Grammar of the Tibetan Language

Citation preview

BY

ALEXANDER CSOMA DE K ~ R ~ S

A K A D ~ M I A IK I A D .~BUDAPEST 1084

Cnver deaign: Hajnal R o d i n

Printsd in Hunyry

GRAMMAR T H E T I B E T A N LANGUAGEa

GRAMMAR THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE,

PREPARED,

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE AUSPICES OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF IIENGAL,

ALEXANDER CSOMA DE K O R ~ ~ S , SICULO-HUNGARIAN OF T R A N S Y L V A N I A .

&arIcuttrt: PRINTED

AT THE DAPTlST MISSIOA' PRESS, CIRCUI..\R R O A I , .

11134.

vii

(A B)bksra;a or grammsticd work of the Tibeta. Language.)

(Sans. N L I I ~Ralno O Trayhya. Eng. Reverence to the three Holy Oner.)

(Yor understanding well the Tibeton Laogusge, according to grsmmatical rules, the arrangement of letter#, which are the baala of syllabler, wo&, and lentencea, u to he explained.)

viii

THEwide diffusion of the Buddhistic religion in the eastern parts of Asia, having of late greatly excited the attention of European. scholars, and it being now ascertained by several distinguished Orientalists, t$at this faith, professed by so many millions of men in different and distant countries in the East, originated in Central or Gangetic India, it is hoped that a Grammar and Dictionary of the Tibetan language will be favourably received by the learned Public ; since, Tibet being considered as the head-quarters of Buddhism in the present age, these elementary works may serve as keys to unlock the immense volumes, (faithful translations of the Sanskrit text) which are still to be found in that country, on the manners, customs, opinions, knowledge, ignorance, superstition, hopes, and fears of great part of Asia, especially of India, in former ages. There are, in modern times, three predominant religious professions in the world, each counting numerous votaries, and each possessed of a large peculiar literature :-the Christians, the Muhammedans, and the Buddhists

I t is not without interest to observe

the coincidence of time with respect to the great exertions made by several Princes, for the litelaary estclblish~nentof each of these different religions, in the Latin, the Arabic, and in the Sanskrit languages, in the 8th and 9th century of the Christian E r a : by CHARLESTHE GREAT,nnd his immediate successors, in Germany and France ; by the Khalifs AL-MANSUR,HARIJNAL-RASHID,and AL-MAMUX,a t Bagdad ; by the Kings of Magadha, in India ; by KHRISRONGDE'HU TsAN, KHRI DE'SRONG PACHEN,

TSAN,

in Tibet : and by the Emperors of the Thang dynasty, in China.

and R A L -

But it is to

the honour of Christianism to observe that, while learning has beeu corltinually declinillg among the Muhammedans and the Buddhists, Christianity has not only carried its own literature and science to a very advanced period of excellence, but in the true and libera]

spirit of real knowlcclge, it distinguisltcs itself by its elTorts in tlie present day towards :lrrlt~iring:ill intimate acquaintance with the two rival religious systems, and that too, in their origil~al languages.

Hence, in tlie north-western parts of Europe, in Germany,

Erlglantl, Fmnce, where u thoitsand years ago, only the Lntin was studied by literary mrrl, thcre are now found establklimer~ts for a critical knowledge both of the Arabic ant1 tlrc S a ~ ~ s k rliteritture. it IIence, too, Itas been fvunded recently the Ol.ietjfcrl li.ct~t~lcrtim#Co~~~miffee, composed of the most eminent Orientalists of Europe, from whose labours so mncli has already been

'.A'

b \

"S aYt

23 a

aut ,

.\

"S

>r

rn

=

PY'

i

b H a

:

an-,

zL = 3 a-9

=

\ w =V

P a - L a-\ F

a

u

t

Q Y I

a-c

aY'C

mL

%%& -+% Y a~ 0'

r r r

' 2

*

P a q a

'

3

L

9

= L

PAL

9 Y

"*'

* hn'

3 e

43 4K

Capital Letters

s&*

fi

ql.

&

rr

tfi

tr

4Kl 99 j qk 9 'I 'L. y* 49 44- 4 q

7 s

ab

"

,,

'41. * 9y.

fM

L*b I8

* v* sg*

4 t j ~

*g

9-

qJ*

4$* q i . 4f

9-$.*

y. 47

8

y

"

"

4&

* avo Q?

~

=

k-yw

I

&ih

+

. =

sk ~ K I.

s? qgT

=

=

,

q5q- q>

hp,

1

q$* 4fl

q3* q j * g q ,

q-q$*

q

qyrc

=

=

1

~

Yh

~

+.

b

r

+

+

k ~ y

bh'

I&

4b.

d&

w

d&.

4

yb.

kdr.

kt.'

Qb.

d

"

4A

4d.

6c&

&dl.

4

br;A.

ydi

JU.

&&

&dl

brb

h;N

6qAu

d

k-.

&,&

k+w k

kw.

$*#A'

4b.

&A

4cE

&$kc

kkr

w

7

"

.

9 .y. 4.q-, sy -. 3. sf1 . 4 dl . g, . . qgt .

rC2 ra

sy*

fd3

s * q a

34

64 w f6x s/

q-

44-

%

a

q,.

l

e

=

~krc

krr: &&

s&

q&

&cn

-

&+

dqh.

"

k

~rj;

&&*

1.w

kk' A;.*.

y

["

1

T H E TIBETAN LANGUAOE .

Small Character

SYLLABIC

(23 )

u~ J+

rps

7

ulil

476

3

4. uQ: a/@ +rQ- 4& "1

'77

'

a ~ w*$

4'7d

4-

y v - y

'0

a\.

?

QCHEME OF

wh* qr)l. 4gl ~ &3* nqr

i*

mwm~ =

-+

=

,+lm

=

~ P J

4% wgl=

n,&

-&I

mh

-Uy* *Up + k ~ / v ",,hira ".,,umf rmh

"y?" 4

m y

,

. S T my+

.*p

T H E TIBETAN

LANGUAGE.

ttsl

SYLLABIC SCHEME OF

C a p U LetAerr

*

1 49- ~ 3 w -

3-

"

a5q- 4r+ 4

ic4* 4Y 1

ra

r w+&

'89

y

a a p a2r

rS/

184

1 3

u

r~

l3

4 '

&-i g l

am*

,q a$.

,-,

:\

*TqW,.y

L

qq?- G;\.J .&

2-a*

d,.

*

'\

*

q&

m&i%

=

~ ~ k ",A l& dm,cui ~

a

j

vu,&

"*ji

"4,nYd WN/U

,.url &,

m,&

r

* v

3

,+ , w~

44 a? 1

aqT-47 4 9 .

1

&,

a$. N

4

qq

=

& ,

rrh

=

"U,

4.E

*

-4 mm

=

m , h U

.sf&

no,&

nyjw

7

I l l r y

%?j$

,

.

,

~

nija

n ~ b h

%A

4

*;nu/

ntu

.**&

m

m

,

~

m%all

~

THE 'Z'IBETAN LANCXJAGE

Small Characterr

SYLLABIC SCHEME O F

+tel qC

-

2

a p sg.g& 1 q y ss q3*.qgl 4y= .Cyi 2 ?&P* q s Q3 c 7t. 6 1 ~~

#@*

-

*

& '

"

a

qrq**;q

w

3

ssq* qii'. I

'~9

QqT

Q?

2w

*,

ss- s?

"

"

94q094*

&4

44

4

q 1%

9&*

qi,

9s 9 k

1

951

Qg. 94-

Q3 94qa-

q q

-

~ fQ . T ~d* s f

I

3 2439

Letha.

9&

951.

qd-

qqfl,

sss* Ps? (2%' 94- s4-,

&.

,a

*. a

,;a,

+P=

4+

ApJ

&c&

AcxxUI*

&ax,

5 4 & dp & 4p 4

4

A&

A&.

&Ad &&

A,&

A,'&.

-

&&

&&

Ak;

A&

sdn,

LA.

=

4PU

err,

A+

4

=

Zp5.9 Aplj A*,

-

A+

rsplc~

*

4

"

L

4

4%

=

*

. hpr; 4fle

A

" " 3-q2 qg $- $1 206 q91= 99- q2 ,g47

4

-

&&Q

&+

4 .

A&

&&.

4 9 49

X L 4 b 4

-

hp5.I

x.6; 16.

n.nc, A* i,/fbllL

hdw:

X,d&

h,&

hfi. A&.

T H E TIBETAN LANGUAGE

L?91

SYLLABIC SCHEMB O F

T H E TIBETAN

LAN(3UAGH

TIRETAN

ALPHABET

C32 I

TIBE'L'AN

ALPHABET

TIBETAN

ALPHABET

in Uls Biirnyik (pqa.>3) Character

r

YI I I

J W ~ IJJ Iw

p

ae u!

CjCl

TIBETAN ALPHABET in the

Bimyik (zqa4-.u?() Character

b2j

'I'ITlETAN I rl

ALPHABET

t.he B&iyih( q q y

.C Y ~Character. )

TZBETAN ALPHABET in ihe Brutaha Character

[NI

(?ad)

TA6nfdh/;tr1m#h.n;d.hrv*i/&l&& e

.

r

h

m&g

rq l ' d o / ~ . l t r i w & v ~

@vmamor.oEtki$A j~m(~&wrdy

c

-

w

,

by

t#7 I

w

T'IBBTAN ALPQIABXT in the ~n~to'ha (qx-4)Character

4C&&I'ct U k

(d

U'.

4b drtc'

-

+ I;ji

+ GQ