (-@s; -is), n. — Quak/er-ish (-ish), adj. — Quak/erism (-iz’m), n. ' Quaker gun. A dummy piece of artillery, usually of wood; — from the Quaker doctrine of nonresistance. quak’er-la/dies, n. pl. Bluets. ; Quak’er-ly (kwak/ér-li), adj. & adv. Resembling Quakers. Quaker meeting. A meeting of Quakers for worship, in

which there often occur prolonged periods of silence; hence,

Collog., any silent gathering of persons.

qual/i-fi-ca/tion (kw6l/7-ff-ka’shtin), n.

:

1. Act or an in-

stance of qualifying, or state of being qualified.

2. a Any

endowment or acquirement which fits a person for a place, office, or employment; also, a requisite; an essential. b A

condition that must be complied with for the attainment of

flange near theend. —v.t. & 7. Eng. To punt, or to be punted, with a quant. quan’ta (kw6n’ta), n., pl. of QUANTUM. i (tik), n. (L. quantus how much.J] Math. A

homogeneous algebraic functionof two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables.

quan’ti-fy (kwo6n’ti-fi), v. t.; -rrep (fd); -Fy/Inc. [ML. quantificare, fr. L. quantus how much.] 1. To modify or qualify with respect to quantity; also, to measure

quantity of.

2. Logic.

the

To render, the logical quantity

of a term explicit. — quan’ti-fi-ca/tion, n.

quan’ti-ta/tive (-ta/tiv), adj. 2. That is, or that may

1. Rare. Having quantity.

be, estimated

by quantity.

3.

as, quantitative analysis; —

con-

Concerned with the measurement of phenomena, esp. with respect

to its quantity;

trasted with qualitative,

4. Designating a type of verse

having as its metrical unit a foot of determined time value

and a rhythm dependent mainly on arrangement of long

and short syllables. 5. Of or pertaining to vowel quantity; as, a quantitative accent. — quan’ti-ta/tive-ly, adv. quan/ti-ty (ti), n.; pl. -Tres (-tiz). (OF. quantité, fr. L. quantitas, fr. quantus

amount

how great, how much.

1. An

or portion; either, a measurable or numerable

amount; or, loosely, any amount capable of increase or de-

crease in kind.

s. exc. Math.

Spatial dimension.

Great amount; as, a medicine in quantities, that is, in

large amounts.

4. Logic. a With respect to terms taken

generally, their extension or, less frequently, their intension. b With respect to propositions, their character as universal or particular (or, as some would add, singular).

ale, chaotic, cAre, Add, d@ccount, arm, ask, sofa; éve, hére (27), @vent, End, silént, makér; ice, “ll, charity; Sld, Gbey, Srb, Sdd, sGft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; cube, tinite, fim, tip, circés, menii;

quantum

magnitude. ©. Music. The relative duration of a tone. 7. Philos. Yn general, that character of a thing by virtue of which measure or number is applicable to it, or it can be determined as more or less than some other. 8. Phonet. The relative duration, or time length, of a speech sound or

sound-group.

9. Pros.

Length or brevity of vowel sounds

or of syllables as measured by the time required to pro-

nounce them. — Sym. See sum. quan/tum (kwon/tt%im), n.; pl. quANTA (-té).

of gquantus how much.]

1. Quantity;amount.

[L., neuter

2. Phys-

ics. Anelemental unit of energy according to the quantum

theory (which see).

Cf. LIGHT QUANTUM.

quantum theory. Physics. A theory that in the emission or absorption of energy ‘by atoms or molecules the process is not continuous but takes place by steps, each step being the emission or absorption of an amount of energy called the quantum. quar/an-tine (kwo6r/dn-tén; 74), n._ [It. quarantina, fr.

quaranta forty, fr..L. quadraginta.] 1. A period of forty days, 2. The term, orig. of forty. days, during which an arriving ship, suspected of infection, is restrained from

intercourse with the shore; hence, such restraint, or the

measures taken to enforce it; also, the place where prohibited vessels are stationed. Now, any forced stoppage of travel or intercourse, due to contagions or infections. 3. A place, usually an isolation hospital, in which persons under quarantine are kept. — (kwor/dn-tén; kwor/antén’), v. t. To place in quarantine.

quar’rel (kw6r’él; 74), ». square. ] ow Hist.

esp. for a crossbow.

[OF., fr. dim. of L. quadrum a A square-headed bolt or arrow,

2. Arch.

quarter sessions

813

‘S. Math. Whatever may be operated upon according to fixed mutually consistent laws; — distinguished from a

Any small quadrangular

member, as a square of glass, esp. when set diagonally. quar’rel, n. [OF. querele, querelle, fr. L. querela, querella, a complaint, fr. gquwert tocomplain.] 1. Now Rare.

G. Proper station; as: a Assigned position; post; as, a call to quarters. b Place of residence; shelter; — usually pl.;

as, bachelor quarters. ¢ pl. Southern U.S. A collection of cabins for negroes on a plantation. 7. Forbearance;

clemency; as, no guarter from his creditors. 8. Astron. A fourth part of the moon’s period; also, quadrature. 9.

Farriery.

The side of a horse’s hoof between the toe and

the heel. 10. Her. a A bearing or charge occupying the first fourth part of the field. _b Any of the four partitions

into which the field is divided. 11. Mil. Clemency shown to a conquered enemy in not taking his life. 12. Naut. a The after part of a vessel’s side, generally corresponding in extent with the quarter-deck. The part, of the yardarm outside of the slings. c¢ A station at which officers and men are posted in battle, drill, inspection, ete.

d The fourthof a fathom. e ‘The fourth of the distance from one point of the compass to another, being the

fourth of 11° 15’, Le., nearly 2° 49’; — called also quarter

point.

13. Shoemaking.

That part of a boot or shoe

which forms the side, from the heel to the vamp.

r

Sports. @ Football. Short for QUARTERBACK. b One of the four periods into which a game is divided. — at close quarters.

In immediate contact; at close range.

—.v.t. 1. To divide into four, equal parts. Hence, to divide or separate,into parts, either more or less than four; as, to quarter an orange. Specif., to cleave asunder; to dismember. 2. Toshelter; to supply with lodging; esp., to assign to a certain place of shelter, as soldiers. 3. To pass back and forth across an area.in many directions; — said

esp. of game dogs questing for game.

4. Her.

To ar-

range or bear, as different coats of arms, quarterly on one

escutcheon; also, to add (a_coat of arms) to another or others in this way. 5. Mach. To adjust or locate at right angles, as cranks. —v.7. 1. To lodge. 2. To range

over a region; specif., Hunting, to cover a field in sections,

as a dog in search of game.

3. Naut.

To strike or blow

Ground of complaint. A cause or case to be disputed or defended. 3. A breach of concord, amity, or obliga-

on a ship’s quarter, as the wind. — adj. Consisting of, or equal to, a quarter.

-RELDED}; -REL*ING Or -REL-LING. 1. To find fault; to cavil. 2. To disagree; to be or become antagonistic. 3. To dis-

also, the provision of, or the cost of providing, quarters. quar’ter-hack’ (-bak’/), n. Am. Football. Formerly, a player who received the ball from the center and passed it

tion; esp., angry dispute or strife. — Syn. Broil, squabble, affray, wrangle. See DISPUTE. ==. 1.; -RELED (-2ld) or pute angrily or violently; to wrangle. —quar’rel-er, quarco let Cér), n.— quar’rel-some (-stm), adj. — Syn. See BELLIGERENT. — quar/rel-some-ly, adv. — -Some-ness,

7.

:

quar/ri-er (kwor/i-ér), n.

A worker in a stone quarry.

quar’ry (kwor’t), n.; pl. -RrES Ciz).

[From 1st QUARREL,

n.] A-square pane of glass, tile, or the like. Quar’ry, n.; pl. -r1Es (Iz). [OF. cuirée, fr. curée (past

part. of cwrer to clean) and fr. ML. corata entrails, with influence in OF. of cwtr'skin.]| 1. Obs. Hunting. A heap

of the game killed. 2. The object of the chase; game; esp., the game hunted with hawks. 3. Hence, any prey.

quar’ry, n.

wadrum.

[LOF. quarriere, fr. carre squared stone, fr. L.

See QUADRATE.]

An open excavation, usually

es obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone. — v. t.; QUAR/RIED (-Id); QUAR’RY-ING. 1. To dig or take from or as froma quarry. 2. Tomakea quarry in; as, to guar-

ry land.

quart (kwort), n.

[OF. guarie, n. fem., fr. quart fourth,

fr. L. gquartus fourth.] 1. A measure of capacityin both liquid and dry measure; two pints. The U. S. liquid quart (G4 of a gallon) = 0.9463 liter, or 57.75 cu. in.; U.S. dry

-quart (4 of a peck) = 1.1012 liters. See Gatton. _ Abbr. qt.; pl. qé. or gts. 2. A vessel or measure containing a

quart. quart (kart), n. 2. Games.

[F. quarte.]

1. Fencing.

= 1st CARTE,

In piquet and other card games, four cards of

a suit in sequence, the highest four being the quart major. . Rie ren quar/tan (kwér’tdn; -t’n), adj. [OF. quartain, in fievre wartaine, L. quartana, fem. of quartanus, fr. quartus the fourth.] of or pertaining to the fourth; specif., occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively. —n. Med. An intermittent fever which returns every fourth

day, thatis, with two days intermission between paroxysms. |quarte (kart), n. ([F.] Fencing. = Ist carte. i quar’ter (kw6r/tér), n. [OF. quartier, fr. L. quartarius a fourth part.]_

2. One of four equal parts into which

anything is divided; a fourth part or portion.

2. Specif.:

a The fourth part of a hundredweight. b Eight bushels, formerly the fourth of a ton; — used esp. in measuring

grain. ¢ Thefourthofapound. a span; also, the fourth of amile.

d The fourth of a yard; e The fourth ofayear.

£ A term of study ina college, etc.; — properly, a fourth of the schoolyear. g The fourth of an hour; hence, the mo-

ment

marking

this.

h U.S. & Canada.

Twenty-five

cents, a fourth of a dollar; also, a silver coin of this. value.

3. One limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts. 4. a The region under or considered as under any of the four conceived divisions of the horizon; hence, region;

also, point; direction.

place;

_b One of the four parts into which

the horizon is regarded as divided;

also, a cardinal point

quar’ter-age (kw6r’tér-ij), m. [OF.] 1. A quarterly payment or allowance. uarters or shelter, as for troops;

to the runner; now, a back scarcely distinguishable in

position and function from fullback).

the other backs

(halfbacks,

quarter crack. See SAND CRACK. quarter day. A day regarded as beginning a quarter of the year, when quarterly payments, as rent, become due.

quar’ter—deck’, n. Naut. That part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast reserved as a promenade for the offi-

cers, and sometimes, cabin passengers. quar’tered (kwér’térd), adj. 1. Divided into quarters.

2. Furnished

with

shelter.

vided

into,

with

quarters;

quarterings.

provided

3. Quartersawed;

of lumber, commonly oak. or

containing,

—

Her.

said

quarters

Di-

or

quar’ter—fi/nal, adj. Sports. Designating or pert. to the round immediately preceding the semi-final round of a tournamen atquar’ter—fi/nal, n.— quar’ter—

i/nal-ist, n.

quar’ter-ing, adj.

That quarters; specif.: peice see

a Mach. At right angles. aut. Coming from a point well abaft the beam, but not directly astern; — said of wind, wayes, etc. —m. 1. Division into,quarters; hence, division in general. 2. The act of driving or moving diagonally on a road. 3. Assignment of quarters, as for soldiers.

Her.

a The division of an escutcheon con-

taining different coats of arms into four or more compart-

ments. A quarter, or the coat of arms on it. quar/ter-ly (kw6r’tér-li), adv. 1. By quarters; once in a quarter ofayear. 2. Her. In quarters, or quarterings; —

said of a shield thus divided.

consisting of, a fourth part. the end of, each quarter.

== adj. 1. Containing, or

2. Recurring during, or at —n.; pl. -11es (-liz).

periodical work published once a quarter.

quar’ter-mas/ter

(-mas’tér; 9), n.

:

1. Mil.

A commis-

sioned officer whose duty is to provide quarters, clothing,

etc., for troops.

2. Naut. A petty officer who attends to

the helm, binnacle, signals, etc.

quar’tern (kwér/térn), n. pound, or of a hundred.J

[OF. quarteron fourth of a (1. ourth part or quarter,

as a fourth of a pint, or a gill. ing about four pounds.

2. A loaf of bread weigh-

quarier note. Music. See NOTE, n. quar’ter—phase’, adj. Hilec. Diphase. uar’ter-saw/ (kw6r/tér-s6’; 2), v. t.; see saw. To saw (a og) into quarters and then into boards or veneer, to show

the grain advantageously.

quarter section. 1.A quarter. 2. In the government system of land surveying of the United States and Canada,

a tract of land half a mile square, containing 160 acres. or division. _¢ A point or direction of the compass. f [also caps.] a Eng. Law. A court of point, direction, person, place, etc., without definite locali- quarter sessions. a limited original and appellate criminal jurisdiction, held zation; as, the news from that quarter was favorable. A division of a town, city, or county; a special district. || quarterly by the justices of peace in counties and by the

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtre (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

= ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|] Foreign Word.

quarterstaff recorders in. boroughs.

jurisdiction in some States of the United States. quar’ter-staff’ (kw6r’tér-staf’; 9), n.; pl. -STAVES (-stavz/; -stavz’). A staff, formerly common as a weapon, wielded with ee hand in the middle and the other between middle

and end. quarter step. Music. A quarter tone. ; Quarter tone. Music. a An interval of one half a semitone or half step. b A tone at such an interval. quar-tet’, quar-tette’ (kwér-tét’), n. CF. quartette, fr. It. wartetto, dim. of quarto fourth, fr. L. quartws the fourth.] f A group of four. 2. Music. a A composition in four parts, each for a single performer.

b The group of four

performers of such music. quar’tic (kwér’tik), adj.

[L. quartus fourth.] Math. —n. Alg. A quantic of the fourth

Of the fourth degree.

egree.

quar’tile (kwér’t¥l; 56), adj,

[ML. quartilis, fr. L. quar-

tus the fourth.]| 1. Statistics. Designating a point so chosen that 34 of the items of a frequency distribution are on one side of it,and 4 on the other. Cf. MEDIAN, adj., 2. 2. Astrol. Designating, or pertaining to, an aspect with a difference of 90° celestial longitude. —n. A quartile point. 2. Astrol. A quartile aspect. |

quar’to (kw6r’ts), adj.

[L. in quarto in fourth.]

Hav-

ing four leaves (eight pages) to the sheet; of the form or size of a quarto.

—n.; pl. QUARTOS (-t0z)._

A size of a

book, or of its pages, made by twice folding a sheet, making

four leaves, measuring about 9}4 X 12}4 inches; — often

written 4to or 4°.

quartz (kwérts), n.

.

[G. quarz.])

quench

814

A similar court with criminal

trills or quavers.

See NOTE, n. — qua/ver-y (-I), adj.

2. Now Scot. A woman, esp. an unmarried woman; a girl.

quea/sy (kwé’zi), adj.

ous.

colored.

quartz-if’er-ous ous.)

ie

Dhar

ie

(kwérts-jIf/ér-ts),

:

adj.

or

[quarte+ -fer-

Consisting of quartz; containing quartz.

quartz/ite (kwérts/it), n.

A compact granular rock com-

posed of quartz. It 1s a metamorphosed sandstone. quartz lamp. A mercury-vapor lamp in a tube of quartz glass, which transmits most of the ultraviolet radiation.

quartz plate. Hiec. A piece of quartz crystal cut in such a way as to be active piezoelectrically. 5 quash (kwodsh; 74), v.¢. _ LOF. quasser, in form fr. L.

quassare to shake, break, but influenced by LL. cassare to annihilate.] Law. To abate, annul, or make void. quash, v.¢. [OF. quasser (F. casser), fr. L. quassare to shake, shatter.] To suppress; quell. " quia/si (kwa’si; kwd/st). [L.J As if; as though; as it were; in a manner; in a certain sense or degree; seeming; seem-

ingly; — used as an adjective or an adverb, or as a prefix;

as, a quasi argument, that which resembles, or is used as, an argument; quas7-historical, apparently historical.

quasi contract. Law. An obligation similar to that upon contract and enforced by action as upon contract, imposed

by law independently of the will of the person obliged. quass (kvas). Var. of KVASS. quas/si-a (kwoésh/I-a; kwosh’d), n. [NL., after Graman Quassi, a Surinam negro who discovered its virtues about 1730.) Pharm. A drug extracted from the wood of certain tropical American trees (family Simaroubaceae, esp. Quassia amara). It is used in medicine as a bitter tonic and as a remedy for threadworms in children.

qua.-ter’na-ry

(kwa-tfir’nd-ri), adj.

(CL. guaternarius

consisting of four each, containing four.]

1. Consisting

of four; by fours. [cap.] Geol. Pert. to or designating the entire period from the end of the Tertiary to the present. —7n.; pl. -RIES (-riz). 1. A group of four; also, the number four. 2. [cap.] Geol. The Quaternary period or system. | oe (LL., quaternio fr. quaqua-ter/ni-on (-ni-t%in; 58), n. terni four each.] A set of four parts, things, or per2. Math. An operator, or factor, g, multiplication sons. by which converts one vector, A, into another vector, B,

by changing the direction and magnitude of vector 4 so

that it agrees with that of vector B. 3. pl. Math. The calculus of the quaternion. qua-torze’ (kd-térz’), n. [F., fourteen, fr. L. quattuordecim.) ‘he four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens, in piquet, counting

as fourteen

points.

quat/rain (kwot/ran), n. [I’., fr. quatre four, fr. L. qguattuor, quatuor.]_ Pros. A stanza of four lines. qua/tre (ka/tér; #. ka/tr’), n. [F.] Acard, die, or domino having four spots, or pips.

quat’re-foil’ (kat/ér-foil’; kat/ré-), n. foil, foille, leaf.] A flower with

[OF. quatre four +-

four leaves, or a leaf with four

leaflets; specif., Arch., an ornamental foliation having four lobes or foils.

|Iquat/tro-cen/to

ale,

chaotic,

care,

Gld, Obey,

Add,

Gccount,

adv.

a The white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho, family Apocynaceae) of Chile and Argentina, whose bark, quebracho bark, is used as a tonic and antispasmodic. bA tree (Quebrachia lorentzii, family Anacardiaceae) of Argentina, known as red quebracho from its brightred bark, which is rich in tannin and is used for dyeing. 2. The wood or bark of any of these trees.

uech’ua (kéch/wa), n.

[From native name.]

1, Any

ndian of the group of.civilized tribes which constituted the dominant element in the Inca Empire. 2. The lan-

guage of the Quechuas, still spoken in many different dialects in Peru and Ecuador. — Quech/uan (-wan), adj,

CAS. cwén wife, queen, woman.] A female monarch. 3. A woman

in rank, power,

or attractions.

4. The fertile,

or fully developed, female of social bees (queen bee), ants, termites,

whose

function

is to lay eggs; — disting.

from the workers, soldiers, etc. 5. Cards. A playing card picturing a queen. 6. Chess. The most powerful piece, moving as either a rook or a _bishop in any given move.

Abbr. Q (no period). — v. t. Tomakea queen of. — v. 7. To act as, or wield the power of, a queen; — chiefly with 7é. — queen/li-ness, n. — queen/ly, adj.

Queen Anne’s lace or laces.

The wild carrot; — in allusion to the delicate white flowers in the flat-topped umbel, Queen Anne style. a Arch. A style of English building of the early 18th century, characterized by modified classic ornament, and unpretentious design, by the use of red brickwork, in which even relief ornament is carved, and by general fitness for domestic architecture. b Furniture. A style prevalent in England under Dutch influence, about 1690-1750. It is marked by the increased use of uphol-

stery and marquetry, the vogue of Oriental goods, and the

greater attention to comfort. Queen Mab

(mab).

A fairy queen, the midwife that de-

livers men of their dreams. i queen mother. A queen dowager who is mother of the reigning king or queen. queen of the prairie. An American perennial herb (Filipendula rubra) with ample clusters of pale-pink flowers.

queen olive. A large, oblong olive with a small but long pit, grown in the region of Seville, Spain. Loosely, any olive of similar character.

queen post.

One of two

gc

vertical tie posts in a roof

truss,

or

similar

framed truss. queen regent.

reigning queen, el-

A

ther in behalf of an-

4 CZ

other or (queen reg-

Queen-post Roof. AB Tie beam; DG, EF Posts; DE Straining Piece; AD, BE Principal

F

nant) in her ownright.

“

ers; AC, BC Rafters; GH, FI Struts.

Queen Raft-

Queen’s Bench, queen’s English, queen’s evidence, queen’s shilling. See Krnc’s BENCH, etc. queen truss. Arch. A truss framed with queen posts. queer (kwér), adj, _[Perh. fr. G. quer cross, oblique, athwart.] 1. Differing in some odd way from what is ordinary;

counterfeit.

Collog.

singular;

peculiar.

b Collog.

Eccentric.

(2. aSlang.

Suspicious;

Spurious;

questionable.

3. Not quite well; qualmish; faint.

¢

— Sym. See stRance. —v. t. To spoil the effect or success of as by ridicule; also, reflexively, to get (oneself) into

a disadvantageous situation; as, he queered, himself with the professor. —n. Slang. Counterfeit money. — queer/ly, adv. — queer’ness, n. quell (kwél), v.¢. [AS. cwellan, caus. to cwelan to die.] 1. To overpower; subdue; suppress; destroy. 2. To

quiet; allay; pacify; as, to quell grief. — Sym. Crush, reduce, repress, quash. — quell’er (-@r), n.

(kwit’tro.chén/-

t6), n. & adj. [lt., four hundred. Cf. c1nQUECENTO.] The 15th century, when applied to Italian art or literature.

charity;

ll at ease; uncom-

— quea/si-ly,

tropical American trees or their very hard wood; specif.:

and

of all

|

squeamish.

Mo aR) (ka-bra’cho), n. [Sp., also quiebrahacha, it., break-ax, from its hard wood. ny of several

solid minerals and may

It is the most common

1. Presenting difficulties; hazard-

Nauseated; qualmish.

fortable. 4. Fastidious; — quea/si-ness, n.

eminent

be colorless and transparent,

2. Music.

quay’age (ké/ij), n. ([F.] 1. Charge for use of a quay. 2. Room on or for quays; also, quays collectively. quean (kwén), n. [AS. cwene.] 1. A jade; wench; slut.

queen (kwén), 7. wife of a king. A form of

Mineral.

:

quay (ké), n. [OF. kat, cay (F. guai).] A stretch of paved bank or a solid artificial landing place made beside Bak bos water, for convenience in loading and unloading vessels.

silica (silicon dioxide, SiO,) occurring in hexagonal crystals

or in crystalline masses.

— mn. 1. Atremuloustone.

SG iirm,

ask,

Orb, bdd, sOft, cénnect;

quench (kwénch), v. ¢. LAS. cwencan in Gewencan, causative to cwincan to decrease.] end of; as, to quench a fire.

aS Eee

sofa;

1. To extinguish; make an Hence, of emotions, sensa-

tions, etc., to subdue; suppress; as, to quench hate, love, etc.’ 2. To extinguish by satisfying, as thirst; to slake. 3. To cool suddenly, as heated steel, by immersion, usually in water or oil. —v.7. To become extinguished; to go

Eve,

hére

Da

(27),

€vent,

&nd,

eS

silént, makér;

food, foot; out, oil; cibe, Unite, tim, ip, circés,

SS

ice,

Yl,

menii;

quenchable

81 5

out; —said of something burning; hence, of passions, etc., or of persons experiencing them, to subside; to become calm or cool. — quench/a-ble, adj. — quench/er, n. — quench’less, adj. que-nelie’ (ké-nél’), n. [F.] Cookery. A forcemeat ball, usually of chicken or veal. quer’ce-tin (kwiir’sé-tin), n. [See queRcirRon.] Chem. A yellow crystalline citron. — quer-cet/ic quer’cine (sin; -sin), oak.] Pertaining to

dye, C,;sHi0O;, the dyestufi of quer(kwér-sét’Ik; -sé’tik), adj. adj. _[LL. quercinus, fr. quercus or designating the oak.

quer’cit-ron (kwir’sit-riin), n. [For querci-citron, fr. L. quercus oak+ F. citron (see cirron).] 1. The black oak (Quercus velutina); also, its bark, used in tanning and dyeing. A yellow dyestuff consisting of the ground or rasped inner bark of this tree.

que’rist (kwér/ist), m.

quern (kwtirn), n,

[See query.]

An inquirer.

[AS. cweorn, cwyrn.]

1. A primitive

hand mill for grinding grain. 2. A small hand mill for grinding spices. quer’u-lous (kwér’/ii-lus; kwér/06-), adj. [L. querulus, LL. querulosus, fr. queri.to complain.] J. Apt to find fault; habitually complaining. 2. Expressing complaint;

fretful. — Sym. Complaining,

peevish. — Ant.

Uncom-

plaining, satisfied; blithe, cheerful. — quer’u-lous-ly, ad». — quer’u-lous-ness, n. que/ry (kwér’l), n.; pl. -RtEs (-Yz). [L. quaere, imper. sing. of guaerere,

quaesitum,

to seek or search for, ask.]

i. A question; inquiry. 2. A question in the mind; doubt.

3. An interrogation point [?] as the sign of a question or

of a doubt.

quire into; ask.

—v.¢.;

-RiED

(id); -RY-ING.

2. To address questions to.

To in-

3. To ques-

tion the truth or correctness of; specif., to mark with interrogation marks, as printer’s proof, expressing doubt as to

quietus

as, a quick wit.

% Hasty; as, a quick temper.

¢ Taking

place rapidly; begun and terminated in an instant; as, a quick look. §. Sensitive; perceptive in a high degree; as, a quick ear. 6. Productive; esp., pregnant; as, quick with child. — Sym. Expeditious, swift, rapid, nimble, fleet, agile. See rasr. — Ant. Languid, languorous, slug-

gish.

— adv. In a quick manner; quickly.

—n.1.

A

living person or thing; — chiefly in the quick, the, or those, living. 2. A liveplant, or living plants collectively;

esp., hawthorn; a quickset.

3. Sensitive living flesh; as,

to cut a fingernail to the quick; hence, a, vital part. —v.t. Archaic. To animate; stir up. — quick’ly, adv. — quick’ness, n. .

quick assets. Accounting. Cash on hand and all forms of merchandise which can be marketed at no great sacrifice. quick’en (kwik/én), v.t. 1. To make alive; to revive or resuscitate, as from death; hence, to excite; stimulate. 2.

To make lively, active, or sprightly; of medicine, liquor, or the like, to strengthen. To make quick or rapid; to accelerate. —v.%. 1. To come to life; to become alive; to become vivified or enlivened. 2. To reach the stage of pregnancy at which fetal movement is felt. 3. To move

faster; as, his pulse quickened. —

Syn.

Revive, resusci-

tate, animate, reinvigorate, refresh, sharpen, incite; hurry,

expedite. — Ant. Kill,

dull,

quick’en-er (-ér), n.

deaden;

slow,

retard. —

quick fire. Firing of shots in rapid succession. quick’—fire’ (-fir’; 2), adj. Also quick’—fir/ing (-fir/fng).

a Firing, or adapted for firing, in rapid succession. Ordn. Shooting with short intervals between shots.

quick grass. The couch grass Agropyron repens. quick/lime’ (kwik/lim’), n. Unslaked lime. See 1st time, 2. quick’sand’ (-sind’),n. Sand readily yielding to pressure;

a detail. —v.7. To question or express doubt. quest (kwést), n. [OF. queste (F. quéte). See QuERY.] Rare. A jury of inquest. 2. A seeking; adventure; esp., in medieval romance, a chivalrous enterprise, usually

esp., a deep mass of loose sand mixed with water, into which a person or heavy obiect sinks. quick’set’ (-sét’), n._ 1. A living plant or a live slip or cutting, esp. when set for a hedge; specif., the hawthorn. 2. A hedge or thicket, esp. of hawthorn.

tively. —-v.7. 1. To search a trail, as of game; also, to bay; — said of a dog. 2. To make a search; to go on a quest. — quest’er, 7.

its fluidity.] The metal mercury. — quick’sil/ver, ». ¢. quick’step’ (-stép’), n. Music. A spirited march, esp. in military quick time; also, a lively dance step.

involving a journey.

3. Those who make search

collec-

ques/tion (kwés/chiin), n. [OF., fr.L. quaestio, fr. quaerere to ask.] 1. a Act of asking; interrogation; inquiry. b That

which

is asked;

query.

Discussion;

debate;

quick’sil/ver (-sil/vér), n.

[quick living + silver ;— from

quick time. Mil. A rate of marching in which 128 steps (of 30 inches each in the U. S. Army, and 33 inches each in

the British Army) are taken in one minute. quick trick. At bridge, a card or combination that will

hence, objection; doubt; as, true beyond question. | Investigation; specif., a judicial or official investigation. 4. A problem; matter to be inquired into. 5. A subject or point of debate, ora proposition being or to be voted on,

quick’—wit/ted (see Pron., § 2), adj. Mentally alert. —

such a subject or proposal to vote. — v.71. To ask questions; toinquire. —v.¢. 1. To inquire of by asking ques-

quid (kwid), n.

in a meeting, esp. in a legislative body; also, the putting

tions; to query; as, to question a witness. To doubt. 3. To raise a question about; to dispute; as, to question

a decision. — Syn. See ques/tion-a-ble (-d-b’l), ing questioned; inviting sure, exact, or decided.

INQUIRE. —= ques/tion-ing-ly, adv. adj.. 1. Obs. Admitting of be-

inquiry,

2. Open to doubt; not

3. Dubious in nature or character;

not of good repute; as, a questionable neighborhood. —

Syn. Disputable, debatable, uncertain, doubtful, dubious.

Ant. Certain, positive. — ques/tion-a-ble-ness, ques/tion-a-bly, adv. b :

n. —

ques/tion-ar’y (-ér/I; -ér-i; 3), n. A questionnaire. ques/tion-er (-ér), m. One who questions. : : ques/tion-less, adj. Not to be questioned; indubitable; also, unquestioning. adv. Unquestionably. question mark. An interrogation point [?]. ques’tion-naire’ (kwés/chtin-ar’; F’. kés/ty6/nar’), n. CF .] A set of questions for submission to a number of persons to

get. data for an induction or calculation, as in a psycho-

logical investigation or an industrial report. Ce (kwés/tor; kwés/-), n. = QUAESTOR. — ques/tor-

ship, 7.

quet-zal’ (két-sal’), que-zal’ (ké-sal’), n. (Sp. quetzal, quetzale, fr. Nahuatl quetzalli tail feather, esp. of the quetzaltototl quetzal.] A Central American trogon (Pharomacrus

mocinno)

having

brilliant plumage, and,

win the first or second round of a suit, no matter who leads it, such as the ace, or both king and queen. quick’—wit’ted-ly, adv. — quick’/—wit’ted-ness, n.

[Var. of cup.]_

A portion suitable to be

chewed; a cud; as, a guid of tobacco.

2

quid, n.; pl. quip. Brit. Slang. A sovereign, or pound sterling. quid/di-ty (kwid/%-ti), n.; pl. -TrES Cia). CML. quidditas, fr. L. quid what, neut. of guis who.], 1. The essence of a thing; that which answers the question, Quid est? or What is it? 2. A subtle distinction; cavil; quibble.

quid/nunce’ (kwid/ningk’), n. [L. quid nune what now?] One, who is curious to know everything that is going on; a gossip. |lquid pro quo (kwid pro kwo). [L., something for some-

thing.] One thing for, or in place of, another; tit for tat. qui-es’cent (kwi-és/ént; -’nt), adj. LL. quiescens, -entis, pres. part. of quiescere.] At rest; motionless, — Syn. See LATENT. — Ant. Active, moving. — qui-es/cence (-éns; ory ialso qui-es’cen-cy (-én-si; -’n-si), n. — qui-es/cent-

y, adv.

qui/et (kwi/ét), adj. [OF. quiete, fr. L. quietus, past part. of quiescere to rest, keep quiet.] 1. Ina state of rest or calm; without motion. 2. Free from noise or disturbance; still; hushed. 3. Not turbulent; gentle. 4. Not excited or anxious; peaceful. 5. Not showy; modest; as, a quiet dress.. 6. Retired; secluded; as, a quiet nook. 7. Enjoyed in peace and relaxation; as, a quiet cup of tea. 8.

Com.

Displaying little business activity. — Syn. Tran-

quil, unrufiled, undisturbed, restful, peaceable. See sTrILu. — Ant. Agitated, active; noisy; restless; loud, gaudy.

in the male, long upper tail coverts. It is the national emblem of Guatemala. 2. pl. -zALES (pron. -si’las) The gold currency unit of Guatemala, equivalent to the U.S. gold dollar (1.5046 grams of gold).

—n.

a pigtail.

—v.t. To make quiet, as by pacifying, slowing up or stopping motion, etc.; to calm. =v. 4. To become or grow

queue (ki), .

[F.] .a A taillike plait of hair worn behind;

b A waiting line, as of persons before a ticket

window. : quey (kwa), nm. ([Dan. gvie, kvie.] Scot. A heifer. quib’ble (kwib’’l), n. 1. Rare. A pun. 2. An evasion of or a shifting

from the point at issue; an equivocation.

—v.i, To indulge in a quibble or quibbles; to make use

of equivocation. — quib/bler (-lér), n. ee quick (kwik), adj. LAS. cwic, cwicu, cwucu, living.]

1.

Archaic Dial., Living; animate. 2. Manifesting a characteristic activity or quality suggestive of. life;— of things; as: a Burning;— said of fire. Hence, fiery; intense. b Moving; shifting; — said of sand, earth, etc. c Fresh; bracing. d Having a comparatively great curvature; sharp. _3. Swift; rapid; speedy; as, a quick trot.

4. Hence: a Prompt

in action or thought; alert; ready;

[L, quies, -etis.]

1. The state or condition of being

quiet; silence, rest, repose, etc.

2. The quality or char-

acter of being quiet, peaceful, calm, etc.

quiet; — often with down.

== adv. In a quiet, peaceful, placid, or smooth manner. — qui/et-er, n. — qui/et-ly, adv. — qui’et-ness, n.

qui’et-ism (iz’m), n.

[It. guietismo.]

_1. A system of

religious mysticism, teaching that perfection and spiritual peace are attained by self-annihilation and through passive

absorption in the contemplation of God and divine things. 2. A quiet condition or habit, esp. of mind. — qui’et-ist (-ist), n.

qui’e-tude (kwi’é-tiid), n.

(CF. guiétude, fr. LL. quietudo.]

qui-e/tus (kwi-é/tts), n.

[From ML. quietus est he is

A state of being quiet; rest; repose; tranquillity.

quiet.)

Final acquittance, as from debt; hence, discharge

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc. precede Vocabulary.

in azure, ||Foreign Word,

quill

feathers of a bird’s wing or tail, esp. one of those of the wing; also, the hollow barrel or calamus of a feather. b A spine of the hedgehog or porcupine. 2. Something made from or like the quill of a feather, as a pen for writing made

from a quill. Music. a Archaic. A tube or pipe, as of cane or reed,of a musical instrument. b The plectrum of a feather quill, with which the strings of certain instruments, as the lute, are plucked. 4. Pharm. Aroll of dried bark; as, a quill of cinnamon.

5. Weaving.

A spindle,

or bobbin, as of reed, for the thread in a shuttle. —.

t.

1. To plait in small cylindrical ridges, called quill’ings, as arufe. 2. To wind ona quill, as thread.

quil-lai’? (k¥-li/), n. [Sp. quilldi, quillay, fr. Araucan.] The soapbark tree (Quwillaja saponaria) of Chile. Its bark, called. quillai bark, or quil-lai/a bark (ki-li/a; kwi-la’ya), is rich in saponin, and is commonly used as soap in Chile; in pharmacy it is used as a detergent. quill driver. Chiefly Contemptuous. One who works with a pen; writer; clerk. — quill driving. quiV/let (kwil’%t; -¥0, n. Archaic. A quibble.

quill’wort/ (kwil’wiirt, n.

quipster

816

from office or, duty; discharge from life, i,e., death; also, that which quiets or extinguishes life or activity; as, to give a person his guzetus, to kill him. f quill (kwil), nm. [ME. quil.] 1. a One of the large stiff

Any of a genus (Isoetes, fam-

ily Isoetaceae) of marsh plants with quill-shaped leaves.

for crystalline alkaloids, and sold as a substitute for quinine.

quin’o-line (kwin’é-lén; -lin),n. Also -lin. [quinine + -ol, 2+ -ine.] Chem. A nitrogenous base, C)H;N, 0

tained as a pungent colorless oil by the distillation of alkaloids, coal tar, bones, etc., and alsoby synthetic methods;

by extension, any of various derivatives of it. Quinoline is the parent substance of a large number of compounds, including alkaloids, antiseptics, dyes, etc. _ y qui-none’ (kwi-non’; kwin/6n), n. [Cquinic acid + -one.]

Chem. a Either of two isomeric crystalline compounds, CsHiO>. Specif., the yellow, pungent para compound obtained by the oxidation of quinic acid, hydroquinone, aniline, etc., used in tanning.

b By extension, any of various

compounds of which paraquinone is a type. qui-non/i-mine

(kwi-nén’%-mén;

.

-min), 7.

{qu mone +

imine.) Chem. A crystalline compound, O:CsH,:NH, regarded as derived from ordinary quinone by replacement of one oxygen atom by the imino group; also, a compound de-

rived from any quinone by similar replacement,

quin/o-noid (kwin’é-noid; kwi-no/noid), adj... Lquinone+ -oid.}

structure.

Chem.

Resembling

quinone,

as

in

quinonoid

quin-ox/a-line (kwin-dk/sa-lén; -l¥n),n. Also-lin. [quinoline + oxaline + aldehyde.] Chem. A white crystalline compound CsH,Ng, acting as a feeble base. Also, any derivative of it. quin/qua-ge-nar’i-an (kwin/kwa-jé-nar/I-dn; 6), adj. fie quinquagenarius containing fifty, fifty years old.] Fifty

quilt (kwilt), x. jou cuilte, coilte, fr. L. culcita bed, cushion, mattress.] 1. Orig., a kind of mattress; now, a years old; characteristic of a person of such anage. — 7. bed coverlet of two thicknesses with a filling of wool, cotton, down, etc. 2. Anything quilted orlikea quilt. —v. ¢. A quinquagenarian person. 1. Rare. To fill, pad, or line like a quilt. 2. To stitch Quin/qua-ges/i-ma (-jés/i-md), n. [L., fem. of quinguagesimus the fiftieth.) More fully Quinquagesima Sunor sew in layers, usually with some soft thick substance beday. The Sunday before Lent. tween, asina bedquilt. 3. Tostitch or sew in lines or pat[L. quingue five] A terns, asin quilts. 4. To fasten between pieces of material quin’que- (kwin’kwé-), quinqu-. combining form meaning consisting of, or characterized in the manner of a quilt; as, to guilt money in one’s belt. by having, five, as in quin’/que-fo/li-o-late (see LEAF, —v.%. To make quilted work.— quil’er, n. TiUust.), quin’que-par’tite. quilving nm. 1. Act of one who quilts something. 2. aterial that is quilted or used for making quilts. quin-quen/ni-ad (kwin-kwén/i-ad), n. A quinquennium. qui/na-ry (kwi/né-ri), adj. [L. quinarius, fr. quint five each.] ' Consisting of five; arranged by fives; cuintuple. quin.az’o-line (kwin-4z/6-lén; -lin), n.. Also -lin. [G.

chinazolin (cf, CHINA BARK) I] Chem. line compound,

A colorless crystal-

CsHsNa, regarded as derived from quino-

line by substitution of a nitrogen,atom for a certain CH group; also, any of various derivatives of this compound.

quince (kwins; 106), 7.

[Prop.a

pl. fr. ME. quyne, coyn,

fr. OF. cooin, fr. L. cotoneum, also cydonium, fr. Gr, kydinion quince.]

1. The applelike fruit of a central Asi-

atic tree (Cydonia oblonga).

reek

quin/cunx (kwin’ktngks), n. ; pl. QUINCUNXES (-ktingkeséz; -siz). [L., lit., A quincuncial

arrangement, as of the parts of a flower.

,

[L. guindecim fif-

teen+ Gr. goniaangle.] Geom. A figure, generally plane, with fifteen angles, and consequently fifteen sides.

(kwin/dé-sén/i-dl; 58), adj.

[See quinine.]

Chem.

An

alkaloid isomeric with, and resembling, quinine, found in certain species of cinchona.

(kwin/in), uina, fr.

n.

Also quin/in

quin/i-a (-i-d), qui-ni/na (ki-né/nd), etc. (Sp. Quechua quinquina cinchona pbark.J a Chem.

nalkaloid, CopHe,N2O2, extracted from cinchona bark asa

bitter white crystalline substance.

b Pharm.

Any of the

salts of this alkaloid, as the acetate, chloride, sulphate, etc., employed as a febrifuge, antiperiodic, and bitter tonic.

quin/nat salm/on (kwin/dt).

[Amer. Indian name.]

,

salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) of the Pacific coasts. Commercially it is the most important species. quin’oid (kwin’oid), n. Chem. A quinonoid compound. qui-noi’dine (kwi-noi/dén; -d¥n), »._ Also -din. to anne

+ -oid.}

brownish resinous mixture of alkaloids ob-

tained as a by-product in the extraction of cinchona bark

file, chaotic,

cAre,

Add,

account,

a fifth, ether, of which the heavenly bodies were composed. 2. The essence of a thing in its most concentrated form.

3.

quin-tet’, quin-tette’ (kwin-tét’), n. [It. guintetto, dim. of quinto the fifth, a fifth part, fr. L, poagtois the fifth.]

Also -din.

qui/nine (kwi/nin; kwi-nén’; kwin’én),

The ancient Greeks recognized four elements, fire, air water, and earth. The Pythagoreans and Aristotle adde

Chem. A white

It is a tetrahydroxy-cyclohexane‘

quin/i-dine (kwin’I-dén; -din), n.

fifth or last and highest essence or power in a natural body.

The most typical example; the consummate instance of a

crystalline acid, CsH;(OH),COsH, obtained from cinchona

bark, coffee beans, etc. carboxylic acid.

every fifth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a guintan fever. =— if Med. A quintan fever. quint-es’sence (kwint-&s/éns; -’ns; formerly also kwint’-) n. CF., fr. ML. quinta essentia fifth esceniaerl 1. The

([L. quin-

decim fifteen + -ennial as in biennial.] Of or pertaining to fifteen years or a fifteenth anniversary. ==. A quindecennial anniversary. ;

quin/ic acid (kwin/ik).

f

Occurring as the fifth, after four others; also, occurring

Quince. Flower and Leaves. (A)

an ounce.] , An arrangement of five things with one at each corner and one in the middle of a square. 2. Bot.

quin/de-cen/ni-al

Tato maps a a aaee nr

quin’tal (tal; -v’h, n. LF., fr. ML., fr. Ar. gint@r.] A hundredweight. A metric quintal is 100 Picea quin/tan (-tan), adj. (L. quintanus, fr. qguintus fifth.]

5-ranked.

(kwin-d&k/d-gin), n,

LOF. quintaine, ML. guintana.J

Obs. exc. Hist. An object to be tilted at, as a post with a

and one interior; as, quincuncial esti-

quin-dec/a-gon

quin’que-va/lence (-léns), quin/que-va/len.-cy (-lén-si), n. quin’sy (kwin/’zi), nm. [ML. quinancia, fr. Gr. kynanché

quin’tain (kwYn/tin),n.

that two are exterior, two are interior,

and the other has one edge exterior

five twelfths, fr. guinque five + uncia

quin’/que-va/lent (kwin/kwé-va/lént;_ kwin-kwév/4.lént), adj. hem. Having a valence of five; pentavalent. —

ing. Asequence of five cards of the same suit in piquet. 2. Music. a The interval of a fifth. b An organ stop giving tones a fifth higher than the normal pitch of the digitals.

Bot. a Having the leaves of,a pentamerous calyx or corolla so imbricated

— quin-cun/cial-ly, adv.

— 7.

cent, with swelling and fever; suppurative tonsillitis. quint (kwint; kint; formerly also as F. sive n. (F. quinte, fr. L. quintus, quinta, the fifth.] _1. Card Play-

quin-cun/cial (kwin-kiin’shdl), adj. 1. Of or arranged in a quincunx. 2.

b In, phyllotaxy,

the end of every five years; also, lasting five years.

quinquennial term or office. — quin-quen/ni-al-ly, adv. quin-quen/ni-um (-%im), n.; LD. pl. -NIA (a). tes period of five years.

sore throat, dog’s collar, fr. kyon dog + anchein to choke.] Med. A severe inflammation of the throat, or parts adja-

Itshard,

acid flesh is used for marmalade, jelly, and preserves. 2. The tree which bears this fruit.

vation.

quin-quen/ni-al (-d]; 58), adj. [L. quinquennis, fr. quinwe five-+ annus year.] Occurring once in five years, or at

Arm,

ask,

sofa;

quality, class, etc. — quin’tes-sen/tial (kwin’té-sén/shdl), adj. Music.

A composition for five voices or instruments;

also, the group of fiye performers.

thing arranged for five. quin’tile (kwin/til; -til; 56), n.

2. Any set of five, or

([L. quintus the fifth.] Astrol. The aspect of planets when separated the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°.

quin.til/lion (kwin-til/ytin), n.

& adj.

[Formed like mil-

lion fr. L. quintws the fifth.] os Sineniae AKCRt) Table. — quin-til/lionth (-yiinth), n. & adj. uin/tu-ple (kwin/tii-p’l), adj. LF., fr. LL. quintuplez, fr.

Sy aries Std & %.; -TU-PLED

ckindceh by Aves Avefold: “a= o.€ Multiplied

(-p’ld); -ru-pLinG (-pling).

become, fivefold.

quin’tu-plet (-plét), n.

To make, or

[From quintupte.]

1. A collec-

tion of, or a contrivance for, five of a kind. 2. pl. Five clatea. born in ie same labor. quip (kwip), ». . [From earlier guippy, fr. L. quippe forsooth, used ironically.] 1. Asmart, sarcastic fa jest;

also, a witty oo

2. A quibble.

3. Something queer;

an oddity. — quip, v. t. & 7. — quip’ster (-stér), n.

Eve,

héGre (27),

évent,

Gnd,

silént, makér;

ice,

ll,

charity; Sld, Sbey, Srb, Sdd, soft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tp, circés, menily

counting and for recording important facts and events. It consisted of a main cord, from which hung smaller cords of various colors, each having a special meaning.

quire (kwir),.

[OF. guader, caern, a book of loose sheets,

a quarter of a quire, fr. L. guaterni four each, by fours, fr.

quattuor four.] A collection of 24 (sometimes 25) sheets of paper of the same size and quality, either not folded or having a single fold. Abbr. gr. quire.

Var. of cHorr.

Quir’i-nal (kwir/i-n@l; kwi-ri/nd@l; -n’l),n. fr. Quirinus, ancient Roman

[L. Quirinalis,

god of war.]

One of the

seven hills of Rome, site of a palace used as a residence by

the ruling house of Italy; hence, the monarchical government, or regime, in Italy, as distinguished from the “ Vatican, ’ or papal government. — Quir’i-nal, adj.

Qui-ri’tes (kwi-ri/téz), n. pl.

[L.]

Rom. Antig. Roman

citizens in their civil capacity.

quirk (kwirk), n. 1. A.sudden turn, twist, or curve, as a flourish made by a pen in writing. 2. A subterfuge; quibble; also, equivocation. ai

clever sally; a quip.

4. An individ-

ual knack or peculiarity.

5. Arch. section

of

A groove separating a bead or other Quirk Molding. molding from the adjoining members. : y —v.t. 1. To give a quirk or quirks to; specif., a fashion, as molding, with quirks. 2. To strike with a sudden jerk ofa whip. — adj. Quirked; as, a quirk bead. — quirk’/y (kwfir’ki), adj.

:

quirt cewGrt), n. (Mex. Sp. ewarta quirt, orig., a long whip.} A riding whip with a short handle and a lash of braided rawhide.

—v.t.

To strike with a quirt.

quit (kwit), v. ¢.; Qurt/TeD or QuIT; Quit/tinG. ter, quiter, fr. LL. quietare to set free, calm,

quiet.]

:

[OF. guitfr. quietus

1. Toset free; to clear; — now only reflexive.

To discharge,

Archaic.

as an obligation;

to repay;

pay

To conduct; acquit; — used reflexively.

up.

have done with; hence: a To depart from; to leave.

4.

To

b To

let go; surrender. c Now U.S. To discontinue; as, to uit work. — v. 7%. To go away; to leave; also, to stop doing a thing; specif., Collog., to leave one’s employment. — Syn.

Relinquish,

quo warranto

817

quipu

qui’pu (ké’po0; kwip/00), n. [Sp. qutpo, fr. Quechua ee knot.] A device used by the ancient see for

resign, abandon.

See CEASE,

LEAVE.

— adj. (ME. quit, quite, fr. OF. quitte, quite.] Released from obligation, charge, penalty, etc.; absolved; acquitted; now usually, free; rid. Y quitch (kwich), n., or quitch grass. [AS. cwice; akin to cwicliving.] | The couch grass Agropyron repens. Hence, anything which holds tenaciously to life.

quiz (kwiz), n.; pl. quizzes (-&2; -¥z). [Origin_uncert.] 1. Now Rare. An eccentric person. _2. aOne who quizzes others. .b A practical joke. 3. U.S, Act or in-

stance of quizzing; specif., an informal examination of a class by questions. — v. t.; QuIzzZED (kwizd); QuIz/ZING.

1. Toridicule; chaff.

2. U.S.

To examine by close ques-

tioning. — Syn. See RIDICULE. — quiz/zer (-€r), n.

quiz’zi-cal (kwiz/i-kdl), adj. tering; teasing.

quo (kwo).

2. Ban-

— quiz/zi-cal-ly, adv.

Archaic & dial. var. of QUOTH.

quod (kw5d), z.

quod

1. Odd; eccentric.

Slang.

Prison.

e/rat de/mon-stran’dum

(kw6d

earn er Which was ry quoin_(koin; kwoin), n. [See comn.] 1. Arch. Orig., asolid

&/at

dém/on-

to be demonstrated.

exterior angle, as of a building;

now, one of the selected pieces of material by which the corner is marked. 2. A wedgelike piece of stone, wood, metal,

etc., as one used as the keyStone Quoins set in stone or a voussoir in an arch. Brickwork. 3. Print. Any of various de: vices used in locking up a form within a chase, or type ona galley. —v. t. 1. To wedge up with quoins, as a print-

er’s form. 2. To provide with quoins, as a wall corner. quoit (kwoit or, esp. Brit., koit), n. [ME. cotte, prob.

orig. a flat stone, and fr. OF. coite cushion.]

1.

Orig., a

discus; a flattened ring-shaped piece of iron, to be pitched at a fixed object inplay. 2. quoits (kwoits; koits) (pl. in form but used with sing. verb). A game played with quoits. —v.t. To throw like a quoit. quon’/dam (kwo6n/dim), adj. [L., formerly.] Having been formerly; former; sometime. quo’/rum (kwo/riim; 70), n. [L., of whom.] 1. Orig., in England, the select number of justices of the peace some of

whom, on account of their skill and discretion, were required to be present at the sessions of a court; later, all the

justices of the peace collectively.

or select body.

2. A specially selected

3. Such a number of the officers or mem-

bers of any body as is, when duly assembled, legally competent to transact business.

quo/ta (kw0/td), n.; pl. quoTAS (-taz). [ML., fr. L. quota (sc. pars), fr. guotus of what number, how many, fr. quot

how many.] A (certain) proportional part or share; the share assigned to each in a division or to each member of a body; as, the quota of troops and money required of a town. uo-ta/tion (kw6-ta’shtin; formerly also, and still by some,

d-), n.

1. Act of quoting or citing.

2. That which is

quit’claim’ (kwit’klam’), n. [See qurrc.am, v.] Law. A release of a claim; a deed of release; specif., an instrument

quoted or cited; a passage referred to, repeated, or adduced. om. The naming or publishing of the current price of

son has in or to an estate held by himself or another, is released or relinquished to another, the grantor sometimes

quotation mark. One of the marks used in printing and writing to indicate the beginning and the end of a quota-

by which some right, title, interest, or claim, which one per-

covenanting against persons who claim under himself, but not otherwise. In many States of the United States the quitclaim is more than a release, and is used as a simple

conveyance for making a grant of Jands. —v.t. [OF. quite clamer to call quit, declare quit.] Law. To release or relinquish a claim to. ‘ quite Ge adv. [ME., fr. the adj. quite discharged, free, clear, fr. F. quite.]| 1. Completely; wholly. . Positively; really; as, it is quite the rage.

3. Collog.

great extent or degree; as, quite near.

quit/rent’ (kwit/rént’), n.

adj.+ rent.]

Toa i

Often written quitrent.

[quit,

Law. A fixed rent, payable in commutation

of certain feudal services; hence, any fixed rent due from a socage tenant.

quits (kwits), adj.

[From quit, adj.]

Even or equal

(with another or each other) by the repayment of an obliga-

tion or the requital of a favor, injury, etc.

quit/tance (kwit/dns),n.

1. Discharge from a debt or an

obligation; acquittance. 2. Recompense; requital. quit/ter (-€r),m. One who quits or shirks. . quit’/tor (-ér), n. [ME. quiture, quetour.] Veter._A disease of the feet of horses, asses, etc., in some cases affecting

the cartilage of the foot (cartilaginous quittor), in others the soft tissues just above the foot (cutaneous

quittor).

quiv’er (kwiv/ér), adj. [AS. cwifer, in ewiferlice actively.] Obs. exc. Dial. Nimble; lively. 7 quiv’er, v.7. [From quaver.] To shake or move with slight and tremulous motion; to tremble. or state of quivering;

quiver, nm.

— 7. Act, fact,

a tremor.

[OF. cuivre, of Teut. origin.J

A case or

sheath for carrying arrows; also, the arrows in a quiver. |qui vive’ (kévév’). [F.,lit., dong) live who?] The challenge of a French sentinel; — used like the English chalaees “Who goes there?” —on the qui vive. On the alert.

Quix/ote, Don.

See Don Qurxore.

quix-ot/ic (kwiks-6t/ik), -ot/i-cal (-i-kdl), adj. Qutxore.].

idealistic

but

Like,

or characteristic

unpractical.

of, Don

[See Don

Quixote;

— Sym. |See VISIONARY. -—

-ot/i-cal-ly, adv. — quix’ot-ism (kwik/sé-tiz’m), n.

stocks, bonds, or any commodity;

tion.

also, the price named.

In general English usage, quotation marks are two

inverted commas

[“‘] at the beginning, and two apostro-

phes [J at the end. A quotation within a quotation so marked is generally set off by single marks; as, “The youth replies,‘I willl’” At the end ofa quotation the comma or the period should be included within the quotation marks; the colon, semicolon, question mark, or exclamation point © should be placed inside or outside according as it belongs

to the quoted matter or to the whole sentence. quote (kwot; formerly also and still by some, kot), v.t. {ML. quwotare to divide into chapters and verses, fr. L. quotus. See quota.] 1. a Tocitea passage from; as, to

quote Shakespeare.

b To refer to or repeat (a passage),

esp. as authority or illustration.

quote an instance.

3. Com.

To cite; adduce; as,to

To name (the current price

of anything, as a commodity, stock, or bond). 4. Print & Writing. Toset off by quotation marks. — Sym. See cirE. —n. Collog. A quotation; also, a quotation mark. — quot/a-ble (kwot’a-b’l), ad7. quoth (kwoth; formerly alsokwiith; 4, v.¢. [AS. ewethan pret. cweth, pl. cw¥don.]

Archazc.

Said; spoke; — use

in the first and third persons in the past tense, followed by

its nominative, the word or words said being the object. quoth/’a (kwoth’d), interj._ [For quoth’a said he, ’a being corrupted from he.] Archaic. Indeed! forsooth! quo-tid’i-an (kw6-tid’i-an; 58), adj. [OF. cotidien, -dans fr. L. quotidianus, fr. quotidie daily, fr. quotus how many + dies day.) Daily; recurring daily; as, a quotidian fever. —n. Anything recurring daily; esp., Med., an intermittent fever or ague which recurs every day.

quo/tient (kw6/shént), n. [L. guotiens, guoties, how often, how many times, fr. quot how many.] Arith. The

number resulting from the division of one number by another. “4 quo war-ran/to (kwo wo-rin/t0); pl. QUO WARRANTOS (-tdz). [ML., by what warrant.] Law. a Orig., a writ of right by which one was required to show by what right he exercised any office, franchise, or liberty. b In moderi practice, a proceeding for a like purpose begun by an information; also, the information or pleading by which such proceeding is begun, or the proceeding itself.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

R

818

rack

R R

(ir), n.; pl. R’s, R’s, Rs, RS (rz). 1. The eightoP centh letter of the English alphabet. It comes through the Latin from the Greek (rh0), which borrowed it from the Phoenician (Hebrew résh). In English Rin general denotes a voiced alveolar continuant or glide. See Pron., § 92. 2. a An instance of the letter'R, r, printed,

written, etc. b The sound of the letter R. ¢ [cap.] In medieval Roman numerals, 80 or, in the form R, 80,000. 3. Asa symbol, used to denote or indicate the seventeenth

or (see K, 4) eighteenth in order or class. Ra (ra), or Re (ra), n. [Egypt. Re‘, Ra,

habits, or the like; as, the race of doctors. 2. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength, as of wine; hence, Now Rare, piquancy, as of conversation. 3. State of being one of a

special ethnical stock, more narrowly, of a particular group

rab/bi (rab/1; -i), n.; pl. -BIs or -BIES (-Iz; -¥z)._

[LL., fr.

Gr. rhabbi, fr. Heb. rabbt my great one.] Master;— weed as a Jewish title; also, a Jewish teacher or doctor of e law.

rab/bin (rib/in), n. [F.] A rabbi.

q

Rab-bin/ic (rd-bin’Ik), n. The language used by the Jewish theologians on Talmudic subjects and Biblical exegesis Of or pertain-

ing to the rabbis, or to their opinions, learning, or language,

esp. in early medieval times. rab/bin-ist (rib/Yn-ist), n._ One of the Jews who adhered to the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbis. — rab/bin-is’tic (-Is’tik), rab/bin-is’ti-cal, adj. [ME. rabet.]

1.

A small burrowing rodent (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of the hare family (Leporidae), grayish brown in the wild form, which

produces

naked

young;

loosely,

rabbit fever.

Med. Tularemia.

in America,

any

3. Short for

;

‘

rabbit punch. Bozing. A short chopping blow delivered to the back of the neck or the base of the skull.

Yab/bit-ry (rib/it-ri), n.; pl. -R1ES (-riz).

A place where

rabbits, esp. tame rabbits, are kept. rab/ble (rib’’l), n. [F. 1éble, fr. OF. roable, fr. L. rutabu-

lum.)

Metal. An iron bar with the end bent for use like a

rake, used in puddling iron; any similar device used in a

refining or roasting furnace.

— v. ¢.;-BLED (-’ld); -BLING

(ling). To stir, skim, or gather with a rabble. — rab’bler (-lér), n. rab/ble, n. (ME. rabela pack (of hounds).J A tumultuous crowd; mob. — Syn. Riffraff, canaille. — Ant. Aristocracy; gentry.—the rabble. Contemptuous. The

populace.

—v.¢#.

To assault with a rabble; to mob.

rab/ble (rab’’l), v. ¢. & 7.

Obs. To babble; gabble.

extravagance of caricature or bold naturalism. student or imitator of Rabelais.

—n.

A

[L. rabidus, fr. rabere torave.J 1.

Furious; raging. 2. Going to extreme lengths in giving vent to a feeling or opinion; fanatical; as,arabid socialist. 3. Of, pertaining to or affected with rabies. — ra-bid/i-ty (ra-bid/7-th), rab/id-ness, n. — rab/id-ly, adv.

ra/bi-es (ra/bi-éz; -béz), n. [L.] Med. & Vet. An acute, often fatal, infectious disease of the central nervous system, occurring chiefly among carnivorous animals, esp. the

dog and wolf; canine madness; hydrophobia. rac-coon’, ra-coon’ (ri-kdon’), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. {Of Algonquian origin.] A nocturnal, plantigrade, largely

arboreal carnivorous mammal (Procyon lotor) of North America, chiefly gray, with a bushy ringed tail; also,

when used industrially, as for mining;

sufficient to characterize it as a distinct human type. | race/course’ (ras/kors’/; 70), n. A course for racing horses, dogs, etc. Ya-ceme/’ (ra-sém’;

ra-), n.

([L. racemus

a

bunch of berriesor grapes.] Bot. A type of simple indeterminate or centripetal inflorescence in which the elongated axis bears flowers on short pedicels in succession toward the apex, as in the lily of the valley, etc.

See INFLORES-

CENCE, Illust. — rac/e-mif/er-ous (rds/é-mif/-

€retis), adj. Ta-ce/mic (rd-se/mik; -sém/ik; ra-), adj._

[See

RACEME.] Chem. Pert. to or designating an optically inactive variety of tartaric acid found

with ordinary tartaric acid in the juice of grapes. —rac’e-mism (ras/é-miz’m; ra@-sé/miz’m), n. rac’e-mose (ras/é-mos), adj. [L. racemosus

Raceme

full of clusters.] Of the nature of or bearing a __ lily of the raceme. See INFLORESCENCE, Jllust. valley). rac/er (ras/ér), n. 1. One who races; anything with power to travel swiftly. 2. An American black snake (Coluber constrictor). 3. Ordn. A turntable to which the chassis is secured.

race riot.

A riot animated by racial hatred; specif., U. S.,

such a conflict between whites and negroes.

race suicide. The gradual extinction of a race through the voluntary failure of its members to keep the birth rate as high as the death rate. race’way’ (ras’wa’), n._

A canal for a current of water.

Ra/chel (ra/chél), n. Bib. The wife of Jacob. ra/chis (ra’kis), n. ; pl. RACHISES (-€z; -Iz), RACHIDES (r3k/{-d@z; ra/kY-). L., fr..Gr. rhachis, -408.] 1. Anat. The Bot.

Any of various axial structures; as: a

(1) The elongated

axis of an inflorescence.

(2) In

compound leaves, the extension or prolongation of the petiole bearing the leaflets. b Zool. The distal part of the shaft of a feather which bears the web.

ra-chi’tis (rd-ki’tYs), n.

[NL., fr. Gr. rhachitis (sc. nosos),

fr. rhachis, -tos, spine.] Literally, inflammation of the spine; commonly, rickets. — ra-chit/ic (-kit/Tk), adj. ra/cial (ra’sha@l), adj. Of race or a race. —ra/cial-ly, adv. ra/cial-ism (-iz’m), n. Racial prejudice; race hatred. rack (rik), n. (Var. of wRAcK.] Destruction; — chiefly in rack and ruin.

rack, n. _ Meat Packing.

rack, v.7. arack.

rack, n._

The fore part of a carcass.

[Origin uncert.]_

—n.

To go with either gait called

A horse’s gait, either pace or single-foot.

(Prob. of Scand. origin.]

high, often broken, clouds.

—n.

A wind-driven mass of

—v.%.

To

or scud, as

[ME. rake, rakke, fr. ON.

rak stripe.]__A path or course, esp. of storm clouds.

rack, v.t. wine.

rack, n.

[Pr. arraca.]

To draw off from the lees, as

[ME. racke, rekke, a framework, prob. fr. MD. &

MLG. rec framework, recken to stretch.] 1. A framework for holding fodder for cattle. 2. Anengine of torture

consisting of a large frame having rollers at each end to which the limbs were fastened and between which the body

strong or rapid current of water, or

. watercourse, esp. ,

from the specific type to form a separate species. f geographical subspecies. .¢ A group differing physiologically from the other members of a species; as, a diseaseresistant race of wheat. 6. Ethnol. A division of mankind possessing constant traits, transmissible by descent,

vapor or brokenclouds.

the fur of this animal. Tace (ras),n. [OF- ravz, fr. L. radiz, -icis.] A root (of ginger). race, n. [ON. ras.] 1. Now Scot. Act of rushing onward. 2.aA

its channel,

or family; also, the qualities, features, etc., resulting from this; as, differences of race. Obs. A herd or stud; — of

horses. Shak. 5. Biol. a A group withina species, having similar characters which do not sufficiently distinguish

spinal column.

rab/ble-ment (rib/’l-mént), n. Disturbance; tumult. | Rab/e-lai/si-an (rib/é-la/zi-an), adj. Of or characteristic of Rabelais or his works; esp., marked by gross robust humor,

xab/id (rib/Id), adj.

2. To

lieved to belong to the same stock; a lineage; a breed; also, a class or kind of individuals with common characteristics,

-BET-ING. 1. Tocutarabbetin. 2. To unite the edges of, as boards, in a rabbet Ra. joint. — vv. 7. To be joined by a rabbet. rabbet joint. Carp. A A joint formed by fitting together rabbeted boards or timbers.

hare. 2. The pelt of any of these animals. WELSH RABBIT. —v. 1%. To hunt rabbits.

1. Toengageinarace; tocompeteinspeed.

common ancestor; a family, tribe, people, or nation, be-

Hist. A stiff

rab/bit (rab/it), n. ; see PLURAL, Note,3.

—v.%.

race; to drive at high speed, as horses.

n.__[F. rabat,

rab-bin/i-cal (-I-kdl), rab-bin/ic (ik), adj.

5. Aeronautics. = SLIP STREAM. 6. Mach. A track or channel in which something rolls or eee as a slide for a shuttle, a groove for the balls ina ball earing. ,

Tace (ras),n. [F. race, fr. It. razza.] 1. The descendants ofa

flaring collar, as of lace. rab’bet (rab/ét; -it), n. [OF. rabat a beating down, fr. rabatre to beat down.] A groove cut out of the edge or face of any body; esp., one intended to receive another member, as a panel. —=v.t.; -BET-ED;

in early medieval times.

race for Congress.

— race, adj.

falcon, and usually wearing the solar disk.

fr. rabatire to beat down.]

turning a water wheel. 3. a Course, as of the sun; progb The onward course of life. 4. a A contest of

speed, as in running, riding, sailing; in pl., a meeting for contests in the running of horses. b Any contest; as, the

run swiftly; to move at top speed; torush. 3. Mach. To run too fast under a diminished load. —v.t. 1. Torun, sail, row, etc., a race with. 2. To cause to contend ina

thesun.] Egypt. Relig. The great god of the sun and the chief deity of historical Ee, represented by the lion, cat, and

ra-ha/to (ra-ba/to; -bi’td),

also, the current flowing in such a course; as, a millrace for ress.

Raccoon.

(342)

was stretched. Hence, on the rack, in physical or mental anguish. 3. A cause of anguish or the suffering pro-

ale, chaotic, cAre, add, account, frm, ask, sofa; Gve, charity; Old, Obey, Grb, Sdd, soft, connect; food, foot;

hére (27), évent, énd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; cube, unite, Gm, tip, circés, menti;

racket duced.

storms. 5. A framework, stand, or grating, on or in articles are placed, as for*keeping or for’ display; clothes rack ; specif.:a A frame fitted toa wagon for ing hay, straw, etc. A box of pigeonholes into

which as, a carrywhich

items are sorted. 6. Mach. A bar, straight or curved, with teeth on one face for gear: ing with those of a pinion, worm, etc.; also, a notched bar used

as a ratchet

radiobroadeasting

819

4. A straining or wrenching; as, the rack of

to engage

with a pawl, click, detent, or the like. 7. Print, A frame

radiant. Beamy is poetical. That is lambent which plays lightly, like flame, or shines with soft radiance. — AME. Dull, dim; somber.

—n. That which radiates; as: a Astron. The point in the heavens at which the visible paths of meteors appear to

meet, when traced backward.

ject from which light emanates.

Yadiant

energy.

Physics.

b Optics. The point or ob-

The energy

(partly kinetic,

partly potential) associated with waves produced in a medium by some source, as sound waves in air caused by a fies fork, light waves, etc.; specif., such energy when emitted by _molecules and atoms because of internal changes (as in light rays, X rays, gamma rays, etc.).

= or receptacle for holding type Rack (R R) and Pinion. ra/di-ant-ly, adv. Ina radiant manner. cases. —v. t. To ioe or strain by force; to stretch ra/di-ate (ra/di-at), v. 7. [L. radiatus, past part. of radion the rack or wheel. To torment; torture. To are to irradiate, fr. radius ray.] 1. To emit rays; to be stretch up or raise cand ‘What iis usual or fair; specif., of radiant. To issue in ray. s,as light or heat. 3. To prorents, to raise oppressively; to raise to a rack rent. ceed in a direct line or lines from; as, spokes radiate from harass or oppress by exactions or extortion, as by rack ats. ahub. —v. ¢. To emit in rays. To irradiate; to — Syn. Excruciate, agonize. expose to radiation. 3. To spread around as from a cenrack’et oles it), n LF. raquette, fr. Ar. rahah (pl. ter; diffuse. — adj. Having rays or radial parts; radiated; rahat) the palm of ‘the radial; specif., Zool., characterized by radial symmetry. hand.) 1. Akind oflight 1

shout/er (shout/’ér), n.

shove (shiv), v. t. forward; push,

Syn. See pus.

One who shouts.

LAS. scufan.]

1. To push along by

2. To move off or along by puting. — — 7. Act of shoving; a forcible push.

shov’el (shtiv’l), n. [AS. scofl.] 1. A long-handled scooplike implement used to lift and throw earth, coal, grain, etc.; also, the amount contained in such a scooplike imp'ement;as,a shovelofcoal. 2. Ashovelhat. — v.t.;

-ELED OF -ELLED (-’Id); -EL-ING or -EL-LING. 1. To take up and throw with a shovel. 2. To dig or clean out witha shovel, as a ditch. 3. To throw or convey roughly or in

the mass, as if with a shovel. shov’el-bill’ (-bil’), n. A shoveler (duck).

shov’el-board/ (-bord’; 70), n. SHUFFLEBOARD, 2.

[Cf£. SHUFFLE, SHOVE.]

shov’el-er, shov’el-ler (shtiv’’l-ér), n. works with a shovel.

2.

Any of

=

1. A laborer who

a genus

(Spatula)

of

river ducks, so called from the large broad bill, esp. S. clypegia,which is widely distributed, esp. in the Northern Hemisphere. shovel hat. A broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides

like a shovel, worn by some clergy shov’el-head’ (shtiv’’l-héd’), m. tiburo) allied to the hammerhead, rower and less hammer-shaped. b

geon.

shov’el—nosed/ (-n0zd’), adj. nose, or beak.

shovel—nosed shark. corinus

of the English Church. aA shark (Reniceps but with the head narThe shovel-nosed stur-

‘

Having a broad, flat head,

Either of two sharks (Heranchus

and Notorhynchus maculatus,

chidae), occurring on the California coast.

shovel—nosed sturgeon.

family Hexan-

A small sturgeon (Scaphirhyn-

chus platorhynchus) of the Mississippi Valley. shov’er (shtiv’ér), n. One that shoves. show (sh6), v. ¢. ;SHOWED (shdd); SHOWN (shOn) or SHOWED; sHow/tnc. Also, esp. Brit., Shew (sho); SHEWED (shod);

SHEWN

(sh6dn); SHEW/ING.

view.]

, [AS. scéawian to look, see,

1. To present to sight; exhibit; display.

bestow; confer; as, to show favor,

3.

2. To

To reveal the char-

acter of (oneself) as being or having (some quality); as, to

show oneself cruel. 4. To reveal; make known; as, to show one’s designs. 5. To explain something to; to teach;

instruct.

6. To allege; plead; — now esp. in Law;

show cause.

7. To prove; demonstrate.

as, to

8. To direct;

guide; conduct. 9. To give indication of by record; as, a clock shows the hour. —v.7z. 1. To manifest oneself or itself; to appear. 2. To seem; appear. 3. To make its

appearance; to be present. To be noticeable; as, does the spot show? 5. Racing Slang. To be third, or at least

third, inarace.

6. Theater.

To give a performance. —

show off. To make an ostentatious display (of). ==-n. 1. A bringing to view; exhibition. 2. A demonstrative display; as, a show of force. 3. False semblance; pretense. 4. Sign; trace; as, some show of reason. 5. Ex-

ternal appearance, 6. Ostentatious display; pomp. ,7. Collog. Opportunity; chance; as, he hasn’t a show of winning.

§. An indication of metal in a mine, gas or oilin a

1842),ofthe Brit. army. Mil. A case or she

fe

provided with a bursting

charge, and filled with balls, exploded in flight

by a time fuse. shred (shréd), n. [AS. scréade.] long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. In general, a fragment; particle.

piInG.

Shrapnel. 1 Combination Fuse, time and percussion; 2 Steel Case; 3 Shrapnel Balls; 4 Central Tube; 5 Guncotton; 6 Loose Powder.

— v. t.; SHRED or SHRED/DED} SHRED»

[AS. scréadian.]

To cut or tear into shreds.

shred/der (shréd’ér), n. One that shreds. shrew (shroo), m. [ME., fr. AS. seréawa, the animal, be.

cause supposed to be venomous.]_ ing woman; atermagant.

1. A scolding or brawl

2. [AS. scréawa.]

Any of nu.

merous small mouselike mammals (family Soricidae), with

a long pointed snout, very small eyes, and velvety fur.

shrewd (shrood), Obs. a Evil; bad. gerous. 2. Obs. ning; as, shrewd

adj. [For shrewed (cf. pocGED).]_ 1. b Shrewish;as,a shrewd wench. ¢ DanMischievous. 3. Archaic. Artful; cuntempers. 4. Able in practical affairs; as-

tute. 5. Biting; piercing; sharp.— shrewd/ly, adv. — shrewd/ness, n.

Syn. Shrewd, sagacious, sage, sapient, perspicacious, astute subtle, knowing. Shrewd implies native cleverness in practical affairs; sagacious, a word of more dignity, often suggests greater discernment or more far-sighted judgment than shrewd. Sage often connotes age or deep wisdom. Sapient is now commonly ironical. Perspicacious implies acute discernment; astute heightens the suggestion of artfulness, diplomacy, or craft. Subtle implies delicate and

penetrating discernment, and often excessive nicety. Knowing suggests either sophisticated shrewdness or an air of having private knowledge. — Ant. Dull, stupid, gullible.

shrew/ish

(shroo’ish), adj.

Having the qualities of a

shrew; having a scolding disposition; peevish. — shrew/-

ish-ly, adv. — shrew’ish-ness, n. shrew’mouse’ (shroo’mous’), nm. A shrew.

shriek (shrék), v.i. [ME. schriken, fr. or akin to ON. skrekja.] Toutterasharp, shrillsound or cry, as dosome birds and beasts; to scream, as in fright, horror, or wild laughter; also, to make a sound like a shriek; as, horns

shrieked.

—v.t. To utter sharply and shrilly.

—n.

shrill, wild cry, as of terror, pain, or wild laughter. —

shriek’er, n.

;

.

shriev’al (shrév’dl), adj. Of or pert. to a sheriff. shriev/al-ty (-ti), 2. ; pl. -r1Es (-tiz). The office, term of office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff. shrift (shrift), n. [AS. scrift (akin to ON. skript), fr. root

of AS. scrifan to shrive.]

rchaic. The act of shriy-

ing; a confessing of one’s sins or a hearing ofa penitent’s confession in the sacrament of penance. 2. Confession or disclosure to anyone. shrike (shrik), n._ [AS. scric thrush.] Any of numerous oscine birds (family Laniidae, esp. genus Lanius) charac-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdure (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Nambers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure, ||Foreign Word

Shrill

They

feed chiefly on insects, and often impale their prey on thorns. ‘The loggerhead shrike (L. ludovi-

ctanus) occurs in the southeastern United States.

shrill (shril), adj. [ME. shrille.] 1. Having or emitting a sharp,

high-pitched tone or sound.

a Accompanied

by such sounds;

bright; clear.

— adv.

as, shrill gaiety.

b Sharp; keen;

hrilly.

—v.7. &t. To utter or emit an

)

acute, piercing sound; also, to sound with i sharp, shrilley)

—n.

shrill

sound. — §.

ed \)

;

=

.

1

ness, n.—shril/ly (shriV/I}), adv, Voesethead Shrike. (74

shrimp (shrimp), 7. ; see PLURAL, Note, 3. merous

small, mostly

marine,

macruran

1. Any of nu-

shrine

(shrin), mn.

[AS.

To make shift; to proceed awkwardly or with difficulty,

dealing; also, the right of shuffling, or one’s turn to shuffle, the cards. 2. A trick; evasion; equivocation. 3. A sloy-

Ail Soe (C. oulgaris).

:

f

’a-ble, adj. — shrink’er, n. —

shrink’-

Syn. Shrink, flinch, wince, blench, quail. — Shrink implies an instinctive recoil, as from something painful; to flinch is to swerve or draw back, esp. from lack of firmness, as from pain; to wince is to flinch slightly. Blench is often equivalent to flinch; it is sometimes used of the glance. To quail is to shrink cowering.

shrink/age (shringk/ij), n. _1. Act of shrinking. 2. decrease in value; depreciation. 3. Specif., the loss weight of livestock during shipment and in the process preparing the meat for consumption. . The amount

A in of of

such contraction, depreciation, etc. Shrive (shriv), v.t. & 7.; SHRIVED (shrivd) or SHROVE (shrov); SHRIV’EN (shrf¥v/én) or SHRIVED; SHRIV/ING (shriv/ing). [AS. scrifan to shrive, impose penance.) 1.

Archaic. To hear the confession of, and give absolution to, in the sacrament of penance; in passive only, to pardon the sins of (one so confessing); as, to be shriven before dying. . Obs. To confess the sins of (oneself), esp. to a priest.

shriv/el (shriv’’l), v. 7. & t. ;-ELED or -ELLED (-’]d); -EL+-ING

1. To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to

_2. To become reduced

to

inanition, helplessness, or inefficiency; as, faculties that shrivel. — Sym. See WITHER. f ‘ shroff (shrof), n. (Ar. sarraf.] East Indies, China, etc. banker, or changer of money; also, a bank expert who tests silver coins. — shroff, v. t. & 7. . Shrop/shire (shrép’shir; -shér), x. [From Shropshire, county of England.] _One of an English breed of blackfaced hornless sheep, larger than a Southdown. shroud‘(shroud), n. [AS. scriid a garment, clothing.]

1.

That which covers or shelters likea garment. 2. Thedress for the dead; a winding sheet. 3. Naut. One of the ropes

leading, usually in pairs, from a vessel’s mastheads to give lateral support to the masts. —v.¢. 1. aArchaic. To

protect; shelter. b Obs. To conceal; to veil. 2. To yeil by concealment, obscurity, or disguise; as, shrouded in

mystery.

3. To cover with a shroud,or winding sheet; to

dress for the grave.

—v.1. Archaic.

To take or seek

shelter. — shroud/less, adj. : shroud/—laid’, adj. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with acore; — of rope. See coRDAGE, I/lust. shrove (shroy), past of SHRIVE. Shrove’tide’ (shrov’tid’), n. [See sHRivE; T1pE.] The days, usually three, immediately before Ash Wednesday; — so called as being the time for confession preparatory to Lent. Hence, Shrove Sunday, Monday, Tuesday.

shrub (shrtib), n. [Ar. shurb drink, colloqg. sharab.] A liquor composed of fruit acid, esp. lemon juice and sugar,

usually with spirit to preserve it. shrub, 7. [AS. scrybbshrubbery.] A low, usually severalstemmed, woody plant; a bush. shrub/ber-y (shriib/ér-1), .; pl. -BERTES (-Iz). A growth of shrubs; shrubs collectively.

shrub/by

Shrublike

(shritb’!), adj.

to

shuffling; specif., the mixing up of cards in a pack before

1. To

Textiles, to prepare (cloth) by shrinkage to prevent subsequent shrinking. — mn. Shrinkage; contraction; also,

shrink and form corrugations.

To mixa

5. a To move or walk in a slovenly, dragging manner;

— v.t. To cause to contract or shrink; specif.,

or -EL-LING.

2: Cards.

scuffle. bh To dance in a lazy, nonchalant manner with sliding and tapping motions of the feet. —n. 1. Act of

2. To contract to a less compass; to be-

recoil. — $ ing-ly, adv.

4. To shift from

To act shiftily; hence, to evade questions; to prevaricate.

huddle; cower, as with horror or pain.

distaste.

(ling). (Orig., a frea. fr. the root of shove. See SHOVE; cf. SCUFFLE.] 1. To mixinamass without order. 2. At

pack by repeatedly forming two sections and inserting the

as part. adj.) SHRUNK’-

draw; to decline action, as from fear or

:

cards of one here and there between those of the other.

its associations. -—v.t. To enshrine, shrink (shringk), v. 7. ;SHRANK or SHRUNK}

come compacted, as from heat or wetting; hence, to lessen in value. 3. To with-

— mn. Actor instance

of shuddering. — shud/der-ing-ly, adv.

shiftily; — with in, into, or out of.

scrin, fr. L.

[AS. scrincan.]

sion; to quake. — Syn. See suivER.

shud/’/na (shood’nd). Scot. var. of should not. shuf/fle (shif”’l), v.t¢.; sHur/FLED (-’ld);\ SHUF/FLING

place to place; also, to introduce or remove clumsily or trickily. —.7. 1. To introduce or extricate oneself

The tomb of a saint or other sacred person. 3. A place or object hallowed from

EN; SHRINK/ING.

pressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. — shrug, n. shrunk (shriingk), past & past part. of SHRINK. shrunk/en (shriingk’én), past part. & part. adj. of SHRINK. shuck (shtik), n. 1. A shell, husk, or pod; esp., the outer covering of a nut, or of Indiancorn. 2. U.S. The shell of an oyster or clam. —v.t. 1. To strip of the shucks, or husks; as, to shuck nuts, corn, etc. 2. To remove (oysters) from the shell. — shuck’er, n. shud/der (shtid’ér), v.7. [ME. shoderen, schuderen.] To tremble convulsively or shake with fear, horror, or aver-

dragging gait; as, to shuffle the feet.

scrinium a.case, box.] A case, box, or receptacle, esp. for sacred relics.

SHRUNK or (chiefly

shrug (shriig), v. t. & 7.; SHRUGGED (shrtigd); SHRUG/GING. To raw up or contract (the shoulders), esp. by way of ex-

cards, to mix by successive, supposedly chance, changes of order of individual cards. 3. To move or perform with a

crustaceans (Crago and allied genera) having a slender body, long legs, and a depressed abdomen. any are used as ie 2. A little contemptible person or thing.

shuttle

922

‘terized by a strong notched bill hooked ut the tip.

1. Covered with shrubs.

in size, habit, or growth. — -bi-ness, n.

2.

enly, dragging motion; specif., a sliding or scraping step in dancing; also, a dance characterized by such a step. shuf’fle-board’ (-bord’; 70), m. 1. A board on which a

game was formerly played by driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also, the game. 2. A some-

what similar game played on the deck of a ship. shuf’fler (shiif/lér), n. a One given to shuffling; also, one who shuffles cards. b A scaup duck.

shun (shin), v.¢.; SHUNNED

(shiind); sHuN/NING.

_[AS

scunian.] To avoid deliberately, esp. as a practice; to keep clear of. — Syn. See Avorp.— shur./ner (shtin’ér), n.

shunt (shtint), v.t.

[E, dial., to move, push, stand aside,

EME. shunten to avoid.]

1. To turn off to one side; to

shift; as, to shunt cattle into a corral; Railroads, to switch,

as a Car or,train, from one track to another.

2, Elec. To

provide with, or place upon, a shunt. —v.7. To move aside, esp. out of the way; also, to turn off; to shift. —n.

A turning, or thrusting aside; specif.:; a Railroads. A switch. b lec. A conductor joining two points in a circuit so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may. pass, in order to regulate the amount passing in the main circuit. Hence, shunt circuit, shunt field, shunt lamp, etc. — shunt/er, n.

shure (shiir). shut (shit),

or lock up.]

Scot. past of SHEAR, reap.

v. t.; saut; saut/tinc.

to hinder ingress or egress.

bar.

[AS. scyttan to shut

1. To fasten with a bolt; now, to close so as

2. To forbid entrance into; to

3. To confine by enclosure; as, shut in prison.

5. Obs. closed.

To exclude.

Syn. Close, shut.

—v.7¢.

To close itself or become

To close is strictly to stop an opening;

to close esp. in such a way as to bar ingress or egress. — unfold,

—adj.

Dial.

to shut is AMt. Open.

1, Closed or fastened; as, a shut door.

2. Now

Rid; clear; free; — with of.

Formed

3. Phonet.

with complete closure of the oral and nasal passages (the stops p, b, etc.); stopped.

—n. 1. Act or time of shutting; close} as, the shut of a door. 2. The line of union of two pieces of welded metal.

shut/down’ (-doun’), n.

A shutting down; discontinuance,

esp. of work in a factory or the like.

shut/-in’, adj.

1. Confined to one’s home; — said of in-

valids. 2. Psychiatry. Prone to seek isolation from other people; as, a shut-in personality. — mn. An invalid con-

fined to his home, a room, or his bed. shut/off’ (shtt’6f’; 74), m. That which shuts off. shut/out’ (-out’), n. Act of shutting out; specif.:

lockout.

b Sports.

aA

A preventing from scoring; hence, a

game, in which one side fails to score.

shut’ter (shtit/ér), n.

1. One who or that which shuts.

2. A movable cover or screen for a window; a blind. Photog. A mechanical device of various forms, attached to

a camera for opening and closing to expose the film or plate.

—v.¢.

To cover or furnish with a shutter.

shut’tle (shiit’”’l), n.

[AS. scytel missile.]

1. An instru-

ment used in weaving for passing the woof thread between the warp threads. 2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine; hence, any of various rotary, vibrating, or oscillating, devices used for the same purpose. U.S. A shuttle train. —v.t. & 7.; -TLED (ld); -TLING (ling).

To move backward and forward, like a shuttle.

ES Ge ee Ale, chaotic, cAre, Sdd, account, arm, ask, sofa; Gve, hegre (27), event, énd, silént, makér; ice, charity; Old, obey, Orb, odd, soft, connect;

4

To fold together, as a knife; to close over, as the fingers,

fo0d, foot; out, oll; cube,

Unite,

Grn,

ill,

tip, circés, meniis

shuttlecock jhut’tle-cock’

(shtit”’1-kok’), m.

stuck

feathers, to be struck by a battledore for sport; also, the sport itself. —-v.t. Tosend or toss to and fro; to bandy. shuttle train. A train running back and forth over a short route, as to an outlying town.

2

with

b Slang.

Lacking; inade-

3. Affected with, or attended by,

7. Permeated by an emotion, as of grief, desire, or disgust, that causes physical distress; also, disgusted; surfeited.

8. Depressed

and

longing

for something;

lan-

guishing; — with for; as, to be sick for one’s home.. 9. Agric. Of soils, incapable of producing profitable yields of

sui/est or sHy’EsT. [AS. scéoh.]_ 1. Easily frightened; timid. 2. Disposed to avoid

isa shy bearer.

¢ Designed for, or put,to, the use of a sick

Person; as, a sick bed.

(shi/ér) or SHY’ER;

a person or thing through caution or timidity; distrustful; wary. 3. Reserved; bashful. 4. a Scant; very light; as, that tree

sick insurance.

nausea; inclined to vomit. 4. Unsound or unfit in condition. 5. Pale; wan; — of light, color, etc. 6. a Obs. Unsound in spiritual or moral state. _b Mentally unsound.

i

shy (shi), adj.; sa’/eER

sidehill

923 A cork

certain crops; as, clover-sick ; less commonly, infested with

disease organisms.

Shuttlecock.

quately supplied; short; — sometimes with on.

c Slang.

— 7. A sick person; also, sick people,

collectively.

Syn. Sick, ill have been employed with little distinction. _There is at present a strong tendency in Great Britain to confine sick to the

Shy implies ashrink-

familiarity or contact with others; bashful implies an in-

sense of “nauseated.” — Ant. Healthy. sick bay. Nauwt. An apartment ina vessel, esp..a war vessel or transport, used as a dispensary and hospital.

stinctive or constitutional shrinking from public notice, usually expressing itself in awkwardness, and characteristic of childhood. Diffident implies a distrust of one’s own ability, opinion, or powers; mod-

sick’bed/ (sik’béd’), n. The bed upon which one lies sick. sick’en (sik/én), v. t. & ¢. To make or become sick.

Short; not having paid; — used esp. in poker playing. Syn. oy Abashful, diffident, modest, coy.

ing from

est denotes an absence of all undue confidence in oneself or one’s pow-

Sick’/en-er (-Er), n.

Something that tends to sicken.

sick’en-ing (-Ing), adj. Causing sickness; specif., causing disgust; nauseating. — sick’/en-ing-ly, adv. — v.7.; SHIED (shid); say/inc. 1. To shrink; recoil. 2. sick’er, sik’er (s¥k’@r), adj. [AS. sicor, fr. L. securus To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion;— sure.] Now Scot. Sure; safe; dependable. said esp. of horses. —n.; pl. sigs (shiz). A sudden Sick headache. Med. A variety of headache attended start aside. ne, , with, or due to, disorder of the stomach and nausea. shy, v.t. 7. To throw sidewise with a jerk; as, to shy a Sick/ish, adj. 1. Archaic. Somewhat sick. 2. Somestone. —m. 1. Act of shying; a throw; a fling. what nauseated or nauseating. — sick/ish-ly, adv.— Hence, a verbal fling; a sneer. — shy’er (shi/ér), n. sick/ish-ness, n. Shy’lock (shi/ldk), m. 1. A revengeful Jewish moneysick/le (stk/’l),n. [AS. sicol, sicel.] 1. ers. Coy suggests assumed or affected shyness, often with the further implication of coquetry. — Ant. Bold, forward, pert, assured.

lender in Shakespeare’s Merchant tortionate creditor.

of Venice.

2. An ex-

shy/ster (shi/stér), m.

[Origin uncert.]

pettifogger; esp., a pettifogging lawyer. si (se), n. [It.] Music. See TI.

tang.

Collog., U.S. A

Med. Promoting the si/a-la-gog’ic (si/d-la-g5j/Ik), adj. flow of saliva. — 7. A sialagogue. si-al’a-gogue (si-Al/a-g5g; 74), n. [Gr. sialon saliva + -agogue.) An agent promoting the flow of saliva. si/a-lid (si/a-lid), si-al/i-dan (si-4)/T-ddn), adj. [Gr. sialis a kind of bird.]_

Zool.

Belonging toa family (Sialidae) of

insects (order Megaloptera)

including the hellgrammite

and allies. — si’a-lid, si-al’i-dan, n. si/a-loid (si/a-loid), adj. [Gr. sialon saliva+-oid.] Resembling saliva. si/a‘mang (se/a-maing; syd/mang), n.; te SIAMANGS (-mingz). [Malay siaman.]

ice, il

Old, Gbey, 6rb, Sdd, s6ft. connect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, dnite, firm, tip, circis, menii:

snail-paced snail’—paced’ (snal’past’), adj.

941

Moving very slowly.

snake (snak), m. [AS. snaca.] 1. Any of numerous limbless reptiles’ (group Ophidia, order Squamata) having a very elongate body, some of which have certain salivary glands modified into poison glands and certain upper teeth developed into grooved or tubular fangs. A worthless or treacherous fellow. -—— v. t. Collog., U.S. To. drag or draw forcibly or at full length, as a log; also, to skid (logs). —v.%. To crawl or move like a snake, sinuously. snake’bird’ (-bfird’),n [So named from its snakelike neck.] Any of eeverel fish-eating birds (genus Anhinga, order Pelecaniformes), allied to the cormorants but having a very long slender neck and a < sharp-pointed bill.

snake fence. U.S. A worm Sten snake’head’ (snak’héd’) A turtlehead (Chelone gla a ) snake/mouth’ (-mouth’),n bog orchid (Pogonia SEW a) of eastern Pele America

and Japan, with pink flowers. snake/root’ (-rd0t’; 85), n. Any of numerous plants, mostly re-

puted to cure snake bites; also, the roots of any of these: esp.: Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria); the bugSnakebird (Anhinga bane (Cimicifuga racemosa); anhkinga). senega snakeroot (Polygala senega); white snakeroot (Bupatorium urticaefolium).

sneezeweed which seize their prey with a snap of their jaws, esp. the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) occurring

mee eastof the Rocky Mountains and extensively used as foo

snap/pish (snaip/ish), adj..

1. That snaps, or attempts to

bite; also, given to angry, irritable speech; testy; irascible. 2. Tart; peevish; cross; petulant; as, a snappish reply, —

snap’pish.ly, adv. — snap’pish-ness, n.

Snap/py (snap’t), adj. ; sNAP/PI-ER (-1-€r); SNAP/PI-EST. IL. Snappish. 2. That snaps. 3. Collog. Full of snap, or life, briskness, pungency, smartness, etc.— snap/pi-ly, adv. — snap’pi-ness, x.

snap shot.

A quick offhand shot, made without aiming.

Snap/shot/ (snaip’shdt’), n.. A photograph made automatically in a very short interval, such as 145 second, usually with a hand camera, —v.t. & 7.; -SHOT/TED; -sHoT/TING. To photograph by a snapshot. snare (snar),n. [AS. sneare, fr. ON. snara snare, noose.] Acontrivance, often consisting ofa noose, for entangling birds or rabbits; a trap; gin. 2. Anything by which one is entangled, involved in difficulties, impeded, or inveigled; a lure. One of the gut strings of a snare drum. 4. Surg. A wire eon for removing tumors or the like by tightening andavulsion. —v.t. 1. Tocatch with or as with a snare; to ensnare; entangle. 2. To lure or entice; to capture by

guile; to inveigle. — snar’er (snar/ér), n. snare ‘drum. The smaller common military double-headed drum, having (for greater pevon ence) a catgut string or strings stretched across its lower hea See prum, Illust. snark (snark), n. [A blend of snake and shark.]_ A nonsnak’y (snak’i), adj. ; SNAK/I-ER (-Y-Er); sNAK/I-EsT. 1. Of, sense creature invented by Lewis Carrol (Charles L. Dodgformed of, or éntwined with, epics or serpents; as, the son), in his poem, The Hunting of the Snark (1876). snaky rod (see Capps ve. Snakelike; serpentine; snarl (snirl), n. [From SNARE.] A tangle, = hairs or sinuous; wriggly. Sly; Se nee perfidious; venom—_—wvV. thread; a knot; also, a complication. To get ous; spiteful. 4. Peepers in snakes. intoa tangle. 2. To make excessively Se olienee pea (snap), v.%.; SNAPPED (snipt); snap/pinc. EMD. or snarl, v.i. [From earlier snar.] 1. To growl with a G. snappen. | 1. To dart forward iS bite; to make a shapping or gnashing of theteeth,asanangry dog. 2. es pounce or snatch; as, a fish snaps at the bait. 2. To utter give vent to anger in rude, surly language. —v. t. sharp, biting words; to bark out irritable retorts. 3. To utter or express with a snarl or by snarling. —n. A gna: break’short or in two, esp. with asharp crackling sound; as, ings a surly, angry growl. — snarl’er, n. — snarl/ing-ly, the mast snapped off; also, to give way to undue strain. adv. 4. Togivefortha sharp, cracking noise or noises, as a fire; snarl, v.¢. To form raised work upon the outer surface of to emit a report or click, as a firearm. 5. To close, “it (thin metal ware) by the repercussion of a beaked iron. something, etc., with a snap, or click, asa lock. 6.T adj. Snarling; ill-natured; surly; peevish. emit flashes of anger, wit, sarcasm, etc.,as the eyes. =v. b snarl’y (snir/li), 1. To grasp or snatch suddenly. with or as with the teeth; snash (snash), n. & v. Chiefly Scot. Abuse. [ME. snacchen, snecchen.] To to bite off sharply. 2. To gain by surprise seizure as a snatch (snach), v.27. attempt to seize something suceenl, as, to snatch at a prize; to Bees speedily or accept on the spot; — usually rope, —v.¢. 1. To grasp abruptly or hastily; to seize bewith wp. 3. Tospeak to curtly and irritably, esp. so as to fore it passes; to seize os grab suddenly without. permission, hurt or confuse; — usually with out; as, to snap out his ceremony, or right. To remove with suddenness. — criticisms. 4. To break sharply and suddenly; to break Syn. Pluck, grab, eaten,gripe. —7. A snatching at short orin two,asaknifeblade. 5. To cause (something) or of something. A Snatched opportunity or period of to crack, click, or make a report, as a whip; to close, open, time; as, ae ety snatches. 3. Ashort spell, or stint, an or fit into with a snap, as a lock. 6. To project with, a excerpt from a song, disconnected portion of talk or story. snap; to fillip. 7. Amer, Football. To put (the ball) in — snatch/er, n. play by passing it back with a quick motion. 8. Photog.

To snapshot (a person or thing). —n. 1. Asnapping; a biting, snatching, sudden breaking, etc. 2. Slang. a An easy, remunerative position. b An easy task, course of study, etc. A bite; a bit; —- now only in not tocarea snap. &. A pees report, caused by a snapping apart, off, etc.; as, to lock with a snap. ‘ sudden interval or spell of (biting cold) weather. 6. A hook, catch, or fastening which closes or locks with a click; as, the snap of a bracelet. 7. Collog. Snappiness; vigor; life; also, pungency; crispness, as of speech; also, a sharp retort. §. A thin brittle cookie or wafer. S. A, snapshot,

—adj. 1. Secured, given, done, carried through, ete., suddenly or without due process or deliberation; as, a ’snap

judgment. 2. That snaps, or shuts, fastens, etc, with a click or by means of a device which snaps; as, a snap fastener or hook. —adv. With a snap.

snap/back’ (snip’bak’),n._ Football.

a Act of snapping

back the ball. b Chidiy Can. The center. snap/drag’on (-drig/tn), n. 1. Any of several garden plants cous Antirrhinum, esp. A. majus) of the figwort family, having showy white, crimson, or yel+ low bilabiate cgi fancifully likened tothe RY, face of a dragon. A game in which raisins ‘ are snatched from raleteoe brandy, andeaten; also, that which is so eaten. snap link. A link, as of a chain, with a gap

in the side closed by a spring.

snap/per ey 1. One who or that which snaps. 2. a in snapping turtle. b &

snapping Pee.

3. See PLURAL, Note,3. a

a Any of numerous actiye carnivorous basslike marine fishes (family Lutianidae, esp. genus Lutianus) of warm seas, mostly edible. b Any of various other fishes, as the young of the bluefish.

snap’per—back’

(-bak’), n.

Am. Football.

The center.

snap/ping bee/tle. = ELATER, 3 a. Snapdragon (4. snapping turtle. Any of several large and ™4J#s). (46) voracious American

aquatic turtles (family Chelydridae)

snatch block. A block which can be opened on one side to receive the bight of a rope. snatch’y (snach’i), adj. Interrupted; spasmodic. snath (snith), n. Also snathe (snath). [LAS. snzd.]

The handle of a scythe.

sneak (snék), v.7. [Akin to ME. sniken, AS. snican to creep.] To move furtively or slinkingly; to creep or steal so_as to be unobserved. 2. To act the coward. — v.t. To move, bring, or make off with, in a furtive manner. — Syn. See Lurk. — Ant. Stalk, TEES —n. A mean, sneaking person. 2. A sneaking. 3. Slang. pl. = SNEAKER, 2.

sneak’er (snék/er), n 1. One who or that which sneaks. 2. Slang, U.S.p ores usually of canvas, with rubber or other soft Ba ee gymnasium shoes. sneak/ing, adj. i. Cowardly; furtive. 2. Not openly avowed, as if something to be ashamed of; also, of an opin-

ion, that is i merely a suspicion. — Syn. 8}y, stealthy; surreptitious.— Ant. Straightforward. — sneak/ing. ly; adv. sneak’y (snék’t), adj. Like, or characteristic of, a sneak. — sneak/i-ly, adv. — sneak/i- ness, n.

sneck (sntk), v. & n. Scot. & Dial. Latch. sned (snéd), v.é [AS. sn¥dan.] Scot. & Ir. To lop; prune, sneer (snér), v.27.

[ME. sneren.]

Tosmile or laugh with

facial expressions of scorn or contempt; hence, to speak or write in ascornfully jeering or derisivemanner. — v. ¢. To utter with a sneer or sneeringly. To affect by sneering. — Syn, Gibe, fleer. See scorr, —m. Act of sneering; a sneering

sneer’ing,

expression. —

adj.

ingly, adv.

Marked

Sneer’er

(-Er), n.

by a sneer; derisive. — sneer’-

[From sneezing powder.] Scot., Ir., ¢ Dial. Snuft. — sneeze Be) v.t. [ME. snesen, altered form of ME. fnesen, fr. AS. fnéosan.] ‘© make a sudden, violent,

sneesh (snésh), 7.

spasmodic, and audible expiration of breath. —n. Actor fact of sneezing. — Sneez/er (snéz/ér), n. — sneez/y, adj.

sneeze/weed/ Cree, m. A North American yellow-flowered perennial herb (Heleniwm autumnale) the odor of which is said to cause sneezing.

in azure. chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdlre (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word.

sneezewort sneeze/wort’

(snéz/wiirt’),

942

snowshoeing

. A strong-scented Eurasian | snore (snr; 70), v.7.

_[ME. snoren.]

To breathe during

perennial carduaceous herb (Achillea _ptarmica). sleep with a rough noise due to vibration of the uvula and snell (snél), adj. [AS.]_ 1. Dial. Quick; swift; acute. | the soft palate. — v. ¢. To spend in snoring. —n. Act Keen; piercing.

snell, n.

3. Harsh; severe.

or noise of snoring. — snoy/er (snor’ér), n.

A short line of horsehair, gut, etc., by which a |Snort (snért), v.7. [ME. snorten; akin to E. snorE.]

fishhook is attached to a longer line. snick (snik), v.¢. [Prob. fr. sNICK AND SNEE.]_1.

slightly; tonick. ing blow.

Cricket.

2. Cricket. To hit (a ball) alight glanc- | loudly, usually with a contemptuous or angry snort. — ».t.

—zn.

1. A small

cut or snip; a nick.

.|

A light glancing blow given to a bowled ball.

snick and snee.

1.

To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to Tocut | make a noise, as do high-spirited horses. 2. To laugh

L. To utter with, or express by, a snort.

emit with or geoutk a snort. —n.

2. To expel or

Act of snorting, or the

[D. sieken tostab+ D. snijen, snijden, | Sound produced. — snort/er, n.

1

to cut; with assimilation of st to sn.] To thrust and cut; |Snout (snout), n.. [ME. snoute, snute.] 1. The long, hence, also snick’/—a—snee’, a combat with knives. pr eae ee otg beast as of swine; Bee, she antener snick’er (snik/ér), v. 7. [Imitative.] 1. To laugh in a} Prolongation of the head of various animals, as Ol a weevil;

partly suppressed manner, with audible catches of voice; | @ Tostrum.

2. eoulegs is RO

utter with a snicker.

rae, of i STOUR RY REROUROS a) of pee

to giggle.

2. To whinny, to nicker.

fer Pee i

—m.

—v.t.

Collog. To | Sembling a nose, as the nozzle

A smothered giggle.

7 (-sne! a eae TAGE LCOFFuD~ Of SNICK AND SNE

S

:

PERC

©

|

snout pee

of a pipe,

a: poeser ae Tehose,

kettle, etc.

consisting of the curculios, or true weevils; — so called because the head Dae pes ante a snout or Bens!

snow

(sno),

n.

S. sna@w.

-

Small

tabular

and

co-

_ Gnih, #,$5a Ltmaitotive a gc Oi draw gat iets lumnar crystals of frozen water formed directly from the tempt. —v.t. 1. To inhale audibly through the nose. | Water vapor of the air when its temperature at the time of 2. To recognize, perceive, or detect, by or as by sniffing; to | Condensation is lower than 0°C. (32° F.). 2. The descent scent, as danger. —n. An act or the sound of snifing; | OF 2 Shower of such crystals; also, a mass, usually more or etary ic hiieccnaired ene < era cousnieted, ofsuch etal after falling. 3. Poetic. ry)

ver?

ae Bo

Se

73)

eee

Wy.

gs Be Cor: takes ead sani: Cling). 1. To PREGA RTT OSTIDE Dis enntals aus

sniff’y (snil'i), adj.

Coldog.

Disdainful; supercilious.

snig’/ger (snig/ér), v.72.¢ & n. Snicker.— snig/ger-er (-ér), n. : ves “ a snig’gle (snig’l), v. 7.;-GLED (- oe -GuinG (ling). [From] E. ‘ dial. snig an eel] To fish fo r eels by thrusting the ‘

baited hook into their holes. — v.¢. To catch by sniggling. snip (snip), v. t.; SNIPPED (snipt); snip/pInc. [D. snippen.)] 1, Tocut at one stroke or ina series of short quick strokes with shears or scissors; to clip suddenly or by bits.

2. To remove by cutting.

—n.

pl. Small hand shears for. cutting sheet metal.

stroke of shears, or the like; a clip.

snipe (snip), 7.; see PLURAL, Note, 6.

Scand. origin.], 1. Any certain

birds

limicoline

(genus

2. Usually

3. Asingle

[ME. snype, of

g

Capella)

common,

and

the

World

Ameri-

half snipe

jacksnipe,

or

z

(genus, Limno-

h Putting on airs; supercilious.

Slang.

Wilson’s Snipe.

2.

— snip/pi-ness, n.

To snatch; pilfer. — snitch’-

sniv’el (sniv/’l), v. 7. ; -ELED (-’ld) or -ELLED; -EL-ING or -ELLING. E. snivelen, snevelen.] 1. Torunat the nose. 2. Tosnuff mucus up the nose audibly; tosnuffle. 3. To cry or whine with snufiling, aschildren.

4. To affect emo-

tionin a whining manner. — 7. 1. Mucusin or from the nose.. 2. Asniveling or snuffling or sniffing. 3. Affected emotion; also, affected pathos. — sniv’el-er (-’l-ér), n.

snob (snob), 7.. Nee es ae 1. One who blatantly imitates, fawningly admires, or yulgarly seeks association with those whom he regards as his superiors.

2. One who

repels the advances of those whom he regards as his inferiors; as, an intellectual snob. i ’ snob/ber-y (sndb/ér-1), n. Snobbish conduct; snobbishness. snob/bish (sndb’ish), adj. Of, characteristic of, or befitting, a snob. — Snob’bish-ly, adv. — snob/bish-ness, n. snod (snéd), adj.

Chiefly Scot.

Trimmed; smooth.

snood (snood), n. [AS. snéd.] A fillet worn around the hair of a young woman, esp., as in Scotland, of one unmarried. —v.¢. To bind or braid up with a snood. snook (snook), snowk (snouk; snok; snook), v. 7.

CE. dial.

snook tosearch out, to follow by the scent, fr. ME. snoken

to sniff, smell.]

Scot.

& Dial.

To sniff; to pry about.

snool (snool), v. t. Scot. Tocow;snub.

snoop (snoop), v.7.

[D. spend

—v. 7. Tocringe.

U.S. To look or pry

about in a sneaking or meddlesome manner, as for law violations. —m. One who snoops. — snoop/er (-€r), n.

snoop’y (I), adj.

Collog., U.S.

snoot (snoot), n.

Given to snooping.

[Cf..D. snwit, lit., snout, hence, face.]

Colloq. The face; a grimace. snoot’y (1), adj. Collog., U.S. Haughtily contemptuous. snooze (snooz), n. [Origin uncert.] Collog. A short sleep; a nap. —v.2. To doze; to drowse.

file, chaotic, care, add, charity; Old, Obey, Orb,

solidified

snowbank

snowbound snow-capped snow-clad —v.1t. To fall in or as

spray, etc.; as

carbon

dioxide

snow-crested

snowdrift snow-haired > snowless snow; as, it had

which

snowscape

snowslide snowslip snowstorm

been snowing.

1. To scatter or shower down like snow.

2. To

cover, shut in, or imprison, with or as with snow;_as, the train was snowed under.

snow’hall’ (snd’bél’), n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or rolled together. 2. Any of certain cultivated white-

flowered viburnums, as the cranberry tree or guelder-rose. —v.%. 1. To form a snowball, esp. by rolling; hence, to

— v. ¢. To pelt with snowballs.

eae n.

2. To

A North American capri-

[See snow, 4; BtrD, 5.]

Snow’-blind’ (-blind’), adj.

ie

To shoot at detached men of an enemy’s forces at long

er (-€r), n.

snow,

addict.

range, esp. when not in action.— snip’er (snip’ér), n. snip/pet (snip/ét; -{t), mn. _ [Dim. fr, snip, v.] A small part, piece, or thing. —snip’pet-y (é-ti; -i-ti), adj. snip’py (snip’i), adj.; SNIp/PI-ER (-1-€r); SNip/PI-EST. 1. Fragmentary; unduly brief or curt. 2. Collog. a Snappish.

bon-dioxide

Soh

cryptes). 2. A sniping shot. : See SNIPE, v. 7.,2. —v.%. 1. Toshoot orhuntsnipe.

snitch (snich), v.t.

white petals,

foliaceous shrub (Symphoricarpos racemosus), berries; also, any of several related species. snow’bird’ (-bfird’), n. a Thesnow bunting.

or

can, or Wilson’s, snipe (C. delicata), are larger than the

Old

of

vaporizes without melting and is used as a refrigerant. ja Comprnations are:

throw snowballs.

whole, snipe (C. gallinago),

of Europe

mass

snow’ber’ry (-bér’l; -bér-f), ».

marshes, and highly valued as

The

hair.

accumulate in the manner_of a rolled snowball.

related to the woodcocks and frequenting bogs and game.

ite

June snow. &. Slang. Cocaine. 5. Chem. Any of various congealed substances of snowlike appearance; as, car-

1. A small piece that is —v.t.

snipped off; ashred; hence, a fragment or bit.

of

a

Slang.

with white

b A junco.

A cocaine

Affected with snow blind-

ness, temporary blindness caused by the glare of the sun upon snow. snow’—broth’, n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; hence, very cold liquor. snow bunting. A finch (Plectrophenaz nivalis) of northern regions, allied to the longspurs. :

snow/bush/ (sn0’bodsh’), n.

Any of several white-flowered

shrubs, esp. one (Ceanothus velutinus) of California.

snow/drop’ (-drdp’), n. aryllidaceous herb

1, aA bulbous European am-

(Galanthus

nivalis)

bearing, nodding

white flowers that often appear while the snow is on the ground. hbA flower or bulb of this plant. 2. The common anemone

(Anemone quinquefolia).

snow’fall’ (-f61/), n.

A fall of snow; specif., the snow that

falls in a.single storm or in a given period.

snow’flake/ (-flak’), n._ The snow

bunting.

1. A flake or crystalofsnow.

3. Any of a genus

(Leucojum)

2,

of

bulbous amaryllidaceous plants, esp. one (L. vernum) re-

sembling the snowdrop. snow/i-ly (snd/%-li), adv. In a snowy manner. snow’i-ness, n. State or quality of being snowy.

snow lily. A handsome Rocky Mountain dogtocth violet (Erythronium grandiflorum) with showy white flowers.

snow line or limit.

snow plant.

The lowest limit of perpetual snow.

A fleshy, bright-red saprophytic herb (Sar-

codes sanguinea) growing in coniferous woods at high altitudes on the sierras of California, often appearing in early

spring while snow is on the ground. , snow’plow’ (snd’plou’), n. A plow, or any device functioning in the manner of a plow, used for clearing away snow.

snow pudding.

A cold light pudding, made usually by

folding whipped whites of eggs into snow’shed/ (snd/shéd’),n. Ashelter as a long structure over an exposed snow’shoe’ shoo’), n. A light oval two crosspieces

and, strung

a six-string

a lemon jelly. to protect from snow, part of a railroad. frame of wood having

with

open

weave, attached

to the foot with thongs and used to enable the wearer

to walk on soft , snow without sinking.

FEE:

h

Snowshoe. —v.7. To travel on snowshoes.

— snow/sho/er (-shoo/ér), n. — -shoe/ing, 7.

dccount, arm, ask, sofa; Eve, ddd, soft, cdnnect; foGd, foot;

here (27), évent, gnd, silént, makér; Ice, Yil, out, oil; ctibe, tnite, firn, tip, circéés, menti;

snow-white snow’-white’ (snd’hwit’; 2), adj.

snow’y (sn0/i),

943

White as snow.

adj.; SNowW/l-ER (-I-€r); sNow/I-EsT,

Marked by, abounding

1.

in, or, covered with snow.

2.

White, like snow; as, snowy hair. 3. Pure; spotless. snub (sntib), v. t.; SNUBBED (sntibd); snuB’BInc. [ON.

snubba to snub, chide.]_

1. To check

or stop with a cut-

ting retort. 2. To check suddenly while running out (a rope, chain, etc.); hence, to check the motion of, as a boat, a log, ora baited fish, by snubbing a rope, chain, or line.

To treat with contempt or neglect; to slight designedly;

also,

to affect in a specified way by such treatment; as,

snubbed into silence.

—=m. 1. A rebuke or slight; now,

usually, an intentional discourtesy; a rebuff, 2. Act or result of snubbing, as a vessel with the bowline. — adj.

Snubbed, or stumpy; slightly turned up and enlarged or flattened at the end; — of the nose. — snub/ber (-ér), n.

snub/by (snttb’i), adj.

1. Snub; as, a snubby nose.

2.

Giving snubs; slighting intentionally and discourteously. snub/—nosed’ (-nozd/; 2), adj. Having a snub nose.

snuff (sntif), m. 1. The charred part of a candlewick. 2. A disagreeable or worthless remainder. —v.t. 1. To crop the snuff of (a candle) by pinching, the use of snuffers, etc. 2. To extinguish by or as by the use of snuffers. snuff, v.¢. [MD. snuffen.] 1. To draw in, or to inhale, forcibly through the nose; to sniff. 2. To detect, by smelling; toscent; smell. 3. Tosniffin order to examine;

— said of dogs, horses, etc. —v.7. 1.To inhale through the nose noisily; to sniff or smell inquiringly, as a horse, dog, etc. 2. Obs. To sniff loudly in or asin disgust. 3. To inhale snuff; to take snuff. —n. Act of snuffing; sniff. 2. A preparation of pulverized tobacco to be snuffed up the nostrils; also, the amount taken at once; a pinch.

snuff’/box’ (-bdks’), n._ A small box for holding snuff. snuff’er (sniif/ér), n. 1. A device for cropping and holding

he snuff of a candle. ight.

snuff/er, n.

2. One who snuftfs or snuffs out a

One who snuffs, or sniffs.

snuf’fle (sntif”’l), v. 7.; SNUF/FLED (-’ld); sNuF/FLING (-ling). Freq. of suf] 1. To snuff, or sniff, audibly and re-

peatedly, asa

doginsmelling.

2, To breathe through the

nose when it is obstructed, making a sniffing sound.

To speak through or as through hypocritical persons. —n. 1. thesound madeinsnuffling. 2. ing, sanctirnonious speech. 3.

fs

3. Disagreeable; horrid.

4. Soiled with snuff. — snuff/i-ness, n. snug (sniig), adj.; sNUG/GER (-€r); sNuc/cEsT, LG. origin.]

worthiness

[Prob. of

1. Of a ship or its parts, manifesting sea-

in design,

arrangements,

etc.

2. Serenely

comfortable; peacefully secure; as, longing to be snug at home. 3. Compact; neat; trim; often, small but comfortable; tidy; modest; sometimes, sizable; as, a snug income. 4. Secreted; close; concealed. 5. Tight; not

loose; as, a snug fit.

Tela

ight

Syn. Close, neat; comfortable. —Snug,cozy. Snug implies trimness, closeness, or security; cozy suggests warmth, shelter, and ease; as, a smug-fitting coat; a cozy armchair. . g

— v.i.; SNUGGED (sntigd); sNuc’cInG. Dial. To lie close; to snuggle. —v.t. 1. To make snug, or comfortable,

trim, etc.

_2. Naut. To make ready for a gale by reducing

sail, lowering topmast, lashing movables, etc. — adv. Snugly; neatly. — snug’ly, adv. — snug/ness, n. uy snug’ger-y (sniig/ér-l), 7.; pl. -IES (-iz). A snug, cozy place, esp. a small room or den. f

snug/gle

(sniig’’l),

v.7.;

-GLED

(ld);

-crinc

(ling).

[Freq. of snug.] To cuddle; curl oneself (up). =v. t. To draw, as oneself, one’s head, or another, close, as for comfort; to cuddle. — snug/gle, n. sh SO (sd; 4), adv. [ME. so, sa, swa, fr. AS. swa.] 1. In

that or like manner; specif.: a Just as has been done, said,

thought, proposed, etc.; as, if he so chooses. b As described, professed, or named in a preceding word or phrase;

as, he was always called so. 2. In that degree; specif.: a To that degree described in the preceding context; as, he was so discouraged. b In or toa high degree; exceedingly;

as, his style is so dull.

c¢ Toacertain unspecified extent or

degree; as, he dared come only so near.

3. In such man-

ner or such a manner; to such degree or extent; also, with the end in view. Denoting sequence or consequence; specif.: a For this or that reason; therefore. b By reason

of that; on that account.

c¢ In the way of final outcome or

conclusion. 5. In the following manner; See THEREFORE.

—conj.

thus. — Syn. F

1. Provided that; if only; — often with that.

2.

Collog. With the result that; as, he was sick, so they were quiet; also, in order that; as, be quiet so he can sleep.

— pron. 1. Approximately that; as, I have read a page or

so. 2. Suchashas been specified; the same; as, in America the foreigner who remains so is called a greenhorn. . — interj. An exclamation expressing: a Approval; let it be

so; that will do.

chair;

go; sing;

Music.

Sol.

soak (sok), v.7. [AS. socian.] or softened, etc., by saturation.

1. To become saturated

2. To enter by pores or

interstices; to percolate; also, to penetrate one’s mind.

3.

To drink intemperately. —v.¢. 1. To saturate with a liquid; to drench. 2. To subject to immersion, so as to

soften, macerate, etc. 3. To draw in, as by suction or absorption; as, a sponge soaks up water. “. To drink (liquor) to excess. 5. Slang. a To sock; punch. b To extract money from, esp. by charging exorbitantly. c¢ To

pawn. — Sym. See SATURATE.

—n.

1. Act or process of

soaking; also, state of being soaked. 2. Slang. a A hard blow; punch. b A sot; drunkard. c Pawn;_as, to put in

soak. 3. The liquid in which anything is soaked. — soak’er, n. soak/age (sok/Ij), m. 1. Act or process of soaking, or state of being soaked. 2. Liquid gained by absorption or lost by seepage. so’—and-so’, n. An unnamed or unspecified person or thing. soap (sop), n._

[AS. sape.]

1. A cleansing agent,

made

usually by action of alkali on fat or fat acids (in the form of

their glyceryl esters), and consisting essentially of sodium or potassium salts of such acids. 2. Chem. By extension, any salt of one of the fat acids.

3. Slang.

Money; esp.,

U.S., money used for bribery. —v. t. To rub soap over. soap’bark’ (-birk’), n._ a Also soapbark tree. A Chilean

rosaceous

tree

(Quillaja

saponaria)

with

shining

leaves and terminal white flowers. b The bark of this tree, which yields a soapy lather, and is used in cleaning, in emulsifying oils, etc. See QuILLAI. _c¢ Also soapbark tree.

Any of several tropical American mimosaceous shrubs (geEOI A asP. bigeminum) having saponaceous ark. soap’/ber/ry (-bér/i; -bér-f), nm. Also soapberry tree. Any of a genus (Sapindus, esp. S. saponaria) of sapindaceous trees yielding a saponaceous fruit; also, its fruit, used in tropical America for cleaning clothes. soap/stone’ (-st0n’),n. Petrog. Steatite, a soft stone with a soapy feel. soap/suds/

(-stidz’), n. pl.

Suds made with soap.

the nose; — often used of soap/wort’ (-wiirt’), n. A European perennial herb (Saponaria officinalis), of the pink family, widely naturalized Act or fact of snuffling; in the United States. It has coarse pink or white flowers. A nasal twang; also, cantThe bruised leaves are detergent. pl. Med. A condition of

obstructed respiration caused by a catarrhal nasal discharge. — snuf’fler (-lér), n. snuff’y (sniif/i), adj. Sulky; vexed; also, short-tempered. snuff’y, adj. 1. Like snuff, as in color, nature, etc. 2.

Addicted to the use of snuff.

soccer

SO (sd), n.

b Surprised dissent.

then, thin; natiire, verdUre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

soap’y (sop’l),

adj.;

SOAP/I-ER (-Y-€r);

Smeared with soap.

soAP/I-EsT.

Containing soap;

1.

saponaceous.

— soap/i-ly, adv. — soap’i-ness, n. soar (sor; 70), v. 7. [OF. essorer, F. s’essorer to soar, es-

sorer to expose to the air (for drying), deriv. of L. ex out + aura air.) To fly aloft, as a bird; to sail upward; to hover in the upper air.

2. To lift one’s thoughts, spirits,

etc., far above the earth or earthly things. 3. Torise high above the ordinary levelin any scale; as, prices soared. 4. Aeronautics. To fly without engine power and without loss of altitude. — Syn. Fly, rise.. See rroat. — Ant. Sink, subside, droop. —n. 1. Soaring range, distance, or height; as, beyond the soar of fancy. 2. Act of soaring; upward flight. — soar’er, n.

sob (sdb), v. 7.;SOBBED (sdbd); sop/Binc. [ME. sobben.] 1. To weep with convulsive heavings of the breast, or contractions of the throat. To make a sound suggestive of a sob or sigh. —v. t. 1. To bring to a certain state by sobbing; as, to sob oneself tosleep. 2. To utter with sobs.

—n. A sigh, cry, or wail, accompanied by a convulsive catching of the breath. — sob/bing.ly, adv. so-be/it (sd-bé/It), conj. Provided; if it be so that. so/ber (s0/bér), adj. _[OF. sobre, fr. L. sobrius.] 1.

Habitually temperate in the use of liquor. 2. Not drunk. 3. Serious or subdued in mood, expression, appearance,

color, etc.; solemn; grave; sedate. 4. Scot. a Poor; feeble; ailing. b Humble; simple. 5. Not affected by passion or prejudice; well-balanced; as, a sober head in a panic. — Syn. Abstinent, abstemious; moderate, regular, steady,

calm, quiet, cool, collected, unimpassioned, staid, serious, somber. See EARNEST. —v. ¢. & 7. To make or become sober. — so’/ber-ly, adv. — so’ber—mind/ed (see Pron., § 2), adj. — so’her-ness, n. So-bran/je (sd-brin’yé), n. Also So-bran’ye. [Bulg.] The unicameral national assembly of Bulgaria.

so-bri/e-ty Cau Ka))) n. LF. sobriété, fr. L. sobrietas.] The state or quality o being sober; specif.: a Habitual temperance.

b Habitual moderation.

¢ Sedateness; gravity.

so/bri-quet (s0/bri-ka; F’. sd/bré/ké’), nm. name.

soc/age (sdk/ij), n.

[AF., fr. soc.

[F.]

A nick-

See soxr.]|

Law.

Orig., in medieval England, the status, tenure, or holding

of a sokeman; later, any tenure having the incidents of such tenure, which were fealty, relief, suit of court, and escheat, with freedom from scutage, soc’ag-er (-Ij-€r), 7.

wardship,

and marriage.—

so/—cailed’ (sd’kdld’; 2), adj. Commonly named; thus termed; — implying doubt as to the correctness or propri-

ety of so designating American; so-called soc/cer (sok’ér), n. ation football. See

K=ch

the person or thing; as, this so-called education. (Corrupt. fr. association.] AssociFOOTBALL, 7n., 2.

in G, ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|] Foreign Word.

sociability so’cia-bil/i-ty (sd/sha-bil/7-ti), n. ; pl. -t1Es (-tiz).

Sociable

character; disposition, atmosphere, etc. so/cia-ble (sd/sha-b’l), adj. CF.or L.; F., fr. L. sociabilis,

fr. sociare to associate, fr. socius a companion.]_ 1. Inclined by nature to companionship with others of the same species; — now

usually social,

2. Friendly, affable, or

companionable; also, characterized by pleasant social relations. — Syn. Friendly, familiar, informal, affable, com-

municative, accessible. See soctat. — Ant. Unsociable, solitary, reserved, cold. —n. U.S. Aninformal party designed to promote sociability in a group, esp. of church members; a social. — So’cia-ble-ness, n. — so’cia-bly, adv.

so’cial (s0’shdl), adj.

LF. or L.; F., fr.L. socialis, fr.

socius an associate, ally.]

1. Hzst.

between, allies or confederates;

sodden

944

Of, pertaining to, or

as, the Social War.

2.

That is spent, taken, enjoyed, etc., in the company of one’s friends or equals; as, agreeable social relations. 3. Rare.

Sociable by nature or inclination, orin character,

4. Con-

sisting of, pertaining to, or characteristic of society, or the

pleasure-seeking world. 5. Gregarious by nature and habit. 6. Of or pertaining to society as an organism or as a group of interrelated, interdependent persons; as, the social order; social ethics. 7. Of or pertaining to the wel-

fare of human society, esp. welfare work, for the benefit of the poor; as, a soczal center or settlement. 8: Of or per-

taining to human beings in their physical contacts or to evils resulting from such contacts, as overcrowding, and,

assemblage of plants within an association; — often called plant society.

6. Eccl.

In congregational churches in

the United States, a corporation connected with a local church, having control of the ownership of the church

buildings and the determination and payment of the min-

ister’s salary. ‘7. Sociol. Anenduring, co-operating social group so functioning as to maintain itself and perpetuate

the species.

Society of Jesus. See Jesuit, n.,1. Abbr. S.J. society verse. [F. vers de société.] A light, finished kind of lyrical poetry, suited to amuse polite society.

So.cin/i-an (s6-sin/i-dn), adj. Of or pert. to Socinus, or Socinianism. — So-cin/i-an, n.

So-cin’i-an-ism (-iz’m), n. Eccl. Hist. The tenets of Faustus Socinus (Sozzini), an Italian theologian (15391604), who denied leading Catholic and Protestant_doctrines, as the Trinity and the divinity of Christ, and offered rationalistic explanations of sin, salvation, and the like.

socio-. [F. socio-, fr. L. soci¢us companion.] _A combining form denoting: a Society, social. bSocial and. ¢ Soctological and.

so/ci-ol’/o-gy (s6/si-61/6-jI; so/shi-), n.

[socio- + -logy.]

The science of the origin and evolution of society, or of the forms, institutions, and functions.of human groups; social

science. — s0/ci-o-log/ic (-6-16j/1k), So’/ci-o-log’i.cal, adj. —so’ci-0-log’i-cal-ly, adv.—so’ci-ol’o-gist (-51’6-jist), n.

Socialistic or communistic; as, social theories; — often

sock (sdk), n._ LAS, soce a sock, kind of shoe, fr. L. soccus a kind of low-heeled light shoe.] _1. A shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome; hence, comedy asa

party. 10. Bot. Naturally growing in groups or masses. 1. Zool. Living together and breeding in more or less organized communities; as, social ants, bees, etc.

sock, v.t.

esp., venereal contagion; as, social diseases, medicine.

used in names of political parties; as, Social Democratic

Syn. Social, sociable, convivial. That is social which pertains to society in general, or has tg do with human intercourse; one is sociable who is companionable, or fond of mingling or talking with others.

Convivial implies festive or jovial fellowship. —n. A social gathering; a sociable.

Social evil.

Prostitution.

$0/cial-ism

(sd/shdl-¥z’m), n.

theory mental sential also, a

so’cial-ist (ist), n.

One who advocates or practices the

doctrines of socialism. Syn.

:

A political and economic

of social organization based on collective or governownership and democratic management of the esmeans for the production and distribution of goods; policy or practice based on this theory.

Collectivist,

— adj. Socialistic.

nationalist,

nihilist, anarchist,

socialist,

communist, Bolshevist. All of these groups are agreed in distrusting capitalist control of industry. The collectivist (or nationalist) would transfer much of that control to existing governments. The other groups object to this, the nihilist on the ground that existing overnments are survivals of a bad political tradition, the anarchist peace they are supports of class distinctions and privileges. The Marxian socialist emphasizes the economic evils of capitalistic management, holds that labor creates value, that profit is mostly robbery,

and that the proletariat must attain political power to remedy the evil. Communist denotes an extreme Marxian socialist, who would abolish property as wellas profit. The Bolshevists, a political rather than economic group, came into power as revolutionary socialists, but many of their leaders abandoned Marx’s theory of value when they found it impracticable.

so/cial-is’tic (-Is’tik), adj.

Of, pert. to, or based on, socialism; favoring socialism. so/ci-al’i-ty (so/shi-al/7-th), n.; pl. -TrEs (-tiz). 1. Socia-

bility. 2. The tendency, esp. in human beings, to form social groups.

form of art.

2.‘A stocking with a short leg.

[Origin uncert.]

Slang.

To hurl, drive, or

strike violently; also, to beat. — sock, n.

sock-dol’a-ger (sdk-dol/a-jér), n._ (Corrupt. of dorology.] Slang, U.S. a That which settles a matter, as a decisive blow. b Something unusually large. sock’et (sok/ét; -it), v. t. To provide with, or support in or by, a socket. — mn. [AF. soket, dim. of OF. soc plow-

share.]

An opening or hollow that forms a holder for some-

thing; as, a socket for an electric bulb; a socket for the shaft of a golf club, etc. so/cle (sok/’1; sd’k’l), n. [F., fr. It. zoccolo, also, wooden

shoe.] Arch. A projecting member, usually molded, at the foot of a wall or pier, or beneath the base of a column, pedestal, or the like. So-crat/ic (sé-krat/ik), adj. Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher (469-399 B.c.), or his philoso-

phy or methods. — 7. A follower of Socrates; esp., any of the Greek philosophers directly influenced by him. — Socrat/i-cal-ly, adv.

Socratic

irony.

Pretended

ignorance

or willingness

to

learn from others assumed for the sake of making their errors conspicuous by means of adroit questioning,

Socratic method. The method of instruction used by Socrates, consisting of questioning the object of which is to elicit, a consistent expression of something supposed to be implicitly known by all rational beings. sod (sod). Obs. past of SEETHE.

sod, n.

[MD.& MLG. sode.]

1. That stratum of the

soil filled with the roots of grass, herbs, etc.; turf; sward; also, a piece of such surface; a turf. 2. The grass-covere earth; the soil. —v.¢.; sop/DED; sop/pDING. To cover sie ioe [ so’da (so’da), n. It. & ML., fr. ML. sodanwm, prop.

ories or practices of socialism; as, to socialize industries.

headache remedy, fr. soda headache, fr. Ar. suda‘ splitting headache.]_ 1. Sodium carbonate (which see). 2. Sodium bicarbonate (which see). 3. Sodium hydroxide (which see). 4. Sodium oxide, Na,O. 5. In soda alum,

and teachers in; as, to socialize a recitation. — so/cial-i-

a drink of soda water.

so/cial-ize (so’shdl-iz), v.t.

1. To render social; esp., to

train for social environment. 2. To adapt to social needs or.uses. 3%. To render socialistic; to regulate by the the-

4. Hduc.

To bring about the active participation of pupil

za/tion, n.

so/cial-ly (sd’shdl-¥), adv.

:

In a social manner.

soda salts, etc.,sodium._

6. Short for SODA WATER.

Also,

7. Faro. The card that shows face

up in the dealing box before play begins. soda ash. Commercial anhydrous sodium carbonate.

soda biscuit. aA biscuit leavened with soda and sour Sociability. milk or buttermilk. b A soda cracker. social science. a The science that deals with human society or its elements, as family, state, or race, and with the soda cracker. A lightly baked crisp cracker made from yeast dough neutralized with soda. relations and institutions involved in man’s existence and well-being as a member of an organized community;— soda fountain, An apparatus with delivery tube, faucets, etc., for drawing soda water; also, a counter where soda sometimes synonymous with sociology. b One of a group water is served. of sciences dealing with special phases of human society, as economics, sociology, ethics, etc. soda lime. A mixture of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and slaked lime, used to absorb moisture, gases, etc. social service. Any activity designed to promote social so/cial-ness (-nés; -nis), n.

welfare. — so/cial—serv’ice, adj. social settlement. = sETTLEMENT, 3. }

so’da-lite (so/da-lit), n. [soda + -lite.] Mineral. A transparent to translucent mineral of vitreous or greasy luster, found in certain igneous rocks. It is a silicate of so-

so-ci’e-ty (s6-si/é-tl), n.; pl. -r1Es (-tiz). [F. soczété, fr. L. societas, fr. socius an associate.] Companionship or

104)3. so-dal/i-ty (s6-dil’?-tY),

so-ci’e-tal (s6-si/é-tdl; -t’l), adj. Of or pert. to society, esp. organized society; as, societal evolution. association with one’s fellows; usually, friendly or intimate

intercourse. 2, The social order, esp. as a state or system restricting the individual; community life. _3. Hence: a Any portion of a community regarded as a unit distinguishable by particular aims or standards of living or conduct; as, to move in polite society. b That part of the com-

munity, which marks itself apart asa leisured class, with much time given to formal social affairs, fashionable sports,

oe

aluminum

with some

chlorine, Na4(AICl) Al,-

n.; pl. -TrEs (tY¥z)._

[L. sodalitas,

fr. sodalis a comrade.] 1. Fellowship. 2. A fraternity; brotherhood; specif., R.C.Ch., a lay association for devotion or for charitable purposes.

soda water. 1. A beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause efferves-

cence.

2. A beverage consisting of water charged with

carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) and flavored.

sod’den (sod/"n). Obs. past part. of SEETHE. —adj. 1. Rare, Boiled; steeped. 2. As flaccid or as spent as if undul

etc. 4. A voluntary association of individuals for common ends; as, a soczety of lawyers. §. Hoology. A unit stewed; dulled, esp. by dissipation; as, sodden features. 3. ale, chaotic, care, Add, dccount,t, frm, ask, sofa; Eve, hére (27), vent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yi.

charity; _Sld, Obey, Srb, Sdd, soft, cdnnect; food, fo6t; out, oil; ctibe, Unite,

, Up, circés, menii; s

4

Pa!

soddeniy

945

Heavy or soggy because of imperfect baking or boiling; as, sodden biscuits. . Soaked; heavy with moisture; satur-

ated. —v.t. & 7. To make or become sodden. — sod/’den-ly, adv. — sod’/den-ness, n. so/di-um (s0’di-t%m; 58), n. [NL., fr. sopa.] Chem. A

soft, waxy, silver-white metallic element of the alkali group, occurring abundantly (always combined), as in common

salt, Chile saltpeter, borax, etc. Symbol, Na (natrium); at. no., 11; at. wt. 22.997. Melting point, 97.5° C. Sodium is chemically very active, sodium bicarbonate. A white crystalline salt, NaHCOs,

having a slight alkaline taste, and used in cookery, in baking powders,'in medicine, etc.; — called also baking soda, saleratus, etc.

sodium carbonate. Any carbonate of sodium; soda; specif., a salt, NazCOs, of strong alkaline taste. A hydrated form,

NazCO3.10H:O

(sal soda

transparent crystals.

or washing

soda)

has

Sodium carbonate is usedinmaking

soap, chemical reagents, etc., in softening water, in scouring and bleaching, in medicine, photography, etc.

sodium

chlorate.

Chem.

A colorless crystalline salt,

NaClOs, used as an oxidizing agent.

sodium chloride.

sodium cyanide.

Common salt.

See sarz, n., 1.

Chem. A white, deliquescent, poisonous

salt, NaCN, used in electroplating, fumigating, etc. sodium dichromate. A red crystalline salt, Na,Cr.O,. sodium hydroxide. A white, brittle solid, NaOH. sodium hyposulphite. a See sopilum THIOSULPHATE, A crystalline water-soluble salt, Na,S.,0,.

b

sodium nitrate. Chem. A colorless deliquescent salt, NaNOs, used as a fertilizer. It occurs in natural beds in

Chile and is exported as Chile saltpeter. sodium thiosulphate. A colorless or white salt, Na2S,Os; —less correctly sodium hyposulphite, It is the “hypo” of the photographer, and used as a fixing agent,

Sod’/om, (séd/tim),. Bib. A city or country the wickedness and destruction of which, with the neighboring Gemorrah, are described in Genesis xvili and xix. Sod’om-ite (-it), nm. a An inhabitant of Sodom.

cap.)

b [not

One guilty of sodomy.

sod’/om-y (sdd’%m-1), n. _[OF. sodomy, fr. Sodome Sodom.] arnal copulation in any of certain unnatural ways.

so-ev’er (sd-év/ér), adv.

[so-+ ever.]

a Following anad-

jective preceded by how or in the superlative with the, to any possible or known extent; as, how fair soever she may be. b Following a noun modified by all, any, no, what,

solacer

soft-shelled turtle. Any, of numerous aquatic turtles (family Trionychidae) having a flat, oval or nearly round shell covered with soft leathery skin instead of with horny plates.

soft soap.

aA semifluid soap.

b Collog.

Flattery.

soft/—soap’, v.t. i. a Tosmear or treat with soft soap. b To flatter, wheedle, or gush over. — soft/—soap/er, n. soft’—spo’ken (sdft/spo’kén; 2), adj. _Speaking softly; having a mild or gentle voice; hence, mild; suave.

Soft’wood’ (-w0dd’), n.

1. a Any wood light in texture,

nonresistant, and easily worked. b Forestry. The wood of a coniferous tree. 2. Any tree having soft wood. — soft/wood’, adj.

soft wood. = sorrwoop, 1a &b. soft’y (sdf’ti), n.; pl. sorrres (-tiz). sentimental person. b A weakling.

Sog’di-an (sdg/d¥-dn), m..

Collog. a A silly or
Of, from, or pertaining to, the sun, esp. as affecting the earth: as, solar heat; measured by the earth’s course in relation to the sun; as, solar time; solar month, yéar (see MONTH, YEAR); hence, pert. to or reckoned by solar time; as, solar calen ar. 2. Produced, or operated, by the action of the sun’s light or heat; as, a solar engine. so/lar-ism (-{z’m), n. The interpretation of folk stories,

struction which violates the idiom of a language; a barbarism is a word or phrase not in accepted

use; an impropriety

is a word or

phrase employed in a sense contrary ‘to good usage.

sol/e.cis’tic (sdl/é-sis/tik), adj. Pert. to, of the nature of, or involving, a solecism; incorrect or unseemly. sole/ly (sol/li), adv. 1. Without another; singly; alone. Exclusively; entirely; as, done solely for money. sole’ Mar/gué/ry’ (sol’/ mar/ga’/ré’). [Marguéry, a Paris café that featured the dish.] Adish of sole cooked in white wine and served in a rich sauce. sol’emn (sdl/ém), adj. [OF. solemne, solempne, fr. L. solemnis, sollemnis, fr. sollus all, entire-+ annus ayear.] 1. Observed with all ‘the ceremony established by liturgy or tradition; as, Easter is a solemn feast. Obs. a Very important. Sumptuous; splendid. 3. Stately; formal. Performed, uttered, etc., under circumstances that indicate a religious sanction of all implied by one’s actor words; as, to take a solemn oath on the Bible. 5. Awe-inspiring; sublime. 6. Highly serious; grave; deeply earnest. Somber; gloomy; as, a,suit of solemn. black. Law. Made in form; conforming with all legal requirements. — Syn. Formal, ritual, ceremonial, sober, serious, reveren-

tial, devotional, devout. See rarnest. — Ant. Light, volatile, frivolous, ludicrous. — sol’emn-ly, adv. — sol’-

emmn-ness, n.

so-lem/ni-ty (sé-lém/ni-ti), n.; pl. -T1ES (-tiz). 1. Ceremonious observance of an occasion or event; formality. 2. Teas A rite, utterance, ceremony, etc. ay Denlousness, dignity. gravity, or the like. 4. Hecl. Solemn, or full,

turgical celebration of a service, feast day, or the like.’ sol/em-nize (sdl/ém-niz), v. t. 1. To commemorate or observe with solemnity or in due fashion. 2. To perform with pomp or ceremony; specif., VS unite a couple in (marriage), with religious ceremony. 3. To make solemn, serious, or exalted.— Syn. See He ee — sol/em-ni-za’tion, n. — sol’em-niz’ er, n. so/le-noid (so/lé-noid; s6-lé/noid), n. [Gr. sdlén channel, pipe + -oid.] Llec. tubular coil for the proguerron of a magnetic field. When traversed

by, a current the solenoid, or_ helix, acts in general like a’ ma net, with the south pole at the end at which the curTwo forms of Solenoid. rent flows clockwise to an observer facing it. — aoa noi’dal (so/lé-noi/ddl; -d’l), adj. — so/le-noi’dal-ly, adv. sole trader. A feme-sole trader. sol/—fa’ (sol/fa’; s5l/-), v. 7. ; SOL/-PAED? (-faid’); SOL/-Fa/ING. [It. solfa the gamut, "from the syllables fa, sol.] To sing the notes of the gamut; also, to sing in Sol-fa syllables. v.t. To sing to solmization. syllables. — 7. Music. a The syllables used in sol-faing. See SOL-FA SYLLABLES. _D he gamut. ¢ Solmization. d See Tonic soL-Fa. — sol/fa/ist (-fa’/Yst), n.

BRROO REE HIGE

sol—fa syllables. Music. Syllables applied to reading music; — now often called so-fa syllables. For the major

scale the spellings most common in the United States are: do, re, mi, fa, sol (so), la, tz, do. \|sol’fa. ta/ra (s6l/fa- tbo: cc {It., fr. solfo brimstone, sulphur, fr. L. sulfur. A voléanic area or vent which yields only hot vapors ond gases, in part sulphurous. — sol’/fa-ta’ric (-rik), adj. sol-feg/gio (sdl- £8)"5) n.; pl. -cI (-8) -cr0s 6z). *Gites fr. solfa the gamut.] Music. a The application of the sol-fa syllables to the tones of the scale or to melodies or other voice parts. b An exercise in scales, using sol-fa syllables.

sol/fe-ri/no (sol/fé-ré/nd), m.

[From Solferino, Italy.]

=

FUCHSINE. so-lic/it (sé-lis/it), vt [F. solliciter fr. L. sollicitare, solicitare, -atum, fr. sollicitus who (i. e., violently) moved, fr, sollus whole + citus, past part. "of ciere to move.! 1. To entreat; importune; now, often, to approach with a request or plea, as in "selling, begging, etc. 2. To plead for; as, to solicit an office, a favor. 3. To tempt (a person); to lure; specif., of a woman, to accost (a man) for immoral purposes. — %.%. To make solicitation; to importune; petition. — Sym. Beseech, request, crave, supplicate, beg, implore, importune. See INVITE. so-lic/i-ta/tion (-7.ta/shtin), n. 1. The practice, act, or an instance, of soliciting; often, specif., an entreaty; importunity. °2. Incitement; allurement. so-lic/i-tor (s6-lis’%-tér), n, 1. One, who solicits; specif., one whose occupation it is to solicit contributions for a fund, etc.; as, ne solicitors allowed in this building. Law. a Ling Any, person admitted to practice law and Sonics Gestion

in any

court.

The solicitor is distin-

guished from the barrister in not having the right of audience (the right to plead in open court), except in a few minor courts. The law officer of a city, town, department, or government; as, the city solicitor.

solicitor general; pl. SOLICITORS GENERAL.

The second

law officer in the government of Great Britain; also, a similar, officer under the United States government; als~ the chief law officer in some States of the United States.

ask, sofa; €ve, ddd, soft, cénnect; food, foot;

here (27), évent, nd, silént, makér; ice, ill, out, oil; ciibe, unite, am, Xp, circés, menii;

solicitous

947

So-lic/it-ous (sd-lis/%-tts), adj. [L. sollicitus, solicitus. See soricit, v.] _ 1. Full of concern or fears; apprehensive.

2. Full of desire; eager; anxiously willing. Rare. Meticulously careful. — Syn. See THOUGHTFUL. — So-lic’-

-ous-ly, adv. — so-lic/it-ous-ness, n. So-lic/i-tress (sd-lis/%-trés; -tris), 7. A female solicitor.

detachment. — Ant. Association, fellowship, companionship.

1. State of being solicitous; anxiety; also; excessive care or attention. 2. pl. Causes of care or concern. — Syn. See

[F. solide, fr. L. solidus.]

1. Not

ollow; having its interior filled with matter. 2. Cubic; as, a solid foot. 3. Compact; not disintegrated, loose, or

spongy. 4. Capable of resisting, up to a certain limit, forces tending to deform; rigid; not soft or fluid. 5. Not weak, light, flimsy, etc.; sound; strong; also, stable, genu-

ine, vigorous, etc.’ 6. Of persons: a Having sound ment. b Serious-minded; often, well-established cially.

judgfinan-

¢ Serious in purpose or character: not trivial.

7.

a Even or unbroken in surface; as, a solid panel. b Entirely of one, metal or containing the minimum of. alloy necessary to impart hardness; as, solid gold.

ing a color, background, etc., all of one tone.

_¢ Designat-

d Unbroken;

joined without,a hyphen; — said of acompound word. 8. a Colloq. Of time, without a break; as, to stand for three solid hours. b Of a group or group opinion, feeling, or

yote, unanimous; as, a solid delegation. 9. Print. Not having the lines separated by leads; not open.— Syn._ See

¥irm.— Ant. Fluid; hollow, empty, void. —n. 1. magnitude that has three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness); a part of space bounded on all sides, as a cube, a sphere. 3. A solid substance or body. All substances which do not perceptibly flow are called solids. — sol’idly, adv. — sol’id-ness, n.

Sol/i-da’go

(s0l/i-da’go),

adopted

as State flowers

n.

[NL., fr. L. solidare to

strengthen, unite; in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.]| Bot. Any of a genus (Solidago) of chiefly North American herbs (family Carduaceae), the goldenrods

Nebraska. Solid angle.

Math.

by Alabama,

Kentucky,

an

The angle formed by three or more

Planes meeting at a point, as at the vertex of a cone.

sol/i-dar/i-ty (sol/7-dir/7-ti), n.; pl. -Tres (tiz). [F. solidarité.] An entire union of interests and responsibilities in a group; community of interests, standards, etc.

sol/i-dar’y (s6l’%-dér’t; -dér-1; 3), adj. Characterized by or manifesting community of interests and responsibilities. solid geometry. Geometry of three dimensions. so-lid’i-fy (sé-lid’%-f1), v.t. & 7.; -FIED (fid); -Fy/ING.

[solid + -fy.] To make or become solid, or compact, or hard; to reduce (a fluid) to a solid state; often, to crystallize. — so-lid/i-fi-ca/tion, n.

so-lid/i-ty (-7-ti), n.;,pl. -Tues (-tYz). 1, The state, quality, or property of being solid. Moral, mental, or financial soundness. 3. Geom. Volume; space within a closed surface.

sol’/i-dus (s0l/Y-dtis), n.; pl, soripr (-di). [L.]. l.a om. Antig. A gold coin having an intrinsic value of about $3.02. It was later called bezant. [ML.] A medieval money of account equal to twelve denarii. 2. The oblique stroke /, orig. a long f (s), abbrev. for shilling ; — some-

times used instead of a horizontal line (—) in fractions, as

5 for §, in separating denominations in expressing a sum of money, as £3/12/6 (= £3 12s. 6d.), etc.

sol/i-fid/i-an poe ct), n. [L. solus alone + fides faith.] Eccl. One who holds that faith alone, without achievement or personal merit, is sufficient to insure salvation. — sol/i-fid/i-an, adj. P j

so-lil’o-quize (sé-lil/6-kwiz), v. 7. To utter a soliloquy; to talk to oneself. — so-lil/o-quist (-kwist), so-lil’o-quiz’er (-kwiz/ér), n. — so-lil/o-quiz/ing-ly, adv. , so-lil’o-quy (-kwi), n.; pl. -qures (-kwiz). [LL. soliloquium, fr. solus alone + logui to speak.] Act of talking

to oneself; monologue.

‘

sol/ip-sism (s5l/Ip-siz’m), n. _[L. solus alone + ipse self.J Philos. The theory, assumption,or belief: a That the self knows and can know nothing but its own modifications and states. b That the self is the only existent thing. — sol’ip-sist (-sist), n. nears

sol/i-taire’ SOLITARY,

(s0l/i-tar’), n.

7.

A single

gem set alone.

alone,

1. Being, living, or

lonely, lonesome, lone, desolate.

Alone

sense of isolation or remoteness; as, to be alone in the house; a solitary walk. One is lonely who feels oneself alone and longs for companionship; a place is lonely which is unfrequented; lonesome heightens the

—n.; pl. -TARIES (-iz).

That is desolate which is :

One who lives or seeks to live a

solitary life; a recluse; specif., a hermit. — sol’i-tari-ly, adv. — sol’i-tar/i-ness, n.

chair; go; sing;

See ARMOR, Illust. [F. solmisation, fr.

solmiser to sol-fa; — from the notes sol, mi.]

Music. Act,

Practice, or system of using a set of syllables to denote the

tones of a scale; sol-fa notation. See SOL-FA SYLLABLES. $o/lo (s6/15), n. ;pl_soLos (liz), sort (-lé). [It., lit., alone,

fr. L. solus alone.J An air, strain, or a whole piece, played or sung by a single person with or without accomPaniment. Any performance in which the performer has no partner or associate, as a dance, flight in an airplane, etc, 3. Card Playing. Any of a number of games in which one plays alone against the others or without a part-

ner. — adj. Performing a solo; performed asa solo; alone, Specif.: Music. a Not arranged for several voices or instru-

ments; as, a solo composition.

Performed by one voice or

instrument; as, solo part or parts.

So/lo-ist (sd/lé-Yst), nm. One who performs a solo. Sol’o-mon (s5l/6-miin), n. [From LL., fr. Gr. Solomin,

Salomon, fr. Heb. Shélomoh, fr. shdlom peace.]

Bib.

Son of David and king of Israel and Judah in the 10th

century B.c., noted for his wisdom, and reputed author of Proverbs,

Canticles, Ecclesiastes, and Wisdom of Solo-

mon; hence, a very wise man. Sol’o-mon’s seal (sdl’/6-miinz). A mystic symbol, used as an amulet to guard against fever and other diseases. Sol’o-mon’s-seal’, n. Any of a genus (Polygonatum) of convallariaceous

plants, so called from the scars on the thick rootstock. So’ion (s0/15n; -ltin), n._ [From Solon, the Athenian lawgiver.] _ [sometimes

Solomon’s Seal. not cap.] _A legislator; wise man. sol’stice (sdl’stis), n. (OF., fr. L. solstitium, fr. sol sun

sistere, statum, to stand still, cause to stand.] : Astron. a The point in the ecliptic at which the sun is

farthest from the equator, north or south, namely: the first point of the sign Cancer and the first point of the sign Capricorn, the former being the summer solstice, the latter

the winter solstice, in northern latitudes; — so called because the sun then apparently stands still in its north-

ward or southward motion.

b The time of the sun’s pass-

ing the solstices, namely, about June 22 and December 22.

2. Hence, furthest or highest point; limit. sol-sti’tial (sdl-stish’al), adj. Of, or characteristic of, a solstice, esp. the summer

solstice; happening, appearing,

etc., at a solstice. sol/u-bil/i-ty (s5l/t-bY1/7-tY), 7. ;pl. -TIEs (-tiz). 1. Quality or state of being soluble, 2. The amount of a substance which will dissolve in a given amount of another substance. sol’/u-ble (sol/t-b’l), adj. [OF., fr. LL. solubilis, ‘fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. Susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid, 2. That can be solved, as a problem; susceptible of being explained. — sol/u-ble-ness, n. — sol/u-bly, adv.

soluble glass. = WATERGLASS.

||so’lus (sd/lts), masc. adj., $o/la (s0/la), fem. [L.] Alone; — chiefly used in stage directions, etc. sol/ute (sdV/it; sd/lit), n. Physical Chem. A dissolved substance. .

so-lu/tion (sd-li’/shtin), n.

[OF, solucion, fr. L. solutio,

fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve.] Act.or process of solving a problem, etc., or the fact or state of its being solved; also, explanation; clearing up. 2. A breaking; dis-

ruption; breach; — in phrases solution of continuity, connection, or the like. _ 3. The condition of being dissolved, or reduced to a liquid or held suspended in a solvent; also, a liquid containing a dissolved substance. 4. Math.

The process or result of solving, or finding the answer to, a problem; also, the answer. 5. Med. a The termination of a disease; resolution. b Acrisis. ¢ A liquid medicine. 6.

state of being so mixed. b A homogeneous mixture (typically Bene) formed by the above process. In true solutions the molecules of the dissolved substance (called the solute)

emphasizes the fact of being entirely by oneself; solitary connotes a

implication of dreariness; lone is poetical. deserted or left alone, or (esp.) forlorn.

[OF. soleret, dim. of

ites _[L. solitarius,

going alone or without companions; also, lonely. Taken, passed, performed, endured, etc., alone. 3. Of places, unfrequented, desolate, or the like. 4. Single; sole. Syn. Solitary,

soler shoe.] A flexible steel shoe. sol/mi-za/tion (sdl/mi-za/shiin), n.

Physical Chem. a The act or process by which a substance (solid, liquid,orgas) is homogeneously mixed with a liquid (or, by extension, a solid or gas) called the solvent ; also, the

1. =

3. A game which one person can play

fr. solitas solitude, fr. solus alone.]

Sol’ler-et (sdl/ér-&t; sdl/Er-Et’), n.

other

[F., fr. L. solitarius.]

diamond or (sometimes)

alone; — applied to many card games. — sol/i-tar’y (sol/%-tér/Y; -tér-1; -tri; 3), adj.

oneliness; seclusion. 2. A lonely place. Sym. Solitude, isolation. Solitude is the state of being alone, esp.

in its subjective aspects; isolation suggests esp. the objective fact of

so-lic’i-tude (-tiid), n._[F. sollicitude, fr. L. sollicitudo.] CARE. sol/id (sdl’id), adj.

solvency

sol’i-tude (s5l’%-tiid), n. [OF., fr. L. solitudo, fr. solus alone.] 1. State of being alone, or remote from society;

then, thin; natitire, verdiire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

are

dispersed among

Civil Law.

those of the solvent.

Rom.

&

Discharge of a contractby performance, esp.

payment; performance of an obligation. ‘ solv/a-ble (sdl/va-b’l), adj. Susceptible of solution, explanation, etc. —solv/a-bil/i-ty (-bil’?-ti), solv’a-bleness,

7.

solve (solv), v.¢.

([L. solvere, solutum.]

1. To clear.up

(what is obscure or difficult); to explain; resolve; to find the solution of; as, to solve a mystery, difficulty, problem.

2. To pay (as a debt).— Syn. Unravel, disentangle. —

Ant. Complicate, involve. — solver, n. sol’/ven-cy (sol/vén-s!), n.; pl. -crES (-stz). of being solvent.

’ Quality or state

k= ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

solvent sol’/vent (sdl/vént), adj.

-entis, pres. part.]

1. Able or sufficient to pay all legal, debts.

'2. That

dis-

solves or can dissolve; as, solvent fluids; the solvent action

of water. —m. 1. Asubstance (usually liquid) capable of, or used in, dissolving something. 2. Something which

solves; a solution.

so’ma

(so/ma), n.

[NL., fr. Gr. sma body.]

Anat. &

Zool. All of any organism except the germ cells. -So/ma. [See soma.] A combining form meaning body.

So-ma/li (s6-mi/lé), n. 1. One of a Hamitic race of Somaliland, many tribes of which are intermixed with Negro and

Arab blood. 2. The language of the Somalis. so-mat/ic (sé-mat/ik), adj. [Gr. sdmatikos, fr. soma the

body.] 1. Of, pert. to, or affecting, the body; corporeal. 2. Anat. Of or pert. to the wall of the body, esp. as distinguished from the viscera; parietal.

somatic cell. One of the cells of the body which become differentiated and compose the tissues, organs, and parts of that individual; — opp. to germ cell.

$o’ma:to- (s0/mda-td-), somat-. [Gr. sdma, sdmatos.] combining form meaning body, as in somatology.

A

2. Anthropol. The comparative study of the structure, functions, and development of the human body. — so’/ma-

to-log’ic (-té-]5j/¥k), -i-cal, adj. — so/ma-tol/o-gist (-t6l/6-jist), 2. so/ma-to-pleure’ (so’m4-té-ploor’; 114), n. [somato- +

Gr. pleura side.] Embryol. In the embryos of craniate vertebrates, the outer, or parietal, of the two layers into which the lateral part of the mesoblast splits. The somatopleure forms the body wall. som/ber, som/bre (sdm/’bér), adj. [F.sombre.] 1. So

shaded as to be dark and gloomy; as, a somber forest, sky. 2. Melancholy; grave; depressing. — som/ber-ly, som/’bre-ly, adv. — som/ber-ness, som/bre-ness, 7. som-bre’ro (sdm-bra/r5), n.; pl. -Ros (-roz). [Sp., fr.

sombra shade.]

worn

A kind of broad-brimmed hat, usually of

in Spain

and

Spanish America. som/brous (sém/’bris), Somber,

some (stim; 4), adj.

in

Sombrero.

ber of the class, group, etc., that is named or implied; as, some gems are hard but the majority are soft. 4. About; striking,

etc.;

5. Slang,

as,

that

was

some party. Syn. Some, any. In general, some emphasizes lack of specification, any stresses indifference of choice or lack of limitation.

— pron. 1. Some one; a certain person or thing among a number. 2. A certain (indefinite) quantity, portion, or number, as distinguished from the rest. An adiective suffix having

primarily the sense of like or same, and indicating a con-

siderable degree of the thing or quality denoted in the first

part of the compound.

_b LAS. sum.

See some.]

A noun

suffix used with numerals and denoting together, in all, as in foursome.

-Some

(-sdm).

[Gr. sdma.]

Combining form meaning

body, as in cen’/tro-some, chro’mo-some. some’bod’y (siim’béd’l; -btid-Y), pron. One or some person of no certain or known identity; as, somebody else’s (formerly somebody’s else) business.

some/’bod’y, n.; pl. -BopiEs (-iz). A person of position or importance; as, to think oneself a somebody. some/deal’ (-dél’), adv. Archaic. In some measure; somewhat. some’how (-hou), adv, In one way or another; insome way not yet known or designated; by some means.

some/one’

(stim/wiin’), pron.

Some person; somebody.

som/er-sauit (siim/ér-sdlt), n.

[OF. sombresault, through

—n.

A somebody.

r. fr. L. supra above+ saltusaleap.]

A leap or jump in

which a person turns his heels over his head. turn a somersault. som/er-set (-stt), n. & v. 7. & t. Somersault.

some’thing (stim/thing), n.

— v.72. To

1. Some thing undetermined,

2. Some

thing definite but not specified; — opposed to nothing; as, they have something to live for. 3. A person of consequence; a somebody. — adv. Colloq. In some degree; somewhat. some/time’ (-tim’), adv. 1. Archaic. At some past time; once; formerly. 2. Rare. Sometimes; occasionally.

4, At some not speci-

fied or definitely known time. — adj. Having been formerly; former. some’times’ (-timz’; 2), adv. 1. At times; now andthen;| occasionally. 2. Obs. = SOMETIMES, adv., 1.

ale, chaotic, cAre, charity;

3ld,

Add,

or noteworthy person or thing. measure; a little.

some/when’ (-hwén’), adv. some/where’ (-hw4r’), adv.

— adv. In some degree or ;

Sometime. In or to some place unknown

or not specified; in one place or another.

—n.

termined or unnamed place.

unde-

some/whith’er (hwith/ér), adv. Somewhere. some/’why’ (-hwi’), adv. For some reason or another.

some/wise’ (-wiz’), adv.

Someway.

Obs., except in the

phrase in somewise.

so/mite (sd/mit), n.

[Gr. sdmabody.] Anat. & Zool.

One

of the longitudinal seriesof segments into which the body

of many animals is divided. — $o’mi-tal $0-mit/ic (sd-mit’ik), adj. som-nam/bu.-late (sém-nam/bu-lat), v.7.¢t¢. to walk.]

(sdo/mi-tdl),

[L. somnus

To walk when

asleep. — som-nam/bu-lant (-ldnt), adj. — som-nam/bu-la’tion, n. — som-nam/bu-la/tor, n. i i som-nam/bu-lism (-liz’m), n. Asleep or sleeplike state in which walking and other acts are performed; also, the actions characteristic of this state.— som-nam/bu.list (list), n. — som-nam/bu-lis’tic (-lis’tik), adj. som-nif/er-ous (sdm-nif/ér-tis), adj. _[L. somnifer, fr. somnus sleep + ferre to bring.] Sleep-inducing; soporific. som-nif’ic (sdm-nif/ik), adj. [L. somnificus.] Somnif-

erous, som-nil’o-quy (-nil/6-kwi), n.

Act or practice of talking in

som/no-lence

7.

sleep. — som-nil’o-quist (-kwist), n.

(sdém/né-léns),

Also som/no-len-cy (-lén-si). Sleepiness; drowsiness. som/no-lent (lént), adj. ([F., fr.L. somnolentus, fr. som-

nus sleep.]

SLEEPY. — Son (stin), n.

Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to sleep. — Sym. See t. Alert, wakeful. — som/no-lent-ly, adv. [AS. sunw.] 1. A human male considered

_2. aA

4. Any male person consid-

@ccount,

frm,

so/nance (so/ndns),n. 1. Asound;atune. 2. Quality or state of being sonant. so/nant (-ndnt), adj. [L. sonans, -antis, pres. part. of sonare.] . Of or pertaining to sound; sounding. : Phonet. Of speech sounds, voiced; intonated; tonic; vocal; — opposed to swrd, voiceless, breathed, atonic. —n. Phonet. A sonant sound or its symbol.

so-na/ta (sé-na/td),n. Music.

[It., fr. It. & L. sonare to sound.]

A composition for one or two instruments, usually

in three or four movements contrasted in rhythm and mood but Eeored in tonality and style.

and having

unity of sentiment

so/na-ti/na (sd/ni-t@/nd), n.; It. pl. -NE (-na).

ask,

obey, Srb, Sdd, sGft, cdnnect;

sofa;

[it.J

Music. A short or simplified sonata. son/der-class’ (zdn’dér-klas’; G. zdn’-; 9), n.

_[G. sonder-

tice, or art of singing; also, that whichissung.

|2. Poetical

klassespecialclass.] Yachting. Aclassofyachts (sonder, or sonder yacht), small in size, the total of water-line seh, width of beam, and draft not being over thirty-two eet. Song (song; 74),n, [AS. song, sang.] 1. The act, prac-

composition; poetry; verse. _3. Specif., a lyrical poem or ballad, esp. one adapted to being set tomusic. 4. A trifle;

a pittance; as, to buy

arugfora song.

5. Music.

ody or musical setting for a lyric poem or ballad.

A mel-

— Syn.

Tune, melody, air, strain, lay, ditty. song’bird’ (-bird’), m. A bird that utters a succession of musical notes. song/ful (-f00l; -f’l), adj. Disposed to sing; melodious.

Song of Solomon, The.

Bib. A Hebrew poem, partly dra-

matic, partly lyrical, traditionally ascribed to Solomon. It is also known as the Canticles, and Song of Songs. song sparrow. A common sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

of North America noted for its sweet, cheerful song.

song’ster (sSng’stér; 74), n,

[AS. sangestre,fem.]_

One who sings or is skilled in singing.

so-nif’er-ous (sd-nif/ér-us), adj. [L. sonws sound -ferous.) Sounding; producing or conveying sound.

son/—in—law’, n.; pl. sons-ty-Law.

1.

2. A songbird. —

song/stress (-strés; -stris), n.

or not definitely understood or remembered.

At one time or other in the future.

fied amount, degree; a part, more orless. 2. Some unspecified or indeterminate thing; something. 3. An important

Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.

more or less; as, some two or three persons.

a [AS.-swm.]

way, some’-

ered with reference to his source, origin, native country, etc.

That is of an unspecified but appreciable or not inconsiderable quantity, amount, extent, degree, etc. Being one, a part, or an unspecified num-

~some (-stim).

Also Some

ways’ (-waz’). Collog. In some way; somehow. : some/what’ (stim/hwot’), m. 1. An indefinite or unspeci-

male descendant; in pl., descendants in general. _b A sonin-law. c¢ An adopted male child; afosterson. 3. [cap.J Jesus Christ, esp. as the second person of the Trinity; as,

adj.

[AS. sum.]

is important,

(stim’ wa’), adv.

with reference to his parents or either of them.

1. A certain; one; now, always, a certain unknown or unspecified; as, some person knocked. 2.

U.S. That

some/way’

sleep + ambulare, ambulatum,

so/ma-tol/o-gy (-t0l’6-jt), n. Lsomato--+ -logy.] 1. Doctrine or science of general properties of material substances.

felt, orig.

sonnet

948

[L. solvens,

+

|The husband of one’s

daughter; a man in his relationship to his wife’s parents. son/net (son’ét; -Yt), n. _(F., fr. It. sonetto, fr. OF. & Pr.

sonet a little song, dim. of son song, music.] A fixed verse form of Italian origin, consisting of fourteen lines, typically five-foot iambics, and treating, usually, a single emotion, sentiment, or reflection. Two standard types of sonnets, varying in verse groupings and rhyming schemes, are recog-

nized:

a The Italian sonnet,

also called the Petrar-

chan, or regular, sonnet, in which the lines are grouped into an octave of two quatrains running on two rhymes (thus, abba, abba) and a sestet of two tercets on two or

Eve,

fOGd, foot;

hére (27),

Event,

&nd,

silént,

makér;

out, oil; ciibe, tnite, firn, tip, circés,

ice,

Yl,

menti;

sonneteer

949

three rhymes, having more freedom of arrangement, but commonly running cde, ded, or cde, cde. b The English, Elizabethan, or Shakespearean, sonnet, in which

the lines are grouped into three quatrains and a couplet, with rhyme scheme abab, cded, efef, gg.

sonnet

The Spenserian

unites the quatrains by interlacing the rhymes:

abab, bebe, cded, ee.

celebrate in sonnets.

—v.1.

&t. Tocompose sonnets; to

son/net-eer’ (sdn/2-tér’; -1-tér’), m.

A composer of sonnets.

—v.t.&1. To sonnet. so-nor/i-ty (s6-n6r/?-ti), n.; pli -trEs

(-tiz).

Quality or

state of being sonorous; sonorousness; resonance.

$0-no/rous (s6-nd/rtis; Brit. also sdn/é-riis), adj. [L. sonorus, fr. sonor, -oris,a sound.] 1. Giving sound, as when struck; resonant. _2. Loud or full in sound; richly resonant. 3. High-sounding; impressive.— So-no/rous-ly, adv. — $0-no/rous-ness, n.

-sonous. [L.sonusasound.] A combining form denoting sounding, as in multisonous. son/ship (stin’ship), n.

State or relation of being a son.

son/sy, son/sie (sdn’si), adj. [From Gael. & Ir. sonas prosperity, health.] Scot., Ir., & Dial. Eng. a Lucky. b Buxom; comely. ¢ Good-natured. d Comfortable: also, plentiful.

soom (soom).

Scot. & N. of Eng. var. of swit.

soon (soon; 85), adv.

[AS. sdna.]

1.,At once; without

soricine

so-phis/ti-cat/ed (sd-fYs’t?-kat/Ed; -id), adj, Also So-phis’ti-cate (-kat).

Deprived of original simplicity; made

ar-

tificial, or, more narrowly, highly complicated, refined, sub-

tilized, etc.; of persons, made wise, esp._worldly-wise, through experience, disillusionment or the like; hence, of

such a character as to appeal to sophisticated persons; as, ‘sophisticated novels. so-phis/ti-ca’tion (-ka’/shiin), n._ 1. Sophistry; sophistical

reasoning. 2. Act or process of sophisticating, or stateof being sophisticated; specif., quality or character of being in-

tellectually sophisticated, as through experience. soph/ist-ry (sdf/is-tri), ».; pl. -RrEs (-triz). 1. Sophistical or deceptively subtle reasoning or argumentation. 2. A sophistical argument; a sophism. —

Sym.

See FALLACY.

soph’o-more (sdf’6-mor; 70), 7.. [(After Gr. sophos wise,

and moros fool, foolish), fr. earlier sophomer, sophumer, a second-year student, fr. sophom, sophum, obs. vars. of sopHism.] 1. A student in the second year of a four-year college course; one next above a freshman. 2. Local, U.S.

A second-year student in a high school. — soph’/o-mor/ic

(-mor’ik), adj. — soph’o-mor’i-cal, adj. — soph’/o-mor’i-cal-ly, adv. So’phy (so’fi; sdf/r), nm. Also So’phi. [Per. (fr. Ar.) Sa-

fawi, a Persian dynasty.]

Archaic.

A former title of

kings of Persia. -sophy. [Gr. sophia skill, knowledge.]

A combining form

denoting knowledge pertaining to a (specified) field.

delay. With reference to.an implied time or the present; shortly after; also, shortly; in a short time. 3. Promptly; speedily; quickly. 4. Before the usual time; early. 5.

so’por (s0’por), m. [L.] Profound sleep; stupor. so’po-rif’er-ous (s0/po-rif/ér-tis; sSp/d-), adj._ [L. sopo-

who settles on government land before it is legally open to settlement in order to gain the prior claim that the law gives to the first settler when the land is opened to settlement; hence, one who does a thing prematurely, in order to get

— so’po-rif’er-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. so/po-rif’ic (-rif’tk), adj. [L. sopor a heavy sleep+ facere tomake.} 1. Causing, or tending to cause, sleep. 2. Of or characterized by sleepiness or lethargy; as, soporific symptoms. -~ mn. A sleep-inducing drug. sop’/ping (sdp’ing), adj. Wet through; soaking.

Readily; willingly. — Sym. See EARLY. soon/er (-ér), n. Slang, U.S. In the western U. S., one

an unfair advantage.

soot (soot; soot), n. [AS. sdt.] A black substance formed by combustion,or disengaged from fuel in combustion, adhering to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke; strictly, the fine powder, chieflyof carbon, which

colorssmoke.

— v. ¢. Tocoat or cover with soot. — soot’-

i-ly, adv. — soot/i-ness, n.

sooth oot), adj. [AS. sdth.] 1. Archatc. True; real. 2. Poetic. Soothing; sweet; soft. —n. Archaic. Truth; reality. — sooth/ly, adv.

soothe (sooth), v.t. LAS. sdthzan.] 1. Obs. To humor by complying. To please (one) as by approval, flattery,

etc.; gratify by humoring, cajoling, etc. _3. To still; assuage; mitigate. —v. 7. To exert a pacifying or tranquiliz-

ing influence. — Sym. Compose, tranquilize, pacify, mitigate. — sooth/’er (sooth’ér), n.

sooth’fast’ (sooth/fast’), adj. [AS. sdthfest, prop., fast or firm with respect to truth.] True; genuine; also, truthful; honest; faithful. — sooth’fast/ly, adv. — sooth/fast’ness, n. All Archaic. : : sooth/ing (sooth’ing), adj. Calming; also, having a seda-

tive effect; as, soothing sirup. — sooth/ing-ly, adv. sooth’say’ (sooth’sa’), v. 7. To foretell. Hist. sooth’say/’er (-sa/ér), n. [sooth + sayer.]

who foretells events.

?

One

sooth’say/ing, n. 1. Art or practice of making predictions. 2. Hist. A prediction; prophecy. er soot’y (sd0t’i; soot’l), adj. 1. Of, pert. to, or providing soot; soiled with soot; blackened. 2. Soot-colored;

} [AS. soppian.]

1. Tosteep or dip in, or asifin, aliquid.

2. Tosoak; wet;

percolate; tosoakin.

akin to E. sup to

also, to mop (wp),as water. —n.

—v.7%.

To ooze through or

[AS. sopp;

sip.] 1. Now, Dial. Any food steeped, or dipped and softened, in liquid; esp., a piece of bread, toast, etc., dipped

tLvater, milk, gravy, or the like. 2. A conciliatory bribe, gift, etc. soph/ism (sdf’iz’m), n. [OF. soffime, sophisme, fr. L., fr. Gr. sophisma, deriv. of sophos wise.] An argument, esp. a formal one, intended to deceive; also, an argument embodying a subtle fallacy, but not intended as a deception. — Sym. See FALLACY. :

Soph/ist (ist), m.

1. One of a class of teachers of rhetoric,

philosophy,

and the art of successful

reasoning.

2. [not cap.]_

living, in ancient

Greece, who became prominent about the middle of the 5th century B.c. They were often adroit and specious in their usually, a captious

soph’ist, adj.

A thinker; philosopher; now,

or fallacious

reasoner. — Soph/ist, ‘

soph/ist-er (is-tér), n.__1. A Sophist or sophist.

2. At

Oxford and Cambridge Universities, a student in hissecond or third (senior sophister) year

Gunior sophisier) of residence.

iol

so-phis/tic (s6-fis’tik), so-phis/ti-cal (ti-kal), adj.

Of or

pertaining tosophists, a, Sophist, or sophistry. — so-phis’ti-cal-ly, adv. — so-phis/ti-cal-ness, n.

so-phis/ti.cate (t7-kat), v.¢. [ML. sophisticatus, past part. of sophisticare to sophisticate.] To deprive of genuineness, naturalness, or simplicity; to disillusion; to make worldly-wise.

sop/py

(-I.ér); sop/pil-esT.

Soaked or saturated; very wet or sloppy. 2. Slang, Foolishly or extravagantly sentimental. so-pra/no (s6-pra/no; -pran/6), n. ;pl. -NOS {-n6z), -NI [It., fr. soprano superior, highest, fr. sopra above, supra.) Music. a The treble; the highest quality of

_ 1.

Brit.

(-né). fr. L. voice.

b A part for such a voice. ¢ A singer, esp. a woman, witha treble voice. — adj. Of or pert. to the soprano (voice or

part); having a high or treble range. so/ra (s0/rd; 70), n., or sora rail. _A small short-billed North American rail (Porzana carolina). sorb (sorb), n. CF. sorbe, the fruit, fr. L. sorbwm, the fruit, sorbus, the tree.]_a Any of various European trees of the

apple family.

b The fruit of any tree so called.

Sorb, n. [G. Sorbe, of Slav. origin.] One of a Slavic people whose

present

representatives

are the

Wends

living in

Saxony and Brandenburg.—Sor’bi-an (sér’bi-dn),adj.én. sorb apple. The fruit of the service tree. Sor’bon.ist (sér’bon-ist),n. [F. sorboniste.] A doctor of, or student at, the Sorbonne.

—=(-kat), n. A sophisticated person.

Paris in 1257 by Robert de Sorbon, chaplain of Louis IX,

for the society of poor theological students established by him. 6 Later, the faculty of theology, suppressed in 1792.

c Now, the seat of the courses of the faculties of scienceand

letters of the University of Paris.

sor’cer-er (sdr’s€r-ér), mn.

One who practices sorcery; a

wizard. — sor’cer-ess (-&s; -is), n. sor’cer-y (-1), n.; pl. -CERIES (-Iz). [OF. sorcerie, fr. sorcier asorcerer, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, fate, destiny.] The

use of power gained from the assistance, or control of evil

spirits, esp. for divining; necromancy; witchcraft. — sor/-

cer-ous (-tis), adj. sor/del-li/na (s6r/dé-lé/na4), n.

[It]

Music.

A kind of

small four-piped bagpipe. sox/did (sdr’did), aaj. [I°. sordide, fr. L. sordidus ; akin to

L. sordere to be dirty.]_1.

Filthy; dirty.

2. Vile; base;

gross; despicable. 3. Meanly avaricious; covetous; niggardly. . Bot. & Zool. Of a dirty or muddy color. — sor’did-ly, adv. — sor’did-ness, n. sore (sor; 70), adj. [AS. sdr.] 1. Distressing; painful; grievous; extremely unpleasant.

pressure;

2. Sensitive to pain from

tender; inflamed or ulcerated.

mentally sensitive; easily grieved or irritated.

3. Tempera-

4. Collog.

Offended; disgruntled. =n. 1. A place where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful; an ulcer ora boil. 2. Asource of pain or vexation;

an affliction. — adv. Archaic. Sorely. — sore’ly, adv. — sore/ness, n. sor/ghum (s6r’gtim), n. [NL., also sorgum, fr. It. sorgo.] 1. Any of a genus (Sorghum) of tropical cereal grasses,

one speciesof which (S. vulgare) is especially cultivated for

fodder, grain, or for sirup.

rich in invert sugar.

sor’/go (-gd), n.

[It.]

2. Sirup from sorghum juice,

Any of a group of varieties of sor-

ghum grown for forage or their sweet juices.

sor‘i-cine (sor/i-sin; -sin; s0/ri-; 70), adj. LL. soricinus, fr. sorez, soricis, a shrew.] _ Belonging to a subfamily (Soricinae) typical of a family (Soricidae) of mouselike mammals, the shrews; hence, shrewlike.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdtire (118); K=ch Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(sdp’i), adj.; SOP’PI-ER

Soporific.

Sor-bonne’ (s6r-bén’), n. [F.] a Orig., a house founded at

an

brownish-black. Sop (sop), v. t.; SOPPED (sépt); sop’princ.

rifer, fr. sopor a heavy sleep+ ferre to bring.]

in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

[L., fr. Gr. sdreités (sc, syllogi-

smos), prop., heaped up (hence, a heap of syllogisms), fr. sdrosaheap.] Logic. Anabridged series of syllogisms in a series of propositions so arranged that the predicate of the first is the subject of the second, and so on, the conclusion uniting the subject of the first proposition with the predi-

cate of the last. — so-rit/i-cal (sd-rit/i-kal), adj. sorn (sorn), v. i. Scot. To impose (on another) for bed

and board; beg.

so-ror’i-cide

ie

(sd-rér’i-sid), n.

sororicida.

_ [LL. sororicidium;

L.

See SISTER; -ctDE.] _Act of one who kills his

own sister; one who commits such an act. so-ror’i-ty (-7-ti), n.; pl. -Tres (iz). [L. soror sister.] A club of girls or women, as in a college.

so-ro/sis (sé-ro/sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sdros.a heap.] 1. Bot. Acollective fruit formed by the union of many flowers into a fleshy or pulpy mass, as in the mulberry and pineapple. 2. A women’s club. sorp’tion (sérp’shiin), n.

Physical Chem.

Process of tak-

ing up and holding either by adsorption or absorption.

sor’rei (sér’é]), n._

soundable

950

sorites so-ri/tes (s6-ri’téz), n.

LOF. surele, fr. sur sour.] _Bot. Any

of various plants having sour juice; as: a A plant of the

genus Rwmezx, esp. the common sorrel (R. acetosa),

b Any

species of Oxalis or Xanthoxalis, often distinguished as

wood sorrel. A sor’rel, n. [OF. sorel, dim. of sor sorrel.]_

; 1. A brown,

red-yellow in hue, of medium saturation and medium brilliance. See cotor. 2. An animal of a sorrel color, as a

[Gr. Sdthiakos, fr.

Sdthis the Dog Star, fr. Egypt. Septit.]

Of, pertaining to, or named from, So/this (sd/this), or Sirius, the Dog Star. Sothic cycle or period. Astron. A cycle of 1460 Sothic years in the Egyptian calendar. ‘The Sothic year had 365 days and 6 hours. $0/tol (sd/t5l; sd-tdl’), n. [Sp. sotol, zotol, fr. Nahuatl tzotolli.] Any yuccalike plant (genus Dasylirion, esp. D. texanum, D. wheeleri, etc.) of thesouthwestern United States. sot’ted (sdt/éd; -id), adj. Besotted. _ sot’tish (sdt/¥sh), adj. Likea sot; doltish; also, drunken. — sot/tish-ly, adv. — sot’tish-ness, n. ||sot/to vo/ce (sot’té vo/cha; sot’ vo/cha). [It.] Under

the breath; in an undertone; hence, privately.

SoU (S00), n.; pl. Sous (s0z; #.s00).

goldcoin.]

1. =3dson.

L[F., fr. L. solidus a

2. Popularly, the prewar bronze

5-centime piece, equivalent to 140 franc. sou-a/ri nut (soo-a/ré). [F. saowari, sawarri.]_ The edible nutlikeseed of a South American tree (genus Caryocar, family Caryocaraceae), esp. of C. nuciferum.

sou’bise’ (s00/béz’), n.

[I.]

A white or brown sauce con-

taining onions; — called also soubise sauce. sou-brette’ (soo-brét’), n. _CF., fr. Pr. sowbreto, fem.of

soubret affected, coy.] Originally, in comedies, an intriguing lady’s maid; hence, a coquettish maidservant or frivolous young woman, or the actress playing such a part.

— sou-bret’tish (-brét/ish), adj. Var. of SOBRIQUET. horse; _specif., a male fallow deer in its third year.— sou’bri-quet (s00’bri-ka).

sor’rel, adj. sorrel tree.

sou-car’, sow-car’ (sou-kar’), n.

A small ericaceous

tree (Oxydendrum

boreum) with white flowers and sour evergreen leaves.

sor/row (s6r/6; 74), n.

[AS. sorg, sorh.

ar-

Not akin to

sorry.] 1. Suffering or sadness arising from loss, disappointment, etc. 2. Contrition; penitence. 3. A cause of grief or sadness; a trouble; affliction.

Syn. Misery, wretchedness, distress, adversity. Sorrow, grief, woe, affliction, tribulation. Sorrow is the most general term; grief is poignant sorrow, esp. for a definite cause; woe is deep or inconsolable grief or misery. Affliction is grievous distress, esp. such as is due to loss or calamity; tribulation (chiefly Biblical) is severe affliction. :

— v.i. To feel sorrow; to grieve. — Sor/row-er, n. sor/row-ful (-f00]; -f’l), adj. Full of, expressive of, characterized by, or inducing, sorrow. — Syn. Mournful, disconsolate, unhappy, doleful, distressing. — sor’row-ful-ly, adv. — sor’row-ful-ness, 7.

sor/ry (s6r’i; 74), adj. ;SOR/RI-ER (-1-€r); sor’R1-EstT. sGrig_sad, fr. sar, n., sore, grief, pain,

row.]

1. Causing sorrow; grievous.

[AS.

Not akin to SorR-

2. Grieved fora loss,

a mistake, a sin, etc.; feeling sorrow, regret, or penitence.

3. Melancholy; dismal; gloomy; mournful. . Poor; mean; pitiful; contemptible. — Syn. Afflicted; regretful,

contrite. — sor’ri-ly, adv. — sor’ri-ness, n. sort (sort),n. [OF., fr. L. sors, sortis.] Obs. Alot; hence, fate; destiny; also, divination by lot.

sort, n.

[OF. sorte, fr. L. sors, sortis, alot, part.] 1. A

group having the same or similar characteristics; a kind,

class, order, or species. Character;

2. Way; fashion; manner.

quality; nature;

as, people of evil sort.

3.

4.

Print, Any character or type considered as a separate ele-

ment in a font; — usually in pl. — Sym. See KIND. — of a sort, of sorts, Ofa different kind, or kinds; now, usually

disparagingly, of a rather poor kind, or kinds.

— out of

[Hind. sahukar, fr. Skr.

sadhu straight.) Anglo-Ind. A native banker. sou/chong’ (s00’shéng’; Chin. -chéng’), n. [Chin. (Pek. hsiao-chung? small or fine sort.) 1. [usually cap.) pa tea from China. 2. A grade of tea from India and

eylon. ||souf’flé’ (so0/fla’; so0/fla), adj. [F., lit., puffed.] Puffed by or in cooking, as omelette, crackers, or sliced potato; — also Anglicized as souf/fléed’, (-flad’; -flad).

— 7. A deli-

cate spongy hot dish, made from a sweet or savory mixture, lightened by stiffly beaten whites of eggs.

sout’fle (soo’f’l), n. CF.) | Med. A murmuring or blowing sound heard on auscultation. sough (stif; sou), n. [AS. swogan tosound.] 1. A hollow moaning; a murmuring, sighing sound, as of the wind. 2.

Scot. & Ir. aA vague or flying rumor. bA whiz or whistle, as of a missile. 3. Scot. Asingsong tone. — v. 7. 1. To make a sough; sigh. 2. Scot. To preach or pray in a Singsong

tone.

sought (sét), past & past part. of SEEK. soul (sol),. LAS. s@wel, sawl.] 1. Anentity conceived as the essence, substance, animating principle, or actuating cause of life, or of the individual life, esp. of individual life manifested in thinking, willing, and knowing. In many religions it is regarded _as immortal and separable from the body at death. _2. The physical or spiritual principle in general, esp. as informing the universe. Man’s moral

and emotional nature, esp. as manifested in or communi-

catedby what he writes, composes, etc. 4. Theseat of real life, vitality,oraction; animating or vital principle. 5. The leader; moving spirit; also, the embodiment. 6. Courage; spirit; fervor; spiritual force. 7. A person; as, a kind soul. 8. Adisembodied spirit. 9. [cap.] Christian Science. A synonym for God.

sorts. aPrint. With some sorts of type deficient or ex- soul’ful (£001; -f’l), adj. Full of, or expressing, deep feelhausted. b Collog. Out of order; ill; disturbed. — v. ¢. ing. — soul’ful-ly, adv. 1. To put in a certain place or_rank according to kind, soul’less (-lés; -lis), adj. Having no soul, or no greatness or nobleness of mind or feeling. — soul’less-ly, adv. — class, sort, etc.; to classify. 2. Obs. exc. Dial. To put to soul/less-ness, n. rights; adjust. 3. Scot. To punish, as by scolding or beating. —v.7. 1. Toconsort. 2. To suit; harmonize.— sound (sound), adj. [ME. sownd, sund, fr. AS. gesund.] sort/a-ble, adj. — sort’er, n.

sor’tie ete

n.,

[I*., fr. sortir to go out.]

A sally of

troops from a besieged place against the besiegers. sor’ii-lege (s6r’t7-léj; -lij), n. [OF., fr. ML. sortilegiwm,

fr. L. sortilegus foretelling, as n., a soothsayer, fr. L. sors,

sortis, a lot + legere to gather.] Divination by lots; hence, sorcery. so/rus (s0/riis), n.; pl. sort (ri). ONL., fr. Gr. sdros a heap.] In ferns, one of the clusters of sporangia forming the so-called fruit dots on the fertile fronds.

The letters of the signal of distress

Daa eae eat ) prescribed by the Internation Radiotele-

so/—so’, adv.

Alsososo.

Tolerably; passably,

sos/te-nu/to (s6s/ta-noo’t6), adj. [it.] Music. Sustained;

—applied esp. to a movement, or passage the tones of which are to be sustained to their full nominal value; also,

1. Free from flaw, defect, or decay; undamaged or unimpaired. 2. Healthy; not weak or diseased; robust; — of

body or mind.

3. Firm; strong; safe; also, figuratively, se-

cure; trustworthy. 4. Solid in structure; also, firm in texture;stable. 5. Founded in truth or right; notfallacious or faulty. 6. Showing good judgment or good sense; as, sound advice. 7. Orthodox, as in religion, politics, theories, etc. 8. Thorough; as, a sound beating. 9. Undis-

turbed; profound; — of sleep. 10. Legal; valid; as, a sound title. — Syn. Flawless, perfect, sturdy; dependable,

reliable. — sound’ly, adv. — sound/ness, n.

sound, n. [AS. & ON. sund.] 1. A long passage of water (wider and more extensive than a strait) connecting two larger bodies, asa sea and the ocean, or forming a channel aaah de the mainland and anisland. 2. The air bladder of a fish.

sound (sound), v. t.. [OF. sonder.]

1. To measure the

depth of, esp. by a line and plummet; fathom.

2. To find,

or try to find, the thoughts, motives, or the like, of; probe. 3. Med. To explore, as the bladder, with asound. 4. To

to a passage the tones of which are to be somewhat prolonged. —- 7. A sostenuto movement or passage.

remove the sound, and other organs, from (fish). — v. 7.

by excessive drinking: a habitual drunkard. .

2. To dive down suddenly, asa fish when hooked. —n. 1 Asounding. 2. Med. Any long probe, for exploring cavi-

sot (sot), n. COF., fool, fr. ML. sottus.]

so-te/ri-ol/o-gy (sd-tr/Y-dV/6-j}), n.

A person besotted

[Gr. sdtéria safety +

-logy.)_ Theology dealing with salvation as effected by Jesus Christ. — so-te/ri-o-log/ic -5-15i’1k), -log’i-cal, adj.

So/thic (so’thyk; soth’ik), adj.

Ble, chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

Also So’thi-ac (s0/thi-ak).

dccount,

Arm,

ask,

To ascertain the depth of water as with a sounding line.

ties of the body. — sound/a-ble, adj.

sound, n. [OF. son, fr. L. sonus.] 1. The sensation of hearing; that which is heard; specif.: a Psychophysics. Sensation due to stimulation of the auditory nerves and

sofa; ve,

hére (27), vent, énd, silént, makér;

ice, Yl,

Old, Obey, Srb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; fOOd, fO6t; out, oil; ctibe, iinite, Gm, tip, circéés, menti;

soundboard

951

auditory centers of the brain, usually by vibrations trans-

mitted in a material medium, commonly air, affecting the organ, of hearing.

occasions gressive waves). acter; as,

bh Physics.

Vibrational energy which

such a sensation. Sound is propagated by prolongitudinal vibratory disturbances (sound 2. A tone or noise of a special quality or chara sound of rejoicing. 3. Import or implications

of something heard, read, etc.; as, I don’t like the sound of

thisletter.

4. Archaic.

Rumor; fame.

5. Noise without

meaning; mere noise. 6, Hearing distance; earshot. Syn. Sound, noise. Sound is the general term; noise suggests esp. meaningless, confused, or discordant sound,

—v.t.

1. To makea noise orsound.

2. To be conveyed

in sound; to be communicated by speech.

3. To convey a

certain impression or sound; hence, to seem; appear; as,

the story sounds false.

_ 4. Obs. exc. Law.

To have, or

tend in, its significance, import, nature, effect, or the like; — with in, and formerly into, to, against; as, to sound

in tort, to have the nature or effect of tort. —v.t. 1. To cause to sound; to produce the sound of. _2. Now

Rare.

To utter; express audibly.

3. To order, indicate,

or proclaim, by a sound or sounds; as, the clock sounds

noon.

4.To celebrate by or as by sounds; as, to sound a

hero’s praises. 5. ‘To examine by causing to emit sounds; as, to sound the chest.

sound/hoard’ (sound’/bord’; 70), n. 1. A thin resonant board, as the belly of a violin, so placed in an instrument as to reinforce its tones by sympathetic vibration. SOUNDING BOARD, 2.

sound/er (soun/dér), n.

One that sounds; specif., an elec-

tromagnetic instrument

sounds.

sound/ing, adj.

2. =

used in telegraphy for recording

Making or emitting sound; hence, reso-

nant; sonorous; high-sounding. — sound/ing-ly, adv.

sound/ing, n.

[From sounp to fathom.]

that sounds (in any sense).

1. Act of one

2. Naut. a Measurement of

depth as by line or plummet; also, the depth so ascertained. b pl. Any part of the ocean, or other water, where a hand sounding line will reach bottom.

sounding board.

1. Music. = sounpBoarp,

1.

2. A

structure over a pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness to a

speaker’s voice. sounding line. Naut.

. A line, wire, or cord, weighted at

sound motion picture.

A motion picture with synchro-

one end witha plummet (sounding lead) used in sounding. sound’less, adj. Not sounding. — sound/less-ly, adv.

nized sound effects, as speech, music, etc. sok soup (soop), n.. [F. sowpe, of Teut. origin.] A liquid food, consisting of the broth of meat or vegetables or both, or of

milk or thin cream sauce mixed with a purée of vegetables, shellfish, or the like.

om

:

soup/con’ (sdop’s6n’), n.. [F.]

A suspicion; a suggestion;

sour (sour), adj.

1. Having an acid or tart

hence, a very small portion; a taste.

[AS. sir.]

|

r

taste, like vinegar and the juices of most unripe fruits. Changed, as by fermentation, so as to be acid, rancid, or musty; also, of or pertaining to fermentation. ‘3. Having a vapor, emanation, or odor suggesting something acid or rancid.

4. Distasteful;

bitter; unpleasant;

of persons,

their words, etc., cross; crabbed; morose. 5. Cold and wet; as,a sour day. 6. Acidinreaction; — said of soils. 7. Of

gasoline, etc., containing sulphur compounds. Syn. Sour, tart, acid, acrid, astringent. Sour applies esp. to that which is crabbed or morose; tart suggests pungency or sharpness; that which is acid is biting or caustic. That is acrid which is harsh or irritating; astringent connotes sternness or austerity.

—n,. 1. Asour oracid substance; figuratively, that which is disagreeable or distasteful. 2. Specif., amildly acid solution used to neutralize alkali, in the process of bleaching; also, a treatment with such asour. 3. An acid beverage. —v.i. &t. To become or to make sour. — sour/ish, adj. — sour’ly, adv. — sour’ness, n. source (sors; 70), n. [OF. sourse, deriv. of L. surgere to

lift, to spring up.

See surce.]

1. The beginning of a

stream of water or the like; a spring; afountain.

2,

The

origin; the first or ultimate cause. 3. A person, book, document, etc., that supplies information. 4. The individual, company, or corporation initiating a payment, as of

dividends, interest, etc. sour-dine’ (sdor-dén’), n. [F., fr. It. sordina.] 1. Hist. One of several low-toned or soft-toned musical instruments. 2. A mute; specif., a trumpet mute. sour/dough’ (sour’do’), n. A Canadian or Alaskan prospector; — so called from the habit of carrying sour dough, a fermented dough used as a leaven in making bread.

sour gourd. a The acid fruit of a bombacaceous Australian tree (Adansonia gregorit); also, the tree itself. b

Sometimes, the baobab. sour grapes. Things which persons affect to despise because they cannot possess them. sour gum. a Any of several trees of the genus Nyssa, as the black gum and the tupelo gum. bh The sorrel tree. sour’sop/ (sour/sdp’), n. _ A small tropical American tree (Annona muricata, family Annonaceae); also, its large,

succulent fruit.

souse (sous), n.

Bk

[OF. sous, solz, of G. origin.]

thing steeped in pickle, as pigs’ feet.

2. Brine.

1. Some-

3. [From

south-southwest thev.)_ Asousing. plunge in a liquid.

—v.t.

7%. 1. To pickle.

2. To

3. To drench or become drenched.

4. Slang, U.S. To make or become drunk. mH souse (sous), . [ME. sours.] Falconry. a A rising in flight, as a —v.1.&t.

tacking prey.

bird. b A swooping; a swoop, as of a hawk. To swoop or pounce (down on), esp. in at-

— adv. With a swoop; sudde

||sou/tache’ (s00/tash’), n.

2

iF] A trimming or embroid-

ery braid, made of silk, wool, cotton, or tinsel. sou-tane’ (sd0-tin’), n. [F., fr. It. sottana, fr. sotto under,

fr. L. subtus below, beneath, fr. sub under.] worn by Roman Catholic priests.

The cassock

sou/ter (so0’tér), m. LAS. siitere, fr. L. swtor, fr. swere to sew.] Chiefly Scot. A shoemaker; cobbler.

south (south; see note below), n.

[AS. sath, for sunth.]

1. The cardinal point directly opposite the north.

2. A

country, region, or section, farther to the south than an-

other. 3. [cap.] That part of the United States south of Mason and Dixon’s line, the Ohio River, and the southern boundaries of Missouri and Kansas. — adj. Situated at the south, or ina southern direction; proceeding toward the south or coming from the south; southern; also, of, pert. to, or indigenous in, the south.

— adv. To, toward,

in, or (fvare) from, the south. | | tz The pron. sou, chiefly nautical, is a recognized collo-

guialism in compounds, as southeast, southwest, etc. south (south; cf. MOUTH, v.), v. 7. To turn toward thesouth.

South African, adj. Of or pert. to Southern Africa, esp. to the Union of South Africa. —n. A native or inhabitant of South Africa; esp., an Afrikander.

South African Dutch. Africa; Afrikaans.

The Dutch dialect of South

South American, adj. & n. from Sourm America, Gaz. South Car/o-lin/i-an (kir/6-lin’l-dn; 58), adj. & n. from SoutH CAROLINA, Gaz. South Da-ko’/tan (da-kd’tin), adj. & n. from SouTH Daxora, Gaz.

South/down/ (south’doun’), n. Asmallshort-wooled horn-

less sheep, of an English breed producing superior mutton. south/east’ (south/ést’; see soutH, n.), n. The point of the horizon between, and equally distant from, the south and theeast; also, apart or region relatively southeast. — (-ést’; 2), adj. Of, pert. to, situated or proceeding toward, or coming from, the southeast. —adv. Toward, or from, the

southeast, — south/east/ern,

adj. — south/east’ern-

most, adj. — south’east/ ward, adv., adj., & n.— south’east/ward-ly, adj. & adv. — south/east’/wards, adv. southeast by east. Navig. & Surv. One point, or 11° 15/, east of due southeast; S. 56° 15/ E.

southeast by south.

Navig. & Surv.

One point, or 11°

15’, south of due southeast; S. 33° 45/ E. south’east/er (-Es/tér; see SOUTH, 7.), n. A storm, strong wind, or gale coming from the southeast. south/east/er-ly, adj. Proceeding toward, or coming from, the southeast. — south/east’er-ly, adv. south’er (south’ér), n. A wind or storm from the south.

sou/ther (s6’thér), sow’ther, n.

Dial. vars. of soLDER.

south’er-ly (stith’ér-li; formerly also south’-), adj. Southern. — south’er-ly, adv. — south/er-li-ness, n. south/ern (-€rn), adj. [AS. stitherne.]_ 1. Of or pertaining to, or situated in or toward, the south; proceeding from or toward the south; facing southward. 2. U.S. [eap.]

Of or pert. to the South. —m. A native of the south, esp. [cap.] U.S., of the South.— south’ern-most, adj.

Southern Cross. Four bright stars inthe Southern Hemisphere, situated as if at the extremities of a Latin cross;

also, the constellation of which the four stars above are the brightest.

Southern Crown. = Corona AUSTRALIS. south/ern-er (stith’ér-nér), n. A native or inhabitant of

the south, esp. [cap.} U.S., of the South. south/ern-ly (stith’érn-lf), adj. & adv. Southerly.

south’ern-wood’ (stith’érn-w00d’), n.

A shrubby Euro-

pean wormword (Artemisia abrotanum), used in beer. south/ing (south/ing), n. Tendency or progress south-

ward. 2. Astron. a The passage of a celestial body across the meridian of a place in the Northern Hemisphere.

South declination, 3. Surv. & Navig. Difference of latitude to the south from the last point of reckoning. south’paw’ (south’p6’), adj. Sports. Using the left hand in pitching, throwing, or the like. —n. A southpaw player; esp., a southpaw pitcher. |

South Pole.

The southernmost point of the earth; the

southern extremity of the earth’s axis. Its zenith is the south pole of the heavens. south/ron (stith’riin; south’-), n. [From souTHERN, after

Briton, Saxon.] _ A southerner; specif. [wswally cap.]: Scot. a An Englishman. b Englishmen. — south’ron, adj.

south’—south’/east’, south’—south/west’, adj. Lying or situated in, or leading to, a direction or point halfway between south and southeast (southwest); blowing or coming from that direction. —- adv. Toward or from a point in that direction.

—n.

A direction or point halfway be-

tween south and southeast (southwest); two points, or 22°

30’, east (west) of due south; S. 22° 30/ E. (W.).

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtre (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z Numbers rcfer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word

span

952

southward

bean’. Also so’ya (sd/ya). An Asiatic legume (Soja South’ward (south’wérd; nawt. stith’érd), south’wards maz), or its seed, which yields oil, flour, and meal. (-wérdz; -€rdz), adv. Toward the south. Lying or moving toward the south. — | so/zin (s0/zin), n. (Gr. sdzein to save.] Biochem. Any south’ward, adj. defensive protein normally in the animal body. ’ south’ward, n. — south’/ward-ly, adv. point of |spa (spa; formerly, & still ee spo), 7, ‘ , ) A mineral south/west’ (south/wést’; see souTH, n.),n. The T spring; — from a placeinBelgium having mineral springs; the horizon or direction between, and equally distant from, hence, a resort with mineral springs. : the south and west; a part or region relatively southwest. —adj, Of, pert. to, or situated in or toward, the south- space (spas), . [LOF. espace, fr. L. spatium space.], 1. west; proceeding toward the southwest; of the wind, blowThat which is characterized by extension in all directions, ing from the southwest. — adv. Toward, in, or from, the boundlessness, and indefinite divisibility; the subject of desouthwest. — south/west/ern, adj. — south/west’ernterminations of position and direction. 2. Math. The most, adj. — south/west’/ward, adj., adv., & n. —south/aggregate of points, or ordered sets of m numbers (a,... west/ward-ly, adj. & adv. — south’west’wards, adv. In). A limited extension in one, two, or three dimensouthwest by south. Navig. & Surv. One point, or 11° 15’, south of due southwest; S. 33° 45/ W.

southwest by west. Navig. & Surv. One point, or 11° 15’, west of due southwest; S. 56° 15/ W. south’/west’er (south/wés’tér; see SOUTH, n.), n. gale, or strong wind from the southwest.

south/west/er-ly, adj.

Astorm,

Toward or from the southwest; as,

a southwesterly course; a southwesterly wind.

sou/ve-nir’ (s00/vé-nér’; s00/vé-nér), n.

[F., prop., inf., to

remember, fr. L. subvenire to come up, come to mind. See SUBVENE.]

That which serves asa reminder; memento.

Sou’’west/er (sou/wés’tér), m._

1. A southwester.

2. A

hat of painted canvas, oiled cloth, or the like, with a flap at the back, worn, stormy weather.

esp.

at sea,

in

r

tion

to all others;

specif.,

ereign state.

~

or

Al

EZ

Sou’wester.

1. A person, body of men, or state, vested

2. A British gold coin worth

one pound sterling (at par $4.8665), or 20 shillings, and legal tender to any amount; — from the effigy of the mon-

The present coin, issued from George

III on, contains 123.274 grains of gold, 0.9166 fine. — Syn. King, prince, monarch, potentate, emperor. — Sov/ereign-ly, adv. sov/er-eign-ty (sdv/€r-in-tY; sdy/rin-ti; stlv’-), n.; pl. -TrES (-tiz). _1. Quality or state of being sovereign or a sovereign. 2. Specif.:a The status, dominion, or rule of a sovereign. b Supreme political power or authority.

[Russ. sovet.]

A council;

specif.: a [often cap.] Either one of two governing bodies (village soviets, town, soviets) consisting of representatives of workmen, soldiers, and peasants, in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | A soviet is the supreme local authority and it sends deputies to each of the higher bodies (soviet. congresses) having authority over larger_units. The highest governmental body of all is the Union Congress of Soviets, composed of representatives of town soviets and of representatives of the provincial soviet congresses. b Hence, any of various similar socialistic bodies elsewhere. — So/vi-et’, adj. — so’vi-et/dom, n.

so’vi-et/ism (s6’vi-ét/iz’m), n.

The form of government

carried on through soviets; communism;

Bolshevism.—

so’vi-et/ist (ist), n. — so/vi-et/i-za’tion, n. — so’vi-et’1zZe@ (-1z), v. ¢.

sov’ran (sdv/rdn), sov/ran-ty. sow (sou), n.

[AS. sugu.]

Vars. of SOVEREIGN, etc.

1. The adult femaleof swine.

2. Metal, a Achannel leading to molds in the pig bed.

A mass of metal solidified in such a channel or mold. SOW (sO), v. t.; SOWED (sOd); SOWN (SOn) or SOWED; SOW/ING. S. sawan.] 1. To scatter, as seed, upon the earth for growth; to plant by strewing. 2. Toscatter seed upon, in, or over, asa

field.

3. Tospread abroad; disperse; dissemi-

nate; also, toimplant. — sow’er, n.

—v.7.

S0-war’ (sd-wiar’; -wor’), n.

Toscatter seed for growth. =

[Per. sawar horseman.]

In

India, a native cavalryman; also, a mounted orderly. sow bug (sou). [From sow, n.] _A wood louse (genus

Oniscus, and allies) that cannot roll up like the pill bugs.

sow-car’ (sou-kir’). sow’ens

(s0/énz;

Var. of SOUCAR.

s00/Znz),

9. Print.

6. Opportunity;

A degree, or

A small piece cast

lower than the face of the type used to separate words. 10. Yeleg. The interval during which the key is open, or not in contact,

in operation.

SPAC/ING (spas/ing).

-—v.t.;

SPACED

(spast);

To place at intervals; to arrange with

spaces between. — Spac/er (spas/ér), n. space time, The four-dimensional order within which

every physical existent may be “located” by specifying its four co-ordinates, three spatial and one temporal; the

whole of physical

reality, or any circumscribed portion, See FOURTH DIMENSION,

[OF. spacieuz, fr. L. spatio-

1. Vastin extent; roomy.

2. Large or magnificent

call a thing by its right name, however coarse; to tell plain facts in plain words. —v.t. & 7. To dig, or to pare off, with a spade. — spade/ful, n. — spad’er (spad’ér), n. spade, n. [Sp. espada, lit., a sword (Spanish cards bearing

the figure of a sword),

fr.

L. spatha, fr. Gr. spathe.]

aA

black, somewhat spadelike figure on playing cards of one

suit. b A card of this suit, or, usually pl., the suit. spade/fish’ (-fish’), n.; see risH. a A deep-bodied spinynned food fish (Chaetodipterus faber) found on the coasts from Cape Cod to Cuba. _b The paddlefish.

sug es (spa-dish’tis), adj. [L. spadiz, -icis, a daterown or nut-brown color. See sPapIx.] Of a bright, clear, brown or chestnut color. 2. Bot. on, or of the nature of, a spadix.

Bearing flowers ;

spa/dix (spa/diks), 7. ; pl. sPADICES (spa-di/$éz).

Ms a palm branch broken off, with its fruit, fr. Gr. spadiz.] Bot. A spike witha alee or succulent axis, usually enclosedina spathe, spae (spa), v.7. [ON. spa.J Chiefly Scot. To foretell. spa-ghet/ti (spd-gét’t), n. _[It., pl. of spaghetto, dim. of spago cord.]

(Ps

# \ Vita TWh /

food paste

resembling macaroni, but made in cords of

small Crean re 1 spa-gyr/ic (spd-jir/ik), spa-gyr/i-cal (-I-kdl), adj.

Alsospa-gir’ic.

Pe spagyricus, fr. Spathe (a) and

Gr. span to draw, separate + ageirein to as-

semble.]

Hist.

Alchemical.

spa’/hi, spa/hee (spa’hé), n._

[Turk. & Per.

Spadixx (b) of

Jack-in-the-

Pulpit.

sipaht. See SEPOY.] ormerly, one of a corps of Turkish cavalry. 2. One of a corps of Algerian native

cavalry in the French army. spake (spak). Archaic past tense of SPEAK.

spale, spail (spal), m. Dial. A lath; splinter. spall (spdl),. [ME. spalle.] A chip or fragment, esp. of

stone. —v.t.

Mining.

ping witha hammer. CA eae ;

To break up or reduce by chip-

—v.7.

To give off spalls; to chip or

spal-peen’ (spal-pén’; spal’/pén), n. ([Ir. spailpin.] Anglo-Ir. A scamp; rascal; — often used play hity, span (span),n. [AS.spann.] 1. Thespace from the end

of the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended;

.

in English measure, 9 inches (22.86 rae 2. Any extent, stretch, reach, or spread, between two limits; specif.: a A limited space of time. Spread or extent between abut-

n. pl.

[Gael. siighan the liquid of which

sowens are made, fr. sigh juice.] Dial. Porridge made from oat husks. sowth (sooth). Scot. var. of soucH. sow thistle (sou). Any weed of a genus (Sonchus, esp. S. oleraceus) of weeds said to be eaten by swine. Boy (soi), n. [Jap._shéyii, fr. Chin. (Pek. chiang=yu2.] hinese

§. An interval be-

8. Music.

in scale; expansive. — spa/cious-ly,adv. —~-cious-ness, n.

princely;

so/vi-et’ (s6’/vi-ét’; sd’vi-ét),.

&. Specif., reserva-

spade (spad), n. [AS. spedu, spada.] 1. A digging implement heavier than a shovel and adapted for being pushed into the ground with the foot. 2. A spade-shaped instrument; as: a A cutting instrument. used in flensing. Ordn. A prong on the underside of the trail of a gun carriage to check recoil. — to call a spade a spade. To

4. Efficacious; effectual, as a remedy.

arch on the obverse.

A while.

open place, of the staff.

sus.]

entitled to, original and independent authority or jurisdiction; as, a sov-

with sovereign authority.

7. Archaic.

spa/cious (spa’shtis), adj.

3. Independent of, and un-

sov’er-eign, n.

chance.

two points of time; duration.

space’—time/ con-tin’u-um.

OF. soverain, sovrain, deriv.

royal.

tween

tended things. — space’—time’, adj.

of L. super above. Modern spelling is due to a supposed connection with reign.) 1. Chief or highest; supreme. 2, Supreme in power; superior in posilimited by, any other; possessing,

tion; accommodations, as on a train.

conceived as a four-dimensional array of long-lasting, ex-

sov’er-eign (sdv/ér-in; sdv’rin; stiv’-), adj.

sions; a part marked off insome way.

ments or supports;

also, the portion

thus extended. c Aeronautics. Themaximum distance, laterally

from tip to tip of

Sow Bug (Oniscus (2) asellus).

S Span of a Bridge.

an airplane. 3. [D.; cf. G. gespann.] A pair of horses, mules, or other animals, driven together. —v.t.; SPANNED (spand); spAN/ninG. [Partly fr. SPAN, n., and

and Japanese sauce for fish, etc. made by Hi uatie beans (esp. soybeans) to long fermenpartly fr. AS. spannan.] To measure by the hand tation and then to long digestion in brine. 2. Fully soy’with fingers and thumb encompassing Sheela te iat lar MS Nan tet A ae NL SAA LN AM SS EAI EE extended, AUST or OUIby ME LD LEERE with ale,

chaotic,

charity;

cfre,

Hdd,

dccount,

firm,

ask,

Old, dbey, Grb, dd, sft, cnnect;

sofa;

Gve,

hére (27),

évent, 6nd,

silént, makér;

ice,

{ll

f5dd, foot; out, oil; ctibe, tinite, Gm, Up, circi#ts, menti;

span

953

Sparrowgrass

the fingers; hence, to measure. 2. To extend over, reach ) with the feet or spurs, as cocks do. 2. To box with the across, or (Qbs.), encompass; to reach from one side or fists, esp. scientifically. —m. An offensive or defensive limit to the other of so as to cover or connect. movement in sparring; a boxing match. span (span). Archaic past of SPIN. spar’a-ble (spar/a-b’l), n. [Corrupt. fr. sparrow bill. span/drel (span/drél; -dril), n. [Origin uncert.] Arch. A kind of small nail used by shoemakers. e 4 he space etween the exterior i spar buoy. Naut. A buoy shaped like a spar, or showing curve of an arch and the enonly a mast above water. closing right angle; or the space spare (spar), v.¢. [AS. sparian, fr. sper sparing, saving.] between such curves of contigTo refrain from using, indulging in, exercising, etc.; to . uous arches and a horizontal S s employ frugally or rarely; stint; as, to spare no expense; to line above them, or another sparetherod. 2. Tofree, relieve, or exempt (one) from arch above and enclosing them. (something); as, to spare one pain or trouble. 3. To despa-ne/mi.a, spa-nae/mi-a prive oneself of; to do without; dispense with; as, I. cannot (spad-né/mi-a), n. Also span/918 Spandrels. spare another dollar. 4. To forbear to destroy, punish, or e-my (spin’é-mY). ([NL., fr. Gr. spanos scarce + -emia.] accuse; show mercy to; as, the victors spared the vanMed. Anemia, — spa-ne’mic, spa-nae/mic (-né/mik; quished, —v, 7. 1. Tobefrugal or parsimonious. 2. To -ném/ik), adj. refrain from doing harm; show mercy. —~adj. 1. Not being used; held in reserve, as for emergency; as, a spare span/gle (sping’g’l), n._ [Dim. of AS. spange clasp.] A

small plate or boss of shining metal; esp., one of such plates stitched ona dress; a sparkling bit. — v. t.;-GLED (-g’ld);

-GLING (-gling). To set or sprinkle with or as with spangles. —v.7z, To gleam with or as with spangles; glitter.

Span/iard (spin‘yérd), n. A native or citizen of Spain. span/iel (span’yél; collog. or dial. spain’l),n. [OF. espagnol, espagneul, orig. the same word as espagnol Spanish,

fr. L. Hispania Spain.] 1. Any of numerous breeds of small or medium-sized dogs usually with long hair and large drooping ears. Spaniels are

divided

into

three

main

room.

Surplus; superfluous; as, spare time.

_3.

Par-

simonious; chary; not liberal or profuse. 4. Wanting flesh or fat; lean; gaunt. 5. Scanty; frugal; as, a spare diet. — Syn. See THIN. —vn. 1. That which has not

been used or expended.

2, A spare, or duplicate, part.

3. Bowling. Act of knocking down all the pins in two bowls; also, the score thus made.— spare’ly, adv. — spare’/ness, n. — spar’er (spar/ér), n.

spare/rib/ (-rib’),n.

[Alsoribspare.]

A cut of meat, esp.

of pork, consisting of the thin ends of the ribs. sparge (sparj), v.t. & 7.; SPARGED (sparjd); SPARG/ING (spar’jing).

.

espargier,

fr. L.

spargere.]

To

sprinkle; bespatter. — sparge, n.— sparg/er (spar/jér), n. Spar/ing (spar/ing), adj. That spares; hence, careful; provident. — Syn. See FRUGAL, — spar/ing-ly, adv. spark (spark), n.. [AS. sperca, spearca.] 1. A small

classes: (1) field spaniels, adapted for, hunting small game, including the springer,

clumber, and cocker spaniels; (2) water spaniels, which are larger and have curly hair; (3) English toy —spaniels

particle of fire or ignited substance emitted by_a body, esp. by one in combustion. 2. Anything sparklike; as: aA

sparkle; a flash.

(as King Charles and Blenheim

b A particle capable of being kindled or

developed; a germ; as, nota spark of life.

3. Elec. a The

Springer Spaniel. (%o) spaniels), which are small and kept as pets. A cringing, servile, fawning person.

light accompanying a sudden disruptive discharge between two conductors separated by air or some similar medium, b The discharge in a spark plug or the mechanism controlling it. c¢ Short for spPARK TRANSMITTER, SPARK TRANS-

lectively; the Spaniards.

— v, 1. Elec. To produce sparks; specif., to have the electric ignition working, as an internal-combustion engine or

Spantish (span’ish), adj. Of or pertaining to Spain, the paniards, or theirlanguage. — mn. 1, Thechief language of Spain. Cf. CasTILIAn. 2. The people of Spain, colSpanish American, adj.

a Designating, or pert. to, those countries of America in which Spanish is the national language. See SpANisH AMERICA, in Gaz. hIn this use Span/ish-A-mer’i-can, adj. Designating, or pertaining to, the war between Spain and the United States in 1898. —7n. A native or citizen of a Spanish American country, esp. one of Spanish descent.

Spanish bayonet. | Any of several yuccas; esp., one (Yucca aloifolia) with rigid spine-tipped leaves, Spanish fly. A brilliant green blister

beetle (Lytta vesicatoria) of, southern Europe, the source of cantharides.

Spanish

grippe

or

influenza.

The

grippe, or influenza.

Spanish Main.

The mainland of Span-

ish America, esp, the northern coast of

South America; improperly, the southern portion, or the whole, of the Caribbean Sea. Spanish moss. The long moss.

Spanish needles. The barbed achene of a common beggar-ticks (Bidens bi-

Spanish Fly. Nat. size.

pinnata); also, the plant itself, : Spanish paprika. A mild bright-red Papper (Capsicum tetragonum) of Spanish origin; also, the plant.

spank (spaingk), v.7. [Irom spanKInc, adj.] To move quickly, dashingly, or spiritedly. spank, v.¢. [Imitative.] To strike, or to strike the buttocks of, as with the open hand. —vn. A spanking; a slap, esp. on the buttocks. Spee (spingk’ér),. 1. Onewhoorthat which spanks. . Naut. a The fore-and-aft sail on the aftermast of a square-rigged vessel. b Theaftermast and the sail thereon in a schooner of more than four masts. spank/ing, adj. [Prob. of Scand. origin. | 1. That spanks, or moves briskly; lively; esp., of a wind; fresh; strong. 2. Slang. Remarkable of its kind. span/ner (spain/ér), n, 1. One who or that which spans. 2. A tool, having a jaw or socket at either or both ends to turn a bolt, nut, pipe, etc.; a wrench.

span/—new’ (span/nii’; 2), adj. [ON. span-ngr, fr. spann chip + nyr new.] Quite new; brand-new. SPAM GOrry (span/wirm’), 2. The larva of any geometrid moth. spar (spay), n., [MLG.J] Among miners, any of various nonmetallic minerals, usually cleavable and lustrous. spar,n. [ME.sparre.] 1. A mast, yard,boom, gaff, etc. . One of the main lateral members of the wing of an air-

plane, usually of wood or tubular steel.

— v. t.; SPARRED

(spaird); SPAR’RING. ‘To equip with spars. spar, v.7. [F. esparer (now éparer) tokick, fr. It. sparare to kick, fling, fr. parare to parry.) 1. To fight or strike

Chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

MISSION; — chiefly in attributive use; as, a spark station.

the igniter. spark, n. [ON.

gay man; gallant.

sparkr lively, sprightly.]

2. A lover; beau.

_1. A showy,

—v. 1. & t. Collog.

To play the spark (to); court. — spark/ish, adj. spark arrester. 1. U.S. Any of various contrivances to prevent the escape of sparks, as from a smokestack. 2.

lec.

A device to minimize or prevent sparking at a place

where a circuit is made and broken. , Spark coil. Hlec. An induction coil, esp. of an internalcombustion engine, wireless telegraph apparatus, etc. Spark’er (spar’kér), n. 1. One who or that which sparks, as aspark plug. 2. Hlec, A spark arrester. spark gap. Elec. The space between high potential terminals through which the discharge passes. : spark generator. A generator of alternating current which utilizes the discharge of a condenser through a spark gap as the source of its alternating-current power. spar’kle (spir’k’l), n._ [Dim. of spark, or fr. sparkle, v.] 1. A little spark; a scintillation; also, quality of sparkling. 2. Animation; liveliness. — v. 7. & t.; SPAR/KLED (-k’ld); SPAR/KLING

(-kling).

1. To emit sparks (of); to emit, or

reveal by, gleams of light; scintillate; flash,

2. To effer-

vesce. — Syn. Shine, radiate, coruscate. See FLASH. — spar’kler (-klér), n. — spar’kling-ly, adv. J

spark plug. _In an internal-combustion engine, a part fitting into the cylinder head, carrying two electrodes separated by an air gap across which the current from the ignition system discharges,

forming the spark for combustion. spark transmitter. Radio. A transmission set

that utilizes the discharge of a condenser through a spark gap as a source of its alternating-current

power. — spark transmission. spar’ling (spar’ling), n. [ME. sperling, fr. OF, esperlinge, esperlenc.| The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). °

spar’oid (spar’oid; spar’-), adj. [L. sparusgilthead+ sere Of or pertainingto the family (Sparidae) of deep-bodied, spiny-finned marine fishes, thesea breams

related to the grunts and snappers and including the porgies, scup, and, sheepshead.

—m.

spar’row 1. A

A sparoid fish.

(spir’d), nm.

small

Old

World

[AS.

spearwa.]

passerine

bird

(Passer domesticus), the house sper-

row, naturalized

known

\

in America, where it is

as the English sparrow.

|2.

Any of numerous finches more or less like

the house sparrow in size and in color of plumage, as the song sparrow, etc.

spar/row-grass’ (-gras’/; 9), n. Corrupt. of ASPARAGUS.

K =ch

Collog.

Song Sparrow.

(%)

in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Word.

sparrow hawk allied to the European kestrel. spar’ry (spar’i), adj. Of, like, or abound-

ing with, spar. sparse (spars),

adj.

(CL.

sparsus,

past

adv. — sparse’/ness,

Spar’tan (spir/tan), adj.

dress a public assembly formally.

Of or pertaining

military organization, rigorous discipline, and valor; hence, hardy; undaunted. —-n. A citizen of Sparta; a person of great fortitude. — Spar’tan-ism (-iz’m), n. Spar’te-ine (-té-én; -in), n. Also -in.

Chem.

spasm

(spaiz’m), n.

[OF.

orally; express in words; as, to speak the truth. 3. To express or declare in any way; as, fame speaks him honest.

Big ti peer.

paaeinan OA)

spasme, fr. L.

:

den, violent, and temporary effort, emotion, etc. — Syn. See PAROXYSM. spas-mod/ic (spaz-m6d/ik), adj. pee spasmodicus, fr.

Tr. spasmodes, fr. spasmos aconvulsion+ eidos likeness. ] Med.

Of, pertaining to, affected or characterized by, a

_2. Characterized by fitfulness; lacking

continuity; intermittent; as, spasmodic zeal; also, excit-

able. — Sym.

See

FiTFruL.— spas-mod/i-cal,

adj. —

spas-mod/i-cal-ly, adv. spas’tic Coss E aes CL. spasticus, fr. Gr. spastikos.]

Med. Of or pertaining to spasm; spasmodic; esp., pertain-

ing to tonic spasm; tetanic. — Spas’ti-cal-ly, adv.

Spat (spat), n.

A young oyster or other bivalve mollusk; —

chiefly collectively. —v.7. To emit spawn. spat,n. [Short for spatrerDAsH.] A kind of short cloth

or leather gaiter.

spat, v. 7.; SPAT’TED; SPAT/TING. Colloq. Toslap, as with the hand; also, to dispute; quarrel. —n. Collog. Aslap; hence, a petty quarrel. spat. Past & occasional past part. of spit, to eject. spate (spat), n.

Brit.

A freshet; a heavy rainstorm.

spa-tha/ceous (spa-tha/shus), adj. Also spa/thal (spa’thal). Bot. Having a spathe; of the nature of a spathe. spathe (spath), n. [F., fr. L. spatha, fr. Gr. spathé.]

Bot. The large sheathing bract or pair of bracts enclosing

an inflorescence, esp. a spadix, on the same axis, as in the calla. See spapix, IJllust.— spa’those (spa/thds; spath’6s), adj. spath’ic (spath’ik), adj. _Also spath/ose (spath/6s). ike spar; foliated or lamellar. spa/tial (spa/shdal), adj. Of or pertaining to space. — spa/ti-al/i-ty (spa/shY-al/7-ti), n. — spa/tial-ly, adv.

spa/ti-o-tem/po-ral (spa/shi-6.tém/po-rdl), adj. | Of or pertaining to space time; having extent and duration.

spat/ter (spat/ér), v.t. 1. Tosplash with a liquid; spot or soil by splashing. 2. To scatter by splashing; sprinkle around. 3. To injure by aspersion; defame. —v. 7%. To spurt forthin drops. — 7. L. Act or noise of spattering, or state of being spattered; a splashing. 2. A drop or splash spattered on something; a spot or stain due to spattering. — spat’ter-ing-ly, adv.

spat’/ter-dash’ (-dash’), n.

[spatter + dash.]

An old

orm of puttee; a legging. spat’ter-dock’ (-ddk’), nm. The common yellow water lily (Nuphar advenum); also, any plant of the same genus or of the related genus Lymphaea.

spat/u-la (spat/ii-la), n. (L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha a spatula.) A flexible knifelike implement, as one fe spreading aut)

drugs, — spat/uee lat(leo,etc. iCaj ; CE (lat), adj. spat/u-late Mined like a spatula, ZE, spoon-shaped. llust.

See LEAF,

| ESS

————_)

Spatulas.

disease of the hock of horses, marked by a small bony enlargement inside of the leg, due to a sprain or a violent

effort. — spav/ined (-ind), adj. spawn (spon), v.t. & 7. [LOF. espandre, prop., to shed, spread, fr. L. expandere to ebrcae out) 1. To produce or deposit (spawn). 2. To bring forth; generate, esp. in vast quantities; — usedin contempt. 3. ort. To plant

with spawn (sense3). —m. 1. The eggs of fishes, oysters, and other aquatic animals. 2. Contemptuous. Any

chaotic,

cAre,

add,

G@ccount,

firm,

discourse.

See

TALK.— speak

by the

book.

To

speak with minute exactness. — speak/a-ble, adj. speak’/—eas’y (-é2/l), n. Slang, U.S. An illicit drinking place.

speak/er (spék/ér), n._ 1. One who speaks; specif.: a One who makesa public address. ) One whois the mouthpiece of others; esp., one who presides over a deliberative assembly. 2. A book of selections for declamation. Radio. = LOUD-SPEAKER. — speak’er-ship, n. z speak/ing, adj. 1. Uttering speech; used for conveying speech. 2. Lifelike; expressive; animated. —n. utterances, or art of one who speaks; hence, oratory. spean (spén), v.t. Scot. & Ir. To wean.

Act,

spear (spér), n. [AS. spere.] 1. A weapon with long shaft and sharp head or blade for thrusting or throwing; also, itssharp head. — F tes> Spear is used attributively with the force of paternal ; as, the spear side, that.is, the male line of a family, as op-

posed to the spindle side.

Cf. DISTAFF, 2.

2

2. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, for stabbing

fish and other animals.

3. A spearman.

SPIRE, influenced by spear weapon.]

Var. of

A shoot, as of grass;

a spire; a reed; also, any young shoot or sprout. —v.t. To pierce or strike with, or as with, aspear. — v.17. To

pierce like a spear; also, to shoot into a long stem, as a

plant. — spear’er (-ér), n.

spear’fish/ (-fish’), n.;see risH.

Any of several large, pow-

erful, pelagic fishes (genus V'etrapturus) allied to the marlins and sailfishes. spear’head’ (spér’/héd’), n. 1. The head or point of a

spear.

. The

foremost

point, person, or body in an attack, drive, enterprise, or the like. spear/man (-mdn), n. One

4

armed with a spear. spear/mint’/ (-mint’), 7. From its spire-shaped inorescence. ] he com-

3)

mon garden mint (Mentha spicata), yielding an aromatic oll.

spear’wort’ (-wiirt’), Any of several species crowfoot (Ranunculus) the spear crowfoot (R.

7. Ancient Spearheads. of having spear-shaped leaves, esp. fammula).

spe/cial (spésh’al), adj. [OI. or L.; OF. especial, fr. L. specialis. See ESPECIAL.] 1. Distinguished by. some unusual quality; uncommon; noteworthy. 2. Having an individual character or trait; peculiar; unique; as, this case is special.

3. Of or pertaining to a species; specific.

Particularly favored or loved; intimate; as, a special friend. 5. Additional to the regular; extra; as, a special edition or dividend. _ 6. Designed or selected for a par-

ticular purpose, occasion, or the like; as, a special diet. 7. Confined to a definite field of action; specialized; limited;

as, a special act of Congress.

Syn. Special, particular, individual, specific, concrete. That is special which is out of the ordinary; that is particular which is considered in and for itself, as contrasted with others of the sort; that is individual which is single, or peculiar to one only, or strikingly

characteristic. Specific implies precise or explicit designation; concrete adds the implication of actual existence or embodiment.

—n.

A special person or thing; variously, a special cor-

respondent, edition, order, train, etc.

spa/viet (spa’vit; spav/ét), adj. Scot. & Ir. Spavined. spav/in (spav’/in),n. [OF. esparvain, esparvin.] Veter.

Ale,

‘o use, or be able

to use, in talk or conversation; as, to speak Latin. 6. To address; esp., Naut., to hail, as a vessel. — Syn. Say, tell,

spasmus, fr. Gr. spasmos, fr. spaein, span, to draw, cause convulsion.} 1. Med. An involuntary and unnatural muscular contraction. In clonic spasms contractions and relaxations alternate. In tonic spasms the contraction is steady and prolonged, asin tetanus. 2. A sud-

spasm or spasms.

. To make mention.

4. To sound the praises of; extol.

Ay...

from

7

features that speak of self-will. 6. To sound, as does a bugle. 7. To ask; make application or demand; as, to speak for tickets. —v.t. 1. To utter by speaking; express orally; as, to speak words of wisdom. 2. To declare

to Sparta, esp. ancient Sparta, in Laconia,

spartos the broom + -ine.]

spawn ’er, n.

5. To convey sentiments, ideas, etc., as if by utterance; as,

‘

tuled by a Dorian people noted for, their

the comnion broom.

pared for propagating purposes. —

1. To utter words or articulate sounds with the ordinary

spar’-

liquid alkaloid, C\;H.sN2, extracted

3. The my-

celium of fungi, esp. that of cultivated mushrooms, pre-

voice. 2. To express opinions; talk; as, speak for yourself. 3. To utter a speech, discourse, or the like; to ad

or elements; not thickly grown, settled, etc.; thinly scattered. — Sym. See scANTY. si-ty (spar’s7-ti), n.

product or offspring; also, numerous issue.

spay GP?) v.t. [AF. espeier, OF. espeer to cut with sword.] ‘To remove the ovaries of (a female animal). speak (spék), v. 7.; SPOKE; SPO/KEN; SPEAK/ING. Archaic past SPAKE, past part. SPOKE. S. specan, spreccan.]

part. of spargere to strew, scatter.] Having few or widely scattered component units — sparse/ly,

speciality

954

sparrow hawk. 1. Any Old World hawk of certain small species of Accipiter, esp. A. nisus. 2. A small North American falcon (Falco sparverius) closely

ask,

sofa;

— spe/cial-ly, adv.

spe’cial-ism (iz’m), n. special field or branch.

Practice or policy of specializing;

Spe/cial-ist (ist), n. _One who devotes himself to some special branch of activityin his business, profession, studies, etc.; a specializing physician, scholar, broker, etc. — spe’cial-ist, -is/tic (-is’tik), adj.

spe/ci-al/i-ty

spécialité.).

acteristic;

in

(spésh’T.al/7-ti), n.; pl, -Tres (tYz). [F. 1. A speciala or distinguishing mark or char-

(senses 3, 4, 5).

6éve,

hére (27),

pl., details;

évent,

&nd,

particulars.

silént,

2. A

maké6r;

specialty

Ice,

Yl,

charity; ld, Obey, Grb, Bdd, sBft, cdnnect; food, foot; cut, oil; citbe, Unite, fin, wip, circts, menii;

®

specialization

spe’cial-ize (spésh/dl-1z), v.. 1. To particularize; specif., to endorse S0 as to designate a particular payee.’ 2. Td apply or restrict to a particular use or end. 3. Biol. To develop (an organism or one of its parts) so as to become structurally adapted to the performance of a particular function, or to environment. —v. 7. 1. To concentrate one’s efforts on a particular subject, line of research, etc.; to restrict oneself to a special branch,or field of activity within one’s profession or business. 2. Biol. To become

specialized. — spe’cial.i.za’tion, n. special pleading. a Law. The allegation of special or new

matter to avoid the effect of matter pleaded by the opposite side and admitted. b Popularly, argument that presents ene Points or phase as if it covered the entire question at

spe’clal-ty et pecialté.]

oy

n.; pl. -Tres

(-tiz).

. State of being special.

[OF. es-

2. A speciality

(sense 1). em‘In merchandising, an article or class of articles having special features, uses, or the like, or receiving

special attention; as, a dealer in specialties. . That in which one specializes or has special knowledge; a branch of knowledge, art, science, or business, to which one especially devotes himsel If; as, brain surgery is his specialty. 5. A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by eed.

||spe/ci-e (spé’shi-é; -she), abi. of L. species sort, kind. Used in in specie: In kind; in (its own or a specified) form. spe/cie (spé’shY¥),m. Coin, usually of gold or silver. spe/cies (spé/shiz or, esp. inthe pl., spe’shéz; L. spé’shi-€z),

n. sing. & pl. [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, sort, kind.] i. A mentali image or sensuous presentation; an "obiect of thought considered as the similitude of an object in nature. ¢. The appearance of bread or of wine which the respective transubstantiated Eucharistic elements have; hence, the consecrated elements. A sort; kind; variety.’ 4. Obs. Specie. 5. Biol. A category of classification lower than a genus or subgenus and above a subspecies or variety; a group of animals or plants which possess in common one or more distinctive characters, and do or may interbreed and reproduce their characters in their offspring; a distinct kind or sort of animal or plant. 6. Logic. A Glass of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name; specif., a logical division of a genus or more comprehensive class.

spec/i-fi/a-ble specified.

Capable

(spés/%-fi/a- “b’l), adj.

spe-cif/ic (spé-stf/ik), adj.

[ML. SEER

of being

CEE, fr. L. spe-

cies a particular sort or kind. See -ric.] HOP pertaining to, characterizing, or constituting, a species as, the specific differences between the dog andthe wolf. 2. Precisely formulated or restricted; specifying; explicit; as, a specific statement. 3. Med. a Exerting a peculiar influence over any part; preventing or curing disease by a peculiar adaptation; — of a remedy., b Due to a particular microorganism or virus; — of a disease. 4. Physics. a Designating any of various arbitrary physical constants, as the ratio in quantity of one substance to a standard substance of the same volume; as, specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of any volumé of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of some substance taken as a standard or

unit as, usually, water for solids and liquids and air or hydrogen for gases. (Abbr. sp. gr.) b Designating a quantity per unit area; as, specific luminous intensity (luminous

intensity

per

unit

area

of source). —

Syn.

ee

SPECIAL. — 7. Anything peculiarly adapted to its purpose. 2. Med. A specific remedy. — spe.cif/i.cal, adj. —spe-cif/i-cal-ly, adv. — spec’/i-fic’i-ty Cpes'ti-fis/7-tl), n.

spec/i-fi-ca’tion

(spés/7-fi-ka/shtin),

n.

1. Now

Rare.

etermination of a thing in its specific (sense 1) or particular character. 2. A specifying, or designation of particulars. 3. Astatement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars, as of the terms of a contract, details of construction not shown in an architect’s drawings, etc.; also, any item of such a statement.

specific heat. Physics. The ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a body one degree to that required to raise an equal mass of water one degree. spec/i-fy (spés wey), v.t.; SPEC/I-FIED (fd); SPEC/I-FY/ING. OF. spectfier, fr ia specificare. See’ SPECIES; -Fy.]

To name or State explicitly or in detail. 2. To include asanitem inaspecification; as, to specify Portland cement. sperma ‘men es bgeane nN. fr. specere to look, beA part, or one of a number, intended to show the dad ve quality of the whole; a sample. Colloq. An individual; person; as, a tough’ specimen. — Sym. See EXAMPLE. spe/cious SEeshis), adj. tL speciosus good-looking, specious. bs. Outwardly pleasing; showy. 2. Apparenty, ut iepetivel! fair, just, or correct; appearing well at first view; plausible; as, speciows reasoning. — spe’ci-os/i-ty (spé/shi-ds/7-ti), n. — spe/cious-ly, adv. — spe/cious-ness, n. yn. Specious, plausible, colorable, ostensible. § ecious impies a fair appearance assumed for deceit; that is plausible which is uperficially reasonable or pleasing, with or without deceit. That is ¢0 olorable for which some justification may be alleged; as, a colorable transaction. That is ostensible which is avowed or apparent; the word often implies pretense; as, his ostensible motive.

chair; go; sing;

speculate

955

then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118);

speck (spék), n.

[AS. specca.]. 1. Asmall discoloration; asmall spot, esp. from stain or decay. 2. Abit; a particle. —v.t. To produce specks on or in. speck/le (spék’’l), n. & v.t. Speck; spot. specs (spéks). Collog. Short for spectacles. spec/ta-cle (spék/ta-k’l; -tY-k’l), n. [OF., fr."L. spectaculum, fr. spectare to look at, ehold.] i. Something expibited, esp. as unusual and notable; a noteworthy sight. Specif., a public display appealing to the eye by its cue proportions, color, etc. pl. A device to aid vision or protect the eyes, consisting usually of two lenses ina metal frame with a bridge, or nosepiece, and bows. 4. pl. Any aid to vision, esp. mental vision of a specified or implied character; also, sometimes, a bias; a view colored by prejudice; as, to see events through rosy Pipes eee sing. or pl. "Anything suggesting a pair of spectacles. — Syn. Show, pageant. spec’ta.- cled’ (-k’ld), adj. Having, wearing, or, Zool., having spots or patches suggesting, spectacles.

spec-tac/u-lar (sptk-tak/t-lér), adj.

Of, pertaining to, or

of the nature of, a Veet als éxciting wonder and admira-

tion by unusualdisplay. —'n. pe aces sights, action, or display. — spec-tac/u-lar-ly, adv. Spec-ta/tor (sptk-ta/tér; sp&k/ta-tér) [L.J] One who

looks on or beholds; a beholder. — yn. See LOOKER-ON. — spec-ta/tress (sptk-ta/trés; -tris), spec-ta/trix (-triks), n. fem.

spec’ter, spec’tre (spék’tér), n. LE spectre, fr,L. spectrum image, specter, fr. specere_to look.] A visible disembodied spirit; apparition. — Syn. See GHosT. spec’tral (petri), adj. 1. Of, like, or pertaining toe specter; ghostly. Of, pertaining to, or made by,t

(or a) spectrum. AS stral/i-ty spec’/tral-ly, adv.

spec’tro- (spék’tré-). orm

denoting:

(spék-tral’i-ti),

[From specrrum.]

a Pertaining

n. —

A combining

to radiant

energy

or the

analysis of radiation in a spectrum, as in _spec/trochem/i-cal, spec’tro-chem/‘is-try, spec/tro-col/or-im/etry, spec’tro-“gram, spec’tro- graph, spec-trol’o-gy, spec/tro-pho’to- graph, spec/tro-pho- tog/ra- phy, spec/tro-tel’e-scope. b Spectroscope or spectroscopic and as in: spectrobolometer spectroelectric

spectromicroscope spectropolarimeter

spectropolariscope spectroradiometer

spec’tro-he/li-o-gram/ (-hé/li-d-grim’), n. ([spectro- + helio- + -gram.] Astrophysics. A photograph of the sun made by monochromatic light, and showing the sun’s faculae and prominences.

spec’tro-he/li-o-graph/ (-graf/; 9), n.

Astrophysics.

spec-trom/e.-ter (sptk-trém/é-tér), n.

Physics.

apparatus for making spectroheliograms.

strument

ope

for determining

ore

An

a An in-

the index of refraction.

bA

fitted for measurements of the spectra ob-

served with it. spec/tro-pho-tom/e-ter (spék/tr6-f5.tdm/é-tér),n. Optics. An instrument for comparing the intensities aS the correCones colors of two spectra. — spec’/tro-pho-tom/e.-try

ri), 2 spec/tro-scope

(spék/troskop), an.

Physics

An

optical instrument for Peccine spectra. — spec’/tro-scop/ic eon ; ce’

A simple form of Spec-

troscope. 1 Prism of Flint Glass; 2 Telaos Bvepiere

tro-

;

scop/i-cal,

through

adj.— spec’

Light,

tro-scop/i-

yz

cal-ly, adv.— Va

TEEN

moe kes“pist; D1),

PE

the

enters

the Slit in the

End (5) passes to the

rm Spectrum in 2; 6 Tube with a Micrometer.

pist,ee.

spec/trum

at

ollimator

which which

spt’ tré-sk6/pist), ope

eam) n.;

n. — pl. -TRA

spec-tros’co-py (-trd),

-TRUMS

(-trémz). [L. See spPEcTER. Ae Physics. The series of images formed when a beam of radiant energy is subjected to dispersion and then brought to focus, so that the component waves are arranged in the order of their waye ngths; hence, any series of radiant energies arranged in order of wave length. The visible spectrum has wave lengths between 3,800 and 8,000 angstrom units and when of sufficient intensity evokes in the eye a series of colors ranging from red (evoked by waves 760 millimicrons in length) to violet (385 millimicrons). Spece ity analysis. The investigation of substances or odies by means of their spectra. spec/u-lar (spék/ii-lér), adj. [L. specularis.. See spEcuLum.] |Of, pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a speculum (in any sense); specif., Med., conducted with the aid of a speculum,

spec/u-late (-lat), v. FL: Egat: past part. of speculari to spy out, be J Now Rare. To contemplate;see mentally. 2. To ponies a subject in its different

x = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|]Foreign Words

9 56

speculation

aspects and relations; meditate; esp., to theorize from conjectures without suificient evidence.

Com.

To enter

Into a transaction or venture the profits of which are conjectural or subject to chance; specif., to buy or sell with the

expectation of profiting by fluctuations in price. — spec/- wla/tion, n. spec/u-la/tive (sp&k/t-la’tiv; -ld-tiv), adj. Of, pert. to, or

of the nature of, speculation; given to speculating; of ideas, theoretical; of a business venture, a security, etc., involving

risks. — spec/u-la’tive-ly, adv. — spec/u-la’tive-ness, n. spec/u-la’tor (-la/tér), n. [L.,aspy, explorer.] One who speculates; specif., one who speculates in stocks, bonds, etc. — spec’u-la-to/ry (-Id-t6/ri; -tér-i; 3), adj. spec/u-lum (spék/ii-lim), n.; pl. specuLA (la), spEcu-

spermatophytic

spell (sp%l), v. é. ; SPELLED (spéld) or SPELT (spultys SPELL/inc. LOF. espeller (F. épeler), of Teut. origin. ‘oO name, write, or print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters. 2. Toconstitute the letters of; hence: a To make up; compose. To signify; import; as, such an act spells ruin. 3%. To read slowly and with difficulty; as, to spell out aletter. 4. To trace by or asif by characters, marks, or qualities; find out, as by study. — v.72. Tospella word or words. — speller, n. spell’bind’ (-bind’), v. t.; see BInD. [From sPELLBOUND.] Yo bind or hold by or as if by a spell or charm; fascinate; charm. — spell’/bind’er Cbin/dér), n. | speli’bound’ (-bound’), adj. gd charm + bound, past

part.]

Entranced; fascinated.

:

spell’/ing, n. Act of one who spells; formation of words by etters; orthography. Abbr. sp. ath Med. & Surg. An instrument for dilating cer- | Spelt (spélt), n. [AS.,fr.LL. spelta.] The wheat Tritiment, tain passages of the body for viewing. 4. Zool. A patch | cum spelta or any of its varieties. of color on the secondaries of most ducks and some other spelt, past & past part. of SPELL. i birds, as domestic fowls. spel’/ter (spél’tér), n. Zinc; — so called esp. in commerce. Sped (spéd), past & past part. of SPEED. Spence, spense (spéns), n. [OF. despense, deriv. of L. Lums (-limz).

([L., fr. specere to look, behold.]

mirror, esp. of metal.

A

2. A reflector in an optical instru- |

speech (spéch),n. [AS. spé&c, spéc, spr&c, spréc; akin to AS. specan, sprecan, tospeak.] 1. ahe faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words to express thoughts; the Act or manner of speaking; compower of speaking. munication or expression of thoughts in spoken words.

| | | |

dispendere, -pensum.

pantry; buttery.

spen/cer (spén/sér), n.

See DISPENSE.]

}

Chiefly Scot.

A

A trysail abaft the foremast or

mainmast. n. [After the 2d Earl Spencer (1758-1834).] A uttered words expressive of spen/cer, short jacket reaching to the waist. be thought; also, talk; conversation. 4. A formal public Spen-ce/ri-an (spén-sér’t-dn), adj. Of or pertaining to discourse; oration; address. 5. A particular language; a | Herbert Spencer or Spencerianism. — Spen-ce/ri-an, n. tongue; a dialect. 6. Archaic. Common saying; report.

3. That which is spoken;

Syn. Speech, address, oration, harangue. Speech is the general | term; an address is a formal speech; an oration is an elaborate or rhetorical address, esp. one delivered on a notable occasion; a harangue is a vehement or noisy speech.

Spen.ce/ri-an-ism (-iz’m), n.

_The synthetic philosophy of

Herbert Spencer, the central idea of whichis the mechanistic evolutionof the cosmos from relative simplicity to rel-

ative complexity. [From | Sa (spénd), v.t.; SPENT (spént); SPEND/INc. EF, despendre (fr. L. dispendere), and fr. AS. spendan, 1. Toconsume by | fr.L.expenderetoweighcut, expend.] 2. To bestow; | using; to lay out,as in payment; expend. confer; also, to give at a sacrifice. 3. To consume waste| fully; squander; exhaust; wear out. 4. To pass the time | of. — v. 7. 1. To expend, consume, or waste, anything. 2. To be or become wasted or consumed. chaic. Prosperity in an undertaking; success. 2. Act or state of moving swiftly; swiftness; rapidity; dispatch. | Spend’er (spén/dér), m.. One who spends; esp., one who spends lavishly; a prodigal; a spendthrift. Rate of motion; also, rate of performance as indicated

[speech + speech/i-fy (-i-f1), v. ¢.; -rrep (-fId); -ry/ING. -fy.) Derisive. To make a speech; harangue. 2. speech’less, adj. 1. Destitute or deprived of speech. i 3. Not expressed ot speaking for a time; dumb; silent. in, or conveyed by, words; as, speechless grief.— S yn. SeepumB. — speech/less-ly, adv. — speech/less-ness, n. EOArspeed (spéd), n.. [AS. spéd success, swiftness.]

One who spends proby ratio of the amount of work accomplished to time yaa i spend/thrift/ (spénd/thrift’),, m. In automotive vehicles, a transmission gear. — yn. | usely or improvidently; a prodigal, — spend’thrift’, adj.

Celerity, quickness, expedition, hurry. See HASTE, =.7.; SPED (spéd), SPEED/ED; SPEED/ING. 1. Obs. To go; to fare. 2. Archaic. a To experience any fortune, good or

ill; fare.

b Lo succeed; prosper.

¢ To hurry to destruc-

Spen.-se/ri-an stan’/za

(spén-sér/i-dn).

The stanza used

by Edmund Spenser (see Biog.) in The Faerie (ueene, consisting of eight decasyllabic lines and an Alexandrine, and rhyming ababbcbcc. Exhausted, esp. of effective quality. [OF. esperme, fr. LL., fr. Gr. sperma,

3. To make haste; to go, drive, etc., fast, esp. | spent (spént), adj. t. 1. To promote; further; aid; favor. sperm (sptirm),n.

tion; ruin.

too fast. —v.

To wish Godspeed to.

3. To cause to make haste; dis-

patch with celerity; force to increase speed; accelerate.

4.

Mach., etc. To set, adjust, or design, to or for a definite speed or speeds.— Sym. Facilitate, expedite. — Ant, Delay, hinder, — adj. Of or pertaining tospeed; denoting

something which regulates, indicates, or attainsspeed; asin: speedboat speed clock speed controller

speed counter speed gear speed indicator

speed limit speed reducer speed trap

— speed/er (-ér), n. — speed’ster (-stér), n.

speed-om/e-ter (spéd-dm/¢-tér), n. [speed +-meter.] a An instrument for indicating speed or velocity; a tachom-

eter. bA device which measures distance as well as speed; an odometer. speed’/way’ (sped’/wa’), n. A road on which speeding is

allowed. speed’/well (-wél), m.

: Any of a genus (Veronica) of herbs

of the figwort family, with small colored flowers; esp., the common speedwell (V. oe i and the germander speedwell (V. chamaedrys). speed’y (spéd/t), adj.; -1-ER (-i-€r); -1-rst. Marked by speed. — Syn. See FAST. — speed/i-ly, adv. — -i-ness, n. speel (spél), v.t. & 7. Scot. Toclimb. | D speer, speir (spér), v.7.. LAS. spyrian to inquire, prop., to ollow the track.] Chiefly Scot. Toask;inquire. — 1. t.

1. To inquire (concerning); to ask for. searching or asking. ;

2. To find by ;

-atos, fr. root of speirein to sow 4-1. Biol: a The male fecundating fluid; semen. b A spermatozoon or sperma-

tozoid. 2. a Short for spERMACETI. b Sperm oil. -sperm (-spfirm). [Gr.spermaseed,germ.] Acombining form denoting seed. sperm-. = sPERMATO-. sper’/ma.ce’ti (sptir/mda-sé’tY; -stt/1), m. [ML., fr. LL.

sperma sperm + ceti, gen, of cetus a whale.) A waxy solid separating from the oil of the sperm whale, the dolphin, etc., used in making candles, ointments, etc.

-sper/mal (-spfir’mdl). = -spERMOUS. sper’ma.-ry (spfir’m4-r¥), n. ;pl. -R1Es (-r¥z). An organin which spermatozoa are developed; sperm gland; testis. Ss deeb g (spér-mat/ik), adj. Pertaining to sperm or a estis.

spermatic cord. Anat. The cord which suspends the testicle within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and vessels and nerves of the testicle. sper-ma/ti-um Wes pe ETCH n.; pl. -t1a (-4).

[NL]

Bot. a In red algae, a nonmotile male gamete. _b In certain fungi and lichens, any of certain similar cells apparently functioning as male gametes.

sper’ma.-to- (spiir’ma.t5-), spermat-.

[Gr. sperma, sper-

matos.] A combining form meaning sperm, seed, germ, as in sper/ma.tog’e-nous, Sper/ma-toid.

A mix-

Per fia to-cy te (-sit’), n. [spermato- + -cyte.] Biol. cell giving rise to sperm cells or spermatozoa; in recent usage, a cell of the last generation or next to the last gener-

smelting certain ores. spe-lae/an, spe-le/an (spé-lé’din), adj. [L. spelaeum, spelewm, cave, fr. Gr. spélaion.] Of or pertaining to, or dwelling in, caves; troglodytic.

sper’ma.-to-gen’e-sis (-j&n/¢.s¥s), n. [NL., fr. spermato+ -genesis.] Biol. The formation of spermatozoa. — sper’/ma.to.ge-net/ic (-jé-nét/ik), adj.

speiss (spis), n.

[G. speise, lit., food.]

Metal.

ture of impure metallic arsenides produced as a regulus in

ation preceding the spermatozoon.

spell (sptl), v.¢. [AS. spelian.] 1. Now Cant. To supply the place of for a time; relieve. 2. To allow an inter-

sper’ma-to-go/ni-um (-go/ni-tim), n.; pl. -GONIA (-d). L., fr. spermato- + Gr. goné offspring.]_ Biol. a Zool.

son by another in any work or duty. 2. One’s turn at work, or the like. 3. A period of rest from work; a recess

sper’ma.-to-phore’ (spfir’md-té-for’; 70), n. Zool. A special capsule, packet, or mass, enclosing a number of sper-

val of rest to; as, he spelled his horse. == v.7. Collog. To rest from work foratime. — 7. 1. Therelief of one per-

or vacation.

4. Any relatively short period; hence, Col-

loq.: & Any relatively short distance. or depression. :

spell, x.

[AS., asaying, tale,speech.]

h A fit, as of illness _1. Aspoken word

or form of words supposed to have magic power; an incan-

tation. A charm; spellbinding influence; fascination. —v.t. To put under, or as under, a spell; bewitch; charm.

fle,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

Add,

account,

firm,

ask,

Old, obey, Grb, Sdd, sdft, cdnnect;

ne of the primitive male germ cells. b Bot. gonium. — sper/ma.-to-go/ni-al (-dl), adj.

A spermo-

matozoa, extruded by the male of various animals, as anne-

lids, mollusks, and some vertebrates. — -toph/o-ral (-t3f/o-ral), adj.

sper/ma.to-phyte’ (-fit’), n.

Any plant of a phylum (Sper-

matophyta) embracing the highest plants, or those that produce seeds; a seed, or flowering, plant. — sper/ma-tophyt/ic (-fit/ik), adj.

sofa; éve, foed, fot;

h@re (27), évent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; citbe, tinite, tim, wp, circés, meni;

spermatorrhea sper/ma-tor-rhe’a,

(spfir/ma-td-

ré/a), n., L., fr. spermato- + -rrhea.] Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of semen without orgasm. sper/ma-to-zo/id (-td-z0/id), m. Also sper/ma.to-zo/oid (oid).

_[spermatozoon +

Gr. eidos form.] _Bot.

mo-

tile male gameteor male sexual cell, usually developed Mia se an antheridium, and liberated in the presence of water. sper’/ma.-to-zo/on (-5n), n.¢ pl.-zoA (-a). [NL., fr. sper-

mato- +- Gr. zdion ah,sedrhal | Zool. A male sexual cell or sperm cell of an animal, whose function is thefertilization of the egg. Spermatozoa are capable of active spon-

taneous

movement. — sper/ma.to-zo’al

(-dn), -z0/ic (-ik), adj.

(-dl),

-zo/an

sperm/ine (spiir’mén; -min), n.. Also -in.

[See sperm]

Biochem. A crystalline aliphatic base, CigHssNq, found in semen, in various body tissues, and in yeast. Sper/mo- (spir’m6-), sperm-. = sPERMATO-, as in sper/-

mo-phyte. — sper/mo-go/ni-um (-g6/ni-tim), n.;_pl. -ntA a).

[NL.,

fr. spermo--+ Gr. goné otispring.] Bot. A flask-shaped or depressed receptacle in which spermatia are produced in certain fungi and lichens. sper’mo-phile (spiir’mo-fi]; -ffl), n._ [Gr. sperma aseed+ Any of numerous

burrowing rodents

(genus C7-

tellus and allied genera) related to the marmots and the

true squirrels; — called also gopher and ground squirrel. They live in colonies and do great damage to crops. sper’mous (sp{fir’mis), adj. Resembling sperm. -Sper/mous (-spfir’mus). Also -sper’mal (-mdl), -sper’-

mic (-mik).

[See sperm,]

having (such or so many) multispermous.

sperm whale.

Combining forms signifying

seeds or germs; seeded; as in

A large whale (Physeter catodon) of the

warmer parts of all oceans; — called also cachalot. Its head has a large closed cavity containing a fluid mixture of spermaceti and a valuable lubricant oil (sperm oil).

sper’ry-lite (spér’i-lit), n. [After F, L. Sperry, Sudbury, Ontario.] Mineral. An arsenide of platinum, PtAss, occurring in grains and minuteisometric crystals ofa tin-white

color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada and is the only compound of platinum known to occur in nature. spew (spi), v.t. @ 7. [AS. spiwian, sptwan.] _To eject

rom or as from the stomach; vomit; pour forth,

meaning: a A representation of spherical lines or bodies,* asin planisphere. bA spherical enveloping layer, as in atmosphere. ¢ A spherical mass forming a body, as in odosphere. spher’ic (sfér/ik), adj. = SPHERICAL, 1 & 2.

spher/i-cal (i-kal), adj. _ 1. Sphere-shaped; globular, 2. Of, pert. to, or dealing with, asphere or spheres. 3. Of or pert. to the celestial spheres. — -i-cal-ly, adv.

spherical aberration.

Aberration (sense 4) due to the

spherical form of a lens or mirror.

Spherical sailing.

See SArLinc.

sphe-ric/i-ty (sf€-ris’7-ti), n.;

pl. -Tres (-tYz).

Quality or

Med.

gures, and other magnitudes of a sphere produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and spherical

trigonometry.

sphe’roid (sfér’oid), n. spherical. — sphe/roid,

A figure like a sphere, but not sphe-roi’dal (sfé-roi’dal; -d’l),

adj. — sphe-roi’dal-ly, adv.

sphe’roi-dic’i-ty (sfér/oi-dis’%-tY), n. (sfé-roi’d7-ti).

Also sphe-roi/di.ty

Quality or state of being spheroidal.

sphe-rom/e-ter (sfé-rim/é-tér), n. instrument for measuring

other surfaces.

spher/ule (sftr’o0l),n. or spherical body.

[I. sphérométre.]

An

the curvature of spherical and

‘

[LL.sphaerula.]

A little sphere 5

spher’u-lite (sfér700-lit), n. Petrog. A spherical crystalline body of radiating fibers, in some vitreous, volcanic

rocks, as obsidian. — spher’u-lit/ic (-lit’Y¥k), adj. : spher’y (sfér’¥), adj. Poetic. 1. Spherical; starlike. Shak. 2. Of the spheres.

sphine/ter (sfingk’tér), n.

_[LL., fr. Gr. sphinktér ;akin

to Gr. sphingein to bind tight.]|

Anat. & Zool.

A ring-

like muscle surrounding, and able to contract or close, a

natural opening. — sphinc’ter-al (dl), adj. ; sphinx (sfingks), .; pl. spHinxEs (sfingk’séz;

SPHINGES (sfin/jéz).

[L.. fr. Gr. sphing.]

-siz),

1. Gr. myth

A monster having typically a lion’s body, wings, and the

head and bust of a woman; specif., the Sphinx, of Thebes, who proposed a riddle to all passers and upon their failure to guess 1t destroyed them. Oedipus guessed the riddle, the Sphinx slew herself, and he became king of

=n.

Thebes. The riddle: What creature walks in the morning upon four feet, at noon upon two, at evening upon three?

‘To be-

scrutable character and purposes; any person or monster thought of as like the sphinx. 3. Egypt. Archaeol. An

That which is spewed; vomit. — spew’er (spii’ér), 7. sphac’e-late (sfais’é-lat), v.7. [NL. sphacelare, -latum,

to mortify, fr. Gr. sphakelos gangrene.]

[Gr. sphaira sphere.] _ A combining form

-Sphere (-sfér).

state of being spherical; roundness. Spheres (sfr’/iks), n. Mathematics dealing with circles,

sper’mic (spfir’mik), adj. Pertaining to sperm. -sper/mic ¢spiir’mik). = -sprRMmous.

-phile.]

spice

957

sper/ma-tor-rhoe’a__

come gangrenous; mortify. — sphac’e-la’tion, n. sphae’ro- (sf€r’6-; sfé/rd-), sphaer-. [Gr. sphaira ball, sphere.] A combining form denoting sphere, spherical. sphag’nous (sfag/ntis), adj. Pertaining to or abounding in sphagnum. sphag’/num (-nu&im),7. [NL., fr. Gr. sphagnos a kind of moss.] 1. Any of a genus (Sphagnum) of mosses, sole

type of a family (Sphagnaceae); the peat mosses. 2. mass of these plants used by florists in packing, potting,

etc., or in making surgical dressings and similar pads.

The answer: Man, as a baby on hands and knees, later on

his feet, and in old age with a staff." 2. A person of in-

image of a recumbent lion having the

(Fo

head_of a man_(an androsphinx, as the Sphinx at Giza representing Har-

machis, the morning sun), a ram, orahawk. 4. Zool. A hawk moth. :

sphra-gis’tic

ga

(sfrd-j¥s’tik),

adj. (Gr, sphragistikos of or for sealing, fr. sphragis a seal.] Of or like engraved

sphal’er-ite (sfal/ér-it; sfa/lér-), n. mice sphaleros treachSeals erous, uncertain.] Mineral. A widely distributed ore of sphra-gis’tics (tiks), n.; see zinc, essentially of zinc sulphide, ZnS. H., 3 SD. gr., a The ee oe SS 3.9-4.1. Called also blende or zinc blende. ? sphene (sf€n), n. [F. sphéne, fr. Gr. sphén wedge; from a sphyg’mic (sfig’mik), adj. orm of its crystals.]

Titanite, esp. when light-colored.

sphe’nic (sfé’nik), adj. [Gr. sphén wedge.] Wedgeshaped; as, a sphenic number, or one having three unequal

factors. ioe sphén.]_ sphe’no- (sfé’nd-), sphen-. orm meaning wedge, wedge-shi shaped DESI

[Gr. sphygmos

the pulse.J

Physiol. Of or pertaining to the pulse.

sphyg’mo- (sfig’ms-).

The Sphinx at Giza,

(Gr. sphygmos.]

Med.

bining form meaning pulse, asin Sphyg’mo-gram,

A com-

a trac-

A combining ing of curves corresponding with the beats of the heart. FE I 3 LG DOEsphyg’mo-graph (graf; 9), n. [sphygmo-graph.) ing connection with, or relation to, the sphenoid bone. Physiol. An instrument which records graphically the sphe/no-gram (-grim),. [spheno-+-gram.] Acuneifrovements of the pulse. — sphyg’mo.graph/ic (-grif/orm, or arrowheaded, character. — sphe-nog’ra-phy Yk), adj. (sfé-nog’ra-fi), n. (sfig’moid), adj. Physiol. & Med. Resemsphe’noid (sfé/noid), adj. [Gr. sphénoeidés, fr. sphén a sphyg/moid Ree the pulse; pulselike. e x“

wedge + eidos form.] 1. Wedge-shaped. Anat, Designating or pertaining to a winged compound bone of sy

ae of the cranium. — sphe-noi’dal

-d')), adj.

fut

(sfé-noi/ddl;

spher’al (sfér/dl), adj. Of, pertaining to, or like a sphere; hence, symmetrical; harmonious. sphere (sfer), ». [OF. espere (F. sphére), fr. L. sphaera,

r. Gr. sphaira sphere, ball.], 1. Geom. A body of space bounded by one surface all points of which are equally distant from a point within called its center, Any globe or globular body, esp. a celestial one. 3. Astron. a The apparent surface of the heavens (half of which forms the dome of the visible sky). b In ancient astronomy, one of the revolving spherical transparent shells in which stars, sun, planets, and moon were supposedto be set. 4. Cir-

cuit or range of action, knowledge, or influence; compass;

province; place or scene of action or existence.

order of society; social position orclass.

Rank;

6. Obs. An orbit.

7. The atmosphere; the heavens. —v. ¢. 1. To place in or as in a sphere or among the spheres; ensphere. 2. To form into a sphere.

Chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

Spbyp sno-sa nent’ s: ter

(sfig/mé-md-ndm/étér), |n.

sphygmo--+ manometer]. Aninstrument for measuring blood pressure, esp. arterial blood pressure. sphyg-mom/e-ter (sfig-mom/é-tér), n. Phystol. An inepumneas for Higasuiins the es te of the pulse beat.

sphyg/mus_

(sfig’mts), n. NL., fr. Gr. sphygmos. Physiol. The pulse. : ae ] spi’ca spy kas n.; pl. SPICAE (sé). [L., an ear, as of grain.] rchaeol. An ear of wheat. 2. [cap.] Astron. Astar of the first magnitude in the constellation Virgo, [L. spicatus, past part. of Sptcare } to furnish with spikes, orears.] Bot. & Zool. Having the form of a spike; arranged in a spike or spikes.

spi’cate (spi/kat), adj.

spic-ca’to (spék-ka’t5), adj. [It., past part. of spiccare to detach.] Music. Detached; performed with springing bow; — a direction for stringed instruments. spice (spis),n. [OF. espice, fr, L. species sort, kind.]

1.

Aspecimen; asmall portion or admixture; modicum; touch.

2. Any of various aromatic vegetable productions,

as pep-

per, nutmeg, cloves, etc., used in cookery to season food and

K=cb in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

|] Foreign Words

spiceberry

flavoring; as, variety is the spice of life. — Sym. See vEIN. —.t.; SPICED (spist); SPIC/ING (spis/ing). To season with or as with spices. : spice’ber’ry (spis’bér/t; -bér-¥), n. ;pl. -RrES (-Yz). a Wintergreen, or checkerberry.

b A myrtaceous tree (Hugenia

rhombea) of Florida, with orange or blackish fruit. spice’bush/ (-bddsh’), n. Also spice’wood’ (-wd0d’).

orth

American

aromatic

lauraceous

aestivale) bearing scarlet berries.

spic’er-y (spis/ér-i), n.; pl.-tes (Iz).

shrub

ML.

spica nardi.

See Ist SPIKE;

the above is believed to have been derived. 2. An American araliaceous

1. A minute, slender pointed body; a needlelike Zool.

bracted spikes that make up the compound inflorescence of grasses and sedges. spike/nard (spik/nérd; -nard), n.

1.

lare to sharpen, point.] Covered with spicules. : spic/ule (spik/il),n. LF., fr. L. spiculwm a little point, a

body, esp. of bony material.

small, few-flowered

NARD.] 1. aA of the ancients.

(Benzoin

Bec

[OF.espicerie.]

spike lavender. A European mint (Lavandula spiea). spike/let (spik/lét; -lit), n. Bot. A small spike; one of the

A

pices. 2. A repository of spices. 3. A spicy quality. spic/i-ly (spis/%-li), adv. In a spicy manner; pungently. spic/i-ness, n. Quality of being spicy. _ spick’—and-span’, or, more fully, spick’/—and—span/— new’,adj. [Var.ofspikEanail.] Quite new; brand-new. spic/u-la (spik/i-ld), n,; pl. -LAE (-Ie). [NL., dim. of L. spica.] A spicule; prickle. — spic’u-lar (-lér), adj. spic’u-late (-lat), adj. fi, spiculatus, past part. of spicu-

dart.]

spinal cord

958

to flavor sauces, pickles, etc. 3. A pungent or fragrant odor. 4. That which gives zest or pungency; a piquant

One of the minute

fragrant ointment b An East Indian

aromatic valerianaceous plant (Nardosiachys jatamansz), from which

herb

(Aralia

racemosa),

with

aro-

matic root and panicled umbels. spik’y (spik’i), adj. 1. Spikelike. Furnished with spikes. spile (spil), n. [CMLG., a splinter, Spikelet

spout inserted in a tree for conduct-

of Meadow Fescue (festuca elatior) showing two open Flowers. 1,1 Anthers; nV

into the ground asa support forsome

Empty Glumes.

wooden used

peg.]

to stop a vent.

ing sap.

small

plug,

2.

U.S.

/

3. A large stake driven

superstructure; a pile.

—v,

2

Pistil; 3, 3 Paleae; 4

¢t. To supply with a spile or

spiles; to pile; also, to draw off through a spile.

calcareous or siliceous bodics which support the tissues of spil/i-kin, spil/li-kin (spil/i-kin), x. [From 1st sprit] Jne of a number of small pieces or pegs, of bone, for

various invertebrates, as sponges, radiolarians, holothurians, ete. — Spic/u-lar (-ii-lér), adj. spic/u-lum (-ii-ltim), n.; pl. sprcuta (la). _ [L., a little

point.]

Zool. a Any of various small spicular organs, as

the spines of an echinoderm. A spicule. spic’y (spis’i), adj.; SPIC/I-ER (-1-€r); sprc/I-EsT.

1. Fla-

vored with, containing, or characteristic of, spice or spices;

aromatic. 2. Abounding with spices. Piquant; pungent; sometimes, savoring of the scandalous. — Sym. See

rAcy. — Ant. Flat, vapid; insipid.

spi/der (spi/dér), n.

[ME. spithre, fr.

arachnids comprising an order (Araneida) and having a body with but two main divisions:acephalothorax bearing 4 four pairs of walking legs, and an unsegmented abdomen bearing two or more pairs of spinnerets for spinning threads

of silk used in making cocoons for their Garden Spider (Araeggs, nests for themselves, or webs for nea diadema). (34)

ue

3. A metal pan

with a handle, used in frying food. Originally it had long legs, for use over coals. 4. A trivet or tripod to support

Pans or pots over a fire. Dulverizing the ground.

spider crab.

§&. A cultivator attachment for

Any of a group (Oxyrrhyncha) of crabs hav-

ing a more or less triangular body and ten legs, as the huge

Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kampfert).

Side monkey. Any ofa genus (Ateles) of American moneys having long slender limbs, the thumb being absent or rudimentary and the tail very long and prehensile. spider phaeton. A very high, light carriage, having a covered seat in front and a footman’s seat behind.

spi/der-wort’ (spi’dér-wiirt’), x.

Any of a genus (T'rades-

cantia) of plants having ephemeral blue or violet flowers

with slender hairy stamens; hence, any dayfiower. spi/der-y (spi’dér-i), adj. _Resembling a spider.

f

Spie/gel-ei/sen (spé/gél-i/z%n), n. _Also spie’gel, spiegel Iron.

([G., fr. spzegel mirror + eiseniron.]

A variety of

pig iron containing manganese up to 15-20 per cent. spiel (spél), mn. [G. ertee play, spielen to play.] Slang, .S. A speech or talk. —=v. 4%. To talk. spier (sp¢r). Var. of SPEER, ask. spi’er (spi’ér), n. One who spies; a spy. spiff’y (spif/t), adj. Slang. Neat; fine-looking; smart. spig’ot (spYg/iit), n. _A peg used to stop the vent in a cask; the plug of a cock; U.S., a faucet or cock. spike (spik), n. (L. spica ear of grain, tuft of a plant.]

An ear of corn or grain. 2. Bot. A racemose inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile along the axis, as in the common plantain. A spike that

[ME.]

-—v.t.

1. To fasten or fur-

rm,

ask,

spill’way’ wa’), n.

Hydraul. Engin.

A passage for su-

perfluous water in a reservoir or river; a paved apron or a dam or part of a dam, etc., over which water flows. spi/lo-site (spi/lé-sit), m. [Gr. spilos a spot + -¢te.] Petrog. A spotted schistose rock produced by contact metamorphism of clay slate, usually by diabase. spilth (spilth), x. Spilling; something spilt. “ER (spin), v.¢.; SPUN, Archaic SPAN; SPUN;

SPIN’NING.

AS. spinnan.] _1. To draw out and twist into threads y hand

or machinery; to produce

twisting a fibrous material.

by drawing

out and

2. To form (a thread of silk,

or a web, cocoon, etc.) by the extrusion of a viscous, rapidly

hardening fluid; — of spiders, silkworms. 3. To form or produce by a slow process, or by degrees; to prolong; pro-

tract; — usually with out.

4. To shape in manufacture

into threadlike form; — usually in past participle ; as, spun glass. 5. To twirl, as a top. Mech. To shape (sheet

metal) into a hollow form, by bending or buckling it by pressing with a smooth hand tool or roller while the metal revolves in a lathe. —v.7. 1. To make yarn or thread from fiber by drawing and twisting, as a jenny. ‘0 form a thread or threads, asa spider. 3. To whirl; to revolve, as _a top; to feel as if revolving, as one’s head.

Collog. To move swiftly, as ona bicycle.

spinning bait, as spoon bait; to troll.

—n.

5. To fish with

f

1. Act of spinning; the movement imparted by spin-

ning; specif.;

with a curve.

a A whirl or twirl, as of a baseball pitched

b Act of moving swiftly for a period, as in

riding or sailing; as, to take a spin round the track.

2.

Bot. Pertaining to or re-

though the 2d is historically correct; 21), n.

[OF. es-

pinache, espinage, through ML. & Sp., fr. Ar, isbanakh, isfanakh.] A potherb (Spinacia oleracea) of the goose-

foot family, cultivated for its edible leaves. spi/nal (spi/ndl; -n’l), adj. (LL. spinalis.] 1. Anat. a Of, pert. to, or near, the backbone. b Pert. to spines or

Spike

on

aa

nish with spikes. 2. To pierce, cut, impale, or the like, with or ona spike. 3. To put an end to or block, as a proposed plan. 4. Mil. To disable (a cannon) temporarily by driving a spike into the vent.

Ble, chaotic, cAre, add, dccount,

b

That which spills or is spilled over.

inclined steeply downward.

set with point upward, as on a wall to prevent passage; pointed projections on the sole of a shoe to prevent slipping; a spine, as on some fishes. ; kind of very large nail. 3. Anything shaped like such a projection or nail; as: a A young mackerel not over six inches long. b An unbranched antler

to prevent slipping.

To

sembling spinach or its family (Chenopodiaceae). spin/ach (spin/ich; -ij; the 1st pron. prevails in America,

jects or projections, usually slender, as: a pointed iron

plate fastened to the sole or heel of a player’s shoe

Nawt.

«=v. 7. To or wasted. Colloq.

throwing out or off accidentally, as from a motor car. Collog. A downpour. ¢ A spillway.

spill’/age (ij), nm.

spi-na/ceous (spi-na/shitis), adj.

1. Any of various pointed ob-

of ayoung deer. 4. pl. Baseball. Three projections formed by turning up the edges of the metal

Colloq. To throw out or off accidentally. 5. relieve (a sail) from the pressure of the wind. fall or run out or over and thus usually be lost —vn. A spilling; that which is spilled; as: a

Aviation. An aerial maneuver consisting of a combination of roll and yaw, with the longitudinal axis of the airplane

is branched and resembles a panicle is termed compound, See INFLORESCENCE, Jllust.

spike, n.

To cause accidentally, or

allow unintentionally, to tall, flow, or run out, usually with the result of losing or wasting; hence, to lose, or suffer to be scattered, as sand. To shed, as blood. 3. To let become known, as news; to allow to leak out, as secrets. 4.

spinning its web.] _1. Any of various

conceived of as like a spider, as in craft.

spill (spil), n._ [Partly fr. E. dial. spell splinter; partly fr. MD. spille, D. spil.J|| 1. Asplinter, 2. Aslender piece, as: a A peg for plugging a hole; a spile. b A metallic rod orpin. ¢ A roll of paper, or slip of wood, used for lighting lamps, pipes, etc. spit (spil), v. ¢. ;SPILLED (spYld) or sprit (spilt); sPILL/ING.

AS. spillan to destroy.|

AS. spinnan to spin; — so nained from

entangling their prey. _ 2. A person

playing certain games, as jackstraws, or for counting in cribbage. 2. pl. A game played with these. spil’ing (spil/ing), n. Piling; piles collectively.

a spine (pointed process). 2. Physiol. Ot, dependent upon, or affecting the spinal cord; as, a spinal animal. spinal canal. The canal (containing the spinal cord) ormed by the arches on the dorsal side of the vertebrae.

spinal column.

Anat. & Zool.

The articulated series of

small bones or vertebrae forming the backbone; the spine.

spinalcord. Anat. The longitudinal cord of nervous tissue extending from the brain along the back in the spinal canal.

sofa; Gve,

hére (27),

Svent, &nd,

silént, makér; ice, ll,

charity; Gld, Gbey, Orb, dd, sé{t, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, tnite, fin, tip, circéés, menti;

spindle Spin/dle a ,

oie

YT:

spirit

959

spinel; akin to AS. spinnan | spi-nos’i-ty (spi-nds/%-tY), n. ,

;

G

2

tospim] la spinning, a round stick taperin toward each end, with a notch or catch at one end to hold

-

y

iw

yy.

Spinose or spinous quality or .

.

.

state; a pointed remark; a thorny part.

spi/nous (spi/niis), adj. _Having the form of a spine or

the yarn. _bhThe long, round, slender rod or pin in spinning wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound. fusiform piece or figure;

Spi-no/zism. (spi-nd/ziz’m), n.

spinning-machine spindle, esp. one which turns, or on which something turns; specif.: a In a lock, the bar or shaft

— Spi-no/zist (-zist), n. spin’/ster (spin’stér), n. [ME., fr. spin-+-ster]

specif.: a The fusee of a watch. b Biol. The spindle. shaped figure of fibers of achromatic substance formed during mitosis. 3. Any slender pin or rod suggestive of a

that actuates the latch or bolt.

_b A short decorative

turned piece, as in a baluster. ¢ Mach. An arbor, mandrel, axle, or shaft; esp., a revolving piece less in size than a

shaft; as, the live puede of a lathe, that imparts motion

tothe work.

4. Ahydrometer.

5. A yarn measure con-

taining, in cotton yarn, 15,120 yards; in linen yarn, 14,400

yards. | 6. A round pile or pipe placed on a rock or shoal as an aidto navigation.

— adj. 1. Of spindles; fusiform.

2. Pertaining to the mother or the mother’s side in descent; ee cevadie kin. —v.7.; SPIN/DLED (-d’ld); sprN/pine (-dling). 1. To shoot or grow into a long slender

stalk. 2. To grow to stalk or stem rather than flower or fruit. —v.t. To shape like a spindle. spin’/dle-leg’/ged (-lég/éd; -id; -légd’), spin/dle-shanked/ (-shingkt’), adj. Having long slender legs. spin/dle-legs’ (-légz’/), spin/dle-shanks’ (-shingks’), n. pl., construed as sing. Collog. A person with slender legs, or shanks. spindle tree. Any of a genus (Hvonymus, family Celastra-

ceae) of shrubs or trees with hard wood used for spindles.

spin/dling (spin‘dling), adj. Long and slender, or disproportionately tall and slender; as, a spoadiing tree or boy. — 7. A spindling person, plant, or object. spin/dly (spin/dli), adj. Spindling. spin/drift’ (spin/drift’), nm. Sea spray; spoondrift. spine (spin), n. _LOF. and L.; OF. espine, fr. L. spina thorn, spine. ) Bot. Any stiff, sharp-pointed process,

thorn; spinelike; also, spinose; spiny.

The philosophy of Bene-

dictus (or Baruch) de Spinoza, who taught that all reality is One Substance, God, of which thought and extension (or mind and physical reality) are two aspects or attributes. 1. A

woman who spins. 2. Formerly, a title given to unmarried women of the gentle classes from a viscount’s daughter

down; now, an unmarried woman, 3. Popularly, an old maid. — spin’/ster-hood, n. — spin/ster-ish, adj. spin-thar/i-scope (spin-thar/i-skop), n. [Gr, spintharis

spark + -scope.] Asmallinstrument containing a minute particle of a radium compound mounted in front of a fluo-

rescent screen and viewed with magnifying lenses. spi‘nule pies spin/il), n. [L. spinula, dim. of spina a spine. A minute spine.— spin/u-lose (spin/u-lés; spi/nu-), adj.

spin’/y (spin’i), adj. prickly.

1. Covered with spines; thorny;

2. Abounding with difficulties.

spiny anteater.

—spin/i-ness, n.

An echidna.

%

spin/y—finned’ (fYnd’; 2), adj. aving fins with one or more stiff, unbranched

rays,

without

trans-

verse segmentation; — of acanthopterygian fishes. spi/ra-cle (spi/ré-k’l; spir’d-), n.

SO,. sul’tan (siii/tdn; sool-tan’), n. [F., fr. Ar. sultan sultan, dominion.]_ 1. tuler, or sovereign; esp., a ruler of a

Mohammedan state;—a title of any Mohammedan prince; specif. [often cap.], the ruler of the Turks; hence, sul/tan-ship (an office abolished in 1922). 2. aA breed

sul/phide (stil’fid; -ffd), n.

Also -phid,

A com-

of white domestic fowls having the legs and toes heavily feathered. hb A sultana bird sul-tan/a (stl-tin/d; stl-ti/nda), n. [It] 1. The wife, or sometimes the mother, sister, or daughter, of a sultan. 2. A mistress, esp. of a royal personage. 3. Also suliana bird. A gallinule (genus Porphyrio) with handsome blue

sul/phite (sul/fit), n.

Chem. A salt or ester of sul-

grown as a source of raisins and of a delicate white wine. sul/tan-ate (stil/tan-at), m. The rule, dominion, or office

Chem.,

pound of sulphur with an element or radical; a salt or ester of hydrogen sulphide; — formerly called sulphuret.

[F.]

phurous acid. — Sul-phit/ic (sul-fit/ik), adj. sul’pho- eg Chem. A combining form. denoting sulphur; specif.: a Denoting the presence of the sulphonic-acid group; sulphonic. _b Denoting the presence of the sulphonyl group. ¢ Denoting the presence of sulphuric acid. — sul’pho (-f0), adj. sul/pho-nal (siil’/fo-nal; stil/f6-nal’), n. Sulphonmethane.

sul’/pho-nate (stl/fo-nat), n.. Chem. A salt or ester of a sulphonic acid. -— v.¢t. To introduce the sulphonic group

into; to convert into a sulphonic acid. sul/phone (stl/fon), n. [G. sulfon.]

Chem.

Any of a

class of compounds containing the sulphonyl group (SO,)

doubly united, by its sulphur, with carbon. : sul-phon/ic (stl-fon’ik), adj. Chem. Pertaining designating the univalent acid group SO;H. |

sulphonic acid.

to or

Any of the acids containing the sul-

and greenish plumage.

4. A pale-yellow seedless grape,

of a sultan. sul/tan-ess (stil’/tdn-&s; -Ys; stil-tan’-), n.

A sultana.

sul/try (stl’tri), adj.; suL/TRiI-ER (-tr¥-€r); suL/rRr-Est, [From sweltry, adj., fr. SWELTER, v.] Very hot and

moist, or close and oppressive;

sweltering.

2. Burning

hot; as, a sultry sun. 3. Hot, as with passion or anger. — sultri-ly, adv. — sul’tri-ness, n. Su-lu’ (s00-l00’), n. [Malay Sulw’ (written Sulwk).] A

member of the most prominent tribe of Moros, of the Sulu Aachipelazor

also,

their

language.— Su-lu’an

(-dn),

adj. & n.

sum (sitm), n. [OF. summe, somme, fr. L. summa, fr. summus highest.] 1. An amount; an indefinite (unless specified) amount of money. he whole amount; the aggregate; as, within the swm of human experience. 3. summary or epitome; also, the gist. 4. Archaic. Utmost

phonic group, and regarded as derived from sulphuric acid by replacement of hydroxyl. sul-pho/ni-um. (stl-fo/nY-tim), m. [NL., fr. sulphur +

degree; height.

sul/phon-meth/ane (siil/fon-méth’an; stl/fon-),n.

Pharm.

Syn. Sum, amount, total, whole, number, quantity. Sum denotes the result of simple addition; amount implies a result reached

Org.

ness of result, while /otal often further implies magnitude. Number, rather than swm, is used for an aggregate of persons or things, to which

ammonium.]

Chem.

A univalent radical, SH.

A crystalline compound,

(CH,)2C ($O,CHs)2, used

hypnotic and sedative. sul/pho-ny] (stl/fé-nil; -nel), n. [sulphone+-yl.] Chem. The bivalent radical >SOy.

sul’/phur (siil/fér), x.

Also sul/fur.

as a

[L. sulphur, sulfur,

bers, magnitudes,

of 5 and 7 is 12.

he aggregate of two or more num-

quantities, or particulars; as, the swum

6. The numbers to be added; also,

Collog., any arithmetical problem. by accumulation of particulars.

Total and whole suggest complete-

(except as to things in bulk or mass) amount should not be applied;

as,

the number present, a small amount of cotton; but not, a small amount

Chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdtire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =~ in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. =Ixplanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. ||Foreign Word.

—v.t.; SUMMED (stimd); sum/minc.. 1. To calculate the amount or total of. 2. To epitomize; summarize; to re-

capitulate, as evidence.—sum points, arguments,

up.

To recapitulate

etc., as evidence.

su/mac, su’mach (sho0’mak; si/mak), n.

[OF. swmac,

L. sumach, fr. Ar. summaq.] 1. Any of several anacardiaceous trees, shrubs, or woody vines of two closely related genera (Rhus and Toxicodendron) with pyramidal panicles of small crimson one-seeded drupes, and in one genus (Toxicodendron) smooth fruits and foliage poisonous to the touch; also, the wood of any species. See por-

son sumac.

2. A material used in tanning and dyeing,

consisting of the dried and powdered leaves, panicles, etc., of various species of sumac (esp. R. coriaria).

Su-ma/tran (sd6-ma/trdn), adj. & n. from SUMATRA, Gaz. Su-me/ri-an (si-mér’!-dn; so0-), adj. Also Su-mi/ri-an (-mér/i-dn). Of Sumer (see Gaz.). —7. 1. A native of Sumer. 2. The agglutinative language of the Sumerians, the pre-Semitic population of the lower Euphrates valley. sum/ma.-rize (stim/a-riz), v.t. & 7. To tell in, reduce to, or make a summary. — sum/ma.ri-za/tion, n. — sum/ma.-riz/er, n. sum/ma-ry (rf), adj.. [ML. swmmarius. See SUMMARY, n.] Done ance; dure;

1. Comprehensive; esp., summarizing concisely.

2. without delay or formality; as, swmmary vengespecif., Law, of, pert. to, or using a summary proceused in, or done by, summary proceeding. — Syn.

Compendious, succinct. — Ant. Lengthy; sum/ma-ri-ly, adv. — sum/ma-ri-ness, n.

LAS. swmor, sumer.] _The season

of the year in any region in which the sun shines most directly there; the warmest period of the year. —v.7. To

pass the summer,

—»v.t, To keep or carry through the

summer. — sum/mer, adj.

sum/mer, n.

[F. sommier rafter, beast of burden.].

A

large horizontal beam or stone; as: a The lintel of a door or window. bA stone forming the cap of a pier to support a lintel, arch, etc. cA principal floor timber.

sum/mer-house’

(-hous’), n.

A rustic covered structure

in a garden or park, to provide a shady retreat in summer.

sum/mer-sault, -set. Vars. of SOMERSAULT, SOMERSET. summer squash. _Any of various garden squashes botanically pumpkins, derived from Cucurbita pepo, and grown for immediate consumption, as the crookneck. sum/mer-y (stim/ér-), adj. Of, like, or fit for summer. sum/imit (stim/it), n. [OF. sommette, dim. of som, sum, fr. L. summum, fr. summus highest.] 1. The apex; the top; the highest point. 2. The utmost height; the highest degree; acme. — Sym. Peak, crest, pinnacle.

sum/mon

(stim/tn), v.¢.

[OF. sumundre, semondre, fr.

L. swmmonére to remind privily, fr. sub--+ monére to admonish, warn.] 1. To issue a call to convene; to convoke. 2. To bid to come; to send for; also, to cite by au-

thority; to call formally, as to appear in court.

_3. To

call forth or evoke, esp. by an act of the will. To call upon to surrender. — sum/mon-er, 7.

4. Mil.

sum/mons (stim/tnz), n.; pl. SUMMONSES (-tin-zéz; -ziz). [OF. sumunse, semonse, participial n. fr. swmundre, semondre, to summon.] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority to appear at a place named, or to attend

to some duty. 2. A call, signal, knock, etc., that summons, Law. A warning or citation to appear in court; specif., a written notification, signed by the proper officer,

to be served on a person, and warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff upon pain of judgment against the defendant for default in so doing. —v.t. Collog. To take out a summons against.

||sum/mum bo/num

(stim/iim bo’/ntim).

[L.]

The su-

preme or highest good, from which others are derived. sump (simp), n. [MLG,, a marsh.] 1. (pron. simp, soomp) A pit or reservoir, serving as a drain for fluids; specif.:a A cesspool. b A pit at the lowest point in a circulating or drainage system, asina motor. :2. [G. sumpf, lit., marsh.]. Mining. a The lowest portion of a shaft,

into which the water drains.

b An excavation ahead of

the regular work in driving a tunnel or sinking a shaft. sumph (stimf; sdomf), x. Scot. A stupid or sulky person. sump/ter (stimp’tér), n. [OF. sommetier driver of a pack horse. See sumMER a beam.]_A pack horse or mule; a beast of burden. — sump’ter, adj. sump’tu-ar’y (stimp’ti-tr’T; -ér-7; 3), adj. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus

expense,

cost, fr. sumere,

to take, spend, fr. sub- + emere to take, buy.]_ to or regulating expenditure.

sumptuary law.

sumptum,

Relating

A law, designed to regulate habits pri-

marily on moral or religious grounds, justified under the police power of the state. [F. somptueuz, fr. L. sump/tu-ous (stimp/tti-iis), adj. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus expense, cost.] nvolving large ale,

chaotic,

charity;

care, Add,

Old, Obey,

dccount,

firm,

outlay or expense; costly; lavish; hence, luxurious; splendid. — sump/tu.ous-ly, adv.— sump/tu-ous-ness, 7. sun (stin), n.

[AS. sunne.]

1. The luminous celestial

body round which the earth and other planets revolve, and

from which they receive light and heat.

Symbol,

©

Its mean distance from the earth is 92,900,000 miles; its linear diameter, 864,000 miles; its mass, 332,000 times

that of the earth; its mean density about one fourth that of the earth. 2. Sunshine. 3. Sunrise or sunset;— in phrases; as, from sun to sun. 4&. A celestial body like the sun; a luminary center of

—v.t.;

SUNNED

asystem.

5. A sunlike object.

(stind); SUN’NING.

To expose to the

sun’s rays; to warm, dry, air, bleach, etc., in or as if in the sun. —v.7. To sun oneself. sun bath. Therapeutic exposure to the sun’s rays. sun’beam?/ (stin’bém’), n. A beam or ray of the sun. |

sun/bird’ (-biird’), n. a Any of numerous small, brilliantly colored singing birds (family Nectariniidae), native to Africa and the East Indies, somewhat resembling hummingbirds.

sun bittern. American

b The sun bittern.

Either of two peculiar Central and South

birds (Hurypyga

helias and EH. major)

allied

to the herons, rails, and cranes.

.

sun/bon/net (siin’/bon/ét; -it), nm. A poke bonnet, with a cape at the back worn to shield from the sun. sun/bow’ (-b0’), n. Poetic. A rainbow; an iris.

sun/burn/

(-bfirn’), ..

Superficial

inflammation

of the

skin from exposure to the sun’s rays; also, the red or brown color so caused. —v.t. & 7. To burn by the sun.

leisurely.— sun/burst’ (-bfirst’), m. 1. A burst of sunlight, esp through a break in clouds. 2. A jeweled brooch representing a sun surrounded by rays.

sum/ma-ry, n.; pl. -R1ES_(-riz). _ [L. summarium, fr. summa sum. See sum, n.] An abstract, abridgment, or compendium, esp. of a preceding discourse. sum-ma/’tion (siim-a’shtin), n. 1. Act of summing, or of forming asum, or total amount; addition. 2. An aggregate.

sum/mer (stim/ér), n._

Sung

998

sumac

of apples. Quantity may be used of objects that can be counted, but only when measurable in bulk; as, a quantity of apples.

ask,

Orb, Odd, sOft, cdnnect;

sofa;

sun/dae (stin’di), n. [Also sunday, obscurely fr. Sunday.] A portion of plain ice cream served with crushed fruit, sirups, nuts, etc.

sun dance.

f

A ceremonial dance performed at the time of

the summer solstice among many of the Indians of the Great Plains. Sun/day (stin/d¥; 13), n. [AS. sunnandzg.] The first day of the week; the Christian Sabbath. Abbr. Sun. Syn. Sunday, Sabbath. Sunday is the name of the first day of the

week; Sabbath designates the institution rather than the day, and ig synonymous with Sunday only in Christian usage, the Jewish Sabbath falling on Saturday. Asa designation of the day, Sunday is preferred to Sabbath.

Sunday,

or Sabbath, school,

A school held on, Sunday

for religious education; also, its teachers and pupils. sun/der (stin’dér), v.¢. [AS. sundrian (in comp.), 01

syndrian ; akin to AS. sundor asunder, separately.]

Te

force apart or separate by rending, cutting, breaking, etc.; to part or sever. —

in sunder.

sun/der-ance (-dins), n.

Act of dividing or separating.

sun/dew’ (stin’di’; 114), n. bog-inhabiting on the leaves.

insectivorous

sun/di/al (-di/al), n.

Into parts; apart.

Any of a genus (Drosera) of herbs having

viscid glands

_An instrument to show the time of

day by the shadow of a gnomon, or style. sun disk. Archaeol. A disk with conventionalized wings, in Egypt the symbol of

Ra the sun-god, often

bearing the uraeus; in the Near East, symbol of Ashur. sun/dog’ (stin’ddg’; 74),

Sun Disk.

n.

A parhelion. 2. A small halo, nearly round, 0u the parhelic circle. sun/down/ (-doun’), n. Sunset. sun/—dried’ (-drid’), adj. Dried by the sun, as raisins. sun/dries (stin’driz), n. pl. Miscellaneous articles, de tails, or items of inconsiderable size or amount. sun/drops’ (-dréps’), n. pl.

Any of several day-flowering

herbs (genus Knezffiia) related to the evening primroses.

eae ny (stin’dr¥), adj. several.]

[AS. syndrig separate, special,

Several; divers; various; miscellaneous.

sun/fast’ (-fast’/; 9), adj.

Not capable of being faded by

sunlight. sun/fish’ (-ffsh’), n.; see FisH, Note. 1. A remarkable plectognath marine fish (Mola mola) having a deep body truncated behind

and high dorsal and anal fins.

merous American perchlike freshwater fishes (family Centrar-

2. Any of nu-

chidae); esp., the common species,

or. pumpkinseed (Hupomotis gibbosus). sun/flow’er (-flou/ér), n. of a genus (Helianthus) of plants of the aster family, hav-

ing large yellow-rayed flcwer heads and bearing seeds which serve as stock

food and which yield an edible oil. The common sunflower (H. annuus) is the State flower of Kansas.

Sung (soong), nm.

[Chin. (Pek.) Sung4.]

A

dynasty in Chinese history, a.p. 960-1126, Sunfish (Mola active in literature, philosophy, and art.

@ve,

hére

food, foot;

out,

(27),

€vent,

= oil; cube,

énd,

ae

Unite,

silént,

&

mols). (770)

makér;

age

tirn, tip, circés,

vi, i menti;

Ice,

sung

sunk (stingk), past & past part. of SINK. sunk/en (stingk’én), orig. past part. of sINK; hence, adj.: a That has sunk down, in, below, etc.; sunk. b Lying on the bottom of a river or other water.

sun/Ket (sting/kit; soong’-), n. what something.]

Scot.

[From Scot. form of some-

Food; esp., a dainty.

sunk fence. A ditch with a retaining wall, used to divide lands without defacing a landscape. sun/less (stin’lés; -lfs), adj. Having no sun or sunlight. sun/light’ (-lit’), n. The light of the sun. sui/lit’ (-lit’), adj. Lighted by the sun. sunn (stin), n.,or sunnhemp. [Hind. san, fr. Skr. Sana.] a An East Indian fabaceous plant (Crotalaria juncea) with slender branches, simple leaves, and yellow flowers. b The valuable fiber of this plant, lighter and stronger than jute, and used for ropes, bags, etc. Sun/na, Sun/nah (so6n/a), n. [Ar. sunnah.] Moham. Relig. The theory and practice of orthodox Islam.

Sun/nite (sd0n/it), n.

[From Sunna.]

One of a Moslem

sect who acknowledge the first four caliphs to be the rightful successors of Mohammed.

sun/ny (stin’t), adj. ; -NI-ER (-Y-ér); -Nt-EsT.

1. Of, from,

or in, the sun or sunshine; bright with sunshine.

posed to, brightened by, etc., the sun’s rays.

2. Ex-

3. Like the

sun or sunshine; merry; gay. — sun/’ni-ness, 7. sun parlor. A glass-enclosed room with a sunny exposure. sun/rise’ (stin/riz’), n. 1. The apparent rising of the sun

above the horizon; also, the accompanying atmospheric effects. 2. The time when the upper limb of the sun appears above the sensible horizon as a result of the diurnal rotation of the earth. sun/room/’ (-r00m/; 85), n. A sun parlor.

sun/set’ (-sét’), mn. 1. The apparent descent of the sun below the horizon; also, the accompanying atmospheric effects. 2. The time when the upper limb of the sun disappears below the sensible horizon as a result of the diurnal rotation of the earth. :

sun/shade/

(-shad’), n.

Anything used as a protection

from the sun’s rays; as: a A parasol.

sun/shine/ (-shin’),n. rays.

b An awning.

1. Thesun’s light; the sun’s direct

rays; hence: a The warmth

and light given by the sun’s

b A spot or surface on which the sun’s light shines.

2. Sunniness, happiness, graciousness, etc., or their source. —sun/shin’y (-shin’I), adj.

sun/spot’ (-spot’), . One of the dark spots that appear from time to time on the sun’s surface, usually visible only with the telescope. Their appearance is frequently accompanied by magnetic storms on the earth.

sun/stroke’ (-strok’), n.

Med.

An affection, often fatal

caused by exposure to the sun or excessive heat and marked by prostration and, usually, high fever. sun/’—struck’, adj. Affected with sunstroke. sun/up/ (stin/tp’), n.

Sunrise.

sun/ward (-wérd), sun’wards (-wérdz), adv.

sun. sun/ward (-wérd), adj.

sun’wise’ (-wiz’), adv. sup (stip), v. t.; SUPPED

Facing the sun. Clockwise. (stipt); sup/pinc.

Toward the Sie [(With influ-

ence of supper), fr. ME. soupen, fr. AS. stépan, to drink.]

Archaic é Dial. To take into the mouth in sips, as a liquid or liquid food. .—v.?. To take liquid food into the mouth a little at a time; tosip.

of liquor or broth. sup, v.7._

todrink.]

:

— mn. A mouthful, as

‘

[OF. super, soper, combined with ME. soupen

1. Toeat theevening meal.

2. To make one’s

supper; — with off —v.t. To provide with supper. su/per (su/pér), m. 1. Slang. a Short for supERNUMERARY; esp., a supernumerary actor. Db In trade, a superfine or superior grade; an extra large size, or the like. Bookbinding. A thin, loosely woven, _ open-meshed starched cotton fabric, used esp. for reinforcing books. —

adj. a In square measure.

rate.

GC Jronical.

b Superfine; excellent; first-

Excessively manifesting loyalty, etc.;

as, a super American. with super. su/per- (si’pér-; 114).

superficies

999

sung (sting), past& past part. of sinc. sun/glass’ (stin’glas’; 9), n. A burning glass. sun/glow’ (-gl0’), n. A brownish-yellow or rosy flush often seen in the sky before sunrise or after sunset, due to solar trays diffracted by particles in the air.

— v.t. Bookbinding. To reinforce [L. super over, above.]

A prefix

signifying above, over ;specif.: 1. a Situated on or at the top of, as in su’per-gla’cial, su’per-soil’.

above, as in quantity, quality, or su/per-stand’ard _c Now Rare.

b Over and

degree; more than, as in Superior in status, as

in su/per-sov’er-eign. d That surpasses all or most others of its kind, as in power or size, as in su/per-state’.

e Exceeding ; in excess; as in su’per-re-fined’. £ In addition; extra; asin supertax. g Secondarily; as in su/per-par’a-site. 2. a Anat., Bot., & Zool. Situated over, at the upper part, or on the dorsal side of, as in su’perglot’tal, su/per-or’bit-al. b Bot. & Zool. Constituting a more inclusive classification than (that specified), as in superfamily. CGAnal. Swperior, as in su/per-max-

il’la, the maxilla, or upper jaw. Chem. Having the (specified) inyredient in a large, or unusually large,

roportion, as in superphosphate; — superseded by per-, bi-, di-, acid, etc. 4. Med. That exceeds the norm, as in su/per-pig’/men-ta/’tion. L. superabilis, fr. susu/per-a-ble (sti/pér-d-b’l), adj. re mee Capable of foe to surmount, fr. super above, over.] eing overcome or conquered; surmountable. su’/per-a-bound’ (-d-bound’), v.¢. To be very, or too, abundant;

to abound to excess or to an unusual extent.

su/per-a-bun’dant (-d-btin/ddnt), adj. _Abounding to an abnormal] degree or to excess. — Sym. Exuberant, luxuriant, profuse, rank, — Ant. Meager, scanty. — su/per-abun/dance (-ddns), n. — su/per-a-bun/dant-ly, adv. su/per-add’ (-3d’), ».£. [L. superaddere.] To add over

and above; to add, as something adventitious, out of the

ordinary, etc. — su/per-ad-di/tion (-d-dish’tn), n. su’per-an/nu-ate (-an/ti-at), v.é. _[super--+ L. annus

year.]. 1. Now Rare. To disqualify or reject on account of antiquity. 2. To retire and pension because of ald age or infirmity. — su’per-an/nu.a’tion, n.

su-perb’ (sii-pfirb’), adj.

[L. superbus, fr. super over+

the root of fui I was, E. be.] _1. Noble; majestic. 2. Rich; sumptuous. 3. Supremely good of its kind; as, a superb technique. — Syn. See GRAND. — Ant. Mean. — su-perb/ly, adv. — su-perb/ness, n.

su/per-cal’en-der (sii/pér-kal/én-dér), n. A calender consisting of a stack of highly polished rolls, used to give an

extra finish to paper, etc. — -cal/en-der, ». ¢. su/per-car’go (-kir’g0), n.; pl. -CARGOES, -CARGOS (-g60z).

[From earlier supracargo, fr. Sp. sobrecargo.] An officer in a merchant ship in charge of the commercial concerns of the voyage. su/per-charg/er (sti/pér-char’jér), n. A device, such as a

ower or compressor, for increasing the volume air charge

of an internal-combustion engine over that which would

normally be drawn in through the pumping action of the pistons.— su’per-charge’ (st/pér-chiirj’), v. t.

su/per-cil/i-ar/y (si/pér-sil/Y-ér/J; -@r-¥; 3), adj. CL. super cilium eyebrow.] Anat. & Zool. Pertaining to the eyebrow; supraorbital. su/per-cil’i-ous (-i-tis), adj.

[L. superciliosus, fr. swper-

cilium an eyebrow, pride, fr. super over + cilium eyelid.] Lofty with pride; haughtily contemptuous. — Sym.

ARROGANT.

See

— Ant, Diffident. — su’per-cil’i-ous-ly, adv.

— su’/per-cil/i-ous-ness, n. su/per-class/ (sti’pér-klas/; 9), n._ Zool. & Bot. A category equivalent to or below a subphylum, and above a class. su/per-co-lum/nar (-ké-ltim/nér), adj. Built above a

column or colonnade; marked by superposition of columns.

su’per-cool’ (-k00l’), v.t. & 7. Physical Chem. To cool below the freezing point without solidification. su’per-dread/nough?’ (-dréd/nét’), n. See DREADNOUGHT. su’per-e’go (-€’g0; -@g’0), n. [super--+ ego.] Psychoanalysis. The ego as developed along the lines of selfcriticism and moral conscience. su/per-em/i-nent (-ém/7-nént), adj. [L. supereminens pres. part. of supereminere. See SUPER-; EMINENT. Eminent in a superior degree; of surpassing quality, etc. —

su/per-em/i-nence (-néns), n. — -em/i-nent-ly, adv. su/per-er’o-gate (-ér/d-gat), v.7. [LL. supererogatus, past part. of swpererogare to spend over and above.]

To

do more than is required by duty or obligation. su’per-er’o-ga/tion (-ga’/shiin), n. Act or fact of super-

erogating; also, supererogatory character or nature. In the Roman Catholic Church, works of supererogation

are those good deeds believed to have been done by saints,

or capable of being done by men, over and above what is

needed for their own salvation. su/per-e-rog’a-to/ry (-€-rog/d-to/ri;

adj.

1. Observed

-tér-{; -Er/d-ga-tér.Y),

or performed to an extent not enjoined,

or not required. Superfluous; nonessential. su/per-fam/i-ly (-fam/?-li), n. Zool. & Bot. A category of classification ranking next above a family. su/per-fe/cuu-da/tion (-fé/ktin-da/shtin; -f&k/t%in-), 7.

Physiol.

Successive fertilization of two or more ova from

the same ovulation. su’per-fe/tate (-fe/tat), v.7.

[L. superfetare, fr. super

above, over + fetare to bring forth.]_

Physiol.

To con-

ceive after a prior conception, but before the birth of the

offspring. su/per-fe-ta/tion pregnancy.

(-fé-ta’shiin), nm.

1. Conception during

2. Fertilization of an ovule by two or more

kinds of pollen.

3. Uninterrupted cumulative develop-

ment; overproduction; also, an instance of this.

su/per-fi/cial (-fish’dl), adj. [LL. superficialis.]

1. Of

or pert. to the superficies, or surface; lying on, not penetrating below, or affecting only, the surface; of measurements, square. 2. Concerned only with the obvious or

apparent; cursory; hasty; not profound; shallow.

3. Not

significant or genuine. That is seen at first view; external.— su/per-fi’cial-ly, adv. — su’per-fi’cial-ness, n.

su/per-fi/ci-al/i-ty (-fish’T-al/7-tY), n. ;pl. -TrEs (-tiz). Quality of being superficial; that which is superficial.

su/per-fi’ci-es (-fish’i-éz; -f{sh’éz), n.

[L., fr. super above,

over + facies make, figure, shape.] 1. The surface; the exterior pact or face, as of a sphere or a region. 2. The purely external aspect.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdure (118); K=ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanationsof Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. | Forelgu Wowd

superfine su/per-fine’ (sii/pér-fin’; 2), adj. cate; too nice.

2. Extra fine; — of merchandise.

su/per-flu’i-ty (-fl00’%-tY; 114), n.; pl. -1TIEs (-tiz). 1. Superabundance, as of money, possessions, etc.; wealth. 2. Excess supply, use, expenditure, etc.; more thanis necessary or advantageous.— Sym. Superabundance, redundancy. See Excess. — Ant, Paucity, insufficiency. su-per’flu-ous (sti-pfir/flo0-tis; 114), adj. [L. superfluus overflowing, fr. swper over, above + fluere to flow.] 1. In excess of what is sufficient, necessary, normal, or desirable;

superabundant; surplus. 2. Extravagant.— Syn. Redundant. — Ant. Requisite; essential. — su-per’flu-ous-

ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. su/per-fuse’ (sii/pér-fliz’), v.¢. & 7. [L. superfusus, past part. of superfundere.] 1. To pour or be poured over or

on something.

2, Physical

su/per-fu/sion (-fu’/zhitin), n.

su/per-heat’ (sii/pér-hét’), n.

Chem.

To

supercool. —

;

The extra heat imparted toa

vapor in superheating it from a dry and saturated condition;

also,

the

range

of temperature

passed

through.

— (su/pér-hét’), v.t. 1. To overheat. 2. aTo heat a liquid above its boiling point without converting it into vapor. 6 To heat (a vapor, esp. steam, not in contact with its own liquid) so that it possesses more than enough heat foreman a dry gas at the given pressure. — su’per-heat’er

(het/ér), 7.

su’per-het’er-o-dyne’

(-hét/ér-6-din’), adj.

Radio.

Per-

taining to a form of heterodyne reception in which beats

are produced of a frequency above audibility but below that

of the received signals, the current of the beat frequency being then rectified, amplified,

duce the music, etc. dyne reception.

su/per-hi’/man

and rectified again to repro-

— 7. A radio set for superhetero-

(-hi’mdn), adj.

1. Above the human;

divine. 2. Beyond human capacity or normal human power. — Syn. See SUPERNATURAL. — su/per-hu-man/ity (-hii-man/7-ti), n. — su/per-hu/man-ly, adv. su/per-im-pose’ (-Im-p6z’), v.¢. To lay or impose (one thing) over or above. — su/per-im/po-si/tion (-Ym/p6zish/un), n. 3 F :

su/per-in-cum/bent -In-ktim/bént), adj. Lying or resting on something else. — su/per-in-cum/bence (-béns), n. —

su/per-in-cum/ben-cy (-bén-si), n. su’per-in-duce’ (-in-dis’), v.t. [L. superinducere.] To introduce (something) by way of addition or superimposi-

tion; to bring in over or_above that already existing. — su’per-in-duc/tion -in-diik’shin), n.

su/per-in-tend’

superintendere..

(sii/pér-in-ténd’;

See INTEND.]

-prin-ténd’),

v.¢..

CLL.

‘To have or exercise, the

charge and oversight of; to oversee with the power of direction; to supervise. — Syn. Inspect, oversee.

su/per-in-tend’ence (-tén’déns), n.

Thefunction of super-

su/per-in-tend’en-cy (-dén-si), n. tendent; superintendence.

The office of a superin-

intending; supervision.

su/per-in-tend/ent (sii/pér-In-tén/dént), n.. One who has the oversight and charge of some place, institution, department, or the like.

Abbr. supt.

> Combinations are:

to

be filled with tea leaves and sub-

Casey. usually pecuniary, laid upon persons or property

for public purposes; a forced contribution of wealth,to meet the public needs of a government. Something

served;

hence, the evening meal, when dinner is at midday; supper. bA reception

Capable of being taught; esp.»

apt or willing to learn; docile. — teach/a-bil/i-ty (-bil/%ti), teach’a-ble-ness, n. — teach/a-bly, adv.

One who teaches, or instructs; esp., one

whose occupation is to instruct; an instructor.

teacher bird. a= OVENBIRD, 2. hb The red-eyed vireo. teach/ing, n. The act or profession of : structing; also, that which is taught. — Sym. See INSTRUCTION. tea/cup-ful (té’ktip-fo0l), n. ; pl. -FuLs (-f06]z)..

Enough to

fill a teacup, commonly estimated as four fl--d ounces.

teak (tek), n.. [Pg. teca, fr. Malayalam tékka.] A tall East Indian timber tree (Tectona grandis) of the verbena family; also, its hard, yellowish-brown wood, used for shipbuilding, etc. teal (tél), .; see PLURAL, Note, 3. [ME.tele.] Any of certain small short-necked river ducks (genera Neition and Querquedula); esp., the green-winged teal (in Europe JN. crecca, and in America N. carolinense).

he blue-winged teal (Q. discors) is allied to the

garganey.

Sens (tém), 7.

a

Lis. ean

offspring, progeny,

AAA

family, a

yy

ANN .

line of animals harnessed to- _ Tea! (N- carolinense).

(ia)

gether.] 1. Obs. Progeny; lineage; race. 2. Now Dial. brood of young, esp. of pigs or ducks. 3. a Twoor more horses or other beasts harnessed to the same vehicle, the

same plow, or the like. b The animals with their harness and attached vehicle; also, in popular use and in statutes, one or more draft animals, often with harness and vehicle (if any).

4. A number of persons associated together, as

those on one side in a match. == v.¢. 1. To yoke or join in a team. To convey or haul with a team. —v. 7. 1. To be a teamster by occupation. 2. To associate

oneself in or as in a team; — with up. — team, adj.

team/ster (tém/stér), n.

One who drives a team or is in

the business of hauling with a team. team/work’ (tém/wiirk’), n. 1. Work done with a team.

2. Work doneby a number ofassociates, all subordinating

personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole. tea’pet’ (té’pot’), n. A vessel with a spout, in which tea is made and from which it is served.

tea/poy (t@’poi), n.

[Hind. tipaz, fr. Hind. tin three 4-

tax’ite (tak/sit), n.. [Gr. taxis arrangement.] Any volcanic rock of clastic or schlieric appearance. — tax-it/ic

Per. paéfoot.] Orig., an ornamental stand with three legs; hence, such a stand for a tea service; a tea table. tear (tér), nm. [AS. téar, teagor, teher.J 1. Also tear?-

tax-on/o-my (taiks-on’6-mi), n. _[F. taxonomie, fr. Gr, taxis arrangement -+ nomos law.] Classification, esp. of animals and plants accordingto their natural relation-

rymal gland. Something in the form of such a drop; also, a solid transparent tear-shaped drop, as of balsams. 3. Rare. A lament. — tear’less, adj. — tear’y, adj.

arrangement, taxis.

(taks-1t/ik), adj.

|

drop’.

A drop of the saline fluid secreted by the lach-

adj. — tax’o-nom/i-cal, adj.

tear (tar), v.¢.; TORE; TORN; TEAR/ING. [AS. teran.] 1. To separate parts of, or pull apart, by force; rend; also, to lacerate; as, to tear the skin. ‘o divide or disrupt by

tax title. A title acquired under a sale of property for nonpayment of taxes. j

also, to harrow; torture. 3. To remove by force; wrench. 4. Tomake, effect, or the like, by or as by tearing.! — v. 7.

-tax’y (-tak’/sf). = -Taxis, Ta-yg’e-ta (ta-1j/é-ta), n. {L. Taygete.] See PLEIADES. ||taz/za (tat’/sdi), n. [tJ A somewhat goblet-shaped shallow cup or vase. .

act with violence, excited haste, etc.

ships; also, the laws and principles of such classification.

See CLASSIFICATION, 2. — tax-on/o-mer (-mér), n. — tax’-

o-nomVic

—

(tak/sd-nom/ik),

-cal-ly, adv. — tax-on’o-mist

tea (té),.

(taks-6n/6-mist), n.

[From pron. of Chin. (Pek.) ch’a? in Fukien,

better preserved in the earlier E. pron. (¢@), and in that of G. tee, thee.] 1. a A shrub (Thea sinensis, family The-

aceae) cultivated in China, Japan, India, etc. bh The cured

the pull of contrary forces; as, a mind torn with doubts;

1. To separate on being pulled; be rent.

2. To move or

Syn. Tear, rip, split, cleave, rive. To tear is to pull forcibly apart; to rip is to separate forcibly, esp. along a line or surface of juncture. Split implies separation esp. in the direction of the grain or lagers: cleaye (commonly somewhat rhetorical) emphasizes more the idea of sundering; rive is elevated or poetical for cleave.

—n. 1. Act or result of tearing; a rent. 2. Specif:aA violent passion, rage, or flurry. b Slang, U.S. A spree.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdiire (118); K =ch

in G, ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

||Foreign Word.

tearful

telautograph

1024

tear’ful (tér’f00l; -f’l), adj. Abounding with or causing tears; weeping. — tear’ful-ly, adv. — tear’ful-ness, n._ tear gas (t€r)... A substance that, when dispersed in the

atmosphere, blinds the eyes with tears; esp., in war, such a liquid used in shells, bombs, and grenades (tear shelis,

tear bombs, tear grenades). tease (téz), v.t. [AS.t2%san_to pluck, tease.] 1. To disentangle and lay parallel, as fibers; comb or card, as wool or flax. 2. To scratch, as cloth, to raise a nap; teasel. 3.

ted/der (téd/ér), n. tedding. Te De/um dé/tim).

te (accus. thou) accus.

2. A machine for

1. One who teds.

(te

([L., fr.

of tu

-+- Deum, of Deus

God.J]_

2. Anan-

cient Latin hymn

To tear in pieces; now, to shred finely (a tissue or specimen) for microscopic examination. . To vex with importunity or impertinence; harass or irritate by petty re-

of praise to God; also, its English version ‘“‘We praise

beg.

Hence: a A musical setting of this hymn.

0 A religious

tedieus, fr. LL. taediosus, fr. taedium.

See TEDIUM.]

quests, or by jests and raillery; plague; also, to importune; —v.%.

To practice

teasing.

— Sym.

See BARASS.

—n. 1. Act of teasing or state of being teased. who teases. — teas’er, n. — teas/ing-ly, adv.

2. One

tea’sel (té’z’l), n._ [AS. t&sel, tZsl, the fuller’s herb.]_ Any of a genus (Dipsacus) typifying a

family

(Dipsacaceae)

of Old

1.

World

thee, O God.”

Tedder.

2

service in which this hymn forms a principal part. te’di-ous (té/di-tis; téd/yiis; té/its), adj. [OF. & L.; OF. Involving tedium; tiresome; boring. — Sym. See IRKSOME. — te/di-ous-ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n.

Prickly herbs; esp. one, D. fullonum,

te/di-um

covered with stiff hooked bracts. flower head of the fuller’s teasel, formerly used, when dried, to raise a nap. on cloth. Any contrivance used for teasels (in sense 2). —v. t.;

||te’di-um vi/tae (vi/te). Var. of TAEDIUM VITAE. tee (té), n.; pl. TEES (téz). 1, The letter T, t._ 2. Anything having the shape of the letter T. == adj. T-shaped.

the fuller’s teasel, with flower heads

-SELED

or -SELLED

-SEL-LING.

teasels,

etc.

precisely.

A spoon,

thy

generally reckoned in Rullera Tesla

[OF. tete, of Teut. origin.]

The protuber-

ance through which milk is drawn from the udder or breast of a mammal; a nipple or mammilla. tea/zel, tea/zle (té’z’l). Vars. of TEASEL.

Te-bet’ (ta-vath’; ta’vés), n. Also Te-heth’. [Heb. tebéth.] See JEWISH CALENDAR. ; eared (ték/nik), n. Chiefly pl. a Technique. b Techogy. tech/ni-cal (-ni-kd@l), adj.

Alsotech’nic.

[Gr. technikos,

fr. techné an art.] f or pertaining to the useful or mechanic arts, or to practice, method, procedure, etc., in

any science, business, profession, sport, or the like; as,

technical training or skill. 2. Peculiar to or used only in

* a Particular trade, profession, science, art, etc.; highly specialized, esp. in sense; as, technical words. 3. Slock

Exchange.

2.

1.

3.

Golf.

An

The place from which the ball is

struck in starting play on a hole; also, specif., a small artificial elevation, as of sand, rubber, or wood, on which the ball is poised. —v.t. & 7.; TEED (t€d); TEE/ING. Golf.

NY

the United States as holding 1% fluid er’s Teasel. (18) drams (4.9 ml.), or one third of a tablespoon. — tea/spoonul (-f00l), 2.

teat (tét), n.

[Prob. fr. the sign T to mark the exact place.]

he mark aimed at in various games, as curling.

in stirring and sipping tea, coffee, It is now

[L. taedium, fr. taedet it dis-

Irksomeness; tediousness.

exact or precise point; — in the phrase to a tee, exactly;

to raise a nap. — tea/sel-er,

tea/sel-ler, n. used

tee, n.

(-z’ld); -SEL+ING or

To subject to the action of

tea’spoon’ (té’spdon’), nm.

(t@/di-tim), n._

gusts, it wearies one.]

Designating, or pert. to, a market in which

Prices are mainly determined by manipulation or specu-

lative conditions. — tech/ni-cal-ly, adv. — -cal-ness, n.

To place (the ball) on a tee. teel (tél). Var. of TIL. teem (tém), v.7.

Rare.

[AS. téman, tyman, tieman.]

To bring forth young; bear.

bring forth; to be prolific; abound. generate, — teemi/er, n.

teem, v.¢.

[ME. temen, fr.ON. tema.J]

To pour; empty.

teem/ing, adj.

teen (tén), n. Dial.

1. Now

To be ready to

= ¥v.t. To produce; ’

z

Obs. exc. Dial.

Prolific; crowding or crowded.

[AS. t@ona reproach, wrong, injury.]

a Injury; pain.

Now

b Anger; vexation.

teens (ténz), 7. pl. Theyears of one’s age, or any numbers, having the termination -teen; as, a girl in her teens. tee’pee. Var. of TEPEE. { :

tee’ter (té’tér), v.i.

Gt.

&n.

(CE. dial. titter to tremble,

seesaw.] Seesaw. teeth (téth), n., pl. of TOOTH. teethe (téth), v.2. To grow teeth; also, to cut one’s teeth.

teeth’/ing ring (téth’ing).

(A ring, usually of bone, ivory,

teeth’ridge’ (téth’rij’), n.

The ridge of the jaw where the

or composition, for a teething infant to bite on.

tech/ni.cal/i-ty (-k4l/%-ti), n. ; pl.-rrEs (-t¥z)._ 1. Technical character or condition. 2. Something which is tech-

sockets for the teeth are situated; specif., Phonet., the upper front alveolar process or ridge. tee-to’tal Beret adj. _[For T-total, used to emphasize

Imeaning: a Art; skill; craft; as in technography. Technical ; technological; applied ; as in tech/no-chem/is-try, tech-non’o-my, tech’/no-psy-chol/o-zgy.

or like,a tile; of or arranged like tiles. — teg’u-lar-ly, adv. teg/u-ment (-mént), n. [L. tegumentum, fr. tegere to

nical; esp., a point of law, detail of procedure, rule, etc., of the word.] 1, Collog. Entire; total. 2. Of or pertainsignificance only to a technician. ing to tectotalism. — tee-to’tal-ly, adv. tech-ni’cian (ték-nish’an), n. One skilled in a technique. tee-to’tal-er, tee-to’tal-ler (-ér), n. A teetotalist. tech’nics (ték/niks), n. The doctrine of arts in general; tee-to’/tal-ism (-iz’m), n. | Principle or practice of entire branches of learning relating to the arts. abstinenée from intoxicating drinks; total abstinence. — tech-nique’ (ték-nék’), n. [I’.] The method or the detee-to/tal-ist (ist), 7. tails of procedure essential to expertness of execution, in tee-to/tum (té-td’/tum), m. [For T-totum. See ToTar.] any art, science, etc.; hence, manner of performance with A child’s toy, somewhat like a top, twirled by the fingers. reference to such expertness; as, the technique of versifica- teg’/men (tég’mén), n.; pl. TEGMINA (-mi-nd). [L., fr. tion; a violinist with bad technique. tegere, tectum, to cover.] A tegument, or covering. — tech’/no- (ték’né-). _[Gr. techné.] _A combining form, teg/mi-nal (-mY-ndl), adj.

tech-noc’/ra-cy

(ték-ndk/ra-si),

n.

[techno- -++ -cracy.]

Government by technical experts. — tech’/no-crat (ték’no-krat), n. — tech/no-crat/ic (-krit/ik), ad).

tech-nog/ra-phy (ttk-ndg’/ra-fi), n.

[techno- + -graphy.]

Description of arts and crafts; specif., the study of the

geographical distribution of technologic processes. tech-nol’o-gy (ték-nol/6-j1), n. [Gr. technologia system-

atictreatment. SeeTEcHNO-;-LOGY.] 1. Industrialscience; systematic knowledge of the industrial arts. 2. Termi-

nology used in arts, sciences, or the like. 3, Applied science. — tech’/no-log/ic (t&k/nd-16j/ik), adj. — tech/nolog’i-cal, adj. — tech/no-log/i-cal-ly, adv. — tech-nol/ogist (ték-n6l’6-jist), n. tech’y (téch’¥), adj.; TECH/I-ER (-Y-€r); TEcH’I-EST. [OF. teche a mark or quality (good or bad).]

Peevish; fretful.

— Syn. See rrssciBLe. — tech/i-ly, adv. — -i-ness, n. tec-ton/ic (ték-tdn/ik), adj. [L. tectonicus, fr. Gr. tektonikos, fr. tektOn, -onos, a builder.]| Structural; constructional; esp.: a Architectural. b Geol. Of, pertaining

to, or designating, structures resulting from deformation of

the earth’s crust, esp. faulting.

R

tec-ton/ics (-iks), n.; see -tcs. 1. The science or art of construction of implements, vessels, buildings, etc.

Geology concerned with structure. ‘ ted (téd), v. t.; TeD/DED; TED/pINc. [From or akin toON. tethja to dung, manure.]_ To spread, or turn from the swath and scatter, for drying, as new-mown grass. ile, chaotic,

cAre,

Add,

dccount,

frm,

ask,

sofa;

teg/u-lar (tég/ti-lér), adj.

[L.tegulaatile.]

Of, pert. to,

cover.] Anintegument.—teg/u-men/tal (-mén/tal; -v’), teg/u-men/ta-ry (-mén/ta-ry), adj.

te—hee’ (té-hé’), interj. [Imitative.] An exclamation expressing amusement and derision. =n. & v.%. Titter.

Te-huel/che (ta-wél’cha), n. [Native word in Patagonia meaning southeast.] member of one of several Pata-

gonian tribes, of great stature and a low culture. te’ ig/i-tur (te 7j/i-tér). ([L., thee therefore]

R.C.Ch. First words of the Canon of the Mass. teil (tél), n., or teil tree. [OF. & L.; OF. til (le), teil (le), fr. L. t¢lia.]_ The linden, or lime tree.

teind, tiend (t@nd), n. In Scotland, a tithe.

tel.

a=TELE-.

[ME. teind(e), tend(e), tenth.]

b= 2d TELO-.

tel’/aes-the’si-a. Var. of TELESTHESIA. teV’a-mon (tél’a-mon), n.; pl. -mones (-m0/néz).

Gr. telamon a bearer, fr. root of tlénai to bear,]

[L., fr.

Arch. A

male figure used as a supporting column or pilaster.

Cf. ATLANTES, CARYATID. tel-an/gi-ec/ta-sis (tél.an/j¥-k’ta-sis), n.; pl. -SES (-séz).

[NL.., fr. Gr. telos end + angeion vessel + ektasis dilatation.] Med. Dilatation of capillary vessels or terminal

arteries, sometimes

producing a form of angioma. — -giec-tat/ic (-ék-tat/ik), adj. tel-au’to-graph (-6’té-graf), m. [tele--+- autograph.) A facsimile telegraph for reproducing writing, pictures,

Eve,

hére (27),

évent,

&nd,

silént, maké6r;

ice,

Yl,

charity; ld, obey, Orb, ddd, s&ft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, cil; ciibe, Unite, firn, tip, ciredés, menti; ‘

telemaps, etc.

reproduced by a receiving pen controlled by electromagnetic devices. — tel-au/to-gram (-grim), n. tel’e- (tel/e; tél/é-), tel-. [Gr. téle far, far off.] A combining form meaning far; hence, operating at a distance,

as in tel/e-bar’o-graph, tel’e-ha-rom/e.ter.

te-le’ga (té-lé/ga), m. springless wagon. te-leg’o-ny (té-lég’d-ni)

[Russ.]

A rude, four-wheeled,

n [tele-gony.]_ The supposed carrying over of the influence peSig to the offspring of subsequent matings of the dam with other males. — tel’/e-gon/ic (tél/é-gdn/Ik; tél/é-), adj.

tel/e-gram (tél/é-grim; tél/é-), n. A telegraphic dispatch. tel’e-graph (-graf; 9), n. LF. télégraphe. See, TELE-;

-GRAPH.]

telferage

1025

The motions of the transmitting pencil are

1. Orig., an apparatus for communication at a

tel’e-phone (tél’é-fon; t€l’é-), n. ducing sounds, esp. articulate speech, ata distance. — v. t. &1t. To send or communicate

An instrument for repro-

by telephone; speak to (a per-

son)

by

telephone. — tel’e-

phon/er (-{6n/ér), n. — tel/e-phon/ic

(-fon/ik),

-i-cal-ly, adv.

adj.—

telephone receiver, lec. A device for converting electric impulses or varying current into sound. tel’/e-pho/no-graph (tél/é.f5/no-graf; te) on. A combination of a telephone receiver

SPN AY

and a phonograph for recording and reproducing telephone

messages.—-graph/ic (-grat’ik), adj.

6

te-leph’o-ny (té-léf’6-ni; té/é-

A Telegraph Key. 1 Termi- cS = nals, connecting the ends of = a break in the line wire; 2 Key Lever, depressed by its Button (3), thus bringing together the platinum Points (4) and closing the circuit. hen not in use, the Spring (5) holds up 2, which then rests on its Backstop (6), the break being closed by setting the Lever (7) in the position shown. B Morse Telegraph Sounder. Currents from the line pass through the Magnet (1), causing it to draw down its Armature (2), which brings the Stop (3) against the Anvil (4) witha

click for each current passing.

distance by signals; now, any apparatus, system, or proc-

ess for communication at a distance by electric transmission. 2. Atelegram. —v.t. & 7. To send or communicate by telegraph; also, tosend a telegram to (a person). —

te-leg/ra-pher

(té-lég/ra-fér;

tél’/G-graf/ér;

tél’2-), n.—

tel’e-graph/ic (-graf’ik), -i-cal, adj. — -graph/i-cal-ly, adv. — te-leg/ra-phist, n. “ te-leg’/ra-pher’s cramp. Med. Spasm, with paralysis, of certain muscles of the fingers and hand, caused by overwork

in sending telegraph messages.

tel/e-graph’o-scope (tél/é-graf’d-.skop; tél/é-), n. Aninstru-

ment for telegraphically transmitting a picture. te-leg/ra-phy (té-lég/ra-ff), n. The use or operation of a

telegraph apparatus or system for transmitting or receiving communications.

tel/e-lec/tric

(tél/e-lék/trik), adj.

Of or pertaining to

transmission, as of music, to a distance by electricity.

tel/e-lec’tro-scope

(-trd-skop),

nm.

[tel- +

electro- +

-scope.] Any apparatus for making distant objects visible by the aid of electric transmission.

Te-lem/a-chus (té-lém/d-kus),n.

(L., fr, Gr. T@lemachos.]

Son of Odysseus and Penelope who, failing to find his

father, returns in time to help to slay Penelope’s suitors. tel/e-me-chan/ics (tél/é-mé-kin/iks; tél/2-),n. Thescience

of operating mechanisms, as motors, at a distance from the

operator; specif., wireless transmission of electrical power. te-lem/e-ter (té-lém/’é-t@r), nm. 1. Aninstrument for meas-

uring the distance of an object from an observer.

electrical device for measuring strains.

2. An

3. Hlec. An elec-

trical instrument for measuring a quantity, transmitting

the result to a distant station, and there indicating or re-

cording

the quantity

measured. — tel/e-met/ric

(tél/é

mét/rik; tél/é-), adj. — te-lem/e-try (té-lém/é-trY), n.

tel’e-mo/tor (tél’é.mo/tér; tél’é-), n.

Naut.

A hydraulic

device by which the movement of the wheel on the bridge operates the steering gear at the stern. tel/en-ceph/a-lon (tél/én-séf/a-lon), n. [NL.., fr. tel-- en-

cephalon.|_

The anterior subdivision of the prosencepha-

lon, or forebrain. — tel/en-ce-phal/ic (-s¢-fal/ik), adj.

te-len’gi-scope_ (té-lén’/ji-skop), n. [tel- + Gr. engys near -- -scope.] An instrument that may be used asa telescope for objects close at hand or as a microscope. tel/e-ol’/o-gy (tél/é-1/6-i1; te/Ie-), n. [NL. teleologia, fr. Gr. telos, teleos, end + -logia (see -Locy).] The faet or the character of being directed toward an end or shaped by a purpose; — said esp. of natural processes,or of nature

asa whole. 2. The doctrine or belief that design is apparent, or ends are immanent, in nature; esp., the vitalist doctrine that the processes of life are not exclusively deter-

mined by mechanical causes, but are directed to the real-

ization of certain normal wholes or entelechies; — opposed to. mechanism. — tel/e-0-log/i-cal

(-6-16j/i-kal), adj. —

tel/c-0-log’i-cal-ly, adv. — tel’/e-ol’o-gist (-d!’6-jist), n. tel’e-ost (tél’/é-dst; té/Ie-), n._

[Gr. teleos complete, perfect

++ osteon bone.] Zool. A fish of a group (Teleostei), the bony fishes, including most living ordinary fishes, as distinguished from the ganoids, dipnoans, and elasmobranchs. — tel’e-ost, adj. — tel/e-os’te-an (-ds’t€-dn), adj. & n.

te-lep’a-thy (té-lép’a-thi), n. ent communication

[tele- + -pathy.]

Appar-

from one mind to another otherwise

fo/ni; tél’), n. The use operation of an apparatus electrical transmission sounds between widely moved points; as, wireless

or for of rete-

lephony.

tel’e-phote (tél/é-fot; tél’é-), n. A telelectric apparatus for reproducing images photographically of distant objects.

tel’/e-pho’to (-f6/t5), adj.

1.

Telephotographic. 2. Pert. to or designating a compound

View, partly sectional, of a typical modern Telephone, with views in cross section of Transmitter and Receiver. Ded Transmitter Button (containing 9, 10, and 11); 2, 2 Transmitter Diaphragm; 3, 3 Receiver; 4 Receiver Hook; 5, 5 Permanent Magnet; 6, 6 Receiver Coil; 7, 7 Receiver Dia-

phragm; 8 Contact Springs which close the circuit when the receiver is lifted from the

hook; 9 Front Carbon Electrode; 10 Rear Carbon Electrode; 11 Carbon Granules.

lens giving a large image of a distant object in a camera of short focal length. tel’e-pho’to-graph (-f0/té-graf), n.

_A photograph, image, or impression, reproduced by telephotography. tel’/e-pho-tog/ra-phy (-f6-tdg’/rd-ff), n. 1. The photogra-

phy of distant objects, usually by a camera provided with a telephoto lens or mounted in place of the eyepiece of atelescope. The art or process of transmitting and reproducing photographic or other pictures by telegraphic methods. — tel/e-pho/to-graph/ic (-f0/to-graf/ik), adj.

tel’e-scope (tél’é-skop; tél’é-), n. [NL. telescopium, fr. Gr. téleskopos viewing afar, farseeing, fr. téle far, far off

+ skopos a watcher.]_ An optical instrument used to aid the eye or camera in viewing or photographing distant objects, as the heavenly bodies. Telescopes having an object

glass, which collects the beams of light and forms the image, are called refracting telescopes. If the light is collected by a mirror, the instrument is called a reflecting telescope. ~-¥v.1. To slide or pass one within another, like the sections of a small telescope; hence, force a way

into, or enter, another lengthwise as the result of collision. —v.t. To cause to telescope.

tel’e-scop’ic (-skop’ik), tel/e-scop’i-cal (-i-kdl), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a telescope; performed by a telescope. 2. Seen or discoverable only by a telescope; as, telescopic

stars.

Able to discern objects at a distance; farseeing.

4. Having parts that telescope; as, a telescopic drinking cup. — tel/e-scop/i-cal-ly, adv.

te-les’co-py (té-lés’k6-pi; tél’é-skO/pi; t@V/2-), n. Art or practice of using or making telescopes. — -co-pist (-pist), 7. tel’e-sis (tél/e-sis), m. [NL., lit., completion.] Intelligent direction of natural and social forces

to a desired

progress intelligently planned and directed.

tel/e-spec’tro-scope

(tél/é-spék/trd-skdp; tél/é-),n.

end;

Aspec-

troscope arranged

to be attached to a telescope to obtain

stereoscope.]

binocular telescope used to obtain en-

spectra of heavenly bodies. tel/e-ster’e-0-scope’ (-slér’é-d-skop’; -stér/é-), n.

A

_[tele- +

hanced impressions of relief in distant objects. tel/es-the/si-a (tél/és-thé/zhi-d; -zha; -zi-a), n. [NL., fr. tel- + esthesia.] An impression received at a distance without the normal operation of the sense organs. te-les’tich (té-lés/tik; tél/é.st¥k), n. Also te-les’tic. [Gr. telos the end + stichos a line.) A poem in which the consecutive final letters of thelinesspella name. Cf. ACROSTIC. tel’e-ther-mom/e-ter (tél’c-thér-mdm/é.té; tél/2-),n. Physics. An apparatus for indicating the temperature of a distant point. — tel’e-ther-mom/e-try (-tri), n. Tel’e-type (tél’é-tip; tél’é-), nm. a A trade-mark applied to a kind of teletypewriter; also [sometimes not cap.], the de-

vice bearing this trade-mark. b [often not cap.] A system of communication in which the Teletype is used. —

tel’/e-type, v. t. & 7. — tel’e-typ/er (-tip/ér), n. tel/e-type’writ/er (-tip’rit/€r), n. A form of printing telegraph, recording like a typewriter.

tel’e-vi/sion (tél’/é-vizh/tin; tél/é-; tél/é-vizh’tin), n. The transmission and reproduction of a view or scene by any device which converts light rays into electrical waves and reconverts these into visible light rays. — tel’e-vi/sion-al

— tel/e-path/ic (tél/é-paith/Yk; tél’é-), adj. — tel’e-path’ical-ly, adv. — te-lep’a-thist, n.

than through the channels of sense; thought transference.

(dl), tel’e-vi/sion-ar’y (-&r/T; -€r-¥; 3), adj. tel’e-vi/sor (tél/é-vi’zér; tél’é-), n. A television apparatus, tel/fer, tel/fer-age. Vars. of TELPHER, etc.

chair;

K =ch

go; sing;

then,

thin;

natiire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure,

|| Foreign Word,

telford

pavement having a hard smooth surface of rolled stone. — tel/ford-ize (-iz), v. t.

teV/har-mo/ni-um

template

1026

tel/ford (tél/férd), adj. [After T. Telford (1757-1834) Scot. road engineer.] Designating, or pertaining to, a roa

ic

(tél/har-m6/ni-tim), n.

[NL., fr. tele-

te-mer’i-ty (té-mér/7-ti), n. iF.témérité, fr. L. temeritas, fr! Foeoby chance, rashly.] Unreasonable contempt of danger; rashness. — SyM. See RASHNESS. ‘ 5: tem/per (tém/pér), v.¢. [From AS. temprian, but influenced by OF. temprer, F. tempérer ; all fr. L. tempe-

1. Archaic. To mingle in due proportion; com+ harmonium,| Aninstrument for producing music (tel- » rare.) pound; blend. 2. Toregulate, esp. by moderating; qualify, har’mo.-ny [tél-hir’m6-ni]), at a distant point or points as by an ingredient; mollify; assuage. _Now Rare. To by means of alternating currents of electricity controlled by fit together; adjust. 4. To bring to the desired consistency a keyboard. — tel/har-mon/ic (-m6n/ik), adj.

texture, degree of toughness, etc., as clay by wetting and kneading, steel or glass by, gradual heating and cooling, or

tel’ic (t&/ik), adj. [Gr, telikos, fr. telos the end.] Tending toward an end; purposive; teleological.

— tel/i-cal-ly, adv.

te/li-o-stage’ (té/li-d-staj’; tél’), n._ [teliwm the spore fruit, fr. Gr. telos, teleos, end+ stage.] Bot. The final, or late summer, stage in the life cycle of the rust fungi.

tell (tél), v. .; ToLD; TELLING. tion one by one; enumerate;

[AS. tellan.]

_1. To men-

artists’ colors by mixing with oil. 5. Music. To tune; esp.,

to adjust the pitch of (a note, chord, instrument, or the like) to a temperament. —v.7. To be or become tempered.

—n.

temper of mortar. b The state of a metal or other substance, esp. as to its hardness or toughness. Temper in

steel is indicated either by its carbon content or its color in tempering. 2. Obs. Constitution of body; temperament. Disposition or frame of mind, esp. as to the passions and

also, to utter; say; as, to tell a lie. o make known or manifest; disclose; divulge; reveal; as, fossils tel? much of the past. . Toinform; report to. 5. To order; request; direct; as, he told her togo. 6. To ascertain by observing:

affections; as, a fiery temper. Equanimity; composure. Archaic, exc. in the phrases, to keep or lose one’s pe. 5. Heat of mind or passion; proneness to anger. 6. Obs

to find out; recognize; decide; as, how can I teld what to do?

7. To assure emphatically; as, he did do it, I tell you. —v.%. 1. To give an account; make report. 2. To take

effect; have amarked effect; as, every shot tells. 3.Collog. To act asa talebearer; inform. 4. Toserve as evidence or indication; — with of. — tell off. To number and set apart; esp., Mil., to number and

or describer.

2.

Mean; medium.

7. A substance added to or mixed with

something else to modify its properties. —

Syn. See pIs-

POSITION. — tem/per-a-ble, adj. — tem/per-er, n.

tem)’/per-a (tém/pér-d; tém/pa-ra), n.

[It.].

A process of

Painting, in which an albuminous or colloidal medium, as

detail for special duty.

Tell, Wilhelm or William. See Wiri1aM TELL. tell’er (t&l’ér), m. 1. One who tells; an informer, narrator,

1. State of being tempered; specif.: a Of a compound

substance, due or just mixture of different qualities; as, the

count; as, to tell money; to

tell one’s beads (in counting on a rosary the prayers said). 2. To relate in detail; narrate; recount; as, to tell a yarn;

white of egg, is employed as a vehicle instead of oil.

tem/per-a-ment (tém/pér-d-mént), n. [L. temperamentum a mixing in due proportion, temperament.}

One who reckons, counts, or the like;

1. Internal

specif., one appointed to count the votes in a legislative body, assembly, etc. 3. Banking. Any of several employees concerned with the direct handling of money received by, or paid out by, a bank. :

constitution with respect to balance or mixture of qualities or parts. The peculiar physical and mental character of

tell’ing, adj. That tells; effective. — tell’/ing-ly, adv. tell’/tale’ (ttl/tal’), n. 1. A talebearer; informer; tattler. 2. An outward sign of something kept secret; an indication.

other of these humors. See HUMOR, n.,2. 3. Frame of mind or type of mental reactions characteristic of an individual.

3. A device to keep a check on employees;

clock.

4. Music.

an individual; as, the sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric (or bilious), or melancholic temperament, denoting types formerly believed to be due to the preponderance of one or 4. Act, means, or result, of tempering, or modifying; adjust-

esp., a time

ment. 5. Obs. Temperature; also, climate. 6. Music. The system or process of slightly modifying the intervals of the

An indicator on an organ showing the

wind pressure. 5. Naut. A device showing the position of the helm or rudder. 6. Railroads. A danger sign, as a row of strips hung over tracks to indicate approach to a

low overhead bridge. — adj. Thatisorservesasa telltale. tel-lu/ri-an (té-li/ri-an), adj. [L. tellus, -urts, the earth.] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the earth. —n, A dweller on the earth. tel-lu/ri-an, n. Also tel-lu’ri-on (-6n). An apparatus to illustrate the causation of day and night by the rotation of the earth, etc. tel-lu/ric (rik), adj. [L. tellus, -wris, the earth.] Tel-

lurian; proceeding from the earth, tel-lu/ric, adj, [From TELLuURIuM.{ Chem. Of, pertaining

to, or containing, tellurium; esp., designating compounds in which the element has a high valence. Cf. TELLUROUS. tel’/lu-ride (tél’i-rid; -rid), n. Also-rid. Chem. A binary compound of tellurium with another element or a radical; — formerly called tel/lu-ret (-rét).

tel/lu-rite (-rit),. Mineral.

1. Chem. Asalt of tellurous acid.

2.

Native tellurium dioxide, TeO,, occurring spar-

ingly in tufts of white or yellowish crystals. tel-lu/ri-um (té-li/ri-tim), n._ [NL., fr. L. tellus, -wris, the earth.] Chem. A nonmetallic element analogous to sulphur and selenium, occasionally native as a crystalline sub-

stance of tin-white luster (sp. gr., 6.24), but usually combined with metals.

Symbol, 7'e ; at. no., 52; at. wt., 127.61.

tel/lu-rize (tél’ti-riz), v.¢. To combine, impregnate, or treat, with tellurium; — chiefly in past part.

tel/lu-rous (tél/t-rus; té-li’-), adj. Chem. Of, pertaining

to, or containing, tellurium; esp., designating compounds in

which the element has a low valence.

tem/per-a-men/tal

mission of power to a distance, specif. by a system of ropes or cables and pulleys. tel’o- (tél/6-), tel-. [Gr. telos.] A combining form mean-

ing end, as in tel’o-phase (-faz), Biol., the final stage of mitosis, following the anaphase in which the entire cell

divides and the new nuclei are formed (cf. PROPHASE). tel’/pher (tél’fér), m. Also teli’fer. [Used instead of telehore, fr. tele- + Gr. pherein to bear.] A light car hung

irony and run on, aerial cables, esp. one propelled by electricity. —v.¢. To transport by telpher. tel’pher-age (-ij), n. Also tel/fer-age. An electric transportation system, esp. one using telphers.

tel’son (tél’stin),n. [NL., fr. Gr. telson a boundary, limit.] Zool. The terminal segment of the body of an arthropod or segmented worm, esp. that of a crustacean.

tion in, or narrowly, abstinence from, the use of intoxicants. 2. Archaic. Self-control; calmness. tem/per-ate (-it), adj. [L. temperatus, past part. of temperare. Moderate; not excessive; as: a Moderate in

the indulgence of the appetites or passions. b Self-controlled; restrained. _¢ Abstemious in the use of intoxicat-

ing liquors. 2. Neither excessively hot or cold; mild; as, a temperate climate. Music. Tempered; — of an interval or scale. — Syn. Sober, calm, cool. See MODERATE. — tem/per-ate-ly, adv. — tem/per-ate-ness, n. Temperate Zone. See zone, n. tem/per-a-ture (tém/pér-a-tiir), n._ [L. temperatura due measure, proportion, temperament.] 1. Obs. a Constitution; temperament. bh Moderation; mildness. 2. Degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale. 3. Med. The degree of heat, esp. of the human body; also, loosely, body heat above the normal, approximately 98.6°F.

tere catare gradient. with

(tém/ér-A4r/Y-iis),

adj.

_[L. temerarius.]

Unreasonably venturous; rash. — -ous-ly, adv.

Rate of change of temperature

increasein height.

tem/pered

(tém/pérd),

adj.

1. Having

a temper.

2.

Moderated in intensity or the like by the mixture of an addi-

tional ingredient; as, tempered wisdom. 3. Music. formed to temperament, esp. equal temperament.

Con-

temper pin. Chiefly Scot. 1. The regulating pin of a spinning wheel. 2. A peg of a violin. tem/’pest (tém/pést; -pist), n. [OF. tempeste, fr. L. tempestas a portion of time, a season, weather, storm.] 1.

An extensive violent wind, esp. one attended with rain, hail, or snow; a furious storm. Any violent tumult.

—v.t. &%. To move forth like a tempest; to agitate. tem-pes/tu-ous (tém-pés/ti-tis), adj. [OF. tempestueus,

fr.

pest;

LL. tempestuosus.] turbulent;

Inyoiving or resembling a tem-

violent. — tem-pes/tu-ous-ly,

tem-pes/tu-ous-ness, 7.

adv. —

Tem/plar (tém/plér), n. [OF. templier, fr. ML. templarius. See TEMPLE church. ] One of a religious and mili-

tary order established at Jerusalem about 1118 a.p. for the

protection of pilgrims and of the Holy Sepulcher..

These

Knights Templars weresonamed because for a time they occupied quarters next to the building known as Solomon’s

people in Hyderabad, India. 2. A Dravidian language of east central India. — Tel/u-gu, adj.

tem/er-ar’i-ous

Of or, pertaining to

temperantia.] 1. Habitual moderation in the indulgence of the appetites and passions; moderation; specif., modera-

1. sing. & pl. One ofa Dravidian

tem-blor’ (tém-blor’), n.; pl. Temptors (-blorz’); -BLORES (-blo’ras). [Sp.J iS. An earthquake.

(-mén/tdl), adj.

temperament; esp., having or showing a sensitive, easily excited temperament. — -men/’tal-ly, adv. tem/per-ance (tém/pér-dns), n. [AF. temperaunee, fr. L.

Cf. TELLURIC.

tel’o- (t@/6-). [Gr. telo-, fr. tele far, far off.] = TELE-, as in tel/o-dy-nam/ic (-di-nam/ik; -di-), relating to the trans-

Tel/u-gu (t@l’00-g00),n.

scale so as to admit of modulations without the use of an inconveniently large number of distinctions in pitch; also, Syn. See DISPOSITION.

the adjustment so made. —

Temple.

occupying

2. Eng. [not cap.] A barrister or student of law chambers

in the Temple, London.

3. Free-

Bas ae bs fee TEMPLAR, 2. em’plate (-plit), tem/plet (-plét; -plit), n. [F. templet, dim. of ranple4 Ll. Arch. A short piece placed in a wall under a beam to distribute the pressure; also, a beam span-

Ble, chaotic, cre, Add, account, frm, ask, sofa; Eve, h@re (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Ml, charity; Gld, Obey, Grb, Odd, soft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, unite, fim, tip, circe%s, menti; ~ COMBINATIONS and PHRASES (in sense 1) are: toll bridge toll collector

toll (t6l),v.¢.

tollgatherer tollhouse

tollman toll road

[ME. tollen, tullen.]

Toallure.

2. To

entice (game, esp. ducks) to approach osgros their curiosity, as by the antics of a traineddog. To pull (a bell)

so as to sound a summons, signal, or Aes like, as slowly in announcement ofa death. 4. Hence:a To sound or strike by tolling or as if tolled; as, the clock tolls the hour. b To

announce by tolling; as, to toll a friend’s death. 5. To draw or summon by or as by means ofa tolling bell. — v. 2. To sound or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly repeated

at intervals, as to announce the death of a person. — n. The sound of a bell produced by strokes slowly and uniformly repeated. ‘

toll’age (tol/ij), m. Toll; also, payment or exaction of toll. toll bar. A bar, beam, gate, or the like, used to stop passengers, vehicles, etc., ona toll road. toll’booth’ (tol’booth’; -baoth’). Var. of TOLBOOTH. toll call. A long-distance telephone call at charges above a local rate. toll’er (tal’Er), m. One, who or that which tolls; specif.: a A dog trained for use in tolling. b One who tolls a bell; also, a bell suitable for tolling. toll’ gate/ (tol’gat’), n. A gate across a road, etc., where tollis taken. toll/keep/er (-kép/ér), . The keeper of a tollgate. toll line. A long-distance telephone line. Tol’/tec (tdl’ték), m. An Indian of the earliest_of the Nahuatlan tribes ie invade central and southern sere Through contact with the Mayas, they derived much of their culture. — Tol’tec, Tol’tec-an (-dn), adj. to-lu’ (t6-100’),n., or tolu balsam. (Sp. toh, fr. the seaport Santiago we Tolu, Colombia.] Balsam of Told. See BALSAM, 7., tol/u-ate (toi Sty, n. Chem. A salt or ester of any of the toluic acids. tol’u-ene (-én),n. [tolu-+ benzene.] Chem. A hydrocarbon, GHCH,

of the aromatic series, obtained chiefly

from coke--oven vapors and by distillation of coal tar. It is used in the manufacture of dyes and other compounds. to-lu/ic (td-li/ik; tol’i-ik), adj. Chem. Pertaining to or designating any Of four isomeric acids, C7H;CO,H, carboxyl derivatives of toluene. tol/u-ide (t5l’i-id; -id), m. Also -id. Chem. Any of a series of compounds, RCONHCsH, CH;, analogous to the anilides and derived from toluidine by the substitution of an acid radical for hydrogen in the amino group. to-lu/i-dine (td-lii’7-dén; -din), n, Also-din. Chem. Any of three isomeric amino derivatives of toluene, CH;CyHyNH, analogous to aniline.

tol’/u-ol (tol’/ti-ol; -d1), or -ole (-0l).

[tolu+benzol.]

Tol-

uene, esp. in crude commercial form. tol/u- yl (-Il),n ea -yl.] Chem. The univalent acid radical Cri 7CO tol’yl (tol’/i) [toluic + -yl.] Chem. The univalent radical CH; CoH, of which toluene is the hydride. Tom (tom), n. 1. Short for, and diminutive of, Thomas, a masculine proper name. [not cap.] The male of certain animals; — often used adjectively or in composition; as, tom turkey, etc.; specif., a male cat; a tomcat. tom/a. hawk (t6m/a-hok), n. (Of Algonquian origin.] A light_ ax used both as a missile and as a_hand weapon by the North American Indians. —v.t.

To

cut,

strike,

Tomahawk.

or kill, with a tomahawk. Tom and Jerry. In foreign practice, the van of personal names is written with a small “v”; in American and British usage the Se the individual owner of the name is generally folowed.

van/a-date (vin’d-dat), n. at).

Also va-na/di-ate (va.na/di-

Chem. A salt or ester of vanadic acid.

ax

va-nad’ic (va-naid/tk; -na/dik), adj. Chem. Pertaining to or containing vanadium, esp. in its higher valence. vanadic acid. Chem. Any of a number of acids (known with certainty only in their salts) regarded as hydrates of vanadium pentoxide, V3Os.

.

;

va-nad/i-nite (ya-nid/i-nit), n. A mineral occurring in yellowish, brownish, and ruby-red, hexagonal crystals. It consists of lead vanadate with some lead chloride. va-na/di-um (vaé.na/di-tim), n. [NL., fr. ON. Vanadis,

a name of the goddess Freya.]

Chem. An element of the

phosphorus group, isolated asa steel-white metal, malleable, soft, and ductile. Symbol, V; at. no., 23; at. wt., 50.95. Vanadium is both basic and acid.

vanadium steel. a Steel alloyed with vanadium (usually about 0.10 to 0.15 per cent), an element which strengthens the steel and serves to remove oxygen and possibly nitrogen.

_b Steel alloyed with vanadium and other elements,

esp. chromium, ; van/a-dous (vin/d-diis), va-na/di-ous Chem.

lower valence.

Van/dal (vin/dal),n. origin.J.

: (va-na/di-is), adj.

Pertaining to,or containing vanadium, esp. in its

[L. Vandalus, Vandalius, of Teut.

1. Oneof a Germanic people anciently dwelling

south of the Baltic between the Vistula and the Oder. In the 4th and 5th centuries they overran Gaul, Spain, and northern Africa, and in 455 sacked Rome.

2. [usually

not cap.) One who willfully destroys or mars anything

beautiful, as a work of art. — Wan/dal, van/dal, Vandal’ic, van-dal/ic (van-dal/ik), adj. van/dal-ism (-iz’m), n. The spirit or,conduct of, or like that of, the Vandals; hostility to, or willful destruction or defacement of, things of beauty. Van-dyke’ (van-dik’), adj, Of or pert. to the style of Van Dyck, or Vandyke, the painter; represented by Van Dyck. —n. A Vandyke beard, collar, or cape. Vandyke heard. A trim, pointed beard, such as those often

seen in pictures by Van Dyck.

VYandyke brown.

A deep-brown pigment of uncertain

identity, used by the painter Van Dyck; hence, any of various brown pigments.

Vandyke collar or cape. A broad collar or shoulder cape of fine linen and lace with a deep pointed or indented edge;

—so called from its appearance in pictures by Van Dyck. vane (an), nm. CME., dial. form of fane weathercock, banner, fr. AS. fana a banner, flag.] . A contrivance at-

1. Mil. The troops who march in front of an army;

the

vainilla, dim. of vaina sheath, pod, fr. L. vagina ; — be-

cause its grains, or seeds, are contained in little pods.]

1.

Bot. Any of a genus (Vanilla) of tropical American climbing orchids. 2. a The long podlike capsule of a species

Vanilla planifolia) of these plants. b A flavoring extract made from the capsules, used in confectionery, perfumery, etc. va-nil/lic (-¥k), adj. Of or derived from vanilla or vanillin.

van/il-lin (van/i-lin; va-nil’in), n.

Also -line (-l¥n; -lén).

Chem. aA white crystalline compound, (OH) (CH;0)CsH3CHO, the fragrant constituent of vanilla. Va/nir (va/nir; class. Icel. wa’-),n. pl. [ON.,pl.of Vanr.J Norse Myth. An early race of gods, who became gods of

the weather, of crops, and of commerce.

The three whose

names survive, Njorth, Frey, and Freya, are later associated with the Aesir.

van/ish (vin/ish), v.7.

[OF. esvanir, esvanuir, to evan-

ish, fr. L. evanescere to vanish.]__To pass quickly or entirely from sight or existence; to disappear utterly. —n.

A vanishing; Phonet., the relatively faint latter part of a speech sound, esp. of such falling diphthongs as 4 in ale (ending in a slight i) or 6 in go (ending in a slight 660). —

van/ish-er, 7. van/i-ty (vin’%-ti), n.; pl. -Tres_(-tiz). [OF. vanité, fr. L. vanitas, fr. vanus empty, vain.]_ 1. That whichis vain or

empty, idle, or useless; a vain or futile thing or things. 2. Quality or fact of being vain, or devoid of worth, use, truth, etc.; emptiness; falsity; futility. 3. The quality of being vain; also,

vainglory; conceit.

A vanity box or case.

5. In trade use, a dressing table. — Syn. Hollowness; egoism. See PRIDE. vanity box or case. Asmall box containing a mirror, powder puff, and other small toilet articles for a woman. Vanity Fair. 1. In Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, a fair which was held all the year long in the town of Vanity (the

world). 2. Hence, the world as a place where vanity and ostentation obtain; also, the world of fashion.

van/quish (vang’kwish), v. ¢. [OF. vainguir, var. of vein-

tre, fr. L. vincere to conquer.] 1. To overcome in battle; to subdue completely; to rout. 2. Hence:a To overcome}; suppress; as, love vanquished his pride. b To get the better of, as in a controversy, debate, etc. — Sym. See conQUER. — van’/quish-a-ble, adj. — van’quish-er, n.

van/tage (van’tij; 9),.

[For advantage.]

1. Superior-

ity in position, equipment, etc.; advantage; also, a position

or state of affairs giving an advantage. portunity; a chance.

vantage ground.

3. Tennis,

2. A favorable op-

= ADVANTAGE, 5.

Superiority of state or place; the place or

condition which gives one an advantage over another. van/ward (van’wérd), adj. [van-+-ward.] Being on, or toward, the van, or front; as, the vanward troop.

vap/id (vap’id), adj. [L. vapidus haying lost its life and spirit, vapid.] | Having lost its life, spirit, or zest; insipid; hence, dull; spiritless; inane. — Syn. See mnstPrp. — yaSorat (va-pid/%-tl), m.—vap/id-ly, adv. — vap/idnite va/por, va’/pour (va/pér), n. [OF. vapour, vapor, vapeur

fr. L. vapor.) 1. Any diffused matter suspended floatine in the air and impairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc.

hysics.

Any

substance

in the gaseous

state,

thought of with some reference to the liquid or solid form; a gasified liquid or solid. 3. Hence, a substance, as gaso-

line, alcohol, mercury, benzoin, etc., vaporized for indus-

trial, therapeutic, or other uses; also, a mixture of such a

vapor with air, as the explosive mixture in an internal-combustion engine. 4. Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory. 5. Old Med. pl. Hypochondria or melan-

choly;, the blues. — v.72. 1. Torise in vapor, as a mist; to be emitted or exhaled in vaporous form, as fumes; to pass off as vapor or to evaporate, as liquid alcohol; to emit vapors, to send forth steam, fumes, etc. 2. To brag; bluster.

—v.t.

1. Now Rare. To sendin or asin vapor; to reduce

to vapor. 2. To effect with vapors, or blues. — va/porer, va’pour-er, n.

va/por-es/cence, Na ROBT en cenee (-és’éns; -’ns), n.

[va-

por + -escence.]

A vaporizing or the effect of such. —

vapori-, vapouri-.

A combining form trom vapor, vapor,

va’por-es’cent, va/pour-es’cent (-ént; ~’nt), adj.

as in va/por-if’er-ous, va/por-i-form’.

va’por-if/ic, va/pour-if/ic (va/pér-if/¥k; vap/ér-), adj. [L. vapor vapor + facere tomake.] Producing vapor; tend-

tached to some elevated object so as to be moved by the ing to pass, or to cause to pass, into vapor; also, vaporous. wind, to show which way the wind blows; weathercock. 2. [vaAny flat extended surface attached to an axis and moved by va/por-im/e-ter, va/pour-im/e-ter (-im/é-tér), n. pori--+--meter.] Aninstrument for measuring the volume the wind; as, the vane of a windmill; hence, a similar fixture of any form moved in or by water, air, or other fluid;

as, the vane of a propeller.

The web or flat expanded

part of a feather. 4, Surv, a The target of a leveling staff. b One of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc. — vaned (vand), adj.

or the tension of a vapor.

va/por-ing, va/pour-ing (va/pér-ing), adj. That vapors; spouting forth vapors; vaunting. —m. Act or speech of one that vapors; an idle or high-flown expression or speech, — -ing-ly, adv.

ale, chaotic, care, &dd, account, Arm, ask, sofd; €ve, charity; Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére (27), 6vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Xl, out, oil; ciibe, tinite, fim, tip, circés, ment;

vaporish

1107

va/por-ish, va’pour-ish (va’pér-ish), adj. ture of vapor; full of vapors.

1. Of the na-

2. Affected by the vapors

or depression.

va’por-i-za’tion, va/pour-i-za/tion (va/pér-{-za’shiin; vap/O-ri-; -1-za’-), n. (Cf. F. vaporisation.] 1. Actor process of vaporizing, or state of being vaporized; artificial formation of vapor; specif., conversion of water into steam,

asin a steam boiler. 2. Med. Treatment with vapor.

va/por-ize, va’pour-ize

(va/pér-iz), v.t.

1. To convert

into vapor, either naturally or artificially, as by the applica-

tion of heat, by spraying, etc.

2. To reduce toa vaporous

state or form. — va’por-iz/a-ble, va’pour-iz/a-ble, adj.

va/por-iz/er, va’pour-iz/er (-iz/ér), n. izes; specif.:

@ An atomizer.

That which vapor-

b An apparatus for vaporiz-

ing a heavy oil, as petroleum, for the explosive charge of an internal-combustion engine. va/por-ous (va/pér-ts), adj. 1. Consisting or character-

istic of vapor or vapors.

2. Full of vapors, esp. of exhala-

tions; foggy, misty, or the like.

3. Vaporlike; ethereal;

more narrowly, consisting of, of the nature of, or indulging

in, vaporings. — va/por-os/i-ty (-ds/i-ti), n.— va/porous-ly, adv. — va’por-ous-ness, n. va/por-y, va/pour-y (va/pér-Y), adj. _1. Full of, or of the nature of, a vapor; vaporous. vish; also, vaporing.

2. Hypochondriacal;

\|\va-que’ro (va-ka/r0), n.; pl. -Ros (-rdz; Sp. -rds).

pee-

[Sp.,

cowherd, fr. vaca a cow, fr. L. vacca.] Southwestern U.S. A herdsman; cowboy. [Sp. & Pg., prop., staff, wand, fr. L. vara

va/ra (va’ra), n.

forked pole.] (A Spanish and Portuguese measure of lengtn, varying in different localities from about 32 in. to

about 43 in.; also, a measure of area (square vara). Va-ran/gi-an (vd-ran’ji-dn), n._ [ML. Varangus, Varingus, through MGr. & Slav. fr. ON. Veringi a Varangian, a Scandinaviar, prop., a confederate, fr. varar, pl., pledge,

troth.] _ One of the Northmen who founded a dynasty in Russia in the 9th century.

sg

aad

(var/l-d-bil’%-tY; 6),n. Quality or fact of

being variable or subject to variation; variableness.

var/i-a-ble (var/i-4-b’l; 6), adj.

1. Able or apt to vary or

change; susceptible or subject to variation; changeable. 2. Fickle; inconstant. 3. Biol. Not true to type; aber-

rant; inconstant; — of a species or of a specific character. —n. That which is variable; a thing which may vary or is liable to vary. 2. Math. a A quantity that may assume a succession of values, which need not be distinct.

b A symbol standing for any one of a classof things.

Naut.

a A shifting wind, or one that variesin force.

3.

) pl.

Those parts of the sea where a steady wind is not expected,

esp. the parts between the trade-wind belts. 4. Science & Statistics. Any magnitude which has different values under different conditions. — var’i-a-ble-ness, n. — var’i-a-bly, adv. variable star. Astron. A star that varies in its apparent magnitude, the variation being due to internal changes, or to external causes such as eclipse by a dark companion.

Variable Zone.

See zone.

var/i-ance (var/i-dns; 6),

;

.

1. The fact, quality, or state,

of being variable or variant; variation or a degree of such;

difference; deviation; discrepancy. 2. Dissension; discord; a dispute; quarrel. Law. A disagreement between two parts of the same legal proceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree, as the writ and the declaration,

or the allegation and the proof. var/i-ant (-dnt), adj.

[OF., fr. L. varians, pres. part. of

varix

var’i-co-cele’ (vir/¥-kd-sél’), n.

[varico- +--cele.]

cose enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord.

ing various colors; hence, figuratively, diversified. var’i-cose (vir/I-k0s), adj. [L. varicosus, fr. varix, -icis,

a dilated vein.]_ Irregularly swollen; affected with, con-

taining, or pertaining to, varices or varicosities; as, a varecose vein. var/i.co/sis (-k0’sis), n.. [NL., fr. varic--+-osis.] Med. a The formation of varices. b Varicosity. F var/i-cos/i-ty (-kds/%-tY), n.; pl. -Tres (-tY¥z). Quality or state of being varicose; also, a varicose part or a varix. var/i-cot/o-my (-kdt’d-mi),n. [varico--+-tomy.] Surg. Incision of a varicose vein. ~ var’ied (var/id; 6), adj. 1. Changed; altered.. 2. Various; diverse; as, varied scenery. 3. Marked with several

colors, as many animals.

var/i-e-gate (var/I-é-gat; var/Y-gat), v.¢._ CL. variegatus, past part. of variegare to variegate.] 1. To diversify in

external appearance, esp. with different colors; to dapple.

2. Hence, to diversify; to enliven by variety. — var/i-egat’/ed (-gat/éd; -Y¥d), adj. var’i-e-ga/tion (-ga’shtin), n. Act of variegating, or state being variegated; diversity of colors. var/i-er (var/i-ér), n. One who varies. va-ri’e-tal (vd-ri/é-tal; -t’l), adj. Of or pert. to, or characterizing, a variety; constituting a variety, in distinction Hatt a individual or species; subspecific. — va-ri’e- tal-

y, adv. va-ri’e-ty (-tY), n.; pl. -r1Es (-tiz).__ [F. or L.; F. variété, rt. L. varietas.] State or quality of being various or varied; diversity. 2. Variation; difference. 3, That

which is various; as: a A collection of different things; a varied assortment. b Something varying or differing from

others of the same general kind; a sort.

related by descent, but distinguished from other similar

groups only by characters considered too inconstant or too

trivial to entitle it to recognition as a species; often, any group of lower rank than a species.

Syn. Variety, diversity. Variety suggests the diversified character of the elements involved, rather than their absolute or essential difference; diversity implies more marked difference or even divergence. Ant. Sameness, monotony, likeness.

variety show. A stage entertainment of successive separate performances, usually songs, dances, acrobatic feats, etc. Cf. VAUDEVILLE, 2, var/i-form (var/i-f6rm; 6), adj. [L. varius various + -form.] Having various forms; varied or different in form; diversiform. var/i-o-cou/pler (var/f-d-ktip/lér), n. [L. vartus various + coupler.] Elec. An inductive coupler, of which the mutual inductance is adjustable by rotating one of the coils. va-ri/o-la (va-ri/6-la), n. CML., fr. L. varius various.] Med. Smallpox. va-ri/o-lar (-lér), adj. Med. Variolous. (-lat/&d;1 -{d); var/i-o-late (var’I-0-lat; 6), v.t.; -LAT/ED y -LAT/ING. [See vartora.] Med. To inoculate with the virus of smallpox. — var/i-o-la/tion, n. 2. Petrog. A var’i-ole (var/i-6l; 6), m. 1. A foveola.

spherule of a variolite.

var’i-o-lite (-d-lit), n.

F.

CG. variolit, fr. ML. variola small-

pox; — from its yariegated color.] Petrog. rock embedded with whitish spherules.

spelling.

var’i-o-loid (var/I-d-loid; var’-; 6), adj.

4. Being at variance; discrepant.

—n.

Some-

varying; change in the form, position, state, or qualities, of

a thing; modification, mutation, or deviation, or an instance or example of such. 2. Extent to which a thing varies; amount or rate of change. 3. Astron. A change in the mean

motion, mean

orbit, etc., ofa planet or other

celestial body. 4. Biol, In an organism, divergence in characters from those typical or usual] in the group (esp. the species) to which it belongs; also, divergence in the characters of the offspring from those of the parents producing it. Esp., an organism differing from a type or from its parents. 5. Music. Repetition of a theme or melody with embellishments or modifications in rhythm, tune, harmony,

or key; the presentation of a musical thought in new and varied aspects, yet keeping the essential features of the

original. — var/1-a’tion.al, adj. var/i-cel/la

(var/I-sél’a),

Med. Chicken pox. |. var/i-cel/late (-dt), adj.

mn.

[NL.,

:

dim.

fr. vartora.]

; c [Dim. of varix + 2d -ate, 2.]

Aost. Having small or indistinct varices; — said of certain shells.

var/i-cel’loid (-oid), adj.

[varicella+ -oid.]

Med.

Re-

sembling chicken pox (varicella); as, varicelloid smallpox. var’i-ces (var/i-séz; var’-), n., pl. of VARIX.

var/i-co- (vir/i-k6-), varic-. [L. varix, See varicose.] Acombining form denoting a dilated vein. chair; go; sing;

then, thin; nature, verdtire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

Such

5. Biol. A group of animals or plants

var/i-o-lit/ic (-d-lit/Yk), adj. small round specks; spotted.

thing that is variant, as a variant spelling of a word. var/i-a’/tion (var/l-a’shiin; 6), n.. 1. Act or an instance of

4. Cant.

entertainment as is given in variety shows; variety perform-

ances, collectively.

variare to change.] 1. Rare. Variable; changeable. 4 Rare. Manifesting diversity; variegated; varied. 3. Different from others of its kind or class; more narrowly, varying from the norm, standard, type,or the like; as, a variant

A vari-

var/i-col’ored, var’i-col/oured (var/i-kul/érd; 6), adj. Hav-

Any

basic

1. Thickly marked with 2. Petrog. Of, pertaining

to, or resembling, variolite.

[variola + -oid.]

Med. a Resembling smallpox. b Pertaining to varioloid. —n. Med. A modified mild form of smallpox, or variola occurring in persons who have been vaccinated or had smallpox. f

va-ri/o-lous (va-ri/6-ltis), adj.

1. Med. Of, pertaining to,

or suffering from, smallpox; having pits like those of smallpox. 2. Zool. Foveate.

var/i-om/e-ter_ (var/i-6m/é-tér; 6), n. [L. varius various + -meter.] Elec, a An instrument for comparing magnetic forces, esp. in the earth’s magnetic field. b A variable inductor consisting of two coils of wire one rotating within the other and connected in series or parallel.

var/i-o/rum (-6/ruim; 70),

.

[Abbr. fr. L. ewm notis vari-

orum with notes of various persons.]_ 1. An edition or text (variorum edition or text), esp. of a classical author, with notes by different persons. 2. An edition of a pub-

lication containing variant readings, or versions, of the text. — var‘i-o/rum, adj.

var/i-ous (var/i-ués; 6), adj.

([L. varius.J

1. Different;

diverse; several; manifold. 2. Changeable; inconstant; variable. 3. Many-sided; diversiform; also, variegated; diversified. — Sym. See DIFFERENT. — var‘i-ous-ly, adv. — var/i-ous-ness, 7. var/ix (var’Yks; 6), n.; pl. VARICES (vAr’/¥-séz; vir’-). [L.

See varicosE.]

_ Med.

A permanent uneven or tortuous

dilatation of a vein (or an artery or lymph vessel) ; a varicose

vein.

K=ch

in G, ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

||Foreign Word.

var’let (vir/lét; -Ift), n. [OF., var. of vaslet, vallet, servant, young man, young noble, dim. fr. source of vassal.] 1. Obs. An attendant; esp., i st.,a knight’s page. scoundrel; a knave. ’

var’let-ry (-ri), n. var’ment

VERMIN.

2. A

Varlets, collectively; hence, rabble.

(vir/mént), var/mint

(-mint), n.

;

Dial. var. of

;

var/nish (var/nish), v.t. [LOF. vernir, vernisser, fr. the n., OF. vernis.] 4. To cover with varnish. 2. To coat

over with something likened to varnish, as giving a fair or glossy appearance. 3. Tofurbish or polishup.—n. 1. A

liquid preparation which, when spread ‘upon a surface,

dries forming a hard, lustrous coating. Oil varnishes are essentially solutions of resins (natural or artificial) or of

asphalt in drying oils, esp. linseed oil and tung oil.

Spirit

varnishes are solutions of resins (natural or ee asphalt, cellulose esters (as pyroxylin), etc., in volatile

solvents, as alcohol, spiritsof turpentine, or amyl acetate. 2. The covering or glaze given by the application of var-

nish (sense 1). 3. That which suggests varnish by its gloss. 4. Outside show; gloss. — var/nish-er, n. varnish tree. Any of various trees yielding a milky juice

from which in some cases varnish or lacquer is prepared;

esp., the var’si-ty SITY; aS, Var/u-na

Japanese varnish tree (Rhus vernicifilus). (vir’si-t¥), n. A colloquial short form of UNIVERthe varsity crew, baseball team. Hinduism. (var’60-nd; vir’-). [Skr. Varuna.]

The supreme cosmic deity, creator and ruler, and especially

guardian of cosmic order. var/us (var/ts; 6), 7. .[NL., fr.

L. varus bent, grown inwards.] Med.. A deformity in which the

tory.

1. Early Law. One who has placed

2. A subject; dependent;

bondman; slave.

servant; sometimes, a

— adj. Like a vassal; servile; subservi-

ent.

3

vas’sal-age (-1j), n.

1. State of being a vassal; homage,

fealty, or services due from the vassal. 2. Servitude; esp., political dependence. 3. A territory held in vassalage. vast (vast; 9), adj. [L. vastus empty, waste, immense.]

1. Obs. Waste; desert. 2. Of great extent; also, huge in bulk; immense. Very great innumbers, quantity, or amount. 4. Very great in degree, intensity, range, or the like. — Syn. Huge, great, mighty. See ENORMOUS,— Ant. Small, scant, little, meager. —7. 1. A waste; immensity. 2. Dial. Eng. A great quantity. — vast/ly, adv. — vast’/ness, n. vas’ti-tude (vas/ti-tiid), n. Vastness. vas’ti-ty co, n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz). [F. or L.; F. vastité, fr. L. vastitas.] Rare. Vastness; a vast. ¢ vast/y (vas/ti), adj. [From vast.] Vast; immense. vat (vait),n. [Dial. for fat, fr. ME. fat, fr. AS. fet.) 1. A large vessel, cistern, tub, or barrel, esp. for holding liquors

in an immature state, preparations for dyeing or tanning, etc. 2. A liquor containing a dye which has been converted into a soluble, nondyeing form. When textile material steeped in the liquor is exposed to the air, the dye is reformed and precipitated in the fiber. Dyes so used are called vat dyes. —v.¢.; vat/TED (-€d; -id); VAT/TING. et.]

[L. vates a proph-

Of or pertaining to a prophet; prophetical.

[L. Vaticanus

(sc. mons, or

collis), the Vatican hill, in Rome, on the western bank of

substance, position,

Varuna. another; as, to vary one’s meals. 3. To diversify; as, to vary one’s diet. 4. Music.

To present under new aspects, as of rhythm, interval, har-

monic treatment, etc. —v.7. 1. To alter, or be altered, in any manner; tochange. 2. To differ; to be diverse; as,

the laws of France vary from those of England. 3. Todeviate; swerve. 4. To alter or change in succession; to alternate; as, one mathematical quantity may vary inversely

as another. 5. Biol. To exhibit or undergo variation. llvas (vis), n.; pl. VASA (va/sa). [L.,a vessel. See vAseE.] Anat. A vessel; a duct. vas-. = VASO-. vas/cu-lar (vas’kti-lér), adj. [L. vasculum a small vessel, dim. of vas vessel.] 1. Biol., Med., etc. a Of or pertain-

ing to a vessel or vessels for the conveyance of a fluid, esp. (in animals) a nutritive, fluid, as blood or lymph, or (in

plants) the sap; designating, or pertaining to, the system of

vessels having this function. b Supplied with, or containing, vessels or ducts, esp. blood vessels. 2. Hence, hotblooded; high-spirited. — vas/cu-lar/i-ty (-lir/%-ti), n. vascular bundle. Bot. See BUNDLE, n., 3.

vascular tissue. Bot, Any conductive tissue in plants, esp. the specialized tissue found in the higher plants, form-

ing a continuous system (vascular system) throughout the plant body. vas/cu-lose (vis/kti-los), adj. Also vas/cu-lous (-liis). Vascular. ‘

vas’cu-lum (-liim), .; pl. -La (-ld). A tin box used in collecting plants.

CL., a small vessel.]

||vas de’fe-rens (vas déf’é-rénz) ; pl. VASA DEFERENTIA (va/sa ([L. deferens carrying down.]

Anat. &

Zool. The excretory duct of a testicle; a spermatic duct, which is, in man, a small but thick-walled tube about two

feet long, greatly convoluted in its proximal portion. vase (vas; vaz; or, esp. Brit., vaz, v6z), n._ CF., fr. L. vas, also vasum.] _A vessel, usually rounded and of greater

commonly decorative though adapted

ioe various domestic purposes, and used anciently in sac-

Tifices. vas-ec’/to-my (vas-ék’td-mi), 7. [vas-+ -ectomy.] Surg. Resection or removal of the vas deferens. Vas’e-line (vas/é-len; -lin), n. [Irreg. fr. G. wasser water -++ Gr, elaion olive oil] A trade-mark for petrolatum and certain other petroleum products; hence Lsometimes not cap.], petrolatum.

vas/o- (vis/6-), vas-.

sus, of Celt,origin.]

himself under the protection of another as his lord and has vowed homage and fealty; later, a feudal tenant; a feuda-

Vat/i-can (vat/i-kdn), n..

etc.; to modify. 2. To make different or change from one

depth than width,

size of the Diced re aeti i Eanatee vas/sal (vis/dl), n. ah . vassallus, fr. . Vvas-

To put into, or treat in, a vat.

fr. L. variare, fr. varius various.] 1. To alter in form, ap-

déf/é-rén/shi-a).

& Anat. Pertaining to the nerves or centers controlling the

vat/ic (vat/ik), vat/i-cal (-I-kdl), adj.

foot is turned inward. Lid (var’I; 6), v. t.7 VAR/IED (id); var’y-Inc. [OF. varier, pearance,

vaunt

1108

varlet

[From vas.]_

Biol. & Physiol. A

combining form used to signify: a The blood vessels, as in

vasomotor. bhSurg. The vas deferens, as in vas/0-lig/ature, va-sot/o-my. See LIGATURE, -TOMY. C Vasomotor, as in: vas/o-stim/u-lant.

the Tiber.] 1. The Pope’s palace, an assemblage of buildings at Rome, beside the Church of St. Peter, including museums, art galleries, library, the Sistine Chapel, etc. Here was held the Vatican Council (1869-70), which promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility. 2. The papal

authorityor government. Vat/i-can-ism (-iz’m), n.

See VaTIcAN City in Gaz. The doctrine of absolute papal

supremacy; — used opprobriously. va-tic’i-nal (vd-tis’t-ndl), adj. Prophetic.

va-tic/i-nate (-nat), v.7. & t. [L. vaticinatus, past part. of vaticinari to prophesy, fr. vates a prophet.] ‘To prophesy; foretell. — vat’/i-ci-na’tion (vat/I-s¥-na/shiin), n. — va-tic/i-na/tor, n.

vaude’ville (vod’vil; v6’dé-vil; or, esp. Brit., vo'dé-vil), n. (F., fr. Vau-de-Vire, lit., valley of Vire (a village in Nor-

mandy), where such songs were composed.]

song, often satirical; a topical song. commonly, a variety show.

Vau-dois’ (vé-dwa’), n. sing. & pl.

1. A popular

2. Loosely, and now

[F.J

An inhabitant

of the Swiss canton of Vaud; also, the dialect spoken there.

Vau-dois’, n. pl. [F., fr. ML. Valdenses.] The Waldenses. vault (vélt), n. [OF. vaute, vaulte, voute, volte, fr. L. volutus, past part. of volvere to roll, to turn about.]

An arched structure of masonry,

usually forming

,¢

a ceiling, or roof, f but sometimes & carrying a separate roof, a floor, staircase,

like.

or

the

2. A room

or space

1.

a

Vaults,1.

covered

wrk

arene H

1 Barrel; 2 Cylindrical

1ng,,0r

2

Intersect-

CLOss.

by a vault (sense 1), esp, when underground, as a part of a cellar devoted to a special purpose, as the storage of wine or valuables.

By extension, such a compartment

even

when not covered by a vault, as a room for the safekeeping

of valuables. 3. The canopy of heaven; the sky. A burial chamber. 5. Anat. Any arched or dome-shaped

structure. — v. ¢. To form with, or to cover with, a vault. vault, n. [F. volte, prop., a turn, fr. It. volta turn, arch.

See Ist vautt.]

A leap or bound; specif.: a A leap over or

upon something, made by aid of the hands, or of a pole. b Manége. The bound or leap of a horse; a curvet. — v. 7. 1. To leap; bound; spring. 2. Specif., to execute a vault (which see) or leap. — v. ¢. To leap over, esp. by aid of the hands or a pole; as, to vault a fence; also, to leap on, as

the back of a horse; to mount with a leap. vault’ed, adj. 1. Built asa vault; arched. vault or vaults. vault’er (vél’/tér), m. One who vaults.

vault/ing, n.

2. Having a

Act, practice, or art, of building vaults; also,

vaulted construction.

[vaso- +- con-

vault/ing, adj. 1. That overleaps; also, overweening; as, vaulting ambition. 2. That is used in vaulting, as in

vessels. vas/o-di-la’tor (-di-la’tér; -d¥-), adj. [vaso- ++ dilator.] Physiol. Causing dilatation orrelaxation of theblood vessels.

vaunt (vont; vant), v. 7. [OF. vanter, fr. LL. vanitare, fr. L. vanus vain.] To talk vaingloriously; to brag; boast.

vas/o-con-stric’/tor (-kdn-strik/tér), adj. aes

Physiol.

Causing

vas/o-mo/tor (-m0’tér), adj.

het

lhe

AS

Mc

constriction

of the blood

gymnastic exercises.

— v.t. To boast of; to make a vainglorious display of. —

Syn. See Boast. — Ant. Belittle, decry. — mn. A vain[vaso--+ motor.] Physiol. ch LAR ALJe SOA ADGA) SIE SEI SEE nek NI SON OhNs NEM

fle, chaotic, c&re, Add, @ccount, rm, ask, sofa; @ve, here (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Il, charity; Gld, dbey, Grb, dd, s6ft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, wip, circés; menii;

vaunt=-courier

1109

glorious display of what one is, or has, or has done; ostentation; brag. — vaunt/er, n. — vaunt/ing.ly, adv.

vaunt/—cour’i-er (vint/ko0r/Y-ér; vont’-), n. LF. avantcourrier.| 1. Obs. One sent in advance, as of troops. 2. Hence, a precursor; forerunner. vaunt’yi(von’ti), adj. Scot. Proud; boastful; vain. vav’a-sor, vav’/a-sour (vav’a-sor, -soor), n. [OF. vavas-

sor, vavassour, fr. LL. vassus vassorum vassal of vassals.]) Feud. Law. Any of a certain class of feudal lords

next in rank to a knight banneret. va/ward’ (va/word’), n. [For avantward, fr. ONF. avantwarde. See VANGUARD.] Archaic. Vanguard, as of troops; hence, the forefront; van. Ve/a-dar’ (vé/a-dir’; va’-), n. [Heb. wé-Adhar, lit., and

vein Cucurbita pepo) commonly eight to ten inches long. It is tender, and is a favorite vegetable in England. b The flesh of this gourd, prepared for the table.

vegetable silk. A cottonlike fibrous material obtained from the coating of the seeds of a Brazilian tree (Chorisia speciosa, family Bombacaceae). It is used for stuffing cushions, etc.

vegetable tallow. Any fatty tallowlike substance obtained from plants, used in soap and candles, for burning, etc.

vegetable wax. Any waxy product secreted by various plants, commonly in thin flakes by the walls of the epidermal cells of leaves, fruits, etc. veg/e-ta-bly (véj’é-ta-bl¥), adv. In the manner of or like a vegetable.

Adar, i.e., the second Adar.] See JewisH CALENDAR. veal (vél), n. [OF. veel (F. veau), fr. L. vitellus, dim. of

veg’e-tal (-tdl; -t’l), adj.

vec’tion (vék/shiin), n.

veg’e-tant (-tant), adj. [LL. & ML. vegetans, -antis, pres. part.] a Inspiring growth and vigor; invigorating. f the nature of vegetation, in lack of sense response and

vitulus acalf.J 1. Obs. ec. Dial. Acalf. 2. The flesh of a calf used for food. ‘ veal’er (-€r), n. Cant. A calf suitable for veal.

[L. vectio, fr. vehere, vectum, to

carry.] Med. Transference of disease germs from an infected to a well person. vec/tor (vék’tér), n. [L., a bearer, carrier, fr. vehere,

vectum,

to carry,]

1. Astron. = RADIUS VECTOR, 2.

2. Biol. An organism, usually an insect, which carries and transmits disease-causing microorganisms. 3. Math. complex entity representative of a directed magnitude, as of a force or a velocity, and represented by any ofa system of equal and parallel line segments. — vec-to/ri-al (vtkto/ri-dil; 70), adj.

1. Pertaining to vegetables, or the vegetable kingdom; of the nature of a vegetable. 2. Being, resembling, or suggesting, a vegetable in lack of sense responses and reasoning power. 3. Biol. Pertaining to vegetation; vegetative.

power of reason; vegetative. veg/e-tar/i-an (véj/é-tar/i-dn; 6), n.

One who believes that plants afford the only proper food for man. Strict vegetarians eat no butter, eggs, or milk. — adj. Of or pertaining to vegetarianism; also, consisting vegetables; as, a vegetarian diet.

veg’e-tar/i-an-ism Can), mn.

wholly '

of

The theory or practice of

living solely upon vegetables and fruits.

Ve/da (va’da; ve’dd),n. [Skr. veda knowledge, sacred veg/e-tate (vcj/e-tat), v.7. CML. vegetatus, past part. of vegetare. See VEGETABLE, 7.] 1. To grow after the fashlore. he most ancient sacred literature of the Hindus, ion of plants. 2. Hence, to lead a passive existence; to do comprising more than one hundred extant books; specif. little buteat and grow. 3. Med. To grow exuberantly; to (singular or collective; pl. VepAs [-ddz]), one or all of produce fleshy or warty outgrowths; as, a vegetating papule. the four canonical collections of hymns, prayers, and liturgical formulas which are the foundation of Vedic literature and religion: viz., Rig-Veda the oldest and most_impor-

tant, comprising over a thousand hymns; the YajurVeda, Sama-Veda, and _Atharva-Veda. — Ve-da’ic

veg’e-ta/tion (-ta’shtin), n. ing;

vegetable

growth,

1. Act or process of vegetat-

development,

or. activity.

Hence, inert existence; dull and stagnant living.

3. The

sum of vegetable life; plants in general.

A mor-

4. Med.

:

(va-da/ik; vé-), adj. — Ve/da-ism (va’dd-Iz’m; ve/da-), n. bid outgrowth upon any part. — veg/e-ta/tion.al (al), adj. 1, Growing, or, having Ve-dan/ta (vi-din’td; vé-dan’/ta), n. [Skr. Vedanta, fr. veg’e-ta’tive (véj’é-ta/tiv), adj. the power of growing, as plants; designating functions (as Veda Veda + antaend.] Hinduism. A systemof monis-

tic or pantheistic philosophy, based on the Upanishads; —

primarily so called as being an investigation of the latter part of the Vedas, afterwards interpreted as embodying

the ultimate aim or end of the Vedas. — Ve-dan/tism (-tiz’m), n. — Ve-dan/tist (-tist), n.

Ve-dan’tic (-tfk), adj.

Of or pertaining to the Vedanta

philosophy; also, of or pertaining to the Vedas; Vedic.

metabolism, nutrition, etc.) most directly concerned with

the maintenance of life; — often, esp. in Bot., in specif. sense opposed to reproductive; as, vegetative stage.

2.

Having the power to produce growth in plants; fertile; productive; as, the vegetative properties of soil. esignating the division of nature which includes the vegetable kingdom. Leading a passive existence; plantlike; as,

[Singhalese vedda a hunter.]

he led a vegetative life. — veg’/e-ta’tive-ly, adv. — veg/eta’tive-ness, n. veg’/e-tism (véj/é-tiz’m), n. Vegetal state or characteristic.

a Mil. A mounted sentinel, stationed in advance of the ickets. b Nav. A small vessel used to watch an enemy;

veg’e-tive (-tiv), adj. Vegetable; vegetative. ve/he-mence (ve/é.méns; vé/é-; vé/hé-), n. Also, Rare, ve/he-men.-cy (-mén-si). Quality or state of being vehement; as: a Impetuous force; fury. b Violent ardor; fervor. ve/he-ment (-mént), adj. [F. véhément, fr. L. vehemens,

Ved/da, Ved’dah (véd’a), n.

One of an aboriginal people of Ceylon. ve-dette’ (vé-dét’), n. LCF., fr. It. vedetia (after vedere to see), fr. veletta, fr. Sp. vela, fr. L. vigilare to keep watch.]

— usually called vedette boat. Of or pertaining to the Vedas.

Vedic (va’dik; vé/dik), adj. vee (vé), n.; pl. VEES (véz).

Any-

-entis, fr. vehere to carry.} 1. Acting with great force; furious; impetuous. 2. Deeply felt; as, a vehement sus-

wind. —v.t. To direct to a different course; to shift; specif., Naut., to wear; as,to veer, or wear, a vessel. — 7. A change in course, direction, etc.; a swerve.

Listless, indifferent. — ve/he-ment-ly, adv. ve’hi-cle (vé/i-k’1; vé/hi-), n. [F. véhicule, fr, L. vehiculum, fr. vehere to carry.] 1. That in or on which a person or thing is or may be carried; any moving support or container for the conveyance of bulky objects. 2. That which is used as the instrument of conveyance or communication; as, matter is the vehicle of energy. 3. An art form or device used to convey an effect. 4. a Painting.

1. The letter V,v..

2.

thing having the shape of the letter V. 3. A five-dollar bill © V, n., 4). — adj. V-shaped. eit: : veer (vér), v. 7, CF. virer.] 1. To change direction; shift, as from one direction, condition, position, etc., to another. 2. Meteorol. To shift in a clockwise direction; — said of the wind. Opposed to back. 3. Naut. To wear ship; to alter the course by turning away from the direction of the

veer, v.t.

[MD. vieren toslacken.]

Naut. To let or pay

out, as a rope, anchor chain, etc. ayn veer’y (-i), n.; pl. VEERIES (-iz). _ [Prob. imitative of one of its notes.]

_ A thrush

(Hylocichla fuscescens)

of the

eastern United States. Called also Wilson’s thrush. Ve/ga (ve’ga), n._ CML., fr. Ar. (al-Nasr) al-Wagi‘ the falling (vulture).J, Astron. A brilliant star of the first magnitude, the brightest in the constellation Lyra; Alpha (a) Lyrae.

'

veg’e-ta-ble (véj’é-td-b’l; 58), adj. [See VEGETABLE, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to plants; having the nature of, or produced by, plants; growing in the manner of a plant; as, a vegetable nature; vegetable growths, juices, etc.; consisting of plants; as, the vegetable kingdom. 2. Made from vegetables or their substance; as, vegetable silk, butter,

pigments. —vn. [OF., fr. vegeter to vegetate, fr. ML. vegetare, fr. L. vegetus lively, active, fr. vegere to be active.] A plant; specif., in common

usage,

a herbaceous

plant cultivated for food, as the cabbage, potato, bean, etc.; also, the edible part or parts of such plants, as prepared for market or table. : ‘ vegetable butter. Any fixed vegetable oil that is solid at ordinary temperatures, as cacao butter.

vegetable ivory. coquilla nut.

aSee 1vory nut. bh The shell of the ; me: e'

vegetable kingdom.

The primary division of living things

which includes all plants. See PLANT, n., 2. vegetabie marrow. a An egg-shaped gourd

Chair;

go; sing;

(a form of

picion.

3. Very ardent; very eager or urgent; passionate;

as, a vehement protest. — Syn. See impetuous. — Ant.

The liquid medium, as oil, with which a pigment is applied. b Paints. The liquid portion, as oil, of a paint or the like. 4. Pharm. A medium in which medicine is administered,

as a sirup. ve-hic/u-lar

me , (vé-hik/i-lér), adj.

vehicle; also, serving asa vehicle.

Of or pertaining

[

vehme,

fehme,

feme,

criminal

tribunal + gericht

court, judgment.] Oneof certain late medieval tribunals common in Germany, chiefly in Westphalia. They met in

secret and usurped many functions of government.

veil (val), n.

[ONF. veile (OF. & F. voile), fr. L. vela, pl.

of velum a sail, curtain, veil.])

1. A fabric hung up, or

spread out, to intercept the view, and hide an object; a curtain; esp., a piece of stuff, usually diaphanous, worn to

hide or protect the face. |

Hence, a cover; disguise;

mask; — in phrases, as veil of silence, veil of darkness,

etc. 3. The state accepted or the vows made by a nun when she assumes the white veil of a novice or the black veil on making solemn profession of her vows; hence, the

cloistered life; as, to take the black veil; to renounce the veil. 4. Anat. A caul; as, born with a veil. Bot. &

Zool. Avelum. —v.t. 1. To throw a veil over; to cover as witha veil. 2. To cloak; mask. — veiled (vald), adj. veil/ing, n. 1. Act of covering with a veil. 2. A veil; also, gauzy material, as for veils.

vein (van), n.

[OF. veine, fr. L. vena.]

cavity, asinany substance.

1. A fissure or

2. A crevice or narrow water

then, thin; nattire, verdiire (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

to a

||Vehm/ge.-richt (fam/gé-rikt), n. ; pl. -GERICHTE (-riK/té).

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|| Foreign Word,

veined

1110

channel in rock, earth, orice. 3. A streak or wave appearing in wood, marble, etc. 4. Anything of distinctive char-

acter considered as running through something else; a

strain; as,a vein of humor. 5. Anat. & Zool. One of the tubular branching vessels which carry the blood back to

the heart.

6. Bot. One of the vascular bundles forming

nerve.

Geol.

the framework

of fibrous tissue of a leaf; — called also

& Mining. a A fissure in rock filled by

mineral matter, usually by deposition from solution by underground water. bAlode. cA bed of useful mineral

vendition

louté, lit., velvety.]_

Cookery.

A white sauce made by

thickening stock with white roux. : ve/lum (vé/liim), n.; pl. veta (-la). [L., an awning, a veil.] Anat. & Zoo/..A membranous partition likened to a veil or curtain; specif., the soft palate. ve-lure’ (vé-lir’), n._[F. velours, through OF. & Pr. fr. L.

villosus, fr. villus shaggy hair.]

1, Velvet, or some fab-

ric resembling it, esp. one of linen, silk, or jute.

or plush pad used as a brush for silk hats. brush with a velure. 4

2. A silk

—v.¢.

To

material; as, a vein of coal. 8. Zool. One of the thickened ribs, nervures, or nerves, which serve to stiffen the

ve-lu/ti-nous (vé-li’ti-nis), adj.

Syn. Channel; touch, tinge, shade, smack, tang. — Vein, streak, spice, dash. Vein and (Colloq.) streak denote a particular strain, turn, or cast (esp.) of mind or disposition; spice and dash suggest a slight admixture or infusion, esp. such as gives zest, relish, or pungency; as, a vein of humor; a stubborn streak; a spice of fun; a dash of genius.

vel/vet (vél/vét; -vit), n. [ME. velvet, veluet, dim. fr. OF. velu shaggy, fr. L. villus shaggy hair.] 1. aA silk fabric having a thick soft pile of short erect threads. It is called pile velvet when the loops of the pile are uncut, and cut velvet when the loops are cut so that the pile is of single threads. b A piece of this fabric. ¢ A similar fabric with a cotton or linen back. 2. Something like or suggesting

wings of insects.

—v.t. To form or mark with veins; as: a To fill or cover with veins. _b To extend in or over in a manner like or suggestive of veins. ¢ To decorate with narrow stripes suggesting veins.

veined

@and), adj.

Full of veins; showing streaked; variegated. . vein/let (van/lét; -l¥t), 7. A small vein.

vein’stone’ (-ston’),

.

Mining.

venation;

Valueless material sur-

rounding the ore in a lode; gangue; matrix.

vein’ule (van/iil), n. Also vein/u-let (-ti-lét; -lit). [Dim. of vein; cf. F. veinule.] A small vein; a veinlet. vein’y (van’!), adj.; VEIN/-ER (-1-€r); VEIN/I-EST. Full of veins; veined, as marble. ve/la (vé/la), n., pl. of VELUM. ve-la/men (vé-la’/mén), n.; pl. VELAMINA

(vé-lim/Y-nd@).

LL., fr. velare to cover.]. 1. Anat. A membrane; a velum. 2. Bot. The thick corky epidermis covering the aerial roots of epiphytic orchids. } ;

ve/lar (ve/lér), adj. fr. velum.

[L. velaris pert. to a veil or curtain,

1. Of or pertaining to a velum, esp. that, of

the palate (the soft palate), 2. Phonet. Formed with the back of the tongue touching or near the velum, or soft

palate (the & sound in coop, g in good, ng in song, or the vowels a, 6, 5, 00); guttural; back. —m. A velar sound.

ve-lar/i-um (vé-lar/f-tim; 6), n.; pl. -IA (4). [L., cover7 ing.] Rom. Antig. An awning over a theater or amphitheater. :

ve/lar-ize (vé/lér-iz), v.t. Phonet. To modify in utterance by simultaneously raising the back of the tongue toward the velum, as in the J of pool, and in English w.

ve/late (vé/lat), adj, veil.]

Bot.

& Zool.

[L. velatus, past part. of velare to Having a veil or velum.

veld, veldt (vélt; félt), n.

[D.veld.]

‘

In South Africa, a

grassland, in which there may be also scattered shrubs or trees.

vel/i-ta/tion (vél/f-ta’shiin),

n.

} v [L. velitatio, IL. fr. velitari,

-tatus, to skirmish, fr. veles, -itis, light-armed soldier.

A dispute or skirmish. ||ve/li-tes (vé/li-téz), n. pl. [L., pl. of veles, velitis.] Rom. Antig. Light-armed foot soldiers. vel-le/i-ty (vé-l@/7%-ti), n.; pl. VeLLErTIEs (-tYz). [ML. velleitas, fr. L. velle to will, to be willing.] 1. The lowest degree of desire; imperfect or incomplete volition. 2. Hence, a slight wish. vel/li-cate (vél/i-kat), v.¢.

YeWEs velvety.

[It. velluto velvet.

See

Covered with a fine and dense silky pubescence;

velvet, as in softness, luster, etc. 3. The soft skin on the

antlers of deer during their rapid growth,

4. Slang.

Surplus; the cash or chips a player is ahead in any game;

as, he is gambling on velvet; hence, loosely, any profit or gain. adj. 1. Made of or covered with velvet.

Like or suggesting velvet; velvety.

vel’/vet-een’ (vél/vé-tén’; 2), n.

[From vEtvet.]

1. An

all-cotton velvet. 2. pl. Clothes, esp. trousers, of this fabric. — vel/vet-een’, vel/vet-eened’ (-ténd’), adj.

vel/vet-y (vél/vé-tY; -vi-ti), adj.

1. Velvetlike; soft and

smooth, as in appearance, or to the sight, hearing, or touch. 2. Mild; smooth to the taste; as, velvety rum; hence, giving a contact like that of velvet; as, a velvety touch of a

piano player.

4

ene (vé/nd), 2.; VENAE (-né).

[L.J]

Anat.

A vein.

ve/na ca/va Cearvd); pl. VENAE CAVAE (vé/né ka/ve). [L. cava hollow.] Anat. & Zool. One of the large veins which, in air-breathing vertebrates, carry the blood to the

right atrium of the heart.

ve/nal (vé/ndl; -n’l), adj.

[L. venalis, fr. venus, venum,

sale.]| 1. Capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration; now esp., mercenary;

open to corrupt influence, bribery, etc, 2. Originating in, or characterized by, corrupt bargaining; as, a venal ar-

rangement. — Syn. Hireling, vendible; corrupt. See MERCENARY. — ve/nal.-ly, adv. ve-nal/i.ty (vé-nal/7-ti), ».; pl. -TIes (-tiz). Quality or

state of being venal, or purchasable; prostitution of talents, offices,

or services for reward; willingness to be in-

fluenced by bribery or corrupt measures.

ve-nat/ic (vé-nat/ik), adj.

Also ve-nat/i-cal (-i-kal).

CL.

venaticus, fr. venatus hunting, fr. venari, past part. venatus, to hunt.] Of or pert. to, or used in, hunting; also,

fond of, or living by, hunting. — ve-nat/i-cal-ly, adv.

ve-na/tion (vé-na/shiin), n. | [L. vena a vein.]

1. The

arrangement or system of veins, as in the wing of an insect; veins, collectively.

2. Bot.

The arrangement and dispo-

sition of the veins or vascular bundles in the green tissue

oe ea blade; — called also nervation. — ve-na’tion-al -Gl), adj.

[L. vellicatus, past part.of

vellicare to twitch, fr. vellere to pluck.] To twitch; nip; pinch. — v.27. To move spasmodically; to twitch. — vel/-

li-ca’tion, n. — vel/li-ca/tive, adj.

vel/lum (vél/%m), n._

[OF. velin, veelin, orig. adj., fr.

veel calf. See vEAL.] 1. A fine-grained lambskin, kidskin, or calfskin prepared for writing upon, binding books, etc. 2. A manuscript written or printed on_ vellum. 3. Loosely, a kind of paper so made as to resemble parchment. —adj. Of, like, or bound in, vellum. \|ve-lo’ce (va-l0’cha), adj. [It., swift.] Music. Rapid and dashing in tempo; — a direction. ;

Venation: 1 Pinnately veined; 2 Palmately veined; 3 Base to Tip; 4 Base to Midrib;

5 Midrib to Margin.

vend (vénd), v. ¢. @7. [F. vendre, fr. L. vendere, fr. venum dare, fr. venus, venum, sale+ dare to give.] 1. To sell; as, to vend fruit. 2. To utter publicly; to publish abroad. — Syn. See sexu.

ven/dace (vén/das), n, sing. & pl. Celt. origin.]

[OF. vendoise dace, of

A whitefish (Coregonus vandesius) native

to certain lakes in Scotland and England.

vend-ee’ (vén-dé’), m. The person to whom _a_thing is vended, or sold; — correl. of vendor, and chiefly legal. ||Wen/dé/miaire’ (vin/da/myar’), n. CF., fr. L. vindemia ve-loc/i-ty (-tYz).

Decne,

Ce

Old form of Two-wheeled

locitas, fr. velox, -ocis, swift, Velocipede. quick.] _ 1. Quickness of motion; swiftness; speed. 2. Mech. Time rate of motion in a given direction and sense. Syn. Velocity, celerity.

Velocity is used chiefly of the movement

of inanimate objects, or of voluntary movements regarded merely as motion; celerity applies to such movements or (esp.) actions of living beings as suggest promptitude or dispatch. — AM. Slowness, sluggishness,

ve-lours’ (vé-ld6r’), n, sing. & pl. [F.

Seeveturn.J

Any

of a number of textile fabrics having a pile like that of

velvet.

vintage.] See REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR. vend/er (ven’dér), m. A vendor; seller. ven-det’ta (vén-dét’a), n.; pl. -DETTAS (-dz).

[It., fr. L. vindicta revenge.] A feud for blood revenge, as in Corsica, where this ancient custom has continued to recent times. The obligation rests upon the relatives of a dead or injured man to take vengeance on the person who has caused his death or injury. — ven-det’tist (ist), 7. vend/i-ble (vén’di-b’l), adj. a Capable of being vended;

salable. b Venal. —n._A vendible article; — usually in pl. — vend'i-hil’/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), vend/i-ble-ness, n.— vend/i-bly, adv. Syn. Vendible, marketable.

Vendible is the general term;

marketable often applies to that which is fit for market under the

laws or customs of a given place.

{|ve-lou/té’ (vé-lo0/ta’), n. Also velouté sauce. [F. ve- ven-di/tion (vén-dish’tin), n. Act of vending, or selling. en Sn ee ee ale, chaotic, care, add, Gccount, arm, ask, sofa; €ve, hére (27), vent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, ill,

charity; Gld, Obey, Grb, Sdd, s6ft, cdnnect; fo0d, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, firm, wip, circts, menti;

vendor

n. CAF. (F. vendeur).] One who vends; a seller; vender. 2. A vending machine. ven-due’ (vén-di’), n. ([D. vendu, fr. MF. vendue, fr. vendre, past part. dendu, tosell.] A public sale by auction. veneer’ (vé-nér’),n._ [G. furnier or fournier. See vENEER, v.t.] 1. A thin sheet of a material; specif.: a A layer’ of valuable or beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one, esp. such a thin leaf,of wood to be glued to a cheaper wood. Any one of the layers glued together to impart stiffness and strength to plywood. 2. Superficial or meretricious show; gloss.) —v.t. furnieren, fourniren, fr. F. fournir to furnish.] 1. To overlay or plate, as a common sort of wood, with a thin layer of finer wood for outer finish or decoration; as, to veneer furniture with mahogany; hence, to coat or face with any material

giving a superior surface; also, to glue together (thin pieces of wood) into plywood. . To cover over with a veneer. — ve-neer’er,n ve-neer/ing, n. Thin material used as a veneer or in plywood; also, a surface made by veneer. ven/e. punc’ture (vén’é-ptingk’/tir; ve/ne-), n. [L. vena

vein+ E. puncture.]

Med.

Puncture of a vein, specif.

with a hypodermic needle. ven/er-a-ble (vén’ér-a-b’l), adj. » [OF., fr.L. venerabdilis.] Capable of being venerated; worthy of veneration; — generally implying an advanced age. Venerable is used in the churches of the Anglican Communion as a title for an archdeacon. In the Roman Catholic Church venerable is applied to those who have attained to the lowest of the three recognized degrees of ee PAD but are not among the beatified or the canonized. Rendered sacred by religious, historic, or other associations. — Sym. See oLp. —

ven/er-a- ges ty -bil’z-ti), ven’er-a-ble-ness, n. — ven/’-

er-a-bly, adv. ven/er-ate (vén/ér-at), v.t. [L. veneratus, past part. of venerari to venerate.] "To regard with reverential respect, or with admiration and deference; to revere. ven/er-a/tion (-a/shiwin), n. 1. Act of yenerating, or state of being venerated; respect mingled with awe, excited b: the dignity, wisdom, or superiority, of a person, by pucredness of character, etc. 2. Act of expressing reverent feeling; worship. — Syn. Awe, respect, devotion. See REVERENCE. — Ant. Contempt, ‘disgust, ‘loathing, aversion. ven/er-a/tor (vén’ér, a’tér), n. [L] One who venerates. ve-ne/re-al (vé-nér’é-al), adj. [L. venereus, venerius, fr. Venus, Veneris, Venus, the goddess of love.] 1. Of or pertaining to venery, or sexual love; relating to sexual intercourse.. 2. Med. a Arising from sexual intercourse with an infected person; as, venereal disease. Adapted to the cure of venereal diseases. ¢ Infected with venereal disease.

Nenier+y_(vén/ér-f),n. [L. Venus, Veneris, the goddess of love.]

Sexual intercourse; coition.

ven/er-y, n.

[OF. venerie, fr. vener

to hunt, fr. L. ve-

nari.] Att, act, or practice, of hunting; the sports of the chase; hunting. ven’e-sec’tion (vén/é-sék/shiin; vé/né-), n. [NL. venaesectio, fr. L. vena vein, gen. venae + sectio a cutting.]

Phlebotomy.

Med.

z

Ve-ne’tian (vé-né/shdn), adj. Of or pertaining to Venice in Italy. —n. native or inhabitant of Venice. Any of various things suggesting, or named in allusion to,

Venice; as: a Collog. A Venetian blind. Db pl. heavy tape or braid used especially on Venetian blinds. Venetian blind. A blind (capable of being raised or lowered) having numerous thin parallel wooden slats that can be set simultaneously at any desired angle. Venetian glass. A dainty, delicate, and artistic glassware made at Murano near Venice. Venetian red. 1. A red pigment consisting of ferric oxides, artificially prepared. 2. brown, reddish redyellow in hue, of medium saturation and Yow brilliance. See COLOR. Venetian school. Painting as practiced in and near Venice in the 15th and 16th centuries, noted for its richness and beauty of color, culminating in the work of Giorgione, Titian, Paul Veronese, and Tintoretto. pene -zue/lan (vén/é- zwe!ldn), adj. & n. from VENEZUELA,

venge (vEnj), v. t. & 7. LOF. vengier.] Archaic. = AVENGE. venge/ance (vén/jdns),n. [OF., fr. cen geet venchier, to avenge, fr. L. ORiisare to claim, deffend, avenge, fr. vindex a claimant, avenger.] Punishment inflicted in return for an injury or an offense; ey often, passionate or unrestrained revenge. —

Syn. See "REQUITAL.

— with a vengeance. a With great violence, force, or the like. b Extremely. c In great or excessive amount. venge/ful (vénj/f00l; -f’l), adj. Revengeful; as: a Vindictive; seeking to avenge. hb Serving to gain vengeance.— venge’ful. ly, adv. — venge/ful-ness, n. ve/ni-al (vé/ni-dl; 58), adj. [OF. venial fr. LL. venialis, fr. venia forgiveness, grace, favor.] .’Capable of being forgiven; excusable; as, a venial cate

unobjectionable. — ve/ni-al/i-ty

al-ly, adv. — ve/ni-al-ness, n. veniaj sin.

#&.C.Ch.

ventrally

1111

ven/dor (vén’dor; in contrast with vendee often vén-dor’),

Obs.

(-il/%. th,

Allowed;

n. — ve/ni-

A slight offense against divine law

in unimportant

matters, or, in grave matters, an offense

committed without reflection or full consent. ve-ni/re fa’/ci-as (vé-ni’ré fa/shi-is), or ve-ni’re, n. [L., make, or cause, tocome.] Law. A judicial writ or precept used in summoning persons to appear in court to serve as jurors. ve-ni/re-man (-mdn), .; pl. -mEN (-mén). Law. A juror summoned by a venire.

ven/i-son

veneison,

(vén/¥-z’n or, esp. Brit., vén’z’n), n. fr. L. venatio

hunting, the chase, game,

venari, past part. venatus, to hunt.]

[OF.

fr.

The flesh of an ani-

mal of the deer kind. Ve-ni/te (vé-ni/té), n. [L., come, imper. 2d pers. pl.;— so called from its opening’ word in the Latin version.) The 94th Psalm (Vulgate, in A.V., the 95th), which in the form of a response is said or sung at matins. ven/om (vén/tim),n. [OF. venim, venin, fr. L. venenum poison.] 1. EMSS Matter fatal or injurious to life; poison in general. 2. The poisonous matter which certain animals, such as serpents, scorpions, bees, etc., secrete and communicate by biting or stinging. 3. That which poisons, embitters, or blights; uae malice; malignity. —v.t. To envenom. — ven/om. er, ven/om-ous (-iis), adj. 1. Full oe ‘venom; poisonous; also, virulent; baneful. 2. Malignant; spiteful; as, a venomous writer. 3. Zool. Having a gland or glands for the secretion of venom; able to inflict a poisoned bite, sting, or wound. — ven/ ‘om-ous- ly, adv. — -ous-ness, n. ve/nose (yé/nds), adj. [See veNnous.] | Venous; specif.,

Bot., having numerous or conspicuous veins. ve-nos‘i- ty (vé-nds/%-ti), m. Venous or venose quality or state of being venous or venose.

ve/nous (ve/niis), adj. LL. venosus, fr. vena a_vein.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vein or veins. Physiol. Desig-

nating blood, as that in the veins, which has passed through the ‘capillaries, given up oxygen, and become charged with carbon dioxide. Venous blood in the higher animals is dark red. Cf. ARTERIAL. — ve/nous-ly, adv. — ve/nous-ness, n. vent (vént), n. {From fent, fente, a slit, cleft, fissure, fr. fendre to split, fr.L, L findere; confused with F. vent wind, fr. L. ventus.]’ 1. A’small aperture; a hole or opening for passage or escape, as of a fluid. 2. Opportunity of escape or passage; outlet, as from confinement or privacy; passage; escape; hence, utterance, expression, or publication;

as, to give vent to one’s wrath. rdn, The opening at the breech of a gun through which fire is communicated to the powder. 4. Zool. a The anus. hb The opening of the cloaca or of the intestine on the surface of the body; esp., that of the lower vertebrates. —v.t. 1. To let out ata vent, or small aperture; give passage or outlet to.

2. To give vent or expression

to;

as, to vent one’s anger; also, to utter; publish; as, to vent a grievance. 3. To furnish with a vent; make a yent in.

21 pee by giving vent; as, to vent oneself in grief. — vent’er, vent/age wn? tYj), nm. A-small hole; a vent. ven/tail (vén’tal), n. [OF. ventaille (F. ventail). See VENTILATE.] The lower movable front of a helmet. ven/ter (vén’tér), n. [L.J 1. reeoa win suggesting a vent; specif.: Aviat & Zool. a The belly. b A protuberant part, as of a muscle. ¢ A broad shallow concavity as in a bone. Law. Womb (of wife or mother). ven/ti-duct (vén/ti-dtkt), n. [L. ventus ies ductus a leading, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead.]_ A passage or pipe for wind or air, as for ventilation. ven’ti-late (vén/t?-lat), v.¢. [L. ventilatus, past part. of ventilare to toss, fan, winnow, fr. ventus wind. | 1. Now Rare. To winnow; fan. To cause aes air to circulate through (a room, mine, etc.) so as to replace foul air simultaneously removed; also, of air, to circulate through so as to freshen and replace foul air, gas, etc. 3. To oxygenate, as blood. . To give vent to; utter; as, to ventilate one’s grievances; also, to discuss freely and openly; expose by publicity. To provide with a vent, or escape. — ven’ti-la/tion, n. — ven’ti-la’tive, adj. ven/ti-la/tor (- la/tér), nm. One who or that which ventilates; esp., a contrivance for drawing off or expelling foul or stagnant air, or for eens fresh air. — ven’ti-lato’/ry (-la-t6/ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj.

|| Ven/t6se’” (van'to2/), n.

LF. fr. L. ventosus windy.]

See

REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR. ven/tral (vén’trdl),n. A ventral scale or plate; specif.,

Zool., a ventral fin of a fish. ven/tral, ast, [F. or L.;, F., fr. L. ventralis, fr, oe the

belly.] ve or pertaining to the belly; abdominal; h ence in Zool. yd nat., designating, pertaining to, or situated on or, toward, that surface of the body which in man is anterior, but in most other animals is the lower surface;— the opposite of dorsal. Bot. a Pertaining to or designating that surface of a carpel, petal, etc., which faces toward the center of a flower. b Pertaining to the lower side or surface of a dorsiventral organ or thallus; — opposed to dorsal. —mn. A ventral scale or plate; specif., (in full ventral fin) in fishes, one of that pair of fins which correspond to the hind limbs of quadrupeds; a pelvic fin. — ven/tral-ly, adv.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdiuire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explavations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word

ventricle

1112

ven’tri-cle (vén’tri-k’l), n. [F. or L.; F. ventricule, fr. L. ventriculus the stomach, a ventricle, dim. of venter the belly.] Anat. & Zool. A cavity of an organ; esp.:aThe

chamber, or one of the chambers of the heart, which receives the blood from an atrium (auricle), and delivers it to the arteries. b In the brain, one of the communicating cavities continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

ven/tri-cose (-kos), adj.

Also ven/tri-cous (-kiis).

[NL.

ventricosus, fr. L. venter belly.] _Having a large belly; specif., Bot. & Zool., inflated; swelling out on one side or unequally. — ven’tri-cos/i-ty (-kds/7-ti), n.

ven-tric/u-lar BONS a ventricle.

On

a

1. Of or pertaining to

2. Bellied; bulging out.

ven-tric’/u-lose (-lds), adj.. [L. ventriculosus of the belly.] Rare. Ventricose in a slight degree. ven’tri-lo’qui-al (vén’tri-l0’kwi-Gl), adj.

qual (vén-tril’6-kwdl).

Also ven.tril/o-

Of, pertaining to, resembling, or

using, ventriloquism. — ven‘tri-lo’qui-al-ly, adv. : ven-tril’o.quism (vén-tril’6-kwiz’m), n. Also ven.tril’oquy (-kwi). [From LL. ventriloquus a ventriloquist, fr. venter the belly+ loqut, past part. locutus, to speak.]

Act, art, or practice of speaking in such a manner that the voice appears to come from some source other than the vocal organs of the speaker. Much of the deception depends on suggestion as to the source of the sounds. — ventril’/o-quist (-kwist), n. — ven-tril/o-quis’tic (kwis’tik),

adj. ven-tril’o-quize (-kwiz), v. 7. &t. To utter ventriloquially. ven’tro- (vén’trd-). [L. venter belly, paunch.] A combining form denoting; a The abdomen, as in ven-trot/o-my (see -TOMY). b Ventral and, as in ven/tro-dor’sal.

ven/ture (vén/tiir; 118), n. ture. See ADVENTURE.] chance

[Aphetic form of ME. avenJ. An undertaking involving

or danger; a hazard;

risk; specif., a speculative

business enterprise. 2. Now Rare. Fortune; chance; contingency. 3. The thing put to hazard,as in gambling;

a stake; a risk; esp., something sent to sea in trade. — ata venture (orig. at aventure). At hazard; at random. —v.t. 1. To expose to hazard; risk. 2. To undertake the risk of; to brave; dare, asa voyage. 3. To put orsend on a venture or chance, as a business speculation.

Rare. To confide in; rely on. _5.,To dare to advance or put forward, or to expose to criticism or refutation, as an opinion or statement. —v.%. 1. To hazard oneself; dare.

2. To make a venture; run a risk; as, to venture

ashore. — ven/tur-er (-tur-ér), n.

ven/ture-some

(-stim),

venturous; daring.

ous. — Syn.

See

adj.

‘

1. Inclined

to venture;

2. Risky; involving hazard; danger-

RASH. —ven/ture-some-ly,

adv. —

ven’ture-some-ness, n.

ven/tur-ous (vén/tiir-us), adj. 1. Courting danger; ready to meet risks; daring; bold. 2. Involving danger or risk; hazardous; dangerous; risky. — Sym. See RASH. — ven/tur-ous-ly, adv. — ven’/tur-ous-ness, 7.

ven/ue (vén’ii), n. L. venire.] Law.

[OF., a coming, fr. venir to come, fr. a The placeor county in which the al-

verdant

ver/a (vér/d; vir’d), adj. & adv.

Scot. Very.

ve-ra/cious (vé-ra/shus), adj. [L. veraz, -acis, fr. verus true.] 1. Observant of truth; truthful; honest. 2, Characterized by truth; true; accurate; as, a veracious story. — ve-ra/cious-ly, adv. — ve-ra/cious-ness, n. , ve-rac/i-ty (vé-ris’?-ti), n.; pl. -TiES (-tiz). 1. Veraciousness: a Truthfulness; honesty. b Correctness; accuracy. c Trueness; precision. 2. That which is true; a truth; the

truth. — Syn. See TRUTH.

ve-ran/da,

ve-ran/dah

(vé-ran’dd), n.

CAnglo-Indian

also cf. forms in Bengali, Hind., etc.), but some forms oubtless fr. Pg. varanda, an earlier Ind. borrowing. ]

An open gallery or portico, usually roofed, attached to the exterior of a building; — in the United States often called a porch or piazza.

ve-rat/ric (vé-rit/rik), adj. . [L. veratrum hellebore.] Chem. Pertaining to or designating a white crystalline

acid, (Ch3O).CsH;CO2H, occurring in sabadilla seed and also formed by decomposition of veratridine.

ve-rat/ri-dine (-ri-dén; -din), amorphousalkaloid, C37Hs;N

m.

Also -din.

ver/a-tri/na

Chem.

An

On, occurring in sabadillaseed.

ver/a-trine (vér/d-trén; -trin), n.

(-tri/nd), ve-ra’tri-a

Also ver/a-trin_Ctrin),

(vé-ra’tri-d; -rdt/ri-d).

1. Pharm. A mixture of alkaloids obtained as a white or grayish powder from sabadilla seeds and used in the local

treatment of neuralgia andarthritis. 2. Chem. Veratridine. ver/a-trize (-triz), v.¢. To treat or drug with veratrine. verb (vfirb), n.

ram.

[OF. verbe, fr. L. verbum a word, verb.]

A word which affirms or predicates something; the

part of speech expressing action, occurrence, or mode of being. Abbr. v., vb. ver’bal (viir’bal; -b’l), adj. 1, Of or pertaining to words; consisting in, or having to do with, words only; esp. dealing with words rather than with the ideas to be conveyed; as,

a verbal change.

2. Expressed in words, whether spoken

or written, but commonly in spoken words; hence, by con-

fusion, spoken; oral; not written; as, a verbal contract. Word

for word; literal; as, a verbal translation.

4.

Gram. Of or pertaining to a verb; as, a verbal group; com-

prising a verb or verbs; as, a verbal predicate; derived di-

rectly from a verb; like a verb in sense and constructions;

as, a verbal adjective; used in forming verbs; as, a verbal

prefix. — Sym. See orAL. — 7. Gram. A word form that combines something of verb meaning and use with the uses

of a noun or adjective; in English, specif., infinitive, gerund, participle. — ver’bal-ly, adv.

ver’bal-ism (-iz’m), n._ 1. Verbal expression. empty form of words. _3. Verboseness.

2. An

ver’bal-ist (ist), n, 1. A literalist. 2. One given to verbalism or verbalisms. ver’hal-ize (-1z), v.£. & 7. 1. To express (oneself or some-

thing) precisely, skillfully, verbosely, or the like.

conyert into a verb; verbify.

ver’bal.-iz/er, n.

verbal noun.

— ver/bal-i-za’tion,

2. To n.

—

Gram. A noun derived directly from a verb

leged events from which an action arises took place; also,

or verb stem and, in certain uses, partaking of the sense and constructions of a verb; in English, a noun in -ing

for the trial; also, sometimes, the clause in an affidavit in-

specif., an infinitive or gerund. ver-ba/tim (vir-ba’tim), adv. [ML.., fr. L. verbum word.] Word for word; in the same words. — ver-ba/tim, adj.

the place from which the jury is taken, and where the trial is held. b The statement in a pleading, laying the place

meaning in general the act or process of doing something;

dicating the place where it was sworn to. ven/ule (-iil), n. [L.venula, dim. fr. vena vein.] A small ver-be/na (vér-be/nd), n. [L. See vervarin.] vein; a veinlet; specif., Zool., one of the small branches of ceous garden plant (genus Verbena) of the veins of the wings in insects. — ven/u.lar (-U-lér), adj. ven/u-lose (-ii-l6s), -lous (-luis), adj. Full of venules. Ve/nus (vé/niis), n. ([L. Venus, -eris.] 1. Rom. Relig. An ancient Italian goddess of bloom and

beauty, protectress of gardens, who became

grant flowers ranging from white through pink and red to purple, or sometimes

variegated.

ver/be-na/ceous — (viir/bé-na/shts),

identified with the Greek Aphrodite; also, a

Belonging to a family (Verbenaceae)

statue or picture of Venus; a very beautiful woman. 2. A planet moving in an orbit be-

A verbena-

numerous varieties, with large, often fra-

adj.

of

herbs, shrubs, and trees, the verbena family, distinguished by the opposite leaves,

tween that of Mercury and that of the earth,

chiefly irregular flowers, and entire ovary,

at a mean distance from the sun of about 67,000,000, miles. Venus passes through phases similar to those of the moon, and at its brightest is far more brilliant than any fixed star. As morning star, it was called by the ancients Lucifer ;as evening star, Hesperus. Its period of rotation is not exactly known. Symbol, 9. 3. Alchem. The metal copper.

and including the verbena, the vervain,

the lantana, and also some timber trees. ver’bi-age (vir’bi-ij),n. CF. See vers.]

Use of many words without necessity, or

with little sense; verbosity; wordineéss. — Syn. See REDUNDANCY.

Verbena.

(4%)

verb/i-fy (vtir’b7-fi), ». ¢. To make into or use as a verb. ver-bose’ (viir-bos’), adj. [L. verbosus, fr. verbum word.)

Ve/nus-berg (ve/niis-biirg; G_ va/nods-bérk), n. ([G., mountain of Venus.] A mountain

Abounding in words; given to or marked by verbiage; pro-

lix; wordy. — ver-bose/ly, adv. — ver-boSe/ness, 7.

between Eisenach and Gotha in Germany, in a cave of which, accordingto medieval legend,

ver-bos’i-ty (-bis’%-t), n. Verboseness; prolixity; wordiness. — Sym. See REDUNDANCY. Venus held her court, enticing persons into it and by sensuous pleasures keeping them from &&i@.. g | ||ver-bo’ten (fér-bo’tén), adj. [G., past part. of verbieten.]

returning, The name was also given to vari: Literally, forbidden; prohibited by authority; — often ous other mountains. See TANNHAUSER. Venus of Milo. | used satirically. Ve/nus of Mi/lo (mé/l5) or Melos (mé/lds). A Hellen- |ver’bum sat sa’pi-en/ti (est) (vfir’biim sit sip/Y-8n/ti esting hd word to the wise (is) sufficient. Abbr. istic marble statue representing Venus undraped above the thighs and without arms, found on Melos in 1820, and

now in the Louvre.

.

i

Ve/nus’s-—fly’trap’,. An insectivorous plant (Dionaea muscipula) found on the Carolinian coast, having the apex of its leaf modified into an insect trap.

Ve/nus’s—hair’, n.

A maidenhair fern (Adiantum capil-

lus-veneris) having a slender black stipe and branches.

ale, chaotic,

care, add,

Gcount,

firm,

ask,

verbum sap. ) ver’dan-cy (vir’dén-si), n. Verdant appearance or state. ver/dant (-ddnt), adj. [From verdure, or fr. F. verdoyant,

pres. part. of verdoyer to be verdant, grow green, ult. fr. L. viridis green.] 1. Green with growing plants or grass; covered with fresh vegetation.

2. Collog.

cated; raw; green; as, a verdant youth.

sofa; Eve,

hére (27),

@vent, End,

silént, makér;

Unsophisti-

ice, Yl,

charity; Gld; Obey, Srb, Sdd, s6ft, connect; food, f5ot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, fim, tp, circts, menii;

verd antique verd’ an-tique’ (vfird’ an-tek’).

marble, fr. verd, vert, green-+ antique ancient.|

aA

green mottled or veined serpentine marble, or calcareous serpentine, much used for indoor decoration, esp. by the ancient Romans. _ hb An andesite porphyry showing oye tals of feldspar in a dark-green Oriental verd antique.

groundmass; —

called

ver/der-er, ver/der-or (vtir/dér-ér), m. [For verder, fr. F. verdier, fr. L. viridis green.] Harly Eng. Law. A judicial officer having charge of the king’s forest. ver/dict yee aah n. LOF. veirdit, voirdit, prop., a true saying, fr. vetr, voir, true (fr. L. verus) + dita saying (fr, L. dictum a thing said).] 1. Law. The finding or decision of a jury on the matter submitted in trial. 2. Deci-

sion; judgment; opinion pronounced.

ver/di-gris

(vfir’di-grés; -gris), n.

OF. vert de Grice,

vert de Grece, lit., green of Greece. 1. aA green or greenish-blue poisonous pigment and drug, obtained by the action of acetic acid on copper, consisting of one or more basic copper acetates. bh Normal copper acetate, Cu(C,H;02).H,O.

2. A green

copper carbonate, surfaces.

formed

or bluish deposit, esp. of

on copper,

brass, or bronze

ver’din (vfir’din), n. [F., yellowhammer.] A very small yellow-headed titmouse (Auriparus flaviceps) found from Texas to California and southward. ver/di-ter (vfir/di-tér), n. _LF. vert-de-terre, lit., green of

earth.]

aQbs.

Verdigris.

vernation

1113

[F. vert antiquea kind of

Either of two basic car-

bonates of copper used as pigments, and prepared by grinding azurite (giving blue verditer) and malachite (giving green verditer) or artificially; bice.

ver/dure (viir/dir), n. [OF., fr. verd green. See VERDANT.] Greenness, esp. of vegetation; also, such vegetation itself; a green growth. 2. A tapestry in which the

ver’juice’ (vfir/joos’; 114), n.

[OF. verjus, vert jus, lit.

green juice, juice of green fruits, fr. vert green + jus juice. The sour juice of crab apples, unripe grapes, apples,

etc., or an acid liquor made from it. 2. Tartness; sourness, as of disposition. ver/meil (vir’mil; -m’l), n. [OF., vermilion, fr. L. vermiculus a little worm, fr. vermis worm. . Now Poetic. Vermilion, or its bright red color. silver, bronze, or copper. — ver/meil, adj.

vermi-.

[L.vermis.]

2. Gilded

A combining form meaning worm,

as in ver/mi-cide, ver/mi-cule.

ver/mi-cel/li (vfir’m?-sél/1; -chél’¥), n.

cello, lit., a little worm, mis.|_

[It., pl. of vermi-

dim. of verme a worm, fr. L. ver-

& paste like spaghetti, but made in finer cords.

ver-mic/u-lar (viremik/t-lér), adj.

_ [L. vermiculus a

little worm, dim. of vermis worm.] 1. Wormlike in form oe motion. 2. Vermiculate, or vermiculated. — -lar-ly,

adv.

ver-mic/u-late (-lat), v.¢.

[L.

vermiculatus inlaid so as to re-

semble

the

tracks

of worms,

deriv. of vermiculus a little worm. 1. To infest with worms; cause to become wormeaten. 2. To form or work, as § by inlaying, with irregular lines Vermiculated Work. or impressions like worm tracks. 1. Vermiculated in markings or design. — (-lat), k adj. 2. Crawling or twisting like a worm; hence, insinuating;

sophistical. 3. Full of worms; worm-eaten. — ver-mic/u-la’tion, n. 4 ; ver-mic/u-lite (lit), n. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis

worm.] Mineral. Any of a number of micaceous minoo hydrous silicates derived generally from alteration of mica. ver/mi-form (vfir’m7-férm), adj. [vermi--+--form.] ReBashful. sembling a worm in shape. ||Wer-ein’ (fér-in’), n. [G.] An association; a society. vermiform appendix. Anat. A narrow blind tube about verge (varj), n. LOF. verge, fr. L. virga.J 1. A rod or three or four inches long and of the diameter of a goose staff carried as an emblem of authority or as a symbol of quill, extending from the caecum (of which it represents office. The stick or wand with which persons were an atrophied terminal part), in the lower right-hand part formerly admitted tenants, they holding it and swearing of the abdomen. Cf. APPENDICITIS. i design is chiefly made up of leaves or trees. — ver/dur-

ous (-diir-t%is), adj. — ver’dur-ous-ness, n. ver’e-cund (vér’é-kiind), adj. [L. verecundus.]

fealty.

3. The shaft of a column, or a small ornamental

shaft. 4. [From sense 8.] A border, limit, or boundary; edge, margin, or brink. 5. A circumference; hence, an enclosing or encircling thing, as a ring. 6. The edge of the tiling projecting over a gable.

7. Horol.

of a watch balance, esp. one with pallets.

area or limit within

The spindle

8. Law.

The

which certain high officials, as the

marshal, of the king’s household had special jurisdiction. — Syn. See BORDER. —. 7.; VERGED (viirjd); VERG/ING

(vfir’jing). 1. To be on the verge, or border. To be contiguous; as, streets verging on Fifth Avenue. verge, v.2. [L. vergere to bend, turn.J]_ 1. To tend; in-

cline; as, a hill verges to the north.

2. To be passing

(into); approach in transition, gradation, etc.; as, a dark red verging on purple. ; ver’ger (viir/jér), n. [F., fr. verge rod.] One who carries

a verge, or emblem of office; specif.: a #ng.

An attendant

on a bishop, a dean, a justice, etc. pb An official who takes care of the interior of a church building. Ver-gil/i-an UG adj. Of or pertaining to Ver-

gil, his poetry or his style.

ve-rid/ic (vé-rid/ik), adj. ve-rid/i-cal (-I-kd@l), adj.__

dicere to say, tell.]

Veridical. [L. veridicus, fr. verus true+

_a Veracious; accurate.

b Genuine.

— ve-rid/i-cal/i-ty (-kail/7-ti), n. — ve-rid’i-cal-ly, adv. ver/i-fy (vér/%-fi), v. t.; -FIED (-fid); -ry/nc. [OF. verifier,

fr. ML. verificare, fr. L. verus true+ -ficare to make.} 1. To prove to be true; to confirm; substantiate. 2. To check or test the accuracy or exactness of. 3. To au-

thenticate; specif., Law,

to confirm or substantiate by

oath or proof; also, to add a verification, or statement that

the pleader is ready to prove his allegations, to (a pleading, etc.). — ver/i-fi/a-ble (-fi/a-b’l), adj. — ver’i-fi-ca’tion (-fi-ka’shtin), n. — ver’i-fi-ca/tive (vér/?-fi-ka/tiv), adj.

— ver’i-fi/er (-fi/ér), n.

ver’i-ly (vér/%-1i), adv.

_ [From very.]

beyond question; certainly.

1. In very truth;

2. Truly; confidently.

ver/i-sim/i-lar (vér/I-s{m/%-lér), adj. (L. verisimilis, veri similis, fr. verus true (gen. vert) + similis like.] aving the appearance of truth or reality; probable; likely. — ver/i-sim/i-lar-ly, adv.

ver/i-si-mil/i-tude (-si-mil’7-ttid),n. (CL. verisimilitudo.]

Quality or state of being verisimilar. — Syn. See TRUTH. ver/ism (vér/iz’m), n. [L. verus true.] The theory that in art and literature the ugly and the vulgar have their

vermiform

process.

Anat.

a The part of the median

lobe of the cerebellum which appears on the upper or lower surface of the cerebellum. bh The median lobe or part of the cerebellum. ¢ The vermiform appendix.

ver/mi-fuge (vfir’m{-fiij),

adj. & n.. [vermi-+ L. fugare

to drive away.] Med. Anthelmintic. ver-mil/ion (vér-mil’yin), n. [COF. vermillon, fr. vermeil. See VERMEIL.]_ 1. a A bright-red pigment consisting of mercuric sulphide. b Any of certain other red pigments. 2. A red color like the pigment; one of several colors yellowish-red in hue, that vary in degree of yellow, but are, on the average, of very high saturation and medium _brilliance. _See cotor. —adj. Of the color vermilion. — v.t. To color or tint with or as with vermilion.

ver/min

(viir’min), n. sing. & pl.; chiefly as pl.

vermin, vermine, fr. L. vermis worm.]

[OF.

1. Any noxious

or disgusting animal; esp., such an animal, or such ani-

mals collectively, when of small size, of common

occur-

rence, and difficult to control, as flies, lice, bedbugs, rats, mice, weasels, etc.; also, Hng., birds and animals which

prey upon game. A noxious or offensive person, or such persons collectively. ver/mi-na/tion (vir/m?-na/shtin), n. 1. Infestation with worms or vermin. Growth or multiplication of vermin by breeding; — esp. of parasites. ver/min-ous (vir’m?-nus), adj. 1.- Consisting of vermin;

of the nature of vermin. 2. Tending to breed vermin; infested by vermin. 3. Caused by vermin; as, verminous disease. — ver’/min-ous-ly, adv. — ver/min-ous-ness, n,

ver’mouth (vir/mooth; var’moot), n. [F. vermout, fr. G. wermut(h).] A white wine highly flavored with aromatic herbs and sometimes sweetened. ver-nac/u-lar (vér-nak/t-lér), adj. [L. vernaculus born in one’s house, native, fr. verna a slave born in his master’s

house, a native.]_

1. Belonging to or developed in a par-

ticular place, region, or country; native; indigenous; esp.,

spoken or used by the people of a particular place, country, etc.; as, English is our vernacular tongue. 2. Belonging to, or written

in, or using,

the native, as opposed

to the

literary, language; as, vernacular poets or poetry; ver-

nacular words. %. Characteristic of a locality; local; as, a vernacular disease. — mn. 1. The vernacular language;

one’s mother tongue; often, the common mode of expres-

sion in a particular locality, or, by extension, in a particu-

2. A vernacular word or term. — vernac/u-lar-ism (-{z’m), n. — ver-nac/u-lar-ly, adv. place on the grounds of truth and aesthetic value. — ver’ist (-Ist), n. & adj. — ve-ris/tic (vé-ris/tik), adj. ver/nal (viir/ndl; -n’l), adj. [L. vernalis, fr. vernus vernal, fr, ver spring.] |1. Of, pertaining to, appearing, or ver’i-ta-ble (vér’7-ta-b’l), adj. _[F. véritable.] Agree2. Springlike as in freshness; ableto truth or to fact; actual; real; true; genuine.— occurring in, the spring. hence, youthful. — ver/nal.ly, adv.

ver/i-ta-ble-ness, n. — ver/i-ta-bly, adv.

Ver’i-ty (vér/7-tY), n.; pl. -Tres (-t¥z).

[OF. verité, veritet,

fr. L. veritas, fr. veruws true.] 1. Quality or state of being true, or real; consonance, as of a statement, with fact; truth; reality. 2. That which is true; a truth; a reality.

— Syn. See TRUTH.

chair;

go; sing;

then, thin; natitire, verdtire (118);

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

lar trade, etc.

vernal point. The vernal equinox. See EQUINOX, 1. ver-na/tion (vfir-na/shiin), n._ [NL. vernatio, fr. L. vernare to flourish, be verdant.].| Bot. The disposition or method of arrangement of foliage leaves within the bud. Cf. ESTIVATION. K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

|| Foreign Word.

1114

Verner’s law

vertical

tion, or the like. 2. A translating; translation, as of a Ver’ner’s law (vér/nérz). _ Philol. A statement, proword, a passage, a book. 3._A translation; specif., a transpounded by the Danish philologist Karl Verner in 1875, lation or rendering of the Bible or a part of it; as, the explaining certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s law by Authorized and Douay versions. . An account or dethe original position of the accent.. For example, the Gerscription from a. particular point of view, esp. as contrasted manic h, th, f, resulting by Grimm’s law, from IndoEuropean k, t, p, became voiced and ultimately gave 9, d, with another account; as, two versions of an affair. Med. A condition of the uterus in which its axis is deb, if the principal accent did not originally rest on the imflected from its normal position without being bent upon mediately preceding syllable. _ : ver/ni-er (vfir’ni-ér), n. [After Pierre Vernier (1580-1637) | itself. — Syn. See PARAPHRASE. — ver/Sion.al (-al), adj. vers’ li’bre (var/ lé’br’). [F.] Literally, free verse; rhythFrench mathematimical, or cadenced, as distinguished from, metrical and cian.] 1. Also verrhymed verse. Hence, vers’ li’brist (-brist), or ||vers! nier scale. A short li/briste’ (lé’brést/). scale made. to slide ver’so (viir’sd), .; pl. -sos (-sdz). [L., abl. of versus, along the divisions o Past part. of vertere to turn.] The reverse, or lefta graduated instru- Vernier. A Regular Scale; B Vernier ment, to indicate Scale, indicating measurement of 27.4, hand, page of a book or a folded sheet of, paper; — op-

parts of divisions. 2. | i : ‘ 5 Physics. Asmall auxiliary device used with a main device, to obtain fine adjustment. — adj. Having or comprising a vernier; as in vernier compass, gauge, or telescope. Ver’o-nal (vér’6-ndl), n. [G. trade name.] A trade-mark applied to the hypnotic barbital; hence cap.], this substance. ;

[sometimes

not

pn Bena (vér/6-n€z’; -nés’), adj. & n. from VERONA, az.

ve-ron/i-ca (vé-rdn/i-ka), n._ [ML.]_ 1. An image of the face of Christ on a cloth; — from the legend that Veronica, one of the women following Christ up Calvary, wiped his

bleeding face and found his image impressed on her hand-

kerchief.

2. [often cap.] The supposed handkerchief of

Veronica, preserved at Rome.

ve-ron/i-ca, n.

speedwell.

;

[NL., from the name of the saint.]

ver-ru’ca (vé-r00’/kd), n.; pl, -cAE (-s€).

A wart.

Zool.

[L.]

The a Med.

A wartlike elevation. — ver/ru-cose

(vér’00-k6s), adj. — ver/ru-cos/i-ty (-k6s/7-ti), .

ver/ru-ca/no (vér/00-ka/nd), n,_ [It., fr. Mt. Verruca near Pisa, Italy.] Geol. A stratified rock (Carboniferous in part) in the Alps, the age of which is not definitely known.

ver/sant (vir/sdnt),.

[F.]

Theslope of aside of a moun-

tain chain; hence, general slope of a country; inclination.

ver’sa-tile (vir’sa-til; -til; 56), adj.

versatilis, fr. versare to turn around.] Capable of being turned round.

fickle.

having

(CF. or L.; F., fr. L.

1. a Now Kare.

b Changeable; variable;

lien

2. Turning with ease from one thing to another;

many, aptitudes;

versatile genius.

many-sided;

as,

3. Bot. Attached at or

near the middle, so as to swing freely; as, a

D

versatile anther. 4. Zool. a Capable of turning forward or backward; reversi// | ble; as, a versatile toe of a bird. bh Cap- GS IK able of moving laterally and up and down, “= {i}

asantennae.— ver’sa-tile-ly, adv.— ver’- Versatile Anthers sa-tile-ness, ver’sa-til/i-ty (-til/7-tI), m. of Passionflower.

Ivers’ de so/cié/té’ (var’ dé sd/sya/ta’). amusing, sophisticated verse.

[F.]

Light,

posed to recto,

2. The reverse, as of a coin; — opposed

to obverse.

3

verst (viirst; vérst), m. _[Russ. versta verst, row, line.] A Russian measure of length, equal to 0.6629 miles, or 1.067 kilometers. ; ver’sus (vfir/suis), prep. [L., toward, turned in the direction of, fr. vertere, versum, to turn.] Against, as in legal action, a contest, etc.; as, Jarndyce versus Jarndyce; Harvard versus Yale; hence, as considered in contrast to or as the alternative of; as, free trade versus protection. Abbr.

v. OF V8. vert (virt), n. [OF., green, fr. L. viridis.]. 1. Eng. Forest Law. a Everything that bears a green leaf within the forest, esp. great and thick coverts._ b The right or privilege of cutting growing wood in a forest.

The color green. vert, v.i. _Obs.

vert; — said of a buck. ver/te-bra (vir/té-bra), n.; pl. -BRAE (-bré), @ -BRAS

(-brdz).

ments

compos-

[L., fr. vertere to turn, change.] One of the seg-

ing the spinal column. In some of the lower ver-

tebrates each

vertebra consists of several distinct elements or pieces which

never become united. In the higher vertebrates a typical

verteP ts has a

short,

more,

Or

[AS. fers, combined with F. vers, both fr.

less cylindrical body or centrum,

Pros, aA line of poetry having, usually, a determined metrical or rhythmical pattern. b Metrical writing; that which is composed in measured rhythms; hence, poetry; a poem. ¢ Metrical structure or form; versification; type of meter; as, heroic verse. 2. A short division of any compo-

or cartilaginous tissue with the

verse (viirs), n.

L. versus a furrow, a row, a line in writing, and, in poetry, a verse, fr. vertere, versum, to turn, to turn round.] i

sition; specif.,astanza,

3, Bib. One of the short divisions

of the chapters in the Old and New Testaments. Syn. Verse, stanza.

Verse is properly a single metrical line; a

stanza is a combination or arrangement of verses.

for stanza is contrary to the best usage.

versed (viirst), adj.

Abbr. v.

The use of verse

Acquainted or familiar from experi-

ence, study, practice, etc,; skilled; practiced. versed, adj. [L. versus turned, past part. of vertere.] Math. Turned; as, a versed sine, that part of the diameter of a unit circle between the foot of the sine and the arc. ver’si-cle (vfir’si-k’l), n.. CL. versiculus, dim. of versus.]

A little verse; specif., a short verse or sentence said or sung

by the priest or minister, and followed by a response from the people; — indicated by the sign Y. [L. versicolor, fr. ver’si-col/or, -col/our ¢kiil/ér), adj. versare to change + color color.] 1. Having various colors; variegated; parti-colored. 2. Changeable in color; iridescent. ver-sic’/u-lar (yfir-sik/ti-lér), adj. [See versicte.J] _Of or

pertaining to verses, esp. verses of a book as the Bible; designating distinct divisions of a writing.

ver’si-fi-ca/tion (viir/s7-fi-ka’shtin), m. .1. The making of verses; the act, art, or practice, of metrical composition. 2. Metrical structure; prosody; as, an authority on French versification. ver’si-fy (vfir’s?-f1), v, 7.; -rIep (-fid); -rv/Inc. [OF. versifier, fr. L. versificare, fr. versus a verse+ -ficare to make.] To make verses; write verse. — v. t. To turn into verse; esp., to turn from prose form to verseform. 2. To relate or describe in verse. — ver’si-fi/er (-fi/ér), n. version (viir/shiin; in_ senses 3 & 4 commonly -zhin in

U.S.),n.

(CF., fr, ML. versio, fr. L. vertere, versum, to

turn, change, translate.)

1. Obs. A change of form, direc-

2. Her.

To go to harbor among fern or other

whose ends articulate by means of disks or pads of elastic fibrous

.

Vertebrae of Man.

A Sixth Dorsal

Vertebra

seen

from

above.

B The same from the right side. C Third Lumbar Vertebra from above. D The same from the right side. a Centrum, or Body;

4 Pedi edicle forming the Side of the Neural Arch; ¢ Lamina forming the Top of the Neural Arch; d Spinal Foramen; e¢ Spinous Process; f Transverse Process; g Anterior Articu-

lar Process; g/ Posterior Articular Process; 4 Flat Surface of Head of Rib; 7 Facet for

Tubercle of Rib; & Projecting Tubercle; LA Dorsal Process.

centra of the adjacent vertebrae. ver/te-bral (-brdl), adj. Anat. & Zool. a Of or pertaining to a vertebra, vertebrae, or the vertebral column; spinal. b Composed of, or having, vertebrae. vertebral column. The spinal column; the backbone.

ver’te-brate one

adj.

[L. vertebratus.]

Having

a backbone, or spinal column; also, of, pertaining to, found

in, or characteristic of vertebrates. — m7. Zool. One of a comprehensive division (Vertebrata) of animals, containing all those with a segmented spinal column together with

a few more primitive forms in which the backbone is represented by a notochord.

ver’te-bra/tion (-bra/shiin),

n.

Segmentation into verte-

brae or divisions like vertebrae.

ver/te-bro- (viir/té-bro-), vertebr-.

[For vertebra.]

A

combining form denoting: a The vertebrae. b Vertebral and, as ver’te-bro-cos/tal. ver’tex (v{ir’téks), .; pl. VERTEXES (-ték-s&z; -siz), VERTICES (-tY-séz).

{L. vertex, -icis, a whirl, the pole of the

heavens, top, fr. vertereto turn.]

highest point; top; summit; apex.

top of the head. 3. Astron. The highest point ontheskull.

The principal or

2. Anat. & Zool. The

The zenith. 4. Craniom. 5. Math. Thepoint oppo-

site to, and farthest from, the base.

ver/ti-cal (vfir/ti-kdl), adj.

1. Of or pertaining to the

vertex; situated at the vertex, or highest point; directly overhead, or in the zenith. Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; upright; plumb. 3. Bot. a At right angles

to the plane of the supporting surface.

b In the direction

of the axis; lengthwise. 4. Hcon. Composed of or consolidating concerns engaged in different stages of manufacture or distribution of a product, such as steel, as in vertical combination, merger, or trust. Syn. Vertical, perpendicufar, plumb.

ale, chaotic, care, add, dccount, firm, ask, sofa; €ve, charity; Old, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot;

hére

(27),

€vent,

out, oil; ciibe,

énd,

unite,

Vertical and perpendicular

silént, makér;

Gm,

wip, circés,

ice,

YIl,

menu;

vertical circle

1115

designate that which is at right angles to the plane of the horizon or to a given line or surface. A vertical line, in reference to the earth, is one on which, if produced, the zenith lies; a perpendicular line, one which, if produced, passes through the ‘center of the earth; vertical often ‘suggests direction upward, and is the more abstract term,

Plumb is more familiar or colloquial and denotes accordance with the direction of a plumb line.

ee

1. A vertical line, plane, or circle; esp., a perpendicu-

2. A vertical member in a truss. — ver'ti-cal’i-ty rani ti), ver/ti-cal-ness, n. — ver’ti-cal-ly, adv.

vertical circle. Astron. Any great circle of the celestial sphere whose plane is perpendicular to that of the horizon. ver’ti-ces (viir’ti-séz), n., pl. of VERTEX.

ver’ti-cil (vir’t?-sil), n. (CL. verticillus, dim. of vertex whirl] Bot. A ‘circle of similar parts, as flowers or inflorescences, about the & same point on the axis; a whorl.

ver’ti-cil-las’ter

E,

ture of a vesicle. 3. Containing, composed of, or characterized by, vesicles; vesiculate. — ve-Sic’u-lar- ly, adv. ve-sic/u-late (-lat), adj. Containing, or covered with, vesicles; vesicular in structure. — (-lat), v.t. To form yesiclesin, aslava. —v.7. To become vesicular. — ve-sic/u-la’tion (-la’/shtin), n. ves/per (vés/pér), n. [L.] 1. [cap.]_The evening star; Hesper;

Venus, as evening star.

2. The evening; even-

tide. 3. A vesper prayer, hymn, wsservice; also, a vesper bell. 4. pl. See VESPERS. — adj. Of or pertaining to the evening or the service of vespers.

ves/per-al (-dl), n. music for vespers.

1. A book containing the office and

2. A cover for an altar cloth between ceremonies. ves/pers (vés/pérz),n. pl. es (es res, fr. ML. vesperae,

fr. L. vespera evening. ] 1.toften cap.) Thesixth and next to the last of aa ee hours; the office or

er: si-

las/tér), n. . verticillus a whirl + od” -aster.] Bot., A mixed inflorescence consisting of a pair of muchcondensed, nearly sessile cymes disposed around the axis like a true verticil, as in Verticils.

many mints. See INFLORESCENCE, Illust.

vested

ve-sic/u-lar (vé-sik/i-lér), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a vesicle or vesicles; specif., Med., of or pertaining to the air cells (alveoli) of the lungs. 2.’ Having the oe or struc-

service for this time.

or evening service; sie

[often cap.)

a R.C.Ch.

A late afternoon

A public chanting

of vespers (sense 1) in the later afternoon or the evening of

Sundays and_ Evensong.

a Verticillate Leaves 6 Verticillate of Woodruff. Flowers of Black Horehound.

holydays.

ves/per-til’i-o-nine vespertilio a bat.]_

b Anglican

(vés/pér-til/¥-6-nin;

Communion.

-nYn), adj.

L.

Belonging to a family Wesnerslione

dae) of bats, including the majority of the common bats of

ver-tic’il. late (vir-tis/7-lat; vr/ti-sil/at), adj, Also vertic/il-lat/ed (-lat’éd; -Yd). Disposed in verticils; whorled; arranged in a transverse whorl or whorls like the spokes of

temperate regions. — ves/per-til’i-o-nid (-nid), n. & adj. ves’/per-tine (vés/pér-tin; -tin), Cares Also ves/per.-ti/nal

ves/i-co- vés/{-k6-). [L. vesica bladder, blister.] A combining form denoting: a The bladder, as in ves/i-cot’o-my.

vest/ed

(-ti/nd@l; -n’l). [L. vespertinus. J. 1. Of or pertaining to the evening; active at, or Aoeehingh in, the evening. F Bot. Blossoming in the evening. 3. Zool. Active or flying in early evening. ves/pi-ar’y (vés/pi-ér'l; -ér-1; 3),n.; pl. res (iz). [From L. vespa wasp, after aptary.] A nest of any of the social ver-tig’i-nous (-tij/t-nts), adj. [L.. vertiginosus, fr. wasps, or the éolony of wasps inhabiting it. vertigo a whirling Sas giddiness.] 1. Turning ‘groupes rotary; revolving. Affected with vertigo; giddy; dizzy. ves/pid (vés/pid), m. & adj. _[From L, vespa_a wasp.] (One) belonging, to a widely distributed family (Vespidae) 3. Causing, or ioline to cause, dizziness. of wasps, containing the social wasps (including the horHels -Z0 (vir/ti-go; by some, as ’Lat., veér-ti/g6 or eed nets) which live in colonies like bees, and produce workers -; pl. -GOES (-g62), VERTIGINES (ver tij/I-neéz). [L., as well as perfect females and males. — ves’pi-form weneke toturn.] Med. Dizziness or swimming of the Beals (vés’/pi-f6rm), adj. giddiness. Ver-tum/’nus (vér-ttim/nt%s), or Vor-tum/nus (vér-),7 ves/sel (vés/’l),n. [OF. vessel, vessele, fr. L. vascellum, pl. vascella, Aten: of vas vessel.} hollow or concave CL., fr. vertere to turn.] Rom. Relig. God of the changing utensil for holding anything; a hollow receptacle, as a hogsseason and of developing vegetation. head, barrel, bottle, kettle, cup, bowl, etc. Any strucver/vain (vfir/van), n. [OF. verveine, fr. L. verbena, pl. ture, esp. a hollow one, made to float upon the water for verbenae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a Class navigation; a craft for navigating the water, usually, of plants.] Any of a genus (Verb ena) of verbenaceous specif., one larger than a common rowboat; more ‘narrowly, plants; esp., any species with small spicate flowers, as V. aship. 3. Hence, any of various types of "aircraft; an airofficinalis, the common vervain of Europe, or V. hastata, ship. 4. A person regarded, esp. in scriptural language, the common American vervain. as one into whom something is poured, infused, etc.; as, verve (virv; RADE [F., fr. L. verba, pl. of verbum a vessel of grace. 5. Anat. & Zool. A tube or canal in word.] 1. Marked aptitude; talent. 2. Vivacity of imwhich a fluid is contained and secabieas as one of the agination, esp. such as animates a poet, artist, or musician; veins. 6. Bot. A tube or duct for water conduction. enthusiasm; spirit. vest (vést),n. _ LF. veste, fr. It. veste, fr. L. vestis a gar[F., fr. vert green+ grivet, an ver’vet (var/vét; -vit), 7. ment, vesture.J 1. Archaic. A robe; sometimes, an ecearlier name for an African monkey. J A South and East clesiastical vestment. 2. Any outer covering; array; garb; African guenon monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) aldress. A garment for men, varying in style at different ped to the grivet, but having the chin, hands, feet, etc., times; specif.: a Obs. exc. Hist. A long cassocklike garack. ment worn in the time of Charles II. b A sleeveless body ver/y Cam), adj. ;VER/T-ER (-I-€r), Rare; vER/t-Est. [OF. garment worn under the coat; — called in England a waistverat (EF. vrai), fr. L. verus true. ] bs. a True. coat, 4. A garment or part of a garment for women; b Truthful; veracious. _ 2. Archaic. Actual; veritable; specif.: a A kind of jacket. hb A waistcoatlike garment; real; also, ‘lawful; legitimate. 3. Absolute; utter; also, also, a piece resembling the ro of a waistcoat, worn exact; as, the veriest fool; the very truth. 4. Peculiar; under an open bodice or coat. 5. A knitted or woven unespecial; as, the very essence of truth. 5. Identical; same; dershirt, esp. one for women. as, the very man I saw. 6. Used intensively in a sense corre- —v.t. 1. To clothe; dress; robe; esp., to garb or dress in sponding to even, even the; as, the very rats quit the ship. ecclesiastical vestments. 2. To clothe (with authority, — adv. Ina high "degree; exceedingly; extremely. power, or the like); invest; endow; as, to vest a court with Is Very qualifies adjectives, participles used adjectively, power to try cases ‘ol life and death. ’3. To place or give and adverbs, but not verbs directly or past participles used into the possession or discretion of some person or aupredicatively, although such locutions as “I am very thority; commit to another; as, power of life and death is pleased” are one by some authority, vested in the courts. —. 7. To put on vestments or lve-si’ca (vé-si’ka),n.; pl. -caE (sé). [L.J Anat. A garments. 2. To become vested; to be fixed; to take adder. effect or pass, as a title or right so that there is a present ves/i-cal (vés/i-kGl), adj. Of or pertaining to a bladder; right of enjoyment or future enjoyment; — often followed esp., Anat., the urinary bladder ] ‘ by 77; as, upon the death of the father, ‘the estate vests in the heir at law. ves/i- cant Cként), adj. & n. re vesica blister.] Med. Ves/ta (vés’ta), n. [L.] 1. Rom. Relig. The goddess of Vesicatory. : : the hearth and its fire, and hence of cookery. Her temple ves/i-cate (-kit), v.t. & 7%. Med. To blister. — ves/i-ca’symbolized the hearth of the city and contained a fire, retion (-ka/shtin), n. kindled onjthe day (March 1) beginning the new. year, by ves/i-ca-to/ry (vés/I- -ka-td/ri; by some, vé-stk/a-t5/ri; -tEr. Ds friction of wood and in charge of the vestal virgins. — Cf. adj. ‘Tending, or having the power, to blister. —n.; pl. Hest1a,1l. 2. [not cap.] A short match with a shank of -RIES (-riz). A blistering appheaticn or plaster. i! thin wax taper; also, later, a short wooden match. ti-cle (vés/i-k’] LF. or vésicule, fr. L. vesiLy Shad of estesa bladder, blister.) 1. A’ bladderlike ves/tal (-tal; -t’l), adj. 1, Of or pertaining to Vesta. 2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or befitting, a vestal virgin; vessel; a membranous cavity; a cyst; a cell. 2. Anat. & hence chaste; pure. 7. Also vestal’ virgin. [Ex Zool. ‘A cavity or sac, esp, one filled with fluid. 3. Bot. A Vestalis (sc. virgo). J] 1. Rom. Relig. A virgin consesmall bladderlike air cavity within the tissues. 4. Med. crated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred Asmall circular elevation of the cuticle, containing a clear fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning upon her watery fluid; a blister. 5. Geol. A small cavity in a minaltar. 2. A virgin; a woman pure and chaste; also, a nun. eral or rock. a__wheel. — ver-tic/il-late-ly, adv. — ver-tic/il-la’tion (-la’shiin), n. ver-tic’i- ty (var-tYs/7-tY), m. Tendency to turn toward a magnetic pole, as shown Ve a magnetized needle.

b Vesical and, as in ves/i-co-ab-dom/i-nal.

chair;

go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdure

(118);

(vés/téd; tid), adj.

vestments,

1. Clothed; robed, esp. in

’Law.’ That has become a complete and

consummated right; as, vested interests.

K = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh=z

in azure.

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word.

vestee vest/ee’ (vés/té’), n.

force.]_ An ornamental front piece showing between the open edges of a woman’s jacket or blouse. ves/ti-ar’y (vés’ti-ér’l; -ér-1; 3), adj. Pertaining to clothes, or vestments.

viaduct

1116

[vest-+ -ee as in coatee, with dim.

g

ae

ves-tib/u-lar (vés-tib/u-lér), adj.

Of or pertaining to a

vestibule, in any sense; like, or of the nature of, a vestibule. ves-tib/u-late (lat), adj. Anat. & Zool. Having, or resembling, a vestibule. ves’ti-bule (vés’t?-bil), n. [F. and L.; F."vestzble, now

vestibule, tr. L. vestibulum.] 1. A passage, hall, or chamber between the outer door and the interior of a building. 2. On trains, the enclosed entrance to a passenger car. Cars with such vestibules (vestibule cars), when joined, form a vestibule train, in which there is free and protected passage from one end to the other. 3. Anat. Zool. Any of various cavities or fossae; esp., one serving as, or resembling, an entrance to some other, as the central

cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear or the part of the left

ventricle below the aortic orifice. — v. t. ; -BULED (-bild); -BUL/ING (-bil/Ing). a To furnish with a vestibule or vesti-

had much experience in service or who has seen specific

service; as, Napoleon’s veterans. ' vet/er-an (vét/ér-din), adj. [L. veteranus, fr. vetus, veteris,

old.] 1. Grown old in experience; long exercised or practiced

in anything, esp. in military life; as, a veteran officer. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a veteran; as, veteran skill.

3. Extending over a great period; long; as, veteran

service to the state. — Syn. Practiced, seasoned, experienced. — Ant. Untrained, unskilled. : : vet/er-i-nar’i-an (vét/ér-7-nar/i-dn; 6), n. One skilled in, or treating, diseases and injuries of animals; a veterinary

surgeon. vet/er-i-nar/y -les (-iz).

~ (vét/ér-?-nér/f; -nér-i; vét/’n-ri; 3), n.; pl.

“A veterinarian; a veterinary surgeon.

—

adj.

[L. veterinarius of or pert. to beasts of burden and draft,

fr. veterinus, prob. fr. vetus, veteris, old (hence, good for nothing else).]_ Of or pertaining to veterinary medicine, the science and art dealing with the prevention, cure, or alleviation, of disease and injury in animals, esp. domestic

animals. sj 3 vet/i-ver (vét/i-vér), n. LCF. vétiver, fr. Tamil vettivéru, lit., the root which is dug up, fr. vér root.]| An East Inbules. b To join (railroad cars) by vestibules. | : ves/tige (vés/tij), n. CF., fr. L. vestigium footprint, sign.] dian grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) cultivated in the tropics and in Louisiana; also, its fragrant roots, used for 1. Now Rare. A track or footprint. 2 trace, mark, making mats and screens, and yielding an essential oil or visible sign left by something lost, perished, or no longer (vetiver oil) used for perfumes. aie existent; remains. 3. Biol. A small, degenerate, or imperfectly developed part,or organ which has been more ve/to (ve/td), n.; pl. -ToES (-tdz)._ | [L., I forbid, inf. vetare. | An authoritative prohibition; interdiction. fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual or in a 2. Specif.: A right or power (veto power) possessed by Past |generation. — Sym. See TRACE. — veS-tig’i-al one department or branch of a government to forbid or (vés-tYj/f-dil), adj. — ves-tig/i-al-ly, adv. ; prohibit finally or provisionally the carrying out of projves-tig/i-um (vés-tYj/I-tim), n.; pl. -1A (-@). [L.] A vestige. vest/ing (vés/ting), n. Cloth for vests; esp., a heavy silk or mixed fabric used chiefly for evening waistcoats.

vest/ment (vést’mént), n. [OF. vestement, vestiment, fr. L. vestimentum, fr. vestire to clothe, fr. vestzsa garment.] 1. A garment; esp., a garment or robe of ceremony or office; also, clothing;

or message

esp.,

a Dower

(veto Message)

communicating

the reasons

to, as a legislative bill, so as to prevent its enactment or

cause its reconsideration. — ve/to-er (-€r), n. vex (véks), v. t.; VEXED (vékst), or, Chiefly Rare & Poetic,

VEXT; VEX/ING.. [OF. vezer, fr. L. vexare, vexatum, to vex, agitate.] 1. Toshake or toss about; agitate. 2. By

extension, to discuss; dispute; moot; — chiefly in phrases; as, a vexed question, point, etc. To annoy or anger, as by petty provocations; to irritate; as, vexed by ridicule; by extension, to trouble grievously; to harass; afflict, as with disease. — Syn. See HARASS.

tdl; -t’l), adj.

vest’—pock’et (see Pron., § 2), adj. the vest,

department;

of the executive for not officially approving a proposed law.

monial attire and insignia worn by officiants and assistants during divine service as appropriate to the rite and indicative of their_hierarchical rank.— vest/ment-al (-ménto fit into

by another

— v.t.; VETOED (-tdd); vE’TO-ING. To prohibit; to refuse to admit or approve; to negative; also, to refuse assent

garb; dress. 2. Hecl. A liturgical garment; any article of the cere-

Adapted

ects attempted

vested in the chief executive to prevent permanently or temporarily the enactment of measures passed by the legislature. 3. The exercise of such authority; as, a veto is probable if the bill passes; also, Chiefly U, S., a document

or

waistcoat, pocket; hence, of very small size. ves/try (vés/tr{), n.; pl. -TRIES

vex-a/tion (véks-a/shtin), n.

1. A state of being vexed;

vestiarium, in L. a clothespress,

trouble; irritation. 2. Act of harassing or vexing; troubling. 3. A cause of trouble or disquiet; affliction. Syn. Vexation, chagrin, mortification. Vexation implies dis-

for clothes or vestments; a ward-

to chagrin the implication of humiliation. — Amt. Peace, tranquil-

(-triz). vestery,

.[ME. vestrye, prob. for fr. OF. vestier, fr. é

wardrobe.]

1. Obs.

pleasure and irritation; chagrin connotes acute annoyance, with a sense of dissatisfaction or disappointment; mortification often adds

A repository

robe. 2. Hecl. a A room within or attached to a church building in

which the yestments of the clergy, Vestment,2. the altar linen and hangings, and

16th cent., wearing: i Alb; 2 Embroidered edging; 3 Stole; 4 Tunicle; 5 Dalmatic; 6 Chasuble; 7 Maniple; 8 Pallium; 9 Amice; 10 ) Miter; 11 LapMit

the sacred vessels are kept; — often

called a sacristy.

Archbishop,

Such a room

used as a chapel, Sunday-school room, prayer-meeting room, etc. 3. In the Church of England and inthe Protestant EpiscopalChurch,

pet; 12 Crosier, or Pas-

a. body of, persons entrusted with toral Staff. the administration of the temporal affairs of a parish; also,

in England, a parish meeting or a meeting of a vestry. In the Protestant Episcopal Church the vestry is composed

of the rector, two wardens, and a variable number of vestry-

men elected annually by the parish meeting. ves’/try-man (-mdn), nm.

ves’/ture (vés/ttir), n. vestitura, fr. which one is parel. 2. A with vesture;

One of a vestry.

[OF. vesture, vesteiire, fr. LL.

L. vestire to clothe, dress.] 1. That with clothed; a garment or garments; dress; apcovering; an envelope. —v.¢. To cover clothe; envelop.

Ve-su’/vi-an (vé-sii/vi-dn), adj. from Vesuvius, Gaz. . ve-su/vi-an, n.

1. Mineral. Vesuvianite.

2. A kind of

match or fusee for lighting cigars, etc.

ve-su/vi-an-ite (-it), m..

Mineral.

A brown-to-green min-

eral, a basic silicate of aluminum and calcium with some

iron and magnesium. It is common at Vesuvius. Also called idocrase. vet (vét), v. t.; VET/TED; vET/TING. [From vet, n., abbr. of veterinary surgeon.]

Veter.

To submit

medical examination and treatment.

act as a veterinary surgeon.

vetch pee: n.

(an animal)

to

— v.27. To be or to

[OF. veche, var. of vece, fr. L. vicia.]

Any of a genus (Vicia) of plants, some species of which are

valuable for fodder.

‘The common

vetch (V. sativa) of

Europe is naturalized in North America.

vetch/ling (-ling) Fie [vetch + 1st -ling.] (Lathyrus, esp.

Any of a genus

. pr atensis) of small fabaceous herbs.

vet/er-an (vét/ér-dn), nm.

[See VeTERAN, adj.]

One long

exercised in any service or art, esp. in war; one who has

ale, chaotic,

charity;

cre,

dd,

account,

rm,

ask,

Gld, Gbey, Srb, Bdd, soft, cdnnect;

lity, serenity; pleasure, satisfaction, gratification;

mollification, ap-

peasement.

:

M

vex-a/tious (-shiis), adj. 1. Causing vexation; annoying; sometimes, harassing by process of law; of actions, insti-

tuted chiefly to cause annoyance; as, a vexatious action.

2. Full of vexation, trouble, or disquiet; disturbed; as, a

vexatious hour in court. — vex-a/tious-ly, adv. — vexa/tious-ness, n. vexed (vékst), adj. Harassed; afflicted; disturbed; agi-

Loe —vex/ed-ly

Ness, n. vex’il (vék’sil), n.

(vék/séd-li;

-sid-li),

adv. — vex’ed-

: Bot. A vexillum.

vex/il-lar (vék/s7-lér), adj. Vexillary. vex/il-lar/y (-lér/i; -lér-¥; 3), n. [See vExtnLarRy, adj.]

In the Roman army, a veteran under a special standard; hence, a standard-bearer. — adj. [L. vexillarius a

standard-bearer.

See vexILLUM.]

1. Of or pertaining to

an ensign or standard. 2. Bot. Pertaining to or designating the vexillum. vex/il-late (lat), adj. Having a vexillum or vexilla. vex-il/lum (vék-sil/tim), n.; pl. -ILLA (-@). [L., a standard, a flag.] Rom. Antig. a A square flag, used esp. by the cavalry. b A company of troops serving under one standard. 2. The web or vane of a feather. 3. Bot. The large upper posterior petal in a pea flower. vila (vi/a), prep. [L., abl. of via_way.] By the way of;

as, shipped to New York via the Panama Canal.

vi/a-ble (vi/a-b’l), adj._

vie life, fr. L. vita.]

CF., fr.

1. Capa-

ble of living; born alive and with such form and development of organs as to be normally capable 2 of living; —said of anewbornin- ©

fant. 2. Capable of growing or developing; as, viable seeds. —

vi/a-bil’i-ty Cbi’7-th), n. vi/a-duct

(-dikt), n.

[L. via

a way, road + -duct as in aqueduct.) A_ bridge, esp. one on

narrow reinforced concrete or masonry arches, having high

sofa; éve, food, fO0t;

poaoes

Two Arches of a Reinforced Concrete Viaduct.

hére (27), vent, End, silént, makér; ice, Yl, out, oil; ciibe, Unite; tirn; tip, circés, menii;

viagraph over a valley, gorge, etc.

Also, esp, in the United States,

asteel structure made up of short spans carried on high steel towers. x : vi/a-graph (vi/d-graf), n. [L. via road + -graph.J An instrument mounted on wheels, used to determine the rela-

tive smoothness or roughness of pavement surfaces. vi/al (vi/al), n._ CME. viole, var. of fiole. See pura.) A small vessel for liquids; a phial.—to pour out the vials of wrathon orupon. To visit vengeance or anger on. —.#.; VI/ALED (-ald) or VI/ALLED; VI/AL-ING or VI/AL:LING. To put into a vial or vials. vi/and (vi’and), n. [OF. viande, fr.L. vivenda, neut, pl.

gerundive of vivere to live.] An article of food; — chiefly in pl., provisions; food; fare. vi-at/ic (vi-at/Ik), adj. Also vi-at/i-cal (i-kdl). CL. v7aticus, fr. via a way.] Of or pertaining to a road, or a journey or traveling. f

vi-at’i-cum

(-i-kt%im), n.; pl. viaticA (-kd), VIATICUMS

(ktimz).

(L., fr. viaticus,

adj.]

1. Orig., at Rome,

traveling money or supplies; later, generally, an allowance,

as of transportation or supplies and money for traveling expenses. 2. Provisions forajourney. 3. Eccl. The Communion, or Eucharist, when given to one dying. vi-a’tor (vi-a/t6r), n.; pl. VIATORES (vi/d-t0’réz; 70). CL., fr. viare to journey, fr. via way.] gael UE Sa -brac/u-lum (vi-brak/u-luém), n.; pl. vrpracuta (-1d).

vii dim. fr. L. vibrare to vibeatede Zool. One of the movable, slender, spinelike organs or parts with which certain bryozoans are furnished, — vi-brac’u-lar (-lér), adj. — vi-brac’u-loid (-loid), adj.

vi/bran-cy state of

:

(vi/brdn-si), n.; pl. -cres (-siz).

Quality or

being vibrant; resonance; vibration.

vibrant (-brdnt), adj.

[L. vibrans, -antis, pres. part.]

a Vibrating; pulsing; as, cities vibrant with life and energy.

b Vigorous;

as, a vibrant personality.

vibrant feelings.

¢ Thrilling; as,

d Sounding asa result of vibration;

hence, resonant; sonorous; resounding; as, a vibrant drum or voice. — vi/brant-ly, adv. 4 vi/brate (vi/brat), v.t. [L. vibratus, past part. of vibrare

to shake, vibrate.] 1. To swing or move to and fro. | 2. To mark or measure by oscillation, or moving or swinging to and fro; as, a pendulum vibrating seconds.

in vibration.

3. To set

— v.72. 1. To move to and fro, or from side

to side; esp., to swing like a pendulum; to oscillate.

be ina

state of vibration; toquiver.

2. To

3. Hence:a To thrill;

throb; as, his heart vibrates to the call. _b To waver; fluctuate; as, to vibrate between two opinions. 4. To produce an oscillating or quivering effect or sound; as, a whisper vibrates on the ear. —

Syn. See FLUCTUATE.

vi/bra-tile (vi/bra-til; -til; 56), adj. Adapted to, or used

in, vibratory motion; as, the vibratile organs of insects;

characterized

by vibration;

vibratory;

oscillating. — vi/-

: ; bra-til/i-ty (-til/7-ti), n. vi-bra’tion (vi-bra/shiin), n. 1. Act of vibrating, or state of being vibrated, or in vibratory. motion; specif., oscillation, as of a pendulum; also, a quivering or trembling motion; quiver. 2. a Figuratively, vacillation; changeableness. b Apulsing, throbbing, or thrilling, effect or appearance, as of a living body. _3. Physics. A periodic motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium in alternately opposite directions from theposition of equilibrium, when that equilibrium has been disturbed, as when a stretched cord produces musical tones, or particles of air transmit

sounds to the ear. — vi-bra/tion.al (-dl; -’1), adj. — vibra’tion-less (-lés; -lis), adj. — vi-bra’/tion—proof’

(-proof’; 2), adj. ? vi/bra-tive (vi/bra-tiv), adj.

vi-bra’to (vé-bri’td), n._

, Vibratory.

:

:

[It., past part. of vibrare to vi-

brate.] Music. A slightly tremulous or pulsating effect (but not a tremolo) for adding warmth and beauty to the

tone or for expressing changes in emotional intensity.

an electric bell.

_b A vibrating hammer, as of

c In electricity, an oscillator.

Behe

vi/bra-to/ry (vi/bra-to’ri; -tér-¥; 3), adj, Consisting in, capable of, or causing, vibration or oscillation; vibrant; vibrating. ie : z

vib/ri-o (vib/ri-o), n. ([NL., fr.L. vibrare to vibrate.] Bacteriol. Any of a genus (Vibrio) of short, rigid, motile bacteria typically shaped like a comma or an S. — vib/-

ri-oid (-oid), adj. vib/ri-oid (-oid), n.

eC: A vibrioid body.

[L. vibrare to vibrate +

Aninstrument for observing or tracing vibrations.

n.

[L., the wayfaring

or trees

(family

Caprifoliaceae),

having

Uaa eae

a

simple

leaves and white or rarely pink cymose flowers, including a black haw (V. prunifolium), sheepberry, withe rod (V.

cassinoides and V. nudum), dockmackie, etc.

vic/ar (vik’ér), n.

[OF. vicaire, fr. L. vicarius.

See vi-

carious.] 1. A substitute in office; a deputy or vicegerent. 2. Hence, proxy; deputy; as, God’s vicar. 3. Eng.

Eccl. Law. The priest of a parish the owner of the tithes of which is a layman (or formerly a spiritual corporation); any incumbentof a parish not a rector. Prot. Episc. Ch.

clergyman in charge of a dependent chapel as the deputy of

another clergyman. 5. R.C.Ch. An ecclesiastic who acts Be ei for, or representative of, another. — vic/arship, 7. vic/ar-age (-ij), n. 1. The benefice of a vicar. 2. The house, residence, or household, of a vicar. 3. Rare. The office, function, or duty, of a vicar.

vicar apostolic, or apostolic vicar. R.C.Ch. a Formerly, a bishopor archbishop to whom the Pope delegated a portion of his jurisdiction. b A prelate commissioned by the Holy See to administera diocese which is vacant or in which the ordinary isincapacitated. c¢A titular bishop, acting as delegate of the Holy See in regions where the ordinary

hierarchy has not been established. vic/ar-ate (vik/ér-At), m. A vicariate.

vicar forane. [See FrorrIcN.] R.C.Ch. An ecclesiastic or parish priest appointed by a bishop to exercise a limited jurisdiction in a particular town or district of his diocese.

vic/ar-gen/er-al,

n.;

pl. VICARS-GENERAL,

1. Ch. of

Eng. A lay legal officer who acts as deputy of the Arch-

bishop of Canterbury or York in certain matters. 2. Eng. Hist. The king’s ecclesiastical vicegerent. _The only vicar-general was Thomas Cromwell. 3. R.C.Ch. [some-

times cap.]

The deputy of a bishop in the discharge of his

jurisdictional functions.

vi-car/i-al (vi-kar/i-al; vi-; 6), adj.

1. Of, pert. to, being,

or acting as, a vicar; as, vicarial duties. 2. Vicarious; delegated; as, vicarial power. vi-car/i-ate (-at), n. The office, authority, or jurisdiction, of a vicar. vi-car/i-ous (-tis), adj. [L. vicarius, fr. vicis change, the

place or office of one person as assumed by another.]

Of or pertaining to a vicar, substitute, or deputy; deputed; delegated; as, vicartows authority, 2. Acting on behalf of or as representing another; as, a vicarious agent. Per-

formed or suffered by one person with results accruing to the benefit or advantage of another; substitutional; as, a vicarious sacrifice; also, enjoyed by one person through his sympathetic participation in the experience of another per-

son; as, vicarious pleasure. 4. Med. Acting as or being a substitute; also, occurring in an abnormal situation; re-

placing a discharge from a usual part; as vicarious menstruation, a discharge of blood from some part or organ

other than the uterus, with suppression of the menses. —

vi-car’i-ous-ly, adv.

— vi-car/l-ous-ness, n.

vie/ar-ly (vik/ér-li), adj.

Like a vicar; of or belonging toa

Vicar of (Jesus) Christ.

&.C.Ch. The Pope, regarded as

vicar; suggesting a vicar, as in garb or manner.

head of the Church and representative on earth of Christ.

vice (vis), n.. [OF., fr. L. vitiwm.J, 1. A moral fault or failing; esp., immoral conduct or habit, as in the indulgence of degrading appetites; as, the vice of gluttony.

2. State

of being given up to evil conduct or habit; depravity; wickedness. 3. A physical defect, deformity, taint, or imperfection. 4. Hist. [cap.] The buffoon of old English moralities, often named from some particular vice. 5. fault; blemish; defect; as, a vice of style. — Sym. Sin, in-

iquity. — Anfé, Virtue, righteousness, goodness.

vice, n. ([Seevisr.] 1. Avise. 2. Obs. A grip, or grasp. — v.é.} VICED (vist); VIC/ING (vis/ing). Rare. To hold, vice (vi/sé), prep.

[L., abl. of vicis change, turn.J

the place of; in the stead of.

vice- (vis-).

;

In

[See yicr, prep.] _A prefix used with nouns

(and their derivatives) which designate persons, esp. by their title of office, meaning in general one who takes the place of; specif., denoting one who in certain cases may assume the office or duties of a superior having a (specified) title; also, denoting one delegated to act as deputy or substitute for another, as in viceroy, vice-chancellor, vicevice-principal vice-principalship

vice/—ad/mi-ral, n. Nav. A commissioned officer ranking above a rear admiral and below an admiral. vice/—ad’mi-ral-ty, n. The office of a vice-admiral.

vice’~chan/cel-lor, n. 1. A deputy for,or an officer next below in rank to, an official holding the title of chancellor; as, the vice-chancellor of a university. Law. A judge appointed to act for, or as the assistant of, the chancellor.

vice’/—con/sul, n.

A consular officer subordinate to a con-

sul general or to a consul. — vice/—con/su-lar, vice’—con/su-late, n. — vice/—con/sul-ship, 7.

vice/ge’ral (vis/jér’/dl), adj. gerent,

aS

LE

aS

aa

adj.—

Of or pertaining to a viceTT

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118); x = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh=z

a

tree.]

Any of a genus (Viburnum) of widely distributed

shrubs

vice-governor vice-governorship

Zool. One of the bristlelike feathers near the mouth of many birds; — chiefly in pl. They occur chiefly in insectivorous birds and may help to prevent the escape of insects.

(vi-bir/ntm),

presidency, and words in the following list:

plasm of some fungi and algae. They resemble in appearance and size certain Common Paclle ee at ; -bris’sa (vi-bris’a), n.; pl.-SAE (-@), . vibrissae, pl., oes to vibrate.] 1. Anat. & Zool. One of the sti hairs about the nostrils, or on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so-called whiskers of the cat. 2.

-scope.]

Bot.

Metts

vibrioid body. Bot. One of certain slender cylindrical bodies found abundantly in the superficial layers of the-cyto-

vi/bro-scope (vi/bré-skop), n.

vi-bur/num

force, or squeeze, with or as if with a vice (vise).

vi/bra-tor (vyi/bra-tér), m. One who or that which vibrates, or causes vibration of any kind; as: a A vibrating electrical apparatus used in massage.

vicegeral

1117

supporting towers or piers, for carrying a road or railroad

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure,

||Foreign Word,

vicegerency

vice/ge/ren-cy (vis/jér’én-si), n. The office, authority, or administration, of a vicegerent; also, a district governed

by a vicegerent. | j i vice’ge/rent (-jér’ént), n.. [ML. vicegerens, -entis. See VICE-; ERENT. _ An officer deputed by a superior, as a

monarch, to exercise the powers of another; a vicar. —adj. Having or exercising delegated power. vic’/e-nar’y (vis/é-nér/1; -nér-¥; 3), adj, [L. vicenarius, fr. vicent twenty each.] _a Of or pertaining to twenty; consisting of twenty.

b Using 20 as radix or base; — said of

a system of notation.

vi-cen/ni-al (vi-stn/I-dl), adj.

[L. vicennium a period of

twenty years, fr. victes twenty times + annus year.] a Lasting or comprising twenty years. b Happening once

in twenty years; as, a vicennial celebration.

vice’—pres/i-den-cy, n.

vice/—pres/i-dent, n._ président.)

vide ante

1118 kh

Victor, conqueror.

(Cf. F. vice-

An officer next in rank below a president,

acting as president in case of that officer’s absence or dis-

ability. _The Vice-President of the United States (who has

vic-to/ri-a (vik-to/rl-4; 70), n. kind of low four-wheele pleasure carriage, with

a

two

a

passengers,

Art. I, sec. 1, 5). — vice’/—pres-i-den/’tial, adj. vice/re’gal (vis/ré/gdl), adj. Of or pertaining to a viceroy or viceroyalty. — vice/re’gal-ly, adv. vice’/—re’gent, n. A deputy regent. — vice/—re’gent, adj.

vice’roy (vis/roi), n., LF. vice-roz, fr. vice- in the place of (fr. L. vice) + rot king, fr. L. rex.J 1. The governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his hand-

some American butterfly (Basilarchia archippus), closely mimicking the monarch butterfly (Danaiis archippus) in coloration, but of smaller size. The larvae feed on willow, poplar, and apple trees. — vice’roy-ship, n.

The dignity, office, or Z The alternation or order

being changed; the relations being reversed; conversely.

WVi/chy wa’ter (vish’!; F’. vé/shé’), or [also not cap.], Col-

A mineral water at Vichy, France; also,

by extension, any artificial or natural water resembling this Vichy water. ; auf vic/i-nage (vis/?-nfj), n. [OF. visenage, voisinage, fr. L. vicinus.] ,The place or places adjoining or near; neigh; ’ [L. vicinalis.]

; i 1. Neighboring;

adjacent; near-by. 2. Designating a local road as disting. from a highway. 3. Mineral. Designating subordinate

forms or faces on a crystal, sometimes taking the place of

the fundamental ones. vi-cin/i-ty (vi-sin/7-ti), n.; pl. -TrEs (-tiz). [L. vicinitas, fr. vicinus neighboring, near, fr. vicws a group of houses, a yillage.] 1. Quality or state of being near; nearness; prox-

imity; as, towns in close vicinity.

A region about,

near, or adjacent; neighborhood; as, the vicinity of London. — Syn. See NEIGHBORHOOD.

vi/cious vice.]

wicked.

(vish’ts), adj. [OF., fr. L. vitiosus, fr. vitium dicted to vice or immorality; depraved; 2. Characterized

by vice, or defect; defective;

faulty; as, vicious reasoning, pronunciation.

3. Impure;

foul; noxious; as, vicious air, water, etc. _4. Collog. Spiteful; malignant; as, a vicious slander. 5. Not_well tamed or broken; refractory; as, a vicious horse. — Syn.

Immoral, evil, profligate; ill-tempered, mean, ugly. — Ant, Virtuous, good; tractable, gentle. — vi/cious-ly, adv. — vi’cious-ness, n. k

vicious circle. 1. A chain of circumstances constituting a situation in which the process of solving one difficulty creates a new problem involving increased difficulty in the original situation.

2. Logic.

An argument or definition

which is valueless because it assumes as true or as understood something which is to be proved or defined. See CIRCLE, 7., 12. _ Med. A chain of morbid processes in which a primary disorder leads to a second which aggra-

vates the first.

vi-cis’si-tude (vi-sis/7-ttid), mn.

Slegit

over the rear seat only,

Victoria.

South Amer-

ican

aquatic

plants (fam-

ily Nymphae-

aceae). They

borhood; vicinity. vic/i-nal (nal), adj.

with

driver. 2. Automobiles. An open passenger car equipped with a calash top that usually extends

spreading leaves often over 5 feet in

log., Vichy, n.

[F., fr. L. vietssitudo.]

ave

large

Victoria (V. regia). and immense rose-white flowers.

diameter,

Victoria Cross. re

V.

A bronze Maltese cross, awarded for re-

Cs

Vic-to/ri-an (vik-td/ri-din; 70), adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1837-1901); as, the

Victorian poets; pertaining to English life and sentiment

during the reign of Queen Victoria; esp., fastidious, prudish, or narrow in opinion or expression, particularly regarding conduct. 2. Of or pertaining to Victoria, Australia, named for Queen Victoria (1851). —n. 1, One who

lived in the Victorian era; esp., an author who reached prominence in this era. | Anything identified with the

Victorian age, as a habit, article of dress, etc. Vic-to/ri-an-ism (-{z’m), n. Quality of being Victorian,

as in habit, style, etc.; also, an example of Victorian habit, expression, style. i 4 i ; vic-to’ri-ous (vik-td/rf-tis; 70), adj. 1. Having gained victory; conquering. 2. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic

of, victory.

3. Effective in causing or bringing about vic-

tory; as, victorious strategy. — Syn. Winning, triumphant. — Ant. Beaten, defeated. — vic-to’ri-ous-ly, adv.

vic/to-ry (vik/té-ri), n.; pl. -R1ES (-riz). [OF. victorze, fr. L. victoria,] "The overcoming of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist In any contest; conquest; triumph; —

site of defeat. Syn. Victory, conquest, triumph.

brilliant or overwhelming victory. — Ant. Defeat, overthrow, fail-

ure, vanquishment.

vic/tress (vik’trés; -tris),.

Also, Rare, vic/trix (-triks). A female victor. Vic-tro/la (vik-tro/la), n._ A trade-mark applied to a kind of phonograph; hence [often not cap.] a phonograph bearing this trade-mark. vict/ual (vit/’l), n. (OF. vitaille, fr. victuarlle, pl. victuailles, fr. L. victualia, neut. pl. of victuwalis belonging to living or nourishment, fr. victws nourishment, fr. vivere, victum, to live.] Food; specif., chiefly in pl., food for hu-

man beings, esp. when prepared for eating; viands. te This word is common in dialect, but in the standard language

is now

seldom

used,

To supply with provisions;

innkeeper. ship.

2. A provision

nd), n.; see PLURAL, Note,

uta.) 1. A wild ruminant (Lama vicwnna) of the Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia, allied to the domes-

ticated llama and alpaca. 2. Short for vicufia cloth,

various conditions; as, a victim of ambition or jealous rage;

vicufia, or an imitation of it.

a victim of by deception; to dupe; cheat. — vie/tim.i-za/-

tion, n. — vie’tim.iz/er, n.

vic/tor (vik/tér),n.

(CL., fr. vincere, victum, to vanquish.]

The winner in a contest or in any struggle; conqueror. rT

rr

ale, chaotic,

er

cAre,

i

Add,

A

MY

d@ccount,

Fae Ta

firm,

ask,

fabric,

made from the wool of the ||viide

(vi/dé),

imperative

sing. of L. videre, to see;

— used to direct attention

Vicufia.

or refer; as, ||vi/de an/te

(an’té), see before.

(Ao)

Hence, loosely, for example; for, in-

sey as, mere numbers will not win, vide the coalition. r.

HE

1. One who

furnishes victuals or provisions; specif.: a One who supplies an army with provisions; asutler. bA tavernkeeper;

a very soft woolen

a victim of a defaulter; a victim of the pestilence. 3. Collog. Hence, dupe; gull; as, the victim of a gambler.

or

to provide or store with food.

vict/ual.-er, vict/ual-ler (vit/’l-ér; vit/lér), n._

sacrificed to some deity, or in the performance of a religious rite, 2. One injured, destroyed, or sacrificed under any of

vic’tim.-ize (-1z), v. t.. To make a victim of; esp., to make

depreciatively

— v.7, a To eat; feed. b To supply or take in stores of provisions. ; : vict/ual.age (-1j), n. Victuals; food; provisions.

3. [Sp., fr. Quechua hutch’

1. A living being

except

jocosely. —v.t.; -UALED (-’ld) or -UALLED; -UAL+ING or -UAL+LING.

condition, etc.; as, after many vicissitudes he enjoyed a prosperous old age. — vi-cis’si-tu/di-nar’y (-ti/d%-nér/T; -nér-{; 3), adj. — vi-cis/si-tu/di-nous (-niis), adj.

Of or pertaining to

oppo-

Victory implies the defeat of

one’s opponents, conquest, their subjugation; triumph denotes a

vi-cu/ fia (vI-ko0n/yd; vi-ki’-

the viscount or, later, the sheriff. vic/tim (vik/tim), n. [L, victima.]

(140)

pining valor to members of the British Army or Navy.

1. Regular succession from one thing to another; alterna-

tion; as, the vicissitude of night and day. 2. Irregular change; mutation. Hence, commonly, changes of fortune,

vi-con/ti-el (vi-kdn’ti-él), adj. [AF.]

1.A

raised seat in front for the i

as the President.. He becomes President in case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability, of that officer (Const.

the Senate) is elected at the same time andin the same way

vice/roy/al-ty (vis/roi/al-ti), m. jurisdiction of a viceroy. wi’ce ver’sa (vi/sé vir’sa). [L.]

CL.,prop., victory.) Ba

calash top, designed for

no part in the executive function, but actsas president of

king or sovereign; as, the viceroy of India.

A victor is a winner in a test of skill or

a conqueror has subdued or subjugated whatever has op-

posed him. ‘ i — adj. Victorious; triumphant; conquering.

3. [NL.] Boé. Any of a genus (Victoria) of remarkable

The office of vice-president.

Also vice president.

.

Ts)

ve

AS

ee

sofa; 6ve, h@re (27),

LS

vent,

ee

Snd,

silént, makér;

ice, Yl v

charity; Old, Obey, Srb, Sdd, sit, cénnect; food, f56t; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, firn, tip, circés, ment;

vide infra

villainy

1119

||vi/de in’fra (vi/dé Yn/frd). {L.] ||vi-de/li-cet (vi-dél/Y-sét), adv.

See herein; see below. | vig/or, vig/our r (vig’ér), n. ; [OF. vigor, fr. L. vigor, fr. vigere to be lively or strong.] 1. Active strength or force [L., contr. fr. videre of body or mind; effective energy or power; strength. 2. licet, lit., it is easy to see, one may or can see.] To wit; Strength or force in animal or vegetable nature or action; namely; — often abbreviated to viz. as, a plant grows with vigor. 3. Intensity of action or \|vifde post’ (vi/dé post’). [L.] See after this; see the effect; force; as, the vigor of his argument. 4. Effective following. legal status; validity; as, laws still in vigor. — Syn. See vide’ruff’ (vid/riif’), nm. Obs. An old game at cards. POWER. ||vi/de su’pra (vi/dé st/pra). [L.] See hereinbefore; see lvi’go-ro’so (vé/gd-rd’sd), adj. [It.] Music. Vigorous; above. energetic in style; — a direction. vi-dette’ (vi-d&t’), n. = vEDETTE. vig/or-ous (vig/ér-tis), adj. 1. Possessing vigor; full of |lviide ut su/pra (vi/dé Ut si’pra). [L.] See as or what physical or mental strength or active force; strong; lusty; is stated or given above. robust. 2. Exhibiting strength, either of body or mind; vie (vi), v.7.; viED (vid); vy/mne (vi/ing). Ne vien, strong; forcible; energetic, 3. Done with vigor; carried shortened fr. envien, fr. OF. envier to invite, challenge, fr. out forcefully and energetically. — vig/or-ous-ly, adv. — L. invitare to invite.] To strive for superiority; to convig/or-ous-ness, 7. tend. ,—v.t. 1. Obs. To stake; wager, 2. Now Rare. Syn. Potent, forcible, effective, efficacious; zealous, vehement. — To do or produce in emulation or competition; to match in Vigorous, energetic, strenuous. Vigorous implies fullness of rivalry. — Syn. See EMULATE. active strength or force; energetic connotes less reserve force than vigorous, and often suggests a bustling activity; strenuous implies Vi/en-nese’ (ve/é-néz’/; -nés’), adj. & n. (sing. & pl.) from zealous, often urgent and pushing, activity. — Amt. Weak, feeble, VIENNA, Gaz. impotent, ineffectual, languorous, view (vi), n._[OF. veiie (F._vue), fr. veoir to see, past part. veii, fr. L. videre to see.] 1. Act of seeing; inspec- vi/king (vi/king), n. [ON. vtkingr.]_ One of the pirate Northmen who plundered the coasts of Europe in the 8th to tion by the eye; survey, 2. Mental survey; intellectual perception or examination; as, a just view of the arguments. 3. Power of seeing, either physically or mentally;

10th centuries; a sea rover. Viking is sometimes confounded with sea king. vi'la-yet’ (ve/la-yét’), n. [Turk. vilayet, fr. Ar. wilayat,

ofascene;asketch. 6. Mode of looking at anything; esp., manner of regarding any subject of thought; judgment; as

divisions or provinces of Turkey. vile (vil), adj. (OF. vil, fr. L. vilis cheap, vile, base.] 1. Of small account; low; mean; worthless; base. 2. Mor-

reach or range of sight; extent of prospect. 4. That which is seen; scene; prospect. The pictorial representation to state one’s views of a policy.

7. That which is looked

towards or kept in sight, as an object; aim; end; as, he did it with a view of escaping; hence, prospect; expectation. 8. Obs. exc. Dial. Appearance; show; aspect. —in

view of. In regard to; in consideration of. — on view.

On exhibition; open to public inspection. — with a view

to.

With the purpose or aim of.

view, v.t.

1. To see; behold; esp., to look at with atten-

tion; to scrutinize; examine; as, to view property prior to renting or leasing it. To survey or examine mentally; to consider. — view/er (vii/ér), n. f

view halloo.

Hunting.

Also view hallo, view halloa.

The shout uttered by a hunter on seeing the fox start from covert.

view’less, adj.

a Affording no view.

_b Expressing no

views, or opinions. ¢ Not perceivable by the eye; invisible; unseen. — view/less-ly, adv. ; view’point’ (vii’point’), n. Point of view; standpoint. view’y (vii), adj. Collog. 1. Having peculiar views; visionary; unpractical. 2. Spectacular; sometimes, Slang, speciously attractive; showy.

vi-ges/i-mal (vi-jés/i-mdl), adj. [L. vigesimus, var. of vicesimus, fr. vicent twenty each.] Twentieth; divided into, or consisting of, twenties or twenty parts; proceeding

by twenties. vig/il (vij/7), n.

: a 3 [OF. vigile, fr. L. vigilia, fr. vigil awake,

watchful.] 1. Eccl, a Orig., the watch kept on the night before a feast, spent in prayer or other devotions. b Later, the eve of a feast; esp., an eve whichisa fast.

service on the eve of a feast.

¢ A religious

2. Devotional watching;

hence, pl., evening or nocturnal devotions, prayers, etc. 3. Act of keeping awake, or state of being awake, at times when sleep is customary or needed; wakefulness; sleeplessness. 4. Hence, a watching; watch; wakeful attention.

fr. Ar. wali governor.]_

One of the chief administrative

ally base or impure; wicked; sinful.

3. Hence, unclean;

repulsive; odious. 4. Loosely, highly objectionable for any reason; bad; as, vile weather. — Syn. See BAsn. — Ant. Precious, noble; pure, wholesome, unpolluted, clean; splendid, ennobled, exalted. — vile’ly, adv. — vile/ness, n.

vil/i-fy (vil/%-f1), v. ¢_; -rreD_(fid); -ry/Inc. care.

See VILE; -FY.

[LL. vilifi-

To make vile; debase; degrade.

2. To degrade or debase by report; to defame; traduce. —

vil/i-fi-ca/tion, malign, abuse.

n.— vil’i-fi’er, See ASPERSE.

n.— Syn.

Calumniate,

vil/i-pend (vil’%-pénd), v.t. [F. vilipender, fr. L. viliRonee fr. vilis vile, cheap + pendere to weigh, value.] ‘o hold or, express a low opinion of; to depreciate; to slight; despise. — Syn. Belittle, disparage. — Ant. Magnify, exalt.

vill (vil), n.

(OF. viile, vile, a village, town, fr. L. villa.J

O. Eng. Law. aA township or division of a hundred. Hence, a village. vil/la (vil’a),n. ([L.and It.; It., fr. L. villa, LL. also village, dim. fr. L. vicus a village. ] Originally, a country property; as, Cicero had a villa at Baiae; hence, a somewhat pretentious rural or suburban residence. vil/la-dom (-diim), n. The world constituted by villas and their occupants; hence, the world of smug, financially inde-

pendent mediocrity.

vil/lage (vil/ij), n. [OF., fr. L. villaticus belonging to a country house or villa. See vitta.] 1. Any small aggregation of houses in the country, in general less in number than in a town or city and more than in a hamlet. 2. U.S. Such a community incorporated as a municipality and governed by a board of three or more trustees and a president, locally elected. 3. Any of various territorial divisions incorporated as “villages” under statutory authority, as under various civil codes in the United States,

vig/i-lance (vij/i-ldns), n. _ 1. Wakefulness; sleeplessness. 2. Quality or state of being vigilant; watchfulness in re-

in some Provinces of Canada, etc., or officially or conven-

vigilance committee. U.S. A volunteer committee of citizens for the oversight and protection of any interest,

as, a prairie-dog village.

spect of danger or hazard; caution.

:

esp. one organized to suppress and punish crime summarily, as when the processes of law appear inadequate. —

vig/i-lant (vij/%-ldnt), adj.

LF. or L.; F., fr.L,vigilans

-antis, pres. part. of vigilare to watch, fr. vigil awake.]

Alertly watchful as one keeping vigil; circumspect; alert. — vig’i-lant-ly, adv. — vig/i-lant-ness, n.

Syn. Wakeful, attentive, observant, cautious, wary. — Vigilant, watchful, alert. Watchful is the general word; vigilant implies keen, often wary, watchfulness. Alert implies wide-awake and active watchfulness or attention. — t. Listless, indifferent, lethargic, sluggish, sleepy. 4 oe :

vig/i-lan’te (vij/7-lin/té), n. [Sp., prop., vigilant.] A member of a vigilance committee. ‘He

vi-gin’ti- (vi-jin’/ti.

[L. viginti.]

U.S.

A combining form

meaning twenty, as in Vi-gin’ti-an’gu-lar.

vi-gnette’ (vin-yét’), n. LF., fr. vigne a vine. See vine.] 1. Orig., a running ornament of vine leaves, tendrils, etc., as used in decoration. .2. Hence, now: a A small decorative design or illustration of any kind put on or just before the title page, at the beginning or end of a chapter, etc., of a manuscript or book. bh Hence, as such pictures are often without a definite bounding line, any picture, as an engraving,

photograph,

or the like,

gradually into the surrounding ground paper.

which shades off

or the unprinted

3. In general, a picture, illustration, or depiction

in words, esp. one of a small or dainty kind.

—v. ¢. To

finish, asa photograph,in the manner of a vignette; to make a vignette of. — vi-gnett/er (vin-yét/ér), vi-gnett’ist (Ist), n.

chair;

go; sing;

then,

thin; nature, verdtire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

tionally called “villages.”

4. An aggregation of nests,

burrows, etc., considered as suggesting a village (sense 1);

a village; the villagers. acteristic of, a village.

village community.

5. The residents, collectively, of

— adj. Of, pertaining to, or charen

A primitive organized agricultural

community, a term used in the middle of the 19th century

to designate the free, autonomous, communistic group unit considered to be the political unit at the base of modern states, and believed by some to be represented in the early self-dependent agricultural communities of England, Ger-

many, India, Russia (the mir), etc. eee (vil/ij-€r), m. An inhabitant

village. vil/lain (vil/tn), n.

or resident of a

(OF. vilain, fr. LL. villanus, fr. villa

village, fr. L. villa a farm, country house.] 1. = VILLEIN. 2. Obs. A baseborn or clownish person;aboor. 3. a One

capable or guilty of great crimes; a deliberate scoundrel; — often used playfully; as, the little villain has stolen my

hat.

b Hence, a character drawn to represent such a per-

son, as ina novel or play; specif., Theat., an actor regularly cast in such a role. vil/lain-age (-1j), m. = VILLENAGE. vil/lain-ous (-tis), adj. 1. Befitting a villain, or scoundrel; depraved; evil. 2. Highly objectionable; bad; wretched;

detestable; as, villainous weather; a villainous jargon. —

vil/lain-ous-ly, adv. — vil/lain-ous-ness, n. vil/lain-y (-Y), n.; pl. -LAatntes (-Yz). 1. A villainous act, action, or conduct; a deed of deep depravity; a crime.

Quality or state of being villainous, or evil; extreme depravity. 3. Obs. @= VILLENAGE. hb Humble or miserable condition. K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure.

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

|| Foreign Word.

Villanage vil/lan-age (vil’an-ij), n.

Infamy; villainy. vil/la-nel’/la (vil/a-nél’a),

n.; ee -NELLE

vindicare to lay claim to, defend, avenge.]

(-€).

[It., prop.

song, unaccompanied and in free form.

[F., fr. It. villanella.]

_A

fixed form of verse, chiefly French, having normally five tercets and a quatrain, the second lines of which have one rhyme, and the remaining lines another.

vil-lat/ic

(vi-lat/Yk), adj.

[L. villaticus of a country

house. See VILLAGE.] Of or pertaining 'to a villa or a village; rural. ay vil/lein (vil’Yn), n.. CAF. See viztatn, n.]_ Originally, any free common villager of any of the classes lower in rank than the thegn; a chur]; specif., in a restricted sense, a free

peasant of a class lower than a sokeman and higher in rank than the cotters. Later, by about the 13th century, the term villein was applied to a class of unfree peasants, or serfs, who as regards their lord were slaves, but were free in their legal relations with respect to all others. From this status they gradually improved in condition, becoming the free peasants of later days, their precarious tenure of land developing into the customary copyhold tenures. — adj.

Obs.

Born to a villein’s status; of low birth.

vil/len-age (vil/én-ij), n. _Also vil/lein-age. nage, vilenage.|

Feudal

Law.

[OF. ville-

a Tenure on the terms by

which a villein held of his lord; tenure at the will of the lord by villein services. b The status of a villein. vil/li-form (vil/7-f6rm), adj... [villus + -form.] |Having the form or appearance of villi; like the pile of velvet.

vil-los/i-ty (vi-lds/7-ti), n. Anat.

Avillus.

1. State of being villous.

| 2.

3. Bot. A coating of long, slender hairs.

villous (vil’%s), adj. [L. villosus.] 1. Covered with fine hairs, or a woolly substance; shaggy with soft hairs; nappy; specif., Bot., pubescent, with soft and not matted

hairs. 2. Anat. Furnished, or clothed, with villi. — vil/lous-ly, adv. L vil/lus (iis), n.; pl. vittt (1). [L., shaggy hair, a tuft of

hair.] Anat. & Embryol. A small slender vascular process; esp., one of the minute fingerlike processes of the mucous membrane of the small intestine which serve in the absorbing of nutriment. hair on villous plants.

vim (vim), n.

2. Any of the fine, straight, soft

[L., acc. of vte strength, force.]

or active power;

Energetic

force; energy; spirit; vigor.

vi/men (vyi/mén), n.; pl. VIMINA (vim/i-nd). [L., a twig.] Bot. A long, slender, flexible shoot or branch.

vim/i-nal (vim/%-ndl), adj, (L. viminalis pert. to osiers, fr. vimen a pliant twig, osier.] tare. Pertaining to, con-

sisting of, or producing, twigs. ' Vim/i-nal,n. [L.Viminalis.] One of the Seven Hills of ancient Rome. See SEVEN HILLs.

vi-min/e-ous (vi-mYn/é-iis), adj.

[L. vimineus, fr. vimen

pliant twig.] 1. Of or pertaining to twigs; woven of pliant 2. Bot. Of or producing long slender twigs. twigs. Music. An ancient Hindu vi/na (vé/ni), n, _[Skr. vind.] instrument, origi-

nally a sevenstringed A.D.,

an

1. To sup-

denial, censure,

or objections; to sustain; justify; as, to vindicate one’s honor; to vindicate a claim. ‘o defend or secure against assault; to maintain. 3. To lay claim to; to assert aright to. 4. Obs. a Toset free; deliver. b To avenge. c To punish. 5. Roman & Civil Law. To assert one’s

legal right to (a thing); to recover by legal process. — Syn.

See ASSERT. vin/di-ca’tion (-ka/shiin), n. being

vindicated;

specif.,

denial or censure.

‘ , _Act of vindicating, or state of

defense;

justification

vin-dic/a-tive (vin-dik/a-tiv; vin’di-ka/tIv), adj. to, or intended to, vindicate; vindicating.

vin/di.ca/tor (vin/di-ka/tér), n.

[LL.J]

against

Tending

One who or that

which vindicates. vin/di.ca-to/ry (vin’d?-kd-to/ri or, esp. Brit., -ka/tér-l, -ka-

tér-Z), adj.

Tending or serving to vindicate; specif.,

justificatory.

2. Inflicting punishment; avenging; puni-

tive.

vin-dic/tive (vin-dik’tiv), adj.. [For vindicative, confused

with L, vindicta revenge, punishment, fr. vindicare to vin-

dicate.] Disposed to revenge; prompted or characterized by revenge; retaliatory; as, a vindictive spirit, punishment,

man. — vin-dic’tive-ly, adv. — vin-dic’tive-ness, n.

Syn. Vindictive, revengeful are often interchangeable; but revengeful is commonly the stronger term. — Ant. Placable, forgivIng, magnanimous,

generous.

vine (vin), n. [OF. (F. vigne), fr. L. vinea a vineyard, vine, fr. vineus of or belonging to wine, fr. vinwm wine,

grapes.] 1. A grapevine. 2. Any plant whose stem requires support, and which climbs by tendrils or other

means, or which trails or creeps along the ground; as, a eae vine; a honeysuckle vine. Also, the stem of such

plant. vin/e-gar (vin’é-gér), n. [OF. vinaigre, fr. vin wine (fr. L. vinum) + aigre sour (fr. L. acer).] 1. A sour liquid containing acetic acid, used as a condiment, or as a _preservative, obtained by the fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids, as beer, cider, malt, wine, etc. 2. Acidulous

speech.

vinegar eel.

See EELWORM.

vin/e-gar-ette’ (vin/é-gér-ét’), nm. = VINAIGRETTE, 2. vin/e-gar-roon’ (vin/é-gd-roon’), n.. [Sp. vinagre vinegar.]

A whip scorpion, esp. a large species (Mastigoproctus giganteus) of Mexico and the southwestern United States,

which is popularly supposed to be very venomous; — so called from the odor that it emits when alarmed. vinegar worm. The vinegar eel. See EELWORM. vin/e-gar-y (vin’é-gér-1), adj. Of the nature of vinegar; hence, sour; unamiable; crabbed. vin/er-y (vin/ér-i), ».; pl. -ERIES (-Iz). A grapery. vine’yard (vin/yérd), n. [From vine-+ yard, after earlier

wineyard, fr. AS. wingeard.] 1. A plantation of grapevines. 2. A field of labor, esp. of spiritual endeavor. — vine’yard.-ist, n.

||vingt/—et—un’ (van/-ta-fin’), n.

[F.,twentyandone.]

A

game at cards, in which the aim of each player is to obtain

snots, is as near as possible to twenty-one, without exceeding it.

in-

strument of the guitar type, still

vini-.

Vina.

=
The original form visé is widely used.

The United

States Department of State prefers visa. — v. t.; VI/SAED (vé/zad), vi/SEED (vé/zad; vé-zad’); vi/saING, VI/sé-1nc. To give a visa to. vis/age (viz’/ii),n. [OF., fr. vis face, fr. L. visus a seeing, a look, fr. videre, viswm, to see.]| The face, countenance, or look, of a person or an animal; hence, aspect; appearance. — Syn. See FACE. vis’ard (viz/érd). Var. of VIZARD. P

vis/—A—vis’ (vé/-za-ve’), n. sing. & pl. _CF., opposite, face toface.] 1. One who or that which is face to face with another, esp. in dancing. 2. = T&TE-A-TETE, n.,2. & adj. Face to face; opposite.

Vi-sa’yan (vé-si/ydn), Bi-sa’/yan (bé-),n.

a Visayan.]

—adv.

[Cf.Sp. Bisayo

A member of the most numerous of the na-

tive races of the Philippines; also, their language.

vis-ca/cha (vis-ka’cha),n._ [Sp., fr. Quechua uiscacha, huiscacha.]

burrowing South American rodent Caage-

stomus maximus) allied to the chinchillas, but much larger. vis’cer-a (vis/ér-a), n. pl.; sing. (rarely used) viscus (-ktis). [L.viscus,pl.viscera.] Theinternal organs, esp.

those of the cavities of the body, as the heart, liver, intestines, etc. —

vis/cer-al

vis’cid (vis/id), adj,

(-dl), adj.

[LL. viscidus, fr. L. viscwm the

mistletoe, birdlime.] 1. Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; viscous; glutinous; sticky. 2. Overlaid with a sticky layer; — esp. of leaves. — vis-

cid’i-ty (vi-sid’7-ti), vis/cid-ness, n. — vis/cid-ly, adv. vis-coi’dal (vis-koi/ddl), adj. Also vis’coid (vis’koid). [See viscous; -orp.] Somewhat viscous, vis’/cose (vis’k6s; vis-k6s’), adj. [LL. viscosus.] a Viscous. Of, pertaining to, or made from, viscose. — (vis/-

kos), 2. A viscous orange solution made by treating cellulose with caustic alkali solution and carbon disulphide, and used in making rayon, transparent paper, etc.

vir/tu-al (vfir/tii-dl), adj. 1. Archaic. Of or relating toa virtue, or efficacious power; energizing. Being in essence or effect, but not in fact; as, the virtwal rulers of a country. — vir/tu-al/i-ty (-4l/%-ti), n. — vir/tu-al-ly, adv.

vis-cos/i-ty (vis-kds’7-ti), n.; pl. -TIES (-tiz). 1. Quality, state, or degree, of being viscous. 2. Physics. a That property of a bodyin virtue of which, when flow occurs inside it, forces arise in such a direction as to oppose the flow.

vir/tue (vfir’ti), n. [OF. vertu, fr. L. virtus strength, courage, virtue, fr.viraman.] 1. pl. One of the orders of

vis’count’ (vi/kount’), n.

angels. 2. Moral practice or action; moral excellence; rectitude; morality. . A particular moral excellence;

any moral quality conceived as a good; also, such virtues collectively. Plato distinguished four cardinal virtues, prudence, fortitude, temperance, and justice. Christian moralists called these the natural virtues (see NATURAL,

4a)

and

added

the supernatural,

Christian virtues

tues infused by God.

theological,

or

of faith, hope, and charity, or vir-

4. Active quality or power; power

adequate to the production of a given effect; potency; efficacy; as, virtue went out of Jesus; a medicine without virtue ;also, a particular instance of such virtue; as, the virtue

of a. given remedy.

5. Manly strength or courage; valor.

6. Excellence or an excellence of any kind; as, to make a vir-

twe of necessity. 7. Chastity; esp., the chastity of women. — in, or by virtue of. Through the force of; by authority of.

vir/tu-os/i-ty (vfir’tti-ds/7-tl), . ;pl.-TmEs (-tiz). 1. Taste for or interest in virtu. 2. Great technical skill in the practice of the fine arts, esp. in music; as, a pianist noted for his virtuosity.

3. Virtuosos collectively.

b In a solid, power of yielding continually under stress.

[OF. visconte,

vezconte, fr.

ML. vicecomes, fr. L. vice (see VICE, prep.) + comes acom-

panion, ML., a count. See count nobleman.] 1. Hist. An officer who formerly acted in place of the count, or earl; later, a sheriff. 2. A nobleman next below an earl or count and next above a baron. — vis/count/cy (-si), vis’count/y (vi/koun/ti), n. — vis/count/ess (-koun/tés; -tis), n.

vis/cous (vis’ktis), adj. [LL.viscosus. Viscid. 2. Physics. Possessing, or characterized by viscosity. — vis’cous-ly, adv. — NOR

vise, vice (vis), n.

inne

.vts,

See viscip.]

1.

nN. @

12,4

SS

screw, winding stair, fr. L. vitisa = vine, pl. vites.] Any of various devices having two jaws, closing by a screw, lever, cam, or the like, for holding

work.

—¥v.¢.;

VISED

or

VICED (vist); vIs’ING or VIC/ING (vis’Ing). To hold, force, or squeeze, with or as with a vise. vi'sé (ve/za; vé-za’), n.

[F., past

part. of viser to put a visa to.

Ale, chaotic, cfre, Add, &ccount, rm, ask, sofa; @ve, chartty; Gld, Obey, Grb, Gdd, sOft, connect; food, foot;

See visA.]

A visa.

hére (27), €vent, End, silént, makér; ice, ‘Il out, oil; ciihe, Unite, Grn, tip, circés; menti;

visé vi'sé (vé’za; vé-za’), v.t. Vish’nu

(vish’/n6o), n.

Hindu Relig.

1123

To visa.

Hindu triad, called the Preserver.

fr. vis face.]

He

vis’ta (vis/ta), n.

of trees; also, the trees or other objects forming the avenue. 2. A men-

V Visor, 2. tal view, or prospect, extending over a series of events, or the like; as, vistas of memory.

vis/u-al (vizh’t-d]; 118), adj.

ible supply. 3. Constructed, presented, etc., so as to make something (formerly hidden, not perceptible, etc.)

Optics; as, the visual focus of a lens.

Vishnu.

_ .

visible or graphic; as, a visible typewriter; visible speech,

a system of characters graphically representing speech sounds, — vis/i-ble-ness, n. — vis/i-bly, adv. j Vis/i-goth (viz/i-gdth), n. [LL. Visigothi, pl., lit., the later, the western

Goths.

See

See Goru, 1. — Vis’/i:

‘ vi/sion (vizh’tin), n.. [OF., fr. L. visio, fr. videre, visum, to see.] Something seen otherwise than by ordinary sight; something beheld as in a dream or ecstasy, or revealed, as toa prophet. 2. A visual image without cor-

poreal presence; also, an object of imaginative contempla-

3. Power or activity

of the imagination; as, a poet with vision. . Unusual discernment or foresight; as, a man of vision. 5. Actual sight; ocular perception. 6. That which is seen; as, she

was a vision of delight; also, a lovely or charming sight. 7. The sense by which light and color are apprehended; as,

the organ of vision is the eye.

— Sym. See DREAM. —=v. t. : ; —vi/sion-al-ly, adv. vi/sion-ar’y (-ér/1; -ér-¥; 3), adj. 1. Seeing, or disposed to & i. To see in or as if in a vision. — vi’sion-al (-dl), adj.

see, visions; given to, dreaming or,imagining.

2. Of the

nature of a vision; existing in imagination only; hence, impracticable; chimerical. 3. Of, pert. to, or favorable for, visions. ; Syn. Fantastic, delusive. — Visionary, chimerical, utopian, quixotic. That 1s visionary which is merely fanciful, or which can never be realized in fact; chimerical, which 1s wildly or fantastically visionary or unreal. That is utopian which is visionary or chimerical in its assumption of an ideal perfection; quixotic implies extravagantly See ces devotion to visionary ideals. _ fi

—n.; pl. -1Es (-iz). One who sees visions; specif., one whose ideas or projects are impractical. 3

vis/it (viz/it), v.t.

[LOF. visiter, fr. L. visitare, fr. visere

to go to see, visit, fr. videre, visum, to see.]

To go or

come to see in order to comfort or help. 2. Hence: a To pay a call upon as an act of friendship or courtesy.. bh To

go or come to see in an official or professional capacity. ¢ To dwell with temporarily as a guest. 3. To come to or

upon, as to reward, afflict, punish, etc.; hence: a To bless.

b Toinflict.

—v.7.

1. To visit punishment or vengeance.

2. To make a visit; to make frequent or regular visits.

—n.

1. A visiting; specif.: a A call.

c A formal 2. Marine boarding a exercise of vis/it-a-ble

b A stay as a guest,

call, as for inspection, professional service, etc. Law. The act of a naval officer of one state in neutral merchant vessel of another state in the Ey [ the right of search. (-d-b’l), adj. 1. Subject to, or allowing, visi-

tation or inspection.

2. Socially eligible to receive visits.

vis/it-ant (viz/7-tént), mn. A visitor; specif., a migratory bird which appears at intervals for a limited period. — Syn. See VISITOR. Dy, LEO

vis/it-a’tion (-ta/shtin), n.

1. A visit; esp., an official visit,

as of a bishop to a church, college, etc., in his diocese. _ 2

A visiting of affliction or punishment, or rarely, blessing, esp. as a divine dispensation; hence, a severe trial or affliction.

3.

[cap.] Eccl. a The visit of the Virgin Mary, to

Elisabeth, before the birth of her son, John the Baptist.

b The church feast (July 2) commemorating this, visit. 4. Resort to a place by birds, mammals, or other animals,

at an unusual timeor in unusual numbers. — vis/it-a’tion-al (-dl; -’l), adj.

a

'

ae

vis/it-a-to/ri-al (viz/?-ta-to/ri-dl; 70), adj. Also vis/i-to/ri-al (viz/%-to’ri-dl; 70). Of or pertaining to visitation, or a judicial visitor or superintendent. | vis/it-ing card.

A small card bearing the name, and some-

times the address, of a person or married couple, presented

when calling; a calling card.

Nite

:

vis/i-tor (viz/7-tér), m. One who makes a visit; specif., one who makes formal visits of inspection. Syn. Visitor, visitant.

[LL. visualis, fr. L. visus

a seeing, sight.]_ 1. Of, pertaining to, or used in, sight; ocular; as, the viswal nerve. 2. Perceived, attained, performed, ett., by vision; as, viswal impressions or tests. 3.

manifest; apparent; as, no vis7ble means of support; also, available; as, the vis-

tion; as, to have visions of wealth.

LIt., sight, view,

or along an avenue, as between rows

to see.].| 1. Capable of being seen; as, a visible star. 2. Exposed to view;

One of the West Goths.

2. The front

fr. vedere, past part. visto, veduto, to see, fr. L.videre, visum.] 1. A long view, or prospect, esp. one through

ing brilliance. vis/i-ble (viz/%-b’l), adj. [OF. or L.; OF, fr. L. visibilis, fr. videre, visum,

goth/ic (-goth/ik), adj.

CAF. viser (F. visiére),

1. A face mask; a disguise.

piece of a helmet, esp. a moyable upper piece. 3. The projecting front of a cap, to protect the eyes. — v. ¢. To cover with a visor; mask.

ness of the atmosphere. 3. The relative efficiency of radiant energy in evok-

Gotu.]

s

vis’or, viz/or (viz/ér; vi/zér), n.

the

has many avatars, or incarnations, as Rama and Krishna, under which forms jf he has millions of worshipers. vis/i-bil/i-ty (viz/?-biV/7-th), n.; pl. -T1Es ¥ (-tiz). _1. Quality, state, or degree, of being visible. he degree of clear-

good, or noble, Goths;

~__-*

exempt from contract obligations.

[Skr. Vignu.]

The second god of

vitelline

4. Evoking a men-

tal picture or image; as, visual epithets.

vis’u-al-ize (vizh/ii-dl-1z), v. t. & 7. To make or become visible; esp., to see or form a mental image of. — vis/u-ali-za’/tion, n. — vis/u-al-iz/er, 7.

vi-ta/ceous (vi-ta/shiis), adj..

[L. vitis a vine.]

Belong-

ing to a family (Vitaceae) of woody or herbaceous vines, the grape family, with leaves that have, usually, tendrilbearing stems, and with small, greenish, clustered flowers

succeeded by several-seeded berries.

vi/tal (vi/tdl; -t’'l), adj.

(COF., fr. L. vitalis, fr. vita life.]

1. Of, pertaining to, or existent as a manifestation of, life;

as, vital functions or energy.

2. Essential to the continu-

ance of life or full physical

vigor; necessary

wounded in a vital part; vital blood. Living; animate. vital personality.

to life; as,

3. a Now Rare.

b Animated; full of life and vigor; as, a Fatal; mortal; as, a vital wound.

5. Fundamentally affecting the continuation, value, effciency, or the like, of anything; basic; as, a vital error in reasoning; hence, indispensable; requisite; as, his support

is vital to us; loosely, highly important.

6. Relating to

lives, or data concerning births, deaths, etc.; as, vital statistics. — mn. pl. a Vital organs, as the heart, brain, etc. b Parts essential to a thing’s life, maintenance, etc. — vi’-

tal-ly, adv. i pice vital force. Also vital principle. An immaterial force or energy manifested in the phenomena or causation of life, esp. when regarded as distinct from other forces of nature. vi/tal-ism (vi/tdl-iz’m), n. Philos. & Biol. a The doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle or force. b The doctrine that, the processes of life are not explicable by the laws of physics and chemistry alone and that life is in some part self-determining; — opposed to mechanism. See TELEOLOGY, 2. — vi/tal-ist Cist), n. & adj. — vi'tal-is’tic (is’tik), adj.

vi-tal/i-ty (vi-tal/?.ti), n.

State or quality of being vital;

specif.: a Life; animate existence; the principle of life. Power of enduring or continuing; as, the vitality of slang. c Animation; vigor; liveliness.

vi'tal-ize (vi/tdal-iz), v.t.

To.endow with life; make alive;

impart vigor or energy to; animate. — vi’tal-i-za/tion, n. vi/ta-min (vi/ta-min; vit’d-), n._ Also -mine (-min; -mén). LL. vita life+ E. amine.]_ Biochem. Any of a group of

constituents of most foodsin their natural state, of which small quantities are essential for normal nutrition. Vitamin A occurs esp. in fish-liver oils, butter, and eggs, and is synthesized in the animal; its lack causes failure of young animals to grow. Vitamin B, a group of substances (the vitamin B complex), includes: (1) Vitamin B,, or vitamin F, the antineuritic or antiberiberi factor, found esp. in cereals, nuts, yeast, and animal food products. (2) Vitamin B;, or vitamin G, a growth-promoting factor, found esp. in whey, eggs, and green leaves. (3) Vitamin By, the “rat antidermatitis” factor. Vitamin C, the antiscorbutic vitamin, is abundant in fresh fruits, esp. citrus fruits, and vegetables, and occurs in animal products. Of vitamin D, which is antirachitic and regulates the phosphorus-calcium metabolism, there are several varieties, prepared or occurring naturally in fish-liver oils, egg yolk, etc., as vitamin D, and vitamin D,, an alcohol derived from irradiated ergosterol.

vitamin atrophy, oils from min, the falfa and

Vitamin E (formerly called

X), whose lack causes infertility and muscular is abundant in the leaves of many plants and in seeds. Vitamin K is the antihemorrhagic vitavariety vitamin K; occurring in the leaves of alother plants, vegetables, fish meal, etc. Vitamin

K, is similar to it.

Witamin Ly, from beef liver, and vita-

min Ly, from yeast, are held to promote normal lactation. The term vitamin P has been applied to a substance from lemons and paprika, thought to promote resistance of the capillaries

to

hemorrhage. — vi/ta-‘min,

min/ic (-min/ik), adj.

adj.— vi'ta-

ahs

vi/ta-scope (vi/tda-skop), mn. [L. vita life+-scope.] A Visitor is the general word; a visitant is motion-picture projector. — vi/ta-scop/ic (-skop/tk), adj.

esp. one who, or that which, visits one as if from without one’s own sphere. ;

||vis ma/jor (vis ma’jér).

[L. major greater.]

Law.

A

vi-tel/lin (vi-tél’m; vi-), n.

[See vitELLus.]

superior force which under certain circumstances is held to

an egg; esp., yellow in color.

chair; go; sing;

K=ch

then, thin; natiire, verdure (118);

Biochem. A

protein in the yolk of egg. r vi-tel/line (-in), adj. Of, pertaining to, or like, the yolk of

in G. ich, ach;

—

7. The yolk of an egg.

bon; yet;

zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

vitellus bryol. The yolk of an egg. vi'ti-a-ble (vish’i-a-b’l), adj.

vi'ti-ate (vish/i-4t). v. t.

Hm-

That can be vitiated.

[L. vitiatus, past part. of vitiare

to vitiate, fr. vitvwm a fault, vice.] 1. To contaminate; spoil; corrupt; pollute; as, sewer gas vztiates the air. 2. To debase; pervert, as, plays that vitiate one’s taste. 3.

viv/id

(viv'Id),

adj.

_[L. vividus, fr. vivere to live.]

high saturation.

3. Of asensation, an impression, a men-

tal image, etc.: sharp and clear; distinctly felt, conceived, ete.; as, vivid recollections. . Evoking lifelike mental images; as, vivid description, — Syn. Striking, colorful, strong. See GRAPHIC. — Viv/id-ly, adv. — viv’id-ness, n.

viv/i-fy (viv’?-fi), v. ¢.; -riep (-fid); -ry/Inc.

vit/i-cul/ture (vit/1-ktil/tir; vi/ti-), n. (CL. vitis vine + E. culture.| The cultivation of the vine; grape growing, —

ca’tion, n. — viv’i-fi/er, n. vi-vip/a-rous (vi-vip/da-rts), adj.

Syn. See CORRUPT.

vit/i-cul/tur-al -kil’ttr-al), adj. — vit/1-cul/tur-er (-ér),

vit/i-cul/tur-ist Gist), n. ‘ vit/i-li’go (vit/i-li’g0), n. ([L., a kind of tetter.]

k A skin

disease manifested by smooth, milk-white spots, on various parts of the body.

vit/re-ous (vit/ré-tis), adj. _ [L. vitreus, fr. vitrum glass, orig., woad.

Of, pertaining to, or derived from, glass.

2. Glassy; as, vitreous rocks. 3. Of or pertaining to the

vitreous

humor. — vit/re-os/i-ty

ness, 7. : vitreous electricity.

(-ds/i-ti),.

vit/re-ous-

( : Electricity of the kind excited by rub-

bing glass with silk; positive electricity.

vitreous humor.

Anat. The clear colorless transparent

jelly which fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball.

vi-tres’cent

cENnT.]_

(vi-trés/ént; -’nt), adj.

[See VITREOUS; -ES-

Capable of being formed into glass; tending to be-

come glass. — vi-tres’cence (-éns; -’ns), 7.

vit/ric (vit/rik), adj.

[L. vitrum glass.]

Of the nature of

glass; glasslike; — disting. from ceramic.

J

vit/ri-fac’tion (vit/r7-fak’shtin), n. Vitrification. vit/ri-form (vit’r7-f6rm), adj. CL. vitrum glass + -form.] Having the form or appearance of glass; glasslike. vit/ri-fy (-f1), v.é & 7%. LF. vitrifier, fr. L. vitrwm glass +

-ficare to make.] _To change into glass or a glassy substance, by heat and fusion; to make or become vitreous. —

vit/ri-fi/a-ble, adj. — vit/ri-fi-ca/tion, n. vit/ri-ol (vit/ri-til), m. COF. vitriol, fr. ML. vitriolum, fr.

vitreus vitreous. }

ous metals, as copper

riol), zinc (white pearance of many SULPHURIC ACID. as being caustic. ING Or -OL-LING. acid; pickle. 2. (-6V/ik), adj.

Chem.

(blue

aA sulphate of any of varivitriol),

iron

(green

vit-

vitriol), etc.; — from the glassy apof these salts. b Oil of vitriol. _ See 2. Hence, anything likened to vitriol =v. ¢.; -OLED (-tild) or -OLLED; -OL1. Metal. To dip in dilute sulphuric Collog. = VITRIOLIZE, 2. — vit/ri-ol/ic ;

vit/ri-ol-ize (-iz), v.¢. 1, To convert into, or subject, to the action of, vitriol. 2. To injure (a person) with vitriol, as by throwing it upon the face. — vit/ri-ol-i-za/tion, 7. vit’ta (vit’a), n.; pl. -TAE (-€). [L., ribbon, fillet.J| 1. Class. Antig. A headband or fillet. 2. Bot. One of the oil tubes in the fruits of plants of the carrot family. Zool. & Bot. A stripe of color. | iu :

vit/tate (vit/at), adj.

1. Bot. Bearing or containing vit-

tae. 2. Bot. & Zool. Striped longitudinally. : vit/u-line (vit/ii-lin; -lin), adj. (L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus acalf.J

Of, pert. to, or like, a calf or veal.

|

vi-tu’per-ate (vi-tii/pér-at; vi-), v.¢. & 7. ([L. vituperatus, past part. of vituperare to blame, yituperate.] To abuse in words; censure severely or abusively; berate. — vi-tu/per-a’tive,

a/tor,n.

adj. — vi-tu’per-a/tive-ly,

|

;

vi-tu/per-a’tion (-a/shiin), n.

adv.

— vi-tu’per-

‘

Act or instance of vituperat-

ing; wordy abuse. — Sym. See ABUSE.

||vi/va (vé/va), interg. _ [It]

Literally, (long) live;

exclamation of well-wishing, etc.

—-m.

A shouted

— an

viva.

||vi-va’ce (yé-vi/cha), adj. [It.] Music. Brisk; spirited; Fad CILCCHLON = means ean : ; vi-va/cious (vi-va’shiis; vi-), adj. [L. vivaz, -acis, fr. vivere lived.

to live.] rchaic. Tenacious of life; long2. Lively in temper or conduct; sprightly; spirited.

— Syn. Animated, sportive, gay, merry, jocund; lighthearted. See LIVELY. — vi-va/cious-ly, adv. — vi-va’clous-ness,

n.

¢

"

vi-vac/i-ty (vi-vas’%-ti; vi-), n. Vivaciousness; sprightliness. vi/van/diére’ (vé/van/dyar’), n. ([F., fem. of vivandier a

sutler.]

Hist.

A woman accompanying troops, esp. of the

French army, and selling provisions and liquor. vi-var’i-um (vi-var/i-im), n.; pl. -1uMs (-témz), -IA (-a).

[L., fr, vivariws belonging to living creatures, fr, vivus alive, living.] An enclosure for keeping or raising indoors

plants or animals, esp. terrestrial animals.

vi/va vo/ce (vi’va vo’sé). [L.] By word of mouth; orally. vi-ver’rine (vi-vér’in; -in; vi-), adj. [L. viverra a ferret.] Belonging toa family (Viverridae) of small catlike carnivores, the civet family. — 7. A civet. vi/vers (ve’vérz), n. pl. Scot. Victuals; food. vives (vivz), n. LF., fr. avives, fr. Sp., fr. Ar. al-dhtbah.] epee swelling of the submaxillary glands of a orse. Viv’i-an (viv/?-dn), Viv/i-en (-@n), n. In Arthurian legend, the mistress of Merlin;

— called also Lady of the Lake.

1.

Have the he ae freshness of life; full of vitality; animated; lively; as, a vivid person or imagination. 2. Of colors: brilliant; intense; bright; technically, having a very

To render ineffective, either whollyor in part; invalidate; = fraud vitvates a contract. — vi'ti-a/tion, 2. — vi'ti-a/or, 7. vi'ti-at/ed (-at/éd; -id), adj. Impaired in quality; invalidated. —

>

vocation

1124

vi-tel/lus (vi-tél/%s; vi-), x. [L., the yolk of anegg.J

fr. LL. vivificare. See VIVID, -FY.] life; quicken; animate. 2. To make

[F. vivifier,

To endue with vivid. — viv/i-fi-

[L. ae

alive + parere to bear, bring forth.]

1.

vivus

Producing living

young (instead of eggs) from within. the body, as nearly all mammals; — contrasted with oviparous. 2. Bot. a Germinating while still attached to the parent, plant. b Proliferous. — viv/i-par/i-ty (viv/I-par/?-ti), rous-ness, n. — vi-vip’a-rous-ly, adv.

vi-vip/a-

viv/i-sect (viv/i-sékt; viv/i-sékt’), v. t. & 7. To perform or practice vivisection er), 7.

(on). — viv/i-sec/tor

viv/i-sec/tion (-stk’shiin), n.

(-sék/tér; -sék/‘

[L. vivus alive-++ E. sec-

tion.] The cutting of, or operation on, a living animal, esp. for physiological or pathological investigation; also, an in-

stance of this. — viv/i-sec/tion-al (-dl), adj. — viv/isec’tion-ist (-ist), n. & adj. vix’en (vik/s’n), n. [Dial. form of fixen, fr. AS. fyxen, fem.

of foz.]

1. A she-fox.

2. A shrewish, ill-tempered per-

son; — now only of a woman. — vix’en-ish, vix’en-ly, adj. viz. (usually read “namely”).

Abbrev. of VIDELICET,

viz/ard (viz’érd), n.. [See visor.] vi-zier’ (vi-zér’; viz/yér; -1-ér), n.

Mask; visor. Also vi-zir’ (vi-zér’).

Turk. vezir, fr. Ar. wazir, prop., a bearer of burdens, porter.] A high executive officer of various Mohammedan countries, esp. of the former Turkish empire; a minister or councilor of state. — vi-zier/ate, vi-zir/ate (-at), .—

vi-zier/i-al, vi-zir/i-al (vi-zér/i-al), adj. — vi-zier/ship, vi-zir/ship, 7. viz/or. Var. of VISOR. vo/ca-ble (vo/ka-b’b, n. CF., fr. L. vocabulum an appellation, name, fr. vocare to call.]

A

word;

term; name;

specif., a word as composed of certain sounds or letters regardless of its meaning.

— adj. Utterable.

vo-cab/u-lar’y (vo-kab/i-lér’Y; -lér-¥; 3), n.; pl. -1es (-Y¥z). (ML. vocabularium, vocabularius. See VOCABLE.]

1. A list or collection of words or of words and phrases, usually alphabetically arranged and explained or defined; a dictionary or lexicon. 2, A sum or stock of words used

in a language, by a class, individual, etc., or in a field of knowledge.

vocabulary entry.

An entry of a word or term in a vo-

cabulary; specif., in dictionary usage, any term (word or

entry) listed alphabetically or as part of a related or associated group of terms, for the purpose of definition or identification, and printed in type. that is readily distinguishable from that of the definitions or explanations. Inflectional forms, run-on and run-in entries, and selfexplanatory combinations or phrases are included in vocabulary entries (see Explanatory Notes, §§ 4, 8-10). vo/cal (vo’kal), adj. (LL. vocalis, fr. vox, vocis, voice.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or having, voice or speech; as, vocal

sounds or cavities.

2. Full of voice or voices; as, air

vocal with the song of birds. 3. Uttered by the voice; oral; as, vocal prayer. 4. Expressing, or given to expressing, oneself in speech; hence, expressing oneself insistently; clamorous; as, vocal persons. 5. Music. Made or rendered by, or composed or arranged for, the human voice;

as, vocal music.

6. Phonet.

a Consisting of, or charac-

terized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx; voiced;

sonant; intonated.

b Of or pertaining toa vowel; having

the character of a vowel; vowel.

—m.

A vocal sound. —

vo-cal/i-ty (v0-kal/7-tt), n. — vo/cal-ly, adv.

vocal cords. Anat. Either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane which project into the cavity of the larynx. The upper pair (superior, or false, vocal cords) are thick and are not directly concerned in the production of voice. The passage of breath between the edges of the lower

pair

(inferior,

or true, vocal

cords; — called

also vocal folds) when drawn tense and approximated together produces the voice.

vo-cal’ic (vé-kal/¥k), adj.

Of, pertaining to, of the nature

of, or containing, vowel sounds.

vo/cal-ism

(v6/kdl-iz’m), n.

technique, or art, of singing. sound. b A system of vowels.

2. Act, 1. Vocalization. 3. Phonet. aA vocalic

vo’cal-ist (-ist), mn. A singer. vo/cal-ize (-iz), v. t. 1. To form into voice; to make vocal,

orsonant; voice.

2. Tochange into, or use as, a vowel; as,

to vocalize the letter w.

sion to.

v.11.

3. To give utterance or expres-

1. To vocalize sounds.

To sing;

specif., to practice singing upon vowel sounds. — vo/cal.i-

za/tion, n. — vo/cal-iz/er, n.

vo-ca/tion (v6-ka/shiin), n.

;

[L. vocatio a bidding, a call-

ing, Invitation, fr. vocare to call.]

1. A call; a summons;

specif., a calling to a particular state, business, or profes-

ale, chuotic, cAre, Add, account, rm, ask, sofa; éve, h@re (27), évent, End, silént, makér; ice, “ll, charity; Gld, Obey, Srb, Sdd, sOft, cOnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, firn, tip, circés, menti;

vocational

volley

1125

sion; as, a vocation to the religious life.

2. The work,

profession, etc., for which one has a vocation (sense 1); or is specially fitted; as, to choose medicine as one’s vocation. 3. Hence, regular employment; occupation; profession; as, to change one’s vocation. — vo-ca/tion-al, adj. —

vo-ca’tion.-al-ly, adv.

Syn. Vocation, avocation, hobby. Vocation denotes one’s regular calling or profession; an avocation is something, esp. a minor occupation, which calls one away from one’sordinary pursuits. A hobby

is a favorite avocation; the word often connotes a mildly indulgent attitude toward what is so named and regarded as extreme.

See occu-

PATION. voc/a-tive (vok/a-tiv), adj. [F. or L.; F. vocatif, fr. L. vocativus, fr. vocare to call.] | Of, pertaining to, or used

in, calling; specif., Gram., designating, or pertaining to,

the case denoting that which is addressed.

—mn.

The

void’ed (void’éd; -fd), adj.

of silk, cotton, or wool.

||voir dire (vwar dér). [OF., to say the truth, fr. L. verus true + dicere to say.] Law. An oath administered to a witness requiring him to speak the truth in reference to matters inquired of to ascertain his competency.

voix’ cé/leste’ (vwa’ sa/lést’).

pres. part. of volare to fly.] 1. Flying; capable of flying. 2. Nimble; light and quick. 3. Her. Represented as if

vo/lar (vo/lér), adj.

ferre to bear.]

To cry out loudly; clamor. — vo.-cif/er-

a’/tion, n. — vo-cif’er-a’tor, n.

vo-cif/er-ous (-tis), adj. ous;

Making a loud outcry; clamor-

noisy. —vo-cif/er-ous-ly,

adv. — vo-cif’er-ous-

ness, n.

Syn. Bawling, brawling, turbulent. — Vociferous, clamorous, ob-

streperous, blatant. Vociferous implies loud outcry; clamorous suggests urgent or persistent vociferousness; obstreperous usually iaplics also turbulence or unruliness; blatant, offensive loudness or clamorousness.

vod’ka (vSd’ka), n.. [Russ., lit., little water.]

A Russian

distilled alcoholic liquor commonly made from rye. vo/gie (vo/g!; vog’i), adj. Scot. Proud; vain; also, elated; merry. ‘ i vogue (vog), n. _ LF. vogue a rowing, vogue, fashion, fr. voguer to row, fr. It. vogare to row, sail.] i ith the, the way or fashion of people at any period; accepted mode or style. larity. —

2. Popular repute, acceptation, or favor; popuSyn. See FASHION.

voice (vois), n. [OF. vois, voiz (F. votzx), fr. L. voz, vocis.] 1. Sound uttered by living beings, esp. by human beings in speech or song, crying, shouting, etc. 2. Faculty or power of utterance; speech. Any sound regarded as, or likened to, vocal utterance; as, the voice of the sea. 4. Anything likened to human speech as an instrument or

medium of expression; as, the ballot is the voice of the

people. 5. Expressed wish, choice, or opinion; hence, right to express one’s wish, etc.; vote; as, to have no voice

in the matter. _ 6. Obs. Rumor; also, fame; reputation. 7. Gram, Distinction of formin a verb, or a particular system of verbal inflections, to indicate the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses; also, the relation so indicated; as, the active and passive

voices. 8. Music. a Musical sound produced by the vocal cords and resonated by the various cavities of head and throat; tones delivered in singing. _b The ability to sing; as, to havea voice. c Condition of the vocal organs

with respect to the production of musical tones; as, to be in good voice. Phonet. Vocal sound of the kind heardin

the vowels and in such consonants as l, v, n; sonant or intonated

utterance;

tone;—distinguished

from

mere

breath sound as heard in f, s, sh, etc., and also from

whisper. — with one

voice.

VOICED (voist); vorc/Inc.

Unanimously.

—v.t.;

1. To give voice or expression

to; utter; also, announce; divulge.

_2. Music.

To regu-

late the tone of; as, to voice the pipes of an organ.

3.

Phonet. To utter with voice. See voice, n., 9 voiced (voist), adj.. 1. a Furnished with a voice. b Expressed by the voice. 2. Phonet. Uttered with voice; sonant; vocal. See VOICE, 7., 9. :

voice/ful (vois’f00l; -f’l), adj.

Having,a voice or vocal

A labial stop of

flying, as a bird.

—n. One who is vociferant. — vo-cif/er-ance (-dns), 7. vo-cif/er-ate (at), v.72. &@ #. (CL. vociferatus, past part. of vociferari to vociferate, fr. vox, vocis, voice+ a deriy. of

[F.]

8-foot pitch with a soft tremulous tone. See STop, vo/lant (vo/ldnt), adj. [F. or L.; F., fr. L. volans, -antis,

Vo/la-piik’ (v0/la-piik’), n.

Vociferous; clamorous.

b Having a

voile (voil; /’. vwal), n._ [F., a veil.] A sheer dress material

vocative case, a word in it, or the relation denoted by it. bbr. voc. — voc/a-tive-ly, adv. ||vo’ces (v5/séz), n., pl. of Vox.

vo-cif/er-ant (vé-sif/ér-dnt), adj.

a Made void.

void or opening; specif., Her., having the inner part cut away or left vacant, a narrow border being left at the sides; — said of a charge.

Also Vol’/a-puk (v5l/a-po0k). Literally, world’s speech; a language, intended to be international, invented by Johann Martin Schleyer, of Kon-

stanz, Baden, about 1879. — Vo/la-piik’ist (ist), n.

foot.]

Anat.

vo/lar, adj.

[L. vola palm of the hand, sole of the

Pertaining to the palm or sole.

(L. volare to fly.]

Pertaining to or used in

flight. vol/a-tile (yvdl’a-til; -til; 56), adj.

[OF. volatil, fr. L.

volatilis, fr. volare to fly.]| 1. Now Rare. Flying; yolant. 2. Readily vaporizable; as, volatile oils. 3. Light-

hearted; airy; hence, fickle. volatile oil. A volatile oil; a readily vaporizable oil; —

disting. from fixed oil. volatile salt. = SAL VOLATILE. vol/a-til/i-ty (vdl/a-til7%-ti), n. —

Volatile quality or state.

Syn. See LIGHTNESS.

vol’a-til-ize (v6l/a-til-iz), v. t. & i.

To render or become

volatile; exhale or evaporate. — vol/a-til-i-za/tion, n. — vol’a.til-iz’er, n. ||vol/—au/—vent’ (v6/-l6/vin’), n. [F.] A large case of

light puff paste with a raised border, filled, after baking,

with a ragout of meat, fowl, game, fish, or the like. vol.can/ic (vol-kan/ik), adj. 1. Of, pert. to, like, or characteristic of, a volcano; characterized by or composed of volcanoes. Geol. Formed by solidification of a molten

magma that has poured out as lava over the earth’s surface from a volcano or from any surface eruption. Cf. PLUTONIC.— vol-can/i-cal-ly (-{-kdl-¥), adv. volcanic glass. Natural glass produced by the cooling of

molten lava too rapidly to permit of crystallization. vol’can-ism (v6l/kdn-iz’m), n. Volcanic power or action. vol’can-ist (-ist), m. A volcanologist. : ‘vol’can-ize (-iz), v. t. _ To subject to, or affect by, volcanic heat. — vol/can-i-za/tion, n.

vol-ca’/no (v6l-ka/no), n.; pl. -NOES or -NOS (-n6dz)._ [It. volcano, vulcano, fr. L. Vuleanus Vulcan.]_ A vent in the earth’s crust from which molten or hot rock, steam, etc., issue; also, a hill or mountain composed wholly or in part

of the ejected material. A volcano is called active while it is in eruption, dormant during a long cessation of ac-

tivity, and extinct after eruptions have altogether ceased. vol/can-ol/o-gy (v6l/kdn-0l/6-i1), n. [volcano+ -logy.]

The science treating of volcanic phenomena. — vol/can-o06 ee (-6-16j/1-kal), adj. — vol/can.-ol’o-gist (-61/6jist), 7.

vole (vol), m.

[From dial. volemouse, of Scand. origin.]

Any of a genus (Microtus) and

various allied genera of mouselike or ratlike rodents; esp., the \ field mouse (M. agrestis) and the meadow mouse (Mo.

pennsylvanicus

subspecies),

America.

vole, x.

or one of its

of eastern

([F.]

North

Ban tries

'

American Vole (M.

Card Playing.

Pennsylvanicus). (4)

quality; having a loud voice or many voices; vocal. voice/less, adj. 1. Having no yoice, utterance, or vote; mute. 2. Phonet. Sounded without voice; not voiced;

slam; hence, to go the vole, to hazard all for great gains. vol/er-y (v6l/ér-i), n. ; pl. -ERTES (-iz). [F. voleriea flying,

voice part. One of the parts in a vocal or instrumental composition. : :

vol/i-tant (vol/f-tdnt), adj.

surd.

void (void), adj.

_[OF. voit, voide, dial. form of vuit,

vuide (I. vide), fr. VL. vocitare to empty, fr. vocuus

empty, for L. vacuus.]

1. Containing nothing; empty.

2. Unoccupied; vacant; — of offices, etc.

3. Being with-

out; destitute; wanting; devoid; as, void of common sense. ot producing any effect; useless. 5. Law. a Prop-

erly, of no legal force or effect. (and hence incapable of confirmation or ratification); null. b Improperly, voidable. — Syn. See pevoip.

— xn. That which is void; an empty

or unfilled space; a vacuum; also, a feeling —v.t. 1. To make or leave void, or empty; vacate; leave. 2. To throw or send out; charge. 3. To render void; annul; nullify.

void’a-ble

(void’d-b’l), adj.

of emptiness. clear; also, to evacuate; dis— void/er, n.

Capable of, being voided;

specif., Law, capable of being adjudged void. A voidable contract must be avoided to render it null. — yoid/a-

ble-ness, n.

void’ance (-dins),.

oh

A voiding; vacancy, esp. of a benefice.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdlire (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

fr. voler to fly, fr. L. volare.]

An aviary; also, Rare, the

birds in it. part.]

| [L. volitans, -antis, pres.

Flying; able to fly; also, moving about.

vol/i-ta’tion (-ta’/shuin), n. _ [ML. volitatio, fr. L. volitare, volitatum, to fly to.and fro, v. freq. fr. volare to fly.] Act or power of flying; flight. — -tion-al, adj.

vo-li’tion (vé-lish’tin), n. CF., fr. ML. volitio, fr. L. voloI will, velle to will.] 1. Act of willing or choosing; exercise of the will. 2. Terminationof an act of choosing or willing; a state of decision or choice.

3. The power of willing

or determining; will.— Sym. Choice, determination.

WILL. — vo-li/tion-al, adj. — vo-li’tion-al-ly, adv.

vol/i-tive (v5l/%-tiv), adj. tothe will, mission.

||Volks/lied’ [G.]

2.

Gram.

[See vorrrion.]

See

1. Of or pert.

Used in expressing a wish or per-

(folks/let’), n.; pl. VoLKsLIEDER

A folk song.

vol’ley (vol’t), n.; pl. -LEys (-iz).

ley, fr. voler to fly, fr. L. volare.]

(-lé/dér),

[F. volée a flight, vol-

1. A flight of missiles,

as arrows, bullets, or the like; simultaneous discharge of a number of missile weapons. 2. Hence: A burst or emis-

K=ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

volleyball

1126

sion of many things at once; as, a volley of words or oaths.

vomica

bulk; often, a considerable quantity; as, the total volwme

3. a Tennis. The flight of the ball, or its course before striking the ground; hence, a return of the ball before it touches the ground. hb Cricket. A bowled ball aimed to

vo-lu/me-ter (v6-li/mé-tér),

sociation Football. A kick of the ball before it rebounds. —v.t.&%. 1. To discharge or be discharged, in or as ina

vol/u-met’ric (vil/ti-mét/rik), adj.

hit the wicket without first touching the ground.

c¢ As-

volley; to make a volley or volleys. 2. a Tennis, To hit (the ball) or return it on the volley. b Cricket. To bowl (a ball) full pitch. ¢ Association Football. To kick (the ball) before it rebounds. — vol/ley-er, n.

vol/ley-ball’ GOTO:

n.

A game played by volley-

ing a large inflated ball, with the hands, over a net.

vo/lost (vo/ldst), m.

[Russ. volost’.] |In Russia: a For-

merly, a canton (sense 2). b A rural soviet (see SOVIET). vol’plane’ (vol’/plan’), v. 7. CF. vol plané, fr. vol flight (fr.

voler to fly) + plané, past part. of planer to glide, soar, fr. planaplane.] To glidein an airplane. —n. A glide in

an airplane. — vol’plan/ist (-plan/ist), n.

Vol’sci (v5l’si),n. pl.

‘

_[L.] | A people of ancient Italy

dwelling in Latium. — Vol’scian (-shdn), adj.

Vol/stead-ism (vdl’st&éd-iz’m), n. The doctrine or the enforcement of prohibition; — so called from the Prohibition Enforcement Act, introduced by Representative A. J. Volee and passed by Congress in October, 1919, repealed

Vol/sun.ga Sa’ga

(y6l’sdéng-ga@ si/ga).

[ON. Volsunga

saga.] An Icelandic saga, probably of Norwegian origin, giving a variant form of the Nibelungenlied legend.

volt (volt), n. CF, volte, fr. It. voltaaturn.] 1. Manége. a A tread or gait in which a horse going sideways makes a turn round acenter. b A circle traced by a horse so turning. 2. Fencing. A leaping movement to avoid a thrust. volt, x. [After Alessandro Volta, It. physicist.] Elec. The unit_of electromotive force; — defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by United States statute as that electromotive force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm will produce a current of one ampere. It is practically equiv. to 10® C.G.S. electromagnetic units. Abbr. v or V. ||vol’ta (v6l/td; vol’ta), n.; pl. -TE (-td). [It., a turn, turning, time.

See vottatread.]

Music.

A turning; a time;

— chiefly in directions; as, una volta, once.

Seconda

volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the

close of a repeated strain. vol/ta- (vdl/ta-). [From the name Volta.

See 2d votrt.]

A combining form meaning voltaic, as in vol’ta-e-lec’tric,

vol’ta-e-lec’tric/i-ty.

:

,

volt/age (vol’tij), n. _ lec. Electric potential or potential difference expressed in volts. “ce f vol.ta/ic (vol-ta/Yk), adj. 1. Of or_pertaining to, or discovered by, Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus

for chemically developing electric currents.

2. Of or per-

taining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; galvanic; as, a voltaic couple, a pair of (usually metallic) substances

capable of acting together as an electric source when dipped

in an electrolyte. — voltaic battery. — voltaic cell.

voltaicelectricity. ITy, 2.

Dynamical electricity.

See ELECTRIC-

voltaic pile. Elec. See 2d pitr, 3a. a vol/ta-ism (vol’ta-iz’m), n._ Voltaic or current electricity;

also, electrical science dealing with this. vol-tam/e-ter (vol-tim/é.-tér), n. [voltaic ++-meter.] Phys-

ics. Aninstrument for measuring the quantity of electricity passed through a conductor by the amount of electrolysis

produced. — vol’/ta-met/ric (v6l/ta-mét/rik), adj. volt’/am/me-ter (volt/im/mé-tér), n. [2d volt + ammeter.)

Physics.

A wattmeter.

;

volt/—am/pere, n. [2d volt-+-ampere.] Elec. A unit of electric measurement equal to the product of a volt and an ampere. For direct current it is a measure of power and is the same as a watt; for alternating current it is a measure of apparent power. Vol’ta’s pile (v6l/taz). = 2d prtz, 3 a.

||volte’—face’ (vélt/fas’; volt/fis’), n.

[F.] A change of front; a facing about; a reversal, as of one’s policy. ||vol’/ti (v6l’t®), imperative. [It.] Turn; specif., Music, turn over the leaf.

volt’me’ter (volt’mé’tér), n, [2d volt+-meter.] Elec. Any instrument for measuring in volts the differences of potential between different points of an electrical circuit.

vol’u-ble (vSl’/i-b’l), adj.

LF. or L.; F’., fr. L. volubilis, fr.

volvere, volutum, to roll, turn round.] 1. Easily rolling or turning; apt to roll; rotating. 2. Fluent and smooth in

utterance; glib; garrulous.

3. Bot.

Having the power or

habit of twining. — Syn. See TALKATIVE. — Vol/u-bil/i-ty (-bil/7-ti), vol’/u-ble-ness, n. — vol/u-bly, adv. vol/ume (vdl/tim; 118), n. [OF., fr. L. volwmen a roll of writing, a book, volume, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll.]

Now Rare. A roll;ascroll; also, a scroll-like form or mass. 2. A collection of printed sheets bound together, whether

a single work, a part of a work, or more than one work; a

book; esp., that part of an extended work bound up together in one cover. Abbr. vol. 3. Sufficient matter of discourse to fill a volume or volumes. 4. Space occupied, as measured by cubic units, that is, cubic inches, feet, etc.;

compass; as, the volume of acontainer.

ale, chaotic,

cfre,

Add,

account,t

5. Hence, a mass;

drm,

of sales.

Music.

Fullness or quantity of tone. —

See BULK. — vol/umed (-timd), adj.

Syn.

. a An instrument for meas-

uring volumes, as of gases or liquids directly, or of solids by displacement. A form of hydrometer. (ri-kdl).

[volume+ metric.]

Also vol/u-met/ri-cal

Of or pertaining to the

measurement of volume or volumetric analysis. — vol/u-

met’ri-cal-ly, adv. — vo-lu’me-try (v6-li/mé-tri), n.

volumetric analysis. Chem. a Quantitative analysis by the use of definite volumes of standard solutions of reagents.

b Analysis of gases by volume, as by the eudiometer. vo-lu/mi-nos/i-ty (v6-li/mi-nds/7-tf), n. Quality or state, of being voluminous; also, an instance of this.

vo-lu’mi-nous full of folds.]

(vé-lu/mi-nis), adj. [LL. voluminosus Of or pertaining to volume or volumes.

convolutions.

3. Of great volume, or bulk; large; swell-

2. Winding or full of windings; consisting of many folds or

ing; specif., of low density.

4. Filling, or capable of fill-

ing, a large volume or several volumes; as, a voluminous

treatise; voluminous remarks.

5. Writing or, figuratively,

speaking much or at great length; as, a voluminous essay-

ist. — vo-lu’/mi-nous-ly, adv. — vo-lu’/mi-nous-ness, 7.

vol/un-ta-rism (v6l/tin-ta-riz’m), n. Philos. Any theory which conceives will to be the dominant factorin experi-

ence or in the constitution of the world; — applied to doc-

trines of Fichte, Schopenhauer, _etc. — vol/un-ta-rist Crist), n. & adj. — vol/un.-ta-ris/tic (-ris’tik), adj.

vol/un.tar’y (vol/tin-tér/T; -tér-Y; -tr¥; 3), adj. [L. voluntarius, fr. voluntas will, choice, fr. the root of velle to will, pres. part. volens.] Proceeding from the will, or from

one’s own choice or full consent. _ 2. Unconstrained by interference; self-impelled;

freely given, done, etc.

3. Done

by design or intention; intentional; not accidental; as, voluntary manslaughter. 4. Of or pertaining to the will; subject to, or regulated by, the will; as, the voluntary muscles. 5. Able to will; having power of free choice; as, man

isa voluntary agent.

6.

Provided or supported by volun-

tary action; not established, state-supported, etc.; as, vol-

untary churches. 7. Law. Acting,or done, of one’s own free will without valuable consideration or legal obligation.

yn. Voluntary, intentional, deliberate. Voluntary emphasizes the idea of freedom from constraint, and is often opposed to acci~ dental; intentional heightens the idea of design; that is deliberate which is done advisedly or deliberately. See SPONTANEOUS.

—n..1. A voluntary action or piece of work. 2. Music. A piece of music, often improvised, serving usually. as a prelude; esp., an organ solo, played in a religious service. — vol/un.tar/i-ly, adv. — vol/un.-tar’i-ness, n. vol/un.-tar’/y-ism (-iz’m), n. The principle of supporting

a voluntary (sense 6) religious system, voluntary schools, etc.; also, the system supported by voluntary effort or con-

tributions. — vol/un.-tar’y-ist (-Ist), n.

vol/un-teer’ (vdl/tin-tér’), n. [F. voluntaire, now volontaire, orig. adj., fr, L. voluntarius. See VOLUNTARY,] ; One who enters into, or offers himself for, any service of his own free will, 2. Law. aA voluntary actor, performer, or agent, in any transaction. b The grantee ina conveyance made without valuable consideration. Mil. One who enters into service voluntarily; — opposed to conscript. — adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a volunteer or volunteers; voluntary. 2. Growing spontaneously or from self-sown seed; as, a volunteer crop. —v.t. To

offer or bestow voluntarily.

—v.7. To enter into, or

offer oneself for, any service voluntarily.

Volunteers of America.

;

A religious and philanthropic

organization, similar to the Salvation Army, founded in

1896 by Commander and Mrs. Ballington Booth. vo-lup/tu-ar’y (v6-ltip’tti-ér/l; -@r-¥; 3), n.; pl. -tes (-{z2). L. voluptuarius for voluptarius, fr. voluptas pleasure.]

A voluptuous person; one who makes luxury and the gratification of sensual appetites his chief care; a sensualist. — vo-lup’tu-ar’y, adj.

vo-lup’tu-ous (-iis), adj. [OF. voluptueuz, fr. L. voluptwosus, fr. voluptas pleasure,J. 1. Full of, delight or

pleasure, esp. to the senses; ministering or inclining to, or arising from, sensuous or sensual gratification. 2. Given to, or spent in, enjoyments of luxury, pleasure, or sensual

gratifications. — Syn. See sensuous. — vo-lup’tu-ous-ly,

adv. — vo-lup’/tu-ous-ness, 7. vo-lute’ (vé-lit’), n. L[F., fr. It. voluta, fr. L. voluta, fr.

volvere, volutum, to roll.]

1. A spiral or scroll-like con-

formation; esp., that ornament

forming the chief feature

of the Ionic capital. See Lontc, Illust. 2. Zool. A turn, or whorl, of.a spiral shell. — adj. Spiral; rolled up; also, Mach., having a part of spiral form or operating with a rotary action. — vo-lu’tion (-li’shin), n.

vol/vu-lus (vol/vii-lt%s), n. [NL., fr. L. volvere to turn about, roll.] Med. Any twisting of the intestines causing obstruction.

vo/mer (v6/mér), n. [L., a plowshare.], Anat. & Zool. A bone of the skull of most vertebrates, situated below the ethmoidal region. In man it forms part of the nasal septum.

vom/i-ca

— vo/mer-ine (vo/mér-in; vom/ér-), adj.

(vom/T-ka), n.

[L., anabscess.]

Med. a Acav-

ity in the lungs, as from suppuration or tuberculosis. abscess in any other parenchymatous organ.

ask, 0: sofd; éve, h@re (27),

vent,

End,

silént, makér;

ice,

h An

Il,

charity; ld, obey, Srb, Sdd, sOft, connect; food, foot; out, oi); ctibe, Unite, Grn, Up, circés, menii;

vomit

mouth; spew. To be ejected or emitted; come forth violently. —¥v.¢. 1. To throw up; eject from the stom-

ach through the mouth;— often with up. 2. To belch forth; as, volcanoes vomit lava. — vom/it-er, n. vom/i.tive (vdm’Y-tiv), adj. & n. Emetic.

vom/i-to (vom/i-t6; Sp. vo’mé-td), n.

Also vom/i-to ne’-

gro. [Sp. vémito, fr. L. vomitus.] Med. Black vomit. vom/i-to/ry (vém/i-to/rl; -tér-¥; 3), adj. Emetic; vomi-

tive. —n.; pl. -RIES (-riz). 1. An emetic. 2. An opening, vent, or the like, for discharging or emitting. 3. [LL. vomitorium.] Arch. An entrance piercing the banks of seats of a theater or amphitheater. vom/i-tu-ri’tion (-tU-rish/tin), n. Med. a Ineffectual attempts at vomiting; retching.

hb Vomiting effected with

little effort. ! ||[von (f5n), prep. .[G.] Of, from; — often a prefix in German and Austrian personal names, formerly and still often the sign of nobility of birth. voo/doo

(v60’d60;

v06-d00’), n.

_ [Creole F. voudou, fr.

Ewe (a,Negro language of the Slave Coast) vodu.] 1. Voodooism. One who practices voodooism; a negro sorcerer. 3. Voodoo magic; also, a voodoo charm, fetish,

or the like. —adj. Of or pertaining to voodoos or voodooism. —v.t. To affect by voodoo sorcery. voo/doo-ism (-{z’m), n. [often cap.] A negro religion, orig. African and barbaric, but now found chiefly among

Haitian negroes and consisting largely of sorcery; also, belief in or practice of this religion. — yoo/doo-ist (-ist), n. — voo/doo-is’tic (-is/tik), adj.

vo-ra/cious (vo-ra’/shiis), adj. [L. voraz, -acis, fr. vorare to deyour.] _ a Greedy in eating; ravenous; gluttonous; rapacious.

b Excessively eager; immoderate;

insatiable;

as, a voracious reader.— Sym. See GREEDY. — Vo-ra/cious-ly, adv. — vo-rac/i-ty (v6-ras/7-ti), n. -vorous. [L.-vorus, fr. vorare to devour.] A combining

form signifying eating, feeding on, consuming, as in carnivorous. Corresponding nouns in -vora denote orders and genera, and in -vore denote an individual member,

as in carnivora, carnivore. vor’tex

(ti-sez).

(vér/t&ks), n.; pl. -TEXES

(-ték-séz; -si{z), -TICES

[L. vortex, var. of vertex, -icis. See VERTEX.]

A mass of fluid, esp. of a liquid, having a whirling or,circu-

lar motion tending to form a cavity or vacuum in the center of the circle, and to draw toward this bodies subject

to its action; a whirlpool; eddy. ain : vor’ti-cal (vér’ti-kd@l), adj. Of, pertaining to, or like, a vortex or vortexes. — vor’ti-cal-ly, adv. f Kh vor’ti-cose (-k6s), adj. [L. vorticosus.] Vortical; whirling.

vor-tig/i-nous (vor-tij/i-ntés), adj. Vortical; whirling.

Vor-tum/nus

vo’ta-ress -tris).

(vér-tiim/nis), n.

(v0/ta-rés; -ris), 7.

A woman

[See vERTIGINOUS.]

See VERTUMNUS. Also

yvo’tress

(v0/trés;

votary.

vo/ta-rist (-rist), n._

promise; hence, a devoted adherent, student, worshiper, etc.; as, a votary of science. — vo/ta-ry, adj. vote (vot), n. [L. votum a vow, wish, will.] 1. Obs. aA vow. bA prayer. _¢ An ardent wish or desire. A

wish, choice, or opinion, of a person ora body of persons,

expressed by a ballot, viva voce, or the like; a suffrage; also, the ballot, ticket, the voice or other medium of expressing one’s choice, opinion, etc.; as, to cast a vote; to count the

3. The decision reached by voting; as, the vote

was unanimous. Votes collectively; as, the prohibition vote. ©. The right of suffrage; a voice; as, to have the

vote.

—v.%.

6. A voter.

7

any receipt or the like showing payment of a debt; as, paid

checks are his vouchers. 3. Early English Law. One who vouches another to establish his warranty of title. vouch-safe’ (vouch-saf’), v. t. [vouch + safe, i.e., to vouch or answer for as safe.]_ 1. Obs. To guarantee as safe; guarantee. 2. To condescend to grant; concede;

bestow.

—v.7.

To condescend;

deign; yield. — Syn.

See CONDESCEND. — vouch-safe/ment, n.

vous’soir’ (yoo/swar’), n.

[F.]

Arch. Any of the wedge-

shaped pieces of which an arch or vault is composed. See ARCH, Illust. vow (vou), n. [OF. vou, fr. L. votum, orig. past part. neut. of vovere, votum, to vow.] 1. A solemn promise,

esp. one made to God or to some deity; an act by which

one consecrates or devotes himself to some act, service, or

condition. A promise of fidelity or constancy; as, the marriage vow. 3. A solemn assertion; an_asseyeration. —v.t. 1. To bind oneself by a vow to do, give, etc.; Promise solemnly. 2. To assert solemnly; to asseverate.

— v.t. To make a vow. — vow’er (vou/’ér), 7. vow’el owe). n. LOF. vouel (F. voyelle), fr. L. vocalis (sc. littera), fr. vocalis sounding, fr. vox, vocis, a voice, sound.] A speech sound uttered with voice or whisper and

characterized by the resonance form of the vocal cavities (€, 4, 6); also, a letter representing such a sound. The vowel letters in English are a, e, 7, 0, u. adj. Of or

Pertaining to a vowel; vocal. vow’el-ize (-iz), v.¢. To furnish with vowel signs or Points; as, to vowelize a Hebrew text. — -i-za’tion, n. vowel point. In Hebrew and certain other Eastern lan-

guages, a mark placed above or below a consonant, or at-

tached to it, as in Ethiopic, representing the vowel sound. ||vox (vdks), n.; pl. VOCES (v0/séz). [L.] Voice. ||vox’ an-ge/li-ca (&n-jél/i-ka). [L., angelic voice.] =

VOIX CELESTE.

||vox’ hu-ma/na (ht-ma/n@).

[L., human voice.]

:

‘

To express or signify the mind, will, or preference,

viva voce, by ballot or the like, in order to reach a decision;

Music.

An organ reed stop of 8-foot pitch made to give a sound imitative of the human voice.

See stop, n.

||vox’ po/pu.li, vox’ De’i (pop/i-li, d@/i)..

[L.]

The voice

of the people (is) the voice of God; — often shortened to

vox populi (abbr. vox pop.). voy’age (voi'ij), n. [OF. veage, viage, voiage (F. voyage),

fr. L. viaticum traveling money, fr. viaticus belonging to a_road or journey, fr. via way.] 1. Formerly, a passage either by sea or land; a journey; now: a A journey by sea or

water, from one place, port, or country, to another; also, a round trip by water. b A journey by air, as in an airship. .An account of, or a work dealing with, a voyage or voyaging, 3. Obs. a An undertaking; enterprise. b Act or

practice of traveling; travel. —v. 7. & t.; -AGED (-\jd); -AG-ING (-ij-ing). To take, make, or traverse by, a voyage; travel (through). — voy/ag-er (-Ij-ér), n. \|vo’ya/geur’ (vwa/ya/zhfir’), n.; pl. -crurs (F. -zhir’). CF., fr. voyager to travel.] A traveler; in Canada, specif., a man employed by the fur companies in transporting goods and men to and from the remote stations; also, any boatman and trapper of those regions.

||vrai/sem/blance’ (vré/sin’blins’), n.. [F.]

A votary.

vo/ta-ry (-ri), n.; pl. -R1Es (riz). [L. vovere, votum, to vow.] One devoted, consecrated, or engaged, by a vow or

votes.

vulgar fraction

1127

vom/it (vém/it),n. CL. vomitus, fr. vomere, vomitum, to vomit.] 1. aA vomiting. bh That whichis vomited, 2. An emetic. 3. A sickness characterized by vomiting. —v.7. 1. To eject the contents of the stomach by the

The appear-

ance of truth; exact appearance; verisimilitude.

vug, vugg, vugh (viig; voog), mn. [Corn. vooga a cavern.] Petrog. A small unfilled cavity in a lode or in the rock. — vug’gy (-I), adj. Vul’can (vil’/kdn), n. [L. Vulcanus, Volcanus.] Rom. Relig.

The god of fire, esp. in its fearful aspects.

he was identified with the Greek

Hephaestus

Later

and was

hence represented as consort of Venus and god of metal-

working, Rs Vul.-ca/ni-an (viil-ka’ni-dn), adj.

28 1. Of, pertaining to, or

made by, Vulcan; hence, of or pertaining to ironworking or metalworking. 2. [notcap.] a Volcanic. b Plutonic.

vul’can-ite (vtil’/kan-it), n.

A variety of hard rubber. —

vul’can-ite, adj. vul/can.-i-.za/tion (-{-za/shtin; -1-z4/shtin), n.

Process of

treating crude rubber, rubber latex, gutta-percha, etc., by

1. To enact, bring about,

chemical means to improve its strength, hardness, elasticity,

2. Collog. To declare by general opinion or common con-

vul’can-ize (viil’/kdn-iz), v. t. 7. Tosubject to or undergo

Given by vow, or in fulfillment of a vow or promise, or in

Vul/can-ized Fi’ber (-izd). A trade-mark for a_tough substance made by a treatment of cellulose; hence [some-

to cast or give a vote.

—v.t.

effect, etc., by a formal vote; as, to vote an appropriation.

sent; as, he was voted a bore. — vot/er (vot’ér), n. vo'tive (vo’tiv), adj. _[L. votivus, fr. votwm a vow.] devotion;

as, votive offerings.

tive-ness, n.

— vo’tive-ly, adv. —vo’-

,

vouch (vouch), v.¢. [OF. voucher, vochier, fr. L. vocare to call. The E. word is in part a shortening of avouch.] 1. Archaic. To call; esp., to call to witness. 2. To attest, as a statement or its truth or accuracy; bear witness to; also, to answer or stand sponsor for., 3. Rare.

To back; support.

_ Law.

To support or maintain, as a

claim; Obs. exc. specif., to authenticate, as a claim, by vouchers.

— v.72. 1. To bear witness; give testimony or

full attestation.

2. To make assertion; affirm.

Syn. Vouch, attest are often used with little distinction.

But ordi-

narily to vouch (often for) is esp. to guarantee or stand surety for; to attest is to affirm or certify to.

—n.

Assertion; attestation.

vouch’er, n. 1. One who vouches. 2. A book, paper, etc., which serves to vouch the truth of something; specif.,

etc.

vulcanization. — vul/can.-iz/a-ble (-iz/d-b’l), adj. — vul’can-iz/er (-iz/ér), n.

times not cap.], the substance bearing this trade-mark. vul/can-ol/o-gy_(-51/6-ii), n. Volcanology. — vul/can.o-

log/i-cal

(-6-16j1-kal),

adj. — vul/can-ol/o-gist

(-61/6-

jist), n.

vul/gar

(yiil’gér), adj.

(CL. vulgaris, fr. vulgus, volgus,

the multitude, the common people.] | 1. Of or pertaining to the common people, or general public; general; public;

popular; as, a vulgar superstition. 2. Vernacular; also, written in or translated into the vernacular; as, poems in the vulgar tongue. _ 3.Belonging or relating to the common people as distinguished from the cultivated or educated; plebeian; boorish; also, offensive to good taste or refined feelings; low; coarse; as, vulgar ostentation; vul-

gar manners. — Sym. See comMON. —7. Archaic. vernacular. — vul/gar-ly, adv. — vul/gar-ness, n.

The

vulgar fraction. = COMMON FRACTION.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdure (118); K=ch in G, ieh, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary, ||Foreign Word.

1128

vulgarian

vul.gar’i-an (viil-g4r/f-dn; 6), n. A vulgar person; esp., a rich, pretentious person of vulgar standards. vul/gar-ism

vulgarity.

(viil’gér-iz’m),

n.

1. Grossness;

rudeness;

2. A vulgar phrase or expression, or one used

only in colloquial speech, or, esp., in the speech of the

ill-bred or uneducated.

Syn. Vulgarism, vulgarity. A vulgarism is a phrase or expression in common, but not in good, use; the word does not necessarily connote coarseness; vulgarity denotes coarseness or lack of refinement in manners or speech; as, the use of “aggravating” for “provoking” is a vulgarism; the use of coarse language is a vulgarity.

vul-gar/i-ty (viil-gar/z-ti), n.; pl. -rres (-tiz).

or state of being vulgar; commonness.

1. Quality

2. Grossness or

coarseness of manners or language; also, an instance of this. — Syn. See vULGARISM.

vul/gar-ize (vtil/gér-iz), v.¢..

To make

vulgar. — vul’-

gar-i-za’tion, n. — vul’gar-iz/er, n.

Vulgar Latin.

A popular or colloquial form of Latin used

concurrently with the standard Latin and forming the chief source of the Romance languages. Vul/gate (vil’/gat), nm. [ML. vulgata, editio, fr. L, vulga-

tus usual, common.] 1. A Latin version of the Scriptures, in the main the work of St. Jerome in the 4th century, used as the standard for the services of the Roman Catholic Church. The standard textof the Vulgate is that of Pope Clement VIII of 1592. It is being superseded by a new revision ordered by Pius X in 1908. 2. [not cap.] Any vulgate, or commonly accepted, text or reading. — adj. 1. Leap.] Of or pertaining tothe Vulgate. accepted; as, a vulgate text.

vul/ner-a-ble (viil/nér-a-b’l), wounding,

wound. ] wounds.

injurious,

adj.

fr. vulnerare

2. Commonly

(LL.

vulnerabilis

to wound,

vulnus a

Capable of being wounded; susceptible of

2. Liable to attack or injury; assailable; as, a

vulnerable reputation. _ Contract Bridge. Liable to doubled penalties; — said of a side that has won a game. — vul/ner-a-bil/i-ty (-bYl/7-ti), vul/ner-a-ble-ness, n. —

vul/ner-a-bly, adv.

vul/ner-ar/y (-ér/i; -ér-{; 3), adj.

Used for or useful in

waesucks as, vulnerary

—n. A vulplants. ‘ ([L., dim. of vulpes fox.]

healing

wounds;

Astron.

A smal constellation between Aquila and

nerary remedy. ef Vul-pec/u-la (viil-pék/t-la), n.

Cygnus;

the Little Fox; — called also Vul-pec’u-la cum An/ser-e

(kitm Sn/sér-é), the Little Fox with the Goose. — vul-pec/u-lar (vil-ptk’t-lér), adj. Of or pertaining to a fox, esp. a young one; vulpine. vul/pi-cide (viil’/pi-sid), n. [L., vulpes a fox-+ -cide.]

Eng.

One who kills a fox, except in hunting; also, the act

of so killing a fox. — vul/pi-cid’al -sid7al; -'1), adj.

vul/pine (viil’/pin; -pin), adj. [L. vulpinus, tr. vulpes a fox.] Of, pertaining to, or like a fox or foxes; foxy; cunning; crafty. ‘ ‘ vul/pi-nite (-pi-nit), ». [From Vulpino, Italy.]_ Mineral. A scaly granular grayish-white variety of anhydrite. vul/ture (viil’ttir), n. LOF. voltour, voutour, fr. L. vul-

turius, fr. vultur.J) Any of certain large raptorial birds of temperate and tropical regions, allied to the hawks, 6

42

eagles, and falcons, but having weaker

claws, and the, head usually naked. They subsist chiefly on carrion. They constitute two families (Vulturidae, Old World vultures, and Cathartidae,

American _ vultures). vul/tur-ine (-tiir-In; -in), vul/tur-ous (-iis), adj.

vul/va (vil’va), n.

([L. vulva, volva,

covering, integument,

womb.]

Anat.

The external parts of the female geni-

tal organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the ex-

ternal organs. — vul’/val (-vdl), adj.

— vul’vi-form (-vi-{6rm), adj.

vul/vo- (viil’vé-), vulv-. [From vut- Vulture (Gyps fulous). (%o) va.]. A combining form denoting:

a The vulva, as in vulvitis. b Vulvar and; — in adjectives, as in vul/vo-u/ter-ine, vul/vo-vag/i-nal. vy’ing (vi/Ing), adj. That vies. — vy/ing-ly, adv.

W W

(diib”’1-ti), n.; pl. W’s, w’s, Ws, ws. (-tiz). 1. |wad’dle pee) v4.3 WAD/DLED (-’ld); WAD/DLING (ling). , W The twenty-third letter of the English alphaFreq. of WADE. To walk with short steps, swaying from one side to the other, like a duck; to move bet. In form and origin is a ligatured combination, clumsily and totteringly along, as a baby; to toddle; hence, VV or UU, called “double U,” which was introduced into to proceed with a clumsy motion suggesting a waddle. English by French scribes in the 11th century to replace 2. Slang. London Stock Exchange. Yo become a dethe Anglo-Saxon runic wen (see V, 7., 1; 2d WEN). The faulter. —n. Act of waddling; a toddle; an awkward, sound of w is usually a consonant as in we, a voiced bilabial clumsy, swaying gait. — wad/dler (-lér), n. A sound formed by raising the back of the tongue as for 00 while rounding the lips as for this vowel. In English the wad/dly (w6d/li), adj. Like or suggesting a waddle. rc letter w represents a vowel only in diphthongs, as in few, wad/dy (wod’1), n.; pl. -p1es (-Yz). Australia. An how. Written w is silent in some words, as wrist, answer. aboriginal war club. — v. t.; WAD/pIED (-id); waD/See Pron., § 124. 2. a An instance of the letter W, w, DY-ING. Australia. To attack or beat with a waddy. printed, written, painted, etc. b A type, stamp, etc., for wad/dy, adj. Resembling a wad or tuft; wadlike. the letter W, w. _¢ The sound, or any sound, of the letter W Anything having the shape of the letter W. 4. As wade (wad), v.7. [AS. wadan to go, proceed, wade.] 1 . Obs. To go; pass. 2. To move by stepping a symbol, used to denote or indicate anyone or anything

arbitrarily

or conveniently

so designated,

esp. as the

twenty-second or (see K, 4) twenty-third in order or class. wa’ (w6; wd). Scot. var. of WALL.

wab (wab). Scot. & Dial. Eng. var. of WEB. wah/ble (wob’’l), n. Var. of WARBLE, tumor. larva of a botfly

(Bogeria

emasculator)

Hence, the

which

infests

squirrels. | m wab/ble, v.7. To wobble. — wab/bler (-lér), n. wab/bly (w5b/li), adv. Wobbly; waveringly.

wack’e (wak/é), n.

stone in texture, but

[G,]

Petrog.

Rock similar to sand-

derived from disintegrated basic rocks.

wad (wéd), n. [rom F. ouate, houatte, prop. the cotton or silk obtained from the Syrian swallowwort.] 1. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow; also, loosely, a lump; a small compact heap; as, paper wads. 2. Specif.: A

relatively soft plug or stopper, to retain a charge of powder, to keep the powder and shot close, or to avoid windage, in ‘a muzzle-loading cannon or gun or in a cartridge. 3. A soft mass, esp. of some loose fibrous substance, variously

used, as to stop an aperture, pada garment, etc. 4. Dial. A considerable amount; a mass. 5. Slang, U.S. A roll of paper money; hence, wealth in general; money. — vv. t.;

WAD/DED (-éd; -fd); WAD/pING. 1. To form into a wad, or mass, or. into wadding; as, to wad tow; esp., U.S., to roll into a tight wad, as a piece of paper. To insert or crowd a wad into; as, to wad a gun; to hold in by a wad;

as, towadabulletina gun.

3. To stuff or line with some

rel substance, or wadding, as cotton;

er, 7. wad, 7. [ML. vadiuwm.] in wad, pledged. wad (wid; wad).

to pad. — wad/-

Scots Law. A pledge.

Hence,

Scot. & Dial. var. of WED, WOULD.

wad/ding (wod/ing), n.

1. Wads collectively, or material

for making wads. 2. Any soft padding, esp. prepared sheets of carded cotton.

in or through a medium, as water, mud, sand, that offers more resistance than air. 3. Hence, to move, pass, go, or get forward, with difficulty or labor; as, to wade through a dull book. 4,

Slang. To set to work or attack with determination or vigor; — with in or into; as, to wade into the morning’s mail. — v. t. To pass or cross by wading; as, he waded the swamps. —n. Collog. Act of wading; also, a ford. wad/er (wad’ér), n. 1. One who or that which wades, ny of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search of food, including the

shore birds, as sandpipers and snipe, and the inland water birds, as cranes, herons, etc. 3. pl. a waterproof boots for wading.

wa/di, wa/dy Ar. wadi.]"

4

(wi’di), n.; pl. wapirs (-dyz). : In the Near East and Borne Sees

Africa, a valley; a river; a ravine through which a stream

flows; the channel or bed of a watercourse which is dry

except in the rainy season; also, an oasis. wad’/mal (wod’mdl), nn. Also wad/maal,

wad’mol

wad/moll. [ON. vathmal a woolen stuff, for vathmal, fr. vath stuff + mal measure.] Chiefly Hist. A coarse, often hairy, woolen fabric, used in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia, for stout warm clothing, protective coverings, etc.

wad/na (wad’nd). Scot. contraction of would not. wad/set’ (wod/sét’), n. [From wapsert, v.] Scots Law. A mortgage; also, a pledge or pawn.

of wedset, mortgage; wae (wa). wae’suck

—v.#. [Scot. var. fr. wed a pledge+ set, v.] Scots Law. To pledge. — wad/set’ter (-ér), n. Dial. var. of wor. (wa/stik), wae/sucks (-stiks), interj7. [Dial.

wae woe + a slurred form of sake, sakes.]_

Eng.

Scot. & N. of

An exclamation expressing grief or pity; alas!

c Ble, chaotic, cAre, Add, account, Arm, ask, sofa; éve, hére (27), vent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Sld, Obey, Grb, Gdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, unite, firn, wp, circés, menii;

Wafd Wafd (wift), m. tion.].

[Ar. wafd deputa-

In Egypt, the Nationalist party formed in 1918 by

Saad Zaghlul. — Wafd/ist (wof/dist), n.

wa/fer (wa/fér), n. [ONF. waufre, of Teut. origin.J]

1. A

thin, crisp cake or biscuit. 2. Hence, anything resembling a, wafer (sense 1), as in thinness, size, shape, etc., as _a

sticker for attaching cards to windows in advertising. 3. An adhesive disk of dried paste, made of flour, gelatin, isinglass, or the like, and coloring matter, used as a seal. 4. Hccl. A thin cake or piece of bread (commonly un-

leavened, circular, and stamped with a crucifix or with the

sacred monogram — see XP) used in the Eucharist, as in the Roman Catholic Church. 5. Mach. A thin disk or ring resembling a wafer, often used as a valve, diaphragm,

or, the like.

6. Hist. Ordnance.

waff (waf), m.

[See wAvE to waver.]

primer.

—v.¢.

A kind of old-time

To seal, close, or fasten, with a wafer.

Scot. & N. of Eng.

a A waving motion; a signal, as froma boat.

whiff.

c Aslight attack or affection.

bA pufi;

d A glimpse. eA wraith, —v.t. & 7. Scot. To wave; flutter; wag; flap. waff, waft (waf), adj. [Var. of wair.] Scot. 1. Solitary; woebegone. 2. Worthless. — 7. Scot. A vagrant. waff’ie (waf/l), n. Scot. A vagrant; vagabond. waf/fle (wof”’l), n. [D. wafel.] The plural form wages was formerly often, and is still

sometimes, construed as a singular; as, “The wages of sin is death.” Rom. vi. 23.

wage earner.

waif

1129

Also Wafd party.

A person who works for wages, particularly

in industry. wa’ger (wa’jér), n.

in its various forms.

This economic or technical senseof

the word wages is broader than the current sense, and in-

cludes wages of management or superintendence which are earned by skill in directing the work of others.

ym. Wages, hire, salary, pay, emolument. Wages and hire (the latter somewhat archaic in this sense) denote the price paid for labor, esp. by the day or week; as, a day laborer’s wages. Salary denotes a fixed compensation, commonly paid at longer intervals than wages, for services (often professional) which require training or ability; as, the salary of a minister. Pay may be equivalent esp. to wages (as In pay roll, etc.); more specifically, it is used with reference to soldiers; as, an officer on half pay. Emolument applies to whatever profits arise from office or employment; as, ‘‘the emoluments of a profession” (Gibbon).

wage scale. rks. oyer.

1. A series of rates of wages paid for related

2. The level of wages paid by an individual em-

wage/work’er (waj’wiir/kér), n.

A person who works for

wages. — wage/work’ing, adj. & n. wag’ger-y (wig/ér-i), n.; pl. WAGGERIES

(-Yz).

1. The

manner or action of a wag; mischievous merriment; pleasantry; waggishness. A jest, esp. a practical joke. wag/gish (wag/ish), adj. 1. Like, or characteristic of, a

wag; mischievous. 2. Done, made, or laid, in waggery or for sport; sportive. — wag/gish-ly, adv. — -gish-ness, n. wag’gle (wag’’l), v.7.; WwacG/GLED (-’ld); |WaAG/GLING

(ling).

[Freq. of wag.]

side to side; to wag.

1. To reel, sway, or move, from

2. To wobble.

—v.t.

frequently one way and the other; to wag.

—n.

To move

A wag-

ging or waggling. — wag’gling-ly, adv. — wag’gly (-li), adj. wag’/gon, wag’gon-er, etc. Brit. vars. of WAGON, etc.

Wag’ner-esque’ (vig/nér-ésk’), adj. _Resembling or suggesting in style or treatment the work of Richard Wagner (1815-1883) ,German composer of opera and music drama. Wag-ne/ri-an (vag-nér/¥-dn), adj.

Of, pertaining to, char-

acterized by, or resembling, the theories or style of Richard Wagner.

—m.

An admirer of the musical theories and

style of Wagner. Wag’ner-ism (vdig/nér-iz’m), n.

_1. Richard Wagner’s theory and practice in the composition of opera, or, esp., music drama, his chief aim being to free opera from the conventions of the Italian school, and make dramatic fitness dominate the ensemble of text, music, action, and scene. The influence of the work of Wagner in the world of music. — Wag/ner.-ist (-Ist), n.

wag’on, or British, wag/gon

MD. waghen.]

(wag/tin), n.

[D, wagen,

_ A kind of four-wheeled vehicle, esp.

one used for carrying freight or merchandise; as, farm wagons, @ Circus wagon, a covered wagon or prairie schooner. 2. Brit. A four-wheeled vehicle for transporting goods On a railway; — corresponding to the American

freight car, but usually of small capacity. 3. Obs. A chariot. &. aCollog. A perambulator; baby. carriage. b A police carryall; as, they took us to the station in the wagon. ==v.t. To transport in a wagon or wagons.

wag/on-age, wag’gon-age (-ij), m. _1. Transportation by wagon or wagons; also, money paid for carriage or conveyance ina wagon. 2. A collection of wagons. wag/on-er, Wag/gon-er (-ér), m. 1. One who drives a wagon, esD., aS a business.. 2. Obs. A charioteer. 3. [cap.] Astron. a Auriga. b Charles’s Wain.

wag’on-ette’, wag/gon-ette’” (wag/tin-ét’), n.

[wagon+

eal A kind of wagon, with two facing seats along the

sides back of a transverse seat in front. wag’on—head’/ed, wag/gon—head’ed, adj.

Having a top,

or head, shaped like the top of a covered wagon, or in sec-

ce or outline like an inverted U; as, a wagon-headed ceiling.

||wa/gon/—lit’ (va/g6n/lé’), n._[F., fr. wagon railway coach

(fr. E. wagon) + lit bed.] Railway sleeping car, wagon train. A train of wagons; esp., Mil., a train of provision or service wagons. — : wag/some (wig/siim), adj. Rare. Waggish.

wag/tail’ (wig’tal’), n. Any of numerous mostly Old World birds (subfamily Motacillinae) allied to the pipits: They have a trim slender body and a very long tail which they habitually jerk up and

down.

Wa-ha’bi, Wa-ha’bee, Wah-ha/bi (wi-hi/be), n. es wahhabi.]_ A follower of Mohammed ibn’ Abdu’l-Wahhab The Wahabis, a (1691-1787), Mohammedan reformer. sect of purists that arose in Arabia, are a warlike people

g and under ibn-Saud have by a revival of power since 1910 [ONF. wagetire, fr. wagier, v. See enlarged their state from Nejd to nearly all of Arabia (Saudi WAGE, v.] 1. Obs. A gage, or pledge. 2. That which is — Wa-ha’bi-ism Arabia). (-bé-iz’m), Wa-ha/bism risked on an uncertain event;.a bet. 3. Act of wagering. (-biz’m), 7. — Wa-ha/bite (-bit), adj. 4. That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet. 5. Obs. exc. Hist. [ONF. wagier Ws gagier), inf. as n.J Wa-ha/bit (w4-ha/bit), Wa-ha/bite (-bit), n. A Wahabi.

Act of giving a pledge to do something or to of something; as, wager of battle. == risk; venture; also, to stake; bet. == v.27. to lay a wager. — wa/ger-er, n. wag’es (waj’éz; -iz; 30), n., pl. of WAGE, n.

abide the event v.t. To hazard; To make a bet;

(see WAGE, 7.,

wa-hoo’ (wi-hoo’; wa’hoo), n._ [Dakota wanhu (wahu), lit., arrowwood.] A shrub (Hvonymus atropurpureus) having

purple

capsules

which

in dehiscence

expose

scarlet-ariled seeds; — called also burning bush.

wa-hoo’, n.

[Creek chawhu cork elm.]

the

Any of various

ical, at short stated intervals, as distinguished from salaries

American trees or shrubs; specif.: a Either of two elms (Ulmus racemosa and U. alata). ,b The cascara buck-

labor, as distinct from the remuneration received by capital

wait (waf), n. [ONF. waif, OF. guazf, gatf, adj., lost, unclaimed, chose gaive a waif.J 1. Hing. Law. Stolen

ote).

Pay given for labor, usually manual or mechan-

or fees. 2. Theoretical Econ. The share of the annual product or national dividend which goes as a reward to

@hair; go; sing;

thorn.

G The basswood (Tilia).

then, thin; nattire, verditire (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

[|]Foreign Word,

&

wail

2. Hence,

anything found, or without an owner; a stray article. 3. A stray person or beast, as a homeless child or a lost sheep. Naut. = WAFT, n., — adj. Chiefly Scot. Stray; vagrant; homeless; also,current in speech; as, a waif wor orexpression. — v.t. To throw up or cast away asa wail. wail (wal), v. f. & 7. “TON. véla, vala.] ae ieee ug wail; to grieve over; as, to wail one’s death. — Syn Moan, lament, mourn. — Ant. Rejoice, delight. —n. Act of wailing; also, a mournful, usually prolonged, cry or sound arising from grief or pain. — wail’er, n. wail’ful (-£60]; -f’l), adj. 1. Sorrowful; mournful; wailing. 2. Giving utterance to wailing, mournful sounds; as, the watlful sough of the wind. — wail’ful- ly, adv. Wail/ing Place of the Jews, or Wail’ing Wall. An enclosed area in

Jerusalem, near the Moslem Mosque of Omar,

one wall of which is 59 feet high and supposed to contain

some of the stones of Solomon’s temple.

In front of this

wall Jews gather on Fridays to lament and pray. wail’/some (wal’stim), adj. _ Deplorable; productive of grief and lamentation; also, lamenting; plaintive. wain wae” [AS. wen, wegn, wegen.) 1. A wagon or cart. {cap., with the.] Astron. Charles’s Wain. walnrroie” (op), n. Rare. A cart rope; a trace. wain/scot (wan/skit; -skdét; formerly commonly still often in British usage, wen/skiit), n. [MLG, wagenscot, appar. fr. wagen wagon + schot wooden partition, cross-

bar.] a In British usage, a fine grade of oak imported for woodwork; also, a piece of such wood. Hence, a wooden lining of an interior wall, usually paneled; also, by extension, any lining of an interior wall, irrespective of material; as, a tile wainscot. ¢ The lower three or four feet of an interior wall when finished differently from the remainder of the wall. —v.t.; -SCOT-ED or. -SCOT-TED; -SCOT-ING or -scor-TING. To line with or as with boards or paneling; as, to wainscot a hall. wain/scot-ing, wain/scot-ting, n. The material used to wainscot a house, or the wainscot as a whole. wain/wright’ (wan’rit’), n. [wain a wagon + wright.] A builder of wagons. wair (war). Scot. & N. of Eng. var. of WARE, to spend. waist (wast), n. [ME. wast; orig., growth, akin to AS, weaxan to grow, westm growth.] 1. The small part of the body between the thorax and hips. 2. That part of enytbie which resembles in some way the human waist; the middle part, esp. when less thick than the ends; as, the waist of a violin. A garment, or that part of a garment, which covers the body from the neck or shoulders to, or about to, the waistline. Specif.: a The bodice, or upper part, of a woman’s dress. b An undergarment for children, worn similarly, to which other clothing may be buttoned. 4. Naut. That part of a vessel’s deck between the quarter-deck and forecastle; the middle part of the ship. 5. Zool. The greatly constricted basal part of the abdomen of certain wasps, flies, and other insects. waist/band/ (wast/bind’; -band), n. A band, sash, or the like, which encompasses the waist; specif., one on the upper part of breeches, trousers, skirts, or the like, serving often as an inner belt. waist’cloth’ (-kl3th’; 74), . A cloth or wrapper worn about the waist; esp., a loincloth.

waist/coat’ (was(t)’kot’; wés/kuit; 105), n. aA

man’s

garment of ornamental character, tommcsle worn under the doublet. b A sleeveless garment for men, worn under the coat, now extending a little below the waist; —in U. commonly called vest. cA similar garment or a front resembling a man’s waistcoat, worn by women. — waist’-

coat/ed (-éd; -Id), adj.

waist/coat/ing, n A fabric designed for waistcoats. Wwaist/er (was/tér), n. Now Rare. Naut. A seaman, usually an ineeneriohend or broken-down man, stationed in the waist of a whaler or, formerly, of a vessel of war. waist’/ing (was/ting), n. Material for waists. waist’/line’ (wast/lin’), n. A line surrounding, or thought of as surrounding, the waist where it is most contracted;

also, in dressmaking, the line at which the waist and skirt

of a dress meet. wait (wat), v.7. [ONF. waitier Ce guaitier, gaitier, to watch, attend), of Teut. origin.] To look (mentally); to be in expectation; — usually ate for. To stay or remain in readiness for action. 3. To act as attendant or servant; esp., to attend or wait upon persons at table; to serve. —v. t. To stay for; to remain stationary in expectation of; to await; as, to wait orders. 2. To attend on; escort; esp., to attend with ceremony or respect; as, to wait a funeral. To serve as a waiter or attendant upon; as, to wait table. 4. Obs. To attend as a conseyee to follow upon. 5. Collog. To cause to, wait; to efer; postpone; — said of a meal; as, to wait dinner. — ueit'on or upon. a To attend as a servant; to serve. 'o go and see; to visit on business or for ceremony. C To follow asa consequence. — 7. Obs., A watchman. 2. a Hist. One of a band of public musicians who, in England, were once employed to play for entertainments. b One of a group of street or rustic serenaders who play or sing at night for small gratuities, esp. around the Christmas season; also, music provided by these. 3. An am-

Ale,

chaotic,

charity;

Waldorf salad

1130

goods thrown away by a thief in his flight.

cAre,

Add,

account,

Old, dbey,

Srb,

Sdd, sOft, cdnnect;

rm,

ask,

sofa;

food,

bush; trap; as, to lie in wait for the enemy.

waiting; a delay; also, interval

4. Act of

of waiting, as between

acts of a play. wait/—a—bit’, n. [Trans. of S. Afr. D. wacht-en-beetje,

-bitje, a variely of wattle.] Any of several plants bearing thorns or stiff hooked appendages. A watcher; watchman. Obs. exc. in composition, as in tidewazter. One who waits; as: a One who awaits something. One who pays his respects to another ina formal call. c¢ An attendant; specif.,

wait/er (wat/ér), n.. 1.

a man

who waits at table, as at a restaurant, etc.

vessel or tray on which something is carried; a salver. wait/ing, n. A period during which one waits (in various senses). —adj. That waits (in various senses). — wait/ing-ly, adv. — in waiting. aHng. In attendance; as, lords in waiting. b Brit. ‘Mit & Nav. Next in turn for a service, tour of duty, etc. — waiting maid. — waiting man. — waiting woman. waiting room. A room for the use uepersons waiting, as at a railroad station or other public place. wait/ress (wat/rés; -rY¥s), n. A female waiter or attendant at table; a maidservant who waits on table. waive (wav), v.t. [AF. weyver, fr. ONF. var. of OF. gaiver, guever, to abandon, prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. bs. To remove; reject; leave. 2. To put away, or give up, a Claim to; to forgo. 3. To refrain from taking advantage of; to neglect; disregard. 4. To postpone; as, let’s waive ‘this question until later. 5. Law. To relinquish voluntarily, as a right which one may enforce if he chooses. waive, v.t. &@ 7. Now Rare. To wave. waiv/er (wav’ér), n. [AF. weyver, inf.asn.] Law. Act of waiving, or intentionally relinquishing or abandoning some known right, claim, or privilege; also, the instrument evidencing oe an act. wake (wak), [Of Scand. origin.] The track left by a vessel in the Nedtod by extension, any track; as, the wake of an army; the wake of a meteor.

wake (wak), OBESE WAKED (wakt) or WOKE (w0k); WAKED

or, sometimes, WOK’EN (wok/én); WAK/ING (wak/ing). LAS. wacan to wake, be born (pret. wéc, past part. wacen), combined with the kindred wacian (pret. wacode), var. of wececan to watch, be awake.] 1. To be or to continue awake; not to sleep; ’specif., to keep watch or vigil, as over a,corpse; to hold a wake. 2. Ods, To sit up late for festivities or revel. To be roused from sleep; to awake; — often with up. 4. “To be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state; also, to be alert. 5. To become alive again; to undergo resurrection. —v.t. 1. To rouse from sleep: to awake. 2. To put in motion or action; to arouse; excite. 3. To bring to life again, as if from ‘the sleep of death; to revive; as, to wake sad memories. 4. To watchs guard; *specif., to watch, or sit up with, at night, as a dead body; to hold a wake over. —n. 1. Obs. exc. Poetic. Act of waking or being par oe also, sleeplessness. 2. State of forheatng. slew esp. for solemn or festive purposes; vigil. ng. An annual parish festival formerly heldi - nes of the dedication of a church; also, the ceremonies attending puck a festival. 4. The sitting up of persons with a dead

body, often attended with festivity, chiefly among the Irish. wake/ful (wak/fool; -fl), adj. 1. Not sleeping; sleepless; indisposed to sleep; hence, watchful; vigilant. 2. Now

Rare. That wakes; awakening. — Syn. Sleepless, restless;

wide-awake, alert. — Ant. Sleepy, drowsy, somnolent. — wake/ful-ly, adv. — wake/ful-ness, n. wake’less (-lés; -l¥s), adj. Of sleep, ‘sound; unbroken. wak’en (wak/én), v.7. [AS. weenan, weenian.] To wake: a To become awake; to cease to Sleep; to be awakened. Obs. To continue awake; to keep vigil; to watch. ¢ To become active or animated. —v.t. 1. To excite or rouse from sleep; to wake. 2. To excite; to move to action. 3. Scot. To watch as a protection; to guard. wak’en-er (-ér), n. One who or that which wakens. wak’en-ing, n. Act of one who wakens; an awakening. wak’er (wak/ér), n. One who wakes. wake’rife (wak/rif), adj. [See WAKE, v.; RIFE, adj.] Mvakeful; watchful; alert. — wake’rife- ness, n. Both cot wake/—rob/in, n. ang. Any of various arums, esp. the cuckoopint; also, the European orchid Orchis maculata. bU.S. Any of various trilliums; also, the jack-in-thepulpit. wake/’—up’, n. Local, U.S. The flicker.

Wa-la/chi-an (w5-la/kY-dn), adj. & n. from WaALacatiA, Gaz. Wal.den’/ses (wdl. d&n’s&z), n. pl. [ML. Waldenses,

Valdenses, after Peter Waldo, or Valdo.] JBecl. A sect of dissenters from the system of the Roman Catholic opens founded about 1179 by Petrus Waldus, or Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyon. Waldo and his’ followers sought to revive primitive pureness of living. — Walden/si-an (-si-dn; -shdn), adj. & n.

wald’grave (w6ld’gray), n. [G.waldgraf.J _In the old German empire, the head forest keeper; also, formerly, in the Rhine districts, a noble of a certain rank.

Waldorf

sal/ad

(wol'dérf).

Astoria Hotel,N. Y. City.]

Eve,

foot;

hére

(27),

€vent,

out, oil; cube,

&nd,

Unite,

{From

the old Waldorf-

silént,

makér;

A salad made commonly of

tim,

tip, circés,

ice,

Yl,

menti;

wale

wale, n. [AS. walu a ridge, a mark of stripes or blows.] 1.4 streak made on the skin by a rod or whip; a wheal; by

extension, any ridge, or narrow raised surface. 2. A rib or heavy twill in a fabric; hence, texture, as of cloth; grain. 3. pl. Shipbuilding. Certain strakes of the outside

planking of a vessel; the bends; as, channel wales, or strakes

along the upper deck, etc.

—v.¢.

1. To mark

with

wales, or stripes; to manufacture, as a fabric, with a rib or

aheavy twill. 2. To fasten, secure, or protect with a wale. Wal’er (wal’ér),n. [From Wales, i.e., New South Wales.] Collog. A horse, esp. for cavalry, imported from New

South Wales; also, any Australian tes- The term originated in India, are exported from Australia (esp. Wal-hal/la (wal-hal’a; wol-hal’/a), n.

walk (wok), v.27.

revolye.]

1. Obs.

horse. whither many horses New South Wales). = VALHALLA.

[AS. wealcan, wealcian, to roll, turn,

To be or to keep in motion; hence, of

the tongue, to move incessantly; wag. 2. Obs. To go forth or about; to roam. 3. To go restlessly about contrary to the normal course of nature, as a somnambulist

or a specter. To move along on foot; to advance by steps; specif., of two-legged creatures, to proceed without running, or lifting one foot entirely before the other touches

the ground; of four-legged creatures, to proceed with a gait in which at, least two feet are always on the ground; sometimes, specif., to move or go on foot for exercise or amuse-

ment. To make slow progress, as at a walk. 6. To pursue a course of life; to conduct oneself. 7. To move in a manner likened to walking, as a chimney swaying through the action of winds. 8. Baseball Slang. To go to first

base as the result of a base on balls. —v.¢. 1. To pass through, over, or upon; as, to walk thestreets. 2. Tobring toa (specified) state by walking; as, to walk one’s compan-

ion to exhaustion.

3. To follow on foot for the purpose

of measuring, surveying, etc.; as, to walk a boundary. 4. To cause to walk; as, to walk one’s horses. 5. To take

for a walk; also, to force to keep moving on foot.

6. Col-

log. To move in a manner likened to walking. 7. Baseball Slang. To give a base on balls to. ' 5 walk Spanish. Collog., U.S. To walk on tiptoe involun-

tarily through another’s lifting one by the seat. of the trousers, etc., as in boy’s sports; hence, to walk gingerly;

also, to get discharged. —walk

the plank.

To walk

along a plank laid across the bulwark of a ship, until one

overbalances it and falls into the sea, — a method of dis-

posing of captives practiced by pirates; hence, to vacate a position under compulsion. | f =m. 1. Act of walking, specif. for recreation or exercise;

hence, peregrination; wandering. gait.

2.

Manner of walking;

Specif., a gait of a horse in which there are always at

least two feet on the ground.

wallop

1131

diced apples, celery, and nuts, and dressed with mayonnaise. wale (wal), n. [ME., fr. ON. val choice.] Scot., NV. 0 Fing., & Ir. A choosing; a choice; a field for choice; sie the choicest or best; the pick. —v. é. Scot.,N. of Eng., Ir. To choose; select for oneself.

3. Distance as measured

walk’—up’ (wok/iip’),

. An apartment house without an

elevator. — walk’—up’, adj.

Both Collog., U.S.

||Wal-kii/re, Die (dé val-ki/r2).

[G., the Valkyrie.]

The

second part (1869) of Wagner’s tetralogy of music dramas

Der Ring des Nibelungen. See RING OF THE NIBELUNG. walk’way’ (wok’/wa’),. U.S. A broad path for walking.’ Wal-kyr/ie (w5l-kir’t), n. [AS. welcyrie.] = VALKYRIE.

wali (wél), n. (AS. weall, fr. L. vallwm a wall set with palisades, fr. vallus a stake, pale, palisade.] _A work

or structure of stone, brick, or other materials, intended for defense or security, or for an enclosure; esp.: a A solid

fence, as around a field,apark, etc. b One of the upright enclosing parts of a building or a room. _¢ A levee, sea wall, or the like.

tions.

£

defense; rampart; in_ pl., fortifica-

3. Something that is like, or suggestive of, a wall;

esp., something conceived

of as a separating

barrier; as,

language differences form a wall between peoples. The bounding side or inside surface of a cavity or vessel;

as, the walls of a boiler. — to drive, push, or thrust to

the wall.

To force or push aside or to an extreme posi-

tion; to compel

wall.

to give way; to crush. — to go to the

‘To be hard pressed or driven; hence, to become

bankrupt; fail.

i

— adj. Of or pertaining to a wall; growing on or placed against a wall.

— v.t. 1. To enclose with a wall or as with a wall; to im-

mure; also, to provide with walls, as a room. ‘o defend by walls or as if by walls; to fortify. 3. To separate by, or as by, a wall.

wal/la-by

(wol’a-bi), n.; pl. -Bres, (-bYz), sometimes -By.

See PLURAL, Note, 3.

of kangaroo.]

[Froma

native name, wolaba a kind

Any of various small and medium-sized

kangaroos (esp. of the genus Wal.la/chi-an (w6-la/ki-dn).

wal/lah (wal’a), n.

Macropus). Var. of WALACHIAN.

Also wal/la.

[Hind. -vald, suff. like

L. -arius (cf. -ER).] Anglo-Ind. Agent; a master or owner; a servant or worker; also, Collog., a person. wall creeper. A small bird (Tichodroma muraria, fam-

ily Cershiidae), inhabiting cliffs in the mountains of southern Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, and, in migration,

frequenting walls about towns, walled (wéld), adj. Furnished or enclosed with a wall or

walls; fortified; as, a walled town; also, resembling or suggesting a wall. wallet (wdl’ét; -it), n. CME. walet.J] 1. A bag or sack for carrying about the person; knapsack; pack. Obs. Anything hanging loose like a bag; as, wallets of flesh. 3. A pocketbook, esp. one of some size for papers, paper money unfolded, etc.

wall’eye/ (w6l/1’), n. [See wALLEvED.] a horse, in which the iris is whitish.

1. a Aneye, as of

b An eye in which the

cornea is opaque and white. ¢ Leucoma of the cornea. An eye which turns outward showing an undue amount of white. e Divergent squint. 2. Any of various fishes: a The walleyed pike. b The walleyed ALEWIFE, 2. 4 The walleyed pollack.

surf fish,

¢=

in time required by a walker to cover; as, ten minutes’ walk to thestation. 4. Conduct;behavior. 5. Habitual

wall/eyed’ (-id’), adj.

[ON, vagleygr, fr. vagl a beam, a

walks, or a place designed for walking; specif.: a A haunt. b A path specially arranged or paved for walking. c¢ An avenue for promenading; a promenade. = ROPEWALK. 7. A plantation of coffee, coconut, or other trees, arranged in rows with wide spaces between them. _8. A place or region in which animals may graze or exercise; range; pas-

walleyed pike or perch.

affected with walleye.

3. Having glaring eyes; fierce-eyed.

or proper place, range, or sphere of action; — esp. in the phrase walk of life. 6. That in or through which one

ture land; — now only in the combination sheepwalk. 9. The route regularly served by a vendor; hence, in gen-

eral, a beat; round. 10. Athletics. A trial of speed in walking over a given course; a walking race. 11. Slang. Baseball. A base on balls. : walk/a-way’ (w6k/a-wa’), n. An easily won contest. walk/er (wok/ér), nm. One who walks (in any sense). walk/ing (wdk/ing), adj.. That walks. | Specif.: a Agric. Mach. Drawn by animal power and guided by a man on foot; as, a walking cultivator. b That oscillates to and fro; as, a walking beam. ¢ That moves itself forward in the manner of, or suggesting that of, a walker; as, a walking crane. =—=7. 1. Act of one who walks; also, manner of walking; gait. 2. Condition of the track, sidewalk, or

road for one going on foot; as, the walking is slippery.

walking delegate. A business representative of a union, appointed to visit members and their places of employment, to secure the enforcement of union rules and agreements, and, at times, to represent the union in dealing with employers. :

walking leaf.

a Also walking fern.

Any of a genus

(Camptosorus, esp. C. rhizophyllus) of ferns, b Anyof a family (Phasmatidae, order Orthoptera) of insects with wings and legs resembling leaves. / walking stick. a A staff carried when walking; a cane. b A stick insect (as Aplopus mayer). : walk/out’ (wék/out’), n._ Act of walking out, or leaving;

specif., Collog., U.S.,a labor strike. | walk/o/ver (-0’vér), 7. In racing, the going over a course by a horse which is the only starter; hence, Collog., a one-

sided contest; an easy victory.

beam in the eye+ eygr having eyes (fr. auga eye).] (1. a Having a very light gray or whitish eye. b Affected with leucoma of the cornea. c Affected with divergent squint. 2. Having a blank or staring appearance, as of a person

An American fresh-water food

fish (Stizostedion vitreum) having large and prominent eyes. walleyed pollack. A large sooty-black pollack (Theragra fucensis) of the Pacific coast of North America. walleyed surf fish. A common California fish (Hyper-

prosopon argenteus), of a nearly uniform sooty color. wall fern. The common polypody (Polypodium vulgare).

wall/flow’er (w6l/flou/ér), n. 2. Any of a genus (Cheirinia) of herbs, esp. a perennial herb (C. cheiri) with sweetscented flowers. In Europe it is common on old walls. 2. In Australia, a desert shrub (Gastrolobium grandiflorum). 3. Collog. A woman or man

who remains by the wall as a spectator

at a dance, either by cheice or because not chosen as a partner. wal/lie (wol/f), n. [From vVALeT.] Scot. A valet.

M

aa

pertaining language.

to the Walloons or their (4) — 7. The language of the Walloons; Walloon.

Wal-loon’ (w5-loon’), n. LIF. Wallon.] a One of a people, primarily of Celtic race, inhabiting southern Belgium. b Their language, Belgian French. — Wal.loon’, adj. wal/lop (w5l/t%p), v.2. _[ONF. waloper (F. galoper).]

1. Scot. & Dial. Eng. To move quickly, but with great effort; to gallop. . To move in a rolling, cumbersome manner; to flounder; waddle. 3. Chiefly Scot. To dangle,

flutter, or flap, as rags. —-v.t¢. 1. Dial, & Collog. To beat soundly; thrash. 2. Slang. To strike hard; as, to wallopabaseballfora homerun, —n. 1. Scot. & Dial.

Eng.

A quick, rolling movement; a gallop.

2. Scot.

An

K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary, || Foreign Words

chair;

go; sing; then, thin; nattire, verdtire (118);

\

Wal-lo/ni-an (w5-10/nt-cin), adj. Of or Wallflower (C. cheiri).

wallop

1132

awkward, heavy leap, jump, or plunge.

3. Slang. A

powerful blow; also, the ability, as of a pugilist, to deliver such a blow; as, he packs a wallop in either hand. — adv.

With a heavy thud. WE As wal/lop (wol/t%p), v. 2. “[Prob. imitative, but perh. same as

wallop tomove.] Scot. & Dial. To boil with a continued bubbling noise. One that wallops. :

wal/lop-er (-ér), n.

wal/lop-er, n. Collog. = wHOPPER, something enormous. wal/lop-ing, adj. Dial, Large; whopping. —n. Collog. A beating; thrashing; licking. .

wal/low (w0l/5),v.7. LAS. wealwian.J] 1. To roll oneself about, as in mire; to welter; flounder; as, swine wallow in the mud. 2. To live or continue in animal satisfaction

wane 1. aObs. To feel nausea. b To rumble; — said of the stomach. 2. Tomove unsteadily; as: a To writhe; wriggle;

twist. b To quiver; shake. ¢ To revolve; spin. stagger; totter. e To turn topsy-turvy; to tumble. ramble.

—n.

Now Dial.

bling of thestomach.,

ad To £To

1. A wambling; esp., a rum-

2. A reeling gait. — wam/bling-ly,

adv. — wam/bly (wom/li; wam/-), adj. wame (wim), n. [Dial. var. of woms.] a The womb. b The belly; stomach.

Scot. & Dial.

wame’fou, wame’fu’ (wam/’foo), wame/ful (-{661; -fo0), n.

Scot.

& N. of Eng. A bellyful.

wamp/ish (wamp/ish), v.27. & ¢.

Scot.

To fluctuate; to

wam/pum

n.

[Of Algonquian

swing; wave.

(wom/pim;

wodm/-),

in some condition or mode of life; as, to wallow in luxury, in money. _3. To surge, as waves; to billow, as smoke; to gush forth in eddies, as flame ora spring. — 7. 1. Act of wallowing, in various senses, 2. A place to which an animal comes to wallow; also, the depression made by its wal-

origin; cf. Massachusetts Indian wanpanpiag, fr. wab white ++ wmpe string + -ag, pl. suff. E. wampum and peag are abbrs. of earlier wampumpeag.]_ 1. Beads made of shells, used by the North American Indians as money, as

a place

double the value of the white. From its convenience in the fur trade with the Indians, wampum was largely used by the earlier settlers of the Eastern colonies, as far south as Virginia, and imitation wampum of white porcelain was

lowing; as, a buffalo wallow.

where

(-6-Er), n.

animals

have

3. A depression suggesting

wallowed. — wal/low-er

wall’pa’/per (w6l/pa’/pér), m. Paper for walls of rooms; paper hangings. — wall’pa/per, v. t. & 7.

wall pellitory.

A European herb (Parietaria officinalis)

of diuretic properties, growing on old walls.

wall plate.

aArch.

A continuous plate on a wall to sup-

ceremonial pledges, or as ornaments.

‘There were two

kinds, black, or dark purple, and white, the black having

made for sale to the Indians.

2. Slang.

Money.

wam/’pum.peag’/ (-pég’), n. [See wampum.] Strictly, the white kind of shell beads used as money, etc., by the

A metal

aborigines of North America; hence, by extension, any shell

bearing, machinery, etc. wall rock. _ Geol. & Mining. The rock through which a fault or vein runs. wall rocket. A brassicaceous plant (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) of Europe, with large yellow flowers, adventive in North America. i

wain/pus (wdm/piis), n. Slang. A heavy, stupid, sluggish person; sometimes, a person objectionable for any reason.

port posts, joists, or the like; a plate.

Mach.

plate or bracket secured flat against the wall to support a

wall rue.

A small delicate spleenwort (Aspleniwm ruta-

muraria) found on walls, clifls, etc.

Walls’end/ (w6lz/End’), n. grade, or a size, of coal.

[From

Wallsend, Eng.]

A

Wall Street. A street toward the southern end of New York City, extending from Broadway to the Hast River. It is the chief financial center of the United States, and the name is often used for the money market and the financial interests.

'

3

wal’ly (wal’t), adj. CME. wale, adj. & n., choice.] cellent; fine. b Ample; robust. c Pleasant; jolly. wal/ly-drag’ (wal/i-drag’; wol’t-), n. (-dra/g’l).

Scot.

a Ex-

—n. All Scot.

An ornament or toy; a gewgaw; pl., finery.

Also wal/ly-drai/gle

A feeble, undergrown, or slovenly crea-

money used by them; wampum. wa/mus

(w6/miis; wom/u%s), n.

ts), wam/pus

(-pus).

Also wam/mus

[D. wammes,

wambais.] kind of cardigan; made of strong, rough cloth.

(wom/-

wambuis, fr. OF.

also, an outer jacket

wan (won), adj. [AS. wann, wonn, wan, won, dark, lurid, livid.J 1. Dark; gloomy; dusky; — now chiefly of water.

2. Obs. a Sad; sorrowful. b Faint; dim; as, a wan hope. 3. Having a pale or sickly hue; livid; pallid; as, his face was wan and drawn; hence, sickly; languid; as, a wan

smile. — Sym. See pate. — Ant. Ruddy, flushed; colorful, glowing. — v, 7. & f. ; WANNED (wOnd); WAN/NING. To grow or make wan; to become or make pale or sickly in looks. —n. Rare. Wanness; paleness; pallor. wan (win). Archaic & dial. past tense of win. wan- (won-). [AS. wan-, won-. See wane.]_ A prefix, formerly in use, meaning deficient, wanting, as in Wanrest/ful, Scot., restless; wan-chanc’y, Scot., dangerous. wand (wond), n. [ME. wand, wond, fr.ON.véndr.] 1.

ture; the youngest of a brood. wal/nut (w6l/nit; -niit), n. CAS. wealh-hnutu a Celtic or

Now Dial. A slender switch or stick; a supple twig; also, a young shoot, esp. of willow; an osier. 2. Specif., a slen-

Welshman, Celt+ Anutwanut.] 1. a The fruit or nut of any of a. genus (Juglans) of trees, esp. of one species (J. regia) distinguished in the United States as the Eng-

conjures, or performs feats of legerdemain; a magician’s rod. 3. A staff of authority, as a scepter. 4. Archery.

foreign nut, a walnut, fr. wealh foreign,

strange,

n., a

lish watnut. bA tree of this genus; also, its wood. The walnuts are ornamental shade trees, and the wood of

several species, notably the black walnut (J. nigra), is valuable for furniture, indoor finishings, etc. 2. Local, U.S.

The shagbark;

also, its nut.

3. The color of the

heartwood of the black walnut, reddish red-yellow in hue,

of saturation and brilliance varying from low to medium.

See COLOR.

g

:

Wal-pur’gis Night (val-podr’gis). nacht/ (nixt’). The eve of, May

_Ger. Wal-pur’gisDay, or the feast o

Walburga (Walpurgis), the saint, on which, according to

Germansuperstition, a witches’ Sabbath took place on the Brocken, a peak of the Harz Mountains. walrus (w6l/riis; w0l’-), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. rus, walros, of Scand. = origin.] A very large marine mammal (Qdo-

[D. wal-

In the male the

zen to roll, dance, fr. OHG. walzan to roll.]

wan/der-ing, adj. That wanders (in any sense). —n. roaming at will; traveling. — wan/der-ing-ly, adv.

A

A large black-winged white alba-

a A kind of

— adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the waltz;

as, waltz time; a waltz tune. —v.7. & t. To dance a waltz or in a waltz movement or step; hence, to move

nimbly or quickly as in a waltz; to whirl. — waltz/er, n. wal’y (wal/i; w6l’t), interj. Scot. & N. of Eng. An exclamation, usually of grief.

wal’y (wal/t). Scot. var. of WALLY. wam/ble (w6m’’1; wam/-), v. 7.; WAM’BLED wamlen.]

iidd, account,

Now

(-7ld); wAm’Chiefly Dial.

iirm,

ask,

(vin’dér-loést’/;

w6n/dér-list’),

n.

Strong longing for, or impulse toward, wandering.

round dance performed to music’in triple measure. b Music for this dance or in its characteristic triple measure.

c&re,

ramble, esp. without definite course; stray suggests more positively deviation from a fixed course.

—n. Act of wandering; a rambling; a stroll. wan/der-er (-Er), n. One who wanders.

tion (Zebrina pendula and Tradescantia fluminensis).

(420)

leather, the tusks are fine ivory, and the blubber yields oil.

ale, chaotic,

over without a certain course; to stroll through. Syn. Range, ramble. — Wander, stray. To wander is to roam or

wan/der-lust’ Walrus.

— adj. Of or pertaining to a walrus; specif., designating a type of mustache with long downward-curving ends. waltz (wélts or, esp. Brit., w6ls), n. [G. walzer, fr. wal-

(ME.

To take a roundabout or leisurely course; to meander; stroll. 3. To deviate, as from a path; to stray; specif., to go astray morally; 'to err. . To be or become irrational or delirious; to rave. —-. ¢. To travel

tross (Diomedea exulans) of southern oceans.

upper canine teeth form

greatly elongated protruding tusks. The skin makes valuable

(-ling).

rove; ramble.

Wandering Jew. 1. In medieval legend, a Jew who treated Christ contemptuously on His way to the crucifixion, and was condemned by Him to wander upon the earth until the Second Advent. 2. Spelled wandering Jew. Either of two trailing or creeping plants of cultiva-

distinct family (Odobe-

BLING

In America, a slat 6 feet by 2 inches stood, at 100 yards for men and 60 for women, as a mark. wan/der (won/dér; 73), v. 7. [AS. wandrian.] 1. To move about without a fixed course, aim, or objective; to

wandering albatross.

benus rosmarus) of the Arctic Ocean, allied to the seals but forming a

‘nidae).

der flexible rod used, esp. waved, by one who enchants,

wan/der-00/ (won/dér-00’), n.

[G.]

[Singhalese vandurw, pl. of

vandura, fr. Skr. vanara monkey.] _ a The purple-faced langur (Presbytis cephalopterus) of Ceylon. b A monkey (Macaca albibarbata)

of the Indian peninsula.

wan/dle (wan’d’l; -’l), adj.

Scot.

Supple; agile.

wane (wan), v.27. LAS. wanian, wonian ;akin to AS. wan, won, deficient, wanting.] 1. To be diminished; to decrease; specif., to undergo gradual diminution after being

at the full; — chiefly of the moon, and contrasted with waz.

2. Hence: a To fall from power, prosperity, influence, etc.;

as, when its commerce decreased, the nation waned.

b Of

a season, life, etc., to draw to its end; as, summer is waning.

c. To grow dim or faint. —n. 1. The missing or defective part of an imperfect board or plant. The act,

process, or fact, of waning; also, the period in which something, as the moon, is waning; — chiefly in phrases at, in, on, or upon, the wane; as, the year is on the wane.

sofa; Eve,

hé@re (27), @vent, End,

silént, makér;

ice, Yl;

charity; dld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect; food, foot; cut, oil; ctibe, nite, fin, tip, circiés; menii;

wangle parce ieee

-1), v. 4.

1133

-GLED

(-g’ld; ~ld); -Grinc

Ing; Ing). _Collog. 1. To dee) to extricate oneSit from a crowd, adi culty, etc. To resort to trickery or indirect methods. — ». t. sin shake; wiggle. 2. To adjust or manipulate for personal or fraudulent ends.

warder

or wage war. 2. To contend; to strive violently; to fight, — adj. Of, pertaining to, or resulting from, war. war (war), waur (wor; ee adv. & adj. (ON. verri, adi., verr, adv.] Scot. & N. of Hing. Worse.

war. Dial. var. of WARE, goods; WARE, beware. 3. To make or get by wriggling, manipulating, contriving, war’ble (wér’b’l), v. t. & 7.; -BLED (-b’ Id); -BLING (-bling). ae as, to wangle an invitation to a ball. — wan/gler NE. werbler to sing, play. on a musical instrument, of (-glér), 7. Teut. origin.] To sing in_a trilling manner, or with wan/ion (wén/ytin), n. [From ME. waniand, pres. part. many turns and variations. 2. U.S. To yodel. 3. To of wanien to wane. al Archaic. A plague; a vengeance;— be uttered, sounded, or produced with trills, quavers, etc. in the phrase with a wanion. —n. Act or instance of warbling; a musical trill; a song;

wan/ly (win/li), adv. In a wan manner. wan/ness (won’nés; -nis),. Quality or state of being wan. want (w6nt; wont; 73), v.t. [ME. wanten, fr. ON: vanta

to want, lac 1. To be without; to lack. To fall short (of) i as, it wants three minutes to six. 3 To feel or suffer the heed of; loosely, to require; need. To desire; wish; long for. —v. 7. . Archaic. To be jacking, needed, or nonexistent; to fail to be available; as, there wants only a a to set all aflame. 2. To be in want; to be needy. 3. To long; to have need or a need; to suffer a lack; — with ‘of (Obs.) or for; as, he never wants for friends. — Syn. See DESIRE. —n. [From want, v., and, orig., fr. ON. vant, neut. of vanr lacking, wanting. ] 1. State or sc of not having, or of not having enough; lack; shortage. Specif., lack of necessaries; destitution; indigence. 3. ak for Something; a desire; craving. 4. That which is wanted; a need. — Syn. See POVERTY. want ad. Collog. An advertisement, as in a newspaper, stating one’s want of an employee, employment, etc. want/age (w6n/tij; won/-), n. Amount wanting; shortage. want/er (w6n/tér; won!- ), 2. One who wants or is in need. want/ing, adj. 1. ‘Absent; lacking; as, not wanting in zeal. 2. Falling below a Standard, an expectation, ora need. In quasi-prepositional uses: a Lacking (something); without; as, a book wanting a cover. Less; minus; as, a month wanting two days.

minded.

.

Dial.

Feeble-

wan/ton (won/twn), adj. [ME. wanton, wantoun, contr: fr. wantowen, fr. wan- wanting+ towen, past part.,

AS. togen, lit., drawn.] 1. Orig., undisciplined; ely. 2. Chiefly Poetic. Excessively merry or gay. 3. Unchaste; lewd; also, licentious. 4. Marked by arrogant recklessness of justice, of the feelings of others, or,the like;

as, wanton cruelty; also, having no just provocation; will? fully malicious; as, a wanton insult. 5. Unrestrained; specif.: a Poetic. Luxuriant in growth; rank; — of vegeta-

tion. b Extravagant; unduly lavish; of ‘Speech, imagination, etc. — Syn. Lewd, immoral]; capricious, wayward; spiteful. See GRATUITOUS. — Ant. Chaste, virtuous; steady; considered, thoughtful; necessary. —m. A wanton person or thing; specif.: a Obs. A pampered pet.

frolicsome child or animal. trifling; —in

or lascivious

act wantonly.

tonly

or

ton-ness,

person.

—v.t.

—

“da A lewd

wanton;

to

To pass or waste wan-

— wan/ton-ly,

adv.—

wan/’-

7.

wan’y, wane’y (wan/t), some parts; — chiefly of of the log. wap (wap; wop), v. #. & 7. whop, or strike; to pull Dial. 1. Ablow;awhop.

adj. Waning or diminished in timbers cut too near the outside

[See wHop, v.] Now Dial, To o throw roughly. —n. Now 2. a Ablast; storm. b A fight. (ME. orate Now Dial. To wrap or fold

wap, v.f.

up; to bind.

wap/en-take wepentac,

v.72. To be or grow

Now Rare.

in wantonness.

DA

¢ One given to dalliance or

the phrase to play the wanton.

—7.

Now Dial.

(w6p/én-tak; wap’-), fr. ON.

vapnatak,

A wrapping.

n fie»,a

CAS. w¥penget&c, weapon

taking

or

touching. See WEAPON; TAKE. This name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or spears when the chief entered on his office.] Hist. In some northern counties of England, a division corresponding to the hundred and ward of other English counties. wap/i-ti (wop’I-ti), m.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. _[Of Algonaoe origin; cf. Shawnee wapitt, Cree wapitiu pale, white.]

Phe American stag or elk (Cervus canadensis),

allied to the European red deer, but larger. Wee pense Gvap/én-shd), ». Also wap/in-schaw. cot. See WEAPON; SHOW.] = WAPPENSCHAWING. wap/pen-schaw’ing (-shd/ing), ». Also wap/in.schaw’-

ing. Scot. An exhibition of arms formerly made at certain seasons in each district; a muster or review. wap’per—jawed’ (wop/@r-iod’), adj. Local, U.S. Having crooked or wry jaws; sometimes, having an undershot jaw. war (wor), n. LME. & (late) AS. werre, fr. ONF. werre (OF._& FE. guerre), tr. OHG. werra scandal, quarrel, sedition.] 1. The state or fact of exerting violence or force against another, now only against a state or other politically organized body; esp., a contest by force between two or more nations or states. 2. Hostility; strife; also, a contest or struggle. 3. Poetic. aA battle. b Instruments of war. _c Armed or Bene forces. 4. a The military profession or science. bh [often cap.] In titles, esp., the department having charge of military forces; the army, often as distinct from the navy; as, the Secretary of

War.

—v.%.2 WARRED (w6rd); wAR/RING.

1. To make

a carol; as, a linnet’s warble. war’ble, n. 1. Veter. A small hard tumor produced on a horse by heat or pressure of the saddle. 2. a A swelling caused by the maggot of a botfly or warble fly under the hide (esp. of the back) of cattle, deer, rabbits, etc. b The maggotof the warble fly; a wormil. — war’bled (-b’ Id), adj. warble fly. Any of evel dipterous flies (family Oestridae) whoselarvae live under theskin of cattleandothermammals. war’bler (w6r’blér), n. 1. NE that warbles; songster; — applied chiefly to birds. Any of a family (Sylviidae) of Old World singing birds, including the whitethroat. 3. Any of about a hundred species (collectively called wood warbler) of small bright-colored American songsters constituting a family (Compsothlypidae). war cry; pl. WAR cRIES. A cry used by a body o sen? in war. ward (word), LAS. weardian to keep, protects" ae Archaic. To keep watch over; to guard. 2. To fend off (a Warbler, 3 (Denblow, a weapon, etc.); to repel; avert; as, droica aestiva). (4%) to ward off an attack. To put in or assign to a ward, esp. a hospital ward. —m. [AS. weard, masc., a warder, a trey ] Obs. One who guards; a warden. ward, CAS. weard, fem., a guarding, watch, body of men

(ortiar watch.]

Act of guarding;

guard.

2,

Archaic. A garrison; the watch. 3. State of being under guard or guardianship; esp., confinement under guard; custody. 4. A guarded place: a Obs. A defensive station.

b A jail; prison; now, a division, asa cell, block, or wing, of a prison. ¢A division of a hospital; as, a fever ward. 5. A division; specif.: a Scot. An enclosure for cattle. b A district of a town or city, esp. the latter, for representative, executive, or magisterial, purposes. ¢ Hing. Hist. In certain northern

counties,

a division corresponding

to the

hundred and wapentake. A person who is under protection; esp., one under the care of a guardian. 7. Means of guarding; defense; protection. 8. A guarding or defensive motion or position in fencing, etc.; guard. 9. [OF. warde.], Locksmithing. A projecting ridge of metal in a lock casing or keyhole, or any of several, po only the insertion of keys, with corresponding notches; al SO, a corresponding notch in a bit of a key, 10. Feudal Law. A minor who is subject to wardship. 11. Law. A person who, by reason of minority, lunacy, or other incapacity, is under the protection of a court. -ward (-wérd; formerly -érd, now dial., or, as in eastward, windward, etc., naut.; 136), -wards (-“wérdz). [AS. -weard, -weardes. The s in -wards was orig. a gen. ending. See 2d -s.] Suffixes denoting course or direction to; motion or tendency toward. ‘They are added to adverbs, as in upward, upwards, etc., and to nouns indicating a direction or terminal point, as in homeward, homewards, etc. The forms in -ward ate primarily adjectives often used as adverbs, asin downward. Those in -wards are usually adverbs. f=° Some writers have tried to make distinctions of usage between forward, backward, downward, etc., and the corresponding forms in -wards ; but the choice between them is in genera! influenced simply by euphony, sometimes perhaps by the fact that -wards is adverbial only. war dance. A dance among savages preliminary to war. werdied (wor’déd; -did), adj. Having wards, as a lock or

cey ward/en Rare n. CLONE. wardein (OF. & F. gardien).J Watchman; specit., a gatekeeper. 2. A chief executive officer. Specif.: a Hist. A governor, as of a town, district, or fortress. b The officer in charge of a port or market. c Hng. The head of a college, guild, or conventual church. d In Connecticut, the chief executive of a borough. 3. An official charged with special super-

visory duties; as, a game warden. Specif.:a Eng. One of certain officers of thecrownor royal household; as, Warden of the Mint. b A chief or principal keeper; as, the warden of a prison. 4. a An officer in certain colleges, usually having the duties ae a dean. b A churchwarden; — used chiefly in the Protestant Episcopal Church. — ward/en-

ship,n.

Ward’en, n. [ME. wardon, fr. ONF. warder tokeep.] variety Oe winter pear.

A

ward/en-ry (-ri), n.; pl. -R1ES (-riz). Now Rare. Office or jurisdiction of a warden. ward’er (wor/dér),n [AF. wardere, wardour.] 1.

Watchman; also, 2 stronghold. 2. Brit. A warden; eSP.s a custodian, as in museums. — ward/er- ship, n.

en, thin; nature, verdure (118); K = ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure, Tumbese reflex to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word.

obair; go; sing:

[ME.] Hist. A truncheon or staff

of a king or commander, used in signaling his will. ward’ress (w6rd/rés; -ris), m. A woman warden. ward/robe’ (-rob’), n. [ONF. warderobe (IF. garderobe), of Teut. origin. See WARD, v.; ROBE.] 1. A closet where clothes are kept; a clothes closet; now, often, a kind of

portable closet for clothes.

_2. Wearing apparel, in gen-

eral; (one’s) clothes or clothing; as, to add to one’s wardrobe. 3. Inanoble household, the department entrusted with the care of wearing apparel, jewels, etc.; as, gentle-

man of the wardrobe.

ward/room/ (-rd0m/; 85), n. Nav. a The space in a war vessel allotted for living quarters to the commissioned officers above the rank of ensign, excepting

the captain,

who has quarters to himself. b More specifically, the room assigned to these officers for meals. ¢ These officers

considered collectively. ward/ship (-ship), n. 1. Office of a ward or keeper; care and protection of a ward; guardianship. under a guardian; pupilage.

ware (war), adj. Archaic. Aware;

2. State of being

CME. ware, war. See wary.]_ 1. cognizant; conscious. 2. Archaic.

Wary; cautious; also, prudent; shrewd. —v.¢. [AS. warian.] To take heed of or to; to beware of; — now

chiefly in the imperative; as, ware the dog. ware, n.

[AS. waru.]

1. Articles of merchandise; goods;

commodities; — orig, a collective sing., now usually in the

pl., exc. in composition (as, hardware, tinware, etc.). 2. Pottery; dishes, etc., of baked clay; earthenware. 3. Goods; stuff; products. ware (war; war), v.t. [ON. verja.J] Scot. & Dial. Eng. a To spend; bestow. b To squander; waste. ware’house’ (war’/hous’), n. 1. Astorchouse for wares, or merchandise. 2. Chiefly Eng. A wholesale, or sometimes retail, shop. — (-houz/; -hous’), v. ¢. To deposit or secure in a warehouse; esp., to place in the government or customhouse stores, or bonded warehouse, to be kept until duties are paid. — ware’house’/man (-hous/mdn), n.

warehouse receipt.

A certificate issued by a warehouse-

man, containing a description of goods stored with him. Such a receipt is usually negotiable and must be surrendered to the warehouseman to procure delivery of the goods, ware’room/ (w4r’rd0m/), n. A room in which goods are exhibited for sale; a shop; a store. : wares (w4rz), n. pl. See WARE, merchandise. war’fare’ (w6r’far’), n. [war+ fare a going. See FARE, n.] 1. Military operations between enemies; armed contest; war. Hence, contest; struggle; conflict. war footing. Condition of being at war or ready to go to war; as, to keep the army on a war footing. war game. Kriegspiel.

war head.

Nav.

The forward section of a torpedo, con-

taining the trinitrotoluene or other explosive.

war horse.

1. A horse used in war; a charger. 2. Col-

log. A veteran soldier or public person, esp. a politician; an old campaigner. war’i-ly (war/7-lf; 6), adv. In a wary manner. war’i-ness (-i-nés; -nis), m. Quality or state of being wary. war’i-son (wir/i-stin), 7. CONF., fr. warir to heal.] Pseudoarchaic. A note of assault; a battle cry. wark (wirk), n.& v. (AS. were, n., wercan, y.] Dial. Pain; ache; throb.

wark.

Dial. var. of work.

war’like’ (w6ér/lik’), adj.

1. Fit or disposed for, or fond

of, war; bellicose; as, a warlike disposition. or relating

to war;

military;

martial.

2. Belonging

3. Presaging

or

threatening war; belligerent; hostile.— Sym. See MARTIAL. — Ant. Pacifistic, conciliatory. war’lock (wér/ldk), n. [AS. w#rloga a breaker of his word, fr. wr covenant, troth-+ Joga a liar (in comp.).] A sorcerer or wizard. ; ’ warm (worm), adj. [AS. wearm.J] 1. Having heat ina moderate degree; as, warm milk; a warm climate. 2. Sending out or imparting heat; warming; as, a warm fire or sun. Making one feel heat (to such a degree) or suffer no loss of bodily heat; as, warm clothing; also, glowing, flushed, or perspiring, from heat; as, to be warm from exercise. &. Hence: a Genial; grateful. b Affecting or intended to affect one disagreeably; hot; as, they made

things warm for him., 5. Collog. Well-to-do; rich. a Marked by or revealing passion, anger, or the like; irascible; as, his warm temper. b Sympathetic; cordial; as, a warm welcome. € Characterized by enthusiasm; fervent;

as, warm support. 4 Lively; sprightly; as, a warm imagination. e@ Amorous; passionate. 7. Newly made; fresh;

— said of a scent or trail; hence: a Collog. Near the discovery of something concealed, esp. in play. b Slang. At a point where realization seems possible or likely; as, to

keep a business prospect warm.

8. Having a color or

tone, esp..red, orange, or yellow, of something that imparts heat, as fire or the sun; specif., of a hue near red or yellow;

as, choose a warm color for this room; — opposed to cool.

— Syn. Tepid; heated; mild, clement; cordial, enthusiastic, eager, keen; responsive. — Ant, Cold, chill; chilled; bleak, raw; indifferent, dull. =v, t. & i. 1. To communicate heat to; to become warm;

ale, chaotic, care, Add, charity; Sld, Obey, Orb,

warrant

1134

warder ward/er (w6r/dér), nm.

to keep warm, as over a fire, by exercise, etc.

2. To make or become ardent or interested. ' —n. Collog. Act of warming, or state of being warmed; a warming; a heating. — warm/ly, adv. — warm/ness, n.

warm/—blood’ed (w6rm/bliid’éd; -{d; 2), adj. warm

blood;

1. Having

having a relatively high and constant body

temperature, as birds and mammals.

2. Fervent or ar-

dent in spirit. warm/er (w6r’/mér), n. One who or that which warms. warm/heart’ed (w6rm/hir’téd; -tY¥d; 2), adj. Having or indicating strong affection; cordial; hearty; sympathetic. — warm/heart’ed-ly, adv. — warm/heart’ed-ness, n.

warm/ing pan.

A long-handled covered pan into which

warm/ish, adj.

Somewhat warm.

live coals are put, formerly used for warming beds.

warmth (wormth; 89), n. 1. Quality or state of being warm; gentle heat. _2. Emotional intensity; zeal, ardor, fervor, anger, etc. 3. Paint. A glowing effect such as is

produced by the use of warm colors.

— Sym. Fervency,

heat, glow. — Ant. Coldness; apathy, indifference. warn (wérn), v.¢. LAS. warnian, wearnian, to take heed, warn. ]

To put on guard; to give notice (of approaching

danger or evil); to caution. 2. To admonish; counsel; as, you should warn him. _3. To notify or apprise, esp. in ad-

vance; toinform. 4. To bid to go or leave; as, to warn a tenant out of a house. — warn/er, n. Syn. Warn, caution. Warn is the stronger and more general term, and often implies admonition; to caution is esp. to put one on one’s guard (against something) or to suggest precautions.

warn/ing, n.

1. The act of one that warns; notice in ad-

vance; also, the fact or state of being warned. Something that warns or serves to warn. — adj. That warns.

— warn’ing-ly, adv.

war nose.

The active, live end of a projectile, as a shell or

torpedo, loaded with explosive. War of Independence. = RrevoLuTIONARY WAR. warp

(worp), n.

Weaving.

[AS. wearp

a warp in weaving.]

1.

a The threads lengthwise in the loom, crossed

by the woof.

b Ina pneumatic tire, the cords, collectively,

which form the carcass.

2. [From the verb.]

The state

or fact of being warped, or not true in plane or line; also, an instance of warping; as, a warp in a panel. A mental twist or aberration. 4. Naut. A rope used in warping a vessel. warp, v.t. (CME. warpen, werpen, pret. warp, fr. AS. weorpan, pret, wearp.| 1. To turn or twist out of shape, as by contraction, curving, cooking, etc. 2. Hence: a To give a warp,

or

mental

twist,

to.

b To

pervert;

lead

astray. 3. Aeronautics. To change the form of (a wing) by twisting. Warping is sometimes used to maintain the lateral equilibrium of an airplane. 4. Naut. To move (a vessel, etc.) by hauling on a line, or warp, attached to a buoy, anchor, or other fixed object; as, the tugs warped the steamer intoitsslip. 5. Weaving. To arrange (yarns)

soastoforma warp. — v.12. 1. To be or become twisted out of shape as by contraction or shrinkage. 2. To turn

from a straight course; to swerve. warp a vessel; to move by a warp.

3. Naut. Rare.

To

war paint. Paint put on the face and other parts of the body by savages, as a token of going to war. war’path’ (wér’path’), n.

1. The route taken by a party

of American Indians going on a warlike expedition. 2. Hence, a hostile course of action, frame of mind, or the like. warp beam. A roller on which warp is wound in a loom. warp/er (w6r’pér), m. One who or that which warps. war’plane’ (wor’plan’), n. Any airplane attached to the

military or naval service, esp. one for war.

war’rant (wor’dnt; 74), n.

[ONF. warant (OF. guarant,

garant) a warrant, a defender, partly fr. OHG. werénto guarantor, prop. pres. part. of werén to guarantee, and partly fr. ONE . wartr to preserve, defend.]

1. Authoriza-

tion; sanction of law or of a superior. 2. A guaranty; security. . A document giving authority to do something.

Specif.:

a A writing which authorizes a person to

pay or deliver to another and the other to receive money or

other thing; as, a warrant on a city treasurer. bing. A form of receipt given toa person who has deposited goods in a warehouse, by assignment of which the title to the goods is transferred. c Law. A precept or writ issued by

a competent magistrate authorizing an officer to make an

arrest, a seizure, or a search, or the like.

d Mil. & Nav.

An official certificate of appointment issued usually to an officer of lower rank than a commissioned officer. See WARRANT OFFICER. 4. Justification; foundation; as, there is no warrant for such a belief.

—.t.

1. Now Collog. To declare with little or no fear of

being contradicted or belied; as, I warrant this is the truth. 2. To guarantee against harm, loss, damage, etc. 3. To give (one) authority or power to do or forbear to do

something; to authorize; as, the law warrants this pro-

cedure. 4. To attest; as, the genuineness is warranted by several facts. 5. To justify; as, his need warrants the

expenditure. 6. Law. a To secure to, as a grantee, an estate granted; to assure. b To secure to, as a purchaser of goods, the title to the same; to indemnify against loss.

C Yo secure to, as a purchaser, the quality or quantity of

goods sold, as represented.

G@ccount, Arm, ask, sofa; éve, Sdd, sft, connect; food, foot;

d To assure, as a thing sold,

hé@re (27), évent, énd, silént, makér; ice, ill, out, oil; ciibe, tinite, fim, wp, circés, menti;

warrantable

1135

to the purchaser; that is, to engage that the thing is what it appears, or is represented, to be, which implies a covenant to make good any defect or loss incurred by it. — Syn. See ENSURE. — war’rant-a-ble, adj. — war/rant-a-bly, adv.

war’ran-tee’ (wor/dn-té’), n.

Law.

a warranty 1s made.

The person to whom

war’rant-er_ (w6r/dn-tér), m. One who warrants. warrant officer. a U.S. Army. A subordinate officer oc-

cupying a grade between that of commissioned officer and enlisted man by virtue of a warrant issued by the Secretary of War.

b U.S. Navy.

or warranted, by

A subordinate officer appointed,

the President,

including

boatswain,

gunner, machinist, electrician, radio electrician, carpenter, pay clerk, or pharmacist, war’ran-tor (wor/dn-t6r; wor/dn-tor’; 2), n. Law. One who warrants. war/ran.-ty (wor’dn-tt), n. ; pl. -TIms (-tiz). [ONF. warantie. See WARRANT.] 1. Real Estate Law. A real covenant whereby the grantor of an estate of freehold and his heirs were bound to warrant and defend the title, A cove-

nant of warranty, often called simply a warranty, runs with the land, and is in the nature of a real covenant,

breach of which gives a claim for damages only. Law. A collateral engagement that a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly or by

implication declared or promised to be.

_3. a That which

authorizes, sanctions, supports, or justifies. guarantee;

bh Dial.

A

also, a warrant, or writ.

warranty deed.

A deed containing a covenant of warranty. See WARRANTY, l. war’/ren (wor’én; -in; 74), n. [OF. warenne, garenne,

warende, fr. varenne waste land, enclosure, preserve (of

Celt. origin), but influenced by garer to make safe, secure.]

1. Eng. Law., a A place privileged, by grant from the

king, for keeping certain animals (as hares, conies, partridges, pheasants, etc.) called beasts and fowls of warren.

b An exclusive privilege which one has in lands, by royal grant, of hunting and taking game. 2. A piece of ground for the breeding of rabbits, etc. 3. A tenement or district

as crowded and as full of life as a rabbit warren. war’ren-er (wor’én-ér), n. Hist. The keeper of a warren.

War’ren hoe.

See Hor, Illust.

war’ri-or (wor’i-ér; wor’yér; 74), n. [ONF. werrezeor, fr. werreier to make war, fr. werre war.] A man engaged or experienced in war, or in military life. — adj. Martial.

war risk insurance. _Term insurance written by the U.S.

Government for members of the military and naval forces.

war/saw (wor’sd), n.

[Corrupt. of Sp. guasa.]

A very

large grouper (Garrupa nigrita). war’ship’ (w6r’ship’), n. Also war vessel. A government vessel employed for war purposes, esp. one armed for attack. war’sle, wars’tle (wir’s’l), v.7. & t. To wrestle; struggle; ounder. — war’sle, wars/tle, n.— war’sler,

wars’tler (-slér), n.

All Scot., N. of Eng., & Ir.

wart (wort), n. [AS. wearte.] 1. Med. A small tumor on the skin, usually hard. 2. Bot. A glandular excrescence or hardened protuberance on plants. wart

hog.

aethiopicus

Any

of

of

Sou

a genus

Africa and M. africanus of northeast Africa) of

;

(Macrocephalus,

esp.

M.

f

on the face,

with warts; as, a warty Wart Hog (M. aethiopicus). (40) leaf. 2. Of the nature of, or resembling, a wart; wartlike, war whoop. A war cry, esp. that of American Indians. war’y (war'l; 6), adj.; WAR/I-ER (-1-€r); WAR/I-EST. [ME. ware, war, fr. AS. wer.] 1. Cautious of danger; careful; circumspect. 2. Characterized by caution; guarded. —

Syn. Cautious, watchful. See carrFUL. — Ant. Heedless. was (woz; 4). [AS. wes.]_ A verb form supplying the following forms of the past (imperfect) tense of the verb be: a The first and third persons singular past indicative. b

The second person singular past indicative, with subject you ; — widely used in the 18th century, now regarded as

¢ The first, second, and third

persons singular, rarely plural, past subjunctive; — used in the 17th and 18th centuries. wash (wosh; 73), v. ¢.; WASHED (wOsht) or WASHT; WASH’-

[AS. wascan, wescan.]

1. To cleanse by ablution,

or by dipping, rubbing, or scrubbing, in water.

cleanse or purify in the religious sense.

2. To

3. To cover,

drench, flush, or wet thoroughly, with water or any liquid.

4. To pass (a gas or gaseous mixture) through or over a liquid for the purpose of purifying it, esp. by removing soluble constituents.

5. To flow or flood along the border of;

to lave; as, waves wash the shore.

6. To move or remove

by or as if by the use of water; as, a man washed _overboard; to wash away the dirt.. 7. To cover or daub lightly with an application of a liquid, as whitewash, varnish, or

pigment. Chair;

8. To overlay with a thin coat of metal by de-

go; sing;

then,

2. To perform the

a stream or by the sea; — said of a road, etc. — wash one’s hands of. To disclaim or renounce interest in, responsibility for, or further connection with.

—n.

1. Act of washing; ablution.

2. A collection of ar.

ticles, as of clothing, set apart for washing, in process of be-

ing washed, or a quantity washed at one time; a washing.

3. Waste liquid, refuse food, etc., from a kitchen. 4. That with which anything is washed, or wetted, smeared, tinted, etc.; specif.: a A liquid

cosmetic,

dentifrice, etc.

b Painting. A thin coat of paint, esp. water color. : he flow, dash, rush, swash, or breaking, of a body of water, as a wave; erosion by action of waves, esp. of the sea. 6. Thesound of water, esp. waves, surging, swishing, lapping, etc., against or over a surface.

7. =

BACKWASH.

Aeronautics. The disturbance in the air produced by the passage of an airfoil. 9. A piece of ground washed by

the action of a sea or river; also: a A bog; marsh. b Hng. Anestuary; as, the Wash between Lincolnshireand Norfolk.

c A shallow body of water.. 10. Debris, detritus, or other matter collected and deposited by the action of water; as, the wash of a river, etc. 11. Western U.S. The dry bed

of an intermittent stream, often at the bottom of a canyon.

— adj. Capable of being washed without injury; washable; as, wash fabrics or silk; wash gloves.

wash/a-ble (wish/d-b’l), adj.

That may be washed, esp.

without damage; as, a washable silk. wash/board’ (wosh’bord’; 70), n._ 1. A fluted, or ribbed, board on which clothes are rubbed in washing them.

2.

S. = BASTBOARD.

3. Naut.

A broad thin plank

(wosht/out’; 2), adj..

1. Faded in color.

fixed along a gunwale to keep out the sea, or a plank on the sill of a lower deck port for that purpose. wash/cloth’ (-kldth’; 74), n. A cloth used for washing,

esp. one’s face.

washed’—out’

2. Collog. Depleted in vigor or animation; played out. washed/—up’ (-tip’; 2), adj. .a Collog. = WASHED-OUT, 2. b Slang. Discarded; done with; done for.

wash/er

(wdsh/ér; 73), n.

1. One who washes.

2. A

ting of metal, leather, or other material, or a perforated

plate, used for various purposes, as around a bolt or screw to form a seat for the head or nut, or around a wagon axle

to prevent endwise motion of the hub and relieve friction, in a joint as a packing, etc. 3. A machine for washing anything, as clothes, or coal.

4. An apparatus in which

gases are washed; a scrubber.

wash/er-man

(-mdn), mn.

A man who works at washing

clothes, esp. for hire; a laundryman.

(-w00m/idin), n.

A woman

who works

wash/ing, n. .1. Act of one who or that which washes, esp. for cleansing; ablution. 2. The operation of bathing, drenching, or coating with a liquid, for a particular purpose. 3. The erosion or removal of material by running

LOU,

-I-ER (-tY-€r); -I-EST. 1. Having warts; covered

inc.

body or face and hands with water.

operation of cleansing clothes, ore, etc., in water; as, to wash for gold. 3. To pour, sweep, or flow, in a stream or current, as over a barrier, against a cliff, etc. 4. To bear without injury the operation of being washed; as, some calicoes do not wash ; hence, Collog., to undergo successfully submission to a testing or proving; as, his story will not wash. 5. To be eroded or worn away by water, as by

at washing clothes or who takes in washings. wash goods. Material, as fabrics, which may be easily washed without loss of color or impairment of quality.

and large protruding tusks. ; wart’y (wor’ti), adj.;

grammatically incorrect.

the worthless; as, to wash gravel for gold. —v.7. 1. To perform the act of ablution; often specif., to cleanse the

wash/er-wom/an

wild hogs having two pairs of rough warty ex-

crescences

washy

posit from_a solution; as, steel washed with silver. 9. Mining. To subject, as earth, gravel, or crushed ore, to the action of water to separate the valuable material from

thin;

nature, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

water. 4. The clothes or other articles washed or to be washed, esp. at one time; a wash. 5. A thin covering or coat; as, a washing of silver. 6. Mining. Metal, esp. gold dust, procured by washing; also, a place where this is

done.

7. Stock Exchange.

The execution ofa wash sale.

— adj. Used or designed for washing or to facilitate washing; as, a washing powder.

washing soda.

A form of sodium carbonate.

Wash/ing-ton palm (wosh/ing-tiin).

A fan-leaved palm

(Washingtonia filamentosa) found in California.

Washington pie.

U.S,

Layer cake with a cream filling

or with a fruit-jam filling.

wash/out’ (wosh/out’),

n.

1. The washing out or away of

earth, etc., esp. in the bed ofa road or railroad by a freshet; also, a place where the earth is washed away. 2. Slang. Someone or something that proves an utter failure.

wash/rag’ (-rag’), n. A washcloth. wash/room/ (-ro0m’; 85), n. A room for washing. wash sale. Stock Hxchange. A prearranged fictitious sale of a given security for the purpose of influencing the market. The transaction is prohibited because there ia no intent to make delivery or change ownership. wash/stand/ (wosh’stand’), n. A stand holding the req« uisites for washing, esp. for cleansing one’s face and hands. wash’/wom/an (-w00m/dn), n. A washerwoman. wash’y (wosh’/t), adj.. 1. Now Rare. a Watery or wet so as to wash about; slippery with moisture. b Moisturebearing; — of weather, wind, etc. 2. Lacking substance,

K=ch

in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure.

|] Foreign Work

'

wasp

wasp

(wosp; 73), n.

weeps, waefs.])

[AS.

3. Lacking

wesp,

Any of numerous

winged, mostly carnivorous insects

in form;

having

waist, like a wasp.

irascible;

a

wasp. — wasp’—waist’ed,

(14)

A Wasp.

5

snappish.— wasp/ish-ly,

adv. —

adj. — wasp/—waist/ed-

was’sail (wis’’l; -4]; was’-), n..

CME. wes hzil, lit., be thou well, fr. ON. ves heill; akin to AS. wes hal.] 1. An ancient expression of good wishes on a festive occasion, esp. when drinking a health. 2. The liquor used for a

wassail; esp., a beverage of ale (or wine) flavored with

spices, sugar, toast, roasted apples, etc. 3. A drinking

bout; carouse. 4. Dial. Hng. A drinking song. — v. 7. To hold a wassail; to carouse. _—~v.¢. To drink to the health or thriving of. — was/sail-er, n.

Was/ser-mann re.-ac’tion (viis/ér-min). _ [After A. von Wassermann (1866-1925), Ger. bacteriologist.]

A com-

plement-fixing reaction occurring with the serum of syph-

ilitic patients, and used as a test (Wassermann :

test)

wast (wost).. A verb form supplying the second person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect tense; — now used only in elevated style. wast (wast). Scot. var. of west. Loss by use, decay, etc.; waste.

waste (wast), adj, [ONF. wast (OF. guast, gast), fr. L. vastus, but influenced by a kindred G. word. 1. Wild and uninhabited; desert; hence, bare; empty; also, dreary; gloomy. 2. Lying unused for pasture, tilling, or planting. 3. Thrown away as worthless after being used or spent;

as, a waste product.

4, Serving to conduct or hold refuse

material; as, a waste pipe. 5. Excreted by a human or animal body. 6. Obs. Unneeded; excess; lavish.

+~-¥v.t. 1. To lay waste; devastate.

2. To use up; con-

sume; to wear out. To emaciate; to cause to be consumed or weakened, as by overuse, disease, or the like; to enfeeble. 4. To expend needlessly, carelessly, or without valuable result; to squander. —v,7. 1. To lose bulk, substance, strength, value, or the like, gradually; to be used up or worn away by degrees. To fall away in flesh, health, or vitality; to become gradually feebler; —

often with away.

3. To be consumed without serving its

purpose; to produce no adequate result; as, men of ability wasting in routine positions. 4. To spend or consume money or property lavishly or without proper return; as, waste not, want not.

3

—n. 1, That which is waste; a desert; wilderness; also, an uncultivated tract. 2. The action of wasting, or state of being wasted; useless expenditure; as, waste of time.

3.

Gradual loss or decrease, by use, wear, or decay; specif., loss through breaking down of bodily tissue. 4. Archaic. Ruin, or devastation, as by, war. Superfluous or rejected matter; refuse. Specif.: a Remnants of cops, etc., from the working of cotton, wool, hemp, etc.; used for wip-

ing machinery, absorbing oil, as in axle boxes of railroad

cars, etc. Fluid, as steam, allowed_to escape without being utilized. © = SCRAP, n, 4 Garbage; ashes; rubbish; sewage. 7. Phys. Geog. Material derived by erosion from the land, carried by streams to the sea. waste’bas/ket (wast’bas/két; -kit), n. A basket for odds

and ends, esp. wastepaper. ce c waste’ful (-f00l; -f'l), adj.. 1. Full of, occasioning, or involving, waste. 2. Lavish; squandering. — Syn, Ex-

travagant, improyident.— Ant. Thrifty, economical; parsimonious, stingy. — waste’ful-ly, adv. — -ful-ness, n. waste/ness, n. Now Rare. Desolation; barrenness. waste/pa/per (wast/pa’pér), n. Also waste paper.

Paper rejected as not fit for use. — waste’pa’per

(see

Pron., § 2), adj.

wastepaper basket. = wASTEBASKET. : waste pipe. A pipe for carrying off waste fluid. wast/er (was’tér), n.

One who wastes; esp., a prodigal.

wast’ing (was/ting), adj. 2. Causing wasting;

1. Laying waste; devastating.

enfeebling; as, a wasting disease.

wast’rel (wis’tr2l),n. [From waste, v.] One who wastes; a waster; spendthrift; also, a profligate.

wast’/ry (was/tri), n. Waste; prodigality.

wat (wat; wot).

Also wast/rie, wast’er-y. ‘

Scot,

Scot. & dial. var. of wET; of wor, know,

watch (woch; 73), v.7.

[AS. weecan, wacian.]

1. Tobe

awake; to keep vigil, often as a devotional exercise. 2. a To be attentive; to heed; to be on the lookout. b To take measures or precautions; as, watch that he does not fall.

file, chaotic,

cf&re,

&dd,

charity;

Gbey,

Orb,

Gld,

One of

vals marking the passage of night; as, through the silent watches of the night. 4. Close observation; as, keeping a better watch over the prisoner. 5. Archaic. The office of sentinel or guard; service asa watchman. 6. Obs. Wake-

n.

wast’/age (was’tij), m.

3. Hist.

the definite divisions of the night made by ancient peoples.

a

for syphilis.

State of being awake; watching; also, wake-

2. A keeping awake for purposes of guarding,

Hence, usually pl., one of the indeterminate wakeful inter-

wasp/ish-ness, 7. wasp waist. A waist suggesting by its slenderness that of ness,

4. To

protecting, attending, or the like; vigil.

Wasplike

nature;

1. Obs.

fulness.

a_ slender

in

be_expectant; to wait; as, watching for a signal. —¥v.t. 1. a To attend with alert vigilance; to observe. _b To pay heed to. 2. To tend; guard; to have in keeping. 3. To lie in wait for, esp. in —n.

men attached by a narrow stalk or petiole, well-developed wings, biting mouth parts, and (in the females and workers) a formidable wasp

3. To keep guard.

order to take advantage of, to bide, as one’s time.

@ay

(order Hymenoptera) characterized by having a slender body, the abdo-

sting. — wasp’y, adj. f wasp’ish, adj. 1. Resembling

water

1136

strength, or the like; weak; thin; watery. body or firmness of color or outline.

ful attention; vigilance. 7. One who watches, or those who watch, for purposes of guarding; a guard. 8. Chiefly

Scot. A hill used as a lookout station, 9. The time during which a guard does duty. 10. Nauwé. a An allotted

portion of time, usually four hours, for being on duty, or being on deck ready for duty. That part, usually one

half, of the officers and crew, who together attend to the

working of a vessel during the same watch.

11. Some-

thing which measures the progress of time; specif.: a Obs.

A candle marked out into sections, each of which burned a known length of time. Shak. hb Obs. The cry of a watchman. CA ship’s chronometer. 12. A pocket timepiece with a spring-driven movement.

— adj. Used while or for watching.

watch/case’ (woch’kas’), n.

‘The case, or outside metal

covering, of a watch. watch/dog’ (-ddg’; 74), n. A dog kept to guard property; any watchful guardian against loss, waste, etc. watch/er (woch’ér), n. One who watches. watch’ful (-f001; -f’l), adj. 1, Archaic. Wakeful; causing

wakefulness; spent in watching.

2. Vigilant; attentive.

3. Characterized by vigilance; as, watchful care. — Syn. See VIGILANT. — watch’ful.ly, adv. — watch’ful-ness, n. watch guard. A chain, cord, or the like, by which a watch is attached to the person. watch/less, adj. Not watching; unguarded.

watch/mak’er

(woch’mak/ér), n.

One who makes or re-

watch night.

A devotional exercise lasting until after

pairs watches. — watch’mak’/ing (-Yng), n. watch’/man (-mdn), n. One set to watch; a guard.

midnight, held originally each month by Wesleyan Methodists, later by them and others on New Year’s Eve.

watch’/tow’er (-tou’ér), n.

A tower for a lookout.

watch’word’ (-wiird’), n. 1. A secret word used as a countersign; now, chiefly, a password or sign of recogni-

tion among members of the same society or class. sentiment or motto as embodying a principle or guide to action, esp. one used as a rallying cry or a signal.

wa’ter (w6/tér; wot/ér; 10), n. [AS. weter.] 1. The liquid which descends from the clouds in rain, and which forms rivers, lakes, seas, etc. Pure ordinary water (H,O) consists of hydrogen (11.188 per cent by weight) and oxy-

gen (88.812 per cent). It has a slightly blue color and is very slightly compressible. At its maximum density, 39.2° F. or 4° C., it is the standard for specific gravities, one cubic centimeter weighing one gram. It is also the standard for specific heats. It freezes at 32° F. or 0° C. and boils at 212° F. or 100°C. Ordinary water is a mixture of molecules containing hydrogen of at. wt. 1 with a small proportion of a chemically different kind of water, heavy water, consisting of molecules containing hydro-

gen of at. wt. 2.

Heavy water differs from ordinary water

in physical properties (as, sp. gr, about

40 greater, freez-

ing point about 4° C.), biological effect, etc. 2. This liquid substance occurring not chemically combined;

specif.: a Springs, rivers, lakes, or rain; often, this liquid as impregnated with mineral salts; as, to take the waters at Karlsbad. b Depth of a stream, esp. for navigating purposes; as, a boat draws twelve feet of water. c Leakage into the hull of a vessel; as, the boat is making water fast. d The surface or level of any body of this liquid; as, above

or below the water. e Now pl. A flood or inundation; as, the waters have fallen. 3. aA liquid containing or resembling water, esp. one for pharmaceutical or cosmetic purposes;

as, lavender water.

Pharm.

A solution in

water of a gaseous or readily volatile substance; as, arnmonia water. 4. Any organic liquid, secretion, effusion, humor, or the like, suggestiveof water, esp.: a Urine. b With the or in pl. The amniotic fluid; as, the water broke, thatis, before expulsion of the fetus. ¢ Saliva. 5. The limpidity and luster of a precious stone, esp. a diamond. Hence, a specified degree of excellence or thoroughness;

as, a scoundrel of the purest water.

7. A wavy lustrous

pattern such as is imparted to linen, silk, metals, etc.

8.

A water-color painting. 9. Finance. An addition to the securities issued by a stock company not representing a corresponding increase in assets. — above water. Floating; hence, out of difficulty, as of a financial nature.

—v.t.

1. To moisten, sprinkle, or soak with water; as, to

water the street.

to water horses.

2. To supply with water for drink; as,

3. To supply water to, esp. through the

soil; as, land watered by the Missouri. 4. To wet and calender, as cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appear-

dccount, frm, ask, sofa; Gve, Bdd, s6ft, cBnnect; {Odd, fOG1;

hGre (27), Syent, End,

silént, makér;

out,

Grn.

oil: ciibe.

Gnite,

Gp, cire%s,

ice, Il, meni;

waterage

mouth waters.

2. Togetor take in water; specif., ‘usually

of animals, to drink water; to take fresh water aboard; as, the ship put into port to water. — adj. 1, Of, pertaining to, or for, water or its storage, distribution, or transport. Worked or driven by water; as, a water turbine. 3. Used in or on the water. 4. Prepared with water, esp. by hardening with water or by mixing with water; as, water biscuit; water lime. Placed or performed on, in, or near, water; as, water beacons; water sports. 6. Dwelling in or.on, or having dominion over, water; as, water police, spirits.

7. Growing

or living in water; as, water birds, reeds. wa’ter-age (wO'ter-y“Ij; wot/ér-), n. Eng. Transportation of goods, etc., by water; also- money paid for this service. water back. A water heater set in the back of a stove. Water Bearer. Astron. Aquarius. "

water beetle.

Any of numerous

aquatic

beetles (esp. of Dytiscus and allied genera,

family Dytiscidae). They are dark, and have fringed hind legs that act as oars.

water bird.

Any aquatic bird; a waterfowl. ¢

watery content, not purulentorsanguineous.

wa/ter—borne’, “adj. 1. Floated or floating Water Beetle upon the water. 2. Conveyed by water or (Dytiscus). (34) by boat. wa’ter-brain’ (w6/tér-bran’; wot’ér-), n. Veter. = GID. water brash. Med. Pyrosis. wa/ter-buck’ (-btik’), m.; see PLURAL, Note, 6. (Trans. of D. waterbok.] a Either of two large, coarse-haired, reddish-brown or grayish-brown antélopes Kobus)

of eastern

Africa, which

frequent rivers and swim easily. b Any of various other antelopes. water buffalo. The common Indian buf- @RM8 falo. See BUFFALO, 1. a water bug. a The Croton bug. .b Any of numerous

(esp.

aquatic hemipterous

of Lethocerus,

Benacus,

insects

Zaitha,

and other genera of the family Belostoma-

tidae). Their hind legs are fringed and act like oars.

water caltrop, water chestnut.

long

and

Head of Water-

Any of buck (K. ellipsi-

a genus (7'rapa) of aquatic plants (esp, brymnus). (135) T. natans and f bicornis); also, their edible nutlike fruit.

water chinquapin.

— A lotus (Nelumbo lutea) of North

America; also, its edible nutlike seed. water clock. Aninstrument or machine to measure time by the fall, or flow, of a quantity of water, as a clepsydra. water closet. A closet or room containing a hopper for defecation fitted with some device for flushing the bowl

with water; also, the hopper itself, with accessories. water color, 1. A paint whose liquid is i a water dispersion of the binding material, which may be glue, casein, gums, etc.; — so called, in distinction from oil. 2. The art or method of painting with water colors. A picture or design executed in water colors. — wa/ter—col/or, adj. wa’ter—cool’, v.¢. To cool by means of water, as circulating water, esp. in a water jacket; as, a water-cooled gas-

engine cylinder. — wa’ter—cooled’, adj. — wa/ter—cool’-

ing, adj. — water cooling, or wa’ter—cool/ing,n wa/ter-course’ (wO’tér-kors’; wot/ér-; 70), n. 1. McBledin of water; also, the bed of a stream. '2. A natural channel

for water; also, a canal for the conveyance of water. wa/ter-craft’ (- kraft’: 9), n. 1. Skillin managing boats or in swimming, diving, etc.

2. Any vessel or boat; vessels

and boats, collectively. water crake. a The water ouzel. b The spotted crake. water cress. Often pl. a A perennial cress (Roripa nasturtium-aquaticum) with white flowers, and growing usually in clear running or araing water. The pungent leaves are used for salad. b A salad or a garnish of the leaves of this cress. — wa/ter—cress’, adj. water cure. 1. Med. Hydropathy; hydrotherapeutics. 2. Slang. A form of torture consisting of forcing a person to drink large quantities of water in a short time. water dog. 1. A dog accustomed to the water, trained to retrieve waterfowl. 2. Jocose. A sailor; an old salt. wa/ter-er (w6’tér-Er; wot’ér-), n. One who waters. wa’ter-fall’ (-f6l/), n. 1. A cascade; cataract. 2, Collog. A chignon likened to a waterfall. wa/ter-find/er (-fin/dér), n. One who tries to locate subterranean water with a divining rod; a dowser. water flea. Any of numerous small dark aquatic entomos-

chair; £03 sing;

then, thin; nature, verdUre

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

tracans (genera Cyclops, Daphnia, etc.); — so called because they swim with sudden leaps, or starts. wa’ter-fowl’ (w6/tér-foul’; wot/ér-), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 6. Any bird that frequents the water; esp., a swimming

bird; collectively, swimming ae birds as disting. from upland game birds and shore birds. water front. 1. Land, or land with buildings, or a section

of a town, fronting or abutting on a body of water. water heater set in the front of a stove. water gap. A pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream runs; as, the Delaware Water Gap. water gas. ‘A gas made by forcing steam over incandescent carbon (usually coke), whereby there results a mixture of

hydrogen and carbon monoxide, according to the reaction:

C+ H,0=H,+ CO. Water gas is sometimes used uncarbureted| as a fuel but usually is carbureted with illuminating constituents from oil. It is much more poisonous

than coal gas. — wa/ter—gas’, adj.

water gauge. An instrument to measure or find the depth or quantity of water. water glass, 1. A water clock; a clepsydra. 2. A glass bowl, globe, or other vessel, containing water; also, a drinking glass. 3. Often wa’ter-glass/ (w6’tér-glas’; wot/ér-), n. An instrument consisting of an open box or ‘tube with a glass bottom, used for examining objects in or under the water. 4. A substance consisting usually of sodium silicate, but sometimes of potassium silicate, or of both (“double” water glass), found in commerce as a glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved in water as a viscous sirupy liquid.

water biscuit. A biscuit or cracker made of flour, fat, and water. water blister. Med. A vesicle with a clear,

(genus

watermanship

1137

ance in wavy lines; as, to water silk. 5. To add water to (anything), thus inereasing quantity, while reducing strength; to dilute. 6. [From the practice of (salting and then) watering live stock before selling it by weight.] Finance. To add to the aggregate par value of (stock or other securities) without a corresponding addition to the assets represented by the security, — . 7. To shed, secrete, or fill with, water or liquid matter; as, his eyes water ; also, to secrete saliva in anticipation of food; as, the

(118);

Itis used asa cement, as a protective coat-

ing and fireproofing agent, and in preserving eggs, etc. 5. A water gauge for a steam boiler, etc. water gum. In the United States, the sour gum or tupelo, water hammer. The concussion of moving water against the sides of a containing pipe or vessel, as in a steam pipe.

— wa/ter—ham/mer, v. 7.

water hemlock. A poisonous European herb (Cicuta virosa); also, any of several American species of this genus. water hen. Any of various ralline birds, as a coot or gallinule; esp.: €@= MOOR HEN b. Db The American coot Fulica americana. water ice. .1. A frozen dessert consisting of sweetened diluted fruit juice. 2. Massive ice formed by the downward freezing of water. wa/ter—-inch’, n. A former unit of hydraulic measure, being the discharge from a round hole one inch in diameter. It is commonly estimated at fourteen pints per minute. wa/ter-i-ness (w0/tér-I-nés; wot/ér-; 30), n. Watery state or quality. wa/ter-ing,n. The action of one who or that which waters. — adj. That waters, or waters something. 2. Having medicinal springs, a place for sea bathing, etc., and often equipped as a resort; as, a watering place, a resort for bathing, boating, etc. watering pot. A vessel, esp. a can with a spout having a perforated nozzle, to sprinkle water on plants, clothes, etc. wa’ter-ish, adj. Watery. — wa’ter-ish-ly, adv. water jacket. An outer casing holding water, or through which water circulates, to cool the interior; specif., the enclosed space surrounding the cylinder block of an internal-combustion engine and containing the cooling liquid. — wa/ter—jack’et, v. t. — wa/ter—jack’et-ing, n water jump. A Het stream, or ditch of water, to be jumped over by a horse, as in a steeplechase. wa/ter-less (w0’tér-lés; wotler-; -lis), adj. Destitute of water; dry. 1. The surface of still water; specif., Hywater level. draulics, a water table (sense 2). 2. The level assumed by a particular body of water. The water line of a vessel. 4. An instrument to show the level by means of the surface of water in-a trough, or in a tube. water lily. Any ofa genus (Nymphaea) of aquatic plants; hence, in general, any aquatic plant with showy flowers (esp. of the families Nymphaeaceae and Nelumbonaceae); esp., the white water lily (Nymphaea odorata). water line or ae line’ (w6/térlin’; wot/ér-), Naut. Any one of several lines tharked upon a vessel, corresponding with the surface

of the water when the vessel is afloat on an oe heel: ; :

wa/ter-log’

(- 6g’), v. t.; -LOGGED

WCised); =L0G/GING.

1. To render

unmanageable by flooding or leak-

Water Lily (Ny. odofata)

S\C76)

age of water, as a boat. 2. To deprive of buoyancy by saturation with water, as floating timber. Wa'ter-loo’ (w6’tér- 100’: w6/tér-160/; 2), m. [In allusion to Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, June’ 18; 1815.] A decisive defeat or reverse. water main. A pipe or conduit for conveying water. wa/ter-man (w6/tér-mdn; wot/ér-), n. A man who lives and works mostly in or near water; esp., one who plies for

hire, esp. as a boatman or ferryman, on rivers. h:arbors, etc. wa/ter-man- ship’, n. a The business or skill of a waterman.

b Art of, or evils in, rowing; oarsmanship.

« = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

|| Foreign Word.

water marigold water marigold.

herb (Megalodonta beckit), having finely dissected leaves, and heads of yellow flowers.

wa/ter-mark’ (w6/tér-mark’/; wot/ér-), n. 1. A mark indicating the height to which water has risen. 2. A marking in paper produced by pressure of a projecting design on the dandy roll, in the mold, etc., and visible when the paper

is held up to the light. Also, the design or the metal pattern producing the marking. In philately, watermarks are important in distinguishing varieties of stamps. Abbr. wmk, —v.t. To mark (paper) with a watermark; to impress (a given design) as a watermark.

wa/ter-mel/on (-mél/%in), mn. aThe large oblong or roundish fruit of a vine (Citrullus vulgaris) of the cucumber family. It has a hard green or white rind, and a pink or red pulp with a copious sweet juice.

b The plant or

vine which bears this fruit. “ water meter. An instrument for recording the quantity of water passing through a particular outlet. water milfoil. Any of a. genus (Myriophyllum) aquatic plants, with finely pinnate submersed leaves.

water mill.

of

A mill whose machinery is moved by water.

water moccasin.

aA _ poisonous

snake

(Agkistrodon

piscivorus) of the southern United States, related to the

copperhead. It reaches a length of over four feet, is found in or near the water, and feeds largely on fishes. Any harmless water snake confounded with the true water moccasin.

water nymph.

Class. Myth.

A goddess of any body of

water, as one of the naiads, Nereids, or Oceanids. water oak. a An oak (Quercus nigra) of the southeastern

United States.

b Any of several other American oaks.

water of crystallization. as present

(chemically

Chem. Water which is regarded

combined)

in many.

crystallized

substances, and which is expelled from them by heat, usu-

ally with loss by the substance of its crystalline properties. water of hydration. Chem. Water chemically combined with some substance to form a hydrate. .

wa’ter ou/zel (60/z’l).

Any of a genus (Cinclus) of birds

allied to the thrushes; esp., the European water ouzel (C.

cinclus), and the American water ouzel (C. mexicanus).

They have the peculiar habit of diving into swift mountain streams and walking on the bottom in search of food. water ox. A water buffalo. See BUFFALO, 1. water parting. A divide or watershed. | water pepper. Any of a genus (Persicaria, esp. P. hydropiper) of acrid plants growing in wet places. : water pimpernel. a Any of a species (Samolus, flori-

bundus)

of small, white-flowered herbs growing in wet

places. b The common pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis). water plantain. Any of a genus (Alisma, esp. A. plan-

tago-aquatica of the Old World, and A. subcordatum o

America) of plants with acrid, plantainlike leaves.

water polo. A game played in a swimming pool by teams of swimmers with a ball like an association football,

water power.

The power of water employed to move ma-

chinery, etc.; also, a fall of water which may be used to drive machinery; loosely,a water privilege for a mill.

water pox. Med. A variety of chicken pox, or varicella. wa/ter-proof’ (w6/tér-proof’; wot’ér-; 2), adj. Impervious

to water; coated with a material, as a solution of rubber, to prevent permeation by water. — (-proof’), n. Something made waterproof; specif., a cloak or other outer garment

made of waterproof material. waterproof.

— (-proof’), v.¢. To make ; ‘ of the

water purslane. A plant (Isnardia palustris) evening-primrose family (Onagraceae). water rat.

1. a Any of a genus (Arvicola, esp. the large

British species A. amphibius) of voles. | he muskrat. 2. Cant & Slang. A vagabond or thief who loafs or thieves on the water or about water fronts.

water sapphire.

[Equiv. to F. saphir d’eau.]

A deep-

blue variety of iolite, sometimes used as a gem. wa/ter-scape (w0/tér-skap; wot/ér-), 7. [After LANnp-

scare.] A water or sea view; a seascape. water scorpion. Any of numerous aquatic hemipterous insects (of Nepa, Ranatra, and allied genera). he end

of their abdomen bears a long, taillike breathing tube. wa/ter-shed/ (w6/tér-shéd’; wot/ér-), n._ [See WATER; SHED to part.] 1. Aridge dividing one drainage area from another; a divide. 2. The whole region or area contributing to the supply of a river or lake; drainage area.

water shield.

.a An American aquatic plant (Brasenia schreberi) having floating oval leaves, with a jellylike coating, and small dull-purple flowers. hb Any plant of a related genus (Cabomba).

wa/ter-sick’, adj.

a‘

Of land, uncultivable and unproduc-

tive, because of overirrigation. wa/ter-side’ (w6/tér-sid/; wot’ér-), n.

wattle

1138

A North American aquatic asteraceous

The land bordering

a body of water. — adj. a Of, pertaining to, or located on, the waterside; as, waterside trees. b Employed along

the waterside, as stevedores, watermen, etc.

water snake. Any of certain genera (esp. Natrix and related genera) of snakes which live more or less in fresh

water and feed largely on aquatic animals. wa/ter—soak’ (-sok’), v. t. To soak in water.

wa/ter-sol/u-ble,

adj.

Soluble

in

water; — specif.;

Biochem., used with a letter (with or without the word vitamin) in designating certain vitamins; soluble vitamin B, or water-soluble B.

water speedwell.

as,

water-

A very common speedwell (Veronica

anagallis-aquatica) found in wet places. wa/ter-spout’ (w6/tér-spout’/; wot/ér-), m. duct, or orifice, from which waterisspouted.

1. A pipe, 2. A funnel-

shaped or tubular column of rotating, cloud-filled wind extending from an ordinary cumulus or cumulo-nimbus

cloud down to a cloud of spray torn up by whirling winds from an ocean or lake. f ; water sprite. A sprite supposed to inhabit or haunt the

water; a water nymph. : water starwort. Any of a genus (Callitriche) of small

aquatic weeds, 5 water strider. Any of a family (Gerridae) of long-legged bugs which move about on the surface of fresh waters. water supply. Supplyof water, or process of supplying

water, as for communities by means of reservoirs, tunnels, and pipe lines. — wa/ter-sup-ply’ (see Pron., § 2), adj. water system. a Ariver withits tributaries. b = WATER SUPPLY. water table. 1. Arch. A stringcourse or similar member

when projecting so as to throw off the water.

per limit of the ground saturated with water.

2. The up-

water thrush. a Any of several North American warblers (genus Seturus), as the ovenbird (S. aurocapilius) and

allied forms, usually found in the vicinity of streams. The European water ouzel. water-tight’ (w6/tér-tit’; wot/’ér-; 2), adj. a So tight as to be impermeable by water. b Figuratively, sealed tight against the permeation of anything; of a legal document,

so phrased as to leave no possibility of misconstruction or of a defeat of its purpose. water tower. 1. A tower or standpipe serving as a reservoir to deliver water at a required head,as to a fountain. fire apparatus having a vertical pipe which can be extended to various heights, and supplied with water under high pressure. water vapor.

The vapor of water; — so called esp. when

below boiling temperature and in diffused form (as in the atmosphere), as distinguished from steam.

water wave. 1. Lit., a wave of water. 2. A kind of wave made when the hair is damp, and now usually formed with combs and set with heat. wa/ter—wave’, v.t. To make a water wave in (hair). wa/ter-way’ (w0/tér-wa’; wot’ér-), mn. A way or channel for water; also, a navigable body of water.

wa/ter-weed’ (-wéd’), m.

Any aquatic plant with incon-

spicuous flowers, as the pondweed, etc.

water wheel.

tion of water.

1. Any wheel made to rotate by direct acA turbine operated by water is often called

a water wheel. 2. A wheel for raising water, as a noria. water wing. pl. A pneumatic device to give support to the body when swimming or learning to swim.

water witching.

The finding of water by means of a

divining rod, as a hazel wand. — water witch. wa/ter-work’ (w6/tér-wiirk’; wot/ér-), n. 1. A pageant

presented, or designed to be presented, on boats or floats

on the water. works.

. Chiefly pl. and often written water

A hydraulic apparatus, or a system of works or fix-

tures, by which a supply of water is furnished.

3. Slang.

A fountain; also, pl., the source of tears; hence, tears. wa/ter-worn’ (-worn’; 70), adj. Worn, smoothed, or polished, by the action of water. wa’ter-y (w6/tér-I; wot/ér-), adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or

connected

with, water.

2. Containing

or discharging

water; as, watery clouds; soaked with or washed by water; as, a watery shore; wet; as, watery garments; hence, tear-

ful; as, watery complaints.

3. Resembling water; thin or

transparent, as a liquid; weak; vapid; pale; as, a watery style in writing. 4. Soft, soggy, flabby, or the like.

watt (wot), n.

[After James Watt, Scot. inventor.]

Phys-

ics. A unit of power or activity equal to 107 C.G.S. units of power, or to work done at the rate of one joule a second or to the rate of work represented by a current of one ampere (one coulomb per second) under a pressure of one volt; a volt-ampere. An English horsepower is approximately

equal to 746 watts. Abbr., w or W (no period). watt/age (wot/lj), n. lec. Amount of electric power expressed in watts. Wat-teau’ (w5-td’ or, esp. Brit., wot"d; va/td’), adj. Of or pert. to Antoine Watteau, French painter (1684-1721);

of a kind represented women’s garments.

in Watteau’s

pictures; — esp. of

Watteau back. A style of back for a woman’s gown, in which broad folds or plaits are carried from the neck to the floor without being held in at the waist.

watt’/—hour’, ».

The work done by one watt acting for

one hour, — a unit of energy.

wat’tle (wot’”l), n.

LAS. watel, watul, watol, interwoven

twigs, wattle] 1. A twig or flexible rod; a withe; wand; hence, a framework or hurdle made of such rods. . pl.

Rods laid on a roof to support the thatch.

3. Material con-

sisting of wattled twigs, withes, etc., used for walls, fences,

fle, chitotic, cfre, &dd, account, firm, Ask, sofd; éve, hére (27), @vent, nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; Sld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cénnect: food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, Gnite, firm, tip, circés, meniti;

wattlebird etc.

4. [Perh. a different word]

1139 aA naked, fleshy,

and usually wrinkled and highly colored, process of the skin hanging from the chin or throat of a bird or reptile. See PouLtRY, Illust. bA bar-

bel of a fish.

5. In Australia,

wawl (wél), v.z. Obs. exc. Scot. & Dial. Eng. To wail; howl, squall. — wawl, n. wax (wiks), v.7.; WAXED (wakst); WAXED, Poetic WAX’/EN

—adj. Made of, or covered with, wattle or wattles. —v. t.; WAT/TLED (-’ld);_ WAT/TLING (ling). 1. To bind, fence, etc., with wattles; to hurdle; also, to

(wak/sén; -s’n); WAX/ING.

honey

(wot/’l-bfird),

wax, 7.

eaters

(genus

animal origin, containing esters and often free fatty acids,

Coleia)

free alcohols, and higher hydrocarbons, and including, be-

by ninety degrees from the electromotive force which produces it, or of an electromotive force or component thereof

when the current which it produces differs from it in phase by ninety degrees. watt/me’ter (-me’tér), 7. [watt-+--meter.] Elec. An instrument for measuring electric power in watts. waucht, waught (Scot. wixt, woxt; dial. Eng. waft), n. A copious draft. —v.¢. & 7. To drink deeply; to quaff. Both Scot. & N. of Eng. waugh (w6f), adj. [AS. wealg lukewarm.] Scot. Insipid; nauseous; damp and stale; also, faint; weak. wauk (w6k; wak). Scot. var. of WAKE. wauk’rife (-rif). Scot. & N. of Eng. var. of WAKERIFE. waul (w6l). Var. of WAWL, WAIL. waur (w6r; wir), adj. Scot. Worse. wav/a-ble (wav’d-b’l), adj. That can be waved. wave (way), v.z. [AS. wafian to wave.] 1. To play loosely; move one way and the other; flutter; as, the flags

2. To be moved to and fro asa

nal; to signal in this way; as, the lights are waving;

wavedto us.

his hair waves.

sighe

3%. To be sinuous like a wave; undulate; as,

—v.t.

1. To move one way and the

other; swing, sway, brandish, or the like; as, to wave a sword. 2. Toshake or vibrate (something) as a signal; as, to wave lights; also, to convey (some message or signal) by

a waye, as of the hand or head; as, we waved them good-by.

3. To call, order, etc., by a waving motion; beckon; as, to

wave one aside.

4. To give an undulating form or surface

to; as, to wave hair.

5. To water, as silk.

—n. 1. A moving ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid, as of the sea; an undulation. 2. Poetic. Water; a body of water.

3. An undulation or one of a series of undulations

formed or impressed on a surface, as the wavy line on a watered fabric, or a wavelike curl or curls in hair. waving or undulating

ing.

motion; esp., a signal made by wav-

5. Something that swells, has a crest, rises and falls,

etc., like a wave; specif.: a A period of intensity, unusual activity, etc.; as, a wave of buying. b One of a series (as of successive stages or of events, groups, etc., representative of such stages) marked by fluctuation, or rising and

falling; as, the last wave of settlers to come to our shores. 6. Meteorol. An oscillation or change of atmospheric pressure,

temperature,

etc.; as, a cold

wave

(specif., an

unusual fall of temperature to or below the freezing point);

a hot wave, etc.

7. Physics.

A single pulse in a vibra-

tional disturbance advanced through a body or an elastic medium (gas or a liquid), as in the transmission of light, sound, etc.; the disturbance included in a space of one wave length.

If the disturbance producing the waves is periodic,

so will be the waves. The simple periodic wave results when each particle, or elementary portion, of the medium undergoes simple periodic changes through each com-

plete revolution, or through an angle of 360°; the phase of vibration varies continuously from particle to particle in the direction of the advance of the wave. — wav’er (wav/ér), n.

wave front. Physics. A surface composed at any instant of all the points just reached by a vibrational disturbance

in its propagation through a medium. wave length. Physics. The distance in the line of ad-

vance of a wave from any one point to the next point at

which, at the same instant, there is the same phase.

wa/vell-ite (wa’vél-it), n. Eng. physician.]

Mineral.

wa/’ver (wa’vér), v. 7.

wavering, restless.]

1. A substance secreted by bees for

about 62-66° C. (143-151° F.). Sp. gr., usually 0.9580.967 at 15°C. 2. Any of various substances resembling beeswax; specif.: a Any of a class of substances of plant or

n.

watt/less (wot/lés; -lfs), adj. Zilec. Without any power (cf. jst WATT); — said of an alternating Wattle (A. longifolia). (44) current or component of current when it differs in phase

wave in the breeze,

[AS. weaz.]

constructing the honeycomb; beeswax. It is a dull-yellow solid of agreeable odor, plastic when warm, and melting at

Australasian

having ear wattles.

_1. To in-

to increase apparently in size, as when approaching the period of full moon; — opposed to wane. To pass from one state to another; to grow; as, to wax strong.

interweaving or platting twigs.

several

S. weaxan.]

crease in size, numbers, strength, etc.; specif., of the moon,

cover or support with or as with wattle. 2. To twist or interweave, One with another, as twigs; to plat. 3. To form by of

Undu-

adv. — wav’/i-ness, n.

from the wattles, or hurdles, which the early settlers made of the long, pliable branches.

Any

ing or swelling in waves; abounding in waves.

lating; fluctuating; wavering; sinuous; as, wavy hair. 3. Undulatory; rolling; as, a wavy terrain. — wav/i-ly,

any acacia (genus Acacia), either tree or shrub; — so called

wat’tle-bird’

way

wave train. Physics. A series of waves separated from other series of the same kind by auiescent periods. wav’y (wav/l), adj. ; WAV/I-ER (-I-€r); WAV/I-EsT. 1. Ris-

[After Wm. Wavell (d. 1829), A basic aluminum phosphate.

[ME. waveren; akin to AS. wefre

1. To play or move to and fro; sway;

hence: a To totter; reel. b To quiver; flicker. 2. To be unsettled in opinion; vacillate. 3. To falter; as, the front line wavered under fire.— Syn. See FLUCTUATE. —n. A wavering. — wa/ver-er, n. — wa/’ver-ing-ly, adv.

side beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba wax, etc. hb Any of certain solid substances of mineral origin, as ozocerite and paraffin wax. ¢ A pliable composition for uniting surfaces, for excluding air, etc.; as, sealing wax

d A resinous prep-

aration used by shoemakers for rubbing their thread. Bot. Any waxlike product secreted by plants.

Earwax, or cerumen.

5. Zool.

3.

4. Physiol.

A substance similar to

beeswax, secreted by several species of scale insects. —v.t. To treat, smear, rub, etc., with wax. — wax, adj. — wax’er, n. wax, n. Collog. A fit of temper; a rage. wax bean. One of a race of string beans with tender golden-yellow pods; — called also butter bean. wax’ber’ry (wiks’bér’J; -bér-f), m.; pl. -RtEs (-Iz). a The wax-covered fruit of the wax myrtle, or bayberry; also, the shrub itself. b = SNOWBERRY. j

wax’/bill’ (-bYl’), n. _ Any of numerous Old World birds of the weaverbird family (esp. genus Hstrilda), having white, pink, or reddish bills of a waxy appearance. Many are common cage birds, as the Java sparrow.

wax’en (wik’sén; -s’n), adj. 1. Made of, or covered with, wax. 2. Resembling wax, as in color or plasticity; of the

complexion, pallid; of a_person, his mind, will, etc., impressible; yielding. 3. Resembling wax. wax myrtle. Any of a genus (Myrica, esp. M. cerifera

and M. carolinensis, family Myricaceae) of shrubs or trees having aromatic foliage, and small hard berries (often

called bayberries) with a thick coating of white wax used

for candles. i ; wax palm. aA ninnate-leaved palm (Ceroxylon andicolum) of the Andes, the stem of which yields a resinous

wax. Brazilian palm (Copernicia cerifera) the young leaves of which are covered with a waxy secretion.

wax/weed! (wiks/wéd’), n.

A small purple-flowered herb

(Cuphea petiolata, family Lythraceae) pubescence. wax’wing’ (-wing’), n. Any of several

American

and Asiatic passerine

having a viscid

birds

(genus Bombycilla) chiefly brown, with a showy crest and velvety plumage. The cedar waxwing (B. cedrorum) and the similar but larger Bohemian waxwing (B. garrula pallidiceps) of

northern North America, are the best-

known species. wax’work’ (-wiirk’), n.

1. Work made

of wax; esp., a figure or figures formed wholly or partly of wax, in imitation of

living beings.

2. (Usually pl. inform

but construed as sing.)

of wax figures.

wax’y

(wik/si),

:

te

©

An exhibition Cedar Waxwing, Q4)

adj.;, WAX/I-ER

(-si-€r); WAX/I-EsT.

id

1.

Waxen; viscid; adhesive; hence, yielding; impressible. 3. Med. 2. Made of, or abounding in, wax; waxed.

Designating, or affected with,a waxlike degeneration produced by the deposit of a white insoluble substance in an

i d organ. — WaXx/i-ness, n. way (wa), . [AS. weg.] 1. Direction of motion, progress, facing, etc.; route; as, what way do we go? 2. That along which one passes or progresses to reach some place; a road, street, track, or path; as, all ways lead to the metrop-

olis.

3. Room to advance, pass, or progress; hence, free-

dom of action or opportunity; as, give him way to work his

will.

4. Length of space; distance; as, a great way ;— in

dial. and colloq. form, ways; as, heranalong ways. 5. A moving; passage; Progression; as, to make one’s way

through a crowd. 6. Manner; mode; fashion; style; as, her way of doing her hair. 7. Means to a particular end; method; procedure; as, let us try this way to persuade him. 8. Respect; point; as, a plan good in every way. 9. Reg-

ular course; habitual method of life or action; as, it is the way of the world. 10. Individual characteristic or pecu-

lianity; esp., pl., idiosyncrasies; as, I do not mind his ways. 11. Collog. a Line of business; occupation. b Condi-

chair; go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdure (118); K = ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation. Explanations of Abbreviations, etc,, precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|] Foreign Word.

waybill .

15. pl. An inclined structure upon which a vessel is built or supported in launching. 6. The direction of the

weave in cloth;

as, to cut silk the way of the goods.

17.

Law. A right of way. 18. Mach. The surface, as on the bed of a planer, along which a table or carriage moves dur-

ing operation.

Syn. Way, road, highway, street, avenue.

Way denotes any line

or route for passage; a road is a way, esp. for horses or vehicles, between one place and another; a highway is a main, often much-traveled, road; a street, orig. a paved way, is a thoroughfare in a city, town, or village; an avenue is a broad street, often planted with trees;

the word suggests a certain degree of stateliness, but is often loosely applied. See MANNER.

— by the way.

By way_of incident or digression; in

Passing. — by way of. a For the purpose of; as being; as, to send flowers by way of apology. b Through; via. —

out of the way.

a Ina

position making contact or ob-

struction impossible. b Away from the beaten_ track; hence, unusual; extraordinary; as, to buy books that are out of the way. c Out of the proper course or place; astray; hence, improper; wrong; as, he never did anything out of the way.— under way. In motion; making

progress,

way’bill’

(wa’bil’), n..

A document

issued with every

shipment of freight, giving details regarding the goods, route, and charges.

way’far’er (-[ar/ér), n. _A traveler, esp. on foot; hence, a transient patron of an inn or hotel. way’far’ing, adj. & n. Traveling, esp. on foot. way’go/ing (wa’g0/ing), adj. Going away; departing. waygoing crop. Law. A crop removable under certain conditions by a tenant at the end of his tenancy. A

Way/land

(wi/ldnd),

n.

Also Wayland (the) Smith.

[AS. Wéland.] A supernatural and invisible smith of ‘Teutonic and English legend. way/lay’ (wa'la’; 2), v.t.; see LAY. [From way-+ lay,

after MLG, or MHG.

wegelagen, fr. wegelage an ambush,

lit., a belaying of the roads.]

To lie in wait for in the way;

to take steps to meet or encounter in the way, esp. with a

view of seizing, robbing, etc. — way/lay’er (-ér), n. -ways (-waz). [way -+ adverbial -s (see -warp).] A suffix forming

adverbs

(endways)

from

adjectives

(noways)

denoting in (such) manner,

and

nouns

direction, posi-

tion; — usually equivalent to adverbs in -wise. The -ways and -wise forms are practically indistinguishable

except that -ways lends especialiy a literal signification of extension in space, and -wise that of manner, means, re-

spect, degree.

indiscriminately.

By some the forms in -wise are preferred \

ways and means.

Methods and resources for accomplish-

ing something, esp. for defraying expenses; specif., Legislation, methods of raising the necessary revenues for the expenses of the state. way’side’ (wa’sid’; 2), n. The side, edge, or border of a road, — way’side’, adj.

way

station.

U.S.

wear

1140

tion, as of health; as, ina bad way. ¢ District or region in which one lives; as, his home is out your way. 12. Determined course; that which one wills to do or be; as, to have one’s way. _ 13. Sphere, scope, or range, as of observation or experience; as, nothing came my way. : Advance; progress; headway; as, the ship on starting gathers way; also, course of advance or progress; as, nothing stood in his way ;hence, career; as, he has his way to make.

An intermediate

station

between

principal stations on a line of travel, esp. on a railroad.

way train. A train which stops at way stations; a local. wayward (wa/wérd), adj. [ME. weiward, for awetward,

ie., turned away.] 1. Taking one’s own way; disobedient.

2. Fluctuating; irregular; unsteady. 3. Contrary to expectation or wish; as, a wayward fate. — way’ward-ly, adv. — way/ward-ness, n. Syn. Capricious, unruly, refractory, intractable, delinquent. — Wayward, willful, perverse, froward, headstrong. One is wayward who takes one’s own (often capricious) way; willful sometimes suggests stubborn self-will; as, a wayward mood; outbreaks of willful reckJessness. One is perverse who is willfully cross-grained or wrongheaded; froward belongs to Biblical or literary use; as, perverse obstinacy; “A froward man soweth strife.” Headstrong implies violent self-will or a refractory disposition; as, headstrong passions,

way’worn’/ (wa/worn’; 70), adj. Wearied by traveling. we (we; 4), pron.; pl. of 1; poss. OUR (our) or OURS (ourz);

DBs: us (tis). See I. [AS. wé.] The personal pronoun of the Ist person pl., nominative case. We is used for the singular J, by kings and other sovereigns, by editors as im-

ad

power to perform properly a function or office; as, weak eyes. Mentally or intellectually. deficient; lacking judgment or discernment; simple; foolish; as, to put weak

men in office.

9. Resulting from, or indicating, lack of

judgment, discernment, or. firmness; specif.: a Vacillating;

wavering; as, weak in faith.

b Not able to withstan

temptation, urgency, etc.; as, weak resolutions.

¢ Power-

less in convincing, persuading, etc.; as, a weak argument. d Wanting in point or vigor of expression; as, a weak style. 10. Impotent politically or in governing; as, a weak state. 11. Faulty or defective or indicating faults or defects as from lack of experience, skill, proper manufacture or_organization, etc.; as, weak players or plays; a weak spot ina fabric. 12. Of flour or wheat, relatively low in gluten content. 13. Gram. As opposed to strong: pertaining to or designating a verb, or its conjugation (weak conjugation),

which forms the past tense and past participle by adding to

the present the suffix -ed, -d, or the variant -t (abash, abashed ; abate, abated ; deny, denied ; deal, dealt). 14. Phonet. a Of asound orasyllable, unstressed; unaccented; light. b Of accent or stress, relatively slight or low; not

strong.

negative.

15. Photog.

Lacking contrast; thin; as, a weak

16. Pros.

Designating a verse ending in which

the accent falls on a word naturally unstressed, esp. one where it falls on a word (such as of, as, to) which in utterance tends to connect itself with the beginning of the next line. 17. Stock Exchange. Tending toward a lower price or lower prices; as,

weak’ness, n.

a weak market. — weak’ly, adv. —

Syn. Weak, feeble, decrepit, infirm, debilitated.

Weak and

feeble are often used with little distinction. But feeble often implies great weakness, as of age or infirmity, and is more apt than weak to connote pity or contempt; as, a weak intellect, will; weak in spirit; a Jeeble effort, baby. One is infirm who is frail or feeble from age; one is decrepit who is worn out, or broken down, with infirmities. Debilitated implies enfeeblement, or impaired strength or vitality; as, debil~ tated by excesses.

weak’en (wek/én), v. t. & 7.

To make or become weak or

weaker; loosen, as in strength, spirit, or determination. — weak’en-er, 7.

weak’lish’

(wék’fish’), n.; pl., see Fish. Any of several marine food

fishes (genus Cynoscion

and allied genera, family

Weakfish (C. regalis). (he) esp. the common species (C, regalis), which occurs along the eastern coast of the United States.

Otolithidae),

weak’ling (ling), n. [weak-+ lst -ling.] One that is physically or mentally weak. — weak/ling, adj. weak’ly (-l¥), adj. ; -11-rR (-l¥-Er); -t1-Est. Not strong or robust; feeble; weak. — weak’li-ness, 7.

weal (wel), n. [AS. wela, weola; akin to AS. wel well.] 1. Obs. Wealth. 2. Archaic. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state; well-being; prosperity. 3. Obs. The body politic; the state. weal, n. [Var. of WALE stripe.] skin.

weald (wéld), nm.

[AS.

A wheal; wale, as on the

Seeworp.]

A wold.

wealth (wélth), ». [ME. welthe, fr. wele. See 1st WEAL.] 1. Obs. Weal; welfare. 2. Large possessions, collec-

tively; an abundance of things desired, esp. of worldly

estate; affluence; riches. 3. Econ. a In the private sense, all property which has a money value. b In the public

sense, all objects, esp. material objects, which have economic

utility,

© Those

energies,

faculties,

and

habits,

directly contributing to make people industrially efficient;

—called specif. personal wealth. — Syn. Opulence, means, fortune. wealth’y (wél’thi), adj. ; WEALTH’I-ER (-thY-ér); WEALTH’IEST. 1. Having wealth; affluent; rich. 2. Characterized by abundance; ample; opulent.— Syn. See rica. —

wealth/i-ly, adv. — wealth’i-ness, n.

Wealth’y, n. can variety.

A bright-red apple of a fall-bearing Ameri-

wean (wen), v. t. [AS. wenian to accustom, wean.]_ 1. To accustom (a child or other young animal) to loss of mother’s milk. 2, Hence, to detach or alienate the affections of; to reconcile to a severance; — with from; as, to wean one from a life of ease. — wean/er, n. See WEE;

wean (wén; widn), m. [Contr. of Scot. wee ane. one.] Scot. & Ir. An infant; child.

wean/ling (wén/ling), n. animal newly weaned.

[wean -+- 1st -ling.]

A child or

— adj. Recently weaned.

personal, and by other writers as avoiding the appearance

weap/on (wép/tn), n.. [AS. w¥pen.] 1. An instrument of offensive or defensive combat; something to fight with.

wac weak, soft, pliant.)

argument was his only weapon. weap/on-shaw, -show, -show/ing. Vars. of WAPPENSCHAW, -SCHAWING. wear (war), v.t. [AS. werian.] Chiefly Scot. & Dial. Eng. _1. To defend; ward off. 2. To collect and drive. —n. Defense; guard. wear (w4r), v. t. ;WORE (wor; 70); WORN (worn; 70); WEAR?-

of egotism. weak (wék), adj.

( [ME. wetk, fr. ON. veikr; akin to AS.

feeble; infirm; debilitated.

1. Lacking physical strength;

2. Not able to sustain or exert

a great weight, pressure, or strain; as, a weak bridge.

3.

Easily impressed, molded, or the like: pliable; as, a weak

will; — often

in

weak’/—mind’ed,

combination,

weak’—willed’.

as

in

weak’—brained’,

4. Not able to resist

attack; easily subdued: as, a weak fortress,

5. Lacking

force of utterance or sound; net sonorous; faint; as, a weak voice.

Not containing a given ingredient or ingredients

in full, usual, or proper amount; of less than- the usual strength; as, weak tea; a weak decoction. '7. Lacking in

ale; chaotic, c4re, charity;

add,

account,

rm,

ask,

Sld, Obey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect;

2. Any means by which one contends against another; as,

ING. Before the 15th century wear was a weak verb, the past tense & past part. being WEARED. [AS. werian to carry, wear, as arms or clothes.] 1. To carry or bear upon the person as an article of clothing, decoration, etc. 2. To

sofa; €ve, {O0d, fo6t;

hére (27), €vent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, ¥, out, oil; ciibe, tnite, Gm, tip, circtés, meni;

a

wearable

1141

use or affect in dressing or personal adornment; as, to

wear white; to wear one’s hair ina braid.

3. To bear; to

carry on or as on the person; as, to wear a sword.

4. To

exhibit, as in one’s expression, manner, etc.; display; as,

to wear a, smile or an air of happiness.

show or fly (its flag, its colors). (sense

1); as, to wear

5. Of a vessel, to

6. To use up by wearing

out a dress; hence,

to consume

or

cause, to deteriorate by use, esp. personal use; as, the lug-

gage is worn. To impair, waste, or diminish, by continual attrition, scraping, or the like; as, the rocks are

worn by water; hence, to exhaust or lessen the strength of;

fatigue; weary; use up; as, to be worn with disease. 8. To cause or make by friction or wasting; as, to wear a channel orhole. 9. Rare. To bring or lead gradually, as by mak-

ing accustomed. 10. [Orig. corrupt.of lst veER.] Naut. To cause to go about, as a vessel, by putting the helm up, instead of down as in tacking, so that the vessel’s bow is

turned away from, and her stern is presented to, the wind

in turning from one tack to the other. —v. 7. 1. Obs. To be commonly worn or used; be fashionable. 2. Rare. To become adapted as clothes do to the wearer. 3. To endure or suffer use (well, ill, or the like); last under use or, by extension, increasing familiarity, or

the like; as, the coat wore badly; he wears well; also, to

become under use, familiarity, passage of time, etc.; as,

the coin has worn thin.

4. To be wasted, consumed, or

diminished, by use; to suffer injury, loss, or extinction, by use or time; — often with out, off, on, etc.; as, the day

wore on.

Naut. To go about by turning the head away

from the wind; — said of a vessel.

See WEAR, v. t., 10.

—n. 1. Act of wearing, or state of being worn; use; as, clothes for everyday wear. 2. That which is worn or proper to be worn; esp., the fashion; as, men’s wear ;—

also in combination, as in neckwear. 3. The result of wearing or use; impairment due to use; as, a coat that

shows

wear.

&. Wearing

quality;

lasting

— wear’a-ble, adj. & n. — wear’er, n.

wear and tear.

quality.

Soe

The loss or injury to which anything is

subjected by, or in the course of, use. wea/ri-ful (wér/i-fo0l; -fl), adj. Tedious; dreary; vexatious. — wea/ri-ful-ly, adv. — wea/ri-ful-ness, n. wea/ri-less (-lés; -lis), adj. Tireless; untiring. | wear’ing (wir/ing),adj. 1. Pertaining to, or designed for, wear. 2. Subjecting to, or inflicting, wear; fatiguing; as, a wearing journey. — wear/ing-ly, adv.

wear’ish (war/ish; wér’-), adj.

Also Scot. wersh (wérsh).

Scot. & Dial. a Unsavory. b Sickly. c Squeamish. wea’ri-some (wér/i-stim), adj. _ Causing weariness; tiresome; tedious. — Syn. Patiguing, laborious; vexatious. See IRKSOME. — Wea/ri-some-ly, adv. — wea/ri-some-

ness, n.

weary

:

(wér/l; 27), adj.; WEA/RI-ER

AS. wéerig.]

i

(-1-€r); WEA/RI-EST.

1. Having the strength much impaired by

toil, suffering, etc.; tired; fatigued. 2. Expressing, or characteristic of, weariness; as, a weary gait. 3. Having one’s patience, tolerance, or liking, exhausted; — usually with of; as, weary of reading. —v.t. & 7.; WEA/RIED

(Id); WeA/Ry-ING. To make or become weary. — Syn. Jade, tire, fatigue, fag, irk, exhaust. — wea/ri-ly, adv.

wea’ri-ness, 7.

wea/sand (we’zind), 7.

Also Scot. wea’son.

[AS. wé-

send, wasend.] The esophagus; also, the windpipe. wea/sel (we/z’l), n.; see

PLURAL, Note, 3. [AS. ye wesole, eeled Any of certain small slenderbodied carnivorous mam-

mals (genus Mustela) al-

lied to the

minks

f

2

weath/er (wéth’ér), n. [AS. weder.] 1. State of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other

meteorological phenomena. Foul weather; storm; tempest. — under the weather. Collog., U.S, a Ill.

¢ More or less intoxicated.

1. To expose to the air; to season,

discolor, etc., by exposure to air.

2. To

dry, pulverize,

bear up against

and come safely through, as a storm, trials, etc. 3. Naut. To sail or pass to the windward of; as, to weather a cape. — v.%. To undergo or endure the action of the atmosphere. — adj. Naut.

Windward; — opposed to lee.

weath’er—heat/en, adj. Also, weath’er-worn’. Wornor damaged by exposure to the weather; also, toughened, nned, or bronzed, by the weather. veath’/er-board’ (wéth’ér-bord’/; 70), n. 1. A board shaped so as to be especially adapted to shed water by forming lapped joints with the boards above and below; a clapboard. 2. Naut. The weather, or windward, side of a vessel. —v.t. & 7. To nail boards upon so as to lap one over another in order to as Tain, etc. oe s

weath/’er-board/ing,

».

a

sure or by artificial means preducing a similar effect; as,

weathered oak, 2. Arch. Made sloping, so as to throw off water. weather geree: a Naut. The position of a ship to the windward of another, giving an advantage in maneuvering. position of advantage or superiority.

weath’er-glass’ (wéth’ér-glas’), n.

An instrument to in-

dicate the state of the atmosphere, esp. changes of pressure, and hence of weather, as a barometer or baroscope. weath/er-ly (wéth’ér-l¥), adj. Naut. Able to sail close to the wind with little leeway. — weath/er-li-ness, n.

weather map.

A map or chart showing the height of the

barometer, the temperature of the air, the direction and

velocity of the wind, etc.,at a given hour and over an ex-

tended region. _ The distribution of rainfall, temperature, etc., is also indicated. weath’er-proof’ (wéth’ér-proot’; 2), adj. Able to, withstand exposure to weather without sensible depreciation.

See -proor. — weath/er-proof’, v. t. weather station. A station for taking meteorological observations, making forecasts, etc.

weather strip.

Also weather stripping.

A strip of ma-

terial to cover the joint of a door, window, etc., with the

sill, casing, or threshold, to exclude rain, drafts, etc.— weath/er-strip’, v. ¢. weather vane. = VANE, l.

weath/er—wise’, adj.

Skillful in forecasting the changes of

the weather, or, by extension, changes in opinion or feeling.

weave

WO/VEN

(wey),

v.t.;

WOVE

(wo/yén),

(wO6v),

Rare.

WOVE; WEAV/ING.

WEAVED

[AS. wefan

(wévd);

(pret.

wef).] 1. To form, as a textile, by interlacing yarns; specif., to make or manufacture (cloth, a kind of cloth) on

a loom by interlacing warp and filling yarns. 2. To fabricate by or as by interlacing; contrive; as, to weave a plot. 3. To unite sg as to form a texture, design, etc.; as, words

woven into song.

4. To move to and fro, up and down, or

in an intricate course;

crowd.

as, to weave

5. To spin (a web),

one’s way

as spiders, etc.

To work at weaving; to make cloth ona

through

—v.7.

loom.

a

2. To

The covering or sidingof a

and under two or more warp

threads, thereby giving an

appearance of diagonal lines, or ribs. weav’er (wév’ér), n. _1. One who weaves, or whose occupation is weaving. 2. A weaverbird. weav’er-bird’ (-bfird’), n. Also weav/er. Any of many

A sheet bend.

See xnor, Jllust.

web (wéb), n.

[AS. webd.]

1. A

textile fabric, esp. one on a loom,

or coming fromaloom. 2. The cobweb of a spider or other insect. 3. Formerly,

an affection of the

eye, as in pin

and

web,

an eye

disease named after the occurrence

of a small excrescence (pin) anda film

(web).

Anything

like a

web, as in interlacing of threads,

complexity, etc.; a network; as, a

web of railroads; also, anything flimsy, entangling, etc., as_a cobweb;

as, a web

of lies.

§&. The

membrane uniting fingers or toes, either at their bases, as in man, or

for a greater part of their length,

Weaverbird (Ploceus as in many_water birds and ambaya), and Nests. phibians. Hence, web’—foot/ed, web/—toed’. 6. A thin metal plate, sheet,or strip, as the blade of a saw, the bit of a key, etc.; specif., Mach. &

Engin., a plate or thin portion between stiffening ribs or flanges.

process

7. Paper from the roll in a printing press, or in

of manufacture

in a paper

& Med. A tissue or membrane.

machine.

9. Arch.

8. Anat.

The portion

weatherboarded petldene! b Weatherboards collectively. weath’er—hound’, adj. Kept in port or at anchor by bad weather. Bop moe

of barbs implanted on each side of the shaft of a feather; _the vaneor vexillum. = v. ¢.; WEBBED (wohd); wen’pinc,

ebeir; go; sing; then, thin; nature, verdtre (118);

m = ch fin G, ich; ach; bon; yet; zh =z

of a ribbed vault between the ribs.

10. Zool.

eRoe ae

AInmbers refer to §§ {n Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc.. precede Vocabulary. -

1.

become interwoven. To make weaving motions. —n. A particular method or pattern of weaving; as: plain, or taffeta, weave, in which the threads interlace alternately; basket weave, in which double threads are interlaced as in plain weave; satin weave, in which warp threads interlace with filling threads at points distributed over the surface, thereby producing a smooth-faced fabric; twill weave, in which the filling threads pass over one

weav’er’s hitch or knot (wév/érz).

ea

vermin.

b Financially embarrassed.

Agriculture, charged with the collection of reports of ee conditions as a basis for predictions and statistical records. weath/er-cock’ (wéth’ér-k5k’), n. _1. A vane, originally often in the figure of a cock, turning, as on the top of a spire, with the wind, and showing its direction. 2. Any thing or person that turn: easily and often; one who veers with every change of curr. nt opinion. weath/ered (wéth’érd), adj. 1. Seasoned by exposure to the weather; altered in color, texture, etc., by such expo-

Asiatic and African birds (family Ploceidae) resembling finches, that construct elaborate nests of inter-

true polecats. They kill Weasel (J. noveboracensis). (Yio) many birds and great numbers of mice, rats, and other

—v.t.

U.S. A bureau of the Department of

laced grass and other vegetation.

a

and

web

Weather Bureau.

The series

in azure.

| Foreign Word.

webbed

velop; entangle. — webbed (wtbd), adj. web/bing (wéb/ing), n. A stout close-woven tape used for reins, straps, as in upholstery, etc. _ web’by (wéb’i), adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or like, a web or webs; covered with webs. 2. Palmated. we’ber (va’bér; wé’bér), n. [After W. E. Weber, Ger. physicist.] Elec. a A unit of nagnetic flux equal to 10% maxwells. b Formerly, a coulomb; later, a maxwell.

web’foot’

(wéb/foot’),

nected by a web.

n.

1. A foot having toes con-

2. A web-footed animal.

‘

web/ster (wéb/st@r), n. Avchaic. A weaver. Web-ste/ri-an (wéb-st€r/i-dn), adj. Of or pertaining to Webster, either Daniel Webster, the statesman (17821852), or Noah Webster, the lexicographer (1758-1843).

web/worm/

(wéb/wiirm’), n. _Any of various caterpillars

which are more or less gregarious and spin large webs. wecht (wéxt). Scot. var. of WEIGHT. wed (wéd), v.¢. ;WED/DED; WED/DED or WED; WED/DING. [AS. weddian to covenant, promise, to wed, marry; akin to AS.

wed(d) apledge.] 1. To take for wife or husband; marry. 2. To join in marriage; give in wedlock. 3. To unite as if by the bond of marriage; attach firmly or indissolubly;

— chiefly in past part.; as, wedded

to art,

—v.1.

To

contract matrimony; marry. — wed/der (wéd/ér), n,

wed’ding (wéd/ing), n.. _[AS. weddung.]_

|

1. Nuptial

ceremony; nuptial festivities; marriage. 2. A wedding anniversary or its celebration. Such anniversaries are named according to the kind of gifts customarily presented.

Thus the fifth is called wooden wedding; tenth, tin wedding; fifteenth, erystal wedding; twentieth, china wedding; twenty-fifth, silver wedding; fiftieth, golden wedding; sixticth (or seventy-ffth), diamond wedding. ; wedge (wéj),n. [AS. wecg.] 1._A piece.of wood, metal,

etc., tapering to a thin edge, used in splitting wood, rocks, etc., in raising heavy bodies, and the like. 2. Anything wedge-shaped; as, a wedge of cheese; specif.: a An array or military formation in the form of a wedge. b The wedge-shaped stroke in cuneiform characters. 3. An action, policy, move, etc., that serves to open a way for a

breach, change, intrusion, etc.; — more fully entering wedge.

—v.t.; WEDGED (wid); WEDG/ING (wéj/Ing). cleave or separate with or as with a wedge; rive. fasten with a wedge or wedges.

wedge is driven; crowd.

1. To _ 2. To

3. To force or drive as a

—v,%. To push or be forced or

fixed as or as if a wedge; — with in or into.

Wedg/wood ware, or Wedg’wood (wéj/w00d), n.__The fine hard porcelainlike ware first produced by Josiah Wedgwood (see Biog.) and characteristically of a tinted clay ground with small cameo reliefs in white paste, applied before firing. : : :

wedg’y (wéj’i), adj.

Like a wedge, esp. in shape or use.

wed/lock (wéd/lok), n. fr. wed a pledge+

[AS. wedlac a pledge, betrothal,

-lac, akin to ON.

stract nouns, AS. lac play, sport.]

-leikr, forming

ab-

The ceremony, or the

state, of marriage; matrimony.

¢

Wednes/day (wénz/di; 13), n. [AS. Wodnes deg, i.e., Woden’s day.] The fourth day of the week. Abbr. Wed. wee (wé), adj. ; WE/ER (we/ér); WE/EST (wé/ést; -Yst). [ME.

we a bit, in a little we, a little wei; we, wei being finally taken as synonymous with little.] Very small; little.

—n. Chiefly Scot. A little; a mite. weed (wed), n. [AS. w&de, w¥d.] 1. A garment; — now

commonly in pl. and used esp. of mourning garments; as,

a widow’s weeds.

2. Abandofcrape worn ona man’s hat.

weed, n. [AS. wéod.] 1. Archaic. Wild growth,as rank grass, undergrowth, etc. _ 2. Any plant growing in cultivated

ground to the detriment of the crop or to the dis-

figurement

of the place;an economically

useless or un-

sightly plant, esp. of wild growth. 3. Collog.. a Tobacco; esp., tobacco prepared for use; — usually with the. bA cigar. 4. Something of little value; specif., Stock Breeding, an animal unfit to breed from. —v.#. 1, To free from noxious plants; clear of weeds. 2. To free from anything that is hurtful or offensive; also, Collog., to dis-

pose of the less desirable portions of; as, to weed a stock of goods. , To remove, eradicate, reject, etc., as a weed, or something harmful, valueless, etc.; — often with out

or up.

—v.%.

To remove weeds or something harmful.

— weed/er, n. — weed/less, adj. : weed’/y (wéd/i), adj.; -I-ER (-f-@r); -1-nst. 1. Abounding with weeds; as, a weedy garden. 2. Of, pertaining to, or

like, a weed or weeds.

3. Weedlike, esp. in growth or

ready propagation. . Collog. Scraggy; ungainly; as, a weedy youth. — weed/i-ly, adv. — weed/i-ness, n. week (wek), 7. [AS. wice, wicu, wucu.] _1. A period of

seven days, usually reckoned from one Sunday to the next.

Abbr. wk. 2. The six working days of a week; the week without Sunday. 3. A time seven days before or after a specified day. week/day’ (-da’), n. Any day of the week except Sunday; a working day. — week/day’, adj. y

week end.

The end of the week; specif., the period from

Saturday noon or Friday night to Monday; also, a house party during a week end. — week’~end’ (-énd/; 2), adj.

To spend the week end,

week/—end’ (wék/énd/; 2), v. 7. esp. In visiting.

week/ly

days.

(wék/li), adv,

Once a week; once

every seven

— adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a week or weekdays.

2. Coming, happening, or done, weekly.

—7.; pl. -LIES

(liz). A publication issued weekly. _ ween (wén), v. 7. & ¢.. [AS. wénan; akin to AS, wen hope,

expectation, opinion.] Archaic. To suppose; imagine. weep (wep), n. The lapwing; — so called from its cry. weep, v.7.; WEPT (wept); WEEP/ING. _[AS. wépan (pret. weop); akin to AS. wop lamentation.] 1. Formerly, to express sorrow, grief, or anguish, by outcry; lament; in

modern use, to show grief or other passions by shedding

tears; cry. 2. To drop water, or the like; to drip; as, weeping skies. 3. Plant Physiol. To exude water under pressure; bleed, as the stem of a plant. —v.t. 1. To weep for; lament; bewail. 2, To shed, or pour forth,as

tears.

3. To affect in a specified way by, or to spend in,

trees.

— 7.

weeping; as, to weep life away.

4. To exude; — esp. of

1. Weeping or, Collog., a fit of weeping.

weep/er (wep/ér), n. 1. One who weeps; esp., a professional mourner. 2. A badge of mourning, as a white cuff

band or border formerly worn. weep/ing, adj. 1. That weeps; tearful; also, rainy. 2. Having slender, pendent branches; as, a weeping willow.

wee/ver (we/vér), 7. [LONF. wivre (F. vive). See WIVERN.] Any, of several edible marine fishes (genus Trachinus or family Trachinidae) having a broad spinose head, with the eyes looking upward. wee/vil (wé’v’l; -vil), n. AS. w7fel.J Any of numerous (mostly small) beetles of a group (Rhynchophora) with snoutlike heads. The larvae eat out the interior of nuts, fruit, and grain, or bore into the

pith of trees and other plants. — wee/vil-y, wee’vil-ly, adj.

weft (weft), n. ates e

LAS. wefta, weft.]

1. In

Pi Uae tbat Piges ie Na

thread

carried

by the shuttle;

woof;

filling. 2. A web; a thing woven. wei-ge’la (wi-ge/la; wi’gél-d), n.

*

;

‘ Piben nV os J

afterC. E. Weigel (1748-1831), Sw. physician.] Any Asiatic species of a genus (Diervilla) of shrubs of the honeysuckle family; esp., the pink or reddish-flowered D.

florida of China, cultivated in American gardens.

weigh (wa), v.¢.

[AS. wegan to bear, move, weigh.J

1.

To, hoist; — now only in to weigh anchor. 2. To ex: amine by the balance; to ascertain the weight of; to meas-

ure outon or as on scales; also, to balance in one’s hands to determine weight. 3. To ponder in the mind; consider carefully, as before speaking or deciding; as, to weigh one’s

words or one’s chances of success. . To outweigh; — with down or out. 5. To consider as worthy of notice; regard; esteem. —v. 7. 1. To have weight; to be heavy; to have a certain weight; as, he weighs 200 pounds. 2. To, have weight, or importance;

weight.

upon.

to be influential; carry

3. To bear heavily; press hard; — with on or

&. Obs.

To judge; estimate; consider.

To weigh anchor.— weigh down.

5. Naut.

To bear heavily down

on someone or something. — weigh one’s

words.

To

choose one’s words carefully before speaking. — weigh’-

er (wa/ér), n. weigh, n. Orig. Naut.

Erroneous for wAy, used in the

phrase under weigh, by assoc. with aweigh.

weight (wat), n.

[AS. wiht, gewiht.]

1. A quantity or

thing weighing a fixed, usually specified, amount;

weight of water and air.

as, equal

2. A unit of weight or mass; as,

a table of weights ;also, a mass, as of iron, brass, etc., hav-

ing the weight of one (or a multiple of one) of these units and used in weighing; as, an ounce weight. 3. A ponderous mass; a heavy object for pressing, counterbalancing, etc.; as, a paperweight. &. Burden; as, the weight of

care or business; pressure, as of onslaught. 5. Quantity of heaviness; the amount which a given thing weighs, or should weigh. Abbr. wt. 6. Relative heaviness; ponderability, regarded as a property of matter. _7. A mode of estimating

weight or mass;

as, apothecaries’

weight.

a system

of weights

8. Importance;

(sense 2)3

consequence;

influence; as, a consideration of vast weight. 9. The force with which a body is attracted toward the earth. It is equal to the mass of a body multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. 10. Of garments, the relative heavi-

ness suited to the season; as, winter weight. 11. Statistics. The frequency of an item in a frequency distribution; also, a number assigned to,express its relative importance. Syn.

—v.t.

Heaviness,

gravity,

load;

import,

significance.

To load with a weight or weights; make heavy.

2. To oppress, as with a burden; weigh down.

crease in heaviness, as a fabric by adding barite. tistics.

To assign a weight

(sense 11) to.

3. To in-

4. Sta-

weight’y (wat’i), adj.; 1-rr (-1-@r); -1eest. 1. Having much weight; heavy; ponderous; hence, burdensome. 2. Momentous; serious; also, influential; as, weighty reasons

— Syn. Onerous; momentous, impressive. weight/i-ly, adv. — weight/i-ness, n.

weir (wer), 7.

LAS. wer.]

1. A dam ina

See HEAVY. —

river to stop and

raise the water, as for the purpose of conducting it toa mill,

here (27), Svent, Snd, silént, makér; ice, YU, old, dbey, Orb, ddd. s&ft, cdnnect: fO0d, foot; out, eil: ciibe, Gnite. firm, » Up, circiés, menii:

Ble, chaotic,

charitv:

weir

1142

To unite or surround with a web, or as if with a web; en-

cAre,

add,

Account,

iirm,

ask,

sofa; éve,

weird

for determining the quantity of flowing water. weird (wérd), n. [AS. wyrd fate, destiny; akin to AS. weorthan to becomes] Chiefly Scot. a Fate; destiny; lot;

esp., ill fortune,

b Lcap.] One of the Fates; Fate.

prophecy; prediction; also, an omen.

dA

cA

spell; charm.

eAsoothsayer. f A fatefultale. g The inevitable event. — adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or dealing with, fate or the Fates. 2. Of or pertaining to witchcraft; hence, unearthly; uncanny; as, a weird sound. — weird/ly, adv. —

weird’/ness, n. Syn. Weird, eerie, uncanny.

The Fates.

bh Three witches in

Weis/mann-ism (vis/min-iz’m), n. Biol. The theories and teachings as to heredity propounded by the German biologist August Weismann, esp. in regard to germ plasm as the basisof heredity and the impossibility of transmitting acquired characters.

weiss heer (vis).

:

2

[G. weissbier white beer.]

A light-

colored highly effervescent beer. we’jack (we’jak), n. [Of Algonquian origin.] = FISHER, 2.

we’ka (wa’kd; we’ka), n.

[Maori.]

Any of several flight-

less New Zealand rails (genus Gallirallus).

Welch, Welch’man. Vars. of WeLsu, etc. wel/come (wél’/kiim), adj. CAS. wilcuma a welcome guest,

fr. wil- (akin to willa will, and wel well) + cuma a comer, fr. cuman to come; hence, prop., one who comes so as to

please another’s will; influenced by ME. wel well] 1. Received gladly into one’s presence or companionship; as, a welcome visitor.

2. Giving pleasure; grateful; pleasing;

as, welcome news. 3. Willingly permitted or admitted; as, you are welcome to enter or to the use of my library.

—n.

Acordial greeting to, or reception of, a guest or new-

comer; as, we founda ready welcome. —v.t. 1. Togreet (a visitor, or the like) with cordiality or courtesy; make welcome. 2. To accept with an expression of pleasure; as, he welcomes

honest criticism. — wel’com-er

(-kim-ér),

n. — wel/come.ly, adv. — wel/come-ness, n. weld (wéld), n. Also woald (wold), wold (wold), and would (wold). (CME. welde.] A European mignonette (Reseda luteola) yielding a yellow dye; also, the dye.

weld, v.¢. [From past part. of well, fr. ME. wellen. See WELL, v.]_ 1. To unite metallic parts by (1) heating the surfaces of the parts to be joined and then allowing the metals to flow together, or (2) by hammering or compressing with or without previous softening by heat. 2. To

unite closely or intimately; join so as to form a single or integrated whole. —v.7. To be, or be capable of being, welded. —7. State of being welded; also, a welded joint. — weld/a-ble, adj. — weld’er, wn. el’fare/ (wél’/far’), n. [ME. wel fare, fr. wel well + fare togo.] 1. State of faring, or doing, well; esp., condition of health, prosperity, etc.; negatively, exemption from evil or

calamity.

n

full, weifare work.

Organized com-

munity or corporate efforts for social betterment of a class or group; as, engaged in child welfare.

wel/kin (wél’kin), n.

(3) a word or suffix consisting of a noun - -ed, as in well’=

man/nered. All such expressions are _hyphened when used attributively (a well-acted play). When used predicatively they are, however, treated as separate words (the play was well acted), except for combinations of the third type (he is well-mannered), and a few others that have from long usage become hyphened (well-read) or, rarely,

solid words (wellborn). — adj. 1. Good or desirable in any way; fortunate; advan. tageous; satisfactory; suitable; proper; — now only predicative; as, allis well.

2. Being in health; not ailing, dis-

eased, or sick. 3. Well off. Weird is used of that which is well (wél), interj. An exclamation, orig. an ellipsis for it 7s

strange, wild, or unearthly; eerie suggests esp. an undefined dread, uneasiness, or “creepiness’’; that is uncanny which is vaguely or unpleasantly mysterious.

Weird Sisters. aScot. Shakespeare’s Macbeth.

Weltansicht

1143

%. A tence,as of stakes, or brushwood, set in a stream, tideway, or inlet of the sea, for taking fish. 3. A device

[AS. wolcen, pl. wolenu, a cloud.J

Archaic. The sky; loosely, the air. well (wl), n. [AS. wella, wiella, wylla.] 1. An issue of water from the earth; a spring with its accompanying pool;

afountain. 2. A pit or hole sunk into the earth to reach a supply of water. 3. A shaft or hole sunk to obtain oil,

brine, gas, etc. 4. A source of supply; spring; as, a well of knowledge. 5. Any lowed vessels; as, the well of a fountain space so enclosed, or shaped, as to suggest

fountain; wellof various holpen. ny a well; specif.:

a In English law courts, a space before the judges’ bench, usually for lawyers, esp. solicitors.

b An open space ex-

tending vertically through floors, as for a staircase or an elevator. c Nawt. An enclosure in the middle of a vessel’s

hold, around the pumps, to preserve them from damage and

facilitate their inspection. —v.7.&@t. (CME. wellen to well up, boil, fr. AS. wiellan, wellan, caus.] To issue or pour forth from or as from a well; flow. well, adv. ;compar. BET/TER (bét/ér); superl. BEST (bést).

well, but now used in expressing surprise, expostulation, assent, etc.

we ’ll (wél).

Contraction of we will; — often used for we shall. well/a-way’ (wél/d-wa’; 2), interj. [ME. wetlawey, fr. wet wo! + la lo! (AS. la) + weiwo!] An exclamation exPressing lament. well/—be’ing (-bé/ing; 2), n. Condition of being well, comfortable, happy, etc.; welfare. well’/born’ (-bérn’; 2), adj. Born of good stock, esp. socially or physically. 2 well/—bred’ (-bréd’; 2), adj. 1. Having good breeding; refined in manners. 2. Of good breed, as an animal.

well/—do/’er (-doo’ér), n.

One who does well; esp., one

known for good life or deeds. — well/do/ing, n. & adj.

well’—fa/vored, or -fa’voured (-fa’vérd; 2), adj. some.

Hand-

well/—found’ (-found’; 2), adj. Well or thoroughly found, or provided; as, a well-fownd ship. well’/—found/ed (-foun’déd; -did; 2), adj. Based on excellent reasoning, information, judgment, etc.; as, a wellfounded charge. well/—groomed’ (-grd0md/’; 2), adj. a Carefully tended, curried, etc., as a horse.

b Of a person, well-dressed.

well/—han/dled (-hin’d’ld; 2), adj. Managed efficiently. well’head/ (wél’héd’), n. A source, spring, or fountain. well/—known/’ (-non’; 2), adj. Fully or widely known. peal BS (-mén’ing; 2), adj. Having good inten10nSs.

well/—nigh’ (-ni’; 2), adv.

well off.

Almost; nearly.

Also well’—off’, adj.

In good condition; esp.,

thriving; prosperous. well’—read’ (wél/réd’;

2), adj.

wells’ite

[After H. L. Wells (1855-1924),

Of

extensive

reading;

deeply versed through reading; — often followed by in. (wélz/it),

Am, chemist.]

n.

Mineral. A silicate of aluminum, calcium;

barium, and potassium, (Ba,Ca,Ky»)Al,Siz0i9.8H,O, occurring in glassy, colorless, or white crystals. well/—spo’ken (wél/sp0’kén; 2), adj. 1. Speaking well. fitly, or courteously. 2. Spoken with propriety; as, wellspoken words. well/spring’ (wél’spring’),n. 1. A fountainhead; a spring. 2. A source of continual supply. well’—thought/—of’, adj. Being of good repute. well/—to—do’ (see Pron., § 2), adj. Also well to do. Prosperous.

well’—wish/ing, adj. Hoping for another’s success.— well’—wish’er, n. — well/—wish’/ing, n. Wels’bach (wélz’bak; -bak; G. véls’bax), n. _ [After C.

Auer von Welsbach, Austrian chemist.] A trade-mark for

gaslight appliances and accessories, applied esp. toa burner

(Welsbach burner) in which the combustion of a mixture

of air bach welsh ment

and gas or vapor is employed to heat a mantle (Welsmantle) to incandescence. (wélsh), v. f. 7. Slang. To cheat by avoiding pay. of bets. — welsh/er, n.

Welsh (wélsh), adj. [AS. welisc, welisc, fr. wealh a foreigner, not of Saxon origin, a Welshman.J] Of or pertaining to Wales, its inhabitants, or their language.

1. The language of Wales or of the Welsh. call themselves Cymry.

Welsh’man

(-mdn), n.

Welsh rabbit.

—n.

2. (Used only

asa pl.) The natives or inhabitants of Wales. See Cymric.

The Welsh

One of the Welsh.

Hrron. Welsh rarebit.

A dish of melted

rightly; worthily; hence, excellently; expertly; as, to cook,

cheese, often mixed with ale or beer, poured over toasted bread or crackers. 7 Welsh terrier. A wiry-coated terrierof a breed supposed to have originated two centuries ago in Wales. welt (welt), n. [ME. welte, walte.] 1. A cord, fold, ete.,

gree; abundantly; adequately; as, to be well pleased; a well-watered region. . With reason, propriety, or the

between a shoe upper and the sole to which each part is in

CAS. wel.]

1. In such manner as is desirable or pleasing;

as one could wish; satisfactorily; favorably; fortunately; as, to turn out well. 2. In a good or proper manner; sing, or talk, well.

0 a good, proper, or suitable, de-

like; properly; as, I cannot well refuse. 5. Fully; quite; as, he was well out of sight. 6. Intimately; closely; as, new him well.

7. Considerably; far; as, well ahead.

ta Well is used as the first element in numerous selfexplanatory combinations. It is combined with: (1) an adjective, as in well’/—a/ble; (2) a participle, as in: well-acted well-balanced well-behaved well-chosen well-content

Ohair;

go; sing;

well-defined well-disposed well-dressed well-established well-grounded

then,

well-informed well-made well-preserved well-timed well-worn

thin; nature, verdure

Mumbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

sewed or otherwise fastened

to an edge or border, to guard,

strengthen, or adorn, it; specif., the narrow strip of leather turn stitched.

2. Collog.

A wale, or ridge raised on the

flesh or skin by a, blow; also, a heavy stroke or blow.

—v.t. 1. To furnish with a welt. or lash, esp. so as to raise a welt.

2. Collog.

||Welt’an’schau/ung (vélt/iin’shou’/d6ng), n.

To beat

[G.]

Liter-

ally, a world view; specif., a philosophy, esp. a personal or

racial philosophy, that gives an explanation of history in

general or of the purpose of the world as a whole.

||Welt/an/sicht (vélt/an/zixt), n.

[G.]

A world view; an

aspect in which the universe is regarded; a special view or

apprehension of reality as a whole.

« = ch in G. ich, ach;

bon;

yet;

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc. precede Vocabulary.

in azure.

j Foreign Word

[ME. weltren, fr.

MD. & MLG.

welteren, freq. “i To tumble about or wallow, as a hog in mire; to roll while prostrate, esp. in a liquid; hence, to wallow iin something regarded as sinful or degraded. To rise and fall tumultuously; hence, to be in a turmoil. —n, A weltering; confusion; turmoil. wel’ter, adj. Horse Racing. Of, pertaining to, or designating, a race in which welterweights are carried. wel’/ter-weight/ (-wat’), n. [From earlier welter a heavyweight, prob. fr. welt to thrash, beat.] lL. Horse Racing. A weight of 28 pounds (one of 40 pounds is called a heavy welter weight) sometimes LenSendin addition to weight for age. 2. A boxer or wrestler whose weight does not exceed 147 pounds. yee os, 1i-tik’ (vélt’p6-1Y¥-ték’; -pd-lé’tik), n. ne Literly, world politics or policy; international politics. i Welv'senmere’ (vélt/shmérts/), n. (G., fr. welt world+ schmerz pain.] Sorrow or sadness resulting from a pessimistic Weltanschauung. wen (wen), n. [AS. wenn.] Med. An indolent, encysted tumor of the skin, esp. of the scalp. — wei/nish (wén’ish), wen/ny (-r), adj.

wen, n.

[AS.]

alphabet.

A rune (p) adopted into the Old English

See W.

wench (wénch), n. Leek wenche, for wenchel child, fr. . wencel, wincel, child.] 1. "girl or maiden. A Peasant girl; also, a female servant. 3. Archaic. A lewd woman; a strumpet. —v.1. To consort with wenches (sense 3). — wench/er (wén/chér),n.

wend (wénd), v.27. [AS. wendan to turn, go.] To betake onesclf or direct one’s course; travel. jor eke To direct;

proceed on; — used esp. in, to wend one’s way. See WENT. Wend (wénd), n. (G. Wende.] One of a Slavic people of eastern Germany, chiefly peasants of Lusatia. See Sor. Wend/ish (wén/dish), adj. Also Wend/ic (-dY¥k). a8fe pertaining to the Wends or their language. —n. language of the Wends. went (wént), past tense & past part. of WEND; — now used only asa past tense of go. See Go. wen/tle-trap’ (wén/t’l-trip’), n. {[D. wenteltrap a winding staircase.] Any of a genus (Epitontum) or family (Epitonidae) of

elegant, usually white, marine shells. went {wert past tense & past part. of WE wars ce also, esp. Brit., wir; 4). [AS. were

(thou) wast, weron

were, wre,

imp. subj.)

(

(we, you, they)

|A’ verb form

supplying the past tense indicative plu-

ral, and past tense subjunctive singular and plural, of the verb be. See BE. were n’t (wor? nt; war’-). Colloquial contraction of were not,

Wentletrap (EZ. were/wolf’ (wér'woolf’; wir’-), n.; pl. pretiosa). -WOLVES (-woolvz’). (AS. wer ienlh fr. were, wer, man+ wulf wolf.} Folklore. A person transformed into a wolf in form and usually in appetite, or a per-

son capable of assuming a wolf’s form.

bas ild/ Sed 2K wer’-), were/gild’ (wér’gild/; wér’-), FAS ., fr. wer, were, man + gild payment.] Law. In Asele! one and Germanic law, the price to be paid by the kindred of a manslayer to the kindred of the slain person as composition to avoid the blood feud. wer/’ner-ite (wir/nér-it), ». Scapolite. wert (wiirt; unstressed wert; 4). A verb form supplying the second person singular, past indicative and subjunctive, of the verb BE; — now only in solemn or poetic style.

Wes’ley-an (wes/lY-dn or, esp. Brit., wéz'-), adj.

Of or

pertaining to the Wesley’ family, a member ‘of it, or esp., John Wesley (1703-91), the founderofMethodism; specif., ethodist. — 7. Eccl. follower of John Wesley; a Methodist. — Wes/ley-an-ism (-Yz’m), n. west (wést), n. [AS.,adv.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen ‘to set at the equinox; that one of the four cardinal points which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and on the left of a person facing north.

2.

Occident.

b U.S. Hist.

A quarter, region, locality

country

section,

or the like, lying to the west. a (cap.] Specif.: a The Western Hemisphere or New World so called, it having been discovered by sailing westward from Europe; also, the

& Geog.

Formerly, that part of

the United States west of the Allegheny Mountains; now, commonly, the whole region west of the Mississippi River, esp. that part north of Arkansas, New Mexico, etc.; usually with the definite article. cAnc. & Med. Hist. The Western Roman Empire Are the division of the Roman Empire (A.D. 395) into two parts. — adj. Lying toward, situated in, or proceeding toward, the west; western. 2. Facing toward the west; as, a porch with a west exposure.

3. Coming from the west; — said chiefly

of the wind. 4. Eccl. Designating, or situated in, that part ofa acu: directly opposite the altar or apse. — adv. To or toward, or in, the west; westward. West End. The western portion of London, Eng., including the aristocratic residence sections; hence, the fashionable quarter of any large city. west/er (wés/tér), v.71.

whaleboat

1144

welter wel/ter (w%l’/t@r), 6. ¢

To turn or move westward.

west/er-ly (w%s/tér-lT),n.; pl. -trEs (-l!z). A wind blowing from the west. — adj. ‘Western; west. — adv. 1. ‘Voward the west; westward. From the west; as, the winds blew westerly. — oe oathness, 7. west/ern (wés’térn), adj. Of, pertaining to, situated in, or from, the west; west. 2. [cap.] Of or characteristic of the west; specif., Occidental. 3. [cap.] Of or pertain-

ing to the Western Church or churches; as, Western liturgies. —n. A westerner; specif., U. S., a native or resi-

dent of one of the States west of the Mississippi. 2. U.S. A story, novel, or esp., motion picture, dealing with frontier or cowboy life in the Wes

Western Church. a Speeite and usually) the church of the Latin Patriarchate; the church of those who recognize

the Pope as Patriarch as well as Pontiff in distinction from such Eastern churches as recognize him only as Pontiff. See Untar. _b All the churches of western Christendom or of western Europe and the Americas. west/ern-er (wés’tér-rér), n. A native or inhabitant of the west, esp. [cap.] of the West in the United States. west’ern-most (wés/térn-most), adj. Farthest west. Western Ocean. Among the ancients, the ocean lying to the west of the then known world. West Indian, ». & adj. from West Inp1Es, Gaz. west/ing (wés’ting), n. Navig. & Surv. Departure in a westerly direction. west’lins (wést/linz), adv. Scot. Westward.

West/min/ster Ab/bey (wést/min/stér).

A famous church

in London, orig. the abbey church of a monastery. Itisa national sanctuary and burial place. Westminster Assembly. [From Westminster, borough in London, where the assembly met.]_ An assembly (16431649) which framed certain formulae of faith now cepted as authoritative by Presbyterian churches.

ac-

by as-pha/li-an (wést-fa/li-cin), adj. & n. from WESTPHALIA, west/ward (wést/wérd), a Moving, lying, or facing, toward the west. —adv. Also west’wards (-wérdz). Toward the west. — west/ward-ly, adv. wet (wet), adj.; WET/rER (-ér); wet/rest. [ME. wet, wete, wett, fr. past part. of the v., and fr. AS. wet] 1. Consisting of, covered with, or soaked with, water or other ae 2. Rainy. 3. Not yet dry; as, wet paint. 4. Chieflfy U.S. Not prohibiting or marked by the prohibition of traffic in intoxicating liquor; as, a wet town; also, opposed to prohibition; as, wet candidates. 5. Pre: served, as by bottling, in’a liquid. 6. Chem., Metal., etc. Employing, or done by means of or in the presence of, water or other liquid. — Syn. Humid, damp, moist. — Ant. Arid, parched. — 7. [AS. wt, weta.] 1. Water or wetness; moisture. 2. Rainy or drizzly weather; rain. U One in favor of allowing the sale of intoxicating liquors. —v.t. & t.; WET or WET/TED; WEr’/tiInc. To make or become wet. — wet one’s whistle. Collog. To Hy a drink. — wet/ne&s, n. — wet’ta-ble, adj. — wet’er

wet blanket. A person or thing that quenches or dampens enthusiasm, pleasure, or the like. wet’—blan’ket, v.t. To discourage; dispirit; depress. weth/er (wether), nm. [AS.] A castrated ram. Pet nurse. A nurse who suckles a child. — wet’—nurse’,

wel. pack.. Med.

A form of bath, in which a patient is

wrapped in wet sheets, used esp. to reduce fever. whack (hwak), v. t. & 7. Collog. 8 ‘To strike, esp. with a smart or resounding blow. b ‘o beat, as in a game. 2. Slang. To make division; — often with up. —n. 1. A smart or resounding blow or its sound. 2.aA stroke; an attempt or trial. bA portion; share. — whack’er, n. whack’/ing (-ing), adj. Collog. Very jerees whopping. whale (hwal; 127), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. (CAS. hwel.] 1. Zool. Any of numerous

ceta-

ceans, esp. those of Z large’ size, in dis- Z tinction from the % smaller porpoises

and dolphins, Right Whale. (330) Whales are true air-breathing, warm-blooded, viviparous mammals, The act of spouting, or blowing, is the exhalation of air from

the lungs. The whalebone whales (suborder Mysticeti), including the right whales, sulphur-bottom, etc., have no teeth in the adult, but plates of baleen suspended from the upper jaw. 2. Chiefly U.S. Something impressive as in size or qualities, or superlatively good of its kind; as, a whale of a story. —v,7%.; WHALED (hwald); WHAL/ING

(hwal’ing).

whale, v.t.

‘To engage in whale fishing.

[Var. of WALE to mark with wales.], Collog.

To lash; thrash; to strike hard.

whale’back’ (hwal’bik/), n.

Something shaped like the

back of a whale; specif., a freight steamer with a convex upper deck.

whale’hoat’ (-bot’), n._ A long narrow rowboat, sharp and raking at both ends, and often steered with an oai Ls originally used by whalers.

Ble, chaotic, cAre, Rdd; account; firm; ask; sofa; Gve; here (27), Svent, 6nd, silépt, makér; ice, 1, charity; Gld, Sbev, Orb, Gdd, sd{t, cOnnect; fO0d, fO0t; out, oil; ciibe, tinite, fin, tip, circtis, menii;

whalebone

wheelsman

1145

whale’bone’ (hwal’bon’), n. A horny substance from the |whealee . (ME. whele.] 1. A pustule; a whelk. upper jaw of baleen whales, used to stiffen flat burning or itching eminence 4 stays, etc.; baleen; also, something made of on a skin. Ni; this substance. wheal, n. [From weal a wale, confused with (Y whaler (hwal’ér),n A vee or Ben wheal a pustule. ] wale. pb An exclamation of “what!” -—adv. 1. Why? 2. aHow? in what respect? as, what does it beneht him? b Obs. How reat; to what degree; — with exclamatory or intensive orce. .3. In part; partly; somewhat; — followed by a pcg yn esp. with, and often repeated with distributive force; as, what with war and what with famine, the country was desolated. 4. Prefixed to adjectives, as nearly equivalent to how; as, what happy boys! —conj. 1. Now Dial. Ag much as; so far as; as, he helped them what he could. 2. That; — in but what, but that; that... not; as, never fear but what we shall 20. — inter}. An exclamation expressing surprise or excitement; — often with the force of an uncompleted question. what-ev’er (hwét-év/ér), pron. _ An emphasized equiva— of what, used: 1. Gotloa. Interrogatively, expressing rise or perplexity; as, whatever do you want? Relatively: a Anything or everything that; as, take whatps you want. b No matter,what; as, whatever you do, take care; also, notwithstanding anything that. — adj. Of any kind soever that it may be; — often following its noun; as, no food whatever. what/not! (hwot/ndt’), m. 1. A nondescript object or article. 2. A light open set of shelves used for bric-abrac, etc. : A more what’so- ev/er (hwot/s6-év’ér), pron. & adj, formal or intensive form of whatever. Ghaap (hwiip; hw6p), z. [From one ofits notes.] Scot. GP zal, The curlew Nomen arquatus. See CURLEW, Illust. SAG

chair;

Pa

go; sing;

a

re

then, thin; nattire, verdure

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation.

bridge

(hwet”

(4)

stiin[z]; -ston[z]).

Wheatear.

Elec. A device for the measurement of resistances, invented Wheatstone,

by Sir Charles English physicist. wheat/worm’ (hwét’/wirm’),n A small nematode worm (Ty- A lenchus tritici) which attacks wheat. whee/dle (hwé/d’l), v. . & 7. -DLED (-d’ld); -pLING Cditng)” To entice by soft words or the like; cajole; flatter; coax. Diagram To gain, or get something,

Bridge.

of Wheatstone’n Rj), Rg, Arms_ of

by flattery or coaxing. — known resistance; R3 Resistwhee/dler (-dlér), m. — whee’ance to be measured; R, Varidling-ly, adv. able Resistance Arm; G Galvanometer; £ Battery. wheel (hwél; 127),n CAS. hwéol, hweogul, a eowol.] When G shows no current, 1A disk, ora circular frame *iRa = ReiRe. or body, whether solid or built up, capable of turning ona central axis. Any of various things resembling or likened to a wheel, or, Chiefly Poetic, shaped like an orb or dis An instrument or device in which the chief essential consists of a wheel or wheels; specif., a bicycle; rarely, a tricycle. An obsolete instrument of torture or execution in which the limbs of a victim attached to a wheel were broken. 5. The emblematic wheel of the personified Fortune, symbolizing the rapid alternations of human fate. 6. A turn or revolution; rotation. 7. Figuratively: a pl. The machinery which operates anything; the moving power; as, the wheels of government. b The directing or contrélling force or element. 8. The refrain or burden of a soe 9. A firework which rotates while burning. 10. & Nav. A movement of troops or vessels in line inud the units preserve alignment and relative positions but change direction. Naut. A circular frame with handles, for controlling the rudder. —v. t. To convey or move on wheels, or in a wheeled vehicle. 2. To cause to turn; RoratS revolve. 3. To make or perform in a circle. — v. 7. To turn on or as

on an axis; to revolve; also, to pivot.

2, Togo on or as if

on wheels; roll forward. — wheel, adj. — wheeled (hwéld), adj. wheel and axle. A device consisting of a grooved wheel (turned by a cord or chain) with a rigidly attached axle (for winding up a weight by a cord or chain), together with the supporting standards.

wheel/bar/row (hwél’bar/d), A small vehicle with handles and, usually, one wheal for conveying small loads.

— wheel’ bar’row, ate wheel bug. A large North american eee Sas (Arilus cristatus)

insect

which sucks blood of other insects; —

so called from a high serrated crest on its prothorax. wheel’er (hwel/ér), n. 21, One who wheels. 2, That

which has wheels, as a vehicle or vessel; — now chiefly in

compounds; as, a side-wheeler; a four-wheeler. 3. A wheel horse. wheel horse. 1. A horse ina tandem, or one of the horses in a similar arrangement, nearest to the wheels. 2. One

in any labor or enterprise who does especially steady and effective work.

‘

wheel/house’ (hwél’hous’), n. Naué. A pilothouse. wheel’ing (hwél/ing), m. 1. Act of one that conveys,

travels, etc., on wieelss specif., cycling. 2. A turning or circular movement. Condition of a road, or roads, which admits of a

wheel lock.

ae on wheels.

A former kind of gunlock in which sparks were

struck irom a flint, or helike, by a revolving wheel.

wheel/man

(hwél’man),

tends a wheel; also, a eeligt,

One who makes wheels or

wheels/man (hwélz’mén), n.; pl. -MEN (-mén).

A steers-

man; strictly, one who steers by turning a wheel.

(118);x =ch

in G. ich,

ach;

bon;

yet;

zh=z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc, precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

{ Foreign Word

wheelwork wheel’worls’ (hwél’wiirk’), m.

1146

Mach.

Wheels in gear,

and their connections, etc., in a machine or mechanism.

wheel/wright’ (-rit’), m.

A man whose occupation is to

make or repair wheels and wheeled vehicles. wheen (hwén), n. [AS. hwéne, hw%ne, a little, somewhat, fr. hwon little, few.] Scot. A few; a group. wheep (hwep), . [Imitative.] A curlew’s whistle. — wheep, v. 7.

wheeze (hwéz; 127), v.27.

[ME. whesen, fr. or akin to ON. hvesa to hiss.]. To breathe bard, and with an audible piping or whistling; make a sound like asthmatic breathing. —n. 1. A sound of wheezing. 2. Slang. Orig., a theatrical gag, esp. one used repeatedly; hence, a familiar

saying, adage, or tale; a joke or witticism, esp. an old one. — wheez’er (hwéz/ér), n. — wheez/ing-ly, adv. wheez’y (hwéz’i), adj.; wuerz/I-ER (-Y-€r); WHEEZ/I-EST.

Wheezing, or making or having a sound like wheezing. —

wheez’i-ly, adv. — wheez/i-ness, n.

whelk (hwélk; wilk; 127), n. [AS. weoloc, wioloc.] of numerous large marine snails (Bucci-

Any

num and allied genera); esp., one (B. undatum), much used as food in Europe. whelk (hwélk), n. [AS. hwylca, fr. hwelian tosuppurate.] A papule; a pustule.

whelm (hwélm), v.t. & 7.

OME. hwelmen to turn over.] To overwhelm or be overwhelmed; engulf; hence, overpower; crush. whelp (hwélp; 127), n. [AS. hwelp.] 1. One of the young of a dog or a beast of prey; a puppy; a cub.

3. Mach.

a Any

i

capstan, windlass, etc.;— usually in pl.

(%)

;

-——v.7%. &t. To bring forth young; give

pee to; — said of the female of the dog or of some beasts of prey. when (hwén; 127), adv. [AS. hwenne, hwanne, hwonne.]

1. At what time?

etc.; beginning ‘

with

1. At or toward which.

2.

On which occasion; on which account; whereupon.

where-by’ (-bi’), adv.

1. By or through which; by the

help of which; in accordance with which; as, the truth whereby one lives. 2. Now Rare. By what? how? why?

where’fore (hw4r’for; 70), adv. [where+for.] 1. For what reason? for what end or object? why? 2. Archaic.

By reason, or in consequence, of which; why. . 3. For which reason; therefore; so;— used conjunctively.— Syn. See THEREFORE.

—7.

The reason; Cause.

where-from/ (hw4r-frdm/’), adv.

or what place. where-in’ (hwar-in’), lar or regard.

2.

adv..

P

From which; from which

E d 1. In what? in what particu-

In which; in the course of or during

which; as, the book wherein these things are found.

where-in’to (hw4r-in’too; -t00; hwar’/in-to0’), adv. which.

Into

where-of’ (hwar-6v’; -6f’), adv. 1. Of what; —esp., of what material, subject, etc.; as, he knows whereof hespeaks. 2. Of which; of whom; formerly, also, with or by which; as, the persons whereof he speaks. where-on/ (-n’), adv. 1. On what? 2. On which; as, a foundation whereon to build. where’so-ev’er (hwAr/sé-év/ér), adv. & conj. In, to, or, formerly, from, whatsoever place; wherever.

Through which.

where-to’ (-t00’), adv. 1. To what? to what place, purpose, end, or the like? 2. To which. where/un-to’ (hwar/tin-t00’), adv. Archaic. Whereto.

of the longitudinal ribs or ridges on a Whelk ee totleni). b = SPROCKET a.

document,

where-at’ (hwar-it’), adv..

where.-through’ (hwar-throo’), adv.

Contemptuous.

Ayouth; child; ‘‘cub.”.

which

oe a clause, item, whereas.

in what period? how long ago? how

where/up-on’

(-%-pon’),

adv.

1. Upon

or concerning

what? 2. Upon which; whereon; in consequence of which fact, happening, etc.

wher-ev’er (hwar-év’ér), adv. 1. Now Collog. Where; — used in questions expressing astonishment or puzzlement; — also written Where ever.

2. At, in, or to, what-

ever place; hence, in whatever instance or situation;

as,

wherever there is need, he is lending aid. 3. Regardless a Be ee where; as, he will do well, wherever he may be

soon? 2. At which time; at the same time or moment that; whereupon; as, when he at once consented. — conj. 1. At the time that; at, during, or after the time that; at,

placed. where-with’ (hwar-with’; -with’), adv. 1. With what. 2. With which; by means of which, — pron. That with or

ducing a clause having a. causal, conditional, or adversa-

where’with-al’ (hwar/with-6l’), adv. & pron. Wherewith. — n. Also, lesscommonly where-with’. That with which anything can be purchased or done;— generally with the;

or just after, the moment that; while; as, come when you please. 2. In the event that; on condition that; as, when in doubt, win the trick. 3. Whereas; although; — intro-

tive relation to the principal proposition; as, he removed the tree when it was the best in the ground. — pron. What or which time; the or a time at which; as, Till when

will you wait?

—mn.

The time of a happening or action.

-when. A combining some/when’. when.-as’

(hwén-4z’),

form

of the adverb

conj.

Archaic.

when,

a When.

as in bh For

the reason that; as. c Whereas; while. . whence (hwéns), adv. (ME. whennes, whens (with adverbial s, prop. a gen. ending) also whenne, whanene, fr.

AS. hwanan, hwonan.]

From what place; hence, from

what or which source, origin, cause, etc.; — used interrogatively and relatively. i

whence’so-ev’er

(hwéns/sé-év/ér),

adv.

& conj.

From

what place soever; from what cause or source soever. — when-ev’er (hwén-év’ér), adv. & conj. At whatever time.

when/so-ev’er (hwén/s6-év’ér), adv. & conj. soever; whenever.

where (hw4r; 127), adv. place?

hence,

in

what

[AS. hw%r.] situation,

At what time i

1. At or in what

position, or

circum-

stances?; as, where can we expect a welcome, if not among our kine 2. At or in which place; at the place in which; as, the place where he was born. 3. At which part, stage, or passage; — used interrogatively and relatively; as, I forget where we were reading; wheredoIcomein?e

4. To

what or which place; in what or which direction; hence, to what goal, result, or issue; whither; — used interrogatively and relatively. 5 From what place or source; as, where

did he get his suspicions? — Syn. See WHITHER.

== conj.

1. a At or in the place in which; as, I shall stay where you stay. b In the or a case, situation, or respect, in which;

as, where others are weak, he is strong.

2. To place at,

in, or to which; in or to whatever place; as, let me take you

where you live. — pron. What or which place; the or a place in or to which; the or a particular or respect in which;

4s, where does he hail from?

made his mistake.

(Collog.); that is where he

—m.

A place or spot; also, the place

(-bout’).

1. About where? near what

in which something is or occurs; as, all the wheres and hows of an event. where/a-bouts’ (hwir’a-bouts’; 2), adv. Now rarely

where/a-bout’

place?

2. Obs. About or round which, concerning which.

where/a-bouts’, n. sing., Also where’a-bout’. where a person or thing is. where-as’ (hw4r-4z’), conj..

The place

; ae 1. Considering that; it being

the case that; since; — implying a recognition of facts, and often used to introduce a preamble., 2. When in fact; while on the contrary; the case being in truth that; — im-

plying opposition or contrast to what precedes. WHEREASES (-4z/éz; -Jz).

— n.; pl.

An introductory consideration;

by which; — followed by to and an infinitive; as, he had not

the money wherewith to buy food.

as, he had the wherewithal for a dinner. wher’ry (hwér’f),7.; pl. -Rtes (-Yz). [Origin unknown.J Any of various light boats; as: a A long light rowboat,

sharp at both ends.

hb A racing scull for one person.

¢

ing. A large light barge, lighter, or fishing boat.. — v. t. & 7.; WHER/RIED (-{d); WHER’RY-ING. ‘To carry in, or to sail or propel, a wherry.

whet_ (hwét), v.t.; waet/TED; wHET’tiNG.. [AS. hwettan.] 1. To sharpen by rubbing on or with some sub-

stance, asa piece of stone. 2. To make sharp, keen, or eager; excite; stimulate; as, to whet the appetite. —n.

1. A whetting.

Now Dial.

2. That which whets or sharpens.

3.

A turn of work; also, an attempt. — whet’ter

(hwét/ér), n.

wheth’er (hwéth’ér; 127), conj..

[See WHETHER,

pron.]

Indicating that, the elements which follow are alternatives

in an interrogation or statement of choice, doubt, hesitancy,

etc.; — followed usually by or, or by or whether. Used: Now Rare. Yo introduce a direct question involving alternatives. 2. To introduce an indirect question; if it be the fact, true, better, etc., that; as, ask whether he is

going

or not.

3. To introduce

alternative condition:

a In case that; in either case, namely if... (or) if; as, whether we escape or not, we must make an attempt. b Either; as, to win, whether by hook or by crook. == pron.

[AS. hwether,

hwether.]

| Archaic.

Which

(of two);

which one (of two); — used interrogatively and relatively.

Ee ools.

(hwét/ston’), n.

whew (hwii; hii), znterj.

A stone for whetting edge

An exclamation.

expressing

astonishment mingled with scorn, relief, admiration, etc. —n. An utterance of “whew”; or sound like it. whey (hwa; 127), n. [AS. hweg, hweg.] The serum, or

watery part, of milk, separated from the more thick,or

coagulable part, or curd, esp. in the process of making cheese. — whey’ey (hwa’J), adj. whey/face’ (-fas’), n. A face pale or pallid, as from fear, or one having such a face. — whey’faced’ (-fast’), adj.

which (hwich; 127), pron. [ME. which, whilk, fr. AS. hwile, hwylc, hwele, from the stem of hwa who+ thatof

lic body, hence prop., of what sort or kind.] An indeclinable pronominal word, used as singular or plural, and for either persons or things, It is: 1. An interrogative, used

in both direct and indirect questions to ask for or concerning one or more of a group or number, esp. among several individuals of a class; as, which is the house? be

asked which he should take; formerly, what sort of? 2. A simple relative, introducing an added qualification or state. ment, sometimes a restriction of its antecedent.

See THAT,

ale, chaotic, cAre, dd, account, firm, ask, sofa; eve, hére (27), €vent, &nd, silént, makér; ice, Yl, charity; old, ébey, Grb, Sdd, sft, connect; food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, firm, tip, circés, menii;

whichever pron., Note.

For who,

whom, that, referring to persons; as, “Our Father, which art in heaven.” Now referring chiefly to animals, things, or ideas, its antecedent being sometimes a phrase or clause; as, aletter which he wrote; a subject of which he knew little: tee” Which, referring to a series of preceding sentences,or members of a sentence, may have all joined to it adjectively; as, all which, it may be seen, is harmful. 3. A compound relative or indefinite pronoun, standing for any one which, whichever, that which, those which, and the like; as, take which you will. — Syn. See wno. — adj. 1. What one or ones of (two or more); as, which men are guilty? 2. That already named or referred to; as, after three days, during which time he had not eaten. Whichever; whatever; as, it will not fit, turn it which way you like. which.ev’er (hwich-év’ér), pron. & adj. _Also which/so-ev/er (hwich/sé-év/ér). An emphasized form of which implying choice among a number, used relatively and interrogatively; any (undetermined) one that; no matter

which; as, whichever road you take it will lead you to town. whid (hwid; hwitd), v.z. Scot. & Ir. To whisk; frisk. whid’ah (hwY¥d’a), n. In full whidah bird, whidah finch. [Alteration of widow bird, on assumption that it was prop.

named from Whydah (now Ouidah) in Dahomey.] Any of various African weaverbirds (subfamily Viduinae) the

males of which have drooping tail feathers often a foot in length during the breeding season. whiff (hwif; 127), n. Bea imitative, and partly fr. ME. weffe vapor, *whiff.] 1. A quick puff or slight euet of aire eA puff, gust, or fhe of odor. 3. A puff of smoke, vapor, etc.; esp., an exhalation as of tobacco smoke from the mouth. 4. ‘An inhalation of tobacco smoke or thelike. —v.t.&7. 1. To expel or puff out in a whiff or whiffs; to exhale, as tobacco smoke; hence, to smoke, as a pipe. To carry.or convey by or as bya whiff; to pufl or blow away. — whiff’er, n. whif’fet (hwif/ét; -f), n. 1. A little whiff or puff. 2. Collog., U.S. A “small or insignificant person or animal. whif/fle’ (hwif?l, v.7.; war/PLeD (-’ld); |WHIF/ELING (ling). [Freq. of ‘thie cont 1. Toblow pea or in gusts; — of the wind. 2. Tovacillate. —v. t. To blow, disperse, emit, or expel, with or as if with a whiff or puff. whif’fler’ Clér); n. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion or course; one who uses shifts and evasions in argument; an idle talker; trifler. — whiffler-y, n. whif’fler, n. Hist. A soldier or officer who instructed

recruits and kept order on a march; hence, one of those

clearing the way for a procession.

whif’fle-tree’ (hwif’’l-tré’; -tri), n. A whippletree. Whig (hwig; 127),n. 1. "Eng. Politics. One of a political party which grew up in England in the 17th century during the great contests eens

the royal prerogatives and

the rights of the people, and later became

the Libera!

party. 2. Amer. Hist. a A friend and supporter of the American Revolution; — opposed to Tory and Royalist.

b One of a_political party in the United States formed about 1834 in opposition to the Democrats. — Whig, adj. — Whig’gish (hwig/ish), adj. — Whig’gism (-iz ™), nN. Whig’ger-y une 1), n.; pl. -ceRres (-Iz). The principles or practices of Whigs, esp. of the English Whigs. whig/ma-lee’rie (hwig/md- lé’ri),n. Scot. A gimcrack; also, a whim. while (hwil; 127),n. [AS. hwil.] 1. A space of time, esp. when short and ites fe by some action or happening; a time; as, stay here (for) a while.

something; labor; pains; —

while or worth one’s while.

Time used in doing

now only in the phrase worth —

conj.

whiplash

1147

It is used: a Archaic & Dial.

1. During the time

that; as long as; as, while I write, you sleep. 2. Now Dial. Until. At the same time that; — sometimes haying the force of although, sometimes whereas. Ae use of while is often regarded as improper. —v.¢. To cause to pass away, esp. pleasantly or without ee ness; to spend or pass; — usually followed by away. Syn. While, beguile. To while (usually away) is to cause to pass (time) pleasantly; beguile commonly suggests relief from tedium or irksomeness.

whiles (hwilz), udv. Now Dial. Sometimes; meantime. —conj. During the time that; while. whi/lom (hwi/l%m), ad». [AS. hwilum, prop. at times, dat. pl. of hwil. See waite, n.] Archaic. Formerly; once; of old; erewhile; at times. — adj. Former; sometime: as, his whilom friends. whilst (hwilst; 127), conj. & adv. [From wHites; cf.

AMONGST. J ile. whim (hwim; 127), . 1. A sudden turn or start of the mind; a humor; caprice; fancy. 2. Any of various machines for hoisting; specif., a large capstan with one or more radiating arms to whhich a horse or horses, etc., may be yoked, used in mines for raising ore or water. — Syn. See CAPRICE. whim/brel (hwim/brél), A small European curlew (Phaeopus Ph deaie so anbed also to other small curlews.

whim/sey, whim/sy (hwim/z!), n.; nee -SEYS (-zIz); -sTES (-ziz).

1. A whim; freak; caprice.

2. Whimsicality; as,

whimsey characterized his plays. whim/si-cal (hwim/zi-kdl), adj. [From whimsey.]

1. Full of whims; actuated or characterized by a whim or whims; freakish. 2. Odd; queer; fantastic. — whim/sicali-ty (-kil/%-th, whim/si- cal-ness, n.— whim/sical-ly, adv. whin (hwin), n. [Of Scand. origin.] Gorse; furze. whin, n. [See WHINSTONE.] Any particularly hard rock especially vee which, on weathering, cumbers the groun with largefragments; whinstone. [So called because it frewhin/chat’ (hwin’ch3t’), n. quents whins.] A small European saxicoline bird (Saxicola rubetra) that is brown and buff in color, frequents grassy meadows, and sings well. whine (hwin; 127), v. 7. CAS. hwinan to make a whizzing sound.] To utter a low plaintive nasal sound, esp. in Whinchat. complaint or distress; Oe to complain or to beg in a mean or unmanly way. —v.t. To utter or express with a whine. —n. A whining or ake sound of it; hence, mean or unmanly complaint.

—

whin/er

(hwin’ér), n.— whin/ing-ly

— whin’y (-%), adj. wine ey Urge: adj. urzes

Abounding

Cing-li), adv.

in whin,

whin/ny,¥. 7. ; WHIN/NIED (-Id); wHin’Ny-ING.

gorse,

or

[Akin to E.

whine and é&‘wiehern.] Ofa horse, to neigh, esp. in a low or gentle fashion. — v.¢. To utter with or as with a whinny. -—7.; pl. WHINNIES (-iz). Act or sound of whinnying. whin/stone’ (hwin’ston’),n [Perh. fr. whin eorseds stone.] Basaltic rock; trap;nao! any of various other dar resistant rocks, as chert. whip (hwip; 127), v. t.; WHIPPED (hw{pt) or WHIPT; WHrP’pinc. CME. whippen, wippen.] 1. To move, take, oe snatch, jerk, or the like, suddenly and forcibly; — usually followed by into, out, up, off, and the like; as, he whipped outagun. 2. Tostrike witha lash, whip, rod, or the like; lash; beat. 3. Specif.:a To punish by lashing: flog. } To force, urge, or drive, by use of a whip, rod, etc. ¢ To belabor with ‘stinging or biting words. d To strike asa lash does; as, the rain whips the pavernent. &. To overlay (a cord, rope, or the like) with other cords, rope, or the like, going round and round it; wrap; — often with about,

around, or ee

5. To wind, wreathe, or bind, about

something. 6. Collog. To conquer; to defeat, as in a contest. 7. To gather together or hold together for ear action, in the manner of a party whip. See wHIP, .. 104. 8. To fish (water) with rod, line, and artificial fy. 9. To beat (eggs, an or the like) into a froth, as with ie whisk, fork, or the like. 10. Naut. To hoist or purchase by a whip (sense 5). 11. Sewing. To overhand lightly; specif., to form (a fabric) into gathers by loosely overcasting the rolled edge with fine stitches and drawing up the thread. — v. 7. To move nimbly; to start, turn, go, pass, or the like, quickly or suddenly; whisk. 2. To thrash about iin the manner of a whiplash; swish; as, flags whipping in the wind.— whip in. To keep from scattering, as hounds in a hunt; hence, to collect or to keep together, as members of a party, for legislative action. —n. 1. An instrument consisting usually of a lash attached to a handle used in whipping. A stroke or cut with or as with a whip. . Obs. A sudden rush or start. 4. One of the arms of a windmill. 5. A hoisting apparatus; esp., a purchase consisting of a single block and a small rope, for lifting light articles. 6. One who handies a whip; specif.: a A coachman; a driver of horses; as, a good whip. b A huntsman who whips in the hounds. 7. A whipping motion; a thrashing about. 8. Cookery. A dish made light. with whipped cream, eggs, etc. 9. Mach. Any of various pieces that operate with a quick vibratory motion, as a spring in certain electrical devices for making a circuit. 10. Politics. a Also party whip. A person, as a member of a legislature, appointed to enforce party discipline, and secure the attendance of the members of a party at any important session. bh A call

made on members of a legislative party to be in their places at a given

time.

whip’cord/ (hwip’kord’), n.

1. A kind of hard-twisted or

braided cord. 2. A cord made of animal intestines; catgut. 3. A hard-woven worsted fabric with fine ‘close diagonal cords or ribs. whip graftage or grafting. Also whip graft. Graftage or grafting in which a cleft or slit is made in the end of both cion and stock in the direction of the grain, forming a kind of tongue, so that the tongue of each may be inserted in the slit of the other. — whip’graft’ (hwip’ graft’; 9), v. t. whim/per (hw{m/pér), v. 7. To cry with a low, whining, whip hand. The hand holding the whip in driving; hence, broken voice. —n. whimpering cry or ‘sound.— advantage; control; as, to have or get the whip hand. whip/lash/ (hwip/lish), n. The lash of a whip. whim/per-er, n. — whim/per-ing-ly, adv.

Chair; go; sing; then, thin; natiire, verdure (118); K=ch

in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciaticn, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

||Foreign Word,

whipper whip’per (hwYp/ér), n. whip’per—in’,

n.; pl. WHIPPERS-IN

(hwip/érz-In’),

huntsman’s assistant who whips in the hounds.

liamentary whip.

whip’per-snap’/per (-snip/ér), n.

brushing clothes, etc.

1. A

2. A par-

169-u.

Bile

A diminutive, insignifi-

cant, or presumptuous person. — whip/per-snap’per, adj. whip’ pet (hwip’ét; -¥t; 127), n. [From warp to move nim-

bly.] 1. A small swift dog of a breed developed from a cross between a greyhound and a terri¢r. 2. Someone or something as small or as swift as a whippet; specif., also whippet tank, a kind of small mobile and speedy armored tank, used in the World War.

qwhip’ping (hwip’ing), n.

F

1. Act of one that whips.

2.

Material used to whip, or bind. ; ot a whipping post. Hist. A post for publicly whipping ofenders.

whip/ple-tree’ (hwYp/’l-tré’; -tri), n.

[From wurp.]

The

parece or swinging bar to which the traces, or tugs, of a n arness are fastened.

whip/poor- will’ (hwip’poor-wil’; -@r-wil’; 2), n.;> seePLURAL, Note, 3. [From

its call.]

—v.t.

out a handkerchief.

whisk eggs into froth.

nimbly

and

1. To move, pass,

2. To beat or whip lightly; as, to

3. To brush with a light rapid

motion; as, to whisk dust, a coat.

whisk’er

(hwis/kér;

127),

n.

;

;

1. Dial.

A thing that

whisks, asa whisk broom. 2. Chiefly in pl. a Formerly, amustache. b That part of the beard which grows on the sides of the face, or on the chin, or on both. _ 3. a A hair of the beard. b One of the long projecting hairs or bristles

growing near the mouth of a cat, bird, or other animal.

4. Naut.

Usually in pl, Either of two bars or rods ex-

tending on either side of the bowsprit, to spread the jib and flying jib_ guys; —called also whisker boom. —

whisk’ered (-kérd), adj. whis’ky, whis’key (hwis/kY), n.; pl. WHISKIES, WHISKEYS

(-kiz). [lr. & Gael. wisge water, in uisgebeatha whisky, prop., water of life.] 1, A distilled alcoholic liquor made

from any of various grains, esp. in Scotland,

the United States and Canada.

A nocturnal

Ireland, and

In the United States

maize or corn. In Scotland and Ireland whisky is often made from malted barley. 2. A drink of whisky. — adj.

A

Ae

Of, pertaining to, or like, whisky; made of whisky. whis’per (hwis’pér; 127), v.72. [AS. hwisprian.] 1. To

“a 2 Lg == QF” —

arise

speak softly, or under the breath; to utter words or sounds

.

A kind of narrow pit saw, Whippoorwill. (8) tapering from butt to point, with hook teeth, and from 5 to 736 feet in length. —v.¢. 1. To saw with a whipsaw.

2. To defeat in, or to cause to lose, two different bets at the same turn or in one play, as at faro; hence, to worst in two ways at once. 3 whip scorpion. Any of numerous arachnids (Thelypho-

nus and allied genera) somewhat resembling true scorpions, but usually having a long slender taillike organ, and no sting.

whip’stitch’ (hwip’stich’), v.¢.

To sew by passing the

thread over and over; to overcast; whip.

whip’worm’ (-wirm’), n.

—v.%. To move

quickly; as, to whisk away.

carry, etc., with a quick sweeping motion; as, to whisk

whisky has been generally distilled from rye, wheat, and

bird (Antrostomus vociferus) of the eastern United States and Canada, allied ie eb ae nightjar. whip’saw’ (hwip’sd’), n.

whip’stock’ (-stdk’), n.

white

1148

One who or that which whips.

The handle of a whip.

[So called from its shape.] | A

roundworm (Trichuris trichiura) often found parasitic in the human intestine. whir (hwiir; 127), v.7.; warrrep (hwfird); wurr/RING. CCf. warru.] To move, fly, revolve, or the like, quicaly

with a buzzing or whizzing sound.. —n. 1. Hurry; commotion. 2. A buzzing or whizzing sound due to rapid

motion. whirl (hwiirl; 127), v.¢. [ME. whirlen, fr. ON. hvirfla.J 1. To revolve or rotate with great speed; to gyrate. 2. To move, go, pass, or the like, hastily or swiftly.

3. To

feel giddiness; to reel; as, my head whirls. — v.t..1. To

turn round rapidly; to rotate or revolve with velocity; as, to whirla top. 2. To remove or carry quickly with or as

in a whisper. To speak covertly, esp. in conspiracy or criticism. 3. To make a low sibilant rustling sound, as of

a whisper. —v.¢. 1. Tosay under the breath; hence, to mention privately and confidentially in or as in a whisper. _ To address or speak to in a whisper, or undertone, as in privacy. —vn. 1. A low soft sibilant utterance, which

can be heard only by those near at hand; speech without voice. 2. Act of communicating, or something communicated, by or as by whispering; a secret or private utterance, word, hint, etc.

3. A low, sibilant, rustling sound,

as of whispered speech; as, the whisper of leaves in the wind. — whis’per-er, n. ! -

whis/per-ing, n. Act of ene who whispers; whispere1 sound, talk, rumor, etc. —adj. That whispers. — whis’per-ing-ly, adv. whis/per-ous (hwis’pér-tis), adj. Also whis’per-y (-%). Like a whisper; full of whispers.

whist (hwist; 127), interj. Now Chiefly Dial. An exclamation enjoining silence and attention; be still; husb. —~n. Ir. Silence; as, hold your whist. — adj. Archaic & Dial. Silent; mute; stil; quiet. — adv. Silently. whist, n. [Earlier whisk, from whisking up the tricks,

but later accommodated to whist, from the silence ob served during play.] A card game for four players, the

forerunner of bridge.

See BRIDGE, n., 5.

whis’tle (hwis’”’]; 127), v. ¢.; wats/TLED (-’ld); WHIS/TLING (ling). CAS. hwistlian to hiss.] 1. To make a kind of

with a revolving motion; as, the wind whirls along the dead leaves. 3. Obs. To hurl with or as with a revolving

shrill musical sound, or series of sounds, by forcing the breath through the teeth or compressed lips. 2. To emit or utter from the mouth or beak a sound like a whistle, as birds. To move, pass, go, or the like, with a sharp

wheel. 2. Anything that moves with a whirling motion; as, a whirl of wind, dust, etc... 3. Commotion; bustle;

wind or steam whistle; to blow on a whistle. —v.t. 1. To form, utter, express, or modulate by whistling; as, to whistle a tune. 2. To send, bring, signal, or call by or as

motion. — Syn. See Twirt. —n. 1. Rapid rotation, gyration, or circumvolution; as, the whirl ofa top, or of a

tumult.

4. A mental state of dizziness, confusion, or dis-

traction; as, a whirl of passion. — whirl’er, n. whirl/a-bout’ (-a-bout’), n. Act of whirling about; also, a whirligig. —- whirl’a-bout’, adj.

whiri/i-gig’ (hwfir/li-zig’), n. [See warrt; cic.] 1. A child’s toy having a whirling motion, asa teetotum. 2. a A carrousel, or merry-go-round. hb A whirligig beetle. 3. Anything having a whirling course or motion; also, a whir)ing motion. Obs. exc. Scot. A fanciful trifle or notion. whirligig beetle. Any of numerous beetles (family Gy-

rinidae) which live mostly on the surface of water and

move swiftly about in curves. whirlpool’ (hwfrl’pool’), n, An eddy or vortex of water;

water moving rapidly in a circle so as to produce a depres-

sion in the center, into which floating objects may be drawn.

whirl/wind! (-wind’), n. WHIRL; WIND,

n.]

motion,

usually

[After ON. hvirfilvindr.

See

1. A rotating windstorm of limited ex-

tent, marked by an inward und upward spiral motion of the lower air, followed by an outward and upward spiral and

a progressive

motion

at_all

levels.

2. A rush or thing rushing likened to such a windstorm. whirr (hwiir). Var. of ware. whir’ry (hwir’y), v. ¢. & i. Scot. To whir; to whirl. whish (hwish; 127), v.7. To move with a whizzing or swishing sound; to whiz or swish. —m. A whizzing sound. whisht

(hwisht;

wisht; Scot. also hwtisht),

interj.

An

exclamation equivalent to whist. adj. Silent; hushed. —v.t.&%. Tosilence; to be silent. — 7. A faint sound; a whisper. All Chiefly Scot. whisk (hwisk; 127), n. [ME. wisk, wysk, of Scand. origin.) 1. aA quick sweeping or brushing motion, as of

something light; a quick light stroke, as of a brush.

of whisking.

b Act

A small culinary instrument for whisking

or beating eggs, cream, etc.

. small bunch of grass,

straw, twigs, hair, as used for brushing or lightly sweeping; hence, a small brush or broom (whisk broom), as for

Ble, chaotic, cAre,

Add,

dccount,

charity;

Orb,

Sdd, sSft, cdnnect;

dld, ébey,

tirm,

ask,

shrill sound; as, a bullet whistled past.

To sound a

by a whistle. —n. CAS. hwisile a pipe, flute.) “1. An instrument for producing a shrill whistling sound; specif.,

an instrument in which air, steam, or the like, is forced into a Cavity, or against a thin edve; as, & steam whiatle.

2. Collog. The mouth and throat. 3. A sharp, shrill sound, made by the expulsion of the breath in whistling or by blowing through an instrument. An act of whistling. 5. A call or summons, as by a whistling sound.

6. A sound likened to a whistling sound, as of wind through trees, of a bullet through the air, a piping call of birds, etc.

whis’tler (hwis/lér), n.

1. One who whistles.

2. Any of

various birds; as: a A goldeneye. Local, Eng. The widgeon. 3. A thing that makes a sound like whistling. 4. A

large

mountain

marmot

(Marmota

northwestern North America.

caligata)

of

Whis-tle’ri-an (hwis-lér’i-dn), adj. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, James Abbot McNeill Whistler (18341903), American painter and etcher. whis/tling (hwis/ling), n. [AS. Awistlung.]

1. Act or

noise of one that whistles; a whistle. 2. Veter. A peculiarly shrill sound produced by a horse with a respiratory

obstruction due to paralysis of a laryngeal muscle. whit (hwit), n, [For wit, ME. wight, wiht, fr. AS. wiht a creature, a thing.] | The smallest part or particle; a bit;

Jot; iota; as, he cared not.a whit.

white (hwit; 127), adj.

[AS. hwit.]

1. Of the color of

pure snow; reflecting to theeye all the rays of the spectrum

combined; — the opposite of black or dark. 2. Hence, light or relatively light in color; as: a Of a light yellow or

amber color, as certain wines. b Chiefly Poetic. Very blond or fair. ¢ Gray, silvery, or hoary; as, white hairs. d Wanting in color; ashen; pale; wan; as, lips white with fear. e Blank, as, in printing, a space unmarked by ink. f Snows; snow-covered; as, a white Christmas. 3. Iree from spot or blemish; hence, innocent; pure. 4. Light

sofa; @ve,

hé@re (27), event, Gnd, silént, makér;

fo0d, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite,

ice, YIl,

Grn, wip, circéis, mentiz

white alkali

white person

1149

gray and lustrous; — of metal or metal objects, esp. silver; hence, made of silver. 5. Clothed or habited in white; as, white friars. 6. Without evil in intent; relatively harm:

less; as, a white lic; white magic. 7. Now Rare. Fortunate; auspicious, 8. a Having a light-colored skin; Caucasian; as, a white man. b Composed of or controlled by the white race; as, the policy of a white Australia. ¢ Orig.

feather in the tail of a cock being considered an indication that he is not a true gamecock; hence, a coward.

white/fish’ (hwit/ffsh’), n.; pl., see FISH.

y

1. Any of vart-

ous fresh-water food fishes (family Coregonidae), esp, one

species (Coregonus clupetformis) of northern and eastern lakes in the

S.

2. a Any of various other fishes, as

Slang, U.S. Honest; square-dealing; honorable. 9. Being at white heat (which see).. 10. European Politics.

the menhaden, or the young of the bluefish. b The beluga, or white whale. white flag. A flag of plain white, esp. used as a flag of

—7n. 1. Whiteness; fairness of complexion; figuratively, purity; innocence; truth. Specif.: a The neutral or achromatic color of highest brilliance; the achromatic color

white flax. Rare. Gold-of-pleasure. White Friar. R.C.Ch. A Carmelite friar.

Opposed to a radical, revolutionary party or doctrine; as, a white faction or party.

bearing the least resemblance to black.

b Loosel

, any

of several colors of very low saturation and very high briliance. See cotor. 2. The white-colored part of something, as of meat or wood; also, a white spot.

he albumen

surrounding

the yolk of an egg.

Specif.: a

b The

white part of the ball of the eye surrounding the transparent cornea. ¢ pl. Blank spaces in a printed picture or design; also, the corresponding parts of a plate or mold.

3. Something having the color white, or a color near white; specif.: a White drapery; pl. white garments. White cloth. ¢ White wine. d A white-colored breed or variety; esp. [cap.], of swine, an animal of a pure-white breed distinguished, according to size, as Large, Middle,

or Small

White.

e Any white pigment; as, zinc white.

4. A person with a white skin; a member of the white, or Caucasian, races of men. 5. Archery. a Archaic. A white target. b The fifth or outermost circle of a target;

also, a shot that hits it.

6. Chess & Checkers.

The

light-colored men; also, the player having them. Buropean Politics. One of a white party; hence [sometimes cap.], an ullraconservative or a reactionary.

—v. t.; WHIT/ED (hwit’éd; -Y¥d); wuir/Inc (hwit/ing). 1. To make white; to whiten; whitewash; bleach. 2. Hence, to vive a deceptive gloss to; to gloss over; as, a whited

sepulcher. 3. Print. Yo make blank spaces in; — often with out. white alkali. a Agric. A mixture of salts (sodium sul-

phate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride), forming a white crust on some alkali soils. b Com. Retined soda ash.

white ant. Any of numerous pale-colored, soft-bodied -social insects (order Isoptera); a termite. Each colony consists of distinct castes, the winged sexual forms (queen and king) and many wingless sterile workers and often

large-jawed sterile wingless soldiers.

White ants occur in

the Temperate Zones but are abundant in tropical regions, They are often very destructive

to buildings,

books, etc.

The white ant is not fcchnically a true ant, the true ants

being of the order Hymenoptera. whitebait’ (hwit’bat’), n. a The young of several Euro-

pean species of herrings, esp. of the common herring (Clupea harengus) and of the sprat (C. sprattus), es-

teemed a delicacy. b Any of various other small fishes likened to the European whitebait and used as food. white bear. The polar bear. white’beard’ (hwit’bérd’), n. An old man; a graybeard. white birch. aThe common birch (Betula alba) of

Europe, with white or ash-colored bark.

b In North

America, the closely related paper birch (B. papyrifera). white book. An official report of government aifairs bound in white; — esp. of German, Portuguese, Czechoslovak, Japanese, and the Papal reports. white bryony. A species of bryony (Bryonta alba).

white’cap’ (hwit’kip’), n. 1. A wave crest breaking into white foam. 2. a One who wears a white cap. {eap.} A member of a self-appointed vigilance committee attempting by lynch-law methods to drive away or coerce

persons obnoxious to it. : white cedar. U.S. a An evergreen tree (Chamaecyparis thyoides) somewhat like a juniper, found in cold swamps

along the Atlantic coast. Also, its soft wood, largely used for woodenware, shingles, boats, posts, etc. b The common arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis).

White’chap’el

(hwit’chip/él;

chapel district.

-’l; 127), n,

:

Also White-

A quarter of London just east of the

City, now largely Jewish. es : white clover. A Eurasian clover (V’rifolium repens) said to be the shamrock (which see). It is a common ingredient of lawn and pasture grass-seed mixtures. _ i white’—col/lar (-k6l/ér; 2), adj.. Collog. Designating or pertaining to the class of salaried workers, whose duties permit a well-groomed appearance; as, white-collar jobs. white elephant. 1. An Indian elephant of a pale color.

Such elephants are rare, and are venerated in India, Ceylon, Siam, and Burma. 2. Collog. Something requiring much care and expense and yielding little profit; any

burdensome possession. white’-eye’ (hwit/i’), n.

Any of several small Old World

singing birds (genus Zosterops or related genera, as Z. palpebrosa of India, or Z. lateralis of Australia and New Zealand). The eyes are encircled by white feathers. white’—faced’ (-fast’; 2), adj. 1. Having a wan pale

face. 2. Having a white mark on the forehead, as a horse. white feather. A mark or symbol of cowardice, a white

truce or surrender.

Hence, in phrases as to hoist, show,

or wave the white flag, the sign of cowardice or yielding. white’fri/ars

(hwit/iri/érz), n.

A Carmelite monastery

(c. 1241-1538) in Fleet Street, London; hence, its precincts

(a sanctuary till 1697) and neighborhood.

white gold.

i

Gold alloyed with 25 per cent of nickel and

zinc, Causing it to resemble platinum in appearance; hence,

any similar white alloy of gold. white gum. a Any of numerous Australian eucalypts (as Eucalyptus

viminalis,

haemastoma,

etc.);

—in

al-

lusion to their pale bark. U.S. The sweet gum. White’hall’ (hwit’hol’; 2), n. 1. Also White’hall’ Pal’ace.

A former

palace

in London,

which

stood

to the

north of Westminster Abbey. 2. A thoroughfare in the Westminster section of London which is bordered by government offices; hence, figuratively, the British imperial government, or its policies. white’—head/ed (see Pron., § 2), adj._1. Having a head with white hair, plumage, etc. 2. Fair-haired; tlaxenhaired.

3. fr.

white heat.

Favorite; as, my white-headed boy.

a The temperature, higher than red heat (for

copper and iron, from 1500° to 1600° C.), at whicha body

becomes

brightly

incandescent.

bA

mental or physical strain, emotion,

white’—hot’ white heat.

White House, the.

state

of intense

etc.

(see Pron., §2), adj.

Radiating or feeling

a In the United States, the executive

or presidential mansion at Washington, a large freestone building, built in 18th-century colonial style, and painted white; — popularly so called, b Collog. The office of President; the Federa) executive. white lead. a A heavy, white, poisonous powder consist-

ing of basic lead carbonate, usually having the composition

2PbCO;.Pb(OH).,

and

forming

an

important

pigment;

ceruse; also, paste formed by grinding it with oil (white lead in oil). b Native lead carbonate; cerussite. white leather. Leather prepared with alum and salt; tawed leather. white lie. A lie without evil intent or in a matter of slight importance; a fib. white line. A band or edge of something white, as the cross section of the leafy layer of the wall of a horse’s hoof.

white’—liv’ered (-liv’trd; 2), adj. Having feeble; hence, cowardly; pusillanimous. white lupine. A Eurasian white-flowered

a pale look;

lupine (Lupinus albus) widely cultivated in Europe for forage. white/ly (hwit/l¥), adv. of WHITE. white man’s burden. The supposed duty of the white peoples to manage the affairs of the so-called backward, colored races;

white matter.

— originated by Rudyard

Anat.

Kipling (1899).

White nervous tissue (esp. of the

brain and spinal cord) which consists largely of medullated nerve fibers. Cf. GRAY MATTER. white meat. aObs. exc. Dial, Food (as butter, cheese, etc.) derived from animal products such as milk. b Any light-colored flesh, as breast of chicken.

white metal. ing metals.

a Any of several lead-base or tin-base bear-

b Any of several white alloys, as pewter.

whit/en (hwit/’n), ».¢. & 7.

To make or become white or

whiter; to blanch, bleach, etc. — whit/en-er

(-’n-ér), n.

Syn. Whiten, blanch, bleach. To whiten is to make white, com-

monly by the application or addition of something from without; to

blanch is to whiten esp. from within, as by the removal or withdrawal of color; to bleach is to whiten esp, by exposure or by chemical proc-

esses. — Amt. Blacken, darken.

white/ness (hwit/nt%s; -nYs), 7. 1. Quality or state of being white; as: a White color.. b Paleness. ec Freedom from stain; cleanness.

2. White substance.

whit’en-ing (hwit/’n-ing), m. or becoming white.

1. Act or process of making

2. Something used to render white;

whiting. ; : white oak. aA British species of oak (Quercus sessiliflora). b An American oak (Quercus alba) of the eastern United States, having characteristic leaves with usually seven deep, rounded, entire lobes.

See OAK, Zllust.

¢ Any

species of oak of the group of which the above is typical. d The wood of any of various species of oak.

white paper.

a Paper of white color.

b A government

report on any subject, esp. an English publication, usually

less extensive than a blue book. Cf. WHITE BOOK. white pepper. See PEPPER, 7., 1a. white perch. A small silvery anadromous food fish (Morone americana, the family Serranidae) of the coast and coastal streams of the eastern United States. white person.

A person of the Caucasian

chair; go; sing; tren, thin; natiirc, verdtire (118); x= ch in G. ich, ach; bon; yet;

race.

zh =z in azure.

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation, Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

J Foreign Word

white pine white pine.

1150

aA pine (Pinus strobus) of eastern North

America, having long-stalked green cones and the leaves

in clusters of five., _Its cone and tassel are the State emblem of Maine. Also, its soft light wood, formerly the most important commercial softwood in America. b Any of

numerous other pines of the same group. white plague. Tuberculosis, esp. of the lungs.

white poplar. vated white white white

rat

(Rattus

norvegicus),

used extensively

laboratory animal in biological experimentation. White Russian. See Russian, n., 1 & 2. whites (hwits), ». pl. 1. Med. Leucorrhea. finest flour made from white wheat. white sapphire. Clear or colorless corundum.

white slave.

(hwit/siin’di; hwit/stin-da’; -s’n-), n.

roneously,

Whitsun Day.

white Sunday; — prob.

from

Er

(AS. kwita sunnandeg, lit., white

robes worn

at bap-

tism.] cel. The seventh Sunday, and fiftieth day, after Easter, observed as a festival in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost (Acts ii, 1-4); Pentecost.

a A Eurasian poplar (Populus alba) culti-

in the United States. b The wood of the tulip tree. potato. The common, or Irish, potato. race. The Caucasian race of mankind. rat. An albino rat; specif., an albino form of the

Norway

wholesale

Whit’sun/day

as a

2. The

Whit/sun.tide’ (hwit/si%in-tid’; -s’n-), n. Also Whitsun Tide, Whit’sun, Whit/-week’. Eccl. The week beginning with Whitsunday,

sunday,

Whitmonday,

commercial prostitution. — white’—slave’, adj.

and Whit-Tuesday).

(ld); wuir/tLInG (ling). _1. To pare or cut off chips from the surface of (wood) with a knife; to cut or shape by sO paring or cutting.

A woman held unwillingly for purposes of

esp. the first three days (Whit-

whit’ter (hwit’ér; wit/ér), n. Scot. A heavy draft (of liquor). whit/tle (hwii’’l), n. (CME. thwitel, fr. AS. thwitan to c ut. Obs. exc. Scot. A large knife. — v. t.; WHIT/TLED 2. Hence,

to reduce, remove,

de-

1. To cut or shape wood

by

stroy, etc., gradually, as if by cutting off bits with a knife; to pare; — with away, down, off, up, etc.; as, to whittle

down

expenses.

.—v. 7.

white slaver. One engaged in white-slave trafhe. — white slavery. — white/—slav’ing, n. & adj. white’smith’ (hwit’smith’), n. J. A tinsmith. 2. A worker in iron who finishes or polishes the work, in distinction from one who forges it. i white squall. Naut. A sudden squall whose approach is

slowly paring it with a knife. 2. Dial. To wear one or oneself out fretting. — whit/tler (-lér), n. whit/tling (-ling), n. A chip made by whittling.

probably a popular myth. white/tail’ (hwit/tal’), n.

whiz/—bang’, whizz/—bang’, n. A kind of small shell of such high velocity that the sound it makes in passing

marked only by whitecaps; — said by naval officers to be

Local, Eng.

aThe

The wheatear.

white’—tailed’ deer (-tald’). Ose

white-tailed

deer.

b

A widely, distributed deer

Wis virginianus and allied species) of the United

tates.

white’throat’ (hwit/throt’), n. Any of several Old World warblers (genus Sylvia). They are white below with grayish-brown upper parts.

white’-throat/ed spar’/row.

A common

brown sparrow

whiz, whizz

{Imitative.}

ball, etc.

rapidly.

(hwiz), v.7.; WHIZZED

(hwizd);

waHiz/zInc

To hum, whir, or hiss like a speeding arrow,

—v.t.

To cause to whiz; esp.,

— mn. A hissing or buzzing sound.

to rotate very

through. the air is almost simultaneous with its explosion;

also, a firecracker resembling such a shell. whiz/zer (hwiz’ér), n. _Something that whizzes; specif.:

a A toy that whizzes.

b A centrifugal machine for drying

grain, sugar, nitrated cotton, etc.

who

(hoo; 4), pron.; possessive WHOSE

wHom

(hoom).

(h0d0z); objective

[ME. who, wha, fr. AS.

pron., neut. kwet.]

hwa, interrog.

A substantive pronoun, either singu-

(Zonotrichia albicollis) of eastern North America, having a square white patch on the throat.

laror plural.

7H,O) containing seven molecules of water, used in medi-

properly used of persons (corresponding to which as appliedto things). 3, Asa compound or indefinite relative,

white vitriol.

A colorless hydrate of zinc sulphate (ZnSO,.-

It is used: 1. As an interrogative: What or

which person or persons?

2. Asasimple relative; — now

cine, etc.

with its antecedent implied: a Whoever; the person or per-~ sons that. b One who; one that; — now only in the archaic phrase, as who should say.

crimes, etc.; esp., to exonerate by an investigation or trial

Syn. Who, which, that (as relative pronouns). In modern usage who refers to persons; which, to animals or inanimate objects; that may be used of persons, animals, or things.

white’wash’ (hwit’wosh’), v.¢. 1. To whiten with whitewash. 2. Collog. a To gloss over or cover up, as vices,

of a perfunctory character. S. In various games, to defeat (an opponent) so that he fails to score or to reach a givenscore. —m. 1. Any wash or liquid composition for whitening something; as: a A wash for making the skin

fair.

b A composition of lime and water, whiting, size,

and water, or the like, used for whitening walls, etc. Collog. a The act or an instance of whitewashing; specif.,

a book, verdict, investigation, etc., that whitewashes somebody or something. b A defeat in a game in which the

loser fails to score. — white’wash/er, n. white whale. The beluga. white’wing’ (hwit/wing’), n. A person, sweeper, wearing a white uniform.

white’wood’

(-wo0od’), n.

esp.

a street

Any of numerous trees having

white or light-colored wood; also, the wood itself. Specif.: U.S. (1) The wood of the tulip tree, used largely for house finishings, boatbuilding, woodenware, etc.; also, the tree. (2) The linden, or basswood; also, the wood. (3) The cottonwood.

whith’er

(hwith’ér; 127), adv.

_[AS. hwider.]

what place; — used interrogatively. place; — used relatively.

1. To

2. To what or which

3. To what point, degree, end,

conclusion, or design; whereto; — used interrogatively.

Syn. Whither, where. Whither was formerly in common use with verbs of motion, where with verbs of rest; but in modern usage where has displaced whither, except in poetical or elevated style.

whith/er-so-ev’er

whith’er-ward adv.

(-sé-év’/ér), adv.

To whatever place.

(hwith’ér-wérd), with’er-wards (-wérdz),

In what direction; toward what or which place.

whit/ing

(hwit’ing),

wijting.|

n.; see

a Acommon

langus merlangus)

See HAKE.

pLuRAL,

Note, 3.

b The silver hake.

cC Any of several North American

food fishes (esp. genus

whit/ing, n.

(MD.

European marine food fish (Mer-

of the cod family.

sciaenoid

Menticirrhus).

[From ware, v.]

Chalk (calcium carbon-

ate) prepared as an impalpable powder by pulverizing and washing, used as a pigment, esp. in putty and cold-water

paints, for polishing metals, etc. whit/ish (hwit/{sh), adj. Somewhat white. — -ish-ness, n.

whit/low (hwit/lo), m. ([Perh. fr. dial. whickflaw, for guickflare, i.e., a flaw or sore at the quick.] Med. An inammation of a finger or toe, esp. of the periosteal struc-

tures of the last phalanx or of the cuticle at the edge of the

nail, usually terminating in suppuration. , Whit’mon/day (hwit’miin/dY; 2), n. The day after Whitsunday. It is a bank holiday in England and Ireland. whit/rack’ (hwit/rak’), n. [ME. whitratt, whytrat. See WHITE; RAT.] Scot. & Dial. The common weasel (Mustela vulgaris).

Whit’/sun (hwit/siin; -s’n), adj. Of, pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsunday or Whitsuntide; as, Whitsun eve. Ble,

chaotic,

charity;

cAre,

dd,

account,

firm,

ask,

dld, dbey, Orb, Sdd, sft, cdnnect;

whoa (hwo), interj. [Var. of lst Ho.] An exclamation ordering a draft animal to stand still; hence, Jocular, stop! who-ev’er (h00-év/ér), pron. Whatever person; no matter

who. whole (hol), adj. (ME. hole, hoole, hale, complete, all, well, fr. AS. hal well, sound, healthy. eing uninjured or without signs of injury; of a wound, healed; more widely, sound and healthy, or restored to soundness and

health. 2. Not broken or defective; unimpaired; undamaged; intact. $. Not divided into smaller parts or particles; not broken or cut up. 4. Containing all its constituent parts or elements; entire. 5. Representing the sum or aggregate of its parts, members, etc.; total; hence, undivided; not scattered, diffused, distracted, etc.

6. Of blood (family or racial blood), unmixed with any

other; now usually, having the same mother and father; as, a whole brother. 7. Collog. All; each one of the; as, he fought through the whole series of battles. Syn. Whole, total, entire, complete, perfect, intact.

Whole

and total refer to an object as made up of parts, whole implying that none is lacking, ¢ofal, that all are present and taken together as an aggregate; as, a whole week; the total amount. Entire and complete do not necessarily imply parts. Entire describes an object as continuous

or unbroken; complete

refers to it as without deficiency or as having

attained the limit of itsdevelopment. Perfect lays greater stress than complete on the possession of consummate excellence or on freedom from blemish or defect; that is intact which is left entire or unimpaired. — Amt. Unsound; impaired, defective; partial, incomplete, imperfect, unfinished, fragmentary.

—n. 1. The entire thing; the whole amount, collection body, structure, extent, etc. 2. All that is comprehende under some concept, generic term, or abstraction of any sort; as, the whole of arithmetic. 3. A totality, sum, or entirety; a complete assemblage or organization of parts or

elements. — Syn. See sum. — Ant. Part, portion, share, piece.

whole’heart’ed

(-hiir’téd; -tYd; 2), adj. _Singlehearted; hence, sincere; earnest; as, a wholehearted man, work. — whole/heart’ed-ly, adv. — -ed-ness, n.

whole milk.

Milk from which no constituent has been

removed; — distinguished esp. from skim milk.

pepleaiese (hol/nés; -nis), m.

State or quality of being

whole. whole note. Music. See NOTE, n. whole number. Math. An integer.

whole’sale’ (hol’sal’), n.

Sale of goods by the piece or in

large quantity; — opposed to retail.— by wholesale.

In the mass; in large quantities; hence, without distinction or discrimination. — adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or engaged in, the business of selling to retailers or jobbers

sofa; éve, hére

(27),

évent, énd,

silént,

makér;

ice,

Yil,

food, foot; out, oil; ciibe, Unite, tim, tip, circiés, menii;

wholesaler rather than consumers. as, wholesale slaughter.

by_wholesale.

——v.t.

1151

& 7.; -SALED’

(-sald/); -saL/ING

¢sal/ing), To sell or dispense by wholesale. — whole’sal/er (-sal/ér), n.

whole’—seas’,

adj..

Also whole’—seas’ o’ver.

drunk; completely intoxicated. whole’some (hol’stim), adj. [ME. holsum.

Wholly

See wHoxr;

Ist -somE.] 1. Promoting spiritual or mental health or well-being; salutary; as, wholesome advice. 2. Promoting physical well-being; salubrious; ee 3. Healthy; sound in body, mind, and morals. Indicative or char. acteristic of health, esp. physical hee robust; OS hearty. 5. Rare. Favorable; propitious. Shak. 6. Slang. Safe for one to remain in, asa place, or to face, asa

situation. — Syn. See HEALTHY. — whole/some-ly, adv. —

-some-ness,

7.

whole’—souled’” (hol/sold’; 2), adj. Noble; high-minded. whole step. _Music. An interval comprising two half steps, as C—D, F#-G#, etc.; a major second.

whole tone. Music. A whole step. whol/ly (hol/li; hol/t), adv. 1. In entirety; fully. 2. Totally; completely. '3. Solely; exclusively. whom (hoom), pron. [ME. whom, lee fr. AS. dative hwam, hwx%mJ The obiective of who. whoop (hoop), interj. A loud exclamation

pressing

exultation,

incitement,

etc.

or shout ex-

—v.7z.

[OF.

houper, fr. houp, intérj.]_ a To utter a loud cry; to,shout. To hoot, as an owl. ¢ To make the sonorous inspiration which characteristically follows a paroxysm of coughing in whooping cough. —v.¢. 1. To utter, express, cheer, etc., with a whoop, or whoops. 2. To call, incite, insult? drive, chase, etc., with whoops. — whoop it or her, or things, up. Slang. To raise a disturbance with or as if with whoops, or shouts. —n. The sound or utterance of “whoop”; a whooping; specif.: a A loud cry_or shout of war, pursuit, enthusiasm, etc. bA hoot. ¢ The sonorous intake of breath following a paroxysm in whooping cough. 2. Collog. _A whooping up or about; chiefly in not worth a whoop; hence, the least possible amount, degree, etc. whoop’ee (hw6op/é; hw00p’é; wodp’é; hoop’é), interj. From wHoop.] An exclamation expressing exuberant or ilarious delight, or the like. 7. a An utterance of “whoopee.” hb A gay or lively time; hilarity. All Slang. — to make whoopee. To havea gay or hilarious time. whoop/er (hoop’ér), 7. One who whoops or whoops up. whoop/ing cough (hoop’ing). Med. An infectious disease, usually of children, characterized by a violent convulsive cough, returning by fits, andconsisting of severalexpirations, followed by a sonorous inspiration, or whoop; pertussis. whop (hwop; wop), whap (hwdp; wdp; wap), v.17. & t. [Prob. partly imitative; cf. quappen to palpitate.] nee Dial. a To strike quickly. b To move quickly. U.S. To throw or plump oneself; to flop. —n. Now Diata A stroke; knock. bA bump; fall. ¢ The noise of a whop/per, whap’per (-ér), n. [See wHop.] Collog. Something huge of its kind; specif., a monstrous lie. whop’ping, whap/ping (-yng), adj. Collog. That whops or is a whopper; thumping. whore (hor; 70), n. CAS. hore, fr. ON. héra.J A prostitute; harlot. — v.72. To have unlawful sexual intercourse, esp. for hire; to be promiscuously lewd. — v. ¢. To corrupt by lewd’ intercourse; to debauch. whore’dom (hor/d%m), n. 1. The practice of harlotry. Idolatry or unfaithfulness to | God; hence, sinful desire. whore/mas’ter (mas’/tér; 9), nm. A man given to whoring; a lecher; whoremonger. ‘ter-y (-I),2 whore’mon/ ger (-miing’gér), 7. IN whoremaster; a lecher. — whore’mon/ging, n. Both Now Rare. whore’son (hor’stin), n._ Archaic. A bastard; Collog., a low, scurvy fellow. — whore’son, adj. whor’ish (hor’ish; 70), adj. That iis or is like a whore; lewd. — whor’ish- ly, adv. — whor’ish-ness, 7. whorl (hwiirl; ane) n. [Also wharl, fr. ME. wharwyl, whorlwyl, wharle, the whorl of a spindle. ] 1. The wharve, or small flywheel, of a spindle. 2. Something that whirls or seems to whirl as a whorl, or wharve; a convoluted line or convoluted lines; a coil. 3. A type of fingerprint in which the central papillary ridges turn through at least one complete circle. 4. Bot. A verticil. 5. Zool. One of the OlIOnS, or turns, of a univalve shell. — whorled (hwtirld; hwérl d), adj. whort (hwiirt), whor’tle (hwfir’t’l), n. The whortleberry of Europe.

whor’tle-ber/ry (hwfir’t’l-bér’t), n. _[Earlier hurtleberry (also whortle, whort, hurt), prob. fr. AS. horte whortleberry.] aA European species of blueberry (Vaccinium

myrtillus); also, its glaucous blackish edible berry. huckleberry.

b The

whose (h00z), pron. [ME. whos, whas, fr. AS. hwes, gen. of hwa.] The possessive of w ho, originally also of what, and sometimes of which. Whosoever. who’so (h00/s6), pron.

who/so-ev’er (h00’s6-év’ér), pron. chair;

go; sing;

then,

wide

2. Extensive and indiscriminate; } why (hwi; 127), adv. [ME. whi, why, fr. AS. hw7, hwy, — adv. In a wholesale manner; instrumental case of hwa, hwet. See wxHo.] 1. For what

cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; —

used interrogatively and as a compound relative. 2.. For which; on account of which; — used relatively; as, | know no reason why he opposesme. — interj. An exclamation used in expressing surprise, Hens

why, this is the very book

I want.

constitutes a reason or cause.

hesitation, etc.; as,

—n.

That which

2. A bafiling problem;

enigma.

whyd/ah (hwid’a). Var. of WHIDAH. wick (wik), n. [AS. wéoce, wéoc.] A bundle of fibers, or a loosely twisted cord, tape, or tube of soft spun cotton threads, which by, capillary attraction draws up a steady

supply of the oil in 1s the melted tallow or wax in candles, etc., to be burned. wick, n. Cur ling. A narrow port in the course, flanked by the stones of previous players. wick’ed (wik/éd; -id), adj. [ME., fr. wicke. wicked.] 1. Morally bad: evil; iniquitous. 2. Ba ; — without, or with little, moral ¢onnotation. Variously: a Fierce; vicious; — of animals. b That does or may harm; causing or likely to cause trouble; as, wicked wounds. ¢ Vile; disgustingly unpleasant; as, a wicked odor. d Disposed to mischief; roguish. — Syn. Sinful, criminal, guilty, unjust, unrighteous, unholy, irreligious, ungodly, profane; vicious, atrocious,

nefarious,

heinous, “flagrant, flagitious, aban-

doned. See BAD. — Ant. Upright, righteous, virtuous. — wick’ed-ly, adv. — wick’ed-ness, n. wick/er (wik/ér), n. [ME. wyker, wekir, osier, of Scand. origin.) 1. A ‘small pliant osier; a withe. Wickerwork; also, a piece of wic kerwork, as a basket. — adj.

Made or consisting of wicker; incased in wickerwork. wick/er-work’ (-wiirk’), n. Work consisting of a texture of osiers, twigs, or rods; work made of wicker. wick’et (wik/&ts -it), n. (CONF. wiket (OF. & F. gutchet).] 1. Asmall gate or door, esp. one forming part of, or placed near, a larger gate or door. 2. A windowlike opening; esp., a grilled or grated window, as ata ticket office, teller’s desk, etc.

A small gate by which

the

chamber of a canal Jock is emptied, or by which the amount of water passing through a channel, as to a water

wheel, is regulated. 4. Cricket. a Either of the two frameworks at which the ball is bowled, now consisting, of three vertical stumps stuck in the ground less than a bail’s length apart from each other and spaced by two bails placed in grooves on top of them. b The playing course included between the wickets; as, a fast wicket. e The stay or turn of a batsman at the wicket; also, the period during which two men bat together; as, the fourth wicket added 58 runs. d An innings (of a batsman) that is not completed or never begun. 5. Croquet. A hoop. wick’et-keep’er (-kép/ér),n. Cricket. The player wha stands behind the wicket to prevent byes and if possible ta catch, stump, or put out the batsmen. wick/ing (wik/ing), n. Material made esp. for wicks. wick’i-up’, wik’i-up’ (wik’i-tp’), m. [Of Algonquian origin.] The hut used by the nomadic Indian tribes of the arid regions of the western and southwestern United States, typically elliptical in form, with a rough frame covered with reed mats or grass or Brushwood; hence, any rude hut. wic’/o-py (wik/6-pi), n. _[Of Algonquian origin.] a The leatherwood. .b The basswood Tilia glabra. ¢ Any of various species of willow herb (Hpilobiwm and Chamaenerion).

wid/dy (wid’¥), nm. [Var. of witny.J Scot. a A rope of osiers; a withy. b A noose, or halter. wid/dy. Dial. var. of wiIpow. wide (wid), adj. [AS. wid.] 1. Extending over a vast area; extensive; as, the wide world. . Of a specified measure ina direction at right angles to that of length; of a designated width, or breadth; as, a table three feet wide. 3. Having considerable distance or extent between the sides; not narrow; broad; as, a wide table. 4. Roomy;

loose; as, wide breeches. 5. Distended; opened to full width; as, eyes wide with wonder. 6. f large scope or

range; comprehensive; all-inclusive; as, wide reading. 7. Now Rare. Far apart in nature, etc., from something specified; being different; — with of; as, views wide of ours.

8. Deviating

or diverging from a point aimed at,

the real issue, the truth, etc.; as, a conclusion wide of the mark . Agric. Containing a relatively small amount of protein as compared with the carbohydrates and fats; — said of a feed ration. 10. Phonet. = Lax, 5. 11. Stock Exchanges. Having or showing a large fluctuation between the highest and lowest prices, amount_of supply, etc.; as, a wide opening; wide prices. — Sym. See BROAD. — Ant. Strait, constricted.

—adv.

1. Over or to a great distance.

or extent;

far;

widely. 2. So as to have or leave a wide space or dis: tance between; as, the issues are wide apart. 3. Soas to be wide of the ‘mark; so as to strike far from or aside from the aim, objective, subject, truth, etc.;} astray; as, the ball went wide ; also, not cogently; discursively.

1. Chiefly "Poet. Width; a wide space or extent, “2.“That which goes wide, or to one side of the mark; (118);K =ch in G, ich, ach; bon; yet; zh =z in azure.

Whatsoever person.

thin; nattire, verdtire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary.

{]Foreign Word)

wide-angle

ee angle wider than

wildcat bank

1152

specif., Cricket, a bowled ball that goes out of the batsman’steach. It counts asa run to the batting side. 3. A wide, or lax, vowel. See LAX, adj., 5. — wide’ly, ‘adv. — wide/ness, n wide/—an/gle, adj. Photog. & Optics. Having or covering the ordinary; — applied

to certain

7

wig’gler (wig/lér), n. 1. One Baseor that which wiggles. 2. The larva or pupa of the mosquito; a wriggler.

:

wig’gly (-li), adj. That wiggles;

of a line, etc., wavy. wight (wit), n. CAS. wiht creature, thing.] Now Jocose or ree A creature; a living

enses. wide’—a-wake’ (see Pron., § 2), adj. Fully awake; hence, bei keen; alert. —7n. A Iso wide-awake hat. A low- | wight, adj. crowned soft felt hat. ’

;

Wigglers.

(ME. wight, wiht,

a

Larva, b Pu-

fr. ON. vigr in fighting con, Da, of MoS wid’en (wid’’n), v.¢..&7. To make or become wide or dition, neut. vigt; akin to ON. quito. ( wider; to extend in a Tange, etc.; as, to widen a path; vig war.] Archaic or Dial. 1. Brave; valiant; also, the gulf between them widened.— wid’en-er (-’n-ér),n strong; powerful. . Loud; rough; also, active; nimble. wide/—o’pen (see Pron., § 2), adj. Opened, wide; specif., lax in enforcing laws regulating or prohibiting the sale of wig/wag’ rari, vt. & te > -WAGGED! (-wiz’); -WAG!/GING ieee) ee WAG, mi 1. To move to andfro; to liquors, etc.; tolerating gambling, vice, etc.; as, a wideopen town.

wide ration. A ration conte little protein in proportion to the fat and carbohydrates. wide’spread’ (wid’spréd’; 2), adj. Widely extended; spread far or as far as possible. — Syn. General, rife, ex-

tensive, sweeping. — kA Local, restricted, limited. — wide/—spread/ing, adj. bi Hee aee Wi’gepn (wij/tin), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. 1. Any of several fresh-water ducks (genus Mareca) in size between the teal and the mallard. 2. Obs. A simpleton. wid/ow (wid’5),n. _CAS. weoduwe, widuwe, wuduwe.] 1. a A woman Who has lost her husband by’ death; the female survivor of a marital union. b A woman who has not remarried after the death of her husband. 2. Collog. Card Playing. In various games, any extra agin or part of a hand, as one dealt to the table. —v. t. To reduce to the state of a widow; to bereave of a husband; as, thousands widowed by the war. Now Rare, except in past participle, 2. Rare. a To endow with a widow’s right. b To survive as the widow vy 3. To deprive of anything esteemed;

to bereave.

— adj. Now

Dial.

Widowed.

widow bird. [widow + bird ; — from the serene or of its plumage and long black tail feathers.] A whidah bird. wid’ow-er (wid’6-ér), n._ A man who has lost his wife by death, and has not married again. wid/ow-hood (-hd0d), n. State of being a widow or, Rare, a widower; time during which one is widowed. wid’ow’s cruse (wid/6z). An. inexhaustible supply; — ion the story told in 2 Kings iv.1-7. 1 Kings xvii.

width ‘Wwidth), n. 1. The dimension of an object measured across from side to side or in a direction at right angles to the length. 2. The fact, state, or property of being wide or having breadth; widencss.. 3. Something that has width; specif., one of the breadths, or measured and cut pieces, which are sewed together to make a skirt. width’way’ (- wa’), n. The direction of the width. — adv. Also width’ways’ (-waz’). Along the width, width’wise’ (-wiz’), adv. Widthway. wield (weld), v. ¢. TAS. wyldan, wieldan, wealdan.J Obs. a To govern; rule. b To manage; to deal with.

1. 2.

To use (an implement, etc.) with full command or power;

to handle with skill, effectiveness, elc.; as, to wield a sword ora spade; to w?eld a pen or a brush. ’3. To exercise one’s power or authority by means of (a staff, scepter, etc.);

hence,

to

exercise

(power,

sovereignty,

etc.).—

wield’a-ble, adj. — wield/er, n. wield/y (wel’dy), adj. Capable of being wielded; manage-

able; wield able; — opposed to esa wie/ner-wurst’ (we/nér- wiirst’), nm. (G., fr. Wiener of Vienna + wurst sausage. ] iS. A kind agsausage, usually of mixed beef and pork, made in a shorter and more slender link than a frankfurter; — often shortened to wie/ner. wife (wif), n.; pl. WIVES (wivz). [ME. wif wife, woman, fr. AS. wif.] A woman; an adult female. Rare, exc. in dialect and in certain compounds and phrases; as, old wives’ tales. 2. A woman united to a man in lawful wedlock; spouse; — correl. of husband. — wife’/dom, n. —

wite’hood, 7.

‘

;

wife’less, adj. Without a wife, as a bachelor or widower. — wife‘less-ness, n. Befitting, wife/ly (wif'lt),, adj.; -LUER (lier); -LI-EST. like, or pertaining to, a wife. wig (wig), x. [From PERIWIG.] A manufactured covering of bair for the head, either imitating a natural growth, or supplying a coiffure; a periwig. —v.t.; WIGGED (wied); WIG/GING (wig/ing). 1. To supply or provide with a wiz or wigs. 2. Collog. To censure or rebuke; to scold severely. — wigged (wigd), adj. wig’an (wig/an), n. [From Wigan, Lancashire, Eng.] A canvaslike cotton fabric, used to stiffen parts of garments. wig/ger-y (wig’€r-i), n,; pl. -crRtes (-iz). A wig; a peruke; also, wigs collectively; the use of wigs. wig’ging (wig/ing), Collog. A scolding. wig’gle (wig’’l), v.7.; wIG/GLEpD (-’ld); wic’cLtNnG (-ling). [ME. wigelen to totter, reel.] Originally, to. wobble; stagger; now chiefly, to move to and fro with a quick jerky or shaking motion; to w aggle; wriggle. —v.t. Tocause to wiggle, or shake or move jerkily; as, a dog wiggles his tail. —n. Act of wiggling; a wriggle.

ale, chaotic, cAre, udd, charity; Sld, dbey, drb,

account,

frm,

ask,

Gdd, sOft, cdnnect;

wag.

Nav.

Nav.

Act or art of wigwagging;

portable Pine oe

To signal by means of a flag, or

according toa code.

—n.

Mil.

also, a message

wig-

wagged; — used chiefly attributively; as, the wigwag sys-

tem or code. — wig’ wag’ ger, n. wig/wam (wig’wom; ues n. COf Algonquian origin; cf. Ojibway wigiwam

tent, prop., their "twelned A cabin or hut of the Indians of the region of the Great Lakes and eastward, formed of a framework of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or hides. 2. Slang, U.S. aAny large Wigwam. structure, formerly often temporary and of rude construction, used for political conventions, etc. b [cap., with the.] = TamMAny HALL. wik’i-up/ (wik/Y¥.tip’). Var. of WICKIUP. wild (wild), adj. [AS. wilde.] 1. Living in a state of nature; not domesticated; as, a wild boar; a wild ox. Growing, produced, or prepared, without the aid and care of man; not cultivated; as, wild honey. Not inhabited or cultivated; hence, waste; desolate; as, wild land. Savage; uncivilized; as, the wild tribes of Africa; of ani-

mals, destructive; ferocious. _5.

Impatient of, or not sub-

jected to, restraint or regulation; as: a Turbulent; stormy; as, a wild coast. b Inordinate; unrestrained; as, wild passions.

C Boisterous;

gay.

@ Fantastic iin appearance

or in nature; as, his wild garb; of ideas, plans, or the like,

visionary; crazy; as, a wild project. e Collog. |Licentious; dissolute. 6. Collog. Eager, as with desire, enthusiasm, or anticipation; keen; as, horses wild to start; also, angry; vexed; as, when he heard the news, he was wild. 7. Erratic; as, a wild remark; deviating from an

intended _aim or object; as, a. wild pitch in baseball. 8. Cards. Having its denomination determined by the will of the holder; — said of a card; as, to play with deuces wild. Syn. Savage; untilled, uninhabited; barbarous, barbarian; tumultuous, riotous; unruly, obstreperous, uncontrollable; chimerical, irrational; uncertain, aberrant. -—Amt. Tame, domesticated: cultivated; peopled, settled; civilized, cultured; calm, orderly, restrained; sensible, practical, reasonable, pragmatic; direct, controlled.

—adv. 1. Wildly; as, to talk wild. 2. Without regulation or control; as, an engine running wild. —n. An uninhabited, uncultivated tract or region, as a forest or desert; a wilderness; waste. — the wild. The wilderness or, by extension, wild, or free, natural life; as, the call of the wild. wild allspice. The spicebush. wild boar. A wild hog (Sus serofa) of continental Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, from which most domestic swine have been derived. wild brier. Any uncultivated species of brier; specif.: a The dog rose. b The sweetbrier. wild carrot. A Eurasian plant (Daucus carota), the original of the cultivated carrot. It is widely naturalized as a weed. Its root is acrid and unpleasant. wild/cat’ (wild’kat’), adj. 1. Not sound or safe; as, a wildcat scheme; wildcat currency, such as was issued by a wildcat

bank

(see WILDCAT

BANK).

2. Designating

any

business, promotion, or the like, considered outside the bounds of legitimate practice; as, wildcat brands of canned

goods.

Railroads.

Of trains, locomotives,

etc., run-

ning without control or contrary to running orders.

—=7.;

see PLURAL, Note, 3. Also wild cat, wild/—cat/. 1. A E-\ropean native cat (Felis catus), similar in color to the domestic tabby cat, but larger, stronger, and having a shorter, blunter tail, That it is the parent stock of domestic cats is doubtful. 2. Any of the small or mediumsized undomesticated cats, as a lynx. 3. Figuratively, any savage, quick-tempered, hard- fighting person. . An unsound business, promotion, etc. 5. Local, U.S. A locomotive and tender running without cars; as, they sent out a wildcat to help haul the train. 6. Petroleum. Any well drilled for oil or gas in territory which is not known to be productive.

—v_¢.

In petroleum exploration, to pros-

pect and drill experimental wells in (some territory not known to be productive). wildcat bank.

Collog.,

U.S.

Before

the enactment

of

the National Bank Act of 1863-64, a bank which issued notes in excess of its capacity to redeem them.

sofa; Eve, food, foot;

hére (27), @vent, &nd, silént, makér; Ice, ill, out, oil; ciibe, tinite, Grn, tip, circés, menii:

Wildcatter

field. b One who promotes unsafe and unreliable enterprises. — wild’cat’ting, n. & adj. Collog., U.S.

wil/de-heest’ Note, 3.[

(wil’dé-bést’; v¥l’dé-bast’), .; see PLURAL,

Afr. D., fr. D. wild wild-+ beeste beast.] A gnu.

wii/der (wil/dér), v.¢. [Prob. fr. wilderness.] Now Chiefly Poetic. To lead astray; to bewilder; perplex. —v.t.

To stray; wander. — wil’/der-ment, n.

wil/der-ness (-nés; -nYs), . [ME. wilderness, fr. wilderne wild, wilderness, fr. AS. wilddéoren, fr. wilddéor wild beast, fr. wildor.] 1. A tract or region uncultivated

and uninhabited by human beings; a wild; waste; hence, a

pathless waste of any kind; as, a wilderness of sea. 2. Obs. Quality or state of being wild; wildness. 3. A confusing multitude or mass; as, such a wilderness of things to do. —

Sym. See DESERT.

‘wild’ five’ (wild’fir’), n. 1.A destructive conflagration. . An inflammable composition very hard to quench when

kindled; Greek fire; — now chiefly in the phrase, to spread like wildfire, to spread, or be diffused, rapidly; — of news,

rumor, etc. 3. a Now Rare. Erysipelas or a similar disease. bA disease of sheep, attended with inflammation ov the skin.

‘wild flax.

a The gold-of-pleasure.

ria vulgaris,

—_

b The toadflax Lina-

Wild flower, or wild’flow’er (wild’flou/ér), n. The flower of a wild or uncultivated plant; also, the plant. wild fowl, or wild’/fowl’ (wild’foul’), n.

Wild game and

water birds; now, esp., wild ducks and geese; also, one of

these.birds. — wild’—fowl‘er, n. — wild’—fowl’ing, n. & adj.

wild goose.

Any undomesticated goose; esp., in England,

the graylag; in America, the Canada goose.

wild’—goose’ chase. A pursuit after something as unlikely

to be caught as a wild goose; hence, a futile chase. Wild Hunt. In European folklore, a nighttime chase or

rushing of spectral hunters through the wilderness or athwart the sky, led by the Wild Huntsman, who was probably

willing

1153

wild/cat’ter (wild’kit/ér), n.. @One who drills wells in the hope of finding oil in territory not known to be an oil

originally Odin, or Woden.

wild hyacinth. aA North American bulbous plant (Camassia esculenta) with linear basal leaves and white

1. To lure by or as by a magic spell; to beguile; allure.

2. [Confused

with while.]

To while; to pass or spend

pleasurablv; — often with away. wil/ful, wii/ful-ly, wil/ful-ness. Vars. of WILLFUL, etc. Wil/helm-stras‘se (vil/htlm-shtris/2), n. [G., lit., Wilhelm’s, or William’s, street.] A street in the central part of Berlin, Germany, on which are many government offices, including the foreign office; hence, the German Office or its policies.

Foreign

wil’/i-ly (wil/i-1i), adv. In a wily manner. wil/i-ness, n. Quality or state of being wily. will (wil), mn. CAS. willa, will.]_ 1. Wish or desire; specif.: a Inclination; pleasure. b Appetite or passion.

c Purpose; choice; intention. 2. What is wished by another; esp., the choice or determination of one who has

authority.

Hence, a request, command, or decree.

3.

Power coupled with desire or intention; specif.: a Arbi-

trary power to control, dispose, or determine. hb Selfcontrol; as, a man of iron will. The act or experience of willing; specif.: a The or indecision; a volition scious process involved power of choosing; also, ing in, accordance with

settlement of mental uncertainty (in sense 2). b The total con-

in effecting a decision. 5. The the power of choosing and of actchoice; as, freedom

of the will;

sometimes, in a broader sense, a disposition to act accord-

ing to certain principles or ideals; as, the will to power,

success; the will to live, todo. 6. Law. The legal declaration of a person’s mind as to the manner in which he

would have his estate disposed of after his death; the written instrument, legally executed, by which a man makes disposition of his estate, to take effect after his death.

Syn. Will, volition are sometimes interchangeable. But will ordinarily denotes the power or faculty of willing or choosing; volition, the exercise of that power, or the act. :

—v.t.

Indic.

present,

I will, thou

willeth ;we, you, they will.

willest,

[AS. willian.]

he wills or

1. Archaic.

To wish or long for; to desire. 2. Obs. To enjoin or com mand; to order. To determine by an act of choice;

hence, to ordain; decree, 4. To influence by one’s will, as through hypnotism. 5. To give or direct the disposal of by will or testament; to bequeath; devise. —v.7. To exercise volition; to choose. ‘

of. American

will, v.t. & auxiliary; pres. indic., sing., 1st & 3d pers. WILL, 2d WILT, pl. WILL; past WOULD; past part. (Obs.)

plant; esp., a wild apple or crabapple tree; also, the fruit

wil(l)e, pret. wolde. As verb transitive: Wish; desire; — now chiefly in the form would (which see). 2. As

racemose flowers.

wild indigo.

h The wood hyacinth.

Any

of a genus

(Baptisia)

plants; esp., a tumbleweed (B. tinctoria) having brightyellow flowers and trifoliolate leaves with cuneate leaflets. wild/ing (wil’/ding), n. 1.aA wild or uncultivated of such a tree.

b An escape.

2. Hence, a variant from

the mass of persons or things. cated, or cultivated; wild.

wild lettuce.

— adj. Not tame, domesti:

Any uncultivated species of lettuce whick

becomes a weed; specif., a species (Lactuca virosa) with

prickly stems and yellow flower heads. wild/ling (wild/ling), n. _[wild, adj.+ 1st -ling.] wild flower or plant. b A wild animal. wild/ly (-l¥), adv. Ina wild manner.

wild madder.

a = mapper,

species of bedstraw

wild mandrake.

1 & 2.

bKither

aA

of two

(Gallium mollugo or G. tinctorium).

The May apple.

wild mustard. The charlock. é wild’ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being wild (in any sense). 2. Obs. A wild, or waste, place. wild oat or oats. 1. Any of a genus (Avena) of wild grasses, esp. a European species (A. fatwa), a common weed in meadows and pastures. 2. pl. Youthful escapades.

wild olive.

Any of many trees more or less like the olive,

or having olivelike fruit.

wild pansy.

A European

herb (Viola tricolor) from

which most of the common garden pansies are derived.

wild pereey.

Any of numerous wild plants of the carrot

family with parsleylike foliage.

wild parsnip.

:

The wild original form of the cultivated

parsnip, found as a weed in both Europe and America.

wild pink.

Any American

catchfly (genus Silene, esp.

S. pennsylvanica of the eastern United States).

wild rose. Any of various roses, as the sweetbrier, growing without cultivation in the North Temperate Zone. See ROSE. {

wild rubber.

Rubber

derived from uncultivated

trees

(esp. Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil). wild rye. Any of several grasses (genus Elymus) like rye. wild vanilla. A perennial herb (Trilisa odoratissima)

of the southeastern United States, the leaves of whic have the fragrance of vanilla. i

WOLD, wouLD,

Infinitive and imperative lacking.

an auxiliary verb followed by the infinitive without to: a Am (is, are, etc.) willing or desirous to, or, emphatically, determined to; choose to. Hence, simply, am (is, are, etc.) to; — forming future-tense phrases. . (is, are, etc.) accustomed to; have a practice or habit to. CG Can; as, the

word will bear that construction. —v. 7. To be willing; to be inclined or disposed; to be pleased; to wish; desire. t= This word has been confused, with Ist will, v. 7., to

choose, which, unlike this, is entirely of the weak conjugation.

will I, nill I, or will ve, nill ye, or will he, nill he. (See nix1, v.] Whether I, you, or he, will it or not; hence, without choice; compulsorily; — sometimes corrupted into willy-nilly. — Syn. See sHALL, . t.

will/a-ble (wil’a-b’l), adj, That may be willed, wished, determined by will, etc. ‘ willed (wild), adj. Having a will; — chiefly in composition; as, strong-willed ;weak-willed.

wil/lem-ite (wil/ém-it), n. _ CAfter Willem I, king of the

Netherlands.]

|

Mineral.

Native

sive or granular forms, and varying in color.

Sp. gr., 3.89-4.18. will/er (wil’ér), nm.

Cf. TROOSTITE, One who wills.

wil/let (wil/ét; -Yt), n.; see PLURAL, Note, 3. A large shore bird (Catoptrophorus

almatus) of central North America.

tentional; as, willful murder.

See WAYWARD. — will/ful-ly,

wil’ful-ly, adv. — will’ful-

Any of various uncultivated species of yam

legendary Swiss patriot sen-

wile (wil), n.

[ME. wile, wil, prob. fr. ONF. var. of OF.

guile, fr. AS. wigle divination, sorcery.]

1. A trick or

stratagem; a sly artifice; also, loosely, a beguiling or play-

ful trick; as, coquettish wiles. man of wile and subtlety. —

2. Trickery; deceit; as, a

Sym. See ARTIFICE.

— v. t.

chair; go; sing; then, thin; natitire, verdUre (118); Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(will

2.

Governed by will without yielding

wild yam.

North

5

to reason; obstinate; stubborn; as, a willful man or horse, — Syn.

ness, wil’ful-ness, n. William, or Wil’/helm, Tell

of eastern

[Imitative.}

| Its

will-willet.

will’ful, wil/ful (wil’f00l; -f’l), adj. + full.]. 1. Self-determined; in-

United States in its frontier

as D. paniculata g

semi-

H., 5.5.

Hse

oud whistle resembles the syllables pilly-

The western

(genus Dioscorea), America.

zinc orthosilicate,

Zn,SiOx, occurring in hexagonal prisms and also in mas-

wild West.

and lawless period; — often used attributively. wild’wood/ (wild’w60d’), n. A wild or unfrequented wood.

[AS.

willan, pres. indic., lst pers. wille, 2d pers. wilt, 3d pers.

(wil’ydm,

vil/hélm,

tél).

A

tenced by an Austrian gov-

ernor to shoot an apple from

his own son’s head. will’ie-waucht’, will’ie-waught’ wil’f-), n.

Willet,

(wYl/Y-wixt’;

Scot. A deep draft, as of ale.

-wdxt’;

will/ing, adj. 1. Inclined or favorably disposed in mind; 2. Ready to act; prompt to do, give, desirous; ready,

K=ch in G. ich, ach;

bon; yet; zh

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

=z in azure.

] Foreign Word,

willingly

wind

1154

done, given, etc., of choice, or without reluctance; volun-

protection, and still retained in the dressofsome nuns. Scot. aA fold; plait.. b A winding a

disposed, minded, free, unforced. — Ant. Unwilling, averse, opposed; reluctant, grudging. — will’ing-ly, adv.

¢p’'ld); wor’princ (pling).. 1. To clothe with or as with a wimple; to

misleading or elusive object. — will’—o’—the—wisp’, adj. wil/low (wil’d), m. CME. wilowe, wilwe, fr. AS. welig.]

in folds or plaits, as a veil; hence, to

grant, etc.; not slow, lazy, or reluctant.

$3. Accepted,

tary; as, a willing sacrifice. 4. Of or pertaining to the will or power of choosing; volitional. — Syn. Agreeable,

— will/ing-ness, x. will/—o’—the—wisp’, x.

1. Any

) é Ignis fatuus; hence, figuratively, a

of a genus

‘

(Salix) of salicaceous

d

trees and shrubs with tough pliable shoots

willow; hence, Collog., something made. of

or wool is opened and

a drum or drums rein a

competition Willow

Of or pert. to the wil-

low;

wood.

made

of willow

—v.t.

[See

(Salix nigra). 1 Leaves and Fruiting Ament (24) ;2 eben Staminate; and 3 Detached Pistillate, Flower (4%); 4 Staminate Ament (14).

WILLOW, 3.] _ To open and cleanse, as cotton, flax, or wool, with or as with a willow. wil/low-er (wil’6-ér), n. One who or that which willows; specif., a willow (the machine).

wiliow herb. aA perennial herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium) of the North Temperate Zone, having nar-

row willowlike leaves and showy rose-purple flowers;— called also great willow herb; also, any other species of

this genus or of a related genus loosestrife Lythrum salicaria.

(Epilobium).

b The *

3

wil/low-ish (wil’é-{sh), adj. Somewhat resembling a willow, as in the color of leaves, the pliancy of branches, etc.

willow pattern, [From the willow tree in the design.] Pottery. A design used in decorating china, orig. the blue

china of Nanking, introduced in English earthenware by Thomas Turner of Caughley, England, about 1780. willow-y (wil/6-1), adj. _ 1. Abounding with willows; edged, as a walk, with willow trees. 2. Resembling a willow; pliant; of persons, tall and graceful. ’ wil/ly (wil/t), v. ¢. ;wit/LIED (-Id); wit/Ly-Inc. To willow, as cotton, etc. — Ls will’y wil’), adj. Rare. Willing; also, favorable. wil/ly (wil’/f), n. [AS. wilige.] = wittow, n., 3. will’yard (wil’/yérd; wil’-), will’yart (-yért), adj. Chiefly Scot. a Wild; willful. b Bewildered; also, shy.

wil/ly—nil/ly (wil/Y-nil/1), adv. & adj.

Having no regard

for one’s wishes; without choice; compulsorily. I, nill I, etc., under 2d wit.

Wil/son’s thrush (wil’s’nz).

Wilson’s warbler.

Wimple.

or contest;

to obtain by victory; as, to win

the prize; also, to be successful in (a competition of any

box

studded (internally) with spikes. — adj.

cause to appear as if folded or plaited;

to cause to ripple or undulate; as, the § wind wimples the lake. —v.7. 1. To lie in folds; also, to appear as if@ folded or plaited; to ripple. 2. Chiefly

session of by or as by labor or effort; hence, to get; gain; obtain; secure; as, to win praise. 2. Specif., to gain in

by long

spikes projecting from

volving

To confuse; hoodwink;

3. To draw down, or to lay

expressed by an adverb or preposition); to succeed in getting; as, to win across, away, back, by, down, forward, off, out, over, through, etc.; as, then he won through the tacklers and scored a touchdown. —v. t. 1. To get pos-

A ma-

chine in which cotton

cleansed

2. Obs.

deceive.

ceed by effort in reaching a specified place or state (often

that wood, as a cricket or baseball bat. 3. Mfg.

veil.

Scot. a To meander, as a stream. b To wriggle. win (win), v.7.; won, Obs. WAN; won; wiINn/NING. _[AS. winnan to strive, labor, endure.] 1. To gain the victory in any contest; to triumph; prevail; succeed. 2. To suc-

used in basketry, etc. The wood _of the

Textile

2,

turn; a curve; bend, asina road. cA crafty or wily act. — ¥, ¢.; WIM/PLED

See will

The veery.

A small North American fly-catching

warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), yellow with a black crown.

wilt (wilt), v. 7. [Also welt, dial. var. 1. To lose freshness and become flaccid, day, or when cut; todroop. 2. To grow languish; flag; as, she wilted for shame

of welk to fade.] as a plant in a dry weak or faint; to and grief; hence,

Collog., to lose courage, spirit, or the like; as, to wilt be-

fore an accuser’s gaze. —v.t. 1. To cause to droop; to make flaccid, asa plant. 2. To cause to languish; to lower in spirit, force, or vigor. —mn. 1. Act of wilting; in persons, a state of depression, weakness, or faintness. 2. Also wilt disease. A disease of certain caterpillars,

kind); to come off victor in; as, to win a race or an election. 3. To acquire as a compensation for service done; to earn;

as, to win a livelihood.

4. To effect or achieve by or as

by effort; as, to win one’s way,by pluck.

To come to

by toil or effort; to reach; as, they won

the hut just at

nightfall.

lure.

6. To persuade; influence; also, to entice; al-

7. To influence so as to gain the favor of; as: a To

render friendly or favorable to one’s cause; as, tears won the jury., b To gain the affection of; esp., to induce to ac-

cept one in marriage.

8. Metal,

To recover (metal, etc.)

from ore. 9. Mining. To obtain, as ore or coal, by mining; hence, also, to prepare, as a vein or bed, by shafts, gangways, levels, etc., for the operation of regular winning. — Syn. See optain. — Ant. Lose, forfeit, miss.

—n.

Collog.

aA success; victory, as in a game or com-

petition. b Gain; profit; winnings. win (win), v.¢. Chiefly Scot. To dry, as hay, esp. by exposure; also, to winnow

win.

(grain).

Scot. & dial. var. of WIND.

wince (wins; 106), v. 7.; WINCED (winst); WINC’ING (win/sing). E. wincen (also winchen, wenchen).] To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain; to draw back; to flinch.— Syn. See sHRINK. — 7. Act or fact of wincing. wince, n. (Var. of wincH an instrument.] _ Dyeing & Calico Printing. A reel used in dyeing, steeping, or washing, cloth. It is placed over the division wall between two

oe (wince pits) so as to allow the cloth to descend into

either.

winch (winch), n. [ME. wynch fr. AS. wince a winch, a reel.

1, A crank with a giving motion to a grindstone, etc. various machines ments

to turn_or

handle, for machine, a 2. Any of or, instru-

strain

some-

thing more or less forcibly; as:

a A powerful

machine

having

one or more barrels or drums

on which to coil a rope, etc., for hauling or hoisting; a more or less elaborate form of windlass. Local, Eng. screw vise. c A reel for a fishing rod. 3. Weaving, Eng. A divided rol-

ler for warps.

—v.¢t. To hoist by means of a winch; to

highly infectious, with great mortality, aiding greatly in

haul as with a winch. winch, v. & n. Obs. exc. Dial. Wince; flinch. winch/er (win’chér), n. An operator of a winch.

gypsy moth.

Win/ches’ter ri’fle, or Win’ches’ter (win/chés/tér; -chYs-

reducing

the abundance

of many

species, such as the

When the caterpillar dies its body liquefies

and becomes flaccid, hence the name.

ee

wilt (wilt), 2d pers. sing. of WILL, v. t. & auxiliary. Wil’ ton, n., or Wil’/ton car’petor rug (wil/ttn; -t’n).

kind of carpet or rug woven with loops like the Brussels

carpet, but having the loops cut, forming an elastic velvet pile; —so called because first made at Wilton, Eng. Wiit/shire (wilt’shir; -shér), n. [From Wiltshire Co., Eng.]

A pure-white sheep cf an old English breed having

long spirally curved horns and a long arched head. Wiltshire cheese. An English variety of Cheddar cheese. wil’y (wil/f), adj.; wit/I-er (-Y-€r); wit/trest. [From WILE.] Full of wiles; crafty. — Syn. See CUNNING. wim/ble (wim’b’l), n.__ [ME., through ONF., fr. MD. wimpel, MLG. wimmel.]_ Any of various instruments for

boring holes; as: a A gimlet.

charity;

F. Winchester

(1810-80),

ing arm. wind (wind), v. ¢.; wouND (wound), rarely, exc. in nautical senses, WIND’ED_(win/déd; -did); winp/InG (win/ding). (AS. windan.]

about something

1. To turn completely, or repeatedly, esp.

fixed; to cause to form conyolutions about

anything; to twist; twine; coil; wreathe. 2. To move in a curved path or course; tocurve. 3. To cover, surround,

infold, or

the like, with something

coiled,

twisted,

or

otherwise wrapped around; to entwine; entwist; as, to wind a rope with twine. 4. To vary or alter at will the course of; hence, to manage; control; govern; regulate.

5. To effect or accomplish by or as by bending or turning. 6. To introduce sinuously or stealthily; to insinuate. 7.

To bore

— v.74. To go or move in a devious or sinuous course; to curve; meander, as a stream; also, to double on one’s course; as, a hare pursued turns and winds.

firm, ask, sofd; @ve, h@re (27), @vent, énd, silént, makér;

old, Obey, Srb, Sdd, sOft, cdnnect;

Am.

A breech-loading magazine rifle intro-

To wind up; as, to wind a watch; to wind the strings of a mandolin. 8. To hoist or haul by a rope, etc., pulled by machinery, as coal from a pit or a vessel to her wharf.

ox pierce, as with a wimble. i wim/ple (wim’p’l), n. CAS. wimpel.J 1. A covering of silk, linen, or other material, formerly worn by women over the head and around the neck and chin as an outdoor

Ale, chaotic, cAre, iidd, account,

fter Oliver

duced about 1866, and in world-wide use, esp. as a sport-

c An

bA kind of brace.

auger for boring in earth; a scoop to clear out a bored hole.

=v, t.; WIM/BLED (-b’ld); WIM’/BLING (bling).

tér), 7.

manufacturer.]__ A

2. To work,

ice, “il,

food, foot; out, oil; ctibe, Unite, Gm, tip, circés, menii;

1155

wind

progress, or gain an end, by sinuous, stealthy, or indirect,

methods; as, to wind into fayor. 3. To coil, as about something; to assume a convolved or spiral form; twine; as, vines wind around a pole. 4. To warp, as a board,

5, Of a horse or horses, to exhibit the defective gait of winding. wind up. a To coil into a ball or small compass, asa skein of thread. b To bring to a conclusion; as, to wind up one’s affairs. ¢ To put in a state of renewed or continued motion, as a clock, a watch, etc., by winding the spring; hence, to prepare for continued movement or action. d To make tense or tight; to subject to strain; hence, to arouse; excite. e To tighten, as the strings of a musical instrument, so as to tune it. £ To hoist, as water from a ell, by or as by a windlass. _g Collog. To come to a finie to conclude; finish. h Baseball. To give a preliminary swing to the arm before delivering a pitchedball. —n. Act of winding, or state of being wound; a turn; bend; twist; coil. wind (wind; orig., and now poet., archaic, or dial., wind), n. CAS.) 1. Any movement of air, usually restricted to natural, horizontal movements; air in motion with any degree of velocity. Hence, a Strong or destructive wind; a wind storm; hurricane. 3. A direction from which the wind may blow; a point of the compass; esp., one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds. Air artificially put in motion by any force or action; as, the wind of a cannon ball; he pumped some wind into the tire. 5. Air impregnated with a scent, as of oem hence, scent or, figuratively, intimation of something; — used in phrases; as, he caught wind of their plans. . Power of respiration; breath; as, he had the wind knocked out of him. 7. Mere breath or talk; idle words; as, his arguments are but wind; also, conceit; vain self- satisfaction. A current of air conceived as imparting motion to something, or influencing or carrying along something; as, it’s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 9. Often’ pl. Musical windinstruments, collectively; also, sometimes, oy extension, the players of "these instruments. 10. Air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels; flatulence. 11. Boxing Cant. The pit of the stomach, where a blow may paralyze the diaphragm and cause temporary loss of breath or other injury. Syn. Wind, breeze, air, gust, blast, flaw.

Wind is the general

word for air naturally iin motion. A breeze is a relatively light, but fresh, wind; air (chiefly poetical) denotes a gently stirring breeze. Gust, blast, and flaw denote a sudden and violent rush of wind, usually | brief.

—in the wind. a Stirring; moving; afoot. b Slang. Intoxicated; — esp. in the nautical phrase, three sheets in

window

wind’ed (win’déd; -did), adj. 1. Exposed to the wind or air; also, tainted by such exposure. 2. Having lost one’s wind, or breath, as from exertion. — wind’ed-ness, n. wind’er (win’dér), n. _One who or that which winds; as:

a A twining plant or vine. h A person who winds yarn or the like for a weaver. ¢ A device used in the winding of thread, yarn, etc. dA key for winding up a spring, as a watch key. e Any ofa flight of steps that are not parallel, so that a person turns to one side or the other in ascending or descending. wind/fall’/ (wind’fdl’), n. 1. Anything blown down ee off by the wind, as fruit froma tree or the tree itself. . An unexpected legacy, or other gain. wind/flaw’ (-f16’), n. A gust of wind; a flaw. vaneoe ee (- flow ér), n. (Trans. of Gr. anemoné.] An

anemone;

also, the related rue anemone

(Anemonella

thalictroides). wind’gall’ (-g6l’/), n. Veter. In horses, a soft tumor or synovial Srsne generally found on the fetlock joint; — so called from having formerly pees supposed to contain

air. — wind’galled’ (-géld’), adj. wind harp. Music. = AEOLIAN HARP or LYRE. wind/hov/er (wind’hiiv’ér), n. [From its habit of hover-

ing over one spot.] Local, Ks The kestrel. wind/i-ly (win/d7-lf), adv. In a windy manner. wind/i-ness (wiYn/di-nés; -n{s),n. Quality or state of being windy. wind’ing (win’ding),n. 1. Act of one who or that which winds; a turn or turning; also, sinuous, intricate, or sometimes. dishonest, movements, devices, or methods. of thought or action. 2. The coiling, twisting, or twining, of some pliable material about itself or about some object; as, the winding of thread on a spool. The material, as wire or rope, wound or coiled about anything, or a single round or turn "of the material; also, the manner in which anything is wound; as, Elec., a series winding; a shunt winding. &. State, quality, or fact, of being twisted or warped out of a plane; as, in winding; out of winding. . In horses, a defective gait in see there is a twisting of one leg around, the other. adj. That winds, curves, coils, etc. — wind/ing-ly, adv.

winding frame. winding sheet. wrapped.

A machine which winds yarn. A sheet in which a corpse is wound or

wind instrument (wind). _Music. Any instrument sounded by wind, esp. by the breath; as: wood-wind instruments, or wood winds, as the flute, oboe, bassoon,

clarinet;

and

brass-wind

instruments,

or

brass winds, as the trumpet, ee trombone, tuba. the wind. — to have in the wind, to have the wind wind/jam/mer (wind’jaim/ér), 1. Naut. Collog. A of. Tobeon ine scent of. — to sail close to the wind. sailing vessel or one of its aes — orig. so called contempa To sail with the head directed as nearly as possible to the tuously by sailors on steam vessels. 2. Slang. A very point from which the wind blows. .b To manage economitalkative person. cally. ¢ To approach vulgarity, indecency, indiscretion, wind’/lass (wind/lds), n.. [Icel. or the like, in speech or conduct. — up the wind. Ina vindilass.] _Any of various madirection counter to the wind. chines for hoisting or hauling. —v.t. 1. To expose to the wind; to dry by exposing to He The simplest form consists of a wind or air; to ventilate; Dial. Eng.., to winnow. horizontal barrel for the hoisting 1 perceive or follow by the scent; to scent; as, the Rounds rope, supported in vertical standWind! winded the game. 3. To render scant of wind by violent ards and turned by a crank witha HUE SES exertion; to put out of breath. 4. To rest, as a horse, in handle. —v.¢. & i. To hoist or haul with a windlass; to order to allow the breath to be recovered. use a windlass for hoisting or hauling. wind (wind; wind), v. ¢. ;WOUND won rarely WIND/ED; win/dle (win’d’l; win’’l), v. i.; -pLED (-d’ld; -’ld); -pLING WIND/ING. [From WIND air, but confused in sense and in (-dling; -ling). [From winp to turn.] Scot. a To wind conjugation with wind to turn.] 1. To blow; to sound by eee b To whirl around; to meander; also, to drift, as blowing. 2. Rare. To signal or direct and regulate by blowing a horn. win'die. strae’ (-stra’), win/dle-straw’ (-stré6’), n_ [AS. wind/a-ble (win’dd-b’l), adj. Capable of being wound. windelstréaw, fr. windel a basket + streaw straw.] Scot.

wind/age

(win/diij),n

The

disturbance

of the air

caused by a passing brofectile: 2. a The influence of the wind in deflecting the course of a projectile; also, theamount of deflection due to wind. b In gunnery, the amount of sight deflection necessary to compensate for wind displacement. a Naut. The surface exposed by a vessel to the wind. Ordn. a The space between the projectile ofa Teno gun and the surface of the bore. biIna muzzle-loading rifled cannon, the difference between the diameter of the bore and that of the projectile cylinder. wind/bag’ (wind’big’), n. A bag of wind; as: a A bellows. b Jocose.

The chest, ‘considered as containing the lungs.

c Slang. One who talks much to little effect. Wea blown’, adj. 1. Blown by the wind; also, of trees, having a permanent set or character of growth determined

by, the Poa

winds.

_2. Designating a type of bob

& Dial. A grass or grass stalk used for making ropes or for plaiting; hence, a trifling, feeble person or object. wind/mill’ (wind/mil’: win’mil’; 25), n. 1. A mill operated by the wind, usually by the wind acting on oblique vanes or sails which radiate from a horizontal shaft. Also, me winddriven wheel of such a mill. . Some-

thing

resembling

or sp

nan a wind-

mill. n imaginary wrong, evil, or opponent; — esp. in the phrases to Sight windmills, to tilt at windmills, etc., in allusion to those which Don Quixote took for giants.

win/dow (win/do; 87), n.

[ME. windowe,

windoge, fr. ON vindauga, window, prop., wind eye.| 1. An opening in the wa. of a building for admission of light

haircut in which the hair (usually waved) is cut and brushed so that its ends turn outward and to the front. wind’—borne’, adj. Borne or carried along by the wind. wind’break’ (wind’brak’), n. A clump of trees or shrubs serving to break the force of wind; eee ae protective shelter from the wind, as a fence or the lik Wind’break’er (- brak/ér), n. A trade- ieee for a sports jacket of leather, heavy wool, or the like, commonly lined and having a fitted band at the waist. wind’—bro’/ken, adj. Haying the power of breathing impaired by the rupture, dilatation, or running together of air cells of the lungs; affected with pulmonary emphysema or with heaves; — said of a horse.

glass, and capable of being opened and shut. windowpane; as, to wash windows. 3. An opening like, or suggestive of, a window (sense 1), as a shutter, slot, valve, or the like. 4. The trans: Modern parent portion, usually of celluloid, of a Windmill. window enyelope, 5. Arch. The shutter, sash with its fittings, se) othe: framework, which closes a window opening. To furnish with a window or windows. 2. To fill with holes suggestive of windows.

Cbair;

K=ch

go; sing;

then, thin; natiire, ver@tire

Numbers refer to §§ in Guide to Pronunciation,

(118);

and air, usually

closed

sashes containing

transparent

in G. ich, ach;

by casements

bon;

or

material,

yet;

as

zh =z

Explanations of Abbreviations, etc., precede Vocabulary,

in azure.

|] Foreign Word,

window dresser

cious statement of facts giving a misleadingly favorable appearance. — window dresser. — win/dow-—dress’/ing, adj. window envelope. An envelope having a transparent

panel through which the address on the enclosure is visible.

wine cellar.

window seat. A seat built in the recess of a window. window shade. A shade or blind for a window. win/dow-shop’, v.7. To inspect the window displays of goods in stores without entering the stores. — win/dow— shop’per, n. — win/dow-shop’ping, adj. & n. wind’pipe’ (wind’pip’), n. The passage for the breath from the larynx to the lungs; the trachea; weasand.

Bot. Anemophilous. — wind’=

pol/li-na’tion, n.

wind/row/ (wind’rd/; win’rd’), n.

[wind+-row.]

1. A

row of hay raked up to dry before being rolled or pitched

into cocks; also, any similar row for drying, as of grain. 2. By extension, a wind-swept line or row, as of dry leaves

or dust, of foam, surf, etc. 3. A deep furrow, cane planting. Stalks are cut off and laid in with soil. —v. é. To arrange (as hay, grain etc.) or store (as sugar cane) in windrows. —

esp. for sugarit and covered sheaves, peat, wind/row/er

A cellar adapted or used for storing wine;

loosely, a stock of wines. wine gallon. See GALLON.

4

wine’giass/ (win’glas’), n.

A small glass from which to

drink wine, the form often varying with the wine.

wine’glass-ful/

(-glas-f00l’), n. ; ae -GLASSFULS

a

(-f00]z/).

As much as a wineglass will hold, usually reckoned at 2 fluid ounces or 4 tablespoonfuls (59.1 ml.). ¢

win/dow-pane’ (win’d6-pan’), n. Arch. A pane in a window,

wind’—pol/li-nat/ed, adj.

wing cover

1156

window dressing. The arrangement of trim and commodities attractively in retail store windows; hence, a spe-

wine/grow’er (-gro/ér),. One who cultivates a vineyard, and makes wine. — wine’grow/ing, n. & adj.

:

wine measure. A system of measures for wine; specif., an old system by which wine and spirits were sold. wine palm. Any palm from the sap of which wine is made. wine press. a A vat for treading out the juice from grapes. b A machine for expressing the juice from grapes. — wine

presser.

u

A wine-making

win/er-y (win/ér-I), n.; pl. -ERIES (-iz).

establishment. Wine/sap’ (win/sip’), n.

é i A medium-sized variety of deep-

red winter apple, much grown in the United States.

wine’skin/ skin’), n.

A large bag made of the skin of an

animal, used esp. in the Orient for holding wine. wing (wing), n. [ME, winge, wenge, fr. ON. vengr.]

1.

a An organ of aerial flight; one of the movable paired ap-

bers used for recording the velocity or force of the wind.

pendages by means of which certain animals, as most birds, bats, and many insects, are able to fly; also, such an appendage, even though rudimentary, if possessed by an

of high winds; anemosis.

ing fish, flying lemur; esp., the broad thin anterior lobes of

(-r6/ér), n.

wind scale.

A systematic arrangement of words or num-

wind shake.

Jorestry.

animal belonging to a group characterized by the power of flight. tb Any of various winglike structures, as of the fly-

Shake attributed to the action :

wind’—shak’en (-shak/én), adj. Shaken by the wind; specif., Forestry, affected by wind shake. i : windshield’ (wind’shéld’; 25), m, In automotive vehicles,

the foot of a pteropod.

a shield or screen of glass extending upward from the body of the car in front to protect the occupants from wind,

of

Saxe-Coburg

and

thing which agitates the air as a wing does, as a fan or vane

to winnow grain, the sail of a windmill, etc. 6, A faction; either of two opposing groups within an organization. 7. Aeronautics. The portion of a main supporting surface

England and the American colonies.

wind’storm/ (wind’stérm’; 25), n. _A storm characterized by high wind with little or no precipitation. given to crib biting.

Veter.

of an airplane on either side of the plane of symmetry. 8. Agric. Mach.

board plow. 9. Anat. An ala; as, the wings of the nose. 10. Arch. A part or feature of a building projecting from

The swallow-

and subordinate to the main or central part; as, one of the

wings of a palace.

ing of air, as during the act of crib biting. — wind’—suck’/ing, adj.

wind’—swept’, adj.

Win Sene

throwing

(wind’tit’; 2), adj.

Air-

1. Moving windward.

wind’y (win/di), adj. ; WIND/T-ER (-di-@r); wrnp/1-EsT.

Specif.: a Exposed to wind; swept by wind. _ b Tempestu-

c Like the wind;

Theater.

pieces of scenery.

b Given to boasting.

flying with, the wings; flying.

a Supported by, or

b Rionike from one place

the. wing, or wings,

of. Under the care or protection of; in the charge of. —v.t. 1. a To fit with or as with wings; hence, to enable

to fly or to move swiftly. b To supply with wings; as, a wide-winged house.. 2. a To pass through in flight; to traverse with or as with wings; as, an arrow wings the sky.

4. Moving by means

b To transport by flight; — chiefly used reflexively. 3. To effect or achieve by wings or by flying. 4. To let fly; send off; dispatch; as, to wing a shaft. 5. To wound in

Given

6. Airy; unsubstantial.

the wing; to disable a wing of; as, to wing a bird; hence, Collog., to wound, as with a bullet, without killing; as,

wine (win), ». CAS, win, fr. L. vinum.] 1. Fermented juice of grapes. Wine is essentially a dilute solution of alcohol, to which its stimulating properties are due, to-

the duelist winged his adversary. as if with wings; to fly.

gether with small quantities of certain ethers and esters,

wing and wing.

tact with the skins so as to extract their coloring matter; wine made in other ways is yellow or colorless and is termed

wing back formation.

which impart to it the bouquet. Red wine is made by allowing the juice of dark-colored grapes to ferment in con-

b A chamber or plat-

— on the wing.

to, another; traveling. —wnder

to, or characterized by, vain or empty talk; esp.: a Verbose;

bombastic.

a One of the side scenes.

form at either side of the stage proper; also, one of the side-

or intestines; also, due to, attended with, or affected by, of, or so as to produce, a wind; as, a windy reed.

_b Either of

in a direction towards the opponents’ goal; esp., such a position or player on the forward line of a team. 18.

[AS.

swift; stormy; changeable; as, windy passion. 3. Producing, or tending to produce, wind or gas in the stomach flatulence; flatulent; as,windy food.

An arm, esp. a

a Any foliaceous,

called left wing or right wing, respectively, looking

windig.) 1. Consisting of or pertaining to wind; accompanied or characterized by wind; as, windy spray. 2. weather.

Bot.

players in such positions, on either side of a center position,

2. On

the side toward the point from which the wind blows. wind/way’ (wind’wa’), n. A passage for air; esp., Music, the narrow slit between the languet and lower lip of a flue pipe.

as, windy

12.

a sidepiece at the top. 15. Mil. & Nav. The right or left division of an army, fleet, or any command. 16. Mil. Aviation. a A unit of aircraft, chiefly tactical, consisting of a varying number and combination of_ squadrons. b U.S. A unit consisting of two groups. 17. Sports. In certain team games, one of the positions, or one of the

ward of. Into orin an advantageous position with respect to. — adv. Toward the wind; in the direction from which

ous; boisterous;

arm.

of certain stems and petioles, of samaras, etc.

wind/ward (wind’wérd; collog., chiefly naut., win’dérd), n. The point or side from which the wind blows; as, to sail to the windward ; — opposed to leeward. —to windadj.

11. Baseball Slang.

the two lateral petalsof a papilionaceous flower. 13. Fort. In an outwork, either of the longer sides connecting it with the main work. 14. Furniture. In an armchair,

Windsor Armchair.

wind’up’ (wind’tp’), n. 1. Act of winding up or closing. 2. A concluding act or part; the end. 3. Baseball. preliminary swing of the arm before pitching the ball.

blows.

or pitching

membranous, or woody expansion, as that along the sides

Swept by winds.

tight.

the wind

The outside corner of the share of a mold-

A horse

(-stik’ér), m.

wind sucking.

arm.

worn on the shoulder. c Either of the parts of a double door or screen... @ A curved mudguard for a vehicle; a fender. 4. A side or outlying region or district. &. Any-

Gotha.

Windsor chair. > ° Quotation marks, Ger- t Double dagger. A or ~ or * Circumflex. ~ Tilde. C > Givetion marks, sin- 8 PoC om ais. iialcaes = Macron. y oe i | Parallels. w Breve. Recs {or P Paragraph. }** Diaeresis. { or Brace, (> Index, or fist. 3s (¢) Cedilla. « #% op Ellipsis. | *4* or 3% Asterism. A Caret.

>» Comma. s Semicolon. : Colon. - Period, or full stop. — Dash. ? Interrogation point. 1 Exclamation point. () Parentheses, or curves. {]. Brackets. » Apostrophe.

The chief uses of the most important punctuation marks are explained in the numbered sections below.

1. THE PERIOD,

OR FULL

STOP

[.]

A period is used at the end of a sentence, or any expression standing for a sentence, that is neither interrogative nor exclamatory. Society isa wave. The wave moves onward, but the water of which it is composed does not. The same particle does not rise from the valley to the ridge. Please close the door. Certainly.

A period is used after an abbreviation; also, before

a decimal, and, therefore, between pressed in figures.

dollars and cents ex-

The MSS. were badly scorched. Dr.and Mrs. James Brown. James Brown, Esq., Bath, O. David Livingstone, LL.D. (b. 1813; d. 1873). Maj. Gen. Robt. Lee Bullard. Sec. Jones (preferred to Sec’y Jones). It measured 16.63 feet and cost $12.17.

After

certain

contracted

forms

medial letters; cf. rules for apostrophe

is used.

;

:

(with omission of below)

the period

mfg.; advt.; Dr. (debtor); recd.

Norte l.

A few publishers omit the period after the

abbreviations Mr, Mrs, and Dr; as, Dr Brown. _ Nore 2, After cent,in the phrase per cent, the period is now omitted. Norte 3. The terms 1st, 2d, 3d, 8vo, 12mo, etc., are not, properly speaking, abbreviations and take no period.

The Roman numerals I, IV, xxii, etc., designating the

serial number of a thing, as a page or chapter, are used either with or without the period; as, 2 Sam. xix. 12; after names, they now take no period; as, Edward VIII of England.

After titles and headings of chapters, the period, as well as all other punctuation, is omitted at the ends of lines

_ Ellipsis of words or sentences from a quotation is indicated by a series of periods (usually three); ellipsis of one or more complete lines of poetry, by a full line of spaced periods (or asterisks). “Man...an

extract or compendious image of the world.”

A similar series of periods, called suspension

Bacon.

periods, is

often used to point an unfinished sentence or to mark a suspension in order to sustain the reader’s attention upon the words immediately preceding. The voice weakened, trailed off... .Only silence.

use for ordinary descriptive and narrative writing of the open system of punctuation, that is, a minimum of pointing

without causing ambiguity, and for more compact involved composition in which clearness and precision are the first of punctuation, providing Though often, as formerly,

marking rhetorical or elocutionary pauses, the comma is used primarily as a mark of separation to make clear the to the

Words, phrases, and clauses that are appositional,

or parenthetical, or independent, as nouns of direct address, exclamations, absolute phrases, are set off by a comma commas,

(1268)

idea.

The comma is not used between a noun and its when so closely connected in thought as to form

My partner Johnson is in Europe.

_Dependent adverbial clauses preceding their principal clauses, and most initial adverbial phrases including a verbal are set off by a comma. If we were always candid, woe to self-esteem! Immediately upon reaching the surface, he struck out boldly.

To gain popularity, he yielded his convictions.

Note. When a dependent adverbial! clause follows the main clause, the comma is usually omitted, except when the clause is plainly nonrestrictive, that is, adds a reason or concession introduced by because, since, as, though. He has bought a new car, though I doubt if he can afford it.

_ Adverbs and adverbial phrases that modify an entire clause or sentence are set off by a comma. In the first place, he will tell you a fairy story. Afterwards, we shall all go for a ride.

Transitional

phrases

verbs used transitionally

and

certain conjunctive

ad-

(as therefore, moreover, how-

ever), are set off by commas. The question, therefore, is still open.

On the contrary, under the rules a vote is in order. Still, I doubt the wisdom of retrenching.

_Nonrestrictive

(or descriptive, or appositive, or addi-

tive) relative clauses and participial phrases are set off by commas. I visited Cardiff, which is in Wales. Fishes, that tipple in the deep, Know no such liberty.

The senators voted assent, which was to be expected of them. Dick, feeling bitter, turned away from the scene.

Nore. A restrictive (or limiting or adherent) clause must not be set off by a comma.

relative

A man who beats his wife is considered degraded.

A defining place name, year, or month is set off by a Place, Edinburgh.

The most marked divergence in accepted practice lies in the

or

one

Robert, Louis Stevenson was born on Nov, 13, 1850, at 8 Howard

2. THE COMMA [, ]

grouping of words, phrases, and clauses in respect grammatical structure of the sentence.

Norg.

ee

comma.

Of all the marks of punctuation, the comma offers the most difficulty in use, and is used with the least uniformity

tequisites, of a close system abundant points, esp.commas,

He, their prince, shall rank among mypeers. Mr. Chairman, I yield. Pshaw, I am in no hurry. His true ambition, and a lofty one it must be counted, was to affect the course of events by affecting the course of thought. A man in black, stately and old, rose slowly.

_ Before “of” in phrases indicating residence, posi-

tion, or title, a comma is ordinarily used. Senator William Edgar Borah, of Idaho, 5th Massachusetts.

Col. Henry Smith, of the

Words placed out of their natural

clearness or emphasis, are ordinarily set off

position, as for by a comma.

To the wise and upright, old age brings many joys. That the mine is rich, I concede.

Contrasted words and phrases are set off by acomma. Work, not words, is what is needed. The greater the security, the less the yield.

Words, phrases, and clauses

of like construction

used in a Series, also pairs of words in a series, are Separated by commas. The estate was left to John, Robert, and William.

Punctuation, Compounds, Capitals, Ete. Trees, trees, trees were all we could see. Old and young, rich and poor, wits and morons came out for the baseball classic.

y

Nortel. Present usage calls for the comma before and or or joining the last two members of a series. Some publishing houses and some periodicals and newspapers consistently omit this comma in a series of single words.

Norte 2. Two adjectives preceding a noun are not separated by a comma when the second adjective relates more closely to the noun than the first, or when the first adjective sous the second adjective and the noun, thought of as a unit. A vivid red tie; a brilliant military strategist; a limpid trout brook.

_ Independent clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction are separated by a comma when the clauses are closely connected in thought and are not broken up with commas (cf. § 3 below).

He cited this line from Pope: hen Ajax strives some rock’s vast weight to throw.

A colon is used to introduce a formal enumeration of particulars. His favorite themes may be classified under three heads: the folly of pacifism, public waste, and the menace of communism.

A colon is used to set off an appositive clauseor phrase that constitutes a restatement of the preceding clause, with or without to wit, that is, or the like. His recipe for health is a program of simple living: he prescribes only plain food, abundant exercise, and bodily exposure to the sun.

A colon is used after the salutation in a business letter or an address. Sirs:

He seemed inattentive, but no word escaped him. His face showed his chagrin, for he was conscious of failure.

1269

4. THE COLON [:] _ A colon is used to introduce a formal direct quotation or direct question.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen:

A colon is used to separate the parts of numerical

Note. In less formal writing, when both clauses are brief and esp. when the subject of both clausesis the same, the comma may be omitted before the co-ordinating conjunction.

formulas and bibliographical references, as of hours, minutes, and seconds Nation 130:20.

He will suffer but he will recover.

5. THE

_ Ashort informal quotation or question or a maxim is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma (ci. § 4, below).

(2:31:30 P.M.).

Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

EXCLAMATION

An exclamation

POINT

[!]

point is used after an ejaculation,

and after any phrase or sentence of wish, command, irony, or the like to indicate forceful utterance or strong feeling. Egad! I had no such intention. Oh that those lips had speech! Is the writer to become the slave of the publishers !

“Make way for liberty,”’ he cried. He asked abruptly, “‘Which way do you vote?” As Prior says, “Virtue is its own reward.”

Ellipsis of a word (common to two parts of a sentence

but not repeated) is indicated by a comma.

Reading maketh a full man; conference, a ready man; and writing,

6. THE INTERROGATION POINT [?] An interrogation point is used at the end of a direct

an exact man,

question, even if in

After namely, viz., that is, i.e., as, e.g., etc., introducing an illustration or example, not an enumeration, a comma is used.

What after that? You say you will persist? How can he expect reinstatement? now or later? — with a record of insubordination, obstruction, and insolence marked down against him, An Oxford degree — or was it Cambridge? — lured him,

There are three genders in Latin: namely, masculine, feminine, and

neuter. ( The chief aim of censorship, namely, to eliminate inartistic pandering to base appetites, is frustrated by stupid and literal-minded

censors.

Inverted names in bibliographies and reference lists

are set off by a comma.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.

A proper name and an academic or honorary title,

also two or more such titles in succession, are separated by

a comma.

declarative form.

Note. A request put for courtesy’s sake in interrogative form takes a period. Will you kindly fill out and return this questionnaire.

An interrogation point, enclosed

in parentheses,

is

used after a word, phrase, or date to indicate uncertainty of its accuracy or conjecture or irony, or to mark a gap in available information. Omar

Khayydm, Persian poet (?-1123?).

The Ophir of the Bible, rich in gold, was Arabia (?), He offered to sell me a bag of real (?) pearls.

James K. Jones, M.A., Ph.D., president.

Two adjacent sets of figures or identical words are separated by a comma.

A semicolon is used to separate the clauses of a compound sentence: , (1) In the absence of any connective.

(2) When an antithesis exists between the clauses. A fool babbles continually; a wise man holds his tongue.

anger. (3) When

away

wrath;

but

grievous

words

stinging discords — that 1s what jazz offered a war-weary generation. He sometimes counsel takes — and sometimes snuff. A self-hunting dog is — a canine — that is — a dog of peculiar traits.

A dash is used to introduce a repetitive phrase, a summing-up word or words like namely, or an afterthought, with more or less emphasis (cf. § 3, above).

Make no terms; resist until the last breath.

turneth

[—]

If you will listen, I will explain — but perhaps you do not care to hear. To revert to sensuously insistent jungle rhythms with smashing or

3. THE SEMICOLON [ ; J

A soft answer

7. THE DASH

A dash is used to mark an abrupt suspension of the

sense, an unexpected turn of the thought, or a sudden change in the construction; also a faltering in speech.

In the year 1934, 967 students were enrolled. Whatever is, is right.

stir up

there is a marked change in thought.

You must practice, practice, practice day after day; or you will retrograde and become mediocre.

T will never — never, I say — agree to this iniquitous proposal. Breadth of culture, practicality, frankness, astuteness, inflexibility, leniency — all are requisites of a teacher. Sports develop two valuable traits — viz., quick decision and selfcontrol. He is recommended merely as a graduate of high rank —as if scholarly achievement gave assurance of teaching ability.

verbs accordingly, also, consequently, furthermore, hence,

Dashes are used in pairs to set off interpolations when the matter is brief and calls for some emphasis, that

so,

is, when it is subordinate and incidental to a less degree than

You recommend this man; therefore I will give him a trial. He is a graduate of Oxford; hence we may expect a learned discussion.

I saw her — my pulse even now stops at the thought — in the path of the careening automobile.

(5) When the clauses contain commas within themselves. The seasons come and go, and the years pass on; but love abides.

A dash (en dash) is used as the equivalent of to and including between extreme dates or numbers, also

(4) Where the connective is one of the conjunctive ad-

however, indeed, moreover, nevertheless, still, then, therefore, thus, yet.

otherwise,

A semicolon is used to separate the members of a

series of clauses or phrases introduced by a colon. The yield was: 1925, 660 bbls.; 1935, 886 bbls.

A semicolon (so also a colon, a dash, or a comma) is used before such words as namely, to wit, that is, i.e., viz., e.g., as, for instance, for example, when introducing an illustrative example or explanation or an enumera-

tion of particulars not felt as parenthetical comma, above).

(cf. rules for

The Navy is the first line of defense; that is to say, it is not until the

Navy has been beaten that our shores can be invaded. ‘Small’ is overworked as well as ‘great’; for example: in “a small particle of gold” ‘small’ adds nothing to the meaning.

A semicolon is used in lists of names with addresses, titles, or figures, where a comma alone would not separate items or references clearly. Deut. 3:1-10; 4:4-16.

is indicated by parentheses.

often in compounding capitalized two-word names.

Pages 40-89; the decade 1891-1900; a New York-St. Louis plane.

A dash (usually a two-em dash) is used to indicate

ellipsis of a word or letters in a word. Yelling

loudly; Mr. M——

8. PARENTHESES, Parentheses,

or marks

of New York; the d——1.

OR CURVES

[()]

of parenthesis, are used to

set off a word, phrase, or sentence which is inserted by way of comment, explanation, translation, etc., in a sentence but which is structurally independent of it. Know, then, this truth (enough for man to know): Virtue alone is happiness below. We were now nearing our destination (after five days on the river), and our spirits rose. Nil desperandum

(Never despair)!

The Allies are petitioned to prevent Jewish immigration, which dissipates (sic) the Arab nation from the country.

Punctuation,

1270

9. BRACKETS

Compounds,

Brackets are used to set off inserted matter aS extraneous or merely incidental to the context, esp. editorial interpolations and other comments not by the author of the text. “He is just as cheerful as when you was [were] here.” “The ensuing winter [1789] promised to be a tuming point.”

Gypsum and barites are mentioned as sulfates [sic]. A fly is said to be a two-winged dipterous [does that make four wings?] insect.

Brackets theses.

are used

for parentheses

within

paren-

expressions.

For goodness’ sake; for conscience’ sake; for fairness’ sake; for convenience’ sake; for righteousness’ sake.

Preferred: For appearance’s sake; for the office’s sake.

(2) The possessive of common nouns of this class may be

formed, esp. in poetry and when repeated sibilants would

be disagreeable, by an apostrophe without an s.

The princess’ favorite; innocence’ friend; in the goddess’ sight; her mistress’ spirits; heiress’ estate; a genius’ eccentricity; the aviatrix’ goal; an acquaintance’ sickness.

The

possessive

of ancient

classical

and

biblical

preper names and some foreign proper names ending in an s or z sound may be formed, as often in poetry

Bowman Act (22 Stat. L., ch. 4, § [or sec.] 4, p. 50).

10. QUOTATION MARKS

Capitals, Etc.

formed by the apostrophe without an s is correct in set

[[ J]

[“ ”]

Quotation marks are used to enclose all direct quotations, that is, quotations in which the exact phraseology of another or of a text is directly cited.

“‘When I am dead,” said one of the keenest of modern minds, one of the greatest of modern poets, “lay a sword on my coffin, for 1 was a soldier in the war for the liberation of humanity.”

Note1. In all quotations, excepting extracts from plays, quotation marks are put at the beginning of every Paragraph occurring within the quotation, in addition to

those at the beginning and at the end of the extract. Note2. No quotation marks are used when the quoted

matter is set in smaller type or in paragraphs indented on

both sides. Note,3. Commas and periods should be placed within the closing quotation marks; semicolons and colons, without. The interrogation point and exclamation point should be placed within the quotation marks when part of the quotation; otherwise, outside.

Note 4. No quotation marks are used to enclose off-

quoted familiar phrases, such as to err is human.

Single quotation marks are used to indicate a quotation within a quotation. The witness said: “I distinctly heard him say, ‘Don’t be late’; and then I heard the door close.”

and usually in classical works, by an apostrophe without an s, though some authorities for present use prefer

the apostrophe followed by an s where it is not difficult to Pronounce. } (1) Such names of one syllable in the possessive are better

spelled, according to authorities, like modern proper names with an apostrophe followed by an s. Mars’s, Zeus’s.

2) Such names of two or more syllables with the accent

on the penult usually take an apostrophe without an s.

Atlas’, Brutus’, Phoebus’, St. Agnes’, Adonis’, Aeneas’, Odysseus’.

(3) Such names of two or more syllables with the accent on the penult and ending in -es (pron. @z) take the apostrophe without an s.

Ceres’, Xerxes’, Achilles’, Ulysses’, Cervantes’, Archimedes’.

(4) Such names of three or four syllables with the accent on the antepenult are better spelled, according to authorities, with an apostrophe followed by an s.

Hercules’s, Socrates’s, Demosthenes’s; Theophilus’s.

More familiar classical names of this class are spelled in accordance with the rule for modern proper names (see Note, above). Venus’s, Judas’s, Marcus’s,

But: Moses’, Jesus’.

The apostrophe without an s is usedto form

possessive sound.

of all plural

nouns

ending

the

in an s or =

Quotation marks are used ordinarily to enclose titles of short plays and poems, paintings, lectures, articles, and parts of books; whereas titles of whole books, periodi-

The consumers’ guide; at his wits’ end; foxes’ holes; the Henrys’ store; the Joneses’ doings; “‘ The Beaux’ Stratagem.” Exceptions: Geese’s; lice’s; mice’s.

He read a paper on “‘The Influence of Poe in European Literature.” The “To be or not to be” soliloquy. The title story ‘Sold Out.”

form the possessive of titles, firm names, initials, etc.

cals, and newspapers are in present usage italicized.

Quotation marks, often single quotation marks, are used to enclose technical terms expected to be unfamiliar to the reader or words used in an unusual sense; or coined words or. colloquialisms or the like for which the writer offers a slight apology. The plates of copper are hung by ‘corrosion hooks’ in the acid. This mining venture is plainly a “wildcat’’ intended to prey upon

the unwary.

Quotation marks are often used to enclose the names of ships or words used as words, though italic type for these uses is generally preferred.

Lost with the “Titanic,” which sank April 15, 1912. It is well to use a dash before and a colon after the word ‘‘namely” when introducing a full clause.

11. THE APOSTROPHE [’] The apostrophe followed by ans is used to form the

possessive of both singular nouns not ending in an s or z sound.

and plural nouns

A book’s chances of success; carpenter’s; dog’s; motorist’s; owl’s; president’s; at his wit’s end; men’s; oxen’s; children’s; Des Moines’s press; Descartes’s philosophy; Dumas’s novels; Delacroix’s painting.

The apostrophe followed by an s (pron. -&z, -iz) is used to form the possessive of singular nouns of one

syllable ending in an s or z sound and of nouns of more

than one syllable ending in an s or z sound and having an accent (primary or secondary) on the final syllable.

Ass’s; miss’s; boss’s; fox’s; bus’s; wax’s; fuzz’s; the Times’s; Charles’s; James’s; King James’s escape; Brooks’s; Dix’s; Marx’s; Burns’s; Wells’s; Laplace’s; Alphonse’s; Hortense’s; Beatrice’s; Berlioz’s.

Nore.

Most modern proper names ending in an s or 2

sound and accented on the penult, commonly in the spoken

language and preferably according to authorities on usage, take the apostrophe followed by an s to form the possessive.

Often a practical reason is that the shorter form with apostrophe only is ambiguous (Roberts’ being indistinguishable in pronunciation from Robert’s).

Ben Andrews’s daughter; Chambers’s;

Dickens’s

stories; Alice’s;

Horace’s; Burgess’s; Burrows’s; Felix’s; Furness’s; Thomas’s.

The apostrophe without ans is still often used, a

survival of Barly Modern English usage, instead of the

now preferable apostrophe followed by an s, to form the possessive of singular nouns of more than one syllable ending in an s or z sound and having no accent (primary

or peonaay)

on the final syllable,

esp. when

another s or z sound closely precedes that in the final syllable or when the following word begins with an s or z sound. (1) Before the word sake the possessive of such nouns

The apostrophe

followed by an s may he used to

Charles I’s; the Edison Co.’s; I1.W.W.’s; C.D.K.Jr.’s.

No apostrophe is used in the possessive his, hers, its, curs, yours, theirs.

pronouns

The apostrophe with an added s is used with each of

two or more possessives joined by a co-ordinate conjunction, when referring to separate possessions and see only the last possessive when referring to joint ownersnip.

* George’s and William’s answers are correct (each answering independently). The centuries of her family’s and England’s history. From papa and mamma’s bedroom came the sound of grief. It is George and William’s turn to row (together).

The possessive of compound nouns is formed as the

possessive of the concluding noun would be if it were standing alone; the possessive of a compound not concluding in a noun, by an apostrophe with an s. Cutpurse’s; scapegallows’; sons-in-law’s; passers-by’s.

The possessive of two or more nouns in apposition

or in the same construction is indicated by an apostrophe with an s added to the last noun. The Representative from Utah’s vote. In our representative Mr. Burns’s car.

Bring the matter to Mr. Robert Burns, our Chicago representative’s

attention,

At Smith’s, the stationer in K Street. At Smith, the stationer’s in K Street. At Smith the stationer’s office.

Note.

:

Such constructions are usually to be avoided as

clumsy and inelegant.

The omission of a letter or letters from a word orof

one or more figures from a date is marked serted apostrophe. Don’t. I’ve. You'll, You’re.

He’s. I’d.

Who’d. ’Tis. The class of 94.

*Gainst. Ass’n.

by an in-

Over.

O'clock.

An apostrophe followed bya d is used to form the past and past participle of coined verbs. Thee’d; O.K.’d; K.O.’d.

An apostrophe followed by an s is used to form the

plurals of figures and letters and signs, and of words

when used as words only, but forms omitting the apostrophe are gaining ground.

A million is expressed by 1 followed by six 0’s. The sentence has three and’s init. A’s, B’s.

The apostrophe is often omitted

in titles and geo-

graphic names. Citizens Bank; The Authors Club; St. Anthonys Retreat; Smiths Market; Harpers Ferry.

Punctuation, Compounds, Capitals, Ete. COMPOUNDS

w

AND

Though authorities differ widely as to which compounds

are to be written solid, which separate, and which with a hyphen, the following generalizations represent the trend of the best usage in regard to the use of the hyphen in compounding. Compounds are usually solid when the first element is a prefix (semiconscious) or a combining form (telegraph), or when the last element is a suffix (hublike) or a combining form (geology).

Compounds are hyphened: (1) When the second element is capitalized or thought of as representing something official or institutional. Pro-British; Franco-Prussian; ex-governor.

(2) When consisting of impromptu formations, re-

duplicating terms, or temporarily united combinations. Clickety-clack; clomp-clomp; a kind of caught-in-the-act look.

(3) When based upon a syntactical relation. containing or made up of a prepositional

(1) Compound adjectives consisting of an adjective

oe noun prefixed to a noun plus the suffix -ed ; also their erlvatives.

Full-bodied, saber-toothed, bull-necked, double-faced ; double-facedly. Exceptions: Many having only a derived or figurative sense have become solid (crackbrained, stouthearted, closefisted, bullheaded, heavyhanded, stoutheartedness,; bullheadedness).

(2) Compound adjectives consisting of an adverb not ending in -ly plus a present or past participle. Slow-paying, hard-working, far-flung, long-delayed, fine-sewn. But an adverb in -ly used with a present or past participle is written as a separate word (a gutetly spoken warning).

Alrocious-smelling, sinister-looking, dark-colored, quiet-spoken. Twenty-one; twenty-one persons.

(5) When the first element is the prefix self—.

The following classes of two-word

Self-love; self-inflicted; self-addressed; self-starter.

(6) To distinguish a compound from a word of differ-

ent meaning that would be otherwise identical.

A face-to-face interview; door-to-door calls.

(7) When the same letter occurs three times in succession. Bell-like; skill-less.

(8) When otherwise a vowel would be confusingly doubled in combination. Intra-atomic; semi-independent; co-operate; pre-cmpt; re-enter.

(2) The first word modifying the second. Dark-green shadows; bluish-gray eyes; first-rate food; wide-open door; well-made tools; quick-fire guns; secondary-school dictionary. But: The sky was dark blue. Used in a secondary school.

_ (3) A noun in some

adjacent vowels might be mistaken for a diphthong:

Co-worker ;flare-up; tie-up; cave-in; freeze-out; retro-uterine. Exceptions: Compounds, esp. scientific nouns and adjectives, in which combining forms (as distinguished from prefixes) constitute the first element, are usually written solid (autointoxication, paleence=halon, microorganism, nasoorbital, zooid, frontoauricular, genitourinary).

Snow-blind, terror-crazed, stem-winding, pitch-black.

(4) A noun standing as object of a following present participle. Life-giving water; oil-burning locomotive; fun-loving boys. But: Backbreaking work; laborsaving tools; faultfinding man.

(5) A participle plus an adverb not ending in -ly. A broken-down car; burnt-over land. But: The car was broken down.

(blackboard)

or

They have often become solid when

the meaning is specialized or figurative and when the accent

is partly or altogether lost on the second element, esp. when the first element is of one or two syllables and the second is of one syllable. Blackbird, blockhead, addlchead.

(6) A prepositional phrase. An off-stage whisper; an 1p-to-the-minute account.

(7) Fractions. A two-thirds majority.

weed, woman, wood, work, wort, yard), form solid compounds if the meaning is specific. Baneberry, cardboard, notebook, bellboy, woodcraft, hornfish, sunflower, arrowhead, workman, bathroom, bindweed, needlewoman, handwork.

New Testament period; New Jersey rivers; Old French words.

Exception:

Compound

Baseborn, freeborn, highbred, airproof, airtight, watertight. But: air-born, country-bred, ill-bred, collision-proof, friction-tight.

COMPOUND

The following classes of compound nouns are hyphened: (1) Compound agent nouns formed by adding -er to a verb, plus an adverb. Hanger-on, listener-in.

thing under two aspects.

the same

person

cr

nouns consisting of three or more

words, esp. of a noun plus a prepositional phrase. Man-of-war,

forget-me-nol, jack-in-the-pulpit, give-and-lake, merry-go-

round, will-o’-the-wisp; mother-in-law.

Cure-all, know-nothing, make-believe, has-been.

nouns

COMPOUND een solid.

ae

verbs

VERBS

formed

with prefixes are mostly

naming

Compound

verbs formed

from an adjective

plus a

noun or an adjective plus a verb are mostly hyphened. Cold-chisel, double-track, dry-clean.

But: commander in chief.

(4) Compound nouns consisting of a verb plus a noun (or pronoun), or a verb plus a verb. (5) Compound

To strike head-on; well-nigh hopeless; to grow Topsy-fashion.

Overhang, understand, coerce, prescribe.

Actor-manager, city-state, man-brute.

(3) Compound

ADVERBS

Compound adverbs consisting of two or more words are mostly hyphened.

Blowout, breakup, hangover, smashup.

naming

adjectives ending in proof,

tight, born, and bred, are mosily solid.

Compound nouns formed from a one-syllabled verb

and a short adverb are mostly solid.

nouns

But: Two thirds of those present.

Exception: Compound adjectives consisting of a two-

word proper noun or proper adjective are separate.

Certain words mostly of one syllable (ache, bane, berry, board, book, boy, bush, craft, fish, flower, foot, head, hound, house, man, mouth, room, shop,

(2) Compound

syntactical relation to an ad-

jective or to a present or past participle.

(9) To avoid an ambiguous situation, as when two

COMPOUND NOUNS nouns are usually solid

compound adjectives

formed only syntactically, are not true compounds and are hyphened only when used as attributive adjectives: (1) A noun plus a prepositional phrase.

Re-creation (cf. recreation); ve-form (cf. reform).

Compound

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Most compound adjectives consisting of two or more words are hyphened, including:

(4) Compound numerals.

mother-in-law; an off-stage whisper.

separate (post office).

HYPHENATION

(3) Compound adjectives consisting of an adjective and a participle.

Side-splitting; hate-inspired; flea-bitten; all-inclusive.

(4) When phrase.

1271

a technical

measurement ending in year, day, hour, second, mile, foot, inch, pound, ton.

unit

of

minute,

Light-year, horsepower-hour, foot-second, car-mile, foot-pound.

(6) Most compound nouns consisting of a possessive case and a noun, naming usually a flower or plant, or having a fanciful meaning. Adder’ s-tongue, cat’s-paw, mare’s-tail, bull’s-eye. Exceptions: colisfoot, cockscomb, monkshood, wolfsbane.

Norte. Terms consisting of a capital letter and a noun are not hyphened except when used as attributive adjectives CU beam, T rail, X ray; but, L-head cylinder, X-ray tube).

THE

DIVISION

HYPHEN

The hyphen is used in printing and writing as a mark of separation or division chiefly as follows:

(1) At the end of a line which terminates with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line.

mill- [end of line] stone; pas- sion; fa~ ther; liv- id.

(2) Between letters or syllables repeated to give the

effect of stuttering, sobbing, or halting expressioz. S-s-sammy ; ah-ah-ah.

(3) With suspensive effect. A six- or eight-cylindered motor; in /en- and twenty-dollar Sills,

(4) In many dictionaries, to show syllables. Pro-ba-tion-a-ry.

Punctuation, Compounds, Capitals, Ete.

1272

THE USE OF CAPITALS The essential distinction in the use of capitals and lower case letters beginning words lies in the particularizing or individualizing significance of capitals as peat the generic or generalizing significance of noncapitals. A capital is used with all proper nouns, that is, nouns that distinguish some individual person, place, or thing from others of the same class, and with all proper adjectives, that is, adjectives that take their descriptive meaning from what is characteristic of the person, place, or thing named by the noun. Any. proper noun or proper adjective used not in the primary signification but in a derived, secondary, or special sense (as cashmere, the fabric; utopia, utopian) is written without capitalization. sles A capital is used as the initial letter of: (1) The first word of a sentence or an expression standing for a sentence, a direct formal quotation, or a line of verse; also, a direct question within a sentence even though not quoted. You urge in vain.

Recant my views? Never! Our fears in Banquo Stick deep; and in his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be fear’d.

(generally)

their

George,

Georgian,

-

Shak.

Rooseveltian; Roman

(3) Names

words used as proper nouns, and

derivatives Spain,

used

Spanish,

in the primary sense.

Americanize,

customs, bu roman

Americanism,

type.

of peoples, races, tribes, and languages.

Phoenician, Mongolian, Iroquois, Latin.

(4) Titles of honor and academic and religious titles

used

with proper nouns;

proper nouns.

also, epithets used in place of

(5) Government titles and titles of nobility, as PresiSenator,

the Speaker of the

House, His

Honor the Mayor, referring to specific individuals, that is, when preceding or in place of the proper name; also, such

adjectives as Presidential when used specifically. (6) Administration,

Federal,

eic.,

Constitution,

when referring to the United States Government.

(7) Nouns and often also adjectives that refer to the

Deity; and pronouns and pronominal adjectives referring to

the Deity when not closely preceded or followed by a direct antecedent in Deity. God; the Almighty; Son of Man; the Supreme Being.

national

and

Federal Grand Jury; the General Court of Massachusetts,

(13) Names of treaties, laws, acts, important events,

historical epochs, literary periods, etc.

Versailles Treaty; the Crusades; Middle Ages; the Enlightenment.

(14) Names

of geological

eras,

periods,

epochs,

strata, etc., and names of prehistoric divisions.

Carboniferous; Upper Jurassic; Age of Reptiles; Neolithic age.

(15) Names of genera but not of species, in binomial

scientific names in zoology and botany.

(16) New Latin names

of classes, families, etc. in

zoology and botany, but not derivative adjectives or nouns. Gastropoda, but gastropod; Ranunculaceae, but ranunculaceous.

(17) Names

of

planets,

constellations,

asteroids,

(18) Generic terms that form a part of, specific geo-

graphical names, such as county, avenue, river, etc. Red Sea; Cook County; Death Valley; Japan Current; Pacific Ocean,

but Pacific coast; Upper Michigan, but northern Michigan.

Note 1.

When a generic term accompanies two or more

specific names, it is not capitalized.

At the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,

Norte 2. Incertain newspapers and directories the words

street, avenue, river, etc., are written without capitaliza-

tion even when used with a specific name, a practice not favored by authorities (Oak avenue; on the Ohio river). The Orient; the Old World; South Carolina; New England.

(20) Points of the compass used to designate geographical portions of a country or divisions of the world, also nouns or adjectives derived therefrom.

The South; the Northwest; a Northerner; cooked Southern style,

Nore.

When used to denote direction only, points of the

compass are not capitalized (a course due east; go west).

_ (21) The words State, Territory, Dominion, Province, Department, when denoting a specific political division; also, State when used with a specific organization, office, or the like, or when standing for a name.

The States of Australia; our State government; State prison.

Trust Him who doeth all things well.

_ (8) Names for the Bible or parts, versions, or edi-

tions of it, and names of other sacred books, and derivative adjectives when the adjective refers explicitly to the Bible, Scriptures, Talmud, etc. (otherwise not capitalized).

(22) Abstract ideas or inanimate objects and names of seasons only when personified to specifically.

Do the bidding of Nature.

personified or referred

During the Winter of 1936,

Where Spring her verdant mantle cast.

Bible; Koran, Koranic; Vedas; the Scriptures; Old Testament.

(9) Names

state courts and

(19) Names of definite geographical divisions.

Queen Mary, Dean Brown, Iron Chancellor,

dent, Governor,

and

the name of a State, but not city and county courts.

stars, and groups of stars, but not sun, earth, and moon unless these are listed with other astronomical names.

The eighteenth century asked of any action, Is it decorous?

(2) Proper nouns,

(12) Federal

state legislatures when used with “the United States” or

of creeds and confessions, religious de-

nominations, monastic orders, and Church when used to designate a specific body or edifice.

(23) All words in titles of books, periodicals,

essays,

and the like, except particles of three letters or less; academic degrees and their abbreviations:

Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew; Doctor of Laws (LL.D.).

Apostles’ Creed; Thirty-nine Articles; Hunt Memorial Church.

(10) Holidays and holydays generally; months of the year and the days of the week.

also,

the

Fourth of July; Good Friday; Yom Kippur; Labor Day; January.

(11) Names of congresses, councils, and expositions; of organizations and institutions; of political parties and governmental departments. Congress of Vienna; Louisiana Purchase Exposition; the Gas Fitters’ Union; the Democratic party; Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

_ (24) The article the when part of a proper name or

title or when fet

as part of the legal name,

but usually not in referring to newspapers: The Honorable William E. Borah; The Adjutant General; but, the

Chicago Daily News,

(25) Particles in American names but in foreign names only when not preceded by a forename, a pro-

fessional title, or title of nobility or of courtesy:

Reginald De Koven; Della Crusca; Von Moltke (Count von Moltke).

MISCELLANEOUS THE

USE OF ITALIC

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

TYPE

Italicize unnaturalized foreign words and phrases

used in an English text.

ancien régime; cognoscente; de facto; de trop; faux pas; jeu @esprit; noblesse oblige; raison @élre; rapprochement; Te Deum; Zeitgeist.

Italicize titles of hooks

(not parts of books), plays

(having book format), works of art, symphonies, magazines, newspapers, also names of ships and aircraft, (cf. rules

for quotation marks, above), but not the Bible or its books. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s King’s Henchman; Michelangelo's David; the Christian Science Monitor; the Macon’s flight.

Italicize a word spoken of as a word, a phrase as a phrase, a letter as a letter (except that a letter indicating shape is printed in gothic type: thus, V-shaped). The pronoun that; avoid the solecism he don’i; insert a capital S.

Italicize New Latin scientific names of genera, species, and varieties (but not, groups of higher rank, as phyla, classes, orders) in biological and geological (not in medical text). The quahog (Venus mercenaria) has a thick shell.

matter

In making bibliographies, catalogues,

and the like, the

author’s last name comes first, followed by his first and sec-

ond names; followed by the title of the book (in italics) or

the title of the article (in quotation marks); followed by the place of publication, or the name of the periodical, the name

of the publisher, and the date.

Before a second work by an

author, the author’s name is represented by a prolonged dash.

The following may serve as examples:

Bryce, James.

The Holy Roman

edition. New York: Macmillan, 1919. S 35—, Modern Democracies, reissue,

Empire. 2v.

Enlarged New

York:

and revised Macmillan,

927.

_Shakespeare, King Lear (William Allan Neilson, ed.) in “Riverside Literature Series.” Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909. Webb, Sidney, and Webb, Beatrice. Soviet Communism: civilization? 2v. New York: Scribners, 1936.

Jespersen,O.

A Modern English Grammar, I and II.

a new

Heidelberg:

Carl Winter’s Universitaétsbuchhandlung, 1924. Masefield, John. Reynard the Fox, or the Ghost Heath Run [poem]. New York: Macmillan, 1919. Reed, John. ‘Almost Thirty,” (written 1917) in the New Republic,

April 15, 29, 1936.

PREPARATION

OF COPY FOR THE

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS 1. Copy should be made on single sheets of paper of

a uniform size, one side only being used. Sheets of the ordinary commercial letterhead size (8}4 X 11 inches) are the most convenient.

The

sheets should

be numbered,

and

plain white or neutral (gray, yellow, or brown) paper is best. 2. Copy should be Uippedeae and double-spaced,

except that quotations and footnotes that go in smaller type may besingle-spaced. A duplicate should be kept for reference and as a safeguard against loss in transmission, but no

carbon or mimeographed copy should be sent to the printer. The first line of each page should begin not less than an inch from the top of the page, and there should be a blank

PRESS

or a sheet of soft lead, depositing in this mold a thin shell

of copper, nickel, or the like, by an electrolytic process, and

backing this shell with molten metal. The wax mold is rendered conductive for electroplating by coating it with

graphite. i Em. — The portion of a type body (formerly by the used as a unit of measure for

: ; line occupied by any square letter m, then a square type) printed matter. The em, now

usually an em pica, approximately 46 of an inch (see TYPE, in the Vocabulary),is the unit of measure for printed matter, esp. of column width.

End paper. — A sheet of paper folded and pasted to the first or last leaf of a book to give an extra flyleaf and a pasteIargin of an inch and a half at the left side of the page. down (that is, a leaf that is pasted to the inside of the cover Sheets should be numbered consecutively. Any necessary to secure it to the book). | Flush.— (Set) even with the edgeof the type page, insertions of more than a sentence should be on sheets of the same size as the rest of the copy, labeled ‘Insert 41—-A’ usually the left margin; without indention. Font. — A complete assortment of any particular size and or the like and included immediately after the page on style of type; — in British use often fount. which the proper point of insertion is marked ‘Insert A.’ Half title. — The name alone of a book, placed on a 3. Copy should embody the final ideas of the author. Allowance must be made for some changes, but, to avoid separate page or at the head of the first page of text; also, similar sectional title. i ¥ 3 expense, the copy as sent to the compositor should be as anyIndention. — The setting of a line or lines in from the complete and perfect as possible. the beginning a line or series of lines a little within 4. Footnotes. A reference from the text of a work toa margin; line of the text. In hanging indention all the note that is to appear at the foot of the page should be in- the flush of a paragraph except the first line are indented. dicated by a superior figure following the word to which lines Lead (led). — A thin strip of type metal, used to septhe note refers and corresponding with the superior figure arate lines of typein printing; hence, a similar strip of brass. preceding the note. The figures should run consecutively Leads vary in thickness from one half point (444 of an through each chapter or article. The material constituting the footnote should be entered immediately below the inch) to three points (444) (from twenty-four to four to a i line to which it refers and should be separated from the pica). The commonest in use is the 2-point. Linotype. — A trade-mark for a kind of typesetting matext by lines running entirely across the page. Names of which produces castings, or slugs, each of which corPublications should be abbreviated in the references only chine responds to a line of separate types. _. ‘ _ after giving the full title and data at the first appearance. , Make-up. — Arrangement of type lines and illustrations . All proper names, technical and scientific words, page form for printing. ; 4 references, quotations, and figures that appear in the intoMonotype. — A trade-mark for either of two machines MS. should be verified. . setting type. One, the keyboard machine, perforates a 6. Spelling should be uniform. For words that have for roll of paper; the other, the casting machine, casts individtwo or more accepted spellings, one form should be adopted ual types and sets them into justified lines. ; and adhered to throughout. 5 — A page of stereotype, electrotype, or the like, 7. Capitalization and punctuation should be used to Plate. be printed from., . according to a uniform style. For rules see the preced. Proof. — A trial impression from type, taken for correcing sections on Punctuation and Use of Capitals. or examination;—called also proof sheet. — Au8. Paragraphing should be indicated on copy, not left tion thor’s proof. The clean proof sent to an author, after corto the compositor or proofreader. rection of the compositors’ errors. — Gates proof. A . The title page, preface, table of contents, and list proof from type on a galley (the printer’s steel] tray holding of illustrations or tables should accompany the MS. type that has been set) before it is made up in pages. _The 10. The kind of type to be used, if not ordinary roman, first author’s proof is generally a galley proof, — Page is indicated by underscoring. Underscore once for ztalics A proof of type that has been made up into page twice for SMALL CAPITALS, three times for CAPITALS, and ae orm.— Foundry proof. A proof for a final reading beonce with a wavy line for bold—faced type. . 11. Manuscript should be kept and mailed flat. If fore the electrotype or stereotype plates are made. — Plate

necessary, it may be folded, but it should never be rolled.

CORRECTION 12. Corrections on

OF PROOFS

proof sheets should be made by

means of the standard: proofreaders’ marks in the mar-

gins directly opposite the indicated errors, usually in the

nearer margin.

For every correction marked in the text

there must be a corresponding direction or mark in the margin, either the same mark as is used in the text or an abbreviation representing the direction. These marks must be kept strictly in order of occurrence and separated from each other by a diagonal mark, or virgule (/), or a similar vertical mark. This mark is made after every punctuation mark inserted and is often made after every marginal mark. 13. Queries on proof sheets must be answered. If the proposal is approved, striking out the query mark is sufficient; otherwise write the answer. 14. All final changes should be made on the galley

because changes, on subsequent, proofs are more expensive; subsequent proofs are for verification only. In making changes the author should keep in mind that in linotype work the alteration of a single comma requires the resetting of the whole line and the alteration of a few words at the opening of a paragraph whole paragraph.

may

require the resetting of the i

15. The original manuscript should be returned un-

changed with the corrected galley.

|

¥

)

16. An index should be compiled —if, the book is likely to be used for reference — beginning with the arrival of the first page proofs and should be sent to the printer

immediately following the final page proofs. PRINTING

TERMS

Body. — The solid rectangular metal base supporting

the face of a printing type. Sizes of type are determined by the measurement of the type body from the front (contain-

ing the nick) to the back.

Electrotype.

See Type, Jllust.,in Vocabulary.

— A facsimile plate, esp. for use in print-

ing, made by taking an impression in a special kind of wax

proof. A proof taken from a plate. Quad (quadrat). — A block of type meta! lower than the letters, and half, one, two, or three ems in width, — used in

spacing and in blank lines. Recto. — The right-hand (odd-numbered) page. Register.

— Exact correspondence in position of lines,

columns, or pages on the two sides of the sheet, or of the several impressions in a design printed in parts, as in process printing.

5

F

.

Rule. — A thin type-high plate of type metal with a line

or lines as its face. Single rule has one light line; parallel rule, two light lines; double rule, a light and a heavy line; dotted rule, a line of dots; wave rule, a wavy line.

Run in. — To make (matter) continuous without a par-

agraph or break.

F

erif. — One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the

fine cross strokes at the top or bottom. in the Vocabulary. 5

See TyPE, Jllust., Z .

Sidehead. — A subhead placed at or in the side of printed

matter.

In bookwork,

it is usually placed in the left side

of the first line of a paragraph. Signature. —

(1) A letter or figure placed at the bot-

tom of the first page of each sheet of a book or pamphlet,

as a direction to the binder in arranging and folding the sheets; — called also signature mark. (2) A printed sheet containing a number of pages, as 4, 8, 12, 16, etc.,

folded as one unit and forming a section of a book or pamph-

let; hence, in bookbinding, such a printed sheet or set of sheets folded into four, or some multiple of four, pages;

called also section, ; Small capital. — A letter in the form of, but about two thirds the size of, a capital (as, SMALL CAPITALS).

Abbr.

S.C.) 8. CAPS., OF SM. Cap. ; : Stereotype. — A plate made by taking a mold or matrix of a printing surface in plaster of Paris, paper pulp, or the like, and making from this a cast in type metal, commonly

with more than the usual percentage of lead. _ Stereotypes are now chiefly used in newspaper and magazine printing. Electrotypes are used for printing books. Verso. — The

page.

reverse,

or left-hand

(even-numbered),

(1273)

Preparation of Copy for the Press

1274 3 or Yor(Y (L. dele).

Dele, or de-

lete; take out, or expunge. S Take out a letter and close up.

—

Print asa

ligature;

PROOFREADERS’ MARKS || or | Straighten ends of lines. = or /// or \\\_ Straighten a crooked line or lines. tor & Push down a space which

thus, de (ie.,

print #); also, close up. Vor~ Less space.

=> —

rom.

with

Putin roman type; — in margin,

text

matter

underscored

circled. bf. Put in bold-faced type; — in margin, with under text matter.

q

| rere or | } Transpose. tr. Transpose; — used in the margin. l.c. Lower case; — used in the margin,

Make a new paragraph.

©. Spell out; — used in the text.

LS I+, gf + m em

wf or w.f.

Spell out; — used in the margin. © Period.

4\ or *f :/or © ; 7-

OR

ON/,

XY =/or-/ {/]

Comma. Colon. Semicolon. Apostrophe or single quotation mark.

Double quotation mark. Hyphen.

Brackets.

(/)

Parentheses.

Wrong font; —used when

a character is of a wrong size or style.

with a slanting line drawn through

the letter in the text. 5 =, 5.C., 8. caps., or sm.c. Put in small capitals; — the double lines being drawn under the letters or word.

= or Oe

Put in capitals;

triple lines being drawn under letters or word. ld. Insert a lead between lines.

stet.

Restore

words

— the

that }>]

I

crossed out;—

C

copy)

proposition, that all men are cregted equal.

+ a|

wf

Now we/raxengaged ina

graet ¢ivil ar,testing whether that nation, or any nation€onceived)so) and (edicated\so} can long endure.> Weare met on a great battlefield of that war| ye have come to C/ VY (0) Ww] dedicate a portion of +his field,as a final restingplace for those who+

+/

But,in a x

/ 9

she

larger sense, _We cari not -dedicate—we cannot consecfate—we can=" not Ylallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, Who struggled here, have have consecrated it,far above our,power to etract\or fad The world wll little note, norlong remember, what uf # we say here, but it can never fot Ret what sve did here It is for us sas | the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the,great Task remaining £6

(Cbefo@r) us,—that

tr. #,

S /#

altogether (proper \Land/fitting) that _we sfould douthis.

It ()¢ss Cute

\‘Fout_score and seven years ago our fathers brought fOfyth onthis conjinent a new nation, conceived in ia liberty, and dédicated to the

here heve~givenc their lives _that +hisnation ‘might clive} jt is ©

/

from these hon@fred dead we take increased

@

devotion tothat cause for whichffthey gave the last full measure of ar Led

e

10

Horn / stet devotion—that we new highly régolve ‘that these dead shall not have x

wf

that Fal aut

|

difd in vain—that this nation,under God, shall have a new bfith of ,/

freedom—and, Government ofthe people, by the people, for the people, shall never perish from the earth. IX

# |x De

“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.

the

usually written in the margin (with dots under the words to be kept).

PROOFS OF LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS WITH CORRECTIONS MARKED (above) AND MADE (below)

5

or

prints as a mark. x or + or ® Broken or imperfect type; — used in the margin.

Close up entirely; no space. Jor) Turna reversed letter. Insert at this point /\ °F > caret. the marginal addition. +t or $+: Space, or more space. Eq. + Space evenly; — in margin. L orf orC Carry farther to the left. Jt-or 1 or J Carry farther to right. — Elevate a letter or word. — Sink or depress a letter or word. O Em quad space; or, indent one em.

One-em dash.

ital. Put in italic type; — in margin, wit under text matter.

We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a

final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and

dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It

is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us,—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died. in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

” Abbreviations Used in this Work . Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing Accent . American Colleges and Universities : Apostrophe, use of

Arbitrary Signs & Symbols Bibliographies, styling of

;

. . .

°

.

.

.

AG

°

e

.

.

Oi

PAGE XXV-XXVi

1175-1181

ix

1264-1267

1270

Spatoma eae See ° See

.

.

_ Biographical Dic HOnany, Pronouncing “Brackets, use of ie British Accent British Spelling Preferences” ‘Canadian Colleges and Universities ; oe eee oe ce ote 6es Qo o0 Oars os ale, oe ®) 0) (e\ ie e) 010) wl ois: wc eee ee *-eueseliate: «ees «6 ele (e) e) ete) «le .6 *6« Capitalization, rules for . Census Figures (1940) for Places in United States having more than 5000 Inhabitants wena - Christian Names Colleges and. Universities i in the United States andCanada olon, use of < mma, use of . Compounds and Hyphenation | es ~ Dash, use of Dictionary of the English Language :

1182, 1183 1272 1226-1247

12

Velie

1248-1252 ~ 1264-1267

1269 1268, 1269 1271

llipsis

~ English, Sounds of Spoken

x

~ English’ Christian Names Exclamation Point, use of . Explanatory Notes. - Foreign Words and Phrases:

@e

—~

ee

'sfehretee. eh je. ta©ee ele o 6s: a, a. 76 6) age. ©, © ca) ele) je Cette. a

oe

ce

listof

Hyphenation

oleic to @he) Sele auiclietane, ele« etal 0. |6©«©

XXU-XXIV

1253-1257

treatment of in this Dictionary |. use of italics for _ Gazetteer, Pronouncing . _ Given Names Guide to Pronunciation |

.

1248-1252 1269

1248-1252 vii—xix

1271

.

“International Phonetic Association CPA), 4 nterrogation Point, use of

‘Thaliic Type, use of

Latin Entries, pronunciation of vnaky (see also Symbols): of Punctuation and petercads used by Proofreaders

¥ Men’s Names

une

afpeien

.

Names: Biographical Christian (or Given) © . Geographica _ of American and Canadian Colleges and Universities _ New Words Section . Notes, Explanatory Orthography : . Parentheses, use of | Period, use of . Plurals, rules for spelling of Population Figures (1940 Census) for Places in United States having moret pete Case, use of apostrophe to form eparation of Copy for the Press Printers’ Proofs, correction of Printing Terms . ‘Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary Pronouncing Gazetteer Pronunciation: Guide to

ee ee occ

te

XXVIU-XXxiV XX1I~XX1V

ays Inhabitants

73 1273, 1274 1273 1226-1247 1184-1225

ee

Keys to Symbols used inn indicating 3 Standard Proofreaders’ Marks 5 *¢ Proofs, correction of printers’ Punctuation Marks and oe és Queiati Mark, use of uotation Marks, use of . hymes, pocsbery, of Semicolon, use of Signs and Symbols. See Symbols. Sounds of Spoken English Spelling, rules for Spelling Preferences, British Spoken English, Sounds of . CmcisOse Standard Pronunciation . . Symbols: Arbitrary Signs and Symbols Marks of Punctuation and Reference Pronunciation ples c ° Proofreaders’ Mar. Universities in the United States and Canada Vocabulary of Rhymes Webster symbols for pronunciation by respelling:

1268 1274 1248-1250 1226-1247 1248-1252 1184-1225 1264-1267

(6© dale efe

~ Explanatory Notes on ..

Women’s Names

ote

operon

vii-xix

Len,

xxii vii, viii

1273, 14

‘ew (0) he je (©) opie! Te) 6©

4