Times in Review: New York Times Decade Books, 1940-1949 (Physician travelers) [3] 0405017146, 9780405017148

Citation preview

THE NEW YORK TIMES DECADE BOOKS is a series of uniform volumes dealing with major national and international events in individual ten year periods. Each volume provides a unique view of history in the making as viewed and reported by the world¬ wide network of New York Times correspondents. By reproducing approximately 200 front page stories and inside continuation pages, we experience the fresh¬ ness and immediacy of events as they occurred. Stories have been selected that were not only important at the time but have proved of lasting in¬ terest. Not all of the important events of a decade could be included but what was aimed at and hope¬ fully achieved is a unique overall view of the rapidly changing character of national and international life. The Introduction to this volume was written by William Benton, whose distinguished career embraces government service, education and publishing. During most of the years covered by this book he served as an Assistant Secretary of State and as U.S. Senator from Connecticut.

The Times in Review:

1940-1949 A NEW YORK TIMES DECADE BOOK

INTRODUCTION BY WILLIAM BENTON

ARNO PRESS / A NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY New York

1973

55193

Copyright © 1973 Arno Press Inc. All rights reserved Contents: Copyright © 1940,1941,1942,1943,1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949. Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title: The Times in review; a New York times decade book. Third-fourth vols. published by Arno Press. CONTENTS: |3] 1940-1949. [4] 1950-1959—15] 1960-1969. 1. History, Modern—20th century—Chronology. I. New York times. 74-139439 D840.T54 909.82 ISBN 0-405-01714-6 (v. 3)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

MY OVERVIEW OF THE NINETEEN FORTIES by William Benton

June 24

June 28

1940 Mar. 13

Apr. 9

May 10

May 18

May 22

May 28

May 30 June 1

June 5

June 11 June 15 June 17

June 18

June 23

Moscow announces peace treaty signed; Finns delay ratification; terms give big Finnish areas to Soviet Germans occupy Denmark, attack Oslo; Norway joins war against Hitler Nazis invade Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg by land and air; Allies rush aid Nazis pierce French lines; take Brussels, Louvain, Malines and Namur Nazis at Channel, trap Allies in Belgium; France can’t die, Reynaud tells people Leopold orders Belgian Army to quit; Allies forced back in Flanders pocket Allies abandoning Flanders; a rescue fleet at Dunkerque 75% of B.E.F. reported safely out of Flanders; Allies attack on Somme Churchill pledges war till Empire ends; air fleets raid Reich and French cities Italy at war, ready to attack; stab in back, says Roosevelt Germans occupy Paris, press on south; French Army intact Reynaud resigns, Petain is now Premier; new Cabinet considers fate of France France asks peace, but is fighting on; Hitler, Duce today to set terms; British stand firm for war to a finish French sign Reich truce, Rome pact next; British bomb Krupp works and Bremen

July 18 1

4

6

11

Sept. 4

Sept. 11

Sept. 28 Nov. 6

French yield fleet under armistice, give up west coast, half of country; Britain and Petain regime in open break Republicans nominate Wendell Willkie for Presidency on 6th ballot Roosevelt renominated on 1st ballot; strict anti-war platform adopted Roosevelt trades destroyers for sea bases; Britain pledges never to yield or sink fleet British bomb Berlin, hit Reichstag building; Germans pound London in 8-hour attack Japan joins Axis Alliance, seen aimed at U.S. Roosevelt elected President; certain of 429 electoral votes; Democrats keep House control

45

49

51

54

58 61

64

14

18

1941

21

Jan. 11

24

Jan. 21

27

Mar. 9

30 Apr. 6 33

35

Apr. 14

May 13 38 May 28 42

Bill gives President unlimited power to lend war equipment and resources Roosevelt inaugurated for 3rd time; Winant to be named Ambassador to London Senate passes Aid-to-Britain Bill 60 to 31; final House action expected early in week Germans invade Yugoslavia and Greece; Hitler orders war, blaming British; Moscow signs amity pact with Belgrade Russia and Japan sign neutrality treaty; Germans capture Bardia, push into Egypt Hess flies to Scotland; Berlin reports him missing and insane Roosevelt proclaims unlimited emergency, will resist any Hitler effort to rule seas; Bismarck sunk

69

72

76

79

83 86

88

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

June 22 Aug. 13

Aug. 15

Nov. 7

Dec. 8

Dec. 9 Dec. 12 Dec. 16

Hitler begins war on Russia; Damascus fails House for 2-112 years army service by one vote; Petain yields, pledging to work with Hitler; Nazis reported at Black Sea Roosevelt, Churchill draft 8 peace aims, pledging destruction of Nazi tyranny U.S. lends $1,000,000,000 to Russia; Stalin forecasts second front Japan wars on U.S. and Britain; makes sudden attack on Hawaii; heavy fighting at sea reported U.S. declares war, Pacific battle widens U.S. now at war with Germany and Italy Knox reports battleship sunk at Hawaii, 5 other craft lost, but main fleet is at sea; President lays perfidy to Japan’s Emperor

Japanese open major attack on Guadalcanal; hit carrier, sink destroyer; Willkie demands 2nd front Rommel in full retreat; 9,000 5 prisoners American forces land in French 8 Africa; effective 2nd front, Roosevelt says Hitler to take over all France and 11 Corsica; our troops in Oran, speeding toward Libya French scuttle fleet, ruin Toulon 28 base 30 (A) Boston fire death toll 440; night club holocaust laid to lighted match 30 (B) Churchill tells Italy to oust leaders or face shattering air blows; Russians break Nazi Don defense line

Oct. 27 91 Nov. 95 Nov. 99 Nov. 102 Nov. 105

Nov.

111 Nov. 117

161 164

167

170 175

178

178

120 1943

1942 Roosevelt, Churchill map 1943 187 war strategy at Casablanca Churchill pledges invasion within Feb. 12 9 months; says 500,000 are in Africa; Eisenhower, promoted, in 192 supreme command Mar. 11 (A) Russians nearing Vyazma; check foe below Kharkov; Munich fired 196 by R.A.F. raid Mar. 11 (B) Roosevelt offers plan to Congress for birth-to-grave Social Security 196 Roosevelt seizes all struck May 2 201 coal mines Tunis and Bizerte captured, enemy May 8 206 in flight 23 dead in Detroit rioting; Federal June 22 210 troops enter city MacArthur starts Allied offensive July 1 in Pacific; Churchill promises 213 blows in Europe by fall Mussolini ousted; Badoglio, his July 26 216 foe, made Premier by King Allies land in Italy opposite Sept. 3 219 Messina; 8th Army leads Sept. 9 Italy surrenders, will resist Germans; Allied forces land in 222 Naples area Four Powers agree on world Nov. 2 peace group; President orders 225 Ickes to seize coal mines Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill agree Dec. 4 on plans for war on Germany in talks at Teheran; 1,500 more tons 228 of bombs dropped on Berlin Dec. 7 “Big 3” charts triple blows to humble Reich and agrees on a peace to eliminate tyranny 230

Jan. 27 Jan. 2 Jan. 7

Feb. 16

Apr. 10

Apr. 29

May 6

June 1

June 12

June 22

Aug. 20

Oct. 4

MacArthur unites his lines for crucial stand President says we will carry war to foe; asks 60,000 planes, 45,000 tanks this year Singapore surrenders uncondi¬ tionally; Churchill asks unity in hour of defeat; foe pours into Sumatra, strikes in Burma Japanese capture Bataan and 36,000 troops; sink two British cruisers Sales prices, rents, service charges frozen; Roosevelt sees Axis cracking Corregidor surrenders under land attack after withstanding 300 raids from the air 1,000 British bombers set Cologne on fire; use 3,000 tons of explosives in record raid; Germans are hurled back in bid for Tobruk Soviet and Britain sign war and peace pact; Molotoff and Roosevelt plan 2nd front Tobruk falls, Axis claim 25,000 prisoners; Germans drive wedge into Sevastopol lines; Japanese ashore on Kiska U.S.-Allied troops, tanks raid Dieppe 9 hours; more than 1,000 planes in land action Roosevelt freezes wages, rents, farm prices; names Justice Byrnes Economic Director

125

127

130

135

138

140

142

146

149

153

157

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

Dec. 25

Dec. 28

Eisenhower named Commander for invasion; planes smash French coast; Roosevelt promises nation 232 a durable peace Army seizes railroads on President’s order; steel men 236 ordered back

Jan. 28

Feb. 2

Feb. 19

Apr. 27

May 26

June 5 June 6

June 7 June 16

June 27

July 21

July 22

July 26 Aug. 24 Aug. 26 Oct. 20

Oct. 26

Nov. 8

Dec. 28

U.S. force lands unopposed on Mindoro U.S. tanks smash into Bastogne, break siege; foe’s spearhead near Meuse driven back

308

311

1945

1944 Jan. 12

Dec. 16

President asks civilian draft to bar strikes^ realistic taxes, new Bill of Rights 5,200 Americans, many more Filipinos die of starvation, torture after Bataan U.S. force wins beaches on Marshalls atoll; battles rage on first Japanese soil invaded Americans land on Eniwetok, flanking Truk; great victory seen in blow at Pacific base Troops seize Montgomery Ward as it rejects Roosevelt order; Avery denies legality, ejected Americans link the Anzio and main fronts; Nazis flee toward Rome Rome captured intact by 5th Army; Nazis move northwest Allied armies land in France in Havre-Cherbourg area; great invasion is under way Hitler’s sea wall breached; new Allied landings made Superforts bomb cities in Japan; American forces landing in Marianas; Allies gain on Cherbourg peninsula Cherbourg falls to American troops; enemy leaders among 30,000 prisoners Roosevelt nominated for 4th term; Hitler escapes bomb, purges generals Nazis block plot to seize govern¬ ment; Americans land on Guam; Truman nominated for Vice Presidency Air blows open U.S. drive in Normandy; Russians ring Lwow Paris is freed Allies sweep to Troyes, Nazis rout grows MacArthur invades Central Philippines; foothold to split islands firmly held U.S. defeats Japanese Navy; all foe’s ships in one fleet hit; battle continuing Roosevelt wins 4th term; record popular vote is close; Democrats gain in House

Russians take Warsaw; Americans 315 close on St. Vith Jan. 21 Roosevelt sworn in for 4th term; extends good neighbor policy 317 to world Big 3 doom Nazism and Reich Feb. 13 militarism; convoke United 320 Nations in U.S. April 25 Fleet planes renew pounding of Feb. 17 322 Tokyo; Bataan recaptured German Saar-Moselle armies Mar. 21 smashed; foe’s loss tops 40,000; carriers blast Japanese fleet 324 in lair Mar. 24 Patton crosses Rhine, expands bridgehead; Nazis say Russians 327 are moving on Berlin Apr. 2 Americans invade Okinawa; first 330 resistance light Soviet voids Japanese Neutrality Apr. 6 Pact; MacArthur heads U.S. Army 333 in Pacific Apr. 8 U.S. fliers sink Japan’s biggest warship; British near Bremen; Patton seizes Nazi hoard of gold 336 and art President Roosevelt is dead; Apr. 13 341 Truman to continue policies May 2 Hitler dead in Chancellery; Doenitz, successor, orders war 344 to go on; Berlin almost won May 3 Berlin falls to Russians, 70,000 give up; 1,000,000 surrender in Italy and Austria 349 May 8 The war in Europe is ended! Surrender is unconditional 353 June 20 Welcome to Eisenhower is New York’s greatest; he calls for strong 357 U.S. to maintain peace June 22 Okinawa is ours, after 82 days; 45,029 U.S. casualties, foe’s 94,401 360 June 27 Truman closes United Nations conference with plea to translate Charter into deeds 363 July 27 Churchill defeated in Labor landslide; Allies order Japan to 366 quit or be destroyed July 29 (A) Senate ratifies Charter of United Nations; Truman hails aid 369 to peace July 29 (B) Bomber hits Empire State Building; 13 dead, 26 hurt 369 Jan. 18

241

244

246

248

250

252 256

259 263

268

272

279

284 289 293 295

297

300

303

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

Aug. 7

First atomic bomb dropped on Japan; equal to 20,000 tons of TNT; Truman warns foe of a 372 “rain of ruin” Aug. 8 Atomic bomb wiped out 60% of Hiroshima; Tokyo Cabinet meets 379 Aug. 9 Soviet declares war on Japan; attacks Manchuria; atom bomb 383 loosed on Nagasaki Aug. 15 Japan surrenders, end of war! Emperor accepts Allied rule; MacArthur Supreme Commander 387 Sept. 2 Japan surrenders to Allies, signs rigid terms; Truman sets today as V-J Day 390 Oct. 28 Truman bars recognition of “imposed” regimes and sets 12-point U.S. policy for world peace 395 Nov. 16 (A) We knew Japanese secrets 6 months before Dec. 7,1941, Pearl Harbor data shows 399 Nov. 16 (B) Three nations offer atom bomb to UNO on reciprocal basis 399 Dec. 12 Nation-wide steel strike called by CIO; more than 700,000 involved 403 Dec. 28 Big Three re-establish unity in wide accord; 28 nations set up the Bretton Woods Bank 406

1946 Jan. 1

Jan.11 (A) Jan. 11 (B) Jan. 21 (A) Jan. 21 (B) Feb. 7

Mar. 13 Mar. 16

Mar. 28

May 1

May 18

Hirohito disclaims divinity; Chiang proposes Marshall as referee in China strife UNO opened; Attlee asks world unity 5% GM pay rise urged by Board; phone tie-up off until Monday Crisis arises as De Gaulle resigns Steel industry closed down as nation-wide strike starts Strike emergency stops fuel; schools shut; Truman cuts nation’s food to feed Europe Heavy Russian columns move west in Iran; U.S. sends Note Churchill again asks Anglo-U.S. harmony, puts onus on Soviet if it bars cooperation; Iran to appeal to UNO Russian, defeated on Iran, walks out of UNO; Teheran’s envoy puts plea before Council Joint Palestine body bars a Jewish State, but urges entry of 100,000 refugees Government seizes nation’s railroads but unions fail to cancel strike due today; AFL pledges aid to Lewis as deadlock holds

413 416 416 420 420

425 430

433

436

439

441

Jyne 15

July 1

Sept. 21

Oct. 2

Oct. 5

Oct. 16

Dec. 8

U.S. will tell atom secret, destroy bombs, if U.N. establishes controls without a veto Atom bomb exploded over Bikini fleet; blast force seems less than expected Wallace ousted, starts a “fight for peace’’; Truman declares com¬ plete support for Byrnes 12 Nazi war leaders sentenced to be hanged; Goering heads list; Hess gets life, 6 others ordered to prison Truman again prods Britain on 100,000 Palestine visas; backs Jewish State plan Goering ends life by poison, 10 others hanged in Nuremburg prison Lewis ends strike, mines open tomorrow

444

446

449

451

453

455 458

1947 Jan. 1

Truman declares hostilities ended, terminating many wartime laws 465 Jan. 8 Marshall to succeed Byrnes as Secretary of State resigns; shift surprises world capitals 468 Feb. 26 Bevin accuses Truman of wrecking Palestine talks in 1946 campaign 471 Mar. 13 Truman acts to save nations from Red rule; asks $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey 474 May 10 House adopts $400,000,000 Bill to help Near East fight Communism; World Bank lends France $250,000,000 479 June 24 Bill curbing labor becomes law as Senate overrides veto; unions to fight for quick repeal 482 Aug. 15 India and Pakistan become nations; clashes continue 485 Aug. 21 Marshall stresses help for Europe must precede assistance for Americas 487 Sept. 18 (A) Resorts hit in hurricane over Florida 489 Sept. 18 (B) Marshall asks a new U.N. group to guard peace, backs veto curb; Forrestal is sworn in suddenly 489 Oct. 6 (A) Truman calls on nation to forego meat Tuesdays, poultry, eggs, Thursdays 493 Oct. 6 (B) Reds of 9 nations revive Comintern to fight U.S. “imperialist hegemony” 493 Nov. 21 Elizabeth and Philip wed in Abbey; London throngs cheer royal pageant 497 Nov. 30 Assembly votes Palestine Partition; Arabs walk out 500

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

BOOK PAGE NUMBER

Dec. 3 Dec. 20

Dec. 27

504 Jerusalem torn by rioting Truman asks $17 billion to restore Europe; Congress votes 507 stop-gap aid Record 25-inch snow cripples New York and East; thousands 511 marooned

Dec. 16

Jan. 31

Jan. 4

Jan. 21

Feb. 25 (A)

Feb. 25 (B)

Feb. 26 Mar. 11

Mar. 20

Apr. 2 (A) Apr. 2 (B) May 15

June 25 July 15

July 27 Sept. 10 Sept. 18 Oct. 10 Nov. 3

Gandhi killed by Hindu; 15 die in rioting in Bombay Czech Reds seizing power, occupy some ministries; Socialist Party taken over U.S. ready to discuss force to keep peace in Palestine but not compel partition Benes bows to communists, Gottwald forms Cabinet Masaryk killed, a suicide, Reds say; Marshall is stirred by world crisis U.S. abandons Palestine partition; asks U.N. trusteeship till final solution U.N. sets special assembly on Palestine to reconsider partition U.S. flies food into Berlin as Russians block traffic Zionists proclaim new state of Israel; Truman recognizes it and hopes for peace; Egypt orders invasion Dewey unanimous Republican choice for President on 3rd ballot Truman, Barkley named by Democrats; South loses on civil rights Truman orders end of bias in forces and Federal jobs Russians fire on defiant Berliners as 250,000 protest Assembly coup Bernadotte is slain in Jerusalem; Security Council will act today Truman drops Moscow mission; keep atom bomb, Churchill says Truman leads Dewey in late returns; Democrats gain in House and Senate

517 Jan. 29 519 Feb. 24 Mar. 5 519 Apr. 5 524

527

May 12 (A) May 12 (B) May 25 (A)

531

May 25 (B)

534

July 1 (A) July 1 (B)

534 July 22 538

Sept. 18

542

Sept. 24

545

Oct. 1

549 552

Oct. 3 (A)

554

Oct. 3 (B)

557 Oct. 22 560

565

1949

Jan. 6 1948

Hiss indicted for perjury in Communist spy inquiry

Nanking suing for peace with Reds 571 Truman asks increased taxes, debt cut, Taft Labor Act repeal 573 Truman is inaugurated; calls on U.S. to lead democratic world; denounces Communism, pledges U.N. aid 576 Council of Europe formed by 5 western powers; they will recognize Israel 582 Israel and Egypt reach armistice 585 Molotov replaced by Vishinsky in Soviet Foreign Office shift 587 12 nations sign Atlantic Treaty, stress aim is to uphold U.N. 589 Israel wins seat in U.N. 592 Berlin land blockade is lifted 592 Soviet asks 4-power rule for Germany be resumed; West turns down proposal 596 Red troops enter Shanghai; Nationalist forces flee 596 Judith Coplon guilty as spy 600 Senate votes Taft Labor Bill in blow to Administration; Truman pledges to fight on 600 Senate votes Atlantic Pact binding 12 nations to resist attack 603 207 lost as cruise ship burns in night fire at Toronto pier 606 Atom blast in Russia disclosed; Truman again asks U.N. control; Vishinsky proposes peace pact 610 Steel strike starts as 500,000 quit; Truman plans no new intervention; Lewis recalls 102,000 miners to pits 614 Soviet recognizes China Red regime; drops Chiang link 616 Yankees and Dodgers win penants in final games; 68,055 cheer 616 10 top Communists get 5 years, one gets 3, all are fined $10,000; U.S. indicts Amtorg, 5 heads held 619

MY OVERVIEW OF THE NINETEEN FORTIES by William Benton

The phrase “nineteen forties” has a soft, almost muted sound to it, not as strident or harsh-sounding as the fifties, sixties or seventies. Don’t we think of the forties as the postwar years, the years of settling down, rather than the harsh cloud of Pearl Harbor and Normandy Beach? Perhaps it has that soft con¬ notation because everything that happened since the end of the nineteen forties has happened at an accelerated pace, with speed that shocks the mind. Or perhaps it is just that we learn of things now so quickly that the immediacy mutes the trumpets of the past. As you read the headlines and important stories from The New York Times that are included in this provocative book, you will begin to get your own feeling for that decade. Yes, indeed that’s what this book does. It joggles the memory for those over forty, it opens the door to that vast data bank of information that we collect in our minds. But a true understanding of the period, I believe, requires more background than the reminders of the news. The headlines and the stories too often absorb one in a single event and make him forget the context and perspective of the times in the light of what happened after. Let me share with you my own overview of the nineteen forties. I believe I can set the perspective with accuracy because my own activities covered a spectrum as broad as the country itself. As the decade began, I was associated with the University of Chicago whose president was then Robert Hut¬ chins, and with Encyclopaedia Britannica, both of which associations continue to this day. With the close of World War II, President Truman asked me to join his administration as Assistant Secretary of State, and my responsibilities included the educa¬ tional and cultural rebuilding of the part of the world devastated by war. I was even responsible, believe it or not, for the re-education of the Germans and the Japanese! And as the decade ended, I entered the United States Senate. I suppose that to understand the nineteen forties, one has to be reminded — especially our younger people — that the war jogged the United States and much of the world out of the incredible agony of a worldwide depression. Unless you experienced the Depression here in America, you cannot imagine what it was like. Millions of people had a sense of

hopelessness; they had the feeling of an inability to cope. There’s little doubt in my mind that the sound of hope both felt and heard in Franklin Delano Roo¬ sevelt’s voice was just about all that kept millions of people going at that time. But the feeling of de¬ spair — of economic hopelessness — began to fade as the 1940s opened and more and more working men and women marched into jobs in the defense industry. Yes, there was an awakening. America’s industrial capability was being challenged and in¬ dustry began pouring forth the necessities of war for America’s allies, particularly Great Britain, who faced the onslaught of the Third Reich’s incredible war machine. (Churchill said, “In the first year America goes to war, nothing happens; in the second year, a trickle; in the third year, an avalanche.”) In 1939, the invasion of Poland was followed by that of the Low Countries and France. Then came the miraculous rescue of an army on the beaches of Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain — the attempt by the Luftwaffe to destroy Britain’s will to survive with in¬ cessant, constant bombing. In June 1941, Hitler’s armies attacked Russia and the world again gasped at his lust for power. There was by no means total agreement in Amer¬ ica during those years whether we should enter the war. But December 7, 1941 wiped out all doubts in the minds of everyone but Jeannette Rankin, a cou¬ rageous U. S. representative from Montana, who cast the lone vote against the declaration of war, as she had done earlier in 1917. I was myself a sup¬ porter of the America First Committee, which op¬ posed our entry into the war, as were Governor Chester Bowles, Dr. Robert Hutchins and many of my closest friends. When I told Secretary of State Byrnes that this was a reason why he shouldn’t appoint me Assistant Secretary of State, he said, “You will find that 80 percent of the Congress agreed with you.” Whether we would have entered the war without the attack at Pearl Harbor can never be determined . .. The assault on Pearl Harbor cast the psychologi¬ cal die that still affects this country’s instincts about defense spending. As soon as we entered the war, President Roosevelt was pressed to open a second front, to invade Europe from the west, and thereby relieving Russia of the enormous pressure from the German army’s invasion. The Japanese relentlessly

pursued the war in the far Pacific and this war fell wholly on us. On April 9, 1942, Bataan fell and 36,000 U.S. and Allied Soldiers were taken prisoner and marched in the infamous Bataan death march. This was one of the first wartime “atrocities” to become known to American people and to people all over the world. Few really understood what was happen¬ ing to Jews in Europe — the full truth wasn’t widely known until Allied armies began liberating concen¬ tration death camps in Germany. On May 6, 1942 Corregidor fell and General MacArthur left the Philipines under orders from the President. MacArthur vowed to return. By June of 1942, the American and British people began reading headlines indicating the tide of war was beginning to turn, “1000 British Bombers Set Cologne Aflame”, “Molotov and Roo¬ sevelt Plan Second Front”, “Rommel in Full Retreat”. On November 19,1942, a Japanese fleet was smash¬ ed in the Solomons. On Christmas eve, 1943, Pres¬ ident Roosevelt promised a durable peace, and then, six months later, perhaps the most dramatic military step in history was taken to insure final victory and peace — the invasion of Normandy, D-Day. Nothing comparable had happened since the Normans in¬ vaded England in 1066 — the only time since the Romans that England was ever successfully in¬ vaded. Hitler attempted it, planning the use of in¬ credible force, but the English Channel, the eccen¬ tricities of the weather and tides, and the dictator’s own paranoid mind kept an attempted invasion of England from taking place. There is an important point I feel must be made about the decade of the nineteen forties. It had more than its share of historic, unprecedented events, trends, occurrences. But, the events them¬ selves divide the decade just about in half. The first half of the nineteen forties belongs inexorably to the preceding centuries in which the modern world was dominated by the great continental powers, by gen¬ erals, and emperors, and czars and their men, by Richelieu and Talleyrand and Metternich, Peter The Great, Nicholas II, Elizabeth I, Kaiser Wilhelm, Hitler. The second half of the nineteen forties just as inex¬ orably belongs to the new world of the United States. For it was in the nineteen forties that Amer¬ ica forged itself on the anvils of democracy and industrial and military might into an unparalleled world power. The year 1944 was the prelude to the new era. Franklin Roosevelt announced he would run for an unprecedented fourth term and the coun¬ try agreed that changing horses in the middle of the stream wouldn’t be a good idea. And Harry S. Tru¬ man, “the little man from Independence”, one of the ablest members of the United States Senate, was picked by Roosevelt to be his vice presidential run¬ ning mate. He took the place of Vice President Henry A. Wallace, whose left wing views and erratic ideas, Roosevelt feared, would damage the ticket’s chances. Also, perhaps, Roosevelt felt he was pick¬ ing his successor. The American voters approved of Roosevelt’s actions and he was re-elected, the only man ever to be elected to four consecutive terms in the White House. But the man who had done so much to achieve victory and who wanted so much to design the peace, could do neither. Less than four months

after his inauguration, Franklin Roosevelt died and Harry S. Truman became the 33rd President. Harry Truman disclaimed the ability to lead the nation, let alone the world. When I first called upon him with Paul G. Hoffman, in April of 1945, in our roles of Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Com¬ mittee for Economic Development which we had founded, and which was dedicated to post-war eco¬ nomic development and employment, he spent much of our 40 minutes explaining how he had not sought the presidency, how he regretted his new and lonely role. But time and time again, from the very beginning, he showed himself to be a great leader, a man with a stubborn streak, a man deter¬ mined to be himself and to make his own bold decisions. In the early nineteen forties I was Vice President of the University of Chicago where the Manhattan Project which developed the atom bomb was cent¬ ered. In May of 1945, President Hutchins phoned me in my New York office and triumphantly stated, “We’ve got it!” I knew what he meant by “it”. Dr. Hutchins then explained that the atomic scientists demanded an appointment with the President. Would I be able to arrange it? I secured one with James Byrnes. This was my tip-off that he was to be appointed Secretary of State. Would Truman take the scientists’ advice and not drop the bomb? Tru¬ man made his own big decisions. The background for this decision was this. Less than a month after Truman became President, the war in Europe ended with the fall of Berlin early in May of 1945. The immediate question then became how to end the war in the Pacific. And, of course, by this time Harry Truman shared the terrifying secret — the U.S. development of the ability to deploy tactically an atomic bomb. The dilemma was this: the ultimate defeat of Japan seemed to require an invasion of Japan’s mainland. No one could authoritatively say, even though the Japanese were being routed all over the Pacific, how severe their resistance would be and how many U.S. and Allied lives it would cost to occupy Japan by force. Because Russia still hadn’t declared war on Japan, and Britain and our other allies did not have any appreciable troop strength in the Pacific, the job would have fallen in the main to American soldiers. (I was told that General Mar¬ shall estimated a loss of 500,000 American lives.) The alternative was the use of the atomic bomb against Japan as a military action and as a demon¬ stration of the U.S. ability to deploy the destruction of atomic bombs at will. No other commander-inchief in history has ever made a decision that so quickly changed the world. The Man from Independ¬ ence made the decision that divided the nineteen forties between an old world and a new one. On August 6, 1945, a single B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped an atomic bomb over Hiro¬ shima. Three days later, a second bomb was drop¬ ped over Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered. The war was over and a new era had begun. This was the era most of us now remember as the nine¬ teen forties. I entered the State Department as Assistant Secretary. I remember these years vividly.

By September 1945, the U.S. Senate had already ratified the United Nations Charter. The enormous U.S. military machine was spread all over the world and now the world knew that the U.S. possessed a weapon that gave it unquestioned superiority. The American people saw peace simplisti'cally: the war was over, bring the boys home, wind down the war machine, let’s live in peace. What the American people didn’t understand at that point was the real change that had taken place in the world — the bomb. Europe lay in ruins, with Allied and Soviet military strength intact and occu¬ pying all of continental Europe. A new kind of strug¬ gle, whose seeds had been planted by the military alliances of World War II, began to blossom and it had to be fought with words. It had to be explained to the people — in North America, in Europe, in Russia, everywhere the written or spoken word could reach. Scholars, educators, intellectuals, stu¬ dents, professionals, from all over the world had to start communicating with one another on a massive scale: they had a new world to design and to explain and they had to act quickly. Two years of the decade have special meaning to me, and I believe my insight based on personal ex¬ perience can expand understanding of this middle period. When President Truman asked me to be¬ come Assistant Secretary of State I inherited the entire wartime information service encompassed in the Office of War Information (OWI), the Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). My responsibility was to create a full-blown information and educational effort parallel to U.S. foreign policy, that included the Voice of America and the United States Informa¬ tion Agency. I was also to formulate plans and their implementation for U.S. participation in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga¬ nization (UNESCO). There would be two major obstacles. The very idea of mounting a peacetime “propaganda effort” was then something new. There would be resis¬ tance, especially from commercial broadcast inter¬ ests and the wire services. There also remained the task of convincing Congress not only of the worth of such programs, but of the necessity to under¬ write them financially from the U.S. Treasury. From my association with the University of Chi¬ cago, I had already learned from the University’s own atomic physicists and their colleagues what a central post-war concern would be: the urgent need to close the gap between the stark meaning of atomic power that had just become public knowl¬ edge with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the public’s lack of insight into how that power had drastically changed the relations among na¬ tions. At the conference with the Russians in Lon¬ don in September 1945, Molotov said to Secretary Byrnes, who reported to me as I took office, “Above our head hangs the little bomb!” The larger challenge, as Secretary of State Byrnes explained, was to formulate and launch an information and cultural exchange program in direct support of America’s foreign policy in a world where people had suddenly become as frightened of Amer¬ ica’s power as they were dependent upon it to re¬

construct their war-shattered lives. I must digress here for a moment to explain a situation that had wide repercussions in the next decade. When I became Assistant Secretary of State, one of my first tasks was to cut the more than 12,000 employees of the wartime information pro¬ gram down to about 3,000 in short order. During the war, there were some Communists and Communist sympathizers among those employees, though as a whole the group consisted of some of America’s most talented and creative people in the field of communications. But the extreme leftists were to be the first to go. I carried out that order — it was a direct order from President Truman. So when Joseph McCarthy uttered his infamous charge that the State Depart¬ ment was riddled with Communists, I knew imme¬ diately that he was lying. It was one of the factors that led me to introduce my resolution to expel McCarthy from the Senate. Instant mass communication is taken for granted these days, but in the fall of 1945, it was by no means a widely understood technology. The mod¬ ern means of mass communication was to be an entirely new factor in the conduct of foreign affairs. People in all parts of the world were being brought into direct contact with one another. At my first press conference as Assistant Secretary of State, The New York Times quoted me as saying, “The great stakes of diplomacy now involve the winning over of peoples as a precondition for winning over leaders”. I don’t deny the accuracy of the Times’ reporting! It took great effort by many people, in and out of the State Department, in and out of Congress and by the man in the White House, Harry Truman, to create the great peacetime machine for interna¬ tional information in just two years. It included the Voice of America, the United States Information Agency, enabling legislation for U.S. participation in UNESCO, the Smith-Mundt act, the Foreign Serv¬ ice act of 1946, and the Fulbright act. All these were cornerstones of U.S. effort to inform the peoples of the world, and I was responsible for all of them in the State Department. In December 1972, I spoke, along with President Johnson, to the graduate stu¬ dents at the LBJ Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Texas. One of the students asked me to name the most productive period of my life. I said that it was during the years that I served at the State Department. Those new post-war policies were formulated while the world situation was worsening. The Rus¬ sians were putting heavy military pressure on Iran that led to a bitter confrontation. General George C. Marshall, Secretary of State after James F. Byrnes stepped down, was sent to China to mediate the deepening conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists. Winston Churchill formalized the worsening situation in 1946 in his famous speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, in which he spoke about the falling of an Iron Curtain. Pres¬ ident Truman asked Congress for an enormous sum of money to establish a foreign aid program for Greece and Turkey, who were both under threat of falling into the Soviet sphere of influence — if not

direct occupation — or establishment of Communist governments. However, this was just the preamble to the Marshall Plan. Shortly before Christmas 1947, President Truman announced that he would seek $17 billion to restore Europe, and Secretary of State Marshall made it clear that the Truman administra¬ tion believed that no lasting peace could come to Europe until it could stand on its own feet. There is no doubt that Truman and Marshall were correct. (Of course the plan was really the Truman Plan. My friend Paul Hoffman — whom I had recommended to Senator Vandenberg as administrator, who in turn had recommended him to Truman — named the plan the Marshall Plan to help avoid the touch of political partisanship on the Hill.) In April 1948, the Economic Cooperation Act pro¬ vided $5.6 billion for the economic reconstruction of Europe, an appropriation that Congress said was for 15 months. They promised $17 billion in the fol¬ lowing four years. Hoffman’s ability as an administrator, as a man of vision and tact, was always clear in many things, but never so apparent as when he faced the task of re¬ building 17 western European countries. He is one of our great public servants. No one who was alive then will ever forget that on the night of November 2, 1948, Harry Truman went to bed early, while many of the nation’s newspapers were readying headlines announcing the election of a new President, Republican Thomas E. Dewey. One of the great photographs of the decade was taken the next day, showing a smiling Truman hold¬ ing an early edition of the Chicago Tribune with the front page banner headline declaring “Dewey Defeats Truman.” As the nineteen forties drew to a close, the ex¬ halation following the end of a long and costly war had faded. The hopes for a lasting peace were being spelled out to Americans, to everyone — peace through strength, peace through long negotiation, peace through stronger nations helping the weaker ones. The long struggle between the Nationalist Chinese and the Communist Chinese ended in 1949, with the victory of Mao Tse-tung and the establish¬ ment of the Peoples Republic of China. This of course led to the period of bitterness and hostility between the U.S. and mainland China. There were times during that period when the West felt the sting of determination of the Peoples Re¬ public of China to be a sovereign nation; we faced them in Korea and we came close to armed con¬ frontation over the islands of Quemoy and Matsu. The fear was that all of Asia would fall irrevocably into the Communist sphere and forever be lost to cooperation and co-existence with the West. But that was a simplistic notion, for other things were happening in Asia. General Douglas MacArthur be¬ came the man in charge of holding Japan’s head above the water after its total defeat and devasta¬ tion by Allied armed forces in World War II. A bril¬ liant military strategist and one of the most per¬ sonally courageous men, both on the battlefield and off, MacArthur proved himself an equally brilliant administrator. The broad mission in Japan was to purge the

ancient society of the militaristic mentality of the ruling classes that had led Japan into the war, to punish those guilty of war crimes, and to lay the foundations for a democratic government and so¬ ciety. At Potsdam the big powers had agreed that the Japanese people were to have the basic free¬ doms: freedom of speech, religion, thought, and freedom to enjoy the fundamental human rights. In the immediate post-war years, the final deci¬ sions in the reconstruction of Japan and Japanese society were MacArthur’s. He acted with strong directives and with discreet suggestions. The re¬ vised Japanese constitution would have left the country fraught with political and social peril. Mac¬ Arthur’s government section rushed through a new constitution in just six days. The document has so far stood the test of time. It had a 31-article Bill of Rights, including one article that renounced war as a sovereign right of the nation. Authority and leader¬ ship went from Imperial households to an elected Diet. The first post-war Diet was elected in April 1946, the first election ever held in Japan in which women voted. The results of the solid foundation MacArthur laid in Japan are overwhelmingly obvious today. Japan has become the world’s third greatest industrial power. We cannot leave the nineteen forties without recognizing the rise of another country as a world power and a growing force for good in the world — India. That India has as a force in international affairs emerged at all is nothing short of miraculous. After a long struggle, India won its independence from the British Empire under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi in August 1947. But it was a country of many princely states, of rigorously differ¬ ent religions and social castes. It was involved in serious border disputes with China and Pakistan and it was a country of extreme poverty with very little hope of immediate relief for its half billion people. And then, Gandhi was killed by an assassin early in 1948. What his political successor accom¬ plished seems almost incredible. Jawaharlal Nehru, a follower of Gandhi, held his vast country together, established a foreign policy of neutralism and nonalignment between the western powers and the Communist blocs and made the Indian subcontinent an area of peace in Asia. He began the struggle for the economic health of India and its people that is being carried on by his daughter today. Finally, as the decade closed, we learned that the Soviets had detonated an atom bomb somewhere in the vast innards of Russia and the pace of inter¬ national relations quickened. Now there could be no war, thought many people, because war would mean the end of man. Thus a generation of young people grew up recognizing the danger of annihila¬ tion from “the bomb.” The age of “the balance of terror” had dawned. The decade ended on mixed notes of fear and hope — fear of the power of destruction man had arrogated to himself, and hope that the UN, UNESCO and other instruments of peace would prove effec¬ tive. Such hope and fear continue to this day. I share that hope.

A NEW YORK TIMES DECADE BOOK

“All the News That’s Fit to Print.”

©Ijjc Jfon* ifork Stints.

LATE POSTSCRIPT CITY EDITION Cloudy, little change in tempera¬ ture today, followed by snow, sleet. T HipwitrM Yesterday—Max.,3S;

Copyright, 1040. by The New York Times Company.

VOL.

LXXXIX.. .No.

29,999.

ROOSEVELT SLATE CARRIES PRIMARY I NEW HAMPSHIRE

Entered m Seoond-Cleee Mattel; Poetofflee, New York, N. Y.

J.P.Morgan&Co.Charter Held Up by a Namesake Frequently when Wall Street firms seek to incorporate they find relatively small concerns al¬ ready listed on the books at "Albany under the titles they wish to assume. J. P. Morgan A Co. have found that their case is no exception. The firm announced one month ago that it would end its 80-year-old private banking partnership and do business as a State-chartered bank, beginning April 1, as J. P. Morgan & Co., Inc. However, there is already a J. P. Morgan A Co., Inc., in the field. It conducts a business In

But Unpledged Vote Shows Third-Term Foes Are Strong —■Farley, Garner Lag BRIDGES WINS G. 0. P. RACE

NEW

Suffers a Rebuff

BRITISH FEEL BLOW

rate the name under which it did business as a partnership.

By JAMES A. HAGERTY

STALIN’S

Special to Tke New York Tuns.

WRATH

FEARED

MANCHESTER, N. H.t March 12 -In this year’s first primary elec¬ tion in the United States, the Dem¬ London Believes He Will Be ocratic organization of New Hamp¬ shire elected today a full set of Drawn Even Closer to Nazis Roosevelt-pledged delegates to the Democratic National Convention by Aid Given Helsinki and thereby made an official start in the movement to draft the Presi¬ dent to run for a third term. By JAMES B. RESTON Court of Appeals Voids Oral The margin of victory, however, Special Cable to Taa New York Timbs. was not sufficiently large to be par¬ Examination for School Job LONDON, Wednesday, March 13 ticularly encouraging to the Presi¬ —Signing of a peace in any corner That He Alone Passed dent’s supporters. Incomplete re¬ of Europe usually is an occasion for turns indicated that the winning rejoicing in London, but there is no Roosevelt candidates for delegates rejoicing here this morning over Special to Tkk New York Tons. at large would not defeat the two the bold headlines that announce ALBANY, March 12—The Court of candidates pledged to Postmaster the end of the Russo-Finnish war. General James A. Barley by much Appeals today set aside a civil serv¬ Official Britain is silent, obviously ice examii tion for the position of more than two to one. disappointed, and the people are Sizable votes for the delegate ’ examiner in the Board of Educa- surprised and slightly bewildered. pledged to Vice President John N. j tion of New York City that was This peace, it is felt here, is al¬ Garner and to two unpledged can- successfully passed only by Joseph most certain to increase Russodidates indicated that there was a Jablonower. German domination over Scandi¬ strong anti-third term sentiment1 Th« court ruled the oral test that navia, to close Germany's northern among the State’s Democrats. I Mr. Jablonower passed was invalid flank to the Allies, and to have po¬ With the party organization mak- tor three reasons and affirmed low¬ litical repercussions detrimental to ing every effort to get every Demo¬ er court orders canceling Mr. Jab- Great Britain and France in Russia crat to the polls and with a con¬ lonower's appointment as an exam¬ and the Balkanr. Emphasis in the siderable number of those on relief iner and ordering a new examina¬ war now is likely to turn to those or on WPA projects voting for the tion. quarters. The court, in a per curiam opin¬ Roosevelt ticket, the strength shown As to the official British action by the unorganized opposition was ion, explained that the oral exami¬ when it comes there can be no nation that supplemented a written doubt, for when Russia asked Great considerable. test was invalid because of a direc¬ Britain to hand on to the Finns vir¬ Bridges Tops Party Field tion that examiners should fail not tually the same terms Finland has Under the New Hampshire law, less than half of the total group of accepted, Britain refused on the the Roosevelt-pledged delegates candidates; because of instructions ground that they were "outrageous” must vote for him in the convention that examiners should adjust their and “of such a nature as to leave until released personally by him. ratings after consultation violated Finland defenseless.” In returns from the Republican civil service regulations, and be¬ In the last forty-eight hours the primary. Senator H. Styles Bridges, cause “commentaries elicited from Allies have shown they were so candidate for the nomination for candidates were so far vague or re¬ willing, one might almost say President, led the field of eight mote in character and broad In eager, to go to war against Russia candidates for four places as Delescope that the ratings in respect in support of the Finns that they gates-at-Large, with his colleague, of ‘soundness of the position taken’ had at least 50,000 men ready to Senator Charles W. Tobey, second. disclosed only the unsupported con¬ load into ships for Helsinki. The remaining two places appar¬ clusions of the examiners." ently went to former Senator Closer Cooperation Feared Re-examination Order Upheld George H. Moses and former Gov¬ Though Joseph Stalin still is The court said It did not consider ernor Huntley N. Spaulding, who known to have his reservations “*7 led Governor Francis P. Murphy any other matters referred by the court below. . about co°P«™ting too much with with appproximately half the re¬ Chancellor Hitler, it is felt here The Appellate Division ruling, turns tabulated. that the Allies' anti-Soviet diplo¬ The defeat of Governor Murphy, which was affirmed, ordering the macy during the Finnish war might whiph was almost surely Indicated, granting, without trial, of a per¬ induce Mr. Stalin to cooperate all was a double victory for Senator emptory mandamus directing that the more with Herr Hitler. Bridges. The Governor, an aspirant Mr. Jablonower’a appointment be In the Balkans, it is feared here, for the Vice Presidential nomina¬ canceled, his services and salary the Finnish experience may be re¬ tion, has been lukewarm to the be discontinued, the eligible list, on garded as another victory for the Bridges Presidential candidacy and which his was the only name, be dictators and a defeat for the de¬ his defeat for delegate at large canceled, a new technical oral mocracies, who are accused, de¬ would be likely to curb any plans examination be conducted and fi¬ spite geographical and political bar¬ he might have to run for the Sen¬ nally a new eligible list be promul¬ riers that hampered them, of fail¬ ate in 1942, when Senator Bridges, gated on the basis of the re-exami¬ ing to take effective action to back if his present aims fail, will be up nation. up their protestations of support Seven persons who passed the for re-election. for Finland. written examination and the first Only one Republican candidate Already in London legations one part of the oral examination for delegate at large was pledged. brought the suit objecting to Mr. hears comment that Finland, cham¬ He was J. Howard Gile of Nashua, pioned by the Allies, went down Jablonower’s appointment. All sev¬ who was pledged to District Attor¬ en failed the second part of the just the same as Czecho-Slovakia, ney Thomas E. Dewey of New York Poland and Austria. It is admitted, oral examination that Mr. Jablon¬ over the protest of Mr. Dewey. Mr. even in official quarters, that the ower alone passed. Gile was getting about a fifth as defeat of Finland will result in less They charged that the examina¬ many votes as Senator Bridges. tion contained improper discussions Allied prestige in the Balkans. What the average man here Dewey Backer Runs Strong of political, social and economic In the Second Congressional Dis¬ ideologies contrary to the principles wants to know is why the Finns did not ask the Allies to send those 50,trict a surprising show of strength of the Constitution and the Civil was made by Professor James P. Service Law. They also contended 000 men. He knows the valorous defense of the Finns still is un¬ Richardson, who announced for instructions to examiners—includ¬ Dewey although not legally pledged ing the requirement that at least broken and Russian progress in the last few days had not quickened. for him. half of the candidates should flunk He knows, too, that the Finns went The vote in 110 out of 165 towns | the examination—were improper. to Moscow assured that all re¬ and wards was: Richardson, 3,1 u; j The seven petitioners also assailed sources of the British and French John C. Farmer, 5,197; Foster the Appellate Division order openempires were at their disposal, and Stearns, 6,230; Robert W. Upton, |ing the re-examination to all persons proceeded to make a peace that 5,178. who passed the written examinaton, gave the Russians virtually every¬ Each of the two Congressional of which there were twenty-nine. thing they asked for in the first Districts chose two delegates. Only sixteen passed the first part place without ever calling for Allied None of the Republican delegates of the oral examination. help. elected are legally pledged, but all Agitation over the appointment of It does not make sense to the will vote for Senator Bridges on Mr. Jablonower to the Board of little fellows riding to work on unearly convention ballots.

TESTHELD INVALID

j

Only one of the Roosevelt-pledged delegates not backed by the State committee seems to have bben elected. He is Raymond B. Stevens, chairman of the Federal Tariff Commission, who is ill in Florida. Of the sixteen Democratic candi¬ dates for delegates at large, eight, with half a vote each, are elected. The seven organization candidates who lead in the returns with Mr. Stevens are Alvin A. Lucier, na¬ tional committeeman; Mayor Damas Caron, William H. Craig, Mau¬ rice F. Devine and Dr. James J. Powers of Manchester; Mayor Henry J. Proulx of Franklin, and George P. Studd of Berlin. J. Al¬ fred Seymour of Carroll, the other organization candidate, was run¬ ning in ninth place. The other Democratic candidates for delegates at large were Rudolph Cartier of Rochester and Romeo Morency of Manchester, pledged to Roosevelt; Charles A. Burke and John J. O’Reilly of Manchester, pledged to Farley; Wilfred G. CheVfftte of Manchester, pledged to Gamer', end John G. Marston of Allentown *#d Robert H. Sanderson of Pittsfield, unpledged. The Republican? candidates for Continued on Fife Fourteen

Continued on Page Twenty-eight

Contlnued on Page Three

Elliott Roosevelt Would Amend Wagner Act ‘To Give Business Rights Equal to Labors’ By Tta* United Prm

CLEVELAND, March 12-Elllott Roosevelt, second son of the President, called today for a “thor¬ ough housecleaning” of the Na¬ tional Labor Relations Board and amendment of the Wagner act to give business rights equal to those of labor. He told the Cleveland Automotive Trades Association that “If labor permits the heel of persecution to be placed on the neck of business, our form of government will pass away and a government similar to that which exists in communistio Russia and Nazi Germany will take its place.” “I know of a man,” he declared, “who is a regional director of the National Labor Relations Board, who refuses to be a Democrat, bqt Is actually a Communist, on Inti¬ mate terms with the head of the Communist party in ths Stats in which he lives.

WEDNESDAY,

MARCH

13,

1940.

three cents

i

!

MOSCOW ANNOUNCES PEACE TREATY SIGNED; FINNS DELA YRA TIFICA TION, FIGHTING ENDS; TERMS GIVE BIG FINNISH AREAS TO SOVIET

1“sQr„r‘to 'Peace in Finland Hurts avoid legal difficulties over the Allies in Balkans as name, a bill has been passed by the State Legislature amending the banking law to permit a pri¬ Well as Scandinavia vate banking house to incorpo¬

Dewey Delegate Far Behind and Murphy Apparently

YORK,

“He is a man who is waging a re¬ lentless war against industry in that Stats and he is collaborating his efforts with union leaders who are not Interested in the welfare of the employes, but are interested in such matters as sabotage and per¬ secution of honest business men. These men are doing a horrible service to the cause of labor.” In a question period after his speech, he was asked “What do you think?” of his fellow Texan, Rep¬ resentative Martin Dies. “Lewis (John L. Lewis, president of the C. I. O.) said he will spend $250,000 to defeat Dies and I am now determined that Dies is one of the greatest statesmen we have,” Mr. Roosevelt replied. “I hope Lewis spends $3,000,000. Texas will run every C. I. O. propagandist out of the State in a hurry. And they know how to do it down there.”

The International Situation Russo-Finnish hostilities came to an end today under a peace treaty signed in Moscow early this morning. Other provisions give the Soviet a lease on Hangoe, the entire Karelian Isthmus, a slice of land on the eastern Fin¬ nish border, through which a railroad is to be built, and parts of the peninsulas in the far north. [Page 1.] In shocked Helsinki the' Parliament met all night to debate ratification. [Page 1.] Even before the treaty was announced a lull had de¬ scended on the fighting fronts. [Page 3.] Stiffer than Moscow’s pre-war demands, the terms suggested to observers in Stockholm a parallel with the Munich accord. The Swedes themselves were angered by a declaration made by Pre¬ mier Daladier [Page 1.] He had I announced in Paris that 50,000 French soldiers had been ready to sail for Finland since Feb. 26, awaiting only an appeal from Helsinki. [Page 2.] Germany naturally was pleased that peace was returning to her northern flank [Page 1] and Britain was disappointed, fore¬ seeing repercussions in the Balk¬ ans. [Page 1.] Perhaps as & re¬ sult of the new development it wafreported that Russia was re¬ moving women and children from her Black Sea oil port of Batum. [Page 2.] A shift of attention to the Balkans and the Near East, with Italy gaining new impor¬ tance, was expected in Washing¬ ton. [Page 4.]

Parliament Sits All Night —Public Stunned by Severity of Treaty

Russia Gets Navy Base and All of Isthmus, Including Viborg

GOVERNMENT UPSET SEEN

LAKE LADOGA ALSO TAKEN

No Official Confirmation of Pact Is Made—Statement Is Expected Today

Border to Be Moved Westward, Arctic Peninsulas Ceded— Hostilities End Today

By HERBERT L. MATTHEWS By Telephone to The New Yokk Times.

ROME, March 12—The day that has passed since Joachim von Ribbentrop, German Foreign Minister, left Rome has merely served to confirm the fact that he went away empty-handed so far as the Italians are concerned and worse than that on the Vatican side. Italy has shaken his dust off quickly, so to speak, and there is no talk today but of “continuity of policy,” as if he had never come down to Rome. Aside from the benefits that are usually derived from personal contacts, there is no specific indication that the Axis has been strengthened. There is, in fact, one extraordi¬ nary indication to the contrary, which is contained in the last sen¬ tence of Giovanni Ansaldo’s edito¬ rial in this morning’s Telegrafo. He says: “To him [Herr von Ribbentrop] who, while we write, is mounting the Alps, ‘which close Lamagna above Tiralli,’ we send our respect¬ ful salute." , Close to an Insult The quotation is a line from Dante’s "Divine Comedy” which is often on Italian lips to signify that the Germanic hordes in the twen¬ tieth, as in the fourteenth, century should stay above the Brenner. All Rome is buzzing with the allusion tonight, for it is as close to a de¬ fiance, if not an Insult, as any Italian commentator has even gone toward a Nazi envoy. . Vatican circles are content that they and the Pontiff made their dis¬ approval of Nazi policies quite clear, and satisfaction Is being ex¬ pressed that the Germans cannot even claim to have enhanced their prestige just because their Foreign Minister had a long audience with the Pope. Rarely in modern Vatican history has any statesman received so un¬ friendly a reception. The way offi¬ cials and prelates, Including Luigi Cardinal Maglione, Papal Secretary of State, went out of their way to avoid being photographed with Herr von Ribbentrop is something that all Vatican City, to say the least, is chuckling about today. However, like everything that happens in these critical times, the visit of Herr von Ribbentrop will have repercussions in other fields of international events that may

The text of the Russo-Finnish treaty appears on Page 2.

Hostilities Are Ended By Ths United Pres*.

HELSINKI, Finland, March 13—Russian and Finnish troops formally'ended their three and a half months war at 11 A. M. today. It was announced here officially: “Warlike operations ceased at 11 A. M. Finnish time [4 A. M. in New York].” This was the hour set in the Russo-Finnish Peace Treaty signed at Moscow this morning, which called for ending of hos¬ tilities at noon Moscow time, or 4 A. M. Eastern standard time. By GEORGE AXELSSON

'Good Riddance’ Is Suggested as He Goes Home—Deal With Britain Hinted

Dispatches from Europe and the Far East are subject to censorship at the source.

HANGOE IS LEASED

Wireless to Thk Nfcw Yokk Times.

MENTOR'S VISIT IN ROME A FAILURE

Continued on Page Four

SHOCK IN HELSINKI

By G. E. R. GEDYE Special Cable to The Nkw Yoke Tout.

FINNISH LOSSES, SOVIET GAINS UNDER PACT Russia is to get a lease on Hangoe (1), the entire Karelian Isthmus (2), territory east of Maerkaejaervi (3) and parts of the Sredni and Rybachi Peninsulas (4), shown in detail on the inset map. She is also to obtain free access through Petsamo to Norway and access to Sweden over a railway to be built across Finland’s “wasp waist” from Kandalaksha to Kemijaervi. The areas gained are shown approximately by the diagonal shading.

NEW TERMS EXCEED AT FINNISH PEACE PRE-WAR DEMANDS

HELSINKI. Finland, Wednesday, March 13—With huge clocks above their heads ateadily ticking off minutes fraught with Finland’s destiny, Parliament was sitting through the night behind closed doors in a special session to con¬ sider Moscow’s peace terms. What these terms werq the peo¬ ple at large here did not know last night, but radio listeners who had tuned in on Hamburg were told at 10:28 P. M. Greenwich mean time [5:28 P. M. yesterday in New York] by “Lord Haw-Haw," the German networks English-language an¬ nouncer, that the terms had been reached in Moscow. The Finnish Government, at the time of the writing of this para¬ graph this morning, had not con¬ firmed the news. Semi-official sources merely reiterated that any accord reached in the Moscow nego¬ tiations had no value unless ratified by Parliament. The negotiators were not empowered to make bind¬ ing commitments, it was asserted. [A Havas, French news agency, dispatch from Helsinki was quoted today by Reuters, British news agency, as saying Finnish War Minister Juho Niukkanen and Education Minister K. Hannula had resigned, an Associated Press dispatch from London said this morning. The Havas dis¬ patch said that “in some Finnish circles there were fears that to¬ day might not see ratification of the [peace] treaty but a coup overthrowing the [Finnish] gov¬ ernment.”] It was after midnight when the Hamburg station’s announcement was heard in Helsinki. At that time the city had long since gone to bed, and the only gathering remaining awake to hear it must have been the flock of newspaper correspondents in the official censorship’s premises. A hush fell over this small group as the German announcer spoke— gleefully, most of us thought. There was silence for severed seconds after he had finished, and then somebody said: “Hitler’s customary march to vic¬ tory; that’s all.” A Finnish officer, his eyes moist

Wireless to Thk Nkw York Times.

Wireless to Ths Nfcw YORK Timm.

BERLIN, March 12—The termina¬ tion of the Russo-Finnish conflict and the consequent restoration of peace in the north is interpreted in official quarters in Berlin tonight as a victory for German diplomacy. Its potential scope is not yet defin¬ able, but its immediate result ap¬ pears to be to free the warring Third Reich from the imminent danger of a second front in her struggle with the Western powers and seriously to discredit, in the German view, Franco-British diplo¬ macy. The Russo-Finnish war has been unpopular with the German people, who are sympathetic toward the Finns and recall that it was Ger¬ man soldiers who obtained Finnish independence from Russia in 1918. In addition, the struggle in the north seriously conflicted with the Reich’s own plans. It offered a possibility of armed Allied intervention, which, it was constantly pointed out here, Ger¬ many, in her own interest, could not view with equanimity. For the Germans claimed that once Allied troops and planes, particularly the latter, were In Scandinavia, they could as well operate against the Reich from there as against Russia. This the Germans declared they could not permit. The existence of this threat to the neutrality of Scandinavia, relative to the Reich, moreover, offered the ever-present possibility that Ger¬ many’s supply of Swedish Iron ore might be cut off and the noose of the Allied blockade be more tightly drawn. Furthermore, as long as Russia

STOCKHOLM, Sweden, Wednes¬ day, March 13—It seems certain here early this morning that the order to cease fire will be given on both sides of the Mannerheim Line today and that the Russian-Finnish war will come to an end—hut on terms that are a terrific blow to Finland and to the Allies. On the authority of those who in¬ variably have been accurately in¬ formed hitherto, Thi Nsw York Times learns that the treaty is al¬ ready signed and that the peace conditions are much worse for Fin¬ land than the terms of the Russian demands last Autumn, which the Finns went to war to resist. When several high officials here were consulted just before midnight, they did not deny that these exceed¬ ingly severe terms had been imposed, and regarded jueh an agreement as probable. It was said In the high¬ est quarters that the Finnish dele¬ gation had full powers to sign a treaty.

Continued on Page Three

Continued on Page Four

Nazis Hold That Helsinki Has Parallel With Munich Accord Noted as Pact Surrenders Wisely Thwarted Allies in Main Finnish Defenses Plan to Extend War By C. BROOKS PETERS

Oklahoma Governor Orders Troops to Stop Work on Grand River Dam as an ‘Invasion’ By Ths Unltsd Press. “I am moving In the troops be¬ OKLAHOMA CITY, March 12Governor Leon Phillips tonight or¬ fore they get that dam in such dered the National Guard to block shape that it will take dynamite to government completion of a $20,- let the water out,” Governor Phil¬ 000,000 hydro-electric dam on the lips asserted. Grand River near Vinita. He dis¬ He said that he would issue a for¬ patched Adjutant General Louis mal decree tomorrow establishing Ledbetter and other Guard leaders a sops of martial law about the to establish a camp and deploy dam. troops tomorrow morning. The Grand River Dam Author¬ Calling of troops climaxes Gov¬ ity decided today to complete the ernor Phillips's fight against the dam, and pouring of concrete on Grand River dam and the $54,000,- the last arch was scheduled for 000 Red River dam on the Texas Friday. border, both of which, he said, wert Concerning the Red River con¬ invasions of Oklahoma’s rights by servation and hydro-electrle proj¬ the Federal Government. ect near Durant, Okla., Governor He had demanded $850,000 addi¬ Phillips repeated his warning to tional Federal compensation for the the War Department and Secretary destruction of roads and bridges In Woodring that he would take sim¬ the Grand River project area, but ilar steps "if a workman sets foot John M. Carmody, Federal Works on Oklahoma soil.” Administrator, said at Washington Thus far, the Red River project that $350,000 was all ths govern■Beat eould pay. Continued on Page Eighteen

1

By HAROLD CALLENDER

Ladoga

a

Russian Lake

The terms, as given to Thh Nkw York Timbs tonight, are that Rus¬ sia gets Hangoe as a naval base for thirty years, and that Viborg, the islands In the Gulf of Finland that were demanded last Autumn, the fisherman’s peninsula, Rybachi, and the whole shore of Lake La¬ doga, which becomes a Russian lake, will be ceded. The frontier will run from a point west of Viborg along the west shore of Lake Ladoga, taking in Sorta¬ vala and terminating near Suojaervi on the present Russo-Finnish frontier. Thus Russia will get most of the Finnish industrial region in the valley of the VuoksI River. A F nnish source here said the territoiy taken was much the same as that ceded to Russia by Sweden in the peace of Nystad in 1721. Thus the whole Mannerheim Line and an Industrial area will be handed over to Russia, just as Czecho-Slovakia’s defenses and main industries were handed over to Germany at Munich. The parallel with Munich—which the Swedish intermediaries have deprecated—now becomes far more striking than it seemed a few days ago. The whole of southern and eastern Karelia goes to Russia, though not Petsamo or the nickel mines. The Russians apparently have even gone so far as to shift the eastern frontier at the waist of Fin¬ land toward the west so that here, too, Finland loses territory and the frontier will bq so close in relation to Finland’s road system that the strategic advantages in this region will also be in Russia’s hands. Originally there was a suggestion that Russia might concede some northern territory to Finland in re¬ turn for concessions on the Baltic shore, but just the opposite pro¬ cedure has been followed. The Aland Islands, at the mouth

MOSCOW, Wednesday, March 13 —Soviet Russia announced in an of¬ ficial communique early today that a peace treaty with Finland had been signed at 2:30 A. M. [7:30 P. M. New York time]. Hostilities were expected to cease at noon to¬ day [4 A. M. New York time] end¬ ing the undeclared war that began with the Russian invasion of Fin¬ land last Nov. 30. The peace treaty was summarized for foreign correspondents here as follows: The signatories for the Soviet Union were Premier-Foreign Com¬ missar Vyacheslaff M. Molotoff, Andrey A. ^hdanoff, Leningrad Com¬ munist leader, and Brigade Com¬ mander Alexander M. Vasileffsky, and for Finland Premier Risto Ryti, Juho K. Paasikivi, General Karl Rudolf Walden and Dr. Valno Volonmaa. Finland cedes to Russia the Kare¬ lian Isthmus, Including Viborg; ths entire shore of Lake Ladoga, ths Rybachi and Sredni peninsulas on the Arctic coast and part of East¬ ern Finland. Finland leases to Rus¬ sia the Hangoe peninsula and ad¬ joining territory on the Gulf of Finland, receiving for this an an¬ nual payment of 8,000,000 Finnish marks. Hangoe will become a Russian naval base. Finland undertakes not to main¬ tain in her Arctic waters any war¬ ships, submarines or air forces other than small forces as coast guards. The Soviet Union agrees to remove Russian troops from Pet¬ samo and will receive the right to free transit of goods to and from Norway without control by Finnish customs. In the course of 1940 a railroad will be built from Kanda¬ laksha, on the Murmansk railroad at the White Sea, to Kemijaervi, terminus of the present Finnish rail line from the Gulf of Bothnia. The treaty provides for ratifica¬ tion by both parties within three days, the documents of ratification to be exchanged in Moscow. At 10 A. M. on Friday the troops of both armies are to withdraw to the new frontiers. Trade negotiations are to begin at.once. It was obvious that the Russians considered the treaty a triumph over the efforts of Prim© Minister Chamberlain of Great Britain and Premier Edouard Daladier of France to send troops to help Fin¬ land. It was learned that the treaty, after signature, is subject to ratification by the Finnish Par¬ liament. Soviet Adds to Territory MOSCOW, Wednesday, March 13 UP>—Soviet Russia early today an¬ nounced officially the signing of a peace treaty with Finland that wrests as the spoils of three and a half months of invasion Finland’s defense bastions on the Baltic and Arctic Seas and makes part of the vast territory of the U.S.S.R. the whole fortified Karelian Isthmus, where uncounted Russian and Fin¬ nish dead lie beneath the trampled snows. Finland gives up: 1. The entire Karelian Isthmus and its Soviet-penetrated Mannerheim Line. 2. The shell-wrecked city of Viborg, once Finland’s third metropolis, and the islands in its bay. 3. All the shores of Lake Ladoga, largest in Europe, and three towns. Both on the lake’s west¬ ern isthmus shore and on its northern coasts thousands of Rus¬ sian troops have been slain. 4. Hangoe, naval base on the south¬ west, and the surr .unding penin¬ sula, on a thirty-year lease. This area will form Soviet naval-mili¬ tary bases. 5. Part of the Sredni and Rybachi peninsulas in the far north, on the Arctic Ocean. 6. Certain islands in the Gulf of Finland. 7. A great slice of northeastern Fin¬ land, including Kuolajaervi. 8. A railroad, to be built in 1340, which will link the White Sen within Northern Russia to the Continued on Page Two

THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 13, 1940.

BalanceYour

BUDGET Humor Your

APPETITE WITH

LONGCHAMPS’ LUNCHEON SPECIAL (Changed Daily)

FRANCE HAD SO^OO Text of the Russo-Finnish Agreement BATUH EVACUATION REPORTED BY TURK READY TO AID FINNS By Tha Associated Press.

,

MOSCOW, Wednesday, March 13—Toss, official Soviet news agency, released the following text of the peace treaty between Russia and Finland this morning:

Daladier Reveals Troops Have Stood By at Embarkation Ports Since Feb. 26 AWAITED ‘PUBLIC’ APPEAL Premier Says Scandinavian Nations’ Attitude Barred Sending Men Until Asked By P. J. PHILIP Wlrtlsss to Tn Nsw Ydik Tons.

Peace Treaty Between the Union op Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of Finland The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U. S. S. R. on the one tide and the President of Fin¬ land on the other side, guided by a desire to put an end to the hos¬ tilities that arose between the two countries and to create stable and mutually peaceful relations, convinced that a definition of the exact conditions of ensuring mu¬ tual security, including the secu¬ rity of the cities of Leningrad and Murmansk, as well as the Murmansk Railway, corresponds to the interests of both contract¬ ing parties, found it necessary to conclude a peace treaty for these purposes and appointed their au¬ thorized representatives: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R.: Vyacheelaff M. Molotoff, Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars of the U.S.S.R. and Peoples Com¬ missar for Foreign Affairs; Au¬ drey A. Zhdanoff, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R.; Alexander Mi¬ khailovich Vaeeleffsky, Brigade Commander; President of the Republic of Finland: Risto Ryti, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Finland; Juho Paaslkivi, Minister; Karl Rudolf Wal¬ den, General; Vaino Voionmaa, Professor. The authorized representatives, upon mutual presentation of their credentials which were found in due form and good order, agreed upon the following:

PARIS, March 12-Premier Ed¬ ouard Daladier told the Chamber of Deputies today that 50,000 French soldiers had been standing by ainct Fab. 36 at ports of smbarkation, rsady to leave for Finland if the Helsinki government publicly ap¬ Deliciously prepared pealed for /llied help. All arrange¬ from the finest, purest, ments had bean mada for their pro¬ tected transport by the British freshest foods obtain¬ Navy, hs added. able. More-than-gen¬ The British, M. Daladier revealed, were prepared to provide even more erous portions, served men. But Finland had not appealed. in an atmosphere of Unless shs did appeal publicly, he explained, France could not move, charming distinction. for the governments of Sweden and Norway had opposed the passage of regular forces across thsir tsrriDinner Entrees from 75c tory. Desserts from 20c Six mambers of tha Chamber had introduced requests for a day to be Codettas from 25e fixed to debate the whole Finnish situation. Such a debata was ob¬ AT All TWSLVC Article I viously impossibla at the moment, Hostilities bstween the U.S.S.R. but M. Daladier proposed at once ■ MSTAURANTS and Finland shall caass immtthat it be set for nsxt Tuesday. . diately in accordanct with proceFrom the outset of the aggres¬ dura provided for in the protocol sion on Finland, said the Premier, appended to this treaty. France had sent her a steady] Article II stream of material aid. Ha gave these figures: 175 airplanes. «€ The State frontier between the cannon. 5.000 machine guns, 200,000 U.S.S.R. and tha Republic of hand grenades and 20,000.000 cart¬ Finland shall be established along ridge. During the last few weeks, I a new lina in accordance with hs added, in response to the re¬ which the territory of the quest of ths Finnish Government, U.S.S.R. will Include the entire the French hsd sent some of their Karelian Isthmus with the town AND COMMERCIAL NOTICE* latest model bombing planes, for of Viborg and Vlborg Bay with which hs had received the thanks] its islands, the western and north¬ ern shores of Ladoga Lake with ANY ONE WHO WITNESSED ACCIDENT of the Finnish Government. These at President St. platform of I. R. T. planes should now be on the front. the towns of Kaekisalmi, Sorta¬ (Ptatbuah Avs. branch) on March >. 1M0, Speaking slowly and carefully, M. vala and Suojaervi, a number of between • and 10 A. M. please communi¬ cate with Joseph Rosenblatt, WHltehall Daladier declared "certain mem¬ islands in the Gulf of Finland, 3-0*70. bers of the Finnish Government" territory east of Maerkeejaervi had asked that this help be ex¬ with tha town of Kuolajaervi, MAX IXECHNKK AND JACK CADEL, tended. He said he had received part of the peninsulas of Rybacht doing business as Highway Dairy, a letter from Fo.eign Minister and Sredni in accordance with Kings Highway, Brooklyn, have partnership March 11, 1M0. Vaino A. Tanner, to which he had the map appended to this treaty. I AM NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DEBTS replied that tha French Govern¬ A more detailed description of -1 by^my wife, Dorothy. Lewis J. ment was prepared to give effective the frontier line will be deter¬ Park Avc., city. aid in men if and when the Finnish mined by a mixed commission of Government ask d for it "publicly." NOT RESPONSIBLE FOE DEBTS CON traded by my wife. Celia Zelda. Benja¬ "I may add," M. Daladier con¬ representatives of the contracting min Glotssr, 4,710 Ave. U. Brooklyn. tinued, "that the decision to do so parties, which commission must was taken by the [Allied] Supreme be formed within ten days from War Council on Feb. 5." the date of the signing of this Since Feb. 26 the French troops treaty. had been fully equipped and ready, A TIP ON YOUR NEXT PROMOTIONAL he continued. Many ships for their Article III piece! Expensive cute, typesetting elim¬ inated by Laurel Process. Reproduces transport had been assembled in Both contracting parties under¬ direct from copy. Enables limited bud¬ two ports. gets to afford attractive illustrated selling take mutually to rafrain from any "What must be taken into ac¬ attack upon each other, not to literature. 300 (84x11") reproductions $2.83; additional hundreds 22c. Quantity count,” he went on, "is that nearly conclude any alliances and not to runs lower. Request salesmen. Samples. Laurel Process Co., 480 Canal. WAIker 2,000 miles, much of it along the participate in any coalitions Norwegian coast, separate us from 6-0*26. ' against one of the contracting our friends. Great Britain has THE FINNS, riCHTlNa TO SAVE DE¬ parties. MOCRACY, NEED ARMS MORE THAN undertaken the delicate and diffi¬ ANYTHIN& ELSE; WILL YOU HELP cult task of transport, and she also Article IV THEM7 CONTRIBUTE THROUGH will furnish ths larger number of FIGHTINO-FUND8 FOR FINLAND. The Republic of Finland ex¬ men. . | INC., 9 EAST 46TH ST.. NEW YORK. presses consent to lease to the "Our help in men, however, de¬ pends on Finland’s appeal, and we j Soviet Union for thirty years REDUCED INTEREST RATES with an annual payment by the are still waiting for it. on your Insurance Policy Loans. FIRST NATIONAL BANK IN YONKERS. "And why havs we not received Soviet Union of 8,000,000 Finnish Phone Yonkers 8400. Yonkers. N. Y. this appeal? It is because the gov¬ marks the Peninsula of Hangoe ernments of Norway and Sweden and the waters surrounding it in a radius of five miles to the south PHOTO OFFSET! SUPERIOR REFRO- have taken the position that they ductlons, service! Colorwork! Art-copy, will oppose the passage of Allied and east and three miles to the preparation; 500. 84x11. J2.63. Mailing We pieces, broadsides, catalogues. Academy, troops across their territory. 38 West 15th. ALgonquIn 4-1994. need the support of the majority of the populations of these countries." sure is being exercised by Sweden ADDRESSING-MAILING "Then there is the question of in¬ to induce you to make peace; but Hand or typewritten, perfect work; low rates; prompt delivery on large or small ternational law. Some of you are you not afraid that Russia, orders. R. P. Bally. smile, but for my part I do not who fears Allied intervention, is LEXINGTON 2-5283 wish that, even in time of war, my tricking you so as to destroy you MEN; CAN YOU WEAR *4-7-74? country should treat international Unusual opportunity to buy nationally law as a scrap of paper." later? advertised shoes (not permitted to men¬ "Airplanes and expeditionary Last Thursday, the Premier re¬ tion names), regularly 58-812. at 84-89. Clark'*, 117 West 42d. near «th Ave. vealed, he had sent a pressing re¬ corps are ready to leave; but unless quest to the Finnish Government in Finland sends her appeal now, the LIFE INSURANCE LOANS placed through banks, net cost to bor¬ substantially these terms; rower 24N to 345- per annum, depend"For some days past we have Allies will not be able at the end of been waiting an appeal from Fin¬ the campaign to assume the least land to come to her help vith all our responsibility for her definitive ter¬ RADIO EXPERT-A COMPLETE HOME resources. It is difficult to under¬ ritorial status. radio Inspection service for 81, by reliable, ...» _ "I request that you let us know competent technician. "Your personal stand why this appeal has been radio problem solved." Write Jacobson, postponed We know*well that pres-' urgently your decision."

LONGCHAMPS PUBLIC NOTICES

west and north of the peninsula, and a number of islands adjoin¬ ing it in accordance with the appended map, for the purpose of creating there & naval base capa¬ ble of defending the entrance to the Gulf of Finland against ag¬ gression; for the purpose of pro¬ tecting the naval base the Soviet Union is granted the right to maintain there at its own ex¬ pense land and air armed forces of necessary strength. Within ten days from the date when this treaty -becomes effec¬ tive the Government of Finland shall withdraw all its troops from the Peninsula of Hangoe, and the Peninsula of Hangoe together with adjoining islands shall pass under the administration of the U.S.S. R., in accordance with this article of the treaty.

Article V The U.S.S.R. undertakes to withdraw its troops from the Petsamo region voluntarily ceded to Finland by the Soviet State in ac¬ cordance with the Peace Treaty of 1920. Finland undertakes, as provided by the Peace Treaty of 1920, to refrain from maintaining in waters along her coast of the Arctic Ocean naval or other armed ships excepting armed ships of less than 100 tons displace¬ ment, which Finland has a right to maintain without restriction, also not more than fifteen naval and other armed ships with a ton¬ nage of not more than 400 tons each. Finland undertakes, as was pro¬ vided by this same treaty, not to maintain in said waters any sub¬ marines and armed aircraft. Fin¬ land similarly undertakes as was provided by the same treaty not to establish on that coast military ports, naval bases and naval re¬ pair shops of a greater capacity than necessary for ths abovementioned ships and their arma¬ ments.

Article VI As provided by the Treaty of 1920, the Soviet Union and its citizens are granted the right of free transit across the Petsamo region and back. The Soviet Union is granted the right to in¬ stitute a consulate in the Petsamo rtgion. Freights in transit across the Petsamo region from the U. S. S. R. to Norway, as likswiss freights in transit across ths same region from Norway to the U. S. S. R., ars exempted from inspection and control, excepting only such control as is necessary for regulation of transit com¬ munications. Said freights also are exempted from payment of customs duties, transit and other duties. The above-mentioned control of tran¬ sit freights is permitted only in the form observed in similar cases in accordance with established usages in International communi¬ cations. Citizens of the U. S. S. R. trav¬ eling across the Petsamo region to Norway and back from Nor¬ way to the U. S. S. R. have the right of free transit passage on the basis of passports issued by the Soviet organs concerned. Soviet non-armed aircraft shall have the right to maintain air service between the U. S. S. R. and Norway across the Petsamo region, with observance of gen¬ eral operating rules.

Articl* VII The Government of Finland shall grant the Soviet Union the right of transit of goods between the U. S. S. R. and Sweden, and

Soviet War Communique Says ‘Nothing Important9 By The United Frees.

with the aim of developing this transit along the shortest railroad route, the U. S. S. R. and Fin¬ land find it necessary to build, if possible in the course of the year 1940, each party on its ter¬ ritory, a railway line connecting the town of Kandalaksha with ths town of Kemijatrvi.

Russia Said to Be Removing Women and Children From Black Sea Port

TERMINAL

FOR OIL LINE

Artick VIII When this treaty comes into force, economic relations between the contracting parties will be restored and with this end in view the contracting parties will enter negotiations for conclusion of a trade treaty.

Artick IX The present peace treaty comes into fores immediately upon being signed and is subject to subse¬ quent ratification. The exchange of ratification instruments shall take place within ten days in Moscow. The present treaty is made in two originals, in the Russian, Finnish and Swedish languages, in Moscow the 12th of March. Molotoff Zhdanoft Vasslbftskt

Rm Paasucivi Waldbn Voionmaa.”

Turkish Officiate Doubt War With Soviet, Stressing That Stalin Knows Its Perils ANKARA, Turkey, March 12 UP) —Russia is reported to be removing all women and children from Batum, her oil port on the Black Sea. Persons arriving from the frontier region said the reports came from Turks living on the Rus¬ sian side of the border where there¬ to a considerable Turkish popula¬ tion. Batum is the terminal for the pipeline tapping Russia’s oil fields at Baku and is within range of Turkish border artillery. In the event of war between Russia and Turkey the port might be the first objective of Turkish-Allied bomb; attacks. inly a few soldiers are reported near the frontier on either side. Russians and Turks are trying to avoid any incident that might lead to conflict. Turkey’s Supreme War Council concluded' a series of meetings at which all phases of national de¬ fense and collaboration with France and Britain were proclaimed "en¬ tirely satisfactory." Turkish officials said they saw no reason for war with Russia. They said they believed Joseph Stalin ap¬ preciated the "disastrous conse¬ quences" that would follow any Russian attack on the Balkans or the Near East. Russia might bring new pressure on Turkey to draw her from Brit¬ ain and France, or to get conces¬ sions affecting Turkey’s control of the Dardanelles, these officials lid, but would meet with "firm and instantaneous" refusal. Tur¬ key, they insisted, is ready to use her military strength behind this refusal and is satisfied she will have full British and French sup¬ port.

Text of the Froctocol LONDON, Wednesday, March 13 (UP)—The Moscow radio, as re¬ corded here, broadcast this morn¬ ing the following protocol to ac¬ company the Russo-Finnish peace treaty, which, the announcer said, was signed by Russian Foreign Commissar Vyacheslaff M. Molo¬ toff and Finnish Premier Risto Ryti: Both sides agree to the follow¬ ing order of withdrawal of their troops to new State frontiers: 1. Military operations have to cease at noon, March 13, Lenin¬ grad time. 2. On the first day a neutral zone one kilometer wide has to be set between the troops of both countries. Troops occupying for¬ eign territory, as set by the new State frontier, have to move first. 3. Withdrawal of troops behind the new State frontier of the whole of Finland south of Lisksa must begin on March 15, at 10 Envoy* Reported Called A. M., along the whole line and LONDON, March 12 C?P)-The on March 16 at 10 A. M., north Reuter* New* Agency today quoted of Lieksa. The withdrawal should the Rome radio aa saying that the be not less than aeven kilometers Turkish envoy* to Rome, Moscow, and a distance of seven kllometera Bucharest and Sofia had been must be kept during the with¬ called to Ankara for consultation drawal between the rear of troops on the international situation. withdrawing and the advance guard of advancing troops. Copenhagen Ferries Run Again [Point 4 of the protocol war ap¬ Wireless to Th* NZw York Timex. parently garbled but may be sum¬ COPENHAGEN, Denmark, March marized as follows: Withdrawal 12—For the first time in more than of troops must be accomplished five week* the ice tonight was suf¬ according to an order that divides ficiently broken to permit ferry tha whole front into aix sectors. The withdrawal has to be com¬ connection betwen Copenhagen and pleted between March 19 and Sweden. Ferries from Denmark to Germany still are blocked as th* March 28.] Baltic is absolutely icebound. 5. Evacuation of the Red Army from Petsamo must be concluded by April 10. 6. The High Commands of both armies undertake that defensiva fortifications, power stations, in¬ dustrial buildings, telephone ex¬ changes, telegraph, stations and communal buildings should be preserved and guarded against possible destruction. 7. All questions of handing ovtr territories that may arise during It does wonders for your the withdrawal must be settled by representatives of both sides complexion, simplifies the on ths spot, wherefdrt both High problem of keeping that Commands will appoint special healthy, prosperous, backrepresentatives. from-the-South look on your 8. Exchange of prisoners should face all winter. Try one to¬ take place in the shortest possible day—it costs only 50f! and time on the basis of special agree¬ ment. may be had either as a wet or dry shave. Ask for it by name—the Sun-tan Shave—and you’ll receive the deft feathertouch of a Terminal Master Barber, plus a special treat¬ ment under one of G-E’a newest sunlamps.

If you agree that experience is the best teacher ... then let this famous truth shape your opinion of Pall Mall. For a single experience will tell you more forcefully than words... the additional length of Pall Mall—by traveling the smoke further —gives you a noticeably cooler and smoother cigarette. Yourself, try Pall Mall critically! •wherever particular people congregate*

Wfllfy _ x of Scots, challenged a_ ftafe of living enemies and even in the faceof death, would not swerve from her pur¬ pose. When Queen Elisabeth pressed and threatened her about her proposed mar¬ riage, she defied three countries and said ** • • • no child of France, Spain or Austria would be acceptable."

TAN SHAVE!

MOSCOW, Wednesday, March 13—What is expected to be the last communique of the RussoFinnish war was issued today. Covering Tuesday’s activities, the Leningrad area military head¬ quarters communique said: "Nothing important happened on the front.”

At praaant thalSun-Tan Shaea Ja available only at thasa mhopa:

ENGUSH CHOP HOUSE

3S* ST. Mw 8am.

1 WALL STREET HOTEL PENNSYLVANIA HOTEL LINCOLN CHRYSLER BUILDING EMPIRE STATE BUILDINO 31 oonram'ant bar bar ahopa and baauty aalona in Naw York

17 West 182d. NEW JERSEY BUILDING LOAN SHARES BOUGHT FOR CASH. H. ». SHULDINER CO.-Mr. 8chwart*. 40 Exchange PI., N. Y. DIgby 4-4950.

MOOT DECLARES PEACE PACT SIGNED

TERMINAL BARBER SHOPS

negotiations are to open as soon as the treaty goes into effect.

Terms Gratify Moscow QUICK 919-88*9 LOANS TO ALL SALarled people on your own signature. Call MOSCOW, Wednesday, March 13 Mlia Brenda, Murray Hill 2-0704. Rail¬ (UP)—With the concessions obtained road Employees Personal Loan Co. from Finland, the Soviet Union now ELECTRIC SHAVERS - PACKARD—REis in a position to protect itself Continued From Page One palred and exchanged. Services guaran¬ from attack through Leningrad by teed. Pharmacal Product! Company, 480 Lexington Ave. (Room 613). PLasa 3-3344. Gulf of Bothnia, west of Finland, occupation of the Karelian Isthmus, the railway bisecting Finland which fronts it on the northwest, TREAT THE MISSUS! GET HER EDIand by establishment of a naval aon's newest, biggest bargain package! above her narrow walatline. For quick service telephone Utility Ap¬ 9. Free transit for Russian goods base at Hangoe, at the mouth of pliances, RAymond 9-2980. across the Petsamo Arctic area the Gulf of Finland, to guard SMART SURROUNDINGS from Russia to Norway, duty free. against a sea attack on Leningrad. for economical social functions. These were the principal desires 10. The right to maintain any Finn¬ HOTEL PICCADILLY. ish warships, submarines or war¬ of the Soviet negotiators. The other Mr. Stone. Circle 6-6400. planes in its Arctic water, with provisions of the treaty, including NEW JERSEY BUILDING LOAN SHARES the exception of small coast guard the cession of cities and country¬ BOUGHT FOR CASH. side of the Lake Ladoga Area, the vessels. J. CHARLES GROSHOT 130 W. 42d St., New York. PEnn. 6-9197. The treaty was described in the building of an important new rail¬ official Moscow communique as one way from the rich Petsamo nickelmining area to Kandalaksha, and local ior Dunnes* executive*; emne* *• i that would "create mutually stable room suite* at 86 dally. Phone CA1. i and mutually peaceful relations," the provisions for a new trade 5-1000. t based on precise conditions of "en¬ treaty between the two nations, *69 REPRODUCTION (84WXU») OF ANY- j during mutual security’’—especially were regarded as bonuses result¬ thing typed, printed, drawn, 82. Ad-Litho for the Soviet cities of Leningrad, ing from the costly fourteen-week Offset Co., 1,674 Broadway. COlumbus! at one end of the Karelian Isthmus; war. 5-6888. The new railroad to be built will Murmansk, in the Arctic, and the PUBLIC STENOGRAPHER—LEGAL, Ac¬ railroad that connects them. link Kola Peninsula, on* of the rap¬ counting, manuscripts, general work, The Karelian Isthmus has been idly growing industrial district* of mimeographing, notary. Batterman, AL¬ gonquIn 4-2123. the greatest battleground of the thg Soviet North, with the Gulf of Cession of Sredni and war. Great masses of Soviet troops Bothnia. BENEFIT PERFORMANCES, POLO Games, horseman exhibitions; arena seat¬ pierced the Mannerheim Line, after Rybachl Peninsulas to the Soviet ing 600. Phone WAtkina 9-6947._ weeks of assault, but so far have Union asures Russia of strategic control of the ice-free port of P*t896 IMITATION TYPEWRITTEN LET- not actually captured Vlborg. Rus¬ ters, 82. Novelty. 38 West 24th It sia’s original demands Included only qsmo. STuyvesant 9-7211. _ a comparatively small section of the The rols of Otto Kuusinen, Pres¬ ident of the Finnish People’s RtPRINTING—AMAZINGLY LOW PRICES! isthmus. Kloas Press, 12 East 15th St. ALgonquIn On the Hangoe Peninsula, which, public, is uncertain. He was not 4-3443.__ under the treaty, it takes by lease mentioned in the official communi¬ 199 IMITATION TYPEWRITTEN LET- along with surrounding waters, que and apparently did not partici¬ tera 81.70. also mimeographing. MulUtype, Russia will establish a naval base pate in the peace negotiations. 437 Broadway. CAnal 6-4875._ There also was gratification that "capable of defending the entrance SALE DIAMOND-SET WEDDING RINGS, of the Gulf of Finland from aggres¬ what wsr* considered to be Allied better grades only. Established 1900. sion." Finnish troops will evacuate intentions to extend the European Ballsy’s. > East 36th St Off 8th Ave. Hangoe within ten days from ths war to a northern front had at least C. P. A. PREPARES INCOME TAXES, been temporarily balked. Soviet Individuals, businesses, books kept; coni effectivs date of the treaty. sclent loos; reasonable. CHlckerlng 4-7320. The treaty stipulation for a rail-! circles hailed the treaty as erasing FINANCIAL DISTRICT-BANQUET FA- road connecting Kamijaervi with i a potential war spot in Scandinavia, dUties, excellent service; reasonable. Kandalaaha, on an arm of the Gulf which might embroil the Soviet Schwarta’s, 54 Broad. HAnover 2-1199. of Finland, gives Russia the over¬ Union in the western war. During the negotiations, it was DIAMONDS, GOLD, SILVER BOUGHT. land route to the Gulf of Bothnia Empire Gold. Empire State Building, 5th that her troop* tried in vain to learned, United 3tates Ambassador Ave. (84th)._ force above Finland’s "wasp waist.” Laurence A. Steinhardt advised the ANNOUNCING ANNOUNCEMENTS—THE Russia also gets a large section of Soviet Foreign Office of his coun¬ World-Telegram now runs a Public An Finland east of Maerkaejaervi, in try’s desire for peace, but neither neunesment Column dally on Paga 2. hs nor members of the Swedish this region. 908 SALE BEAUTIFUL MONUMENT. Kemijaervi is the eastern ter¬ Legation served ae mediators. All Preehrey-Leland, Wsboter Ave. and minus of ths Finnish railwsy that conferences were directly between 28*■*- Hew York. runs to the gulf; the Soviet troops the Finns and the Russians, with SUBLET LARGE STUDIO MONTHLY. never were able to capture it. Kal-J no outsiders present.. hourly. StflgMo 47, Met. Opera Studios, The negotiations wer* conducted dalasha is on the Russian Murin utmost secrecy. Not even diplo¬ mansk-Leningrad railway. ENEROETIC M , - .... The treaty contains a non-aggres¬ mats of interested nations were ad¬ calms down by spooking Natural Blocm vised of their progress. sion alliance. Finnish-Soviet trade Aristocrat Cigars. 8 far Ms everywhere.

"Whtra tfa Pramitt is PtrfrrmaJ”

Jeesph B. Sehwaser, President

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES RATES: $105 an agate line weekdays. $130 Sundays Closing time for Sunday, Midnight Wednesday Three bealnaM refwcacM require* of sS advertisers

Obtowi*

KNOX

All sccommodstions srt privets ream... gutsts sojoy the Csf* Century ... Scenic Lounge .. . Club Lounge! And the SLEEP of the Water Level Route!

CAMEL'S WOOL

OVERCOATS Specially Priced

*45 Were S65

Men's single-breasted, raglan or set-in sleeve models. Colors: Natural, Oxford, Navy and Blue Mixed.

KNOX the HATTER Fifth Avc. «t 40th e Mediion Avc. et 45th e Ireedwey at Cortlendt

Lv. Grand Central. Ar.Chicago . . . Lv. Chicago . . . Ar. Grand Central.

6:00 P.M. 9:00 A.M. 4:00 P.M. 9:00 A.M.

■t jreereervlee

Csnmedere VeeStrMt Lv. N.Y. 4:50 P.M.;Ar. Chi. 8:50 A.M. teeMuwstsm US. Lv. N.Y. 8:00 P. M* Ar. St. Loots 4:3* P. M. Mraitar-Lv. Nsw York 7:05 P. Mj Ar. Detroit S:1S A.M. fememket - Lr. New York 4:30 P. M4 Ar. Chicago 8:30 A. M. kesssls LvTn*w York 11:40 P. M.; Ar. Chicafo 4:95 P. M. >■ MU 6-8800

Capital Wanted

Restaurants, Bars, Grills

EXCEPTION AL _ - BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY. On* of New Jersey’s fastest growing teachore communities has now reached a point where reetaurant-bar (only one permitted in this community), soda fountain, lunch¬ room and boat-renting business badly need¬ ed. Community now has over 400 homes and adding over 100 new ones each year; magnificent site on Bamegat Bay with beach located county road; offers unlimited possibilities both as community grows and present local and all seashore trade; can offer exclusive franchise to right party; restricted clientele; capital required between 815,000 and 825,000; reference* required. Z *901 Time* Annex.

RESTAURANT CONCESSION, FULLY equipped; Jewish clientele; opportunity for couple; reasonable rent. Holland Club, 2,700 Broadway (103d St.). MODERN COCKTAIL BAR, NEAR NKWw xrk; package trade; eacrliice. Box 159ft, N. Y. Timet, Newark N. J.

Stores, Departments A Concession*

RETAIL LIQUOR STORES. 1 specialise in selling nigh-grade liquor store* 100% PROPOSITIONS ONLY, tn Greater New York, Long Island. Jersey. David Jaret, 155 Montagu# St., Brooklyn. AUCTIONEER. GOOD BUSINESS, SEERS COMMISSION BAKERY, CANDY, PREserves, 8 blocks concession tea garden partner with cash; purchase atocke. Z products, block to Metropolitan project; sell 2296 Times Annex. cash. TAlmadge 9-4221. BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION COMPANY DRESS DEPARTMENT to rent In exclu¬ seeks active partner with $10,000 mini¬ sive millinery shop, 55th and Madlaon mum necessary for expansion. A 240 Times. Ave • lam show window; Immediate occu¬ pancy ; reasonable rental. ELdorarto 6-8892. PARTNER WITH ABILITY POR NEWLY RETAIL LIQUOR STORES. begun wholesale and mall order buslaess, All offerings have been thoroughly Inves$750 required. A 228 Timas. CITY EDITOR WANTED COVERING theatres, fashions, society for coimtry chain of weeklies; 85,000 required; itate full partlculer*. Z 2903 Times Annex.

LUNCHEONETTE CONCESSION IN CORCapital to Invest ner store. 207 Varlclc St. (corner West YOUNG BUSINESS MAN WILL INVEST Houston St.). 8500-81,000, service*; particulars. Q 100 Times.

Garage* Gasoline Stations

Business Connections OLD-ESTABLISHED COMPANY wMHES give full particular*. A. It. A *. Oo.. 810 lewy It, Newark, N. J.

FOR SALE, 8 OA8 STATIONS. KIRKBY, owner, 26 Nelson Place, Maplewood, N. J.

Miscellaneous TOURIST COURT FOR SALE, BETWEEN New York and Washington; modem; allyear business. Z 2085 Timea Annex.

ENTKR PROFITABLE AUTOMATIC WMnesa. Deluxe machines offer Immediate in¬ Wanted—Miscellaneous come; small investment; can expand rapid^TCoinsworth. 25W*al 43d. WANTED—LOCATION FOR NEW STAE?leas steel dining ear. A 942 Times. PERMANENT INCOME, EOUTES EJTABllabed, lc cigarette merchandiser*, tavaatlgatc. Automatic, 55 West 42d. Business Service CERT'TIED ACCOUNTANT, E8TAB- RAMMER* YOUR MESSAGE ROME! ttalied, purchase clientele. Individual ac¬ . . . Tel Mel Bernstein Preducas Raaultful counts; cash, terms. A 245 Time* Advertising! Wisconsin 7-5194.

Timas. C. F. A. TAX EXPERT Witt'

2

Plants and Factories FULLY EQUIPPED LUMBER MILL IN Long Island City. 60.000 sq. ft. of land. $35,000. Ritter-Swenson, STlflwell 4-9010.

Financing and Business loan* ACCOUNTS' RECEIVABLE FINANCED^ Mercantile Factors Carporetie*. 93* 8th

THE SIGNERS OF PEACE

INK! Sfe. FIGHTING IS ENDED

&

But Fronts Indicate Only Lull, With Action by Troops When It Is Necessary CAPITAL HAS RAID ALARM But No Russian Planes Appear —15 Invading Craft Said to Have Been Lost Monday HELSINKI, Finland, March 12 CUP) - Unconfirmed report* said fighting between Russia and Fin¬ land had ceased, but tonight's in¬ formation from the fronts indicated that fighting was only less severe and that clashes occurred only when dictated by urgent necessity. The Finnish military communique follows: “March 12—Army: Enemy pres¬ sure on the northwest shore of the Bay of Viborg continued March 11. At some points the enemy advanced somewhat. East of Viborg enemy attacks were repelled except in the direction of Tali, where fighting continued. "In the direction of Paakkola our fire stopped the enemy on the ice at Vuoksi. Near the Ayrapaa Rail¬ way our artillery dispersed enemy detachments grouped for attack. “Between Suosalmi and Lake La¬ doga there was patrol activity and harassing artillery fire. Northeast of Lake Ladoga the enemy con¬ tinued to attack in the direction of Pitkaranta and Kollaanjoki. The attacks were repulsed. Elsewhere there was largely patrol activity. “Air force: In the course of March 11 our aircraft carried out reconnaissance flights and bombed enemy troops, artillery and tank columns. In the war tone enemy aerial activity was lively through-; out the day. i “In the home area the enemy was confined chiefly to the area south of Salo-Riihlmaeki-Lahti-Kouvola. Bombs were dropped on a few local¬ ities in the Riihimaeki, Lahti and Kouvola districts and on the town of Makkeli. "According to information avail¬ able so far two civilians were killed. Finnish reports give the total number of enemy planes shot down during the day as fifteen, in

Prera»*-r Risio Ryti of Finland addition to which there were six unconfirmed reports." An air raid alarm sounded in Helsinki at 3:45 P. M. today but no planes were sighted. The allclear signal was given within fif¬ teen minutes. The Finnish High Command to¬ day issued a summary of the war, supplementing the daily military communique, and announced that in the fourteen weeks of the war the Soviet air force had lost 587 planes and in the same period 1,486 tanks and 295 guns had been cap¬ tured or destroyed. Finland's two largest war vessels have been operating against the Russians since the start of the war and have shot down as many as twelve Russian planes in one day, it was disclosed today. The Swedish language newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet said that th* ships, the Ilmarincn and Vainam.-.-inen, named for two national heroes, have been operating as mo¬ bile seacoast anti-aircraft batteries and have proved remarkably effec¬ tive. Huge Soviet Loss Reported STOCKHOLM. Sweden, March 12 CUP)—The newspaper Allahanda re¬ ported from Helsinki today esti¬ mates there that Russian losses during the first fourteen weeks of the war had totaled 300,000 to 400,000 men.

NEW

YORK

TIMES,

WEDNESDAY,

MARCH

13,

1940.

harbors mined and both separated AGREEMENT REPORTED FROM MOSCOW from the Karelian Isthmus by hun¬ dreds of miles of frozen wilderness. Another factor militating against a decision to call on the Allies was the fact that there was so much talk about the possibility of Allied action in the north. A surprise Continued From Page One move last December, as soon as the Finnish war broke out, might have dergrounds and the big red Lon¬ had a chance to overcome geo¬ don buses this morning, and they graphical difficulties, but in midMarch the Finns doubted whether want to know the answer. |*it could be done. Doubted Allied Motives But these arguments are not The answer to this question is quite clear to the general public that the Finns doubted whether here. The average man still thinks the main reason the Allies wanted those 50,000 men would ever get to send an expeditionary force to to Finland. They also had some Scandinavia was to help the Finns. reason to doubt Allied motives for Four Real Reasons sending them. There can be no question of the If the Finns had called on the Al¬ lies for help, those 50,000 men prob¬ sincerity of Allied admiration for ably would have been convoyed to the Finnish cause or their desire to Narvik, the Norwegian port above help Finland, but the main reasons the Arctic Circle, where one main for planning that adventure were: railroad line crosses Scandinavia First, to keep Russia at war, so she . from the Atlantic to Finland. It could not help Germany; second, | is almost certain Germany would to lay Germany’s northern flank have moved North to meet them, open to attack; third, to cut off iron ore supplies; for Germany let it be known she Germany’s could not allow the Allies to land fourth, to prevent Germany from an organized force in Scandinavia, getting a chance, as she now has a where they could threaten Ger¬ chance, to secure air and naval many’s main source of iron ore and bases in Northern Norway. These four points were known to even establish bases from which the Russians and Germans as "the to attack the Reich. This was the decisive factor the Ironside plan," for Sir Edmund Ironside, Chief of the Imperial Finns had to take into account, General Staff, is said to be the Premier V. M. Molotoff of Russia Ex-Premier J. K. Paaaikm, Finland is known here that the Germans leader of the group that believed told the Finns quite plainly what Time* Wide World. 1939 would happen if the Allies tried the way to beat Germany was to «• ' to land in Scandinavia. It is known attack her from the north. It is a mistake, however, to think also that Finnish military experts, calculating the time it would take there is not a great amount of to transport the Allied force over doubt about this plan not only in that one single line of railroad from the country but the government. Narvik, had doubts whether that Many believe the plan a foolhardy force could reach its destination and unnecessary adventure—an ad¬ fast enough, even if the Swedes be¬ venture that almost certainly will hind their long-range Bofors guns cost thousands of lives. But those had decided to resist Germans land¬ who proposed it and convinced the ing from Denmark into Norway War Council to try it, believed that despite its dangers it was worth the and Sweden. attempt when the alternatives were Unconvincing Argument either an equally hazardous cam¬ Some circles in Stockholm con¬ paign in the Balkans or a frightful stantly tried to convince the Swedes campaign across the fortified po¬ that Germany would not attack, be¬ sitions of the Westwall. cause by attacking Sweden the Frees Calls Terms Harsh Nazis knew they were sure to cut London newspapers this morning, off their iron ore supplies. But this argument apparently did not con¬ commenting on the peace, laud Fin¬ vince either the Swedes or the land's heroism in resisting Russian Finns, who were inclined to believe invasion and declare the terms Germany would have used hundreds harsh, but do not attempt to weigh of bombers to oaralyze both the their ultimate significance pending British force and Swedish resist¬ closer scrutiny. The Times, semi¬ official government organ, says one ance in a short time. The Finns also hesitated because result "will be renewed, strength¬ of their bonds with the Scandi¬ ened determination to rid Europe navian countries. From the first of Hitlerism, author of all the day British troops arrived in Scan¬ dangers to which its civilization , dinavia It was feared Denmark, now stands exposed.” The Telegraph says: Norway and Sweden would be "Should the Finnish Parliament overrun and Scandinavia turned into the main battlefield in the accept terms which leave their country a helpless prey to Soviet European war. It is true, of course, that the Al¬ Russia, there can be no certainty of lies could have sent their troops di¬ its future.” The News Chronicle asserts the rect to Finland via Petsamo or A. M. Yaseleffsky of Russia Andrey A. Zhdanoff of Russia Murmansk, but both these ports blow the Finns struck for their Times Wide World Times Wide War Id. ISM are occupied by Russians, both freedom may perhaps mark a turn-

BRITISH SEE PEACE AS BLOW TO ALLIES

was that, no matter how bitter they that Finland had sent an answer to j SOVIET LAUDS DR. SUN are, Finns will follow the advice Russian proposals. of newspaper editorials to "hold It was said an official announce¬ Anniversary of His Death Used our heads high because of our good ment probably would be made be¬ as "Occasion to Assail Wang fight." Discipline will be the gen¬ fore dawn. eral rule, but no one prophesies Conversation in restaurants, on Special Cable to T«a N«w Toax Times. that there will not be exceptions. the streets and in bomb shelters ! MOSCOW, March 12—Consider"It may be difficult to get our Continued From Page One troops back from the front," one yesterday during the day’s raid ; able apace was dsvotsd in today's alarm inevitably concerned the j press to the memory of Dr. Sun and his head bowed, softly mut- j Finn said. Though he knows that peace has j question of peace or war. lAt this i Yat-sen in connection with the flftered, "What next?" I been signed and has a vague knowl¬ point in the dispatch appears ths i teenth anniversary of his death to¬ The day had not been one of par- j edge of its terms, the full impact notation. "Ninety words cen¬ ticular excitement here -*xcept for of the peace has not yet been sored."] But in the midst of all the day. radio listeners who knew that the brought home to the soldiers who talk of peace workmen went right | Pravda, in an article on "The ahead hammering protective screens j Great Chinese Democrat," says: Parliament must during the day have fought the war. Their reac¬ frame an answer to French Premier tion when the full terms are known I into place around statues in the ; "Experience has shown the ChiEdouard Daladier’s "take it or to them is not easily predicted, but {public parks. 1 nese people the betrayal of the leave it" offer of an Allied expedi¬ it is known that they already are i There was no lagging in the run j for shelter when the sirens sounded, j cause for which Dr. Sun Yat-sen tionary force, the refusal of v'hich dissatisfied. j Black-bordered notices or the death | fought by reactionaries in a period allegedly meant the Allies would j of soldiers who had fought and died of defeat. The revolution of 1925 decline the responsibility for the 85 Socialists in Parliament for Finnish independence continued triots of various classes, parties shape and frontiers of post-war HELSINKI, Wednesday, March 13 to appear in the newspapers. Finland. the country face to face with the Nothing in the physiognomy of (A1)—Eighty-five members of the threat of colonial enslavement by the city or, indeed, of the mind of Parliament—the largest representa¬ Stormy Parliament Reported Japanese imperialism. the people about the streets be¬ tion of any one party in that 200Wireless to Tub Nkw Yomc Timks. trayed the imminence of the war's member body—belong to the Social "This compelled all honest pa¬ COPENHAGEN, March 12—Tele¬ triots of various classes, parties end. Carpenters were busy yester¬ Democratic party, headed by For¬ day boarding up the poet Rune- eign Minister Vaino Tanner. The phone conversations with Helsinki and groups to unite on the basis of tonight surprisingly revealed that Soviet Government has heaped berg's statue in one of the parks, and even this afternoon Soviet air¬ abuse upon Mr. Tanner ever since th# peace settlement was abso¬ a united national frorC against he assumed office in the coalition lutely unknown to the Finnish pub¬ Japan. planes again went over Finland. Only when they awake in the government formed after the out¬ lic, even in "well-informed circles." "Once again the two greatest par¬ It is rumored that the secret sit¬ ties in China, the Kuomintang and morning may the Finns know that break of the war. Activities of- the Parliament were ting of the Finnish Parliament is the Communist party are united in their war is over—and then only if Parliament has meanwhile passed kept a closely guarded secret this very stormy—not because of the a struggle to realize the principles morning, as they have been since peace conditions sent back from | of Dr. Sun Yat-sen while foul the peace conditions. the war started. It is known, how¬ Moscow by the Finnish delegation, i traitors of the type of Wang ChingHELSINKI, Wednesday, March ever, that it went into session last which received plenary powers , wei seek to deflect China from this 13 (TJP)—Parliament is expected to night and there was little doubt earlier today, but because of the j correct and historic task.” that the agreement with Moscow declaration of Premier Edouard approve the treaty of peace with was under discussion. One spokes¬ Daladier of France, who gave oppo¬ the Soviet Union today. man, when asked early today for nents of the treaty weighty argu¬ It was believed here that Field an estimate of the situation, said: ments for debate. "The Diet [Parliament] has not It is believed certain here that Marshal Baron Carl Gustave Manthe present Finnish Government nerheim. Commander in Chief of yet decided." Earlier it was officially denied will be overturned. the Finnish forces, already had given his reluctant approval of the terms as the best that Finland could get in a war that found the Finns fighting without foreign as¬ sistance, on which they had counted heavily. There has yet been no official an¬ nouncement of peace in Finland. Finnish citizens, huddled about radio sets in hotels, public rooms and their homes, heard the news despondently from foreign radio stations. The man in the trenches has heard the news, too, and he does not like it. Those who have fought bravely against overwhelming odds are willing to go on fighting. There was very little question that Parliament, which has been in con¬ tinuous session since the Finnish delegation left lor Moscow a week ago, would ratify the peace, bitter though it is to every Finn. It was believed that the military command had been kept posted on the progress of negotiations and in¬ dicated its consent to the peace after receiving word from the Mos¬ cow mission that it was the best that could be expected from the So¬ viet Government. An obvious disap¬ pointment to Field Marshal Mannerheim, proud leader of a valiant army that yet does not believe that it has been beaten, the peace never¬ theless appears to have been agreed to with the consent of the army. Finns Show Bitterness Finns who listened to the foreign radio announcements were de¬ pressed without exception. They % De luxe toilet water The lean, clean lines of the Gold Cup racers are expressed bitterness against the Allies, the United States and par¬ echoed in A ficF’s exclusive new women’s by one of the world’s ticularly against Sweden, which, luggage! Prime cowhide, rubbed to a mellow Finns said, could have come into great artists in fragrance. the war at the start and assured glow and saddle stitched. effective resistance without bring¬ Drenched with the loveliness ing Germany into the war. Train box for your own beauty bottles (12 ins.) $20.00 There were many Finns who felt of lilacs in bloom. that even a general war on Finnish Overnight Case (21 ins.).. $27.50 soil—a probability in the event of Only* at Jay Thorpe. Allied intervention—was preferable Combination Hat and Shoe Box (20 ins.) . . $45.00 to the peace now reached. Pullman Case with tray (20 ins.) .... $50.00 Despite their despondency, and it Eight ounce flacon 4.50 is very deep, it appears that the average Finn will be able to take this latest blow in his stride—ap¬ parently in a spirit of "We have Undergone such things before”— and attempt to rebuild the country on a ntW basis. "A peat'* like that," one Finn said darkly, A*J» not exactly perma¬ nent. It may 4>e that something MADISON AVENUE st 45th STREET, NIW font will be said aNput it in a few PIC TV* SC Vf NTH STCfCt WIST weeks.” The general impression, however,

ing point in the struggle against aggression. The editorial refers to the "doubtful effectiveness of Allied assistance if they rejected the Rus¬ sian offer in view of the refusal of Sweden to permit transit of Allied troops.” The Daily Mail, noting that a Ber¬ lin message forecasts important nickel concessions for Russia, says: "Germany relies upon foreign im¬ ports in her nickel supplies. The British Navy cuts off about 86 per cent of those supplies. If Hitler gets nickel from Finland through Rus¬ sia, he will have won a big success." j The Herald sees this peace as "a j precarious one, perhaps more pre- | carious for Scandinavia than for Finland.” Gen. Gibbins Retires March 31 Special to The New yoke Times.

WASHINGTON, March 12-The retirement from active duty on March 31 of Major General Henry Gibbins, quartermaster general of the army for four years, was an¬ nounced today by the War Depart¬ ment. General Gibbins was born at Knoxville, Tenn., May 20, 1877. He leaves the service after an active career of forty-one years. He was commissioned a second lieutenant from civil life in 1899. In the world war General Gibbins was in com¬ mand of the embarkation service at Norfolk, Va. Colonel Edmund B. Gregory, at present acting quar¬ termaster general, will succeed him and be promoted to the grade of major general.

Bringing to life the poetic line Oliver St. John Gogarty wrote in describing a portrait of Venus —

“But, oh!—that is to say, her breasts were high and set apart *

FINLAND DELAYING PACT RATIFICATION

And so must yours be— to look lovely in the new high-bosom Paris evening dresses* And you must have smoother hips, a longer, more supple, modish middle. Accomplished instantly by our marvelous new sheath sketched —a masterly intrigue of elastic and long satin panels, lace-topped. £37.50. Corsets, 2nd Floor

BERGDORF GOODMAN 5TH AVENUE AT 5$TM STREET

ythology

STUDY

and dining.

•

EVENING

ENCHANTMENT

Hellenic simplicity, so tremen¬

dously flattering to the figure, achieved with hand-painted silk handkerchiefs and a class¬ ically draped rayon and silk skirt.

£Fotcn fashions

•

• VERVE, CHIC, FINESSE IN ORIGINAL

Navy and

pink, grey and teal blue; sizes 12 to 20. $39'95

SPRING DAY DRESSES

ffUrJ ffloor

De Pinna FIFTH AVENUE AT 52nd STREET

Enjoy at once these high-spirited town dresses,

BY ANN HAVILAND

Abercrombie & Fitch co.

IN

Greek goddess —the newest look for wining

from the imaginative b rains4 and talented hands of Jay Thorpe designers.

I

/

i

A thin wool dress with ribbon striped accents, a pinwale silk with fresh white pique bow, a silk print with subtle draping. Featured at 69.95 Dress Salon • Sizes 12 to 20 • Second Floor

•

iQ

nr

|D

■FIFTY-SEVENTH street west.

3

SIjjc jNeto Merit Simeu.

“All the News That’s Fit to Print.”

LATE CITY EDITION POSTSCRIPT

Cloudy, preceded by rain, today, slightly colder tonight Tsaperatera Yesterday—Mu, 51 5 Mb .,44

Copyright, 1940, by Th« Now York Time# Company.

VOL.

LXXXIX.. .No.

30,026.

NEW

YORK,

TUESDAY,

APRIL

9,

P

1940.

THREE CENTS K*Z.™g£n | «*»«■»» ■

GERMANS OCCUPY DENMARK, A TTA CK OSLO; NORWAY THEN JOINS WAR AGAINST HITLER; CAPITAL IS REPORTED BOMBED FROM AIR The International Situation llfirin inm rin I MfIFfJ

W AlllJ Au 1 UtlAmiliO E ADI V MPVT

mVV

LAKH MjAI WLLIk .

Leaders in Surprise Moves Also Qlatp Rill for Court ReAlso Slate Dill tor tourt He

view of Agency Rulings LARQR LAW ACTION LIKELY ai Proponents of Of Amendments

Expect Drive to Dispose of .... . . . . .. All Labor Legislation _ House consideration next week was slated for the bill to amend the Wages and Hours Act and for the Logan-Walter bill to pro¬ vide for a court review of deci¬ sions by governmental agencies. [Page 1.] A refusal by the Supreme Court to review the Labor Board’s order in the Republic Steel case sustained the reinstatement of 5,000 C. I. O. strikers with 35,000,000 bock pay. [Page 20.] The Socialist party convention, at Washington, stated in a reso¬ lution that “the interests of American working men and wo¬ men will best be served by the making of an immediate peace between the C. L O. and A. F. L.” [Page 1.] Colonel Harrington, WPA Ad¬ ministrator, will be questioned Thursday by tfe* House Appro¬ priations Subcommittee on evi¬ dence gathered by Its Investiga¬ tors bearing on the 1941 relief outlay. [Page 20.] The NLRB refused to relieve 1_TTM,__„ VT—I _1_ Mrs. Elinors M. Herrick of .... fur¬ ther responsibility in connection with the election of employes of the Consolidated Edison Com¬ pany of New York after a charge of collusion with the company. [Page 20.]

Two Revision Bills Slated By HENRY N. DORRIS Specie! Th Nsw Tons Torn. Th 6-House , WASHINGTON, h TS ?!:. April P 8_“OU** leaders decided today on consideratta> 'rerlynext week'of’tb.lLreta buT to’am.nd’thT’wage. and Horn. Act, a decision which occasioned surprise in labor quarters since it had been assumed this measure would follow the Smith or Norton amendments to the National Labor Relations Act. But this was not the only surprise, because th. tentative calendar for next week also contained a place for the Logan-Walter bill providing court review of any deci•ion of a governmental agency which ha. the force of law. When these two measures are out

War caught up two more mors countries in its clutches today as the Germans invaded Denmark and attacked Norway. B, u,. ,„ly morning Nazi All uio caiijr troop, crossed eroded the soutiiem borte der of Denmark, landed on Danani.h sou «>U from warships wrnhlp. and ^ oocupied the Danleh caplUl Coocc“pi*d the11Danish caP.ita1’ ,