Tibetan grammar

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FRUBNEKSCOLLECTION

.

01

C;MPLIFIED u m A M M A R S OF THE PRINCIPAL

~ a l a f I CAND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY

REINHOLD ROST, U . D . , PH.D.

VlI. TIBETAN.

[BRS OF

COLLECT

THE:

:PAL ASIATIC All EVKUfbAN ~arrtUAGEi, LD ROST,

I, PERSIAN, YE LATE

AND B R A H l G .

E. H, PALMER, M.A. A d c e 5s.

Is.

HUNGARIA1 BY I. SINGER. &ice

4s. 6d. 111.

BASQUE. BY W. VAN EUS. Price 3s. 6d. XV.

MALAGASY. BY G. W.PARKER. Price 5s.

v. ODERN GREEK. 3v E. M. GELDART,M+A. Price 2s Fd. VX.

ROrnANIAN. BY R. TORCEANU. VIX.

TIBETAN. BY H. A. J;iSc~m.

Grammars of tkc following m e i# prcpmetiu banese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bobmian, Bulgarian, Burmese, ~m mric and Gaelic, Danish, Finnish, Hebrew, Malay, Pali, Polish, RW Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, Swedish, Turkish.

LONDON: T R ~ B N E R& CO., LUDGATE HILL.

ETAN GRAMMAR

1l-U

S E C O N D EDIT1 PRFJARED 8E'

Da. H. WENZEI,.

)ON: .

., _ . - 5 9 , LUDGATE HILL.

.

Preface. u l ~ s e n tnew edition of Mr. J;rsca~~'s Tibetan rcely needs a word of apology. As the first nmm sea on which was lithographed at Kyelmi in 1865 in limited llje

I

E

oer ox copies has long been out of print, Dr. R o s ~ thor to revise his grammar for the purpose of t in &n improved form. The latter, prevented Il-health from undertaking the task, placed the matter in n~y bands, and had the goodness to make over to me his tIWI manuscript notes and additions to t h e original )ut his personal cooperation, however, I was Le any but a very sparing use of these, addina only a few remarks from G yalrab,bs and Milmaspa, with : further semarlrs on the local vcmculwr of Western it. Indee . -. . d, special atkention luas been paid throughout, . 10 tlns dialef$ it is the one with which the author during his 1long reaidlence at Kyelai bad become most familiar, and with whi ch the English in India are most likely t o be . . brou ght into direct contact. Besides the above mentioned additions, I have taken L ntlmhm- -- nf -- examples from the D z d u n , to make clearer SOmre of the r ules, and, with the same view, I have altered, here and tht:re, the wording of the lithographed editibn.

'

Preface.

VI

- Abbr~Piation~.

The order of the paragraphs bas been retained throughout, and only one (23.) has been added for completeness' sake. The system of 'translitaration is nearly the+same as in the Dictionmy, only for ny, A is used, and instead of _e, u (respectively G) hhas been thought to be a clearer representation of the sound intended. For the niceties of pronunciation the reader is referred t o the Dictionary, as in this Grammax only the general rules hme been given. Finadly 1 must express my warmest thanks to Dr. RUST, - 1 - - WnasF: . -- - - exertions not only the printing of this Grammar is solely due, but who also rendered me much help iu the L A

correctin;g of the work.

--

yence, May 1883.

Abbreviations. am. = w i l v e .

Kun. = Kunawur, province UYUGL English probeckion. Ld. 7 La&, province. Mil. = Mihraspa. cf. = c o de l , C O ~ ~ ~ W B . neutr. = neuter verb. Dsl, = Dz ahlrm. perf. or pf. = perfect. e, g. = extmpli gratia, for in- pres. = present. stance. B. = see. ET = East Tibet. m.= terminative case. fut. = futtme. Thw. = Thar - man, sc imp. = imperatil-e. treatises. inf. = i n f i n*.. ~ n-.v ~ v vide, see. zed of. = vulgm expegion I6ppen. W'J! = Western Tih C or CT = Central Tibet, ssp* tidy the provinces of fi and Tsah

Fhouologf.

Pam

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

. . . Diphhngs. . . . . :ompound Consonants. Prekxed Ld:tters . . . jyllaoles ?id Consonants. -

Ward; Aceent; QumKty Puncturttio~ n . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

3

.4 . 5 . G . 7 . I1 . 12

. . . . . . . . . . ' . . . 14

;B t g m o l . o g y . I. A r t i c l e . Pecnbaribes oT the 'l'ibetan Article . . 12. Difference of the ArEicles . . . . . 13. IThe IndeEnite ME] 0 . . . . . . . I1. Substantive. 14. :Number . . . . . . . . 'IF.

. . . . . .

. . . . . . .

17

. . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . 19

. . . . . . .m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 2 1

n--t...a&..

111. A d j e c t i v e .

E

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the B~bdmfiire

&omparison.

[Y. N n m e r a l s . Cadinal n Ordinal nu

. Pa ~v t . . . . . . Distributive nnmeral: Adverbial nnmerds . fractional numerals R --

26 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Contents.

vrrr

V. r r o n u-u.u a . , . 24. Personal pronouns . , . . , . 25. Possessive prononns . . . . . . . 26. Beflecti~epronouns . . . . . . 27. Demonstrative pronoun . . . . . . 28. Interrogative pronouns . . . . ,. . . 29. Rebtive pronouns. . , , , . . b. 30. Ehtrodnct.ion . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 31. Inflection . . . . . . - . . - . . - . 32. Infinitive. . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 33. Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 34. Finite Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5. Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. Preterit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. htm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. Imperative . . . . . . -. . . . . - . . 39. Intensive. . . . . . . - . - - . . . 40. Snbstadtive 'Cerbs . . . . . . . . , . . . 41. Gerunds and Supinea . . . . . - . . . . . . 42. VXL A d v e r b . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. YIII'. P o s t p o s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . 44. IX. C o n j u n c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . 45. X. I n t e r j e c t i o n . . . . . . . - . . XI. D e r i v a t i o n : 46. Derivation of Snbstaati~es . . . . . . . - . 47. Derivstion of Adjectives . . . . - . . . . .

Pw9

r h

..

. . 34 . . 36' . . 37 . .

. .

.

37 38

. %

a

.

.

.

.

. .

HI. S J Q ~ ~ X . 48. Arrangement of Words . . . . . . . 49. Use of the Gases . . . . . . . . . simple Sentartees . . . . . . Jomponnd Sentences . . . . .

. .

Phrases . . . Reading Exercis Verbs . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

10 $1 12 43

45 46 47 48 1

1

.

- -1 1 1

k I

1 8 0 14.

2 3

appoadlx. iG 12 19

Errata d a t

Page 3, =

* * " "

4, 4,

4 4, 4,

n

4,

*

5,

7, ,, 7,

- 9

-

in8

regpea , which instead of whom. undar particular. #? imtead o f l i j i . ,, exertion. B L aele to. 5 dele down. 4 read s u c c e s s i o n insf,cad of cot fi each intrtead of ~i+h:hpr. --""."-. , enbdlcribsd insl;ead of sul foot for food. aubscribad for subjoined. L -- u u m u 17gms.

.

lsngn age. over jn~teado f eonso.nants. case,

a

judgment. except. i t instead of is. which serve t o denote. prece ding. B X C I ~nation. I i.-,.,,riminately, ndiar seded.

page ZS, line 1 read motion. 26, , 15 , terminfatiofis. 26, 2 4 . , precedes. 26, 27 higher than. 33, 6 t o den~ta. letter-writing. 34, , 14 1 , The terms mod. he. 36, 16 high person speaking of himself. 36, 11 9 ghsi. ,, 38, 39, , 14 yonmap. a 40, 7' verbs. a 40> 21 , anAccnsati~e. a 4 0 , . 25 ,, nentre. ,, 41, 10 form instead of shape. 41, , 11 , forma inat;ed of shapea. 41, 22 thePerfeetprefers. a 42, , 1 perfect. 42, , lG , recognises instead of acknowledges. 43, 20 i d e s instead of notion. 45, , 14 ,, with t h e exception. 46, 6 , whielr will always be. 46, , 10 toone. 52, 16 it expresses. 63, , 11 found. 63, , 24 , p m s i v e s e n s e , o p p o e e d t o & c . 55, , 7 , affixes. SS, , 12 , that it. 61, 12 , king's, 64, 8 intended

..

. .. .. .. . .

. . . .. .

..

. . . . . .

.

Part I. Phonology, 1. The Alphabet. The Tibetan Alphabet was adapted m the L a i h QJ) form of the Indian letterr by pmmi*

h

(q83~F5) minister of king & ~ o m - ~ a n -

KGpp. JL 61. The Indian letters out of which the single Tibetan harltoters were formed are given in the folloming table in ieir Ntigmi shape. - nasal. sonant. aspir. surd.

; 4 b ~ y qabout ) the year 632

gal:

FTk'a

T%ke

gut

a

dat

1 enta

I

~bials. .

bih

.

1.

8'-l 3

a q q f a

1 pa

IU

Jisnhke, Tlhetar~ Grammar.

T T g a

F"3Aa

E'qjjcc

Y T f i a

T q d a

q q n a

I

3.'k$a g. r

I

i n

Ba

(s.

sl. a ma *

t 3

bu

za

+a

3

1. The Alphabet;.

It is sein from this table that several signs have been added t o express sounds that are Cnknown in Sansc~it. The sibilants 8 & evidently were differentiated from the palatals. But. as in transcribing Sanscxit words the Tibetans substitule ~ e i sibilants r for the ~alatalsof the original (as

54' for aPl),we must

N

suppose that the sibilisation of

thoso consonants, common at present among the Rindas on the Southern slopes of the HimBlrrya (who speak i%m for T, four etc.), was in general use with those Indians worn whom the Tib. Alphabet was taken (cf. also the Afghan and z: likewise sprung from and $)- is differentiated

2,

from

9', which itself often is prononnced v, as shewn in

.anscribing Sanscrih, q and q both are given,

7

seems to be formed out of

only.

to which it is related in

q'

sonnd. 3 evidently is only the

W corresponds with Sanscrit q. is newly invented; for its fmctions see the following $5. - The letters which axe peculiar to Swnscrit are exprer trmscrjbing , in the following manner. a) The ., simply by iuverting the signs of the aentau. t.nlle inverted E'.

3

8' 3, ja' rlll~g

3,

T. b) The sonant aspin

5" under the sonnnts:

thus, 91' q,

6 9.

2. g.

F!

*I A very clear exposition of the ramification of Indian dphabeta by Di Haas i s to be found in the Publications of tho Pda,eographic.a1 Society Oriental Seriea IT,pl XLKV.

., Remarks. 3. vowel

2. Remarks. 1. Regarding the pronunciation of t gle jetterr3, as given above, it is to be born in mind, ti - ---. ds 7 7 Y' are uttered without the least admixture of aspiration, viz. as k, t , p are pronounced in the words te, stale, s p a s ; the aspirates $ forcibly, rather

19'

the s m e in Kate, tak% peer; the sonants

(I,d, i5 in gate, dale, hew.

ll;ht:

7

2. The same difference

hardness is t o be observed in 5 5

F

or E, 2, j (Toe-

7s in cnu~ch;C, the same without aspiration ;3 in @d$8) & $ or ts, a, A. 3. is the soft modifiesthe s in Zeisu~~,e (French j in ajamak, but more , C is the English ny in sifig, but occurs in *

7

a

in the commencement of a syllable. me nmai ?q,

5. 7 ii

or the initial sound in the word new, which

?elled

iiu. 6. In the dialects of Eastern or G jet, however, the soft consonants 4(. $4. E'

6,

mBktea occurTing as initials, are pronounced with m aspiralion, aim; lar to the Hindi 8 , ' ~ y, f , 8, or indeed so that

-- urnen scarcely . they differ from the common English Ic, t, p, ; also and 3 are more difficult to distinguish from .,?A.

'

md

q-than in

the Western

(Exceptions s.

7. 8). 3. Vowels. 1. Since every consonant sign implies, like , Smscrjt prototype, a following a, unless some other #we1sign is attached to it, no particular sign is \ranted denote this vowel, except in some cases specified in the 1"

Syllable6

he specia1 vowel signs are 1,5, +9 k* pmnouriced respectivily as e, a, o, u are in German, Itdian and mc1st other European languages, viz. 1- like ay in say, like o in so, on; or a in ten; 5 like i in machine, fin; like 8, pull. It ought to be specially remarked f hat a11 vowels, i~lcluding a and o (unlike the Sanscrit vowels LA.-.. AL-from wuum LUVJT have taken their signs) are short, since no long vowels ak. all o c cI~r in the Tibetan language, except nstances, roentioned below (s. § 9. 5, 6). particul ar circu~ O IrnL 7n vowels. mt; +:.L: U l b l a l , is used as their base, as is do, e.g. wb;l'am,,motherc. 3. R, is originally h",.

t f r o m w , as the latter

denotes the opening of the

previously closed throat for pronouncing a vowel with that slight expIosive sound which the Arabs mean by 1 (G,-1, as the CA in the words : the lily,,an endogen, which would be in Tibetan characters

%%LT.T;

on the contrary is

the mere vowel without that audible opening of the throat

%%IT'

In IEastern Tibet this difference. is strictly observed; and if ih45 vowel c the intentional exertion. for avoiding the SI ,the m i res it resemble to mo and wu: rzlvvu ride W O * ~ , ,the owl' = ~ g p In . 1 Tibet tk is has Iaeen oblitemted, and is there spoken just like 4. Syllables., The Tibetan language is monos,yllabic, that is t o say alI1 its words consist of one syllabl e O ~ Y ..+L:A ::-a=-d eh the (as Arabic

I without

s ) ,

37.q

as in Lilian,

W G D L C l U

m'

,

5

5. Final cousonants.

parts cannot, in every case, be recognised in their individuality. The mark for the end of such a syllable

is

B

dot, called

$ fseg, put st the right side of the upper

rt of t,he closing letter, such as the syllable ka. This q must ir1var.iabIy be put down at the end of each written tlable, eltcept before w irad ($ lo), in which case only i a retainIS its f w ~ .If therefore such a dot is found after 0 or mor-e consonants, this will indicate that all of them, ..ue way or other, form om syllable with on17 me $owel it: ka-m, k a ~ (cf. 5. 8). "

TT

TT

5. FinaI consonants, 1. Only tbe following ten:

.q. T w

7' C;'

N' (and the four with a&cd N , 5 ) occur at the end of a syllable. 2. It must be observed, th rit. 7 4- as finals are never pronounced like the Englislh g, 4 6 in leg, bad, cab, but are transformed differenfly in the different provinces. In Lad& they sound like A, t, p * . = sock, = got, t o p 3. ~n a11 Central f;' KS

7

TT.

k-

7

Tibex, moreover, final and q', sometimes even nT; modify the sour:td of a preceeding vowel: a to i (similar to tht: EngIiah a in have, man), o into _o (French m in jm), ;w.4,. -. / w u w w rrrenoh u in mur). In most of the other provinces are uttered so indistinctly as t o be scarcely aud4,

P,

so that

q ~77, become 88,@.

is scarce1y perceptible, and h d -1

.

.+

In Tsang even f i n d

T',particularly after o,

%mostd~ssolvedinto a vowel sound = tt: $nf'4* S M G

6

6. Diphthongs

~ ~ T F Jkon-clwa.') X~'

4. Final

is sounded as s only

,dak; el:sewhere it ckttnges into i or dissttppctars entir ely, pro18onging, c)r even modifying at the rr same time tne preceding vowel. lhus the following words: ,barleyL, ,know: ,figureG,& ,religionb, YW ,body" are pronounced in Northern Ladwk: d,ils, mk, Zm, lk; in Lwhoul: nai, shea', rr, Zu, 20; in Lhasa, and consequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly: nu, 3 4 ri, EG, 1G. 5. In some words final V occurs as a second closing letter ( a h ) , after 9]' C 4. q',asin

in Nori

1

I

qw

4 ~ . ?N.

,indigoc; these are pronounced in N.Lada1~: nacks, gad, €up, ana as, elsewhere nack (in U: na), gafi (El' g ~ v fap, )ram. , 6. dy b e f o r e q and a;l' is especially in ET very often pro-

4. ~ 6 r n - ~ a , $ q$,-pa. y

nounced m, e . g . x q iirim-p,%

6. Dipthongs. 1. They occur in Tibetan writing ably where one of the vowels i, o, u have to be added to n word ending with an other vowel (s. $5 15.1; 33.1; 45.2). These h additional vowels are then always written C\; $,

5,

never

@ etc.

(as in

a ~ $ ,qTq,

(cf.

5 3.3); and )

the combinations oci, oi, ui

are pronoanoed very moch

like &. , g, so that ihe syllables @, '

- .

qqt %?,e,

*) This is the form in which the word, chosen by the m i s trionaries to express the Christian ,Godu (cf. clict.), has found i t s 7way into several nopnlar wo

.- ,

7

nd consonante.

11y in sor

- dialects be distinguished horn 2. The others m, 80, w,00, uo,

those mentioned in § 5.4.

(47T,

iu

a%

-

49%

b

') are pronoanct ither vow el is distinctly auc

..

q q , R ~ T75, , ;pid conjunction, but 1 prosody

.-..

they are ge-

m y regarded as one syllable, out rt the verse shudd

t-bey may be corn ,wo. mpound consonants ley axe expresset . ,. mtlng by putting one below the ower, m which caae :veral change their origin^11 figure. Subjoined c o n s o nal1ls. 2. rhe letter y subjohed is represented by t-he Gnre , a,nd occur cd with the three gutturals nnd hbirds, and with I WU, bu,, 3. The form,-" +Ln* IrLLLGG have t: r;T -d 4 W mciation ha7 reserved, in mast cases, t h eir origir n the Mong01 :the latter in ET: $h$a s- 8 . . ronunaation of Tibetan wc lever, they nave been rn instance of into 2, E, j respect ;he comnion prom

.

.

'

41)'

3

r eleg. k-pr

V

9 -

VT*?:

F>.9 3 7 5I are

almost

-7

verywhere spoken without m y diffe!reace frc 5xcept in the We: cct befor,e s and i:, where t 5 dropped. and 4 . d o n e arc! prononriced). $ , a 5 poken n+ - .,. $. T occurs at the fout of the gutturals, : shape c u

burnt2

parts or me c o u n q ? as in rung,

w e s e uusurlma-

8

I

8. Compound consonanh,

tions are pronounced literally, like ha, Mra eta, but by far the most general custam is to sound them like the Indian ccerebrals, aiz. q; $, indiscriminately = #; Ig,

;

Y

4,7 2 &;~4J, 5 . q = i g d case

af

3 the

In 4 and Y

CT: clh]; only in the

(in

literal pronunciation jv is not uncommon.

both letters are distinctly heard;

5 sounds like

sk in s l i d , and so does 5J generally. In 0 this T is dropped nearly in all cases: thus,

$a,

sa etc.

are often found with an rd beneath.:

in thesa the

alone

js

4. Six Jetkers

a 3 a 5 v; a, which

pronounced, except in

sounds da. 5. The figure 4, sometimes found at the food of a letter is nsed in Saiscrit words to express the subjoined q, as in FJ?' (cf. $9. 6) for wm; and is now pronounced qQ

by Tibetans = 6: soha; in words originally Tibetan it now exists merely as an orthographical mark, to distinguish hornonymes in writing, as & tsa&otLand fsa ,saltc;but, as it is spoken, in some words at least, in Balti (e. g. $ 4 rtswa ,grassc, it must be supposed that, in the primitive form of the lauguage, it was heard. - Nok Of such compounds, indeed, as ,lotLit is difficult t o under-

$

3' -4

stand, how they can have been pronounced literally, if the v was not, perhaps, pronounced before the y. Superadded consonants. 6.~abovean0therconsonant is written *, and 11 contonants have this sign: gf above it preserves

"7 7 5 $

a a,

7

7. Co~npoundconsonants. - Examples.

its u, $'.

le, as better adapted to the form of that lett I n speaking it is seldom heard except 1pravincia~ I Y ,

d in some instances in compound words after a,vowel th us, U ~ g $ d n , Urgyh, ancient name of the, of

's

W-U, nn..n&mr

,uajrai. Ladilkees often pronounce it =s:

how;

sta ,horsec elsewhere ta. 7. Similar is the usage in those

th a superadded W (namely,: the sur ds and sonants of the st four classes, the guttura11nasal, and q), which latter often softIy heard in WT, h..4 U u l , d i r e l y dropped elselere, exctq t in the ease of $, whioh is spaken = nl in nn

L .

I

T,

hut 1with a distinct aspiration = hla or bka in I3T. ~eraddedto t,he gutturds, dentals and labia& tion of the q i r a t a e , then $ and 8'. It in

my

crises,

distincdy pronounced in Ladak, but dropped $ q E: with any led 1= letter lose the aspiration mentioned in 4 2.6 a - - 10. often Ir)se even the inherent 9 1 4 6, j, 1rls. t-s onnd in pronunciation and are spoken like j, S, 2; mL=- .- eawi~rp~cs --1 - by including t 1 1 1 1 ~d l be indicated in the followiw I s i n pare 3 [s)koa. ..

ekiewhere*)I. 9. ,

X\

--a

yo"', you.

turds. 7

**&+I-

W: 68

:fEimo, C:?a+ hen.

'

9~

W:

c: -6i

Ga-Gn,

misery.

tam, cabbage.

TJQ

B~N.

W:

dafi-m, C:

373 cwy-p,

8-

child.

. ?ran-we,

w*&-nza,

.,,p

tax

W:

Gu~r-yv,

. rla-eua (a.

lcE-ma, priest.

VW"Zi-nao, easy. d

wind.

$ 11 note),

moon.

7F'r;l' kaG-pa, foot.

: zun, C: Eq' Wuuntru th . j u 6 - h (Ld. IF), green. w

E\

alter,

turn.

87 W:(s)@n,

t a h o

*.-mo,

dsgn,

lie,

(Ld. EtO), C : spectacle.

G: $a, hair.

8 da ( v u l g : ~ ~sound, ), voice.

door.

qr;'t;T' (slyyzi~wa,t o b

7%

a'-W: &a*),

$fV (s)koml thirst.

q' (slgo,

F,

,

aq'

~ ( t j 2*6(-po), ?

4

C:

5@f straight. 97 (Fag, d q e a q ) , rock. 5q.V i ~ d y ragged. ~ ~ , b

la, wages.

54

,, ,'

?j&&

cold.

qTq

L,quick

3

judgement.

$im(s),

F'

I', sand.

(SIP,

w : (a)?o+a,

C: Gn,glue.

$5 &a, Ld: ire-a, monkey. : (~)maw ;m, Wai. W_--edicine. ,

ence of au

small hair.

-

pa, to behav

W: ( s b ) d , C ssode.

B4 W: *

fimpa, C

pa, mad. consonant already

S. Prefixed lotters.

rrefixed letters.

H.

7'7-4-FT

1 The five letters

I

quently occur before the real, ratIical initials of other ~rds,but are seldom prono,unced, e:xcept in similar cases c m C occurs before -' *' q' 8 3

7

7

O 7 7

before the gutturmals and 1labids with exception the aspiratae;

4' before

-- 7' 7-,t .hle palatale dentaIs and -"

4,

data1 sibilnnts with the same exceptJon as nn~der$, then

-

-9 V ; mT before the gutturals, palatals, dentds .. .

T

r

-

d palatal. sibilants, except,3d the suirds; q h4efore the asratae andI sonants of the f i ~ classr e 2s. In C:T., to 1)rOunce theui in m y case, is considered vulgar. 2. The ~ b i g u i twhich ~ would arise in case of the prefix standing fore one of the 10 final consonants, as single - radical, the we1 beinl5 the un-written a in the syllable 5 iich, if

$

T i7

is radic:31, has to

meed d+ g, if prefi:xed

.- - . * -. . oided by adang an R in the latteir case: tl ther examples are: gad (gay1 m d y

77

; qq-bas ( b g , fig] and

TI'?.gdt.

4.54y sa;

,

XIC' , ,

,

m.

,.,,,, -,and

This t

is added, though the radiical kc3uoa one of the mennonea letters; as, . . .. L *

a prefix Iand

Ly the

-

£0

4713,

.3

q a!s first ratiical

-.

7

mnul each other, so that

ound is Iheard, as will be seen in the irregularities, which cannot all be

eocnponnd pn

I

EPecified her6: (see the whiich t.he i8 entire

The custom of C.T., accoriling to ed is in this instance easier to be

+--I1

L-.

.

N

9. Word; Accent; Quantity.

is the ria sal pranimciation of the pr efixed a after a vo wel, whit:his often heard e.p

ounds

7q.q'

unced

; . %

\

but eleg:.: ye-din, ,clergy';

r;l7Y(lgflm

, eleg. k,

Jie 100 000 precepts' (title of a 17.. . n Book). - ANOW. vvitn regard t o the aspiration of the soft consonants in E T the prefixed letters have the same indnencc as the superadded ones § 7.9. Examples.

q y yay, bos gruoniens. 7~i.q kdy--PO, white. 73KpC2a (Ld: spe-fa), 7c1i.Tdd-wo, enemy. boolc. 43~'ri: rdriqo, good.

I

tI

.o'deseond. i ?q~, wan,vulg.~:ail,powt?r.1

1

/

a~i.8 7id,1*-, 4548

sweet.

h6-5,eleg. ?w.?i, ourteen.

'i9' u, resp. bt

'

of the Lhasa VN'B name districtv ?gTslN' brea

@i4' en-pa, solitude.

1

3

yay-j %a,sumn

,*a, diff p. 9. Word; Accent; Quantity. I . The peculiari'cy I3f the Tibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the wnrrlsyllsbles, bat not the words (cf. 4) composed of t more of t-hese, so metimes renders is doubtful what is regarded as one = n * A 2. There exist a great nnm

.,

..

mtiiy.

11 3

nall monosyllables, which serve jfor denoiting diffcrent lades of notions, grammatical reIations etc., and are rostmed to the word in question; but never altl?r its origcinal iape, though their own initials are not seldom influeliced y it* final cansonant (cf. § 15). 3. Such r bles ay conveniently be regarded as termin atic ning ne word together with the preceeding nominu L I ~verbal root. 4. The accent is, in such cases, most naturnlty given to the root, or, in cempounds, generally to the latter part CI the oomposition, as : qT mi$, ,eyei, mdg-yi, ,of

qqq

le eye';

W"j

lag, ,handc,

WT

~b(s), ,hand-

-".

wering, gloveL. - 5. Equally natural IS, 111 W . L . , the nan t i ty of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closing le syllable, are comparatively long (though :never so .long 1 in the English words bee7 stay, or n ~ n d i tc->, TT.

herwise short, as

8 mi

1 -

3~

~m‘,

,mL, mi-ln'

~t b;IT m&-,,butterc.-In CT, however, ev-

abbCIubuated

id closing voweIs are uttered very shortly: mi, mi-kc" etc., i d long ones occur there only in the case of 5 5, 4. 5. and 2., as rrow',;

NN

U.q Nreligioni;qTy ddd

I< ,work6;

73q z a ,planeti; and in Lhsts especially: qyq

int, as: ? r

s markedI by ran 7) ,cane(1 ,

w ) 1 .

beneath the co: r o t (s.

f

'unctuaiion. Far separrating the memlbers of a 1onger - ,. .... . p e l ~ u u ,PO vertical stroke: 1, called Bad (91i3, 1s used, d i c h correspon ds at once to our comma, semicolon and colon; af'ter the dosing of a sentence the same is doubled; after s longer piece, e g. a chapter, four iads are put. No marks of interrogation or exlamation exist in punctuation. 2. In metrical compositions, the double 3ad is used for separating the single verses; in that case the Iogical partition of the sentence is not marked (cf. 5 4).

q?

A lid of a few useful words.

14.qkd-ra, I:d-ra, sugar.

PE.9 hsmiipa, hbuse. W:

gafi,

qF' which? 73' w : P T , (;:

I 77 W : "n, C: ( [4E. k u ~ hole. , 1%

%

43: $aG,

l'?: g

Or

UP, t d t .

CqT

Eq' rial, fatigue.

/

$ ?i, what?

ZxiL-tcra, little.

E' W: ja, C:,ya, tea.

'7.V %ma,

sun; day.

~

9'5 9" c: g,&he?

b

a

~sn,41.

I

C: dam-pa,

&E: iari, bee

1 z@

1

"rJa7

~ m p o great. ,

,

+%,fish.

Fq ,riufi4ea, little, few*

oe.

,

Useful words.

T4- fag-pa, rope. rC

1

f d ~ the ,

dafi, $a&, and; with.

p

37qdzul-pa,&?-pa,smoke.

I

7: mg-po, black. $ na; wealth, property.

'7'

Sun-pa,#&n-pa, me, benefit.

nad,

n

r h,.k,son.

o

Clz;W. p d * - m w ~

/ I

nr. rlmnted

book. ~ T Ti dT u g q d n , -?.in,dove.

1 qrzl.

I' ha, Ca, cow.

~ 2disease, ,

hal, i;al, wool,

a. me, he. $7m&,

na$,

gq

there is not.

r ! 4

r,

T~

2. yTJT4.

y ,to be olhanged, turned jntl3 some-

'U

thing' then ,to t ;o grow', auxiliary for the Future = , . nn &ut*e11 1 the old class~clsllanguage, as mentioned m 34. Since this can be considered ras the intransitive or passive notion, opposite to qqq ,ta make, render', the connection

40. Snbst. Verbs. - 41. Gerunde and Supines.

54

of g T 4 - with the Term.

Inf. of

another verb mest, in

k!

many cases, be r$?ndered by the passive voice in our lwngnages.

In WT' the verl> &&

Fa-Ee ,to go' is used in tkhe sense .r-lul- L*LL UULU is

%K' ,(went), grew, became, has become, is' (s. above), - In CT md later books qgr4' is used instead. of ,to LEGULW,ba growL. The Perfect root 1

b

3. ,must1 is expressed by ~qqy' ,tc be ne (s. 38. Note). In WT this is used in a very wide s any possible modification of the notion of necessity: ,I must, should, want to, ought ' and even ,I will, wish, beg (for something)' is nothing. but

4Z

Cly'TTW ,to me is necessary'

which :maybe, in the last mentioned case, rendered somewhat 2~ ,pmy!' E . W ' U V ' ~ ~ N . ~ more p~olitelyby adding

, I want potatoes, pray!'

q

-

k

1-

is as lnuch to say as ,PVill you kindly give me some potatoes'. In books nnd morei refined language several other verbs are used in the samte sense.

viz.

?~qq , i ~is right to'

5L.T ,it is meet, with the Supine;

decent',

(usually with I

yqy' ,ta wlsh, desire', both

TTyCl' ,to like' with the Dat. 11of.

The

TT1m

.Lpopular snbstitute of the last, especially in use in vr 1 , la of similm meaning, added to t h e root.

r, . Gerunds and Supines.

We retain these terims, em-

ployed by former grammarians, but observe that they do well as not refer to the farm, but t o the meaning, t h ~Gerund t is not to be understood in the same signification .

'

;atin, but as the GBrondif of some French grammariani3, or what Shakespeare cdls Past conjunctive participle inI Hindi. These forms are of the greatest irnpodnce in Tibram, being the only substitutes for most of those inate clauses which we are accn~tomedto introduce iunctions. They are formed by the two monosyllabic

7 + W" N ; after E. 9. and rowels snd aE.( 2 / ~ t o the same m l e ns a9( 13.), both of

ices

(so d t e i

,

the closing comonants

, 7,,.ig which are added to the root, or by the terminations mentioned in 15. a!3 composing the declension of nouns, which are added part ly to the root, partly t o the Infin itive or Psrtici ple. . n. n u e. run d s.

All the following fome can be ~ F UA ~**-a Gau I by the English Participle ending in ing, but the more accurate distinctions must be expressed by various con-

junctions.

.

dl these t

,

lded to the Present-root as w w

WI

t h e Perfeu-AUU*.

,givingg,45r? ,having given', and stands for all Also in I beginning with whm, as, e h c e , after. eto. the spi fitly. let frequc Znage of WT it is used mt Exam1 [ @ V B T T ,the ~ ~child, having b een car;he water, died';

,the kin1;having died, thr

&

-

the throne (kings-place)'; ~

~

~

~

~

k-

q4.T v

2.

,as there is a great water, we cannot goc.

2~ (%eto.),

of a similar sense, chiefly used for

smaller clauses within a large one;

%yly@B@

,when>

being displeased, he became angry', or ,growing displeased and mgr~r'. Often it denotes two actions going on at the same time, or two strttes of a thing existing together, and

84~87% . a ,without ~ end and bound myb; q~~&p9'nl'y.£j -.

then can only be translated by ,andb, thus,

g 4.

,to eat

It stands also in a

flesh and drink blood").

~44f~'$cR,%q ,(we)

causal sense: ,by doing etc.', a ~ :

live by catching fish'. These kwo (1. and 2.) can also, like the dosing a, as mentioned in 40.1.9, be added to every class of words, in the sense of b d y : r?'?q]~

4.q

,as you &re

Jn conversation,

3.

high (-born), being of a great family'.

k' is scarcely -ever heard.

Tv (from, or after, doing something) in temporal

clauses with ,after, when, as'; practically it is very much

like

7, snd often alternating with it.

In moat cases, in

speaking always, it is added to the root, seldom to the i d *)

of

34 mil

sign, cf. hnguan ,to feed on'.

often u m m e the d.Mve-

&k. ~ V N E N - ~ ~ N ,when . ~ L ' the night had risen (vi:z. kt d a ~

le went';

q~*qw'$

will hav9 risen, ;go!L 74 sew thai;,raising chmour, 1 wept',

4. 8j' ,in (doing soml:thing) ' again fo:r cIauses with ,stncq when, as', but in mow cases oy Iar rnr , i f b a d coonl

-

.-,

P

P

7T4 ,if, or, when (I) go, or went'; ,wuCjll,

@e)

a I ~ ~(he) r has diedL,,if he is already dead';

die, should die', ,if (he) died', ,when(he) diesL;

dq'X .if., do, did'; oot,

97 , i f . . were to do'.

geld.om to

It is added

the infinitive, and as common

in

ss in bock s . . .

. is of more various use. When added to the root,

ke

.-I- -ro of GT (where the first example ul u. would

aauunltl language

be,

&,which it replaces in the o3nver-

~ ~ ~ ~ but w does ~ not~ occur @ so )often, except

in imperative or precrntive sentences, when it is added to' the jot of the subordil: ate verb, just like other gerunds:

rq.

,gob

look!',, ,go antI look!L V'(Y'

-2

R ,ris1e and go!'.

This 1rarticle, li,kethe ab

implies Ithe verb ,to be', -%specidly when s i G"*" A-. . I., - v c a uraoting a, personal qumcy.

and s

ioned,

,

:tty, being of a 4good figo nice t i I .I -. r vynen added to the Infinitive, it aenotes: a) or course, m e gs of the postposition lzIc real Dative, or 1

with

, ., , TvrjTy4'

subatwntrve; tnus,

tb

killing, be fond .

-

arly the r

in English, e. g.

49'q

,to rejoice at

~~-~-4~3-~-58i*m% ynln14K~nl~ M

I

1

idol-shrine in t hle middle

,as thert: was an

-&-

R-,. " I I

I , 1 r . way, (she) digh~ea worn (her) chariot';

7 5 ~ ~ ~ 3,as7the king 4 went ' there daily tp -u

b

bathe'; ,an (it) does not occur in the (whole) world, t h a t is (its) occurring here, or, how is it that is occurs here?'. Findly, Itother in the Iianguage of commdsn life W le, whilsi root in order tc express the Eng ,

w

v

(1 5., Note)

,-

-- E\

-0

,

WT. i i?p

. .. il' ,whk11 &Iea6 h ~ -(-8~

*

bring

meat intcI pieces,

you (som e) wood'

..

..

6. qq-added only to the infinitive, literally (the do

his may mean

rise from lying, af

4

after', Ig

yqq-~m=*-'l"B.7

w

ping been three days in

the gra7re '(I) came out ctf the grr --L:*L WUJGU

a* 8 8

the root of thb n

, .--h VC,

m

le', in

r

IJJ-~

UO

lDpcaKll,

~tof my walking i.e.when

CqTTv

waunng along, (I) met rltn a nrhmanL;

U

4

w

C

example (s.

(71')

(the above mentioned

translake#' d into classical language);

c)

dso

the Engrlisb ,being about to' is, in. books, often expressed L"" LL!-

u v burs

Gerund:

, -~

3 k

7,when $ (1) was

2

about tc enter, the door was shut';

3rl.nl~.37qq4~

mz* _ ,,, ,

,when 0) . - was going to die, (I) wqs restored to life Which of the three is the real eaniag, will in most cases be d:ear from circumstances. This gerund i s not usel1 in talking, at least in WT.

3 ~(.3 ~ . 3 (3 etc.) or

itnu

eto.), or t

mental

~--~-- ~ n i t cases i v e of the root, mean a) ,uy uomg some-

thing'

o:

oecause

:', ..g.

....,,,eswry6.

q&!.~wqt.rcome (here), ,J R e

I

~ $ v ' ~ ~ w -=---el-. ~ . " IW@,F N-~L

nce I am resolved to help you, do not be depressed!' ... . ~ L O .~ r l p ~ l l t l ~ isyB, function of the Jnst~umental.o n ]* ~ .bht j n later t,imes th e other (:ases alscI m e use!d in this meanng. 6 ) more freqnently they are nsedI adversa~tively, -31

A

2

-

.I

r

.

Ily when

- ..-

a~qq

c

. *

:d with

47-

26--

F

.. - - . [W. 1-,el,

oagh (you) did

41. A. Gerunds. 8. 9. - B. Supines.

60

by what shall (I) believe (it)?' In other cases it mrty be left untranslated when the next sentence will commence with ,bat' : w . ~ ~ c ~ T % ~ N ' ~ N say so,

q%wXi; ,not liking delicate food,

he ate vulgar foodCor ,he did not like d. f., b u t preferred v. f.L. This Gerund is scarcely used in talking, at least in WT. 8. YW (4W), the Instrumental of the Idnitive, ,by (doing something)' is, of course, the proper expression for ,becaused,but also very often used indiscriminately for

5

only for the sake of varying the mode of speaking: 4 f Q ~ ~ R , ' @ ~ Z / ,because ~ it is very d i f 6 d t C ; yq'

4 q ,when (he) looked'. 9. Also

q~the proper use of which has bean shewn

above (35.2. d.) must be mentioned once more as it occurs in a similar fieme to

a ~ ~,

4

~

5-

,walk on praying (preces faiendo) !'; qrq~r;'%

beat in^ (her own) breast and weepingi.

-,

S upi n e s. They are expressed simply by the Termlnstlvs Case of the Infinitive or of the Root, &$47 or ~ C T,to ' see'.

In many instances the

use

of either is

b

optional, in .others one is preferred. Their use is: with E6 ,-----2

like the Latin Erupine in a, e.g.

.

1

.. TO learn-; w ~ t hverbs expressing ,to go, to send'etc.,

.~

d s o ,to pray' etc. like tbr

:

$TZ%~~F ,gotofetch',

q q % v,(I) beg

ou) to permit, - for permissionb. (Y Tn these cases the root is most common, but the Inf. 4a4b

YT, or

IT may E

ed. 2.

AJ

rjth verb: ation ant1, less use of tl frequent1.y, with tllose of declaration, where we use sentences

with ,thlat' or tht: ParticilIle or Infinitive: 1.%'4?.bV~ ,setGng (his) mother

ever,

-

?(-4. i

coming' (instead of which, how-

may be said as well);

1 ~ 4,knowii ~ 'ng that the

''

*~$TWWW.~~. .u

time

of

. . .in$; bad

arrived'

gWbTR!

(lit: ,tha ,t it had wme down ,to the time'),!; i

/ Z

\W,remembering him to bt:the kilyys son' 01 ,that ..'.- 6) in m adverbial sense, when we s:aY ,so ", +L capeciaUy in negative sentenc~~, ,-" ,,ithout b

u t l m r .1

A"

nt'mn+( m urmu uvu

. . .ins', q ~ . 3 ~ * ~ * &,so' 4 that r nobody may (did) perceive it', or ,withoot anybody perceiving it.'

I . The modern language of WT uses in the first instance (B. 1.) either the s i m ~ l eInfinitive, 4~9'k!'(q~1' flak

2

W,a f l ~ 2 ~ . ~ . p m 22-. "., the y* ot the books S. 7.2.), 4Sjq

i ~ q ) - o r t h e same with

1-

nr mi&

EJq (for

'p@;

in the 81:cond either the same forms, or . Particular one. -wL:u*lLc u Vonsists in repeating the h a 1 con-

sonant of the mat with the vowel a, to which d s o

W

may

E'~E.W~~( ,(I) have come to meet you'; in the third, the direct ImQerative adding for the sake of civility, ~ T L W

be added : tlrus,

$74'$!,

Y

k

U

,pray permit!" In the case of B. 2., insteed of ml.Z$~45'ml*q~'; the expression in common use will be

~ 4 .orq ~ ~

~5$r~'; instead of ~ N . ~ C ' X I . & 4T, eitherthesame form, W ~ T T , or the Gerund,

bl.gy5.- In CT those

examples would respectively, stand thus,

a'

or

484.4qy~5~777q ldh-tu,

qy4.7 or 4a4k

ldb-ba (sounding al-

V

most E-wa), ldb-pa (pla-h kag-po; in the third i n s t m c c a pecnliar word, ,rogL, is nsed, which is said to be origi-

nally the same as

T ~ (%' w)

,Ciend,assistanLntL ,and ser-

ves now as t h e respectful substitute of

Imperative, Instead of

TF~T' ,pray

ml.gqqetc.

be the simple Participle,

',

a~

le of the

9iij

r give!'

the most usual form in

CT

will

xl.4~9..

Note 2. All the forn'IS, of cotm e , where 4' or 4' are met with might in certaiin cases belong t o the Participle, and not to the Infinitive

Note 3. The reader tensee of the elass of P~u~e-~.rer;r;

.

any r n d ~

I L L

-A-

41.

B. Supinea, Notes.

indeed, there exists no form of the kind, and they car1 only @T%~4w'qnl'%T be reade:red by a Gerund, e.g,

q-:

Qq

e letter, 'fie) sent (it) offb;

,when (1~ e )had v

T, GT:

J

e) shaIl have written the 1etter, (he!) will kJ

sent (it) offc. Neither have the Conditional or Subjuncti~e

any spet:id form.

JI

T ~ U S , eg.,

-.. we &d not do that, we could not live (;.en we cannot earn

~ ~ T ' T?% ~ ~ ~ ~

our suste'nanosinanyothermanner); $ I

R F

79

1 .

>W"

y should net I hear (grant) what you say (your

wish)?'; ~ ~ V ~ @ ~ ~ ~ V MW , . ,U \you) had not explained it, and (we) had not seen the signs, w8 e mould not hare understood itb;

S

.n

WW&$V

W

n

rn

d

'

9 4' . ,as ~ a ~man~ would ~ ~not find it, I must

emmation'; vulg.,

WT,

L R - x T T sjf~the~dishuue ~ ~ was ' not so great, k

uld come t o me (visit me)'. Here may be added, the intention of, er attempt at, doing something ressed by the simpIe verb: thus,

3~ ,though I did tr:r yt'; ~

to

4

77'9~4~

hind(?r him, I could

' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w c ~ $ 1 ' g~@q~ ~ w c

4~Fn,~q%~-qqq-~~@$ ,as he saw his b -

own disoipli

64

A Survey of the p h i p a l form&of t h e E t e Verb.

on the point of springing into the water (and that he had sprung oft' the bank), he held him back bjr the force of bis magic, so that he did not touch the water' (3. 41. B . 2. b.). m. .I'L Especially the gerunds in n T q (41. A. 6.) nave onen this

meaning:

477 .

& ~ . ~ L ' ~ W T W N ' @ ~ ~ ~

,when I was about to be p&ed from life, he saved itL; -w

,the snake, having become angry, though she in t en te d (or: had at &+st ink) to let out her poison, reflected thus'. As ivill be seen from these examples, the action, in such cases, is &ought to have begun in fact.

A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb. Present:

'JI~,

W 45CRJ"

give

~f W$q@4'& j j ~ ~ p ( ~ ?1jsee

c fl%-q-q?

w .r*q4.;7T

(or

k

intens.

~!t.4~37

q.1

q.); c w*;il.q~ I

am seeing

Perfect:

W ~ $ ~ g w r . , h a l

wqr

C

q'iicss saw, w w

went n, inten

4 5 ~ ~ 4has' 4been ~ g.~Q m

went

IygW'

65

42. The Adverb.

Future:.

w T ~ Tshall, will give

l5"

~ R i ~ ainjt ens. ~ ~ @ I T T

jQF.4 b7 ~ c

see

SW,

@@f~,$ q 4 q q ~will

arrive

Imperative:

K w @ f ~give!

4 5 4 i

w'B* see! .

intens.

qwi/7qq kill!

w ~ ~ T

M.Y do not give! N%@~Tv$

X1 *

o n o t

taka out!

Chapter VIII. The Adverb.

42.

We mag

d i s t i o e h three classes of adverbs: 2. Adverbs formed from Adjectives. Adverbs formed from Substantives or Pronouns. 1 w ,ry few Primitive Adverbs occur; the most usual low', F,v ,whenc, NC (books and GT) or

. Primitive adverbs.

T?

I'l* a I

rnorro~~, and a few similar ones;

-r.n

nd the tt

ves

a no e

,againL',

8 and F.T',

- - ~n . plvrrrr~luvo sentences, t

UTf'

gi~e',%c;' L

the Iatter of which is and with a pmt tense, as ,(shall I) not give', bat:

q ~ ((WT: j ~ 4 7 ,do ~ not )

66

42. Adverb.

give!' The verbs

% nlTW, fl&, $7 have alwaye

3

before them (40.). Another particle of

4' instead of

this kind, of a merely formal value, is

T, which is added

to any word or gmap of words in order to single it out and distinctiy separate it from everything that follows. It i s , therefore, often very useful in lessening the great indistinchess of the langnage, especially so when separating

the subject from the attribute: 8q?kjnl.57sl~.q.ry"~ ,that man is a Ladakee'. (There is scarcely an adequate word t o be found in our modern languages, but the Greek ys, or PEW-ds--, are very similar.) fn hlking it is seldom

F.

E\

heard, and, when used, in WT pronounced:

I

2. Adverbs may be formed from any Adjective by putting it in the Terminatire m e . 4 3 ~ $,good: 43c-Y~

,wellb; q4- ,principal v

~l'Xnt'y$j~%~, WT: q q

< ~ 3 ~,in~ (after) ~ 4

-u

three days he will arrive beyond this plain, will have crossed it'.

F C C T ~ T T,inVthe~four @regions ~ of the house, ronndwbout '.

73

43. 2. Compound Postpositions.

~ ,go in the direction 4 ~ towards, that

{

~

village'.

F474'34~7, DT : *477q9'(~1.), W T : 6 ~ 4,for. ''

v

b

-u v

seven years'.

CT: ~ T q ~ % - q 4WT: l ' ~R , ~WW SqwqErr;~5;.7, b

6 7 ,from ~ this to thai'.

w

~

~

~

~

&

k

. WT, & ,ti1 ~ I~ go. t o ~ u l \ u ' .

b

6) General Compound Postpositions, expressive of the meral relations of things and persons. They are farmed JI the same manner as the Local ones, from substantives, sdjsctives, and even verbs. Their use may be learned from the folIowing examples:

E @ T ( ~ ) or

q~books

and CT, WT:

~qpr4. ,for

k

me, in my beha14 for my sake, on my accountL.

' -

,for what reason has that illoess came? what

-

is the cause- of etc.?'.

Nwyr RN'T 335 ,in behalf of all living beingsb. stead of woodL.

4 % ~,according to, like,

v

as' -

~ ~ ~ q ~

,doing according to the word of the king';

7

4&3 ,according to that, like that, thus, soc; ~ a l . 4 M ~ it the dialect of WY uses qcf$'T;', generally with the Genitive, thua the laat ,as formerly, ae before'; instead of

example there would be: ~

~

w

~

~

yq ,likec, Tyy ,like a hill'; R,Tyq, ~ Y T$like this, like ihat, thua, so, ~ Y T CT: , 9(CyT. ,like what?

bow? in what manner?'. In the dialect of WT w ~ T F J ' or ~@$YN.$is used

,like

baoh with the same meaning): thus, s hill';

TT*

T F ~ ~,thusc; N ' or

(properly

d ~ )&ST, , WsT ,thusL, T'EjT ,how?'. Chapter

IX.

The Gonjanotion.

44. The written language possesses very few, the spoken still fewer, Conjunctions, most of which are coordinative. The common word for ,and' is which we have

Tr

seen above in

the sense of ,withi, 9

(3~~ 75WYE.1 ~1

3y~.~'q7;14.4* ,gold and silver and iron and collection (i, e. and so on)', though the position of the. 2nd (ld.) after the word TF shows that it is dwayys considered as.belong-

ing to the preceding member of the sentence, simiIm, in

~ I

75

44. Conjunction.

\ i s respect, to the Latin ,¶net; nor can it in m y case ?gina sentence. Very seldom, and only in later literatnre, appears as combining two verbs, if not, indeed, the root ~ghtto be regarded there as abbreviation for the infinire. Further: YF ,also, toob. W h e n belonging to a single ord or notion it is put nfter it in an en~litica~l way like uoqueCin Latin. It is changed according to the termitio on uf the receding word, into 3E' after 4-

7 5'

w*),into

often after vowels (cf. 6). Thus:

gcB 7 ;taking also a son (with him)'.

When repeated,

N . Y C ~9., \

it has the signification of Latin ,eta et-:

IC*!~

,both mother and son died'.

Often, especially

negative sentences, it means ,evenL,~ ven one (they) did not find

-

h

3

~ ~ ~ not even one'. This is tLe

~1gmeans for prpressiog ,none, no, nothingc,

C) VCV?$N. I C(

8 ~or,ac) $7 ,there is nothing' (ef. 29). 4

b

~

y

b

%s

(resp. ~ G W ,,nobody ) came';

combined with verbs,

3%

(or

T7dl.a. When

,wen ~ searching ~ $

~

(they) did not 5ndL, it serves a9 another expression for loughi or also ,butG(s.41.A. 7.6): thus, ,though they search1, they etc.' or ,they searched, bat they etc.'. Standing

-

') This is not verg cmefnlly observed even in good mscr. and prints, where qC;" will occur sometimsa after etc., and

7'

Tc'

,

76

44. Conjunction.

- 45. Tnterjection.

for itself (not leaning on the preceding word) it mems ,agnin, once moreC (when it is to be regarded as adverb), $ . T ~ ~ E ' T ~ N,there ' ~ N(I) . fainting once more eta.'. ,

I n the beginning of a sentence it is ,and, again, moreover', and may occasionally be rendered by ,however, butc. WT, ,or'; repeated, *' ,either-or-'.

- w$.

- ,OrL is expressed also by the interrogative affix of the finite verb (34, I.), TW etc., 4 @ ~ % n l % i ~ 1 1 3EN.

?gb.~'F,a

bottle of gold, silvel; or copperc. -

@,'F occurs

moch less frein Tibetan ~ h a nin the European languages.

eless, but', volg: ,,,,y

?kiF 7 ~ 7

The only Subordinate Conjunctions arc: 1. (40.1. ,if ', introducing coaditiond sentences ending in A. 4 ). But, as the conditional farce really rests on the closing the initial 4lnl.Y may be put or omitted at pleasure; 2.

7, 39 ,but if 7wij.qbq.. ?if I can .. .', % ? 3 q ~ . ~ v ,but if not . . .'; ttiis last is found only in books. j

m.

b

Chapter X. The Interjection.

45. Tha most common Interjection is ed,

33,oh!, alaslL used also befork

language of common life uses instead:

3, repeator,

the Vocative. The wa, or

@ w;.

77

46. Derivation.

+

Chapter XI. Derivation.

46. Derivation of Substantives. As most of what belongs der this head has already been mentioned in 11. and 12. ly the formation of ahstract nouns remains to be spoken of. 1. The unaltered adjective may be used as an abstract

m, especially with the article 9, as: ~ 4 . aq ,the cold is changed into warmth'. - To this may

~

4

%

;dded the pronoun (gK"4.5,ipaum frigidurn'); t this is used scarcely mywhere else than in rnetaphya1 treatises, from whence a few expressions, such a s

y4.R ,the vacuum,

the ahsolute rest in deliverance

become more gonerall y known. 2. In the case of two correlative ideas existing, frequently

fro m existence "have

the: ~omponodof both is used, esp. in common talk, ,sip:ab(lit. ,large and small'),

tbi!d), kg.

~

g

~

2 6 ~

TwEJ ,thicknessL(,thick and ~

~ ,the L~e as fmuchl as ~ a

b

mmtard-seedL.- 3.

pL/.,differencec (or,

sometimes,

dy7

x~,measureG)is added, a;l@'~ ,heightL,mBT ,wedh,

- 4. ~ e n ' t aqualities l are in most cases paraphrased M

bes4.

G'qW, or

3 with

a genitive,

434434~ ,mind

endoring, i e. patience',

--,,,,urn,

&illt;

,wise

TTqiq&~ ,mind of rejoicing,

b

~

joy' (vulg :

$~6$~yyq), 77"4?&~ ,mind of belief

(also ,a believing mind'), faith'.

- 5.

formed by adding the termination GJ',

ration of the preceding vowel: R

foal'; M' ,manL,

Diminuti vt$ 8 are often with arI alk-

$ ,horse4,

,little horse,

Qs

,little man, dwarfb;

,stoneb, ,small stone, calculusi. If a word ends with a cons

only zc is added, and a new syllable formed:

+

y?

&

,s

47. Derivation of Adjecfives. 1. Possessive' adjectives are regularly expressed by adding the syllable phnse

y,or the

YCq4'4', abridged FFi to any substantive, @f ing a b e d b ;

$ w T,having ~ the head of

having hair, (long-) hired';

,

s manb;

$.q'

y&*TT(q ,possessing knowledge, learned,

wise';

SrYT

y' is never heard in common talk hi W,T. - 2. Adjectives

of appurtenance me generally expressed by the geniti~eof

7 3 ~ ,of3 gold, goldenc; -@$T ythe eye of flf?sh, the carnal, bodily eye: oppos. ~ ( N . T @ W ~

the substantive,

:

,the eyt of knowledge, spiritual eye 4 . - :3. Negative, or mw:m.-,t:~ r l ~ v ~adjectives ~ e are formed innseveral ways: a) by the simple negative

%,

84~4. ,unworthy'; R ~ K F,un.~. 1

st'; %f*q ,unheaxd of'.

4) by adding

37 ,withoat'

79

47. Derivation.

737 ,headless'; 8 9 7 ,faultlessc.

o)

by adding the

b gW(4") ,separated from', aVTF'5Jnl'a',gVgW m-ated from t h e body, bodiless'. - 4. The English adjiectives in -able, -ale are expressed by sc4' ,to befit', addled to the Sopine, or to the simple Root,

7%5'3r9', -u

E'sF',fit for drinking, drinkable', vulgo: 9 F f l v

48, Arrangement of words.

Part 111, Syntax. 48. Arrangement of wards. 1. The invariable rule is this: simple sentence aH other words must precede the verb; in a compound one a11 the subordinate verbs in the form of gerunds or supinea, and all the coordinate verbs in the form of the root, each closing its own respective clause, must precede the governing verb (examples s. below). 2. The order in which the different cases of substa,ntives belonging to a ver h are to be arranged, is rather optional, so that c.g. the agent may either precede or follow its object. Local and temporal adverbs or adverbial phrases are, if possible, put at the head of the sentence. 3. The order of words belonging to a substantive is this: 1 The Genitive, 2. the governing Stibstantive, 3. the Adjective (unless this is itself put, in the g~nitive,before; 16), 4. the Pronouu, o. the Numeral, 6. the indefinite Article: thus, in

-

-

KF$~&K*

,this my little daughter';

gown' ; ~

~

aiq-'iq~.q~,a red

.-+% Tq*yb;l.~'q or yqq 9 TW,the red goan ';

~

~

~

.,these~ three $ great ~ kingdoms'. ~ ~

Adverbs precede the word they belong to: ,very great';

~TT%@ v

%u~ & I ~ T N ,come ' very ~ Tquicklyc.-T~

~

the Casea

mltltive sentences (:cf. 29) tlhe Relitive precedes stratise: ,what there is, the give whatever you have', and in comparative g;. - -- mt.rrr;va bfie thing with which another is compared, orwrily precedes tbis (cf. 17).

~F~T~'T%@T

::

'

49. Use of the cases. As the necessary observations )at the iiistrumental have been made in 30, ahout the .er oases and postpositions partly in 15, partly in 43, it .-II J u r LL b u r . Accusative, that requires a few words more, - s very often used absolutely (as in Greek). a) AI :

&?%

(his etc.) lifetime';

,at night';

~

$

$qz,q y ,at that time'; b

,,

484.pd'qq ,having studied for .st~,

the

amr;.

r)

,dud

~~~~

$

one day, after one day's

5343

Ace. modalis:

7% M'wypY,

~ u ~ n d ~ ;

,

~wding

,

b

rth, eight, cubits' (cf ,A:--

-r

*-I, UVIOU~,

la); p ' ~ ~ ~ ,re~ ~ ~ .

k

m

being like smoke' (cf. 50, 1, a); 5EJFN'

th regard ta @is) birth, equal". m -

++-e c.

y

sim

'T

De add

e ,of equal

(42. 1) is very often employed:

73~.

Nearly in all cases, however, pastpositions in talkirm

we preferred to the

r; 54';

734~

-

50. Simple Sentences. e a a) tlie attribt~ t being

.ve sent ences. the verbI: to Be,

UUUU,

8

vsmaain etc.:

8(: p p p v * ~ ,this Q~

? & ~ + jil

[Tlq4',this is a wise man..

is

93Tg'

is wise

1138m

(to become),

'

11

*=I1

5~

nen m e verb

(to remain) ete. the wt-

v

tdbote mast be put in the Terminative:

$~~TT-~T V

q N '

,(his) hair became whitec; 1g: pafie,

,t he king remained stead4% qq~'4.qq

his vow '; In some sped:a1 cases this may take :c~ the verb is ~ i m p l l,tn ha' : PJwql7mXr G V 2

uU

qI

"~v'14(1'$7 EVTRV~T k l

auapt! was like a man", his foot only was p+ 8?Wnl' b) the attribate being any other verb: 3

vlrr

f

c

4

43

4 '37 q 2 w ~ M q ~ 3 ~- 5. R ~ 3 7 ~I 75

2q-=@F"e4"aqm ,a ancient king of C

,t a very

i

I--.--

all in the north oi that country'. Interrogative r

es.

- a) s i m p l o : 579 house?';

'

vho i s there?';

%'

$ 5 ~

what do you corn e for?', ,

rC

,A+

do you v '

much (is) the 1

... .

R ,es~desthe

athx am the later merature m a the con-

50. Simprde Sent.

-- 51. Compound Swlt.

languag(eofCThras the accentuated interrog:ttive

article I# $' i.", $mutediwtely before tlI,verb:

rb i

L !

y;'

,is there

my means

q4q@q7

.. . .?' ,; WV+&C+~V

w

,can you do this work?'. The form of a question is also used to express uncertain

dijP d

A$

oppositions (likely t o oecome realized), I

,

W:

$~y'37~~

s forgetting possible?' for ,he may possitdy have forgotten

L; y

~

~ ,won't ~ he T die?'; f~

~ ~4 7 ~~ ~ 9 4 ' 4 ~ , t h

I)

is not the devil, 1 Lope?'.

U

boble:

FT~$'T~;T'$+T

,is @e) within or not?';

I T T W & ~ ~ ~ ; ' C & ~ C ,is it agreeable (to you i. e. do w

ou consent) to give me (yoor son) or not?';

3

E.~CWY'$

,are you sorry at my arrival, or what

else) i s the matter (with you - hecause yon weep)?

vi

sa. *) The numbers refer t o the notes at t h e end of the collec~on, exhibiting the spelling of some of the W O ~ that ~ S are most disfigured in pronunciation. **' - d ~ m 41, NoL- '

87

P h m ee.

3sl-wa2) %g

z

Y&, 1 4 6 ' la

Have you anp errand ,(bn-. siness)?

dgm hi9 yZ'-dm.

? tari m d ; Ed=-EayoG(g), 3 >a6 d ; &n - m d ' - l a

Not m y ; I h a ~ ecome t o no purpose.

yoJon.

V

du fug pa fud-Eela h6- Then go home to eat (drink)

yonr soup. pa-la-&. W yod: BEi-Ea 7113m.3) &ig Yes: please give me some medicine. s aZ4), C yF': 6d-ka mars. 2ig na&-5) sog.

v sid-la zag"

yod, Ts sug D~~~)-YG b d - l a n d - f s a &fig)-@

I am

ill (I have got, am befallen with, an illness)

dw. vFT zCr-mo rug, C - -dug. V gci-na, C v d d+a9)-la, C $6'-pa-la. VV yd-la z q rag, C - - -yT. W La-2a ya&-pa-la Fa-&-la

X feel pain. 'Wbere? In the stomach. I have heagache.

Weshould have takeh a walk, but it is too hot. Take this! VG di len. V di f i g e ~ ,C: di RUT sod. Take this w i t h (yon)! dk k'yot, C di RUT Bog. Bring this! -z@g 80-Ee, C di How shdl 1 d - agio) y' tmi (or wl @fi ( ~ m - ~ d . di-zug Eo nas' goa ($of, Yon must not do it in this fia%.-te rag.

Say.

:ases.

I wanti

..I

$

tag-mo t o ,

some ITlore milk

d di ldg-

?*

n

Wash it with sand!

da+i pul

b je-ma f@. W d a - b iF.u Eud zad (C a$)

me som

(C Sg).

2 ig nalii'J) &$

se!

n r e {your) W Zciq-pa bdg-mo ydd-da, C E ~ Y - W A O (la-mo,

u m u a wezsll

m i - w a ) .4 yG'.
urposeL. ule 30,is 0bserved. )

S. 14).

perf.

dq

J'

,ys strictly

94

Reading Exercise.

25) 43.2. - 26) perf. of yC9. ,to fall'. v

- 27)

perf.

q'2:44' ,to seizeL.- 28) 43. 2. b. - 29) 41.6. b; $FJ. == ~~~~~~. - 30) 49. - 31) ,from the inner (i.e. other) side t o thisi, ,across4. - 32) carpenter (lit. ,Z~k.wnlri',cf. 12. 1,). x r f . of q$4* ,to ask'. - 34) 40.I . g. 351 41. u. - 361 aerf. o f YY4' ,to throw down'. of

7

LL.

-

le

29). 38) ,set down'. -- 39) if the verb is in he subject is usually put in the-ttccus., when me the genitive. - 40) ,returning it so that the owner 1. 3. 2. b. - 41) ,I did not return it with the by saying anythingc. - 42) ,because (41. A. 8) did not say it (via: I give beck)'. -- 43) 41. B. 1) 41. A. 5.

- 45)

ped. of @TWT

,to tie,

46) i m p , of @ ~ y ,to ' take ant, pull out' eto. stlp6, Iess frequent and somewhat different from

-, ,iui!3.

- 48) ,myE (241.

-

49) ,secondly'. - 50) 17. 1. - 51) ,it is better that Y. should be the winner, t h that besides having heen robbed of my ox, I should lose my eyes.into the bargain. - 52) ,mother mid: 0 god! e t a C (W used in addressing a 7'

~ ~ q,toqdieL * has perf. TV;an e l e g a n t word (24, -w

k

Note;.

- 54) perf. of

- 55) ~ 2 . ,m say'. - 56) 41.8. s. 30 fin. -

95Tq ,to

p e d q& ,to go, walk4; eleg. 5. b. - 57) Nomin. for Instrum..

enter'.

Reading Exercise.

97

58) perf. of W F ' T ,to be much, many; to become mc.

-

- 59)

partic., ,that a man was concealed (behind ity. iO) 41.A, 5. - 61) 27. 1. - 62) imper. of 447rlme1eg. b or

374*;,go and rn ske the husband of this same (woman)'.

-

an that he should be (my)husbandL.- 64) 9.57). rtic., ,the axe which 1 held from (i. e. with) my monthb.- 66) 40. 3 ,whatever things be carried, it being

amy them 'ibetan Gram

0x1 the

shedder'. - 67) fo*

$v#V

68) .'%f@ ,different, sewral, each for himself'. -

''

qN. - ,separately,

ent verbs 3.

i list of the mor

-

a) F o u r - r o o t e d Fut.

PerP.

verbs.

WT

Impem.

TT lade, put on . . . kal-.?e 15~ 49- T5Tg %snt. i?ad-& imprv. L'5d \%KT 43~57' h. tie, bind.

(6jqq

q

to-b

. and imp.

Eos

destroy.

45C

qyV

4r

% give.

imp. taG-de twi

@' look.

(&Ma-&

"1 They are here mranged according t o the number of ths roota, lough these me in many instancee, not so strictly observed, even 1 plinted books, as they ongbt to be. I t should espeoidy be relarked that the mute iia the perf. and imp. i e in moat cases ,r omitted very arbit

v

78

Pres.

Perf.

Fut.

939~"' 437 777~.97' ~ 7 4 ~ 4974. s/?T

qyyvs. 45qN. 9.4-

q k

TEN.

PYq

gq

WT tog lift; weigh. imp. . tag-& tab-&? throw. imp.

Imperv.

s/?TN.

q.

ta,q,?c YTV tie, bind* imp. tog,

fay t a ~

4177

get, drive, out. dways for

yq,Ejc. V!k throw, hurt,.

3~do, make,

5

@4'~ $a~-?-b

for it ho-h

k' bring, let, down. #d-&

~ 3 4 ~ qq q.

74q

4

& %-2e

hd-go-te

Print,ed by Unger Brothers (Th.QrSmm), Berlin.

Ef9

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