Volume 9 The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IX: Africa for the Africans June 1921-December 1922 [Reprint 2019 ed.] 9780520342309

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THE

MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

PAPERS African

Series

SPONSORED BY National Endowment for the Humanities National Historical Publications and Records Commission James S. Coleman African Studies Center University of California, Los Angeles SUPPORTED BY Ahmanson Foundation Ford Foundation Rockefeller Foundation UCLA Foundation

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD E . U . ESSIEN-UDOM CHRISTOPHER FYFE ITHOMAS L . HODGKIN ARNOLD HUGHES J. AYODELE LANGLEY JOHN LONSDALE HOLLIS R . LYNCH TERENCE O . RANGER ANDREW D . ROBERTS ROBERT I. ROTBERG GEORGE A. SHEPPERSON CHARLES VAN ONSELEN

Marcus Garvey as commander in chief of the Universal African Legion

THE

MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

PAPERS

VOLUME I X

Africa for the Africans 1921-1922

Robert A. Hill, Editor in Chief Tewy Ball, Associate Editor Erika A. Blum, Associate Editor Chin C. Kao, Composition Editor Barbara Bair, Contributing Editor R. Kent Rasmussen, Contributing Editor Arnold Hughes, Consulting Editor

University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England The preparation of this volume was made possible in part by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency, and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Production of the volume has also been supported by grants from the Ahmanson Foundation, Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and UCLA Foundation. Documents in this volume from the Public Record Office arc ©British Crown copyright and are published by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majesty's Stationery Office. This volume has been typeset by the Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project using Interleaf 5, release 5.4. Photographs and illustrations were digitized using a Mustek Paragon 1200 flatbed scanner. The volume was designed by Linda M. Robertson and set in Galliard and Stempel Garamond type. Copyright ©1995 by The Regents of the University of California.

Cataloging-in-Publication data on file with the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-0-520-202:1-5 Printed in the United States of America

18 19 20 21 22

4 5 6 7 8 9

DEDICATED TO T H E PEOPLE OF AERICA, AT H O M E AND ABROAD

A Race for a Continent. A Continent for a Race. UNIVERSAL N E G R O IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

I August 1920

CONTRIBUTING

SCHOLARS

Ralph A. Austen Teresa Barnes Nicole Bernard-Duquenet A. Adu Boahen Joye L. Bowman Helen Bradford Tim Couzens Adelaide M. Cromwell LaRay Denzer Philippe Dewitte Jill R. Dias Robert Edgar Tony Emmett Christopher Fyfe tRita Headrick Ian Henderson Arnold Hughes Allen Isaacman Abiola Ade Lipede Wyatt MacGaffey François Manchuelle Patrick Manning Harold G. Marcus Richard Newman Rina L. Okonkwo Melvin E. Page Sean Redding R. S. Roberts Alberto Sbacchi George A. Shepperson Leon P. Spencer Ibrahim Sundiata Jean-Luc Vellut Michael O. West Donald R. Wright

CONTENTS PHOTOGRAPHS

XXXÎ

ILLUSTRATIONS

xxxiii

MAPS

XXXV

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

XXXvii

INTRODUCTION

xlv

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES TEXTUAL DEVICES

lvii lix

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Repository Symbols

li

lix

Manuscript Collection Symbols Descriptive Symbols hciii Abbreviations of Published Works Other Symbols and Abbreviations

Ixii Ixiv Ixviii

CHRONOLOGY

lxxi

THE PAPERS 1921 23 June

W. E. B. Du Bois to Charles Evans Hughes, U.S. Secretary of State 19-21 February Resolutions Passed at the 1919 Pan-African Congress 4

23 June

Henri Jaspar, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to Baron Emile de Carrier de Marchienne, Belgian Ambassador to the U.S.

xi

3

10

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1921 24 June

Joseph L. Johnson, U.S. Minister Resident and Consul General, Monrovia, to Charles Evans Hughes

10

24 June

Cyril A. Crichlow, UNIA Resident Secretary, to Marcus Garvey

11

27 June

Joseph L. Johnson to the U.S. Secretary of State

40

29 June

John C. Wiley, Division of Western European Affairs, U.S. Department of State, to William L. Hurley

41

29 June

Leon E. Howe, Special Agent, Bureau of Investigation, to Howard P. Wright, Special Agent in Charge, Jacksonville, Florida IJ June Unidentified Newspaper Article 42

42

29 June

Baron Emile de Carrier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

43

30 June

Henri Jaspar to Baron Emile de Carrier de Marchienne 2$ June Article in La Nation Beige 4}

44

30 June

Roland Jacquin de Margerie, French Ambassador to Belgium, to Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers

47

30 June

Henri Jaspar to Louis Franck, Minister of Colonies 7 June Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar 50

49

Open Letter from C. D. B. King in the Crisis

51

1 July

E. G. Campbell, Acting Secretary, Gold Coast Branch, Society of Peoples of African Origin, to W. E. B. Du Bois

53

1 July

Article in the Christian Express

54

4 July

Supplementary Report from Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey

55

Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey

71

June

ca. 4 July

xtt

CONTENTS

5 July

Charles Evans Hughes to the U.S. Consul, Barcelona, Spain

71

8 July

Charles E. Hughes to W. E. B. Du Bois

72

9 July

Baron Emile de Carrier de Marchienne

72

to Henri Jaspar 9 July

Editorial in Uniteteli wa Bantu

74

15 July

Article in the Baltimore Afro-American

76

16 July 16 July

Report by U.S. Military Attaché U.S. Immigration Department Interview with Gabriel M. Johnson, Mayor of Monrovia, UNIA Potentate and Supreme High Commissioner

79 81

16 July

Joseph L. Johnson to the U.S. Secretary of State ; July Cyril Crichlow to Joseph L. Johnson 90 21 June Joseph L. Johnson to G. O. Marke, UNIA Supreme Deputy 9j 21 June G. O. Marke to Joseph L. Johnson 94 9 July H. F. Worley, General Receiver of Customs, to Joseph L. Johnson 96 13 July Joseph L. Johnson to H. F. Worley 96

88

17 July

Article in L'Avenir Colonial Beige

97

18 July

Unpublished letter by John E. Bruce

100

20 July

Excerpt from Speech by Marcus Garvey

101

22 July

Article in Correio de Africa

103

Archibald Johnson to the New York Age

104

25 July

G. Shepherd, British Consul General, Monrovia, to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 18 July Edwin Barclay, Secretary ofState, to G. Shepherd no

no

27 July

Martial-Henri Merlin, Governor-General of French West Africa, to Albert Sarraut, Minister of Colonies

in

30 July

Editorial in Umteteli wa Bantu

112

ca. 23 July

xiii

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1921 30 July

Article in O Brado Africano

113

Article in ABC

115

1 August

Negro World Report of UNIA Meeting

120

1 August

Opening Convention Address by Gabriel M. Johnson

122

1 August

Opening Convention Speech

129

July

by Marcus Garvey 2 August

Negro World Report

138

2 August 2 August

Article in the African World R. C. F. Maugham, British Consul General, Dakar, to the Governor-General of French West Africa 17 June R. J. Wilkinson, Governor of Sierra Leone, to R. C. F. Maugham 141

139 140

5 August

A. S. W. Shackleford, President, Lagos UNIA Division, to John E. Bruce 29 July Adeoye Deniyi to A. S. W. Shackleford 142

142

6 August

Article in Negro World

143

7 August

Article in Correio de Africa

144

13 August

Article by H. Selby Msimang in Umteteli wa Bantu

146

13 August

Report of the UNIA Convention

149

13 August

Article in the African World

150

19 August

Article in the Nigerian Pioneer

151

21 August

Negro World Report by Rev. Joseph H. Davis, General Secretary, UNIA Division, Brewerville, Liberia

151

ca. 22 August

Speech by Leopoldo de Sousa Neto

153

ca. 27 August

J. C. Lucan to William H. Ferris, Literary Editor, Negro World

155

xiv

CONTENTS

ca. 27 August

J. C. Lucan to W. E. B. Du Bois

156

30 August

Report of a Conversation between Joseph Gaye and Abdou Cogna Diop, Chief of the Lebu

157

31 August

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

158

Article by Major Gustave Vervloet in Notre Colonie

160

1 September

Edward J. Brennan, Division Superintendent, Bureau of Investigation, New York City, to William J. Burns, Director of the Bureau, Washington, D.C. / September Article by Madarikan Deniyi 163

162

2 September

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

165

3 September

Article in the African World

166

ca. 3 September

Article in the London Times

169

ca. 3 September

Article by J. B. Chinsman in the Negro World

170

4 September

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

176

5 September

Article in Le Matin

182

6 September

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

183

7 September

Speech by Marcus Garvey

185

7 September

Martial-Henri Merlin to French Ambassador to the U.S.

196

9 September

Article by Blaise Diagne, Deputy of Senegal, in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

197

W. D. Cingo to the Kokstad Advertiser

198

Austin D. Horton et al. to the New York Herald

201

10 September

Article in the African World

202

10 September

Article in the African World

203

August

ca. 9 September 9 September

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1921 ca. 10 September

Report by P. K. K. Atiogbe of UNIA Meeting, Liideritz, South West Africa

204

12 September

R. S. Cope, Officer in Charge of Native Affairs, Windhoek, to the Officer in Charge of Native Affairs, Liideritz

205

14 September

Officer in Charge of Native Affairs, Liideritz, to J. F. Herbst, Secretary for South West Africa

207

15 September

Martial-Henri Merlin to Roland Jacquin de Margerie, French Ambassador to the U.S.

207

15 September

Marcus Garvey to the New York Tribune

208

17 September

Martial-Henri Merlin to Lieutenant Governors of Colonies

209

18 September

Report by J. Saesar Allen, Secretary, UNIA Division, Cape Town, South Africa

211

20 September

Article in Imprensa da Manda

213

20 September

Article by Blaise Diagne in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

214

22 September

Article by Blaise Diagne in La Dépêche Politique

216

22 September

Samuel Margai to the Negro World

217

24 September

Eduardo Baccari, Italian Ministry of Colonies, to the Ambassador to the U.S.

218

24 September

L. Anwoke to the Negro World

219

29 September

Article by Maurice Delafosse in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

220

29 September

Cyril Crichlow to the U.S. Secretary of State

224

ca. September

Excerpt from Draft Memorandum by John Cooper Wiley

227

September

Excerpt from Interview with Daudi Basade

228

2 October

Article in L'Avenir Colonial Beige

229

xvi

CONTENTS

8 October 12 October

Article in the African World

230

Article by Arthur Brenez

232

in L'Avenir Colonial Beiße 13 October

I. J. F. B. to the Negro World

236

13 October

Article in Correio de Africa

237

13 October 15 October

Article in Correio de Africa Article by Hilaire de Souza in Le Guide du Dahomey

238 239

12 November

Article in Umteteli wa Bantu

241

17 November

Peter O. Daniels, UNIA Division, Cape Town, to the Negro World

242

18 November

Colonial Office Translation of Article by Josiel Lefela in Naledi

243

22 November

R. Pêtre, French Chargé d'Affaires, Monrovia, to Aristide Briand

244

24 November

Joshua Wilson to William H. Ferris

245

J. C. Lucan to the Negro World

246

Article in Congo

247

Lieutenant Governor of Côte d'Ivoire

251

ca. 26 November November 4 December

to Martial-Henri Merlin 5 December

"A Gold Coaster" to the Negro World

260

10 December

Article in the Gold Coast Leader

261

10 December

Editorial in the Gold Coast Leader

262

Article by J. C. Lucan in the Negro World J. F. Herbst to C. Lewis Warner, Magistrate, Lüderitz 9 August Fitz Herbert Headly, President of UNIA Division, Lüderitz, to the Negro World 267

263 266

UNIA Press Release Published in the Sierra Leone Weekly News

270

ca. 10 December ca. 12 December

15 December

xvii

T H E M A R C U S G A R V E Y AND U N I A PAPERS

16 December

B. Olikosie Thomas to Cyril V. Briggs

271

19 December

A. B. Ackah to the Negro World

274

20 December

Alexander van Rooyen to Cyril V. Briggs

275

20 December

Unsigned Letter to the Negro World

276

21 December

C. Lewis Warner to the Secretary for South West Africa, Swakopmund ca. October Proposed Resolutions of South West Africa Branch of the ICU 278

277

21 December

R. S. Cope to J. F. Herbst

279

22 December

Isa Macdonald Lawrence to Rev. James E. East, Corresponding Secretary, Baptist Mission Board

280

23 December

A. J. Waters, Acting Secretary of South West Africa, to Secretary for Native Affairs of South Africa

282

J. Osman Oriyo to William H. Ferris

283

Articles by Cyril A. Crichlow in the Crusader

287

2 January

Aaron Mungunda et al., UNIA Division, Windhoek, to the Mayor in Council, Windhoek

307

3 January

Fitz Herbert Headly to the Negro World

309

5 January

G. A. Godley, Secretary for Native Affairs, South Africa, to the Secretary for South West Africa

312

Article by Juvenal A. Lopes da C. Cabral in Correio de Africa

312

ca. 31 December December 1922

ca. 12 January 14 January ca. 14 January 14 January

Editorial in the Sierra Leone Weekly News

315

Chief K. Takji to the Negro World

316

Article in APO

317

xv m

CONTENTS

15 January

Marcus Garvey to Fitz Herbert Headly

317

20 January

W. Scotland, Manager, Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, Ltd., to the Secretary of South West Africa, Swakopmund

318

21 January

Kweku Amissah to the Negro World

319

25 January

Fitz Herbert Headly to Mr. Barnabas, Herero Headman

319

27 January

Fitz Herbert Headly to A. C. Warner, Resident Magistrate, Lüderitz

321

27 January

Article in the African World

324

28 January

Article in APO

329

30 January

A. J. Waters to W. Scotland

329

Article in Congo

330

Samuel M. Bennett Ncwana to Cyril V. Briggs

331

Raul de Oliveira to Correio de Africa

333

Article in O Brado Africano

336

Report of Cape Town UNIA Meeting

336

11 February

Article in the Sierra Leone Echo and Law Chronicle

337

11 February

Article in APO

340

14 February

Major W. H. Cowles, Military Intelligence Division, to William J. Burns 70 February Major James H. Cunningham, Chief, Political Subsection, Military Intelligence Division, to Chief, Mh 342

342

14 February

Report of Claremont (Cape Town) UNIA Meeting

344

16 February

Capt. G. Stadler, Belgian Consul General, Johannesburg, to Sir George Smith, Governor of Nyasaland

345

16 February

Letter from Peter Maranga

346

January ca. January January 4 February ca. 5 February

xix

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1922 17 February

Executive Officers, UNIA Division, Windhoek, to Gysbert Reitz Hofmeyr, Administrator of South West Africa 2 February Fitz Herbert Headly to Gysbert Reitz Hofmeyr 34/ 3 February G. Kerby, Town Clerk, Windhoek, South West Africa, to Executive Body, UNIA Division, Windhoek 349

346

B. Tagoe to the Negro World

349

20 February

Nicholas Arnold, Secretary-General, Belgian Ministry of Colonies, to Henri Jaspar 9 February Article in La Tribune Congolaise JJO

350

20 February

Claude McKay to Leon Trotsky

351

A. J. Waters to the Magistrate, Liideritz

352

25 February

Article in APO

353

27 February

Winston S. Churchill, British Secretary of State for the Colonies, to Sir Hugh Clifford, Governor of Nigeria 10 June 1921 Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, Governor of the Gold Coast, to Winston S. Churchill 338 3 May 1921 R. C. F. Maugham to Sir Frederick Gujyjisberg 362 25 March 1921 Memorandum from the Office of the Governor-General of French West Africa 363

357

28 February

Article in the Cape Times

364

i March

Baron Emile de Carrier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

364

1 March

Article in the South African Outlook

365

2 March

Duse Mohamed Ali to William E. G. Sekyi ca. 2 March Convention Program 367

365

"Kimberley Reader" to APO

368

ca. 18 February

ca. 23 February

ca. 11 March

xx

CONTENTS

14 March

Major C. Thomas Forsbrook, Acting Magistrate, Rehoboth, to A. J. Waters

370

18 March

Sir George Smith to G. Stadler

372

18 March

C. Thomas Forsbrook to A. J. Waters ca. 5 May 1921 Confiscated Letter by Salmon Diedrik jy6

374

19 March

Speech by Marcus Garvey

377

20 March

C. Lewis Warner to Secretary

386

for South West Africa 23 March

A. J. Waters to C. Thomas Forsbrook

387

24 March 28 March

Order of Governor in Council W. F. Gowers, Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Provinces, Nigeria, to the Secretary of Government, Lagos

388 388

31 March

Anonymous Letter to the Negro World

389

Article in the Negro World

391

11 April

Lieutenant Officer in Charge, CID, to the Secretary for South West Africa

392

12 April

Sir Hugh Clifford to Winston S. Churchill 30 March H. C. Moorhouse, Lieutenant Governor, Southern Provinces, to the Chief Secretary of Nigeria 393 28 March G. H. Walker, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Southern Provinces, to the Secretary of Southern Nigeria 394 21 February G. Ashie-Nikoi to the Editor of the Times of Nigeria 396 18 February G. Ashie-Nikoi to the General Agent, BSL 397

392

14 April

Editorial in the Nigerian Pioneer

397

20 April

Statement by Rev. August Kuhlmann, Rhenish Mission Society

398

23 April

Fitz Herbert Headly to the Negro World

401

ca. 1 April

xxi

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1922

24 April

Acting Secretary for South West Africa to the Secretary for Native Affairs, Pretoria

404

Article in Congo

405

4 May

Major-General Sir Edward Northey, Governor of Kenya, to Winston S. Churchill 9 September Transcript of Letter from Harry Thuku to J. Kamulegeya 40J 26 April Acting Commissioner of Police to Colonial Secretary of Kenya 408

406

4 May

Georges Alsace, Secretary-Archivist of Chamber of Commerce of Saint-Louis, Senegal, to President, Bordeaux Colonial Institute

409

4 May

E. Costley White, Acting Chief Secretary of Nyasaland, to Resident Commissioners

416

5 May

Louis-Jacques-Auguste Fousset, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Volta, to Governor-General of French West Africa

417

7 May

Minutes of the Inaugural Meeting of the Dakar UNIA Branch

418

8 May

A. J. Henry to the Negro World

420

12 May

Albert Sarraut to President of the Council

422

12 May

Albert Sarraut to French Colonial Governors

423

13 May

Martial-Henri Merlin to Lieutenant Governor of Dahomey

424

15 May

James Manning, Director of Posts and Telegraphs, to Secretary for South West Africa

425

18 May

W. Schulz, Acting Magistrate, Swakopmund, to Secretary for South West Africa 14 May J. D. Abraham to W. Schultz 426

425

23 May

Major Stephens, Chief Commissioner of Police, to the Chief Secretary for Nyasaland

426

April

xxii

CONTENTS

25 May

W. Schulz to Secretary for South West Africa 2j May Town Clerk to Post Commander 428 2) March Fitz Herbert Headly 429 to J. D. Abraham

428

30 May

A. J. Waters to Magistrate of Swakopmund

432

30 May

Sir Robert T. Coryndon, Governor of Uganda Protectorate, to Winston S. Churchill

432

May

Article in Congo by Charles Du Bus de WarnafFe

434

3 June

Wilfrid A. Wilson et al., Rufisque UNIA Branch, to Secretary-General of the UNIA

442

j June

Eduardo Baccari to Carlo Schanzer, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 17 April Marcus Garvey to Giovanni Amendola, Italian Secretary of State for the Colonies 446

445

9 June

Jean Pourroy, Chief Police Superintendent, to Louis Aujas, Delegate (Deputy Governor) of Senegal

447

9 June

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, Lieutenant Governor of Senegal

449

12 June

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas

450

14 June

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

451

14 June

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar

452

IJ June

S. O. Logemoh to John E. Bruce

453

15 June

C. N. Manning, Native Commissioner of South West Africa, to Private Secretary

454

15 June

Intercepted Letter from John Henry Farmer to Randall

455

15 June

R. C. F. Maugham to Governor of the Gambia

457

16 June

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Tivaouane

458

16 June

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Diourbel

459

xxiii

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1922

16 June

Article in the African Messenger

459

17 June

Henri Jaspar to Belgian Legation, Washington, D.C.

460

19 June

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot IJ June Jean Pourroy to Louis Aujas 463 ca. 24 May Speech by John Farmer and Toasts at Farewell Banquet for John Kamara 466 n.d. List of Items Seized by Senegal Police 469 IJ June Police Report on Interrogation of Wilfrid A. Wilson 469 IJ June Police Report on Interrogation ofJohn Henry Farmer 472 21 June Police Report on Supplemental Interrogation of Wilfrid A. Wilson 474

460

20 June

R. J. Ndimande, UNIA Division, Cape Town, to the Negro World

477

R. C. F. Maugham to Chief of Police of the Gambia

478

22 June

Marcus Garvey to Albert Sarraut

479

23 June

Sir George Smith to G. Stadler

479

23 June

Wilfrid A. Wilson to John Henry Farmer

483

Article by Louis Goulut in L'Eveil Colonial

484

26 June

A. S. Paterson, Acting British Consul General, Monrovia, to Acting Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

486

27 June

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas

487

28 June

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

488

28 June

Florent de Sélys-Fanson, Belgian Chargé d'Affaires, Washington, D.C., to Henri Jaspar 27 June Confidential Note 491

490

28 June

Cecil H. Armitage, Governor of the Gambia, to R. C. F. Maugham

492

29 June

C. Thomas Forsbrook to A. J. Waters

493

21/22 June

23-29 June

xxiv

CONTENTS

30 June

Article in the Nigerian Pioneer

494

30 June

Marcel Olivier, Acting Governor-General of French West Africa, to Ministry of Colonies

495

1 July

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Marcel Olivier

496

3 July

Open Letter from Blaise Diagne to Marcus Garvey

497

4 July

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar

498

4 July

Blaise Diagne to French President of Council, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

498

4 July

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa jo June Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

501

5 July

512

Marcel Olivier to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

513

11 July

Native Commissioner, South West Africa, to A. J. Waters

522

11 July

Police Statement by Wilfrid A. Wilson

523

11 July

Police Statement by John Henry Farmer

524

11 July

Police Statement by Isaac Sylvanus Doherty

527

14 July

Sir Edward Northey to Winston S. Churchill 28 June Sir Robert T. Coryndon to Sir Edward Northey 529

528

19 July

Florent de Sélys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

531

22 July

Marcus Garvey to the League of Nations 20 July Petition of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League to The League of Nations, The Hague 535

532

23 July

Speech by Marcus Garvey

540

2j July

Marcel Olivier to Lieutenant Governor of French Sudan

545

26 July

Eduardo Baccari to Carlo Schanzer

545

XXV

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1922 30 July

W. Evans, Head Constable, to Divisional Officer, Cape Town CID

546

1 August

Director of Political and Administrative Affairs of French West Africa to Louis Aujas

547

1 August

Thomas Jean Duke to the Governor-General of French West Africa

548

1 August

Marcel Olivier to Albert Sarraut

549

1 August

List ofRufisque UNI A Members JJ/

2 August

Florent de Selys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

555

3 August

Pierre Jean Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa

557

3 August

P. A. Woodley, Native Affairs Officer, Liideritz, to Secretary of South West Africa

558

4 August

J. P. Williams to the Negro World

559

4 August

F. Carpot to Governor-General of French West Africa

563

M. M. Martyn et al. to the Negro World

564

Police Commissioner to Secretary for Justice

565

ca. 6 August 11 August

of South Africa 12 August

Police Statement by Francis G. Browne

566

16 August

Marcel Olivier to Albert Sarraut

j68

17 August

R. C. F. Maugham to George Nathaniel Curzon, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

568

19 August

Florent de Selys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar 16 August Report by Charles Hallaert, Belgian Vice Consul, New York City J/I

570

21 August

Director of Political Affairs, French Ministry of Colonies, to Governor-General of French West Africa

574

French Intelligence Report

575

Rev. Henry C. McDowell to Rev. Johnson

575

ca. 21 August 21 August

XXVI

CONTENTS

24 August

Marcel Olivier to Lieutenant Governor of Senegal

577

27 August

Carlo Schanzer to the Italian Ministry of Colonies

578

28 August

A. Earnsure Johnson to the Negro World

578

ca. August

Editorial in Ryan's Weekly

580

post-August

Report by Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa

581

1 September

Fred W. Henley, Acting Magistrate of Okahandja, to A. J. Waters

584

5 September

Francesco Saverio Caroselli, Italian Ministry of Colonies, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

586

P. A. Woodley to A. J. Waters

588

A. G. Drake, C I D , South West Africa, to Commanding Officer, Windhoek C I D

591

15 September

Article in the New Tork World

593

16 September

Victor Augagneur to Albert Sarraut

596

18 September

Affidavit by Thomas Joseph Duke

603

20 September

Florent de Sèlys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

604

22 September

Police Statement by Alpha Tairou Renner

608

23 September

Henri Jaspar to Paul Hymans, Belgian Delegate to the League of Nations

609

M. Liebert, French Consul General, New York City, to Minister of Foreign Affairs

611

Henri Jaspar to P. Le Tellier, Belgian Chargé d'Affaires, London

611

Octave Louwers, Advisor, Belgian Ministry of Colonies, to Mr. de Namarh

612

Report by David Ngxiki to South West Africa Police

613

7 September

9 September

ca. 23 September pre-26 September 26 September 3 October

1 September Belton Bambalaza, Assistant Secretary, Liideritz UNIA, to Native Commissioner, Liideritz ¡90

19 September Report by Charles Hallaert 605

xxvii

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY AND U N I A

PAPERS

1922 11 October

Statement by August Kuhlmann to South West Africa Police

614

12 October

C. N. Manning to A. J. Waters

617

14 October

Petition of John Henry Farmer et al. to George Nathaniel Curzon

618

14 October

C. N. Manning, Secretary for South West Africa, to the Administrator

623

Article by J. B. Chinsman in the Negro World

623

Report by Head Constable Callaghan, Omaruru, South West Africa 16 October Statement by Willem Kaapnaar 629 17 October Statement by David Kobase

627

ca. 14 October 18 October

631

19 October

Article in O Século

633

21 October

Article by Maurice Liebert in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

636

23 October

C. N . Manning to A. J. Waters

641

24 October

Post Commander, South West Africa Police, Karibib, to Magistrate, Karibib

643

27 October

Report of Native Corporal Jacob, South West Africa Police

643

Duke of Devonshire, British Minister of Colonies, to Sir Arthur Frederick, High Commissioner and Governor-General of South Africa j o September M. Mokete Manoedi to Winston S. Churchill 645 ca. July Pamphlet by M. Mokete Manoedi 647

644

J. J. Dewitt to Secretary for South West Africa 26 October Post Commander of South West Africa Police, Usakos, to Magistrate of Karibib 664 19 October Post Commander of South West Africa Police, Karibib, to J. J. Dewitt 665

663

28 October

31 October

xxviii

CONTENTS

31 October

Statement by John Retsang, South West Africa Police

665

Article in the Libertan Methodist

666

3 November

R. C. F. Maugham to Governor-General of French West Africa

667

6 November

U g o Niccoli, Italian Ministry of Colonies, to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

668

7 November

Memorandum by R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa

669

8 November

Fred W. Henley to Secretary for South West Africa 6 November Statement by John Retsang 6 November Report of Native Corporal Jacob 671

670

October

670

10 November

Minute from the Office of the Governor-General of South Africa

672

10 November

South West Africa Police Report on UNLA Activities in Lüderitz

672

10 November

H. Hall Hall, British Consul General, Louren^o Marques, to Governor-General of South Africa

675

12 November

Speech by Marcus Garvey

677

14 November

Intercepted Letter from Fitz Herbert Headly

684

to Joseph Hailand 15 November

Arthur Frederick to H. Hall Hall

686

16 November

Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Minister of Colonies ca. 31 August Report by Dr. Paolo Alberto Rossi, Vice Consul of Italy, New York City 68j Memorandum by Arthur Frederick UNIA Membership Certijicate 6 December of Jeffrey Matthew Edward 691

686

17 November

19 November

Interview with Blaise Diagne in L'Echo de Paris

xxix

690

692

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

1922 21 November

Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey in the Negro World

694

22 November

R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa

696

22 November

Ugo Niccoli to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

697

22 November

Ugo Niccoli to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

698

22 November

Ugo Niccoli to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

699

23 November

Luigi Federzoni, Italian Ministry of Colonies,

699

to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 29 November

Article in the New Tork Times

700

30 November

E. C. F. Garraway, Resident Commissioner of Basutoland, to High Commissioner for South Africa R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa ca. 20 November David Zwartbooi, Izaak Zwarbooi, Petrus Bois, Hieser Hendrik, and Timotheus Richter, to the Government of South West Africa 702

701

1 December

702

6 December

C. Thomas Forsbrook to the Secretary for South West Africa

703

8 December

H. J. Stanley, Imperial Secretary, to the Secretary to the Governor-General of South Africa

704

8 December

Arthur Frederick to the Duke of Devonshire

705

12 December

E. C. F. Garraway to Arthur Frederick

70$

IJ December

Georges Bouet, French Chargé d'Affaires, Monrovia, to Martial-Henri Merlin

706

Excerpt from Government Intelligence Report

707

ca. 1922

INDEX

709

XXX

PHOTOGRAPHS Marcus Garvey as commander in chief of the Universal African Legion (frontispiece) (DLC) John Chilembwe and Rev. L. N . Cheek (George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African [Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958]) Audience and delegates at the 1921 Pan-African Congress, Brussels {Crisis 23, no. 4 [February 1922]: 172) Panelists at the 1921 Pan-African Congress, Brussels (University of Massachusetts) W. E. B. D u Bois (African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 99) Sol Plaatje (Brian Willan, Sol Plaatje: South African Nationalist, 1876-1932 [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984]) Madikane Qandiyane Cele (Hampton University Archives) French colonial troops in World War I {African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 21) Senegalese soldiers in French-occupied Rhineland, 1921 {African World [London], 17 September 1921) Madarikan Deniyi {CD, 14 May 1921) M. Mokete Manoedi (New York Public Library) James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey {ATOR, n.s., 5, no. 6 [December 1917]: 121) Saad Zaghlul Pasha and other Egyptian opposition leaders {African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 41) Edwin Barclay (Nathaniel R. Richardson, Liberia's Past and Present [London: Diplomatic Press and Publishing Co., 1959])

xxxi

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

Enoch Mgijima (The Bulhoek Tragedy [East London: East London Daily Dispatch, n.d., 1921?]) Simon Kimbangu 0GHA) Paul Panda Farnana (Crisis 23, no. 1 [November 1921]: 15) Kobina Sckyi (ATOR, n.s., 5, no. 1 [July 1917]: 33) L'Union Congolaise, Brussels (Crisis 23, no. 1 [November 1921]: 11) Members of UNIA commission to Liberia, 1921 (P&O) Members of Liberian Plenary Commission to the U.S., 1921 (Crisis zz, no. 3 [July 1921]: 19) Gabriel M. Johnson (DJ-FBI) George O. Marke (DJ-FBI) UNIA officials reviewing parade at opening of 1922 convention (P&O) Crowd gathered at police lines following arrest of Harry Thuku, Nairobi, Kenya, March 1922 (DNA) Harry Thuku (Kenneth King and Ahmed Salim, eds., Kenya Historical Biographies [Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971]) Wilfrid A. Wilson and his wife (AS) John Henry Farmer (AS) Passport photograph of Francis Webber (AS) Josiel Lefela (Private collection of Robert Edgar)

xxxii

ILLUSTRATIONS Bulletins announcing the Second Pan-African Congress, March 1921 Open letter from Liberian president C. D. B. King in the Crisis

52

Cover page of U.S. military intelligence report on Garveyism

78

Title page of UNIA Constitution and Book of Laws, July 1918 Article showing photograph of alleged "Dr. Dumacha" African Redemption Fund leaflet Photographs of UNIA officials

95 118

163 226

Flyer for Garvey meeting, Washington, D.C.

286

Windhoek UNIA application for construction permit

306

BSL brochure for the phantom SS Phyllis Wheatley Front cover of the Crusader

8

323

328

NW supplement containing portraits of UNIA leaders

339

Handwritten letter in Nama by Salmon Diedrik

375

Advertisement for UNIA dance and reception

390

Letter from Garvey to the French secretary of state for colonies Receipt of telegram from J. H. Farmer, Rufisque

444

466

Nyasaland postmaster general minute & Seditious Publications List Announcement of the 1922 UNIA convention Negro Times masthead and headline

514

530

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

534

"Garvey Must Go" campaign broadside Negro World masthead and headline

553 563

Negro World masthead and editorial headline Front page of La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

605 637

Title page of anti-Garvey pamphlet by M. Mokete Manoedi

x)adii

646

481

MAPS Cote d'lvoire

251

Gold Coast and Togoland The Gambia

451

German East Africa French Equatorial Africa

xxxv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the ten years that were spent in editing the three African Series volumes, the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers project has incurred an unusually large number of institutional, intellectual, and personal debts. The preparation of the volumes would never have been possible without the continuing support and assistance of a wide array of manuscript librarians, archivists, university libraries, scholars, funding agencies, university administrators, fellow editors, and friends. While the debts thus accrued over the past decade can never be adequately discharged, it is still a great pleasure to acknowledge them. They form an integral part of whatever permanent value these volumes possess. We would like here to acknowledge our deep appreciation to so many for contributing so greatly to this endeavor. In a real sense, these volumes represent the fruition of the efforts of many hands that have worked selflessly to assist in documenting the story of the African Garvey movement. We would like to thank the many archives and manuscript collections that have contributed documents as well as assisted the project by responding with unfailing courtesy and promptness to our innumerable queries for information: Archives africaines, Place Royale, Brussels; Archives de Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris; Archives du Senegal, Dakar; Archives nationales du Cameroun, Yaoundé; Archives of the Department of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Monrovia, Liberia; Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, Texas; Archivio storico del Ministero degli affari esteri, Pavia, Italy; Arquivo de Ministério dos négocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Arquivo histórico de Moçambique, Maputo; Bermuda Archives, Hamilton; Butler Library, Columbia University, New York; Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Archives, Saint Michael, Barbados; Federal Archives and Records Center, East Point, Georgia; Foreign Ministry Archives, Quatre Bras, Brussels; Free State Archives Depot, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Government Archives Service, Central Archives Depot, Pretoria, South Africa; Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Northwestern University Library, Chicago, Illinois; Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town; Kenya National Archives, Nairobi; League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland; Lesotho National Archives, Maseru; Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Direction des Archives de France, Archives nationales, Section Outre-mer, Paris; National Archives, Washington, D.C.; National Archives Division, Ministry of National Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Archives of Ghana, Accra, and Regional Offices, Cape Coast and Kumasi; National Archives of Malawi, Zomba; National Archives of Namibia, xxxvii

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS

Department of National Education, Windhoek; National Archives of Nigeria, Enugu and University of Ibadan; National Archives of Zambia, Lusaka; National Archives of Zimbabwe, Harare; National Historical Publications and Records Commission, Washington, D.C.; New York Times Archives, New York; Senegal National Archives, Dakar; Service des archives, Coromandel, tie Maurice (Mauritius); Sierra Leone National Archives, Freetown; South African Archives, Justice Department files, Pretoria; Talladega College Historical Archives, Talladega, Alabama; Transvaal Archives Depot, Transvaal, South Africa; UCLA Department of Special Collections, Los Angeles. A large number of libraries and their staffs have rendered extraordinarily valuable service in response to the project's flow of requests for bibliographical data as well as for historical and biographical materials. We wish to acknowledge and thank for their assistance: Aberdeen University Library, Aberdeen, Scotland; Biblioteca nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon; Bibliothèque nationale, Service photographique, Paris; Bibliothèque royale, Brussels; Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts; the British Library, London; Center for African American Studies Library, UCLA; Edinburgh University Library, Edinburgh, Scotland; George Arents Research Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Ghana Library Board, Research Library on African Affairs, Accra; Guildhall Library, London; Hackney Library Services, Borough of Hackney, London; InterDocumentation Company AG, Switzerland; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Library of Parliament, Republic of South Africa, Cape Town; Lincoln's Inn Library, London; Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois; New York Public Library; Pitts Theology Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Rhodes House Library, Oxford, England; Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library; School of Oriental and African Studies Library, University of London; South African Library, Cape Town; State Library, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Africana and Special Collections Department, J. W. Jagger Library; University of Ibadan, Africana Collection, Ibadan, Nigeria; University of Lagos Library, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Liberia Libraries, Monrovia; University of Massachusetts Library, Amherst; Yale University Divinity School Library, New Haven, Conneticut; Young Men's Christian Association Library, New York. Several governmental agencies contributed time and resources to the project by assisting with the collection and reproduction of documents. The project wishes to thank these agencies and their staffs for their cooperation: American Cultural Center, Johannesburg, South Africa; American Cultural Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Belgian Embassy, Washington, D.C.; Centre culturel americain, Dakar, Senegal; Consuls General of Belgium, Chicago (Jacques Melsens) and Atlanta (Robert L. Van Overberghe); Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Gambia Public Records Office, Banjul; Harriet C. McGuire, Cultural Affairs Officer, United States Information Service, Lusaka, Zambia; Library and Records Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London; Ministère xxxvtii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

de relations extérieures, Archives et documentation, France; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Martial de la Fournière, Paris; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Archives africaines, de commerce extérieur et de la cooperation au développement, Brussels; Ministère de l'alphabétisation et de la culture populaire, Benin; New York Supreme Court, Hall of Records, New York; Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, England; Public Record Office, London; Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, London; Service des archives du Ministère des affaires étrangères, Brussels; South African Consulate, Beverly Hills, California; B. van dér Wulp, Adjunct Municipal Archivist, Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft (Municipal Archives), Netherlands; U.S. Embassy, Banjul, the Gambia; United States Information Service, Accra, Ghana; Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland. Other public and private institutions and individuals have assisted the project. They include the Baptist Missionary Society, London; Church Missionary Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Creighton University Archives, Omaha, Nebraska; De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., Kimberley, South Africa; Edinburgh House, London; Edinburgh University Special Collections, Edinburgh, Scotland; Evangelical Lutheran Mission Archives, Hermannsburg, Germany; Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown; Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia; Institute for Race Relations, Johannesburg, South Africa; Instituto nacional des estudos e pesquisa, Guinea-Bissau; Midland Lutheran College Archives, Fremont, Nebraska; Alumni Office, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln; Oficina histórica, Centro de estudos africanos, University de Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Italian Documents Collection, St. Antony's College, Oxford, England; University of California at Berkeley Archives; Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon; Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Documentation Centre for African Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria; Vereinigte Evangelische Mission, Germany; W. E. B. Du Bois Film Project, Philadelphia. Along the way a large number of individuals in many countries have aided the various research efforts of the project. Despite their own busy schedules, they responded to the project's numerous requests for advice and assistance. We would like to thank Ade Adefuye, Nigerian High Commissioner to Jamaica; Nana Oware Agyekum II, Omanhene Akim Busume, and Akim Swedru, Ghana; Mario de Andrade, Lisbon; James C. Armstrong, Field Director, Library of Congress, Nairobi, Kenya; S. K. B. Asante, University of Florida, Gainesville; Kofi Baku, Department of History, University of Ghana, Accra; Robert Baldock, University of Bristol, England; Albert Ball, Cultural Affairs Officer, United States Information Service; Arlindo Barbeitos, Luanda, Angola; Kalidu Bayu, Department of Youth and Sports, Banjul, the Gambia; William Beinart, University of Bristol; Ruby Bell-Gam, African Studies bibliographer, University Research Library, UCLA; Gerald J. Bender, Director, School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Richard Blackett, Department of History, Indiana University, Bloomington; Philip Bonner, Department of History, University xxxix

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS

of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alan R. Booth, Department of History, Ohio University, Athens; Gianni Bozzi, Rome; Belina Bozzoli, Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; John D. Brewer, Department of Social Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Richard F. Celeste, former Governor of Ohio; Tonya Chrislu, Director, International Student Services, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Gervase ClarenceSmith, Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Frank Coleman, Lincoln University Alumni Department, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania; tjames S. Coleman, UCLA; Hélène d'Almeida-Topor, Paris; Timothy Connelley, Research Archivist, National Historical Publication and Records Commission; R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville; Alvaro Ferrand de Almeida Fernandes, Director of Archives, Ministerio dos negocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Brian Digre, Department of History, University of Southern Mississippi; Bill Elkins, London; Lothar Engel, Hamburg, Germany; Linda J. Evans, Associate Curator of Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois; Magbaily Fyle, University of Sierra Leone; David Gardinier, History Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Immanuel Geiss; Carlo Giglio, Director, Istituto di storia ed istituzioni dei paesi afroasiatici, Pavia, Italy; Jeffrey P. Green, West Sussex, England; Albert Grundlingh, Department of History, University of South Africa, Pretoria; G. M. Haliburton, Rivers State College of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Catherine Higgs, History Department, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida; Baruch Hirson, London; A. Baron Holmes III, Holmes, Thompson, Logan and Centrell, Attorneys at Law, Charleston, South Carolina; Allen M. Howard, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Edward D. A. Hulmes, Director, Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, University of Durham, England; Mrs. Cecilia Irvine, Edinburgh, Scotland; Lynettc A. Jackson, Columbia University, New York; Annie Jeanmonod, assistant to the editor, GenèveAfrique, Geneva, Switzerland; Ray G. Jenkins, Birmingham, England; Reverend Carey Harold Jones, Archbishop of West Africa, African Orthodox Church, Kankang, Ghana; Samwiri R. Karugire, Head of Department of History, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mubanga E. Kashoki, Principal, University of Zambia at Ndola, Kitwe, Zambia; Tim Keegan, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenneth J. King, Director, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Mazisi Kunene, University of Durban, Natal, South Africa; Paul La Hausse, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Monique Lakroum, Paris; Joseph J. Lauer, former African Studies bibliographer, University Research Library, UCLA, currently at Michigan State University; Ian Linden; Tom Lodge, Department of Political Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; J. Lorette, Musée royal de l'Armée, Brussels; Chipasha Luchembe, Department of History, University of xl

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Zambia, Lusaka; Maryinez Lyons, University of London; Roderick Macdonald, Syracuse University; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Machi Mapuranga, University of Zimbabwe, Harare; Vida Marke, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Shula Marks, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London; E. Ann McDougall, History Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Sister Georgia McGarry, Benedictive College, Atchison, Kansas; Kate Modiakgotla, Ramotswa, Botswana; Felix Monteiro, Cape Verde; Helen Mugambi, California State University, Fullerton; Esther Hall Mumford, Seattle, Washington; Jocelyn Murray, Scotland; Colleen and Bernard "Dutch" Newfield, Bensalem, Pennsylvania; Debra Newman-Ham, Library of Congress; Robin Palmer, Herts, England; René Pélissier, France; Jeanne Penvenne, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Bai Ahi Phall, School of Public Health, Banjul, the Gambia; Kings M. G. Phiri, University of Malawi; Gerald Pigeon, University of California, Santa Barbara; Edward Price, Assistant Superintendent, Board of Education, Tuckahoe Union Free School District, Eastchester, New York; Andrew Reed, Port Alfred, South Africa; Mrs. James D. Reed, Little Rock, Arkansas; J. K. Rennie, Le Vaud, Switzerland; Paul Rich, Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, University of Aston in Birmingham, England; Peter Rob-Jones, Sugar Laboratory, Akuse, Ghana; Robert Ross, Centre for the History of European Expansion, Leiden, the Netherlands; Bernard Salvaing, Centre de recherches africaines, Université de Paris I, Paris; Bonny Sands, Linguistics Department, UCLA; Eduardo dos Santos, Director, Centro de estudos históricos ultramarinos, Lisbon; Christopher Saunders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; S. M. Serudu, Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria; tTom Wing Shick, Department of Afro-American Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Randrianja Solofo, Université de Tamatave, Madagascar; Aloha P. South, Judicial, Fiscal and Social Branch, Civil Archives Division, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Dean John Spencer, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont; John Spiegler, Chicago, Illinois; Bengt Sunkler, Uppsala, Sweden; Anne Thurston, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Peter Kazenga Tibenderana, Ahmadu Belb University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mrs. Christine Tuboko-Metzger, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Michael Twaddle, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Andrew F. Walls, Department of Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; Charles W. Wéber, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois; Wolfgang Werner, Cape Town, South Africa; Reverend P. A. Wetherell, Southampton, England; Daniel T. Williams, Archivist, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; Gavin Williams, Fellow and Tutor in Politics and Sociology, St. Peter's College, Oxford, England; R. A. Yeowart, Company Secretary, John Holt and Co., Liverpool, England; Theodore R. Young, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, UCLA; Moquay Yves-Alain, Société des gens de lettres, Paris. Over the years various individuals have assisted the project with translation of foreign-language documents and phrases. We would like to thank for their xli

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

services Thamsanga Flatela and Bessie Motau, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; George Gowaseb, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Michael E. Hoenisch and Susan Shepherd, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany; Jacqueline Magro; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Ncediwe Mdunyelwa; Tiitsetso Mphenyeke, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bento Sitoe, Head of Linguistics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; and Nhlanhla Thwala, Linguistics Department, UCLA. The planning of the African Series as a collaborative editorial edition presented the project with numerous organizational problems. We had the benefit of advice from a panel of seasoned editors who readily agreed to share their expertise in setting up and supervising comparable large-scale projects. For their wise counsel, we should like to thank W. Speed Hill, general editor, The Works of Richard Hooker, Department of English, Lehman College, City University of New York; Richard Layman, editorial codirector, Dictionary of Literary Biography, BC Research, a division of Bruccoli Clark Publishers, Columbia, South Carolina; David A. Richardson, managing editor, The Spenser Encyclopedia, Department of English, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio; Elizabeth Hall Witherell, editor in chief, The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau, Department of English, University of California, Santa Barbara; and David Woodward, editor in chief, History of Cartography, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. The basic project design summarizing the recommendations of the advisory panel was prepared by Charles F. Bahmueller, former associate editor of the Marcus Garvey Papers and UNIA Papers project, in February 1985; it was entitled "The Organization of a System of External Contributions to an Editing Project: A Summary of Research Findings." Because of the revised editorial design of the African volumes, the project had the job of identifying and commissioning a panel of scholarly contributors to assist in annotating the large number of African references contained in the documents. For their willingness to serve and the time that it took away from their own projects, we should like acknowledge and thank the following contributors: Ralph A. Austen, University of Chicago; Teresa Barnes, University of Cape Town; Nicole Bernard-Duquenet, University of Paris; A. Adu Boahen, University of Ghana; Joye L. Bowman, University of Massachusetts at Amherst; Helen Bradford, University of Cape Town; Tim Couzens, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; Adelaide M. Cromwell, Boston University; LaRay Denzer, University of Ibadan; Philippe Dewitte, Paris; Jill R. Dias, University of Lisbon; Robert Edgar, Howard University; Tony Emmett, Institute for Sociological and Demographic Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Christopher Fyfe, professor emeritus, University of Edinburgh; fRita Headrick; Ian Henderson, Coventry (Lancaster) Polytechnic, England; Arnold Hughes, University of Birmingham; Allen Isaacman, University of Minnesota; Abiola Ade Lipede, University of York; Wyatt MacGaffey, Haverxlii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ford College; François Manchuelle, Georgia Southern University; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University; Harold G. Marcus, Michigan State University; Richard Newman, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University; Rina L. Okonkwo, University of Nigeria, Enugu; Melvin E. Page, East Tennessee State University; Sean Redding, Amherst College; R. S. Roberts, University of Zimbabwe; Alberto Sbacchi, Atlantic Union College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; Leon P. Spencer, Talladega College; Ibrahim Sundiata, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Jean-Luc Vellut, Catholic University of Louvain; Michael O. West, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and Donald R. Wright, State University College at Cortland, State University of New York. It was also necessary to identify and appoint a team of scholars to review and evaluate the content of contributors' annotations. Of necessity, the identity of the panel of peer reviewers must remain anonymous, both collectively and individually. Their diligence and critical eye for historical detail supplied important quality control and greatly improved the African Series volumes. We wish to express the project's gratitude to all of the reviewers. In keeping with the revised plan of the series, the project appointed a special editorial advisory board made up of distinguished Africanist scholars. Their service to the project took several forms, viz., helping to identify contributing scholars and peer reviewers, finding fugitive archival documents, identifying local researchers, and, most importantly, advising on the editorial organization of the volumes. The enthusiastic support given to the project as well as their sound advice have served the project well over the past decade. We should like to acknowledge the valuable service rendered to the project by E. U. Essien-Udom, University of Ibadan; Christopher Fyfe, formerly University of Edinburgh; fThomas L. Hodgkin; J. Ayodele Langley; John Lonsdale, Trinity College, Cambridge University; Hollis R. Lynch, Columbia University; Terence O. Ranger, University of Manchester; Andrew D. Roberts, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Robert I. Rotberg, Lafayette College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; Charles van Onselen, University of the Witwatersrand. In the years that the project has been functioning, undergraduate and graduate students have assisted with the work of research. Their special blend of resourcefulness, enthusiasm, and diligence have greatly aided the project in accomplishing its objectives. It is a pleasure to acknowledge and thank the following individuals: Natalie Baszile, Reginald Daniels, Diane Doberneck, Joshua Friedland, Patricia Karimi-Taleghani, Kairn Kleiman, Ronald Kunene, Jacqueline Magro, Abner Mariri, Gregory Pirio, Katherine Sadler, Allison Shutt, Peter Szanton, and Victoria Zimmerman. In addition, Christine Nguyen contributed valuable computer skills and a keen understanding of editorial methodology during the revision stage of the manuscript. The project would also like to acknowledge the editorial contribution of Kathleen Sheldon. The final stages of production depended upon the expertise of several individuals. The numerous design features and interlocking parts, to say xliii

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS

nothing of the complex editorial methodology and huge amount of historical data supporting and explicating the texts, presented a formidable copyediting challenge. Nicholas Goodhue demonstrated rare skill as copyeditor of the final manuscript. Sylvia Tidwell, the project's former copyeditor, contributed to the final revision of the biographical annotations as well as with the contributors' historical essays. Linda Robertson managed to translate suggestions from the project staff into a design that is not only efficient but also aesthetically appealing. The maps for each of the volumes were expertly prepared by Guy Baker, cartographer with the Cartography Unit, Department of Geography, University College, University of London. We wish to express the project's appreciation to each of them for their valuable contributions. The widely variant spellings of the names of individuals and places referred to in the documents posed a serious challenge. Robin Haller carried out the difficult task of indexing the volumes with her customary diligence and acute eye for discrepancies, and in the process provided the project with a valuable additional quality-control check. The University of California Press and its staff have once again proved what an important part academic publishing plays in the larger scholarly enterprise. The project's sponsoring editor and assistant director of the U C Press, Stanley Holwitz, facilitated an otherwise arduous process by assisting with the various arrangements at every step of the production and publication process. The press's design and production director, Anthony Crouch, provided valuable advice to the project on a variety of technical topics. Rebecca Frazier, Diana Feinberg, Mina Freehill, and Susan Guttman also assisted the project by smoothing the path of the manuscript toward final publication. We wish to express the project's appreciation to each of them for their professional support. Supervision of a large historical documentary editing project brings with it many responsibilities that place administrative demands on the academic institution and department with which it is affiliated. Over the past decade the Garvey project has been singularly fortunate in receiving a level of administrative support that has become all too rare in an era of academic belt-tightening. For their continuing support the project acknowledges the significant contribution made by UCLA's James S. Coleman African Studies Center and International Studies and Overseas Programs. Without their unstinting support and understanding of the demands of the research and editorial processes, final publication of African Series volumes would have been impossible. We should like to express the project's deep appreciation to them for their invaluable support. Finally, the project wishes to acknowledge the institutional sponsors of the edition as well as the generous assistance received from private foundations in support of the project's work. We should like to thank the National Endowment for the Humanities, National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and the Ford, Rockefeller, Ahmanson, and UCLA Foundations.

xliv

INTRODUCTION The present volume, the second of three devoted to documenting the development and activities of Marcus Garvey's "Africa for the Africans" movement in Africa, covers the period from 23 June 1921 through December 1922. These eighteen months witnessed the continued expansion of support for the movement throughout sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the crucial phase in the attempts by colonial regimes and their metropolitan sponsors to repress the movement's influence, which was perceived as a threat to the maintenance of colonial rule. This period also saw the rise of increased African opposition to Garvey and the program of his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) as well as an intensification of the debate concerning the role of African Americans in the emancipation of Africa. The volume opens with an announcement by W. E. B. Du Bois of the forthcoming Second Pan-African Congress. In addition to informing Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes of the meetings scheduled to take place in London, Brussels, and Paris in August and September 1921, D u Bois made a point of assuring Hughes that the Pan-African Congress "has nothing to do with the so called Garvey movement and contemplates neither force nor revolution in its program." Du Bois's attempt to differentiate the Congress from Garvey's U N I A would be only partially successful. Official colonial correspondence and numerous published reports in the metropolitan and colonial press chronicle European apprehensions regarding the upcoming Second Pan-African Congress; both Europeans and Africans thought that Garvey was involved in organizing the event, which occurred at the same time as the UNIA's second international convention in New York. The Du Bois-Garvey conflict and its effect on African opinion represent one of the principal themes of the present volume, which shifts the focus from the historiographical preoccupation with the domestic differences between these two men to the international ramifications of their rivalry in Africa and Europe. In addition to the intensification of ideological competition between the two leaders for the allegiance of Africans, the convening of the Second Pan-African Congress also stimulated dissenting conservative voices, most notably those of the European-based Archibald Johnson and Bishop Charles S. Smith of the AME. Reports in the African press as well as in Garvey's Negro World also reflect the broad range of opinions and reactions to Du Bois and the Pan-African Congress. Garvey condemned the congress for allegedly collaborating with colonial officials in attempting to blunt the appeal of his own message of xlv

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African redemption. In his August 1921 convention speech, Garvey denounced Du Bois's congress for harboring the goal of "social equality" (a euphemism for miscegenation) and claimed that his enemies "will have to come better than a pan-African congress to defeat the objects of the UNIA." At the same convention, Garvey proposed the formation of an international political movement to be called the African Party. The rivalry between Garvey and Du Bois would also implicate Blaise Diagne, the Senegalese deputy and president of the Pan-African Congress, who had strongly opposed Du Bois's stand condemning European colonialism in Africa. Diagne's denunciation of Garvey also intensified anti-Diagne sentiment among younger French African nationalists, who were opposed to the idea of French tutelage and were thus attracted to Garvey's militant brand of nationalism. And, in a larger sense, the Garvey-Du Bois-Diagne conflict exemplifies the major theme of the African Series, namely, the complex relation of Garveyism to the emergence and articulation of African nationalism not only in sub-Saharan Africa but also in America and the European colonial metropoles. The documents presented in the current volume also provide an extremely detailed firsthand account of the evolution and disintegration of the UNIA's 1921 Liberian development project. At the time of the highly critical 24 June 1921 report to Garvey by the organization's resident secretary in Liberia, Cyril Crichlow, Garvey had still not been allowed to return to the U.S. from his tour of the Caribbean and Central America, a trip he had undertaken in February 1921 to push the sale of Liberia Construction Loan bonds. He was finally able to return to the U.S. in early July. Crichlow's report indicates the author's gradual disenchantment with Garvey as well as with the UNIA's capacity to sustain its Liberian development project. His disillusion resulted not only from the failure of the UNIA to live up to its commitments but also, in large measure, from the hostility that he encountered on the part of Gabriel Johnson, the UNIA's potentate and mayor of Monrovia. The stormy relationship between Crichlow, on the one hand, and Johnson and George O. Marke, the UNIA's deputy supreme potentate, on the other, undercut all attempts to continue courting the Liberian government. Upon his return to the U.S., Crichlow would publish an extensive exposé denouncing the UNIA and its entire Liberian program in the December 1921 issue of the Crusader, official organ of the African Blood Brotherhood. The documents record the souring of the UNIA's official relationship with the Liberian regime as well. This was publicly confirmed in a statement prepared for visiting president C. D. B. King of Liberia by Du Bois and published in the June 1921 Crisis. Disavowing the "aggressive" aims of the UNIA, King attempted to distance his government from any taint of involvement with Garvey at a time when he and the Liberian plenary commission were in America seeking to renegotiate the U.S.-Liberian loan. The U.S. Congress eventually disapproved the loan, despite the recommendation of President Warren G. Harding.

xlvi

INTRODUCTION

In contrast with the troubles that engulfed the UNIA in Liberia, the present volume chronicles its establishment in Accra, Gold Coast, and its activities in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Lagos, Nigeria. Most significantly, the volume also documents the extraordinary growth in the UNIA's following in South West Africa, after Fitz Herbert Headly, president of the UNIA division in Liideritz, traveled to Windhoek to "further the cause in the interior." As word of its presence spread among the Herero and Ovambo peoples, the UNIA was appropriated by Africans as a means of presenting their many grievances against their former German colonizers and the exploitative South African regime that replaced it following World War I. In a January 1922 letter, Headly thanked a Herero headman for his hospitality, asserting that only through the UNIA "can we regain our national manhood." In January 1922 the Windhoek UNIA division was strong enough to petition the town council for permission to erect its own meeting hall, though permission was denied; later that year, the Liideritz UNIA division actually reported having 871 dues-paying members. The present volume thereby shows the importance in South West Africa of the Garvey movement, which supplied the ideological framework for the emergence of subsequent Namibian nationalism. Garvey's "Africa for the Africans" message in South Africa continued to spread during this period; it continued despite the fracturing of relations between Garvey's followers and ICU leaders Clements Kadalie and S. M. B. Ncwana, editor of the Cape Town Black Man. In America, M. Mokete Manoedi ("a Native of Basutoland") lent his name to a political broadside (> >•

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Eduardo Baccari to Carlo Schanzer,1 Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Rome 5 June 1922 I received a letter from the "Universal Negro Improvement Association"—a copy of which is enclosed—to invite us to send an official representative from our Ministry to attend the Annual Convention of the Association to be held in New York next August. Although the activities of the Association—with the aim of promoting a worldwide pan-Negro movement—can only be considered to be marginally relevant to our colonies, nevertheless I think we should follow their activities

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because they may have a much greater influence on other territories and colonies in Africa. I kindly ask Your Excellency to inform me whether a similar invitation has been addressed to Your Excellency. I would also appreciate being informed of the programs of the forthcoming convention—if they are known to you—and of the propaganda purposes of its organizers. BACCARI

ASMAE, MC, 159/9-84. ALS. Translated from Italian. 1. Carlo Schanzer (1865—193?) was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1922. A member of the Italian House of Deputies from 1903 until 1919, when he became a senator, he participated in the Washington Naval Conference as chief of the Italian delegation. From 1920 to 1924 he was Italy's delegate at the League of Nations. In 1922 he published L'acquisto delle colonic (International Who's Who [London: Europa Publications, 1935], p. 927).

Enclosure: Marcus Garvey to Giovanni Amendola,1 Italian Secretary of State for the Colonies 56 WEST 135 TH STREET, NEW YORK

17 April 1922 Mr. Secretary: I am taking the liberty of entering into communication with you in your capacity of His Majesty's Secretary of State for Colonies, in the government of Italy in Rome. I am persuaded that Your Excellency already has a detailed knowledge of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, of which I have the honor of being the President General, and thus it is not necessary, in the present circumstances, to speak more of this association, given the fact that its aims are clearly stated on our letterhead. Without, therefore, wasting any more time, I will, as briefly as possible, and requesting your indulgence, explain the aims which I am pursuing. The Universal Negro Improvement Association will hold its annual convention in the city of New York during the month of August. A specific date has been set for the discussion of colonial matters, as they affect Italian policies regarding peoples of color living on the African continent. Imbued with the belief that the time is near when the Italian government and its subjects of the Negro race and Negrophiles must arrive at a friendly entente, i.e. at a basis for the formation of an equitable government, I am hopeful of obtaining the cooperation of the Italian Colonial Secretariat concerning the political betterment of those millions who are mute, and who are under Italian domination.2 Therefore, I respectfully request that Your Excellency send an official representative to the convention on a date, during the month of 446

JUNE 1922

August, to be fixed later. You will be sent special tickets for admission, as soon as you indicate your willingness to have the Italian Colonial Secretariat duly represented at the Convention. I hope that my opinion regarding Your Excellency is well-founded and accurate, because surely you do not lack those qualities of vision and imagination so necessary in those who claim to be men of state. In fact, it is because I am convinced that you possess these necessary qualities, Mr. Minister, that I have taken the liberty of writing to you on this subject, laden as it is with worldwide implications regarding the Italian empire on the African continent. Thanking you in advance, and in the hope that I will be favored with an answer, I am honored to assure you, Mr. Secretary, of my highest esteem. MARCUS GARVEY

ASMAE, MC, 159/9-84. TLS, recipient's copy. On UNIA letterhead. Translated from French. 1. Giovanni Amendola (1882-1926) was a deputy in the Italian parliament who led the liberalconservative faction; he was also a professor of philosophy at the University of Pisa. As Benito Mussolini's fascist movement grew, Amendola came under increasing criticism. After a verbal tirade against Mussolini in 1925, Amendola was attacked by a crowd of Fascists and died as a result of his injuries (Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982], pp. 70-90). 2. The Italians controlled Libya, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea, each administered by a royal governor responsible to the minister of colonies. Each colony had a small European-officered police force and army, usually poorly equipped by Western standards, but sufficient to ensure internal security and to patrol the frontiers (Christopher Hollis, Italy in Africa [London: Hamish Hamilton, 1941]).

Jean Pourroy, Chief Police Superintendent, to Louis Aujas,1 Delegate (Deputy Governor) of Senegal Dakar, 9 June 1922 I have the honor to report to you the following: In the month of October 1920 Mr. BERNAUD, your predecessor, forwarded to me a confidential letter from the Royal Prosecutor of the Belgian Congo, sent on to the Governor-General of West Africa by the Governor-General of this foreign colony. It was about a Sierra Leonean subject, a certain WILSON, who was spreading anti-European propaganda and claiming to be affiliated with the Black Star Limited whose headquarters were at 56 West 135 th Street, New York City, U.S.A., and which was formed with the aim of returning Africa to the blacks. The aforementioned WILSON showed natives likely to join the organization a letter signed with the letters F. W., delegate of this association which held its meetings in Dakar under cover of a commercial firm. It did not take me long to discover that the initials F. W. stood for a certain Francis WEBER [WEBBER] who made frequent journeys between Dakar and the 447

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English Crown Colonies. He lived with his wife in Dakar at 86 Rue Raffenel, the home of a certain DOHERIY, a tailor and Sierra Leonean subject who was probably a member of the same gang. This individual traveled fairly often to various trading towns in the Colony. Since that time I have have had this individual constandy watched, but I ' m unable to define precisely his affiliation to anti-European groups or to the extremist American committees. But a new development was reported to me today which throws a new light on this affair and convinces us that we are at last on the track of this organization in West Africa. I have just received this morning, through the intermediary of the office of the public prosecutor, a complaint of a Mr. GIBBS, Proconsul of England, who claims that one of his compatriots, a Mr. WILSON, is bothering him, and he reports a brawl which took place Sunday the 4th inst. in the evening. So far, nothing surprising, but native GIBBS also sends to the public prosecutor a cigarette case which he claims to have picked up from the ground where the quarrel took place. He claims to have found in this cigarette case a receipt for a letter, carrying the no. 552 and the stamp of the Rufisque post office, addressed to "The Universal Negro Improv[em]ent Association["] New York America, led by Marcus Garvey, the well-known agitator. It is therefore a most genuine lead which will doubdess put us on the track of this organization which we have been seeking for so long. To succeed, it will in my opinion be necessary to go to Rufisque, and, with a search warrant from the public prosecutor, seize at Wilson's residence all papers concerning the intrigues of these individuals. By the same token, it is also essential to search the homes of all individuals making common cause with WILSON either in Dakar, in Rufisque, or in M'Bour. 2 This affair must be handled very tactfully, as the least indiscretion might warn them and cause us to fail. If you have no objection I could take care of it myself: my position as chief superintendent gives me the right to act within the entire perimeter of the Colony, while superintendents COURT and LOCARNI would proceed with the searches at the residences of the other associates in Dakar. I would add that it is urgent to carry out this operation as rapidly as possible. POURROY

[Endorsement:] True copy.

L . AUJAS

AS, 21 G/126. TL, carbon copy. Translated from French. An identical copy can be found in AS, 17 G/52. 1. Louis Aujas (1876-1962), a French colonial official born in Paris and trained in the law, entered the foreign service in 1900 in Madagascar, where he served as a civil affairs officer and became an expert on Malagasy language, law, and customs. With interludes in Paris and C6te d'lvoire, he was stationed in Madagascar until 1920. He then spent one year in the Sudan before being appointed delegate of the governor of Senegal, beginning 1 January 1922, though he was forced to return to France for health reasons. In Senegal, he was director of personnel for the government general, a post he held until 1932, when he was posted to Guinea, where he remained until 1936. H e was

448

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given the honorary title of governor in 1942 for his extensive career in the colonial service (H&D 3:40-41). 2. M'bour is a coastal town in Senegal approximately forty-five miles south of Dakar (P. H. Ady, Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Africa [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965], p. 6).

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, Lieutenant Governor of Senegal [Dakar] 9 June 1922 Chief police superintendent reports discovery contacts between Wilson, British subject living in Rufisque, but visiting Dakar frequently, and the American association "The Universal Negro Improvement Association" based in New York and headed by Marcus Garvey. A cigarette case belonging to Wilson and found on the public highway following a brawl between Wilson's and Gibbs' supporters contained various papers including postal receipt for registered letter No. 552 sent from Rufisque to the aforesaid association. In your letter No. 41 of 28 January 1922 concerning pan-African congresses Brussels and Paris you brought to my attention this Wilson who was reportedly deported from the Belgian Congo. I must add that Wilson is passing himself off among the natives as Marcus Garvey's "Consul." Office of political affairs reported similar intrigues of Francis Weber [Webber] who lives in M'Bour (Petite Cote). 1 This Sierra Leonean individual is also known as propagandist pan-Negro movement. Other confederates said to be Dahomeans Da Costa,2 Farmer, Doherty, Hassin, Brown Thomas—the last two are Sierra Leoneans. Public prosecutor consulted thinks investigation cannot at this point be ordered by judiciary since there has been no crime or offense, but should go along by order administrative authorities, in this case, Governor, who has the capacity of a prefect in France, and this in accordance article 10 C.I.C. [Code d'investigations criminelles]. Jurisprudence and doctrine in accordance with this opinion. Consul general England unofficially and courteously approached. Formally declared that he approved in advance all measures that French authorities feel necessary to order against his nationals and especially Wilson, whom he considers unwelcome. Consul would even be glad to see him deported. I have informed governor-general who knows about this telegram and has asked me to tell you that he thinks all searches and seizures should be done without delay and as discreedy as possible at the residences of these individuals. Suggest you act immediately along these lines and order searches and seizures in accordance with article 10 C.I.C. at the residences of Wilson, Webert [Webber], and all the aforementioned as well as all others whom the investigation may uncover. As Police Superintendent Fonta in Rufisque is liable to commit mistakes and even indiscretions, ask you to mandate Chief Police Superintendent Pourroy, Lieutenant of Gendarmerie Merlhe, Police Superintendents Court and Locarni 449

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to make searches in Dakar, Rufisque, and M'Bour. These searches certainly will bring about discovery of organization and agitation that are statutory offenses. As soon as I receive your coded telegram will carry out these searches. I have already confidentially informed chief police superintendent to enable him to take all necessary measures right now. L . AUJAS

AS, 21 G/126. ALS, recipient's copy. On telegram-letter form of government of Senegal. Translated from French. Marked "Very confidential" and "Urgent." i. The Petite Côte is the strip of Senegal's coast immediately south of the Cape Verde peninsula (HDS). i. Ange da Costa was an administrative clerk who enlisted in the French Army during World War I and was wounded at the Somme in September 1916 (Marc Michel, L'appel à l'Afrique: Contributions et réactions à l'effort de guerre en AOF, 1914-1919 [Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1982], p. 362 n. 100).

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas St-Louis 12 June 1922 No. n6—Entirely approve suggestions contained in your confidential No. 46 of 9 June inst—stop—I therefore mandate by the present telegram Chief Superintendent POURROY, Lieutenant of Gendarmerie MERLHE, Superintendents COURT and LOCARNI, to search homes of Messrs. WILSON, Francis WEBER [ W E B B E R ] , DA COSTA, FARMER, DOHERTY, HASSIN, BROWN T h o m a s , GIBBS

and

generally all other individuals whom searches might reveal as propagandists movement liable to disturb peace and tranquillity of colony, in Dakar, Rufisque, M'Bour, and all other applicable places. Also give these warrant holders authority to carry out in course of these searches any necessary seizures—stop— Results these operations which should be carried out most discreedy and rapidly must be sent to you immediately—Please also give me full explanation of brawl between partisans WILSON and GIBBS to which you refer and about which I have no information—You will of course have to keep Government General informed all discoveries or incidents. DIDELOT

AS, 21 G/126. TTG, carbon copy. Translated from French.

45°

JUNE 1922

The Gambia

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot Dakar, 14 June 1922 Following 46 C and in response to 116. Operations are being carried out— stop—Searches have taken place Dakar-Rufisque. Seized documents prove that sections American association were already formed in Rufisque, Dakar, Thies,1 Meckhe [Mekhe], 2 Kelle,3 Bambey.4 This propaganda being dangerous, I asked, given the urgency, Commissioner LOCARNI to carry out today your mandate in T h i e s at h o m e s o f AMADOU JAWARRAH, ALIMAMY KAMARA, MAMADOU KAMARRA

and MOHAMED KAMARA. I have informed the Cercle Commandant. There is reason in Mecke to carry out same investigations for AHMED WILLIAMS and KARIM SAVAGE, English subjects, in Kelle, f o r MADIEU THOMAS and RAMAN/U/ COLE; finally in Bambey, for FAJU DEEN, the brothers SAVAGE and the brothers COKER,

also all English subjects. Request, owing to lack of personnel police Dakar, you commit to this end cercle commandants or police commissioners these localities. Goal of this association is to reunite adherents under mutual aid and receive funds to defend the idea of liberty for black peoples and undertake liberation of their territories. It is established that last May a black Sierra Leonean, JOHN KAMARA, came from America to bring a letter and encouragement from the Central Committee 45i

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

of the Universal Negro Improvement Association to his comrades in Senegal. Meetings were held in Rufisque and a dinner was given in his honor. Speeches were given. One of these was, no doubt, by FARMER, and contains a call to violence. I will have it translated and send to you. Have informed Governor-General of situation as well as Consul General England who promised to inform English authorities in Gambia, since JOHN KAMARA left at the end of May for Bathurst. Mr. MAUGHAM has asked me that an official communication be given him in writing. I believe should, to save time, inform Governor-General directly of the facts brought to Consul General's attention. Will send you copies of all documents. With regard to the brawl mentioned, it was of little importance and police were informed only by Consul General, to whom Gibbs, Consulate chancellor[,] had come to complain, bringing the cigarette case lost in the quarrel. Given his position, I have prescribed that there be no search of Gibbs. L . AUJAS A S , 21 G/126. T L S , carbon copy. Translated from French. Stamped "Confidential." 1. Thies, a town thirty-five miles inland from Dakar on the railway line in Senegal, was known to have active Garveyites. Founded in 1862, the town served as a military post for a time. With the arrival of the railway in 1885 it grew rapidly; after 1903 the railway was extended to Kayes in the French Sudan, and Thies became Senegal's major railway junction, where the Dakar-Niger railroad intersects with rail lines running northward (EBPS, pp. 35-36; EB). 2. N'Gaye Mekke (Mckhe) is located on the railway line just northeast of Thiiis in Senegal (P. H. Ady, Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Africa [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965], p. 6). 3. The town of Kelle lies along the railway linking Dakar to Saint-Louis, approximately seventy kilometers north of Thies in Senegal (The Times Atlas of the World [London: Times Books, 1992]). 4. The town of Bambey, located approximately seventy miles east of Dakar, lies along Senegal's east-west railway line (Ady, Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Africa, p. 6).

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar Brussels, 14 June 1922 I have the honor to bring to your attention a letter which I received from Mr. Marcus Garvey, President General of the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" and the "African Communities League." This letter invites me to send a representative to the annual convention of that Association in New York during the forthcoming month of August. 1 At that convention, the colonial policy adhered to by the Belgian Government with regard to natives of the Belgian Congo will be discussed. I intend to reply to Mr. Garvey that it is contrary to the rules followed by my Department to send representatives to meetings or conferences which have no official character. Before following this up, however, I would like to know if charges against Mr. Garvey have been dismissed. This indictment was reported on 1st March 1922 by our Ambassador in Washington, as enclosed in your letter of 22 March 1922, Direction P.B., No. Congo. 45*

JUNE 1922

In this regard, I would appreciate it if your Department could let me know as quickly as possible. For the Minister, N . ARNOLD

Secretary- General S A M A E , AF-1-1. T L S , recipient's copy. Translated from French. 1. Enclosed was a typewritten letter, dated 18 April 1922 and signed by Marcus Garvey, on official U N I A - A C L letterhead. T h e letter was written in French and addressed to the "Secretary of State for the Colonies" in Brussels, Belgium, inviting him to send a representative to the forthcoming August 1922 convention. It was identical in content to the letter sent by Garvey to the Italian colonial secretary, which appears as an enclosure to document printed at 5 June 1922.

S. O. Logemoh to John E. Bruce Monrovia, Liberia W.C. Africa 15th June 1922 My Dear Father Bruce, Since the receipt of your last letter, I have been able to get 200 lbs. of Liberian Coffee in accordance with your request which I had intended to bring myself[.] [U]nfortunately the party failed me who should have guaranteed my passage to America. On the receipt hereof please wireless me some amount[,] say a hundred dollarsf,] for me to make some shipments, until we are strong enough for me to come and see you personally—I have made very good business connections for us to get lumberf, and] skins of all kinds for Tanning. I think it is a step in the right direction for us to have African products retailed; if each Negro will have the pride to use nothing but African Coffee that will be a more effective] warfare [than] Economic boycott. Let us not put all our eggs into one basket. While the U.N.I.A. is doing the propaganda work[,] let us go to workf,] raise, prepare and eat our products—I have one or two friends who are willing to co-operate with Mr. Dusse Mohammed [Duse Mohamed Ali] & yourself to develop trade in Africa to America by Negroes, with Negroes, for Negroes—we have to do something if we must live & not die—Please send reply /wireless/ Logemoh, Monrovia, and our business will commence in foil swing. I have a collection of some different curios[;] I would /like/ to see a curio shop in Harlem. In our litde republic here a good many of our people refuse to stabilize the Country by individual industries but every body swinging one way, Government jobs or European merchants, very few natives in the barter trade to employ Clerks[.] [Y]ou can imagine the rest. In the midst of plenty we are in want. Please let me hear early. I trust Mrs[.] Bruce's health and yours are improving and that our friend Mr. Mohammed [Ali] will continue to meet with success. The coffee will go direct to / y o u / by the first opportunity. With the kindest regards, Sincerely, S . O . LOGEMOH NN-Sc, J E B , M S 8757. A L S , recipient's copy. 453

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C . N . Manning,1 Native Commissioner of South West Africa, to Private Secretary Administrator's Office, WINDHOEK / I 5 / 6 / 2 2 /

The Private Secretary, [ ... So far as is known there are no representatives of the universal "Negro Improvement Association" or such Societies in Kaokoveld3 or Ovamboland4 though labourers may have picked up some of their ideas. There are branches of above association at Luderitz and Windhoek, but our position in regard to such Societies is that whilst we do not give them permission to establish themselves we can hardly prohibit them from a legal point of view, nor prosecute the members except for ordinary contraventions of the law or for actual political offences which might also justify deportation as would convictions for certain other crimes. I am requesting the Native Affairs officials concerned to continue to keep a vigilant watch on such people and their propaganda and to immediately report anything really seditious. A principal leader is an educated negro Fritz [Fitz] Herbert Headley [Headly] of Luderitz who, however, appears to indulge in usual generalities as to freedom and so forth. The following is an extract from a copy of one of "his letters to a Cameroon native Abraham at Swakop[mund] in connection with the proposal to open a branch there:— Africa for the Africans for the four hundred million of us that inhabit the Universe we are about to build an empire of our own in our Fatherland somewhere and someday. but he adds:— for you always bear in mind that you must respect the laws of the country that you are domiciled in for if you can't respect other people's laws it is quite impossible to respect your own when it is an established fact[.] It may be mentioned that Section 4, of the Native Administration Proclamation, 1922, is a check upon persons other than Europeans entering this territory without a permit and provides for punishment and deportation of unauthorised Immigrants'—a couple of Liberians were put across the border in April last. This Proclamation also provides for the carrying of passes by natives travelling in the Territory. C . N . M[ANNING]

Native Commissioner NaNam, Magistrate Swakopmund, 3/17 ICW. TLI. 454

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1. Charles Nicholas Manning (1877-1944), born and educated in Pietermaritzburg, became chief clerk for the native commissioner in Pretoria in 1902 and in 1904 created the sub-native commissioner's office at Tshanowa. Manning took part in the German South West Africa campaign during the World War I, in 1915 becoming Ovamboland's first resident commissioner. He went on to establish the South West African Department of Native Affairs, serving as its commissioner until his transfer to the same position in Benoni in 1926 (DSAB). 2. The elided text discusses affairs in Ovamboland and Kaokoveld. 3. Occupying about twenty thousand square miles in the extreme northwest corner of South West Africa, Kaokoveld was inhabited mainly by the Himba and Tjimba branches of the Herero people. The area is distinguished by its arid climate, scanty groundwater resources, and relatively poor pastures (John H. Wellington, South West Africa and Its Human Issues [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967], p. 383). 4. From the time of German colonial rule, South West Africa had been divided into two distinct sectors. The southern and central regions, in which colonial control was firmly established, were called the Police Zone. To the north lay Ovamboland, the Kaokoveld, the Okavango region, and the Caprivi Strip. Although these areas had been claimed by Germany, they were never conquered by the Germans and colonial control was tenuous. Movement between the two sectors was strictly controlled; as a general rule, northern South West Africans were able to gain access to the police zone only by means of labor contracts. When South Africa took over the administration of South West Africa following World War I, it extended colonial rule to the northern areas, retained the demarcation between the two sectors, and controlled movement between them. In spite of its successes in the southern and central regions of the territory, Garveyism had little impact in the northern regions. However, there are indications that some Ovambo were influenced by the spirit of rebellion that permeated the southern and central regions. There were also reports that the Kwambi were selling stock to obtain ammunition and gunpowder. In December 1922 a Kwambi headman who had quarreled with Ipumbu, chief of the Kwambi Ovambo, informed the administration that the Kwambi chief had been sending agents into the Police Zone in order to acquire both arms and information: They (Ipumbu's agents) invariably go without passes and are clever in evading the police. They are all after buying rifles and ammunition. He does not send a few at a time, twenty or thirty arc always away south. They bring him stupid information such as "This Government is finished, we hear all over that the Americans are coming to take this country." (NaNam, A 312, item 79, statement by Ukuambi refugee headman, Festus, Ondonga, 28/12/22) 5. Blacks who wished to enter South West Africa from South Africa were required to obtain a permit, following Section 4 of the Native Administration Proclamation (No. n of 1922). The same restrictions did not apply to white South Africans.

Intercepted Letter from John Henry Farmer to Randall1 A t Baye Maram Bengue's, near the Rufisque railway station2 15 th June 1922 Dear Randall, I have to hand a letter3 from Mr. F. G . Brown addressed to Mr. W. A . Wilson giving information of a general search of many private residents at your end including my church friends and your humble shanty. H o w you came in the fry I don't know but I very much suspect an old enemy. I am so sorry. M y present regret is the unhappy indifferenct between us; once so intimate and inseparable, I can see the whole machine of intrigue to separate us by the

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man I can now call common enemy between us.4 I have fortunately found the whole truth and will be only too anxious to see you in person when I get to Dakar. You know I am a very frank friend and was plain all the time. A face to face talk between you and my informant could have disclosed the true slanderer, and no wonder whilst you were pressing for a face-to-face talk the other man was begging me not to give him away, not even to inform you. O how I regret my loss; my late wife should be in life to see the exposure; the whole thing was a degrading diplomacy. I have been given up to ill pleasure for you since, but now I have found the truth and pray for an opportunity to belch fie*y fire of hate. How the office was left on my arrival, what juju was played to be in / m y / way, what my friend trusts in, even the old doctor himself; are facts in my keeping and I hope he will gather much for the day of tribulation which is bound to come. His hands are in this fry. An enemy to my host at Rufisque he has joined our church enemies and you should know the rest. Police authorities including the Commis[s]ary Central5 were here two days since to query me and my host concerning the Garvey Propaganda and many papers were carried away. Enemies at Dakar wrote The Lieutenant Governor that Mr. Wilson and myself are here spreading the Garvey Propaganda and are in close touch with the New York authorities. Of course the Dakar gang have done all they could by way of street attacks, juju, etc. and have seen no victory, this is the last fire and the climax, and I want you to have courage that I and my friends mean a real hard fight to the end. I may go to jail, which fact does not worry me, or be sent away, a measure which will just suit my plans; but the fact remains that the Secretary of States at Downing Street and the Anti Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society shall soon handle the Master Key to this intrigue and the responsible parties must suffer. Now that my friend has identified himself with foes and unnecessarily worked you in, I hope you will not fret but put on manliness. He has not said what part he has in the movement being a regular recipient of the Negro World from Austin Hutton 6 in New York and what measures he adopts to dispose of same, a more open fact of propaganda; but he must down his foes at all costs forgetting that some of his foes at least are in possession of facts to criminate him whilst he has no fact to prove propaganda by any of us. I take this opportunity to assure you that now I have known the bottom of the facts, I will no longer delay a request for forgiveness. I have said many hard things of you fooled by a hypocrite, but now let us be friends again and I'll forgive anything you have said amis[s] under these circumstancies. It was you who should have stood by me in trouble, but God knows all. With due regards to Mrs. Randall and well wishes for yourself, I am, Most sincerely yours, J . H E N R Y FARMER

AS, 21 G/126. ALS, recipient's copy. 1. Randall was employed as a bookeeper with Elder Dempster in Dakar (AS, 21 G/126). 2. Chez Baye Maram Bengue, pres de la Gate Rufisque in the original text.

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JUNE 1922 3. This letter was intercepted by the postal authorities and given to the police. It was from an important member of the Rufisque U N I A section to an estranged Sierra Leonean sympathizer of the U N I A ( A S , 21 G / 1 2 6 ) . 4. Apparently Randall and Farmer had been friends but had quarreled owing to false reports made by Gibbs to Farmer ( A S , 21 G / 1 2 6 ) . 5. Chief police superintendent. 6. This may be a reference to Asadata Dafora Horton.

R. C. F. Maugham to Governor of the Gambia1 British Consulate General, Dakar 15th June, 1922 Sir., For some considerable time past the French authorities have been engaged in watching with some uneasiness the activities of a small group of men, natives of Sierra Leone, who were believed to be local representatives of the Universal Negro Improvement Association of the United States which, as you are doubtless aware, is directed by the well-known Marcus Garvey, who is also the President of the notorious "Black Star line of Steamers." The names of the men upon whom observation has been kept are FRANCIS WEBBER, H. W. WILSON?[,] FARMER, a n d

DOUGHERTY.

For reasons which it is unnecessary to refer to in this despatch, my position /permission/ was solicited, and naturally granted, to a perquisition which was recently made by the Authorities at the residences of one or more of these men. Such perquisition resulted in the seizure of a large dossier of documents shewing clearly that the group in question had acted as the representatives of the above-named Association, and had distributed broadcast its mischievous propaganda, and that, further, they had established at the neighbouring town of Rufisque an active branch of the Association, provided with the usual elected officers, which branch was engaged in spreading the objects of the parent body and in collecting subscriptions for the furtherance of its schemes. Among the documents seized were several relating to the visit, early in May last, of a delegate from the United States named JOHN KAMARA, who was described as the "Travelling Commissioner" of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In this man's honour meetings were held which were addressed by him in most violent language exhorting his hearers to spread the revolutionary movement which would, in the end, cast the white man out of Africa, and so on. "Appropriate" replies, couched in similar terms, were made by Wilson, Farmer, and others. From Dakar, Kamara left, it is thought, about the nth May for Bathurst, on a similar mission, probably travelling overland since no record of any application for a passport-visa in his name can be found in my records, and in the supposition that your Government may find it desirable to keep a watch upon his 457

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movements, I have judged it to be of importance that you should be informed of what has taken place. With regard to the four men named in the first paragraph hereon, it is practically certain that they will de deported in due course. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, R . C . MAUGHAM G P R O , Confidential 727. A N I , carbon copy. 1. What is now the Republic of the Gambia was the smallest British West African colony. Surrounded almost entirely by French Senegal, the colony followed the Gambia River's winding course inland from the Atlantic, its boundaries rarely reaching fifteen miles north or south of the river's banks. While it was once a major source of slaves for the New World, Gambia's major export after 1840 was peanuts. Britain took control of the colony in 1822 and consolidated it with additional upriver areas in 1894. Always poor, hindered particularly by Britain's policy of economic self-sufficiency for her colonies, the Gambia could not afford significant expenditures on education. Therefore, the colony had but a tiny group of educated Africans who might at that time have been interested in organizational appeals from UNIA members. The Gambia was divided into two sections: the colony proper, which included the capital city of Bathurst, neighboring downriver regions, and McCarthy Island, about 150 miles upriver; and the protectorate, encompassing the upriver areas. In theory, the colony was governed directly by the governor, with a Legislative Council, while the protectorate was governed indirecdy, with locally elected or appointed chiefs administering districts under the supervision of traveling commissioners. Bathurst, the colony's capital, was long its only major city and port. Founded in 1816 near the mouth of the Gambia River, initially to help halt illegal slaving, Bathurst became an important peanut-exporting center in the 1840s and the permanent seat of British colonial government after 1888. As the center of practically all colonial activity, Bathurst was the home of Gambia's tiny group of educated Africans. It would therefore likely have been the focus of any UNIA organizational activity in the colony (C. H. Armitage, "The Gambia Colony and Protectorate," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 22 June 1928, pp. 811-818; Francis Bisset Archer, The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook [1906; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1967]; Harry A. Gailey, A History of the Gambia [New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965], pp. 61-68; HDGa, pp. 32-33).

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Tivaouane1 [Dakar] 16 June 1922 AHMED WILLIAMS and KARIM SAVAGE, English subjects from Mekhe [Mekhe], as well as MADIEU THOMAS and RAMANU COLE, from Kelle, have identified themselves as being affiliated with the American association "THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION," whose president is the agitator MARCUS GARVEY— stop—It is essential to conduct, with extreme urgency, an investigation regarding these individuals—stop—To that effect, I give you personal authority to undertake domestic visits among these men and any others w h o , upon investigation, are found to be propagandists of this movement, and w h o may trouble the tranquillity and security of the colony—stop—I give you equal authority, in the course of these investigations, to make any seizures necessary—stop—I request you to convey the results of this operation with the utmost discretion, as I must deal with this problem as soon as possible. DIDELOT 4}8

JUNE 1922 A S , 21 G/126. T T G , in cipher. Translated from French. 1. Tivaouane, on the railway line to Thiès in western Senegal, was the headquarters of Malick Sy (1855-1922), an Islamic leader who attracted thousands of urban Muslims to his mosque for worship. He set the date for Ramadan each year. In 1921 racial disputes forced the French police to flee the city when demonstrators chanted, "Kill the whites! Kill the whites!" (P. H. Ady, Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Africa. [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965], p. 6; EBPS, pp. 121, 129, 208).

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Diourbel1 [Dakar] 16 June 1922 FATU DEEN, BROTHERS SAVAGE a n d COKER, E n g l i s h s u b j e c t s f r o m B a m b e y h a v e

identified themselves as being affiliated with the American association "THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION," w h o s e p r e s i d e n t is the a g i t a t o r

MARCUS GARVEY—stop—It is essential to conduct, with extreme urgency, an investigation regarding these individuals—stop—To that effect, I give you personal authority to undertake domestic visits among these men and any others who, upon investigation, are found to be propagandists of this movement, and who may trouble the tranquillity and security of the colony—stop—I give you equal authority, in the course of these investigations, to make any seizures necessary—stop—I request you to convey the results of this operation with the utmost discretion, as I must deal with this problem as soon as possible. DIDELOT A S , 21 G/126. T T G , in cipher. Translated from French. 1. Diourbel was a town east of Thiès along the railway line in Senegal (HDS).

Article in the African Messenger [Lagos, Nigeria, June 16, 1922] T H E NEGRO WORLD INTERDICTED [ . . . ] ' Several complaints have reached us from readers of The Negro World, the organ of the much hated Garvey movement, that they have of late not been receiving their papers, and inquiries have led to the knowledge that the paper is interdicted by the Nigerian government. While we have never shared Marcus Garvey's political views, we are firm believers in his industrial program, which, if carefully and efficiently handled, would bring the Negro nearer and sooner to his ambition than any amount of politics can do. This, however, has nothing to do with the question. The Negro World is a popular publication, having many local readers who derive much comfort in reading of the achievements and hopes and aspirations of their brothers across the "pond," and a government is taking too much upon itself which deprives the people of their pleasure without 4S9

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any justifiable reason. The Negro World has been entering this country since three or four years ago and has been very widely read, yet we can say that it has had not the slightest effect on the loyalty of the people for the British connection, and we challenge the government to say that it has any evidence to the contrary. We have heard it expressed that since reading such "vile stuff" as is dished out to them in The Negro World the local Negro has begun to show less respect for the white man, and that he is inclined to be rather "cheeky." Our retort is that if a European loses the respect of the native and gets "cheeked" by him it must be through want of proper behavior on his part, which is his fault, and he deserves what he gets. To think, however, that it will foster loyalty if it excludes such papers as The Negro World from Nigeria, the government is on the wrong road.[ . . . ] Reproduced from NW, 30 September 1922. Headlines and text abridged. 1. The elided paragraph discusses an infestation of houseflies in Lagos.

Henri Jaspar to Belgian Legation, Washington, D.C. Brussels, 17 June 1922 Please immediately send detailed report on meeting of Convention in New York next August by various Negro organizations headed by Garvey. Please verify whether during this Convention our colonial policy re Natives of the Congo will be discussed and indicate whether Garvey is absolved of charges which were stated in your report 1 March ult. S A M A E , AF-1-1. A T G S . Translated from French.

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot Dakar, 19 June 1922 CONCERNING A N T I - E U R O P E A N PROPAGANDA AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE UNIVERSAL N E G R O IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

I have given you an account of the indications that anti-European propaganda was being spread among the natives and that the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which has its headquarters in New York and whose president is the agitator MARCUS GARVEY, was undertaking clandestine activity in a number of Senegalese localities, chiefly Dakar and Rufisque. 460

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Our intelligence service knew the names of several blacks, all Sierra Leonean subjects, who promoted this propaganda. They were discreetly kept under surveillance by the Dakar police. When on 8 June we accidentally discovered the receipt of a registered letter sent from Rufisque to the Secretary-General of this black American association, I believed we had proof that MARCUS GARVEY and his friends had for some time been in contact with natives, who were English subjects living in the French territory of Senegal, and who were spreading the propaganda of the pan-negro movement. The time was opportune to press on even more aggressively with our inquiry. I suggested you order searches at the homes of WILSON, Francis WEBER [WEBBER], DA COSTA, FARMER, DOHERTY, HASSIN, a n d T h o m a s BROWN, l o n g

reported as sympathetic to communist and bolshevist ideas. By your telegram No. 116 you approved my suggestion and gave a warrant to Police Superintendents POURROY, COURT, LOCARNI, and to Lieutenant of

Gendarmerie MERLHE to proceed in Dakar, Rufisque, and other places with the requested searches and seizures. The results were most satisfactory, owing to the discretion and secrecy maintained. The searches in Rufisque enabled Chief Superintendent POURROY to lay hands on documents demonstrating that an organization was taking shape in Senegal, that branches of the "Universal Negro" were being formed in consequence of the propaganda of two Sierra Leonean blacks, Wilfrid WILSON and FARMER, and at the instigation of another Sierra Leonean named John KAMARA. The latter, recendy arrived from America, was the envoy, the agent of the Management Committee of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Unfortunately, KAMARA, who arrived in Dakar at the beginning of May, and later stayed in Rufisque, left in late May or early June for Bathurst (English Gambia). Several days ago I notified the Consul General of His British Majesty of this John KAMARA'S intrigues. The first two persons mentioned above, Wilfrid WILSON and FARMER, were in Rufisque at the time of the search. It was in WILSON'S home that the most important documents were seized. The continuing investigation will no doubt induce these individuals to confess their part in this propaganda effort that is so harmful to our French native subjects. Their initial statements were muddled and contradictory. WILSON claimed to know nothing o f this American association. FARMER acknowledged that he began to organize a division or branch of the association, but claimed that it had no other aim than mutual aid, and that it had no political designs. If this is the case, he will have to explain, among other things, how MARCUS GARVEY'S newspaper the "Negro World," of which several copies were seized in the homes of WILSON and DOHERTY, was brought into Senegal, how he gave a speech at a banquet in honor of John KAMARA, and how he came to record the 461

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branch's first meeting in a propaganda book, where he briefly indicated statutes and dues. In the text of the speech copied in pencil and ink, there are calls to violence, which are characteristic of this individual's state of mind. I have enclosed a translation of the speech for your information. WEBER could not be found. He is probably hiding somewhere in Dakar or Rufisque, for he has been seen recently in Dakar. At DOHERTY'S home two copies of the newspaper "Negro World," which is forbidden in F.W.A., were found. HASSIN and Thomas BROWN could not be found. I also enclose copies of the chief police superintendent's reports and minutes of the searches and seizures.' To sum up, based on initial findings, it is clear that a secret association was being organized in Rufisque, with ramifications in Dakar, Thies, and Bambey. This association aimed to free the blacks from European tutelage, and to make them into a nation (Africa for the Africans). Dues were requested and collected. Some members admitted they did not then understand the association's aims and believed they were helping to set up a mutual aid society: this was, incidentally, the prepared reply that was given by the two friends, WILSON and FARMER. But in their case, the documents that were seized, the preparations that were made, and the work already begun give the lie to these false assertions. With the exception of cases of fraud which may later be established against WILSON and FARMER for having exploited the credulity of the public, for having claimed imaginary power, it would appear that there is now sufficient proof that they disturbed the public peace, brought into French territory ideas of social revolution, and attempted to foment racial hatred. The French Government can no longer tolerate such intrigues; for the reasons outlined above, I believe there are grounds to order their deportation, not only from Senegal but from all colonial territories in F.W.A. We should, moreover, inform the neighboring English authorities: the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, of the offenses committed by the deported individuals: it will be essential for West African governments to keep a constant watch over them. I am sending a copy of this letter to the Governor-General so that he may receive the same information without delay and may also officially inform Consul General MAUGHAM of this affair, whose sole instigators are English native subjects from the neighboring colonies. L [ . ] AUJAS

/P.S. Since I have not yet received the translations of several documents, I will send them by special delivery tomorrow./ L. A. AS, 21 G/126. TLS, recipient's copy. Translated from French. Marked "Confidential." 1. The complete record of the reports and minutes of the searches and seizures are contained in AS, 21 G/126.

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Enclosure: Jean Pourroy to Louis Aujas Dakar, 17 June 1922 I have the honor to report to you the outcome of various operations kindly entrusted to me by the Governor of Senegal in his telegram-letter of 12 June 1922, concerning house searches carried out in Dakar, Rufisque, and all other applicable places, at the homes of Messrs. WILSON, FARMER, DA COSTA, WEBER

[WEBBER], DOHERTY, HASSIN and generally of all other individuals whom investigations may reveal to be propagandists of a movement liable to disturb the peace and security of the Colony. It is useful to recall, for an understanding of the following events, that these measures were motivated 1) by communist activities reported both by the governor-general and by personal information revealed by the careful surveillance which I ordered on a number of individuals of questionable demeanor. 2) By the receipt for a registered letter sent from Rufisque (item no. 3) on 6 May 1922 under no. 557 to The Universal Negro Improvement Association New York America, a well-known society with revolutionary leanings pursuing the goal of the emancipation of the black race and the liberation of African soil from the civilizing nations which have settled there. This letter from Rufisque suggests that the movement was to begin in this town, and I began my operations by requisitioning the sender's name from the postmaster.1 Deferring to this order, this official delivered to me registry slip no. 552, which revealed the name of the sender, a certain j. H. FARMER (Item no. 1). I immediately began to search for this individual. With the help of the Rufisque police, I found him at the home of a certain WILSON, a Sierra Leonean subject. The latter is well known in pan-African associations: he was reported by the royal prosecutor of Lissalo [Lisala], Belgian Congo, when, in connivance with Mr. WEBER, he attempted to win followers among this colony's blacks by showing a letter announcing the recent creation of a vast organization, the "Black Star Line," with headquarters at 56 West 135 Street, New York City U.S.A. The Black Star Line is nothing but the maritime branch of the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" whose President is the notorious MARCUS GARVEY.

I thus immediately proceeded to search the home of these individuals, who lived in a single room in a native apartment building, and I discovered: 1) A copy of a speech written in the hand of J. H. FARMER, which, translated by Mr. HURLIMAN, who helped us as intepreter, indicated that the speech was delivered at a meeting held on the occasion of the coming to Rufisque of an envoy o f MARCUS GARVEY, a certain J o h n CAMARA [KAMARA].

This tract leaves no doubt about the bellicose intentions of this association (Item no. 2). 2) Menus of a dinner given on the occasion of John CAMARA'S visit to Rufisque, followed by the slogan: "One God! One Aim! One Destiny!" 463

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On the back are announcements of speeches given by members of the association I) in honor of MARCUS GARVEY by w. A. WILSON; 2) to welcome John

CAMARA by j. H. FARMER 3) a program by the President of the Rufisque branch Selim MUSTAPH.

3) A copy of a letter addressed by the Secretary of the Rufisque branch w. A. WILSON to the Secretary-General of the U.N.I.A., informing him of the arrival of John CAMARA, assuring him of their total devotion to the sacred cause and informing him of the creation of their committee. He adds that one should not be concerned about the small number of members, that it is only a beginning and that the movement will be widespread (Item no. 4). 4) A copy of another letter written along similar lines to the U.N.I.A. and announcing the departure of John CAMARA for Bathurst and the payment of the sum of 40 francs for his travel expenses (Item no. 5). 5) A copy of a letter also addressed to the Secretary-General of the U.N.I.A. announcing that they have accepted John CAMARA'S proposals and that they are joining the association (Item no. 6). 6) Five issues of the newspaper "The Negro World," whose entry into F.W.A. is prohibited (items nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11). 7) Various U.N.I.A. leaflets containing commercial propaganda (item no. 12). 8) A poster announcing an extraordinary meeting with a photograph of MARCUS GARVEY ( I t e m n o . 13).

9) Various propaganda leaflets with photographs of MARCUS GARVEY (Item no. 14). 10) A copy of the statutes of the U.N.I.A. (Item no. 15). 11) A photograph of j. H. FARMER (Item no. 16). 12) A photograph of w. A. WILSON and his wife (Item no. 17). 13) A copy of meeting minutes with the heading "U.N.I.A. Propaganda Dakar 5 May i922["] (Item no. 18). 14) Another register containing copies of various documents (Item no. 19). 15) A propaganda leaflet with an appeal to the black race (Item no. 20). 16) A similar leaflet (Item no. 21). This being done, I carried out the interrogation of these individuals, from which I have drawn the following conclusions. (You will find the official records enclosed.) It is proved without question that WILSON and John FARMER are the movement's instigators in Senegal and that they have formed U.N.I.A. branches in Dakar, Rufisque, Thies, Meckhe [Mekhe], and Bambey. That the Universal Negro Improvement Association has sent an envoy to Africa with the mission of organizing the movement, since this individual, after

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having stopped in Senegal, went to English Gambia, and plans to go from there to Sierra Leone, where the U.N.I.A. is to send him money. Nevertheless, it appeared to me that the rank and file was tricked by these crooks into joining the various branches because those whom I questioned seemed to me rather gullible fools who thought they were joining a mutual aid society and not a political organization. From the documents seized it does not appear to me that these individuals played an active part in the organization. Only the President of the Rufisque branch, Selim MUSTAPH, a doddering old man, on whom the Director of the Compagnie Française, where he has worked for 33 years, gives excellent information. Finally this organization is quite new and I believe that the deportation of WILSON and FARMER from the French Colonies will nip in the bud this effort at disorder in the Colony.1 Nevertheless I believe that we should continue to keep tight surveillance, and that we may come across another organization led by Francis WEBER, DOHERTY and Co., no trace of which was discovered either in the investigation or in the documents found in the searches. POURROY

AS, 21 G/126. TL, carbon copy. Translated from French. 1. This remark helps explain why the investigations were concentrated in Rufisque instead of Dakar, and why some potentially valuable leads, such as the information about the Dahomean da Costa, who was in contact with Francis Webber, were apparently neglected. The Dakar branch of the U N I A came into existence prior to the Rufisque branch, and was more centrally based; it thus was much more likely to have had contact with politically minded French Africans (AS, 21 G / 1 2 6). 2. The deportation of foreign Africans had been made possible by the arrêté of 19 April 1922, which applied provisions of the decree of 1 August 1921 to deal with Africans deemed to be troublesome. This decree was originally made applicable only to non-African foreigners. To justify this change, Colonial Minister Albert Sarraut cryptically wrote about "certain events" that had made this necessary (Journal officiel de l'Afrique occidentale française, 29 April 1922, p. 258).

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Transmittal receipt of telegram from J. H . Farmer, Rufisque, Senegal, to U N I A headquarters, N e w York (Source: A S , Box B-13)

Enclosure: Speech by John Farmer and Toasts at Farewell Banquet for John Kamara Rufisque, Senegal [ca. 24 May 1922] Gentlemen, As proposed members' of the Rufisque Branch of the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L., we are gathered together to honour the departure of our countryman Mr. John 466

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Kamara, who has been commissioned to this West Coast of ours to spread the Garv[ey]ism Propaganda and effect organizations where possible. His activities in our midst have born[e] fruits, and we are now at the threshold of a working branch of this great movement. It is indeed a marvelous realization, that after hundreds of years of oppression; after such mighty sweeps by military nations into the oppressed territories of our beloved Africa; after great upheavals in Europe, in America, in Asia and the Islands of the seas; the black race, so long used to suffer oppression as a matter of fact, can now rise to universal efforts to redeem Africa: efforts which have awakened the sleeping negro with an unfailing grasp; an enthusiasm which has created a new negro and alarmed his oppressors; a zeal that has inspired us to the formation of a branch of the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L., the only negro organization that plans for the entire redemption of Africa: the complete evacuation of alien rulers from African territories. Resident under French Territorial Administration, we are quite aware of our inconveniences; we have our grievances, we feel the heavy tread of foreign oppression; we tolerate every stroke of injustice through Africans in Africa, all because we are powerless to make our complaints heard; powerless to remove the yoke of aggression, which in the white man's way, he considers, protection, development, yea, liberty. Far on the other side of the Atlantic; far in foreign lands, in North, East, West & South of America and in the West Indies, whither our ancestors were transported into slavery, the universal note has been raised; Africa has heard the call to unity; the whole negro race is rising to a man, and woe to them that shall sleep too long. We here can sleep no more; Ethiopia is stretching forth her hand, and we believe in "One God, One Aim, One Destiny." Few now in numbers, there is strength in our ranks and we should strive to expand and bring to this branch our many friends and associates, who surely have a part in this universal pull for an African Republic. Our faith is in God and our able leaders; our hope is in ourselves; we have only to stick to the colours of the Red, the Black and the Green and uphold those high ideals reserved in the constitution. Who can doubt God's justice in that He made the Caucasian, the Mongolian, the Red Indian and the Negro of different colours to suit certain surroundings, clime and country? Who can dispute the Negro's place in Africa? "Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand," that hand has appeared on the horizon; the longing eyes of the oppressed negro in every part of the world are set heavenward to see Africa redeemed; the march has been organized by the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L., the alarm has sounded loud and clear reverberating through the negro communities scattered in the five great continents; and the oppressors beholding this strange spectacle are arrayed to stem the tide; but, the cup of affliction is full and running over, the march is steady, impregnable and firm; the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L. leads, knowing no defeat; it is victory or death; Africa free or the annihilation of 400,000,000 negroes with their backs to the wall. Members, you who have consented to the formation of this branch, our task is not a small one. We have to put our hands to the wheel, and "with all the 467

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powers God and nature has put into our hands" work with a will steering to one end—the entire emancipation of the great negro race. If we cannot do much here under French Colonial Administration, we can do our utmost to further the universal aims of the association by our moral and financial support. You who are officers, take upon you the cloak of righteousness, and as best as you know how, conduct the affairs of this branch in honour to the oaths you shall soon be called upon to take. Assenting friends of this body, preach Garve[y]ism unceasingly; remember "delays are dangerous." One cannot be a negro and conscientiously keep away from this association. You abuse God's Omniscience to disbelieve the rise of the negro. What great project of the past that today serve the entire human race that has not met with opposition and persecution? "Where there is a will, there must be a way." Stand for the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L. at all costs; henceforth and forever keep the colours of the Red, the Black and the Green. Brother Kamara, our own countryman who will soon leave our company has done nobly in risking propaganda in French territory. His manliness and steadfastness has won our hearts; and consenting to this formation let us drink to his health which I / n o w / propose heartily:—With filled glasses:— A F T E R D I N N E R SPEECHES

1. The Health of His Excellency Marcus Garveyf,] President General of the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L.[,] Commander of the African Legion & First Provisional President of Africa by Mr. W. A. Wilson 2. The Health of the evening's Guest Mr. John Kamara[,] U.N.I.A. & A.C.L. Commissioner, W[est] C[entral] A[frica] by Mr. J. H. Farmer 3. Remarks by the President Rufisque Branch by Salim Mustaph Esq. A S , 21 G / 1 2 6 . A D , from the autograph notebook of John Farmer. A typed copy of this document is in A S , 17 G / 5 2 (17), and a French translation is in A S , 7 A / 6 2 . 1. Unlike the Dakar group, which had its first formal meeting on 7 May 1922, the Rufisque group was still an "intended" branch of the U N I A that had not yet received approval in New York. Later investigations revealed that the Rufisque group had begun to be formed only two months prior to the French police investigation of June 1922. U N I A propaganda in Dakar, however, had begun as early as 1921. Most of the U N I A material seized by the French police was found in Rufisque (AS, 21 G/126).

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Enclosure: List of Items Seized by Senegal Police SEIZURE CARRIED O U T AT H O M E OF J . H . FARMER AND WILSON

1 ) a journal of the statutes of "The Universal Negro Improvement Association" 2) a notebook with various documents and minutes of meetings 3) propaganda handbills 4) 29 documents 5) 3 issues of the Negro World newspaper 6) a "Meeting Extraordinary" handbill carrying the photo of president Marcus Garvey 7) a notebook with minutes of meetings 8) 4 unopened letters 9) one sealed letter addressed to A. Harvey Hatchard, London 10) one photograph of John Farmer and one photo of Wilson J [ E A N ] POURROY J [ E A N ] LOCARNI W [ I L F R I D ] A . WILSON J [ O H N ] H [ E N R Y ] FARMER A S , 21 G / 1 2 6 . A D S . Translated from French. T h e same archival file contains a typed copy o f this list signed by Louis Aujas.

Enclosure: Police Report on Interrogation of Wilfrid A. Wilson Central Commissariat of Dakar 13 June 1922 In the year one thousand nine hundred twenty two and the thirteenth of the month of June we Jean POURROY chief police superintendent of the City of Dakar, criminal investigator representing the public prosecutor, Assisted by: 1) Jean LOCARNI, police superintendent, acting as secretary 2) Mr. HURLIMAN, merchant, serving as English interpreter Acting on the authority of the Governor of Senegal, in conformity with article 10 of the Criminal Code, to the effect of searching the homes of natives 469

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WILSON, DACOSTA [DA COSTA] and any other individuals whom searches might reveal as propagandists of movements liable to disturb the peace and tranquillity of colony.1 We summon: Mr. WILSON Wilfrid Ascanions [Ascanius] Indouishu born 13 July 18772 in Porto-Novo (Dahomey) of the late Joseph and the late TIBIA [TIRIA?], commercial employee, 3 children, living in Rufisque, claiming to have a clean police record, whom we interrogate as follows: Q. Will you tell us under what terms you are housing a certain John FARMER? A. I first met John FARMER in Dakar where he was employed at Elder Dempster Co. He was introduced to me later at the Anglican church. The aforementioned company had brought him to Dakar as a typist to replace Mr. WILLIAMS, who had gone on leave. Having decided to find another position for which he absolutely needed to know French, he decided to learn that language. He was sent to me to that end and in order to make the task easier I decided to accommodate him at my home. This was convenient for him, especially since his wife had recently died in Dakar. These occurrences date back about 16 days. Q. More specifically, do you know of his political connections? A. I know of no political connection of his. Q. Is he not a member of the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" whose president is the well-known agitator Marcus Garvey? A. One day at about 7 P.M. he brought to my house a man named John Kamara, saying, "this is a man from my country. He is returning from America with the mission to recruit for an American Association the largest possible number of blacks in order to educate them[."] Q. Was that the only aim of this propaganda? A. No. He added that Marcus Garvey was spending a great deal of money in Liberia, where he himself hoped to go in order to establish propaganda centers. He had the intention of founding schools where blacks could educate themselves at a lower cost and learn a trade in order to earn their living later on.3 Letting myself be taken in by these ideas I decided to send my two children to Liberia. Many people in Rufisque did as I did. Q. Did this program not surprise you when as an English subject you could take advantage of English education, which is given to you without haggling? Did he not hide other intentions under that slogan? A. No, I had no idea at the time that projects other than education might be involved because in Sierra Leone the English allowed Americans to set up the "Albret [Albert] Academy" 4 secondary school. Q. Is there a similar institution in Senegal? A. Not that I know of. Q. However, you are not unaware that a certain John Kamara, special envoy of Marcus Garvey, is traveling throughout F.W.A. to recruit followers for this association? A. I took advantage of John FARMER being away to question John Kamara, 470

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who told me that indeed we should send our children to the Association where in return for a minimal contribution we would get back a great deal more. Q. You therefore accepted? A. Before accepting I wrote to the Secretary of "The Universal Negro Improvement Association," who has not yet responded. Q. Do individuals who join this association pay dues? A. It is certainly probable but for my part I did not fall for it. Q. Were there any who "fell for it," as you say so well? A. I vaguely heard this, but I do not know them. Q. However, looking through the items seized at your home, we noted that committees of "The Universal Negro" were set up in Senegal, in Dakar, Rufisque, and other places. You are even secretary of the Rufisque branch? A. These committees have no relationship to the American Association. Q. Then why did we find in your papers leaflets, copies of correspondence, photos of Marcus Garvey, etc., if you really have no connection with this American association? A. I only acted in the interest of my children. Q. Have you nothing more to add to your statement? A. I do. If I had had the slightest idea that Marcus Garvey's envoy, Mr. John Kamara, had anti-European political ideas I would not have welcomed him in my home. I have served 33 years in the French Colonies and I would never revolt against French laws. I have never seen the papers you are showing me now and I am convinced that they were brought by Mrs. FARMER on her return from Sierra Leone. Q. It is nevertheless disturbing to see you quite clearly involved in this American communist movement; briefly, in the documents we consulted your name appears often as one of the main leaders of "The Universal Negro Improvement Association" in F.W.A. This, moreover, is how many of our compatriots view you. A. I am not involved in any way in that organization and if my compatriots have indeed accused me it must be Gibbs and associates against whom I have filed several complaints. After reading this, Wilson stood by his statements and signed with us, the interpreter and the clerk. Signed: POURROY LOCARNI HURLIMAN WILSON

[Endorsement:] True copy. Lfouis] AUJAS

AS, 21 G/126. TLS, carbon copy. Translated from French. 1. Most of the individuals indicted in the UNIA affair in Senegal had some kind of connection with the Elder Dempster shipping company. This may indicate the way in which UNIA material infiltrated into Senegal via black American sailors. Among those who worked or had worked for

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Enclosure: Police Report on Interrogation of John Henry Farmer Central Commissariat of Dakar 13 June 1922 In the year one thousand nine hundred twenty-two and the thirteenth day of the month of June we Jean POURROY Central Commissioner of Police of the City of Dakar Officer of Judiciary Police auxiliary to the Public Prosecutor Assisted by: 1) Mr. Jean LOCARNI, Commissioner of Police, acting as Secretary, 2) Mr. HURLIMAN, merchant summoned by us to serve as an interpreter of English, Acting as a delegation of the Governor of Senegal, in conformity with article 10 of the Criminal Code, to the effect of searching the homes of natives WILSON, DACOSTA [DA COSTA], and all other individuals whom searches might reveal to be propagandists of movements threatening to trouble the tranquillity and security of the Colony; We went to the home of said WILSON where we learned that the abovenamed John FARMER had been in Rufisque for about two weeks and that he was living with him. He was presented to us and we put the following questions to him: Q. Are you corresponding with the American Marcus Garvey? A. No. I do not know him. Q. Have you never written him? A. No. Q. Do you recognize the cigarette case I am presenting you? A. Yes, it belongs to me. Q. Where did you lose it? A. I believe I lost it in Dakar. Q. What did this cigarette case contain when you lost it? A. Various postal receipts including one addressed to an American association, but it does not belong to me. It is a certain John KAMARA, of Soussou origin 472

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who, not knowing how to write, asked me to write a letter for him and to mail it. I was paid for it. Q. What did that letter say in substance? And to whom was it addressed? A. It was addressed to an organization known under three different names: the "Black Estar [Star] Line" "African Comunistes [Communities] Leagee [League]" and "The Universal Negro Improvement Association" in New York City. John KAMARA announced his safe arrival in Dakar and said that he was leaving for Bathurst. He requested the funds necessary for this voyage, which were to be sent to him in Sierra Leone. Q. Is that all it said? A. Yes. Q. What is the aim of these associations? A. It is an organization which teaches the natives of Africa various professions and when they are educated sends them back to their country of origin. It is well known in Sierra Leone that the Mayor of Freetown1 is involved as its President. The meetings are public and are normally held at the city hall. Q. Is this the postal receipt which refers to the letter of John KAMARA? A. Yes. Q. Why did you send it in your name? A. That is the custom in Sierra Leone, that the person who knows how to write sends the letters in his name even if he is not the interested party. Only I put on the letter itself the phrase: John FARMER x for John KAMARA illiterate. It is the latter who wrote the x. Q. It is a matter of public notoriety, and the international press has often spoken of it, that the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" is an organization having as its aim communist activities tending toward returning Africa to the blacks. A. For my part I always thought that it was a mutual aid and education society. Q. Why did you say at the beginning of this interrogation that you did not know of Marcus Garvey while you now define in your own fashion the objective of his association? A. I did not know Marcus Garvey but I knew the "Universal Negro Improvement Association." I also have a prospectus in which it is formally forbidden to address correspondence to any individual. Q. Can you show us this prospectus? A. No. It belonged to John KAMARA who took it with him. (We explained to John PARMER [FARMER] that we were going to proceed with a visit to his home and asked him if he wished to oppose it. He answered that he saw no problem with that.) Consequendy we proceeded with a detailed search in which numerous documents were seized. Given the late hour we put off the remainder of our operations to this afternoon and sign the present official report with the interpreter, the clerk, and PARMER after having asked of the latter if he had any observations to make. He 473

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answered us: "Among the papers you have seized are some which my wife brought from Sierra Leone and of whose provenance I am unaware." WILSON, present at the search, signs along with us. Signed: POURROY LOCARNI HURLMAN WILSON FARMER [Endorsement:]

True copy. L[ouis]

AUJAS

AS, 2i G/126. TDS, carbon copy. Translated from French. i. E. H. Cummings (b. 1863), a merchant, was elected mayor of Freetown in 1915, 1917, 1918, 1921, and 1922. He had been educated locally at the Wesleyan High School for Boys and had attended Queen's College, Taunton, England, returning to Sierra Leone in 1885. He also served on the Legislative Council in 1924, and was the local president of the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society. His son, E. H. Taylor Cummings, was a medical doctor. There is no direct evidence, however, that the elder Cummings was a UNIA member (Akintola J. G. Wyse, "The Dissolution of Freetown City Council in 1926: A Negative Example of Political Apprenticeship in Colonial Sierra Leone," Africa 57, no. 4 [1987]: 422-438; Allister Macmillan, ed., The Rei Book of West Africa [1920; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1968], p. 264; T. N. Goddard, The Handbook of Sierra Leone [London: Grant Richards, 1925], pp. 289-290; Martin Kilson, Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966], p. 137).

Enclosure: Police Report on Supplemental Interrogation1 of Wilfrid A. Wilson Dakar, 21 June 1922 In the year one thousand nine hundred twenty two and the twenty-first of June, we Jean POURROY chief police superintendent of the City of Dakar, criminal investigator representing the public prosecutor. Following an administrative investigation and a search, three copies of the newspaper "The Negro World," banned in F.W.A. by arrêté of the governorgeneral dated 14 January 1922, were discovered at Wilfrid Wilson's residence in Rufisque. Consequendy we summoned him before us and questioned him as follows: Q. What is your civil status? A. Wilson (Wilfrid, Ascanious [Ascanius]) born in Cotonou (Dahomey), on 13 June 1877, son of Joseph Wilson and Tiria Wilson née Tougara, married, three children, commercial employee, living in Rufisque, literate, with a clean police record. Q. Three copies of "The Negro World" newspaper, banned in F.W.A., were discovered in a trunk in your bedroom during a search of your residence in Rufisque. Could you tell us why this newspaper was in your home? 474

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A. My answer is very simple: 1. I did not know that this newspaper was banned in Africa, otherwise I would not have kept it. 2. These copies belonged to John Farmer, whom I have accommodated in my home for about 15 days to three weeks. Q. But you did know that John Farmer had them with him? A. I was completely unaware of this. Q. You just told us that if you had known that this newspaper was banned you would not have kept it in your home? A. I was talking about John Farmer, because if I had known before he came to my house that he had all those papers that you seized, I would have asked him to get rid of such compromising documents. Q. You must know that apart from the issues seized in your Rufisque home another issue was found at your domicile in Dakar, 108 Rue Vincens. Explain this to us. A. The police officer who searched my domicile could tell you that my door had no lock and that it was easy to enter my residence. I am convinced that somebody brought this issue there while I was away in order to harm me. Q. Who could have such a grudge against you? A. Gibbs, the British proconsul who hates me and harasses me and has often threatened to have me deported. Q. Thus you are accusing him of having brought the paper in question into your residence? A. Yes, most definitely. He was often seen loitering around my place while I was away. Q. Supposing this was true, how did the newspaper in question come into his possession? A. He has heaps of them at home and I can prove that he sold these to my fellow countrymen for 0.60 francs apiece. Q. How does he get them? A. Sailors on the ships calling at Sierra Leone and America bring them. Gibbs knows them well and he invites them to his home. Everybody knows this in the British community. I can prove it. Q. How? A. By the testimony of a certain Brown, 107 Rue Blanchot; he told me he bought some from Gibbs for 0.60 francs apiece. I should add that on Saturday, 10 June, on the corner of Rue Victor Hugo, where Gibbs's supporters meet every evening, I was disguised as a woman, so I would not be recognized, when I heard Gibbs tell Henri Wenn,2 an employee at Elder Dempster, David Brown, and a woman, Annie Roberts: "Be careful! Did you burn all the newspapers you have? Because I wrote Thompson, a tailor in Rufisque, to ask him to write the British consul general that the Negro World is in Rufisque. As soon as he receives the letter, Mr. Maugham will inform the governor-general, who will order searches everywhere.[ w ] Wenn answered, " D o not worry. I burned mine." 47)

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Q. That's all well and good, but are you the only person to have heard this conversation? A. Yes, unfortunately. Q. Who are the British native subjects who read the "Negro World"? A. You will find issues at the homes of Duke, a tailor, Rue Blanchot; David Brown, timekeeper at Elder Dempster. The latter also told me that he had bought some from Gibbs for 0.60 francs apiece. And if you want to put the screws (sic) to Wenn, Brown, and Gibbs, you will quickly find out how these newspapers are brought in. Q. You must know something yourself in order to be so positive in your accusations? A. Oh, it is very simple: Wenn and Brown are timekeepers on Elder Dempster ships. Now, this company owns many ships which call at America and Sierra Leone. American blacks are on these ships and they are also invited to the British consulate where Gibbs works. The Negro World is brought into Senegal with his complicity and that of Brown and Wenn. Q. You have nothing more to say? A. No, but a certain Thomson, a tailor in Rufisque, has not been reported to you. If you search his home, you will find documents which will interest you. After reading this, [Wilson] stood by his statements and signed with us. W . A . WILSON J . POURROY

We summoned the native Winston Williams, 29 years old, typist at Elder Dempster, who, once questioned, told us: I very often saw issues of the Negro World in the hands of Gibbs in the past, but I have stopped seeing him for a long time and I do not know if he still has any. I cannot remember if he sold me any for 0.60 [francs]. Said nothing more, was questioned no more, and signed with us after reading. W . O . WILLIAMS J . POURROY

A search at the home of the above-named will form the subject of another official report. We then summoned David Emmanuel Brown, 26 years old, employee at the Elder Dempster company, living at 15 Rue Victor Hugo. After being questioned, he told us: I do not know this newspaper about which you are talking. I've never had an issue in my possession, nor have I ever bought one from Mr. Gibbs. Q. On 10 June, you were standing on the corner of Rue Victor Hugo with your friends Venn and Gibbs and a woman, Annie Roberts, when Gibbs warned you that the police were going to begin searching for issues of the "Negro 476

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World" newspaper, which is banned in F.W.A., and you answered and Venn also answered, "I am not afraid. I burned mine." Is this correct? A. None of this is true. I never go to Rue Victor Hugo. Q. Your answer is incorrect; did you not just tell us that you live on Rue Victor Hugo? A. I do but I stay at home, I do not hang around talking with others in the street. After reading this, stood by his statements and signed with us. J. POURROY D . E. BROWN

A search at the home of the above-named will form the subject of another official report. AS, 21 G/126. ADS. On Senegal police report form. Translated from French. 1. Wilson had two residences, one in Dakar and one in Rufisque. It was the discovery of copies of the Nejro World in his Dakar residence that motivated further police interrogation (AS, 21 G/126). 2. This name is presented in various forms in the documents: the forename is given both as Henry and as Henri; the surname appears as Wenn, Venn, and (once) Venne; the middle name, when given, is consistently Adolphe. Since the correct form of the name could not be ascertained, these variants have been left as they stand in the documents with no correction inserted.

R. J. Ndimande,1 UNIA Division, Cape Town, to the Negro World [[Cape Town, 20 June 1922]] Sir: Kindly grant me a space in your valuable paper to say that in the space of four and a half years since the U.N.I.A. has started there is a big difference in the ground the Universal Negro Improvement Association has covered. The world seems very much trembling. The statesmen are busily engaged thinking how to exploit the U.N.I.A., for they know that the Universal Negro Improvement Association is the rise of the world's power. The African star is shining in the horizon, the more you look the less you will see. Appealing to the 400,000,000 black souls of the world, that if we can be with one accord, Africa can be redeemed within a space of five or ten years. Believe me, Yours fraternally, R . J. NDIMONDE [NDIMANDE]

Printed in NW, 5 August 1922. Headlines omitted. 1. R. J. Ndimande, a frequent correspondent to the Negro World from 1922 until at least 1927, was active in the Woodstock U N I A division in Cape Town. A note in the African World, while not mentioning Ndimande by name, appears to refer to his work (African World [Cape Town], 20 June 1925).

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R. C. F. Maugham to Chief of Police of the Gambia Dakar, 21.6.22 and 22.6.22 Webber has, I understand, gone to S' Leone. It is probable he will return—The D.P.&T. tells me he believes that the Khaki Cloth was paid for twice & that both amounts were drawn by Webber. 2. If this be so, I can proceed against Webber & while doing so, wld. have an opportunity of obtaining access to any seditious papers or propaganda in his possession. At present the Rev. Oldfield is living in Mr. Nichols house—I dont think any good purpose would be served in searching that house now, if even we had legal authority to do so, for it is unlikely anything would be found. 3. To do so unsuccessfully, moreover, would in the circ[umstance]s be inadvisable, for it would provide the parties concerned with a grievance to air & make political capital of— 4. On Webber's return I shall find a means of obtaining all the necessary information. 5. John Camara [Kamara] has apparently not arrived—I am on the look out for him & will report when he does. 5. It is possible he may be employed in the Senegalese or our own Protectorate—if travelling overland, he would probably come by way of Saboya1 & unless he is busy, shd. have been here long ago. 6. Some rules about passports appear to be necessary—The Passport Ord 19 of 1915 (vol. 1 p. 550—) gave no power to prevent people landing who have no passports. I know of no means or authority for our doing so.2 The Customs ask people for their passports & if they have not got one, they tell them they cannot land. If the person insisted on doing so, I do not know any penal means of meeting the case. I would be glad of a legal opinion as to what action, if necessary, could be taken. 7. During the war this question could be met by Order-in-Council under Dora [Defense of the Realm Act], but that I believe is no longer operative. 8. I suggest that if legislation is introduced to meet the evil of vagrancy & undesirables, as suggested in my recent letter on that subject, provision might be made giving power to prevent the landing of persons without passports except under certain guarantees, & the satisfaction of H.E. The Governor or some authority appointed by him. 8. I understand from D.P.&T that Mr. Nicoll is not due back from S. Leone before August. I wld. be glad however if he eld. be instructed to take steps as early as possible to place in my hands all the information in detail as to the circs, under which the Khaki was bought & to whom the advance was paid, together with dates, receipts &c.

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9. I wld. also be glad if this In.P. could be sent back to me when you have finished with it. In the meanwhile I am watching for the arrival of any of the persons mentioned in (1) & will report. Cfonsul] G[eneral] GPRO, Confidential 727. ANI, copy. 1. Saboya is a village in Senegal, just north of the Gambian border about twenty-five miles from the coast. It would have been an ideal point through which to enter the Gambia surreptitiously from Senegal, as it lies on the Miniminiyang Creek, which flows into the Gambia River (Francis Bisset Archer, The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook [1906; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1967]). 2. Because Senegal and Gambia shared five hundred miles of largely unguarded border, it was virtually impossible for either colonial government to control passage between the two colonies. Kamara would have needed a visa had he traveled by ship from Dakar to Bathurst.

Marcus Garvey to Albert Sarraut [New York] June 22, 1922 The President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, Hon. Marcus Garvey, presents his compliments to His Excellency, the Secretary of State for the Colonies and begs that he will reply to the letter written him on April 21, 1922 by the Honourable Marcus Garvey. 1 ANSOM, SLOTFOM 88, série III, carton 84 (2). TL, recipient's copy. On UNIA parent body letterhead. 1. It appears that the text of this letter is identical to Garvey's letter to the Italian secretary of state, which appears as an enclosure to document printed at j June 1922.

Sir George Smith to G. Stadler Government House, Zomba, Nyasaland, 23rd June 1922 Dear Mr. Stadler, Many thanks for your letter of the 7th April and for the copies of the "Negro World" which have come regularly. It has been most kind of you to have taken the trouble you have to get me these copies. I have read them with much interest and the production is poisonous and mischievous to a degree only those who have dealings with the crude African can properly appreciate. I cannot find that the paper circulates in Nyasaland, but to be on the safe side and intercept copies I have prohibited it under power conferred on me by a Seditious Publication Ordinance I passed a few years ago. 1 In these circumstances it will perhaps be some relief to you not to send me any more copies unless, in looking them

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through yourself, you saw anything which indicated fresh activities in this area of Africa. I am indeed very grateful for all you have done in the past. I hope you have now found comfortable and more permanent quarters to live in and that peace and good order exist in Jo'burg, but with the precarious state of the mines you must feel that there are many elements of further disturbance around you, unless the punishment meted out the last time has been truly effective. There must be however plenty of scope still for Bolshevism to take a further hold of the people. With kindest regards to Madame. Sincerely yours, G . SMITH

NaMal, S 2/30/20. TLS, carbon copy. 1. The Seditious Publications (Prohibition) Ordinance of 1918 was instituted at the recommendation of the Nyasaland Native Rising Commission, established to investigate the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915. The ordinance was subsequently used to expel from Nyasaland those who dared to import copies of publications such as the Negro World or Workers' Herald, edited by Clements Kadalie (George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 191j [Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958], pp. 390, 494).

480

JUNE 1922

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481

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Wilfrid A. Wilson to John Henry Farmer 104 Rue Vincens Dakar, 23 June 1922 Dear John, I am sorry you have not heard from me since my departure for Rufisque. The reason is that I have been waiting for something interesting to tell you. The news is not good, but I'll give it to you nevertheless. I was called to be interrogated again by the chief police superintendent. Don't be alarmed, I must tell you the whole truthf;] almost all the documents found in our possession were taken away although I was forced to say that we had written only for the reward which he gave us and that nothing in the letter was true, not the banquet, not the speeches, and that no organization was set up. Of course they do not believe this, and we must thus patiently bear our difficulties. In this regard, do you know that issues of the "Negro World" were found at my apartment; if it had been an African, I would have found it hard to believe. But a European made the search and found them. The key to my home was thus, without a doubt, taken, GIBBS did this intentionally, I explained this to the police superintendent but of course he did not believe me. I heard with my own ears a few days ago that this interrogation means nothing, because the consul general received a letter from THOMSON; at GIBBS'S request, he wrote at once to the governor, asking him to deport us, and they dare not refuse him this favor. GIBBS also said that the consul general told someone that I was insane but soon I'll be let go in Dakar; my fate is thus sealed, rest assured, we are sure to be expelled. My consolation is that I never was guilty of a hostile attitude toward any European, my employers or others, in my 33 years in a French colony. Two days before my deportation, I shall humbly ask the Governor to cable Conakry, Grand-Bassam,1 and Jacqueville2 to ask if I was ever in my life guilty of the least offense or violation of the law. I have a French certificate. My other request will be to ask what was the date when the sale of the "Negro World" was banned in F.W.A., and if the British consul officially informed British subjects of this measure, if the consulate office should be opened only to GIBBS and closed to all other British subjects. David BROWN publicly denied he ever bought the "Negro World" from Gibbs but I doubt that my complaint against BROWN and GIBBS will be listened to. My attorney informed me that the case was entirely administrative, so that not much can be done or said about it. I must keep my French certificates which are very good, they could be useful. Thus, you see I cannot do much here, the only thing for us still to do is go soon to Freetown to see the attorney SANGER and if John KAMARA (U.N.I.A. commissioner) is still there, we shall simply bring him before the French consul, Mr. BALUT,3 who will state whether we really did 483

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

create an association or hold a single banquet or whether we were in any way the disciples of MARCUS GARVEY. I would like you to understand clearly that the French governor is not responsible for all this and that he is acting only at the request of the Consul; so we must hold the British consul responsible for false accusation due to his dishonest employee and his selfish motives. I have lived in the French colonies for 33 years and have been very well treated even in places where there is no British consul. The existence of a British consulate here does more harm than good. I very much regret that you must suspend your French lessons; I believe you should give them up entirely because we shall no longer live in a French colony. As far as I could understand from GIBBS'S comments, the 30th of June is the date by which we will have to leave here. Tell my wife to begin selling my furniture and kitchen utensils at any price. I do not want to be burdened with a lot of luggage; my trunks will be enough. I hope you won't let this get you down; it will soon be over. I wrote my brother, suggesting that he buy one of my land parcels in order for me to have money to go directly to London as soon as I arrive back home, in order to regain my honor and rehabilitate myself. Affectionately to all, very sincerely yours, W. A . WILSON

N.B. No, John, we cannot stoop to the level of

GIBBS[;]

we are not of his kind.

AS, 21 G/126. TL, carbon copy. Translated from French translation of original English text, which is not extant. 1. Grand Bassam is a coastal town located approximately twenty-five miles east of Abidjan in Cote d'lvoire (P. H . Ady, Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Africa [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965], P- 7)2. The town of Jacqueville is located near the coast approximately forty kilometers west of Abidjan (The Times Atlas of the World [London: Times Books, 1992]). 3. M. M. Balut was the French consul in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in the 1920s (T. N. Goddard, The Handbook of Sierra Leone [London: Grant Richards, 1925], pp. 126, 194).

Article by Louis Goulut in VEveil Colonial1 [Dakar, 23-29 June 1922] A SERIOUS AFFAIR GARVEYISM IN F . W . A .

Our readers perhaps recall from articles on the Brussels Pan-Black Congress in L'Eveil Colonial that Mr. Blaise Diagne adopted a very clear oppositional standpoint, and that we congratulated him for the lesson he gave to those reckless revolutionaries who were too ready to follow the agitator Marcus Garvey. By a fortunate coincidence, the French government some time later sent a note of thanks to the Deputy of Senegal for his defense in Brussels of France's work in F.W.A. 484

JUNE 1922

Several days ago, people began to notice activity by the Dakar police as well as constant comings and goings of the Chief Police Superintendent. Moreover, people spoke of many searches made in Dakar, Rufisque, Khombole, 2 Bambey, etc. What was going on? A GARVEY ENVOY IN SENEGAL

A stroke of luck revealed the origin of anti-French correspondence and imminent revolutionary communist activity. Without wasting any time, the Governor of Senegal ordered an investigation and the police soon gathered the essential elements of an affair which could have had serious consequences for European colonization in F.W.A. Let us add that the plan included an imminent uprising of all Blacks in the world in order to drive away from Africa all the whites working for the improvement of this vast continent. The source of the movement is in New York, where Marcus Garvey lives and where the great newspaper "The Negro World," organ of the so-called emancipation of Blacks "oppressed by the whites," is published. Several weeks ago, a certain John Kamara landed in Rufisque, where he was welcomed by a fully organized committee. A banquet was held in his honor, and several speeches were made against the whites' presence in Africa. Very serious things were said. John Kamara then went to Dakar, where similar ceremonies were held in a building on Rue Blanchot; messages were sent to New York to confirm the activity of the Senegalese Committees for "the liberation of Africans from oppression by white peoples." Sign-ups were begun; then John Kamara hurried on to Bathurst. British authorities have been informed, and we have no doubt that they have taken all necessary precautions to quell the affair at its source. H E R E , NOTHING TO FEAR

As we were saying above, chance revealed the Garveyist organization in Senegal before it could develop as far as its instigators might have hoped. The Dakar public prosecutor's department and the Police acted quickly to bring about the necessary results. The agitators are well known. They are employed in large firms in Dakar and Rufisque and we can even say, from information obtained in Rufisque, that one of them has been in a commercial firm in this city for more than 30 years. This is an odd way to acknowledge the comforts accorded to him! We are following this affair very closely and we hope the public will be fully informed about this story, which throws a singular light on the leanings of some Senegalese who are constantly priding themselves on their French citizenship. Let us hope that we shall not see, flying over West Africa, the red-blackgreen flag, which is the symbol of the black revolution against European Civilization. 485

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Printed in L'Eveil Colonial (Dakar), 23-29 June 1922. Translated from French. 1. L'Eveil Colonial was a weekly newspaper published in Dakar between 1920 and 1922. It had offices in Bordeaux—an indication of its links with Bordeaux commercial interests, which then were very powerful in the Senegalese economy—and often directly intervened in Senegalese politics. The newspaper's editor, Louis Goulut, was a French attorney in Dakar (AOF, 16 March 1921; Marguerite Boulègue, "La presse au Sénégal avant 1939: Bibliographie," Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, no. 27 [1965]: 736-737). 2. Khombole was a village in a peanut-growing region in western Senegal, fifty miles east of Dakar on the railroad line (Leon E. Seltzer, ed., The Columbia Gazetteer of the World [New York: Columbia University Press, 1952, with 1961 supplement]).

A. S. Paterson,1 Acting British Consul General, Monrovia, to Acting Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs BRITISH CONSULATE GENERAL MONROVIA, LIBERIA, WEST AFRICA

June 26th, 1922 My Lord, With reference to the Under Secretary of State's Compliments No. 38 (T 12024/4883/350) of October 5th last and in continuation of Mr. Shepherd's despatch No. 105/21 of December 5th last2 I have the honour to report as a matter of record that Mr. Gabriel M. Johnson, who styles himself "Potentate & Supreme High Commissioner" of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, sailed for the United States of America yesterday, the 25 th instant, by the British Steamship "Bonny," which, after touching at other West African ports, is scheduled to proceed direct to Baltimore and New York. 2. Mr. Johnson relinquished the office of Mayor of Monrovia in consequence of the change in the method of Government of the City effected by the Act of February 8th 1922, a copy of which was forwarded with Mr. Shepherd's despatch No. 46 (64/22/0) of March 30th last.3 3. On this occasion a Mr. George Osborn Marke accompanied Mr. Johnson in the capacity of secretary. Mr. Marke is a British subject, a native of Sierra Leone and the holder of passport No. 4026 issued to him at Government House, Freetown, Sierra Leone, on July 16th, 1920, and which he presented at this office a few days before his departure with a request that it might be renewed since, as he pointed out, it would otherwise almost certainly expire before his arrival in the United States. As it had already been endorsed for travel in America and as the application for renewal—on the prescribed form— was supported by Captain T. H. W. Beard, D.S.C., Agent of Messrs. Elder Dempster & Co., Ltd., I acceded to his request but, in view of his connection with the Universal Negro Improvement Association, of which I was at the time unaware, Mr. Marke only being known to me as a teacher at the Liberia 486

JUNE 1922

College, 4 I think it advisable to mention the circumstance as a matter of record. 4. It is believed locally that the visit of these individuals to the United States is the outcome of some disagreement which has arisen between the Monrovia branch and the Head Office of the Association and that it is possible that Mr. Johnson may resign his appointment a result thereof. I have, etc., A . S. PATERSON

Acting British Consul-General PRO, FO 115/2766, 6059. TL, carbon copy. 1. Sir Alexander Swinton Paterson (1893-1980) served as vice-consul at Monrovia from 1921 to 1924. His later consular career brought him to Antwerp, Beira, New York, and the Dominican Republic (WWW). 2. This dispatch was probably destroyed; in the consular correspondence register for Liberia it is listed as "cancelled" (PRO, FO 820/6). 3. As early as 1917 it had been proposed that the national government take over the governance of Monrovia. When this move was finally made in February 1922, the city government was redesignated the "Commonwealth Corporation of Monrovia" and the head of the new body was called a commissioner. The abolition of the office of mayor removed the UNIA potentate, Gabriel Johnson, from a position of influence in Liberian political life (DNA, RG 59, file 882.101; Svend Holsoe, Institute for Liberian Studies, Philadelphia, to Robert A. Hill, 18 November 1985). 4. Liberia College, established in 1862, was the educational institution which produced the Liberian elite, although the education offered, according to outsiders, was rather mediocre (J. Gus Liebenow, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege [Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969], p. 104).

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas DAKAR 27 June 1922 Your letter 52 of 19 June regarding activities of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Senegal informed me of dispatch of translations of various documents seized in the course of domestic searches—stop—You have since sent me only the copies of two documents by letter 57 of June 23—stop —But I noticed in the report of central commissioner POURROY that many documents have been seized, notably the minutes of meetings, propagandist handbills, and appeals to black race, and copies of U N I A bylaws—stop—Please send me a.s.a.p. all dossiers regarding this affair so that I may make appropriate decisions—stop—Moreover, a letter from Wilson to General Secretary of U N I A reveals that branch of organization at Rufisque composed of following members: SELIM MUSTAPH, store clerk, president—ALPHA TAIRON [TAIROU] RENNER, businessman, treasurer—JOHN H. FARMER, typist—w. H. WILSON, store clerk—SALOU ROLLINGS, businessman—IBRAHIMA COLE, waiter—SALOU PASCHA, businessman— BASSIRON [BASSIROU] DENTON, businessman—LAMINA SAVAGE, jeweler—SALAME

WILLIAMS, jeweler—FRANCIS G. OLIVIER [OLIVER], writer—stop—If household searches have not been undertaken among all suspects, do so and proceed

487

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

immediately through central commissioner POURROY and commissioners COURT and LOCARNE [LOCARNI] who are given mandate such effect—stop—Report immediately and keep me constantly informed of results obtained[.] DIDELOT

AS, 21 G/126. TTGS, carbon copy. On Senegal government telegram form. Translated from French. Marked "Confidential."

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot Dakar, 28 June 1922 Further to my correspondence 46c, 47c, 49c, 50c, 52c, and 57c relative to propaganda by MARCUS GARVEY and the U . N . I . A of N e w York.

I have the honor to send you a translation of new documents regarding the affair of WILSON, FARMER, and associates.

The police investigation is complete. At the invitation of the Dakar public prosecutor, two days ago the chief police superintendent sent the public prosecutor: 1. His report and his minutes of interrogations relative to the smuggling of the foreign newspaper the "Negro World," banned in F.W.A. 2. His report and minutes of interrogations relative to presumed cases of fraud by Wilson, Farmer, and Alpha Renner. Mr. MERLO [MERLHE], after examining these documents, told me that the charge of fraud could not, in his opinion, be accepted, since no complaint had been made by the pseudo-victims, the sum supposedly swindled was low in value (40 frs), and the members who contributed, one 3 frs, another 5 frs, cannot convincingly argue that they did not know of the political aim of the association and that they believed they had joined a mutual aid society. The Chief Public Prosecutor shares his opinion. On the other hand, legal proceedings may be started immediately—i.e. after about 10 days (police court hearing)—for bringing in the foreign newspaper "The Negro World." There is also cause to charge almost all these English subjects for failing to register as foreigners (decrees of 1921 and 1922). Yet given the penalties incurred (fine of between 50 frs and 500 frs for the foreign newspaper), the Governor-General thought that it would be well advised to take the required administrative measure, namely deportation outside F.W.A. in application of the law of October [November] 1849 promulgated in Senegal. Indeed, we shall be able to summon the offenders before the police court only after 10 days; they will hire counsels who perhaps will request hearings, bring up exceptions and delaying tactics. Once sentence is passed, it will be appealed. It is even possible that they will appeal to the Cour de Cassation.1 We therefore run the risk of prolonging the affair in a manner out of proportion with reality. 488

JUNE 1922

The political measure of deportation has an immediate and powerful effect. Furthermore, it would be based on facts sufficient to give rise to penal proceedings, moreover, on the creation of an association having political aims and on the confusion, caused by propagandists, among our French native subjects of Senegal, who were, or who were going to be, solicited. To sum up, you will find below the names of the natives who were compromised in this affair, and who could be subjected to an administrative measure on one of the grounds listed after their names: OFFENSE W. W I L S O N

Did not register Affiliated with the as a foreigner U.N.I.A. organizer in Rufisque Yi

FARMER

V>

Received issues of the Negro World «

organizer of this association in Rufisque "

DOHERTY

DUKE

1 issue of the Negro World

Did not register President of the as a foreigner association in Dakar

F. J. [F. G.] BROWN

"

ALPHA RENNER

1 issue of the the Negro World

Secretary of the Dakar branch Treasurer of the Rufisque branch

The Governor-General is anxious to solve this affair rapidly; he has invited me to ask you, as a matter of utmost urgency, to begin to examine the documents in your possession and send him your suggestions, either in a letter or preferably a telegram, with a view toward taking measures against those you consider the most compromised and whose presence in F.W.A. is the most undesirable. I have enclosed in this letter a detailed report from Mr. POURROY and papers summarizing for each individual the accusations made against him.2 If you share my opinion, I will consider the deportation of: 1. W. WILSON 2. FARMER 3. DOHERTY 4. DUKE J. F. J. [F. G.] BROWN 6. ALPHA RENNER

489

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

I am reserving my opinion on the suspects living in Thtes (for example JAWARBA), about whom, while I have no proof in my file, you must have been informed by the cercle Commandants concerned. L [ . ] AUJAS A S , 21 G/126. T L S , recipient's copy. Translated from French. Stamped "Confidential." 1. France's supreme court of law. 2. This document, Jean Pourroy to Louis Aujas, 17 June 1922, appears as an enclosure to Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, printed at 19 June 1922.

Florent de Sélys-Fanson,1 Belgian Chargé d'Affaires, Washington, D.C., to Henri Jaspar WASHINGTON, D.C., 28 J u n e 1 9 2 2

In confirmation of my telegram No. 105 of 20 June, I wish to inform you that the authorities in charge of the case told me in confidence that Marcus GARVEY had been released on $2,500 bail and that it will probably be several months before he is tried. Yesterday, I received two confidential notes, one in English, copy enclosed, the other in French, the substance of which follows: Marcus GARVEY, at the beginning of his career, had very radical ideas. It seems that he preached: 1) For every negro killed, a white ought to be hanged; 2) That the negro race should rule all other races. The authorities were not long in checking his most dangerous doctrines. The "Black Star Line Inc." enterprise dates from that period, as does GARVEY'S arrest for fraud. Now he is free on bail and tours the South, giving lectures to restore his reputation, which was damaged by the failure of his undertaking. It is not possible to say at what date exactly GARVEY will appear in Court. In spite of everything, this man is still very popular among the negro population. However, the Police do not regard him as dangerous (he is not a danger against public safety),2 GARVEY is not an American citizen, and he can therefore be deported: he is a British subject, native of the West Indies, probably Jamaica. Following the note from this Embassy, No. 388, on the 16th of this month, I enclosed two copies of the "Negro World" of 24 June. You will find on the first page the text of the manifesto that Marcue [Marcus] GARVEY, president of the 49°

JUNE 1922

U.N.I.A., just addressed to negroes of the entire world, inviting them to attend the Third International Congress of negro peoples of the world to be held in New York, August ist~3ist. He announces the arrival of representatives from all over the world, beginning with Africa. On page 9, you will find in outline the coming congress's program.3 We should pay particular attention to points 4 and 6 because they concern 4. Discussion of projects for better government of negro populations of Africa . . . 6. Discussion of how to encourage and protect the independence of negro nationalities in Africa and elsewhere . . . I will certainly examine with utmost care the accounts of discussions at the congress and will point out all allusions to our colonial policy that might be made during these meetings. On 17 June, His Majesty's Ambassador took with him a complete bibliography concerning the race problem (see dispatch from your department, Direction 05, Order No. 268, 12 May) and he assures me that he will personally discuss this matter with your department. FLORENT DE SÉLYS

SAMAE, AF-1-1. TLS, recipient's copy. On Belgian embassy letterhead. Translated from French. 1. Florent de Sélys-Fanson was appointed to the Belgian Embassy in Washington in June 1921. He acted as chargé d'affaires in the absence of the ambassador, Emile de Cartier. z. Text within parentheses is in English in original document. 3. The advertisement for the convention, entitled "The Greatest Event in the History of the Negro Race," listed the dates and location of the conference as well as thirty-four items to be discussed, including the two referred to in the document (NW, 24 June 1922).

Enclosure: Confidential Note June 27, 1922 SUBJECT: MARCUS GARVEY

Marcue [Marcus] Garvey is an alien and a subject of the British West Indies. He is a very active worker among the colored people in this country, having organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Black Star Line, The Negro Factories Corporation, The African Communities League and [is] the publisher of the Negro World. On January 12, 1922, he was indicted on evidential facts presented to the Federal Grand Jury by the Post Office Authorities in that he did scheme to defraud people interested in the above mentioned organizations through the use of the U.S. Mails. Marcus Garvey is an extreme radical who for a time advocated the complete domination of all the peoples by the black race, however this was checked 491

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

immediately and he embarked on other enterprises which resulted in his indictment. Although indicted, Garvey, et al., still await trial. T h e financial condition of the aforementioned organizations is said to be in poor condition and are now the subject of an audit by the U . S . Department of Justice. SAMAE, AF-i-I. TD.

Cecil H. Armitage,1 Governor of the Gambia, to R. C. F. Maugham Bathurst, Gambia, 28 th June, 1922 Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Confidential letter N o . 384/255/22, and to thank you for having made me acquainted with this most important matter. 2. Francis Webber has visited Bathurst and is, I believe, now at Sierra Leone. I have, as yet, been unable to obtain any news of John Kamara, but careful enquiries are being made as to his whereabouts. 3. I may add that legislation will be introduced in the near future for the purpose of keeping undesirables out of the Colony and Protectorate. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient Servant, (Sgd.) C . H . ARMITAGE Governor and Commander-in-chief GPRO, Confidential 727. T L , carbon copy. 1. Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage (1869-1933) was posted to the Gambia in 1920, and he served as governor until 1927. Following service in the Ashanti campaign of 1895 a n d 1896, Armitage became inspector of the Gold Coast constabulary and then private secretary to Sir Frederick Hodgson, newly appointed governor of the Gold Coast. In this position he served in the 1900 Ashanti campaign—an episode that brought him special notice and, later, criticism. Armitage headed an expedition to capture the Ashanti Golden Stool, not realizing that it was symbolically the soul of both the kingdom and the people. For his efforts Armitage was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. He spent the next twenty years in the Gold Coast. He was commissioner of the Southern Province until 1910 and became known for his knowledge of—and sympathy for—the Ashanti. From 1910 to 1920 he was chief commissioner of the Northern Territories. Armitage was favorably regarded in Gambia for establishing the colony's agricultural department in 1924. He also founded the government-sponsored Armitage secondary school at Georgetown, upriver from the capital, which catered to the protectorate aristocracy. Armitage retired in 1927 (Times [London], 13 March 1933; Cecil H. Armitage, "The Gambia Colony and Protectorate," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 22 June 1928, pp. 811-818; Harry A. Gailey, A History of the Gambia [New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965], pp. 177-178; David P. Henige, Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present [Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970], p. 116; HDGa).

492

JUNE 1922

C. Thomas Forsbrook to A. J. Waters Rehoboth 29 th June/22

OFFICE OF THE MAGISTRATE,

ALLEGED NATIVE UNREST: REHOBOTH DISTRICT

I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your minute No C 248 of the 26 th inst covering a letter on the above subject from Dr Schebem [Scheben], In the above regard I beg to report as follows:— Quoting from Dr Scheben's l[e]tter— "That the Hottentots have collected funds at the instance of an "American negro"—In March last it was known in this office that letters signed by "GAWAIS" on behalf of an American Mission & asking for funds had been received by Hottentots in this District vide my confidential letter reporting same No. 3/7/21 of i8:3:22[.] [ . . . ] ' With regard to the Hereroes I do think that an element of danger is observable[,] e.g. they are buying horses on a large scale; they are displaying an amount of independence & arrogance which is without precedent. These different points lend to the belief that they are making preparations to rebel although it is highly probable that these preparations will not materialise until the wet weather sets in. [Marginal note in Manning's hand: Major Manning has] I am quite in sympathy with Dr Scheben in re the long distances which sep[a]rates one farm from the other. As you are aware, in all Natives trouble, the isolated settlers are the chief sufferers &, with a view to relieving this condition, I beg to submit the following recommendations:— 1. That a Police Post be established at Hoachanas.2 [Marginal note in handwriting of second endorsement writer: This Reserve is totally abandoned.] The strength to be at least three Europeans & two Native Constables. This post, should, I think, be controlled from this office rather than from Gibeon. 2. That a rifle Club3 be established with a branch at or near Hoachanas. Should this suggestion meet your approval I beg to suggest that I be advised of it at an early date. Numbers of the farmers will, I hope, be [illegible marginal note] here on the 2nd proximo to Meet H.R.H. The Governor-General4 & His Honour The Administrator & this will be a favourable opportunity bringing the matter forward. I shall be glad if you will also furnish me with a draft of rules & regulations which govern clubs of this nature in the country. 3. I would again urge the necessity of the Magistrate being more in touch with his district. I think a farm-to-farm visit is essential further, the Natives should occasionally see a senior official moving about. THOMAS FORSBROOK

agt/magistrate [Handwritten Endorsements:] Secy. Seen. I have never been into Rehoboth area & do not know conditions there except that

493

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS in 1915 we heard of many farm deserters going into that District to evade ordinary laws. C. N . M[anning] 3 / 7 / 2 2 Nat Com So soon as you have your reserve at Epikuro [Epukiro]' fixed up we can tackle these natives. [ initials illegible] 4/7/[«] Secy. Noted. A supt. has been sent to EPUKIRO to investigate as to suitability. C. N . M[anning] i 7 / 2 / [ 2 2 ] NaNam, A 396/6, Native Unrest: Rehoboth, 1915-1923. T L S . On magistrate letterhead. 1. The elided section contains a discussion of earlier inquiries. 2. Located about a hundred miles southwest of Windhoek, Hoachanas was the seat of the Red Nation Nama. An important peace treaty was signed there by the various Nama leaders in 1858 (Olga Levinson, Story of Namibia, 2d ed. [Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1978], p. 65). 3. The establishment of rifle clubs in white communities throughout South West Africa attests to the anxiety which both settlers and officials experienced during this period. 4. Arthur, Prince of Connaught (1883-1938), was both governor-general of the Union of South Africa and imperial high commissioner from 1920 to 1923. His duties were mainly ceremonial, with the imperial secretary in Cape Town conducting most political business. He traveled widely in South Africa and neighboring British territories, including South West Africa. A grandson of Queen Victoria and heir to a dukedom, he was commissioned to the Seventh Hussars in 1901 and served in South Africa during the South African War. Prior to his appointment as governor-general, Arthur represented Edward VII and George V in Portugal, Russia, Bavaria, Italy, and Japan, and served as aide-de-camp to Sir John French and Sir Douglas Haig in France (DSAB). 5. Epukiro was a Herero cattle-raising reserve in the Gobabis district of South West Africa

(.SESA).

Article in the Nigerian Pioneer [Lagos, Friday, June 30th, 1922] M A R C U S GARVEY AND THE LAW C O U R T "It seems to me that you have been preying upon the gullibility of your own people & c , " said Mr. Justice Panken1 at the close of the trial of Marcus Garvey in the Seventh Division Court, U.S.A., a short account of which was published in our contemporary African world and which we reproduce herein for the benefit of our readers.2 Many who became fanatics with the preposterous propaganda of Marcus Garvey have no doubt by now learnt to concentrate their interests on their domestic affairs if they have nothing better to do, but there are still others who will never be convinced even when the bare, grim fact stares them in the face. They are too immersed in the eccentricities of Marcus Garvey that they become a perfect skeptic and refuse to regard him as anything but a redeemer, a saviour of Africa whose advent has been awaited all these years to make Ethiopia rise. Justice Panken was of [the] opinion that the subscriptions collected by Marcus Garvey should have been better employed in building a hospital for coloured people in America, but we think it would have been far better if not best to have erected therewith a university to educate them to 494

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acquire sanity of the mind and the brain, particularly to enable them to distinguish between real and imaginary possibilities. Many people prefer to wait and be wise only after the event[;]-if they so wish to delay they will simply reap the regret inseparable therefrom. There is no doubt that Marcus Garvey had been preying upon the gullibility of people in Lagos, we being one of the few exceptions. Printed in the Nigerian Pioneer (Lagos), 30 June 1922. 1. Jacob Panken (1879-1968) was presiding judge in the April 1922 civil suits brought against Garvey for fraud and nonpayment of wages by former UNIA operative James D. Brooks and for nonpayment of dividends by Edward Orr, a BSL stockholder. Panken suspended decision on Orr's charges and found in favor of Brooks's claim for $750 in back wages (NTT, 5 February 1968; L&L, pp. 61, 417; MGP 4:619-622). 2. "Judge's Strictures on Marcus Garvey," reprinted from the African World (London), in the Nigerian Pioneer, 30 June 1922.

Marcel Olivier,1 Acting Governor-General of French West Africa, to Ministry of Colonies Dakar, 30 June 1922 Fortuitous circumstances having permitted discovery of traces of correspondence between several Sierra Leone natives living in Senegal and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, searches were conducted—stop—They revealed the organization in Senegal of sections of this society and led to the discovery of banned foreign newspapers, notably Negro World—stop—Although affair does not appear serious, in order to prevent any expansion or contamination, I propose to expel WILSON, FARMER, DOHERTY, DUKE, F. J. [F. G.] BROWN, and Alpha

RENNER, who have contravened regulations relating to foreigners living in F.W.A. and whose participation in propaganda for Marcus GARVEY doctrines is beyond doubt—stop—Am prescribing tight surveillance over five other Sierra Ixonean subjects against whom charges are insufficient to motivate immediate expulsion—stop—English consul general has been informed—stop—Am pleased to report no French native is implicated in this affair. OLIVIER

AS, 17 G/52. TTG. On official governor-general cablegram form. Translated from French. 1. Marcel Olivier (1879-1945) began his colonial career as director of cabinet for GovernorGeneral William Ponty in French West Africa. He remained in this post under Governors-General Clozel and Van Vollenhoven. In 1919 he was named governor of Haut-Sénégal Niger, replacing Auguste Brunet. In 1922 and 1923 he served as acting governor-general of French West Africa when Martial Merlin was in France (Journal officiel de l'Afrique occidentale française, 3 June and 2 December 1922; L'Afrique française, July 1922, p. 367; ibid., December 1922, p. 559).

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Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Marcel Olivier Saint-Louis, ist July 1922 Following discovery by Dakar police of receipt of registered letter N0.552 sent from Rufisque to American revolutionary association "THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION," and on recommendations Central Commissioner

Dakar and my Delegate, I authorized by telegraph 12 June, searches of residences of several English subjects living in Rufisque and Dakar and anyone else concerned, to seize any documents establishing propaganda likely disturb peace and security Colony. Delegate informed me has officially as a matter of courtesy advised British Consul General, who had formally approved in advance measures that French authorities considered necessary to take against these nationals. As Delegate has already advised you of my order, searches carried out in Rufisque and Dakar 13th June at residences of the following: John Farmer—Wilfrid Wilson—Isaac Doherty—Clarence /R/andall. Searches took place subsequently in Rufisque of Alpha /R/enner—Salamy Williams, Muriney Savage—Saliou Rollings—Salim Mustapha Gueye; at Thies at the residences of Amadou Jawarrah, Alimany Kamara; at Dakar residences of Henri Wenn— Brown David—Thomas Duck [Duke]—Williams Vinston [Winston]; Bambey at the residences of Bassirou Savage—Hudee Tadjire Deen—Mohamet Sanou Sy Savage—Adbou Salam Coker—/H/amet Coker—; in Kelle at the residences of Rahmane Cole—Nadin Thomas; at Mekhe [M6khe] residences of Mikaelo/u/ Williams—Kassoum Savage. Documents found at houses of Wilson and Farmer establish that branches of the American association "The Universal Negro Improvement Association" /called U.N.I.A./ were being formed in Dakar and Rufisque, at instigation of two above-named, who had received visit last May of one John Kamara, sent by the organization in New York. John Kamara left late May or early June for Bathurst. The Dakar and Rufisque Association branches had commenced collecting subscriptions among most of those mentioned above, who are all English subjects, and who are the only names found in documents seized. From the dossier that I possess, which I shall send you with a detailed report, and from conclusions and recommendations Central Commissioner Dakar and my Delegate, it is clear that the most compromised in this affair are on the one hand, John Farmer and Wilfrid Wilson, both responsible for failing to register as foreigners, intrigues against the peace and security Colony and introduction banned journals, and on the other hand, Isaac Doherty—Thomas Duck—Alpha Renner—Brown David—Henri Wenn—Clarence Randall— Williams Winston and Amadou Jawarrah, responsible for failing to register as foreigners, introduction of banned journals and participation in the intrigues of Wilson and Farmer. I recommend deportation of these ten foreign subjects who seem to have been the most active, leaving examination of the other cases 496

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for reports that I will be sending continuously. Delegate advises me that after discussion with the Chief Prosecutor criminal proceedings seem to have been eschewed and those for introduction prohibited journal would prove ineffective. I agree entirely with this attitude and believe that expulsion as requested above is sufficient. DIDELOT A S , 17 G / 5 2 . T G . Translated from French. Marked "Confidential."

Open Letter from Blaise Diagne to Marcus Garvey [Paris] 3 July [1922] M r . MARCUS GARVEY,

Mr. DUS£ MOHAMED ALI, I do not know in what capacity, acknowledges receipt of the letter in which I previously had the honor of informing you that, in response to your invitation to the Convention of the Universal "Negro Improvement Association, I could not attend your assembly. He further asks me to kindly send him a document expressing my opinion of the activities which your Association is pursuing. I do so willingly and candidly. We, black Frenchmen, wish to remain French, France having given us every liberty and held for us the same frank regard as for its own European children. None of us wishes to see French Africa handed over exclusively to Africans, as is demanded by black Americans, whose leader you claim to be, and who, moreover, lack proper authority in this matter. No propaganda and no influence whatsoever, by blacks or by whites, will erase our distinct impression that France, alone, is capable of working generously towards the advancement of the black race. The black French elite, which is responsible for loyally collaborating in the education of our colonies' mass native populations, would never accept, without failing in its new duty, that the theories of separatism and revolutionary emancipation to which your name is given should cause turmoil and disorder where calm and order are indispensable for general security. This said, we willingly recognize that the social conditions which are imposed on blacks in America are odious, and that our protests are united with yours, as are, furthermore, those of all white Frenchmen who do not comprehend the injustice of white Americans against blacks. We will always be ready to act with you, within the framework of legality, to bring international opinion to protect black Americans. However, for this to take place, you must abandon any notion of revolutionary propaganda in Africa. 497

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This response precisely situates the question of Africa for Africans, and all our compatriots will find in it the gesture necessary for opposing the inadmissible theories of MARCUS GARVEY. Believe, sir, etc. DIAGNE

Delegate from Senegal Printed in Revue Indigène (Paris), November-December 1922. Reprinted in Raymond Leslie Buell, The Native Problem in Africa (1928; reprint, Hamden, Conn.: Anchor Books, 1965), 2:81. Translated from French.

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar Brussels, 4 July 1922 In reply to your letter of 24th June, Direction P.P. Congo, I bring to your attention the fact that my Department is very interested in receiving the Negro World and that in consequence, I would greatly appreciate it if the subscription could be renewed.1 For the Minister, Secretary-General N . ARNOLD

SAMAE, AF-1-1. TLT. Translated from French. 1. There are indications that the Washington embassy did not always receive every published issue of the Nejjro World. The New York consular staff was thus requested to complete the collection, but they were sometimes reluctant to visit Harlem in order to buy issues from the newsstands there (SAMAE, AF-1-1).

Blaise Diagne to French President of Council, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Paris, 4 July 1922 Mr. President, I have the honor to communicate to you below the text of a cable sent to me on 30 June by the mayor of the city of SAINT-LOUIS DE SÉNÉGAL regarding an item published in the newspaper "EVEIL COLONIAL," reportedly claiming that a Garveyist movement had been discovered in the colony and implicating a number of French citizens native of Senegal: DIAGNE, Deputy of Senegal—Saint-Louis de Sénégal 30 June DAKAR —Eveil Colonial newspaper published in its issue of 23 to 29 June that police reportedly discovered Dakar Rufisque and several locations along the two railways organizing of Garveyist movement Stop Newspaper said that discovery sheds light especially on leanings of some originaire French citizens of the Communes thus throwing suspicion 498

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on all Senegalese Stop Yesterday I sent letter positively denying this and challenging the newspaper to publish names Garveyists who are all Akus 1 English subjects Gambia and Sierra Leone kola nut traders1 along railway lines and say that employee for more than thirty years large firm Rufisque whom newspaper indicated as principal player3 is indeed an Aku whom I know perfectly Stop N o Senegalese whether he is member of electorate or not is implicated in this movement Stop Eveil says Garvey envoy named John Kamara native of the Gambia Stop Please formally deny without any reservation regarding all Senegalese and inform this minister whose good faith Eveil Colonial and collaborators are trying to betray in interest anti-Senegalese politics initiated here by you know who in spite of fact that most absolute peace reigns in entire colony Stop CLEDOR.4 As you can see, the Mayor of the colony's administrative capital, a war veteran, had his protest inserted in the newspaper that accused the aforementioned originaires French citizens of the Communes. Moreover, he challenged the newspaper to publish the names of the Senegalese propagandists of the doctrines of the Anglo-American MARCUS GARVEY, which are summarized in the slogan "AFRICA FOR AFRICANS"! The timely intervention of Mr. AMADOU N'DIAYE CL£DOR led "L'EVEIL COLONIAL" to declare that the envoy of MARCUS GARVEY is a Mr. JOHN KAMARA, native and resident of the English Gambia, and that his main agent in Senegal, also an English subject, has reportedly been the employee of a large firm in RUFISQUE for thirty years. These two individuals were in contact only with their compatriots from the Gambia and Sierra Leone, named "AKUS" who, apart from trading in kola nuts, have no family connections or personal relationships with the Senegalese. These "Akus" are in fact generally isolated and socially exclusive groups and are a tiny minority scattered throughout the colony, although they generally congregate in Dakar. A t no time, although these foreigners have always been seen in Senegal, where they never acquire either influence or real property, have they been tempted to infiltrate indigenous families. This is the best proof that they cannot ever have any sort of influence on the populations of the colony and, especially, of the Communes. The belated admission by the EVEIL COLONIAL, after the the vigorous protest by the mayor of Saint-Louis, demonstrates, on the other hand, the tendentious character of the campaign begun by the newspaper in question, a campaign thought to have been inspired—as Mr. CLFIDOR's telegram seems to suggest—by Mr. MERLIN and his entourage. 5 And it is precisely in order to prevent any exploitation or deformation of this incident that I've made it my duty to lay it out before you, for the honor, indeed, of my fellow countrymen.

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I must add, moreover, that the mistake which led the police to implicate some Senegalese was inevitable. The recent organization of a security service6 headed by a police superintendent of the City of Paris, who is completely ignorant of the native milieux, made it possible to entertain in the colony means of investigation which in Europe can prove quite satisfactory, but which, in Africa, generally become ineffectual, for reasons all too evident. If then the malice of the local press gets involved, we see just how singular the consequences can be. Whatever the case may be, there is no advantage to lending credence to such unhealthy accusations as those against which the mayor of Saint-Louis so legitimately protested. In exposing them to you, I hope that they will have no adverse consequences for the indigenous populations of Senegal or French West Africa. If, moreover, it is demonstrated that foreign subjects intend to indulge in propaganda for some separatist idea or other, whether the wild doctrines of MARCUS GARVEY or those of the Communists, only one thing will appear surprising: that, after having ascertained as much, the local administration did not take the measures necessary for deportation. Could it be that this alleged Garveyist propaganda, based largely on the precepts of the Methodist church,7 appears so unlikely in a Muslim country such as Senegal, that it is better simply to affirm its existence, counting on a clever publicity campaign in France to trouble public opinion over the state of mind of the colony's indigenous populations? It will then be enough for me to point it out, so that the government will not be duped by some Frenchmen in Senegal who think they serve the national cause by systematically questioning the feelings of the indigenous populations— and who do so only out of personal interest. Please accept, Mr. President, the assurances of my highest respect. DIAGNE

Deputy of Senegal P.S. While I referred the matter to the minister of colonies, I was also keen to convey these facts to you direcdy. A M A E , D A P C , K-4-1, Direction des affaires politiques et commerciales. T L S , recipient's copy. Translated from French. 1. Muslim Creoles known as "Aku," chiefly of Yoruba origin, had been established in East Freetown since the 1830s (Christopher Fyfe, A History of Sierra Leone [London: Oxford University Press, 1962], pp. 186-187, 215, 396, 498). 2. The kola nut, the basis of modern cola drinks, is a mild stimulant chewed for recreational purposes throughout West Africa. It played a major role in precolonial trade and was traditionally carried to Senegal from the forest areas of the Gulf of Guinea by land caravans, but in the nineteenth century Sierra Leonean traders (the "Aku") began to import it by sea (Samir Amin, Le monde des affaires sénégalais [Paris: Minuit, 1969], p. 91). 3. An allusion to Salim Mustaph Guèye, president of the Rufisque U N I A branch (AS, 21 G/126). 4. Amadou N'Diaye Duguay Clédor, Senegalese politician and onetime schoolteacher, was the closest and the most faithful of Blaise Diagne's colleagues after World War I. Born in Saint-Louis, Senegal, he fought for the French in World War I. He became one of the foremost supporters of Diagne's campaign in the local elections of 1919 and was himself elected mayor of Saint-Louis. He lost this post in 1925 but remained president of Senegal's Colonial Council for the following ten

JULY 1922 years. His career, based largely on his role as Diagne's lieutenant, ended after Diagne's death in 1934. Clédor's views strongly symbolize the assimilationist ideal often attributed to the enfranchised Senegalese (G. Wesley Johnson, "Commémoration du centenaire de la naissance de Biaise Diagne," Notes africaines, no. 135 [July 1972]: 57-95; idem, "The Senegalese Urban Elite, 1900-1945," in Africa and the West: Intellectual Responses to European Culture, ed. Philip D. Curtin [Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972], pp. 139-187; EBPS). 5. It seems doubtful that the article in L'Eveil Colonial was inspired by Martial Merlin, who had left for France on 3 June 1922, before the affair began. Yet Merlin certainly had tried to discredit Diagne in the past, and it is not impossible that the leak was condoned by Merlin's entourage in Senegal. Merlin's departure for France at the time may have been due in part to the need to deflect intrigues by Diagne in French political circles. Diagne eventually succeeded in having Merlin transferred to another colonial post in 1923. 6. A security service had recently been created in Dakar, with offices in all eight colonies of French West Africa. 7. In Lagos, the involvement of African church officials in the U N I A was especially noticeable. One important U N I A official in Lagos, Rev. William Benjamin Euba, was the trustee of two Methodist churches (Rina L. Okonkwo, "The Garvey Movement in British West Africa," J AH 21, no. 1 [1980]: 113).

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa Saint-Louis, 4 July 1922 I have the honor to send you the enclosed file of the investigation that I conducted on the activity in the colony of Senegal of the American association known as "The Universal Negro Improvement Association," whose president in New York is the black agitator Marcus Garvey. In conformity with my instructions, my delegate has kept you informed, as we went along, of all the investigations ordered, their results, and the comments they generated. In addition, upon receiving all the documents concerning this affair, I sent you a brief summary in my telegram No. 130 of 1 July inst., suggesting that you order the immediate deportation of several individuals, who, in my opinion, played the most active role in this affair. I would now like to give you a full account of the matter, and tell you what I think of these discoveries and the observations they have made possible. Following circulars from Governor-General MERLIN, I had repeatedly drawn the attention of my cercle commandants and police services to the possibility that attempts might be made to spread anti-European or antimilitaristic propaganda against our colonial organization. These officials were informed of—among other things—the contents of Government General Circular No. 38 on the "Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League" and the "Black Star Line," societies set up by Marcus Garvey with the aim of inducing Africans to free themselves by ousting the whites from the black continent. They were also notified that these foreign associations had come to public attention in the Belgian Congo, through the agency of a certain Wilson, and of another English subject named Francis Soi

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Weber [Webber], The latter was kept under constant surveillance in Dakar, where his presence had been reported. No serious information was obtained until recently. A disagreement within the circle of African English subjects living in Dakar, it appears, made it easier to discover the activities of several of these foreigners. A certain native named Gibbs[,] Chancellor (?) of the English Consulate General in this city, having complained that one of his compatriots, the native Wilson, was annoying him, and having reported a fight between them on Sunday evening 4 June 1922, handed over to the prosecutor's department a cigarette case that he claimed to have picked up at the site of the quarrel. It so happens that this cigarette case contained a receipt for a registered letter—bearing the number 552 and the seal of the Rufisque post office—addressed to "The Universal Negro Improvement Association," in New York. My delegate rightly concluded that this fortunate coincidence had put him on the trail of contacts between this anti-European Association and persons living in Senegal. He asked me by telegram-letter No. 46 C. of 9 June 1922 to authorize searches at the homes of Wilson and natives Francis Weber, Da Costa, Farmer, Doherty, Hassin, Brown Thomas, all of whom have long been suspected of being sympathetic to extremist ideas. Mr. AUJAS reported to me at the same time that he had, unofficially, as a matter of courtesy, approached the consul general of England, and that the latter had formally approved in advance whatever measures the French authorities might order against his nationals, and in particular against w. WILSON, whom he considered as unwelcome in the Colony. Mr. MAUGHAM added that he would even be glad if the latter were to be deported. SEARCHES. On 12 June, I issued warrants to various police officials—who had been recommended to me—to proceed with the aforementioned searches and any others that may be necessary, with the aim of seizing all documents relative to propaganda liable to disturb the colony's peace and security. The searches were carried out on 13 June 1922: in Rufisque at the home of natives WILSON and John FARMER, by Chief Police Superintendent POURROY, and in Dakar by Police Superintendent COURT, at the home of natives DOHERTY and CLARENCE RANDALL. The latter lives in the same house as DOHERTY, and according to one native he is a great friend of Francis WEBER. A report on the unsuccessful search for HASSIN and BROWN Thomas was filed by Lieutenant MERLHE.

As for Francis WEBER, my Delegate reported to me, in his report 52C of 19 June 1922, that this alien had not yet been found and that he certainly must be hiding in Dakar or Rufisque, since he was recendy seen in Dakar. In none of the reports or minutes of the interrogations is there a mention of the native DA COSTA. His name, however, should be remembered because of his known Dahomean origin. It would be interesting to find out what part he had in the leanings and activities of the above-mentioned English subjects.1 DOCUMENTS SEIZED. Prior to the searches, the Rufisque postmaster had disclosed after legal requisition that the sender of registered letter No. 552—

JULY 1922

known initially only by its receipt—was j. H. FARMER. It was at WILSON'S home in Rufisque, shared recently by j. H. FARMER, that the most important documents of this affair were found. In going through the remainder of the investigation, below, you will see that only issues of the forbidden newspaper "THE NEGRO WORLD," but no writing, no correspondence of interest, were found at the homes of the other confederates. At the home of WILSON and FARMER were seized:

1. A copy of a speech (items No. 37 and 37a) written in the hand of J. H. FARMER, which appears to have been delivered at a meeting on the occasion of the visit to Rufisque of an envoy of Marcus GARVEY, a certain John KAMARA; 2. Various menus (items No. 30, 31) of a dinner given on the occasion of John KAMARA'S to Rufisque, followed by the slogan: "One God! One Aim! One Destiny." On the back of these menus are the announcements of speeches 1) in honor of MARCUS GARVEY, President General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, Commander of the African Legion and First Provisional President of Africa, by w. A. WILSON; 2) welcoming John KAMARA of "the U.N.I.A. & A.C.L., Commissioner for the West Coast of Africa," by j. H. FARMER; 3) remarks by the Rufisque branch President, a certain Selim Mustaph [Salim Mustapha Gu£ye], 3. Copy of a letter addressed by the Rufisque Branch Secretary w. A. WILSON to the Secretary-General of the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" informing him of John KAMARA'S arrival and the formation of a local committee, and assuring him "that we will do our part in the redemption of the race" (item No. 52); 4. Copy of another letter written along similar lines, to the U.N.I.A., and announcing John KAMARA'S departure for Bathurst, and the payment of a sum of 40 Frs. for his travel expenses (item No. / j 4 / ) ; 5. Copy of a letter of 3 June 1922 to the U.N.I.A. announcing that John KAMARA had held meetings in Rufisque with the English-educated group, who had accepted his proposals and joined the Association; /(item No. 55)/ 6. Five issues of the newspaper "The Negro World["] forbidden in F.W.A. (items No. /7j, 77, 78/) 7. Various handbills of U.N.I.A. commercial propaganda (items No. 33) 8. A poster, announcing a meeting, with a photograph of Marcus Garvey (item No. 34). 9. Various propaganda leaflets with photographs of Marcus Garvey (item No. 3j) 10. A copy of the statutes of the U.N.I.A. (item No. 74) 11. A photograph of j. H. FARMER (item No. 36) 12. A photograph of w. A. WILSON and of his wife (item No. 51) 13. A book of minutes of meetings bearing the heading "U.N.I.A. Propaganda Dakar j May 1922" (item No. 37) 5°3

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14. Another register containing copies of various documents (item No. 39) 15. Two leaflets of propaganda and appeals to the black race (items No. 40 and 42) The following facts (which, moreover, were confirmed by the depositions collected in the investigation) can be derived from these documents. 1. An envoy of "the Universal Negro Improvement Association," a certain John KAMARA, born in Sierra Leone, in charge of "launching the Garvey propaganda on the West Coast of Africa and organizing branches of the U.N.I.A.[,]" came from America in May 1922 and stayed in Dakar and in Rufisque—According to the deposition of said BROWN David Emmanuel, employee of the Elder Dempster Company in Dakar (item No. 67), John Kamara arrived in this Port on 3 May 1922, on the steamer "NEW GIORGIA [GEORGIA]" coming from America—Moreover, on the log copy of minutes (items No. 37/and 38/) the following notes were written in the hand of J. H. FARMER: Minutes of the first meeting of the Dakar Branch of U.N.I.A. 7 May 1922. At 1:45 P.M. the meeting was opened at the home of Mr. j. G. DUKE, rue Blanchot N o . (?) by Mr. j. H. FARMER in his capacity as

Secretary. Mr. JOHN KAMARA traveling commissioner of the U.N.I.A. was introduced by the Secretary, and a general discussion began on the subject of the aims of the Association. It was unanimously decided that the following Officers were elected: J. c. DUKE, Honorable President F. G. BROWN, Treasurer J. H. FARMER, Secretary

Members: Henri Lacy—Sunny Williams—Momoh Kamara—J. H. Hamilton—E. G. Davies—Leonard Wilson—J. B. I. Macauley— Ibrahima Cole—Ibnu—Propaganda leaflets were distributed by Mr. KAMARA and the next meeting was set for Sunday 14 May. Etc Turning to the letters sent by Wilson and FARMER to the Secretary-General of the U.N.I.A., reporting John KAMARA's arrival, one finds the following note: "Brother John KAMARA left ten days ago for Bathurst an English port of the Gambia—During his stay among us, he was the guest of Messrs. ALPHA RENNER and IBRAHIMA COLE etc. . . ." (Wilson's letter dated 3 June 1922—item No. 52). One can therefore be certain that John Kamara stayed in Dakar and Rufisque during practically the whole month of May 1922. The letters containing the information mentioned above are in fact copies found at Wilson and FARMER'S residence. They were sent as registered letters carrying the Nos. 552 and 726; the original of the latter was in fact seized by the Postal Service (items No. 58 and 59).

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2. Two branches of the U.N.I.A. were undoubtedly set up in Senegal. One in Dakar, in the manner related in the minutes found with Farmer and summarized above—The other in Rufisque, set up in the following manner: Selim Mustaph[,] commercial employee, President-elect [of UNIA Rufisque branch] Alpha Renner, merchant, elected treasurer w. A. WILSON commercial employee, secretary-elect J. H. FARMER typist SALIOU ROLLINGS m e r c h a n t

IBRAHIMA COLE, maitre d'hotel SALIOU PASCHA, m e r c h a n t BASSIROU DENTON, m e r c h a n t

LAMINA SAVAGE, merchant and jeweler SALAMY WILLIAMS, m e r c h a n t

Francis G. OLIVER, writer This information and these names come from already cited letter reports sent to New York (items Nos. 55 and 58)[.] All the documents seized, which mention these branches, indicate that they were formed while John KAMARA was in Senegal. Thus they date back no further than two months. The depositions of the parties involved appear to confirm this observation. The branches laid foundations with their statutes, as indicated in the handwritten minutes cited above (item No. 37); they set the rate of dues and began to collect them, they held several meetings, in Rufisque at the home of Alpha RENNER and in Dakar at the home of DUCK [DUKE].

It does not appear that there were other U.N.I.A. branches in the colony. Chief Superintendent POURROY wrote in his report No. 2815 of 17 June 1922 (item No. 9b), "It is proved without question that WILSON and John FARMER are the instigators of the movement in Senegal and that they have formed branches of the U.N.I.A. in Dakar, Rufisque, Thies[,] Mecke [Mekhe], and Bambey." My Delegate repeated this assertion in his Report 52 C. of 19 June 1922 (item No. 9). Although I went through the file very carefully, I found no convincing argument to confirm this. I think that the mistake of these two officials comes from the fact that there is in the minutes seized at Farmer's residence (item No. 57) a page bearing the names of 51 English subjects, classified according to their places of residence, i.e.: Dakar, Rufisque, Thi£s, N'Gaye Mekhe [Mekhe], Kelle, and Bambey—This page of names follows the copy in English of a letter addressed to Mr. WINSTON CHURCHILL, Secretary of State for Colonies in London, apparently a long complaint against the Consulate General of England, and against a certain Gibbs, who is employed at that Consulate. Gibbs is accused in this document of committing numerous misdeeds against English subjects living in or traveling through Dakar. This letter ends with the following sentence:

S°S

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Several signatories had to pay between 35 and 60 francs for passport visas on many occasions, when the actual charge is 10 shillings or 25 francs as per the exchange rate, and they can further substantiate this fact, in person if need be. One wonders therefore whether the names thus listed with places of residence, are not simply those of the plaintiffs and signatories of the complaint. Because of their relations with Farmer, however, they should remain under suspicion. Searches were carried out at the homes of all those in Thiés, Mekhé, Kelle, and Bambey. Results were negative, except at the home of one in Thiés, a certain Amadou Jawarrah, a kola merchant. He claimed not to know Wilson, while attempting to hide a letter sent to him by the latter who called him "his dear brother" (item No. 65). 3. Certainly the aim of the U.N.I.A. branches in Dakar and in Rufisque was to spread propaganda, to "begin action in conformity with John Kamara's proposals" and following the example of "his highness MARCUS GARVEY the modern Moses" "for the future benefit of the black race trampled underfoot and of our beloved Africa" (letter of Wilson to the U.N.I.A. item No. 52). The written statutes of the Dakar branch, however, which were written in the book of minutes (item No. 37) do not disclose such aims. They are completely harmless and instead suggest a mutual aid Society. This was, incidentally, how the group was described by Wilson, Farmer, Salim Mustaph and the others in their depositions. Such an explanation, prepared in advance by the leaders to be used as a means of defense, might also have been written in the statutes to fool timid members, perhaps also to facilitate recruiting by the Association, and consequently also to facilitate the lucrative side of the operation, i.e., extorting funds. The indisputable fact remains that the real aim of the U.N.I.A. branches was political, and that the leading members were fully aware of the ideas of violence and upheaval coming from America. These ideas are present in the speech written by J. H. FARMER, to be read at a banquet in honor of John Kamara, as well as in Wilson's letters, in the statutes of the New York U.N.I.A., in the appeals to the Black Race, and also in the newspaper "The Negro World." The speech by John Farmer clearly specifies that it's a question of "preparing for the complete Redemption of Africa" and "attaining the universal uprising for the African Republic." It is true that this speech includes passages that are so naive and so mystical, that one wonders whether it comes from responsible people without ulterior motives to bamboozle the public. The harm it could do to the simple-minded, nevertheless, remains great, and those who wrote or heard it, are clearly to be removed. Unfortunately, the investigation does not seem to have thoroughly inquired whether the banquet for John Kamara took place, in which building, and who attended it. J. H. FARMER stated (item No. 29) that no banquet was given. I would question this.

j 06

JULY 1922

ACCOMPLICES. All the names in this affair, whether they had been noted earlier by the police, or whether they appear in the documents seized, are names of foreigners. These are English subjects from West African colonies. A number of them claim to be typists or commercial employees; several do work as such in Dakar and in Rufisque, but some have been living in idleness for some time at least. Others are small shopkeepers, [or] kola traders. Only one French subject's name was mentioned: that of the Dahomean DA COSTA, known as a headstrong fellow, with a suspicious past. Yet the investigation does not indicate why his home was not searched even though a warrant was issued, nor why he was not interrogated. I am going to request an explanation on this point. I attach to this report a complete list of all the individuals who have attracted our attention.* Their individual lives and roles in the U.N.I.A. organization are not fully known. I will discuss below only the cases of those whose actions have been established, or whose complicity appears obvious. We should place the names of Wilson, J. H. Farmer, Francis Weber, and John Kamara at the top of the list. Wilson (Wilfrid, Ascanious [Ascanius], Indouishu) born 13 July 1877 in Porto-Novo (Dahomey) of Sierra Leonean parents (an assertion we should perhaps verify) appears to have first come to Rufisque about 1916 from Conakry—He appears to have worked as a commercial employee with Barthès and Lesieur for 32 months, then gone to the Gambia and on to Conakry, and after being away for seven months, he returned to Rufisque with his family (1 wife 2 children)[.] Last year, he worked for a certain Achard Ship Chandlers, then for the Compagnie Générale which he left on last 31 May (police information, item No. 49). In his depositions during the investigation, Wilson made contradictory and obviously false statements; he claimed to know nothing of the U.N.I.A. The documents seized at his residence and the letters sent by him to this association demonstrate on the contrary that he is very active, and that he is one of the main instigators of the organization just discovered in Senegal. He has not yet registered as a foreigner. Issues of the Newspaper "The Negro World" were found at his residences in Rufisque and in Dakar. Further, as mentioned at the beginning of this report, Belgian Congo authorities reported last year that a Wilson was spreading propaganda in that territory, and was in contact with Francis Weber and the "Black Star Line." There seems to be little doubt that it is not the same individual.3 FARMER (John Henri [Henry]) born 22 February 1881 in Clavetown [Cline Town] 4 (Sierra Leone) said that he came to Dakar on 30 October 1920 to work at the Elder Dempster Co. He did in fact work there until 4 March 1921 when he was laid off. He has reportedly been in trading since then. He had been at Wilson's home in Rufisque for two weeks when the police raid of the residence took place. Most of the documents concerning the local U.N.I.A. branches and John KAMARA'S mission were written by Farmer. He appears to be the most educated of the gang, [and] his subversive activities, his sense of propaganda[,]

5°7

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

are unquestionable. He has not registered as a foreigner. He has brought the forbidden Newspaper "The Negro World" into the Colony. DUCK [DUKE] Thomas, 45, born in FOTOBA (French Guinea) of Sierra Leonean parents (a claim still to be verified) is a tailor in Dakar—The investigation collected little information on his identity. According to the minutes of the U.N.LA.'s inaugural meeting in Dakar, the meetings took place at his home. He is the one who was named president of the branch. He has not registered as a foreigner and "The Negro World" newspaper was found in his possession. Salim Mustapha Guèye, 62, born in Freetown (Sierra Leone) has been employed at the Compagnie Française de l'Afrique Occidentale in Rufisque for 33 years. He admitted he agreed to become president of the U.N.I.A. branch in Rufisque, because he believed it to be only a mutual aid society. The best recommendations were provided on his account by his employer. But unless one accepts that the banquet for John Kamara never took place, and that Farmer's writings for that occasion were never conveyed to the members, we cannot entirely eliminate charges of complicity against Salim Mustapha. ALPHA RENNER, 45 years old, born in Sierra Leone, shopkeeper in Rufisque acknowledged being the Treasurer of the Rufisque branch; the meetings took place at his home. It was at his home that John Kamara stayed during his visit to Rufisque. He has not registered as a foreigner. DOHERTY (Isaac Silvanos) born 4 November 1883 in Kissy (Sierra Leone)[,] tailor in Dakar[,] acknowledged having been in contact with Francis Weber, but denied taking part in the U.N.I.A. Reported however as a propagandist for this association, the search at his residence revealed an issue of the "The Negro World" of 8 April 1922. Has not registered as a foreigner. AMADOU JAWARRAH, 44, born in Freetown (Sierra Leone)[,] kola merchant in Thiès for the last seven years, denied affiliation with the U.N.I.A. and claimed not to know Wilson, while hiding in his handkerchief a recent letter from the latter to him. Is regarded as the president of U.N.I.A.'s Thiès branch. Has not registered as a foreigner. WENN (Henri Adolphe) born in Waterlo [Waterloo] Sierra Leone 20 December 1882 employed by the Elder Dempster Co. in Dakar. No search having been carried out at his home until 19 June 1922, six days after the first residential visits, he had time to dispose of all compromising material. Was reportedly the person who welcomed John Kamara on his arrival in Dakar, and who facilitated the entry of the newspaper "The Negro World." The police mention in their minutes that he remained defiant throughout his interrogation. Has not registered as a foreigner. BROWN (David Emmanuel), 26, born in York (Sierra Leone)[,] employee of the Elder Dempster Co. in Dakar; acknowledged having sent the newspaper "The Negro World" to Kayes to his friend Henry Bruce who is apparendy employed by the Railway. Brown was the one who pointed out John Kamara's date of arrival in Dakar. Has not registered as a foreigner. I wonder whether this individual, despite his first names David Emmanuel, might not be [the] F. G. Brown mentioned in the minutes of the U.N.LA.'s first meeting in Dakar (item ;o8

JULY 1922

No. 37) as being the Treasurer of that branch. The police reported that this F. G. Brown could not be found. In the minutes of Henri Adolphe Wenn's interrogation, however, when Wenn was brought face-to-face with David Emmanuel Brown (item No. 66)[,] the latter was also called Francis Brown and he signed G. Brown. RANDALL CLARENCE 27, born in Wilberforce5 (Sierra Leone)[,] employed at Elder Dempster Co. in Dakar, acknowledged he had been in contact with Francis Weber. While the search of his home uncovered nothing, his relations with Wilson[,] Farmer, and the U.N.I.A. emerge from a letter addressed to him on 15 June 1922 by John Farmer (items No. 70 and 44) in which the latter tells him about the search carried out at his home. Has not registered as a foreigner. WILLIAMS VINSTON [WINSTON] 29, born in Vilberforce [Wilberforce] (Sierra

Leone)[,] employee of Elder Dempster Co. in Dakar. Reported to be a subscriber of the newspaper "The Negro World," acknowledged the fact, but said when this periodical was forbidden in F.W.A. he had stopped receiving it. The search carried out at his home on 21 June 1922 revealed nothing. Is considered by the police to be an ardent supporter of the U.N.I.A. theories, has not registered as a foreigner. Besides those whose cases have been considered above, it is more or less accepted that the following accomplices were involved in the U.N.I.A. branches, although their role remains poorly defined. First there are: Salamy Williams— Muriney Savage—Saliou Rollings—Saliou Pascha, all shopkeepers at GundelRufisque. Unsuccessful searches were carried out at their residences on 15 June 1922, but all acknowledged having belonged to the Rufisque branch of the U.N.I.A., as indicated in Wilson's letters to the New York Association. They claimed they believed it was only a mutual aid Society. This system of defense was used by all, even the promoters of the organization. Its value is therefore worthless. Since the four named above do not yet have residence permits, I believe that none should be granted them. Next comes the group of suspects whose residences were fruitlessly searched, and who denied any contact with Wilson and Farmer, or any participation in the U.N.I.A. These are Almamy Kamara in Thies; Mohamet Bassirou Savage—Mohamet Sanou Sy Savage—Hudee Tadj/uin/ Deen—Abdou Salam Coker—Hamet Coker, all kola merchants in Bambey; Abdou Rahman/u/ Cole—Madioii Thomas[,] shopkeepers in Kelle—Mikaelo/u/ Williams— Kassoum Savagef,] shopkeepers in Mekhe—Tight surveillance should be kept over each of these individuals and their residence permits should be granted only with caution. Finally we should take note of all those whose names are listed on the documents found with Wilson and Farmer, but who have not yet been sought out or interrogated. These are in Rufisque: Bassirou Dento/n/—Francis G. Oliver—Ibrahima Cole (at whose home John Kamara is reported to have stayed[)] (item No. 52); in Dakar: Henry Lacy—Sunny Williams—Momoh Kamara—J. H. Hamilton—E. G. Davies[—]Leonard Wilson—J. B. I. 5°9

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

Macauley—Ibrahima Cole—Ibnu; in Thiès[:] Mamadou Kamara—Mohamed Kamara—As with those above, they will be kept under special surveillance. SANCTIONS. I suggested to you in my aforementioned telegram letter No. 130 of 1 July, that you order the deportation of Wilfrid Wilson—John Farmer—Thomas Duke—Alpha Renner—Isaac Doherty—Amadou Jawarrah— Wenn Henri—/B/rown David—Clarence Randall—and Williams Vinston— Following the preceding analysis of the affair, the same names seem to me worth remembering, and I suggest for them the proposal made earlier. I think it just, however, to also suggest the deportation of Salim Mustapha Guèye employed at the Compagnie Française de l'A[frique] Occidentale] West Africa, who despite his 33 years of work with this firm, and despite his explanations attempting to diminish his responsibility, is just as guilty as Thomas Duck, Alpha Renner, and their like. Precisely because of his long residence on French soil and the trust that his employer had in him, he ought to have refrained from presiding over an Association whose political aim he could not have been unaware of, no matter what he says—It is obvious in fact that the propaganda carried on by John Kamara, Wilson, Farmer was not concealed from him, and that he was fully aware of the appeals to the black race smuggled or written by these three disciples of Marcus Garvey. As I wired you, I have preferred to adopt the suggestion made by my Delegate, in agreement with the Attorney General, that it is better to give up the idea of prosecuting for fraud or for bringing a banned newspaper into the colony. The Prosecutor's Office concluded in fact that since no complaint had been filed by the pseudo-victims, and the supposedly embezzled funds were minimal, there was no reason to investigate this offense. Moreover, the penalties for violating the arrêté of 14 January 1922 forbidding the entry and sale of the newspaper "The Negro World," or the decrees of 1 August 1921 and 17 March 1922 regulating foreigners living in French West Africa, would hardly be effective in this case. One may even wonder whether these foreigners could now be charged for not being registered: from the combined dispositions of the two decrees, it appears that they have six months /to comply/ dating from the publication of the arrêté promulgating the decree of 17 March 1922.6 What is important in the present state of affairs, is to punish in exemplary fashion these foreigners whose secret propaganda was beginning to spread in Senegal. A decision of administrative deportation as allowed by the Law of 3 December 1849 made applicable to the colonies by the Law of 29 May 1874 promulgated in Senegal by the arrêté of 22 August 1874, would be entirely satisfactory in this regard. I am, meanwhile, prepared to grant residence permits to the other individuals involved in this affair only after a serious investigation of their lifestyle and behavior. CONCLUSIONS—This affair, which has been called "Garveyism in F.W.A.," is, at least for the time being, no cause for worry—A handful of English subjects, exploiting the hospitality which was granted them in our Colony, attempted to organize branches of Marcus Garvey's revolutionary Association. Their efforts SIO

JULY 1922

toward this aim do not seem to date back more than a few months. It seems clear that they had not yet communicated with others than their compatriots from the English colonies of Africa. In any case, the effect of their maneuvers on life in Senegal is certainly minimal; from all my collaborators in the cercles, I have received assurances that the state of mind of the natives has not changed, and that they are not interested in tendentious demonstrations. Certain persons are surprised that no native of Senegal was involved in this affair, and a local newspaper asked the question which naturally comes to mind: "Where did the leaders of the movement intend to get their support?" It would obviously be ridiculous to believe that, here as elsewhere, Garvey's ideas wouldn't find a few misguided or pretentious souls to embrace them. But to accuse in advance, without evidence, without proof, a whole segment of the Senegalese population, is as reckless as it is unjust. That, however, was the way in which the local newspaper "Eveil Colonial" acted, in my opinion, in issues No. 91 and 92, of 23 and 30 June 1922. After supplying the public with a fairly complete and precise summary of the inquiry that is the subject of the present report, this periodical, in its commentary, exaggerated the importance of this affair, and regrettably failed to indicate that all those involved are foreigners. Worse still, it questioned the loyalty of the colony's natives, in stating incorrectly that "this story sheds a peculiar light on the leanings of a number of Senegalese who are constantly priding themselves on their status as French citizens." Disturbed by the disclosure of information which should have remained secret, and also by the unwarranted charges made by Eveil Colonial, I asked my Delegate to investigate discreetly the source of the indiscretion. He answered by confidential letter No. 60 C. of 30 June, a copy of which is appended. Mr. GOULUT, editor in chief of the newspaper, appears to be the author of the articles in question. This journalist claims to have been informed by three English subject natives. He does not seem to have realized the clearly tendentious character of his publication. For my part, I find it regrettable from all points of view, and I can only repeat, at the end of this already long report, that at this point nothing leads us to say or think that Garveyist propaganda has penetrated the native Senegalese milieux. DIDELOT AS,

17

G/52. TLS,

recipient's copy. O n lieutenant g o v e r n o r o f S e n e g a l

letterhead.

Translated f r o m French. M a r k e d " C o n f i d e n t i a l . " 1. Several factors apparently contributed to the feet that da Costa was not investigated, including a lack of police personnel, and, it would seem, poor judgment on the part of Pourroy, w h o believed that the movement was centered in Rufisque (telegram, delegate of Dakar to governor of Senegal, 9 June 1922, Pourroy, report on Rufisque investigation, 15 June 1922, A S 21 G / 1 2 6 ) . 2. T h e list appears in Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, printed at 28 June 1922. 3. There is probably a typographical error in the original French text, which reads, "Il paraît peu douteux qu'il ne s'agisse pas du même individu." T h e governor probably meant to say, "Il paraît douteux qu'il ne s'agisse pas du même individu," which would translate as, " I t seems doubtful it was not the same individual," i.e., " I t is quite clear it was the same individual."

SU

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS 4. Cline Town, initially a small settlement east of the Freetown colony, is now an integral part of Freetown but retains its old name (Christopher Fyfe, A History of Sierra Leone [London: Oxford University Press, 1962], p. 231). 5. Wilberforce, a Creole mountain village located just outside of Freetown, had a population of 6,340 in 1921 (T. N. Goddard, The Handbook of Sierra Leone [London: Grant Richards, 1925], p. 50; Leo Spitzer, The Creoles of Sierra Leone: Responses to Colonialism, 1870-194; [Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974], p. 57). 6. In the French system, laws are in force only when they are published in the Journal officiel. In French West Africa, moreover, metropolitan decrees had to be promulgated by the governorgeneral—who could withhold such promulgation—to become effective in the federation. Once this was done, they were then published in the Journal officiel de I'AOF. The whole process of laws and decrees took months to complete (EBPS, p. 69; Raymond Leslie Buell, The Native Problem in Africa [1928; reprint, Hamden, Conn.: Anchor Books, 1965], 1:923-932).

Enclosure: Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot Dakar, 30 June 1922 I have the honor to report to you that I did not await your telegram letter No. 127 to begin an investigation into the origin of the article appearing in Eveil Colonial of 23 June and the indiscretions possibly committed in this regard. As soon as this issue of the newspaper was published, I called in Mr. GOULUT, editor in chief and author of the article. When I expressed my surprise at the revelations made by the press to the public, he stated to me that he had been informed by three native English subjects, friends of Wilson, who he says came to see him at nine o' clock in the evening (?) at his home. I remarked to him that certain facts divulged (the banquet, the menu, etc.) could only have been found in the dossier I possessed or in that of the Central Commissioner. In my office, I was sure that no indiscretion had been committed, having taken the precaution of having the letters and documents copied in my own office by the typist Tressol. I was also careful to take the entire dossier home with me each evening. I was less assured of the discretion of the Police. In response to my insistent questioning, Mr. Goulut affirmed to me that the Central Commissioner had nothing to do with the publication of that article. Mr. POURROY also denies having informed Mr. Goulut. I therefore have no certain proof of the origin of the indiscretions. But I have the impression that Mr. Pourroy spoke with Mr. Goulut summarily but perhaps sufficiendy all the same of the facts about which he was asking. However that may be, I did not conceal from Mr. GOULUT how regrettable it was that he had published that article, which in my opinion constituted a blunder, and that he would have been well advised to submit it to me first. I added that his revelations would hinder the passage of information, would

JULY 1922

inform the culprits and their friends; and bring the public up to date on an affair which he had, further, represented inexactly. He gave, in effect, exaggerated importance to the creation of affiliates of the U N I A in Senegal, falsely announcing an imminent uprising of all the blacks of the World and, as you remarked, failing to indicate that all the instigators of this propaganda were foreigners. The Governor-General, who was concerned as I was, requested that I inform him on the source of these indiscretions. I could do no more than affirm that the indiscretions did not emanate from my office. I shared with him my personal impression, which I have related above. That impression is justified by the recollection of a statement which Mr. Pourroy made to me, shortly after his return from Rufisque, the day we went together to see the Attorney General: " I saw Goulut," he told me, "who congratulated me on my fortunate discoveries and on the skill with which I had the searches carried out. He even wants to express his satisfaction in his newspaper." I was struck by that statement. But since I had often urged Mr. Pourroy to use the greatest discretion I did not think I needed to insist. In any case, by that time it was too late. I know from Mr. Pourroy himself that the Governor-General spoke to him most severely about the publication of the article mentioned above. AUJAS

AS, 17 G/52. TL, carbon copy. Translated from French. Marked "Confidential."

Marcel Olivier to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot [Dakar] 5 July 1922 No. 470. By orders today have decided on expulsion of WILSON, FARMER, and DOHERTY—STOP—Have asked your Delegate and Central Commissioner to carry this out and arrange to embark these three Sierra Leonean subjects on steamer stopping Dakar tomorrow destination FREETOWN—STOP—Would be obliged if you could immediately send me the report referred to in your telegram-letter No. 130 of 1 inst. OLIVIER

AS, 17 G/52. TTG, carbon copy. Translated from French. Marked "To encipher."

5i3

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

THE GREATEST EVENT IN THE HISTORY OE THE NEGRO RACE THIRD ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE NEGRO PEOPLES OF THE WORLD •t

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.. U. S. A. From

AUGUST 1st to 31st, 1922 Conthraouf sitting day and night 100,000 DEPUTIES AND DELEGATES TO TAKE PART REPRESENTATIVES COMING FROM AFRICA, ASIA, EUROPE, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, CANADA, UNITED STATES, AND THE WEST INDIES. The Representatives of the Negro Peoples of the World will legislate for the future Government of the Race.

READ ABOUT IT AND HELP WITH A DONATION. SIND TOUR DONATION ADDRESSED TO REGISTRAR i UNIVERSAL NECRO IMPROVEMENT ASS'N. M WEST U M STREET, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y„ U. S. A.

English and French versions of announcement of the 1922 U N I A convention (Source: NaNam)

514

JULY 1922

LE PLUS GRAND EVENEMENT DANS 1' HISTOIRE DE LA RACE NEGRE LA TROISIEME. CONVENTION ANNUELLE ET INTERNATIONALE DES PEUPLES NEGRES DU MONDE

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d a a n f w e V w M 'pu, v ^ J T J ^ ^ ' 43°, 436, 57*, M , ¿59, 68 7, 692; chiefs in, 655-656; China compared to, 659; climate of, 186, 189, 195 n. 3; colonization of (see Colonization/black-repatriation movements); communism in, 583; demographics of, 658; development/economy of, 649-650, 66o; divided into duchies, 572, 573 n. 6; Europe in, 193, 209-210, 221, 709

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS

Alfred, Constable, 629 Algeria, 575 Ali, Duse Mohamed, lxxiii, 168 n. 1, 365, 453, 497, 539, 561, 593; Bureau of Investigation on, 1, lxxv; on Garvey, 366; as Negro World editor, 1, lxxiv; on Negro World's influence, 571, 573 n. 3; on U N I A , 366, 573 n. 2; on U.S. loan to Liberia, 73 n. 2; visa for, 367 n. 2 All African Convention, 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 n. 1, 150 n. 1 Allen, J. Saesar, 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 , 6 9 1 Almeida, D. Francisco de, 313, '315 n. 5 Alsace, Georges, 409-413 Alsace, Louis, 413 n. 1 Amadou (judge), 563 Amalgamation, 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 n '94- See also Miscegenation Ameglio, General Giovanni, 588 n. 2 Amendola, Giovanni, 446, *447 n. 1 American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, 43 n. 2 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 576 n. 1, 577 n. 5 American Civil Liberties Union, 108 n. 5 American Colonization Society, xlix, 172, 173,

573 n. 6, 611 n. 1, 639, 649, 650, 654-655, 658, 692 (see also individual countries by name); as heterogeneous, 6 5 1 - 6 5 2 ; as homeland/fatherland, xlix, 1, Ixxv, lxxvii, 47, 441 n.

15, 536, 537, 6 2 3 - 6 2 4 , 6 3 9 ,

687,

689, 692, 698, 700; land policies in, 178, 335 n n . 3,

5,

649-650,

660;

migration

within, 321 n. 1; needs of, 174; as oriental, 5 9 ; redemption of, xlv, xlvi, 1 2 9 - J 3 0 , 134, 139, 160, 194, 2 2 3 _ 2 Z 4 n- 7, 33*, 344, 377, 383, 385, 467, 559, 560, 5 8 0 , 593, 639, 6 4 7 648, 650-651, 658-659, 6 9 5 , 6 9 6 ; selfgovernment for, 166 n. 2; slavery/forced labor in, 4, 116, 650, 660; trades with U.S., 4 5 3 ; "will" of, 6 4 8 - 6 4 9 African, 39 n. 2 African and Eastern Trade Corporation, 405, 527 n. 3, 579 n. 1, 579-580 n. 4 African Association, 527 n. 3 African Blood Brotherhood, xlvi, xlvii, lxxiii, 2 7 0 - 2 7 1 , 273 n . 3, 2 7 5 , 305 n . 12, 317, 3 4 0 ,

354, 561. See also Crusader African Industrial Society, 4 2 7 - 4 2 8 n. 4 African Lakes Company, 427 n. 3 African Land Settlement Association, 5 4 6 - 5 4 7 African Messenger, 2 8 4 , 285 n. 2 , 3 9 5 , 4 5 9 - 4 6 0 African Methodist Episcopal Church, 55, 69 n . 1, 2 2 3 - 2 2 4 n .

174-175 n. 5, " 3 n- 5, *94> 439 American Missionary Association, 576 nn. 1, 3 Americo-Liberians, 88 n. 3, 227, 244 Amissah, Kweku, 319 Amonu, King Nana IV, 560, 562 n. 10 Ampletern, Gertrude (Ampheir), 6 8 2 - 6 8 3 n. 1 Andrade, Colonel Freire de, 213 n. 1 Angola, 154 n. 1; Garveyism in, 153, 5 7 5 - 5 7 6 ; missionaries in, 576 n. 1, 577 nn. 5, 6; Ovimbundu people of, 576 n. 1, 577 n. 5; political unrest in, xlviii, lxxv, 577 n. 6 Angoulvant, Gabriel, 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 n - 1 Angrand, Armand, xlviii, lxxvi, ' 5 5 7 - 5 5 8 n. 2 ,

7

African National Congress, 148-149 n. 1, 150 n. 1; Women's League of, 113 n. 4 African Orthodox Church, xlvii, lxxiii, 355, 3 5 6 n. 2 African party, xlvi, lxxvii, 5 5 7 - 5 5 8 n. 2 African Progress Union, 167, 168 nn. 2, 3 African Redemption Fund, 163, 419 African Repository and Colonial Journal, 172, 174-175 n - 5 "African S.O.S.," 53-54 n. 2 African Study Circle of the World, 39 n. 2 African Telegraph, 261 n. 2 African Times and Orient Review, 1, 3 6 6 - 3 6 7 n. 1 African World, 4 8 - 4 9 n. 3 , 1 3 9 - 1 4 0 , 150, 1 6 6 168, 202-203,

220, 230-232,

238, 2 6 4 ,

581

Angrand brothers, 414 n. 11 Angula (Herero chief), 584, 613 Animashaun, Adamu, 395 Ankara Accord ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 6 4 1 n. 5 Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, 106, 107, 228 n. 1, 456, 474 n. 1,

265

n . i, 3 2 4 - 3 2 5 , 4 7 7 n . i § , 4 9 4 , 544 n . 4, 708

n. 4 Afrikaner, Jonker, 206 n. 2, 308 n. 3 Agbebi, Akinbami, 395 Aggrey, James E. K., 113, 147, 200

6 0 7 - 6 0 8 n . 3, 6 2 0

Anwoke, L., 219 Anyi, m 7 Apapa land case, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 n. 5, 2 6 1 APO, 317, 3 2 9 , 3 4 0 - 3 4 1 , 353-355, 368-369 Arauto Africano, 154 n. 1 Armed Brothers of the Sahara, 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 n. 1 Armitage, Sir Cecil H., 262, '492 n. 1 Arnold, Nicholas, 3 5 0 , 4 5 2 - 4 5 3 , 4 9 8 Artaxerxes, 159 Arthur Frederick, Prince of Connaught, 242

A g u s t o , L . B . , 167-168

Ajayi, Rev., 395 Akan, 561, 562 nn. 11, 12 Akus, 499 Alaric, 435, 440 n. 5 Albert, King of Belgium, 331 n. 2 Albuquerque, Affonso de, 313, '315 n. 6 Alcandre, 183, 184 Alcindor, Dr. John, 167, *i68 n. 2 Alexander, Daniel William, 356 n. 2 Alfonse, 630, 631

n- 4,

493,

* 4 9 4 n . 4,

6 9 0 , 701, 7 0 4 , 705 7/0

643,

644,

675,

686,

INDEX Asante (Ashanti), 492 n. 1, 561, 562 n. 13 Asante Kotoko Society, 562 n. 13 Ashanti. See Asante Ashanti Campaign (1895-1896), 492 n. 1 Ashie-Nikoi, G., '396 n. 1, 397 Ashwood, Amy (Garvey), 39 n. 2 Assain, 583 Assar, Mr., 204, 205

Baptiste, 582 Baptist Missionary Society, 98-99 n. 2, 99 nn. 4, 5, 249 nn. 4, 5, 8, 250 n. 9, 280 Barclay, Arthur, 22-23, 25, 62, 63, 65, 69 Barclay, Edwin, 76, 110-111, 215, 221, 244, 289 Barnabas, Mr. (Herero headsman), 319 Barnabas, Sgt. (policeman), 392 Barnado, Dr. Thomas John, 171, 174 n. 4 Barolong, 706 n. 1 Barrolle, Mrs. Lauretta A., 246 Barthélémy, Georges, 159 Barue Rebellion (Pan-Zambesian Rebellion)

Assimilation, 181 n . 3, 440, 500-501 n . 4

Associated Press, 185 Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 662 n. 15 Atiogbe, P. K. K., 204-205 Attila, 43J, 440 n. 6 Auber, Joseph Pierre Jules, 176, *I8I n. 4, 183,

o f 1917, 6 7 6 - 6 7 7 n. 4, 677 n . 6

Basade, Daudi, '228 n. 1

B a s u t o l a n d , 200 n . 3, 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 n . 1, 244 n . 2,

186

644, 647, 701; Boers in, 654-655; British in,

Augagneur, Victor, 215, 230 n. 5, 596-600,

655;

601 n n . 4, 7, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2 n . 8

Augouard, Phillippe-Prosper, 214, *2I6 n. 1, 220, 229

Aujas, Louis, 447, '448-449 n. 1, 449-450, 45I_452> 4^3. 469, 487, 5°2> 547; on UNIA in S e n e g a l , 4 6 0 - 4 6 2 , 4 8 8 - 4 9 0 , 512-513

Austin, Rev. Junius Caesar, *j3i—J32 n. 2 Austin, Reynold F., 70 n. 5 Australia, UNIA in, 634, 636 n. 3 L'Avenir Colonial Beige, 43 n. 2, 47 n. 4, 9798, 99 n n . 9, n. 8, 330

12,

229,

232-235,

chiefs

in,

242 n . 2,

2 4 3 - 2 4 4 n. 1;

ethnic groups of, 591 n. 2, 654; Garvey's influence in, 243, 704, 705; Maseru, 241, 242 n. 1; press in, 243; South Africa administers, 241 Basutoland African Congress, 243-244 n. 1 Basutoland National Council, 243-244 n. 1 Basutoland Progressive Association, 241, 242 n. 2 Bayào, Lino de Sousa, 154 n. 2 Beard, Captain T. H. W., 486

249-250

B e c h u a n a l a n d , 400-401 n . 8, 6 4 4 - 6 4 5 n . 1

Beckett, Joe, 680, 683-684 n. 10 Belgian Congo (Zaïre), 109 nn. 12, 13, 177, 597; African Americans in, xlix, 43 n. 2; African associations in, 46; anncolonialism

Ayada, Mustapha, 582 Ayeboavi, Paul D., 309

i n , 4 6 - 4 7 n . 2, 9 8 - 9 9 n . 2; B a n a n a ,

232,

235 n. 4; Basoko, 397; "black peril" in, 100 n. 13, 229; Black Star Line in, 360, 363, 396, 397; Boma, 98; British interests in, 405 n. 1, 579 n. i, 579-580 n. 4; colonial administration of, 44, 109 nn. 8, 11, 14, 331, 452; death penalty in, 330, 331 n. 1; entry restrictions in, xlviii, lxxv, 111-112, 449) 579 n - ^ Equateur, 46; ethnic groups

Baccari, Eduardo, 218-219, * 2 I 9 n - T> 445 446> 545-546 Back-to-Africa movement. See Colonization/ black-repatriation movements Baganda (Muganda), 406, 407 n. 3 Bagnall, Robert W., 556 n. 2 Bailleux, Georges, '570-571 n. 3, 571 Bailundu uprising of 1902, 577 n. 6

o f , 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 n . 8, 577 n . 6, 597, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2

B a k o n g o , 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 n . 8, 577 n . 6, 597, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2

n. 8; foreign influences in, 43-44, 579 nn. 1, 2; Garveyism in, xlix, 43 n. 1, 49-50

n. 8 Bakongo rebellion (1913-1914), 577 n. 6 Balfour, Arthur James, 540, 541, 542, 543, *544 n- 3 Balfour Declaration, 544 n. 3 Baltimore Afro-American, 76-77, 325, 327 n. 8, 654, 661 n. 8 Balut, M. M., 483, 484 n. 3, Bamba, Amadou, 250 n. 11, 257-258 n. 14 Bambalaza, Belton, 590 Bangura, 526, 527 n. 5 Bank of British West Africa, 17, 19, 20, 25, 38 Bank of Liberia, 73 n. 2 Bankole-Bright, Dr. Herbert, 544 n. 2 Bantu, 74-75, 146-148, 406, 407 n. 3; brotherhood, 275; chiefdoms, 217, 218 nn. 1, 2; leaders, 655 Bantu World, 150 n. 1

n- 2, 2 4 7 - 2 4 8 , 330, 405, 579, 707; G o m b e

Lutete affair in, 97-98, 99 n. 4; Kimbangu-

ism in, 9 8 - 9 9 n . 2, 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 n . 2, 248, 249 n. 2, 250 n. 10, 330, 331 nn. 1, 2, 3, 440 n . 2, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2 n . 8, 707; Kinshasa, 4 2 - 4 3 ,

44) 45-46, 98, 99 nn. 7, 12, 100 n. 13, 112 n. 1, 210, 248, 249 n. 7, labor emigration to, in—112, 579 n. 1; Léopoldville, 98; Matadi, 98, 112 n. 1; messianism in, 575;

missionaries i n , 9 8 - 9 9 n . 2, 99 n n . 4, 5, 2 1 4 , 216 n . 1, 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 n . 2, 248, 249 n n . 4, 5, 6, 2^0 n . 9, 440 n . 2, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2 n . 8, 602

n. 9; '•¡•jgro World in, 10, 43, 46, 49 n. 1, 248, 249 n. 7; Negro World banned in, 4 9 - 5 0 n . 2, 507; N k a m b a , 247, 2 4 8 - 2 4 9 n . i, 249 n. 2, 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 n . 8, 250 n . 12;

711

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

Phelps-Stokes Commission in, 441 n. 17; railroad in, 109 n. 13, i n n. 1, 248, 249250 n. 8; Sankuru district of, 46; strike in,

dissolved, xlix, lxxv; European press on, 144, 237, 350; finances of, lxxvii, 326-327 n. 7, 652, 654; in Gold Coast, 559, 560; Gabriel Johnson on, 86, 126; in Liberia, 58, 363; in Nigeria, 393, 395, 397; in Senegal, 360, 363, 419, 463, 501; ships of, 42

99 n. 12, 248, 249-250 n. 8; subversive

writing banned in, 707, 708 nn. 1, 2, 4; Thysville, 98; Tonga movement in, 46-47 n. 2; UNIA's influence in, 358, 501;

n . 2, 69-70 n. 4, 323, 325, 329, 355, 363,

364, 421, 652, 654 (see also SS Kanawha; SS Orion; SS Shadyside; SS Yarmouth); stock sales in, xlix, lxxii, lxxv, 58, 70 n. 6, 325, 326 n. 5, 397, 419; sued for wages, 355, 356 n. 4 Blantyre Native Association, 280-281 n. 1, 427 n. 3 Bluntschli, Johann Kaspar, '117 n. 4 Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 175 n. 10, 222-223 n. 1, 273 n. 3, 425 n. 3 Blyth, Matthew Smith, 199, 200 n. 6 Bobb, R. W. Oka, 120, 121

u n r e s t / u p r i s i n g s i n , 42-43, 44-46, 98-99 n. 2, 100 n. 13, 210, 232, 23$ n. 1, 248, 330,

434, 577 n - 6. 578-579, 600, 707; U.S. interests in, 49 n. 1, 436 Belgium: in Africa, 209, 436, 539 n. 5 (see also Belgian Congo); capital punishment in, 331 n. 1; communism in, 707, 708 n. 4; concern about Black Star Line in, 208, 490, 606; concern about Du Bois in, 165, 439; concern about Garvey and Garveyism in, 49-50 n . 2, 99 n . 12, 160, 350, 434, 435,

438, 439 , 452, 49°, 491-49*, 531, fo4, 609; concern about Negro World in, lxxvi, 49, 5°, 345, 417 2, 490, 498, 570, 604; concern about Pan-Africanism and PanAfrican Congresses in, 43 n. 1, 47-48, 484 9 n- 3, '59

2

Boers, 320, 654-655

Bois, Petrus, 702-703 Boisneuf, René, 181 n. 9 Bok, Jan, 591 Bokè (justice of the peace), 363 Bolshevism, 583; Du Bois accused of, 48-49 n. 3; Garvey accused of or linked to, 50, 158, 214, 215, 222, 334, 422; as German extremism, 50 Bondelswarts, 311 n. 2, 630; rebellion, xlviii,

, 160, 208, 434, 435-437,

439-440; concern about UNIA in, 47, 207-208, 345 n . i § , 438, 604, 606, 609;

invited to UNIA convention, 452; on Kimbangu, 598; on "Negro problem" in

U.S., 437-438; o n Panda Farnana, 232-235;

press of, 43 n. 1, 44 n. i§, 47 n. 4, 161

lxxvi, 371-372 n . 5, 547, 607 n . 2, 607-608

n. 3, 642. See also Nama

n. 2, 165, 232-235, 707, 708 n. 4; U N I A on,

435, 452; U.S., relations with, 49 n. 1, 441 n. 16 Bellegarde, Louis-Dantes, 176, *I8I n. 2, 183, 186, 605, 607 n. 2, 667 n. 1 Benin. See Dahomey Berkman, Alexander, 162 n. 2 Bernaud, Mr., 447 Beton, Isaac, 185 n. 7 Beugre, 255, 256 Beurnier, Maurice, 415 n. 22 Bible quoted or paraphrased, 171, 173, 189, 2 43> ¿73 , 336, 338, 467, 625 Birth of a Nation, 183, 185 n. 3, 196 n. 6 Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto von, 435, 440 n. 10 Black Cross Nurses, 204 Black Man (Garvey's), 531, 604 Black Man (Ncwana's), xlvii, 113, 331, 332, 546 Black-repatriation movements. See Colonization/black-repatriation movements Black Star Line, 39-40 n. 1, 147, 220 n. 1, 316,

Booth, Joseph, 49-50 n. 2, 427 n. 2, 427-428

n. 4 Bordeaux Colonial Institute, 409, 413 n. 2 Borja dos Santos, Antonio, *2i3 n. 2 Botha, Gen. Louis, 371 n. 1 Bouet, Georges, 706-707 Bouh, Saad, 257-258 n. 14 Boxer Rebellion, 626-627 n. 11 B o x i n g , 677, 678-680, 682-683 n . 1, 683 n n . 2, 3, 4, 6, 683-684 n . io

O Brado Africano, 113-114, 336 Brandon, R. A. L., 277, "278 n. 2 Brazza, Savorgnan de, 222-223 n. 1 Brenez, Arthur, 232-235 Brennan, Edward J., 162 Brennus, 117 n. 3 Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 414 n. 5 Briand, Aristide, 47, 48 n. 2, 244 Briggs, Cyril V., xlvii, lxxiii, 49 n. 1, 270, 304, 305 n. 12, 331, 332, 340, 561, 661 n. i; v. Garvey or on Garvey, 271-273, 275, 317,

368, 405, 473, 572, 635, 652, 653-654, 706;

324,

advertisements for, 324-325; African press on, 54, 75, 270, 368, 397; in Belgian Congo, 360, 363, 396, 397; Briggs on, 271; Bureau of Investigation on, 326-327 n. 7; colonial officials on, 43-44, 72, 112, 196,

340-341,

354, 369; o n

SS

Phyllis

Wheatley, 326 n. 4 Brisbane, Arthur, 265, *i66 n. 4 British East Africa: anticolonial protest in, 372-373 n. 2; African-American newspapers in, 529-530 n. 2; Indian problem in,

208, 210, 357, 358-362, 363, 394-395, 490,

386 n . 2, 407-408 n . 1; Islam in, 257-258

606; Crichlow on, 291; Diagne on, 214; is

n. 14. See also Kenya; Tanganyika; Uganda 712

INDEX

British West Africa: African resistance in, 362; Africans on councils in, 413-414 n. 3; conditions in, 561; UNIA activity in, 559, 569. See also Gambia; Gold Coast; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Brooks, Rev. J. Sampson, 580 Brooks, Rev. James D., 37, 164, 317, 355, 495 n. i, 653 Brothers of Ploermel, 415-416 n. 24 Brown, David Emmanuel, 475, 476-477, 483, 496, 5°4, 508-509, 510, 545, ssi Brown (Browne), Francis G. (F. G.), lxxvii, 418, 455, 489, 495, 502, 504, 508-509, 549, 55°. 551. 563-564, 566-567, 569, 581, 603, 608, 620, 621, 622 Brown, Samuel, 566 Brown, Thomas G., 449, 450, 461, 462 Brownlee, Charles P., 199, 200 n. 6 Bruce, Blanche K., 181 n. 10 Bruce, Florence, 64, 453 Bruce, Henry, 508, 545 Bruce, John E., lxxvi, 142, 219, 245, 453, 525, 539, 561, 647; on UNIA, 100-101 Brunet, Auguste, 495 n. i§ Bryant, William Cullen, quoted, 301 Buganda, 228 n. 1. See also Uganda Bukere, Momaru Doalu, 175 n. 11 Bulhoek: massacre, xlviii; movement, 54 Bundy, Richard Carlton, 34 Bunyan, John, quoted, 274 Bureau, Leon, 46, 47 n. 3 Bureau of Investigation: on Ali, 1, lxxv; on Black Star Line, 326-327 n. 7; on Deniyi, 162; on Garvey, 42 nn. 1, 2, 87; on Gabriel Johnson, lxxi, 87; on Negro World, 49 n. 1, 50; on radical groups, 162 n. 1; on UNIA, 87 Burns, William J., "162 n. 1, 342 Burrell, Benjamin, 271 n. 1 Burrell, Theophilus, 271 n. 1 Bus de Warn affé, Charles du, 434-440, "440 n. i, 531 Bwambo Ikaya revolts, 46-47 n. 2

Canada, UNIA in, 39 n. 2 Candace, Gratien, lxxiii, 176, 180, *I8I n. 3, 181 n. 9, 183, 185 n. 7, 186, 190, 193 Cannibalism, 564 Cape Argus, 590 n. 1 Cape Times, 364, 404 Cape Verde, 314-315 n. 1 Carew, Benjamin, 527 Carmend, Josef, 307 Caroselli, Francesco Saverio, 586-588, *j88 n. i Carpentier, Georges, 678, 679, 682-683 n. 1, "683 n. 2 Carpot, F., 563-564 Carrier de Marchienne, Emile de, 10, 43-44, 49, 50, 72-73, 364-365 Castro, Arthur Monteiro de, 636 n. 4 Castro, Helidoro Monteiro de, 636 n. 4 Castro, Joäo Monteiro de, 634, "636 n. 4 Castro, José Monteiro de, 636 n. 4 Catete revolt, xlvii, lxxv Catholicism, in Africa, 214, 216 n. 1, 230 nn. 4, 5, 577 n. 5, 601-602 n. 8 Cele, Rev. M. Q., 112 Central Political Medium, 168 n. 4 Cetshwayo, 655, "662 n. 11 Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 432, 433 Chad, 599-600 Chalaye, Felicien, 176, 177 Chamberlain, Joseph, 559, 561-562 n. 2 Charities, 440 n. 13 Charity Organization Society, 440 n. 13 Chaswell, William B., 212, 213 n. 1, 337, 691 Cherry, Paul Y., 307, 308 n. 2 Chesson, C. E., 152, 153 n.2 Chesson, Joseph H., 153 n. 2 Chicago Daily News, 169 Chicago Defender, 69 n. 3, 77 n. 1 Chicago Whip, 42 Chicaya, George, 603 Chilembwe, John, 280-281 n. 1, 282-282 n. 2, 282 n. 3, 426, 427 n. i, "427-428 n. 4 Chilembwe's Rising of 1915, 49-50 n. 3, 249 n. 3, 280-281 n. i, 417 n. 2, 427-428 n. 4, 480 n. i, 676-677 n. 4 China, 626-627 n. 11, 659, 662-663 n - 2 0 Chinese Exclusion Act, 662-663 n. 20 Chinsman, J. B., 170-174, "174 n. 1, 623-626 Chiradzulu District Native Association, 280281 n. i Christian, Jacobus, 607-608 n. 3 Christian Express, 54, 106, 109 n. 9, 365 n. i§ Churchill, Winston, xlvii, lxxvi, lxxviii, 357358, "358 n. i, 379, 386 n. 2, 392, 406, 407408 n. i, 432, 505, 528, 544 n. 3, 645, 646 Church Missionary Society, 228 n. 1, 393-394 n. 2 Church of Jesus Christ on Earth through the Prophet Simon Kimbangu, 98-99 n. 2 Church of Scotland, 427 n. 3, 427-428 n. 4

Cabrai, Amílcar, 314-315 n. 1 Cabrai, Juvenal A. Lopes da Costa, 312-314, "314-315 n. i Cabrai, Luis de Almeida, 314-315 n. 1 Cadorna, Luigi, 588 n. 2 Caillet, Cmdr., 600 California, immigration in, 662-663 n. 20, 663 n. 21 Callaghan, Constable, 627-629, 630, 631, 632 Camacho, Manuel de Brito, 103-104 n. 2 Cameroon, 540, 544 nn. 1, 2, 662 n. 18 Campbell, E. G., 53 Campbell, Gwendolyn, 14, '39 n. 3, 64 Campbell, Thomas, 392 n. 2 Camphor, Alexander P., 40 n. 10

713

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS

Coryndon, Sir Robert T., 432-433, "433 n. 1, 5*8, 529 Correio de Africa, 103, 104 n. 3, 144-146, 237, 238, 312-314, 333 , 334, 335 5 Costa, Ange da, 449, '450 n. 2, 461, 463, 465

Cingo, W. D., 198-200, *2oo n. 1 Clair, Bishop Matthew Wesley, 39-40 n. 4, 60, *7° n. 7 Claparède, René, 106, 109 n. 8 Clarke, Edward Young, xlix, lxxvi, 195-196 n. 5 Clédor, Amadou N'Diaye Duguay, 499, 500501 n. 4 Clemenceau, Georges, 6-7 n. 1, 106, 131, 135, 437, 638 Clemens, 673 Cleophus (Herero), 643 Clifford, Sir Hugh, lxxvi, 262, 357, 392-393 Clozel, Governor General M. F. J., 495 n. i§ Clue, John de, 205 n. 1, 269-270 n. 4 Cockburn, Captain Joshua, 70 n. 6, 326-327 2 n- 7, 393, 395 , 4¿i, 4 " Coker, Abdou Salam, 496, 509 Coker, Hamet, 496, 509, 552 Coker, James Samuel, 156 n. 1, 583 Coker brothers, 451, 459 Cole, Abdou Ramanu, 451, 458, 496, 509, 552 Cole, Ibrahima (Abraham), 418, 442, 487, 504, 505, 5°9, 51°, 55*, 609 Cole, William Emmanuel, 425 n. 3 College of West Africa, 34, 40 n. 10 Colonial and Provincial Reporter, 170 n. 2 Colonization/black-repatriation movements, 125; Ethiopia invites, 689, 690 n. 2, 698, 700; to Liberia, 145-146, 172, 223 n. 5; as solution to race problem, 437-438; UNIA's, 113, 146-147, 201, 435-436, 601 n. 4 Colored Liberty Congress, 220 n. 1 Comité de défense de la race nègre, 557-558 n. 2 Comité de politique nationale, 161 n. 3 Comités d'études franco-africaines (CEFA), 557-558 n. 2 Communism, 583; in Belgium 707, 708 n. 4; Diagne accused of, 6-7 n. 1; in France, 640; Garvey on, 182 n. 15; in Great Britain, 182 n. 14, 351; Pan-African Congress influenced by, lxxiii, 183; in South Africa, 243-244 n. i, 373 n. 4; UNIA accused of, 463, 471, 473, 485; in U.S., 271 n. 1 Communist International, 182 n. 14; Second, 50 n. 2; Third, 180, 184, 373 n. 4 Communist Party of Great Britain, 182 n. 14 Congo. See Belgian Congo; French Congo Congo, 247-248, 330, 405, 434-440, 531 Congo Free State. See Belgian Congo Congo Railway, 109 n. 13 Congo Reform Association, 106, 109 n. 8 Convention of the Hague (1907), 539 n. 2 Convention People's party, 396 n. 1 Coolidge, Calvin, 3 n. 1 Cope, R. S., 205-206, 279, 522, 669, 696-697, 702

n- I, 47°, 472, 502, 507, 5" I, 552 Costa Rica, no Côte d'Ivoire, 222-223 n 251, anti-European propaganda in 252-256; Bingerville, 251, 257 n. 2; education in, 253, 254, 256, 257 n. 10; ethnic groups of, 252, 257 n. 7; Garveyism in, 211 n. 4, 254, 256; Gold Coast and, 252; Gorée, 253, 254, 257 n. 10; Grand-Bassam, 483; Jacqueville, 483; map of, 251; Muslims in, 254, 257-258 n. 14; Negro World in, 255; Senegalese influence in, 252-253, 257 n. 7 Cotzell, Mrs. R., 345 Council of Colored Congregational Churches, 576 n. 1 Court (policeman in Senegal), 448, 449, 450, 461, 488, 502 Couteau, Guillaume, 557-558 n. 2 Cowles, Major W. H., 342 Cox, S. A. G., 273 n. 3 Creoles, 6-7 n. 1, 413 n. 1, 415 n. 18, 443 n. 2, 499 Crespin, Adolphe, 6-7 n. 1 Crichlow, Cyril A., lxxiii, 22-23, 39 - 4° n - 4, 55, 56, 287-304, 355; on Black Star Line, 291; business school of, 91, 92; Garvey on, 302, 317; Garvey's instructions to, 11-12, 290; on his loyalty to Garvey, 303; on Gabriel Johnson (feud with), xlvi, lxxi, 11, 15-17, 21-39, 55-69, 90-93, 224, 225, 288-290, 291, 292, 293, 299; on C. D. B. King, 287-288, 289, 291, 293; on Liberian postal officials, 298; on Liberians as antiAmerican, 61-62, 92; on Liberia's immigration policies, 67-68, 287-289; on Liberia's political system, 290-291; on Liberians' response to Garvey, 293-294; on Liberians' response to UNIA plans, 292-300; on Marke, xlvi, 16-17, 21-22, 33-39, 55, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 90, 92, 225, 289, 292, 299, 300; resigns as resident secretary, lxxi, 25, 27, 28, 35, 39, 69, 71, 89, 92, 227, 302-303; salary of, 224-225, 302; suit by, 224-225; on UNIA, 303, 304; on UNIA's program in Liberia, xlvi, lxxiii, 11-40, 55-69, 90-93, 224, 291-300; U.S. military on, 80; U.S. State Department on, 227; on West Indians in Africa, 295 Crichlow, Mrs. Cyril, 20, 297 Crisis, xlvi, 105, 114, 115 n. 3, 166 n. 4, 232 n. 2, 352, 406-407 n. 2, 529-530 n. 2, 576577 n. 4, 667 n. i; King on Liberia in, 51, 52, 287-288, 289, 293; on Pan-African Congress, 108 n. 2 Cristons, 210

Coppin, Bishop Levi, 223-224 n. 7 714

INDEX

Dennis, Gabriel Lafayette, '232 n. i Dennis, Georgia E. L., 65 Denton, Ashimi, 609 Denton, Bassirou, 442, 487, 505, 509, 552 La Dépêche Colonial et Maritime, 158-159, 165, 176-180, 183-185, 197, 214-215, 220-222, 229 n. 1, 234, 534, 636-640 La Dépêche Politique, 216-217 Derne (customs agent), 582 La Dernière Heure, 235 n. 5 Desai, M. A., 407-408 n. 1 Detroit Contender, 635-636 n. 2 de Valera, Eamon, 107, 140, 149 Devonshire, Duke of, 407-408 n. 1, 644, 705 de Wet, 629

C r o c k a e r t , J a c q u e s , 160, * I 6 I n . 7

Crombrugge, R. Van, 50, 570 Cromwell, Oliver, 435, 440 n. 8 Crowther, C. A., 156 n. 2 Crowther, Eliza, 156 n. 2 Crusader, 49 n. 1, 271-272, 275, 305 n. 12, 324, 328, 331, 361, 561; Crichlow's articles in, xlvi, Lxxiii, 287-304 Cummings, E. H., 473, '474 n. 1 Cummings, E. H. Taylor, 474 n. 1 Cummings-John, Constance, 202 n. 1 Cunningham, Major James H., 342-343, "344 n. 3 Curzon, George Nathaniel, 568, 618

Dewitt, J. J., 623 n. 3, 663, 665 De Yong, Miss, 336 Diagne, Biaise, 3 n. 2, '6-7 n. 1, 48, 103 n. 1, 104 n. 3, 157, 159, 165, 181 n. 9, 222, 233, 313, 410, 412-413, 414 nn. 9,, 11, 13, 415 nn. 16, 17, 18, 424 n. 2, 501 n. 5, 557-558 n. 2, 682-683 n. 1; accused of communism, 6-7 n 1; on Africa for Africans, 158, 186, 498; ancestry of, 216, 217 n. 2, 234, 236 n. 12; on Black Star Line, 214; on colonial reform, 416 n. 26; as commissioner of black troops, 415 n. 16; v. Du Bois, xlvi; on equality, 415 nn. 14, 20; on Garvey, xlvi, lxxiii, 158, 183-184, 197, 198, 216-217, 484. 498-500, 692-693; Garvey on, 186, 694-696; on Liberia and its leaders, 214-215, 415 n. 14, 693; on loyalty of Africans, 217, 497; opponents of, 250 n. 11, 416 n. 25; and Pact of Bordeaux, 415 n. 20; and Pan-African Congresses, lxxiii, 6-7 n. 1, 166 n. 2, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 197-198, 214, 215, 216-217, 235 n. 6, 484, 693; power/influence of, 415 n. 22; on Senegalese soldiers, 158; supporters of, 257 n. 12, 258 n. 15, 414 n. 8, 500-501 n. 4; on UNIA, 215, 498-500 Dialle, 583 Diallo, Samba, 563 Diangienda, Joseph, 98-99 n. 2 Diario de Lisboa, 636 n. 4 Dickens, Charles, referred to, 105 Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 658, *66z n. 17

Dahomey (Benin), 239, 240, 424 Daily Gleaner; 114, 115 n. 2 Daily Herald, 352 n. 5 Daily Mail, 276 Daily Negro Times, 570 Damara, 205 n. 1, 308 n. 3, 311 n. 2, 398, 401 n. 11, 629, 631, ¿33 nn. 4, 5, 665 Daniel (Herero), 631 Daniels, Josephus, 132, 138 n. 15 Daniels, Peter O., 242-243, 336, 344 Dannert, Rev. Eduard, 399 n. 1 Daugherty, Harry M., 556 n. 2 Davids, H. L., 344 Davies, E. G., 418, 504, 509, 528, 552 Davies, L. E. C., 121 Davis, Mrs., 75 n. 1 Davis, Annie E., 152 Davis, Henrietta V., 39-40 n. 4, 70 n. 6, 114, 538, 647 Davis, John, 201 Davis, Rev. Joseph H., 151-152 Davis, Mortimer J., 82, 86-87 Davis, Rev. Dr. T. Ellwood, 56, 152 Davis, Mrs. T. Ellwood, 152 Day, O. W., 120, 121 D a y e , P i e r r e , io n. 1, 160, * I 6 I n. 3

Dean, Captain Harry J., 221, '223-224 n. 7 de Bourg, John Sydney, 114, 538, 634 Dedig, Mr., 592 Deen, Faju, 451, 459 Deen, Hudee T., 496, 509, 552 Defiance Campaign of 1952, IJO n. 1 Delafosse, Maurice, 220-222, '222-223 n. 1 De Laurence, Lauron W., 143 Delcommune, A., 236 n. 14 De Lisser, Herbert, 115 n. 2 Delmont, Alcide, 184 La Démocratie du Sénégal, 6-7 n. 1, 257 n. 12 Dempsey, Jack, 679, 683 n. 4 de Namarh, Mr., 612 De Neal, Tobe, 575 Denis, J., 156 n. 2 Deniyi, Adeoye, 142-143 Deniyi, Madarikan, 143, 162, 163-164, 201

Didelot, Pierre Jean Henri, 449, 450, 451, 458, 459> 46O> 487-488, 496-497, 501-513» 557, 581-584 Diedrik, Salmon, 375-377 Diggs, Rt. Rev. J. R. L., 539 Dinaunge, Erasmus, 591 Diop, Adbou Cogna, 157, 158 Diop, M'Bakhane, 414 n. 9 Diop, Thiécouta, 416 n. 25 Diouf, Galandou, 6-7 n. 1, 557-558 n. 2 Diton, Mrs., 575

715

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Duke, T h o m a s J., 418, 476, 489, 495, 496, 504, 505, 508, 510, 548-549, 55°, 551, 567, 577, 581, 603, 608, 620, 621, 622 Dukinepo, Zacheus, 591 Dumacha, Dr., 115—117, 118-119 Dunlap, Ethel T., 174, *i7j n. 13 d u Plooy, Mr., 592 Dyer, Leonidas C., 108 n. 3 Dyer Anti-lynching bill, 108 n. 3

Doherty, Isaac Sylvanus, lxxvii, 448, 449, 450, 457, 461, 462, 463, 465, 489, 495, 496, 5°2. 508, 510, 513, 526, 527-528, 549, 550, 551, 569, 581, 620, 621, 622 Domingo, W. Adolphus, 271, 273 n. 2, *273 n. 3 Dominique, "Bebe," 583 Donaldson, Joseph Hazel, 21, 28, 30, 35, 69, 79-80, 89, 90 D o r n , W., 204 Dove, Arthur F. Renner, '53 n. 1 Dove, Francis, 53 n. 1 Dove, Frederick W., 544 n. 2 Dove, Hollis, 53 n. 1 Dove, Silas, 53 n. 1 d ' O x o b y , Jean Daramy, 6-7 n. 1, 257 n. 12 Drake, A. G., 591-592 Drapeau Rouge, 708 n. 4 Drincourt, Pastor, 548 D r u m m o n d , Sir Eric, 607-608 n. 3, 667 n. 1 D u b e , Rev. John L., 75 n. 1, 148, 150 D u b e , Mrs. John L., 75 n. 1 Du Bois, W. E. B., xlvi, lxxii, 6, 43 n. 1, 53, 72, 75 n. 1, 77 n. 1, 103 n. 1, 158, 173, 201, 234, *46-247, 2 é 3 , 283, 284, 313, 366-367 n. 1, 422, 433-434 n- 2, 439, 561, 564-565 n. 1, 576-577 n. 4, 658; accused of Bolshevism, 48-49 n. 3; on Africa for Africans, 114, 115 n. 3, 186; o n African American in African climate, 186, 195 n. 3; on African soldiers, 435, 440 n. 14; and British Labour party, 178, 180, 181-182 n. 12, 184; on C o n g o ,

Eason, Dr. J. W. H . , 37, 538, 559, 634 East, Rev. James E., 280, *28i-282 n. 2 East Africa. See British East Africa; Kenya; Tanganyika; Uganda East Africa Indian National Congress, 407408 n. 1 East African Association, xlviii, xlix, lxxiv, lxxv, 372-373 n. 2, 386 n. 1, 406-407 n. 2 East African Chronicle, 407-408 n. 1 East African Protectorate. See Kenya Ebenezer Baptist Church, Pittsburgh, Pa., 531-532 n. 2 L'Echo tie Paris, 692-693, 694 Echo Gabonais, lxxiv, 601 n. 4 E d m o n d s , Dan, 697, 699 Education: abroad, 406-407 n. 2, 432-433, 660; American models for, 161-162 n. 8, 406-407 n. 2, 472 n. 3 (see also H a m p t o n Institute; Tuskegee Institute); in C ô t e d'Ivoire, 253, 254, 256, 257 n. 10; in French colonies, 601 n. 6, 601-602 n. 8; in G a b o n , 601 nn. 4, 6; in Gold Coast, 263 n. 1; I C U on, 278; in Liberia, 580; missionaries provide, 472 n. 4, 580, 601 n. 6; in Nigeria, 393-394 n. 2, 594 n. 5; Pan-African C o n gress o n , 4; Phelps-Stokes mission o n , 441 n. 17; in Portuguese colonies, 313; as remedy for African question, 66o; in Sào Tomé e Principe, 333; in Sierra Leone, 526 n. 2, 470, 472 n. 4, 523, 580; for Ugandans, 406-407 n. 2, 432-433; as U N I A aim, 470, 473 E d u n , H o n . Adegboyega, 367 n. 3 Edward, Jeffrey Matthew, 675, 691 Efigq, Joce, 308 n. 2 Egypt, 651; gods of, 174, 175 n. 9; independence movement in, 276, 369, 536, 599, 602 n. 14, 652; "Red M o n d a y " in, 602 n. 14 Ehrgott, Jacob, 267, 270 n. 5, 277 Elder Dempster Company, 363, 393, 470, 471-472 n. 1, 486, 504, 507; Negro World smuggled via, 550, 667-668; U N I A members employed by, 471-472 n. 1, 508, 509,

177, 178; on Europe in Africa, 435; on France, 177, 178, 179; on Garvey, 166 n. 4, 178, 180, 184; Garvey on, lxxiii, 101-102, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136 n. 2, 138-139, 181 n. 11, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189-190, 191, 192, 193, T94, T95, 208, 209, 341, 354, 695; v. Garvey/compared with Garvey, xlv, 51 n. 1, 165, 166, 183, 184, 186, 338, 369, 636 n. 4; o n Haiti, 177; on land ownership, 178; as mulatto, 264; and NAACP, 337; Negro World on, 247 n. 1; and Pan-African Association, 185 n. 7; at Pan-African C o n ference, 223-224 n. 7; and first Pan-African Congress, 3, 139 n. 2; and second PanAfrican Congress, xlv, lxxi, lxxiii, 3, 105107, 108-109 n. 7, 109 n. 10, 159, 166 n. 2, 167, 176-179, 180, 184, 186, 196 n. 2, 203, 208, 238, 260; on race future, 177-178; on race leaders, 178; on race separation, 178, 179; on racial equality, 178; and Third International, 180, 184; as Uncle T o m / white Negro, 190, 319; o n U N I A , 49 n. 4, 139 n. 2, 156, 157; U N I A o n , 203, 238 Du Bot, 527 Duchêne, Albert, 574 n. 1 Duke, Anna Sawyerr, 603 Duke, Joseph, 603

524, 527 Ellegor, F. W., 20, 82, 539 Elliott, Edward L., 199, 200 n. 6 7/6

INDEX

Elon, Mr., 204 Epikilipikili, 46-47 n. 2 Equality, 415 nn. 14, 20, 680-681; of races, 124, 126-127,

J

n. 2, 640; aids Turkey, 640, 641 n. 5; black deputies of, 181 n. 9; citizenship in, for Africans, 6 - 7 n. 1, 257 n. % communism in, 640; given Cameroon as mandate, 540, J44 nn. 1, 2; intelligence division of, 575, 707; interests in Liberia, 77, 343, 706-707; interests in Niger, 389 n. 2; interests in Senegal, 6-7 n. 1, 486 n. 1; interests in West Indies, 416 n. 26, 422, 423; invited to UNIA convention, 422, 444; officials' concern with communism in Africa, 583; officials' concern with Garvey and Garveyism, xlvii, 244-245, 254, 255, 422, 575, 583, 611, 707; officials' concern with Gabriel Johnson, 244, 245; officials' concern with Negro World, 542, 555, 574; officials' concern with Pan-Africanism and Pan-African

6o, 178, 19s n. 4, 3 6 6 - 3 6 7

n. 1, 687. See also Social equality Eritrea, 447 n. 2, 588 n. 2, 668, 697, 698, 700 L'Essor Colonial, 438, 441 n. 22 Ethiopia, 651, 652, 659; black empire in, 223224 n. 7; as black homeland, 47, 689, 698, 700; invites colonizers, 689, 690 n. 2, 698, 700; as Italian colony, 689; stretches forth her hand, 467; war with Italy, 1, 690 n. 2 Ethiopian Church movement, 248, 249 n. 3, 531, 676 n. 1 Ethiopian National Anthem, 212 Euba, Rev. William B., 501 n. 7 Evans, W., 546-547 L'Eveil Colonial, 414 n. 12, 484, 486 n. 1, 498, 4 9 9 , 501 n. 5, 511, 512

Congresses,

47-48,

208,

210-211,

255;

officials' concern with UNIA, lxxvi, 47, 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 , 4 2 2 - 4 2 3 , 549, 569, 574, 7 0 6 - 7 0 7 ;

racial attitudes in, 678, 679-680, 682 Franceschi (French official), 574 Franchise, 6-7 n. 1, 200 n. 7 Franck, Louis, 49, 161-162 n. 8, 555 Franco-Prussian War, 543, 545 n. 6 Frazier, Edward F., 183-184, 185 n. 2 Freemasonry, 84 French Congo, 222-223 n African resistance in, 596, 597-599; Belgian Congo's influence in, 597; "black peril" in, 229; Boko region of, 229-230 n. 2; education in, 601-602 n. 8; Brazzaville, 601 n. 5; Kimbanguism in, 229-230 n. 2; missionaries in, 214, 216 n. 1, 229-230 n. 2, 597,

Fabian Society, 181-182 n. 12 Fabri, Friedrich, 399 n. 2 Faidherbe, Gov. Louis, 413, 415 n. 19, '4154 1 6 n. 24 Farmer, John Henry, lxxvi, lxxvii, 418, '420 n. i, 442, 449, 450, 452, 455-456, 457, 462, 463, 4 é 5 , 4 6 6 - 4 6 8 , 469, 470, 4 7 1 - 4 7 2 n- i, 475. 483, 487, 488, 489, 495; 496, 502, 503. 5 ° 4 , 5°5. 506, 507-508, 509, 510, 513, 528,

549 , 550, 551, 569, 581, 603, 608; on police harrassment of UNIA members, 618-622; police interrogate, 472-474; police statement by, 524-526 Farmer, Mrs. John H., 471 Farmer, Joseph, 524 Farmers' Produce Commission, 318 n. 1 Fascism, 1, brxviii Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 165, *i66 n. 4 Fédération de la libre-pensée, 181 n. 3 Federzoni, Luigi, 699-700, *7°° n. 1 Ferris, William H., 155, 283, 538, 561, 634, 647, 677; knighted, 245, 246 n. 2 Fetishism, 248, 249 n. 2, 599 Fillmore, Millard, 624, 626 n. 3 Flambeau, 48-49 n. 3 Rande Libérale (Ghent), 229 n. 1 Flood, J. E. W., 359, *3^2 n. 2 Florida, UNIA in, 42 n. 1 Flournoy, J. T., 49 n. 1 Flynn, William J., 162 n. 1 Fonta (policeman), 449 Forbin, Victor, 145 Forsbrook, Major C. Thomas, 370-371, 374, 387, 493-494, 703-704 Fourn, Governor Gaston, 240 n. 2 Fousset, Louis-Jacques-Auguste, 417-418,

598, 6 0 1 - 6 0 2 n. 8, 602 n. 9

French Equatorial Africa: anticolonialism in, 601 n. 4; colonial administration of, 600601 n. 3, 601 nn. 4, 7, 601-602 n. 8; demographics of, 600-601 n. 3; education in, 601 n. 6, 601-602 n. 8; foreign propaganda in, 596; Fort Lamy, 598, 602 n. 10; Islam in, 600-601 n. 3; map of, 595; missionaries in, 599, 600-601 n. 3, 601 n. 6; Lower Congo area of, 601-602 n. 8. See also Chad; French Congo; Gabon; UbangiShari French Guinea, 88 n. 5, 211 n. 4, 363, 374 French West Africa: Dakar, 253-254; German interests in, 409-410; immigration/ deportation policies of, 424; Negro World banned in, xlviii, lxxiv, 255, 258 n. 16, 276 n. 2, 390, 464, 474-475, 47 6 -477, 483, 485, 488, 489, 495, 503, 509, 510, 545, 547, 550,

563, 569, 581, 582; officials' concern with Black Star Line in, 112, 363; officials' concern with Garvey and Garveyism in, lxxvii, 1 1 2 , 210, 484-485,

5 1 0 - 5 1 1 ; officials' con-

cern with UNIA in (surveillance of UNIA members), 210, 358, 447, 448, 449-450, 45I_452> 457, 458, 462, 487-489, 495, 496,

*4i8 n. 1

France, 177, 178, 179, 222-223 n - J> African soldiers for, 6 - 7 n. 1, 544 n. 4, 548, 588 717

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS homeland, xlix, 1, lxxv, 639, 692; o n Kenya, 378-382; o n Liberia, 130; o n mandates, 532-533, 541; redemption of, xlvi, 129-130, 134, 139, 160, 194, 377, 383, 385, 580, 639, 650-651, 658-659, 695, 696

$01-502, 507, 510, 513, 526, 550, 569, 581, 620, 622; unrest in, 362. See also Côte d'Ivoire; Dahomey; French Guinea; H a u t Sénégal Niger; Senegal Friends of N e g r o F r e e d o m , 553, 554, 556 n. 2 Fritz, 613 " F r o m Greenland's Icy Mountains," 174, 204, 211, 336

METAPHORS, QUOTATIONS, AND EXPRESSIONS USED BY Bible q u o t e d by, 189, 338; o n fooling all of the people, 194; on 400 million Negroes, 114, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 160, 381, 382, 541, 543, 638, 640, 651; o n g o i n g t o the academy of the world, 102; o n leopard changing skin, 694; o n liberty or death, 114, 131; o n opening or closing ranks, 129, 133

Gabon: education in, 601 nn. 4, 6; emancipation for, 256; Garveyism in, 596-597, 601 n. 4; Libreville, 596, 597, 600-601 n. 3, 601 nn. 5, 6 Gaiffier d ' H e s t r o y , Baron E. de, 612-613 n - 1 Gaines, E. L., 539, 634 Gama, Vasco da, 313, *3ij n. 3 Gambia: Bathurst, 458 n. 1; British control, 458 n. 1; entry from Senegal to, 479 nn. 1, 2; map of, 451; NCBWA in, 168 n. 3; Negro World banned in, xlviii, lxxvii; U N I A ' s influence in ( U N I A recruiters » ) , n i , 457-458, 464-465, 478, 479 n. 2, 485, 492, 569 G a m b o a , Augusto, 335 n. 5 Ganda, 529 n. 1

OFFICES AND TITLES OF African press o n , 74, 151, 329, 340, 341, 353, 354, 369; Africans object t o , 247, 284, 293294, 332, 648; colonial officials o n , 364, 565; as editor of Negro World, 427; as (provisional) president of Africa, 74, 147, 148, 151, 186, 247, 284, 293-294, 312, 325 n - h 329, 33 2 , 34°, 353 , 354, 3 6 4, 3 6 9, 435, 561, 565, 570, 607, 608 n. 5, 645, 648, 651, 654, 688, 693; "resigns," 607, 608 n. 5; salary of, 607; as U N I A president-general, 202-203, 23!> 538, 607, 608 n. 5

Gandhi, Mohandas, 137-138 n. 12, 372, *373 n n- 3, 3%, 5 6 °, - 4, 652 Gant, Irene A., 65 Garcia, Elie, lxxii, lxxv, 19, 20, 33, 68, 69, 298, 302, 303, 538; mail-fraud charges against, lxxiv, 69-70 n. 4, 70 n. 8, 364 Gardiner, Rev. Theophilus M o m u l a , 122 n. 3 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 131, 137 n. 8 Garraway, Edward Charles Frederick, 242 n. 4, *70i n. 1, 705-706 Garvey, Amy Ashwood. See Ashwood, Amy (Garvey) Garvey, Amy Jacques. See Jacques, Amy (Garvey) Garvey, Julius Winston, 39 n. 2

OPINIONS OF OTHERS ON accused of Bolshevism, 50, 158, 214, 215, 222, 334, 422; African-American press or leaders o n , 271-273, 275, 317, 324, 340-341, 354, 369, 53°, 564, 57°, 57i; African press on, 74, 75, 113, 261-263, 329, 336, 33 g , 34°, 341, 353-355, 364, 365, 368-369, 4°4, 494495; Africans o n , xlix, xlv, 147, 148, 228, 247, 284, 293-294, 332, 421, 648, 650-651; Bureau of Investigation o n , 42 nn. 1, 2, 87, 304-305 n. 6; colonial officials o n , 49-50 n. 2, 72, 99 n. 12, 112, 160, 244-245, 2 54> 255, 35°, 357, 364, 394, 434, 435, 438, 439 , 452, 460, 49°, 491-492, 53i, 565, 575, 583, 587, 596-604, 609, 611-612, 707; compared with other leaders, 74, 158, 338, 435, 657-658; compared t o Ponzi, 653, 661 n. 7; compared to Billy Sunday, 653, 657; considered anti-European, 77, 583; considered antiwhite, 76; as d e m o g a g u e , 656-657; Deniyi on, 163-164; Diagne o n , xlvi, lxxiii, 158, 183-184, 197, 198, 214, 215, 216-217, 484, 498-500, 692-693; D u Bois o n / v . D u Bois, xlv, 51 n. i, 165, 166, 178, 180, 183, 184, 186, 369, 636 n. 4; European press o n , 98, 144, 324, 405; Archibald Johnson o n , 106; Gabriel Johnson o n , 84,

M A R C U S GARVEY in Atlanta Penitentiary, 39 n. 2, 115 n. 2, 387; deported, 39 n. 2; mail-fraud case against, xlix, lxxiv, lxxv, 39 n. 2, 69-70 n. 4, 70 n. 8, 317, 324, 327 n. 8, 329, 336, 35°. 357. 3 6i > 364-3 6 5, 368-369, 394, 404, 405, 452, 460, 490, 491-492, 494-495, 530, 556 n. 2; suits by, 56, 69 n. 3 ON AFRICA 122 n. 3; for Africans, xlvii, xlviii, 134, 146, 154 n. 1, 181 n. 3, 186, 193, 194, 254, 255, 359, 499, 587, 692, 693; black nation in, 208, 385, 658, 659, 692; divided into duchies, 572, 573 n. 6; Europe in, 193, 221, 446, 573 n. 6, 611 n. 1, 639, 650, 692; as 718

INDEX

85; as Moses, 120, 145, 146, 150, 164, 235 n- 3» 274. 336> 34°, 364, 434, 435, 44*, 5°6, 570, 652; as notorious, 463; Pan-African Congress on, 139 n. 3, 184-185; Panda on, 234, 235; powers of, 606; as propagandist, 657, 659; as race leader, 284, 429-430; as radical, 491; as spiritualist, 247; U.S. State Department on, lxxi, 3 n. 1, 51 n. 1, no,

114, 115 n. 2; in New Orleans, lxxi; State Department monitors, lxxi, 3 n. 1, IIO, 296, 304-305 n. 6, 564-565 n. 1; t o Wash-

ington state, 580; to Washington, D.C., 286 AND UNIA, ITS AUXILIARIES, AND ITS OFFICERS

564-565 n. 1

xlvi, xlviii, xlix—1, lxxiii, 189, 191-192, 380, 381, 385; on aims, 128-129 n. 1, 129, 131— 132, 139, 190, 208, 209; and Ali, 366; on

TOPICS IN SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF

Back-to-Africa program, lxxii, 113, 146147, 210, 435-436; on Black Star Line, 327 n. 8; v. Brooks, 317; on convention, 208, 491, 531, 543, 634; on Crichlow, 11-12, 290, 302, 317; on dissension, 327 n. 8, 355; v. Domingo, 273 n. 3; on flag, 194; on former officers, 317; on Gordon, 317; on Gabriel Johnson, 14, 55; on League of Nations petition, 532-533, 541; v. McGuire, 305 n. 12, 317; v. Marke, 33, 34, 35; on Negro World banned in French colonies, 542; on salaries, 70 n. 5

I0I-I02, 129-136, 185-195, 354, 377-385, 531, 540-544, 639, 677-682, 694-696; on

America as white man's country, 188-189, 192; on American Indians, 384; Black Man of, 531, 604; on boxing, 677, 678-680; on

communism, 182 n. 15; on equality, 128129 n. 1, 135, 272, 680-681; on

Franco-

Prussian War, 543; on French in West Indies, 422, 423; on Great Britain, 540, 542-543, 638; on his enemies, 324; on India, 382, 385; on interracial marriage, 194, 195-196 n. 5, 680, 694, 695; on Ire-

land, 380, 385; on Japan, 193; on Jim Crowism, 133, 189; on Ku Klux Klan, xlix, lxxvi, 187, 188, 565 n. 2; on League of Nations,

532-533,

540-541,

ON WORLD LEADERS AND HISTORICAL FIGURES

542, 555; on

lynching, 108 n. 3, 133, 678; on NAACP, 108 n. 3, 194, 324, 326 n. 3, 695; on nationalism, xlviii, 380, 382, 385, 611, 692; on New Negro, 130, 132, 133, 134, 194; on Pan-African Congress, xlv-xlvi, lxxii,

on Balfour, 540, 541, 542, 543; on Candace, 186, 190, 193; on Christ, 191; on Churchill, 379; on Clemenceau, 131, 135, 437, 638; on Diagne,

lxxiii, 49 n. 4, 134, 135, 136, 138-139, 185, 187, 188, 189-190, 208, 341, 422, 695; on

n-

on

136 n. 2, 138-139, 181 n. 11, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189-190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 208,

peace after World War I, 638; Philosophy and Opinions of, 39 n. 2; on preparedness, 542; on race aspirations, 638; on race consciousness, 338; on race exploitation, 611 n. 1; on race extermination, 196 n. 7, 384, 385; on race grievances, 380-381, 611 n. 1; on race leaders, 133-134, 136; on race prejudice, 192-193, 209, 341; on race pride, 128-129

186, 694-696;

Du Bois, lxxiii, 101-102, 129, 130, 133, 135, 209, 341, 354, 695; on Gandhi, 385; on Garibaldi, 131; on Harding, 131, 215, 216 n. 3; on Patrick Henry, 131; on Lenin, 131; on Lincoln, 134; on Lloyd George, 131, 135, 381-382, 437, 638; o n

L'Ouverture,

682; on Mirabeau, 131; on Moton, 133; on Mme. Roland, 131; on Bishop Smith, 101; on Smuts, 130; on Sonnino, 131; on Thuku, 378, 408; on Tolstoy, 131; on Trotsky, 131; on Queen Victoria, 134; on Voltaire, 131; on Booker T. Washington, 189, 194; on George Washington, 131; on Woodrow Wilson, 638

•> 136; on race purity, 128-129

n. 1, 136; on race unity, 381, 611 n. 1, 638; on race war, 132-133, 160, 195; on racial attitudes, 677-682; on red, black, and green, 102, 195; on religious beliefs of African Americans, 248, 531 n. 1, 639; on respecting women, 695; on segregation, 133, 189; on slavery, 189; on soldiers, 129, 130, 133, 189, 194, 221, 437, 542, 574; on

Garvey, Marcus M., Jr., 39 n. 2

Turkey, 611, 638, 692; o n war, 130-131, 541, 638-639

Garveyism,

171-172,

438,

625,

656-657;

in

Algeria, 575; in Angola, 153, 575-576; in Basutoland, 243, 704, 705; in Belgian C o n g o , xlix, 43 n. 1, 49-50 n. 2, 247-248,

330, 405, 579, 707; Bolshevism linked to, 422; in British East Africa, 372, 386 n. 1, 406, 529 n. 1; colonial officials on, xlviii—

TRAVELS OF

in Caribbean, xlvi, 3 n. 1, 304-305 n. 6; to Costa Rica, no; to Europe, 194; to Great Britain, 39 n. 2; to Jamaica, lxxi, 39 n. 2,

xlix, 1, 141, 343, 358-362, 372, 559, 565, 569,

571-573, 575-576, 644; in Côte d'Ivoire,

719

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Black Star Line's influence in, 559, 560; and Cote d'lvoire, 252; diamonds in, 561, 562 n. 14; Dodowah, 276; ethnic groups of, 561, 562 nn. 9, 11, 12, 13; Garveyism in, 261-263, 319, 349; gold in, 561, 562 n. 14; independence movement in, 396 n. 1; map of, 259; NCBWA in, 262, 263 n. 1; Negro World banned in, xlviii, lxxvii, 276; Negro World read in, 260-261, 316, 319, 349, 559; newspapers of, 261-263, 366-367 n. 1; Pan-Africanism in, 263 n. 1; UNLA in, xlvii, lxxiv, 319, 358, 569; U N I A delegates of, 560 Gold Coast Farmers Association, 396 n. 1 Gold Coast Leader, 261-263 Gold Coast Times, 366-367 n. 1 Goldman, Emma, 162 n. 2 Gombe Lutete affair, 97-98, 99 n. 4 Görden, Miss, 152 Gordon, F., no Gordon, Rev. John D., 37, 304, 305 n. 12, 317,

HI n. 4, 254, 156; in Dahomey, 239; in French Guinea, 211 n. 4; in French West Africa, lxxvii, 210, 484-485, 510—511; in Gabon, 596-597, 601 n. 4; in Gold Coast, 261-263, 3!9> 349; independent churches involved in, 676 n. 1; in Liberia, 171-172, 274, 343, 470, 623-626, 706-707; Liberian government's response to, 76, 85, n o - m , 202, 220-221, 231-232, 238, 244, 693; in Morocco, 575; in Mozambique, 113-114, 280-281 n. I, 676 n. I, 676-677 n. 4; in Nigeria, 260, 388, 392, 394-395; in Nyasaland, lxxv, 280-281, 427-428 n. 4; in Portugal, 213; Pan-African Congress compared with, 216, 239; in Senegal, lxxvii, 411, 451, 452 n. I, 4Ó3, 467, 498-500, 582; in Sierra Leone, 172, 173, 218, 236-237, 343; in South Africa, xlviii, 242, 312; in South West Africa, xlvii, xlviii, 205-206, 374, 377, 404, 455 n. 4, 630, 633 n. 4, 643, 663-666, 669; U.S. military on, 79-80 "Garvey Must G o " campaign, 553, 554, 556 n. 2, 564-565 n. I, 565 n. 2 Gaye, Joseph, 157-158 Geddes, Sir Auckland, 139 n. 2 Genghis Khan, 435, 440 n. 7 George V, King of Great Britain, 140, 149, 241, 618 German East Africa, 533, 537, 539 n. 5, 540. See also Tanganyika German South West Africa. See South West Africa Germany: African colonies of, 1, lxxvii, 219 n. 2, 402-403 n. I, 537, 540-544, 587, 605, 606, 609, 633-635, 667, 698, 701; African soldiers in, 544 n. 4, 574, 587; in French West Africa, 409-410; invades Liberia, 214, 215, 216 n. 2; missionaries from, 399 n. 2; nationalist extremism in, 50, 575, 602 n. 11; propaganda of, 657; reparations by, 545 n. 6; and Russia, 410, 414 n. 5, 560, 562 n. 6; in South West Africa, 206 n. 1, 267, 311 nn. I, 2, 320, 321 n. 1, 371 nn. 1, 2, 391, 399 n. 2, 400-401 n. 8, 401-402, 402-403 n. I, 403 n. 2, 404 n. 7, 455 n. 4, 607-608 n. 3, 632, 702 n. I Ghana. See Gold Coast Ghana Congress party, 396 n. i Gibbs, Benjamin S., 448, 449, 450, 452, 471, 47$. 476, 4&3> 484, 502> 5°5> 5*3, 549» 5é3> 567, 619, 620, 621-622 Gibson, J. D., 539 Gladstone, Lord Herbert John, 704 n. i § Glashan, Rev. T. C., 42 n. 1 Godley, G. A., 312 Goethals, SS General G. W., 42 n. 2 Gold Coast: Accra, xlvii, lxxiv; Achimota College in, 263 n. 1; Africans in administration of, 263 n. 1; Assini, 274-275 n. 2;

355 Goulut, Louis, 484-486, 511, 512-513 Goux, Alfred, 557-558 n. 2 Gowaseb, David, 632, 633 nn. 3, 6 Gowers, William F., 388-389, "389 n. 1 Grace Brothers, 111 Graham, Stephen, 144 Gramancha of Accra, 560, 562 n. 9 Granville-Sutton, Rev. Emence G., 168, "169 n. 6, 264, 265 Gray, Thomas, quoted, 295, 625 Great Britain: African soldiers for, 588 n. 2; in Basutoland, 655; communism in, 182 n. 14, 351; in Gambia, 458 n. 1; Garvey on, 540, 542-543, 638; Garvey moves to, 39 n. 2; in Gold Coast, 263 n. 1; in India, 373 n. 3; interests in Belgian Congo, 405 n. 1, 579 n. 1, 579-580 n. 4; interests in Liberia, 343, 486; in Kenya, 406 n. 1, 433 n. 1; Labour party in, 178, 180, 181-182 n. 12, 182 n. 14, 184; mandates given to, 539 nn- 3> 5. 54°, 544 nn. 1, 2, 644-645 n. 1, 662 n. 18; missionaries from, 440 n. 2; in Niger, 389 n. 2; officials' concern with Garvey, 141, 343, 355-362, 565, 575-576, 644; officials' concern with "Negro question" in United States, 342-343, 344 n. 2; officials' concern with Turkey, 641 nn. 2, 4, 5; officials' concern with Ugandans' education, 432-433; officials' concern with U N I A , 140, 141, 343, 358-362, 433, 483-484, 486, 528, 529, 550, 568-569; officials' concern with U.S. trade with Africa, 441 n. 6; in Palestine, 539 n. 3, 544 n. 3; Pan-Africanism in, 53 n. 1; racial attitudes in, 678, 680, 682; S A N N C delegation to, 261; in Sierra Leone, 77 n. 2, 141; in South Africa, 199, 200 nn. 2, 3, 644-645 n. 2; in South West Africa, 404 n. 7, 662

720

INDEX n. 18; in Tanganyika, 539 n. 5, 662 n. 18; in Uganda, 432-433; Y M C A in, 351 n. 3; v. Zulus, 662 n. 11 Greece, 611, 638, 640-641 n. 1, 685 Grèmio Africano of Louren^o Marques, 213

674; colonial officials on, 352-353, 386-387, 454; on conditions in South West Africa, 310, 320, 321, 401-402, 684; letter from, intercepted, 684-685; on New Negro, 430 Hearst, William Randolph, 266 n. 4, 663 n. 21 Heber, Bishop Reginald, 174, * i 7 j n. 12 Hebron, Abraham S., 265, *z6$-z66 n. 3 Heese (Hesse), H . K., 267, 270 n. 5, 277 Hemmelburg, 141 Hendrik, Hieser, 702-703 Henley, Fred W., 584-586, 670 Henri, M., 693 n. 1 Henry, A. J., 36, 420-421, 617 Henry, Cyril H . , lxxi, 15, 37, *39~40 n. 4, 68, 151, 299; on African as Oriental, 59; on Johnson-Crichlow feud, 57-61, 67; on situation in Liberia, 57-61; on SS Yarmouth, 58, 70 n. 6 Henry, Patrick, 131, ' 1 3 7 n. 7 Herbert, J., 345 Herbst, John Frederick, '207 n. 1, 266, 279, 283 n. 1 Hereros, 307-308 n. 1, 308 nn. 3, 6, 311 n. 2, 371, 398, 399 n. 4, 400 nn. 6, 7, 455 n. 3, 493 , 5 8 4-5 8 5 , 591, 613, 615, 616, 617, 627628, 629, 630, 631-632, 641-642, 664, 671; rebellion by, 399 nn. 1, 3, 400 n. 5, 400401 n. 8, 616 n. 4, 631 n. 5; in U N I A , xlvii, 32m. 1, 665, 666 Hertzog, General James B. M., 148-149 n. 1, 241, 341 n. 2 Hill, B. L., 265 Hinds, Mr., 212 Hider, Adolf, 602 n. 11 Hoaeane, J., 241 Hodgson, Sir Frederick, 492 n. 1 Hofmeyr, Gysbert Reitz, lxxvi, 346, "347 n. 1, 348, 607-608 n. 3 Hoisemab, Alf, 308 n. 2 Hoisemab, Franz, 308 n. 7, 632, '633 n. 4 Hoisemab, Kiklon, 307, 308 n. 2 Hollist, Mr., 527 Hoover, J. Edgar, 42 n. 2, 304-305 n. 6 Horizon, 47 n. 4, 160, 161-162 n. 8 Horton, Austin Dafora, 201, *202 n. 1, 456, 457 n. 6, 564 Horton, J. D., lxxii Hottentots, 370, 374, 402, 404 n. 8, 493, 591 n. 2 Houdas, Octave, 222-223 n. 1 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 557-558 n. 2 House, Colonel Edward, 106 Hoveka, Nikanor, 307, 308 n. 2, '308 n. 4 Hoveka, Stephanus, 308 n. 4 Howard, Anna E. W., 65 Howard, Daniel, lxxiv Howard, S. H., 307 Howe, Leon E., 42 Hubert, Lucien, 222-223 n. 1

n - 1» 334-335 n. 2 Griffith, D. W., 196 n. 6 Guèye, Lamine, 254, *2j8 n. 15, 416 n. 26, 557-558 n- 2 Guggisberg, Sir Frederick Gordon, 262, '263 n. i, 276 n. 2, 358, 362 Le Guide du Dahomey, 239-240 Guinea. See French Guinea; Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau. See Portuguese Guinea Gumbs, James G., *2i2 n. 1, 337 Gumede, J. T., 148-149 n. 1 Gun War, 200 n. 3 Gurley, Ralph Randolph, 174-175 n. 5 Guynet, William, 112

Hacklander, Rudolf, 591-592 The Hague, 535, 539 n. 1 Haikari, Nicodemus, 590 Hailand, Joseph, 684, 685 Haile Selassie, 690 n. 2 Haiti, 177, 180, 181 n. 2, 659; U.S. in, 77, 78 n. 3, 181 n. 8 Hall, Rev. Dr. Edward W., 679, »683 n. 5 Hall, H. B., 316 Hall, H . Hall, 675-676, 686 Hallaert, Charles, 556, 570, 571-573, 604, 605607 Ham, 161, 162 n. 9 Hamilton, J. H., 418, 504, 509, 552 Hampton Institute, 161-162 n. 8, 472 n. 3 Hanbanue, Theodore, 623, 643, 664, 66$, 671 Harasemab, Alpheus, 307, *3o8 n. 7 Harding, Warren G., xlvi, lxxii, 3 n. I, 73 n. 2, 131, 138 n. 13, 145, 169, 215, 216 n. 3 Harington, General Charles, 641 n. 4 Harlem Renaissance, 166 n. 4, 325-326 n. 2, 351 n. i Harris, Jeremiah, 73 n. 2 Harris, John, 228 n. 1 Harrison, Hubert, 220 n. 1 Hasan, Maulana Mahmudul, 600 n. 1 Hassin, 449, 450, 461, 462, 463, 502, 552 Hatchard, A. Harvey, 469 Haut-Sénégal Niger, 222-223 n. 1 Havas Agency, 42, 43 n. 3 Hayes, Rev. A. A., 151 Hayford, Joseph Casely, 262, 263, 544 n. 2 Hayward, William, 136 n. 3 Headly, Fitz Herbert, xlvii, lxxiii, lxxiv, Ixxviii, 204, *205 n. 2, 207, 267-268, 308 n. 2, 309, 317, 319. 3 " , 346, 347, 391 n. 1, 392, 425, 428, 429-431, 617, 630, 632, 633 n. 3, 644,

721

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

Ireland, 308; independence for, 385, 536, 560, 562 n. 5, 656 Irish Free State, 562 n. 5 Isaak, Hendrik, 591 Ishii, Viscount Kikujaro, 131, 138 n. 14, 539 n. 1, $41 Islam, 175 n. 11, 248, 260, 261 n. 1, 640; in British East Africa, 257-258 n. 14; in Chad, 599, 600-601 n. 3; in Cote d'lvoire, 254, 257-258 n. 14; Garvey on, 639; in German colonies, 257-258 n. 14; in India, 596, 600 n. 1; in Nigeria, 246 n. 1, 363, 389 n. 1, 593, 594 n n - 4, 5; Pan-Africanism linked to, 257-258 n. 14; in Senegal, 6-7 n. 1, 250 n. 11, 257-258 n. 14, 410, 414 n.8, 415-416 n. 24, 443 n. 2, 459 n. 1; in Sierra Leone, 499 Israelites, 54 n. 1, 106 Italy: African colonies of, 1, 446, 447 n. 2, 588 n. 2, 668 nn. 1, 2, 3, 689, 690 n. 2; African soldiers of, 588 n. 2; fascism in, lxxviii; invited to UNIA convention, xlix-1, 445447; officials' concern with Garvey, 1, 587; officials' concern with Pan-Africanism, 686-687; officials' concern with Turkey, 641 n. 5; officials' concern with U N l A , 218-219, 578, 586-587, 686, 687-689, 697699, 700; war with Ethiopia, 1, 690 n. 2 Ivory Coast. See C6te d'lvoire

Hughes, Charles Evans, xlv, lxxi, *3 n. i, 10, 7i. 7». 131 Huileries du Congo Beige, 248, 396, 397, 405, 579 n. 1 Huiswood, Otto, 271 n. 1 Humble, J. C., 336-337 Hunkanrin, Louis, '424 n. 2 Hurley, William, 304-305 n. 6 Hurliman, Mr. (translator), 463, 469, 471, 472, 474 Hutchinson, W. F., 168 H u t Tax War, 218 n. 1 Hutton-Mills, Thomas, 544 n. 2 Huyard, Etienne, 413 n. 2 Hyatt, Major Robert F., 342, 344 n. 2 Hymans, Paul, 609, *6io n. 1, 612

Ibnu (Ibnis), 418, 510, 552 ICU. See Industrial and Commercial Workers Union I. J. F. B., 236-237 Ikoli, Ernest S., xlix, lxxv, 285 n. 2, 395 Ilanjja lase Natal, 149 n. 1 Illinois National Guard, Eighth, 130, 137 n. 5 Impi, 275 Imprense da Manda, 213 Imvo Zabantsundu, 113 Indépendance Belge, 103 n. 1 Independence movements. See Nationalism The Independent, 299 Independent church movements, xlvii, 148— 149 n. 1, 425 n. 3, 676 n. 1 Independent Methodist Church of South Africa, 148-149 n. 1 India: British in, 373 n. 3; Islam in, $96, 600 n. 1; nationalism in (independence for), 372> 373 n. 3, 382, 385, 407-408 n. 1, 536, 539 n. 4, 562 n. 4, 600 n. 1, 652, 656 Indians in Kenya, 379, 386 n. 2, 407, 433 n. 1 Indians, American, 384 Induna, 275 Industrial and Commercial Workers' (Amalgamated) Union of Africa, 148-149 n. 1 Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), 148-149 n. 1, 212 n. 1, 591 n. 1; in South Africa, 269-270 n. 4; in South West Africa, lxxvii, 204, 269 n. 3, 269-270 n. 4, 278-279, 311 n. 1, 391 n. 1, 546, 588; and UNIA linked, xlvii, 391 n. 1, 588 Industrial Workers of Africa, 148-149 n. 1 Inkululeko, 243-244 n. 1 1 International African Institute, 222-223 International Club, 352 International Labor Bureau, lxxiii International Labor Office, 240 International Labour Conference,6-7 n. 1 International League of Darker Peoples, 531532 n. 2 Ipumbu, 455 n. 4

Jabavu, John Tengo, 1:3 n. 3 Jackson, William O., 211, 212, 336, 344, 353354, 355, 691 Jacob (corporal, South West African police), 643-644, 670, 671-672 Jacobs, Mrs. Susan, 336, 337 Jacques, Amy (Garvey), 14, '39 n. 2, 64 Jafta, Joseph, 590 Jamaica, lxxi, 39 n. 2, 1:4, 115 n. 2, 273 n. 3 Jamaica Progressive League, 273 n. 3 Jandje, Ebson, 204, 205 Jankovski (inspector, United States Immigration), 81, 86, 87 Jantje, Isaak, 307, 307-308 n. 1, 308 n. 2, *3o8 n. 5, 522 Jantjes, Jacob, 590 Japan, 193, 560, 624, 650; immigration from, 659, 663 n. 21; as model for Africa, 624, 625; war with China, 626-627 n - 1 1 i w a r with Russia, 626, 626-627 n - 1 1 Jaspar, Henri, 10, 43, 44, 49, 50, 72, 350, 364, 452> 498, 531, 555, 570, 604, 609-610; on Garvey's mail-fraud charge, 460, 490; on German mandates, 611-612 Jawarrah, Amadou, 451, 490, 496, 506, 508, 5io, 551 Jazz, 149 Jeffries, James L., 683 nn. 3, 6 Jemmott, Rupert, 14, 19, 35, 61, 89, 90, 299

722

INDEX

Jenkyn, F. A., 579-580 n. 4 Jews, homeland for, 536, 539 n. 3, 544 n. 3 Jim Crowism, 133, 189 Jod, Wilhelm, 308 n. 2 Johannes, 631 Johannesburg Star, 113 John, Henry Emmanuel, 98, '99 n. 9, 99 n. 11, 234, 236 n. 11 John, I. Hastings, 120, 121 Johns, D. J., 345 Johnson (of UNIA in South Africa), 566 Johnson, Rev., 575, 576 n. 2 Johnson, A. Earnsure, 578 Johnson, Archibald, xlv, lxxii, 75, 104-107, 112 Johnson, Arthur John (Jack), 679, 680, "683 n. 3, 683 n. 6, 683-684 n. 10 Johnson, Dr. E. O., 344 Johnson, F. E. R., 83, 86 Johnson, Gabriel M., lxxv, 152, 209, 214, 215, 221, 222, 227, 238, 244, 245, 422, 539 n. 6, 651, 706-707; on African colonization, 125; Bureau of Investigation on, lxxi; commercial enterprises of, 289-290; Crichlow on, xlvi, lxxi, n, 15-17, 21-39, 55-69, 90-93, 224, 225, 288-290, 291, 292, 293, 299; as Freemason, 84; Garvey on, 14, 55; on Garvey, 84, 85; and C. D. B. King, 83; in Liberian army, 85, 289; and Liberian Patriot, 68; on racial attitudes, 124, 125, 126-128; salary of, 36, 58, 84, 290, 299; travels to UNIA convention, lxxi, 10, 27, 40, 56, 79, 80, 88-89, 122-128, 202-203, 486, 487; on UNIA aims, 82-83, 85, 123, 125-126, 127; as UNIA Potentate, 11, 12, 18, 19, 23, 25, 36, 58, 84, 122-128, 202-203, 289-290, 299, 688; and U.S. immigration authorities, lxxi, 71, 81-87, 88 n. 2, 100; U.S. military intelligence on, 79, 80 Johnson, Gertrude, 65

Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 237 Journal of Nejjro History, 658, 662 n. 15 Judhava, 176 Junta da Defesa dos Direitos de Africa (JDDA), 103 n. i, 104 n. 3, 334-335 n. 2, 636 n. 4

Kaapnaar, William, 627, 629-631 Kadalie, Clements, xlvii, 148-149 n. 1, 212 n. 1, 269-270 n. 4, 480 n. 1 Kagwa, 407 Kagwa, Sir Apolo, 408 n. 3 Kagwa, Kawalya, 408 n. 3 Kahagua, Max, 590 Kahimema, Chief, 400-401 n. 8 Kaitell, Z. J., 120, 121 Kamangana, Stephen, 204, 205, 590-591 Kamara, Alimamy, 451, 496, 509, 552 Kamara, John, xlvii-xlviii, Ixxvi, 418, 442, 451452, 4J7-458, 46 1 , 463, 464, 466-467, 468, 47°, 47 1 , 472-473, 478, 483, 485, 492, 496, 499, 5°3, 5°4, 5°5, 5°6, 5°7, 5°8, 510, 525, 526, 550, 563, 569, 608 Kamara, Mamadou, 451, 510, 552 Kamara, Mohamed, 451, 510, 552 Kamara, Momoh, 418, 504, 509, 551 Kambathembi, Chief, 641 Kambazembi, 400 n. 7 Kampingo, Wallace, 280-281 n. 1 Kamulegeya, Joswa B., xlviii, lxxvii, '406-407 n. 2, 407, 408, 528, 529 SS Kanawha, 325, 355, 356 n. 4, 361, 653, 654 Kane, Corporal Firmin, 255-256, 257 n. 13 Kaolack incident, 6-7 n. 1, 412 Kapuuo, Clemens, '697 n. 1 Karlsruher Tagblatt, 409-410 Kato, Danieri, 406-407 n. 2, 529 Katz, Phillip, 267, 270 n. 5, 277 Kavari, Heinrich, 590 Kazingua, David, 585 Keetman, Johann, 311 n. i Kemal Pasha, Mustapha (Ataturk), 638, 640641 n. 1, 641 nn. 2, 4 Kenya: British in, 406 n. 1, 433 n. 1; ethnic groups of, 379; forced labor in, 379; Garvey's influence in, 372, 386 n. 1, 406; Indians in, 379, 386 n. 2, 407, 433 n. 1; missionaries in, 228 n. 1; officials' concern with UNIA in, xlviii, lxxvii; protest movement in, xlviii, lxxiv, lxxv, 228 nn. 1, 2, 372-373 n. 2, 378-382, 386 n. 1; strike in, 386 n. 1 Kerby, G., 349 Khama, 655, 662 n. 12 Khilafat movement, 600 n. 1 Kikiyu Central Association, 386 n. 1

Johnson, Hilary R. W., 34-35, 38, 65, 68, 89, Johnson, J. Rosamund, 325-326 n. 2 Johnson, James Weldon, 78 n. 3, 324, '325-326 n. 2, 326 n. 3, 564-565 n. 1 Johnson, Joseph L., io, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 3*-33> 64> 6 9, 73 2, 8°. 93, 94, 96, " 4 ; and UNIA activities in Liberia, 40, 55, 56, 88-89, 9°~93 Johnson, Lucretia, 81 Johnson, Lyndon B., 663 n. 21 Johnston, Harry H., 372 n. 1 Jonas, Frederick, 632 Jones, A. W., 121 Jones, Horton, 544 n. 2 Jones, Thomas Jesse, 48-49 n. 3 Jordan, Rev. Dr. Lewis G., 281-282 n. 2, 282 n. 3, 427-428 n. 4 Jorrison, Dr., 631, 632 Josephs, J. M., 345

723

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Lauson, V., 201 Lavigerie, Cardinal, 222-223 n - 1 Law, Bonar, 407-408 n. 1 Lawless, Oscar, 575 Lawrence, Mr., 344 Lawrence, Isa Macdonald, *28O-28I n. 1, 281282 n. 2, 282 nn. 4, 5, 6, 372 n. 1, 427 nn. i, 3 Lawrence (Laurence), J. F., 56, 61, 89, 90, 152, 300 Lawson, V. Quastrie, 564 Leader of British East Africa, 386 n. 1 League of Nations, 107, 240; on colonization, 209, 211 n. 2; Covenant of, 219 n. 2, 539 n. 2; on former German colonies, 218, 219 n. 2, 267, 268 n. i, 278 n. 4, 391, 402-403 n- i, 537, 539 5. 54°~544, 555, 5^7, 605, 606, 607 n. 2, 607-608 n. 3, 609, 611-612, 633-635, 667, 698, 701; Garvey on, 532-533, 540-541, 542, 555; Haitian delegation to, 181 n. 2; on military in Liberia, 88 n. 4; NCBWA delegation to, 151 n. 1, 540, 544 n. 2; on Palestinian question, 536, 539 n. 3; Pan-African Congress on, lxxiii, 4, 5, 135, 138 n. 16, 183; on slavery in Africa, 222-223 n. 1; U N I A delegation and petition to, 1, lxxvii, lxxviii, 218, 219 n. 3, 532-533, 535539 , 54 1 , 605, 606, 607 n. 2, 609, 611-612, 633-35, 666-667, 685, 686, 689, 701 Leah, Mrs. Jabba, 309 Lebu of Dakar, 6-7 n. 1 Lee, Colonel, 592 Lefela, Josiel, *243-244 n. 1 Leigh, D. J., 121 Leigh, Elkanah, 156 n. 1 Lejeune (customs inspector), 563 Lekhotla la Bafo, 243-244 n. 1 Lekhotla la Tsoelopele, 241, 242 n. 2 Lenin, V. I., 131, 158, 414 n. 5 Leopold, King of Belgium, 109 nn. 8, 11, 12,

Kilroe, Edwin P., 325, 326 n. 5 Kimbangu, Simon, 97-98, 98 n. 1, '98-99 n. 2, 99 nn. 4, 5, 8, 11, 100 n. 13, 248-249 n. 1, 250 n. 10, 437, 438, 599, 601-602 n. 8; arrested and tried, 249 n. 2, 250 n. 12, 330; clemency for, 331 n. 2; as healer (ngunza), 247-248, 249 nn. 5, 6, 249-250 n. 8, 597598; linked to railway strike, 249-250 n. 8; sentenced, xlviii, lxxiii, 330, 331 n. 1 Kimbanguism, 99 nn. 8, 12; "Africa for Africans" slogan in, 229-230 n. 2; arrest of followers of, 249 n. 5; in Belgian Congo, 98-99 n. 2, 229-230 n. 2, 248, 249 n. 2, 250 n. 10, 330, 331 nn. 1, 2, 3, 440 n. 2, 601-602 n. 8, 707; in French Congo, 229-230 n. 2; hymns of, 248, 249 n. 7; missionaries incite, xlix; as political separatism, 98-99 n. 2 Kinch, 20 King, C. D. B., xlvi, lxxii, 69, 70 n. 7, 72, 227, 230, 648, 652, 706; described, 287-288, 289, 291, 293; on immigration to Liberia, 40, 51, 52, 66-67, 70-71 n. 11, 287-288, 289, 293; inauguration of, 415 n. 14; and Gabriel Johnson, 83; on UNIA's agenda in Liberia, lxxiv, 76, 85, i i o - m , 202, 220-221, 231-232, 238, 244, 693 Kipling, Rudyard, 626 Kirby, H . W., 572, 573 n. 3 Klassen, J., 370 Kleinhans, Mrs., 204 Kobase, David, 627, 631-632 Kokstad Advertiser, 198 Kola nut, 499, 500 n. 2 Korea, 650 Kpakpa-Quartey, Samuel, lxxiv, 142, 357, 361 Krios. See Creoles Kritzinger, Mr., 629 Krobo, 561, 562 n. 12 Kroo Boys, 205 Kubona, Willie, 590 Kuhlmann, Rev. August, 398-399, '399 n. 1, 614-616, 628, 629 Ku Klux Klan, xlix, lxxvi, 195-196 n. 5, 196 n. 6, 261, 656, 662 n. 13; Garvey and, 187, 188, 565 n. 2 Kummell, Mr., 697 Kutako, Hosea, 307, 307-308 n. 1, 308 n. 2, •308 n. 3, 669, 697 Kweleta, Wm., 590

14 Leopold, Rev. Lewis J., 524 n. 5 Lerotholi, King of Basutoland, 223-224 n. 7, 243-244 n. i, 661 n. 3 Lesenyeho, Mr., 241 Lesotho. See Basutoland Le Tellier, P., 611, 612 n. 1 Letsie Mosheshe, Chief (Letsie II), 647, *66i n. 3 Leutwein, Theodor, 269 n. 3 Léveque, Fernand, 415 n. 22 Lewala, Zacharias (Piet Liwala), 401, 403 n. 4, 403 n. 5 Lewis, Zuze Anderson, 675 Liberator, 275 Liberdade, 636 n. 4 Liberia, 587, 651, 652; A M E Church in, 55, 69 n. 1; Americo-Liberians in, 88 n. 3, 227, 244; as antiforeign, 26-27, 34, 36, 61-62, 89, 92, 214, 229; army of, 85, 88 n. 4, 96,

Lacy, Henry, 418, 504, 509, 552 La Fontaine, Henry, "159 n. 2, 160, 161 n. 6, 165, 234 Lagrosillière, Joseph, 181 n. 9 Langalibalele, 661 n. 1 Lapalud, Maurice, 601 n. 7 Lardner, M. N., 120, 121 Laskine, E., 50 n. 2

724

INDEX 289; as black homeland, 6 2 3 - 6 2 4 ; as blackrun nation, 606, 659; Black Star Line's influence in, 58, 363; borders of, 88 n. 5; Brewerville, 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 , 153 n. 1; British interests in, 343, 486; Cape Mesurado, 221, 223 n. 5; censorship in, 57; as colonization destination, 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 , 172, 223 n. 5, 294, 439; constitution of, 65, 70 n. % foreign capital in/loans to, xlvi, lxxii, lxxiv, lxxviii, 72-73. 77. 79. 131. ¿44-245. 438, 441 n- 21 , 6 2 4 - 6 2 5 , 706; French interests in, 77, 343, 7 0 6 - 7 0 7 ; Garvey on, 130; Garveyism in, 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 274, 343, 470, 623-626,

Liga dos Interesses de Sào Tomé e Principé, 103-104 n . 2

Ligue de defense de la race nègre, 557-558 n. 2 Ligue des droits de l'homme, 181 n. 3, 424 n. 2, 601 nn. 4, 7 Lima, Dorothée, 240 n. 2 Lima, Magalhàes, 635 n. 1 Lincoln, Abraham, 134, 434, 437-438, 441 n. 19, 536, 687 Linton, W. C., 42 n. 3 Lippens, Maurice, 47 n. 3, 49-50 n. 2, m , 434, 440 n. 2, 441 n. 16, 707, 708 nn. 1, 2, 4 Livingstone, David, 109 n. 12, 427 n. 3 Lloyd George, David, xlviii, lxxv, 131, 135, 358

706-707;

Germans in, 214, 215, 216 n. 2; government's reponse/opposition to UNIA in, xlvi, lxxiv, 36, 63, 69, 76, 85, iio-in, 202-

n . i, 381-382, 407-408 n . i , 437, 560, 562 n. 3, 638, 639, 641 nn. 2, 4

203, 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 227, 2 3 1 - 2 3 2 , 238, 2 4 4 , 2 9 2 300, 360, 487, 693, 6 9 8 - 6 9 9 , 7 0 6 - 7 0 7 ; as

Locami, Jean, 448, 449, 450, 451, 461, 469, 471, 472, 474, 488 Loewe, R. A. T., 204 Logemoh, S. O., lxxvi, 453 Lorin, M., 413 n. 2 Los Islands, 548, 549 n. 1 Louisiana, Garvey in, lxxi Louisis, Minis, 308 n. 2 Louwers, Octave, 10, 47 n. 4, 612 Lubet, Joseph, 413 n. 2 Lucan, Edna, 156 n. i, 266 n. 5 Lucan, Johann C., 155, " 1 5 6 n. 1, 156-157,

Grain Coast, 220, 223 n. 3; history of, 172-173; Homestead Exemption Law in, I n 6 6 - 6 7 , 7°~7 - n; immigration policy in, 6 7 - 6 8 , 70 n . 10, 7 0 - 7 1 n . 11, 2 8 7 - 2 8 9 , 293; land ownership in, 6 5 - 6 6 , 70 n. 10, 223 n. 5; Monrovia, lxxii, lxxv, 85, 1 1 0 - m ,

220-221, 223 n. 5, 239; p e o n a g e in, 59;

political system of, lxxiv, 36, 2 9 0 - 2 9 1 ; polygamy in, 59; press of, 68, 89, 292, 299, 6 6 6 - 6 6 7 ; UNIA branches in, 83, 151-152; UNIA colonization program in (Liberian Construction Loan), xlvi, lxxii, Ixxvi, 11-

2 4 6 - 2 4 7 , 2 6 3 - 2 6 5 , 266 n . 5

Ludwig (Herero), 631 Lugard, Sir Frederick, 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 n - I , 389 nn. 2, 3 , 393-394 n. 2 Lynching, 108 n. 3, 133, 145, 180, 261, 338,

4 ° , 55~ 6 9, 76-77, 79, 80, 85, 88-89, 90-93, 1 1 0 - m , 152, 164, 173, 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 224, 227, 2 3 0 - 2 3 1 , 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 272, 291-300, 324, 327 n- 8, 357, 394, 453 , 4 7 ° , 648, 652, 6 9 7 - 6 9 9 , 7 0 6 - 7 0 7 ; as UNIA headquarters, lxxii, 123, 394, 572-573, 623, 706; UNIA incorporates in, 65, 89, 291-292, 293; U.S. Navy in, 88 n. 4; U.S. trades with, 221, 2 2 3 - 2 2 4

640, 678

Lyon, Rev. Ernest, 76, 86

n. 7; Vai people of, 174, 175 n. 11

Macaulay, Herbert, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 n - 5, 263, 395, 396 n. 2 Macaulay (Macauley), J. B. I., 418, 504, 5095io, 552 Macaulay, Baron Thomas B., 625, *6i6 n. 8, 626 n. 9 Macauley, Mrs., 525 McCallum, T. S., xlix, lxxv, 436, 441 n. 15 McCarthyism, 77 n. 1 McDonald, S. D., 212, 336 McDowell, Rev. Henry C., 575-576, *J76 n. 1, 577 nn. 5, 6 Macedo de Oliveira, Jayme, 213 n. 3 Maceo, SS Antonio. See SS Kanawha McGuire, Rev. George A., xlvii, lxxiii, 62, 297,

Liberia College, 4 8 6 - 4 8 7 Liberia Index, 174-175 n. 5 Liberian Frontier Force, 88 n. 4, 96 Liberian Methodist, 6 6 6 - 6 6 7 Liberian Patriot, 68, 89, 292, 299 Liberian Plenary Commission, lxxiv, 41, 83, 2 3 0 - 2 3 2 , 232 n . i

Liberian Relief Association, 73 n. 2 Liberty Congress, 220 n. 1 Libya, 447 n. 2, 588 n. 2, 668 n. 5 Liebert, Maurice, 611, 6 3 6 - 6 4 0 Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, Ltd., 318 Liga Africana, 103, 153, 154 n. 1, 213, 313, 33333 4 , 334-335 n 576-577 n. 4, 636 n. 4; delegates to Pan-African Congress of, 103

298, 304-305 n . 12, 317, 337 n . 1, 355, 356

n . i, 103-104 n . 2, 104 n . 3, 154 n . 2, 213

n. 2 McKay, Claude, 271 n. 1, *35i n. 1, 351 n. 2, 35* McLeod, Israel, 28, 29, 61, 68, 89, 90, 9 6 - 9 7 Mafwata, 99 n. 9

n. I, 335 n. 5; journal of (see Correio de Africa) Liga Angolana, xlviii, lxxv Liga de Sào Tomé e Principé, 213 n. 1 725

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Magalhàes, Fernando de (Magellan), 313, '315 n. 4 MagalhSes, Dr. José, 103 n. 1, * 103-104 n. 2, 154 n. 2, 183, 113 n. 1, 313, 335 nn. 5, 6, 636 n. 4 Magulda, Adam, 673, 674 Mahaniah, Rimpianga, 43 n. 2 Maharero (Samuel's father), 400 nn. 5, 7, 400-401 n. 8 Maharero, Eduard, 617, 671 Maharero, Frederick, 308 n. 3, 400-401 n. 8 Maharero, Samuel, 308 nn. 3, 6, 311 n. 2, 398, 399 n. 1, 400 nn. 5, 7, "400-401 n. 8, 401 n. 12, 613, 617, 618 n. 2, 629, 632, 641, 671 Maharero, Traugott, 307, "308 n. 6, 400-401 n. 8, 584, 613, 617, 641, 643-^44, 670, 671, 67*, ¿97 Malawi. See Nyasaland Malawi Congress party, 280-281 n. 1 Malekebu, Daniel, 280-281 n. 1 Malekebu, Ruth, 280-281 n. 1 Mali. See Sudan, French Mali, P., 531, 532 n. 4, 555, 570 Malick Sy, El Hadj, 257-258 n. 14, 459 n. 1 Maltitz, Mr. von, 631, 632 Manasse of Omaruru, 400 n. 7, 401 n. 12, 641 Mande language, 222-223 n - 1 Mandinka, 175 n. 11 Mandombe, 331 n. 1 Manley, Norman, 273 n. 3 Mann Act (United States), 683 n. 3 Manning, Charles N., 269-270 n. 4, 352, 391 n. 1, 454, *455 n 494. 586 n. 1, 589, 617618, 623, 629, 641-642 Manning, James, 425 Manoedi, Chief, 647

Marke, Rev. William B., 167, *i68 n. 4, 264, 265 Marne, battle of, 195, 196 n. 10 Marshall, Milton J., 38, 68, 89, 90, 151, 697, 699 Martel, Trigueiros de, 635 n. 1 Martens, Ludwig C. A. K., 162 n. 2 Martin, John, 202 n. 1 Martin, Minnie A. C. M., 168 n. 2 Martini, Ferninando, 588 n. 2 Martyn, M. M., 564 Masabalala, S. M. M., 148-149 n. 1 Masalit of Chad, 599, 602 n. 15 Massaquoi, Momulu, 68, 83 Mate Kole, Nene, 562 n. 12 Matheis, E., 670 Le Matin, 182-183, 2 2 1 Matsoua, André, 601-602 n. 8 Matthee, Mr., 666 Mattheus (postal official), 629 Mattheus (Herero), 631 Matthews, William C., 230, 231 Mattuck, Maxwell S., lxxiv Matundu, Gideon, 586 n. 1 Maubert (French administrator), 584 Maugham, Reginald Charles Fulke, "140-141 n- i, 362, 393, 45*, 457-458, 462, 475, 47«479, 492, 502, 568-569, 618, 620, 667-668 Mavrogordato, Arthur S., 526, "527 n. 6, 567 Maxeke, Marshall M., ' 1 1 3 n. 4 Maxwell, Mr., 37 Maxwell, Misses, 336 M'Backe, Cheikh Anta, 250 n. n Mbonamanbi, Mrs. B. J., 345 Mellon, Andrew, 73 n. 1 Menelik II, 690 n. 2 Merlhe, Lt., 449, 450, 461, 488, 502 Merlin, Martial-Henri, 6-7 n. 1, 111-112, 157, 196-197, 207-208, 209-211, 251, 252, 362, 388, 414 n. 9, 415 n. 22, 424, 495 n. i § , 501, 706 Merrel, E. G., 86 Le Messager Dahoméen, 424 n. 2 Messenger, 531-532 n. 2, 580, 604 Messianism, 575

Manoedi, M. Mokete, xlvii, lxxviii, 644, 645646; anti-Garvey pamphlet of, 647-661, 701, 705-706 Manye, Charlotte Makgome, »3 n. 4 Marabouts, 248, 250 n. 11 Maranga, Peter, 346 Marconi, Guglielmo, 154, "155 n. 5 Margai, Sir Albert, 218 n. 1 Margai, Bangali, 218 n. 1 Margai, Sir Milton, 218 nn. 1, 3 Margai, Milton Edgar S., 218 n. 1 Margai, Samuel, 217-218, *2i8 n. 1 Margai family, 218 n. 2 Margerie, Roland Jacquin de, 47-48, '48 n. 1, 207

Methodist church and missionaries, 248, 249 nn. 4, 6, 265, 500 Mgijima, Enoch, xlviii, 54 n. 1 Mhlongo, Willie, 617 Michael (Herero chief), 398-399, "401 n. 12, 615 Mille, Pierre, 109 n. 8 Mills, Mrs. Eleanor, 683 n. 5 Mirabeau, Conte Honoré G. V. R. de, 131, •137 n. 9 El Mirag El Charo, 582 Miscegenation, xlvi, 128-129 n. 1, 195-196 n - 5, 434, 44° n. 3, 680, 683 n. 3, 694, 695

Mark, Mr., 603 Marke, G. O., 13, 19, 27, 28, 30, 31, 84, 89, 93, 94, 168 n. 4, 265, 486-487, 538, 651, 666667; Crichlow's feud with, xlvi, 16-17, 2 1 ~ 33-39 , 55, 6°, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 90, 92, " 5 , 289, 292, 299, 300; on Garvey, 33, 34; Garvey sues, 55; leads U N I A delegation, 1, Ixviii, 605, 633; newspaper of, 292, 299

726

INDEX Missionaries: in Angola, 576 n. 1, 577 nn. 5, 6; in Belgian Congo, 98-99 n. 2, 99 nn. 4, 5, 214, 216 n. 1, 229-230 n. 2, 248, 249 nn. 4, 5, 6, 250 n. 9, 440 n. 2, 601-602 n. 8, 6oi n. % in British East Africa, 228 n. 1; Catholic-Protestant rivalry among, 214, 216 n. 1, 230 nn. 4, 5, 577 n. 5, 601-602 n. 8; commercial ventures by, 399 n. 2; in French Congo, 214, 216 n. 1, 229-230 n. 2, 597, 598, 601-602 n. 8, 602 n. % in French Equatorial Africa, 599, 600-601 n. 3, 601 n. 6; in Liberia, 580; money and, 229, 230 n. 4; in Mozambique, 280; in Nigeria, 389 n - '> 393~394 in Nyasaland, 427-428; politicial activism by, xlix, 440 n. 2, 577 n. 6; on polygamy, 599; in Sierra Leone, 472 n. 4, j8o; in South Africa, 399 n. 1; in South West Africa, 398, 399 n. 2; Swedish, 597, 598, 601-602 n. 8, 602 n. 9 Mission Herald, 280, 280-281 n. 1, 281-282 n. 2, 282 n. 6 Mkulichi, Andrew, 280-281 n. 1 Mochochonono, 242 n. 3, 244 n. 2 Moeti, George, 591 Mokoena, George, 705 Mokone, Rev. M., 113 n. 4 Molapo Mosheshe, Chief Jonathan, 242 n. 2, 647, *66i n. 2 Moncheur, Baron C., 612-613 n - 1 Monguya, Solomon Hosiah, 697 Monne, Solomon, 244 n. 2 Montagu, E. S., 539 n. 4 Moore, Richard B., 271 n. 1 Moorhouse, H. C., '393 n. 1 Moors, 260, 261 n. 1 Moort, Mrs., 36 Morales, Mr., 572, 573-574 n. 7 Morel, E. D., 109 n. 8, 352 n. 5 Morel, Léon-Georges, 248, '249 n. 2 Morocco, lxxii, 575 Morolong, King, 706 n. 1 Morris, Abraham, 607-608 n. 3 Morrison, Mr. (bank manager in Monrovia), 3°. 3 1 , 64, 79 Morumioa, 148-149 n. 1 Moscow Soviet, 351 n. 2 Moses, 630, 631 Moses (Herero chief), 592 Moses, Garvey as, 120, 145, 146, 150, 164, 235 n. 3) *74, 336, 34°. 3*>4, 434, 435 » 44*, 5°6, 57°, 652 Moshesh, 655 Moshoeshoe, 242 n. 3, 654, 661 nn. 2, 3, *66i n. 9, 662 nn. 10, 12 Moshweshwe, King of Basotho, 200 n. 3 Moslem League, 600 n. 1 Moton, Robert R_, 133, 406-407 n. 2, 422, 57' Motsamai, A., 241 Motta, Antonio Gon^alves da, 335 n. 3

Mourides, 250 n. 11, 257-258 n. 14, 410, 414 n. 8 Moya, John, 590 Mozambique, 672; anticolonialism in, 676 n. 1, 676-677 n. 4, 677 n. 6; Barue, 675; Beira, 280-281 n. 1, 675, 676 n. 1, 686, 690, 691; Chinde, 280, 282 n. 5; churches in, 676 n. 1; Companhia do Boror, 280, 282 n. 4; ethnic groups of, 676 n. 1, 677 n. 5; forced labor in, 676 n. 1; Garveyism in, 113-114, 280-281 n. 1, 676 n. 1, 676-677 n. 4; labor exported from, 676 n. 1, 676677 n. 4, 677 nn. 5, 6; missionaries in, 280; Negro World in, 280, 280-281 n. 1, 282 n. 5; Tete, 372, 373 n. 5, 675; U N 1 A in, 675-676, 686, 690, 691 Mozambique Company, 676 n. 1, 677 n. 5 Mpongwe, 596, 601 nn. 4, 6 Msimang, H. Selby, 146-148, * 148-149 n. 1 Msimang, Joel, 148-149 n. 1 Msimang, Richard, 148-149 n. 1 Muldoon, William, 683 n. 4 Muller, Mr., 670 Mullins, D. J., 345 Mulzac, Hugh, 326-327 n. 7 Mumba, Levi, 280-281 n. 1 Mungentje, Wm., 591 Mungunda Aaron Simon (John), "307-308 n. 1, 308 n. 2, 522, 623, 633 n. 3, 643, 644, 664, 665, 669 n. 1, 670, 671, 697 Murphy, Carl, 77 n. 1 Murray, Gilbert, 75 n. 1 Mussolini, Benito, Ixxviii, 447 n. 1 Mustapha, Mamadou, 250 n. 11 Mustapha (Mustaph) Gueye, Salim (Selim), 442, 443, 465, 468, 487, 496, 499, 5°° n - 3, 5°3, 505 , 5° 6 , 5° 8 , 5I0> 551, 608 Muumbrauer, K. J., 277, '278 n. 1 Mwase, George S., 372 n. 1

NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nairobi Union of Baganda Workers, 228 n. 1 Naledi Ea Lesotho, 243 Nama, 204, 205 n. 1, 308 n. }, 311 n. 2, 321 n. 1, 400-401 n. 8, 401 n. 11, 494 n. 2, 7027°3 Namibia. See South West Africa Nanaiva, 585 Napoleon Bonaparte, 435, 440 n. 9 Nassy, 20 Natal Sun, 149 n. 1 Nation, 105, 108 nn. 5, 6, 564-565 n. 1 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 47, 108 n. 5, 173, I9Ä, *=8> 2I °> *83> i 8 4 , 3'7> 3*5"3 2 6 n. 2, 337, 406-407 n. 2, 529 n. 1; Committee of ioo of, 564-565 n. 1; Garvey on, 108

7-27

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

n. 3, 194, 324, 326 n. 3, 695; on lynching, 108 n. 3, 338; on miscegenation, 195-196 n. 5; on segregation, 564-565 n. 1; v. U N I A , 422; on U.S. in Haiti, 77, 78 n. 3 National Baptist Convention, 531-532 n. 2; Foreign Mission Board of, 280-281 n. 1, 281-282 n. 2, 282 nn. 3, 6, 427-428 n. 4 National Buganda Federation, 228 n. 1 National Club (Jamaica), 273 n. 3 National Colonial Congress of Brussels (1920), 161-162 n. 8 National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), 151 n. i, 168 n. 3, 262, 263 n. i, 264, 358, 361, 366-367 n. i, 540, 544 n. 2, 579 n. 3 National Equal Rights League, 220 n. 1 Nationalism (protest movements; resistance movements, independence movements, "native unrest"), xlviii-xlix, 273 n. 3, 380, 575; Aftican linked to Indian, 407-408 n. 1; in Angola, 577 n. 6; as anti-European, 209-210, 654-655; in Belgian Congo, 4243, 44» 46, 98-99

N'Duma, Thomas, 250 n. 10 Negro Factories Corporation, 39 n. 2, 39-40 n. 4, 144, 369 Negro Farmers' Conference, 406-407 n. 2, 529-530 n. 2 Negro History Bulletin, 662 n. 15 Negro National Anthem, 325-326 n. 2 Negro Society for Historical Research, 367 n. 3 Negro Times, 530, 531, 532 n. 3, 604 Negro World, lxxii, 15, 39 n. 2, 42, 73, 84, 120121, 138-139, 143, 144, 151, 156, 197, 263,

M N 3) 2 74, 305 3*4, 3 É 4, 3 6 5, I 6 6 ~ 367 n. I, 391, 401, 405, 435-436, 441 N- 15,

506, 564, 572, 573 n. 3, banned/seized, xlviii, lxxvii, lxxviii, 49-50 n. 276, 280, 388, 390, 417,

578, 611 n. I, 623; lxxiv, lxxv, lxxvi2, 255, 258 n. 16, 427, 459-460, 461,

462, 464, 474-475, 476-477, 479, 483, 485,

488, 489, 495, 503, 509, 510, 542, 545, 547, 55°, 563, 567, 568, 569, 571, 574, 581, 582, 593 , 594 N- 2> 620; in Belgian Congo, 10,

100 N 13, 210, 2 3 2 >

43, 46, 49

235 n. i, 248, 330, 434, 577 n. 6, 578-579, 600, 707; in British West Africa, 362; cultural, 366-367 n. 1; in Dahomey, 424; in Egypt, 276, 369, 536, 599, 602 n. 14, 652; in French Congo, 596, 597-599; Garveyism affects, xlvi, xlvii; in Gold Coast, 396 n. 1; Herero, 399 nn. 1, 3, 400 n. 5, 400-401 n. 8, 616 n. 4, 631 n. 5; Indian, 372, 373 n. 3, 382, 385, 407-408 n- i, $3*>> 539 4, 562 n. 4, 600 n. 1, 652, 656; Irish, 385, 536, 560, 562 n. 5, 656; in Kenya, xlviii, lxxiv, lxxv, 228 nn. 1, 2, 372-373 n. 2, 378-382, 386 n. 1; in Morocco, lxxii; in Mozambique, 676 n. 1, 676-677 n. 4, 677 n. 6; in Nigeria, 363; in Nyasaland, 49-50 n. 2, 249 n. 3, 280-281 n. i, 427-428 n. 4, 480 n. 1; in Russia, 656; in Senegal, 412; in South Africa, xlviii, 54, 546-547; in South West Africa, 308 n. 3, 321 n. i, 347 n.i, 370, 374, 398-399, 493, 591-592, 613-616, 627-632, 641-642, 643-644, 663-666, 669, 670, 671-672, 684; in Syria, 583; in Turkey, 560, 562 n.7, 611, 640-641 n. i, 641 nn. 2, 4, 5, 692 National party, 341 nn. 2, 3, 591 n. 1 National Socialists, 602 n. 11 La Nation Beige, lxxiii, 44, 45-46, 47 n. 4, 216, "7 Native African Union of America, 202 n. 1 NCBWA. See National Congress of British West Africa Ncwana, S. M. Bennett, lxxvii, 278 n. 1, 546547, 558, 590, 591 n. 1; Black Man of, xlvii, " 3 , 33 1 , 332> 546; and SWANC, 558 n. 3 N'Dendé, J. B., 601 nn. 4, 7 N'Diaye, Bouna, 414 n. 9 Ndimande, R. J., *477 n. i§

N

- I, 4 9 - 5 °

N

-

2

, * 4 8 , 249 n. 7,

507; Bureau of Investigation on, 49 n. 1, 50; Christmas issue of, 319; circulation of, 571; colonial officials on, lxxvi, lxxvii, 49, 50, 141, 312, 345, 357, 417 n. 2, 490, 498, 54*, 555, 556, 57°, 574, 604; Côte d'Ivoire, 255; in Dahomey, 239; on Du Bois, 247 n. 1; editors of, 1, lxxiv, 155, 427; in French West Africa, 488, 550, 563, 581, 667-668; in Gold Coast, 260-261, 316, 319, 349, 559; in Mozambique, 280, 280-281 n. I, 282 n. 5; in Nigeria, 219, 246, 284, 388, 389; in Nyasaland, 372, 417; on Pan-African Congress, xlv; poems in, 175 n. 13; as seditious, 594 n. 2; in Sene-

gal, 414 n. 12, 456, 475-47 6 , 5°8, 545 , 548,

563, 619; in Sierra Leone, 141, 217-218, 236-237, 475, 476, 525; in South Africa, 340, 368, 565-566; in South West Africa, 266, 283, 312, 318; in Uganda, 406-407 n. 2; U N I A portraits in, 339; in West Indies, 360 Neimab, Jonathan H . , 307 Neptune, 43 n. 1, 48-49 n. 3, 183 n. 1, 229, 343

Neto, Alfredo de Sousa, 154 n. 1 Neto, Eduardo de Sousa, 154 n. 1 Neto, Joào de Sousa, 154 n. 1 Neto, Leopoldo de Sousa, 153-154, *i54 n. 1 New Jersey, U N I A in, 390 New Negro, 212, 430, 467; Garvey on, 130, '3 2 > 133, 134, 194

New York Age, lxxii, 104, 113, 299, 305 n. 12, 325-326 n. 2, 406-407 n. 2, 571, 604 New Tork Amsterdam News, 570, 571 New Tork Dispatch, 564-565 n. 1 New Tork Evening Journal, 266 n. 4 728

INDEX

New Tork Evening Post, 49 n. 1, 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 n - h 556 New York Fifteenth Regiment, 130, 133, 136 n. 3 New Tork Globe and Commercial Advertiser, 73, 187 New Tork Herald, 107, 109 nn. 12, 14, 201 New Tork News, 570, 571 New Tork Sun, 186, 187 New Tork Times, 570, 7 0 0 - 7 0 1 New Tork Tribune, 162, 186, 208, 354 New Tork World, 317, 593, 654 Ngunza awakening, xlix, 249 nn. 5, 6, 250 n - 9, 575i 597-598. See also Kimbangu, Simon; Kimbanguism Ngxiki, David, 584-585, 6 1 3 - 6 1 4 Niccoli, Ugo, * 6 6 8 n. 1, 6 9 7 - 6 9 9 Nichols, Mr., 478 Nicolai, Alexandre, 413 n. 2 Nicoli, Mr., 478 Nicolls, Mr., 345 Nieng, Lakibe, 583 Niger, 3 6 3 - 3 6 4 n. 1 Niger (river), 389 n. 2 Niger Company, 405 n. 1 Nigeria: amalgamation of, 389 n. 2, 393-394 n. 2, 579 n. 3; Apapa land case in, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 n. 5, 261; Black Star Line in, 393, 395, 397; Chafe, 593; education in, 3 9 3 - 3 9 4 n. 2, 594 n. 5; ethnic groups of, 389 n. 3, 3 9 3 - 3 9 4 n. 2; Hausa language of, 389 nn. 2, 3; Ilorin, 388, 389 n. 4; Islam in, 246 n. 1, 363, 389 n. I, 593, 594 nn. 4, 5; loyalty to Britain in, 395; marine department of, 393, 394 n. 4; missionaries in, 389 n. 1, 3 9 3 - 3 9 4 n. 2; Negro World in, 219, 246, 284, 388, 389; Negro World banned in, Ixxvi, 459460, 593, 594 n. 2; newspapers of, 151, 284, 3 9 7 - 3 9 8 , 4 9 4 - 4 9 5 ; Northern Provinces of, 388, 389 nn. 2, 3, 4, 393-394 n. 2; officials' concern with Garveyism in, 260, 388, 392, 3 9 4 - 3 9 5 ; population of, 283, 285 n. 1; Privy Council of, 167, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 n - 5; railway in, 389 n. 4; Southern Provinces of, 389 n. 2, 3 9 3 - 3 9 4 n. 2; U N I A in, xlvii, xlix, lxxv, 1 4 2 , 284, 358, 360, 363, 388, 3 9 2 - 3 9 3 ,

Nyasaland (Malawi), 416; Blantyre, 426, 427 n. 3; forced labor in, 4 2 7 - 4 2 8 n. 4; Garveyism in, lxxv, 2 8 0 - 2 8 1 n. 1, 4 2 7 - 4 2 8 n. 4; labor migration from, 676 n. 1; missionaries in, 427 n. 3, 4 2 7 - 4 2 8 n. 4; Negro World in, 372, 417; Negro World banned in, xlviii, lxxv, 280, 388, 417, 427, 479; protest movement in (see Chilembwe's Rising); railway to, 372, 427 n. 3; seditious-publications ordinance (censorship) in, 4 1 7 , 4 2 6 - 4 2 7 , 479, 4 8 1 - 4 8 2 ; U N I A in, 280-281 n. 1, 4 1 7 n. 2; Zomba, 372 Nyasaland African Congress, 2 8 0 - 2 8 1 n. 1

Oklahoma, 316 Okuma, Marquis Shigenobu, 624, *6i6 n. 4 Olaribigbe, Dr. A. Ojo, 167, * i 6 8 n. 3 Oldfield, Rev., 478 Oliveira, Leäo de, 635 n. 1 Oliveira, Raul de, 333-334, '334 n. 1 Oliver, Francis G., 442, 487, 505, 509, 552, 609 Olivier, Marcel, "495 n. i§, 496, 513, 545, 549-552, 568, 577 Oluwa, Chief, 167, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 n. 5, 261, 544 n. 2 Omanhene, 560, 562 n. n El Oriente, 582 SS Orion, 6 9 - 7 0 n. 4, 237, 323, 324, 326 n. 4, 327 n. 8, 328, 355, 365, 653 Oriyo, J. Osman, 1 8 3 - 2 8 4 Orlando, Vittorio, 131, 638 Orr, Edward, 495 n. 1, 653 Otjiserandu, 400 n. 5, 631 n. 5 Otlet, Paul, 47, 160, 161 n. 6, 165, 236 n. 14 L'Ouest Africain Français, 6-7 n. 1, 254, 257 n. 12 Ovimbundu, 576 n. 1, 577 n. 5 Owen, Chandler, 273 n. 3, 556 n. 2

Pact of Bordeaux, 6-7 n. 1, 415 n. 20 Padmore, George, 183 n. 1 Paetzelt, Mr. 613 Palais Mondial, 47 Palestine, 536, 539 n. 3, 544 n. 3 Palmer, Louise, 82 Pan-African Association, lxxiii, 185 n. 7 Pan-African Conference (1900), 2 2 3 - 2 2 4 n. 7, 367 n. 3 Pan-African Congress (first, 1919), 4 8 - 4 9 n. 3, 105, 633; aims/resolutions of, 3, 4-6, 72; delegates to, 5-6, 6-7 n. 1, 211, 213 n. 1; seen as anti-European, 43 n. 1, 4 7 - 4 8 Pan-African Congress (second, 1921), 8 - 9 , 72,

394,

395, 501 n. 7, 569; unrest in, 363; Zaria, 245, 246 n. I Nigerian Pioneer, 151, 3 9 7 - 3 9 8 , 4 9 4 - 4 9 5 Nigerian Printing and Publishing Company, 285 n. 2 Nikodemus (chief of eastern Herero), 400401 n. 8 Nkrumah, Kwame, 396 n. 1 Northern Rhodesia, 6 4 4 - 6 4 5 n. 1. See also Rhodesia Northey, Sir Edward, *4o6 n. 2, 528, 529 Notre Colonie, 160 Nujoma, Sam, 308 n. 3

201,

263-265,

312-313,

343,

410,

4»,

414

n. 3, 424 n. 2, 636 n. 4; as "black Zionism," 239; colonial officials on, 4 7 - 4 8 , 729

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS Pauwels, Jean, 350 n. 1 People's National party, 273 n. 3 People's party (Liberia), lxxiv Péralte, Charlemagne, 181 n. 8 Perry, Commodore Matthew, 624, 626 n. 3 Pêtre, R., 244-245 Phal, Louis ("Battling" Siki), 677, 678, 679680, "682-683 n. I, 683 nn. 2, 7, 8, 9, 694 Pharmacy, 13, 19, 36 Phelps-Stokes Commission on Education, 48-49 n. 3, 441 n. 17 Philipps, Captain J. E., 257-258 n. 14 Philipps, Simon, 344 Phillips, J., 345 Pickens, William, 556 n. 2, 564, '564-565 n. 1, 565 n. 2, 572 Pickering and Berthoud, 527 n. 3 Pinho, Luis Alberto, 103 n. 1, 213, 335 n. 5 Pinto, Nicolau dos Santos, 103, '104 n. 3, 213 nn. i, 4, 335 n. 5 Pioneer Company, 272 Pittsburgh Courier, 77 n. 1 Plaatje, Solomon, 75 n. 1, 148, 150, 261, 275,

48-49 n. 3, 159 n. 2, 197, 208, 209, 255, 439-440, 449; communist influences in, lxxiii, 183; delegates to, 53, 74, 75 n. 1, 103 n. 1, 103-104 n. 2, 104 n. 3, 138, 139 n. 2, 147, 148, 150, ij4 n. 2, 158-159, 168, 176, 180, 181 nn. 2, 3, 183, 184, 193-194, 196 n. 8, 213 n. 1, 233, 234, 240, 264, 283, 333, 334, 335 5; Diagne and, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 197-198, 215, 216-217, 235 n. 6, 484, 693; Du Bois and, 3, 105-107, 108-109 n - 7, 1 0 9 n - I 0 , '59, n. 2, 167, 176-179, 180, 184, 186, 196 n. 2, 203, 208, 238, 260; on Garvey, 184-185; Garvey on, xlv-xlvi, Ixxii, lxxiii, 49 n. 4, 134, 135, 136, 138-139, 185, 187, 188, 189-190, 208, 341, 422, 695; Garveyism compared with, xlv, lxxi, lxxiii, 166, 203, 216, 239; petitions League o f Nations, 4, 5, 135, 138 n. 16, 183; press on, xlv, 74-75, 103, 108 n. 2, 112, 150, 158-159, 165, :66-i68, 169-170, 176-180, 182-185, 2I 3> 264, 265 n. 1; resolutions of, 166 n. 2, 167, 195 n. 4, 209, 211 n. 2; UNIA convention on, 203, 238, 335 n. 3 Pan-African Congress (third, 1923), 139 n. 3, 185 Pan-African Congress (fourth, 1927), 168 n. 1 Pan-African Congress (fifth, 1945), 396 n. 1 Pan-Africanism, 144, 214, 220-222, 417-418, 688; Belgian press on, 43 n. 1, 44 n. i§, 47 n. 4, 161 n. 2, 165, 232-235, 707, 708 n. 4; colonial officials on, 43 n. 1, 160, 196-197, 210-211, 263 n. 1, 434, 435-437, 439-44°, 686-687; in Great Britain, 53 n. 1; Islam linked to, 257-258 n. 14; in Senegal, 196197 Panama, 441 n. 19 Panda Farnana, Paul, 3 n. 2, 48, 98, 99 nn. 9, 11, 104 n. 3, 161-162 n. 8, 210, 232-235, 313; on Garvey, 234, 235 n. 3; at second PanAfrican Congress, 158-159, 233, 234 Pan-German League, 602 n. 11 Panken, Justice Jacob, 494, *495 n. 1, 652, 653-654 Pan Union Company, 326-327 n. 7 Papy, Louis, 413 n. 2 Paris Peace Conference, 219 n. 2, 540, 544 n. 3. See also Treaty o f Versailles Parker, Rev. E. L., 151, 152 Parker, Rev. G. W., 123 Parley, Miss, 336 Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), 314-315 n. 1 Partido Nacional Africano, 213 nn. 2, 5, 333,

335 n- 3, A place in the sun, 625 PNA. See Partido Nacional Africano Poincaré, Raymond, 641 n. 5 Polygamy, 59, 198, 199, 425 n. 3,599 Ponty, William, 222-223 n 495 n - ' § William Ponty School, 253, 254, 257 n. 10 Ponzi, Charles, 653, *66i n. 7 Portugal: African associations in, 103 n. 1, 333 (see also Liga Africana; Partido Nacional Africano); air flight in, 153, 155 n. 4; colonies in Africa, xlviii, 103-104 n. 2, 154 n. 1, 313, 333 , 334-335 n575, 57¿, 57^~577 n. 4, 672 (see also Angola; Cape Verde; Mozambique; Portuguese Guinea; Sâo Tomé e Principé); finances of, 313, 315 n. 7; Garveyism in, 213; press in, 144, 213, 334, 633—63j ; sends delegates to PanAfrican Congress, 213 n. 1, 333, 334; socialism in, 636 n. 4 Portuguese East Africa. See Mozambique Portuguese Guinea, 312, 314-315 n. 1, 315 n. 2 Portuguese Socialist party, 636 n. 4 Poston, Robert L., 386 n. 3, 539, 635-636 n. 2 Poston, Ulysses S., 539, 634, "635-636 n. 2 Potebon, Mr., 256 Pourroy, Jean, 447-448, 449, 450, 461, 4634^5, 469, 471, 472, 474, 476, 487, 488, 489, 502> 505, 511 I, 5I2> 513 Prempeh II, 263 n. 1, 562 n. 13 "Princes shall come out o f Egypt . . . , " 276, 338 Progressive Association o f Lesotho, 241 Prohibition, 326-327 n. 7 Protesto Indígena, 213 n. 2, 333, 335 n. 3 Protest movements. See Nationalism

334, 334-335 2, 634, 636 n. 4 Parti socialiste sénégalais, 557-558 n. 2 Pascha, Salou, 442, 487, 505, 509, 552 Paterson, Sir Alexander S., 486-487, '487 n. 1 Paterson, Zochonis and Company, 527 n. 3 Paul (UNIA member in South West Africa), ¿73

73°

INDEX Providence Industrial Mission, 280-281 n. 2, 281-282 n. 2, 282 n. 3, 427-428 n. 4

Repatriation movements. See Colonization/ black-repatriation movements Republican-Socialist party, 257 n. 12, 557-558 n. 2 Retsang, John, 665-666, 670 Revert, Eugene, 413 n. 2 Rhodes, Cecil, 200 n. 2 Rhodesia, labor exported to, 676 n. 1, 676677 n. 4, 677 nn. 5, 6 See also Northern Rhodesia; Southern Rhodesia Riarua (Herero chief), 400-401 n. 8, 644 n. 2 Ribeira, Amáncio da Silva, 335 n. 3 Richards, R. Van, 292 Richmond Planet, 426 Richter, Timotheus, 702-703 Rickard, Ted, 683 n. 4 Riddell, C. M., 580, «581 n. 2 Ridley, Rev. Dr. Caleb A., 187, 188 Rif Republic, Ixxii Risser, A., 644 Roach, J. T., 120, 121 Roberts, Annie, 475, 476 Robertson, T. L., lxxv, 344 Robeson, Paul, 77 n. 1 Rocha, Ferreira da, 213 n. 1 Rocha, Moses Da, 367 n. 1 Roland, Jeanne Manon, 131, ' 1 3 7 n. 10 Rollings, Saliou, 442, 487, 496, 505, 509, 551, 608

Qadiriyya brotherhood, 257-258 n. 14

Rabbitt, John, 603. See also Abbitt, John Race/races: aspirations, 638; consciousness, 100, 101, 121, 338, 624; equality of, 124, 126-127, 178, 195 n. 4, 366-367 n. i, 687; evolution, 127, 537, 610; exploitation, 380-381, 611 n. 1; extinction, 196 n. 7, 384, 385; fraternity, 348; freedom, 429; fature, 169-170, 177-178, 272; hatred, 131-132; leaders, 133-134, 136, 178, 266, 284, 420, 421, 429-430, 559-560; prejudice, 192-193, 209, 341; pride, 128-129 n - *> 348, 559; problem, and solution, 49 n. 1, 437-438; purity, 128-129 n 136; relations/ attitudes, 108 n. 6, 127-128, 144-145, 544 6 n n. 4> 576, 57 -577 - 4. 677-682; selfdetermination, 535; separation, 178, 179; unity, 117, 314, 320, 377, 381, 467, 611 n. 1, 630, 638, 687; uplift, 648; war, 132-133, 160, i95> 439 Railroads, 153-154; in Belgian Congo, 109 n. 13, 112 n. i, 248, 249-250 n. 8; in Nigeria, 389 n. 4; in Nyasaland, 372, 427 n. 3; transmission of ideas via, 252; in Senegal, 452 n. 1; in South Africa, 207; in South West Africa, 309, 311 n. 1, 403 n. 5; strikes on, 249-250 n. 8 Rainey, J. H., 181 n. 10 Randall, Clarence, 455, 471-472 n. 1, 496, 502,

Roode Vaan, 708 n. 4 Roos, Tielman, "341 n. 2, 341 n. 3 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 202 n. 1 Roosevelt, Theodore, 109 n. 8 Rooyen, Alexander van, 275 Ross, Dr., 34 Rossi, Dr. Paolo Alberto, 687-689, 690 n. 1 Rossouw, Constable, 627 Roston, James A., 73 n. 2 Royal Niger Company, 389 n. 2 Ruanda-Urundi, 539 n. 5 Ruch, G. F., 342 Ruffin, George L., 107 Russia: and Germany, 410, 414 n. 5, 560, 562 n. 6; v. Japan, 626, 626-627 n. 11; revolution in, 352, 656; supports Turkey, 640-641 n. 1 Rutten, Governor-General Martin, 10 n. 1, 44, 45-46, 47 n - 4 Ryan, Senator J. H., "580-581 n. 1 Ryan's Weekly, 580

5°9> 510. 551 Randall, S. V., 525 Randolph, A. Philip, 273 n. 3, 556 n. 2, 565 n. 2 Ranier, Mr., 704 Ranku, C. A., 241 Rappard, William, 667 n. 1 Rassemblement démocratique africain (RDA), 557-558 n. 2 Ras Tafari. See Haile Selassie Raynes, S. S., 204 Red Band Organization, 400 n. 5, 631 n. 5 Rehoboth Basters, 311 n. 2, 370, 371 n. 1, 374, 630; rebellion of, 308 n. 3, 371 nn. 2, 3 Religion, "Negro," 248, 531. See also African Methodist Episcopal Church; African Orthodox Church; Missionaries Renaud, Justice, 341 Renner, Alpha Tairou, 442, 443, 487, 489, 495, 496, 504, 505, 508, jio, 551, 567, 581, 603, 608-609, 620, 621 Renner, Mamona Cole, 608 Renner, William, 608

Salandra, Antonio, 588 n. 2 Salatiel, 641 Sam, Chief Alfred, 316 Sangala, James Frederick, 280-281 n. 1 Sanger (attorney), 483 San Juan Hill, battle of, 195, 196 n. 10 S A N N C . See South African Native National Congress

731

T H E MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS 451, 452 n. 2, 458, 468, 505; Muslims in, 6 7 n. 1, 250 n. 11, 257-258 n. 14, 410, 414 n. 8, 415-416 n. 24, 443 n. 2, 459 n. i; Negro World in, 414 n. 12, 456, 475-476, 508, 545, 548, 563, 619; Negro World banned or seized in, xlviii, lxxvi-lxxvii, 461, 462, 474-475, 476-477. 485, 489, 547, 581, 620; originaires in, 6-7 n. 1, 112 n. 2, 222-223 n. 1, 253, 257 n. 9, 413-414 n. 3, 498-499; outside influences in, 196-197, 409-410, 411, 582; passports/entry restrictions in, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 , 478, 618; Podor, 583; political parties in, 557-558 n. 2; postal authorities in, 455, 457 n. 3; railroads in, 452 n. 1; registration of foreigners in, 510, 550; Rufisque, xlvii-xlviii, 442-443, 451, 457, 460, 462, 463-465, 466, 467-468, 471, 485, 487, 497, 505, 506, 508, 509, 550, 551, 567, 568-569, 582, 608-609, 619; Saboya, 478, 479 n. 1; Saint-Louis, 6-7 n. 1, 410, 413, 413-414 n. 3, 415 n. 18, 416 n. 25, 498; "School of Hostages" in, 412, 415 n. 19, 415-416 n. 24; Sierra Leoneans in, 1 1 1 , 447, 448, 449, 451-452, 457, 461, 462, 495, 499, 5*6, 545 , 549 , 55°, 568-569, 581, 583, 618; Sine Saloum, 584; socialism in, 557-558 n. 2; soldiers of, 6-7 n. 1, 158, 257 n. 13, 4 1 1 , 415-416 n. 24, 542, 548, 574, 583, 640; Thiès, 451, 452 n. 1, 462, 464, 505, 508, 568-569, 584; Tivaouane, 459 n. 1, 583; U N I A in, xlvii-xlviii, lxxvi, 210, 358, 4 1 8 420, 442-443, 447-448, 449, 451, 455-45 é , 457, 45 8 , 459> 460-477, 47 8 , 483-484, 485, 487-489, 495, 496-497, 498-500, 501-513, 526, 545, 548, 549-552, 563-564, 567, 568569, 577, 581-584, 608-609, 618-622; U N I A members harassed/surveillance o f , xlvii-xlviii, lxxvi, 210, 358, 447, 448, 4 4 9 450, 451-452, 455-456, 457, 458, 459, 460477, 478, 485, 487-489, 495, 496-497, 498500, 501-513, 526, 545, 548, 549-552, 563564, 569, 577, 581-584, 618-622; Wolof vernacular o f , 414 n. 12 Senegalese Action Committee, 581 Senghor, Leopold Sédar, 166 n. 2 Sentoya, Sefanio K., 228 n. 2 Setersen, Mrs. Nellie, 309 Sey, Dan W., 319 Shackleford, A. S. W., 142, 395 SS Shadyside, 325, 326 n. 6, 653 Shah Khan, Nadir, 435, 44on. 4 Shaka, 655, 661 n. 9, *662 n. 10, 662 n. 12 Shakespeare, William, quoted, 289, 659 Shepherd, Edward H . G . , * n o n. 1, 486 Sheppard, William Henry, 576 n. 3 Shipping lines, black-operated, 221, 223-224 n. 7

Sannie, James, lxxiv Santos, Antonio Borja, 335 n. 3 Sào Tomé e Principé, 333, 636 n. 4 Sarraut, Albert, m , 159, 414 n. 4, 422-423, 465 n. 2, 479, 549, 568, 596 Sarwat Pasha, Abdel Khalek, ' 3 6 9 n. 2 Savage, Karim, 451, 458 Savage, Kassoum, 496, 509, 552 Savage, Lamina (Muriney), 442, 487, 496, 505, 509, 551, 609 Savage, Mohamed Bassirou, 496, 509, 552 Savage, Mohamet Sanou Sy, 496, 509, 552 Savage brothers, 451, 459 Scarborough, Dr. William Sanders, 169-170 Schanzer, Carlo, 445, '446 n. 1, 545, 578 Scheben, Dr., 493 Schmelen, Heinrich, 400 n. 5 Schulz, W., 425-426, 428 Scotland, W., *JI8 n. 1, 329 Scott, H . G . , 199 Scully, Charles J . , " 1 6 2 n. 2 Section française de l'internationale ouvrière, 557-558 n. 2 O Século, 633-635 Segregation, 133, 167, 189, 335 n. 3, 564-565 n. 1; in South West Africa, 206 n. 1, 267, 269-270 Sekanyolya, 228 Sekyi, William E. G . (Kobina), 365, ' 3 6 6 - 3 6 7 n. 1 Self-determination, 437, 535, 654 Sélys-Fanson, Florent de, 490-491, "491 n. 1, 531, 555-556, 570, 604 Seme, Pixley, 148-149 n. 1 Senegal: African elite in, 6-7 n. 1, 413-414 n. 3; anti-European sentiment in, 501; antimilitary sentiment in, 582-583; assimilationism in, 500-501 n. 4; Bambey, 451, 452 n. 4, 459, 462, 464, 485, 505; Baol, 584; Black Star Line agents in, 360, 363, 463, 419; Casamance, 584; colonial administration in, 6-7 n. 1, 409, 412, 413-414 n. 3, 414 nn. 5, 9, 415 nn. 18, 22, 415-416 n. 24, 416 n. 26; and Côte d'Ivoire, 252-253, 257 n. 7; Creoles in, 6-7 n. 1, 413 n. 1, 415 n. 18, 443 n. 2; Dakar, xlvii-xlviii, lxxvi, i n , 358, 418-420, 451, 457, 460, 462, 464, 471, 485, 497, 505, 506, 550, 567, 568-569, 582, 609; Diagne's supporters in, 257 n. 12, 258 n. 15, 500-501 n. 4; Diourbel, 459 n. i § ; forced labor in, 6-7 n. 1; franchise in, 6 - 7 n. 1; French citizenship in, 6 - 7 n. 1, 257 n. 9, 443 n. 1; and Gambian border crossing, 479 nn. 1, 2; Garvey's influence in, lxxvii, 411, 451, 452 n. 1, 463, 467, 498-500, 582; Kaolack incident in, 6-7 n. 1, 412; Kelle, 451, 452 n. 3, 458; Khombole, 485, 486 n. 2; labor recruited in, 111; L o u g a , 583; loyalty to France in, 257-258 n. 14, 411; M ' B o u r , 448, 449 n. 2; Mékhé,

Shire Highlands Railroad, 427 n. 3 Shogola Olola Company, 202 n. 1 Short, J. M . , 664

732

INDEX Shyngle, J. Edgerton, * 151 n. 1, 544 n. 2 Sidia, Cheikh, 257-258 n. 14 Sierra Leone, 122 n. 4, 523; Albert Academy in, 470, 472 n. 4; as antislavery base, 77 n. 2; British in, 77 n. 2, 141; education in, 470, 472 n. 4, 523, 526 n. 2, 580; ethnic groups of, 499, 526, 527 nn. 4, 5; European trading firms in, 524, 527 n. 3; Fourah Bay, 524; Fourah Bay College in, 526 n. 2; Freetown, xlvii, 120-121, 155, 273 n. 1; Garveyism in, 172, 173, 218, 236-237, 343; Magbele, 526, 527 n. 5; Methodist Church in, 265; missionaries in, 472 n. 4, 580; NCBWA in, 264; Negro World banned in, 276 n. 2; Negro World brought into, 141, 217-218, 236-237, 475, 476, 525; press of, 122 n. 1, 170 n. 2, 175 n. 10, 270-271, 315, 337-338; Sherbro, 236; Songo, 524; U N I A in, xlvii, xlviii, 120-121, ijS, 569; U N I A convention delegates from, 264; Wilberforce, 509 Sierra Leone Daily Mail, 170 n. 2 Sierra Leone Echo and Law Chronicle, 337-338 Sierra Leone Weekly News, 122 n. 1, 175 n. 10,

Society of Peoples of African Origin, 53, 261 n. 2 Le Soir, 708 n. 4 Soldiers, black, 129, 130, 133, 194, 221, 243244 n. 1, 437, 535-536, 537, 588 n. 2, 668 n. 5; in Germany, 544 n. 4, 574, 587; racial attitudes toward, 544 n. 4; Senegalese (tirailleurs), 6-7 n. 1, 158, 257 n. 13, 411, 415-416 n. 24, 542, 548, 574, 583, 640; South African, 199, 200-201 n. 8 Solomon, D. R., 204 Solomon, Mr. and Mrs. S., 204 Somalia, 447 n. 2, 668, 697, 698 Sonnino, Baron Sidney, 131 South Africa, 651; A M E Church in, 223-224 n. 7; African Orthodox Church in, 356 n. 2; Africans in, 74-75, 146-148, 217, 218 nn. 1, 2, 275, 406, 407 n. 3, 655; Barolong of, 706 n. 1; Basutoland administered by, 241; Bondelswarts rebellion suppressed by, xlviii, lxxvi, 607 n. 2, 607-608 n. 3; British in, 199, 200 nn. 2, 3, 404 n. 7, 644-645 n. 2; Bulhoek movement, xlviii, 54; Cape Town, Ixxiv, 211-212, 242-243, 336-337, 344-345, 3^9, 477, 546-547, 675» 691; Claremont, lxxv; "colour bar" in, 373 n. 4; communism in, 243-244 n. 1, 373 n. 4; Crusader in, 331; franchise in, 200 n. 7, 341; Garveyism in, xlviii, 242, 312; Goodwood, 344; Gun War in, 200 n. 3; I C U in, 269-270 n. 4; jazz in, 149; Johannesburg, lxxiv, 312; Kokstad, 199, 200 n. 4; labor migrates to, 676 n. 1, 676-677 n. 4, 677 nn. 5, 6; labor migrates from, 666; labor unrest in, 148-149 n. 1, 373 n. 4; loyalty to Britain in, 199; Mines and Works Act in, 373 n. 4; missionaries in, 399 n. 2; National party in, 341 nn. 2, 3, 591 n. 1; Native Affairs Act in, 150 n. 1; Native Lands Act in, 54; Negro World in, 340, 368, 565-566; Pan-African Congress delegates from, 74, 75 n. 1, 150; polygamy in, 198, 199; Pondoland, 198, 200 n. 2; Port Elizabeth, 278; press in, 54, 113, 329, 364, 365, 368-369 (see also Abantu-Batho; APO; Bantu World; Black Man; Cape Argus; Cape Times; Christian Express; Hang a lase Natal; Imvo Zabantsundu; Inkululeko; Johannesburg Star; Kokstad Advertiser; Morumioa; Natal Sun; South African Outlook; Vmsebenzi; Umteteli wa Bantu; Workers' Herald)', railroads in, 207; segregation in, 335 n. 3; soldiers of, 199, 200-201 n. 8; South West Africa administered by, 205-206, 207 n. 1, 282-283, n. 3, 371 nn. 1, 2, 455 n. 4, 537, 539 n. 5, 588, 589, 607-608 n. 3, 618 n. 1; U N I A in, xlvii, lxxiv, l r w , 211-212, 242-243, 312, 336-337, 34°, 14-345, 477, 565-566, 675,

270-271, 315 Siki. See Phal, Louis Siila, Lamine, 583 Silva, Carlos da, 154 n. i Silverston, A. Rudolph, 238 n. 1 Simmons, William Joseph, 188, "196 n. 6 Simond, Paul, 693 n. 1 Sinha, Lord, 539 n. 4 Slavery (peonage; forced labor), 4, 42, 116, 170-171, 189, 261 n. 2, 650, 660; in Kenya, 379; League of Nations on, 222-223 n - T; in Nyasaland, 427-428 n. 14; in Portuguese colonies, 334, 676 n. 1; in Senegal, 6 - 7 n. 1; in Sierra Leone, 77n. 2; in South West Africa, 268-269 n ' n U.S., 434, 536, 687; in West Indies, 536 Small, E. F., 544 n. 2 Small, Robert, 181 n. 10 Smallpox, 601 n. 6 Smith, Bishop Charles E., xlv, 76, 101, 106, 112, 113, 127, 265, 299 Smith, Sir George, lxxv, 345, 372, 417 n. 2, 479-480 Smith, James, 572, 573 n. 5 Smith, Rudolph E. B., 538, '539-540 n. 7, 634 Smith, Wilford H . , 296 Smith-Green, Edward D., 326-327 n. 7, 355, •356 n. 3 Smuts, Jan, 130, 261, 341 n. 2, 402-403 n. 1 Smyly, Sir Philip C., "265 n.2 Snyder, Miss, 204 Social equality, xlvi, 124, 128-129 n. 1, 135, 272 Socialism, 273 n. 3, 557-558 n. 2 Société des Huileries du Congo, 405 Sociétés belges, 45, 46 n. 1 733

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS 684; Maltahôhe district of, 704; mining in, 401-402, 403 n. 3; missionaries in, 398, 399 n. 2; mortality rates in, 270 n. 7; Nama language in, 204, 205 n. 1, 308 n. 3, 311 n. 2, 321 n. 1, 400-401 n. 8, 401 n. 11, 494 n. 2, 702-703; nationalism ("native unrest") in, xlvii, 308 n. 3, 321 n. 1, 347 !> 37°, 374) 39 8 -399, 493, 591-592, 613616, 627-632, 641-642, 643-644, 663-666, 669, 670, 671-672, 684; native affairs administration in, 206 n. 1, 268-269 n. 2, 454; native reserves in, 311 nn. 2, 3, 614, 627-628, 629-632, 633 nn. 4, 5; Negro World, in, 266, 283, 312, 318; officials' concern with Garveyism in, 205-206, 207, 282283, 312, 318, 352-353, 386, 387, 392, 404, 425-426, 428, 432, 454, 546, 623, 663-666, 673-675; Okahandja district of, 307-308 n. 1, 398, 400 n. 5, 584, 585, 613-614, 615, 628, 630, 632, 641, 643-644, 665, 670, 671672, 673; Omapyu, 631; Omaruru, 39H99, 591-592, 614-616, 627-628, 629-632, 641; Osona, 644; Otjimbingue, 398, 399 n. 4; Otjue, 631; Ovamboland, xlvii, 454, 455 n. 4; Ovitoto, 613; pass laws in, 268-269 2, 269 n. 3, 454, 455 n. 5, 558, 618 n. 1, 623, 703; postal surveillance in, 425, 684-685; railroads in, 309, 311 n. 1, 403 n. 5; Rehoboth, 370, 371 n. 1, 493, 704; Rehoboth Basters in, 311 n. 2, 370, 371 nn. 1, 2, 3, 374, 630; rifle clubs in, 493; segregation in, 206 n. 1, 267, 269-270; South Africa administers, 205-206, 207 n. r, 282-283, 3°8 1 1 • 3, 371 nn. 1, 2, 455 n- 4, 537, 539 1 5; 588, 589, 607-608 n. 3, 618 n. 1; strike in, 205 n. 1; Sunday observance law in, 322, 391; Swakopmund, 266, 425-426, 428, 432, 454, 630; taxes in, 310, 311 n. 3, 370, 371-372 n. 5, 391; Tsumeb, 398, 401 n. 9; U N I A in, xlvii, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxv, lxxviii, 204-205, 206 n. 2, 207, 279, 283, 3° 6 , 3°7, 3°7 - 3°8 n. 1, 309-310, 312, 318, 320, 321-322, 346-349, 352-353, 37°, 374, 377, 386, 387, 391, 39 2 , 398, 4°4, 425426, 428, 431, 432, 454, 522, 546, 585, 588, 589, 590, 592, 613-614, 617, 623, 627, 642, 663-666, 669, 670, 671-672, 673-675, 684, 685, 696-697, 702-703, 704; U N I A convention delegates from, 522; unions in, 207, 588-589; Usakos, 307-308 n. 1, 623, 664, 673, 685; vaccination fears in, 615-616,

691; unions in, 148-149 n. 1; Valkenberg Asylum in, 369; war in, 200 nn. 3, 7; as white man's country, 198-199, 261; West Indians in, 212 n. 1; Zulus in, 662 n. 11 South African Native Labour Contingent, 200-201 n. 8 South African Native National Congress (SANNC), 75, 147, 148, 148-149 n. 1, 261, 590, 591 n. 1 South African Outlook, 365 Southern Rhodesia, 644-645 n. 1. See also Rhodesia South West Africa (Namibia): agriculture in, 402, 403-404 n. 6; anticolonialism in, 630, 632, 702 n. 1; belief that Americans were coming to liberate, 4$$ n. 4, 615, 628-629, 665, 666, 671; Bondelswarts in, 311 n. 2, 371-372 n. 5, 547, 607 n. 2, 607-608 n. 3, 630, 642; British in, 404 n. 7, 662 n. 18; Cape Cross, 614; cattle ranching regulated in, 584-585, 586 n. 1, 592, 593 n. 2, 613-614, 617; conditions in, 267-268, 268-269 n. 2, 269-270 n. 4, 270 n. 7, 277-278, 376-377, 391; Damara of, 205 n. 1, 308 n. 3, 311 n. 2, 398, 401 n. 11, 614, 615, 629, 631, 633 nn. 4, 5, 665; deportations from, 353 n. 2, 454; described, 455 n. 4; diamonds in, 401, 403 nn. 4, 5; discrimination in, 584-585, 586 nn. 1, 2, 3, 592; Epukiro, 493, 494 n. 5; Etiro, 629; fishing industry in, 205 n. 1, 558; flu epidemic in, 270 n. 7; forced labor in, 268-269 n Garveyism in, xlvii, xlviii, 205-206, 374, 377, 404, 455 n. 4, 630, 633 n. 4, 643, 663-666, 669; Germany in, 206 n. 2, 267, 311 nn. 1, 2, 320, 321 n. 1, 371 nn. 1, 2, 391, 399 n. 2, 400-401 n. 8, 401402, 402-403 n. 1, 403 n. 2, 404 n. 7, 455 n. 4, 607-608 n. 3, 617, 632, 702 n. 1; Gobabis, 585; Grootfontein, 398, 401 n. 10, 632, 633 n. 5; Herero of, xlvii, 307-308 n. 1, 308 nn. 3, 5, 311 n. 2, 321 n. 1, 371 n. 1, 398, 399 nn. 1, 3, 4, 400 nn. 5, 6, 7, 400-401 n. 8, 455 n. 3, 493, 584-585, 591, 613, 615, 616, 617, 627-628, 629, 630, 631-632, 641-642, 644, 664, 665, 666, 670, 671; Hoachanas, 493, 494 n. 2; Hottentots (Khoikhoi) of, 370, 374, 402, 404 n. 8, 493, 591 n, 2; I C U in, lxxvii, 204, 269 n. 3, 269-270 n. 4, 278-279, 311 n. 1, 391 n. i, 546, 588; Kaokoveld, 454, 455 n. 3; Karibib, 307-308 n. 1, 623, 643, 665, 666, 673; Keetmanshoop, 311 n. 1; labor migration to, 666; land policy in, 268-269 n. 2, 311 n. 2; as League of Nations mandate, 267, 268 n. 1, 278 n. 4, 391, 402-403 n. 1; Luderitz, xlvii, lxxiii, lxxviii, 204-205, 207, 267-268, 270 n. 7, 279, 283, 309, 310, 318, 321-322, 346, 386, 391, 392, 425, 426, 428, 431, 454, 546, 588, 590, 672, 673-675,

617, 642; wages in, 386, 387 n. 1; Waldau, 666; Walvis Bay, 402, 404 n. 7; Waterberg, 398, 399 n. 3, 402, 641; West Indians in, 588, 589; white supremacy in, 269 n. 3; Windhoek, xlvii, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxv, lxxviii, 205, 206 n. 2, 269-270 n. 4, 270 n. 7, 279, 283, 306, 307, 309-310, 318, 346-349, 352-353, 37°, 387, 398, 404, 426, 454, 522, 734

INDEX 585, 614, 617, 623, 627, 630, 63311. 4, 642, 664, 669, 696-697, 702-703 South West Africa National Union, 308 n. 3 South West African National Congress (SWANC), 558 n. 3, 589, 590, 591 n. 1 South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), 308 n. 2, 400 n. 5 Souza, Hilaire de, 239-240, "240 n. 1 Spa Conference (1920), 545 n. 6 Spain, defeat of Moors in, 260, 261 n. 1 Spingarn, Joel, 564-565 n. 1 Sri Lanka. See Ceylon Stadler, Captain G., *345 n. 1, 372, 417 n. 2, 479 Stallmont (consul), 618 Stanford, Sir Walter E. M., 199, *200 n. 7 Stanley, Sir Henry Morton, 107, »109 n. 12, 109 nn. 13, 14 Stanley, Sir Herbert James, »704 n. i § Starr, George J., 82, 87 Stauch, August, 401-402, »403 n. 5 Stead, Alfred, 625 Stephens, Major (policeman), 426-427 Stewart, G. E., 299, 538 Strikes/labor unrest: in Belgian Congo, 99 n. 12, 248, 249-250 n. 8; railway, 249-250 n. 8; in South Africa, 148-149 n. 1, 373 n. 4; in South West Africa, 205 n. 1 Stucky de Quay, 282 n. 4 Sudan, French (Mali), 413-414 n. 3 Sumner, "Pap," 575 Sunday, William Ashley (Billy), 653, 657, *66i n. 6 Survey, 435, 440 nn. 13, 14 Svenska Missionforbundet, 602 n. 9 Swaziland, 200 n. 3, 644-645 n. 1 Swedish Missionary Covenant, 229-230 n. 2 Syria, 583

Thema, Richard Victor Selope, 148, *i50 n. 1, 261 Thomas (Damara), 613 Thomas (customs agent), 582 Thomas, B. Olikosie, 271-273 Thomas, Brasse, 583 Thomas, Dr. J. I., 436 Thomas, John R., 440 n. 2 Thomas, Madieu, 452, 458, 496, 502, 509, 552 Thomas, P. J. C., 395 n. 1 Thomas, Peter, 167, 168 n. 1 S. Thomas and Company, 395 Thompkins, Mr., 82 Thompson (colonial official), 475 Thompson, Beatrice, 566 Thompson, Orlando M., lxxi, lxxiv, 39-40 n- 4> 57. 64, »69-70 n. 4, 70 n. 8, 301, 364 Thomson (in Rufisque), 476, 483 Thuku, Harry, xlviii, xlix, lxxiv, lxxv, 372-373 n- 2, 378, *}86 n. 1, 406, 407, 408, 433 n. 1, 2 433-434 , 5*9 Tijaniyya brotherhood, 257-258 n. 14 Times (London), 169-170, 218, 219 n. 3 Times of Nigeria, 395, 397 Tjetjoo, 399 n. 1 Tlale, Abimael, 244 n. 2 Tobias, George W., lxxiv, 64, 69-70 n. 4, »70 n. 8, 364 Togoland, 259, 540, 544 n. 2, 662 n. 18 Tolstoy, Leo, 131, *i37—138 n. 12 Tonga, 46-47 n. 2 Toote, F. A., 231, 538 Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique, 682 Transvaal National Congress, 261 n. 2 Trans-Zambesia Railway, 373 n. 6 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 640-641 n. 1 Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Act, 206 n. I Treaty of Sèvres, 596, 600 n. 2, 611 Treaty of Vereeniging, 200 n. 3 Treaty of Versailles, 219 n. 2, 402-403 n. 1, 545 n. 6 La Tribune Congolaise, 350 Trotsky, Leon, 131, 351 Trotter, William Monroe, 220 n. 1 True Whig party (Liberia), lxxiv Turkey, 596, 600 n. 2, 639, 640; independence movement in, 560, 562 n. 7, 611, 640-641 n. I, 641 nn. 2, 4, 5, 692; victory over Greece of, 611, 638, 640-641 n. 1, 685 Turner, Bishop Henry McNeal, 69 n. 1, 658,

Tagoe, B., 349 Takji, Chief K., 316 Tall, Saydou Nourou, 257-258 n. 14 Talladega College and Theological Seminary, 575 n - h 576 n. 3 Talley, Truman Hughes, 440 n. 11, 570 Tanganyika, 539 n. 5, 662 n. 18 Tantalus, 624 Tantsi, J. Y., 113 n. 4 Tantsi, J. Z., 113 n. 4 Tappen, H., 201 Taylor, J. Eldred, 53, 168 Teale, Jalelea, 307 Tember, Jr., Mr., 204 Tembu, Moses M., 590 Temni, 526, 527 n. 4 Tete Agreement of 1913, 677 n. 5 Thaele, James, 547 n. 1 Theal, George M., 662 n. 12

*66i

n. 16

Tuskegee Institute, 472 n. 3, 529-530 n. 2, 571; Ugandans at, 406-407 n. 2, 432, 2 433-434 > 529 Twiu, Mr., 241 Tyirimunye, Johannes, 522

735

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY A N D U N I A PAPERS 2

Ubangi-Shari, 599, 600-601 n. 3, 602 n. 12

79, 387, 418, 419; Declaration of Rights, 144; dues, 673, 674; finances, 271-272, 492; flag, 140, 212, 421, 485; knighthood, 245, 246 n. 2, 364; League of Nations delegation and petition, 1, lxxvii, lxxviii, 218, 219 n - 3, 532-533 , 535-539 , 541, 605, 6° 6 , 6°7

Uganda: British in, 432-433, 528, 529; education abroad for citizens of, 406-407 n. 2, 432-433, 529; ethnic groups of, 407 n. 3, 529 n. 1; Garveyism in, 529 n. 1; land policies in, 228 n. 1; Negro World in, 406-407 n. 2; pressure groups in, 406-407 n. 2; UNIA's influence in, 528, $29 Uhl, Bryon H., 81

n . 2, 609, 6 1 1 - 6 1 2 , 633-635, 6 6 6 - 6 6 7 , 685,

686, 689, 701; membership, 273 n. 2, 279, 354, 651, 653; motto, 121, 320, 343, 348, 430, 463, 467, 503; officers, 11, 12, 18, 19,

U m a r Tal, AI Haj, 415-416 n. 24 Umsebenzt, 243-244 n. 1 Umteteli wa Bantu, 74-75, 108 n. 1, 112-113,

23, 25, 36, 58, 84, 122-128, 202-203, 226, 231, 289, 290, 295-296, 299, 431, 538, 607,

608 n. 5, 688; P N A influenced by, 334-335

146, 149, 150 n. 1, 241 Union Congolaise, 3 n. 2 Union of South Africa. See South Africa

n. 2; portraits, 339; prayer/ritual, 336, 337 n. 1; on race development, 537; on race future, 272; on race self-determination, 535; salaries, 58, 70 n. 5, 653, 654; on slavery, 536; West Indians in, 556 n. 2, 652

U n i o n s , 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 n . 1, 207, 588-589

United United United United

Africa Company, Ltd., 405 n. 1 Brethren in Christ, 472 n. 4 Native African Church, 424, 425 n. 3 Rhenish Mission Society, 398, 399

NN. 2, 4

AIMS AND OBJECTS OF

United South African party, 341 n. 2 United States: and Belgium, 49 n. 1, 441 n. 16; commerce with Africa of, 221, 223224 n. 7, 436, 441 n. 16, 453; communism in, 271 n. 1; Congress of, 108 n. 3, 181 n. 10; in Haiti, 77, 78 n. 3, 181 n. 8; immigration policies of, lxxi, 71, 81-87, 88

lxxii, 131-132, 153, 190, 205-206, 208, 209, 321, 336, 363, 367-368, 4 2 0 - 4 2 1 , 451, 673,

522, 659, 662-663 n . 20, 663

684, 700; African redemption/African homeland as, 129, 139, 320, 343, 344, 394, 430, 4 6 7, 5 ° 6 , 536, 537, 560, 569, 687; as anti-European, 549; charitable, 419, 426, 522; colonization program (Liberian Construction Loan), xlvi, lxxii, lxxvi, 11-

lxxviii, 72-73, 77, 79, 231, 244-245, 438, 441

40, 55-69, 7 6 - 7 7 , 79, 80, 85, 89-90, 9 0 - 9 3 , IIO-III, 123, 152, 164, 173, 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 224, 227, 230-231, 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 2 72, 291-300, 324,

tions in, 49 n. 1, 108 n n . 3, 6, 133, 144-145,

648, 652, 6 9 7 - 6 9 9 ,

n . 2,

ioo,

n. 21; interests in Africa, 88 n. 4, 436, 438, 441 n. 22; loan to Liberia, xlvi, lxxii, lxxiv, n. 21, 706; "Negro problem"/race rela-

327 n - 8, 357, 394, 453 , 47°, 572-573, 623, 706-707; c o n t r o l

of

German colonies, 537, 609, 633-635, 667, 698, 701; education, 470, 473; Gabriel

189, 331-332, 342-343 , 434-435, 437~438, 440, 441 nn. 19, 20, 536, 687; Pan-African Congress delegates from, 193-194, 196 n. 8, 211; socialism in, 273 n. 3 United States Department of Justice. See Bureau of Investigation United States Department of State, 40 n. 12, 227; monitors Garvey, lxxi, 3 n. 1, 51 n. 1,

J o h n s o n o n , 82-83, 85, 123, 125-126,

127;

mutual aid, 461, 462, 488, 506, 508, 522; race consciousness, 100, 101, 121; race equality, 687; race fraternity, 348; race freedom, 429; race pride, 128-129 n. 1, 348; race unity, 212, 687

n o , 564-565 n . 1

United States Shipping Board, 223-224 n. 7, 237, 441 6 United States War Department, Military Intelligence Division of, 78, 79, 80, 342,

BRANCHES AND DIVISIONS OF

in Australia, 634, 636 n. 3; in Belgian Congo, 358, 501; in Florida, 42 n. 1; in Gambia, 458 n. 1, 569; in Gold Coast, xlvii, lxxiv, 319, 358, 569; in Jamaica, 114; in Liberia, 83, 151-152; in Mozambique, 675676, 686, 690, 691; in New Jersey, 390; in Nigeria, xlvii, xlix, lxxv, 142, 284, 358, 360,

343-344 n. 1

Universal African Legions, 84, 650-651, 659

UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION AND AFRICAN COMMUNITIES LEAGUE

363, 388, 392-393, 394, 395, 501 n . 7, 569; i n

Nyasaland,

280-281 n. 1, 417 n. 2; in

Oklahoma, 316; in Portuguese colonies, 672; in Senegal, xlvii-xlviii, lxxvi, 210, 358,

African church officials in, 500, 501 n. 7; African Redemption Fund, 163, 419; anthem, 174, 395; on black soldiers in World War I, 535-536, 537; on Briggs, 270-

418-420,

455-456,

442-443,

449,

451,

457, 458, 459, 46°-477,

447-448,

478,

483-484, 485, 487-489, 495, 4 9 6 - 4 9 7 , 4 9 8 500, 501-513, 526, 545, 548, 549-552, 563-

271; constitution, 85-86, 89, 94, 95, 124,

279, 425, 430; dance, 390; death tax, 206,

736

INDEX

395, 420-421; Ali on, 573 n. 2; as antiEuropean/antiwhite, 318, 438, 460, 485, 502, 549, 569; Bureau of Investigation on, 87; colonial officials on, xlviii, lxxvii, 4344, 47, 72, 140, M 1 , 196, 207-208, 343, 345 n - i§, 357, 358-362, 406, 422-423, 433 , 438, 483-484, 486, 502, 528, 529, 549, 550, 568569, 574, 604, 606, 609, 697-698, 700, 706-707; as communist, 463, 471, 473, 485; Deniyi on, 163-164; Du Bois on, 49 n. 4, 139 n. 2, 156, 157; ICU linked to, xlvii, 391 n. 1, 588; Liberian government's attitude toward, xlvi, lxxii, lxxiv, 36, 63, 69, 76, 85, 110-111, 202-203, 220-221, 227, 231-232, 238, 244, 292-300, 360, 487, 693, 698-699, 706-707; NAACP on, 422; NCBWA linked to, 358; Portuguese press on, 144, 633-635; as propagandist, 203, 506; as seditious, 357, 395, 569; Senegalese police and colonial officials on, xlvii-xlviii, lxxvi, 210, 358, 447, 448, 449-45°, 4JI-452 , 455~456, 457, 458, 460-477, 478, 485, 487-489, 495, 496-497, 498-500, 5ox-5i3, 526, 545, 548, 549-552, 563-564, 569, 577, 581-584, 618622; South West Africa postal authorities on, 425; U.S. military intelligence on, 78, 79, 80; U.S. State Department on, 227

5*4, 567. 568-569, 577, 581-584, 608-609, 618-622; in Sierra Leone, xlvii, xlviii, 120121, 155, 569; in South Africa, xlvii, lxxiv, lxxv, 211-212, 242-243, 312, 336-337, 340, 344-345, 477, 565-566, 675, 691; in South West Africa, xlvii, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxv, lxxviii, 204-205, 206 n. 2, 207, 279, 283, 306, 307, 307-308 n. I, 309-310, 312, 318, 320, 321322, 346-349, 352-353, 37°, 374, 377, 386, 387, 391, 392, 398, 4°4, 425-426, 428, 431, 432, 454, 522, 546, 585, 588, 589, 590, 592, 613-614, 617, 623, 627, 642, 663-666, 669, 670, 671-672, 673-675, 684, 685, 696-697, 702-703, 704; in Uganda, 528, 529 CONVENTIONS OF

1920 convention (New York), 435, 539-540 n. 7 1921 convention (New York), 539-540 n. 7; on Africa for Africans, 218; Diagne on, 215; Garvey's speech at, xlvi, 129-136; Gabriel Johnson at, lxxii, 10, 27, 40, 56, 79, 80, 88-89, 122-128, 202-203; o n League of Nations mandates, 218, 219 n. 3; PanAfrican Congress compared with, xlv, 166, 203; Pan-African Congress repudiated by, 203, 238, 335 n. 3; parade, 139-140; PNA delegates to, 334-335 n. 2; press on, 139140, 149, 166, 218, 219 n. 3 1922 convention (New York), lxxvii, 366, 647, 688-689; agenda, 367-368, 491, 572; on Belgian Congo, 452; colonial officials' concern with, 218-219, 423, 460, 574, 578, 581, 586-587, 604, 605-607, 686, 687-689; flyer announcing, 514-521; Garvey and, 208, 491, 531, 543, 634; Gold Coast delegates to, 560; on government of Africa, 572; invitations to, xlix-1, 422, 444, 445-

University of Ghana, 263 n. 1 Unoa, Franz, 308 n. 2 Upper Volta, 417-418

Vander Heiver, Edw., 352 Vandervelde, Emile, 109 n. 8 van Hees, Albert S. "341 n. 3 Van Hien, H., 544 n. 2 Vann, Robert L., 77 n. 1 Van Völlenhoven, Governor-General Joost, 222-223 n 4 n > 4 J 5 n - '6, 495 n - ' § van Wyk, Cornelis, 370, "371 n. 2 van Wyk, Hermanus, 371 n. 2 Vedder, Heinrich, 401 n. 11 Venn, Henry. See Wenn, Henry Verdun, battle of, 195, 196 n. 10 Verne, Jules, 153, 154 Vernon, Bishop W. T., 112, 580 Vervloet, Major Gustave, 160-161, *I6I n. 1 Victoria, Queen, 134, 536 Vilatte, Joseph Rene, 356 n. 2 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 108 n. 5 Villian, Odette, 216, 217 n. 3 Vinck, Emile, 234, "236 n. 13 Virey, A., 216 Visigoths, 313, 315 n. 8 Vittorio, Zupelli, 588 n. 2 Voker, Abdou Salam, 552

447, 452, 479 , 491, 497, 532-533, 545~546, 555; PNA delegates to, 335-336 n. 2; press on, 397, 566; Sierra Leonean delegates to, 264; South West African delegates to, 522 1923 convention (New York), 334-335 n. 2 1924 convention (New York), 334-335 n. 2, 539-540 n. 7 DISSENSION WITHIN

lxxiii, lxxv, 317, 487; over Black Star Line, 326 n. 5; Crichlow on, 303, 304; over finances, 324, 327 n. 8; sued for salaries, 224-225, 539-540 n. 7, resignations, 305 n. 12, 355, 606 OPINIONS OF OTHERS ON

accused of advocating overthrow of government, 87; African Blood Brotherhood on, 270-271; Africans on, 153, 198,

737

T H E M A R C U S GARVEY AND U N I A PAPERS

Volstead Act, 326-327 n. 7

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), 131, '137 n. 11 A Voz d'Africa, 104 n. 3, 636 n. 4

John Walkden and Company, 363 Walker, Bro., 336 Walker, G. H „ 394-395 Wallis (consul), 618 Warner, A. C., 321

Williams, J. P., 559-561

Williams, Jim, 590

Warner, C. Lewis, 266, 277-278, 386-387

Warren, V., 528 Washington (state), 580 Washington, Booker T., 160, 273 n. 3, 433434 n. 2; Garvey compared with, 161, 338; Garvey on, 189, 194; on social equality, 128-129

n

-

1

Washington, D.C., 286 Washington, George, 131, 137 n. 6, 435 Washington Disarmament Conference

Whiteman, B. Stewart, 204 Whittaker, Johnson C., 105, 108 n. 6 Wiley, John Cooper, 227 Wilkinson, Governor R. J., 141 Williams, Mrs. 204 Williams, Rev. A. E., 121 Williams, Ahmed, 451, 458 Williams, George Washington, 107, *i09 n. 11, 109 nn. 13, 14 Williams, J. A., 120, '122 n. 2 Williams, Rev. L. K., 281-282 n. 2

Williams, Mikaèlo, 496, 509, 552 Williams, Salamy, 442, 487, 496, 505, 509, 551, 609

Williams, Sunny, 418, 504, 509, 552 Williams, Vernal J., 539 Williams, Winston O. (Bob), 471-472 n. 1, 476, 496, 509, 510, 524, 551, 557, 581

of

1921-1922, 544 n. 3

El Watan, 582 Watchman, 439 Watch Tower, 417 n. 2 Waters, A. J., 282-283, *283 n. 1, 329-330, 352,

Wills, Harry, 679, »683 n. 4 Wilson, Joseph Bernard, 474, 523 Wilson, Joshua, 245-246 Wilson, Leonard, 418, 504, 509, 552 Wilson, Lydia (Tina Tougara), 474, 523 Wilson, Wilfrid A., lxxvi, lxxvii, in, 140, 210, 248, 448, 465, 495, 509, 55°,

370, 374, 387, 432, 493, 522, 584, 588, 590, 641

Webb, Sidney, 181-182 n. 12 Webber, Francis E., lxxvii, 111, 112, 140, 141, 210, 360, 363, 447-448, 449, 4J7, 461, 462, 4 6 3 , 4^5, 471-472 n - 1, 478. 49*, 501-502, 507, 508, 509, 526, 528, 549, 550, 551, 603, 608

361, 363, 405, 420 n. 1, 449, 45°, 455 , 45*, 457, 4 7 1 - 4 7 2 n. 1, 472, 484, 496, 5°!, 5 02 > 5 0 2 - 5 ° 3 , 510, 512, 513, 524, 525, 551, 569, 581, 603, 608,

442-443, 4i, 4^3, 487, 488, 5°5> 506, 526, 528, 609, 619,

447, 464, 489, 5°7, 549, 620,

622; police interrogation of, 469-471, 474476, 483; police statement by, 523 Wilson, Woodrow, 3 n. 1, 78 n. 3, 186, 437, 638, 663 n. 21 Windhoek Location Advisory Board, 307-308 n. 1 Witbooi, Jeremiah, 590 Wood, Mr., 204 Wood (U.S. immigration inspector), 81, 87

Wehner, Charles A. V., 65 Wells, "Bombardier," 683-684 n. 10 Wenn, Henry, 471-472 n. 1, 475, 476, 477 n. 2, 496, 508, 509, 510, 551, 567, 603, 620 Werner (missionary), 628 Werner, Lillian, 682-683 n. 1 West Africa, 351 n. 3, 366-367 n. 1 West Africa Mail and Trade Gazette, 122 n. 1, 156 n. 1, 170 West African Mail, 109 n. 8 West Indian Association, 212 n. 1 West Indian Protective Society, 361 West Indian Regiment, 130, 136-137 n. 4 West Indians: in Africa, 205 n. 1, 212 n. 1, 295, 588, 589; compared with African Americans, 171; in Garvey movement, 556 n. 2, 652; at Pan-African Congress, 181 n. 3 West Indies: French in, 416 n. 26, 422, 423; Negro World in, 360; officials' concern with Garvey in, 357, 360; slavery in, 536 Whaley, Allen W., 219, *220 n. 1 Wheatley, SS Phyllis. See SS Orion White, Mr. (at Pan-African Congress), 180 White, Mr. (of Elder Dempster Company), 524

W o o d l e y , P. A . , 207, 386-387, 558, 588-589 Woodson, Carter G., 657-658, *66i n. 15

Wood-Wintern proposals, 407-408 n. 1 Workers'Herald,

280-281 n. 1, 480 n. 1

World's Work, 127, 440 n. 11 World War I, 436, 638, 656; battles of, 195, 196 n. 10; African-American consciousness raised after, 687-688 Worley, H. F., 89, '90 n. 6, 96 Worsfold, W. Basil, 662 n. 12 Worthington (reporter), 162 Worthington, J., 344 Wright, Howard P., *42 n. 2

Xavier, Anselmo, 635 n. i Xuma, A. B., 150 n. 1

White, E. Costley, 416-417

738

INDEX Zaghlul Pasha, Saad, 602 n. 4, 652 Zaidam, 583 Zaire. See Belgian Congo Zambesi Industrial Mission, 426, 427 n. 2, 427-428 n. 4 Zambia. See Northern Rhodesia Zarzour, Alexandre, 582 Zawditu, Empress, 690 n. 2 Zeraua, Zacharias, 400 n. 7 Zimbabwe. See Southern Rhodesia Albert A. Zink et al. v. Black Star Line, 356 n. 4 Zionism, 438, 676 n. 1; "black," 239 Zucker, E. D., 81, 82, 85, 86 Zulus, 591 n. 2, 655, 662 n. 11 Zwartbooi, David, 702-703 Zwartbooi, Izaac, 702-703

Yacoba, 599, 602 n. IJ Yaoboi, Nii Tackie, 562 n. 9 SS Yarmouth, 39-40 n. 4, 58, 70 n. 6, 237, 325, 326-327 n. 7, 355, 356 n. 3, 653, 654 Yearwood, J. B., 539 Yengo, André, 248, '250 n. 10, 250 n. 11 Y M C A , in London, 351 n. 3 You, C., 344 Yoruba, 393-394 n. 2 Young, Colonel Charles, 34, 37, 79 Young Baganda Association, xlviii, lxxvii, 406-407 n. 2, 529, 529-530 n. 2 Young Gabonese, 596-597, 601 nn. 4, 7 Young Kikuyu Association, 386 n. 1, 406-407 n. 2 Young Senegalese party, 6-7 n. 1, 257-258 n. 14, 258 n. 15, 416 n. 25

739

THE TYPE

The text of this book was set in a digitized version of GALLIARD with the exception of old-style numerals which were set in STEMPEL GARAMOND. Galliard, introduced in 1979 by Mergenthaler and designed by Matthew Carter, is based on the sixteenth-century typeface by Robert Granjon, the French typefounder and printer. The name derives from the combination of elegance and crispness characteristic of the French old styles. The book was composed by Chin C. Kao of the Marcus Garvey and U N I A Papers Project using Interleaf 5 release 5.4 computer typesetting program, running under the MS-DOS, version 6.2, operating system.

Typography and binding design by Linda Robertson

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