The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part IV. - The Tombs of Penthu, Mahu, and Others

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Edited by

F.

GRIFFITH

Ll.

SIXTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS OF

EL

,

AMARNA

PABT IV.-THE TOMBS OF PBNTHU, MAHU, AND OTHEES BY

N.

DE

G.

DAVIES

FORTY-FIVE PLATES

LONDON SOLD AT

The

offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,

37,

Gkeat Eussell

Street,

W.C.

AND PiEUCE Building, Coi'ley Squahe, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TRUBNEE & CO., Dktden House, 43, Gekkakd Street, Soho, W. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHBR & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, B.C.

AND BY B.

;

1906

C50rttell IttiiicrsitH 3tl)aca,

Ethratg

New lark

J\nx>.\:\\^!CK\.o.u.%^

..9*«9f».«f.A*«hiteetui*.., .-3J-J..

Cornell University Library

DT 62.T6D3 V.4

The rock tombs of

El

Amarna

...

3 1924 020 525 378

Cornell University Library 'ifB

h

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020525378

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Edited by

F.

GRIFFITH

Ll.

SIXTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS OF

EL AMABNA PAET IV.-TOMBS OF PBNTHU, MAHU, AND OTHERS BY

DAVIES

DE G.

N.

FORTY-FIVE PLATES

LONDON SOLD AT

The OPPICES OF

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,

37,

Great Eussell Street, W.C.

AND PlEKCE BUILDINe, CoPLEY SQUARE, BoSTON, MaSS., U.S.A.

AND BY B.

KEGAN PAUL, TEENOH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerkard Street, Soho, W, QUARITOH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedpoed Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ;

and

henry PROWDE,

.

Amen Corner,

K

l\ I;

Y

E.C.

LONDON: PRINTED BT GILBERT AND BIVINGTON LTD., ST.

John's house, clerkenwell,

e~.c.

EGYPT EXPLOHATION FUND ©resiOent F.

G.

HILTON PEICB,

Dib.S.A..

Esq.,

IDtcesipresiaents

The Et. Hon. The Eabl of Ceombb, Sir John

G.O.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)

The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson Prof. T. Day Seymour (U.S.A.)

Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,

P.R.S., F.S.A.

Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

(U.S.A.)

Prof. Ad. Brman, Ph.D. (Germany)

LL.D.

Prof. G. Maspebo, D.O.L. (France)

The Rev. Prop. A. H. Saycb, M.A., LL.D. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.)

Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia)

Prof.

Ibon. ZTreasutere

Edward

H. A. Geuebbr, Esq., P.S.A.

f)oii.

J.

S.

E.

Wabebn, Esq.

(U.S.A.)

SectetatB

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Members

ot

Committee

T.

Prof. Alexander Maoalister, M.D.

G. P.

Mrs. McClube. The Ebv. W. MacGeegor, M.A. Robert Mono, Esq., P.E.S.E. The Marquess of Northampton,

H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. MoBERLY Bell, Esq. The Hon. J. E. Carter (U.S.A.)

SoMERS Clarke, Esq., P.S.A.

Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.) W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyer,

Esq.',

M.A. (U.S.A.)

Arthur John Evans,

Esq., M.A., D. Litt.,

P.E.8.

Peof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A. P. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A. P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.

Francis SiE

Wm.

Pbrcival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Heebert Thompson, Bart.

Mrs. Tieard.

Emanuel M. Undeedown, Esq., K.C. John Ward, Esq., F.S.A. T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A. E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

CONTENTS List of Plates

Chapter

...... ..... .....

PAGE vii

The Tomb of Penthu.

I.

A. Architectural Features.

The exterior The wall-thicknesses The interior The condition of the tomb

1

1 1

2

B. The Sculptured Scenes.

— Upper Part

North Wall

2

Lower Part „ „ South Wall Lower Part Upper Part „ „ Titles of Penthu

3

—

....

Chapter

II.

5

6

Site of the Southern Tombs

The

Situation

7

Number

7

Previous records

7

.

Change of Necropolis

8

Architecture

8

Tomb-forms

Chapter

5

9

.

Sequence

9

Methods of construction

9

Later burials

10

Roads

11

III.

.

The Tomb of Mahu.

A. Site and condition

12

B. Architectural Features

12

C. Scenes

and

inscriptions.

The wall -thicknesses The rewards of Mahu

An

13 .

inspection of the defences

Policing the capital

14 15

16

CONTENTS.

vi

PAGE

The Tomb

Chapter IV.

Chaptek V.

Chaptjsr VII.

Chapter VIII.

The Tomb

oe Nefer-khepeuu-her-sekheper

19

....

21

.23

The Tomb of Suti

25

The Religious Texts.

A. Their character B. Longer prayers C. Shorter prayers

D. Burial petitions

Index

Apy

The Tomb of Rames

Chapter, VI.

Appendix.

of

............. .... ......... .............

Decorative Technique at El Amarna

26 27 30 30 32 34

LIST OF PLATES WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

Tomb

PLATE I.

II.

Fa9ade

.

III.

N. thickness

IV.

S. thickness

V.

N. wall

:

A

Upper Scene

VII.

N. and

IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.

visit to

S. walls.

Lower

scenes

Fragments

„

.

The King and Queen at meat Tombs of Penthu and Rames. Photographs Tombs of Penthu and Mahu. Photographs S. wall.

.

General Plan

Southern tombs.

XV.

Plans and Sections

Back

XVIII.

„

,,

XIX.

„

„

XX.

wall.

wall

Back wall S.

XXII. XXIII.

S,

XXIV.

Front wall.

XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII.

XXIX.

end wall

S.

end end

:

wall.

wall,

:

The Royal Chariot

Left side S. side.

The

Passing the sentries

false

Mahu

Right side

Mahu

Doorway

Fragments

door

exercising office

Back

Exterior.

Mahu.

(continuation)

Front wall. wall.

of

Mahu and his train Mahu visits the Temple

side.

S. side.

:

XXI.

Back wall

N.

:

.

....

XVI. XVII.

end

•

The Royal Family The Stela

N. thickness. ISr.

.

..... Tomb

XIV.

the Temple

The Temple Court The Lesser Sanctuary-

VI.

VIII.

of Penthu.

Plan and Sections

.

brings prisoners

Door-jambs

.

LIST OF PLATES. PAGE

PLATE

XXXI. XXXII.

Tomb

of

Hymn

Entrance

Apy.

{The saws continued.)

XXXIV.

Tombs

XXXVI. XXXVII.

Tomb

XXXVIII.

Tomb

XXXIX,

....

Collation of texts

to the Aten.

XXXIII.

XXXV. Tomb

.

7a, 7b, 9b, 11 (Rames).

Plan and section

Tombs

.

.

.

.

and Apy.

Tomb The

Inscriptions

XLI.

......

Mahu.

of

sentries

Mahu and

Entrance

the city officials

The Royal Family driving out XLII.

Mahu's Chariot.

Mahu. XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

Tomb Tomb '„

{Inlc

.

design)

.

Nefertiti

Exterior.

13.

of

Apy. „

Hymn

Interior to

Aten

Votive pieces

.

..... .....

The Royal Family „ „ Rames at prayer Rames and his wife

11,21 22, 30 23,

24 25

19, 25, 31

Photographic Plates.

XL.

28, 29

23, 24, 31

Plan and sections

of Suti, of Suti

.

.

Sections and inscription

„

20

26—29, 31

.

Entrance

of Rames. 13.

Plans

20,

19,

.

13,

THE

ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. PART

IV.

CHAPTER

I.

THE TOMB OF PENTHU

ExTERiOE. in the

The jambs (much broken and time-worn) con-

Architectural Features.

A.

(Plates

i.,

ii.)

—This

tomb

is

hewn

60 yards or thereabouts to the

cliff,

The rock here forms an overhanging face about 30 ft. high, and by cutting back the foot-slope on the left hand a vertical wall 70 ft. long and 15 ft. high was

tain

a

facade

with but

labour.

little

by chance the rock above took the exact shape of the usual roll and cornice, though in gigantic dimensions, the The exportal was furnished with no other. North protected court on the cavation left a Perhaps

because

side of the door,

at a

later period

and dwellers

formed

in

the desert

this into a

snug abode

by adding thick walls of piled stone. The framing of the doorway stands out slight relief

from the wall, and

way

the usual

(Plate

ii,).

usual device of royal flanked on

deceased

each

and

his

side

The

The Wall-Thicknesses.

has the

by the It

Ahmes

of

figure is

the

(III.

the

exact

xxvii.).^

(No. 2 of Lepsius and L'Hote.)

No. 5. A complete drawing of the doorway was lost in transit, in England, and had to be replaced by a less The figures on the lintel are only careful record. "

approximately correct.

the

usual

and prayers of the deceased are again

found,

facing

They have

outward.

suffered

but the texts can be restored

great injury,

from parallels in the tomb of Huya.

The

hiero-

glyphs were carefully formed, but retain shape

and colour only on the upper part of the Several Greek graffiti are figure

on

Plate

iii.,

walls.

scratched over the

one

which

of

reads

Penthu wears the long gown, waistsash and sandals, and has the shaven head of jBp/xatos.^

the priest.

Translations of the prayers will be

p. 29.

Interior.

—The

tomb

nearly every

in

is

respect similar to that of

Ahmes

(III. xxvi.),

being T-shaped, with the cross-corridor at the

The inner room

further end from the door.

served as the burial-chamber, the actual place of interment being provided is

by a

shaft,

protected by a parapet of rock and goes

nearly 40 '

— Here

figures

in

decorated in lintel

hetep seten prayers in four columns each.

found on

and divine cartouches,

prayer.

counterpart of that of

is

di/

(Translations on p. 30.)

South of No. 4 (Meryra).

gained for

)

ft.

T

it

on the South

•''

Of.

down

descended this and found a

regularly-formed chamber, 17

out of

which

Part

side.

ft.

long, opening

It

III., pp. 35, 36.

was

partially

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. filled

with loose stones, and had evidently been

thoroughly ransacked.

1.

Beyond the cross-corridor was the Shrine. It had contained a statue or the block out of which one was to be hewn, but this has been entirely removed. The roof of the outer corridor is vaulted. For the trench in the floor, see Part II., p. 2.

— The tomb had, no

been used as a dwelling-place, and to

doubt,

—A RoTAL Visit to the Sanctuary. Upper

North Wall.

Though

Plates

Part.

subject

this

As a

v., vi., vii., xi., xii.

a

as

counterpart in other tombs,

it is

Condition of the Tomb.

The Sculptdred Scenes.

B.

it

whole has no

has resemblances.

representation of the Smaller Sanctuary

most akin to that in

III.

xxx., and to two

But

pictures in the Royal Tomb.*

in each of

those scenes, the visit of the King, which

is its

very differently pourtrayed

due two rounded niches in the South

ostensible motive,

is

wall and a square niche in the North wall,

while here there

is

which have removed a large part of the

with a second appearance of the Royal party,

this are

scenes.

on Penthu.

In order to give more light to the back room,

the bestowal of rewards

an attempt was made to break away the whole

already been explained (Vol.

of the framing of the inner doorway, but

The

only partially carried out. the long hall

is

owing,

nature of the rock

;

was

wall-surface of

in a deplorable condition.

further half on both destroyed,

it

The

sides is almost entirely

apparently,

the

to

poor

and the parts which have not

so suffered are almost equally unsightly.

The

whole tomb was decorated in a peculiar way, each figure or group being moulded in an inset This adhered so indifferently that

of plaster.

has nearly

all fallen

away, and has

the roughly-shaped mould which

The

(Pis. xi., xii.)

left it

plates therefore

it

simply

occupied. give, for

was to occupy.

As

this

sometimes closely

resembles, sometimes only roughly approximates

III.,

It has

29) in

p.

dealing with a similar picture of the temple,

that the

first

double-gated pylon represents the

outer gate of the Temple of the Aten; furniture which

is

seen behind

intervening courts or sanctuary

it ;

the

indicates the

and the second

pylon, with the building attached to

it, is

the

Smaller Sanctuary.

The Royal party stand outside the temple, the King holding up his hands in a reverential The Princesses Merytaten, Meketattitude. aten and another, with the usual

accompany of

the most part, merely the depression which the figure

;

added as a second motive,

their parents.^

attendants,

Five chariots, one

them with royal plumes, wait outside. The furniture, by which the intervening places are symbolized, corresponds

offering

of

most

closely to that of the last courts of the larger

to the final picture, a suggested restoration of

temple or to that of the dependent building at the

the outline has generally been added within.^

rear of the smaller.

Despite present appearances and the aspect

It is

only in the latter that

the tables with curved legs, which crowd the

of the plates, the few fragments of plaster that

space here, occur again

remain in place show that the

picture of the temple, however, finds

reliefs

were

executed with the greatest care and delicacy.

parallel in

The

strike

decoration of the tomb, however, remained

incomplete.

the Royal

(I. xi.,

This

xxxiii.). its

closest

Tomb, where the rays

through the building in the same way,

The lower scene on the South wall Mon. dit, Culte cVAtonou, I. i. Lepsius took away with him a piece of falling plaster, showing two heads of female fan-bearers. (Lepsius, '^

finished abruptly half

way

along,

and of the

upper design only fragments of the preliminary

'^

-D.

coloured sketch remain.

(PI. 1

A more

detailed description of the

by the sculptors

is

methods followed

given in an appendix, p. 32.

Text, xi.).

ii.,

p.

Dr.

133.)

They must be from

drawing of the fragment (No. 521 which is reproduced on Plate ii.

this

group

me an

excellent

in the Berlin

Museum)

Schaefer kindly sent

THE TOMB OP PBNTHU. and the

joints of

meat stacked on

and in

tables

shrines are a similar feature

; but where the Smaller Sanctuary, like the Greater, is indicated only by furniture and gates.^

Penthu and one or two fellow-priests meet the King at the gates, and the picture suggests

King presently took the opportunity to his favour to this worthy by substantial

that the

show

rewards, (PI.

Ppssibly

the

similar

of the matrix for the figure

and the modeller in

had to round

could (PI,

building

and

recompense for true

this his

had gone no

work

olF his

by

further,

best he

as

xii. d).

Behind the Royal party Smaller

for,

;

plaster, finding his basis

columned pylon, the

dustry as Chancellor, that on the South wall

figure

slovenliness, the cutting out

some inexplicable

fail,

Pis.

(cf.

The

not convincing.

is

does not extend below the collar-bones

the honour done him as Chief Physician, or Privy Councillor,

and

XV,, xxxi.)

below

scene

records the reward of Penthu' s in-

viii.)

and from other portraits of the Queen

gate

to

The appearance of

Sanctuary. has

seen the familiar

is

entrance

better representations

(III.

this

described

from

pp. 21-25).

The

been

already

the

discharge of his duties as Chief Servitor of Aten,

walls screening the entrance inside are shown,

the scene of his exertions being in each case

but the only furniture of the interior

chosen as the scene of his reward.

visible

described

is

as

" Rewarding

The occasion the

^

Intimate of the King, the Chief Servitor of "

Aten

Over Penthu's head is the stereotyped acknowledgment by the lucky courtier " Abounding in wealth and knowing

—

who bestows tion, which,

"

it

makes us regret the loss of the reThe mannerism of the earliest period

care,

The

indeed not entirely kept under.

however, lean,

is

chin,

unexaggerated, and the neck, though

is

such as Rossetti might have drawn.

The muscles are strongly indicated ; the cheeks are hollow, giving prominence bones,

design to

x.),

The inference would be that this part of the Eoyal Tomb was decorated at the period of the change from the South to the North necropoHs. But this seems impossible unless the one wall of the room which represents '

'

Meketaten were decorated

Emending

to

Cf. I., viii.

III., p. 13,

;

show that

Meryra, which (I.

viii., ix.

greatly injured

of this it

was the fellow

resembles in

it

xxix.-xxxi.).

and

It

all

essentials

has been suggested already

that the same subject once had a place in the hall

of Panehesy (II. p. 29),^

how

us forcibly

pictures that

As

little

there

and

may

this

warns

be in these

personal to the owner of the

is

the selection of verses on the grave-

Possibly at the time of these early designs the great of the Aten was, in fact, little more than a series

temple

of courts entered

later.

where the rendering is incorrect.

by pylons, and the furniture

still

of the

The sun's rays entering the building everywhere would then be even more noticeable simplest.

^

Plates

aspect.

the painted profile on the opposite wall (PL

for

Part.

perhaps the original of one in the tomb of

the cheek-

and suggest a hard, masculine

remains

Sufficient

tomb. to

thus conveys a different impression from

mourning

Lower

North Wall.

*

It

moun-

The Reward of Penthu.

2.

have perished,

Queen, a fragment which, being moulded with

is

rays

sun's

and the sky extends

reaches the supporting

it

till

The

meat.*

stacked

tains.

for the

with the exception of the chin and neck of the

mainder.

overhead

shrines

its setting.

faces of the royal pair, too,

extreme

and

bread

penetrate the building,

A longer inscrip-

no doubt, gave the reason

ceremony, has fallen from

The

^

with

numerous

of

consists

now

Cf.

PI.

xx.

than at later periods. °

Panehesy, as Superintendent of the Granaries and would seem to have the best claim to the

Cattle of Aten,

and possibly it originated with him for his tomb might be contemporary with Penthu's. Whether his fellow-officials adopted it with equal justice, or any justice, we cannot determine. design,

;

THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. stones of an English churchyard are determined

much more by local sculptor

the

repertoire of the

limited

than by any applicability to the

deceased, originality being extremely rare; so

was

also

number

in Akhetaten.

it

So small was the

of stock designs that their connection

with' the personal history of the deceased

might

The personality of these officials of Akhenaten becomes very attenuated when we observe that the tombs of Ahmes, Penthu, Panehesy and Meryra are illustrated with much the same subjects, whether the owner is a High Priest, a Chief Physician, or a Superintendent of the Court-house. The prayers and biographical statements put into the mouth be

very

remote.

deceased are also largely professional

of the

compositions dockets, in

;

and even the short legends and

which we might hope

to find a

personal note, generally at El

Amarna show

signs of being stereotyped, too.

There

ever, a certain degree of liberty.

is,

There

are,

;

the artist then, as now, despised the

ignoble role of a mere copyist, and variations that

we

it is

in these

shall find, if anywhere, signs

of individual fortune and character.

The inscription accompanying the picture of Meryra sets forth that he was rewarded for filling

the temple with

all

kinds of provisions for

The fragments of the corresponding but shorter notice here make it probable that offerings.

its

and even

tenour,

similar.

But the

its

wording, were very

reference to

Penthu

is

lost.

Apparently similar services and rewards were claimed in both cases.

As

tomb placed on the river-bank, but at the end of the picture, and in their place we have here a glimpse of the gardens and villas which this

Between these find the a broad band, which may represent

lay along the quay. ships

is

quay or the river. It is impossible to see whether the two strips of garden are simply such or contain colonnades.^ There is either the

over each, indicating perhaps

a strip of sky that they

gardens

by

lie side

The

other.

is

lost,

side,

except

attendants.

The enclosing wall running round on

of the store-yard

;

presumably in his capacity of Chief Servitor

is

Aten that he has earned the distinction of The response of Penthu to the King's generosity is on a strictly official model " Give health to Pharaoh (life, prosperity and health to him ), thy fair child, Aten. of

the golden insignia.^

!

Grant that he it

may

for ever. J

complete [thy duration

"

Behind the royal party

onward the wall-surface

'

The

ine to

full description

be more

given in Part

brief here.

I.,

is

(cf. I. is

the granary,

filled

From

here

xxxi.)

destroyed, partly by

vessels.

of plaster with detail (mooring-stakes,

cartouche-headed

outer court

King and Queen, accompanied by three by their bending attitude, PI. ix. e.), and a numerous suite, receive Penthu. He, on his side, has with him a considerable company of shade-bearers, scribes, officials and attendant priests for it

the river bank, with their prows moored to the

planks,

its

shown

princesses, their nurses (recognizable

with heaps of grain

landing

In

all sides.

is

the

in the later picture,^ the opening scene

Fragments

and

fragment

The rest of the wall-space up to the store-yard was occupied apparently by numerous chariots and their

grant

There are nineteen single-masted

for a small

ix. a.)

shows the freight ships drawn up side by side at

shore.

not one beyond the

of the line of buildings

rest

(on a larger scale in

how-

nearly always, differences of treatment and expression

by piles of produce, &c.) show that the copy of Meryra followed this The cattle-yards, however, are not in closely. paddles, figures standing

steering

pp. 33-3G, allows

Cf. the picture of

the river bank in the tomb of Ma>' Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, I. xxxv. ^ See Plate ix c. Also L'Hote, Lettres Ecrites, p. 61. Enough details of this group and its text remain to justify their restoration on the exact lines of the ^

(V. v.).

replica in

I.

xxx.

THE TOMB or PBNTHU. natural decay, partly by loss of a great patching block which had been fitted in Avith plaster.

entrance to the court of the palace from the street

out of place in regard to the whole

if

:

it

Probably a picture of the treasury occupied the space, but all that now remains is a fragment

be expected from an Egyptian draughtsman.

showing the cattle-house.

Nor

The

stalls

are seen at

in true relation to the fa9ade,

is

unity of time considered essential.

is

the top of the picture, and between them and the

figure of

front wall (below) are eight

gates,

groups of

(?)

each tended by a cow-keeper

cattle,

(PI. ix. d., Cf.

I.

xxix.').

and more cannot

Penthu

The

found again outside the

is

where he receives the congratulations of

name and

his friends, and, as his

are seen

titles

may have

above another group, he

appeared

there also in some other role or at another stage

Penthu honoured

3.

South Wall.

Lower

in

the Palace. Plate

Part.

His chariot awaits him

in the proceedings.

*

and a military escort is in attendance. To judge by a half-effaced inscription on the left, Penthu

viii.

This scene seems to be similar to that on the

was accompanied by a crowd of his subordinates

lower part of the West wall of

in office.^

xxxiii., xxxiv.), and, so far as

pictures,

The gate on the extreme left (on which the last strokes of the sculptor seem to have been

official.

spent) appears to be a repetition of the entrance

from the fragmentary represents the reward

Ahmes (III. we can gather

state of both

of the

Court

Hence the ceremony takes place itself

;

in the palace

gates

II. xiv.).

(cf.

the opportunity thus given for architec-

tural display being perhaps one reason for the

The King here

sits

in the great reception

of the palace, and from III. xxxiv. infer that the

him.^

The picture right

Queen was shown

room

is

hitherto

row

of four columns

is

shown.^

of the interior of the palace on the

different

met

in

with,

arrangement from those

and

as

more nearly

it

resembles the picture in the Southern tombs, a closer study of it

Penthu

is

may

be deferred.

acknowledgment of the royal gifts which two On the left attendants are fastening upon him. the front wall of the palace fa5ade

is

seen, with its

represented above in elevation.

The

gateway and side-door below must represent the

'

T

but

its

execution

brush

to

secured

Though the most

is

that, the artist

and

8

jars.

The

draughtsman never outlines

The hands

was better able

and the fragments of the

his impression

deft

and also

to depict

softness than the sculptor to carry

of the royal

profile

convey

lineaments more

accurately than most of the finished portraits.

The shape holds

* ^

is

the cup

noteworthy.

(Plate ^

(?)

which the Queen

The painting

is

in

red

The suggested royal plumes have no justification. " The people of the store-house and the subordinates this

of

of

house (reading

deleted.

group of

familiar,^

advantage in the

movement is admirable.

flexibility

out,

is

interesting.

Egyptian

better

scene

for the suggestion of restful ease

;

languid

it

the

of

showed

ought probably to have placed two animals only in

The suggested figure of the Queen in front is to be More likely fan-bearers stood here. The fourth is behind the King, passing through a

x.

has been found possible to build up a

it

picture on them.

the upper groups also. "

Plate

Part.

Only a few fragments of painting remain here,

show

standing before the King in grateful

Upper

South Wall.

we should

seated behind

Consistently with other representations

of this hall, a

The King and Queen at Meat.

4,

introduction of the scene.

ix. B.)

III. iv., vi., xxxiv.

CT^

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA. outline with the flesh in solid red, but blue also

used on the collar

This group

lies

end of the wall.

the cup

:

is left

Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple of Aten

is

white.

in Akhetaten.

Chief Physician.

about six feet from the right It

Privy Councillor (ami khent).

shows the King and Queen

(with a princess beside her

?)

each before a pile of viands.

seated on chairs,

A hand on the left

The following him (Plate ii.) :

—

epithets are also

suggests that a figure of equal size and impor-

Royal Chancellor.

tance sat facing the King, and the picture in

Sole Companion.

Huya's tomb leads us to ask

Attendant on the

Conceivably, however,

Penthu or some other

it

if it

can be Tyi.

might be the hand of

official in

feet of the

applied to

King.

Favourite of the Good God.

attendance.^

Beloved of his

He who

lord.

approaches the person of the God.

Chief of Chiefs. 5.

Penthu

is

Titles of Penthu.

entitled (Plates

iii.

and

Companion, chief of the Companions. iv.)

Though we know

:

Royal Scribe. Intimate of the King.

which these varied it

is

little

offices

of the special duties

and honours

plain that Penthu's rank

entailed,

was high and

brought him into close relations with the Court, The hand is at its true level in the Plate, but it should be some distance further to the left, as if it were helping itself from the same table. '

-

All these are borrowed by or from

were honorary

titles

Ahmes

(III. xxvii.),

showing that they only, applicable to any high official.

along with the device on the

lintel,

CHAPTER

II.

THE SITE OF THE SOUTHERN TOMBS. Situation.

1.

—

It is

curious that the bold

themselves Avere not selected as a

cliffs

site for

'

planned or whence stone was taken for inset (patchings, cornices, etc.),

and these no doubt

the earliest tombs at Akhetaten, but a low bank

have caused disappointment to others besides

which marks the

myself.

rise froin the level of the plain

wady running southward through the mountains. The rock is of the worst possible nature the site was limited in area and lay an hour's ride south-east of the to that of the great

was of any

Hence

city.

after a

few years

cliffs.

it

was abandoned

These unattractive

are bounded on the East and

hills

West by two Khors

I

opened only 7c

and none showed any traces of

size,

inscription except 25a.^ 3.

;

for the northern

Of the tombs which

Previous

Recoeds.

—The

buried

state

of these tombs, consequent

on their low posi-

unknown

or uncopied long

tion,

kept them

They seem

after their first discovery.

to

have

been unvisited by Wilkinson, as Hay, who shared

(drainage valleys) and are cut into three parts

with him the knowledge of the tombs of Et

by dry

tomb of Ay tomb opened by me." ^ Tomb 13 also was opened by him and his companion Laver in 1830, as he records on its ceiling and tombs 7 and 8 were entered, and such copying and planning done as were possible under the circumstances. L'HoTE did very little work here. The great advance which Lepsius made on Hay was more in

water-courses, descending from the level

of the wady.

NcjMBEE.

2.

— Of

the tombs excavated here,

nineteen are usually open and have been

bered

^ ;

num-

but there are others in a greater or

state of completion, of which eight appear

less

on the

accompanying map (Plate xiii.). All the tombs are liable to become sanded-up, so that many of

numbered tombs had to be excavated in order The eight lettered tombs were to secure plans. completely hidden and were cleared of sand by me. Most of them had been unearthed before by the

MM.

Bouriant and Barsanti, but no records or

plans seem to have been made.

The tombs

are

refers to the conspicuous

;

the publication than in the extent of his copies for

tombs were plain to him, he made no attempt to Egyptologists on the

owing

'

are

many

between 1883 and 1902 I.,

p.

5).

The

combined labours, long delayed

to the illness

and death of M. Bouriant,

There

small cuttings where a tomb was

7 to 25 in continuation of the northern tombs. They often called the Tombs of Hagg Qandil after the

nearest village on the river-bank.

site

has already been noted (Part

thrown out so that it is almost impossible that any large chamber remains undiscovered, though are also

The work done by French

penetrate into them.

result of their

there might be many of the type 9b., 9c.

;

though the entrances of most of the other

betrayed at once by the piles of stone fragments ;

Til,

as " the

The evident excitement under which M. Bouriant worked can alone account for the statement that the South group contains more than fifty tombs, and that all ^

the valleys are full of them. pp. 3

1, 15.

Hay, MSS. 29847,

fol.

65.

Deux

jours de fouilles,

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. has

now

appeared, so far as the south group

is

Change

of Necropolis.

—The transference

influx from Thebes

what the

first

fashions

influence and local

us with an unsolved problem

:

challenged.

changes that coincided with

it

had

The new and

real significance.

name

Aten comes

of the

suggest that

into use

stricter

disappears

sister

;

King

these changes

in the doorways.

startling;

is

the 8th or 9 th year

way

of

none perhaps was

marked a exhibited in some

of the reign

Probably

turning-point. definite

None

taken together, they show that

yet,

;

detailed pictures of

the figure of the deceased takes the

place of the

sudden

the

shown and those of the palace

the temple are are altered

;

;

it

the success of the revolution

:

only

5.

plete break

all

Now

had been in doubt.

promise)

civil

^ ;

(surely

by a com-

The city had the temple and the palace

peace was assured.

been solidly founded erected

to this point

;

the boundaries of the sacred district

solemnly confirmed

;

the Queen's sister married

servir a

l'

etude

du

Gulte d'Atonou en

unknown

at El

ordinary T-shaped chamber

Amarna, and so

also

is

is

decoration in colour on

Papyrus columns everywhere replace the square pillar of rock where support is needed If Akhenaten fails to win our adfor the roof. plaster.

miration

away from the bright colour and

the Theban tomb, his architecture at

by and referred

to

l,east

Southern Group, where the larger tombs almost

There

reach the dignity of rock-temples. other necropolis like this in Egypt. solid

masonry

of

is

no

Beside the

Saqqareh, the magnificent

simplicity of Beni-Hasan, the rich colouring of

Thebes, must be set the graceful architecture of

with

finishing

The row

the

at

and

cavetto-cornice,

wall

by

its

of complex

in

carrying

ural element which,

them in addition. As far as possible I have worked on the site with previous copies before me so that where I differ from my predecessors I must be understood to have fully con-

rich de-

in the highest degree imposing, especially in the

MM.

{Becueil, xv., p. 36) being superseded

pro-

The

Egypte.

in that work, I shall not cite

less

There was a com-

simple or a corniced architrave,

Tome I. Les Tomhes de Khotdtatonou. Par U. BouEiANT, G. Legeain et G. Jbquier. 1905. The previous publications of texts, &c., by M. Booeiant {Deux jours defouilles a Tell el Amarna) and M. Daressy

not

both in form and in mode of decoration.

columns Monumonts pour

is

from the traditions of Theban tombs

the tombs of Hagg-Qandil.

^

marked

originality so

minent in tomb architecture.

yet not to be a failure was already much.

up

—The

epoch in other directions

at this

tail of

well be supposed that

;

Architecture.

is

may

which the King's

in

indicated.

a very partial and short-lived success, no doubt

It

;

was changing some-

such change, important yet not radical, seems

the form of

;

tombs undergoes considerable alteration Queen's

it

political results'

mannerisms had been unbut some All this is hypothetical

of the Necropolis to the northern hills presents for the material

had

in a way, perhaps, that

new

a

concerned.' 4.

off,

is

pilasters

either

a

an architect-

harmonious blending

of straight lines with curves

and of the plain

may bear comparison with features of classical architecture that have

with the broken surface,

become imperishable models.

The breaking

;

vinced myself that they were in error.

I

may add

that,

except for deliberate mutilations, and inscriptions in ink

on the fa9ade or in the entrance of tombs, the records, with rare exceptions, do not appear to have deteriorated since the days of Hay. ^ Perhaps temporarily the court had settled further to the south (in the mansion with the smaller painted pavement ? ), but now moved northward to the newlybuilt

quarter

shifting with

it.

of

the

city

;

of the plain wall-surface portals, or

by double corniced

by the door and

admirable decorative

taste,

lattice, also

shows

and we can only

regret that no free-standing building remains in

Akhetaten. short and the

the necropolis, naturally,

2

of

But

not,

Egypt.

Unfortunately the period was so

work

so hurried that

we have

to

it would seem, to Horemheb, the future King See Sethe, A .Z. 1905, p. 134.

THE SITE OF THE SOUTHERN TOMBS. complete the tombs in imagination. One and all they remain sketches which show the restless genius of the artist; and if there seems no great

room was

In Nos. 8

quite simple and small.

left

variety of type, no more indeed than indicates

room was meant to become a many-columned chamber.^ Where the cross-corridor had become a columned hall, it was felt ad-

that the type was variable,

visable to begin the burial place at once, placing

and 15

we must remember

that the tombs of the group appear to be the

it

product of two or three years at most. 6. ToMB-FOEMS. The most natural impulse in is

To

might

athwart the entrance or in line with

lie

this the corridor answers best.

it

was

generally

secured room for expansion.

adopted,

as

It

6,

was made to turn on

Sequence.

7.

was extensive,

itself so as to

keep within

The stairway, when

—

It

is

difficult

to

The Princesses are always three in number, except in tombs 9 and 11 where Merygroup.

but

Reasons will be given for

tateu alone appears.

doubting

added at the further end, thus

early as Akhenaten's fifth or sixth year.

an

these

if

two tombs can

are

all

of the cross-corridor

period,

and

am

I

really date as

All the

to be practically of one

tombs therefore seem

exact T.

The smallest tombs

unable to suggest with confi-

Tombs

type, with a false door (shrine) at each end and

dence any Sequence among them.

another opposite the entrance (tombs

23 show examples of the later form of the

7, 11, 17).

and means permitted, the breadth of the

If time

of the Aten,

corridor was doubled, the back wall becoming a

row

of

columns down

6, 9,

determine

there the cross-corridor (with false doors) was

forming

then,

the centre (commenced in

and tomb

9 uses

no other.

8

and

name

These,

we should expect to be latest in date. Methods op Construction. As will be

—

8.

Nos. 10, 12, 20; nearly completed in 7c, 18).

seen in dealing with separate tombs, they are

Or

more or

might be trebled or quadrupled by having two rows of columns (Nos. 8, 14, 16) or three (No. 25). Two false doors to right and left on it

entering

still

cross-aisle (Nos. 8, 16).

ment

all is

Not

in

the

less unfinished,

all

and the decoration of Evidently the work

seriously incomplete.

The shrewd king

was done in the utmost haste.

seems to have seen that the best way to bind his

bore witness to the embryo-form,

though these might be repeated

in

order of succession of the tombs in this

the

it

In the South group

was imitated in tombs 3 and

If the stairway

15).^

only tombs 18, 19 and 23 adopted the direct corridor.

down from

the second chamber, was on the right (Nos.

and though the latter arrangement had the advantage of taking small frontage space, the corridor

flight of steps leading

the area of the tomb.

It

it,

cross

end of a

13, 14, 16, 25).

with least

to gain wall-space

labour.

at the

the floor (in the left-hand back corner, Nos. 8,

—

tomb-quarrying

this inner

new

courtiers to Akhetaten

was to

that the develop-

let

them

and to his enterprise there

see their future halls of burial

already planned on an elaborate scale and actually

actually took place in successive strips.

After the cross-corridor was. finished the central

begun.

might be run out to its limit, and the excavation begun to right and left (Nos. 21, 22).

A

tomb was invariably quarried from

aisle

tomb was, however, The It had no place for burial not really complete. (only a shaft in the chamber in tomb 11), and it

I

simple cross -corridor

was intended that the door

reached.

which

the

burial

In the tomb of

j

;

still

seen in the

Panehesy (No.

first

6).

chamber

In the

of

latter

Meryra (No,

4)

and

of

they are transferred to

the back wall.

back wall

in the

;

should lead to a further room,

through

\

It is from this type that the larger tombs of the North group are developed, but with considerable changes of dimensions and arrangement. The two false doors are '

in

When

the inner

room was added

provisional burial place in the outer hall

place

Mahu

*

which or

should

be

(No. 9) this

for a |

more elaborate one

chamber.

in its true

in

No.

6,

the

was abandoned

place, the

second *

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

10

the roof downwards, and to the last the ceiling

painted their scenes, though half the chamber,

remained the most finished and accui'ate portion

or

modern surveyor is obliged to adopt the laborious and inverted method of taking the

This procedure has been justified.

so that the

The reason for When one tomb was be-

save the doorway, was

all

architectural beauty

this is not far to seek.

the necropolis

before

neighbour had been completed,

its

it

the interiors

out

This

its

claim to frontage by excavating the whole

This

Avithin.

have been

to left

is

in fact always found

done, even

unfinished in the rear

tomb was

the

if (cf.

Nos.

14,

22,

A further

peculiarity of these tombs

is

that

in

two

ready for

perfectly

conclusions

from

the

No

scenes.

pictures

and

of doors,

ceilings, architraves, cornices

of columns,

capitals

while the

ception

we have of

was

however,

in

the

mass of rock.

of the oflicial from the

is

not

{Tombs 7, 8, 25). The tombs and

that,

tomb was

to avoid the use of scaffolding, the in

sections

:

work was done.

feature

this

direct result of the conditions

is

the

under which the

So hasty was

so insecure

it,

are

un-

all

the

tomb

with the exof

Mahu and

are three

separate

same design, showing the reward

a

impatience to reach pleasing results or in order

completed

in this group,

those

which would

matter of fact

a

one in the tomb of May, versions of the

The explanation, owing to a childish

As

us.

other half of the tomb, the column, the doorway, still

evidence

remaining walls

have occupied the

work went on

were given to the

decoration.

can be gathered from the absence of certain

knoAvn to

the last smoothness and detail

are even

cases

must be remembered in appreciating architectural features, and not less in drawing

they were evidently finished piecemeal as the ;

for this

tomb reached

for not a single

;

representations, for the subjects

25, etc.).

But

and no texts or scenes in

and only

completion,

was advisable that the latter should have marked breadth

virgin rock.

unmethodical haste there could have been no

ceiling as the basis of his plans.

gun

still

window

of the palace

open

their sculptures lie

also

to the charge of being "jerry-built"; for the

material in which they are excavated

is

quite

The ad-

unsuited to their ambitious designs.-

mirable lines of cornice and column and the fine

the supply of labour, so remote the chance of

detail of sculpture are all

executed in plaster.

completion, that the most expeditious method

The

often of the roughest

was the only method.

description.

plasterers

Quarriers,

finishers,

and decorators were employed upon

stone basis for both

faults

and

Many

is

of the columns, owing to

fissures in the rock, are largely

No

made

the

tomb simultaneously, one following upon and when, as was feared, the quarriers were called away from the half-exca-

up

the other's heels

work, due to haste, has also been covered up

vated tomb, the finishers employed the interval

was

;

that must elapse before for

them

new

in completing the

work was prepared

if

decorators and sculptors, wall, sketched

and the insecure basis

for this

rock-architecture

plas-

considered to have sufficiently vindicated the

capitals

their

work would

not destroyed, should

the excavation ever be proceeded with.

smoothed

so excellent,

in plaster

The

unformed and that

be seriously impaired,

But the Egyptian work

is so little to be suspected even now, that the passing centuries must be

moulded and whitewashed the

still

way.

limit

of columns regardless of the fact that the shaft

was

in this

doubt a great deal of bad

chamber to the

that their forerunners had set them. terers

of plaster.

The

who found a properly out,

sculptured and

ancient architect. 9.

Later Burials.

—Most,

if

not

all,

of the

tombs have been re-used for later burials, bones and great mounds of sherds outside the principal tombs witnessing eloquently to the fact. Large numbers of coffins were, I believe, found by the first

excavators,

many being burnt and

others

THE removed

to Cairo.

No

SITE. OF

THE SOUTHERN TOMBS.

notes of this Depart-

mental undertaking have been published.^ 10. Roads. As in the North group, broad

—

swept clear of stones, lead from the

tracks,

vicinity of the ancient

town to many of the chief tombs. They are marked on Plate xiii. for a certain distance, but after three or four hundred yards from the tombs they visibly swerve from the straight line and often bend considerably, perhaps because several ran into one.^

Their

full

mapping

remains

to

be

done.

The following notes on added

I

hope

to be able later to obtain a little evidence

on the subject from the heaps fellahin

who

of debris

and from the

did the work.

For their further course, consult Peteib, T.A., pi. xxxv. Their number and direction is given in Lepsius, D. Text,

this

subject

may

be

:

From Tomb

25.

—Two roads;

319°, one at 322°,

one leaving at

and seeming to

strike the

river bank at points 317° 30' and 333° 30'

TAventy and twenty-two feet

from the tomb. broad.

From Tomb

23.

From Tomb five feet

— Thirty-four

22.

—-Very

feet broad.

straight.

Twenty-

broad.

From Tomb '

11

8.

— Appears

to strike the

303° from the door of the tomb.

bank

Twenty-nine

feet broad.

The uninscribed tombs,

of

which some plans

*

ii.

p. 148.

are given on Plates xxx., xxxiv., will be noticed in Part

V.

12

CHAPTER

III.

THE TOMB OF MAHU c

through which the place of burial

A. Site and Condition of the Tomb.

This tomb was opened

1883^

by M. Bouriant

in

This inner chamber

and the shrine

for the first time.

Maliu, Chief of Police, was better aware than

any one of the

!)'

risk, or rather

the certainty, that

tomb would be plundered after his death. Instead, therefore, of hewing his chambers

his

conspicuously in the face of the

hills

overlooking

stairA¥ay of 47 steps leads

more descend

flights

pit

" eternal

actual interment.

whirling

Though

sands

cellar-wise

Avould

there,

quickly

where the conceal

it.

aim was not permanently secured, the ruse was partially successful. The little his

tomb remained immune, not only during the

may

is

now

Southern tombs,

the it

is

died

life

or

had been

filled

A

up

niche

owing not only

place

of

Had

from favour just then,

or of possible elaboration of the Avoi'k,

peculiar interest of the scenes but also to the

arrest,

unsullied whiteness of a large part of the walls.

seems to have often

Egyptian those

to reflect the

chamber must have formed his sepulture. The prospect of sudden

most attractive of the

B. Architect URAL Featuees.

pit

and fortune in Egypt.

fallen

this provisional

to the

The

be a later loculus for burial.

Mahu

chamber

at double

This contains a burial-

first.

The intermediate chamber seems

the assaults of modern thieves.

little

room

in the wall at the foot of the first flight of steps

uncertainty of

his

to a

with round boulders and loose stones.

religious reaction that soon occurred, but from If

to the burial-

with a rough chamber at one end for the

stairway to a sufficient depth he formed his

home "

down

chamber, and from the floor of this

to a small

the depth of the

narrow

remains an un-

making more than a complete turn before Two flights bring one the owner Avas satisfied.

ground was almost

a

it

place,

the plain, he chose a retired spot where the

Driving

back of

Fi'om this chamber a winding

finished doorway.

two

flat.

reached.

roughly hewn and askew,

is

at the

is

afl"ected

the plans of the

architect, as it not infrequently does

of his

modern

successors.

Sometimes,

of the simple cross-corridor type,

perhaps, the stoppage Avas deliberate, the coveted

with a second chamber in the axis of entrance

achievement being so far beyond the immediate

The tomb

is

resources of the official that

Tomb 9. The name is spelt (or misspelt) in four other ways in the tomb by the slovenly scribe. By error a & (?) precedes the name on the right jamb outside Can it be this blunder that has induced (Plate xxviii.). '

was impossible to execute the whole plan at one outlay.

The of this

inscribed

name by Mabhou? It was correctly given instance by M. Bouriant. ^ BouEiANT, Deux jours de fouilles, p. 16.

the North end the other,

tombs

at each end.

tomb, hoAvever, this feature

the editors of the French publication to transliterate the

As might be expected from this title, the excavation seems to have been of the most summary sort. The tomb was published last year in Mon. du CuUe d'Atonou, I., ch. xv.

in all finished

group has a doorway

this

in the first

chamber

it

is

In

replaced at

by a round-topped stela while though of the usual form, has its inner ;

part inscribed, thus obviating the possibility of

hewing a chamber or statue-shrine there.

These doorways, plainly, have been interpreted as door-

THE TOMB OF MAHU. shaped stelae and decoratively treated as such

13

the North stela being just a repetition of the

The prayer, which is a duplicate of that on the opposite wall with one or two

inner design of

variants in spelling, occurs four times in this

two

omitting the door-

its fellow,

A single

framing.

;

up

step leads

The sculpture in each case shows acts of worship by the royal family. The profile of the Queen is repeated in line on steps to the former.

The facade

wall.^

tomb

to the latter

Plate xxix., and in photograph on Plate

whole

Apy, Any,

alone,^ as well as in those of

(A

Tutu, and of Meryra in the "North Group.

found on Plates

collation of these texts will be xxxii., xxxiii.,

The

xlii.

texts

and a translation on

in

this

p. 28.)

tomb contain the most

tomb occupies only the

extraordinary errors and are often unreadable as

breadth of the narrow stairway, and hardly

they stand, the decorator being plainly incapable

admits even of the door-framing.

of reading a

of the

The cornice and the scene on the lintel are almost weathered away. The inscriptions on the jambs, as well as those

on the corresponding doorway to the

inner chamber, are translated on pp. 30, 31.

The

and a lower

: 7

by scenes but, as

these tombs, the

work

series,

an upper

is

As

unfinished.

a con-

illegible

exemplar.

The portraits of Mahu which so often recur in the tomb agree fairly well with one another typical Egyptian

The

little, if

official, fchey

at

from the

all,

cannot be taken

attempt at portraiture.

as a serious

invai'iablv the case in J

is

7

two

in

having besides a corrupt or

but as they also differ

walls of the outer hall Avere to have been

fully occupied

word of that which he copied and

faces of the royal pair in the

well preserved

tomb are

and confirm the most pleasing

and

exhibition of the technical methods employed

King's profile in Plate xv., where the work

for they

;

remain in almost every stage from the

ink sketch to the finished

In most cases

relief.

bizarre

least

The

portions

not

if

all,

of

colouring,

its

and

the

hieroglyphs on the door-jambs, instead of being as elsewhere in simple blue, are in varied colours.

Attention (p.

is

technique later on

the

called to

in

all

of the figures are bad, erring above

the

excessive

The Scenes and 1.

Inscriptions.

The Wall-thicknesSes. Plates XV., xxix.,

and

even supposed to reproduce similar

sides of the short entrance-passage to the

are ornamented in the

way almost

universal in

the Southern tombs.

On

namely, the

Royal family are shown the Aten (Plates

left,

in

PL

and, in a lower panel,

the figure and liturgy of the deceased

which the King pours

xv., in

The figure is shown on Plate xxix. the whole in Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, I., p. 97 (with some inaccuracies and omissions). ^ For variants in the four texts of this tomb consult Part I., pp. 50, 51, where the text of Plat/s xxix. = Mahu ;

that of PI. xvi.

Mahu

c,

and that

other side the latter subject occupies the

=

Mahu

that of the S. thickness

b,

of Plate xxiii.

3

Peteie, T. a., Frontispiece.

*

Characteristic perhaps of

of the reign,

(PI. xxix.).

pair.

incense or oil" on the flaming bowls, while the

a,

the

sacrificing at the altar of

xv,, xl.),

The scene

unhappy

'

xl.

(representing the thicknesses of the wall)

On the

the head

of the thighs. Yet they do not show the anatomical enormities which, though rarely perpetrated in tomb -sculpture, are

physical peculiarities of the

tomb

of

size

shortness

and are

The

by The pro-

often considered characteristic of the period,*

32).

C.

on

strikingly resembles the plaster head found

Professor Petrie in the ruined town.^

part',

is

the largest scale and most carefully executed,

the paint seems not yet to have been applied. scene on Plate xv., however, has received

The

examples elsewhere.

sequence the walls afford a most interesting

(boundary

=

work

Mahu

of the first

Cf. II, xxxii. for the

few years

stelae, stelae in the palace, trial

pieces, etc.). 5

=

d.

shape

of the vessel,

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

14

Queen

and a lamp

offers the sceptre

already burns on the sacrifice,

comment. Queen's

such as

(?)

calls for little

or

The

coiffure}

King's

On

upper picture the ink fragment shown in xvii. the parts on the extreme left (end

PI.

sewn with ornaments of

wall)

and

enamel

fringed with glaze pendants.

Here and elsewhere

;

and on the extreme right are completely

The former probably contained addi-

effaced.

tomb only the firstbom daughter, Merytaten, is shown ^ but against the inference that the work belongs to

tional

the earliest years of the reign

the King.

in the

;

fact that in this

to be set the

is

tomb the cartouches of the Aten

take their later form.' It scarcely

seems possible that the tomb should

have been decorated before the birth of Meket-

For we

aten.

find the

hymn to the Aten

composed, plagiarized and corrupted

guarded by organized

methods

forts

the

;

;

its

decoration

of

style

artistic

artist

old

enough

to

It

had no place

in the pictures except for the heiress,

now

and

developed.

fully

seems more likely that the

the town

;

and government

police

peculiar

already

who

^vas

appear with her parents in

public.

The Rewards or

Front Wall, N.

half.

Back Wall, N.

Plates

half.

xvii.,

which the

collars

The scenes the

duties

in the hall itself have

two

and the rewards of Mahu.

The

former subject occupies the South, the latter the

North half of the chamber.

In every case the

scenes on each side of the

stelae

on the end

walls form a part of the larger picture on the

adjacent wall.

The design on the North

half of the front wall

gone, but a fragment in ink which survives

is

(PI.

xxix.) shows that on the upper part

Mahu

was seen receiving the customary honours

Of.

^

One

Stbindoefp, also in the

tomb

of

Eames

(PI. xxxv.)

most stelae not less than three elsewhere. ^ As in the tomb of Any and once in that

shows us the waiting

left

Unfortunately the design on the panel

fore him.

cannot any longer be deciphered with certainty appears to present the execution of an

it

two on

in excited salutation

and

great

by troops and troops

Aten

(?),

thou shalt

says,

of Tutu.

"Thou makest

thou, the ruler of

;

live for ever."®

scenes (Pis. xviii., xix.) differ little

last,

except that the temple

is

substi-

tuted for the palace, indicating another occasion for

the

reward of

this

important

The completion of the palace and temple would be great public events in Akhetaten, and Mahu might well receive tokens official.

of court favour

on both occasions.

the artist in decorating the

mind

in

Mahu's

to indicate

Or perhaps tomb rather had it

responsibilities

the

:

temple and the palace which he had to protect, and the system of defences round the city which he had to maintain.

In

all this,

of course,

Mahu

did excellently and reaped generous recognition.

The whole

of this picture, being also merely

The Mazau formed the

of that

name.

Their

police

'"

Cf. III. xii.

force in

irnportant

from a Nubian

Commandant was

the Vizier or Governor,

;

enemy

by the King. Mahu's men are ranged behind him unarmed. He himself is lifting his hands

centres, being recruited principally ;

of

have been entitled to have a standard carried be-

at

Bliitezeit, pp. 156, 157.

is

Mahu by

Mahu, and a second figure of that official, " Mahu, commandant of the Mazau of Akhetaten."* By virtue of his office he appears to

* '

latter

crowd, the close attendants

the

chariots,

public

subjects,

the

;

were being handed to

What

and place

xviii., xix., xxix., xlii.

soldiery

evidently showed the loggia of the palace from

from the

Mahtt.

and

attendants

The lower 2.

we have

the North half of the back wall

as the

sporran (in faint red ink) seems to have been inlaid

of the

palace.

Ribbons secure the uraei to the headgear

King from the window

the hands of the

tribe

responsible

to

THE TOMB OF MAHU. sketched out in black ink,^ not only affords

Father

an example of the

and

and method of the

skill

but,

owing

its

a

"

ever.

head of

!

his force.

now ranged

in

It

at the

but

led as before,

is

six ranks

A

of five.^

is

formal

execution singularly near to us.

ceded the honour shown to their Commandant,

seems to have but

moment and

again and again, for ever

it

review of the police of Akhetaten may have pre-

it

betrays,

The man whose brush traced sketches

to

does

brings

the manual dexterity which

the day of

and

to its provisional character

He

!

The good master In the row above, Mahu is seen again

ancient draughtsman and of the basis which was

given to the sculptor for his subsequent work

15

to be

still

it

clever

these

left his

task for

in our midst.

We

can

who had looked forward when pressure of work elsewhere him away from the tomb, deferring his

or

represents the orderly

it

Above them

is

march

to the temple.

written, " the police of

aten sing and shout the refrain^

He promotes

so as to

'

(lit.

AkhetSo

see the sculptor, too,

say.')

to this task,

long as Aten dawns] he will endure eternally.' "

called

'

[in masses, in masses.

Mahu's charioteer and

departure for half-an-hour while his deft tool

join in a similar cry, "

modelled a head of Mahu, which was to remain

berless masses.

on the ink design

for all time the only advance

(Photograph, PI. self,

Or perhaps Mahu him-

xlii.)

(?)

He shall live eternally like

and children

(of

Mahu's harem

?)

(Photograph, PI.

the general jubilation.

num-

Aten," join in xlii.)

intensely chagrined at the stoppage of the

work, would not release the craftsman until he had at least seen his own portrait elaborated. Mahu, wearing the festal cap, and with his

neck laden with

collars,

not present, unless the scene on the other

side of the door (PI. xxii.)

connection with

it.

3.

—A

Royal Inspection of the Defences.

Back Wall. South end. Plates

xii.,

xx., xxi., xxii,, xl.

kneels in prayer or

homage before the great gate of the temple. The whole scene is the familiar one of the reward of the faithful official by the King, and the inscriptions confirm it. The King, however, is

Women

crowd

saises outside the

He promotes by

*

is

to

be brought into

Otherwise we must suppose

that Mahu, after being honoured as shown in

the scene above, presented a thankoffering at the gate of the temple, and this prayer for his Life, royal master, " Health to [Pharaoh]

This picture has such evident reference to

must have been designed Nothing similar occurs elsefor this tomb. where, though the chariot and the occupants Mahu's calling that

it

In

xxxii. a).

This building

is

repre-

PL xviii., simply by the front mode which is not elsewhere em-

in

sented, as

elevation, a

ployed.

xxxii.,

(III.

PI. xx. the royal chariot is seen

temple.

leaving the

Ahmes

by

reproduced

were

A

peculiarity

is

the terrace, reached

!

prosperity and health to safe

by

him

(his)

Mahu Mazau

him

Aten, vouch-

!

for ever, (namely) Ua-en-ra,

who forms

In both cases those with the pointed flaps to their tunics are to those with a squarely -ending cloth as two to

men, " the

or merely for diversity's sake,

Ka." is

one

followed

by

fifteen of his

of Akhetaten," led

who

by

their officer

and a

their King with upraised arms and cry,

God or " The

who makes monuments

to the

standard-bearer,

good ruler

(?)

^

all

praise

their

;

seem

whether as indicating a difference to

form a

ii This scribe

^ ^^

Facsimiled here from tracings.

q xvn.

H

of race or function,

not clear.

Five

men

unit.

ra be meant.

is

I

O

is

|.

^,

omitting

j must

capable of any error.

Of.

I.

viii.

;

III.

xii.,

xvi..

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

16

by an

on which

ascent,

it

is

set

tion of this has been previously suggested/

The Queen and Princess are

in the King's

chariot, instead of each driving her

own, as in

The Queen,

regardless

later

representations.

King

though

his Avhole

thought

is

a striking way.

It will be noticed how exceptionally

(PI. xii. c.)

human and

unrestrained the pictures are in this

tomb, and in consideration of this we

pardon Mahu and his

The

police (PI. xxi.),

The

cursion

is

the

run before the

to

two

is

comparison with

little

above the door.^

The

objective

merely

by

rails

or ropes.

when he

destination,

its

the chariot is

foremost

apin

it.

chariot, as

house to the city

it

passes from the guard-

takes a road flanked with

(?),

These,

left.

linked together

block-house, are

too,

by

for better defence against surprise

rail,

Each sentry has

xl.).

as the royal chariot passes each inclines in

floor,

by

connected

respectful salute, or

lifts

his prescribed beat,

his

hands in acclaim,

according as he perceives his master act. The unarmed escort of police seems to witness still more powerfully to the popularity of the King

and the law-abiding character of the

city.

Probably they are rather

may

set

a

short

easily

shown again

Front Wall.

Upper

in PI. xxii.,

where

truly

Policing the Capital.

4.

have

Plate xxviii. is

less,

(PL

III., p. 24.

This device

The

none the

and

For the fa9ade with masts see I. xii., In Plate xviii, here the terrace is xxvii., II. xviii. emphasized, and there are shown to right and left of the columns those pilasters in which each row of columns terminates, and which are such a feature of the local See also Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, 1. i. tomb-architecture. " For the arrangement of this wall see the Key on ^

;

PI. xxi.

displaced.^

Part

(?)."

police

windowless

been arranged so as to give an alarm within

'

chariot

post and

it,

of entanglements,

height from the ground, and

when

himself

detachment that prepares to run behind the

ex-

a

thou who

head of the

the

at

the

afforded against night attack

a quadruple line of posts round

again

seen

like the

means of crenellated and overhanging ramparts.

in the nature

is

the

with provision for defence from the roof by

is

He

Ra

;

—

that remain behind, yet kneels in front of the

that of

tower entered by a door on the ground

A protection

there behind the vizier

is

suggestively

blockhouse shoAvn on It is

He

sentry-houses to right and

of

The

xii.).

Mahu's activity and ubiquity in

hast built Akhetaten, acting as

greeting

obliged

turning in his chariot to

is

Ua-en-ra, thou livest for ever

Not only Mahu and his fifteen but also the plump vizier and

policemen.

active

"

proaches

gait of these

constrained in

well

of setting

of Akhetaten to raise a loyal cry in farewell

difficult task

deputy, feel

chariot.

may

artist their illiterate texts.

have an even more

officials

than the King.

his

!

to be the

take leave of the deputy-mayor (PI.

given to the

playfully poking their haunches with a stick

is

and

out again,

artist represents

management of his steeds. These are not the more easily controlled because little Merytaten

(Pis. xii., xxi., xxii., xii.).

The round of inspection seems still subject. The King is on the point

Avith

of the situation, seems to pester the talk,

Lower Scenes

an explana-

:

South end.

Scekes.

Plates xxiv., xxv., xxvi.,

—No

written

clue

xii.

being

upon this wall are a dumb show which might admit of more than one

given, the scenes

The picture has been thought

interpretation.

to represent the taking of octroi dues at the

outposts from caravans or peasants coming into the city with produce. It must be remembered,

however, that almost the whole of the supplies

one would have expected the posts to have appeared in It is a little more easy to elevation rather than in plan. explain if the obstruction was set low down. It may be

of Akhetaten

added that the sentries in Pi. xxviii. are not holding the rail, as has been stated.

scanty and the roads to North and to South

rope or

would be

river, cultivable

mountainous.

likely to reach it

by

land on the east bank being

We

have already seen the im-

THE TOMB OF MAHU. posts which were

17

laid upon the surroimding country for the support of the temple arriving

ment

in this way.i

the ground-floor being used for storage of food

Probably, too, the scribe who is ever to the fore on such occasions, would be

more

noticeable.

Mahu ling

of

the

men,

is

Above the door

guard-houses.

Mahu, with a detachment

of ten

seen coming, as I assume, to take what

from the Government stores in the where wine, furniture, vessels, cloth,

requisite

is

city,

sacks,

are

&c.,

be

to

had.

An

him

there seems to be forbidding

employe

to take any-

On the right Mahu having a

thing without a signed warrant. therefore

xxiv.)

(PI.

Lower

we

see

below a

round a brazier of burning which is always welcome early

are gathered

day during the Egyptian winter.

result

to

is

satisfactory,

The and when Mahu ^ returns

the store with his authorization he meets

with

a

very

body

is

now

his

(Pis. xii., xxvi.).

is

some malefactors has been discovered. At The once every one is alert and brisk. of

etc.,

from

in

the lower division of

There, Avomen and children are

Plate xxiv.

seen bringing

fish,

bread, water-jars, and even

Thev are received at the guard-house, and when the quota is complete the scribe reports to Mahu, who, attended by his dog, inspects the array of food (Plate xxv.). The block-house is similar flowers,

on

asses, or

chariot already awaits

men

'

PL

His

viii.,

and

title

is

on their shoulders.

legible,

but his dress

is

dis-

represented.

him

The hieroglyphs overhead only gave

rank once more.

and

sticks,

a

The

episode

stands

vizier

the vizier

before

final

It is

effected.

is

is

also

outside

the

his

name and

and the commanders of soldiery who

)

!

stand in the presence of His Majesty

Mahu

and

dismounts

with

prisoners

the

"

instigated

who seem

"

(PL

xli.).

forward

brings

his

words, " Examine ye,

men whom

princes, (these)

the foreigners have

The three hand-cuffed wretches,

(?).

be spies

to

different nationalities

or

one

;

assassins,

are

of

may be an Egyptian,

The exclamation Aten endureth As the

the others perhaps Bedawin. of the vizier, "

As

ruler endureth

"

tion

on

at'

^

I

!

probably evinces his admira-

the importance of the capture.^

What PI.

!

the

a scene which, in reference to a smaller

is

remains of the ink-sketch

xxv.

warming

tinctive. •'

and the capture

off,

judgment, and this

for

*

I. xxix.

scarcely

forked

curious

his duty to bring offenders

It

^

master, and a posse of

Mahu, escorted by four of his men,

(?).

drives

its

running at the summons, armed

is

batons,

javelin

to

supply of weapons,

shown

to

listens

staff,

princes of Pharaoh (Life, Prosperity and Health

brought by the villagers to the guard-house.

This scene

by a house-servant There Mahu, leaning on his The whereabouts the news.

or stirred into a bright blaze

porch of a gateway, attended by "the chief

the stores, but the daily tale of fresh provisions is

brazier of

brought outside and blown

the

from

reception

at his disposal,

Mahu draws

A

subordinates.* is

Everything and every-

different

authority in charge.

In the early

called out of his house to hear

is

of his

report

with

coal or logs,

;

—The meaning of the picture

somewhat more obvious.

is

burning embers

six

Lands, praised by him, Heqanefer."

Scenes.

morning Mahu

Two

in the

apparently three-storied,

is

room above as a guard-room, for here a while the fully armed sentry keeps his watch xxiv.). armoury (PI. topmost storey forms an

colloquy with the vizier of Akhetaten ^ and a lesser official, " of the Lord of the

They

It

the

superintending the periodical revictual-

in PI. XXV.

shown.

is

;

would rather suggest that the scenes show

I

to that already seen, but here the inner arrange-

his

am

Note especially the hands over the fire.

indebted

to

Mi'.

of his

home

is

shown

figure of the servant

Griffith

for

significance of the final scene as given above.

the precise

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

18

matter, village

might be to-day.^

As

enacted to

in

any Egyptian

the jars,

etc.,

Avhich

appear above the chariots,

whether they connect above, merely

'

Curiously enough, while engaged upon the scenes, I

had a

property

fill

up

this

is

hard to say

scene

with

that

space, or represent stolen

by the

recovered

activity

of

the

Mazau.

life in Egypt is little more mutwhich represents it. Being called out of the tomb one day by the sound of voices, I found that the police of the excise had lain in wait in the early dawn and had captured two miserable salt-diggers, whom they were

no doubt

driving off to the village, bent double as in the picture

poly was abolished a few months

striking proof that

it

able than the art

;

to

go through a similar examination from the

village dignitaries in the

And

yet the world

midst of the ruins of Akhetaten. This contemptible salt-mono-

moves

!

later.

19

CHAPTER

IV.

THE TOMB OF APY A. Architectuual Features. Plate XXX.

This tomb as

it

stands

Insceiptions.

The panel which represents the royal family at small,

is

The Scenes and

B.

simple, and

worship

executed in the best style of the

is

excellently preserved (Plates

Only the door and entrance-way are completed and decorated. The passage to it

period and

through the rock slope has not yet been cut

blue of the sky, the hieroglyphs and the helmets

rude.

down

to the floor-level, so that one descends

The framing

rough steps into the tomb.

by

of the

is

xxxi., xliv.).

still

is

still

The scene was

which the

artists of

but only the inscription in coloured hieroglyphs

results, is seen in the

now worth reproduction (PI.

Translation on p.

xxxix.

That on the

31),

had similar cartouches and apparently the same text, but the personal name had not been cut. The lintel showed the familiar design left-hand

Queen and three

of the King,

shipping the sun, but

it is

princesses wor-

almost erased.

tomb was probably sanded-up when reaction took

place,

and did not

The

the religious

suffer outrage.

Hence the two sides of the entrance pi"ovide us on the one hand with the best-preserved portraits of the King and Queen, and on the other with the best-preserved text of the shorter

hymn

to

The

interior

cross-corridor

is

was

very

rough.

to be enlarged

The

narrow

into a hall,

with a row of four columns and two pilasters down the centre. These features, however, are only roughly blocked out, a slanting fissure in the rock which traverses the chamber

with the most unhappy

modelling of the collar-

The figures are but The King's profile, which is

bone and the neck-muscles. little

exaggerated.

perfectly preserved, shows a considerable variation

Mahu

from that in the tomb of

(PI. xv.),

the lips being more sharply cut and the angle of the nose different.

This of

Apy

strikes

one as

more conventional, but the impossible angle given to the skull, and especially to the occiput, in the heads of the period throws out the whole face.

The only other feature ventional

scene

is

the

King and Queen, votive device,

the Aten.

zeal with

Akhetaten sought anatom-

ical correctness, generally

is

The

of startling brightness.

doorway had the customary form and decoration, on the right jamb

painted, and the

of interest in the con-

made by the pieces, namely, of happy offering

wherein in the one case the Queen, in

the other two of her daughters, support the car-

touches of the Aten. family, the

Queen

for

The King herself

;

^

offers for his

and

it

seems

be a visible pledge that the members of

to

the Royal family are one in loyalty to

Aten and

deserve the royal epithet " upholding the

name

of Aten."

having discouraged the quarriers.

^

So also in Pbthie, T.A., pi. xii., and Steindgeff, In the former the Queen wears four

Bliitezeit, p. 155. '

Tomb

pp. 87-92.

10.

Published in Mon. du Culte d'Atonou,

Pis. xxxviii., xxxix., xl.

I.

feathers, as the princesses here

impersonation

of

Maat.

wear

three, perhaps in

THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

20

As elsewhere/

name

the

caressed with pretty phrases

;

of the

she

is

Queen

is

" the hered-

trance will be found on Plates xxxii., xxxiii.,

The

text, like those in a corresponding

itary princess, great in favour, lady of grace,

p. 28.

dowered with gladness

situation in the

the

;

Aten

rises to

favour on her and sets to multiply her love

shed

and a translation on

in collation with others,

tombs of Mahu, Rames, Tutu

great and beloved wife of the King, Mistress of

and Ay, does not occupy the whole of the wallspace. A kneeling figure would have been

South and North, Lady of the

added below, and the space to the

who

Nefertiti,

She

is

lives

Two

;

the

Lands,

and elsewhere,

always and for ever."

by her three daughters with

followed

is

blank, in order that the

left

text might be read

right, here

when

the door Avas thrown

Perhaps the space was

sistra.

back

The space below this was filled with a figure (?) of Apy and his prayer, but only in ink/ The

sometimes coloured in horizontal bands to represent

figure has completely disappeared and the text

Ahmes

nearly

so.

The

latter

abbreviated copy of the It added,

wall.

nal note, which

the

lea

who

was only another and

hymn on

the opposite

however, at the end the persois

wanting in the other, "

of the Royal Scribe

for

and Steward, Apy,

The off

right

hand

side of the en-

plank-door,

this

into

ilL,

p. 14; III., pp. 7,15.

Beproduced in Mon. du Cidte d'Atonmi,

but the figure appears to be

fictitious.

entrance-way was marked

two panels

for

that on the left (Bast) side translation

on

formula.

p.

31).

column

Apy is

pp. 90, 91,

It is plain that

the reading of the text was already ver}' uncertain.

trolled, so

service.

is

latter

only

cut (Plate xxxii.

Traces

also

:

ink show

of

began with the same

given no other

and Steward.

formed what household I.,

colouring by three

Of the

columns of hieroglyphs.

of Royal Scribe -

tomb of

the

in

as

(IIL xxviii.). ceiling of the

that the right

lives again."

The text on the

against this wall.

titles

We

than those

are not in-

was which he conthat he may have been past active it

21

CHAPTEE TOMB OF RAMES A. Architectural Features.

V. (®[|ip)-'

usual form, and a repe-

texts of the

tained

tition of the titles

given to Rames elsewhere.

Plate xxxiv.

The This tomb

a small one, and of the simplest

is

cross-corridor

There was indeed

type.

encouragement to

little

anything ambitious,

for

a

broad vein of gravel intersects the chamber.

The hope

of enlarging or fully decorating the

inscriptions

much

door are in

on the framing of the outer

The

the same state.

lintel

showed figures of Rames adoring cartouches. The columns on the jambs began with a dyhetep-seten formula

proceeded with requests

;

for such favours as " the loaves which are set

chamber was abandoned, and the walls were not

out in the Presence, bread, beer, birds," &c.

even smoothed.

and ended, "

A

door, however,

wall,

and

whei-e his

statues

back

chamber

wigs

receiving

elaborate

The woman

him

sits

man and

with her

Her name, which

on

arm.

does not occur

elsewhere, has been written on

known

a

ant,

it is

name

Nebt-

of

the

inscriptions on the door-framing

are in faded ink,

On

Apparently

her lap.

The

period.

and are practically

illegible.

the lintel there was a single, set of the five

cartouches, with a figure

(?)

and a short prayer

The jambs appear

at each end.

but

did not re- excavate

I

to have con-

;

was found

fact,

The name

The tomb d'Atonou,

I.,

is

(No.

spelt

11)

xxxvii.

is

®

fll

%

published

and pp. 83-85.

on the outer

lintel.

Mon. du

Culte

The

there.

identity of

name

is,

however, small

proof of identity of person in the case of so

common a

in

a

tomb

name. for

While there

such a

stone,

is

no place inscription

its

would well suit the door-jamb of a house it

reads, " provisions {zefa.u)

;

for

within the house

of entertainment every day, (his) belly having

may

joy

uehy [r]en./), the

his

name

scribe

house-mistress, Huy."

^

(?)

not be lost {nen

Rames, born of the It thus

appears that

the inscriptions on the doors of the

tomb may

be such as were also written on the doorposts

Mon, in

in the

town-ruins by Professor Petrie and conveyed

of the living, mutatis mutandis. '

The

it.

which, as a matter of

worked,

carefully

the right side of the

INSCBIPTION ON STATUE.

;

pleasing and

treatment.

D

a pit in the East corner of the

is

They were evidently thoroughly

embraces 1

Lord of the

chamber now contains part of a stone doorjamb (?) of Rames, which is said to have been found near the tomb by M. Barsanti ^ but

the

n

of the soldiery of the

Lands, Rames, WMalcheru."

These figures were

the rock demanded, and hence they have suffered

^=j4

Two

There

finished off in plaster, as the coarse nature of

considerably.

Commandant

and of

of the deceased

were hewn.

(?)

in the

entrance formed into a niche,

its

seated

wife

was fashioned

;

Royal Scribe,

for the ha of the

dto

Culte d'Atcmou,

I.,

It

p. 85.

has two or three inaccuracies. * " For the ka oi" is omitted, be

it

need hardly The copy there

noted.

THE EOCK TOMBS OP EL AMAENA.

22

be said that there

is still less

Rames with

this

tomb

ground

to identify

that namesake Avhose great

Abd-el-Gurneh shows the

at

ti-ansfor-

mation of Amenhetep IV. into Akhenaten.

would hardly have narrowed well

as the

different.

name

The

Neb-maat-ra

of

of his

title,

"

his ambitions to

and

so poor a burial-place as this,

his offices as

wife (" sister ") are

" Steward of the

given

He

to

Rames on

House Plate

XXXV. seems indeed to show that Rames had held that important

but

it

office

might possibly

under the

refer to

late king,

some present

appointment.

presents a very different aspect from that in the

tomb

of Apy.^

It

and the plaster

design,

much more

is

in Avhich

rapidly crumbling away.

is

it

simple in is

moulded

The King

offers

Queen a cruse of ointment (?). As in the tomb of Mahu, Merytaten alone of the daughters is present. The cartouches of A ten incense, the

are

illegible,

and their form therefore

is

not

known one would expect them to be the same as in the neighbouring tomb of Apy. The figure and face of Rames on the opposite ;

wall

are

well

preserved

translation of the prayer

is

and

pleasing.

A

given on p. 30.

B. SCEKES AND INSCRIPTIONS. Entrance.

Plates

xi.,

xxxv.,

xl. '

The scene on the

left

hand

in the entrance

This picture has been drawn for

Jones.

me by

Mr. Hiirold

23

CHAPTEE

VI.

TOMB OF NEFER-KHEPERU-HER-SEKHEPER (Plates xxxvi., xxxvii.,

The tomb

of this

official,

who

Vo

w

I

I

I

w/

mutually blotting one another out, and forming

xliii.)

in his zeal out-did

mazes rather than buildings.

Kings in taking an epigram for a name/ was opened by M. Bouriant in 1883,^ and cleared

The chamber is divided down the centre by a row of six columns. The two central ones are

completely by M. Daressy in 1893/ but not for the first time for they found written on the ceiling in smoke, " R. Hay opened this tomb

set

wider apart to afford an

entrance,

and,

in

aisle in

the axis of

conformity with

this,

their

;

" C.

1830/' and

Laver

1830

measured

this

13

is

ural features.

interesting only for

Not

employed elsewhere

architect-

its

that these differ from those in this necropolis

;

for there

are several tombs where the same forms have

been used on a larger to

proportions, to

scale,

and carried nearer

Yet owing

completion.

its spotless

to

admirable

its half-finished

one of the most pleasing examples of

rock-architecture instance

its

whiteness and good

preservation, this tomb, even in state, is

well as the ends of the longitudinal architraves.

The

tomb."«

Tomb

abaci carry architraves parallel with the axis as

here

Egypt.

in

It

is

the only

where the cross-chamber, sup-

ported on a single row of columns, has been

see

it

effect

;

and no one can

without being struck by the

fatal loss of

beauty in larger tombs, such as Nos. 16 or 25, where the columns are crowded together,

both

ends on pilasters, which, according to custom, are furnished with a roll-moulding at the corners,

and are surmounted by a cavetto-cornice and

The columns (PL xxxvii.) are of the 8-stemmed type already described in Part ii.,

abacus.

p.

33

;

but, like all those in this neci'opolis, they

have much more graceful proportions than their successors

in

the

the

rough

floor.

As they

Northern group.

stand, they are without bases

They

are

and spring from pure

white, for

the columns of this group do not seem to have

been meant to receive colour.

A portal is set in the

carried so far towards completion as to convey

any idea of the ultimate

latter rest, or are feigned to rest, at

back wall, which might

have led to a second chamber or shrine, had the enterprise been carried to a finish.

chamber

retains traces of its

embryo

The

foi'm, the

narrow cross-corridor tomb, in the portals in which the front half of the chamber tei'minates

'

Three times out of four the name

is

written without

The tomb (No. 13) has a Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, I., p. 79.

the strokes of the plural.

chapter devoted to

it

in

The sketch-plan and the

description, however, will be to a 12-columned tomb. assigned found on p. 65, " Beautiful of forms (a name for the King) fosters." "^

is

Deux jours

*

Beoueil, xv., p. 38,

defouilles, p. 9.

where the

and to

left.

These are double in form,

showing a doorway within a doorway, a handsome decorative feature which we shall meet with frequently in these tombs.

'

'

*

is

The chamber

not well laid out, being askew with the axis,

and the transverse architraves are inscription

on the jamb

Laver's plans are given in Hay,

MSS.

29,847,

fol.

43.

of the

still

more

The heightening room towards the back, however, may

seriously out of the square.

given. 5

to right

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

24

be

an

apparent

As

means

architectural

of increasing

chamber

is

only half finished, and this in a curious manner, the upper part being in a final state

down

to

the last detail, save inscription and colour, while the lower part

columns

is

seem

untouched

to

so that the slim

;

emerging

be

and from the

necessary,

level landing

at the

a rough and slightly descending gallery

foot

size.

plain from the plates, the

is

its

was driven

at right angles to

a

receive

to

right

and

The

cofiin.

of size sufficient

two

immediately on

left

stairway may,

it,

or

may

not, be

to

galleries

entering the

contemporary

in date.

slowly and

ExTEKiOR.

—The

entrance to

the

tomb was

without injury from a subsiding bank of rock.

neatly finished, but no traces of any designs are

This feature, though very marked in this tomb,

now

is

noticeable in

nearly every other, and has

already been commented

BuEiAL-PLACE.

—

upon

The jambs and

appa,rent.

and here

were similarly prepared,

outside

lintel

hasty

a

attempt was made to commemorate the de-

(p. 10).

It is evident that there

was

ceased,

and

to secure for

him some measure

no longer any hope of completing the tomb

preternatural

when

doubt, duly sketched out on both jambs.

the burial was

central

made.

was finished

aisle

to

As soon the

as the

foot of the

that

is

now

Inscriptions

grace.

visible

is,

column cut

were,

of

no All

on the right, the lower

columns and the whole area was cleared well

half of a

down below

con-

left,

the lower third of

corner,

cut,

and fragments of the upper part decipher-

fined

the capitals,

the

quarriers

their labours to the North-East

where

the

sepulchre

was

Disengaging the columns

first,

stairway

usually placed.

the

to

able through the

the

surface

p.

31).

staying to remove the intervening rock, and,

so

unforeseen

forming a stairway in

it,

burrowed into the

Eastern wall without paying any heed to the

The stairway was than was absolutely

original plan of the tomb.

carried

little

further

all

on the

four columns similarly

mordant poAver of the ink on

(Plate

xxxvii.

The abandonment

a well at the spot without

they then sunk

in the plaster, and,

that

the

:

translation

on

work was royal prenomen on of the

jamb has not received its cartouche. We here learn that the owner was " Governor of Akhetaten," and by holding this responsible post took rank as " head of the notables." the right

25

CHAPTER

VII.

THE TOMB OF SUTI (Plates xxxviii., xxxix.)

This

tomb (No. 15)

is

fl^n#'

behind was to have been square in shape, and

of the cross-corridor

divided into three aisles by two rows of four

On

type, but with the addition behind of a large

columns each.

columnar

of three columns have been separated from the

ment

or at least the rough commence-

hall,

The

of one.

exterior door-framing, the

and the corridor are executed with care and well-finished but no part has received entrance,

mass.

On

the

achieved, less

tomb than

the

a

right,

in the

left,

hope of completing the

;

decoration,

except

the

prayers on the jamb are

much weather-worn on

(PI.

Here

fa9ade. still

the

extant, though

xxxix.

:

translation

the

beginning has been made of excavating interior

of

the portals at

each end of

the corridor, no doubt with the intention of

forming shrines containing statues, as in the larger tombs.

These portals are of the double

form met with

in the last tomb.

'

were hewn out Suti was

p. 31).

A

resting-place for the dead.

not empty) and a

The chamber

Published in Mon. du Gulte d'Ato7wu,

Daeessy, Becueil,

xv., p. 42.

I.,

more has been

little

order to

in

only the capitals

little

secure

a makeshift

A well

(which

I did

gallery to the South

for this purpose.

standard-bearer of " the guild of

"We have already met with

Nefer-kheperu-ra."

guilds such as these, which were

some royal epithet

wont

as a designation,

to take

Huya, the

steward of Tyi, having become at a later date the marshal,

or perhaps

even the standard-

bearer of one such.^

pp. 67-69.

Part

III.,

PL

xii.

and

p. 8.

26

CHAPTEE

VIII.

THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS. A. Their Character.

The hymns grave at El

to

Amarna

signs of addition

together with so often scarcely

A.ten with

the

needed.

Avhich

every

provided show manifest

is

and subtraction, and are put literary

little

that they

skill

make sense, the pronouns changing

from one person to another in a single sentence.

They exhibit no

instinct for true composition,

nor even for the faithful reproduction of well-

known

liturgies.

culled from

A

multitude of short phrases

the Royal

Hymn

echoing

or

thoughts, or else lingering in the

formed the stock-in-trade of the professional scribe.

a

His longer

number

were made up

texts

of

of these liturgical expressions, strung

together with

little

regard for literary form.

If

tediously alike in sentiment and phraseology,

most of the hymns positions,

mind

com-

are, in a sense, original

and afford us some insight into the and his compre-

of the ordinary Egyptian

hension of the

new

It

faith.

somewhat

is

surprising that there should be even so originality,

if,

as it appears,

much

most of the tombs

were made to the order of the King

;

but the

orthodoxy of the pious phrases and the long adulations of Akhenaten might counterbalance this latitude in his eyes.

Yet

this

could only repeat for the the

little official

propensity

was not everywhere apparent. Huya, who perhaps was a Theban and less instructed in the new piety, simply went to the to compilation

tombs of Ahmes and Penthu, and borrowed word for word the four longest prayers which he

I

must again acknowledge

substantial

the Editor in matters of translation.

help

from

fifth

and sixth time

prayer which had been written

better with his second wall-space than repeat

the same composition

;

Hymn,

while the Royal

though incomparably superior, was plagiarized Perhaps

and mutilated, but never recopied.

Hymn

Royal

and that feeble echo of

it,

which, in distinction, I have called the Shorter

Hymn

were the only two com-

to the Aten,

positions that

were committed to writing, and

of these the shorter

and

less poetic

compilation

seems speedily to have gained popular favour. It

might have been thought that here, where

we have

a freshly-composed and local hymn,

containing the creed of a

new and

victorious

propaganda, Avith the King himself as author

and

preacher,

we

have

should

typed text free from

all

a

stereo-

corruption and

the

variance that years and repeated transmission

Nothing

bring.

farther

is

from the truth.

The great hymn is only known in one copy, and that not exempt from suspicion. As to this Shorter plete

Hymn, no one reading

version can feel that

original composition

for it

;

it

in

com-

its

represents an

it

contains no pro-

gression of thought and no unity.

It separates,

indeed, on consideration, into two distinct hymns.

The

first

" thy son thee,

'

was

of. feeling

down for him, may have been specially dull. But Apy's more capable scribe can do nothing

this

some "teaching of the King," seems to have

poverty

The worthy Mahu, who

more marked.

still

its

memory from

Earlier, this

ends, is

perhaps,

pure, doing

living Aten,

with

what

is

the

well-pleasing to

What lies

"

and The son of between the two seems an

whenever he appears

the second begins with the words, " the Sun."

sentence,

;

THE EELIGIOUS TEXTS. interpolation, perhaps itself taken bodily from

some third source. The addition may have been due to a misunderstanding of the phrase, " whenever he appears," which was thought to refer to the rising of the Aten, and to need expansion.

The

first

hymn, which roughly corresponds

27

anything, the former

if

ground of variance, and in Tutu these have gone to a great length and not with advantage or insight.

Meryra

to

seems

from

god,

verbally alike.

goes on to notice his creative and

life-

from the

further

Capricious alterations seem the chief

original.

the text in Meryra,^ has unity and development. Eulogizing first the appearance of the visible it

is

Any

;

plainly

to

have

curtailed

or perhaps from his source,

since

he omits an error of Any's, though elsewhere

His long omission, too, though

giving power, and then his ability to bestow happiness. With the day comes joy, and this

apparently due to lack of space,

finds its

seems, therefore, to be aware of the original

fit

expression in the temple worship.

which seems interpolated.

passage

that

precisely

is

He

This leads to mention of

elements of the hymn.

He even

celebrant in the

"

he were himself the

the^ King as chief Aten worship, and so to a concluding word in his praise. The interpolated

composer.

passage repeats the picture of

the priest, this

King, and

the

grammatical

all creation,

god rejoicing

unison

in

and

disconnection

;

second

hymn

King.

The words

is

The

a laudation of the Aten by the " he says " have been dropped

King, &c.," which

is

a sentence "

by

This second part also has

show how the Aten

goes on to

it

from

passes

his

lonely

eternity to be a creator and a sustainer of a

from

the

plants

upward.

Perhaps we have not the end of it, for finish is It borrows its thought wholly, and lacking. its

very words, from the Royal

Which

of the texts collated

xxxiii., then, is to be relied

shows us that we though we have apparently

upon

on ?

Hymn.

all

xxxii.,

Pis.

Study soon

from the

are far

other

original,

Any and Meryra on the one side on the Apy and Tutu, with Mahu (too corrupt to

be considered in detail). The diffeiences between the two groups are largely in vocabulary ;

fitting conclusion,

of

the case

;

that his scribe was using

up

fill

space,

he borrowed some incongruous

passages from the supplement.

It

had

also the

cumstances ought to have eliminated of variation,

causes

translation

presents

textual criticism.

I

At

hymn

present

value

what

for

by which the

has taken the forms before us. plain that both oral

it is

and written

transmission played a part here, but clear

the

hope others will reach a

clearer perception of the process

original

all

a problem, the

may have much

study of which

their

mutual

it

is

not

relations were.

B. Longer Prayers. 1.

Tomb Tomb

^

:

may possibly have been

we suppose

little

or to secure the phrase " without ceasing " as a

;

I. xxxvii.

a

the tomb- copies,

:

'

hymn smacks

the extended version, and that to

through which corruption and alteration might have crept in. The texts plainly fall into two groups

as the

it,

King to the very curt reference of the original.^ Apart altogether from the intrinsic merit of the hymn, the appearance of variants of this character and number when the peculiar cir-

of the King's loyalty to the Aten,

often

And,

adds to

often added near the outset

Beginning with an expression

creation

if

as if

it,"

advantage of adding a short laudation of the

in the complete text.

grateful

but only

saith

by the

out, or are represented

a certain unity.

its

variant

the

however, suggest an alien origin.

texts,

the

Meryra

ib., p.

50.

The Shorter Hymn to the Aten. of

Apy.

Both entrance-walls (Plate

of

Any.

Left entrance-wall.

This probably was the reason

invariable addition of the second part.

for

xliii.).

the otherwise

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

28

Tomb

Mahu.

of

Pour

texts (Plates xvi., xxiii., xxix.,

Tomb Tomb

of Tutu.

Eight

entrance-wall

inner

(I.,

xxxvii.).

collation of all the texts

on Plates

Previous copies or publications are

Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, (Apy)

plate xxviii.

:

;

102 (Mahu)

pp. 96, 97, 98,

Daebssy, Becueil, xv. pis.

cxci.,

cxcii.

:

plate

:

plates liv.

Lepsius, D.,

(Apy).

p.

;

;

pp. 88-91

1066. (Tutu).

iii.

Hay, MSS. 29,814, fol. 36 (Meryra) 29,847, (Tutu). L'HoTE, Painers, xi. 27 (Meryra).

"An adoration of

(

Hawk of

the living

15

fol.

:

" (But

exults

on the horizon

I

of

and

is

ever, hy

in the Sun-disc

the

King who

'

I,

lives

who

gives

life for

great in his duration, who gives " Thy rising is beautiful, *

Eternity love

!

*

festival

mankind.^

Aten,

living

Lord

of

Thou art radiant, fair and strong thy and large thy rays ^ strike (?) upon all ^ Thy surface gleams, giving life to hearts,'' ^

:

(When) ;

The

'*

of

thou sendest thy rays every land singers,

which thou "

and

musicians,

House

art well pleased,

lowing cases

:

— (1)

copies entirely, except in the

The

on the

text

also in ink, has deteriorated,

fol-

entrance-wall of

left

and Bouriant's copy some-

times adds a sign or two to the top and bottom of the

columns.

and in which food and

Thy son is pure, doing what is

well pleasing " to thee,

'*

" All that thou hast

made

revered son exults,"* his heart

heaven every day

!

leaps before thee;

"

in joy.

is

thy

living Aten,

'"

Meryra has, " O good ruler." " Tutu has, " when thy rays shine " Tutu seems to omit " father." " Meryra has, " all that thou hast made. As for their eyes, when thou dawnest they see by means of thee." The texts of Mahu break off here without regard to

(3)

A

great part of the text of Tutu

is

now

'

the sense.

"

Any

has,

"

when thy rays

give light the entire land

Lepsius, and Bouriant, the last-named having preference.

omitted by

This sentence in

italics

has probably been added, in

order to justify the use of the

first

person singular in the

second part, or when the text was accompanied by a the King at worship (Apy a. Tutu, Mahu To judge from the prayers, an (" by ") only implies recital, but zedef ("he saith ") implies or feigns composition. Apy A {Mo?i. du Culte d'Atonou, p. 90) may of

a, b, d).

have used the latter form, but I cannot verify this. ' Tutu reads, " divine and sovereign father, the Aten, life is

ever fresh

"

that thou hast created." ^ Tutu has perhaps " thy surface

me

(lit.

" colour "

as in L. D.,iii. 107a, col. 2) gleams (or "

is

white

;

")

spelt

with

{Ab neb has been This seems an

after reshut in the Plate).

Tutu omits the whole passage. Tutu adds, "(thou) feedest and illuminest

error. ^^

it."

A

bad reading. '* Tutu has, " thy (?) temple," and Meryra, " every shade of Ea on the horizon " (^sic, perhaps for) " in Akhetaten." '* Any and Meryra have " every shrine." "* Tutu has " to the living Aten." " I regard what follows (from ary-eh to mesy-ef at least) as an interpolation in the original, owing to khaye/ being taken to refer to the

!

Any and Meryra have, " gleaming " (or " white "). Any and Meryra have, " Shall (?) make eyes for all

love."

fat

living Aten,'* in his festal appearances."

has joy, and every heart exults."

**

in)

with

ofi'ered.

destroyed, and I use in these places the texts of Hay,

5

'^

on the left Eor the others see Part I.,

Apy (Apy a), very unreliable in the days of Bouriant, is now nearly invisible. (2) The text in the tomb of Any,

whose

perfect place

in

are

^

my own

I rely on

picture

is

(?)

Benhen (and

of the '°

criers

text given in the collation is that

pp. 50, 51.

^

on the

heaven.

every temple in Akhetaten,'' that

:

entrance-wall (Plate xxix.).

-

manner

after the

joyful in the Court of the

rejoicing in '

down

lie

" the

things are

for ever and ever? *

great

is

life

are

ever

in Tnith, Lord of the

of

Their heads are wrapped up, their nostrils

The

Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra, the Son of the Sun, ivho lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, Ahhenaten,

on the western horizon

who

is life.

Two

risest as their lord.

settest

arms are (outstretched) in praise to thy Thou givest life to hearts by thy beauty, and there

"

Light which

both mankind and

" (Then) their

the two horizons,

under his name

(

;

stopped; until thou dawnest in the morning

ha.

who

it

trees

of those

heaven, they die.

(when) thou

when) thou

Eastern horizon

'

on

is

which grow on the all herds and flocks, ' thou dawnest on them.^ Thou when ground. They live art mother and '" father '" for " those whose eyes thou hast made. When thou dawnest they see by means of thee." '13 Thy rays illumine the entire land. Every heart exults

112 (Tutu). i.

^0 made who

with thy love.

himself formed himself,

and the

at seeing thee

xlviii.

xlii.,

Piehl, Inscriptions,

43 (Any).

p.

xxxii., xxxiii.' :

plate xxxviii.

I.,

52 (Any)

p.

who

every land, and created what

Left entrance-wall.

Meryra.

of

Two Lands

the

fillest

reverend god,^

xl.).'

A

and thou

dawning

of

Aten (hence

Tutu's more grammatical ary-ef). Khay-ef would then belong to the original, though not occurring in Meryra, perhaps for lack of space. '^

Tutu has "

Thy son

all

that he has

made

leaps before him.

exults."

" Tutu has " The Aten

is

born in heaven every day."

29

THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.

"He

hath given birth to

^

'

am

I

thy son, serviceable to thee, upholding thy name.

Thy might and power are firmly fixed ' in my heart. Thou art the living Aten, and eternity is thy portion. * Thou hast made the far-off heaven that thou mightest dawn therein, that thou mightest see all that thou hast made. Thou art alone,* but infinite vitalities are in thee ^

them

to give

"

it is a breath of life to (their) nostrils

5

life.

thy rays.^

to see

All flowers blow (?) that which grows on the soil (?) thrives at thy dawning ; they drink draughts before thy ;

All cattle leap

were flying 2.

A

upon

^

move

;

birds that

wings that were

their

quickly with praise to the

Aten,

living

'"s

to do

(?)

The

their feet.

in the nest fly with joy

closed

Penthu.

An

adoration of Horakhti-Aten "

North thickness (Plate

previous copy

iii.).

L'Hote, Papiers,

is

iii.

294."

[who

gives

life

for

and ever. Homage and shining early on the horizon of heaven, coming in The entire land assembles at peace, the Lord of Peace thy rising [their] hands (are outstretched) in praise at thy dawning. They prostrate themselves on the ground

to thee, [dawning] in the sky

ever]

!

;

when thou heaven

of

They shout

shinest on them.

they receive joy and gladness

;

Thy Majesty. Thou They go forth when thou

(when) they see

on

all

men.

when thou

'

face.8

"

his revered son Ua-en-ra,^

hke unto him without ceasing.2 The Son of the Sun, upholding his beauty, Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra [says]

to the height

[they] exult

;

sendest thy rays attainest heavpn,

Thou

takest the goodly road.

settest

me

my

[mansion] of bliss. My spirit goes forth to see thy rays, to feed on its offerI am called by my name, and one cometh at the ings. eternally in a place of favour, in

summons. I enjoy the things which are offered. I consume shens and bat and pesen bread and des beer, hot roast meat and cold water, wine and milk, that are offered in the sanctuary of the Aten in Akhetaten. " The royal scribe, the Intimate of the King, the Chief Servitor of Aten in the sanctuary of Aten in Akhetaten, the Chief Physician Penthu, maakheru, says (this)."

'

Tutu has "

body."

I consider

his

the

King speaks

is here appended to the first. If the word " says," supplied after the King's name, occurred in the

probably implied authorship, as what largely derived from the Eoyal Hymn.

original text,

follows -

is

it

Apy A ends

Meryra adds "for ever," and ends.

with " his beauty." ^ Any has "rooted." * Word for word from the Boyal Hymn. " Tutu has " Breath enters (their) nostrils when thou givest thyself to them." " The text of Any may well have continued above the figure of Any, but all is now completely effaced. 7

The

text

Apy ends

of

here,

for

room

lack of

apparently. 8

Cf.

"

Hymn,

the Eoyal

A "

The

birds flutter in their

;

;

should be emended (from Hay) as follows

South thickness (Plate

previous copy

An

f^^ (1.

IT Prom

I

I

I

18)

the Eastern horizon and settest

'°

Thou

settest in life

(but)

they are in darkness after thou settest. When '* (?) the sky," eye sees not its fellow

thou arrivest from

;

'" I use this and " Ea-Aten " as abbreviations of the two forms of the names of Aten. " The text of the Plate is restored from this. A

duplicate text, badly preserved, exists in the

tomb

of

and from this the additions in square brackets are taken. A good copy of this text (with a few errors) will be found in Mmi. du Culte d'Atonou, I., p. 60, ascribed to Tomb 21 of the South group (III. xxxvii.),

'^

Huya

"

Huya has

has, "

Thy

setting

is

beautiful."

11^ °(?)^^^ Q

^

seems to have been view by giving "

this

from Huya, and lost, all

and the

Something

I. xli.

latter

men welcome

text supports "

I

.fly

been restored.in the Plate. change in the hieroglyph, the slight a Asterisks indicate '

Thou dawnest on on the Western horizon. and gladness, everj' eye " rejoices

out ceasing in night as in daytime.

:

20).

293."

!

19);

(1.

iii.

'^

ascription of praise to

.•~-a»t:.

(1.

iv.).

L'Hote, Papiers,

is

Horakhti-Aten who gives life for ever and ever, coming [each day eternally].'* Praise to thee, Ea, Lord of the horizon When thou traversest heaven all mankind (depends?) on thee " with-

Huya

nests their wings are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka. The cattle are leaping on their feet." The space above the figure of Tutu admits of very few more signs, if any perhaps en ka en. The text of Tutu in the last column of the plate

Penthu.

3.

who hath come forth from that a second hymn in which

his son

this the text has

In

true reading being obvious

the

first

column

n

AAAA^

in

" Clearly

in

Huya.

L'Hote and Huya.

AA/WNA

should be starred, as L'Hote reads sign

is

probably

-ja,

here) occurs in the

not

tomb

(1.

of

A

\\

-jj-

|

The

parallel text (bracketed

Huya

(III.

ii.).

(Huya).

initial

Of.

have expected " in Duat," but mention seems purposely avoided.

also '*

II. vii.

for the opening phrases.

Beading 11^.

So Huya.

of the

One

would

Underworld

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

30

manner of reptiles are on the face of the earth. (Men) lie down and are blind (?) until thou shinest." They awake to see thy beauties. (When thou risest ?) they see and discern by means of them (?). ' Thou sendest thy rays upon them.* all

Shorter Prayers.

C.

'

Thou

"

the eternal soul I

me

causest

not shut off from that which

is

will

the grove

in

that

my

My

mansion.

desires

it

;

I

walk as

have made on earth.

I

my

drink water at the edge of

I reach

eternal seat.

and enter

I leave

pit.^

my

to rest in

I

tank every day, without

ceasing."

Eames.

i.

Eight thickness (Plate xxxv.) .'

"Thou comest who

livest in Truth,

'

of the loyal.

times

am He

I

a

prince,

gives

whom

those

of

me

to

of

earth

Aten,

living of

nature

his fear

him

command

thy ka

Thou

gives.

(?)

interment

Akhetaten

(?)

their hearts,

him

(?)

to

to the

me

thy

is

as

which

...

.

within

Eoyal Scribe, the Intimate Aten in the sanctuary of the Aten in Akhetaten, the Chief Physician and Privy Councillor, Penthu, maakheru." his lord loves every day,* the

of the King, Chief Servitor of the

1

-

A

Iq'

'^^

^ ^^ ^^

(Huya).

passage borrowed from recollections of the Eoyal

perhaps, due to a misunderstanding of that

line.

the Companions."

D. Burial Petitions.

"

'-'

i.e.

A

(a)

wine and milk. (b) "pert-kheru "

(c)

D., 7

iii.

I

I

m

Huya.

.

.

.

Councilloi." q,

They

and D. Text,

ii.,

are

ii.).

....

my ....

.

{d)

Lost.

(e)

(Left Jamb).

in the necropolis

[A

"

.

.

reception] of loaves

.

.

."

.

." .

Lost.

(/, g)

"

.

.

.

without

.

My name

ceasing.

abides

King,' or

Chief Physician

'

Mahu.

2.

first

'),

Intimate of the Penthu, maakheru."

Outer jambs (Plate

columns

(a,

'

xxviii.)."

d) salute Ea-Aten, the King,

Of. I. XXXV.

9

Bouriant

reads

(&)

"

and an obeisance to Ua-en-ra, the god who men, and gives hfe to the Two Lands. Do

thou give

me

fair burial after old age."

"Lord

(c)

of

Eternity.

May

he give

Thou

{sic).

recorded by Lrpsius,

p. 132.

Thou

" :

they

O

living

Aten

!

risest to give hfe to that live at the sight of

which thou hast

thy rays.

Thou

givest

thy duration in years to the King of South and North, who lives in Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Neferkheperu-ra, who gives life for ever.

"a god

noble and beloved,^^ who created and bare [Thou] hast given South and North to thy Son, who went forth from thy body the Son of the Sun (/)

himself.

;

'"

n

)

ll

n

which

is

probable.

The

"

I

wall has probably deteriorated since his day.

and

establishes

Mon. du Gulta d'Atonou, pi. xxxvii.

8

on

earth."

created

the burial shaft.

91

(Plate

dy hetep seten of Horakhti-Aten. May he give (Eight jamb) " pert-kheru offerings and libations of

" [Praise to thee]

" Huya adds another sentence, in which " seeing thy rays " occurs. The titles of Penthu which follow repeat those given above, with the addition of Avii khent,

" Privy

Jambs

Penthu.

1.

(e) I

"he who

gleamest and art brilhant, potent in love and great."

appears to be the reading.

I,

ii.).

the Queen. " [A salutation of] the living Aten

Hymn, "Men lie down in their chambers (shesejou) the reptiles .... eye beholds not its fellow The expression, "They are blind" (shesep) is, bite."

[1

(Plate

starred passage by,

has approach to the person of the god, the Chief of of the Two Lands, First of Chiefs, knowing

The

^

End

Penthu. Lintel. Eight

The same, replacing the

" For the ha of the Eoyal Scribe (or

Lord of the Two Lands, Steward of the Neb-maat-ra (Amenhetep III.), Eames." ^

Eeading '^

'"

and an good god by the Eoyal Chancellor,

to the

(?).

" For the ka of the royal Scribe, Superintendent of the

of

ii.)

ascription of praise to the living Aten,

homage

Qi)

poor

soldiery of the

house

(Plate

(?)

of that

givest

he gives

;

in

is

(?)

that bare

according to thy

me

him hundreds daily upon

to

beauteous in possession of eternity, as

(?),

End

Left

*the Sole Companion, the follower of the feet of the Lord of the Two Lands, the favourite of the good god, whom

and

fair burial

setZ-festivals

the dutiful son of

to

grant

:

!

interment in the necropolis of the favoured, with daily rations as one whom Ua-en-ra, Light of every man,

made. thousands

An

Lintel

I give praises to thee, millions of

the Euler has made.

has

"

act of

2.

Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the living Sun for all mankind, by whose beauty there is health. The sight of thee There is no poverty for him who hath set thee in his heart.^ He hath not said, Oh! that I had He continues on the blessed road until he reaches the guerdon

Penthu.

1.

'=

For this and the following prayer cf. Ill, Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, I., pp. 94, 95. See No. 7 (Plate

xxxii.).

xxvii.

THE RELIGIONS TEXTS. who

on Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great For the ka of the Commandant of the Akhetaten, Mahu."

lives

in his duration.

police of

'

Mahu.

3.

Inner Jambs (Plate

xxvii.).-

{a)

Salutation of the three Powers.

(6)

"...

columns

first

(a,

contain salutations of Ea-

e)

(" Long life to the divine and sovereign Father "), the King, and the Queen. " Praise to thy ka ! " (6)

Thy

"

(Eight side).

Aten, Lord of Eternity.

rising

Do

O

beautiful,

is

me

thou give to

living

fair burial

after old age." (c)

O

"

(d)

c.

who

(?)]

lives

of the

May

the

of

He

King.

the

does what

well-

is

pleasing to his father, the Aten. (h)

"

Lord

of

Eays

!X?)

Hearts live at (sic).^ to thy ha. " For the Jca of the Commandant

of

the police of

Akhetaten, Mahu, maakheru."

Eight

Apy.

(a)

(d)

"

Lady

of

Jamb

"

Powers

(the

Aten,

the

(thy)

duration as Aten in

temple of Aten." Grant to her eternity as her (d) '' .

great wife of the King (etc.). of

Governor

the

the Palace,

part of

Jambs (PL

The

columns

first

of

May

life,

to the

[she] grant a sight

Aten in the necropolis (?) of Akhetaten." For the ka (of) the Steward Apy."

xxxix.).^ (a,

(6)

.

which

contain salutations of the

e)

"

(c)

.

....

.

.

.

.

.

the Light, lord of food, great in

[like?]

.

by food

whose giving the land

of

diadem (?), beloved (?) Mayest thou (fem. ?) ." May he grant .

"

.

.

.

.

"

{g)

who

grant

a

of the

sight

of

with

Two

he the

Lands.

Aten ....

.

who

he give a

Lord

of the

May

liveth.

send the pleasant breezes of the north wind." gleaming lofty plumes, (d) " .... of

May

that

offered in the Presence."

is

illumines

.fair

all

burial after

rest in the necropolis

heaven on the King of South and North (etc.). May he grant a good name in Akhetaten." (c) " They (thy rays ?) embrace thy son, the Son of the Sun (etc.). May he grant a reception of loaves in the .

entering the Presence

three Powers. " A. dy hetep seten of the living Aten," May he grant (Eight jamb) "

(/)

(PI. xxxix).*

Bestow

.

(?)....

[she] give

.

Salutation of the three

.

the great wife of the King, beloved of him, Lands, Nefertiti, living for ever and

.

Two

the

Suti.

6.

King, and the Queen). (b)

.

.

.

May

ever.

Niles,

When thou risest on the Eastern

horizon of heaven their hands are (outstretched) in praise

4.

maakheru."

on Truth,

Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, who gives he give favours [every] day (?). (/) "0 living Aten, Lord of Eays, thou who illuminest the Two Lands with thy rays, for all the land (sic). When thou settest on the Western horizon, they lie down. " Nefer-kheperu-ra, the god who hears (g) Lord

.

.

.

Akhetaten, N., maakheru."

[Ua-en-ra, the King

life.

.

.

in the reserved

Eepeats 2

for

Lord of the Two Lands, the Governor of Akhetaten, N., maakheru." Akhenaten, great in his duration. May he (c) " He was called the way of Truth for him. grant at the head of the notables, Governor of Akhetaten, N., .

Aten

Two Lands

beloved of the Lord of the

.

his talent, possessor of favour before the

.

The

31

(?)

of

the land by his ka.

....

Akhetaten

illumines (?) all the land

old age, and

(?),

by

my

a fitting seat."

his rising.

May

he grant the bounty of the good god, the daily offering in the Presence, that which is set out on the a reception of that which he giveth and his food (?)."

Do thou grant departure in the morning (h) " from the Underworld to see Aten as he rises daily without .

.

.

.

ceasing." " For the

ka of the standard-bearer of the guild of

Nefer-kheperu-ra, Suti, maakheru, possessor of the good

guerdon."

"

5.

Nefer

-

kheperu - her - sekheper.

Left

jamb

(PL

The

sign of the deceased

man

is

followed by the

papyrus-flower and buds, which at a later period was in frequent use after names of deceased women in place " maatkheru."

of Its

use here

is

It

rarely occurs after men's names.

probably one more solecism

of

Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou,

I.,

H.

these petitions of Mahu consist of snatches, often incomplete and bungled, from the hymn which already occurs four times in the tomb. The hieroglyphs, 3

All

would often make nonsense. Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, pi. xxxviii.

strictly followed, * 5

lb., p. 79.

Hawk

dy hetep seten of the living

of

the two

horizons (Horakhti),' a god noble and beloved, living in Truth every day. May he grant the smell of incense, the reception of ointment, a draught of water at the swirl of the stream,^

that

which

it

and that

my

soul be not debarred from

desires."

this

ignorant scribe. 3

Ceiling (PL xxxii.).7

Apy.

"A

xxxvii.).'"'

'

7.

e

lb., p. 68.

^

This occurrence, without qualification, of the ancient deity

of the

7

whom

J6.^ p. 92.

Akhenaten gradually

name trans-

formed into the Aten is unparalleled, but not surprising. It was this tendency to revert to old ideas that caused the King about this time to abandon the use of the name entirely. 9

"

Banks

of the pool," in the parallel passage, Plate iv.

32

APPENDIX. DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE AT EL AMARNA.' The

process after the rock-walls of the chamber had

first

been dressed with the chisel as smoothly as the nature the stone allowed, was to cover the whole with a

of

This was done in order that

coating of hard plaster.

by

filling

up the holes and

fissures

with which the local

rock abounds, a perfectly plane surface might be secured,

work in a where the wall was already plane the plaster becomes a mere smear, little thicker than rather than with the idea of being able to

medium;

softer

for

paper.

On

than was The ink might be

But

elaborated.''

enable the

to

fine

detail

be

to

work, where the stone had and the relief stood out boldly, the

in large

been deeply cut into, figures were often rough, and the greater part of the so that it was detail had been lost with the surface necessary to build them up more or less afresh with new ;

No

plaster of a fine quahty.

doubt at this stage the

fresh plaster might be modelled while

the sculptor used outlines

dry plaster the design was sketched out in ink

this

and

surface smooth,

which the

chisel

Whether

still soft.

memory and judgment

in adding the

had removed, or had a copy

the design for reference,

is

not determinable

;

of

but the

in all detail, often in greater detail

likely to be

latter is not probable.

reproduced by the

yellow, red,

The procedure in the tombs of Penthu and Ahmes was somewhat different, owing to the soft and crumbling nature of the stone. There the sculptor set to work on his figures either by cutting the wall-surface within the outlines down to the same depth all over, as if for inlay, or gave them only the roughest blocking-out in relief within By so doing he left nearly all the the mould so formed. work to be done afresh for he had already removed even the outline of his figures. Nothing of the original design was preserved except a depression roughly corresponding to the original outline, and sometimes rough work in relief within it indicating inner detail

or black

;

if

chisel.

the design needed corrections they were

This picture was generally in some-

in red or in black.

what thick xxxii.),

made

outline (Plates xvii., xviii., xix.

but occasionally in solid colour (PI.

The pictures were always executed

in

;

III. xxx.,

x.).

sunk

relief for

the sake of the protection afforded to the figures by the

The depth

surrounding surface.

to

which they were cut

varied greatly, large figures being cut very deep, while

small work was sometimes only faintly impressed on the plaster

xi., xii.

(I.

III. x.,

;

xi.,

xiv.).^

The

sculptor,

working on the ink outlines, sank them to the required If extent, leaving the figures in rounded relief within. the plaster happened to be thick, the smaller work might be entirely within it but if it were a mere wash, even ;

the small inscriptions would be cut into the stone below.

The

larger figures,

owing

always mainly formed in

even where

all

to their

deep cutting, were Generally speaking,

stone.

the plaster has fallen

outlines of the picture

and much

away, the main can still

of the detail

be recovered from the stone alone. At this stage the small work had reproduced the inkdesign in

all

or most of

its

detail,

and was complete,

except for a lack of finish and precision of needed no more than a wash of fine plaster to

line.

It

make

the

See also Part I., p. 18. In these cases the work gives the impression of having been done with a blunt modelling tool while th e plaster was soft, as it is so slightly depressed that it '

;

(see

PL

The

xi.).

result

was

that the modeller

was provided only

with a rough mould to guide him and had to build up the required figure within this in fresh plaster. The medium, in short, is largely or entirely plaster inlaid in stone,

the results,

pondingly

if

and

correspondingly delicate, were also corres-

frail.

The new

plaster

made

the old (see the helmets of the King and the mould was cut out so roughly that plaster than stone

the

;

a poor join with

Queen in

its

PI. xi.)

walls were

more

inserted figure proved a dead

without the grip upon the wall which was a thin overlay on a stone matrix. In It is no wonder then addition, the stone itself was friable. that practically the whole of the decoration in the tomb of Penthu has fallen away, and that the inscriptions

weight

it

of plaster,

had when

it

2

scarcely has a definite outUne, and often fades into the general surface. Possibly, however, the final coating or

wash has given

it

this

smooth appearance, and nearly

blotted out the indistinct outline.

^

Cf.

Plate

chiselled

in

xlii.,

where the head

plaster,

but

without

of

Mahu

is

smoothness.

finely

Also

where only the head of the vizier is perfectly Those of the elders there need further finished off. working up, and the faces and figures of the prisoners PI.

xli.,

are very roughly cut.

APPENDIX. which were cut

in inlaid tablets of plaster have been lost. In the entrance the rock was of better quality, and the figures and texts on both sides, being cut in stone in the old way, were fairly well preserved till recent years. This method of inlay was partially adopted also in the

tomb

of Ahmes probably in imitation, for the stone here appears to be good. Some of the figures (altars, slaugh;

tered oxen, etc.) have been cut out bodily in the plaster

and merely form

moulds

to

be

filled

in

afterwards

In general, however, the work was on the old lines, and, thanks to this, the representation of the soldiery there has not only withstood the lapse of time, but even the process of casting. (III. XXX.).

The general technique and Huya often

is

of the later

tombs

of

poorer, the figures in the smaller

but slightly sunk and

without

Meryra II. work being

distinctness

of

outline.

The

final process

was that

of painting,

which was

for

In the Southern the most part in flat primary colours. tombs this stage has rarely advanced far. Alike the sculptures and the architecture remain in general a pure white.

The painted ceiling of Ay, the coloured inscriptions

on the beams and columns, the bright cornice of Any, and the fully- coloured scene in tomb 7,' show that this was not deliberate, but that with greater leisure a full scheme of colour would have been carried out. The wallsurfaces of the entrance passages, which were the first parts to be completed, are generally coloured.'' deal of fine detail painting,

red

in

was added

A

great

or restored in the process of

and sometimes the smaller work was re-outlined on the North Wall of the tomb of

(especially

Meryra). '

See Frontispiece, Part V.

•"

This

is

applicable also to the

tombs

Penthu, which are so closely allied to the

of

Ahmes and

S. group.

34

INDEX Ahmbs, tomb

of

.

.

1,

4

INDEX.

.....

Flowers

17

Maat

6,

30

Mabhou

.

3, 4, 6, 17, 28, 29, 30,

31

Mahu

.

17

Mannerisms Masts

.

.

" Follower of the feet of the King "

Food

.

.

.

Foreigners

.

Forts

14, 16,

.

Furniture

24, 25

.

Gardens depicted " Governor of Akhetaten Graffiti

.

Granary

.

Guilds

Hagg

17

.2,3

Galleries for burial

.

26

25

Necropolis, Northern

7, 8, 23, 28,

29

31

.

8

Horses (see also " Chariots ")

.

touches in scenes

Shorter

,,

Illiteracy

Inlay, plaster

change (see " .

14, 26, 27, 29,

30

Originality

13, 19, 20, 26-29, 31

.

.

Patching-stones

17

Penthu ,,

titles of

30

,,

tomb

Jones, Mr. Harold (see

,,

"Eoyal," "Akhenaten," " Amenhetep

smiting

7,

.

Lamp

.

Legrain,

M.

.

.

Lepsius, Eichard

.

Lintel, scenes

on

Literary quality of

Loggia

of palace

.

hymns

14

3, 4,

.

.

9

31

.

5,

7

2-6, 29,

30 33

Petrie, Professor

11, 13,

21

.

4,

17

.

8, 16, 19,

23

.

3, 4, 14,

26

.

.

Plagiarism 2,

3,5, 10, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33 8, 23,

25

3, 5, 13, 19, 22,

32

1, 3, 4,

27

.

Portraiture

23

Princesses (see

14

Princes

Eoyal Family ") 17

.

Police

1, 2, 7, 11,

28

Prisoners

1, 4, 7,

29

" Privy Councillor

L'Hote, Nestor

5, 8, 10,

30

Pilasters

8

19

.

Priests

Laver, C.

26

3, 4, 5, 29,

8

14

4, 6, 14, 15,

.

Portals

enemy

22

22,31

1-6, 9, 26, 32,

Pharaoh

").

.

.

Plaster, use of

King

16

19,

of

18

22

.

of

.

26, 27, 28

.

4

Palace

33

M.

.

.

Ornaments, personal

2, 32,

5, 17,

").

.

Papyrus-flower sign

Jars

8

23, 31

.

32

3, 29,

3, 7,

2, 13, 14,

8, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24,

.

11

7-11, 12, 13, 29, 33 .

.

Panbhbsy, tomb

" Intimate of the King "

21

3, 7, 9, 3, 5,

Queen

.

22

Interpolated texts

30

of

13,

.

22,

.

Ointment

.

28

Octroi

33

Inspection of stores

Jecquier,

,,

6, 26, 26, 29, 30,

12, 13, 16, 16, 26, 31

Ink, records in

15

1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 19,

Nepee-khepbhu-hee-sbkhepee

Offerings

.

16

14,

.

.

Southern

21

.

10, 15, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15,

16

16, 17

.

22

24

.

,,

Nurses

10

2,3,14

.

Nbfektiti

16

4,

2, 9, 14, 16,

.

8, 9, 10, 15, 24,

.

Incense

Mutilation of tombs

.

13 27, 28, 29, 33

See also " Police ")

17

Horakhti

9,

craftsmen

of

.

14, 15, 19

.

.

3,4,

Mazau.

Horemheb

„

Methods

14

3, 5, 8, 13,

.

of

4

4

,,

Mbkbtaten Meeyra, tomb Meeytaten

.

.

12-18, 20 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32

....

Motives estimated

Historical veracity of scenes

HuYA, tomb of Hymn to Aten

in art

1

.7,8

.

Head-dress

Human HUY

9, 10,

.

.

work

May

19 12

•

.

Nbb-maat-ea Nebt-ant

Qandil, village of

Handcuffs in

4

14, 24, 31

.

Haste apparent Hay, Eobert

35

.

14, 15, 16, 17,

18

17, 18,

32

3,

30

5, 10, 15, 19, 23, 32,

33

13, 19, 21

1, .

26, 31 5,

14

Quality of art

Quay shown

.

2,

'3,

.

4

INDEX.

36

Queen depicted

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 19,

,,

laudation of

,,

prayers to sister of

,,

30, 31

.

.

Eambs ,,

14, 20, 21, 22, of

Abd-el-Qurneh

Eewards of officials Eoads to tombs

7, 8,

11, 23,

11 1, 2, 7, 10, 19, 21,

32, 33

3

.

" Eoyal Chancellor "

6,

30

6, 20, 21, 29,

30

2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16, 19,

22

" Eoyal Scribe "

Eoyal family „

hymn

, ,

tomb

14, 26, 27, 29, 30

.

O

Sanctuary, Smaller

.

3

14

Schaefer, Dr.

2

.

Screens

.

Scribes

.

Sentries

4, 6,

Shipping

.

16, .

.

2, 9, 12, 21, 23,

" Sister " as wife

.

"

20 30

5, 14,

33

.

.

25

14, 15

Standards, military 1,

tomb

boundary

2o

6,

.

Soldiery

"Standard-bearer" Statues

17

21, 22

Sistra

Companion

17

4

.

.

Shrines

3

17, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31

.

Sentry-houses

,,

Q

2,

.

Sceptre

Stela in

28 14

.

Eock, nature of

" Sole

30 22

.

Eecords of tombs, previous

Eossetti

22

20, 31

.

.

21,

25

12, 13 8,

13, 14

Stairs

NOTE. An

of the several plates index to the passages in the text which are explanatory will be found on pages vii., viii.

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Plate

TOMB OF PENTU-FA9ADE.

m k-i

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LEFT END OF LINTEL.

PLASTER FRAGMENT. (^010 in Berlin.)

Scale I

RIGHT JAMB.

LEFT JAMB.

RIGHT END OF LINTEL.

El Amarna

Scale 1 10

IV.

PENTU-NORTH THICKNESS,

Plate

III.

El Amarna

Seale i

IV.

PENTU-SOUTH THICKNESS.

Plate

IV.

El Amarna

IV.

PENTU-NORTH

W^

THE ROYAL FAMILY Scale

^

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UPPER SCENE.

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THE TEMPLE.

Plate V.

El Amarna

IV.

PENTU-NORTH

THE COURT

Scale i

(

Plate

VI.

El Amarna

PENTU-NORTh

IV.

PENTU DECORATED.

Scale i 9

UPPER SCENE.

Plate

THE LESSER SANCTUARY.

VII.

El Amarna

ft:

IV.

PENTU-L

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SOUTH

1

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SCENES.

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WALL

n

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Plate

VIII.

El Amarna

IV.

PENTU.

B

A

(See Plate VIII)

FRAGMENTS.

(5ee Plate VIII)

Plate

IX.

El Amarna

Plate X.

TOMB OF PENTU.

IV.

4

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EL

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TOMBS OF PENTU AND MAHU

IV

X X

PLATE

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X X

X X

I .
X
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THE ROYAL CHARIO

Scale

'.

WALL,

S.

SIDE.

LEAVING THE TEMPLE.

Plate XX.

El Amarna

IV.

Plate XXI.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

p n a

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Scale

(Completion of Scenes on Pis. XX, XXII).

El Amarna

MAHU-BAC IV.

THE ROYAL CHARIC Scale 1

VALL.

S.

SIDE.

SSING THE SENTRIES.

Plate

.

Amarna

Seale

IV.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

THE FALSE DOOR. '.

Plate

XXIII.

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-FRO^

MAHU EXERC Scale

I

A/ALL.

S.

SIDE.

NG HIS OFFICE.

Plate XXIV.

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-FRON

MAHU BRINGS

Scale

]

PRISO

5IDE.

VIZIER.

Plate XXVI.

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-BACK WALL.

DOORWAY TO INNER ROOM. Sealed

Plate XXVII.

El AMarna

MAHU-JAMBS OF OUTER DOORWAY.

IV.

Plate XXVIII.

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El AMarna

MAHU-FRAGMENTS.

IV.

Plate XXIX.

^ Scale

FIGURE OF MAHU

Scale I

(5.

THE PALACE BALCONY (Front Wall, N. Side)

)

Thickness)

HEAD OF QUEEN Scale i (See Plate XVJ.)

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El Amarna

TOMBS

IV.

7a, 7b,

9b,

11

Plate XXXIV.

(RAMES).

TOMB 9B-PLAN.

TOMB 7A-SECTION.

TOMB

TOMB

7a— PLAN.

7B-SECTI0N.

TOMB

Scale

TOMB 7B-PLAN.

11-SECTION.

iMARNA

IV.

TOMB

Plate XXXVI. 13.

SECTION ON

A.B.

El Amarna

TOMB

IV.

Plate XXXVII.

SECTIONS, ETC.

13.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION (looking East).

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El Amarna

IV.

TOMB OF SUTI-PLAN AND SECTIONS.

SECTION ON

A.B.

SECTION ON CD.

Scale

1

PLATE XXXVIII.

El Amarna

TOMBS OF

IV.

Plate XXXIX.

AND APY.

SUTI

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