The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part II. - The Tombs of Panehesy and Meryra II.

Citation preview

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Edited

by

LL.

F,

GRIFFITH

FO UB TEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS OF

EL

AMARNA

PAET II.-THE TOMBS OF PANBHESY AND MBEYRA

II.

BY

DE G.

N.

DAVIES

FORTY-SEVEN PLATES

LONDON SOLD AT

Thk OE'FICEH of

the EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

37,

Gkeat Kussell Street, W.O.

AND PiJSECE Building, CoTley Square, Boston, Mass., U.8.A.

AND BY B.

KECJAN PAUL, TiiENOH, TBUBNBK & CO., Dkvden House, 43, Gerrakd Stkeei, 80110. W. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., 13, BEOfoKD Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. ;

AND

HENEY

I'llOWDE, Amen Corner, E.G. PJOO

College of

Ar^tectuie Library

OforncU Itttuccsitg atljata,

.

ffitbtatg

Kew ^nrk

A.-'o&i^^- 'o^^ J-j-

Cornell University Library

DT 62.T6D3 V.2

The rock tombs

of El

Amarna

...

3 1924 020 525 352

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020525352

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Edited by

F.

LL.

GRIFFITH

FOURTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS OF

EL AMAENA PAET II.-THE TOMBS OE PANEHESY AND MEEYEA

II.

BY

DAVIES

DE G.

N.

FORTY-SEVEN PLATES

LONDON SOLD AT

The offices OF

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, AND PlEKCE

AND BY B.

BiriLDING,

37,

Great Eussbll Street, W.G.

CoPLEY SQUAHE, BoSTON, MASS., U.S.A.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TEUBNBR & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerbaud Street, Soho, W, ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 15, Piccadilly, W. AND HENRY FROWDB, Amen Corner, E.G.

QCTARITCH,

;

MH

1905

.

UUIVI

I

vY

LONDON:.

PRINTED BY GIIBEET AND BITINGTON IIMITBD, ST.

JOHN'S HOtrSE, OIEBKBNWEIiL.

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND. ©tesiOent.

SIE

JOHN EVANS,

K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.E.S., V.P.S.A.

IDiccaipreet&ents.

The Et. Hon. The Eael op Ceomee, G.C.B G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt). Geneeal Loed Gebnfell, G.C.B. G.C.M.G The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.). SiK E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L. Peof. G. Maspbeo, D.C.L. (Prance). ,

LL.D.

Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany).

The Eev. Peof.

A. H. Sayce, M.A.,

LL.D

Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

fcon. trreasuters.

H. A. Gbuebek, Esq., E.S.A.

Gaednee M. Lane, Esq.

(U.S.A.).

1bon. Secretaries. J. S.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Members T.

H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.

0. P. J.

MoBEELY Bell, Esq.

E. Caetee, Esq. (U.S.A.).

SoMEES Claeke, Esq., P.S.A. W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyee, Esq., M.A. (for U.S.A. Com"'). Aethub John Evans, Esq., M.A., P.E.S. Peof. Eenest A. Gaednee, M.A. P. Ll. Gbiffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Albeet M. Lythgoe, Esq.

(U.S.A.).

of Committee.

The Ebv. W. MacGeegoe, M.A. C.

MoIlvaine, Esq. (U.S.A.).

The Maequbss of Noethampton, Peancis

Wm.

Peecival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Hilton Peice, Esq., Die.S.A. SiE Heebeet Thompson, Baet. Mes. Tieaed. Emanuel M. Undebdown, Esq., K.C. John Wabd, Esq., P.S.A. P. G.

TowBY Whytb,

P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.

E.

Peof. Alexandee Macalistee, M.D.

Majoe-Genebal Sie Chaelbs W. Wilson,

Mes. McCluee.

Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.E.S.

CONTENTS PAGE

List of Plates

Chapter

The Site op the Northern Tombs.

I.

3.

The Site The smaller tombs The stone dwellings

4.

Quarries, surface burials, &c.

4

5.

The roads The chronology

5

1

2.

6.

Chapter

vii

II.

The Tomb

1 1

4

.

.... tombs

of the

6

oe Panehesy.

A. Architectural Features.

5.

The The The The The

6.

Coptic remains

1.

2. 3.

4.

Exterior

9

Hall

9

.

Inner Chamber

11

Shrine

11

Sculpture

.

11

.

11

B. The Sculptured Scenes. 1.

2. 3.

13

16

.

4.

„

South portal

5.

„

S. wall,

6.

„

7.

„

E. wall

8.

„

N".

9.

„

„

W.

side

E. side

N. portal

.

16

.

17

.

C.

The

.

The

19 19

.

W. wall „ 11. The Thickness of the partition wall Shrine, B. wall

15

17

wall

10.

12.

13

The Entrance Portal The Thickness of the outer wall The HaU. Architraves and abaci

20 28

.

28

.

29

Religious Texts.

2.

The longer prayers The shorter prayers.

3.

Burial petitions

1.

30 31

CONTENTS.

Chapter

III.

The Tomb of Meryra

(IL) PAGE

A. Architectural Features 1.

2. 3. 4.

B.

The Sculptured 1.

2.

C.

....

The exterior The HaU The Inner Chambers The Sculpture

33

S*

Scenes.

3.

„

„

4.

„

E. wall

5.

„

N. wall

E. side .

.

34

34 36 38 43

Texts.

44

1.

The longer prayers

2.

A shorter prayer

45

Prayers on the architraves

45

3.

Index

33

.

The thickness of the outer wall The HaU, S. wall, W. side

The Religious

33

.

46

LIST OF PLATES WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED

PLATE I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. VI. VII. VIII.

IX.

X. XI. XII. XIII.

XIV.

XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII.

XIX. 'XX.

XXI. XXII. XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV. XXVI. XXVII; XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX. XXXI.

LIST OF PLATES. PLATE

XXXII. XXXIII.

W.

S. wall.

,,

.,

XXXY.

„

„

,,

,,

Key

E. wall.

XXXVIII.

The bystanders Meryra welcomed home plate

Tribute of the East

XL. XLII.

5)

N. Wall.

Tombs

Lower registers Meryra rewarded

1a, 1b, &c.

Plans

3a, 3c, 3d.

Plans Plans

XL III.

,,

XLIV.

„

3b, 3e, 6c.

„

3f, 6b.

XLV.

.

Tribute of the South

XXXIX. XLI.

Key plate On the balcony

B. side.

„

XXXIV. XXXVI. XXXVII.

The King drinking

side.

XLVI. *Tomb XLVII. *

Plans

of Meryra „

ii.

The

hall

Sculptures * Photographic plates.

33,

THE

EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA, PART

II.

CHAPTEE

I.

THE SITE OF THE NORTHERN TOMBS. The

As has been

northern group of tombs at El

Amarna

the N.B. side of the desert plain (Plate hills

here are

cleft

down the waters rains,

lies

on

The

i.).

by a ravine which brings

of the

occasional torrential

formerly of enormously greater volume

than now.

The range

at this point

is

not

lofty,

only reaching an elevation of about 280 feet

above the level of the

Tomb

the former volume, the

in

said

The Smaller Tombs.

Site.

plain,

and dipping some-

The earlier tombs of the group are

6c.

those furthest to

(No.

1 of

tombs

6,

for

separate notice.

Near No.

6

presents

it

A

quality,

flint-like boulders,

and contains enormous

which, freed from the rocks

by denudation, cover the level heights above, It

like fallen fruit.

ject to weathering,

is

in

most places very sub-

and many of the rock

have almost disappeared under The stratification of the range approaching the

vertical,

this

has

stelae

process.

a

dip

and the weakness thus

given to the surface of the tomb walls has caused

much

injury to the sculptures.

The

at this

cliff

and a

little to

the

of that

The rock-hewn tombs naturally lie at the meeting of the two, a little more than half-way up (approximately 150 feet for No. 5). The limebad

Panehesy

tomb a small rock-chamber, provided with both doorway and window, has been hewn left

to lash

of

of

a curious appearance

(Plate XXV.), for well above

slope of looser rock (see photograph, Plate xxiv.).

is

tomb

begin,

shall

point tends to a sheer face or even overhangs.

in the unscalable I'ock.

stone

the

Lepsius), leaving this and other large

what on both sides to the wady. It affords, as more or less abrupt face for the upper half of its height, and for the lower a steep footusual, a

We

the east.

No.

therefore, with

As

the

even from the mounds below,

it

sill

is

24

feet

was necessary

two ladders together to effect an entrance.

small irregular chamber some six feet high

was found, devoid (Plate xliv.).

of

There

made

this is probable,

even

who

made

afterwards

or graffiti

nothing to prove that the

is

excavation was

inscriptions

for purposes of burial, if it

be of late date.

Those

a dwelling-place of

a very neat and serviceable

but

it

window with

cut

con-

The need for it may have been due to a partition of the room, of which

verging sides and top.

there are some traces.

Brick houses beneath

perhaps rendered this retreat more accessible

than now, but

it

is

to the full height,

unlikely that they reached

and holes which pierce the B

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. The

by a rope-ladder or some such means.

shows the cartouches of Aten, flanked by those of the king and queen, and

In any case the place must have been singularly

apparently also by the figure and prayer of the

The excavation seems to have been effected by cutting broad vertical grooves and then breaking away the intervening mass. 6d. Another small and very similar cham-

deceased.

corners of the door- cheek indicate that ascent was

the

secure.

ber

is

found on the ground level a

right of No. affords

It

6.

to the

little

has a window and

also

no proof of use as a tomb.

a

6b, 6a.

short distance westward are two

much

so

below

it.

The

latter (6 a) has

been

altered in later times that its original

and shape are quite

lost. The former has a promising doorway, but the interior is un-

size

finished.

still

king

On

be read,

A recess in the left hand wall

is

a relic

"I give praise to " The open side of the forecourt has been built up with walls of piled stone to The

to consist has not

A

been given

preparation,

shaft

is

full

its

The mouth

finished at the N, end.

W.

was

height or

of the burial

depth of only a few feet admits to a

which

it

cut in a mastaba of rock, and at the

later days.

the Orient, with several

hurried

The transverse gallery of which

vault.

abode, as homes go

rooms, of which the original chamber was the inmost and most secure. part of the dwel-

shows

interior

directed primarily to the provision of a burial

the

Two

little

little

cham-

niches for lamps in

wall are relics of the domestic use to

this

and

3e (Plate

all

the other tombs were put in

xliv.)

the

is

first

of a

series

of

which a

neighbouring tombs cut in a low ledge of rock and facing a little west of south. It is of

(See Plates xxv.

irregular shape, just allowing standing room,

distance separates these from

niche in the wall outside dates from the time

was on an upper

level of rock, in

rude stairway has been

cut.

xlv.).

and contains no provision for burial,

A considerable

—

two horizons the living Aten

of the

"

ber on the east.

and

Life to the father

!

and regularly built walls of piled stone outside. These must have formed an excellent

solid

ling

—"

— the living Ea, ruler

of later occupation, as also are the exceptionally

iri

jamb god and

the upper part of the right

form a house.

other excavations, one in the cliff-face and one in the slope

can

lintel

A lamp-

the next tombs to the west, Nos. -5, 4 and 3 (of Pentu, Meryra, and Ahmes), which follow one another at some interval and without any

the same shape as the last and shows similar

dependent tombs of smaller

signs of incompleteness.

where the

cliff

is

size.

Beyond them,

much reduced

in

height,

a series of small tombs was cut in the slope

below

The

first

of these

(Plate xlv.) was not wholly uninscribed.

decoration of the portal

may

The

even have been

completed, but the weathering of the rock has us

little

3d

the court was (Plate

made

xliii.).

a dwelling-place.

This tomb

is

of

much

Later occupants have

fashioned a shelved recess 39 inches high in the south wall.

A

it.

3f (No. 5 of Lepsius).

left

when

of

it.

The type

ing a portal set in a wall,

succeeding tombs.

sometimes also the

of facade, represent-

repeated in

is

The projecting below

all

the

cornice, as

was often formed of stones cemented into a groove instead of being roll

cut in the living rock.

it,

3c (Plate xliii.). tomb of the corridor type with an inner chamber set transversely. Only the outer hall has been finished. The walls outside are rough, and, like those of its

neighbours, have no trace of inscription. walls inside are well laid out

good surface.

The

and finished to a

The

ceiling is highly vaulted near the doorway, but becomes almost flat at the N. end. There is a rough trench in the parallel to the W. wall and deepening towards the ends, which seems designed (cf. Part

floor,

THE SITE OP THE NORTHERN TOMBS. i.

A rough

pp. 12, 13).

the

W.

recess has been cut in

The doorway to the inner chamber

wall.

of which has

two cups

on the other by two

to hold water-jars

excavated in the floor

pits

The dimensions of only just allow them to

has not been completely excavated, and the inner

to the shape of sarcophagi.

room

these pseudo-cofiins

is

not more than begun, the upper part, as

usual, having been first attacked.

Drill holes

are noticeable at intervals in the floor

down

the

axis of the hall.

3b

(Plate

xliv.).

uninscribed tombs, last,

is

This,

of the

but of much larger

tethering staple has

been formed in the wall at the head of each. This seems accidental, this corner having been the stable of the inhabitants.

same type

doubt, was of

as the

The

proportions.

Again we have the arch

ceiling flattening

of the

A

bodies.

the finest of the

facade has suffered much, but apparently had

never been inscribed.

human

contain

towards the N. end

and

;

The

no

burial,

much later date than the tomb. Tomb of Rudu (Plates xlii., xxiv.).

1a.

This small chamber was never completed, the front and

upper parts being well

finished, while

the lower part of the walls and the back of the

ceil-

room are left in the rough. But although this tomb was abandoned by the owner without

ing for about the same distance, but not exactly

having been furnished with a place of interment,

and a trench near the "W. there

above

is

it.

I

In

wall.

also a corresponding

this case

groove in the

do not doubt that

it is

a construc-

tional error, utilized or concealed in the finished

tomb.

There are recesses on the

W.

side,

prob-

As

ably due to the removal of patching stones.

some usurper to scratch a

or his

name

of the

about six inches wide and narrows to the bottom. As the chamber was still extremely

For

is

no machine of any

and

gift

Two

difficulty

one

in the presence of the

Lord

Lands, and a good burial by the

(?) [of the king ?]^

Akhetaten

memorial of

faint

With

hopes.

deciphers"

room has not been begun. Evidence of the mode of removing the stone is It affbrded by a circular trench in the floor.

in 3c, the inner

him

the smoothed lintel outside enabled either

on the great

any favourite of Ua-en-ra

like

of

clifl"

(?).

the ha of Rudu."^

(?)

Scattered

Tombs.

—Besides

this

series

of

low on this be used, while the rough character of the groove

tombs along the

indicates hand-work,

passing through the gap, a

wady

will

3a (Plate xliii.) is now nothing more than Only a minimum of a tiny cave (uncleared). work can have been spent on it.

directly opposite

and two others Between that on the

to the right

and

left

side,

size

could

The four remaining tombs are on the W. side The two inscribed of the gap in the hills. tombs are hewn some distance beyond these in the

first

available slope

;

will be found

known

hill- side

there are a few of un-

date in the vicinity, within the

left.

ravine

central

is

and

1

two

deep.

by

6 feet

5,

From

It consists of a

is

and the

W.

hills.

a tomb with

chamber some

containing an oblong the E. and

On

be seen

a track ascending the

Slightly to the right of this path

a tiny doorway.

hills.

pit, 8 feet

ends of the pit

smaller chambers, excavated in a low ledge of rock, which is cut back deeply in each case for

two good-sized burial chambers are entered. Another tomb will be found at the first bend of

a width just sufficient to receive the portal. The excavation of the 1b (Plate xlii.).

the central wady, high

interior

is still

unfinished above and below.

seems to have been the intention to furnish

It

gap.

A

third

up the

and fourth

and facing the be found back to

cliff

will

back in a low ridge of rock to the right of the

it

with architraves, though without supporting columns. Evidence of subsequent occupation by two recesses, one is given on the one hand

'

Perhaps

2

Of. L. D., Text,

] ii.

p. 141.

THE EOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

the other consists of a chamber 7 feet square,

was for some time the abode of a population numbering several Security seems to have been a hundreds.

but only 2

matter of consideration, for some of the

That facing the gap

gap.

large but exces-

is

sively rough, perhaps a natural cave enlarged

;

feet high.

clear proof that this hill-side

colonies

The Stone Dwellings.

are

built

little

like birds' nests on ledges

of piled stone will be found marking out the

summit of the cliff, in spite of Even at the great inconvenience and danger. very end of the range, an hour's walk from the

rooms of what were once tolerable dwellings

river, I

In front of

of rock at the

the tombs just described, walls

all

They are generally considered

(Plate xlii.)

have been built

for

obviously not

convenience of the

the

workmen engaged on

the tombs, but

They would

so.

to

this is

in that case have

been cleared away as soon as the tomb was completed

and while

;

true that every

it is

ruined huts attached to

by a

any

it,

shelter afforded

fallen boulder, a natural cave, or

hanging ledge was built on to

it

also seized

upon

an over-

for a wind-

were

chambers

while roomier

tight retreat,

tomb has

to suit the occupants' fancy

and

Such constructions are found from end to end of this hill-side, and form colonies far

need.

Some

from any tomb.

are even placed on the

summit, notably a group above are

Tomb

by no means of the rudest

6.

They

kind, but occa-

way

found a large cave reached by a

lamps and the remains of coarse pottery showed plainly to have been the lonely

up

to

make a

level platform,

formed in the walls for domestic cases substantial

down

in slabs

;

and recesses In some

uses.

cement pavements were

and in

all

laid

the doorways in the

groups 3a to 3f a step of smoothly plastered bricks or stones terrent

Where

to

was

set,

perhaps

as

a

de-

snakes and scorpions.

wandering

the owner was fortunate enough to have

secured a tomb for his inmost chamber and a

rock-hewn court in which to shelter rooms, he cut holes in

beams, recesses for water-jars staples for tethering his

1

Cf. p. 3.

There

the rock-face between

is

^

and lamps, and

animals.

All this

is

hewn

in

a specially neat recess

Tombs

6 and 6b.

It

found 5.

raised on

retaining walls of natural boulders

and rough blocks of limestone, and covered with a solid pavement of slabs of cement.^

chamber hewn

in

the hill-side

A rough

serves for an

inner room, and a neat stairway, cut in the

summit just The whole is now much broken up. Although I have not found a single Coptic wall of rock, gives access to the above.

do not doubt that the

graffito in these houses, I ;

and

any one questions

if

number

of people living so

from water and in such eyries, he has only to visit the village of Deir Rifeh, near Assiout, far

where the spectacle may

still

be seen, even in

the security and civilization of these days.

sundered from the

life

of

mountain-dwellers that the use of limited to

mud

some buildings outside Tomb

was then their place of worship. according to Prof. Petrie,

is

So

Egypt were these

The

bricks 6,

is

which

pottery,

late Roman.'*

his outer

fa9ade to receive roof-

its

is

from No.

hill

Here, at great labour, a large platform has been

the probability of a

built

some

of

good example of the

on the opposite side of the

having been

walls

home

solid character of these constructions

builders were Copts

retaining

A

anchorite or refugee.

sionally represent a considerable expenditure of

labour, massive

stair-

which staples for pendant

cut in the rock,

forms a

rock-cut sideboard, having cups to hold six jars.

little

Quarries, Surface Burials, Etc.

The one

stela (V.)

on

this site

is so completely weathered away that only a few hieroglyphs remain. There is a small quarry of coarse

Sheikh Said,

3

Cf.

3

Peteie, T. A.,p.6.

p. 4.

THE SITE OF THE NOETPIERN TOMBS. wady behind No. 5, and surface numerous between Tomb ] and the

alabaster in the

quarries are

In one above No. 6 several loose blocks

river.

X

about 24

X

14

10

ins.

remain on the

spot.

In the quarry in which Queen Tyi's cartouche cut there

is

high up on a

also sculptured,

is

a doorway and a figure,

pillar of rock,

both

of the type characteristic of the period.

the

At

cliff.

are

site

on the summit of

burials

Petrie.^

prevented

completion.

several points on both sides of

Plate

hill,

some-

times with buttress walls or appended heaps of smaller

western

Most are wrecked, and one on the

size.

hill T foiind

of burial

open and

debris^ including

with a mass

filled

fragments of wooden stools and bowls

seem

on the

built

solid rock,

shaft,

is

an open

but the large amount of boulders round

seem to have been removed from the

it

and do not presuppose a Still

No.

They

(?).

and certainly merit

Behind No. 3

further examination.

and

leather,

cloth,

6,

more like

interesting

interior

cairn.

a cist-tomb, above

is

a diminutive

cromlech,

of

built

boulders and roofed with pieces of weathered

rock (Plate xxiv.).

by 69

ins,

It

measures only 93

outside, and about 24

ins. in

ins.

height,

only about 18

ins.

it

could scarcely contain a full-sized body.

It

is

built

and

as the interior breadth

on the rock, and

its

is

axis

is

due east and

west, the opening being to the east.

venture to claim an early date for

any case an interesting instance primitive

mode

any reason

fail

of burial

it,

I

but

do not it is

of recourse to a

when implements

and only

in

loose

for

stones are to

A

finely-ground

limestone

picked up at the foot of the

hills

axe-head

was

My own

work on

within the limits

fall

has not the exactness

i.,

certain lights, they

become

of

could wish

I

;

so indistinguishable

near at hand that they are help.

Government

It

will

difficult

to

plan

be hoped that the

to

is

include these roads in their

Survey, and note the points at which they strike the ruins or the river.

The roads are formed simply by the removal of the loose pebbles to one side

but, slight as

;

this

preparation was, millenniums

little

to efface

it.

have done

In some cases they waver or

change their direction, but often, and for long they are ruled as with a pen on paper,

stretches,

and

this is

even true of some which have only

the breadth of a narrow track.

Very few can

be the result merely of continual

traffic

two fixed

points.

from

far

between

Such a path would be very had occasion

straight, as I

to notice.

The track which my water-donkey left on the plain, and which threatens to be the most permanent memorial of my three winters' stay, meanders in a way worthy of the animal and yet was always followed by the natives. The larger roads may have been used for chariots (" wheel roads "

Nearly

bearers or patrols.

tombs or

goals such as

make fore

for the

may

would

stelae.

to

and there-

carefully

laid-out

The roads cannot be traced

the tombs, as they have there been

disturbed or replaced

The

Some seem

be of Christian times, though one

not have expected

to

palanquin

lead to obvious

all

stone-built hamlets,

paths from them.

near Hawata.

the natives stUl call

only by pedestrians,

some

them),

close

hand.

Unfortunately accident

though plainly traceable from above and in

for,

the gap are large round cairns built of the globular boulders which strew the

its

roads which

those

without

Other interesting antiquities of the

some occurrences of

by Professor

by

tourist paths.

laying- out of the roads

is

in good accord

with the priority which will be claimed for

The Roads.

Tombs

The roads which Akhenaten caused to be laid out in the desert of El Amarna have been the

object

of

most

commendable

labour

^

3,

5,

and

6.

Apparently the road

Petbie, T. a., plate xxxv. and pp.

L. D., Text,

ii.,

pp. 136, 137.

4, 5.

N

See also

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. leading to No. 6 was that site

was one of the

At

priated.

made, showing that

first

first

Tomb

a point opposite

N

roads were led off from

"When Meryra made out the great

to

be appro-

to

3 two short

Tombs

3 and

he

his tomb, however,

avenue K, thirty-one

three mounds, two of

four sides.^

all

down

to the

mound

to

altar,

and

I

Huya with

The

is

to see in

ing off towards

figured in the

four ascents, and as having it

and an

altar

between

relation of these remains.

rest of these roads

A

M.

perhaps in order to avoid the loose sand of the watercourses to right and

The

roads

follows

may

be

102°.

Tomb

6,

Tomb 14

ft.

4,

but bend-

93|^°.

It is nearly parallel

sudden bend away from

Road

0.

and

to

Tomb

to

the original direc-

faint track.

from a different point

6

Direction 93°.

irregular.

Road

Direction

with K, but makes a

it,

by a

tion being continued

5.

broad.

Tomb

6

Fairly broad.

(?).

Direction 87°.

Two narrow paths, diverging from a common track. Q leads towards a collection Q, R.

the top of the

;

R

seems intended to ascend to

hills.

The Chronology op the Tombs.

briefly

B. Road to broad.

Tombs

described

as

K

or C, only trace-

Direction 12^°. 1

(?),

IT.

Not very

foot of the hills

broad.

ft.

Road

E.

(?).

F.

Road

but well

cleared,

Direction 23°.

to the toady

broad.

ft.

straight,

from the

Direction

to stela

V.

in

open to

S.

is

and

1

the

number

who

error, since

even a precise

might

artist

any rate, the regulai'ly Akhenaten seems to have

increasing family of

tombs

(?),

2°.

Scarcely visible.

The

case of failure in the

tomb of Huya, which I cited in Part i, p. 42, is much ameliorated by my subsequent discovery of scenes in which four daughters appear but the royal tomb seems to ignore two children. The sequence of the tombs on this basis, so far as

my

information goes,

is

as follows

:

(N = North group S = South group of tombs) One daughter. S9 (Mahu); S 11 (Rames). ;

4th and 6th years. Two. S 23 (Any) stelge of 6th and 8th years. Three. S 10 (Apy) S 25 (Ay. Nezemet-mut shown); S 8 (Tutu); N 3 (Ahmes) N 5 Stelge of

'

Petrie, T. A., plate

The

xlii.

which runs

parallel to the river from a bay in the hills, just outside the " North Town " in Petrie's ^

line

not a road but the remains of an outer dyke or wall of the town.

map,

is

2,

accompany the King and the various tombs. Although this is

of daughters

been faithfully noted.

D. Road to the wadij from far across the plain.

Tombs

well ignore infants at

and 2 from the avenue

Direction

Road along the

C.

dates are specified only in

Queen

A. Road to 1a, 1b from

ft.

As

the clearest evidence of sequence

left.^

:

able a short distance.

12

Tomb

Direction

3.

similar road to

N. Road to

directly for the river to the north of the city,

16

Tomb

at

from converging to one point, but make

far

12

3c.

with N.

of stone huts

from the tombs are

tombs round

K. Avenue above described. Direction 104°. L. Broad road to Tomb 4, from the junction

P.

is

off to the

H. Narrow path aiming

where Akhenaten's public This

but bending

3,

path aiming at

ill-defined

Direction 92°.

faint

a raised shrine opposite

—the exact

am tempted

Tomb

site

appearances were made. of

eastern side

which the avenue leads the

of a great rostrum

tomb

its

Only the central one

the avenue.

shaped like an that

mid-way

hills

them approached by ramps The northernmost has a

square brick foundation, and faces

in

In this square Professor Petrie found

river.

on

laid

feet

breadth and stretching from the foot of the to a great clearing in the plain

5.

Narrow and

G.

;

;

;

(Pentu).

THE SITE OP THE NOETHBEN TOMBS. Three and

met-mut shown

N

S 7

four.

N

;

Neze-

6 (Panehesy.

were:

verse chamber, (b)

in both).

N

tomb with narrow transthe tomb in which this was

small

the

(a)

Baket-

placed at the end of a long corridor, (c) the

Three daughters seem to have been born in

tomb with a more spacious hall crowded with columns. The first type was retained in the N. groups only for smaller tombs the third was found too elaborate, till the columns were

Four.

4 (Meryra)

;

1

(Huya.

aten shown).

Five and

N

six.

2 (Meryra

ii.).

Seven. (Four?) Royal Tomb.^

;

the latter part of the 4th, 6th and 8th years

and

if

we suppose

this regularity to

tinued, the youngest and seventh

who was

of Nefertiti,

in

arms

have con-

(?)

daughter

at the funeral of

reduced to two or four, when

The economical corridor tomb

model type.

alone was taken over, with tion,

became the

it

from the

mode

its

of decora-

groups, and employed for the

S.

Ahmes and Pentu.

Meketaten, would be born in the 16th year of

burial of

Hence we may assign the tombs of Ahmes and Pentu to the 9th year, Panehesy to the 10th, Meryra to the 11th, Huya to the 12th

The tomb of Panehesy, which modified the form of the columned hall, has elsewhere the

and 13th

them being the decoration

the reign.

an event of the mid-twelfth

(since

recorded in

it

just born, but to the 14th

probably the

;

fifth

daughter was

not depicted), and Meryra

is

and 15th, with a

is

ii,

their character, (3) the form of the cartouches

We

of Atea.

find that the

tombs of the

group belong to the three-children period at most,

may be

a

little later.

The

;

S.

one,

burial-place,

then, was shifted at this period to the opposite side of the desert,

better

sites.

naturally be sideration

where the bold

cliffs

afibrded

would

The

steepest faces of rock

first

appropriated, and this con-

marks out Pentu, Ahmes, and Pane-

hesy as the

These three were perhaps

earliest.

begun simultaneously, though that of Panehesy took much longer to construct. But we cannot see the reason for

near Panehesy latest

(2)

tombs

;

and

abandoning the good still

less for

sites

removing the

of

tomb

in

vogue in the south

The eldest four children are shown and a suckling whose name ended in '

in the royal tomb, t.

It

must there-

fore either be the fourth daughter, who elsewhere is seen walking with Meketaten or weeping at her bier, or a

seventh.

I do not think the lacuna can possibly admit

Neferneferuaten-ta-sherat.

King and Queen as

well as the deceased, the provision of a winding

shrines in the hall. (3)

One

the latter

of the

half

features

that

distinguishes

Akhenaten's reign

-of

is

the

changed form of the cartouches of the god.^

The

earlier

form

almost invariable in the S.

is

tombs,^ and on the

N. group

also,

but

stelss.

it

is

It

appears in the

precisely to the

Ahmes, Pentu, and Panehesy* that

of

fined.

It fell into

it

tombs is

con-

complete disuse then, with

the 10th year of Akhenaten's reign.

The uninscribed tombs

3a

—

3f, are

small T-shaped and corridor types

of the

common

in

the earlier tombs, but the form of the cartouche

tomb later than the three just mentioned. The two tombs 1a, 1b, belong no doubt to the same period as Nos. 1 and 2. in 3f puts this

It will be seen that the 9th year of

far to the west.

The forms

of the entrance with

figures of the worshipping

(1) the position of the tombs, (2)

:

with the southern tombs, among

stairway to the burial vault, and the naos-like

later addition.

This order coincides well with three other lines of evidence

closest afiinities

aten

^

is

Part

Akhen-

one of exceptional activity and inventive-

i.,

pp. 9, 45.

The only exceptions I know are in the tombs of Mahu (early ?), and on the columns of Tutu. * This tomb perhaps shows the transition, like that of Tutu, but the cartouches that seem of the later form 3

are scarcely legible.

THE EOCK TOMBS OF BL AMARNA. and no doubt represents the high-water

ness,

mark

of prosperity in Akhetaten.

The public

buildings had been completed, and the

officials

spare a chisel.

Meanwhile, when hopes were

who

Aten had the post of power and favour at court, usurped

high, Meryra,

having been provided with suitable buildings

all

in the city, could, plan ambitious

Pentu, Ahmes, and

eternity " in

the desert.

"houses of

But the craftsmen

of

Akhetaten could not keep pace with the lavish projects

of the

King or

his

courtiers.

Not

the

as high-priest of

talent for his splendid

tomb and

many more lamenting

left

their

half-executed decorations, or halls which had

only half emerged from the rock.

The days

of

prosperity and leisured luxury were never to

one of these splendid tombs was quite finished.

return, either to

The

Akhetaten, and the tombs have come down to

walls were prepared and the hard- driven

artist

pacified all his employers

by making a

brave beginning in paint where he could not

them or

to

new

favourites in

our day as the downfall of Aten-worship them, a few years after

its

inception.

left

CHAPTEE

II.

THE TOMB OF PANEHESY

tomb of Panehesy having evidently been taken

A. Architectural Features.

The Exterior

as a general model.

(Plates

ii.,

v., vi.).

was a room whose breadth little exceeded the depth, but a rough enlargement

The

Previous plans are

:

Hay, MSS. 29,847, foil. 12, 13 (complete). L'H6te, Papiers, iii. 279 (unplotted).

The tomb

is

excavated at the foot

full effect is lost

greatly altered the dimensions

the

of

changed the appearance of the

by the base being buried under

tomb was

at

some period a place of

Christian worship, there has been a consider-

amount

able

The wall

of Coptic building round

door.

of rock has been dressed to a fairly

smooth surface left

its

for

being the removal of the two western columns and '

the substitution of an ecclesiastical apse for the false

This violence,

east side. injuries

is

adorned by

Both

bats, that

iv.).

When

purposes. ideal

by

.The interior

fulfils

false

S.

be compared with those of Meryra it will be seen that, but for the addition of an ante-

of

its

iand the unfinished state

inner rooms, the two are closely alike, the

of

Ahmes

for

This latter

any other of these

uncut

doors

false

represent

free

where two

side,

doors occupy half the space.

ante-chamber and the

place of interment, and a smaller shrine as a

tomb

but the north

tombs, unless the

room

to that

all

feature does not recur in

If the plans

two columns

The walls were

them.

the Egyptian

chambers,

of

each, leaving about half the area of the hall

the outer hall as a place of public gathering and worship, an inner chamber containing the

chamber

by two rows

the hall was divided

for decorative

aiFording a suite of three

place of privacy for the deceased.

of Egyptian tombs, have, on

fresh from the hands of the designers'

sculpture on

of the customary solidity,

and the thickness has been used

pest

their part, not spared.

between

is

plaster with

given a very sorry aspect to a hall which the

ii., iii.,

exterior wall

wash of grey

and the

left

and jambs are sculptured, but the latter are half cut away, and on the right an apseshaped niche has been cut out by the Copts.

The

fellow

its

bank of rock being

lintel

(Plates

on the combined with minor

door which once balanced

and

a portal of the type already familiar.

The Hall

the chief

to right

The entrance

along the foot.

hall,

which the Copts obliterated the sculptures, has

some distance

of the doorway, a

ground

of the

Other disfigurements too have greatly

plan.

several feet of debris (photograph, Plate xxv.).

the

first hall

of the lower part at the hands of the Copts has

boldest of the rock-faces hereabout, though the

As

)

for

in

Meryra's

doors in the inner

it.

Such doorways

are found, however, in the large haUs of the

group and contain

deceased,

intended

sitting

apparently

the

mark

his

to

room as Whether the

presence in the reception his private retreat.

statues of

well portal

as in

now

destroyed contained such a figure cannot be determined.

Its fellow

had been only partially

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA..

10

excavated when

was found that a natural

it

with the work, and in disgust

fissure interfered

at this mischance the designer

abandoned the

whole corner, including the sculpture on the adjacent walls, so that

remains a monument

it

only to his ill-temper. this part of the hall

with

Dissatisfaction

led,

then or

later, to

a

by the construction of a flight of steps descending to a rough burial chamber just below floor level. further disfigurement,

The columns good deal

shown

which

in paint

They

chisel.

ance,

in appearance,

from those in

for in the latter that detail

(I. ii.),

though a

diff"er little essentially,

is

4

was probably

here marked by the

much more

are

Tomb

squat in appear-

being greater in girth though

of papyri which the column represents

to coincide with

represents

capital

As

them.

seen not

swelling

the

heads of the papyrus,

the

calyx are represented like

of the

leaves

the

is

any of the thirty-two, but with

a division between

on yellow) on the eight

sheathing (red lines

underlying stems which are visible just above

That the inserted stems consist of

the bands.

eight bundles of three

bands which tionally

green,

red,

blue,

The colouring

plain from the four

is

them

imite

band of the column

itself is

conven-

(coloured blue,

whereas the

a natural yellow).

of these overlaid stems

and their

bands suggests that the architect was ignorant of their raison d'etre.

The

in

less

Here, too, each of the eight bundles

height.

that stem which was left uncovered

details of the

columns on the

W.

face are

by a blank space representing an The device on these tablets is

interrupted

is

again

broken up above the sheathing

leaves

(not

similar to that on the lintels of the doorways,

sculptured here) into four stems.

About

half-

except that here a space below the cartouches

way between

the foot and the bands under the

capital there

is

a break, the thirty-two stems of

which the column

is

now

built

up seeming

to

be shifted round by half a stem's breadth (see

drawing of east

side).

due

This, however, is

in reality to the customary insertion of shorter

papyrus stems, three

Each

bundles.

to

each

of

of these inserted

the

eight

stalks

lies

affixed placard.

occupied by a design representing the union

is

of

and

Southern

the

The sign

for "

union

tiated

and

visible

dififeren-

by being coloured yellow, while

the

inserted stems are painted conventionally, blue, red, blue.

Thus there are thirty-two

divisions,

above as below, twenty-four of them representing the overlaid stems and eight those underlying.

The

congruous division

representation,

however,

with the conditions

;

for

not

is it

is

a

between two stems, and not the surface

is

iv.

the

left

The shown on

occupies the centre.

and the ends of that on the S. column. (See p. 30 for the translations of the prayers.) It may be well to compare at this point the Plate

One out

is

"

whole device on the N. column

picture of a papyrus

bundles, however,

kingdoms,

under the symbol of their representative plants.

between the original stems and covers them. of the four stems in each of the eight

Northern

W.

A¥all

that the

very

tomb.

typical

difi"erent

It

column of the

be seen

will artist

proportions from those

when may have approached this

In reality the columns

excavated,

As

column from the temple on

(Plate iv.h)}

was of in

biiiU,

the

not

pattern.

from the photograph (Plate xxvi.), even the remaining columns have been will be seen

A

number of cups have been cut in the base of the S. column, to hold porous water-jars, with ducts for draining off greatly mutilated.

of one stem, which forms the centre of a bundle of four and would be left uncovered inserted stems.

by the

This error appears plainly on

the upper part of the capital, where the thirty-

two

original

stems again become visible

;

for

'

The Plate

is

inexact.

tablet is correct in the right

'

The colouring below the hand column, thus showing

the apparent twist of the bands noted above, but in its fellow.

is lost

THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY. the overflow into a basin in the

Of the

floor.

destroyed columns only the abaci remain. floor of the

W.

The gloom

half of the hall

The

very rough.

is

was once relieved by

of the hall

11

according to custom, a sitting statue of Panehesy, but

has been completely removed.

it

The Sculpture. must be

—The work

in the tomb,

it

was not good, and was,

confessed,

The

the brilliant colouring of the walls, the columns,

therefore, less able to bear injury.

the frieze of cartouches, the pediment and the

have been executed for the most part in the

ceiling.

Of

this

possible

but

little

now

remains, but the

have been recovered as

ceiling designs

L'Hotb, Papiers

(cf.

iii.

scheme can be gathered from Plate

281). iii.,

far as

The

and the

Pattern B B of I. xxxix.,

stone

itself,

figures

away

despite the falling

so that,

of the thin coating of plaster,

the

sculpture

retains the general outline and, in places,

still

almost the

full

measure of the original outline.

patterns identified from Plate ix.

Scarcely any plaster

seems to be identical

of the outer walls, for instance, yet the scenes

the

blue

Avith pattern

perhaps,

centre,

excepted.^

What

is

on the thickness

left

The

there are the best in the tomb.

plaster

must

remains of the columns of hieroglyphs between

have been a mere overlay, giving smoothness to

the patterns will be found on Plate xxi., and an

the whole and filling

attempted translation of these on pp. 30-31. Innek Chamber. This is of the same shape

as enabling details to

in colour.

and almost the same

size

also detracts

The

be supported by four

—

feigns

ceiling

to

as the

outer hall.

These columns

columns, carrying architraves.

are of the papyrus-bud type like those of the hall,

but no detail at

contracting foot

is

all is

shown, and even the

not represented.

pit in the centre of the

room

is

A

small

obviously a

of burial

reached by a stairway

is

of forty-three steps, which descends along the E.

wall of the room.

After reaching a landing

some distance below, to the

left,

it

turns at a sharp angle

and descends

with a sharp return upon

merely a

as a curving stairway itself at

the end.

The

level length of passage.

chamber The depth below floor-level The winding stairway iii. is

the earlier tombs, and

is

shown on Plate

is is

borrowed from

not repeated in this

is

(theoretically is

shown

has been their salvation,

in Plate vii. being the only

modern mutilation.

As also

the architecture, so the scheme of subjects

was taken over

for the hall of

—The

show hoAV varied was the

r.l.

walls),

individuality

The two

efforts

of the artists, or

the success of their methods of working in plaster.

Coptic Remains.

—When

the Copts sought a

W, false door, which they saw could be adapted to their needs with but little labour, seems to have drawn them to this place of assembly, the

tomb.

Retaining the cornice of the original

construction, they fashioned an apse having a

moulded arch resting on

pilasters

with decorated

on Plate xxvi.).

The apse

inscribed, while the second hall

baptismal immersion, for a font five feet deep

only a passage

occupies nearly the whole space.

The

little

to

the

burial

chamber contained,

dr. signifies drab, b.

or r.p. indicates that the line

red paint.

skill

W.

seems to have been designed with a view to

not.

In the plates

much

and greatly superior technique.

steps

would enable a person

the edge into the inner 1

Meryra (with

an exchange between the E. and

third room, conformably

The Shrine.

chamber)

from the value of the scenes, but

capitals (photograph

necropolis.

to practice,

treatment of the designs

stiff

this unattractiveness

the injury

irregularities, as well

but carried out there with

subsequent addition.

The place

The

up

be elaborated or supplied

is

= blue, bk. = black not cut, but only in

Two rough

to scramble

from

room through a narrow

aperture which has been cut in the back wall.

But

it

is

immersed

not easy to see in,

how any one

could be

or himself emerge from, the font

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA, with any dignity.

Thei'e

is

a shallow niche in

spray of leaf and fruit

The

{d).

latter design is

The

the walls of the apse on each side.

also applied to the sofl5t of the arch {a,

The apse having been made, it was impossible to leave the pagan sculptures close by it in

moulding of the arch

band of white splotches on a black background.

naked

The dome

Yet

assertiveness.

the

earliest

shippers seem to have thought

daub the sacred

cross

wor-

enough to

it

and an Alpha and Omega

in red paint over the figure of the Queen. later generation, however,

was more

A

particular,

and, having covered the whole wall with plaster,

(now largely

fallen

away

again), decorated the

surface with the picture of a saint designs.

The decorations

^

and

floral

in the apse, too, are

not original, but have been renewed on a second

eagle

(?)

is

occupied by the figure of a soaring

sketched in browns of various shades.

wings are tripartite

Its outstretched

the seraph of Isaiah's vision

to

head

and none of the

and on

?),

the

to

singular

left

of the

decoration, viz.

about

It

is

much

its

broken,

here can be read.

graffiti

lower of the two borders

glass

(in allusion

a halo or disc (perhaps also a reminis-

is

cence of the solar hawk).

wall

b).

coloured yellow with a

is

The

continued on the

is

Below

apse.

a

a

deep blue

disc of

five inches across,

this

was added,

set in

a bedding of mud-plaster, but at a later time

was covered over again.^

A

cupboard has been

cut out in the wall hard by.

Having

made

corner of the

their

hall,

the unsuitability of such a

became evident, and

position

extreme

apse in the

to

make

it

central

tomb was considerably its height, and the two columns broken away to admit light. Several grooves in the wall and floor suggest that a partition was erected outside the line of to the congregation the

enlarged on this side for half

the architrave.

Other

relics of this

occupation

are the arched recess in the S. wall near the

coating of plaster from very similar designs.

entrance and a similar one outside.

All the walls on this side of the hall have been

by the putlog holes and a deep recess in the E. wall, the stairway was bridged over and the

covered in like manner with a thin wash of plaster,

which on the W. wall has adhered with

Above the

deplorable tenacity.

seems to have been a bird

cornice there

with

outspread

wings, not, perhaps, without reminiscences of the winged

scarab, disc, or vulture.

side of the apse are decorated staves

The wall

of the apse

darker marbling.

is

On

each

it

use.

some

special

may

be added that the spectacle of a Christian church thus quartered in a heathen It

tomb may

still

be seen under very similar con-

ditions at Deir Eifeh.

On

(?).

painted gray, with

Separating

space behind the columns put to

To judge

two

the S. wall of the inner

crosses with the

room

are painted

Alpha and Omega

in the

from the dome

are two borders, the lower showing two inter-

twisted bands (Plate

vi. c),

the upper a branching

now

gone. When it vyas perceived under the guard was specially charged with its preservation, but it disappeared before my return. It can be guessed what measure of safety antiquities enjoy which are not under lock and key It is

plaster, the

Plate XX.

The name

been very short (Plate

(or

iv. a).

merely apa

?)

seems

to

have

1

THE TOMB OF PANBHESY. corners,

and one or two indecipherable words or

To

symbols.

the Copts

is

probably also due a

strange squaring out of the wall,

and a

W.

the

still

more

irregular

All this

wall.

W.

is

side of the S.

marking out of

eldest princesses shake sistra

but here unnamed

1.

The Sculptured

The Entrance Portal Cf.

L'HoTE, Papisrs,

xi.

sister of the

Two

younger, is

also in

who

misshapen female

are of the party seem, also

among

vii., viii. and twice in tomb of Ay). Their names, which in this tomb are greatly damaged, can fortunately be recovered from the tomb of Ay for no little satirical humour has been shown in the nicknames given to these ill-favoured favourites. " One is the " The Queen's Vizier (?), For ever,' and the other " His mother's Vizier (?) The Day (or The Sun ') "' " His mother" would seem to mean the King's mother Tyi, and " the Queen " may also designate Tyi or some other Queen of Amenhotep III.

her attendants (Plates

Scenes.

A

Queen

the train, attended by two shade-bearers and

two female fan-bearers.

in black paint.

behind the Queen

under the care of their nurses.

dwarfs B.

13

;

the (Plates

v., vi.).

36.

;

The decoration here is somewhat out of the common. Instead of columns of prayers and the divine and royal cartouches, scenes of wor-

by the royal family are exclusively portrayed. On e'ach of the broken jambs are two ship

pictures of the royal family worshipping the sun,

with a border below of the symbolical

relchyt

The upper panels exhibit the King with the crown of the North (on the left, i.e., more northerly jamb), and of

birds

(cf.

L. D,

iii.

109),

the South (on the right).

up

'

'

'

!

for as the sister of Nefertiti

in

tombs of

this period,

shown

in her

The royal pair

at this

time on a lengthened

from the

offerings of food to the deity

tables or stands of provisions

which are before

They seem to have been accompanied in these scenes by Merytaten alone. The lintel shows the same subject in a design which for purposes of symmetry is repeated

company,

is

only mentioned

and the dwarfs only

In the lower panels

he wears the Jchepersh helmet. lift

'

it is

likely that she

was

Akhetaten,

visit to

and had brought these attendants from the Theban court of Tyi.

them.

with slight variation on both sides of a central table of offerings, on which the rays of the Aten

The King and Queen stand beside the materials for the ceremony being

stream down. the table,

on stands near them. On the left they are engaged in burning incense to the god, throwing aromatics with the right hand into the flaming

The Thickness of the Outer Wall.

2.

Plates

vii., viii.,

xxvii.

Previous copies are

:

BuBTON, Exoerpta, plate vi. (upper part of W. side). L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 35 (the B. side is reproduced Am^lineau, Sepulture, plate Ixxxiv., p. 610). Lepsius, D.

91 (E. side, upper part).

iii.

laid

bowl of the censing-spoon, which

is

held in the

left.

On, the right the censers have been laid

aside,

and

libations are being

poured from the

spouted vases taken from the stands.

The

titu-

Aten and of the royal pair are inscribed above them. The long laudation of the Queen laries of

(most of the phrases of which may be restored from Plate vii.) shows the position which was

accorded to her as the royal heiress.

The three

West

in

Side

(Plates

vii.,

xxvii.).

surfaces in the entrance to the

tomb

—The

wall

are fittingly

reserved for representations of the worship of the sun.

As

town or

village

and evening

naturally as the

comes to

to see the

his

sun

dweller in the

doorway

at

dawn

rise in fresh bright-

ness or set in splendour, the occupant of the

1

o

ft

O

fi

and

THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

14

dark recesses and greets the

burning spices in the hawk-headed censing-

appearing or departing deity at the entrance.

spoon towards the sun, while the Queen presents

tomb

leaves

its

But

here, as often in the earlier tombs, the

and

his household also are seen

This

ship.

may

King

Both wear an elaborate

a bouquet of flowers.^

engaged in wor-

variety of the Atef crown, into which, as in a

be due, not only to the impulse

coat of arms, forgotten history and symbolism

King

of the Egyptian

to self-commemoration,

Two

are crowded.

somewhat

or three shocks,

but also to the need to create traditions for the

resembling those familiar to us in the khelcer

new form

to the

ornament, and each flanked by two plumes,

example of the Court. Therefore the figure of Panehesy and his prayer are relegated here to

occupy the centre, standing upright on the combined horns of the bull and the ram. In the

the lower part of the walls (for a translation of

King's head-dress each

both texts, see pp. 29, 30), while the upper part shows the royal family offering to the radiant

solar

The King and Queen are extending their sceptres towards the god as if in acknowledgment of their delegated power (cf. I., xxvii.). Before them is a loaded table, having little figures holding ofFering-bowls at the two front comers. The table having first been spread

side,

by giving prominence

of faith

Disc.

with

jars, flat

their mouths,

cult

hawk,

were probably inserted

in

light jewellery

or

Erect on either

from

also

are

the horns,

The whole

crowned uraeus.

is

attached to the head by a broad base, adorned

The King has thrown a flowing

with uraei.

mantle over his shoulders, and his tunic shows a flap adorned with uraei and the attachment of

him).

These

god of the A.ten

figures of the

the bull's

as often, with the cartouches of the god.

identified with the

and pendant

round loaves have been placed on rest of the offerings laid

crowned by the

by the double cartouche.

and the

on top and crowned with flowers and bowls of burning spices. The King's person is adorned,

also

is

behind (not often assumed by

tail

The Queen encomium :

is

" The heiress, great of when she saith anything

the King

again distinguished by an

—

whom

favour, mistress of all it

done*

is

—the

women

great wife of

he loveth [Nefertiti] living for ever and ,

ever."

fastened

on ribbons

;

for they always

occupy

The

the place of armlets and pectorals, though the

attachments are rarely shown.

The

Queen written

elaborate titulary of the

over her head reads

:

register beneath this scene

on the two

in duplicate

—

interest

is

The

and gay with the King at home (?),' two pleased at all that is said, the great and beloved wife of the King, Lady of the Two Lands [Nefertiti]."

and North,

fair of

face

feathers, soothing the heart of the

The three

of

centre, at-

tended by two dwarfs of her sex, and identified

heiress, great of favour, mistress of the district

of the South

practically

The point

walls.

a female figure in the

by this as the "

is

eldest princesses shako the sistrum

sister of

Queen

seen on the lintel outside.

Nefertiti, already

This interpretation

supported by the broken inscription which

is

evidently ran, " the sister of the great wife of the King, Nefertiti,

Nezemet-mut."

who

She

^

is

lives for ever

and

ever,

attended by two shade-

behind their parents.^

East Side

(Plates

on

in the royal attire

prescribed

by the

fl

/VWWi

'If

xxvii.).

viii.,

wall

this

ritual

;

—The change

may have been

for the

King

is

here

is

intended.

n 2

The

The drawing

of the figures in the

Denkmaler utterly

* This phrase is applied to a queen in the very earliest times (Peteib, Boyal Tombs ii., pi. xxiv., seal 210), and again to Queen Hatshepsut (Naville, B. el Bahari ii.,

p. 16).

Q

(injured) sistrum of Merytaten has been omitted

by error in Plate

s

misrepresents the original.

viii.

=

Eestore

"^ ^ |

"^

|

3*

^^-

^-

-^- "^-

^°^-

^^^

appears also twice in the tomb of Ay, and apparently in that of

Tutu

(L.

D.

iii.

106i).

THE TOMB OF PANEHBSY. bearers, four

and a

fan-bearers, three nurses,

detachment of police, and is being received byone or two officials, including, no doubt, Pane-

On

hesy himself.

The row

seen to be mistaken.

forms part of the scene

homage

is

of figures really

above, so

that

thus

Lord

stands aloof from the act of worship, and thus

Ea-Horakhti, rejoicing on the horizon the Brilliance which ever and ever,

the

seems to belong to the adherents of the old polytheism, as her name, " the pleasant one of

the temple of

older than her nieces, as might be expected,

Aten

in the

J

,

in the

who

name

gives

life

abiding in

the great living Aten,

Lord of Heaven, Lord of Earth, within Aten in Akhetaten (and to) the King, ;

Akhenaten, great in his duration

wife of the ever

She appears to be

is

(

I

se

VII.

El Amarna

II.

PANEHESY-

CO LU

I

LU

Z
CO UJ

I UJ z < Q,


o

17.

,18;'L

Py HnorARV^

1886-87.

30 Plates

G. Davies.

.

BS'EiiouARD Xaville. Plates XXV. -L\'. (2 coloured), wi5h j.lescri tioD. Eoyal folio. 30s. DESH.\SHKH. Memoir for 1-895-96. By W. M. FLiNDji'Rs ,PsTRiE, Photogravure and 37 other Pl. 25s.

—DEIP

XV[.

SHRINE OF SAFT

1] Plates

Navili.e.

27 Plates

and Plans. 25s. XIIL-—DElit EL BAHARI. Parti. Memoir for 1893-94. Plates I.-XXIV. (3 coloured), t.y EDorjjVRii Kaville. with Description. Royal folio, 30s. XIV.--DEIR EL BAHARI. Part 11, Memoir for 1894-95.

Bv

I.

Uavies.

EXPLORATION FUND. 1892-9,

.-

Part

(t.

25s.

xn. —DEI'-. EL BAHARI.

I.— THE STORE CITY OF PITHOM AND THE BOUTE OP THE EXOE.US. Memoir for ISt 4.

Kdition.

By N de

For 1901-2.

II.

I'^w 1902-?,

UL- N^AUKUATIS.

N. OE

l!y

XUr.— THE ROCK tombs of el

PUBLICATIONS OF THE EGYPI

IL-

OF DEIR EL GEBRAWI.

2ds.

(2 coloured).

9 Coloured Plates.

Ll. Griffith.

F.

SAID.

ROCK TOMBS OF DEIR EL GEBRAWI.

XII.— THE

Price 2os.

SHEIKH

OF

iieG. IJAvies. 35 Plates. 25s.

For 1900-1.

1.

(2 coloured).

By

VI.— HIEROGLYPHS FROM THE COLLECTIONS Eor ,0F THE EGYPT EXPLORATION PUN.U. 1895-96. Price 25.S.

ByN.

For 1899-1900.

,

For 1894-95.

AND

PTAHHETEP

MASTABA OF

IX.— THE

H4 Plates

IV.— EL BERSHEH.

Eor

31 Photographio and G. DXvies other Plates (3 coloured). 25s.

By

1892-93.

For

AND I.

By N. de

1897-98.

Price 25s. F. Ll. Grii'vitjl and Pekcy K. Newi'.kbky. Price 25s. (2 coloured).

25s.

MASTABA OF PTAHHETEP AKHETHETBP AT SAQQAREIL Part

Percy E. NewPiJiKRY. Witli Appendix, Plans and Measurements by G. W. Fkasee. 37 Plates (a col.)-

III.— EL

By

1896-97.

27 Plates (21 coloured).

VIII.— THE

By

For 1891-92.

II.

For

IV.

Part

F. Ll. Griffith.

Price 25s.

(4 coloured).

ORIFPITH. VII.— BENI irASAN.

L".

('.

'P.

We^s.u.l.

Witlj,

62 Plates,

25s.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE GRAECO^^RO.^IAN Bn(\NCH. 1.— THE

OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. With

Hunt. II.

— FAYIJM

For 1902-3. With 6 Plates. 25s., VI.— THi!. PAPYRI. Part IV. For X903-4. By B. P. Grenf|;li, and A. S. Hunt.

By Bernard P. With 8 Ph-.tes. 2.5s.

AND THEIR

OXYRHYNCHUS

V.—TIIE

For i.tPENFEll am' Arthur S.

TOVSTNS

PAPYRI. For

By B. P. Grenflll, A. S. HtrNl, ami With 18 Plates. 26s. D. G. Hogarth.

Double Volume, for By li. P. Grenfell, A. S. IIhnt, with 9 Plates. {Sot on Sale.) PAPYRI. Part III. By B. P. Gkenfell and A. S. Hunt.

1900-1 and 1901-2. n.udj. G. Smily.

Part I L

1899-1900,

PAPYRI.

IV.— ""'^BTU^'IS

For Pait L S. and Abthc i

-THE OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI. 1898-99. IJCNT.

in

P. GRKNFEf.L 8 Plates. 2C ;.

By Bernard

1897-98.

OXYRHYNCHUS

With 8

VII.— THE

Plates.

HIBBH

By

B. P.

25s.

Px\PYEI.

Gkenfell and A.

S.

Part I. Hunt.

For 1904-5. {In Preparation.)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS. 'Yearly Summaries by

F

Kenyon, W. E.

G.

Ceu.u, and the Officers of

From 1892-93

to 1902-3.

ATLAS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. With Letterpress and Index. GUIDE TO TEMPLE 01 DEIR EL BAHARI. With Plan. AOriA 1H20Y: "

NEW

Sayings

S.-VYINGS."

COPTIC OSTRACA.

oi

By By

2i>.

tlie

Society.)

Edited by F. Ll. Gkiffitu.

dd.

Second Edition

js.

Qd.

6d.

By B. P. Gbisnfhll and A..S. Hunt. our Lord. B. P. Gkknfell and A. S. Hunt. Is. net. W. E, ,0uum. lOs. 6d. net.

2,s'.

(witli Collotypes),

and

EoiTX Exi'LOUATiuN FuNO 37, Gri.^at Russcl street, Loudonj W.C. and Pierce Building', Copley Square, Beaton, Mas.s., U.S.A.

Ojft'ioKS It' 'IHB

:

I

6fi!.

net,