The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt, Parts i and ii: A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, Nagada and Hierakonpolis 9781407390154, 9781407390161, 9780860546016, 9781407347554

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The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, N agada and Hierakonpolis

Diane L. Holmes

Part i

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 33

BAR International Series 469(i) 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 8469 (I), 1989: 'The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Uppe r Egypt' Part I

©

Diane L. Hol:mes, 1989

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407390154 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407390161 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860546016 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407347554 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546016 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

PREFACE

D espite E gypt, h ave

i t

r eally

i n t he

nearly

i s o nly b egun

l ate

1 9th

c oncentrated a reas.

a c entury

r ecently t o

b e

r esearch

t he

efforts

t he o n

i nto

t he

P redynastic

f lint a rtifacts of

s ystematically

C entury a nd

their

o f

t hat

s tudied .

f irst

S cholars

h alf of

a wealth

o f

e xcavating

t he p resent c entury

cemetery s ites r ather

T he cemeteries p roduced

o f

t his period

t han h abitation

i nteresting

material:

pottery vessels, s tone v ases, s late palettes, objects of i vory etc., w hich f or

t he

s ome

e xcavators

d escribed

s pectacularly

a nd

d iscussed.

e laborate e xamples,

U nfortunately,

t he

e xcept

l ithic a rtifacts

which

t hey f ound were r egarded a s u ninfor mative a nd l ittle a ttention was p aid

t o

t hem,

and

s ettlement s ites I n b egan t he

t he

l ate

which

i s

l ithic

a n

1 960s

s till

a ' modern

of

t he

p hase' o f

c ontinuing .

artifacts

f ocussed.

u nderstanding

o f

t he

a rtifacts

P redynastic

H owever,

published

so

m uch

f ar

i s

With t he u sults of t he r ecent

k nowledge

stone

f rom

w as g enerally e ven p oorer.

P redynastic

i s

r apidly

o f

i nvestigations

t he

l iterature

p reli minary

f ield

and

o n

site-

i nvestigations o ur

e xpanding

a nd

o ur p erspective

c hanging. P revious

scholars b asing t heir conclusions on t he d iscoveries

made i n t he e arlier p art of t his c entury a nd a t t he e nd of t he g enerally

described

t he

P redynastic

c onstituted a s ingle h omogeneous f our

main periods.

present

an

f or

a s

l ast,

t hough

i t i ts

T he a i m of t his s tudy i s to t ry

' up-to-date' picture of

contemporary

c ater

E gypt

E arlier s ummaries of t he l ithic artifacts were

P redynastic o f U pper of

Upper

c ultural e ntity d uring a ny o ne o f

g enerally f itted i nto t his p attern. t o

of

E gypt,

l ithic

a nd

analysts.

t he e xtreme v ariety o f

t he

t o d escribe

l ithic t hem

i ndustries of

u sing t he

t he

t erminology

E xisting t ypologies d o n ot wholly

t ool

f orms

t hat a re

t o b e e ncountered

i n the P redynastic so s ome ' new' t ool classes a re i ntroduced i n t his s tudy. t ake

( The c lassification u sed i s p resented i n Appendix A . t his

opportunity

t o

d raw

t he

a ttention

of

t he

I a lso

r eader

t o

Appendices Band C which s ummarize o ther t erminology a nd a ttribute s tates

u sed

i n

d ocumenting

t he l ithic a rtifacts d escribed .)

I n t rying t o a chieve a b asic u nderstanding of l ithic i ndustries of U pper E gypt, a rtifacts

f rom

material

f rom

e xcavations.

t hree

r egions

t he

l atter

e xcavations

M useum

E gyptian

c onfined t o

t his

my

a nalysis

c ollection material

T he

o f

r esults

important

t his

o f

t he

N agada a nd

areas

1 920s

A rchaeology

P redynastic of

B adari,

two

o f

t he

a s

i t

f rom

s tone i s

hope

r egion

t o

p rovide

i s p lanned b y

t he

f or

i s

n ow f rom

t he

s ingle

C aton-Thompson 's

a re

d escribed be

( and t he

f rom

h ere

answered

i n

t he

L ondon . B adari

T he

r ecent

B runton a nd h oused

C ollege

l argest

c annot

answers

t he a uthor

i s f rom

a rtifacts

t he

which

which

P redynastic

H ierakonpolis.

pri marily

U niversity

B runton a nd

a nalysis

questions

a t

which

B adari material k ept i n o ther museums. c an

i s

T hat f rom t he B adari a rea

T hompson 's o f

-

t he

Ih ave exa mined t he c hipped-stone

C atonP etrie I h ave

d istrict

c ollection

of

i nvestigations . r aise

a n umber

by s tudying

more

O nly new work i n t he r egion a preli minary w inter

o f

1 989 .)

s urvey

of

t he

T his P h.D .

s tudy

r epresents

d issertation

U niversity My

a n

c arried

C ollege

extended

o ut

a t

modified

I nstitute

v ersion of my

of

A rchaeology,

L ondon .

r esearch has benefitted

n umerous

i ndividuals.

h is

v alued

m uch

and

t he

I am

h elp a nd

f rom

t he

e specially

a dvice

wisdom and a ssistance o f

g rateful

t hroughout

t o

a ll

S pecial t hanks a re d ue t o B arbara A dams,

M ark

s tages

N ewcomer

o f

my

f or

r esearch .

c urator of t he P etrie

Museum of E gyptian A rchaeology, f or v irtually g iving me f ree r un of t he

l ithic

c ollections

a nd

N agada

c ollections) .

I a lso access

to

U niversity, P rofessor a lso

w ish the a s

t o

i n

h er

e xpress

Nagada well

c are

my

g ratitude

l ithic

a s

t o

( especially

t o

M ichael

F ekri

collections

r elevant H offman

o f

me w ith t he

B adari,

H assan

at

u npublished

H assan a lso k indly p rovided

i ndebted

t o

t he

H emamieh,

who

g ave

Washington

n otes

F igs .

U niversity

a nd

me

S tate

manuscripts .

7 .1

a nd

o f

S outh

7 .2 .

I am

C arolina

f or a llowing me t o s tudy t he L ocality 2 9 s quare 10L10 a ssemblage f rom H ierakonpolis, t hank b oth

a nd

f or

M ichael

d iscussions

o n

p roviding

me

w ith

H offman a nd F ekri

t he

P redynastic,

a nd

F igs .

H assan f or

f or

8 .1 a nd

8 .2 .

I w ish t o

many t hought-provoking

g enerally

b eing

g enerous

a nd

h elpful c olleagues. I am

a dditionally g rateful

A lexander a nd R obert t his b ook

w ish

M ostagedda

t o

t hank

c ollection

D afydd G riffiths

t o

M ichael H offman a s

r eading

t hrough

well a s

earlier

t o J ohn

v ersions

o f

F unding a nd

f or

J effrey i n

t he

S pencer B ritish

f or

a llowing

M useum .

me

t o

My t hanks

e xamine

t oo g o t o

who h elped me w ith u sing t he e lectric f urnace a t t he

I nstitute o f A rchaeology

E ducation

f or

a nd p roviding m any v aluable c riticisms.

I a lso t he

M iller

t his

S cience .

f or

t he h eat

r esearch I a lso

was

t reatment e xperiments . p rovided

g ratefully

by

t he

a cknowledge

D epartment t he

of

D epartment

of E ducation a nd S cience f or a t ravel g rant t o s tudy t he N agada a nd H ierakonpolis F inally, t heir

s upport,

c ollections

i n

t he

U nited S tates

i n

1 984 .

I wish t o e xpress my s incere g ratitude e ncouragement a nd u nderstanding .

i i

t o

my p arents

f or

TABLE OF CONTENTS

p age

PART i :

P REFACE

i

T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

i ii

L IST OF TABLES

v i

L IST OF F IGURES

x i

C hapter

1 :

THE

P REDYNASTIC OF

E GYPT

1

I ntroduction

1

C hronology a nd

C ultural

S equence

3

P alaeoenvironment T he

N eolithic and

T he

P redynastic of

C oncluding C hapter

2 :

3 :

L ower

E gypt

E gypt

R emarks

2 0

2 2

L ithic

S tudies

R esearch

2 8

METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

STONE

3 3

S tudied

3 3

I nformation

A nalysis of

L ithic

I MPLEMENTS

f rom M useum C ollections

A rtifacts:

P rocedures

F ROM H EMAMIEH

4 2 4 2

L ithic A rtifact

r epresented D ata

f or

5 :

a t

I ndividual

D iscussion a nd

C ategories and

T ool

C lasses

H emamieh

4 6

L ithic A rtifact

C lasses

C onclusions

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE

BADARI

D ISTRICT

9 3 9 3

f rom t he

B adarian V illage and

C emetery A reas

1 01

L ithic A rtifacts

f rom t he

P redynastic V illage A reas

L ithic A rtifacts

f rom t he

P redynastic

a nd

5 0 8 8

I ntroduction L ithic A rtifacts

D iscussion

3 6 3 9

I ntroduction M ajor

C hapter

8 1 2

P revious

E xtracting

4 :

U pper

2 2

S amples

C hapter

P redynastic of

BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH

A ims o f C hapter

6

S ummary

i ii

C emetery A reas

1 07 1 69 1 71

C hapter

6 :

THE

CURRENT S TATUS OF THE

B ADARIAN:

A PERSPECTIVE

BASED ON L ITHIC ARTIFACTS

1 76

I ntroduction

1 76

P revious

L ithic

O utline of

t he

R esults T he

B adarian

D escribed

D istribution o f

O rigin a nd

1 76

S tudies L ithic

i n

C hapters

B adarian

D evelopment

I ndustry b ased on 4 a nd

S ites

of t he

i n

1 79

5

1 80

E gypt

B adarian

T radition

1 83 1 87

S ummary C hapter

7 :

THE L ITHIC

1 89

I NDUSTRY OF NAGADA

1 89

I ntroduction

1 97

R aw M aterial L ithic A rtifacts N agada P etrie's L ithic

8 :

R ecent

E xcavations

i n

t he 1 98

R egion

S outh

T own

A rtifacts

D iscussion and C hapter

f rom t he

2 58

C ollection

f rom t he

N agada

2 76

C emeteries

2 80

C onclusions

A L ITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM

L OCALITY H K-29 AT 2 84

H IERAKONPOLIS

2 84

I ntroduction A n

A nalysis

of

10L10 a t

t he

L ithic A rtifacts

f rom S quare 2 90

HK-29

D iscussion and

3 14

C onclusions

PART i i:

C hapter

9 :

REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY F ROM BADARI,

I N THE

I NDUSTRIES 3 22

N AGADA AND H IERAKONPOLIS

3 22

I ntroduction C hronological

3 22

C onsiderations

3 23

A C omparative A ssessment R egional

a nd

T emporal

V ariation:

I nterpretation a nd 3 27

I mplications S ummary of

C hronological

3 36

C hanges

3 38

S ummary C hapter

1 0:

A SURVEY OF

E ARLY AND M IDDLE HOLOCENE TRADITIONS

NORTH-EAST AFRICA AND THE

I N 3 40

LEVANT

I ntroduction

3 40

T he

E gyptian

3 40

T he

N ile V alley

E astern T he

N ile Valley i n

C entral

S udan S ahara

T he Western

D esert

T he

N orth-East

T he

E astern a nd

i n

A frican

N orthern

3 42

S udan

3 49 3 50

L ittoral

Z one

3 57 3 59

D esert

t he

S udan

3 49

E astern

S inai

N orthern a nd

L evant

3 60

D iscussion

3 62

i v

C hapter

1 1:

THE ORIGINS OF T HE

N EOLITHIC TRADITIONS

I N T HE

E GYPTIAN N ILE VALLEY

3 67

I ntroduction

3 67

P revious

I deas

3 67

T he O rigins

of

t he

E gyptian

A T entative

M odel o f

t he

N eolithic:

O rigins of

t he

D iscussion

N eolithic

C hapter

A ppendix

3 81

S ummary

3 86

1 2:

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3 88

A :

A CLASSIFICATION S CHEME PREDYNASTIC

A ppendix

B :

F OR STONE TOOLS

FROM

E GYPT

3 95

L IST OF TERMS AND ATTRIBUTES U SED

I N R ECORDING

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS

4 19 4 45

A ppendix

C :

GLOSSARY OF L ITHIC TERMS

A ppendix

D :

A NOTE ON SOME

PRELIMINARY H EAT TREATMENT

E XPERIMENTS A ppendix

3 70

E gyptian

E :

4 59

L IST OF UC NUMBERS AND NAGADA GRAVE NUMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS S TUDIED E GYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

I N THE P ETRIE MUSEUM OF 4 65

B ibliography

4 69

V

L IST OF TABLES

T able

p age

1 .1

P redynastic a nd

2 .1

L ist

2 .2

L ist

2 .3

L ithic a rtifact

2 .4

B aumgartel's

4 .1

M ajor

4 .2

E stimate o f a verage n umber o f

o f

D ynastic

f rom N eolithic s ites o f

C hronology

C aton-Thompson's t ool c lasses

i n t he

P redynastic o ccupation s ite a t c ategories o f d e f or

l ithic a rtifact

f rom e ach c lass

6 -inch

4 .3

T ool

4 .4

S ummary o f

4 .5

F requency d ata

4 .6

D imensional D ata

f or

F requency d ata D imensional

4 .10

D ata

4 .11

F requency d ata

f or

f or

2 7

H emamieh

4 7

H emamieh

f rom

f or

4 9

c ores

e ndscrapers

4 .12

D imensional s tatistics

4 .13

F requency d ata

4 .14

D imensional s tatistics

4 .15

F requency d ata

5 1

H emamieh

5 2

f rom H emamieh

5 4

f rom H emamieh

5 5

f rom H emamieh

f or e ndscrapers

s crapers

f or

2 5

s tone a rtifacts

l ithic a rtifacts c ollected

5 6

f rom H emamieh

f rom H emamieh

f or p erforators f or

f or

2 4 ( 1896)

c ore c lasses c ores

s tatistics

c ircular

t he

4 8

f or

s tatistics

4 .9

f or

A rmant

P redynastic

s econdary b lades

4 .8

t ools

l evel

H emamieh

4 .7

s tone

2 3

H uzayyin

M organ

f requencies

f requencies f or

f or

F ayum

r ecognized b y

t ypology

5

2 5 m ain c lasses

f or p erforators f or

6 4

f rom H emamieh

f rom H emamieh

t runcations

t runcation

6 1

f rom H emamieh

t runcations

k nives

f rom H emamieh

D imensional

s tatistics

f or

t runcation

4 .17

D imensional s tatistics

f or

b acked p ieces

4 .18

D ata

f or

s ickle b lades

f rom H emamieh

f or

b lade k nives

4 .19

D ata

4 .20

F requency d ata

4 .21

D imensional

4 .22

D ata

f or

b ifacial

4 .23

D ata

f or

c oncave-base a rrowheads

4 .24

D ata

f or

r etouched p ieces

5 .1

B adarian v illage a nd

5 .2

P redynastic v illage a nd

5 .3

L ithic a rtifact

5 .4

T ool

5 .5

M ajor

5 .6

T ool

5 .7

M ajor

5 .8

T ool

5 .9

C ore c lasses

5 .10

F requency d ata

k nives

f rom H emamieh

f rom

s tatistics

f or

k nives

H emamieh

s idescrapers

7 7

f rom H emamieh

f rom H emamieh f rom

H emamieh

8 4

i n

8 7 t he

c emetery s ites

i n

B adari t he

d istrict

t he

B adari B adari B adari

f or

B adarian

v illage a reas

5 500

1 03

t he

c ategory d ata B adari

f requencies

f or

f or

B adarian

d istrict B adarian

1 04 c emeteries

i n

t he

d istrict

1 05

l ithic a rtifact c lass

B adarian v illage a reas 1 02

l ithic a rtifact i n

f or

5 500

f requencies

c emeteries

i n

9 8

B adari 1 00

5 300-5400 a nd

B adari

7 8 7 9

f rom H emamieh

c ategory d ata

5 300-5400 a nd

c lass

7 1 7 5

d istrict

c lass

6 9 7 3

f rom H emamieh

c emetery s ites

6 7 6 8

f rom H emamieh

f or s idescrapers

6 5 6 6

f rom H emamieh

4 .16

5 8

B adari

f requencies

f or

P redynastic s ites

d istrict

f requencies

1 08

f or

P redynastic s ites

i n

t he

d istrict

1 10

r epresented

a t

P redynastic s ites

i n

t he

d istrict f or

1 11 c ores

f rom

d istrict

P redynastic

s ites

i n

t he 1 13

v i

5 .11

D imensional s tatistics f or b ladelet c ores s ites f or

i n t he

B adari

f rom P redynastic

d istrict

s econdary b lades

1 15

5 .12

D ata

5 .13

S triking p latform d ata

5 .14

D ata

5 .15

S triking p latform d ata f or g lossy b ladelets f rom A reas

5 .16

D imensional s tatistics f or a xe p reparation f lakes

5 .17

F requency d ata f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic s ites i n

B adari

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

d istrict

1 900 a nd

1 16 f or s econdary b lades f rom A reas

3 000

1 17

f or g lossy b ladelets

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

B adari d istrict 1 900 a nd

1 19

3 000

1 20

P redynastic s ites t he 5 .18

1 22 1 23

D imensional s tatistics D ata

B adari d istrict

B adari d istrict

s ites 5 .19

i n t he

f rom

f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic

i n t he B adari d istrict

f or c ircular

s crapers

1 24

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

B adari d istrict 5 .20

F requency d ata

1 28

f or b urins

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

B adari d istrict

1 30

5 .21

D imensional s tatistics

5 .22

F requency d ata

f or b urins

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he B adari d istrict B adari 5 .23

1 32

f or n otches

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

d istrict

1 34

D imensional s tatistics

f or n otches

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he B adari d istrict 5 .24

D ata f or d enticulates

5 .25

F requency d ata

5 .26

D imensional s tatistics

5 .27

F requency d ata

5 .28

D imensional s tatistics

1 35

f rom P redynastic s ites i n t he

B adari d istrict

1 36

f or p erforators

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he B adari d istrict s ites

i n t he B adari f or

1 39 f or p erforators

f rom P redynastic

d istrict

t runcations

1 40 f rom P redynastic s ites i n

t he B adari d istrict s ites 5 .29

t runcations

f rom P redynastic

i n t he B adari d istrict

F requency d ata s ites

1 42 f or

f or

i n t he

1 43

t runcation k nives

f rom P redynastic

B adari d istrict

5 .30

D imensional s tatistics f or

5 .31

F requency d ata

5 .32

D imensional s tatistics

5 .33

F requency d ata

5 .34

D imensional s tatistics

5 .35

D ata f or b lade k nives B adari d istrict

5 .36

D ata

5 .37

D ata

5 .38

D ata

P redynastic s ites

1 45

t runcation k nives

f rom

i n t he B adari d istrict

f or b acked p ieces

1 46

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he B adari d istrict s ites

i n t he

1 49

f or b acked p ieces

f rom P redynastic

B adari d istrict

1 50

f or s ickle b lades

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he B adari d istrict s ites

f or

i n t he B adari

o ther b lade

1 51

f or s ickle b lades

f rom P redynastic

d istrict

1 52

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he 1 55

k nives

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he B adari d istrict f or

t he B adari f or

B adari

1 57

g lossy b ladelet

t ools

f rom P redynastic s ites

d istrict

s idescrapers

i n 1 58

f rom P redynastic s ites

d istrict

i n t he 1 60

v ii

5 .39

D imensional d ata a nd

f or b ifacial

3 000/6 1 61

5 .40

D ata f or b ifacial s ickles

5 .41

D ata f or

5 .42

D ata f or o ther

5 .43

D ata f or

5 .44

D ata f or m iscellaneous t ools

B adari

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

d istrict

1 62

c oncave-base a rrowheads f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

B adari d istrict

i n t he

1 63

f ine b ifacial

t ools f rom P redynastic s ites

B adari d istrict r etouched p ieces

B adari

1 66 f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

d istrict

t he B adari 5 .45

k nives f rom A reas

3 000/10

T ool c lass B adari

1 68 f rom P redynastic s ites i n

d istrict

1 69

f requencies f or

P redynastic c emeteries

i n t he

d istrict

1 70

6 .1

C ategories o f

6 .2

M ain l ithic a rtifact c ategories a nd

B runton,

B adarian s tone a rtifacts r ecognized b y

C aton-Thompson a nd

r epresented i n

t he

c hapters

5

4 a nd

B aumgartel

B adarian c ollections , d escribed i n 1 80

6 .3

O ccurrences o f r ippled c eramics i n t he

7 .1

M ajor

7 .2

T ool c lass

7 .3

C ore c lasses

7 .4

F requency d ata

7 .5

D imensional s tatistics

N ubia a nd

t he

E astern D esert,

S udan

l ithic a rtifact

i n t he

1 77

t ool c lasses

N agada

1 86 f requencies

f or

P redynastic s ites

r egion

f requencies

1 99 f or

P redynastic s ites

i n t he N agada

r egion

2 01 r epresented a t

S ites

K H3B a nd

S outh

f or c ores f rom S ites K H3B a nd f or

c ores

T own

2 03

S outh T own

f rom S ites K H3B a nd

S outh

T own

2 05

7 .6

D ata

7 .7

D imensional s tatistics f or a xe p reparation

f or s econdary

f lakes

P redynastic s ites 7 .8

F requency d ata

f rom K H3B a nd

i n t he N agada

f or e ndscrapers

S outh T own f lakes

2 07 f rom

r egion

2 08

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he N agada r egion 7 .9

2 10

D imensional s tatistics f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic s ites

7 .10

D ata

f or

N agada

i n t he N agada r egion c ircular

s crapers

2 11

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

r egion

2 15

7 .11

F requency d ata

7 .12

D imensional s tatistics f or

7 .13

D ata

7 .14

D imensional s tatistics f or n otches f rom P redynastic s ites

7 .15

F requency d ata

7 .16

D imensional s tatistics f or d enticulates

7 .17

F requency d ata

7 .18

D imensional s tatistics

N agada

f or b urins

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

r egion

i n t he N agada f or n otches

2 16 b urins

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 17

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he N agada

r egion i n t he i n

t he

s ites i n t he s ites 7 .19

2 04

2 21 N agada N agada i n t he

i n t he

r egion N agada

2 24 f rom P redynastic

r egion

2 25

r egion

t he N agada

F requency d ata

2 22 f rom P redynastic s ites

f or p erforators f rom P redynastic s ites

N agada i n

r egion

f or d enticulates

f or

N agada

2 26 f or p erforators

f rom P redynastic

r egion

2 28

t runcations f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 30

v iii

7 .20

D imensional s tatistics f or s ites

i n t he N agada f or

t runcations

f rom P redynastic

r egion

2 31

7 .21

F requency d ata

7 .22

D imensional s tatistics f or b acked p ieces f rom P redynastic

7 .23

D ata

7 .24

F requency d ata

i n t he N agada s ites f or

b acked p ieces

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 32

i n t he N agada

r egion

s ickle b lades

f rom S outh

f or

2 33

s idescrapers

T own

2 34

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he N agada r egion

2 36

7 .25

D imensional s tatistics

7 .26

D ata

7 .27

B reak,

7 .28

R etouch a nd g rinding d ata

7 .29

F unctional a ttributes o f a xes

7 .30

D imensional d ata

7 .31

D ata

7 .32

D ata

7 .33

D ata

7 .34

D ata

7 .35

D ata

7 .36

D ata

7 .37

T ool b lank

7 .38

M ajor

7 .39

T ool c lass

7 .40

D ata

7 .41

D ata

f or e ndscrapers

7 .42

D ata

f or

7 .43

D ata

f or p lanes

7 .44

D ata

f or

7 .45

B reak,

7 .46

R etouch a nd g rinding d ata

7 .47

F unctional a nd d imensional d ata

7 .48

M ajor

7 .49

t omb g roups ( Petrie C ollection) M ain t ool c lass f requencies f or N agada

s ites

f or s idescrapers

f rom P redynastic

i n t he N agada r egion

2 37

f or p lanes f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he

N agada

r egion

2 38

t ool b lank,

R NS a nd s hape d ata

P redynastic s ites i n t he N agada

i n

f or a xes

f rom

t he N agada r egion f or a xes

2 41

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 42 f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he N agada r egion N agada

2 44

f or a xes

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 47

f or c oncave-base a rrowheads

i n t he N agada f or

o ther

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 48

f ine b ifacial

i n t he N agada

t ools

f rom P redynastic s ites

r egion

2 51

f or m iscellaneous b ifacial t ools

s ites

i n t he N agada

f or

i n t he

r egion

r etouched p ieces

N agada

f rom P redynastic 2 53

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he

r egion

2 54

f or w orked t abular

s labs

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he N agada r egion

2 56

f or m iscellaneous

t ools

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n

t he N agada r egion

2 57

f requencies

f or u nidentifiable b roken

f rom P redynastic s ites

i n t he N agada

l ithic a rtifact c ategories

f or

t ools

r egion

S outh

2 58

T own

( Petrie

M useum c ollection)

2 59

f requencies

f or

S outh T own

( Petrie M useum

c ollection) f or

2 60

s econdary b lades

f rom S outh

T own

( Petrie

C ollection)

2 61 f rom S outh

s ickle b lades

f rom S outh

f rom S outh T own

b ifacial

T own

k nives

( Petrie

T own

C ollection)

( Petrie C ollection)

( Petrie

C ollection)

f rom S outh T own

2 66 2 67

t ool b lank, ( Petrie

2 64

( Petrie

C ollection) T own

2 62

R NS a nd s hape d ata

f or

a xes

f rom S outh

C ollection)

2 71

f or a xes

f rom S outh

T own

( Petrie

C ollection)

2 72 f or

a xes

f rom S outh T own

( Petrie C ollection) l ithic a rtifact

2 73 c ategory f requencies

C ollection)

f or

N agada 2 77

t omb g roups

( Petrie 2 78

i x

8 .1

M ajor

8 .2

M ain

l ithic a rtifact

8 .3

C ore c lasses

8 .4

D ata

f or

c ores

f or

s econdary b lades

t ool

c lass

f requencies

f requencies

f or

r epresented a t f rom H K-29,

8 .5

D ata

8 .6

S triking p latform d ata

8 .7

D ata

f or

e ndscrapers

8 .8

D ata

f or

b urins

f or

H K-29,

H K-29,

H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

H ierakonpolis

H ierakonpolis

2 93

H ierakonpolis f rom H K-29,

f or

2 91 2 92 2 94

H ierakonpolis

s econdary b lades

2 95

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

2 96 f rom H K-29,

f rom H K-29,

8 .9

D ata

f or

n otches

8 .10

D ata

f or

d enticulates

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

2 98

H ierakonpolis

3 00

H ierakonpolis

f rom H K-29,

3 02

H ierakonpolis

3 03

8 .11

D ata

f or

p erforators

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

8 .12

D ata

f or

m icrodrills

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

3 04

8 .13

D ata

f or

t runcations

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

3 06

8 .14

D ata

f or

b acked p ieces

8 .15

D ata

f or

s idescrapers

8 .16

D ata

f or

t ransverse a rrowheads

f rom H K-29, f rom H K-29,

8 .17

D ata

f or

w inged d rills

8 .18

D ata

f or

m iscellaneous b ifacial

8 .19

D ata

3 04

H ierakonpolis

3 07

H ierakonpolis

f rom H K-29,

f rom H K-29,

3 07

H ierakonpolis

H ierakonpolis

t ools

3 09

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

3 11

f or

r etouched p ieces m iscellaneous

f rom H K-29,

t ools

H ierakonpolis

8 .20

D ata

f or

8 .21

T ool

b lanks

1 1.1

H olocene p alaeoclimate o f

f rom H K-29,

1 1.2

D istribution o f c haracteristically W estern

o f u nidentifiable b roken

H ierakonpolis

t ools

D .1

M unsell

E l

f or

p ost-Palaeolithic

D abadib a rea, C olor

t reatment

3 13 3 13

t he W estern

c lasses a nd p redominant b lank L ithic d ata

3 12

f rom H K-29,

H ierakonpolis

1 1.3

3 08

C hart

D esert

3 72

D esert

t ool

t echnologies s ites

i n

3 75

t he

U mm

K harga O asis r eadings

f or

e xperiments

3 80 f lakes u sed

i n h eat 4 60

x

L IST OF F IGURES F igure 1 .1

p age M ap o f

E gypt

t he 3 .1

s howing

t he

l ocation o f p laces m entioned

i n

t ext

2

A rrow s ymbols u sed t he

B adari

i n

4 .1

M ap o f

4 .2

S tratigraphic s ection

4 .3

C ores

4 .4

S crapers

4 .5

T ools

l ithic a rtifact

i llustrations

4 1

D istrict a t

4 3

H emamieh

4 5

f rom H emamieh

5 3

f rom H emamieh

f rom t he

l evels a t

5 9

B adarian

a nd

B adarian/Amratian

t ransition

H emamieh

4 .6

S ketch o f a c ircular

4 .7

A b lade

k nife a nd

4 .8

G erzean

t ools

4 .9

B ifacial

4 .10

S ketch o utlines o f

4 .11

G raph

6 0 s craper

o n

t hin n odular

f lint

f rom

H emamieh

6 2 7 0

k nives

7 4

f rom H emamieh f ishtails

8 0 f rom

t he d istribution o f

H emamieh t he

8 2

t ool b lanks

o f

t ools

H emamieh

9 1

5 .1

R egional

5 .2

M ap s howing

m ap s howing t he

l ocation o f

s ites

i n

t he

B adari

5 .3

M ap s howing

t he

l ocation o f s ites

5 .4

S ingle p latform b lade c ore

5 .5

H eat-treated b ladelet

M ostagedda a nd

i n

f rom H emamieh

f rom H emamieh

s howing

f rom

a t runcation k nife

t he

B adari

t he

l ocation o f

M atmar

t he

B adari,

a reas

9 4

B adarian a nd

l ater

P redynastic

d istrict

9 6 i n

t he

f rom A rea

c ores

Q au a rea

9 7

3 000/6

1 12

f rom P redynastic v illage s ites

d istrict

1 14

5 .6

A xe a nd a xe p reparation

f lakes

5 .7

S crapers

5 .8

E ndscrapers

5 .9

C ircular

s craper

f rom A rea

3 000/6

5 .10

C ircular

s craper

f rom A rea

1 900 a nd b urin

5 .11

B urins

5 .12

T ools

P redynastic v illage s ites

f rom B adarian a nd

i n

t he

f rom P redynastic v illage

B adari

s ites

d istrict

i n

t he

1 21

B adari

d istrict

1 25 f rom A reas

f rom A reas

3 000/6 a nd

3 000/6

a nd

1 900

1 26 1 29 f rom A rea

3 000/6

3 000

f rom P redynastic v illage s ites

i n

t he

B adari

d istrict

1 37

5 .13

P erforators

5 .14

T ools

f rom A rea

5 .15

T ools

f rom A reas

5 .16

S ickle b lades

f rom A reas

k nives

3 000/3 a nd

3 000/6

1 44

3 000/6 a nd

f rom A reas f rom A rea

3 000/10

1 47

3 000/6 a nd

3 000/24

B lade

5 .18

G lossy b ladelet

5 .19

B ifacial

7 .1

L ocation m ap o f

7 .2

L ocation m ap o f a rchaeological s ites

7 .3

S ingle p latform

f lake

7 .4

A xe p reparation

f lakes

7 .5

E ndscrapers

7 .6

T ools

7 .7

B urins

f rom S ite

7 .8

B urins

f rom

7 .9

N otches

B adari

S outh

1 41

3 000/6

5 .17

t he

1 31 1 33

t ools

1 53

3 000/6 f rom

1 56

P redynastic v illage s ites

i n

d istrict

t ools

1 59

f rom A reas

3 000/6 a nd

P redynastic s ites

i n

3 000 t he i n

1 65 N agada

t he

r egion

T own

1 96

f rom

f rom S ite

1 90

v icinity o f

c ores

f rom

f rom S ite

P redynastic K H3 a nd

S outh

T own

K H3

S outh

f rom S ites

T own a nd K H3 a nd

a nd

S ite

K H3

K H3

s ites

S outh

T own

i n

2 06 2 09

t he

N agada

r egion

2 12 2 14 2 18

S ite K H4

x i

K H4

2 19 2 23

7 .10

P erforators

7 .11

G rand

f rom P redynastic s ites

7 .12

S ickle b lades

a nd

7 .13

A xe a nd p lane

f rom S ites

7 .14

A xes

p er oir

f rom

f rom S ite

S ite

K H3 A rea

t runcation

K H3 A rea

f rom

K H3 a nd

i n

t he

N agada

r egion

X /XI

2 27 2 29

S outh

T own

2 35

K H4

2 39

X /XI

2 43

7 .15

A xe

f rom

S outh

T own

( aspect

A )

2 45

7 .16

A xe

f rom

S outh

T own

( aspect

B )

2 46

7 .17

C oncave-base a rrowheads

7 .18

O ther

7 .19

R etouched p ieces

7 . 20

O utlines

f ine b ifacial

f rom S ite

t ools

f rom S ite

o f b ifacial

K H4 a nd

f rom S outh K H3 a nd

S outh

T own

S outh

a nd

T own

S ite

K H3

T own

k nives

f rom S outh T own

( Petrie

k nives

f rom S outh

T own

( Petrie

k nives

f rom S outh

T own

( Petrie

2 68

7 .21

O utlines o f b ifacial

7 . 22

O utlines

8 .1

T opographic m ap o f

C ollection)

2 69

o f b ifacial

C ollection) 8 .2

P lan o f T ools

t he

2 70

l ate

f rom H K-29,

8 .4

B urins a nd n otch

8 .5

B ifacial

1 1.1

S equence o f m aps

t he

H ierakonpolis

A mratian s quare

o f

A .1

P redynastic

A .2

T runcation

t he

t ool

o ccupational

f rom H K-29,

2 85

f eatures a t

H K-29

s quare

s quare

E gyptian

10L10

3 01

10L10

3 10 o f

t he

N eolithic

c ategories

P redynastic

O utline o f a b ifacial

t ool

A .5

O utline o f a c omma-shaped

A .6

R ipple-flaked

A .7

O utlines o f

r homboidal

A .8

O utlines o f

f ishtails

A .9

O utlines o f b ifacial

3 83 3 97

k nife a nd b lade k nife

A .4

2 88 2 99

s ummarizing a t entative m odel

A .3

k nife

r egion

10L10

t ools f rom H K-29,

o rigins

2 52 2 55

C ollection)

8 .3

2 49

4 01

c ategories

4 04

k nife o f

' standardized G erzean

f orm'

4 06 k nife

4 07

k nife

A .10

N agada-like a xe

A .11

P redynastic

t ool

4 09 k nives

f rom N agada

4 10 4 11

s ickles

4 13 4 14

c ategories

4 15

B .1

C ore d imensions

4 21

B .2

C ore p latform p reparation c ategories

4 22 4 23

B .3

C ore p latform s urface c ategories

B .4

S chematic d iagrams s howing

B .5

B lank

s triking p latform d imensions

B .6

B lank

p latform p reparation c ategories

B .7

B lank p latform s hape c ategories

' extent o f w orking o f c ore'

c ategories

s hape

4 24

B .8

E dge

B .9

E dge-on p rofile c ategories

4 26 4 27 4 28

c ategories

4 30 4 31

B .10

N otch w idth a nd n otch d epth

4 34

B .11

N otch

4 34

r etouch c ategories

B .12

S ickle b lade

B .13

S ickle r etouch c ategories

s hape c ategories

4 35 4 36

B .14

A xe

s hape

B .15

A xe

t ransverse s ection c ategories

c ategories

4 39

B .16

A xe

r etouch c ategories

4 41

B .17

P reparation

B .18

A rrowhead

B .19

W inged

o f a xe e dge

4 38

c ategories

d imensions

4 43

d rill w ing c ross-section

C .1

C ore

C .2

E dge-on p rofiles

4 42

r ejuvenation p ieces

c ategories

4 44 4 47 4 48

x ii

C .3

R etouch p osition

C .4

R etouch

e xtent

4 52

C .5

R etouch

s ize

4 53

C .6

R etouch d escription

C .7

R emoval o f a n a xe p reparation

D .1

C olour

c hanges d ue

4 51

c ategories t o h eat

4 55 f lake

t reatment

4 57 i n b anded

f lint

4 61

C hapter

1

THE PREDYNASTIC OF E GYPT

I NTRODUCTION T he

P redynastic

e ncompasses

t he

p eriod

a griculture t o t he E gyptian N ile V alley u nification

o f

E gypt

a nd

t he s tart

f rom

t o t he

t he

moment

i ntroduction

o f D ynastic h istory .

S ystematic i nvestigations o f P redynastic s ites b egan P etrie,

with

P redynastic Q uibell,

t he assistance of Q uibell,

c emeteries

1 896).

i n

t he

H owever,

N agada

t his

o f

o f t he political

was

s tarted

a rea l i n

a t

U pper

a t ime

i n

1 894

to excavate

when

E gypt many

when l arge

( Petrie

a nd

E gyptologists

were s till u nconvinced o f t he p resence of a ' Palaeolithic' i n E gypt, a nd

t he

e xistence

d ebated .

o f

a N eolithic,

o r

P redynastic,

I nitially,

P etrie

h imself,

o f a P alaeolithic i n

E gypt,

r egarded h is

a " New

R ace"

I ntermediate s i milar s ame

year

s upposed

I t

f ound

a nd

P etrie s oon

h e

P eriod .

to t hose

p rehistoric, t he

which

was by

J acques

as

P etrie

a s

a nd

h e

was

to

d e

E gypt

( Petrie,

Morgan

who,

immediately

N eolithic .

Q uibell's

H e

N umerous u ntil

t he

1 901:

4 -12;

P redynastic s ites

o utbreak

o f

t he

N aqada

1 920:

World

W ar,

b eing p laced o n t he s tudy o f c emeteries. o ut

a fter

t he

war

u ntil

w as r apidly r enewed mobilized

i n t he

several

P rehistoric

E xpedition Methodist

( Institute

of

i n

t he

f inding

and

u nder

t he

A fter

E xpedition,

of

H owever, o f

t he

b y t he

N ile

V alley

P redynastic.

I n

i nvestigating

a ll

t he

tea ms,

to as

1 896.

" Sequence

t his t ime o nwards

p articular

o f

s uch

work

as

emphasis

was

t he

P rofessor

and

D r.

C ulture,

f ield work

t heir T hese

c arried

F red

Wendorf

Romuald

P olish

S child

Academy

i n N ubia,

D am

C ombined

of

a s t he n ew

1 968a; Wendorf and S child, 1 976a). i nterest

i n t he p rehistory

t o s park o ff r enewed

F airservis

periods

a ttention t o t he p rehistory o f t eams h ad b een c oncentrating o n

r evitalized

b eginning

1 967,

i n

some expeditions i ncluding t he C ombined

t urned

1 960s t his

was

as

r esults

p rehistory o f t he N ile V alley

U .S .A .)

c onducting

( e.g. Wendorf,

l ate

f rom

O nly m inor

Material

t he N ile V alley n orth o f A swan. P alaeolithic s ites

h is

N agada d iscoveries a nd

w ith

d irection

U niversity,

L ake N asser b egan to f or m, P rehistoric

r emains t hem

B allas,

t o

F irst

1 960s when t he t hreat o f t he A swan H igh

H istory

W arsaw).

i n

international

( Southern S ciences

i nterest

t he

3 -4).

were e xcavated

S econd

b eing

e xistence

r ecognized

p ublished

t he p rehistoric a ge o f h is

1 900;

e ven

t he

d uring

b egan working on a r elative d ating scheme r eferred D ating"

not

a ccepted

N agada g raves a s b elonging

c a me

P etrie,

s pecifically

c onceded

t hough

i ncluding

l ed

a

t he

t eam

i nterest

to

i n

t he

H ierakonpolis

P redynastic

( Fairservis,

1 972), and s ince t hen t here h ave b een s everal P redynastic p rojects, m any

o f

which

a re

s till

c ontinuing

( Eiwanger,

1 978;

G inter, K ozlowski and S liwa, 1 979; G inter e t a l,

1 979;

1 985;

1 980;

1 982;

1 987; H assan,

1 981; H ays and H assan, 1 976; H ays, 1 976; Hoffman,

1 982; D emuynck and

V er meersch,

1 987).

1S ee

F igure

1 978;

1 .1

f or

W ildung,

1 984;

C aneva

p lace n ames m entioned

1

e t

i n

a l,

t he

t ext.

A s

yet

t he

M E DI T E R R A N E A N

SE A

M in e la t Abu Omar , 1

t,

. -

,

fQATTARA E

H e l iopo l is Me r imde• CA IRO Maad i •Omar i S aqqara• •He lwan

”..

' .« .

1.‘'

,,‚ '

S " 1• fDEPRE S J ,CW 1 1 z . , > 3,

S I WA . •

SI N AI

F AYUM , H arageh•

' 4 .

Ge ueh • Abus ir e lMe leq

OAS IS

A

BAHAR I A OAS IS if

W E S T E R N

DE S E R T o s _

Ma t mar o s tagedda B adar i

ASS IUT

F ARAFRAz OAS IS ,. .. , . ,

,E INa

aga e d-De ir Mga hasna. N A bydos•• QENA

H am Ea ld A '

m r a h , Na l l a . GOU V NAO. \ N L UXOR A rman t•

' : . DAKHLÄ" ' . . . .- ' , -K HAR dA : OAS IS OAS IS f

I SNAo H ierakonpo l is•

, .

E l K ab

A E bD u — F U 0 ' Ze idan

EG Y P T I: G IL F ' F SEB IR I

, " 4.

ma t

AS WAN K hor B ahan

, , % ' . , 1 . , "

D akka B IR K ISE IBAo

I I I

S aya la

NABTA 0

tSUDAN

I

F ig.

• Me l ik e n-Nas ir 0

1 .1

1 00

Map

o f

2 00

E gypt

3 00

s howing

4 00 km

t he

l ocation

t ext.

2

o f p laces

mentioned

i n

t he

r esults

o f

t o

p rovide

o f

t he

t he a n

o lder

c rumbling

modern

work

u p-to-date i deas

away,

b ased

whil e

h ave

n ot

p icture o n

t he

o thers

b een

o f

t he

f ully

p re-Second a re

a ssessed

P redynastic .

b eing

World

a nd

d igested

G radually

W ar

m any

e xcavations

s ubstantiated

o r

a re

s lightl y

m odified.

CHRONOLOGY AND CULTURAL SEQUENCE B ased p ri marily o n pottery t ypes, P etrie devised h is system of " Sequence

D ating"

e ffectively c omputer. g raves

H e

d ivided

i nto

( abbreviated 1 -29

f or

( Petrie

a s eriation f ifty S .D .)

1 900;

c arried

t he

p ottery

a rbitrary

b eginning

a ny e arlier

1 901:

o ut

3 0

a nd

t hat

1 920:

s trips

s equence

s tages

a t

p eriods

4 -12;

w ith

o f

3 -4)

c ard

r epresented

he

t er med

e nding

a t

b y

was

t han

t he

a

N agada

" Sequence

8 0,

m ight b e f ound,

which

r ather

D ates"

a llowing

n umbers

which i ndeed was t he

c ase, t he " Badarian" b eing d i scovered b y B runton a nd C aton-Thompson ( 1928) i n t he 1 920s.

( However, t he B adarian seems restricted to one

a rea, s ee C hapter 6 .) p eriods, d ivided

Amratian

t he

E nglish E arly,

S . D. S . D.

3 8-60

S emainian

S . D.

6 1-78

K aiser

to

a s

and

B aumgartel

with

d id

t he

i n

not

1 939:

F irst

o f

t his t he

u sed

t he

e xpressions

Amratian,

G erzean

t ripartite

S .D .

l imits,

d ivisions - N aqada

a nd

d ivision

o f

i dentifying I ( Amratiah),

P etrie's

" Se mainian"

l ate G erzean.

D ynasty.

F or

P redynastic,

period

S ome even c onsidered K antor

ends

a t

( 1 965: S .D .

4 ),

6 5,

the

while

4 64) d ates t he beginning of the F irst D ynasty t o

6 3. K emp

s caling

( 1982)

t o

h as

o btain

used

t hree

o ld

cemetery d ata

' Groups' .

G roups

i n a multidi mensional

I a nd

I I

a re

a re b roadly equivalent to t he Amratian a nd G erzean, corresponds

to

t he

P redynastic c ultural

p eriods

s ettlements P etri e's

early p hase

L ittle a ttempt P redynastic

where

t erms

very

syste m

S equence

D ates

f or

would

m ake

i t

i n

m ultidimensional

t he

i n

whole

r ather

r ecent

c eramic

t o

t hey

v essels

type

a l ater

and

v erify

work a re

t he

m ainly

f ound,

vessel

i n

and

shape.

H assan h as obtained 1 984a;

H assan a nd S .D . 4 1-44.

G erzean i t

i n

( Hassan,

s cheme .

H owever,

r epresents an e arlier

N agada

s caling

P etrie's

a rea

than

workers

l arge s herds,

N agada

a nd

S emainian .

D ates a s

cera mic

f rom t he

b y

P redynastic

while G roup I II

F or e xample, S ite KH3 i s e stimated a t

f rom KH3 s uggests t hat P redynastic

peri od

S equence

on

f or m

s ites

made o f

f ew

depends

M atson, i n p ress).

A rchaic

w hich c ould b e c alled

h as b een i n

R econstructing v essel

T his

9 ):

( Semainian).

accept

o f t he

t he

o f

t he I II

o ften

p lace

s ome

N aqada

t herefore

( 1 970a:

3 8-80), b ut l ater he

( Petrie,

s cheme

modified

r ena ming

a nd

m erely p art

coincide a nd

1 957)

r eorganizing

r esearchers i t

Gerzean, S .D .

b y

( Gerzean),

Many

P etrie's

P redynastic

( 1956;

s ubgroups I I

r egarding i t

L ate

p eriods

3 0-37

a dopting

a nd

P redynastic

N aqada

t hree

G erzean

s cholars

s everal

i nto

A mratian

M iddle

P etrie r ecognized two P redynastic

3 0-37) and G erzean ( S.D .

P redynasti .c

S emainian . t he

I nitially,

( S.D .

o f

a rea,

a nd

c eramic

i ndeed,

d ata

3

f rom

t he

e vidence

d evelopment

g raphic t he

s ite

of

t he

s eriati on and s how

c learly

t hat

i t b elongs t o a n e arlier g roup o f N agada s ites

c a.

3 800 B .C . a s d istinct

i s d ated 3 440 + 7 0 B .C . I t

would

a ppear

( Hassan a nd M atson, i n p ress).

t hat

w hile

c onsidering

e rrors a nd i nconsistencies emerge a s above.

H owever,

S equence

D ating

i n

S equence

D ates

t he e xample

i n

d etail

j ust o utlined

t he o verall t rends t hat P etrie d iscovered t hrough

a re

s till

v alid .

F or

e xample,

m ay s till b e r egarded a s e ssentially e arly i t d oes n ot

w hich a re d ated t o

f rom l ater s ites i n t he a rea, o ne o f which

m atter

w hether

i t

W hite C ross-lined

P redynastic o r

w are

Amratian a nd

i s s pecifically l imited t o S .D .

3 1-34 o r

continues t o S .D . 3 8 o r p erhaps i s o ccasionally f ound a t S .D . 4 0. S equence a bsence

o f

D ating

was

r adiocarbon

a u seful

d ates

t he P redynastic. H owever, a daptation . s ites

f or

r elative

d ating

e stablishing

t he

method

m ajor

S ince s o f ew w hole p ots a re r ecovered

method

potsherds.

t he o f

i t i s i n need o f c hecking, r efinement a nd f rom

t he s ettlement

w hich c ontemporary a rchaeologists c hiefly e xcavate,

D ating

i n

d ivisions

p articularly

n eeds

t o

b e

a dapted

f or

t he S equence

d ealing

with

I t a lso n eeds t ying t o a good r adiocarbon s equence.

I n

f act, t here i s potential f or a f airly p recise c hronology b ased o n a g ood

t ypological

r adiocarbon

r im

d ates

s herd

s equence

( Hoffman,

p ers.

p robably h ave t o b e worked o ut

f or

f ixed

comm.).

s everal

a t

b road

S uch

r egions

i ntervals

a s equence t o c heck

b y

would

f or

i nter-

r egional v ariability. H owever,

a t t he moment,

a b road chronology o f d evelopments i s

s till a ll we h ave f or t he P redynastic, complex

p icture

c hronology p eriods

i s

f or

i s

emerging

s hown

i n

r eference

E gyptian c ollections, f urther

c omment .

t able

1 .1

( based

1 964) .

T he

t han o n

i ncluding

t he

H owever,

o ld n ames,

a nd a p erhaps s lightly

h itherto

s uspected. t he

B ritish

E gyptian

M useum's

d ynastic

g uide to t he

t he P redynastic p eriods

B adarian,

Amratian

a nd

r equire

G erzean,

s till c ommonly u sed b ut t he t rue s ignificance o f t hese d ivisions n eeds c larifying. t he

possible

more

A g eneral

T hey a re not u sed i n j ust a t emporal s ense.

exception

of

t he

g eographically l i mited i n e xtent,

B adarian

which

appears

a re

s till W ith to

be

t he P redynastic p hases s hould b e

r egarded a s r epresenting important t rends within t he P redynastic t hough t hey d o n ot c orrespond t o s pecific a ssemblages o f a rtifacts f or a ll

r egions .

A s t his s tudy d emonstrates,

a ssemblages,

t here

a re

r egional

a t

l east

d ifferences .

f or

T hus

l ithic a rtifact

t he

G erzean

l ithic

a ssemblages o f s ites i n o ne a rea m ay n ot b e t he s ame a s t hose o f i n

a nother

r egion

e ven

t hough

t here

a re

p robably

a

s imilarities among o ther a rtifact c ategories. Moreover, t rends may b e o ccurring a t s lightly d ifferent t imes i n r egions. every

T hus t he t ime r anges

region

a pproximate . i s s et a t ( Hassan,

and I n

t hey

g iven

should

p articular,

a lthough

3 650 B .C ., t his 1 984a; 1 985a;

i n

t able

t herefore t he

1 .1

be

o f

d ifferent d ifferent

may not apply

regarded

Amratian-Gerzean

i s based o n H assan a nd

s ites

n umber

as

t o

only

t ransition

t he e vidence f rom N agada Matson, i n p ress). At

H ierakonpolis, t he A mratian-Gerzean t ransition a ppears t o h ave t aken p lace c a. 3 500 B .C . ( Hoffman, 1 980a). T he B adarian, i ndicated a s 1> 3 850 B .C .

( ?)' i n t able 1 .1,

r adiocarbon

d ates

t hermoluminescence l atter dating

a re

s tratified

d ates

u nfortunately

( see

C hapter

s ite

o f

i s v ery poorly d ated.

( Hassan,

4 ,

1984b;

( Caton-Thompson t oo p .

H er ramieh

i naccurate 4 6). i n

t he

A ll

a nd f or

a nd

W hittle, t he

t hese

B adari

4

T here a re o nly two

1 985a),

a

p urposes d ates

d istrict

series

1 975), o f

are

n ear

a nd

of t he

a bsolute f rom

A ssiut .

the T he

T able 1 .1 P REDYNASTIC A ND D YNASTIC C HRONOLOGY

D ate

D ynasties

P eriod

( B.C.)

> 3850 ( ?) 3 850-3650 3 650-3250 3 250-3150

B adarian Amratian G erzean P rotodynastic

3 150-2700 2 700-2180 2 180-2130 2 130-1785 1 785-1565 1 565-1085 1 085-332 3 32-30

A rchaic ( = E arly D ynastic) O ld K ingdom F irst I ntermediate P eriod M iddle K ingdom S econd I ntermediate P eriod N ew K ingdom L ate D ynastic P eriod P tolemaic P eriod

N ote:

t wo

P redynastic

r adiocarbon

t ree-ring B .C .

c hronology

d ates

c orrected

( Hassan,

a re

d ate

1 984b;

i s

P redynastic

t entative

s tatistically

o f

4 080

1 985a) .

+ 1 60

S ince

o nly

s imilar

B .C .

t he

( see

t ext).

a nd

g ive

a n

w ith

a r ange

o f

Amratian

f ollows

t he

a verage

4 400-3800 B adarian

a t H emamieh, a nd t he e arliest Amratian s ites i n t he N agada a rea a re d ated t he

c a.

3 850

B adarian

possibly

i ts

p ossible

B ased

upper

o n

t he

( Hassan,

1 984a; n ot

l i mit

i s

about

o f

r adiocarbon d ated

i s

1 985a;

l i mit

of

3 250

a s

a t

H assan a nd B .C .

t he a nd

i s

e nd

c a.

a nd

d ates

t o c a .

H owever,

i n

3 850

a nd

i n

I II"

u sed

c onfused p eriod.

o f

( 1985a), b y

a n umber

w ith T he

P redynastic,

K aiser

( 1956;

a nd w ill

H offman

B .C . t o

1 957)

b e u sed

( 1970;

o r

N agada

3 650

t able

1 .1

N agada,

3 300 B .C .

f or

p robably

t he

B .C .

t hough

a t t he

( Hassan,

t hough a p rovisional

u pper

G erzean a s

l asted

a m aximum

t o a round

3 150

a o f

B .C .

o f t he P redynastic r ejecting P etrie's

f inal

a nd

t he

1 980a;

s cholars

T he

i mmediately p hase

m ay b e

I t i s roughly equivalent t o t he

d efined

l asted n o more t wo .

T his

" Terminal

i n t his s tudy i n t he

1 976;

P rotodynastic,

o nly a g eneration

A t

o f i mportant d evelopments

i ts u se b y e arlier

p robably

not

t he

p ress),

f airly f irmly f ixed

r eferred t o a s t he ' Protodynastic'.

i s

i n

3 600 B .C .

p receding t he p olitical u nification o f E gypt. " Naqada

a nd

i s

i t i s u seful t o r ecognize a f inal p hase o f t he

P redynastic t o r eflect

H assan

t hen

B .C .

i t

s ites

M ost a uthorities h ave a ccepted t he d ivision B adarian, Amratian a nd G erzean p hases,

S emainian.

yet,

c a. 3 500

i n p ress),

P rotodynastic i s

A s

3 850

f rom

M atson,

3 650 o r

i ndicated d ate

B .C .

b etween

c ontinues

M atson,

s ucceeding i ts

t o

H assan

Amratian

e stimated

1 984a;

1 00 y ears

t he

i n p ress),

a bout

l imit.

i s

1 985a;

M atson,

t han

4 000

a n umber

1 984a;

G erzean

H assan a nd

b e younger

Amratian

H ierakonpolis

i nto

( Hassan, p robably

t o e stimate i ts o ldest

r egion,

w hole,

B .C . c an

1 982).

P redynastic" s ame s ense a s

I t

s hould

n ot

o f i t b e

t o d enote t he E arly D ynastic a s

t he

f inal

p hase

o f

t he

t han a h undred y ears a nd p ossibly

s tart

o f

5

t he

F irst

D ynasty a nd

t he

beginni ng

of

Egyptian

a pproximately

3 150

B .C .

h istory

( Hassan,

T he a bove c hronology

f airly

securel y

dated

to

E gypt,

h owever,

i s e ssentially an a daptation o f existing s chemes, a nd over

t he n ext

f ew

years

r ather t he

i t

may need

C 14 d ates

i n

4 050-3800

B .C .,

b een

a rea

t he

of

e t

c a.

t here

of

t he

N agadian

as

f or

U pper

a l,

o ne

1 985;

date

F or

G inter's

5 200-5000

i s

( 1985a) corrects to 4 435 B .C . p art

P redynastic o f

o btained

( Ginter

r ange

and

t he

to be r adically r evised.

e arly d ates h ave

G ourna-Armant

f or

i s

1 980a).

e t

1 987).

bp,

of

exa mple,

a l

T here

t hat

i s

a re

c urrent

o f

t he

o f

s everal

approxi mately

5 560 + 8 0 bp which

H assan

P rovisionally we c an a ccept t he e arly

Amratian,

but

i t

l ooks

as

t hough

eventually h ave to consider a s ignificant r evision of t he c hronology

some

" Nagadian"

P redynastic

i n

o rder

t o

t ake

p roper

we

may

c ulture-

a ccount

o f s uch

' discrepancies' a s t he N agadian and t he apparent l ate end of

t he Amratian a t

H ierakonpolis .

P erhaps,

f or

e xample,

i n t ime,

t here

c an neither be t er med Amratian o r

i s an early t radition t hat

B adarian.

u se

' Amratian' and ' Gerzean', etc. ( cf. p. 1 2

i t

may

l ocal

b e

p referable

c ulture

t o

s equences

d rop

o nly .

s uch

Most

o f

t he

P redynastic

N eolithic .

b est of

k nown

U pper

H owever,

s ites E gypt

m any

D elta

g eneral

( Indeed,

t his s tudy c ould p rovide a b ackground

t he

we s hould accept

a s

i n

L ower a re

f or

( see p . s ites

i n

d escribing I t

1 2).

i n

E gypt

E gypt

a re

c ontemporary

should

be

o therwise

( half-life

5 568

b eyond

r ange

t he

a re

i ncluded

a nd

d escribed

i n

d irection .)

m uch

o lder

r eferred

w ith

a t

s uch a s

t han

to

a s

l east

t he

M inshat

A bu

of r adiocarbon d ates i n

t he

section

i n

years

below

t hem . noted

t hat

t his s tudy a re t ree-ring u nless

which

t his

g enerally

T here a re a lso now a n u mber

L ower

o r perhaps i n

r esults

a s tep

a nd s ites

t he

f f),

c ategorizations

l ater p art o f t he P redynastic a re c oming t o l ight, Omar

t hat

Maybe we will n eed to be much more p recise i n how we u se

t he t er ms f uture

o r

t he l imit o f t he

Amratian s hould be e xtended b ack

s tated .

y ears). o f

t he

d ates

g iven

c alibrated d ates ' bp ' r efers N o a ttempt

c alibration

t o i s

c alculated

b y

u ncorrected m ade

t o

B .C .

u sed

H assan

r adiocarbon

c orrect

d ates

i n

( 1985a) d ates

t hat

a re

t ables .

PALAEOENVIRONMENT I t N ile

u sed

V alley

swamps T his

( Childe,

t he

were p lots

swamps,

o n

O nly

H assan,

t he

1 980;

1 984),

t he e arlier

i nhabited,

B au mgartel,

t he

l ow

l ater,

s purs

d uring

o f

1 955: what

t he

P redynastic t he

consisting

why t he s ettlements

i s

t rue

t hat

moister

c limate s till

1 980;

N ile V alley

t hose

3 ; of

i s

G erzean

of

1 970a: t he

e xtensive 4 65-466).

B adarian and

n ow d esert

a nd not

d id

a ttempt

p eople

d uring

o f

t oday,

t he b ut

P redynastic t here were

were

h ardly

b eing e ssentially a rid .

t he

o f

western D esert H aynes,

c onditions

t han

r econstructing

t he

d uring

b e

3 1-32;

g athered by a n u mber

r egions: a l,

t he

f or

t hat

t o

f or c ultivation i n the f loodplain a s i t began to d ry I t

s lightly

D ata b een

l ocated

s lightly .

g enerally v ast

wet

1 952:

f loodplain .

t o c lear o ut

too

s upposedly e xplained

Amratian i n

to be t hought was

H olocene

r esearchers

p alaeoclimate i n v arious

( e.g. C aton-Thompson,

1 982;

Wendorf a nd

( Butzer,

1 960;

6

1 952;

S child, 1 976;

o f

E gypt

h as

e nvironmental

1 980;

B utzer

Wendorf and Wendorf a nd

e t

H ansen,

1 968;

Wendorf a nd

F ayum

( Beadnell,

G ardner, W endorf

1 934; a nd

T he

S child,

1 905;

1 976a),

S andford

t he D elta

a nd

A rkell,

( Butzer, 1 929;

1 976), a nd t he

C aton-Thompson

a nd

C aton-Thompson e t a l, 1 937; L ittle, 1 936; B all, 1 939;

S child,

1 976e;

H olocene

G inter

e t

p alaeocli mate

a l,

o f

1 983;

E gypt

H assan, i s

1 986a) .

c haracterized

b y

a

s equence o f moist a nd a rid episodes, t hough t hroughout t he H olocene t he e nvironment h as r emained e ssentially a rid . A ssociated w ith t he c limatic c hanges, o bserved p articularly i n t he H olocene s ediments i n t he W estern D esert, h ave b een f luctuations i n t he N ile f lood l evels, a nd i n t he l evel o f t he F ayum l ake . T o s ummarize t he c limatic t rends o f t he H olocene i n E gypt, we may r efer to t he work o f H assan ( 1986a; 1 986b; 1 988) who h as a ttempted o ne of t he most recent and c omprehensive c limatic r econstructions . H assan ( 1986b) s ubdivides t he c limatic s equence o f t he Western D esert

i nto a n

M iddle

H olocene

B .C .), to

E arly H olocene wet i nterval

i nterval

( ca.

cf.

d esertification c a.

t able

o ccurred

6 100-5900

b p

1 1.1,

d uring

( ca.

p .

t he

( ca.

1 0,300-7100 b p),

M iddle B .C .)

o r c a.

4 500 bp

3 72).

5 000-4800

3 800-3600 B .C .) a lternating w ith g enerally d ry c onditions b eginning

( ca.

7 100-4500 bp,

a nd a L ate H olocene a rid i nterval

present;

bp,

moist

[ ca.

S evere H olocene

a nd

c a.

3 300 B .C .]

episodes

a t

c a .

of

7 100-6900

5 000-4800

moist p hases b efore i n t he l ate H olocene .

a

6 000-3300

t he

b p

( ca.

o nset

o f

H owever, e ven d uring t he s o-called ' wet' p hases o f t he E arly H olocene, c onditions i n t he W estern D esert w ere n ot s o f avourable a s t o

a llow

p layas

s ignificant

i n

s ettlement

l ocalities

s uch a s

o utside

S iwa,

t he

w atered

K harga,

D ungul

e nvironment e ven a t b est was b asically a rid. b een s urrounded b y a bundant v egetation d om

p alm,

t he

p layas,

T he

n atural

h ares,

d ate

p alms,

t he

v arious

v egetation

f auna

2 36-237).

would

a ssociated

a nd o strich

1 980:

a nd

h ave

t his

t here

E astern 1 984;

i s

I n

b y

e t

c a.

a l,

F ayum,

9 000

1 984:

o f bp

e arly

1 986a;

o ut

1 980;

t amarisk,

g rasses .

t o a d ry

Wendorf

1 980a;

c attle

( Wendorf a nd

B eyond

g rassland .

a nd

S child,

1 984a; 1 984b; 1 986),

d omestication

S child,

1 980:

i n

t he

2 77-278;

4 20).

v ariations

i n

t he

b y t he h eight o f t he F ayum l ake w hich Y usef.

a nd

M any post-Palaeolithic communities k ept d omestic

S ahara

t he

h erbs

l andscape i ncluded g azelles,

( Wendorf a nd H assan,

a possibility

W endorf

a nd T he

T he p layas would h ave

t hinned

c attle a t l east f rom c a. 7 000 bp ( Smith, a nd

N abta.

c omprising a cacia,

s hrubs,

w ith

d epressions a nd

N ile f lood w as

l evels

w ere r eflected

f ed b y t he N ile v ia t he

B ahr

S everal d ifferent l ake s tages h ave b een i dentified ( Hassan, 1 988;

Wendorf a nd

t ime i nterval

t hat

i s o f

S child,

1 976a:

i nterest

2 22-226).

i n t his s tudy,

C onsidering f rom c a.

t he

6 000 B .C .

( ca. 7 000 b p) t o c a. 3 000 B .C ., t he s equence o f F ayum l ake l evels a nd N ile a nd

f lood l evels i n

t he

r eflecting

N ile t he

7 100-6900 b p)

i s a s

f ollows.

f lood

l evels

s evere ( Hassan,

a ridity 1 986a;

l evels b egan t o r ise a gain c a. 1 988) . b p),

T his a nd

m id-Holocene

was

l ake

a ccompanied

b y

A m ajor o ccurred

d rop c a.

d ocumented 1 988).

f or

t he

B .C .

( ca.

W estern

T he l ake l evel a nd

5 400 B .C . b egan

i n t he F ayum l ake l evel 6 000

t o

a f all

( ca. 6 500 bp) s hrink i n

c a .

N ile

N ile

( Hassan,

3 800

f lood

7 000

D esert

B .C .

f lood 1 986a;

( ca .

l evels.

b p) ( ca .

5 000 T his

l owering o f l ake a nd f lood l evels c ontinued i nto t he E arly D ynastic p eriod

t o b e

f ollowed b y a r ise

i n

t he O ld

1 988).

7

K ingdom

( Hassan,

1 986a;

D uring

t he

period

of

h igher

l ake

t here

would

h ave

b een

F ayum t he

N ile more

f loods

a nd t he

mid-Holocene

a bundant

n atural

v egetation

N ile V alley c haracterized by t a marisk,

acacia a nd pal m.

s cant v egetation c onsisting o f g rass a nd o ccasional a cacia t rees h ave

g rown

i n

and g rasses 1 980b;

would

t he l ow d esert w ith p erhaps s lightly more a bundant t rees

i n

t he

1 981).

wadis

I ndeed,

n atural v egetation H ierakonpolis 1 982:

i n

S ome

were

d ebouching

i nto

t here appears

when

L ocalities

o ccupied

c a .

t he

N ile

to h ave been 1 1

a nd

3 600-3500

1 4

i n

B .C .

V alley a f air

t he

( E1

( Hassan,

amount of

G reat

H adidi

i n

Wadi

a t

H offman,

1 02-109).

THE NEOLITHIC AND PREDYNASTIC OF LOWER EGYPT Several

tea ms

i nvestigation Way,

1 985;

p ers .

o f

1 986;

c omm .),

are

currently

N eolithic a nd 1 987;

involved

in

P redynastic s ites

W ildung,

1 987;

a nd a s a c onsequence,

V an

a re

D en

i n

the t he

B rink,

t hrowing

1 988;

much n ew

northern E gyptian c ommunities .

S everal n ew p ublications

j ust

book

and

a s

t he

manuscript

s everal

H ence,

o ther

t his

o f

t his

monographs

s ummary o f t he

a ttempts

to

a bout

being

and

( Von

D er

F attovich,

l ight o n

t he

h ave a ppeared

t o b e s ubmitted t o B .A .R .

prepared

o r

a re

i n

p ress.

N eolithic a nd P redynastic o f L ower E gypt i s

e ffectively o ut-of-date a lready, and

i s

a re

survey

D elta

b ut

i ncorporate

i t

many

d oes s ummarize

of

t he

t he

r esults

o lder

of

the

work

r ecent

i nvestigations. T he F ayum, F ayum

o ldest

k nown

N eolithic

and date f rom c a. N eolithic

was

i nvestigated

F ayum A .

H owever,

" Qarunian"

A s t he

i s

1 934)

who r ecognized

two g roups

i n

the

1 985a).

C aton-Thompson

a r esult

P alaeolithic i ndustry they

d ated

S child,

northern

o f

t heir

part

o lder,

e t

of

a l,

F ayumian

to

1 976a:

f ield

1 986;

s he

T he

( Caton-

l abelled

" A"

h ave

T he

c a .

4 000

F ayum

( A)

B .C .)

bp

i n

t he

N eolithic), i ndustry,

two

et

1 0,

and

1 980;

( ca.

mostly

by b lade

i nvestigated b y

1 972;

a rea

i n

K ozlowski 1 983;

i ndustries,

5 200-4500

a nd a more r ecent

c haracterized

B

3 41) .

1 982;

N eolithic

i ndustry

al,

p .

e l-Sagha

G inter

G inter e t a l,

r ecognized

N eolithic s ites

( Said

Q asr

depression,

F ayum

f ound a nd termed

s ee a lso C hapter

i n p ress;

1 984) ( Early

8 200-7140

r esearch

F ayum

i s e ssentially a f lake

N eolithic;

ca.

3 11-318;

t he

( Ginter a nd K ozlowski,

which

by

E gypt occur

( Hassan,

Wendorf a nd h is a ssociates h ave e quated t he

which

a nd

D agnan-Ginter a n

Lower

r egarding t he F ayu m B as a " degenerate" phase f ollowing the

g roup with a t erminal Wendorf

i n

f irst

T hompson a nd G ardner, a nd " B",

s ites

5 200 B .C . to 4 000 B .C .

B .C .)

Moerian ( Late t ools .

C aton-Thompson h ave

y ielded r adiocarbon d ates r anging f rom 5 145 + 1 55 B .C . to 4 255 + 1 35 B .C .

( Hassan,

s ites

i n I n

t he

1 985a). Q asr

T hey a re t hus contemporary w ith t he F ay j mian

e l-Sagha

general,

a rea.

Neolithic

sites

in

the

Fayum

a re

occupation

l ocalities c haracterized mainly by hearths a nd l ittle evidence f or s tructures. l arge

b ase

G ardner

However, c amps

( 1934),

s uch

a nd

t here a re a t l east two k inds of s ettlement as

Kor n

s easonal

W ,

c amps

e xcavated s uch

t he Q asr e l-Sagha r egion b y G inter e t a l t he

s ites

e xcavated

b y

C aton-Thompson

a s

by

t he

( 1980;

C aton-Thompson

s ites 1 983:

i nvestigated 6 9-70).

y ielded b arley a nd

8

emmer

and i n

While wheat,

a nd t he bones o f possible d omestic a ni mals, t he s ites i nvestigated m ore r ecently h ave y ielded o r

a nimal

b ones

( Ginter

1 986;

Wenke

f ishing r ole

e t

e t

w as

t ogether

l ittle o r

h usbandry h aving a l,

1 983:

a l,

6 8;

1 988;

a m ajor

( Hassan, T he

a nd

s ubsistence

1 986a;

W enke

e t

C asini,

p lant c ultivation

a ctivity

a l,

i n

1 984;

p ress).

d uring

t he

B rewer,

E vidently

F ayum

N eolithic

a griculture p laying a c omparatively a nd

C asini,

N eolithic s ettlement

o f

i n

m inor

p ress).

M erimde a t

D elta was f irst excavated b y J unker work

f or

p roduced h uge q uantities o f f ish

D agnan-Ginter

Wenke

w ith s ome h unting,

n o e vidence

i nstead

t he

( 1928;

western m argin o f t he

1 929-1940).

More r ecent

h as b een c arried o ut b y Z ahi H awwas o f t he E gyptian D epartment o f

A ntiquities 1 977

i n

1 976

( Badawi,

i nvestigations

1 980;

1 982) .

T he

h ave

e arliest

1 978;

b een

H assan,

p ers.

c omm.),

u ndertaken by E iwanger

s ettlement

a t

M erimde

i s

a nd

s ince

( 1978;

1 979;

d ated

t o

c a.

4 800

B .C . with t he occupation c ontinuing u ntil c a. 4 400 B .C . and p robably l ater

( Hassan,

1 985a).

M erimde ( Butzer,

was

1 960).

d omestic emmer T here

a re

a l arge s ettlement,

covering about

wheat,

s everal

a f ew h earths

c attle,

l evels

i n t he

a t

s heep a nd p ig h ave b een

t he

l owest

s ite .

J unker's

o f o val

o f

l evels.

o val

h uts .

T he

u pper

dwellings s unk a bout

1 1

S ome

s imilarities

T hompson

h ave

b een

p articularly

a nd G ardner,

H owever,

f or

l evels

f ormed t he main

r epresented a l arge v illage

f eet i nto t he

1 934:

E iwanger

noted

b etween

t he

c eramics

8 9-93;

V andier,

( 1979;

u ncovered

I n t he middle l evels h e f ound

g round

walls c ontinuing above g round ( summarized i n H ayes, N eolithic

i n

i dentified.

e xcavations

p ostholes a nd f ragments o f wooden posts which h ad f ramework

1 80,000 s q .

A griculture s eems t o h ave b een o f some importance;

1 980;

a nd

Merimde

and

a nd

s tone

1 952:

with

1 965:

mud

1 04-106). t he

t ools

F ayum

( Caton-

1 84-187) .

1 982) h as d ivided

t he

M erimde

s tratigraphy i nto f ive p hases a nd h as noted a marked c hange i n both t he

c eramic

pottery o f w hereas

i n

a nd

t he

l ithic a ssemblages

f irst

p hase

I I

p hase

c losed

i s

b etween phases

c haracterized

f orms

b ecome

by

more

I and

s imple

I I.

T he

open

bowls

T he

l ithic

important .

a rtifacts f rom p hase I r epresent a f lake-blade i ndustry with o nly a r elatively

small

o ther

t he

h and,

r esulting

b ifacial

i ndustry

f rom b ifacial

N eolithic s ites s outh s ites

o f

C airo w ere

a re

t ool

i s

c omponent.

d ominated

t ool

b y

I n p hases

b ifacial

a nd

o n t he

d ebitage

m anufacture .

i n t he

v icinity

o f

Wadi

H of

r eported b y B ovier-Lapierre

c ollectively

1 1-V ,

t ools

k nown

as

E l

n ear

( 1926a;

Omani.

H elwan

1 926b).

E xcavations

j ust T hese were

s ubsequently c arried o ut by D ebono ( 1946; 1 948a; 1 956) a t o ne o f t he l ocalities k nown a s Oman i A . a bundant

p its .

M any

w ere

T his i s a s ettlement s ite comprising

s torage

p its

b ut

s ome

l arger

o nes

m ay h ave

s upported t ent-like s uperstructures a nd s erved a s dwellings. b urials h ave

were

a lso

f ound

r ecently b een

p ottery

a nd

r e-analyzed

l ithic

a ssemblages

w ithin

a rtifacts

f rom

M erimde

t he

s ettlement .

( Debono

s how

a s

a nd

M ortensen,

a n umber

well

a s

D ebono 's

o f

some

i n

c onsists

p olished

w ares,

c ores

a nd

c omparable

f lake i n

mainly

a nd

r esemblances

s traw-tempered

t o

a nd

a lso

t he

l ater

n umerous p hases

o f

t he

with

t he

T he E l Omani

wet-smoothed

9

b ifacial

t ools .

o ccupation

a t

T he

w ith

a nd

t he l ithic a rtifacts c omprise mostly f lakes,

t ools

a ge

o f

p ress).

s imilarities

c eramics a nd l ithic i ndustry o f t he F ayum N eolithic. pottery

S ome

c ollections

E l

r ed

f lake

O man i i s

M erimde.

T he

available r adiocarbon d ates a re: + 6 5 bp

( 4360

I n addition, b eing

+ 1 20

A lso

i n

( Mortensen,

t he

c emetery a reas s ettlement

E l

t here

main

a re

t o t he

Mortensen,

o ther

smaller

s ame g eneral

i n

habitation and

p eriod

l ater

a re

period

r adiocarbon of

( Amratian;

d ates

occupation

o f

R izkana

c a.

s eems

t he

main

s ettlement s ite o f

i s a l arge s ite which appears t o h ave been P redynastic

a s

p ress).

1 0 km northwest o f E l Oman i i s t he

I t

d uring t he e arly a nd

c om m .).

r egi on

b elong

a nd

5 255

p ers.

Omani

t hat

( Debono

A bout M aadi.

5 690 + 7 0 bp ( 4540 + 1 80 B .C .), 5 500

+ 2 30 bp ( 4110 + 2 60 B .C .) ( idem). — a f ourth esti mate i s expected f rom a s a mple c urrently

p rocessed

B .C .) a nd

to

3 600 h ave

a nd

B .C .

f irst s ettled

S eeher,

( Hassan,

been

during

1 987:

7 8),

1 985a).

T he

t he

G erzean,

t hough apparently t he s ettle ment was o nly o ccupied u ntil t he end of m iddle G erzean t imes, ( Rizkana

and

o r

S eeher,

E xcavations

at

( 1932; 1 936; Amer,

t he e nd o f

1 987: Maadi

1 936a;

N aqada

1 7-19).

1 987;

i n

were

p ress).

e xcavations i n t he

begun

i n

1 930

1 948

1 984

f urther

i n

I n

addition,

M aadi a rea b etween

a j oint

p ublications

M aadi

p roject t o

was a l arge

h istorically

2 01).

t he

i n Upper

a n

t ribes

c ontact E gypt,

of

b etween C airo

s ettlement

important

l ocated

t rade

o f

w ith

o ther

E astern

copper

d isintegrated c opper a ctually s urvived, 1 932:

T he

4 8;

t he

1 987:

r egions

were

f or

-

a nd

i n

t he t o

i n

o bjects .

Maadi

o lder

1 987

o f t he

[ and

W adi

( Hoffman,

e l

1 980b:

s eems to h ave h ad

P redynastic

c ommunities

P erhaps v ia nomadic

Maadi

obtained

1 980b:

working,

and

were

a nd

o nly a f ew

wire-like

mainly

A t

t he

V arious

c ommodities

g rain,

s tone v ases,

i n

t he

oval

with,

n orthern

s torage a reas.

f ound

t he southern border

a t

mouth

Maadi

w ith

( Hoffman,

H owever,

wattling

dwellings. were

E gypt

t he

1 985;

S inai

S inai,

smelting

i ncluding awls

special

n ecks

1 984;

and the L evant.

D esert

o re

mud-daubed

s ubterranean

f rom

1 953 h ave b een a nalyzed

l arge

2 06-207).

f requent c opper

copper

T he

t races

o f

o bjects h ave ( Menghin

and

1 936: 4 8).

houses

s upporting

U pper

Amer

U niversity a nd t he G erman

r oute

s ite y ielded ample e vidence o f c opper

t heir

and u nder

appear]).

and with S inai

t he

q uantities

s ite

menghin

f inds

1 930 a nd

U nlike the earlier s ites a t E l Oman ,

important

Amer,

by

( Rizkana and S eeher,

I nstitute of A rchaeology ( Rizkana and S eeher,

T ih,

K aiser's t erminology

R ecent work h as b een c arried o ut by an I talian t eam ( Caneva

a l,

s ince

i n

1 936b) and were l ater continued

d irection of Amer and R izkana until e t

T ic

7 8).

L arge

n orthern

constructed

i n

a ddition,

a nd

s outhern

s torage

p art

o f

a

m argins

j ars

t he

o f

f ound

i n

t hese

s torage

a nd c arnelian b eads.

M aadi

i nclude

B lack-topped

o f

b uried

s ettlement

were l arge u nderground s tore-holes o r were

f acilities,

posts

n umber

o f t he

u p

t o

a nd

o n

c ellars. i ncluding

P redynastic imports f rom R ed

ware p ottery,

a nd

s late

p alettes. N ear

M aadi

( Rizkana, a djacent t he

H ayes,

t he

s ettlement

i n

c ontemporary S eeher,

two c emeteries

1 952: t o

south

a re

t he w th

1 987:

5 8).

mouth t he

1 965:

m ain

Maadi

1 31-133).

w hile

o f

-

t he p eriod

North

T he

m aadi

S outh

Wadi

D iGla.

i s

o f o ccupation

a nd

f or mer

i s

Both a t

S outh

s ituated

l ocated a bout

1 km

c emeteries

M aadi

A lsc b roadly contemporary with t he

30

M aadi

( Rizkana M aadi

t o a re a nd

s ites

( idem:

6 0)

which

i s a c emetery a t

H eliopolis a bout

was e xcavated b y D ebono

( 1950a;

1 5 km north o f M aadi,

1 954;

D ebono a nd

Mortensen,

1 988).

U ntil i n

L ower

t ried

r ecently ,

E gypt .

t o

correlate

P redynastic o f

t he

c onsidered c losely t he

E arly

w ere

t he

M aadi)

F ayum

o nly o nes

M aadi

D ynastic

t hey

a s

l ithic

U pper

E gyptian

t hat

not

( 1970a:

t he

northern

a nd

E l

4 79)

f or

e xample

o nly contemporary

i ndustries,

g enerally a ccepted

m erimde

k nown

s cholars

t he

c oncluded

B aumgartel

w as

with

r eally

e arlier

were c ontemporary with t he e arlier

N eolithic

r egarded t he

1 970a:

s equence

G enerally,

N eolithic,

1 21-122;

northern

( except

r elated .

F ayum

s ites

P redynastic.

t he

Amratian b ut

a bove

t he

s tages.

N eolithic s ites p hases

t he

I n t he a bsence o f r adiocarbon d ates,

Omani,

a t a s

l east, y ounger

t hough

with

t o b e

t he v ery

i n a ge t han

B aumgartel

( 1955:

4 83) h eld t he e xtreme v iew t hat t he s ettlement was

r ather

t han

T he a ssumption t hat

P redynastic .

t he n orthern

N eolithic s ites w ere a t l east i n

p art c ontemporary w ith t he P redynastic o f U pper E gypt l ed t he e arly r esearchers

t o

contrast

t he

two

r egions.

T he

s ettlements

and

c emeteries o f t he n orth were s een t o b e impoverished compared w ith t hose

o f

s eemed W hite

t he

s outh .

C ross-lined

a lso appeared E gypt . t hose

T he

u nremarkable

i n

b urials

U pper

abundance

a nd

monochrome w ares o f t he n orthern s ites

w ith

t he

h igh

o ther

d ecorative

p oor

i n

r ather

W hile

p lain

c ompared

i n

E gypt

t he

( when

o f pottery a nd

i vory c ombs, amulets a nd

c omparison

n orth

o ften

f ound

o ther

q uality

w ares

B lack-topped

U pper

with

t he

c ontained

i ntact)

i tems

o f

E gypt .

g raves

s uch

a s

of

U pper

o nly a s ingle

f requently

R ed,

B urials p ot,

c ontained

a n

f ine s late p alettes,

j ewelry .

B ut t he r adiocarbon estimates o btained over t he l ast f ew y ears s how t hat

w e

a re

n o

a ' rich s outh' a s N eolithic

l onger

o lder

P redynastic.

I t

b ut

i n

c omparing

a ' poor

i f t hey were contemporary c ultural

t raditions

s ignificantly B adarian,

j ustified

i s

a s

y et

o f

t he

t han

F ayum,

t he

main

p ossible t he

M erimde

t hat

l atter

p hases t hey

a nd o f

E l

t he

o verlap

t radition

i s

emerging

f or

n orth '

r egions.

T he

Oman i a re

a ll

U pper

i n

w ith

E gyptian

t ime

with

v ery p oorly d ated

t he

( cf .

p .

4 -5). A n ew g eneral

s equence

N eolithic

M erimde

a nd

i s,

i n

p eriod

E l

f act,

r epresented

Oman .

T his

i s

b y

t he

L ower

E gypt .

t raditions

s ucceeded

b y

a t s ites o ver s outh

o f

s ite

o f

M aadi.

a n a rea e xtending

t he

F ayum

( idem:

t he

a c ultural

r eferred t o a s t he " Maadi c ulture" ( Rizkana a nd S eeher, t ypified b y t he

T here i s a

o f

c ultural

f rom

t he n orthern p art o f t he

5 8-63).

T he

u nit

h as

1 987:

T his

Maadi

b een

t he

m iddle

S eeher,

o f

f rom

t he t he

G erzean s econd

' Since s ites o f t he P redynastic l east,

f rom a t ( or

l east i n

h alf o f

M aadi

C ulture

t he

t erminology

' Predynastic ' f or

c opper,

i t

i s

s ites o f t he

c an b e

t o

a v ery

E gyptian

p eriod

1 1

b y

I Ic)

R izkana

( idem:

a nd

7 8)

1.

r elated t o t he U pper E gyptian

c onsidered M aadi

u sed

I t o N aqada

i n t erms o f c hronology a nd t he

c ontains

D elta

i s

t he s econd h alf o f t he Amratian t o

N aqada

C ulture

5 8) a s

r ecognized

d efinite n orthern p henomenon which c an b e d ated by U pper i mports a nd p arallels

F ayum,

c omplex

t ype

s ite

a ppropriate o nwards

i n

t o

o f

M aadi,

u se

L ower

t he

a t

t erm

E gypt.

T he

s ites

b elonging M aadi

i tself,

R izkana

i denti fied

to t he

Maadi

t he

a nd

c emeteries

S eeher

l ocalities a t

by

R izkana

C ulture

as

a t

Wadi

Meri mde

a re

and

t he

M aadi

S outh

D igla)

( several

S eeher

( idem:

5 8-63)

as

s ettlement a nd c emetery a t

and

( which

i s

r eferred

H eliopolis,

a nd

P redynastic g raves h ave

t o

b y

c emetery

b een

f ound

d uring t he r ecent i nvesti gations u nder E iwanger's d irection), T ura, E s-Saff,

a nd

p art o f t he i n

t he

S edment.

F ayum

a nd

Maadi C ulture. s ites

a nd

R izkana

B uto s ettlement a n

a nd

S eeher

s equence,

o ccurrence

r ecognize

o f pottery

a t G iza

j ust

t o

t he

s outh-west

R epresenting n ew d evelopments only

r ecently

t hat

t he

i n

o f

H arageh

L ower

contain

M aadi

( see

E gypt,

y ielded

l ate

G erzean

wares

( Naqada

pottery

l ate P redynastic s ites a re k nown f rom s urvey two s ites which h ave been excavated: F ara'in

T he

s ites

of

U pper

A f ew h ave

majority

work.

t he

1 .1).

a re n umerous

abundant I Id) .

t o

C ulture

F ig.

E gyptian types d ating to t he P rotodynastic a nd A rchaic. a lso

e arlier

Q arun s ite

a s b elonging

S edment i s t he southernmost o f t hese

o ccurs

documented

a lso

C aton-Thompson 's Q asr

H owever,

o f

t hese

t here a re

M inshat Abu Omar and T ell el-

( Buto).

M inshat

A bu

Omar

( Wildung,

1 984;

K roeper a nd

W ildung,

1 985)

i s a

l ate P redynastic-Early D ynastic c emetery l ocated a bout

3 0 km

of

I n addition

to

P rotodynastic

of

t he

modern

t own

of

F aqus

y ielding pottery typical Upper

E gypt,

i ncluding tools.

t he

s tone

s ite

Moreover,

s outheast

o f t he

has

v essels,

i n

t he

of t he

eastern D elta.

l ate

p roduced

c opper

Gerzean a r ich

t ools,

v ariety of

p alettes

a nd

g rave

goods

o ccasional

f lint

t races of a settlement h ave been d etected to the

n ecropolis a s a r esult

T ell e l-Fara'in D elta near D isuq.

a nd

n ortheast

i s a s ettlement

o f

s ite

b oring

i n

( Wildung,

t he n orthwest

I t h as y ielded a s equence o f l evels

1 985; 1 986; 1 987; S chmidt, pers. comm.).

1 987). p art

o f

t he

( Von D er Way,

T he f irst two belong t o t he

Maadi C ulture complex and a re esti mated t o s pan t he p eriod between l ate

N aqada

I and

N aqada

h Ic/d.

T he

P rotodynastic a nd p ossibly e xtends b ack t he

u pper . two

l evels

d ate

to

t he

t o t he e nd o f t he G erzean,

t hird

l evel

dates

a nd

t o t he A rchaic a nd e arly O ld

K ingdom .

THE PREDYNASTIC OF UPPER E GYPT P revious

r esearchers

h ave

described

E gypt i n t erms of t he t hree major phases G erzean

-

implying

homogeneous v ariation.

t hat

c ultural

e ach

u nit

phase

t he

r epresents

without

P redynastic of a s ingle,

considering

2 30;

t his

s tudy

1 939:

2 43-244,

d emonstrates

2 59; f or

1941:

t hree

3 07-309) o nce

P redynastic

d ifferent parts of t he N ile Valley. m ind, major

a ny

a s H uzayyin

( 1937:

s uggested,

and a s

l ithic

d evelopments o f

t aking

p lace,

i ndustries

f rom

H ence w ith this observation i n

t he m ain p hases o f t he P redynastic a re d escribed

c ategories

e ssentially

g eographical

However, the P redynastic phases a re not a s homogeneous

f rom a rea to a rea a s h as b een g enerally t hought, 2 10,

U pper

B adarian, Amratian, and

and

a rtifacts.

1 2

the

i n t erms

appearance

o f

o f

t he

important

T he B adarian P hase T he i n

B adarian r epresents

U pper

E gypt

( >

3 850

t he e arliest

( ?)

I t

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

a rea

T ahta

T he

( see

C hapter

H am mamat

in

6 ).

the

b etween

t he

B adarian

E astern

D esert

k nown a gricultural t radition

appears

t o

b e

modern

s tatus

and

on

l imited

t owns

o f

o f

g raves

the

Red

t o

t he

A ssiut

i n

t he

S ea

a nd W adi

coast

i s

u nconfirmed. T he

B adarian w as

G ertrude B adari

f irst

C aton-Thompson d istrict.

P redynastic s equence

T he

p hases

r evealed

l ocality,

1 920s b y G uy B runton a nd

c learly

o f

t he

B adarian

d emonstrated

by

t o

t he

with

B adarian

l evels

u nderlying Amratian a nd G erzean

a t

t he

b ottom

o f s everal

6 0 cm

wooden posts a djacent

d eep p its,

p roduced d ebris,

f rom

c emeteries

B runton,

( idem:

t he

m aterial

i n

6 8).

A lthough

c ontracted

r emains

e xcavated

1 937;

b y

o f

B runton

t he

1 937:

1 4).

c ontained

t he

t ools,

B adarian

( Brunton

a re

a nd

and o ther b est

k nown

C aton-Thompson,

a re mostly r oughly oval i n p lan w ith t he

'

p osition,

p laced o n a r eed o r s kins .

B adarian s ettlement

s tone

u sually

l ying

o n

t he

h ead o riented t o t he s outh a nd f acing west. a nimal

t he

1 948) .

T he B adarian g raves b ody

( Brunton,

mostagedda a rea

l arge n umbers o f potsherds,

c ultural t he

k nown f or

o ften wider a t t he bottom t han a t t he t op, which B runton

i nterpreted a s g ranaries

1 928;

t he

i nto t he g round with t he t o i t

S everal o f t he v illage s ites a lso i n t he

s ites

o f

l evels .

I n t he Mostagedda a rea, a hut o r s helter of s ome k ind may

b e r epresented by a v ertical c ut o f s tumps

t he

o ther

s tratigraphic

F ew s tructures a ssociated w ith h abitation s ites a re B adarian.

i n

t he

C aton-Thompson's e xcavations a t t he s ettlement

H emamieh,

s equence,

i n t he

r elationship

was b y

r ecognized

( 1928) a s a r esult o f t heir e xcavations

g rass

mat

a nd

c overed

l eft

s ide

w ith

o ver

b y

f urther

mats

O ften t he b ody w as a dorned w ith p ersonal o rnaments,

s urrounded b y a f ew g rave g oods,

t he

T he corpse was u sually

i ncluding o ne pot

o r a nd

a nd p erhaps a s late

p alette. T he pottery t ypes r ecognized f or t he B adarian a re B lack-topped polished B rown, B lack-topped polished R ed, P olished R ed, A ll B lack, Smooth

B rown,

and

Rough

B lack-topped

B rown,

c lasses

d escribed

a re

2 0-26].) H owever,

' See

t han

B runton

a nd a nd

2 4;

i s

a lso

3 0-34),

1 970a:

K rzyzaniak 2 7-30),

o f

t he

abundant

R ough

wares b eing t he

B rown .

( These

p ottery

[ Brunton a nd C aton-Thompson, t hese

1 928:

wares a re h and-made.

o f

o f

a nd

1 928;

B adarian b y

u cko

C hilde

6 8-84),

V andier

m any

o f

s ubsequent

B adarian

v essels

P redynastic w as

' combed '

' rippled ' e ffect .

s ummarized

A rkell

( 1977:

c eramics

C aton-Thompson, p lates

4 67-473),

a nd

t he

s urface

d istinctive

d escriptions ( 1975:

a ny

M oreover, a v ery

t raditon

B runton

most a nd

t he f iner wares a ttain a t hinness and a h igher s tandard o f

p eriods . g ive

by

t he R ed

L ike a ll P redynastic pottery,

manufacture t o

B rown,

B lack-topped

a n umber ( 1965:

1 67-180,

a nd o f

1 929; o bjects .

a uthors

1 50-151),

( 1952:

m assoulard

( 1952:

B runton,

g raves

4 2-45),

( 1949:

1 3

H ayes

1 948

T he

f or

B adarian

i ncluding

B aumgartel

1 13-132),

1 91-230).

1 937;

A rkell

( 1955:

( 1953: T rigger

2 0-

1 4-16), ( 1983:

T he

v arious

p endants

o f

i tems

n atural

o f

p ersonal

p ebbles,

a nd

a dornment i nclude i vory b angles, s trings

o f

s hells

a nd

b eads

o f

v arious materials, i ncluding g lazed s teatite, i vory, s hell, c opper, c arnelian,

j asper,

a nd

l imestone .

T he

s hells

a re

o f

v arious

s pecies

f rom t he R ed S ea. S ome o f t he m ale b urials c ontained b elts m ade o f h undreds o f v ery small s teatite b eads c oated w ith a b lue-green g laze . M alachite

w as

u sed

l ong r ectangular

f or e ye-paint a nd

f rom b eads a nd b angles, small

o bjects

w as g round w ith small p ebbles o n

s late p alettes h aving c oncave o r

were

e laborate c ombs,

made

o f

i vory.

n otched e nds .

small v ases,

N eedles

a nd

A side

s poons a nd o ther

awls

m ade

o f b one

o ccur, a nd s craps o f b asketry, r opes, a nd l inen c loth h ave a lso b een r ecovered. S tone

v ases

a re

e xtremely

r are .

O ne

w as

f ound

i n t he

m ostagedda

a rea, a nd a f ew f ragments a re k nown f rom B adarian s ettlements.

T he

s tone u sed f or t hese v ases i s b asalt. T ypical B adarian s tone t ools a re b ifacial s ickles a nd c oncave-base a rrowheads. T he B adarian i ndustry

i s

E mmer

c onsidered w heat

t o c omprise f ew

a nd

f urther

b arley

m ainly c attle,

f ish b ones s uggest

i n

C hapters

w ere

4 ,

5 a nd

c ultivated,

s heep a nd g oats .

a nd

6 .

b one

r emains

a ppear

G azelle w as h unted,

t he e xploitation o f r iverine

r esources .

a nd a A lso a

f ew c lay models o f b oats a re k nown f rom B adarian c ontexts . B ased

o n

h is

work

a t

mostagedda,

B runton

i dentified

what

h e

c onsidered t o b e a c ulture i mmediately p receding t he B adarian w hich h e c alled t he

" Tasian" a fter

r easons which

D eir

B aumgartel

T asa

( 1955:

( Brunton,

r egarded a s s eparate f rom t he B adarian. T asian

w as

c haracterized

body a nd a w ide

mouth

b y

p ots

1 937).

2 0-21) o utlines, h aving

H owever,

a ccording t o B runton, a small

i n a g reyish ware,

f lat

b ase,

a n

r ectangular

p alettes

l imestone o r

( without n otches)

t he

a ngled

sometimes w ith v ague a nd

c oarse v ertical r ippling ( Brunton, 1 929: 4 65; 1 937: 2 5, 2 8). c onsidered g round a xes o f h ard

f or

t he T asian i s not

m ade

i gneous

H e a lso

r ock,

o f a labaster

o r

r oughly

l imestone,

a nd a c ertain k ind o f b eaker w ith a f laring

mouth

w ith

a s d iagnostic o f t he T asian

i ncised d esigns

f illed

i n

w ith w hite,

( Brunton, 1 929: 4 65-466; 1 937: 2 5, 2 8-30, m ay

i n

f act b e r egarded a s

T he

possible

3 2).

m ade o f a b lack

w are

B ut a ll t hese o bjects

B adarian .

o rigin

o f

t he

t ogether w ith a d iscussion o f t he

B adarian

a nd

f lint-work,

i ts

d istribution,

a re d iscussed

i n C hapter

6 .

T he A mratian P hase T he e arliest E gypt

P redynastic p hase

i s t he Amratian.

a ppears

t o h ave

I n

d eveloped

t he

r epresented

f rom t he B adarian,

w ith t he B adarian i n t erms o f c eramics, i vory

c ombs

H owever,

a nd

t here

o ther

a re

M ostagedda-matmar

n o a rea

c onfidence

( see

s ubsequent

Amratian

a pparent

objects,

e arly

c hapter

a ncestral

i n

6 ).

most p arts o f U pper

T he

u se

t erms s ites

r elations

o f i s

1 4

i t

b urial

o utside

t o

t he

o f s late p alettes,

o f t he

s ignificance,

p arts

r egion

s howing s trong c ontinuity

t he

i n

c an b e a ssigned

o ther

B adarian

a nd

P redynastic

w hich

i n

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

p ractices. t he

B adari-

B adarian w ith a ny

t herefore,

N ile

u nclear.

o f

V alley

o f

t he

w ith

i ts

O ne

possible

s ummarized t hat

a s

a major

c ultures

i n

t raditions p erhaps

t he

B .C .

C hapter

when

6 ).

t he

a lso

be

o n

D esert.

i nflux o f

to

T he

Amratian

i s

t hought

appearance

t hat

of

i s

m ay

b e

P redynastic 1

r egarded

h ave

t he e astern

b ecame

may

p ossible

post-Palaeolithic

B adarian

f rom

r egions

t he

I t

v arious

t radition

m igrants

d esert

of

1 1).

t he

ascribed

P redynastic

t he

emergence C hapter

i nfluence

c an

W estern

e arly

a s a r esult o f a n 6 000

f or

( see

external E gypt

o f

o ne

model

f ollows

a s

b een

b eing

i nitiated

S ahara a fter

i ncreasingly

a rid

c a. ( cf.

T he T arifian and t he P redynastic of t he N agada a rea can

a lso p erhaps be s een to h ave emerged a s a r esult of d esert r efugees s eeking a more

h abitable environment.

i nfiltration

d esert

a bout

s ome

o f

movement

s ites a re a lmost d iffused

f rom

B adarian,

t o t he

p robably

s upplied

a nd

p erhaps

p eoples

f rom

t he

u nknown

the

f rom t his

northern t he

o r

r egion),

E gyptian

s outh

t wo

west

E astern D esert,

i n

P redynastic o f

o ne

However,

t he

U pper

w ith

o ther

i n addition

( one

c an

a lso

b ut p rehistoric H olocene some

i nfluence p robably

communities,

p erhaps

E gypt g enerally .

t he

k nowledge

t raits

s uch

to a n

s peculate

a s

o f

T his

c ereal

c ertain

v ia

t he

i nfluence

c ultivation

i deas

o n

pottery

m anufacture. B y w ere

t he

t ime t he Amratian p hase b egan,

f airly well

hypothesized

e stablished .

that

b y

t he

A s y et

V alley .

( and

P redynastic c ommunities

I deas o n

b urial

pottery a nd o ther

i s

s parse,

b ut

i t

i s

s tart of t he Amratian t here was a c ertain

amount o f e stablished c ommunication d ifferent e arly

t he N ile V alley c ommunities

t he e vidence

p ractices a nd

a rtifacts

p erhaps

t rade)

b etween

t he

i n d ifferent p arts o f t he N ile

t he

manufacture o f

B lack-topped

could . easily have spread.

P erhaps t he

emergence o f t he Amratian i s a r eflection o f t he e stablishment o f t his c ommunication .

S ites

t hat

t he

t o a s

f ar

M atmar a rea T he

c eramics

R ed 2 a nd l ined

R ough

d uring

wares .

c eramics.

c an b e a ssigned t o t he Amratian s outh a s

t he

A lso

T he

K hor

Amratian

p resent

B lack-topped

B ahan

i n

c onsist

a re

ware

L ower

o ccur

f rom

mainly

N ubia. o f

B lack-topped

P olished

R ed

a nd

White

c ontinues

t he

s tyle

o f

C rosspottery

u sed i n t he B adarian a lthough t here a re c hanges i n v essel f or m. a ddition, d uring

o ccasional

t he

T he

Amratian

r ippled ( cf .

Amratian b urials

B adarian.

They

a re

f acing west.

1T he

t er m

a re

appears

t o

h ave

r emained

I n

i n

u se

6 ).

i n a b road s ense s imilar s imple

oval

u sually on t he

g raves

with

t o t hose o f t he the

c orpse

i n

l eft with the h ead to t he south

T he accompanying g rave goods consist of v arious pots

' post-Palaeolithi c'

' Neolithic'

f or

i s

u sed

H olocene i ndustries of

c ommittal

t er m

v ariety

s ubsistence

o f

C hapter

mostly

contracted position,

pottery

f or

Holocene

g roups

s trategies

t o f ully agricultural.

i n

t hat

r anging

p reference

N orth

Africa.

to

t he

I t

i s a non-

t er m

may h ave p ractised a wide f rom

p urely

h unter-gatherer

T he s ubsistence evi dence however,

i s often

i nconclusive.

2T he

c eramic c lasses

r ecognized

phases a re d escribed by P etri e 4 2;

P etrie,

1 901:

1 3-16),

a nd

f or

t he Amratian a nd l ater

P redynastic

( Petrie and Q uibell, 1 896: 1 1-13,

a lso s ummarized b y

8 6).

1 5

m assoulard

( 1949:

3 67 6-

( generally

o f

t he

f iner

wares

r ather

t han

R ough

ware),

a nd

o ther

objects, i ncluding s late p alettes, i vory combs a nd h airpins, l ithic a rtifacts,

h uman

f igurines,

a nd r are c opper

a rtifacts .

T he s late p alettes i n t he A mratian a re r homboidal l ater s ome p alettes a ppear a ntelopes, o bject

i s

t urtles,

B aumgartel no

o f

( defined

c onsidered

b ifacial

l onger

n umber

f ish.

A r are

t hough

d istinctive

k ind

o f

t he d isk-shaped s tone m acehead .

e ssentially now

a nd

i n s hape t hough

i n t he f orm o f a nimals s uch a s h ippopotami,

t he

i ndustry

t enable .

r emarkable

H owever,

b ifacial

i n A ppendix A ,

Amratian

( Baumgartel,

p .

( see A ppendix A , p . 4 08,

Amratian

s tone

4 08,

l ithic

1 960:

t ools

4 10),

i ndustry

2 6),

g raves

a v iew h ave

f ishtails

w ith

a n i s

p roduced

i ncluding r homboidal

a nd

a s

w hich

a

k nives

U -shaped e nds

4 11).

T he Amratian s ettlements c omprise small h amlets and v illages r epresenting s ites

h ave

S everal

a c omparatively

p roduced

e vidence

l ate Amratian

( Caton-Thompson, a pparently G arstang

f ound

l ines

s ocial

o f

s tructure

mud h ut

1 928:

s upported

s imple t he

c ircles

8 2-88).

o rganization .

were

T hese

o f

c ircular

m ade

o f

" abundant

a nd

o f

r eeds . t races

H emamieh

mud

A t

a f ew

dwellings .

u ncovered a t

l ow

a s uperstructure p ostholes

O nly

Amratian

E l

walls

M ahasna,

o f small t wigs

i ntertwined a nd o f powered m ud" which h ave b een i nterpreted a s t he r emains

o f

M ore

a w ind-break r ecently,

t he

( Garstang,

1 903:

' Predynastic

6 -7,

o f

p l .

N agada

I V ) .

P roject '

h abitation a reas a t a s ite i n t he N agada a rea.

h as

u ncovered

A reas o f c lean s and

with o ccupation f eatures s uch a s h earths a nd c eramic v essels o ccur a longside l arge d ung-rich p atches which o bviously r epresent s heep/goat p ens a ttached t o t he dwellings . d isintegrated C hapter

7 ,

p .

l eaving 1 92).

T he h ouse s tructures h ave n ow t otally

l ittle

t o

G inter e t a l

s uggest

how

t hey

were

b uilt

( see

( 1987) h ave a lso f ound a n umber o f

e arly h abitation f eatures a t S ite MA 2 1/83 near A rmant. T hese f eatures i nclude h earths a nd a v aried a ssortment o f p its a s well a s a s eries o f p ostholes s everal

c ircular

1 .5m

d iameter.

i n

t hat d elineate p art

s tructures

A t H ierakonpolis w as

d iscovered

o f

( HK-29),

c onsisting

o f a r ectangular

l imestone

r ectangular

m udbricks w ith

( Hoffman,

1 980a;

w hich

i nclude

wooden p osts, a r ow o f small posts, 1 980:

p it

1 980c;

e xcavated a t a nother

( HK-11C),

3 2-47; 1 982).

d ug

( Hoffman,

1 982:

s tructure a nd n o

4 5-80

cm

1 982) .

T his

A dditional

l ate Amratian

a s emi-circular

a nd t races o f

h ouse

w as

o f

( Harlan,

i n

t he

H ierakonpolis

1 22-138) .

C hilde

1 970a:

t he

o ccupation

mudbrick

( 1955:

m assoulard

i nto

l ocality a t

t he Amratian t he r eader i s a nd U cko ( 1965: 1 51-153),

2 4-38;

t han

a rrangement

F or f urther s ummaries o f A rkell ( 1975: 3 4-42), A rkell 1 01-123),

more

F urther possible l ate Amratian o r t ransitional

Amratian-Gerzean h ouse s tructures h ave b een n oted a rea

a re

mud c lods a nd f ragments o f

f ence t renches a nd a k iln.

f eatures h ave b een H ierakonpolis

t hat

a l ate Amratian s emi-subterranean h ouse

o f a r ectangular

g round a nd l ined with a mixture o f mud, a ssociated

s labs

4 73-480), ( 1949:

1 33-188),

( 1952: a nd

1 6

5 0-61),

T rigger

r eferred t o B aumgartel

K rzyzaniak

( 1983:

3 0-32) .

( 1977:

T he G erzean P hase T his

i s a p eriod o f s ignificant socio-economic c hanges d uring

which e xchange n etworks b ecome more important a nd p robably e xpand. D efinite c ontact

w ith t he m iddle E ast i s now e vident,

n othing t o s ubstantiate t he i dea o f a n w as

o nce

G erzean

c ommonly

s upposed .

r epresents o ne o f

T he

i nvasion

t ransition

c ontinuous

b ut t here i s

f rom s outhwest A sia a s

f rom

t he

Amratian

t o

t he

d evelopment .

B lack-topped R ed a nd P olished R ed c eramics continue t hough i n d eclining c onsists ware

f requencies.

o f

D ecorated

c eramics

continue

m orphological

c hanges .

more

t han

common

h arpoons,

T he c haracteristic pottery o f

w are

i n

w avy-handled

g reat

C opper

t hey

d aggers,

a nd

h ad

k nives,

abundance,

t ools

b een

a dzes,

p ottery .

a re

i n

n ow

t he

t hough

c ast,

a nd

o nly a f ew s tone v essels, b ut

v ariety

b asalt,

o f

p orphyry,

i nclude

T here i s a

t he Amratian,

u sually o f a labaster o r b asalt were made,

i n t he G erzean t he q uality o f

w ider

I n

some

s omewhat

T hey

b eads a nd p ins .

c onsiderable i ncrease i n t he u se o f s tone v ases.

R ough

with a re

Amratian.

n eedles,

t he G erzean

H owever,

materials s chist,

i s

a nd

s tone

v ases

improves

a nd

a much

worked i ncluding s erpentine, b reccia,

a labaster.

T here a re spectacular d evelopments i n t he p roduction o f s tone t ools,

t he z enith o f f lint-working b eing r epresented b y t he h ighly

s tandardized w hich

were

r ipple-flaked

mounted i n

E l-Arak and Abu Z eidan 2 68-271;

and

o ccasionally

g old

S late p alettes o r

a nimals.

maceheads. p endants

i n

N eedler,

h andles c ontinue

A lso

( defined

i n

A ppendix

( e .g.

A ,

k nives

p .

4 08)

f rom G ebel

[ Bgngdite, 1 916; N eedler, 1 984: 1 24-125, 1 36,

C hurcher

i n

k nives

d ecorative i vory h andles

( de i n

1 984:

M organ, u se

c haracteristic

made o f

1 52-168]),

1 896: i n

t he

1 12-116;

t he

s hape

G erzean

o r

1 897:

o f

f ish,

a re

even

p l .

V ) .

b irds,

pear-shaped

J ewelry b ecomes more e laborate a nd i ncludes b eads a nd

o f

s ilver,

a nd

gold.

Many

i ncluding o bsidian a nd l apis l azuli

d ifferent

k inds

o f

s tone,

w ere e xpertly p olished a nd d rilled

i nto b eads . S ettlements a nd

many

a re

a re

n ow

l arger .

more

t o s uggest t he k inds o f h ouses S outh

T own

m udbrick

i n

t he

s tructure,

a nd Q uibell, " fortified

1 896:

t own" ,

w idespread

H owever, N agada

t here t hat

a rea,

a re

t han

l ocated

e dge

o f

c onsists

t he

a t

f ound

m ay

L XXXV).

s eems

b ehind

f ound

T his was d escribed a s p art

more

l ikely

t he

T emple

( Peet,

1 914:

c ommunal,

c onsisting

o f

a rea

t hough t he

H owever,

p resumably

two

A t

r ectangular

p l.

i t

r epresent

p lastered r eeds.

a l arge

5 4,

b ut

o f a r oughly c ircular were

p hase

s tructures

m ain p art o f which w as a bout 3 0 x 5 0 m ( Petrie

c ultivation

s tructures

p revious

a f ew

t he

A bydos

e ncountered

t he

o nly

w ere b uilt d uring t he G erzean .

P etrie

the

o f

S eti

1 -2).

a bout T he

o f

h uts

grey

i n f rom t he

k iln

was

s ite

N o h ouse

powdered

p ossibly

a t t he e dges o f t he l arge,

2 00

s ettlement

3 0 i n i n d iameter .

abundant

g rain-parching

r ows

A l ate G erzean s ettlement

o f

a bout

r emains

o f a

t o h ave b een a p alatial o r

t emple s tructure ( see C hapter 7 , p . 1 95). w as

i n

s till

b uilt

o f

mud m ud-

s ettlement a l arge, f ound

c haff-tempered

( idem:

R ough

ware

7- 8 ), j ars

s upported u pright b y f irebricks a nd e nclosed between two l ow b rick w alls . b een

A dditional,

l ocated

i n

s imilarly c onstructed

a nother

p art

o f

t he

A bydos

1 -7).

1 7

g rain-parching a rea

( Peet

a nd

k ilns L oat,

h ave 1 913:

T he P redynastic s ites ' apart f rom t he B adarian l ocalities) i n t he B adari d istrict a re o f u ncertain a ge t hough t hey c ould well b e G erzean ( see

C hapter

5 ,

p .

h uts p artly d ug

1 74) .

S everal

i nto t he g round

C aton-Thompson,

1 928:

4 4,

o f t he

w ith

4 7).

Most o f t he

oval i n p lan t hough o ne h ut appears a ddition, B runton f ound a r ectangular 2 .0

m )

d ivided

i nto

two

d ynastic t emples a t X XIII),

t hough

N o

i t

o ther

m ay b e

G erzean

l ate

( or

u nder

3 000/3.

about t he d ating o f t his s tructure

t he

( Brunton a nd

f oundations

H owever,

B runton

( Brunton e t a l,

P redynastic,

p robable

f loors

f loors a re c ircular

h ouse

( Randall-MacIver

with

a nd

G erzean)

a r oofed

mace,

1 902:

h ouses

s ection 2 2,

o f

two

i s u nclear

1 927:

1 8-20,

p l.

o r e arly A rchaic . a re

k nown,

f or a c eramic model f rom a G erzean g rave a t E l Amrah. r ectangular

t o

t o h ave b een r ectangular. I n m udbrick s tructure ( about 4 .5 x

c hambers,

L ocality

s ites p roduced t he r emains o f

m ud-plastered

a nd

a n

e xcept

T his s hows a

open

4 2, p l. X [ 1-2]).

c ourtyard A t

H u,

what

h as b een i nterpreted a s a f ragment o f a model o f a walled t own

was

f ound

i n

two

w alls

m eeting a t a r ounded c orner

t he

t op

a b urial o f

t he

a rchitecture . s o i t

( Petrie,

walls.

T he

g räve

1 901:

3 2,

p l.

V I).

I t

w ith t wo h uman

I t

i s

c ertainly

i n

w hich

i t

w as

consists

f igures

s uggestive f ound

i s

l ooking o ver

o f

d ated

o f

r ectangular t o

S .D .

3 3-48

i s actually u ncertain a s t o whether t he model i s Amratian o r

G erzean. H owever,

a r emarkable

d iscovery

m ade

a ppears

t o b e a t emple c omplex c onsisting

s haped

courtyard

more

t han

3 2

i n i n

s urrounded b y t he r emains o f a s eries b uilt

a t

v arious

t imes

d uring

a re a n umber o f r ectangular f or

p riests

b uilding

a nd

a rtifactual t ypes

r emains

( Friedman,

m anufacture

o f

G raves p articular, r eflecting o r

g reater o f

a re

l ined

w ith

a lso

which

d istinctive

I n

Q uibell a bout w ith

b ut

t here

5 x 2 i n a nd

s cenes

q uite

l arge,

matting

a nd

t hese

f or

1 973;

t he

V andier, G enerally

s pecialization,

i nclude

1 987).

u nusual

T he

p ottery f rom t he

o r

M ost a lso

a nd

m any

wooden

a f ew w hen

a re

k nown

o f

p lanks.

s mall

f ound

i ntact,

r ectangular

t hese

r ectangular

S ome

w ere

C emetery T a t i t

t he T his

" Decorated

o val

o f

l arge r ectangular

l ocal e lite a s i s

s till

a n umber

h ave

m ud-

g raves

r ich

a re

b urials,

N agada a ppears

contains n umerous m udbrick. T omb"

T he

m ost

e xcavated

i s a l arge r ectangular

b y

t omb,

1 .5 i n d eep l ined with mud-plastered mudbrick a nd

p artition

wall .

L XXV-LXXIX; 1 952: i r

c ourtyard

p ost a nd w all t rench

( Hoffman,

i ncluding a f ew l ined w ith

g rave

i ncluding b oats a nd h uman

2 2, p ls. L XVII,

i n w ide t renches

1 987a) .

a re

a nd G reen a t H ierakonpolis .

a m udbrick

t he

f lint-working d ebris

( Holmes,

a ddition,

r eserved

G erzean

a nd

s tratification .

a re

w ith

l arge r ectangular t ombs, s pectacular

1 3

a nd

G erzean s how a n umber o f d evelopments. I n a re more d iverse s izes a nd t ypes o f g raves

m udbrick,

b een

a h uge

p roper

e vidently t he t ombs o f important p eople . t o h ave

t o

what

p arabolic-

a bout walls

A djacent

a nd

t emple

k nives

s ocial

p lastered walls.

a nd

e nclosure

G erzean .

workshops

t he

g raves,

l ined

l ength

o f

1 987) a nd a bundant

i n t he t here

s ome

b urials

a re

b ifacial

s ubrectangular

g raves,

a s

a m ud-floored

r ooms t hat p robably s erved a s t he q uarters

c raftsmen's

i nterpreted

t he

r ecently concerns

o f

w alls

w ere

( Quibell

C ase a nd P ayne,

p ainted

w ith

a nd G reen,

1 962; K emp,

v arious

1 902:

1 973;

2 0-

P ayne,

5 61-570).

t he

a nd

T he

f igures

G erzean,

s ocial

t here

c ompJexit .

i s

e vidence I n

t he

o f

i ncreasing

d esigns

a nd

c raft

m otifs

o f

t he

D ecorated

t owards was

r ed

o n

b uff p ottery

w e

t he d evelopment o f w riting

b ecoming

a n

i ncreasingly

m ay

p erhaps

( Hassan,

important

i ncluding g old, a nd i t would a ppear t hat N agada a nd t hey

t he

T he

s ource

o f

f irst

s teps

E astern r aw

D esert

m aterials

i t was n o coincidence t hat

H ierakonpolis b ecame i mportant G erzean s ettlements b eing a s

were,

E astern

s ee

1 983).

s ituated

D esert

k nown a s N ubt,

o pposite

( Trigger,

major

1 984).

wadis

g iving

a ccess

i nto

t he

I n h istoric t imes N agada was e ven

" The G olden T own".

D oubtless,

i t was i n p art t hrough

t he c ontrol o f t his t rade a nd t he r esources f rom t he E astern D esert t hat

l ocally p owerful F urther

4 2-48), 1 970a:

s ummaries o f t he G erzean a re

A rkell

a nd

4 81-492),

M assoulard

l eaders emerged .

U cko

( 1965:

C hilde

( 1952:

( 1949:

1 89-258),

t o b e

1 53-154), 6 1-74),

a nd

T rigger

f ound

i n A rkell

B aumgartel

K rzyzaniak ( 1983:

( 1955:

( 1977:

( 1975: 3 8-49;

1 38-164),

3 2-40).

T he P rotodynastic P hase T his r epresents a s hort p eriod

r eflecting t he t ransition f rom t he

P redynastic t o t he s tart o f t he h istorical l asted n o more t han a h undred y ears . T he a nd

D ecorated

d isappears,

c ylindrical h andle

p ottery

a nd

t he

c haracteristic

b ulbous

a s

a h andle .

U nfortunately, not

T he

d ominant

p roperly

t he

t he c eramics

p olitical

k nown.

c eramic

o f

U pper

E gypt

k nown

a s

i dentified w ith N armer, a n

a ncient ' Lower r uled w hat

G erzean a re

o rganization

U pper

E gyptian

E gyptians E gypt'

b y

p robably

d egenerates

n ow

r educed

e xtent

k ings t here

o f

k ingdom i t

o f

i s

E gypt,

i n

w ith t he wavy

i s

o f

n o

t he

F irst

D ynasty .

E gypt

i .e.

l onger

s o-called

a t

t his

U nification

h istorical

f rom

o f

t he D elta,

k ing

t ime E gypt

b y t he

l ists .

H ierakonpolis

p ossible

a k ingdom

N ekhen,

w ere

t he

t o

M enes,

a nd h is immediate p redecessors apparently

- a nd

c onsisted

t he

M enes

c lass

o f t he

T raditionally,

c onsisted o f t he s ubjugation o f L ower

r uled

t he p ots

j ars p ainted with a t rellis p attern and

L ate w are w hich o verlaps w ith

k ing

o f

W avy-handled

which

m erely r epresented a s a s tylized w avy o rnamentation,

f unctional

i s

p eriod

i n

p erhaps

m ilitary

t hat t he

w ith

N ile i ts

c onflicts

N ekhen

d uring

t he

V alley

c apital

b etween

o f

t he

P rotodynastic n orth a t

t he

o f

t hat

N agada .

T o

P rotodynastic

k ingdoms o f E gypt l eading u p t o t he U nification i s u nknown.

C ombat

s cenes a re s hown o n s ome o f t he l arge e laborately c arved c ommemorative p alettes o f t hese

w hich a re c haracteristic o f t his t ime, b ut t he s ignificance i s u nclear . W ildung ( 1984) s uggests t hat t here w ere n o m ajor

c onflicts, D ynastic s truggle

a nd was

t o

t hat o ne

t he

o f

a ttain

t ransition

continuous

p olitical

f rom

t he

c ultural

d ominance

o ver

n otion o f c ontinuous c ultural d evelopment t he

A rchaic

p olitical T he

c an

n o

s tructure

U nification

l onger o f

E gypt

b e

d enied,

d id

n ot

g o

P redynastic e volution a ll

f rom

i t

does

t hrough

o f t he

w ere b eing

u nified

E gypt.

not

E arly

no

f inal

W hile

f ollow

t hat

e ventful

e vent,

i s c ertainly

t he

P redynastic

s ome

w as p robably a v ery r eal p olitical

w hat p arts o f E gypt

t o

with

t he i nto t he

s tages .

t hough q uite

l ess c lear.

O ne i dea t hat u sed t o b e f avoured by some a uthorities was t hat t he E gyptian c ivilization o wed

i ts

o rigins

t o a c onquering

R ace which e ntered E gypt

f rom t he

' East' v ia e ither

t he

p ossibly

v ia

e ast

o f

t he

D elta,

o r

1 9

t he

W adi

D ynastic

Wadi T umilat t o

H ammamat

( Engelbach,

1 943;

Emery,

1 961:

3 8-42).

H owever,

s uch

i deas

c an

no

l onger

b e

u pheld. S ome o f t he most s pectacular P rotodynastic d iscoveries h ave b een a t H ierakonpolis. A t t he K or n e l-Ahmar ( ancient N ekhen), Q uibell

m ade

a nd G reen f ound a l arge g roup o f objects b etween two l ater dynastic t emple

w alls .

c eremonial

T his

c ollection,

p alettes,

l arge

k nown a s

t he

M ain D eposit,

c onsists o f

c ommemorative s tone m aceheads,

i vory s tatuettes a nd o ther

i vory o bjects,

g reen

g lazed

n umerous

f igures

o f

monkeys a nd s corpions, g reen g lazed b eads, pottery, s tone v ases and b owls,

f lint

k nives,

o bjects

o f

c opper,

a nd

m any

o ther

i tems,

a lmost

a ll o f t hem d ating f rom t he v ery end o f t he P redynastic a nd t he v ery b eginning o f t he c ollection

F irst

p ossibly

D ynasty

( Quibell a nd G reen,

1 902:

a rticles

f urniture

r epresents

o f

t emple

2 8-35) .

T his

t hat

w ere

u nwanted a t a l ater d ate, b ut b eing r egarded a s v aluable o r s acred t hey were not d estroyed b ut r ather b uried i n t he g round, p robably s ometime d uring s uggests

t hat

o ffering

a rea

A lso

t he

a t

t he

n early

K ingdom

( idem:

3 3-35).

D eposit

c ould

h ave

main

( Hoffman,

approximately s andstone

t he O ld

K or n

p ers .

e nclosing

a n

5 0 m a cross,

Q uibell

r evetment

a rea

a nd

o f

m ay

b een

however,

a P rotodynastic

c omm .).

e l-Ahmar,

c ircular

H offman,

a nd

G reen

c onsisting

o f

c lean w hitish s and .

r epresent

d iscovered

n atural T he

a P rotodynastic

a n

b locks

r evetment

t emple

o f w as

( Quibell

a nd G reen, 1 902: 3 -5). R ecently,

H offman

h as

e xcavated two l arge

H K-6 i n t he G reat W adi

a lso i n

1 and

1 i s

T omb

2 .

mudbrick. w ooden 4 5) .

T omb

A ssociated

s uperstructure

T omb

2 i s

r ectangular

postholes

a nd

w as

t entatively

s uggest

i dentified i t

b elongs

s tone

t o ,

i t

s hale o f t he s hale

u pder W ith

3 150

b egins . f ound

b y

E gypt's

e vent

Q uibell

i s

and

1 902:

wearing t he d epicted

N armer

E gypt

1 3;

n ame

t he

t all

b y

1 982:

t hough

a

4 3-

t here

I t

E gypt .

m ,

c ut

a c hamber

o n

t he

i s e ssentially a

i nto t he s andstone a nd was

made

i n

N armer,

t he

c rown

s oft

P alette

D eposit a t

s hown

a nd o n o f

1 29). i n

h istory

w hich

w as

H ierakonpolis O n o ne

a s erekh)

t he

U pper

k ingdom c a .

d ynastic

N armer

1 980b:

c learly E gypt,

t he

4 8-50) .

M ain

H offman,

white

with

c overed

i nto a s ingle n ation o r

i s

r ed c rown of L ower

wearing

was

( Hoffman,

P rotodynastic,

pharaoh,

G reen n ear

( his

p alette,

i t

T omb

l ined

t omb i n

c ommemorated

( Quibell a nd G reen,

t hat

d esignated

walls

W hichever p eriod i t

( idem:

f irst

t he

a s

6 .0 x 2 .0

s andstone

U nification o f

i ts

l ate Amratian .

F rom o ne s ide,

h arder

u nder T his

i s

a pproximately

a rea.

t he

t he

B .C .

i s t he o ldest

p it,

with

e nclosed b y a f ence

i s a r emote p ossibility t hat r ectangular

P rotodynastic t ombs a t

t he H ierakonpolis a rea,

o ther E gypt

s ide i s

s ide

o f

s hown h e

i s

p ear-shaped

macehead i n h and r itually c lubbing t he h ead of s ome u nfortunate n orthern enemy . T he e nsuing A rchaic i s a f ormative p eriod d uring w hich

E gyptian c ulture t akes o n

i ts

f amiliar c haracter.

C ONCLUDING REMARKS T he p icture o f t he b ased

l argely o n

T here

i s

a s

e xcavations

y et w ith

P redynastic a s o utlined

t he e xcavations

n o

c oherent

t hose

v iew

c arried

c arried

o ut

i ncorporating

o ut

s ince

2 0

t he

i n

t his c hapter

b efore t he

l ate

World

War

i s I I.

r esults o f t he o ld 1 960s .

S ome

p arts

o f t he p icture a re s ubstantiated by t he new work. b een

r eplaced .

i ndicates t he

a t

T he

l east

P redynastic

E gypt

a re

i nvoke f rom

t hat

what

e vidence

a l arge

a nd

f irmly

f oreign

s uppose

n ew i nto

i n

i nvaders

t o

s ome

o f

A rchaic .

i ts

w ith

T he

f or

s omewhat

p ast.

o f

t he

i s

o ld

t hroughout

c ivilization

T here

P redynastic

b rought

v aguely

o f

c ontinuity

o rigins

e very

D ynastic R ace

O ther p arts h ave

r ethinking

c ultural

p rehistoric

a ccount

s uperior

i s a f requently

S o f ar,

m easure

t he

r ooted

c ombined

n o n eed

p hase,

o r

i n t o t o

c ivilization t o E gypt

d efined

' East%

i nsufficient r adiocarbon dates h ave been obtained f rom

t oo f ew s ites to d efine t he c hronological l i mits of t he P redynastic p hases

w ith

any

r eal

degree

of

accuracy.

Amratian to t he p receding B adarian i s all B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

r egion .

I ndeed,

T he

r elationship of t he

too obscure except i n t he

i t

may b e q uestioned w hether

t he Amratian w as p receded b y a E adarian p hase

a t

the

the

Egyptian

t ransition?

N ile

Valley.

And

what

of

a ll

i n o ther p arts o f

Am rat i an-Ge rzean

A t N agada t his would appear to o ccur a round

3 650 B .C.,

whereas a t H ierakonpolis t he Amratian appears to continue to about 3 500

B .C .

d ifferent I n

s uggesting t imes

o ne

s trokes

P redynastic, k nowledge o f

t he

s ense,

which a re

t he

gave

b ut

t hat

t he

i n d ifferent o lder

some

s till

P redynastic

p oorly o f

U pper

e xcavations

i dea

t he p icture

t ransition

occurred

at

s lightly

a reas.

i s

of

t he

s till

k nown . E gypt

i ts

2 1

s tudy l ithic

a f ew

l arge

composition

v ery s ketchy .

T his -

p rovided

overall

b rushof

t he

M any a reas o f o ur

f ocusses

o n

i ndustries.

o ne

a spect

C hapter

2

BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH

PREVIOUS L ITHIC STUDIES D espite of E gypt,

n early

a h undred

y ears

o f

r esearch

i nto

t he

P redynastic

not o ne p ublication i s d evoted t o a g eneral s urvey of t he

l ithic a rtifacts, unless C urrelly's c atalogue i s counted ( Currelly, 1 913).

T his c atalogue,

s tone

tools

important a n

C airo

e xcavations

overall

c hapter

i n

i n

o f

a rtifacts.

t he

T he

comprising

p revious

o f t he

f or and

s uch

a s

however,

modern t he

t aken

l ithic

j ewelry,

h igh

a lso

u sually

t ools

a ttractive t here

before

p lace.

A t

i ndustries

excavator

B adari

d istrict

( idem:

7 5-78)

c oncave

a nd

c onsist

were

many b est,

f ills

a

o f

c emeteries

P redynastic s tone

of

b ifacial examples

p resence

o f

f airly

of

h igh

a nd o f

o ther l ithic

knives. ' flint

Most f lakes'

q uality

b lades

r eceived much a ttention, a nd e ven

g enerally

f inds,

s uch a s

generally

i nterested

o nly

g iven

l aconic

m ention .

w hole c eramic v essels

l ittle

h uman

f igurines,

i nterest

i n

( useful amulets

stone

t ools.

C aton-Thompson, a meticulous a nd

i n

s tone a rtifacts,

f rom t he s ettlement

( Caton-Thompson,

c onsisted

o f

r ipple-flaked

t he

d ecorative i vory c ombs, was

e xcavation

spectacular

note

T here a re, of course, exceptions. l ithic implements

t he

p roportion

some

B ut t hese never

b ifacial

more

o n

a b alanced v iew

f ishtails

d id

t erms

S equence D ating),

c areful

p ublished

h ad

p roduced collections o f s tone implements

i ncluding

a nd b lade t ools. W ith

emphasis

t o p rovide

c emeteries

t ools,

c raftsmanship,

most

was

s ites

P redynastic

a comparatively

excavators, i n

i t

P redynastic

consideration o f

Moreover,

which

i s nothing more t han a l ist of t he a nd

a b ook.

h as n ot e xactly h elped

e laborate

however, Museum,

r ecovered n umerous

l ocality o f H ema mieh i n

1 928).

t he

T he c ategories s he r ecorded

o f:

b ase a rrow-heads

l eaf-shape a rrow-heads p ush-planes s mall

( steep-ended s crapers)

k nives

c ircular

o r

o f g ood workmanship o val

s crapers

s ickle-flints e nd s crapers

o n

l ong t hin

b lades

a wls c hipped c elts f ish-tail k nives

k nives

( bifacial)

Maintaining

her

i nterest

i nvestigated N eolithic o ccupation l arge n umber

i n

settle ments,

s ites

i n

t he

F ayum

C aton-Thompson and

r ecorded

( Caton-Thompson and G ardner, 1 934: 1 9-22) l isted i n t able 2 .1. o f

t hese

a

of s tone tools whi ch s he c lassified i nto 2 5 main t ypes

c lasses

c onsist

o f

b ifacial

t ools

a nd g round

implements .

Most I t

s hould b e r emembered t hat s he c onducted h er work i n t he d ays b efore

2 2

T able

L IST OF C ATON-THOMPSON'S

2 5

2 .1

M AIN

N EOLITHIC S ITES

1

A xes,

i gneous o r

2

A xes,

f lint f laked

o r

3

A xes,

4

A dzes a nd A xes,

5

G ouges

6

P lanes

7

K nife b lades

8

D aggers,

9

H alberds

s edimentary

c hert,

C LASSES

r ocks,

S pear

i gneous o r

o r

1 2

A rrow-heads,

t riangular

1 3

A rrow-heads,

c oncave-base

1 4

S ickle-blades

1 5

L eaf-shaped p oints,

b ifacial

1 6

L eaf-shaped p oints,

p artial

1 7

P ebble-butted p oints

a nd

k nives

1 8

P ebble-backed k nives

a nd

s crapers

1 9

S ide-blow f lakes

2 0

C eltiforms

2 1

S crapers

2 2

B acked-blades

2 3

T rihedral

2 4

T anged a rrowheads

2 5

L eaf-shaped a rrowheads

When

s he

b een l eft

( 1983:

N eolithic

p redominantly

notches

and

of

a n umber of l ess A )

a ssemblage

w as

c haracterized

t renches

a t

a ny

b ifacial n otches

H uzayyin's

t ools o r

b y

" diagnostic" tools.

t hat

e t

a l

noted

t hick

T hese a rtifacts and

f lake

( 1972), t hat

f lakes

h aving

t he

o ften

t ools l ithic

r etouched

C aton-Thompson evidently s elected t he

s ite,

a nd

s he

d id

n ot

e ven

m ention

s tudy of t he s tone implements f rom t he P redynastic

1 937).

f requencies, o ther

f rom

S aid

t ype

m any a rtifacts h ad

c ores,

W a lso

a bundant

S he

" waste

d enticulates.

v illage s ite a t A r mant ( Huzayyin,

f lake

K or n

s amples.

i gnoring

W ( Caton-Thompson's

t hey n oted

f lakes,

i nto notches a nd d enticulates.

among

K or n

d enticulates).

t est

t ool

t otal

" diagnostic" t ools

v isited

F ayum

two

f inding

r etouch

t o b e

6 9)

excavated

t he

o nly)

h ollow-based

i n t he b ack d irt by M iss C aton-Thompson.

consisted

m ainly

s lightly

s ystematic a nalysis o f

c onsidered

a l

l ocality f or t he

( mostly

o r

a nd a s i t t ranspires, e t

( ground

r ods

was p laced o n t he

G i nter

r ocks

J avelin h eads

C hisels

f lakes",

f laked

s edimentary

G round p oints

what

F ROM

o nly

1 1

c ollected

S TONE TOOLS

g round a nd polished

p olished a nd

1 0

emphasis

F OR

I N T HE F AYUM

e arly

i s a lso exceptionally t horough

H uzayyin s uch

( l937:

2 24A)

t abulation

r eports

o f

e ven

of d ata

P redynastic

23

p rovided b eing

s tone

f or

i ts

a t able

v irtually

t ools.

H e

t ime

o f

t he

u nknown

i dentified

1 8

main

c lasses

f lakes";

s ee

c lasses

i nto

of

t able

tools

2 .2).

types

a nd

H e

and

o ne

a lso

d ebitage

f urther

s ubtypes.

c ategory

d ivided

A lthough

( "re-edging

many

h e

of

was

t he

t ool

l i mited

to

d escribing t he collection b rought b ack to E ngland by t he e xcavator, O liver o ne

M yers

o f

( Mond

t he

a rchaeologists f rom

i nsist

M yers,

1 937),

meticulous

i n

A r mant,

u nbiased,

a nd

most

E gypt.

even

H e

t hough

r epresentative

of

Myers,

t he

l ike

C aton-Thompson,

p re-Second

World

r ecovered a g ood q uantity o f t hey

s ample

d id

not

t hat

c onstitute

modern

w as

War

f ield

l ithic

f inds

t he

completely

i nvestigators n ow

l ike

t o

o n.

T able

2 .2

L IST OF TOOL C LASSES R ECOGNIZED B Y H UZAYYIN F OR T HE P REDYNASTIC O CCUPATION S ITE AT ARMANT

3

C ores a nd

2

Di scs

T ool-Cores

3

S ling-Stones

4

A typical

5

P olished A xe

6

F laked A xes

a nd

D iscoidal-Forms T ools

7

F laked A dzes

8

R e-edging

9

D ibbles

1 0

C hisel

1 1

P lanes

1 2

S crapers

1 3

B ifacial

1 4

S ickles

1 5

B lade-

1 6

P oints a nd

o r

C elt

F lakes

o r

D igging-picks

a nd

C hisel-ended

T ools

K nives-Fragments

( and

F lake-)

K nives

J avelin-heads

1 7 ,Arrow-heads 1 8

B orers

1 9

B urins

T he

f irst

s cholar

t o

a ttempt

a g eneral

d escription

o r

s urvey

o f

P redynastic s tone tools was J acques d e Morgan i n h is R echerches sur l es

O rigines

p erson

to

r epresented c oined .) y et a s

de

l 'Egypte,

recognize i n

T he

E gypt.

n otion

t o b e d evised, a whole.

l ocalities, E gypt.

H e

c ategories t his

t o

1 4

H e

with

vol.

( The

o f

1 ( 1896).

t here

e xpression

a P redynastic

s o d e

Morgan 's

collected

I ndeed,

g rouped ( de

t he

Morgan,

main

l ittle

was

' Predynastic' h ad

d ivided

n ot

i nto s everal

a rtifacts

f irst

f rom

y et

b een

p eriods

d escriptions c overed t he

P redynastic

t he

N eolithic p eriod h ad

P redynastic a n u mber

f rom u pper

a nd

of

L ower

l ithic a rtifacts h e r ecovered i nto 1 2 major 1 896:

c ategories f or

h e

was a p rehistoric

both s ettlements a nd c emeteries,

main c ategories E gypt

t hat

f inds

f or

8 9-142; l ithic

f rom

s ee t able f inds

f rom

2 .3) t he

l ater e xpandi ng F ayum

a nd

" kjoekkenmoeddings" s ites

overlap b et ween

t he

2 4

two

i nventories

( de

i n

t o

1 4

Upper

Morgan,

1 926:

5 8-67,

7 7-78,

7 7-91).

9 2-93,

essentially d iscussed 1 28-142),

A f ew

1 28)

y ears

p resented

modifications

t he

tools

a gain

of

to some

r eferring

l ater,

t hree d e

C ottevieille-Giraudet

l ithic

i nventories

Morgan's

extent

( idem:

a l most e ntirely

T able

t ool

7 7-87,

t o d e

N uclei

2

P ercuteurs

3

H aches

4

C outeaux

a re

l ists.

H e

a lso

9 2-104,

1 13,

1 16,

morgan 's

work.

2 .3

L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES O F D E MORGAN

1

( 1933:

which

( 1896)

( cores) ( hammerstones)

( axes,

i ncluding p olished a xes)

( knives,

i ncluding

k nives m ade

o n

b lades a nd b ifacial

k nives) 5

R acloirs

( scrapers,

6

T etes d e

l ances

a nd 7

T etes

8

S cies e t

i ncluding e ndscrapers)

( lances,

f ishtails

i n

o u pointes d e f aucilles

d e M organ

f laches

P ointes

1 0

P ercoirs

1 1

T ranchets

1 2

R etouchoirs

r homboidal

k nives

( arrowheads)

( saws a nd s ickles,

b lades a nd b ifacial 9

i ncludes

t his c ategory) i ncludes b oth s ickle

s ickles)

( consisting m ostly o f pointed b ifacial

i mplements)

( perforators) ( a

c ertain ( a

k ind o f b ifacial

k ind o f

t hick

t ool)

b ifacial

t ool)

T he n ext s cholar to g ive a comparatively d etailed o vervie w o f P redynastic

s tone

i nfor mation

f rom

e ssentialay v arious

s ummarizing F ayum,

3 3,

t he a nd

3 5-36,

P redynastic

b eing

o n

t he

r eports

d escriptions

p ublished

1 40-142,

l ithic

t he

4 4,

m assoulard's o f

U pper

b ifacial nodular

l ance-heads,

k nives

b y

1 949 .

with

f rom

t he

H e

was

t hus

a uthors

d escribed

a f urther

E l-Oman , o f

d escription

b y

axes,

c haracterized

a nd

o f t he

s ix

M erimde,

B runton 's

pages

m aadi

" Tasian"

a nd

( idem:

2 63-264).

E gypt,

f rom p rismatic cores,

t o

H e d erived h is

h im

i ndustries i n about s ix pages

implements

4 5-46,

( 1949). to

p rovided

p rior

2 01-204),

i ndustries

o utlining

4 0-41,

C onsidering t he

massoulard available

Amratian and Gerzean f lint

(i de m : 1 1 7-118, t he

was

l iterature

d ependent

e xcavation

B adarian,

implements t he

o f

m assoulard t ools,

t ools

scrapers,

made

o n

t he

l ithic

s ummarizes m ade

o n

l arge

b ifacial

o f

B adarian a s

f lakes

scrapers on

f lakes,

i ndustries

t he

d etached f lakes,

k nives

with

denticulated c utting edges ( i.e. b ifacial s ickles), s ickle-elements m ade o n f lakes, t anged), o range t he

c ortex

b ifides

f rom

M assoulard

k nives, ( i.e.

( mostly c oncave-based,

u nretouched

c ollected

Amratian,

b ifacial

a rrowheads

n u merous

s uch

a s

f ishtails),

a nd c oncave-base

f lakes,

t he notes

d esert

l ames

a rrowheads,

a s

s urface

v arious

c omma-shaped a s

25

f oliate a nd o ne

( idem:

b ifacial

k nives,

l osangiques

w ell

s ome

and b y t he u se of f lint with

f oliated ( i.e .

v arious

1 17-118).

t ools

F or

i ncluding

t ools,

r homboidal

l ames

k nives),

t ypes o f s craper,

r are

p erforators, o nly),

a nd

k nives

d ibbles

o n

f lakes,

( Armant)

s ickle-elements,

( idem:

1 40-142) .

mentions r ipple-flaked k nives, cores p erforators,

k nives o n

f lakes

b urins

A nd

f or

( from A rmant

t he

G erzean,

h e

f or f lakes, v arious scrapers,

( including

t he

s o-called

" three-faced

twisted b lades"), s ickles, b urins ( from A rr rant only), d ibbles ( from A rmant), l ames

a nd

mentions b ifides t ools a nd

a gain

b ifides t he

u se

( idem:

o f

I t

t ools

f ork,

o bsidian

a re

t ools,

b ifacial

V-shaped

2 01-204) .

r ecognized

b lade

v arious

with

i n

t he

c an b e

b ifacial,

a nd

i ncluding

a rrowheads, G erzean

a g ood t he

i gnored k nives

t he

m ade o n

t he

o f

r eal

f lakes

a re

work

may

r esults

P redynastic s ites i n

f lakes

t hus

o r

o riginal A s

f rom

b e

n early

h ad

i ndication h as

P redynastic

l ithic

o f

b een,

s ubsequently

L ondon,

H owever,

h ow

we

i s

( Vandier,

s tored

s he

s hown

of

t he

emphasis

was

i n

m useums,

a n

s tudy t o

H e

M assoulard h ad wrote of

f airly

t he

l ithic

what

t he

w ritten

t ools, f or

i nto

b y

l ithic

overview

E lise

o f

B aumgartel,

1 960:

2 4-43).

H er

1 1 e xcavations w hich h ad

p articularly

t he

a t

a ssociate

c ollections

U niversity

years.

H er

t hough

more

s till

v ery

a nd

f or

i n

College

many

l ithic

b ifacial

P redynastic l ast

B au mgartel's scheme,

2 .4.

p articularly

o f

t he

A rchaeology

honorary

t able

and b lanks converted

a s

1 952).

N eolithic a nd

r epeated

( Baumgartel,

c lassifications,

t radition o f t hose o f o ther

on

c ategories,

t he

f rom p re-World W ar

E gyptian

was i n

o f

V andier

merely

a lready

T his

e laborate t han most p receding i n

I t

M assoulard's

d escriptions

h e

l imited

come

a rtifacts.

Museu m

where

typology m uch

f lakes.

t he e xcavations

t he

who d evoted 2 0 p ages to t he s ubject

P etrie

f lake

a re noted.

w ritten .

work was b ased o n m aterial t he

o n

mentioned

a ll

i ncluded

s ites.

e xcavators a n

f lint

' obvious'

m ade o n b lades.

d rawing h is i nformation,

which

t he

i ndustries

b een

t ools

a ctually

a lso

o f

E gypt,

s ummaries

a rtifacts

a lso l ames

l ike many o ther e arlier

f rom t he p ublished e xcavation r eports.

d etailed

a nd

r eferred t o b lades a s f lakes ( or eclats), and, i n f act,

V andier's

done,

H e

m any o f t he

more

s uch a s scrapers and s ickle b lades,

m ajority

s ummarized

k nives,

axes.

f lakes

s een t hat

s hould a lso b e pointed o ut t hat M assoulard, r esearchers,

f or

t hat

o nly

b ifacial

a nd

i s

e arlier a rchaeologists w ith a n

a ltogether

d ebitage.

F or

l acking

t he

i rregular-looking

most

tools

i n

p art, with

c ertain d ebitage,

o nly small

amounts o f r etouch were i gnored by n early a ll early excavators who s uch

p ieces,

u ninfor mative

r egarded

' waste'

v irtually n o o ne u p t o n otches,

d enticulates

After

1 960,

we

s ampling p rocedures, c lasses

to

debitage,

b e

i f t he

a nd

c onsidered

t hey

t ime

d id

i n

a ssemblages,

d ata

b eing

a re

with

a nalyzed

a nd

t he

a s

merely

collect. s uch

T hus

t ools a s

f or

r ange

t han

o f t ool

u nderstanding

t echniques

based

s elected

p rojects a re

p repared

more systematic

f ull

a p roper

r ecordi ng

a rchaeological

a ll,

to

p ieces.

s tatistically u nbiased a ssemblages r ather m any r ecent

a t

r ecognized

i nto a ' modern e ra',

appropriate

H owever,

t hem bother

o f B aumgartel

r etouched

move

not

a t horough a ppreciation o f

f ound

and

t hey

which

s till

p ublication,

o f

upon

collections.

o ngoing, s o

t here

o r

t he

i s,

a s

y et, comparatively l ittle published material concerning t he l ithic a rtifacts

r ecovered

P reliminary b een

g iven

McHugh

f or

( 1982)

f rom

t he

l ate

d escriptions

H ierakonpolis a nd

Hol mes

o f b y

1 960s

o nwards .

P redynastic H offman

( 1987a),

f or

2 6

l ithic

( 1970; N agada

a ssemblages

1 972a), by

H arlan

H ays

and

h ave

( 1980), H assan

T able

2 .4

B AUMGARTEL'S T YPOLOGY F OR P REDYNASTIC S TONE ARTIFACTS

B adarian: 1

P ush-planes

2

D isc-scrapers

3

B orers

4

S ickle-stones

5

K nives

6

A rrow-heads

7

F lakes

Amratian: 1

A xes o f i gneous a nd s edimentary r ocks

2

P olished f lint a xes

3

P olished a nd

4

C eltiforms

5

A rrow-heads

f laked a xes

( a) w ith c oncave b ases ( b)

t riangular a rrow-heads

6

S ickle-stones

7

L eaf-shaped p oints,

8

P ebble-butted a nd P ebble-backed t ools

9

P lanes

1 0

S crapers ( a) s ide-scrapers

a nd c hisel-ended points

( b) e nd-scrapers ( c)

core-scrapers

1 1

D ibbles o r

1 2

F ish-tails

1 3

D ouble-edged k nives w ith r ounded t ips

1 4

S ingle-edged k nives

1 5

r imers

( a)

k nives w ith s traight b acks a nd c urved c utting e dges

( b)

k nives w ith c urved b acks a nd s traight c utting e dges

D aggers

G erzean: 1

A xes o f i gneous a nd s edimentary r ocks

2

F lint a xes

3

A rrow-heads ( a)

b ifacial,

( b)

o n b lades,

t anged c hisel-headed a nd

4

S ickle-blades a nd s aws

5

P oints

6

S crapers ( a)

l unates

s ide-scrapers

( b) e nd-scraper

a nd s craping

k nives o n b lade

( c)

c ircular a nd o val s crapers

( d)

hollow o r

7

F ish-tails

8

K nives

r ound s crapers

( a)

double-edged k nives,

b ifacial

( b)

s ingle-edged k nives,

b ifacial

9 1 0

( c) k nives o n b lades D aggers a nd S pear-heads G ravers

1 1

S ide-blow f lakes

1 2

S mall b lades

1 3

B orers

1 4

C ores

2 7

( 1976), H ays ( 1984a), H assan ( 1981) a nd H olmes ( 1984; i n p ress), f or E l-Kab b y D emuynck a nd V ermeersch ( 1978), f or s ites i n t he GournaA rmant a nd

a rea

b y G inter

D robniewicz,

e t a l

1 979;

( 1979;

G inter

1 982;

a nd

1 985;

K ozlowski,

o f t he F ayum b y G inter e t a l ( 1980; 1 982; 1 984;

G inter

M erimde b y

a nd

K ozlowski,

E iwanger

( 1979;

i n

p ress),

1 984), a nd

G inter,

K ozlowski

f or

N eolithic

t he

1 983; D agnan-Ginter e t a l,

f or

f or

1 987; 1 984),

t he

r ecent

t he r ecent

e xcavations

l ithic

f inds

a t

f rom

T ell e l-Fara'in ( Buto) b y S chmidt ( in V on D er Way, 1 985; 1 966; 1 987). T he l ithic a rtifacts, which a re r elatively f ew i n n umber, f rom t he l ate P redynastic-Early D ynastic c emetery Omar

i n t he

K roeper a nd W ildung, l ithic a rtifacts t he

i ndustries o f

t he

a t

m inshat

1 985:

o n

t he

monograph f rom

N agada

R egion

r eport

which,

a s y et,

8 6-87).

A bu

1 984;

T he most e xtensive coverage o f

f rom r ecently e xcavated P redynastic s ites c onsists o f

E iwanger's r eport 1 984),

e xcavations

D elta h ave a lso b een b riefly mentioned ( Wildung,

f inds

b y

E lTarif l ithic

f rom p hase

G inter n ear

e t

G ourna,

a ssemblages

( Hassan,

e d .

a l

w ith

a nd

i n

I a t

( 1979)

c hapters

t he

c hapters

Merimde

( Eiwanger,

d escribing o n

P redynastic o f

b y

H assan

t he

v arious

e t

t he

a l,

f lint

a spects

a nd

N agada H olmes)

i s n ot a ctually p ublished .

I n a ddition to t he a bove r eports, t here a re a lso s everal p apers which v ery

f ocus o n specific t ool c lasses. d etailed

a rrowheads, l ithic

p oints .

T ixier,

p aper

F our

p apers

k nives

1 981;

a lso

o f

w ere

a lso d iscussed

t he

a re

d evoted

t o

m anufactured

( 1974) p resent a

D ynastic

b y

C asini

d iscussing

( Bradley,

1 984;

m anufacture

i n a p aper

a nd

a rrows

a nd

i vory a nd wooden a rrowheads a s well a s

M idant-Reynes,

c onsiders

C lark e t a l

P redynastic

i ncluding bone,

r ipple-flaked a nd

a ccount

K elterborn,

o f

P redynastic

M idant-Reynes

1 984) .

f ishtails,

( 1974) .

h ow

1 972; a nd

H owever,

B radley 's

f ishtails

a ll

t hese

a re

' tool-

s pecific' p apers r efer t o material t hat c ame f rom p re- World War I I e xcavations . o f

T he o nly p aper

P redynastic

d uring

t he

T he

t ools

r ecent

o nly

u ndertaken

i s

which s o.far

t hat d iscusses a r ecently e xcavated b y

t he

i nvestigations

o ther

h ave

o ne

s tudies

b een

o f

m icrowear

w riter

a t

o n t he

N agada

P redynastic a nalyses

f lint a xes

( Holmes, l ithic

( Hester,

g roup

r ecovered

n .d .) . a rtifacts

1 976;

r ecently

H olmes,

h ave p rovided s omewhat d iscouraging r esults

1 987b)

( Holmes,

1 987b).

A IMS OF R ESEARCH I n t he p revious s ection s tatus

of

t he

n inety y ears

s tudy

o f

of

r esearch,

Ih ave attempted t o convey t he c urrent

P redynastic I h ave

l ithic

t o a gree

a rtifacts.

w ith

M cHugh

E ven

( 1982:

after

8 5)

t hat

t he s tudy i s s till " in a n e arly s tage o f d evelopment"! I n g eneral, t he e arlier r esearchers p aid s cant a ttention t o f lint t ools, a nd t hose who

d id

t ake

a n

i nterest

c ompletely

i gnoring

T ools

a s

s uch

f ocused

d ebitage

b urins,

a nd

n otches,

p rimarily

t he

m ajority

d enticulates

a nd

o f

o n

b ifacial

s imple

r etouched

t ools

f lake

t ools .

p ieces

w ere

a lmost n ever r ecognized. O nly H uzayyin ( 1937: 2 23-225) c onsistently i dentified b urins, a nd d e M organ was e xceptional i n r ecording n otches o nly ( de

h e

r eferred

Morgan,

M organ, T he

t o

1 896:

1 926: e arly

t hem

1 20

a s

a t ype

[ figs.

o f

" racloir",

1 66-167])

o r

" racloirs " e 7 chancrgs"

" racloirs

e ncoche"

( de

8 4). l ithic

c lassifications,

2 8

s uch

a s

t hose

s hown

i n

t ables

2 .1-2.4, T hey

r eflect

s elected

' diagnostic ', c ontrary

b e

h e

t o t he

f or

t han

t hem,

c ollecting

v iew o f,

t o

h ave

t he

s ettlement a t T own

p rocedures' o f t he e arly e xcavators.

a t

l east,

b rought

N agada

h ome

v ery

s ite, i n

C hapter

p .

( 1955:

7 ,

t hey

c onsidered

r epresentative

a s

s amples,

B aumgartel

( 1970a:

i s c lear

f act,

t hat

b rought

2 58-260) .

2 7-28;

1 960:

i t

I t

2 6;

a rtefact ."

i s

W hile

c ertainly

t his

u ntrue

o f

m ay t he

H aving compared t he c ollection o f S outh

w ith a r ecently e xcavated i t

e very

i n t he P etrie

e xamined, a rtifact,

what

o ne p erson.

c emeteries,

S outh T own.

l ithic a rtifacts s ame

a nd

u nbiased,

" Petrie was v ery t horough i n h is c ollecting a t N aqada

a ppears

t rue

' sampling i nterested

r ather

4 79) t ells u s, a nd

t he

what

P etrie,

b ack

i s

M useum,

1 970a:

f ar

s uch

4 79)

a ssemblage

f rom

t he

f rom b ringing h ome e very

a r ather

w ith

which B aumgartel a lso

( 1960-1981)

b iased

c ollection

a c ollection

p roceeded

t o

t hat

make

( cf.

B aumgartel

c omparisons

b etween S outh T own a nd t he l ist o f tool c lasses r ecorded f or C atonT hompson's N eolithic F ayum A , c oncluding t hat t he two were r elated, a nd,

t herefore,

c ontemporary .

H owever,

t he

two

v ery d ifferent a s well a s o f d ifferent a ges. c a .

3 440

a bout

B .C .

a nd

1 000 y ears

t he

F ayum

m aterial t hat

s tone

i ndustries

a re

S outh T own i s d ated t o

B aumgartel

w as c omparing

i s

o lder .

T hus, t he s elected l ithic c ollections f rom p re-Second World W ar e xcavations h ave n ot o nly l ed t o i ncomplete i nterpretations, b ut a lso t o

o ften

wildly

e rroneous

i deas.

i naccurate

B aumgartel's

T he

above

i nterpretations

r emarks,

t hough

example

which

r eferring

t o

i s

o nly

p ervade

t he

o ne

t he

P redynastic

w ell s ummarize t he s ituation r egarding t he s tudy o f

o f

many

l iterature. i n

g eneral,

P redynastic l ithic

i ndustries: " The o verwhelming k now a nd h ow k nowledge

i mpression

s lender

( i.e.

o f

w hich emerges

a re t he

f oundations

P redynastic

E gypt)

i s h ow l ittle w e

o n

w hich

r ests.

e ven

t his

T he r easons

f or t his a re manifold. T he work o f o ur p ioneers,

F linders

P etrie and h is s chool, R eisner a nd d e Morgan, most o f t hem e xcavating a bout a h alf a c entury a nd

more a go, h as n ot b een

f ollowed up b y modern e xcavations made with a ll t he h elp r oadern

technique

can

i nformation

e xtracted

l ack

i nadequacy

o r

t he

g ive, which o f

s ettlements c annot b ut t hese

d rawbacks

r ecovered, h ardly

w hich

b een

a rticles b ack

w ith

p ublication

a dded

o f

every

o f

n ot

f act

m useums

a ll,

a nd

more

r ecent

material .

a chieved a re

t he

i n o ur

i nsufficient

t o t he o riginal

r esults

b e a t

books

with

e xcavations

a lso

t hat f or t hat

d ate

i llustrations, I n

v iew

p lace

t he

p ublished

p reliminary,

a nd

e xtract

i nformation

s tored I t

more

i n

" museums

i s

s uch

Ih ave, f or

of

objects

most

h ave

o f

o n

a nd

i n T o

t he

o lder

d o n ot

o f a ll t his,

g o

t he p oor

s urprising ."

" modern e xcavations"

t hough

t he

d ecades,

r ely

( Baumgartel, O f course,

g rain

material m ay c onceal . T he

make a ll our v iews l op-sided.

h ave b een

s tudied

and

p ublications

must

and t he

1 960:

1 40)

i n s ettlement s ites a re now t aking

i nformation

i s

a s r eported i n t his

s till, s tudy,

i n

t he

main,

e ndeavoured t o

f rom s ome o f t he material which h as b een

d ecades" .

f ailings

i n

t he

l ithic

2 9

d ata,

which

B aumgartel

i ndirectly a lluded t o,

t hat

modern a rchaeo]ogists h ave h ad t o d eal

w ith. H ays ( 1976; 1 984a; H ays a nd H assan, 1 976) e ndeavoured t o u se t he o lder l iterature t o d etermine t o which P redynastic p eriod t he N agada a ssemblages s hou]d l ack o f p revious l ithic

b e a ssigned, e mphasizing t hat t here w as a d ata. C onsidering t he r aw material, h e

s uggested t hat t he N agada a ssemblages c ould b e B adarian. c onsidering

t he

t ool

l ithic a rtifacts N agada

l ist

i n

c onjunction

( Baumgartel,

t ypology

was

most

1 960:

s imilar

w ith B aumgartel 's

2 4-43),

t o

t he

h e

H owever, s ummary o f

concluded

G erzean,

t hat

t hough

t he

f inally

s ettling o n a B adarian a ssignment f or t he N agada s ites b ased o n c eramic d ata ( an a ssignment w hich a lso h as s ubsequently b een s hown t o b e e rroneous

( cf. C hapter

7 , p . 1 91).

C learly a n u p-to-date o verview o f P redynastic l ithic a rtifacts, i ncorporating d ata f rom t he r ecent e xcavations, i s l ong o verdue . T he

m ain a im o f

s uch a n o verview. s ense,

i t

i s

a

my r esearch h as b een t o a t l east b egin t o p rovide

A s s uch, modern

t his s tudy i s v ery d escriptive.

] ithic

equivalent

o f

P etrie's

I n o ne

C orpus

o f

P rehistoric P ottery a nd P alettes ( 1921). I h ave c oncentrated o n c haracterizing l ithic a ssemblages f rom s ettlement s ites, d escribing t hem d ata,

i n

t he

a nd

l anguage

o f . modern

r ecording

l ithic

a ttribute

a nalysts,

d ata.

p roviding

P redynastic

d iverse, a nd o ften I f ound I n eeded t o a dapt o lder o ccasionally t o c reate n ew s uitable

c lassification

p resented

i n

A ppendix

c lasses o f t ools,

s cheme

f or

f requency

t ools

a re

v ery

nomenclature,

o r

i n s hort t o d evelop a

P redynastic

t ools,

which

i s

A .

T he e arly t ypologies emphasized b ifacial t ools a nd n eglected m any o rdinary

t ools

r esearchers a s

possible

i ntended

s uch

h ave

( e.g.

f or

a s

u sed

notches

t he

a nd

d enticulates,

t ypological

M cHugh,

1 982).

E pipalaeolithic

s cheme H owever,

i ndustries

o f

g enerally d ominated b y b lade a nd b ladelet t ool c lasses a re not

s o

most

T ixier T ixier's

t he

a s

f ar

s cheme

Maghreb

t ools.

modern

( 1963)

was

which

a re

Many o f T ixier's

i n t he P redynastic,

a nd t here a re

many P redynastic t ools, p articularly b ifacial t ools,

which a re not

accommodated

b y

T ixier's

c urrent r eports, t ogether

i n

a longside, T hus

i n

r epresented

o f

a c ategory a nd

t he

w ith

s cheme

l abelled

i nadequate p roposed

s uitable b alance b etween I h ave ( 1)

I n

t he

d ata

t ables

o f

' bifacial

t ools ' w ith

d escriptions h ere,

i n

t he

t heir

f requency

a ccompanying

t ext.

I h ave e ndeavoured to achieve a t ool

c lasses .

m ore

i n

t he

f rom

p ast,

' attractive'

s ettlements h ave

a ttention

i mplements

h aving f ound

r eceived

b een i n

m ainly

l ittle

g iven

t o

c emeteries .

A rtifacts f rom s ettlements a re more r epresentative o f t he P redynastic t he

p eople

t hought ( 3)

a ll.

t he b ifacial a nd n on-bifacial

L ithic a ssemblages t he

a t

f ocused o n s ettlement a ssemblages f or t hree m ain r easons:

a ttention

( 2)

t ypology

t here i s a s trong t endency t o l ump b ifacial t ools

A lso,

i ndustries . u sed

t hey

i n

t heir

would n eed

l ithic

A fter d aily i n

a rtifacts

t he

a ll,

t hey

l ives,

a re

p resumably

a nd n ot

j ust

a fterlife .

occur

f ar

more

abundantly

s ettlements t han i n c emeteries.

C aton-Thompson

( 1928:

r eferring

c emeteries

t he

t o

t he

P redynastic

3 0

w hat

what t hey

i n

i n

7 0),

B adari

d istrict, g raves t he

noted

c ontain

l ithic

" not

f lint

more

work

a rtifacts

r estricted

i n

t han

a t

about

a ll",

a nd

r ecovered

I i n

2 0

P redynastic

s he a lso o bserved

t hat

f rom b urials w ere " probably

t ype" .

O ne might a lso add t he f act t hat i t

i s mostly s ettlement . l ocalities

which a re c urrently b eing excavated.

H owever,

i n o rder t o g et some

i dea o f h ow s ettlement a ssemblages d iffer f rom c emetery a ssemblages,

I

h ave e xamined s ome c emetery m aterial. T he r egions

l ithic i n

a rtifacts r ecent

a rtifacts

U pper

E gypt,

e xamined

f rom

e xcavations.

e xcavations

o f

asse mblages

S outh

' Predynastic

are

o f

a nd

by

f rom

f rom

u nder

material i s

C aton-Thompson M useum

of

e xamined

t he

s ettlement s ingle a nd i n

l ocality,

l argest

t he

B adari

H emamieh)

[ Yehya w as

o f

l ithic

p rimarily

a nd as o f

s ince

r ecently b y i n

A lthough b iased,

part

U .S .A .

t he

N agada of

P rofessor

P ull man,

U niversity

t he

College

( including

i n t he P etrie a nd

1 920s

F athi

e valuating

t he

f rom

o f

t he

the F ekri

H owever,

M useum a s

B adari

t here o f

E l

i t

b een

f rom

f rom

n o

some

A hzar

B adari

t he

u sefulness

o f

t he

B runton

e xcavations

l i mited

U ni versity,

s uch

I

f rom

c ontains t he

m aterial

h ave

( apart

A fifi

L ondon.

material

E id, pers. comm.]) to p rovide an a lternative s ample.

i nterested

f rom

i s

Hoffman

d irection

P redynastic

e xcavations,

a rea

t hree

T he

and i s now housed i n t he P etrie

a t

collections

c ollection

C aton-Thompson 's

c arried o ut

1 920s,

A rchaeology

B adari

A .

U .S .A.,

undertaken

t he

f rom

f rom e xcavati ons c arried o ut by B runton a nd

( 1928) i n t he

E gyptian

a re

M ichael

C olumbia,

excavations

a re

H ierakonpolis

A . H assan of Washington S tate U niversity, t he B adari

s tudy

H ierakonpolis.

H ierakonpolis

P rofessor

P roject'

t his

a nd

material

C arolina,

N agada

i n

N agada

N agada T he

conducted

u niversity

d escribed

B adari,

o ld

work C airo

A lso,

I

c ollections.

c ollections y ielded a s urprising amount

o f

i nformation which t he o riginal

i nvestigators h ad not

a ddition,

o f a rtifacts r ecovered b y P etrie f rom

I e xamined c ollections

s ites i n t he

N agada

A lthough E gypt

a nd

e arlier p eriod

o f

t hree

within t he

a reas

c hanges

i n

E gypt

t hese

b road

i n

l ithic

s hould b e

r egarded a s

h as

l ithic t he

i n

to

i ndustries

r esults

o f

t hough

o f

t he

o f

i nterest

t he

c lear

t he

m ain

many

o ne

c ollections

a rchaeologists,

been

noted.

t hat

a re

l ight

a nd

o n

e ach

c ultural f rom

d istinct

v arious

T he

d uring

i ndustries

t hrow

F urthermore,

t emporal

t echnological

a ssemblages

p resented

a im

o n

t hese

h ave

a spects

o f

t he

up-to-date o lder T o

r esearch

d escribed

overview

c ollections t his

e nd,

o f

a nd

t he

i n

t his

P redynastic i ncorporating

l ithic

a rtifacts

E gypt h ave b een

( including r ecording of a ttribute d ata),

v ariability

r ather

t han

t he

r egional

o nly .

e xcavations.

F urther more,

M useum .

h omogeneous

l ithic

t here

i nformation

an

b y

s eldom

was

t hat

l ithic

t he

P etrie

impression

d escriptions

t he

t he

l ocalities i n t hree a reas of U pper

i nter-regional

v ariation.

h as

E gypt

c onsidering

s tudied i n some d etail b een

i s

i nitiate b y

modern

f rom s ettlement h ence

U pper

p reliminary

s ummary,

b een

g ave

i ndustries .

a spects

r eported,

s tudy

i t

I n a ddition,

f unctional

r egions

i n

I n

l ithic i ndustries o f n orthern

r ecognized

t he c haracterization o f t he

c onsidered, t he

t he

a re

p articular,

a lso b een

T hus

b etween

U pper

P redynastic,

T hrough

d ifferences . a nd

o f

s cholars,

r egion .

w hich a re a lso h oused

d ifferences

t hose

v ariation

a rea

r ecorded.

a nd

b road

i nter-site

c hronological and

i ntra-site

d escribing a nd c lassifying

3 1

t rends

t he

a nd h ave

activity

m aterial

u sing

modern

t erminology

t ogether f or

t he

w ith

t he

i s

r egarded

d evelopment

o f

a s

a n

important

a spect

a c lassification

e xtreme d iversity o f P redynastic s tone

3 2

o f

s cheme

t ools.

t his t hat

s tudy c aters

C hapter

3

M ETHODOLOGICAL C ONSIDERATIONS

S AMPLES S TUDIED T he main f ocus o f t his s tudy h as b een material f rom s ettlement l ocalities o f

t he

i n

t he

B adari,

l ocalities

N agada

r epresented

a nd

b y

H ierakonpolis

t he

l ithic

p robably s mall a gricultural s ettlements, e ncampments S outh T own p ossibly p erhaps P etrie

o r

i n t he o f

a t

o r

N agada a rea o r

e nd

o f

w here

w here

t he

i ncluded

l ast

a p ottery

t han,

r emains

o f

s ay,

o r

k iln .

r evealed

H owever,

a re

s tructure,

were

f ound b y

l ocality

HK-29

a h abitation

i n

r epresented b y t hese

s easonal

r epresenting

' country v illa',

a rea

a ll were

e xceptions

a l arge

s ignificance, and

N early

e xamined

p robable

c entury;

e xcavated

t he a ctivity v ariation

T he

t he

r eligious

t he

r ather

t owns .

P redynastic o fficial's

t he

a lso

v illages

p alatial

s ome

H ierakonpolis w hich

l arge

a reas .

a rtifacts

n either

a t

c omplex

i nstance

i s

t hought

t o

l ocalities

s ignificantly i nfluence t he c haracter o f t heir l ithic a ssemblages. O nly t he w inged d rills ( defined

i n

p articularly a ssemblages t hey

A ,

a nalyzed

m ay

r epresent

n oted

t hat

t he

i n A ppendix A ,

p .

s pecialized

p robably

m ay b e

( defined

Appendix

3 99)

a t

a ctivities.

b e

r egarded

n ormal

d ata

p .

H K-29

4 12) a nd

s eem

Generally,

a s

f or

c omparable

[ p .

s imilar

1 08,

1 10]

a nd

7 .1

and

s ets o f a ctivities

r egion.

A lthough

H ierakonpolis,

i t

7 .2

[ p .

1 99,

t he

t o

a nother

t hat I t

f rom t he

s uggesting

t he s ites w ithin

s tudy o nly o ne s ample

c omparable

s ense

f unctions .

( cf. t ables 5 .7 a nd

2 01])

were p erformed a t

i n t his i s

i n

a ny

s ettlement

t he l ithic a rtifacts

s ites w ithin e ach a rea a re consistently s imilar 5 .8

s uggest

t he

a gricultural-habitation

o btained

m icrodrills

to

t hat

a g iven

was e xamined

a ssemblage

f rom

f rom

t he

s ame

l ocality a nd c ompares well w ith s amples o f l ithic a rtifacts f rom o ther m ore

o r

l ess

c ontemporary

s ites

i n

t he

H ierakonpolis

a rea .

T he

f act

t hat t he l ithic d ata f rom e ach s ite i n e ach r egion a re s imilar a lso s uggests t hat t he a dequately o verall

r ange

c omposition

i nterest r ather

t han

a reas

were

s ampled

s ignificance

r ather

A t N agada, u nits

v arying

s everal a dopted

o f

r epresented

u nits w ith

o f

a ctivities

b y

t he

t he

s ettlement

c arried f rom

l arge

e nough

to

t he s amples a re s ize

f rom

a t

a s ite

s creening.

T he d ata f or

c ontiguous

2 x 2 m s quares

f or i s

a t

e ach

s ites. e ach

s ite

S ince r egion

i s t he

i s

o f

r eassuring t hat t he

d ata

o f

o verall

s ite

i nformation .

f rom e xcavation a nd s urface c ollection

1 x 1 i n t o 1 0 x 1 0 i n with

c ombined.

m aterial

i t

p rovide

t han a ctivity-specific

o ut

t he

i ndustry

i ntra-site v ariability,

i n

t he

s amples

A t otal

t he d ata f rom

s ampling

s trategy

was

f rom t he e xcavated u nits b eing r ecovered b y S ite

K H3 A rea

( 12 s q .

B i s

m ) d ug i n

f or

s amples

f rom t hree

7 a rbitrary 1 0 cm

l evels,

a nd t he l ithic d ata s hown i n t he f requency t ables 7 .1 a nd 7 .2 f or K H3 A rea X/XI a re f or s amples f rom t he f orty 2 x 2 m squares ( 160 sq . m ) e xcavated d own t o l evel 2 ( approximately 1 0 cm i n t hickness) i n t he main 1 2 x 1 8 i n e xcavation a rea ( ostensibly consisting o f 5 4 t hough

F urther,

more d etailed d ata were obtained f or t he l ithic a rtifacts

f rom t he

2 5

s quares

l evel

two

s quares

( representing

2 e xcavations

i n

t he

were 1 00

not

s q .

m )

a ctually

s ystematically

4 0 s quares .

3 3

e xcavated

2x 2i n

s quares,

T he K H4 d ata

a t

s elected

a ll). f rom

i n t ables

7 .1

a nd

7 .2 r epresent

t wo

1 0 x 1 0

i n u nits

l aid o ut

a cross t he s ite.

s urface c ollections w ere m ade f rom b oth u nits, o f s ediment f or

S ite

w ere s ieved t o

r ecover

K H7 were o btained

collection

u nits,

a nd

f rom

f urther

a rtifacts.

s amples

A fter

t he t op f ew c entimetres

f rom

T he l ithic d ata

f our

f rom a 3 x 2 i n t est p it.

5 x 5 i n s urface

T he l ithic d ata f or

S outh T own a re f rom t en lx l m randomly c hosen e nd o r

c entre s egments

o f s ix t est t renches ( four I x 2 5 m , o ne 1 x 1 8 i n , a nd o ne 1 x 1 6 m ) s ystematically s pread a cross t he s ite o n a 2 5 i n g rid . T he l ithic d ata c ombined

f or

N orth

T own

s quares p laced n orth T hus, 1 0 s q . a rea

t o

r epresent

s outh

f our

a cross

t he

5 x 5 i n s urface

c ollected

s ite .

t he smallest s ampled a rea f or a N agada s ite i s a t otal o f

m f or

w ith

S outh

T own .

i ndividual

H owever,

u nits

t his r epresents a c ombined s ampling

a ctually

s paced

o ut

o ver

t he

s ite .

T hus,

f or t he N agada s ites o verall, t he c ombined a reas s ampled s hould h ave b een s ufficient t o p rovide o verall s ite d ata w ithout r unning i nto t he p roblem

o f

s urface

i ntra-site

collected

v ariability .

s amples

e xcavated u nits.

W ith

I t

y ielded

s hould a s

a lso

b e

r eliable

t he e xception o f v ery

n oted

d ata

a s

o ccasional

t hat

t he

d id

t he

o bviously

l ater o bjects, t he s urfaces o f t he P redynastic s ites y ielded p urely P redynastic I n

m aterial.

a ddition

t o

t he

P etrie 's c ollection o f t he

P etrie

a rea

o f

was

approximately

m udbrick a rea

M useum,

s tructures

s hould

f unctional

b e

r ecently

a lso 6 0

s tudied .

x 1 20

t han

v ariability.

h ave

h ad

a ddition,

i t

sq .

t o

o n

n oted

t hat

b e

t he

p .

1 95)

a lthough

m ansion,

t his a rea,

T his

c oncerns

o ver

t he

c ollected

a n

o bviously

P etrie

o f

f unction

s ocial

o f w hich

a ssemblage .

I n

i n t he n ortheastern p art

o f

( well i nto t he G erzean;

s o t here could b e s ome t emporal v ariabil i ty.

P etrie

s everal

L XXXV ).

t he a rea

l ithic

b iased

s et

comprising c hiefly a xes a nd o ther b ifacial tools,

p late a ny

i n

a r ectangular

l arge s tructure

r esulting

N agada,

n ow h oused

u ncovering

5 4,

counter

t he s ite, i s t he youngest s ector o f t he s ite c f.

m )

a s n oted above,

t emple o r

e ffect

f rom

T own,

e xcavated

1 896:

t o c orrespond t o s ome

some m ay

m ( 7200

H owever,

material

S outh

P etrie

s ufficient

i mportance s uch a s a p alace, may

f rom

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

more

e xcavated appears

r ecovered

l ithic a rtifacts

o f

H owever,

l ithic

t ools,

a nd

a rtifacts

' nice' b lade

i t i s t hought u nlikely t hat t he f unction o f t he s ite a rea h e

e xcavated,

o r

i ts

s lightly

more

r ecent

a ge,

s ignificant e ffect o n t he l ithic a ssemblage.

s hould T hus,

h ave

i f

h ad

P etrie

a

h ad

c ollected a r epresentative s ample i t s hould r esemble t hat f rom t he t est

t renches which

( though

w ere

l ocated i n a s lightly

T he

H ierakonpolis

e xcavated t hought

a rea

t o

f eatures r eflects

w hich

h ave

a ssemblage.

s ample

c ontained

s ignificantly

i ncluding

g ave

a h ouse.

a reas

t o

h e

i nfluenced T hus,

i dea

c leared

o vercome

was

considerably

more

a nd

f rom

o f

t he

f rom

o ccupational

l ittle

d iscoveries,

e nough

p art

o f

t he

i n

( 200

s ite

a

1 0

x 1 0

k iln . t he

H owever,

c haracter

s q.

m )

i s

n ot

t his

o f

t he

l ithic

I n t he a djacent s quares a re t he r emains o f h abitation

m ainly o rdinary

B runton

i s

a p ottery

o f

t he

s ettlement l ocalities i n t he B adari h is

o lder

s till G erzean) .

p lan

h uge

a ny

a dept

h er

t he

e xtent

o f

d istrict,

a reas .

i ntra-site i n

l ithic assemblage p robably

a ctivities . h is

e xcept

E vidently

e xcavations t hat h e

v ariability .

a t t he

j udging

d ug

o ver

f rom l arge

C aton-Thompson

r ecording h er e xcavation p rocedures,

e xcavation

u nits

3 4

( Caton-Thompson,

1 928:

p l .

L XIII)

i t

may

b e

estimated

e xcavated

a t

s ufficient

t o o vercome

I n

t he

g eneral,

d isturbance. d isturbance

t he

S outh

N agada

n otably

d isturbance

merely

o f

d ue

t o

of

about

o f a ny

a t

h ave

a c ombination

u p

a lso

t he

o f

d eposits

s uffered

b een

J acques

was

d iggers

Morgan .

r ather

l ittle

considerable

s ebakh

d e

a lthough P etrie noted some

f t.

p robably

v ariability .

most,

to

sq.

a gain

i ntra-site

h ave,

b ut

8 600

H emamieh,

appears

P etrie, j umbled

i ntrusive a rtifacts,

a rea

s ites

t here

T own

a rchaeologists, h as

an

s ite

t he e ffects

However,

a t

t hat

s ettlement

t han

B ut

a nd t his

i ntroduced

l ater XVIIIth D yn.

pottery i n t he northeastern a rea of t he s ite where h e e xcavated, t he v icinity o f some mudbrick s tructures. r egular

t o

b e

P redynastic,

c onsidering

i n

T hese h e r egarded a s too

t hem

t o

b e

XVIIIth

D yn .

o n

t he

b asis of t he pottery, t hough t here were a lso P redynastic s tructures immediately e vidence

n earby

( Petrie

o f s ebakh

a nd

d igging

Q uibell,

1 896:

5 4).

was observed a t one o r

More

l imited

two o ther N agada

s ites. T he

s ite a t

appears

to

H ierakonpolis

h ave

s uffered

which

some

i s

o f concern

extensive

i n t his

s tudy,

d isturbance

by

a lso l ocal

f ertilizer d iggers, a s well as possibly by P redynastic c lay d iggers ( Hoffman,

1 980c),

r edistributed

T hus n o i ntrusive F rom

b ut

again

material.

r eused

was not

m aterial h as

b een

a dded.

B runton

i n

l ater

4 2-47,

5 0,

5 2,

l ocality

i n

d isturbance

s ite

a nd

C aton-Thompson's

t hat t he m ajority o f t he

P redynastic

p eriods,

b een p lundered

t his

T he

d escriptions,

s ites

p articularly

i n t he

f or

t he

j ust

l ocally

l ater

p eriods.

i t

would

B adari

b urials

( Brunton a nd C aton-Thompson, 8 8-94).

h as

r eused i n

a rea

many o f

1 928:

a ppear

h ad b een

which

3 -6, 9 -10,

h ave

1 3,

1 7,

A rea 1 900-2000 i s perhaps t he most d isturbed

r egion.

B runton

descri bed

i t

as

" thoroughly

d isturbed" and with " all s tratification of t he o ld v illage deposits d estroyed"

( idem:

d ynasties h aving

b een

v illage

of

o ther

o ccupied a t

of

i n

was

t o

c overed

F irst

H emamieh.

t he

l ater

a rea t he

a nd

k eep

r ecent

H owever,

t he

B adari t he

p it-tombs by

despite a nd

v arious well

extensive b urials

appears

o ther

a s

a p revious

s uch

a rtifacts

and

o f a s

i ntrusive

B runton

P redynastic b urials

P eriod,

t imes

d isturbances

d istrict,

i ntrusive

b y

I ntermediate

comparatively

s ite,

m anaged

t he

o f

i n

E l

t his

s ites

s uccessfully t hose

T he

mostly

modern

d isturbance a t

4 3).

t hough

to

h ave

s eparate

f rom

l ater

i ntrusive

e lements, a s t he l ithic d ata a re r emarkably c onsistent f rom s ite to s ite

whether

each

s ite

h ad

been

q uantity o f f lint p laced i n g raves q uite

r apidly,

and

i n a ny c ase,

c ontain c omparatively f ew I n l ithic

a ddition a rtifacts

B runton, N agada were

and

r egion,

t o

f rom

compare

with

material

e xcavated b y t he

f rom t he

s ettlement

f rom t he

s ettlement

c ollection t he

not.

with

Of

course,

t i mes

t he

declined

settlements,

t he

s ettlement

B adari

( mainly t he

g raves

a nd n ow

" Great k ept

l ocalities,

d istrict

C emetery")

i n t he

t he

e xcavated

P etrie

b y

i n t he M useum,

collections p rovided i nteresting d ata t o d ata,

a nd

B adarian c emeteries

i nformation o n f rom

i n

P etrie,

T hese

a dditional

2 66 a rtifacts

compared

a rtifacts

c emeteries

c emeteries

a lso examined.

o r

P redynastic

l ithic a rtifacts.

l ithic

f rom

r eused

after

B adarian

c omprised o nly

i n

t he

f lint

i ndustry,

4 5 s tone

c emetery a reas .

3 5

c ase

of

t he

B adarian

i n t he B adari r egion, a s

a rtifacts

t he

u seful

B adarian

c ompared

w ith

A ll

t he

a rtifacts

e xamined were c lassified a nd c ounted w ith t hese

data

b eing r ecorded i n appropriate f requency t ables.

w ith

t he

i n

t he

e xception

B adari

o ther

c ollection

f rom

( consisting

of

t he

o nly

I n a ddition,

B adarian 4 5

v illage

l ithic

a reas

a rtifacts),

were r ecorded f or a ll of the t ools, cores and o ne o r

a rtifact

c ollections

t he

d istrict

a ttribute d ata two

o f

a nd

categori es

represented

in

the

settl ement

a ssemblages.

EXTRACTING I NFORMATION FROM MUSEUM COLLECTIONS H aving i n

c riticized

C hapter

2 ,

o ne

t he

m ay

c ollecting

wonder

why

worth while s tudying a t a ll. words

a gain

h ere

t hat

h abits

a ny

o ld

o f

t he

e arly

e xcavators

were

c onsidered

c ollections

H owever, we might r ecall B aumgartel's

t here

h as

b een

P redynastic

m aterial

g athering

d ust i n museu ms f or decades which h as scarcely b een s tudied a t a ll. I n

p articular,

i n

t his

B adari

m ay

t he

d istrict,

( Brunton and m aterial only

i t

s tudy,

b e

r eceived

H emamieh

r emaining

c ollections f rom

t he

t hree

f lint

b angles) i n

( Petrie

T hus,

t he

f irst p lace.

a nalysts. " flint

improve p ut

C lose

i f

and

( 1896)

one

i n

t he

B runton

while t he l ithic w as

d escribed

1 928:

7 5-78).

museum,

t he

i n T he

l ithic

f rom

South

Town,

were

f our

p ages

( or

f our

i n

i ncludes t he description o f t he j ust

o ver a p age

P lates" c hapter

collections t hey

on

a re

r eceived

t he e arlier

d escriptions

i nspection o f

o f t ools

H owever, b e,

t he

flakes" with

h undreds

6 1-62),

f rom

by

of

o f

comments

N aqada

b y

a nd B allas

b iased

and

i nadequate

i nadequate a ttention

a s

i n t he

C learly, a r e-examination of t he collections could b e

t o

emphasized,

t reatment

P etrie

d escribed

B runton

5 0-51).

s amples b y modern s tandards, expected

c ollection

C aton-Thompson t he

i n addition, 1 896:

a lthough

i n

Spurrell

" Description of

Q uibell,

3 5-37,

b y

c emeteri es

paragraphs with,

t he

a nd

by

l argest

r ecovered by

( Caton-Thompson,

s tudied

N agada

o riginally d escribed

1 928:

detail

a rtifacts and

t he

perfunctory

e xcavated

g reater

pages

t hat

o nly

C aton-Thompson,

f rom

slightly

P etrie

n oted

l ithic a rtifacts

o n

d escriptions,

a nd

i t

s hould

what

B runton

would c asually r efer

l ittle i ndication of t heir abundance, b eautiful,

b iased a nd

b e

i nto t he t erminology o f modern l ithic

r egular

t o a s

r evealed

b lades.

u nrepresentative a s t hese o ld c ollections m ay

t hey h ave y ielded a s ubstantial

amount

o f

u seful

i nformation,

a nd

t heir analysis has l ed to a s ignificant r evision of s everal e arlier conclusi ons. l ikely what

i s

p resent

o bserved

i n

s elected

o ut

fact,

O nce

t he

( and

w hat

a nd

O bviously b e

t hey

t here c hose

s uggested a s

e xtent

c hapter,

b lades

s ome

t o

of a nd

b e

the b lade

more p robable v ariability

t o c ollect,

what

way

b ut

f rom

w hat

t he p re-Second

c onsidered

t he

i n

collections

a re

c oncentrate o n o btaining i nformation f rom

consisted

r egular i s

appreciated

c an

t o a c ertain

t hey

generally

implements

i s

o ne

p revious

a l ithic a rtifact, what

i t

t o b e b iased,

a n

' diagnostic', more

t ools . i t

was

b etween

3 6

a bsent). W ar

T he i t

which

t he

more

A s

was

e xcavators

' eye-catching'

a pproxi mate

f ollows:

i s

World

i n

a ctual

b ifacial

' attractive'

would b e p icked up. e arly

e xcavators

' collecting

s cale'

i n m ay

v ery

f inely m ade e laborate

e .g.

t ools

r ipple-flaked k nives

f ishtails, a lways c ollected

f ine b ifacial

t ools

e .g.

b ifacial

k nives,

w ell-made a xes o ther

b ifacial

t ools

e .g.

m iscellaneous

b ifacial d ecreasing f ine b lades,

b lade t ools,

e .g.

& b lade c ores

b lade

k nives,

c ertainty

s ickle b lades

o f c ollection

o ther

b lades,

f ine

b lade t ools

f lake t ools

e .g.

e ndscrapers

e .g.

c ircular

s crapers,

e ndscrapers f lake c ores

e .g.

n eat s ingle p lat-

f orm f lake c ores

a lmost n ever

f lakes

& o ther

d ebitage,

e .g.

f lake t ools

n otches,

a tes,

r etouched

u nretouched

T hus, s uch a s t hey

would

( defined

p robably a ll

collection s cale.

c ollected

f lakes,

f lakes

i t i s r easonable t o s uppose t hat i f a ny e laborate tools,

f ishtails

H owever,

d enticul-

would,

i n

T he

b een

t herefore,

t he s ame c annot a bsence

d enticulates,

A ppendix A ,

h ave

i n

o f

p .

4 08)

c ollected,

s ignify t heir

b e s aid

f or

o rdinary

a collection

were

f ound a t

a s ite

a bsence

i n t he

a nd t heir a bsence

f rom

t he

s ite.

t ools a t t he o ther e nd o f t he

f lake

t ools,

c annot

b e

s uch

a s

i nterpreted

absence o f s uch tools f rom t he o riginal s ite.

notches

a nd

t o

t he

mean

A n e xample o f s uch a

c ase was o utlined o n p . 2 3. T he

examination

o f

i nstructive c omparison s ite .

t ools,

s ickle b lades,

f orming o nly

d ebris),

a nd

t he

r etouched

e xcavated

T own

collection a llowed a n material

t ools

c omprised

material

N o

f rom

mostly

p lanes

S outh

H owever,

l arge q uantities o f d ebitage

8 .0% o f t he l ithic a ssemblage

p ieces.

f rom t he s ame

mainly o f a xes a nd a f ew o ther

a f ew p lanes a nd l ittle e lse .

r ecent e xcavations p roduced

t ools a nd

S outh

r ecently e xcavated

P etrie's collection consists

b ifacial t he

P etrie's

w ith

T own

( calculated

e ndscrapers,

were

r ecorded

( though

b urins,

f or

w ith

i ncluding n otches

t he

r ecently

p lanes h ave b een

r ecovered

f rom o ther N agada s ites), a nd o nly o ne a xe, a nd a f ew b ifacial t ools a nd

s ickle

c ollection a llows u s t o

s ee

b lades o f

a dditional and

f ound.

Y et

worthless,

r ather

t he

t han

r ecently

making

e xcavated

t o c ompare a nd e valuate t he o lder c ollection,

how

c ollection . axe

were

a rtifacts u seful

i nfor mation

P etrie 's

S outh

d ata, 1 1

T own

e specially

s ickle

f or

b lades

c an

b e

t he

a xes

were

a nd t herefore,

e xtracted

c ollection

i s

a nd

f rom

v aluable

s ickle

recovered

P etrie's

a ssemblage

i n

b lades .

f rom

t he

o ld

p roviding O nly

the

o ne

modern

i nvestigations.

C omparing t he d ata f or t he modern s amples ( for t he

a xes,

combined

note

collection t ables s imilar,

t he

N agada

d ata)

( compare t ables 7 .23 a nd

7 .45-7.47), t hough

i t

may

t hey p erhaps

b e

7 .42,

s een

t hat

i ndicate

t hat

3 7

with a nd t he

t hose t ables

d ata

P etrie

f or

a re

d id

P etrie's

7 .27-7.30 w ith e ssentially

n ot

a ttempt

t o

c ollect

v ery

small b roken s ickle b lades

s ickle b lades d imensions

o f

i n

modern s ample,

s ickle

o r v ery s mall,

b lades

i n

P etrie's

r oughly worked a xes

i n modern s amples,

T hus,

mm,

6 3 .0

w ith

x 1 9 .4

a verage

x 5 .7

r p m ) ,

6 5.1 x 4 6.0 x 2 0.4 mm, w ith average d imensions o f

g enerally,

i t

i s

7 6.7 x 4 9 .5 x 2 2.2 mm).

possible

t o

o btain

u seful

d ata

about

c lasses w hen t he e arly e xcavators r ecognized t hem a nd O f c ourse, a s i n t he e xamples c ited a bove, t here m ay

b e s light b iases n ot

s anple,

( compare a verage d imensions o f a xes

a xes i n P etrie's S outh T own s ample,

i ndividual t ool c ollected t hem .

( compare a verage d imensions o f

4 8.9 x 1 4.8 x 3 .8

s ignificant

w ithin

e ach c lass o f a rtifact,

e nough

t o s everely

l imit

b ut

t hey a re g enerally

t he v alue o f t he d ata g ained .

O ne e xception would b e where t he t ools h ad b een made o n both f lakes a nd

b lades,

h ad

b een

b ut

where

o nly

c ollected.

classes

i n

old

t ools

m ade

N evertheless,

t he

t he

collections

c an

t he

most

s tudy

p rovide

useful

b lades t ool

s upplementary

p articularly

m ake a n e ffort t o c ollect a nd w hich o ften o nly f orm,

o f

( per

o nly o ne o r

b ifacial

t ool

t wo p ieces .

c lass)

t ools

r egular

i ndividual

i nformation, 1 -2%

b ifacial

of

e xcavators d id most,

f or

o n

o f a t ool

F orty s uch

which

t he

a ssemblage

m embers o f a c lass

a nd

U ndoubtedly, modern

a major

i nformation

e xcavations,

a s

B adari

d istrict.

B adari

collection a nd

t remendous

T he

i s

v aluable

i nformation. t o l earn

r egion

t he

w ith

c ase

w here

t he

i s

i n p roviding

t here

h ave

collections

C aton-Thompson's H emamieh T he

( classified

p ossible

a s ite o r

d ata.

b een

f rom

n o t he

' presence d ata' a lone o btained f rom B runton's

importance.

collections

u se o f a n o ld collection

f or

a t

c onsist

i n a m useum

c ollection s omewhere c an . s oon s upply s ome e xtra s tatistical

p reliminary

e arly

l ists

u sing

o f

c ollection a re o f

l ithic

a rtifacts

i n

t he

modern t erminology) a re b y t hemselves

T he p resence

s omething a bout

o f

c ores

a nd

d ebitage

h as

m ade

t he m anufactural t echnology,

i t

a nd t he

r ange o f t ool c lasses r epresented a llows s ome comparisons w ith t he l ithic i ndustries o f o ther a reas. t he

a rtifacts

c onstancy

o f

i n t he

t he

F urther, e ven t he f requencies o f

c ollections

p roportions

o f

a re

t he

i nformative.

t he v arious l ocalities i n t he B adari a rea 1 08,

T he

r elative

d ifferent a rtifact c lasses f rom ( cf. t ables 5 .7 a nd 5 .8,

1 10) i s a n i ndication t hat t he s ites a re s imilar,

a nd t emporally, a nd h ave t hus p roduced a s ingle i ndustry. s heer n umbers o f r egular b lades a nd b lade t ools,

p .

f unctionally A lso t he

r egardless o f w hether

t here were o riginally abundant f lakes a nd f lake t ools at t he s ites, a re s ufficient

t o h ighlight a n

s ites a nd t hose o f t he t ools

a re

e xtremely

u ncommon .

c ertain a rtifact c ategories e xtreme

r arity

o f

i mportant d ifference b etween t he B adari

N agada

a xes

a rea I n

where

r egular

a ddition,

t he

b lades

a bsence

m ay a lso b e s ignificant . f rom

t he

P redynastic

o r

F or

a nd

b lade

r arity

e xample,

B adari

s ites

o f t he

( not

c onsidering t he l ocalities o f t he B adarian p eriod) i s p articularly n oticeable w hen o ne c onsiders t he a bundance o f a xes a t t he P redynastic s ites

i n

c ategory c ommon

i n

t he t hat t he

N agada P etrie B adari

a rea,

a nd

collected a rea,

t hat i n

B runton

t hey s ome would

m ore e xamples .

3 8

c onstituted

o ne

f requency.

H ad

u ndoubtedly

h ave

a rtifact a xes

b een

c ollected

ANALYSIS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS:

P ROCEDURES

T he a ttributes u sed t o d ocument

t he

t his s tudy a re l isted i n A ppendix B .

l ithic a rtifacts d escribed

i n

T he p urpose o f t his s ection i s

t o p rovide t he r eader with a n o utline o f t he way t he a rtifacts were d ocumented, w here

i t

a nd

i s

f or

e xample,

f ar

a s

i s

modified

tool

B efore a ny

i n

c lass

k ind

o r

modified

d ebris,

t ools,

i n

a s

u sed,

h as b een u sed a s w hich

addition,

i ncorporated

a rtifacts

l ithic cores,

i n

a nalysis, e tc.),

a ny

a n

i s s orted i nto m ajor a rtifact c ategories f lakes,

t erminology

1 980)

h as

a ny

i nto

b een

n ew

t he

o r

tool

i n A ppendix A .

l ithic

o f

t he a ttributes r ecorded

t erminology

C w ith,

definiti ons

d escribing

o n

l ithic

T ixier e t a l,

A ppendix

s cheme g iven

o ther

c omment

S tandard

( 1963;

A dditional

d efined

c lassification

f urther

n ecessary .

by T ixier

p ossible .

employed

d oing

t o p rovide

t hought

d etail,

a ssemblage

( primary

a nd

b efore

o r

c ollection

f lakes,

s econdary

t he t ools a nd cores a re s orted

i nto major c lasses, a nd t ables o f t hese f requency d ata a re p repared ( e.g.

t ables

2 92]) .

7 .1

a nd

7 .2

[ p.

1 99,

2 01],

I r egard t his a s a n e ssential

s urprising

h ow

s till,, i n

a n

a ge

t ables

8 .1

a nd

8 .2

p reliminary p rocedure, o f

' new

a rchaeology'

[ p .

2 91-

b ut

i t

conscious o f a ccurate r eporting, t his i s o ften o nly p artially t herefore,

i nadequately)

a ttribute

d ata

p articular, b ladelets, T he

were

f or a nd

a ll f or

r ecorded

t he

H aving c lassified t he

f or

t ools,

c ertain

c ores,

a xe

s amples o f s econdary

a ttributes

although

c arried o ut .

employed

technology

a nd

a re

l ithic

( and,

m aterial,

c ategories,

p reparation

i n

f lakes,

g lossy

d escriptive

v alue,

b lades .

p rimarily

f unction

i s

s upposedly

have

o f also

b een

t aken

i nto

c onsideration t o a c ertain e xtent, p articularly t echnology a s i t i s d ifficult

t o

d escription a rtifact

s eparate

o f

l ithic

t he

main

a rtifacts .

d imensions a nd whether

b lank

t ype,

s triking p latform

f orm,

r etouch

a ttributes

a nd

o n t he a rtifact c ategory.

aspects T he

t he k ind o f r aw

m aterial

I n

g eneral,

c ondition. f lint.

o ther

c haracteristics

a

i nclude well

a s

o verall d epending

i s n ot

f lint

l imestone,

r eported

a nd

w ith

o nly v ery

i n o ne a rea,

r are

q uartz,

i n

t he

a ttribute

d ata

t ables

e xamined

a re

i n

u npatinated

t he t ext .

a ll

T he

H owever,

i n

a s

edge c haracteristics,

c ertain

m ade o f s ilicified

d iscussed

f r om

r ecorded

S ince t he r aw material o f a ll t he l ithic

s pecimens b eing i s

technology d ata

a n a rtifact i s b roken,

d ata,

a rtifacts a nalyzed c onsists p redominantly o f

b ut

of

a ttribute

t he

a rtifacts

majority o f t he a rtifacts s ome

a rtifacts

a re

d isplay a s hiny o r

w ith a d eepening a nd r eddening o f

t he

u sual

f resh,

o f

a b eige-coloured ' glossy ' a ppearance

b eige

c olour.

I t

was

s uspected t hat s uch a n appearance was c aused b y h eat t reatment, and t he e xperiments s ummarized i n Appendix D , appeared t o c onfirm t his impression.

T hus

a ppearance i s

S tatements c ombination a vailable

where

t hought

o f

a rtifacts

t o b e p robably

c oncerning t he

t he

w riter's

l iterature.

a re

t echnology

e xperience

S ince,

d escribed

t he r esult o f

w ith

i n

o f

a s

h eat

a rtifacts

a re

f lintknapping

o ne

f lintknapping e xperiments h ave a ctually b een

o r

two

' glossy'

t he

t reatment . b ased

a nd

o n a

f rom

t he

e xceptions,

no

c arried o ut t o a ttempt

t o

r eplicate a ny o f t he P redynastic t echnologies, t he r emarks c oncerning t he p robable u se o f h ard h ammer p ercussion a nd p unch t echnique e tc. r emain,

f or

t he

most p art,

u nverified .

3 9

T he d imensions

t aken

( length,

t o t he n earest w hole m illimetre . m ean,

s tandard

d eviation

a nd

w idth a nd F or e ach

t hickness) h ave b een

measurement,

r ange h ave b een

t he

r ecorded,

m ade

f requency,

b ut

i t

m ust

b e

s tressed t hat t he s tatistical d ata must b e r egarded a s d escriptive o nly,

p articularly

d eviation b ased t heoretical

t he

t hree

s tatistical

O ther p oints ( 2)

w here

o n

s amples a re

v alues

c an

b e

I f

t here

a re

n o

i n

t he

s tandard

r epresent

a

o ut

i n t he d ata

a c ertain

a ttribute

s ay,

I t

t wenty p ossible t ool b lanks w hen

s ample a re a ll

m ade o n s econdary f lakes

b lades .

t ables

where t here

o f

t hen t hat a ttribute s tate i s not l isted.

i n a p articular

s econdary

w ritten

r epresentatives

would b e p ointless t o l ist, t he t ools

a nd

t o

t o n ote a re:

s tate i n a s ample,

a nd

A m ean

e xpected

p opulation!

N ot a ll possible a ttribute s tates a re t ables .

( 2)

small .

h ardly

o f

a ttribute

i s a t otal

d ata,

o f

2 5

p ercentages

o r

more

c alculated f or t otals o f l ess t han

a re

o nly

s pecimens.

c alculated

P ercentages

2 5 could b e u nrealistic a nd

m isleading. ( 3)

w here t he

a m easurement

s pecimen

i s

c oncerned

g iven i s

i n

p arentheses

b roken,

a t

l east

t his

a long

i ndicates t hat

t hat

p articular

d imension. ( 4)

T he abbreviation b revity

( 5)

T he

i n

t he

small

' my' s tands f or m issing v alue, a nd i s u sed f or

t ables .

a rrows

u sed

i n

t he

l ithic

i ndicate t he d irection o f p ercussion . t hose o f D auvois t hat

t he

( 1976:

s triking

1 38-140) .

p latform

i s

a rtifact

T he a rrow

A n a rrow

p resent

i llustrations

s ymbols u sed a re

w ith a c ircle d enotes

( Fig .

3 .1a);

a n

a rrow

w ith

a l ine c rossing t he s tem o f t he a rrow i s u sed t o i ndicate t hat most o f

t he

p ercussion

p roximal

i s

a bsent

f eatures ( as

w ith,

r etouched p roximal e nd; F ig. i ts

b ase

d enotes

t hat

p ercussion a re absent ( 6)

I n

t he

l ithic

t he

( Fig.

a rtifact

a re f or

p resent

t hat

t he

a s lightly

p oint

o f

b roken

o r

3 .1b); a nd a n a rrow with a l ine a t s triking

p latform

a nd

b ulb

o f

3 .1c).

i llustrations,

d istinguish b etween a ncient p atina a ncient p atina

b ut

e xample,

a n

a ttempt

a nd cortex

b y

i s

made

s howing

more s chematically w ith a l ess d ense s tippling .

4 0

to t he

F ig.

3 .1

A rrow

symbols

u sed

i n

l ithic

a rtifact

i llustrations,

a rrow i ndicating p resence o f s triking p latform; i ndicating p ercussion

t hat i s

p roximal missing;

f eatures c ,

a rrow

a re

p resent

i ndicating

s triking p latform a nd b ulb o f p ercussion.

4 1

b ut

b ,

a ,

a rrow

p oint

o f

a bsence

o f

C hapter

STONE

4

I MPLEMENTS F ROM H EMAMIEH

I NTRODUCTION T he i s

P redynastic

l ocated

( Fig.

n ear

4 .1),

s ettlement

o f

t he v illage of

about

5 0

km

south

H emamieh

( or

E l-Hemamieh

of

t he

N orth

i n

t he

modern t own

S pur

H emamieh)

B adari

d istrict

of A ssiut.

F or

a

l ong t i me i t was t he o nly k nown deeply s tratified P redynastic s ite with

l evels

f ro m

the

r epresenting

B adarian

to

t hree

t he

of

t he

Gerzean

f our m ain

( the

P redynastic p hases,

P rotodynastic

i s

only

r epresented by a f ew pot burials which i ntrude i nto t he deposits of t he

p revious

s tratified f ound

a t

f rom

t he

P redynastic

deposits

H ierakonpolis. A rchaic

( Hoffman, e t a l,

p hases),

r epresenting T hese

period

although

an

l atter

down

r ecently,

e ven g reater c onstitute

t o

possible

1 986; 1 987; c f. C hapter

H emamieh i s particularly important

h owever,

t imespan h ave b een

a s equence

e xtending

' pre-Amratian'

6 , p .

1 82).

T he

l evels

s equence a t

i n e sti mating more c losely t he

r elative a ge of t he material f rom t he P redynastic s ettlement a reas a lso G uy

i n

t he

B adari

B runton

d istrict,

( Brunton

H emamieh

was

a nd

e xcavated

b y

C aton-Thompson,

e xcavated

b y

C aton-Thompson's

C aton-Thompson

F ebruary-March 1 924 a nd F ebruary-March

c olleague,

1 928) .

1 925

i n

two

f ield

s easons,

( Caton-Thompson,

1 928).

T he s ite i s s ituated on a small spur

i n t he l ow desert abutting t he

l imestone

r emains

p lateau,

P redynastic

a nd

v illage

r epresents

t he

c ommunities.

W hen

i t covered a n a rea of approxi mately more t he

t han

6 f eet

d eposits

i n

was

e xcavated t he

d epth

n o

s ite

6 9),

t han

4 f eet

6 -inch

l evels,

and v arying i n l ength f rom f t.

w as

c leared

H emamieh concluded

n ine

were

a ffiliating ( 261b) a nd

makes

7 8).

i n s trips

9 5 f eet.

of i t

small

t he

s ite

with deposits

i n p laces

( idem:

a nd

o f

t he d epth o f

C aton-Thompson

mostly 1 0 f eet w ide

A t otal of about

hut

8 600 sq .

p ottery

bet ween

with

s herds

t he

l ithic

about

S .D.

3 5

t hat

and

45

a rtifacts .

( ide m:

Amratian and e arly Gerzean.

postholes c lear

a nd

c ircles were f ound which C aton-Thompson

i n l ength a nd a t a depth of a bout

a n umber

r eport

a bundant

mud made

t hem

2 7 f t.

a lthough

o f

f ound

r epresenting n early h alf o f t he e xisting s ite a rea .

p roduced

I n a ddition,

3 5 t o

a s equence

4 0 x 5 0 y ards

( idem:

more

i n

o f

C aton-Thompson

were n ot

a lso

a ll

2 f t.

uncovered.

a rtifacts

A mud

below

8 8) wall

s urface,

C aton-Thompson's

f ound

were

k ept.

A bout

9 9% of all potsherds were of R ough ware which, except for a f ew r im s herds,

were not

" distinctive" was

equally

P redynastic

saved

wares

( idem:

were

selective. o r

7 1).

T he

I ntrusive

P rotodynastic

p ot

P l.

t o

L XIII),

t he t op 2 1 a lthough

a t g reater depths T he

t he

f inds

s everal

8 8-94).

s ome

o f

t he

t he

s ection

O ld

s herds o f

o f v arious

l ithic

c onsisted

of

O ld

a rtifacts

a f ew

K ingdom

K ingdom

i n certain a reas g raves

w ere

l ate

g raves

Most of t he b urials

f eet of t he deposits

( up t o 3 f t.

s tratigraphy o f

a p hotograph o f

r ecovery

b urials,

a nd s everal a ni mal burials ( idem: c onfined

O nly c ertain

r ecorded .

were

( idem:

e ncountered

9 i ns.).

s ite

i s

i n p late

s hown L XV

42

i n

f igure

( idem).

4 .2

M ost o f

r edrawn

f rom

t he d eposits

F ig.

4 .1

M ap o f

t he

4 3

B adari

D istrict

consist h earth a nd

of

d ark

midden

d eposits.

a ppear

material

T hese

m idden

t o r epresent

t he

c ontinuous

B adarian t o t he G erzean. scree

s urface

deposits

worked below

s herds,

f lints

p eriod,

( ide m:

73-74).

u nconsolidated t he

s urface

T hompson

1 1

i ns.

i s

1 0-12 i ns.

l imestone

T he p resence

a n

i ndication

t he

The

and

charcoal

i n

t hickness

s ite

r ubble

B eneath t he t hick.

s cree.

t hat

i t

T his

m idden b reccia

B eneath i t were f ound

o f B adarian

bel ow

a nd

wash

a nd

t he

t he

s equence

r ed

ware,

m aterial

f ormed

o f

a re

of

i n

a nd

a bove

i s

f airly

t he

P redynastic

a s

f ollows

d eposits

c eramic

of

b etween C aton-

according

( idem:

l ater

consists

homogeneous,

l evels

3

a nd

a r elatively

b reccia

S ince

6 -inch

c ertain

l evels

t he

d ust.

b reccia

f requency

d ivision o f t he

t hick.

f rom t he

l imestone

c ementation p rocess p robably o ccurred

sedi ment

l imestone

a nd

t he

of u ncombed polished

d ivided

d istribution r esulting

7 2) .

i s

a sh

6 f eet

o ccupation o f

t han

a ngular

a lthough

s ome

5 t o

which

3 s herds

( idem:

t he b reccia

s hort

more

o f a c emented

B adarian

a re

T hey a re overlain by a l ayer o f

i s a h ard b reccia

c onsists 3 6

wash no

containing

d eposits

t o

t he

t ypes.

H er

7 4-79):

D epth b elow s urface M iddle u pper

P redynastic E arly

E arly

( Gerzean)

P redynastic a nd

l evels l ower

M iddle

P redynastic

( Amratian/Gerzean

t ransition)

l evels

P redynastic

( Amratian)

T ransition

2 f t.-surface

3 f t.-2 l evels

( Badarian/Amratian

l evels

T o a bove more

whe .re

g reatest

i s t he

n umber l evels

as

t ransition n umerous

to

7 4).

r ippled

( Amratian) f t.

l evels.

R ed-polished

a nd

D ecorated

l evel. a re

a nd

o nly

l ower

a

w are

l evels

I n i s

t his

f requently

( 2

f ew

M iddle

a re

s tudy, f ound

f t. o f

to

t hat

4 f t.

6 i ns, a nd

p roduced

t he

3 f t.

p eriod 6 i ns,

to

a s

t he

l evel

t he

t hese E arly

t hese l evels

( 4

B adarian/Amratian c ontained

s herds.

r elatively

r are

W hite

T he

upper

l evels

( 3

a nd t he n umbers while

and

o f t he

s herds

f t.

o f o f

to

C rossE arly 2 f t.)

B lack-topped W avy-handled

l evels a re r eferred t o h ere a s t he I n t he m iddle P redynastic, most

w are

o f

( idem:

c onsidering e ach a re

( or

B adarian

and

t he

6 f t.

C aton-Thompson

B adarian

P redynastic

s urface)

t here

b etween

C aton-Thompson r egarded

B adarian

T hese

6 i ns.

s herds, t rue

6 i ns.

c onclusions,

l evels

ware s herds,

d ecreased

D ecorated

when

f t.

H ence i n t his s tudy,

r eferred

s herds

f t.-4

' true'

R ed-polished

w are a ppeared .

C aton-Thompson

f t.

6 i ns.

a nd

t he

Amratian/Gerzean t ransition l evels. Gerzean,

6 i ns.-3

" the

4 f t.

c ontained v irtually n o B adarian s herds a nd

a nd

w are

T he s ucceeding Amratian

and and

between

6 i ns.)

B lack-topped

P redynastic

4 f t.

T he

r epresent

B etween

t ransitional

s herds

f t.

C aton-Thompson 's

s tudy .

were d eeper)

B adarian

l evels

( idem:

6 i ns.-3

l ined

o f

with

t his

o f B adarian s herds d ecreased,

P redynastic f t.

i n

d eposits

t hese

o ccupation"

c omparisons

r etained

n umbers

considered

6 i ns.-3

> 6

f acilitate

s cheme

3 f t.

t ransition)

l evels B adarian

f t.

n o

t he

o r

r ecorded

by

l ithic a rtifact,

i t

7 9) .

c lass

o f

s ignificant

44

s herds

d ifferences

b etween

H emamieh .

u nconsolidated

l imestone

CY)

C o

C \ J

4 5 4 4

•

t he

material

material

f rom

t he

f rom t he

Therefore,

i t

is

often

B adarian/Amratian l evels',

a nd

' upper

t he

( idem:

a ccording

t o

7 5).

o f

b lade

A n umber

l ithic i n

c ircles'

i n

t he

l evel

t his

d ata

a re

material

b lade,

were

i n

the

a nd

B adarian,

a s

t he

' lower

l evels

t he

a s

s a me

a

u pper

t he

t rend,

" predominantly

a c ore

" very

f ine

l evels

i s

i ndustry .

makes

l evel

f ound

f lake

i n

f act,

C aton-Thompson 's

i t c lear

t hat

s he

f ound

a bove.

t he h ut c ircles,

d escriptions

f rom p its o r p laced

i ndeterminate l evel', addition,

3 f t.

n oticed

t he

a b lade

to

t he

l evels.

a s well a s n ear

T he d ata f or t hese a re g rouped i nto t he c ategory

r emaining a rtifacts specific

f rom

between

a nd G erzean

p roduced

a rtifacts

t he

o f p ieces

t he mud wall 2 61b. ' hut

i ndustry

o r

G erzean

l evels

y ielded

l evels

t erminology,

t he

r efer

t ransition

l evels

upper T he

t ools

to

Amratian

C aton-Thompson

l ower

t he

modern

d escription abundant

t he

whereas

i ndustry"

and

l evels,

t ransition a nd

convenient

t ransition

I ndeed,

t hat

i ndustry"

t o Amratian

Amratian/Gerzean

l evels'.

r emarking

B adarian

Amratian/Gerzean

i n

t he

a bbreviated

appears

t here a re

t o

a nd

t ables

which

o ther p rovenances,

b e

c ategory

to

' other'

l ate

( comprising

6 u nretouched s econdary b lades,

t he

f ollow .

n ot

' other

i n

r elatively

1 2 a rtifacts

o r

t ied

A ny

t o a ny

p rovenance

t ables.

i .e.

o r

M uch

o f

G erzean.

I n

1 u nretouched p ri mary

2 s ickle b lades,

1 b lade

k nife,

1r etouched b lade a nd 1 miscellaneous t ool) f rom a r ough r ed pot

( UC

1 0307) d ated t o S .D . 4 3-70 which was f ound a t t he 2 f t. Gerzean l evel ( idem: t he

9 8,

r est W hen

were

no

L XXI

[ 85]) .

m aterial

to

more

s herds

g ive

t han f rom

( Caton-Thompson

H ence,

t hese

w rote

t he

h er

a rtifacts

f orty years

l ater,

by

W hittle,

more

t he

a re

g rouped

w ith

l evels.

r eport

l evels

H emamieh

a nd

1 2

f rom t he G erzean

C aton-Thompson

means

However, e ight

p l.

o f t he

o f

t he

s ite

i n

1 928,

t han a r elative a n a ttempt

was

t here

c hronology. made

t o d ate

t hermoluminescence d ating m ethod

1 975) .

T he

r esulting

d ates

r anged

f rom

3 775 + 3 30 B .C . obtained f rom a D ecorated ware s herd f rom t he 2 f t. 6 i ns.

«l evel,

B adarian

to

5 580

s herd.

s tratigraphic

position,

r easonably

accurate

r adiocarbon

d ates,

1 60

B .C .

and

( Hassan,

+ 4 20

A lthough

a

t he

h owever, of

f or

r ange

d ates

absolute

r ange

1 984b;

B .C . t he

age

g ive

t he o f

a re

6 f t.

not

a verage

4 400-3800

f or

t he

o n

with

e nough

( Hassan,

c orrected

B .C .

l evel

agrees

p recise

esti mates

a n

6 i ns,

TL d ates

a

t heir

t o

g i ve

1 984b).

Two

d ate

o f

B adarian

4 080

+

l evels

1 985a).

MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT CATEGORIES AND TOOL CLASSES REPRESENTED AT HEMAMIEH T he

P etrie

s ettlement r easonable

M useum h ouses a t otal o f

s ite

s ample

l evel a nd c lass, b ecome

of

r ather

H emamieh.

s ize,

by t he

some o f t he

l ow,

3 34 l ithic a rtifacts

A lthough t i me

i t

f or

t he

f or

l ower

f ar f rom i deal s tatistically ( and, of c ourse, t hat

t he

s ample

i s

b iased

i nteresting meaningful t here a re l ower a re

of

s tart

f rom t he

appear

t o

b e

w ith),

F rom t able

a to

i ndividual c ategories l evels.

W hile

t his

i s

i t must b e r emembered

t he d ata 4 .1,

i t

s till

i ndicate

may b e s een t hat

more l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he upper l evels t han f rom t he

l evels .

not

t o

t rends.

may

i s s ubdivided according

f requencies

p articularly

t his

I t

equal

s hould

b e

n oted,

t hickness,

and

h owever, t he

d ata

C aton-Thompson d id n ot c ollect a c onstant

46

t hat c an

t he b e

p roportion

g roups

u sed

o f

l evels

t o s how

t hat

o f a rtifacts

f rom

T able 4 .1 M AJOR L ITHIC A RTIFACT F REQUENCIES

F OR H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian

B ad/Amr

A mratian A mr/Grz G erzean

( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3')

P rimary

H ut

O ther

T OTAL

( 3'-2')(2'-surf)circ

f lakes

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P rimary b lades

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

S econdary

f lakes

0

0

0

2

1

0

1

4

S econdary b lades

0

2

0

9

0

1

G lossy b ladelets

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

D ebris

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

d ebitage

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

T otal d ebitage

0

1

3

O ther

( chunks)

C ores a nd

. 2

0

1 9

0

1 1

2 2

2 3

1 1

1 7

2 1

T ools

1

4

1 4

4

6 4

1

1 16

4 0

6 -inch

l evel

v iew

o f

3 4

( table

t he

1 5

7 9

c haracter

r elatively

f ewer

o f

t he

l ithic

f rom

3 6-37),

t he

i .e.,

u ni mpressive

f lakes a nd f lake t ools and

t ools

t he

i n

A lmost

a ll

u pper t he

a rtifacts l ower

f ar

l ithic a rtifacts

i n

c ollected

f rom

l evels

b ecause

t hey

f ewer b lades and b lade

t he collection a re made o f

t o be

made

o f a quartzitic l i mestone. S ome p ieces a re

mid-brown and

very dark

o f

t he

i s

N ile

c liffs

o f

E ocene

a nd

f lint

l imestone

c ontinues

i nvolving

l ocal.

a s

f ield

T he

s outh

p ossible f rom t he f lint i tself o r whether c ollected

mainly

coloration.

E gypt

i s

T he

b ounded

b y

b ands o f t abular a nd n odular

E sna .

f rom

i n

i s

t here a re a f ew

i n t he

H owever,

w ithout

t he B adari a rea, RNS o f

f urther

i t i s not

t he a rtifacts

t o s ay

t he i nhabitants of H emamieh q uarried t heir r aw material o r i t

f rom n earby wadis

m aterial p rocurement T he

a s

i nvestigations

a nd

b rown

V alley

which c ontains

f ar

T he f lint

m id-brown,

t hat show bands of

c ores

3 34

t here were p robably more

s ource

r aw

1 4

l evels .

l ight b eige i n c olour.

f lint,

1 0

1

T he o ne e xception i s a f lake c ore f rom a d epth o f 5 f t. which

appears

s tudy

0

i t would s eem t hat C aton-Thompson

p ieces

were l ess ' attractive' ( cf. p . t han

2 50

4 .2).

t he s ite ( see t ables 4 .1 a nd 4 .3), c ollected

1 42

4 4

1 1

1

T OTAL

f lint.

3 9

0

7

P alaeoliths

I n

1

c ore

r emnants e tc.

e ach

3 1

H emamieh

( n=44,

i n

c ollection

i ncluding

( see p .

t he

1 71-172

B adari

c onsists

c ore p reforms

a nd

47

f or

f urther

c omments o n

d istrict). mainly

of

r emnants).

t ools

( n=250)

a nd

T here a re o nly

3 9

T able

4 .2

E STIMATE O F AVERAGE N UMBER O F L ITHIC A RTIFACTS C OLLECTED F ROM

E ACH

6 -INCH L EVEL

L evel

G erzean

N o.

o f

A mratian

f rom e ach

1 42

t ransition

B adarian/Amratian

( 3'-2')

t ransition

o f l ithic

r ecovered

( 3'6-3')

B adarian

A verage n o.

a rtifacts c ollected

( 2'-surface)

A mratian/Gerzean

l ithic

a rtifacts

( 4'6-3'6)

( >6'-4'6)

6 "

l evel

3 5.5

7 9

3 9.5

1 5

1 5.0

3 4

1 7.0

4 0

1 3.3

p ieces of debitage,

more t han h alf of which consists of blades f rom

t he

Most

u pper

l evels.

B adarian/Amratian Amratian a nd u pper which

a re

f rom

of

t ransition l evels.

t he

t he

c ores

l evels

a re

while

T he c onverse

upper

l evels.

f rom

t he

r elatively

i s

t rue

f or

t he

represents

adjacent p lateau. collected s upposed t he

by

a rtifact

i ntrusive

C aton-Thompson

t he

l iked

an

P redynastic

t o p ick

c ould

P alaeolithic ( idem:

occupants

of

h ave

b een

t ransported

includes an

c ircle

2 52

a rtifact

t he

t o

t he

t his

s ite

i s

b y

which

f rom

settle ment

W hile

t he

most o f

8 6) s uggested t hat

u p g listening o bjects .

a nd

f rom

t ools

T he collection a lso

e olized s econdary f lake w ith v ery worn e dges f rom h ut p robably

B adarian

f ew a re

t he

i t

was

who

she

p ossible,

s ome

n atural

t he

l ist o f

a gency. A lthough t ool l ow

c lasses

t he

major

( table

t ool. counts

l ithic

4 .3)

for

i s

t he

a rtifact

more l ower

t here were c omparatively f ew

d ata a re

i nformative . l evels a re

' collectable'

A s

l imited, mentioned

t hought

t o

p ieces,

a nd

a bove,

i ndicate t hat

t he t hat

i nstead

t here were more uni mpressive f lake t ools which were not collected. S ince t he c ounts a re small f or

t he l ower

g iven.

h owever,

t here

P ercentages a re given, a re

d o n ot

g reater

h ave

t herefore,

n umbers

t ools.

c omplete a ssemblages t hese

percentages

p ercentages

deriving

e xcavation

n ormally

way a nd

i s

i t

o f

P redynastic

s hould

f rom

a re .

u seful

B ut

e ven

T he

t he

l evels no p ercentages a re f or t he upper

i t

f rom

n ot

b e

b e

l evels,

' digested' o f

a re

a

l evels where

s tressed

t he u pper

r esults

p ercentages

m ust

i n

t hat

t he

way

systematic

meaningful

i n

we

a nd t hat, t ool

modern

a g eneral

t o c ompare t hem w ith t he t ool p ercentages f or

s ettlement

a reas

e xcavated

b y

B runton

( see

C hapter

t he

5 ,

p .

1 10). F rom

the

c ollection,

Badarian

levels

c onsisting of

m iscellaneous b ifacial p ieces, o f

o ther

p .

4 02).

s everal ( defined

t ool

c lasses

F rom t ools i n

t he made

there

i ncluding

on

r egular A ,

p .

only

17

tools

2 c oncave-base

i n

the

points,

2

2 r etouched p ieces a nd s ingle s pecimens a b lade

B adarian/Amratian

Appendix

are

6 e ndscrapers,

b lades,

4 00)

and

48

k nife

( defined

t ransition namely

a s ickle

i n

A ppendix

l evels

t here

8 t runcation blade.

O ther

A , are

k nives t ools

T able

4 .3

T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES F OR H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian B ad/Amr ( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)

A mratian A mr/Grz ( 3'6-3') ( 3'-2')

E ndscrapers

6

6

6

1 9.6

2

1

s crapers

0

1

0

4

6 .5

3

2 .7

0

1

9

f ragments

0

0

0

0

0 .0

2

1 .8

1

0

3

B urins

0

0

0

2

3 .2

1

0 .9

0

0

3

N otches

0

0

0

0

0 .0

0

0 .0

0

0

0

D enticulates P erforators

0 1

0 0

0 2

0 2

0 .0 3 .2

1 6

0 .9 5 .4

0 0

0 1

1 1 2

T runcations

0

0

1

4

6 .5

1 0.7

0

0

1 7

T runcation k nives

0

8

0

1

1 .6

1

0 .9

0

0

1 0

B acked p ieces S ickle b lades

0 0

1 1

1 2

5 9

8 .1 1 4.5

6 2 4

5 .4 2 1.4

0 1

0 2

1 3 3 9

B lade k nives

1

0

1

1

1 .6

3

2 .7

2

0

8

O ther b lade k nives G lossy b ladelet

0

0

0

0

0 .0

4

3 .6

0

0

4

t ools

2 9.0

2 2

H ut O ther T OTAL c irc

C ircular S craper

1 8

G erzean ( 2'-surf)

1 2

6 1

0

0

0

1

1 .6

0

0 .0

0

0

1

S idescrapers

1

0

0

1

1 .6

2

1 .8

0

2

6

S caled p ieces

0

0

0

1

1 .6

0

0 .0

0

0

1

P lanes

0

0

0

1

1 .6

0

0 .0

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

1 .6

2

1 .8

0

1

6

( ?)

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 .0 1 .6

1 1

0 .9 0 .9

0 0

0 0

1 2

B ifacial s ickles

0

0

0

0

0 .0

0

0 .0

0

1

1

A xes

0

1

0

0

0 .0

0

0 .0

0

0

1

B ifacial

k nives

B ifacial

k nife

r oughouts F ishtails

C oncave-base a rrowheads

2

1

0

0

0 .0

1

0 .9

0

0

4

O ther a rrowheads

1

0

0

0

0 .0

0

0 .0

0

0

1

B ifacial ' triangles

0

0

0

1

1 .6

0

0 .0

0

0

1

O ther

1

0

0

1

1 .6

2

1 .8

0

0

4

2

0

0

1

1 .6

1

0 .9

0

0

4

T OTAL B IFACIAL

6

3

1

5

8 .1

8

7 .1

0

2

2 5

R etouched p ieces

0

6

9 .7

1 3.4

0

2

2 6

f ine b ifacial

M iscellan.

b ifacial

2

1

W orked t abular s labs

1 5

0

0

0

1

1 .6

1

0 .9

0

0

2

M iscellaneous

0

0

0

0

0 .0

1

0 .9

1

0

2

0

0

0

2

-

4

-

0

0

6

U nidentifiable b roken t ools

T OTAL

1 7

2 1

1 4

6 4

9 9.9

1 16

1 00.2

7

N ote: p ercentages a re c alculated e xcluding u nidentifiable b roken t ools.

4 9

1 1

2 50

r epresented

f rom

t hese

l evels

i nclude

6 e ndscrapers,

an axe a nd a c oncave-base a rrowhead. Amratian

l evel

p erforators, o ther t he

consists

u pper

l evels,

t he

b lades

scrapers, t runcation

w here

and

a ny

b lade f or m

t he

p resence

b lade . a ny

b ut

l ooked

t hey a re b urins.

i s

o nly

N otches

a nd

o ne

A fter

t his

i ndividual

t heir

g ood

r egular s ickle

s everal

c ircular

t ools

i nclude

t hey

a re

t he

m ay h ave b een p icked u p t han

f or

t he

f act t hat

t he a bsence o f notches

t he

o ften

v irtual

t hroughout

w ere r ecognized a s s uch b y

r ather i n

c lass

to f or m an important t ool

c ollection

i n

w hich

n oticeable

a bsence

i n

i s

a nd o n

a bundance

t his

a i n

c ase p robably

b ias.

c ollection,

t ool

o n

R arer

t ool

t o n ote

d enticulate

p reli minary

l ithic

i f

good b lades

a nd

o f

t runcations, a re

p ieces.

t he c ollection

d enticulates

a c ollecting

H emamieh

wonders i n

e xamples

f ishtails.

i nteresting

l ithic a ssemblage,

i ndicates

o ne

l ike

I t

o f

m anufactured

p redominant

T he e xamples

t hey

a nd

s ingle

t he

2a re

I n t he collection f rom

p resent

b acked

p iece,

f rom

6a re endscrapers,

endscrapers,

A lso

k nives t he

were

a b acked

collection

a nd t here a re

B urins do not appear

l evel,

t he e xcavator. because

a re

p erforators

E ndscrapers i n

t ools

p ieces.

H emamieh s equence. c lass

most tools

r etouched k nives,

t ools:

i ncluding a blade k nife.

commonest

and

1 4

2 a re s ickle b lades,

t ool c lasses

b lades,

of o nly

T he t ool

c lasses

l ook

t he

w ill

a t

t he

c ores

overall

a nd

b lade

b e c onsidered

structure

d ebitage

i n g reater

of

t he

f ollowed

b y

d etail.

DATA F OR I NDIVIDUAL L ITHIC ARTIFACT CLASSES C ores

( Tables T he

4 .4-4.6;

H emamieh

F ig.

4 .3)

collection

p reforms a nd c ore r emnants. t able

4 .4.

B adarian s ingle

2 1

c ores,

l evels.

1 c ore

p latform

f lake

which 4 1.0

a re

mm .

f lake T he

c ores .

cores a re small

o r

f lake)

p latfor m,

t he

f lakes

a p latfor m

i n

T ixier's

s urface f lake

s cars

a nd

w ell t he

b road

worked

mainly

small

C aton-Thompson, f lake c ores

a nd

a nd

t he

a nd

3 d ouble

1 .12) o ne

s urface

core

f rom o f

p latform

a re:

e t

t he

small c ores, a ll o f

3 0 .8 x 4 4 .4

i ndicate

t hat

X

t he

( usually a

core

i s

on

act

a s

a s triking

to

r emoving a s ingle a l,

a t hick

l arge

1 980:

f lake

8 6])

o r

by

t he nodule often h ad a n ancient s triking

s trengthening h ammer

p latform .

r emovals

T he

s uggests

p ercussion t echnique.

s lightly e longate

i n

f orm.

c haracter t hat

t he

T he f lake

Most

of t he

m ay b e c onsidered e xhausted .

B adarian/Amratian

a nd 1 core r emnant. a re

e dge

a s

c ome

I f t he core b lank

[ Tixier

However,

s erved

cores,

4 i rregular cores,

a lthough

c reated by

t erminology

f lakes.

which

scars t end t o b e

F rom

a lso and

( average,

a s uitable

was

4 4

p redominantly

c ore d imensions

r atios

were d etached b y a h ard

c ores a re

a re

f ragment,

l acked

r emoving s everal o f

T here

T he a verage

nodule

o f

1 c ore r emnant

consist

r oundish o r s tocky i n f orm.

s econdary

p atina

c ores

( Fig. 4 .3a),

w idth/thickness

nodule

( entame

c ores.

a total

p reform a nd

T he B adarian

2 multiple p latfor m cores

contains

T he core s ubclasses a re s u mmarized i n

t ransition

l evels

t here

a re

1 0

c ores

T he cores, l ike t hose f rom t he B adarian l evels,

s ingle

p latform

1 928: p l. L XXXII 1 b lade

c ore

( UC

f lake

[ 141]).

1 0031;

cores

( Fig.

4 .3b;

s ee

a lso

T here a re a lso 2 d iscoidal

i dem:

p l.

L XXXIII

[ 161]) .

T he

b lade core i s t echnically a double p latform core, b ut i t appears to

5 0

T able

4 .4

S UMMARY O F H EMAMIEH C ORE C LASSES

L evel B adarian

B ad/Amr

( >6'-4'6)(4

A mratian

16 -3 16 )(3'6-3 1 )

A mr/Gerz G erzean

H ut

( 3'-2')

c irc.

( 2'-surf)

T otal

S ingle p latform f lake c ores

1 2

7

1

1

3

1

2 5

6 1.0

3

0

0

2

0

0

5

1 2.2

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

4 .9

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

4 .9

c ores

4

0

0

1

1

0

6 14.6

B lade c ores

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

4

4

1

D ouble p latform f lake c ores M ultiple p latform f lake c ores D iscoidal

f lake

c ores I rregular

f lake

T otal c ores

2 1

1 0

4 1

1 00.0

C ore p reforms

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

C ore

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

1

4

4

1

end

h aving

r emnants

T otal c ores,

2 .4

c ore

p reforms a nd r emnants

h ave

2 3

1 1

one

main

core

i rregular

b lade

s cars

i s

c lear

f rom

t hat

t hat

d istinct l ikely r emains b lade

t o d etach

a p unch

o r

p erhaps

o nly

t o

u ncertain

( cf .

appears a nd

t o

t he

f lakes

f rom

t he

t echnique

experi ments,

B adari h ave

b lades, b een

g lossiness

of

c onfined t o t his speci men.

f lake

was

t he p .

t he

p iece.

I n

a s

H eat

Amratian/Gerzean c ores

o f

t he

f lake

t ransition

p revious

T here I t

i s

a

s eems

w ithout

a ddition,

i ndicated t reatment

t o

h ave

b een

f rom

h eat-treated

which

( cf .

T he c ore f rom t he Amratian l evel i s a n e xhausted, platfor m

I t

t echnique

t his

b y

t he

i s

not

S ome of t he f lake cores f rom nearly all

a ppear

a lso

short

c ore .

a lthough

1 17-118) .

h eat-treated

o nly

c ore)

c ores.

u sed,

( all e xcept t he Amratian l evel

s ingle

a f ew t he

method o f b lade d etachment

t he H emamieh l evels o ne

j ust s hape

s trengthening o f t he c ore p latform .

p ressure

f lintknapping

c oloration

o ther

were

t he b lades were detached u sing a d ifferent

u sed

core

t he

w hich

c ontinuous e dge

t hat

r elevant

f ace,

4 4

core. l evels

l evels.

O ne

T he a re o f

5 1

4

f lake

i s D ) .

small s tocky

cores

b asically

s imilar

t he

s hows

c ores

t here

A ppendix

t o

m any

f rom t he

the f lake

i ncipient

T able

4 .5

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian B ad/Amr A mratian Amr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3') n =21

N o.

H ut

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n =1

n =4

n =4

n =1

7

1

1

3

1

1

0

2

0

0

n =10

T otal

c irc. n =41

o f s triking

p latforms: 1

1 2

2

3

2 5

61.0

6 14.6

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

2 .4

4

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

2 .4

o ther/irreg.

4

2

0

1

1

0

8

1 9.5

2

0

0

2

0

1 8

4 3.9

7

6

1

4

1

1

2 0

4 8.8

0

2

0

0

1

0

3

7 .3

3

4

1

0

0

1

9

2 2.0

6

1

0

2

1

0

4

1

0

1

0

0

6

1 4.6

5

3

0

0

1

0

9

2 2.0

P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthe ning r emovals

1 4

t iny e dge s trengthe ning

r emovals

c ontinuous e dge s trengthening P latform s urface: l arge

f lake s car

s cars o f p revious f lake

r emovals

1 0

2 4.4

s cars o f p latform s urface p reparati on

f lake r em.

a ncient p atina u npatinat d n atural f lint s urface

1

1

0

0

1

0

3

7 .3

o ther/irregular

2

0

0

1

1

0

4

9 .8

o ne a rea worked

1

0

0

0

0

0

o ne

8

2

0

1

0

0

E xtent o f w orking o f c ore: f ace

1 1 1

h alf o f p eriphery

1

0

1

0

0

0

most o f p eriphery

7

1

0

0

2

0

1 0

2 4.4

e ntire p eriphery

4

6

0

3

2

1

1 6

3 9.0

t wo f aces

0

1

0

0

0

0

5 2

2

2 .4 2 6.8

1

4 .9

2 .4

a

0

F ig.

4 .3

C ores

f rom

6 ' l evel;

H emamieh . U C 9 932);

a , b ,

m ultiple

1

p latform

s ingle p latform

l evel; UC 1 0079).

5 3

2 cm

f lake

c ore

f lake core

( from

( from

4 '

T able 4 .6 D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

F OR C ORES

F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian

B ad/Amr

( >6'-4'6)

L ength

Amratian

A mr/Gerz

( 4'6-3'6)(3'6-3')

G erzean

( 3'-2')

H ut

( 2'-surf)

T otal

c irc.

( max) 2 1

1 0

1

1

4 1

m ean

3 0.81

3 1.80

-

3 1.50

3 3.75

-

3 1.46

s .d.

1 0.11

8 .91

-

5 .02

2 .38

-

r ange

1 4-63

2 3-47

2 7-40

3 1-37

W idth

4

4 4

4

9 .08

2 0

1 4-63

( max) 2 1

1 0

1

m ean

4 4.43

3 8.50

-

s .d.

1 2.04

8 .92

-

r ange

2 2-75

2 4-56

T hickness

4

1

4 1

3 4.25

4

-

4 0.61

6 .69

6 .50

-

1 0.96

2 4-42

2 7-44

3 2

2 2-75

1

4 1

3 4.50

4 0

( max) 2 1

1 0

1

m ean

4 1.00

3 7.60

-

2 4.50

4

2 3.25

4

-

3 6.63

s .d.

1 1.53

1 7.18

-

8 .56

5 .00

-

1 3.92

r ange

2 3-62

2 2-82

4 4

1 3-35

1 8-31

3 0

1 3-82

4 1

W idth/Thickness n

1

4

4

1

m ean

2 1 1 .12

1 .13

-

1 .51

1 .55

-

1 .19

s .d.

0 .26

0 .32

-

0 .28

0 .52

-

0 .35

r ange

1 0

0 .73-1.58

0 .61-1.75

N ote:

m easurements a re

c ones

o f

p ercussion

0 .91

1 .20-1.85

1 .16-2.44

1 .07

0 .61-2.44

i n mm.

i ndicating

t he

u se

o f

a h ard

h ammer.

T he

G erzean

cores comprise 3 s ingle p latfor m f lake cores, a nd 1 i rregular core.

A gain,

l evels.

O ne

f lake

t hese a re small cores s i milar to t hose f rom t he l ower

h as a h igh

w idth/thickness

r atio,

a nd

i s

a t hin e xhausted

c ore. T here p latform r efers

i s

one

f lake

t o a s

Overall

core

c ore

a " core t here

f rom

w hich

h ut c ircle 2 52.

C aton-Thompson

do

not

s eem

to

f rom t he v arious

( except

one

for

the

s tocky

u sually a l arge p latform

f lake

s urface

i s a typical s ingle 8 5,

p l.

blade

s ingle s car,

b e

core)

p latform s cars

p reparation

any

l evels. small c ores.

o f p revious

f lake

r emovals

s ignificant T hey a re f lake T he

2 2 t o

7 5

mm

[ 213])

f lake o r

w ith a m ean o f

4 0 .6

mm,

5 4

a nd

d ifferences

v irtually a ll

cores,

p latform

and

a ncient

t hickness

are

s urface

r emovals,

l ength v aries f rom 1 4 to 6 3 mm with a mean o f 3 1.5 mm. f rom

L XXXV

implement" .

b etween t he cores p redominantly

I t

( idem:

s cars

p atina.

i s o f

C ore

Width v aries r anges

f rom

1 3

t o 8 2 mm averaging 3 6.6 mm. T he c ores appear

h ave b road,

T he mean width/thickness r atio i s 1 .19.

o ften

s lightly

e longate

f lake

t he c ores h ave b een worked t o e xhaustion o r c ores

f rom a ll

l evels

( except

t he

c ore

f rom

r edder

b eige

c olour.

O ne

c ore

a s mall d ouble p latform b lade c ore

S econdary b lades T he

most

b lades.

t here

2 f rom

a nd

T he

f lakes

a re

o ne

of

t heir

s tands

w ith

exhaustion.

Amratian g loss

o ut

r egular

f rom

a nd s lightly

t he

b lade

S ome

l evel) a ppear r est,

b eing

s cars .

( Table 4 .7)

f requent

s econdary

n ear

t he

t o h ave b een h eat-treated a s i ndicated by d eeper

s cars.

t o h ave been d etached b y hard h ammer percussion, and most of

unretouched e lements

T hese t he

c ome

m ainly

f rom

i n

t he

t he collection are

u pper

B adarian/Amratian t ransition

u ncertain

depth.

S ince

t here

do

l evels,

l evels

not

a lthough

( from

appear

t o

4 f t .), b e

a ny

s ignificant d ifferences between t he b lades according t o l evel, t he d ata

a re

c ombined .

T able D ATA

4 .7

F OR S ECONDARY B LADES

F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=29)

B reaks: n one

1 6

m inor

5

b roken

8 m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

2 1

6 3.71

1 9.96

W idth

2 9

1 6.72

5 .74

T hickness

2 9

4 .55

1 .83

L ength/Width

2 1

4 .06

1 .43

2 .05-7.07

T hickness/Width

2 9

0 .27

0 .06

0 .14-0.36

T hese d ata e xclude t ransition

t he

l evels.

t wo b lades

f rom t he

M easurements a re

T he b lades a re mostly moderately p latforms.

P latform

p latform

was

n oted

r ecorded

f or

1 4 b lades .

o f a re

1 -6

mm.

M ost

o f

multifaceted

( Remaining s hape

i s

N atural

a c lear

t he

t he

a nd

p oint

b lades

b ut

p latforms

small

a re

c f.

Appendix

l enticular. t he

by

C p .

T he

s ome

t echnique

5 5

3 .0

of

t hickness was

mm a nd a r ange

O ccasionally

p latforms 4 49).

b ulb

of

f or t he

T he

t here

with

RNS

p latfor m

p ercussion

i s

T he p latforms g enerally l ack

b ulb b eing

c learly produced

o r

s triking

i n d etail

c haracter

P latform

u nfaceted .

p latforms

t hin

r ecorded

g ive a mean o f

s omewhat p ronounced.

d irect h ard h ammer p ercussion

with o nly

o f t he b lades .

t hinned

o f p ercussion,

were

were

a lthough t he g eneral

r est

S urface,

2 -11

B adarian/Amratian

r egular

T he r esults

p redominantly

g enerally small T he

f or

6 -34

i n mm.

c haracteristics

a bout h alf o f t he specimens,

3 9-114

t runcated

a t

t he

p latform .

t echnique o ther

u sed

t o

p roduce

t he

t han

t he

f lakes,

T able F REQUENCY D ATA

4 .8

F OR E NDSCRAPERS

F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian B ad/Amr

A mratian

( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3') n =6

n =6

n =6

A mr/Grz G erzean

H ut

( 3'-2')(2'-surf)

c irc

n =18

n=22

1 6

2 0

n =2

O ther n =1

T otal n =61

B reaks: n one

6

6

6

1

1

m inor

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

5 6 1

b roken

0

0

0

1

2

1

0

4

4

6

5

4

4

1

1

2 5

2

0

1

8

1

0

2 7

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

3

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

P rimary f lake

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

S econd.

f lake

4

5

5

4

3

0

1

P rimary b lade

0

0

0

1

0

0

S econd.

2

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

3

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

2

5

3

2

1

S ubclass: s ingle e s o n

f lake

s ingle e s o n b lade o ther

s ingle

1 5

3

d ouble e s o n b lade o ther

d ouble

o ther T ool b lank:

b lade

0 1 0

1 5

4 2 2 1 2 9

i ndet s ec f k/b1'

1

t hin n odular f lint o ther N o.

o f s crapers

w ith a dditional r etouch:

a nd

t heir

p latform

c haracteristics

1 5

s uggest

p ressure t echnique ( cf. p . 1 17-118).

1 8

p ossibly

e ither

4 6

a p unch o r

B lade l ength v aries f rom

3 9 t o

1 14 mm with a mean of 6 3.7 mm, and t he l ength/width r atios a re h igh r anging f rom 2 .05 t o 7 .07 with a mean of 4 .06.

5 6

E ndscrapers

( Tables 4 .8 a nd

E ndscrapers c ollection, f rom

t he

m ade

o n

f orm

b eing

l ower

t he

w ell

l evels

b lades

4 .9;

most

F igs. 4 .4a-c,

i mportant

r epresented a re

m ainly

T he

I n

t he

l ength/width

T hompson's appear

r atios

Amratian/Gerzean

e ndscrapers

a re

s tatement

until

t he

( idem:

3 f t.

l onger a s p rominent.

f lakes .

7 6)

t hat

T he

L ength

l evels,

H emamieh

e ndscrapers

b lades

v aries

o f

t hose

f rom

2 2

f rom t he

a g ood n umber

b lades

which

e ndscrapers

T hus

t he

T he

t o

l ower

1 .38 .

r egular

l evel.

i n

t he e ndscrapers

a verage

o n

c lass

l evels.

r egular.

t ransition

m anufactured

a ll

m ade o n

7 8 mm with a mean o f 4 7.5 mm f or a ll l evels.

t ool

f rom

a re n ot p articularly

4 .5b and 4 .8a)

o n

( 56%)

s upports

l ong b lades

endscrapers

on

d o n ot

f lakes

F our double e ndscrapers a re p resent.

o f

C atona re

no

T he new

emphasis on scrapers made on b lades i s r eflected i n t he mean l ength a nd

l ength/width

s crapers t he

r etouched

perforator, r etouch so me

r atio,

6 3 .4

mm

a nd

with additional r etouch, end

b ut

r epresents

or

all

modification

opposite

i t

of

i s

double

h afting,

r espectively .

s craper

t hat

a modification the

f or

t he

thought

2 .14,

Among

t hose

3h ave b acking r etouch, and i n 2 , e nd

could

be

i n t hese

c ases

t he

f or

h afting .

I t

endscrapers,

p articularly

one

where o ne

c lassed

as

i s p ossible t hat end

a

' perforator' i n

represents a

s craper

e nd

i s

wider

o r better p repared than t he o ther ( e.g., i dem: p l. L XXX [ 74, 7 6-77]). S craper i s

U C 1 0190

of particular

f laked

k nife,

( from

t he

i nterest as

with

t he

r ipple-flaked was

f ound

l evel;

i dem:

7 7,

p l.

L XXXI

[ 891)

made o n a f ragment of a r ipples cars

o n

o ne

s ide

a nd

t he

g round

I t i s r etouched a round t he entire periphery.

T his worked r ipple-flaked a s craper,

i s

r ipple-flaked

s urface on t he o ther. r etouched

3 f t . i t

k nife

k nife

o n

t he

f ragment

f ragments.

d esert

i s

T he

s urface

o ne of o nly two k nown o ther,

a t

a lso

worked

H ierakonpolis

i nto

( Hoffman,

pers. comm.). I n

the

i ncreases a nd

Gerzean

( 73%)

l ength/width

r etouch,

two o f

C ircular

l evels,

t he

p roportion

w ith a c orresponding r atio which

( 2 .36).

a re

of

i ncrease

Most

o f

i n

t he

scrapers mean

o n

l ength

s crapers

h ave

b lades

( 73 .4

mm)

a dditional

b acked .

scrapers and scraper f ragments ( Table 4 .10; F igs. 4 .4d a nd

4 .6) T he

P etrie

Museum contains

4 .4d,

7 3]).

T hey a re mainly f rom t he upper

f rom

t he

4 .6;

9 c ircular scrapers

( Figs.

4 f t.

s ee a lso i dem: p ls.

L XXVIII

[ 13],

o n

a p lain t hin

f lat

n odular

f racture s labs

a re

b een p roduced by n atural h ave mostly a n atural minor v aries

cortex. f rom

3 1

T he t o

s urface

1 11

o n

e xtremely t hermal

t he

l evel

o ther).

l arge

( ?)

a nd

mm

Two

t he

f racture

f racture s urface o n

c ircular

a nd o ne

s cars,

w ith

6 9,

with

' domed'

o f

s labs

t he s eem

( Fig. 4 .6).

no

both

s ides

w ith a m ean o f

7 6 .9

mm .

T he

s ome s quare subparallel

57

f orms.

s ide,

s crapers t o

h ave

T hus t hey

and h ave

scrapers a re variable i n s ize.

i s invasive and consists mainly o f r elatively f lat, s calar

6 1,

T hey a re made chiefly on t hin nodular

p ieces of f lint a nd n atural spalls ( with cortex on o ne a nd

[ 60,

l evels, a lthough t here i s one

B adarian/Amratian t ransition

l evel o r o ther source g iven.

f rom H emamieh

L XXX

s craper b road,

o nly

L ength r etouch nor mal-

T able

4 .9

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian ( >6 ,4'6)

B ad/Amr ( 4'6-3'6)

A mratian ( 3'6-3')

A mr/Gerz ( 3'-2')

G erzean ( 2'-surf)

H ut c irc

O ther

L ength n

6

m ean

1 7

2 0

5 3.17

4 5.17

4 4.17

6 3.35

7 3.40

6 .69

1 7.01

1 2.07

1 7.48

1 7.81

4 2-62

2 2-78

2 7-63

3 6-117

4 0-102

s .d. r ange

6

6

1

1

5 0

5 4

W idth n

6

m ean

3 9.33

6 3 3.33

1 8

2 2

2

1

3 3.17

6

3 2.39

3 2.68

-

-

-

-

3 2,35

4 2

s .d.

1 1.16

1 0.86

6 .94

1 1.23

9 .20

r ange

2 7-57

2 0-53

2 3-46

1 6-57

2 0-60

T hickness n

6

m ean

1 5.17

s .d. r ange

6 1 0.50

1 8

2 2

2

1

1 1.33

6

1 0.39

1 1.45

-

-

3 .80

4 .54

3 .68

4 .15

4 .81

-

-

1 0-21

4 -19

7 -19

5 -23

5 -28

1 0,10

2 0

L ength/Width n

6

6

6

m ean

1 .46

1 .34

1 .34

s .d. r ange

0 .46 1 .02-2.14

0 .21 1 .10-1.71

1 7

0 .31 0 .93-1.75

2 .14 0 .95 1 .30-5.32

2 0 2 .36 0 .96 1 .11-4.50

1

1

-

-

-

-

1 .56

1 .29

T hickness/Width n

6

6

6

m ean

0 .39

0 .31

0 .34

s .d. r ange

N ote:

0 .06 0 .34-0.52

0 .08 0 .20-0.43

1 8

0 .07 0 .22-0.43

m easurements a re i n m m.

5 8

0 .34 0 .13 0 .14-0.57

2 2 0 .36 0 .14 0 .20-0.85

2

1

-

-

-

-

0 .29,0.31

0 .48

1

a

b

1

0

1

2 cm

d F ig.

4 .4

S crapers 3 '6"

f ragment f lake

f rom

l evel;

H emamieh .

U C

( from

( from

2 '6" l evel;

2 '6"

a ,

1 0112); 3 '

b ,

l evel;

l evel;

s ingle e ndscraper o n f lake s ingle

U C

U C

U C 1 0234).

5 9

e ndscraper

1 0201);

1 9677);

d ,

c ,

s ingle

c ircular

o n

( from

p atinated

e ndscraper s craper

o n

( from

a

0

F ig.

4 .5

Tools

f rom

t he

l evel;

UC

l evel;

a ,

9927);

beneath b reccia at 4 '

2 cm

B adarian and B adarian/Amratian t ransition

l evels at He ma mieh. 6 '5"

1

6 ';

miscellaneous b ifacia]

b ,

s ingle

UC 9 893); c ,

uC 1 0067).

6 0

too]

( from

on

f lake

( from

t runcation

knife

( from

endscraper

T able

4 .10

D ATA F OR C IRCULAR S CRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=9)

L evel B ad/Amr

A mr/Gerz

G erzean

O ther

T otal

n =3

n =1

n =9

( 4'6-3'6)

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n =1

n =4

B reaks: n one

T ool

1

4

3

1

9

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

2

1

3

1

2

1

0

4

0

1

0

0

1

b lank:

s econdary

f lakes

t hin n odular n atural

f lint

s palls

i ndeterminate

L ength n

1

m ean

-

7 2.25

4

9 3.00

3

-

1

7 6.89

9

s .d.

-

2 1.10

1 7.66

-

2 5.71

r ange

9 3

5 0-107

6 9-111

3 1

3 1-111

W idth n

1

m ean

-

s .d. r ange

4

3

1

9

6 9.00

8 2.67

-

7 3.89

-

1 8.45

1 9.60

-

2 6.48

1 12

4 7-98

5 5-98

2 9

2 9-112

T hickness n

1

m ean

-

s .d.

-

r ange

2 1

4

3

1 3.00

1

1 5.67

-

3 .46

5 .19

-

1 1-19

1 2-23

1 2

9 1 4.67 4 .59 1 1-23

L ength/Width n

1

4

3

1

m ean

-

1 .04

1 .14

-

1 .06

s .d.

-

0 .04

0 .10

-

0 .11

r ange

0 .83

0 .97-1.09

1 .01-1.25

1 .07

9

0 .83-1.25

T hickness/Width n

1

4

3

1

9

m ean

-

0 .20

0 .22

-

0 .23

s .d.

-

0 .07

0 .14

-

r ange

N ote:

0 .19

m easurements a re

0 .11-0.30

i n mm.

6 1

0 .12-0.42

0 .41

0 .11 0 .11-0.42

0

F ig.

4 .6

S ketch

of

H emamieh.

a c ircular ( from

l '

s craper

l evel;

6 2

U C

o n

t hin

1 0435).

1

2 cm

nodular

f lint

f rom

T he h ut

3s craper

c ircle

r elatively

2 52) f lat,

t o

i nvasive

o f n ormal-scalar, ( idem:

f ragments

appear

( 2 f rom t he G erzean

b e

f rom

t ypical

c ircular

c ircular

b road s cars w ith

l evels, and

s crapers.

s craper

a t endency

r etouch

t o b e

1 f rom

T hey

h ave

c onsisting

s quare subparallel

8 5, p l. L XxXV [ 212]).

B urins T he ( one

3 b urins

e ach

consist

f rom

i n

of a b urin

o blique

t he

t he

s traight

H emamieh c ollection a re f rom t he u pper

3 f t.,

2 f t.

o n a s traight

t runcation,

a nd

6 i ns.

a nd

t runcation,

a b urin

o n

1 f t.

l evels

l evels).

a burin o n a n

a b reak.

A ll

T hey

i nverse

a re

made

o n

s econdary b lades with b acking o n t he edge opposite t he l ateral edge b earing

t he b urin 5 3

f acet.

T he d imensions

o f

t he

b urins

a re:

x 2 0 x 1 0 mm

4 5

x 1 9 x 6

mm

4 4

x 1 4 x 4

mm

D enticulates T here f rom t he I ts

i s

o nly

1 f t.

o ne

6 i ns .

d imensions a re:

d enticulate

G erzean

i n

l evel,

7 7 x 3 3 x 1 1

t he

a nd

H emamieh

i s

m ade

c ollection .

I t

o n a s econdary

i s

b lade .

mm .

P erforators ( Tables 4 .11 a nd 4 .12; F ig.

4 .8e)

Most of the 1 2 p erforators i n t he H emamieh collection a re f rom t he

u pper

f rom

t he

l evels

( 2

f rom

Gerzean

s econdary b lades. Gerzean c lear

5 4

of

T he

t o

r atios a re h igh mean

a re

f rom t he upper

f rom

Of

t hese

t ransition

8 perforators,

l evels

7 a re

and o ne i s of i ndeter minate l evel.

p erforators

d egagement.

r anges

Amratian/Gerzean

7 5

double l evels

l ength

mm

with

b acked,

b ut

( from the

o f t he p erforators

w ith a n a verage

v alues

r anging

o f

f rom

t here

3 f t.

f rom

2 .52

to

i s

o nly

f lake

b ias.

p erforators.

( idem:

r elatively

p l. wide

l ength/width b road

o ne

which h as a

t he

u pper

T he

l ength/width

5 .82

a nd

l evels

h aving

T here a re v ery f ew perforators f rom t he l ower l evels.

l evel

f rom

T hree of t he

l evel)

6 5 .3 mm .

6 o n

a

4 .46.

possibly a collecting c ommon

a nd

made

Of t he o ther 2 p erforators on b lades, o ne i s

t he Amratian l evel perforator

t he

l evels).

r etouch

L XXXIV and

r atio o f

T here

T he

1 .26 .

l ikely

p erforator

[ 194])

s hort

a re

s eems

with

T he

s cars e xtend o ver

t ool most

a

( UC

h ave

b een

9 931)

f rom

t he

somewhat c lear

b lank

i s

a nd

i ndeterminate

f airly

B adarian

exceptional.

degagement

o f t he p iece.

63

T his i s

to

a s

I t h as

i s a

l arge,

T able

4 .11

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian A mratian A mr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)

( 3'6-3')

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n =1

n =2

n =2

n =6

O ther

T otal

n =1

n =12

B reaks: n one

1

1

2

3

1

m inor

0

0

0

1

0

1

b roken

0

0

0

2

0

2

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

s econdary b lade

0

1

2

5

1

9

i ndeterminate

1

0

0

0

0

1

r etouch:

1

1

1

5

0

8

( Tables

4 .13 a nd

u pper

l evels.

p erf.

T ool

e nd b roken

b lank:

s econdary

f lake

s econdary

f lake

N o.

8

f rg

o f p erforators w ith

a dditional

Truncations

T runcations

s eem

t o

b e

4 .14) r elatively

T here i s o ne f rom t he Amratian l evel. b lades .

T he f orm,

f ollowed

b y

5 .04.

o blique

i n

l ength

o f

a dditional

d isplay r etouch,

b acking 2 o f

7 7 .4

mm a nd a h igh

C onvex t runcations a re t he s traight

t runcations .

t runcations a re both double convex t runcations. t runcations

t he

A ll a re made on good r egular

t runcations y ield a n a verage

average l ength/width r atio, c ommon

abundant

r etouch,

a nd

which a re a lso

64

t here b acked .

a re

T he

most

2 d ouble

N early h alf of t he 5 t runcations

w ith

T able

4 .12

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS

F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian A mratian A mr/Gerz ( >6'-4'6) n =1

( 3'6-3') n =2

G erzean

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n =2

n =6

U pper

l evels

O ther

( 3'-surf) n =8

n =1

L ength 1 m ean s .d. r ange

4 8

1

2

-

-

4 6 6.75

-

-

3 5

5 4,71

6

1

6 5.33

-

5 .54

6 .97

-

6 0-75

5 4-75

6 3

W idth n

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

6

s .d.

-

-

-

r ange

3 8

9 ,13

1 2,23

1 5.83

8

1

1 6.25

-

5 .67

5 .67

-

1 1-27

1 1-27

1 3

T hickness n

1

2

2

6

8

1

m ean

-

-

-

6 .17

6 .13

-

s .d.

-

-

-

4 .02

3 .62

-

r ange

1 4

3 ,4

4 ,8

3 -15

3 -15

3

n

1

1

2

4

6

1

m ean

-

-

-

4 .79

4 .46

-

s .d.

-

-

-

1 .32

1 .24

-

1 .26

3 .89

3 .09,4.50

L ength/Width

r ange

2 .52-5.82

2 .52-5.82

4 .85

T hickness/Width n

1

2

2

6

8

1

m ean

-

-

-

0 .37

0 .36

-

s .d. r ange

N ote:

0 .37

m easurements a re

0 .31,0.33

-

0 .11

0 .33,0.35

i n mm.

65

0 .26-0.56

0 .09 0 .26-0.56

0 .23

T able F REQUENCY DATA

4 .13

F OR TRUNCATIONS

F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel Amratian

Amr/Gerz

( 3'6-3')

G erzean

T otal

( 2'-surf)

n=1

n=4

n =12

n=17

9

B reaks: none

1

3

5

m inor

0

0

0

0

b roken

0

1

7

8

0

1

1 ( 1)

2 ( 1)

0

1

7 ( 4)

8 ( 4) 4 ( 2)

Tool

s ubclass:

s traight convex

t runcation

t runcation

oblique

s traight

t runc.

1

1 ( 1)

2 ( 1)

o blique

o ther/irregular

0

0

1

1

0

1 ( 1)

1

2 ( 1)

0

2

6

8

1

4

0

0

double Total

no.

w ith Tool

t runcation of

t runcations

b acking

r etouch:

b lank:

s econdary b lades N o.

o f

t runcations w ith

i onal

r etouch

b acking

N ote:

F or

t ool

s ubclass,

h ave

1 7

a ddit-

( excluding

r etouch):

t runcations

1 2

b acking

n umbers

i n p arentheses

r etouch.

66

5

i ndicate

5

how m any

T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

4 .14

F OR T RUNCATIONS

F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel A mratian

A mr/Gerz

( 3'6-3')

( 3'-2')

G erzean

T otal

( 2'-surf)

L ength 1

3

6

1 0

m ean

-

9 1.33

7 0.50

7 7.40

s .d.

-

1 2.12

1 6.11

1 6.93

r ange

7 7

7 5-104

5 2-102

5 2-104

W idth 1 2

1 7

m ean

-

1

1 6.75

4

1 7.17

1 7.35

s .d.

-

3 .34

6 .37

5 .72

r ange

2 2

1 3-22

9 -28

9 -28

T hickness 1

4

m ean

-

5 .50

1 2 6 .75

1 7

s .d.

-

2 .18

3 .54

3 .20

r ange

7

2 -8

3 -15

2 -15

6 .47

L ength/Width 1

3

6

m ean

-

5 .15

5 .24

s .d.

-

0 .74

1 .93

r ange

3 .50

4 .32-6.12

2 .32-7.44

1 0 5 .04 1 .63 2 .32-7.44

T hickness/Width 1

4

m ean

-

0 .32

0 .38

s .d.

-

0 .12

0 .09

r ange

N ote:

m easurements

0 .32

a re

i n mm.

0 .15-0.47

1 2

0 .29-0.58

1 7 0 .36 0 .10 0 .15-0.58

T able 4 .15 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH ( n=10)

B reaks : n one m inor b roken

1 0 0 0

T ool b lank: p rimary b lades s econdary b lades

1 9

R NS : n one c ortex

7 3

T runcation c haracteristics T runcation l ocation : p roximal 7 d istal 3

R etouch: nvasive , m d irect, s lightly i edium , n ormal subparallel nvasive, m edium , n ormal d irect, s lightly i d irect, s lightly i nvasive , l arge, n ormal

5 4 1

C haracteristics o f e nd o pposite t runcation L ocation : p roximal d istal

3 7

S hape: r ound o gival o ther

7 2

R etouch : u nretouched d irect, i nvasive, l arge , s lightly e longate s ubparallel, m ay b e c onvergent d irect, s lightly i nvasive , m edium , c onvergent w ith p ointed s cars d irect, n on-invasive, s mall, n ormal d irect, n on-invasive, m edium , n ormal

K nife E dge c haracteristics L ocation : l eft l ateral e dge r ight l ateral e dge

7 3

E dge-on p rofile : r uler s traight v irtual s traight s lightly c urved

7 2 1

E dge s hape : r uler s traight v irtual s traight a pprox. s traight s lightly c urved

R etouch : u nretouched d irect, n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge i nverse , n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge i nverse, n on-invasive, m edium , n ormal r etouch a long p art o f e dge

1 4 2 3

6 I 1 2

N on-functional e dge L ocation: l eft l ateral e dge r ight l ateral e dge

3 7

E dge-on p rofile : r uler s traight v irtual s traight s lightly c urved t hick

5 2 1 2

E dge s hape : r uler s traight v irtual s traight a pprox . s traight s lightly c urved

R etouch : u nretouched d irect, n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge d irect, n on-invasive, s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge

6 8

4 4 2

3 3 1 3

2 2 3 2 1

T runcation k nives ( Tables 4 .15 a nd 4 .16; T runcation t runcation .

k nives

C ompared

s tandardized. i dem:

p ls.

k ind

of

t runcations,

oblique

t hey

a re

l evels

( 1

[ 129-135],

t ransition

( idem:

[ 40]).

l evels,

f rom

4 f t.

L XXXIII

a nd

1 i s

8 f rom

6 i ns.,

[ 158]),

f rom

convex

r emarkably

1 0 i n t he H emamieh c ollection,

L XXXII

L XXIX

o ther

t ransition

A mratian/Gerzean p l.

a special

t he

T here a re

B adarian/Amratian f t.;

a re

w ith

F igs. 4 .5c a nd 4 .7b)

t he

t he

7 f rom

1 f rom

G erzean

4

t he

l evels

S ince t he t runcation k nives f rom t he u pper

l evels a re s imilar t o t hose f rom t he B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evels t he d ata a re c ombined .

T able

4 .16

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH

m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

1 0

6 3.60

7 .95

5 0-77

W idth

1 0

2 0.60

5 .02

1 2-29

T hickness

1 0

4 .80

1 .25

3 -7

L ength/Width

1 0

3 .32

1 .07

2 .29-5.67

T hickness/Width

1 0

0 .24

0 .04

0 .17-0.29

N ote:

m easurements a re i n m m.

A s

t hese

d escribed

a re

b efore,

r egular b lades,

a d istinctive a d etailed

p .

t ool

i s

which

merited .

t o h ave b een p referred

t runcation

4 01) . .T he

o f

h as

A ll

not

a re

been

made

9o n s econdary b lades and 1 o n ap rimary b lade.

p roximal e nd s eems d istinctive

t ype

d escription

( cf.

t runcation

i s

F igs.

m ade

4 .5c a nd

b y d irect,

f or

t he

l ocation

4 .7b; s ee also s lightly

o n T he

o f

t he

F ig. A .2a,

i nvasive

r etouch

which v aries f rom n ormal t o n ormal w ith s ome s quare subparallel s cars . T he

e nd

opposite

p redominantly

r ound

t he i n

t runcation

s hape,

a nd

( usually

i s

t he

r etouched

d istal

i n

e nd)

8 c ases.

i s T he

p robable f unctional e dge o r ' knife e dge' i s i dentified b y i ts ' ruler s traight' t hat

t he

p iece

e dge-on

p rofile

k nife e dge

( with

t runcation

dorsal

i s a t

a nd

i s a lways a spect

t he

t op .

i ts t o

r elative t he

t hinness .

r ight-hand

u ppermost)

i s

T he s hape o f

I t

l ateral

o riented

a lso h appens m argin s o

i f

t hat

t he k nife e dge v aries

t he t he

f rom

r uler s traight t o s lightly c urved. F our k nife e dges h ave r etouch c onsisting e ither o f m edium n ormal r etouch a long p art o f t he e dge, o r v ery

small

e ntire

e dge .

c urved

i n

c onsists n ormal o f

n eat

s hape, o f

n ormal,

T he

a nd

d irect,

r etouch

t runcation

6 o f

k nives

r atio

t he

i s

a long

' ouchtata-like' e dge

i s

m ostly

r etouch

s traight

a long t o

v ery

t he

small,

s mall

e ntire t here

( ouchtata-like),

e dge .

i s

A lthough

a s urprising

t he

s lightly

n on-functional e dges h ave r etouch

n on-invasive

o ccurring

s tandardization. l ength/width

r ather

n on-functional

o r

t he

w hich s mall s ample

d egree

o f

T heir average l ength i s 6 3.6 mm a nd t heir a verage i s

3 .32 .

6 9

0

a

-

1

2 cm

-

b F ig.

4 .7

A b lade b lade

k nife

k nife

a nd

a t runcation

( from pot

UC

1 0307;

k nife ( from 1 '6" l evel; UC 1 0344).

7 0

k nife U C

f rom

1 0308);

H emamieh. b ,

a ,

t runcation

C aton-Thompson workmanship" o f which t he

( idem:

I would not

P etrie

d ark g rey,

t hese

l ists

p ieces a s

C aton-Thompson c hert.

f lint,

3 a re

b rown

s upport

a nd

2 a re

O f

o n

C aton-Thompson 's

f lint,

k nives

c lassify a s t runcation k nives,

b lack

b urnt),

" small k nives o f g ood

1 3 t runcation

c ollection .

( probably t hus

S he

a lmost

v ery d ark

c oloured

described 7 6).

a lthough

i t

on

d ark

T able

t hat

1 0 e xamined,

v ery

l ight v iew

i s

c laimed

t he

d ark

b eige

t hat

b rown a re

r ather

t hey

7 6),

2

1 i s not i n a re

m ade

o n

4 a re o n b rown a nd f lint,

c oloured

t hey

b rown

( idem:

and

f lint.

m ainly t han

1 i s

b lack

T hese d ata m ade

d ark

o n

d ark

g rey .

4 .17

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B ad/Amr ( 4'6-3'6).

Amratian

A mr/Gerz

( 3'6-3')

( 3'-2')

G erzean ( 2'-surf)

U pper

l evels

( 3'-surf)

L ength n

1

1

m ean

-

-

3

s .d.

-

-

1 4.97

1 6.77

1 8.54

r ange

3 9

6 0

7 3-108

4 7-94

4 7-108

8 7.33

4 6 8.50

7 7 6.57

W idth n

1

1

m ean

-

-

s .d.

-

-

r ange

2 3

1 7

5 2 2.60

6 2 0.83

1 1 2 1.64

4 .32

2 .91

3 .72

1 4-25

1 8-26

1 4-26

T hickness n

1

1

5

6

m ean

-

-

7 .20

8 .33

1 1 7 .82

s .d.

-

-

1 .60

2 .87

2 .44

r ange

7

6

6 -10

6 -14

6 -14

7

L ength/Width n

1

1

3

4

m ean

-

-

3 .55

3 .26

3 .38

s .d.

-

-

0 .68

0 .99

0 .89

1 .70

3 .53

r ange

2 .92-4.50

2 .50-4.95

2 .50-4.95

T hickness/Width n

1

1

5

6

m ean

-

-

0 .33

0 .40

s .d.

-

-

0 .08

0 .13

0 .30

0 .35

r ange

N ote:

m easurements a re

0 .24-0.43

i n mm.

7 1

0 .23-0.67

1 1 0 .37 0 .12 0 .23-0.67

B acked p ieces

( Table 4 .17)

T here a re 1 3 b acked p ieces i n t he H emamieh c ollection. f rom t he 4 f t. s econdary a f airly t he

f lake .

T here

r egular

i s o ne b acked p iece f rom

s econdary

A mratian/Gerzean

b lade,

t ransition

a nd

T hese

b lade,

b lade,

a double b acked b lade,

T he G erzean b lades

w ith

1 d ouble b acked

i nverse

b lade

s pecimens h igh a t

a lternately

b acked

i s

r etouch

b lade,

5 b acked

p ieces

f rom

w hich a re o n s econdary

mm,

a long

T he

a nd

b lade,

f airly

a n

a lternating

6 b acked b lades .

t he

l ateral

d ouble

a verage

b acked

i nversely b acked b lade. T he b lades a re

which h ave b een worked

2 i rregular

f ragment. 7 0 .6

o f

a nd a d ouble

s econdary b lades

b acked

a ll

a lthough t he t ool f orms a re

l evels a re r epresented b y

r egular

t he A mratian l evel o n

a re

5 b acked b lades c an b e d escribed a s c omprising a

b acked

a ll

a n

t here

l evels,

b lades t hat a re mainly r egular, i rregular.

O ne i s

6i ns. B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evel a nd i s o n a

e dge

b acked

l ength

i nto 2 b acked

o pposite

b lades

of

a ll

t he b ack,

a nd

1 d ouble

t he

u nbroken

t he a verage l ength/width r atio i s r elatively

3 .21.

S ickle blades ( Table 4 .18; F ig. 4 .8b-d) S ickle

b lades

p articularly f rom

t he

i n

f orm

t he

Amratian

l evel,

t ransition

l evel,

o ne

T he

b lades

f orm

s ickle

d ata

i n

t able

E ight p robably s ickle w as

4 .18

e xample,

a nd,

p roximal e nds . blade

t o

Appendix

A ,

4 02).

s econdary

p .

b lades.

i nclude

t hose

s pecimens

l ength

4 .59

A ll

u pper s ickle

t wo

T he

w ithout

b een

o f

b lades

u ncertain o f

most

o f

l evel

t he

t he n eed

u seful,

d epth . s o

t he

awkward g ap

s ickle

average

t o

t o

i n

t he

a nd

t o

h ave

t he

average a nd

s ickle

a re

made

b een

w ith

s ickle

e nd f or

mount

7 0 .5

( cf.

r egular

r atio a re

a nd a gain t o

d eliberately

i s

m ean

t he

w ith,

o n

l ength/width

l ength t he

i f

a s

w ay o f g etting

m eans a re n ot v ery g reat .

b reaks),

o ne

a re

t rim a n e nd b y

r etouch

b lades

l ength

a ppear

s pecimens h ave

b reaks

p articularly

m ay h ave b een a q uick

t he

which

w ith

e xcluding

l evels,

B adarian/Amratian

r egardless

b ut

a r emaining

b reaks,

s pecimens

t he t wo

f irst e xcluding a ll b roken s ickles,

s pecimens

( 4 .87

i n

a lso

6 i ns .

2 49 a nd

g roup

t herefore,

A ll

s ickles

with

4 f t .

b roken,

h ave

T he d ifferences b etween t hese e xcluding

a re

b oth e nds h aving b een s napped t o o btain a

A lso i t

f ill

c alculated twice,

t he

c ircle

a re

m ight

a s ickle

c lass

T here

c ombined .

d esired

t hick

f rom

h ut

o ne o r

T his

r elatively

o ne

b lades

o f a c ertain

t ool

l evels .

a c onsistent

a re

s ickle

i t .

important

f rom

i ntentional,

t runcating

a n

G erzean

b roken .

I ncluding t he mm

( 75 .0

l ength/width

r atio

mm i s

b reaks) . e dge .

T here

a re

n o

e xamples

w ith

b oth l ateral e dges c onverted t o s ickle e dges . T he s ickle e dges h ave mainly b ifacial r etouch c onsisting o f small-medium, n on-invasive, i rregular,

n ormal,

n ormal-scalar

o r

s calar s cars,

c ontinuous o n o ne s ide a nd d iscontinuous o n

t he

a g ood e xample o f a s ickle w ith c ontinuous, r etouch . o ften

T he

t ends

o pposite

s calar t o

b e

p ressure f lat

a nd

r etouch

t he s ickle e dge a re b acked

h ave i nverse b acking,

o f

i nvasive. ( n=34,

w hich a re

o ther .

b ifacial,

f requently

F igure

4 .8b

i s

small s calar

t eeth

o n

t he

v entral

a spect

Most

of

t he

l ateral

edges

8 7%),

a nd

o f

t hese

t he r emainder b eing d irectly b acked.

2 6

( 76%)

M ost o f

t he d istal a nd p roximal e nds a re t runcated, f requently i nto o blique s traight

t runcations

( 34%) .

1 8% a re s traight,

7 2

1 6% a re o gival,

1 8% a re

T able D ATA F OR S ICKLE

4 .18

B LADES

F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=39)

B reaks: n one

3 1

7 9.5

m inor

0

0 .0

b roken

8

2 0.5

T ool b lank: s econdary b lades

3 9

1 00.0

S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.

7

r ectangular

r ectangular w ith o ne o r e nds b roken

6 o ther

e nd b roken

u nintentionally b roken,

( excluding b reaks)

L ength

( including s pecimens

i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness ( excluding b reaks)

m easurements a re

o ther/irregular T he a re

4 .8b)

i s

a nd

s ickle i n

t runcated

ended

r ange

3 1

7 4.97

1 8.90

3 8-114

3 8

7 0.45

2 0.09

3 9

1 5.46

3 .33

3 8-114

3 9

5 .00

1 .48

3 -8

3 1

4 .87

1 .02

3 .09-7.60

3 8

4 .59

1 .11

2 .86-7.60

3 9

0 .32

0 .07

0 .20-0.50

1 0-24

i n mm .

1 3% a re

b lades o verall

a t

o ne

t ypical of

s ickle

s .d.

( including

b roken)

r ectangular)

m ean

i ntentionally

T hickness/Width

N ote:

5 .3

n

L ength

s pecimens

2 .6

2 1

s tatistics:

L ength/Width

2 6.3

1

s hape

i ndeterminate

L ength/Width

1 5.8

1 0

o ther

D imensional

3 1.6

both

o ne e nd o gival o ne e nd o gival

1 8.4

1 2

b lades

t hought

t o b e

a re

mainly

s hape

( 66%),

e nd

t his h ave

and

r ectangular a nd

o gival

l atter

at

s hape.

oblique

i ntentionally b roken .

a l ittle t he

73

o ther.

Most

s traight

( or o ver

approxi mately a q uarter

( 29%)

UC

( Fig.

1 0426

( n=8) of t hese ogival-

t runcations.

Two

h ave

a

1

F ig.

4 .8

G erzean ( from

t ools

f rom

2 ' l evel;

H emamieh .

U C 1 0292);

a ,

b-d,

s ingle

e ndscraper

s ickle b lades

( b,

2 cm

o n

b lade

U C 1 0426

f rom l ' l evel; c , U C 1 0348 f rom l '6" l evel; d , U C 1 0480 f rom l ' l evel); e , p erforator ( from 6 " l evel; U C 1 0464).

7 4

s traight i s

t runcations

i ntentional

i s

a nd

o ne

B lade knives ( Table 4 .19; T here a re f rom

t he

i s

b roken

a t

o ne e nd .

t his

8 b lade knives i n t he H emamieh collection.

u pper

f rom

t he

two

f ragments

5 f t .

l evels

( idem:

B adarian f rom

p ls.

L XXI

l evel

mud

( idem:

wall

r egular s econdary b lades. r atio

L XXXIII

( idem:

h igh

a t

L XXXI

[ 114]), one i s

[ 1691),

p l.

F our a re

[ 36-37], a nd

L XXXV

t here a re

[ 221]).

T he

T hese tools a re a ll made o n

T heir average

i s

L XXIX

( idem: p l. L XXXI

p l.

2 61b

[ 85a],

combined d ata a re s hown i n t able 4 .19. l ength/width

b reak

F ig. 4 .7a)

[ 971), o ne i s f rom t he Amratian l evel

m ean

W hether

u ncertain .

l ength i s

1 08.3 mm and the

5 .35 .

T able

4 .19

D ATA F OR B LADE K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=8)

B reaks: n one

4

m inor t ool

T ool

2 f ragments

2

b lank:

s econdary b lades

8

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange 8 6-135

L ength

6

1 08.33

1 8.75

W idth

8

2 2.00

4 .56

T hickness

7

7 .86

1 .88

L ength/Width

6

5 .35

0 .95

3 .38-6.14

T hickness/Width

7

0 .38 ,

0 .08

0 .22-0.48

N ote:

m easurements a re

T he

b acking

mostly

f or

i nvasive

r etouch

r etouch),

a nd

o ne

a ppears

s ize.

While

t he

t he b lade

b lade

2 b lade

f rom

a nd s quare subparallel,

t o o ccur

a long

t he

r ight

normal

a nd

i s

k nives

k nife

k nives a nd

f lat

a nd

h ave d irect

T he

r etouch

i s

l arge

and

consists

7 5

o f

r etouch

non-invasive

n ormal-scalar

mostly a ll

f ragments) . h ave

t o

l arge

t o

b acks,

i nverse r etouch ' a long part o r a ll of t he k nife e dge. t he

l ateral e dge

( though t he l eft a nd r ight margins c annot b e

o f

( only

v aries

5 -11

i n mm .

of a ll t he b lade k nives d istinguished

1 4-28

b road v ery

i s

b acking s quarish l arge

t hey a ll

i n

h ave

I n most c ases,

nor mal-scalar

o r

nor mal-

s ubparallel r etouch . one

of

e nds

s cars.

T he

T he

k nife e dges

k nife e nd

i s a t

t he b lade k nife

a re

r etouch

n ot

d istinguishable . i s p redominantly

i nverse

r etouch

o f

t he

I n

f rom

h ave

e nd i n a ll

m edium n ormal

c ases e xcept

f or

which t he p roxi mal and d istal

5 c ases,

t he

k nife

e nd

i s

s haped

b y

i s o ften c ontinuous w ith t he

T hree

speci mens

h ave

b ifacial

T he h aft end i s shaped by d irect r etouch

f rom n on-invasive

v arying

2 s pecimens

i nverse a nd

k nife e dge.

the k nife end.

which v aries

o f

p roximal

f ragments f or

t hat

r etouch a t r etouch

t he

m edium n ormal

r etouch

t o more

i nvasive

f lat a nd b road t o more e longate w ith s ome pointed

c onverging scars.

O ther b lade k nives F our knives

tools

in

f rom

for m.

t he

One

manufactured

on

a l arge

l ength

( width

2 5

mm,

e nd

b roken

b ut

i s

f lat,

b road

entirely r elated a re

subparallel

t o b lade T heir

r elated to t he b lade

( ide m:

pl.

s econdary b lade.

1 1

mm,

m ay h ave

by

r etouch.

couvrante

k nives a re a lso b y

seem

knife L /W

5 .64,

b een

made

I t

T h/W w ith

LXXIX

[ 351)

i s

mm

However, r etouch.

m ade o n r egular

C aton-Thompson

d imensions

t he T he

( 1928:

p ls.

1 41

0 .44).

T he

v entral t hree

i n

h aft

t his b reak.

i t h as a backed edge h aving v ery l arge,

modified

i llustrated

[ 56]) .

r egular

p iece

l evels

a f ine

t hickness

t he

t he b lade k nives,

Gerzean

is

L ike

i nvasive, aspect

o ther

i s

p ieces

s econdary b lades, a nd

L XXVIII

[ 8,

1 4],

L XXIX

a re:

1 08 x 5 3 x 1 7 mm 8 6 x 2 2 x 7

mm

6 7 x 2 2

mm

x 3

G lossy b ladelet tools T hese a re f airly common i n t he B adari collection, b ut t here i s o nly

o ne

i n

t ransition

t he

H emamdeh

l evel).

I t

i s

c ollection

( from

a f airly t ypical

t he

3 f t.

s pecimen

d istal t runcation ( idem: p l. L XXX [ 83]).

Amratian/Gerzean

w ith a t iny c onvex

I ts d i mensions a re 3 6 x 9x

2 mm .

S idescrapers T here l evels. r elatively

( Tables 4 .20 and 4 .21)

a re

6 s idescrapers

T hey

f or m

s teep

a nd

an

v aries

normal t o b road-normal

i n t he

i rregular f rom

i n f orm,

H emamieh c ollection g roup.

T he

n on-invasive

a nd medium

f rom v arious

s craper

t o

r etouch

i nvasive

t o v ery

l arge

i n

i s

e xtent,

i n s ize.

S caled p ieces T he

one

s caled

p iece

i n

Amratian/Gerzean

t ransition

i ncipient

p ercussion .

c ones

o f

d imensions o f t he p iece a re

t he

collection

l evel. T he

2 4 x 2 9

One

t ool x 1 3

76

e nd

b lank mm .

i s

i s

f rom

s hows

t he

3 f t.

c rushing

i ndeterminate.

a nd T he

T able

4 .20

FREQUENCY DATA F OR S IDESCRAPERS

F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=6)

L evel B adarian Amr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n=1

n=1

n=2

O ther

T otal

n=2

n=6

B reaks: n one

Tool

1

2

2

6

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

3

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

2

2

6

b lank:

p rimary

f lakes

s econdary

f lakes

t hin nodular

f lint

i ndeterminate

N o.

1

o f

s idescrapers w ith

a dditional

r etouch:

P lanes There [ 63]). f lint

I t

i s i s

one

plane

in

the

a n oval-squarish

H e ma mieh

s pecimen

collection

made

f rom the Amratian/Gerzean t ransition l evels.

r etouched r etouched .

( couvrante)

o n

T he p iece h as

o ne

s ide .

T he

o ther,

t he d imensions

77

( idem:

pl.

o n a t hin n atural p lane

6 4 x 4 9

LXXX

s lab o f

I t i s entirely

s ide

x 7 mm .

i s

p artially

T able

4 .21

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian A mr/Gerz

G erzean

( >6'-4'6)

( 3'-2')

( 2'-surf)

n =1

n =1

n =2

O ther

T otal

n =2

n =6

L ength n

1

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

-

6 6.83

6

s .d.

-

-

-

-

2 2.42

r ange

4 1

4 2

7 5,107

6 3,73

4 1-107

W idth n

1

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

-

s .d.

-

-

-

-

r ange

4 1

3 9

4 1,55

3 9,48

6 4 3.83 5 .84 3 9-55

T hickness n

1

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

-

s .d.

-

-

-

-

r ange

1 2

1 1

1 1,12

1 4,16

6 1 2.67 1 .80 1 1-16

L ength/Width n

1

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

-

1 .50

s .d.

-

-

-

-

0 .35

1 .00

1 .08

1 .83,1.95

1 . 52,1.62

r ange

6

1 .00-1.95

T hickness/Width n

1

1

2

2

m ean

-

-

-

-

0 .29

s .d.

-

-

-

-

0 .04

0 .29

0 .28

0 .22,0.27

0 .33,0.36

r ange

N ote:

m easurements a re

i n mm.

7 8

6

0 .22-0.36

B ifacial knives ( Table 4 .22; F ig. 4 .9) T here

a re

5 b ifacial

H emamieh collection. 4 .9a;

i de m:

pl.

B adarian/Amratian L XXXI

[ 113]) i s

4 .9c;

i dem:

UC

1 0291

L XXXI

l evel;

( Fig.

l evels.

T he

LXXXIII

a nd

3 f t.

[ 102])

6 i ns.

comes

i dem:

f ragment,

i s

l evel;

and U C 1 0342

4 .9e;

1 b ifacial

f rom v arious

[ 154])

t ransition

f rom t he

p l.

t ransition

k nives

T hey a re

U C 1 0578,

f rom

t he

UC 1 0115

( Fig.

f rom

T able

t he

4 .9d;

L XXIX i s

f ragment

o f

3 f t.

i dem:

[ 53])

4

f t.

4 .9b;

t he

( Fig.

6

ins.

i dem:

UC 1 0200

p l.

( Fig.

Amratian/Gerzean

p l.

a re

i n

UC 1 0027

Amratian l evel;

( Fig.

p l.

k nife

l evels.

L XXIX

f rom

i ndeterminate

[ 38]) and

t he

G erzean

l evel.

4 .22

D ATA F OR B IFACIAL KNIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH

( n=6)

B reaks: n one

3

h aft e nd

1

k nife e nd

1

k nife=frag.

1

D imension v alues: U C n o.

L ength

1 0027

( 136)

1 0115

( 87)

1 0200

1 17

3 3

7

3 .55

0 .21

1 0342

1 61

3 0

7

5 .37

0 .23

1 0291

1 40

3 7

7

3 .78

0 .19

1 0578

( 88)

4 4

-

0 .30

N ote:

W idth

m easurements

T hickness

L ength/Width

3 7

6

-

0 .16

2 0

5

-

0 .25

a re

1 3

i n

mm .

T hickness/Width

L ength v alues i n p arentheses a re

f or

b roken k nives.

T he

tool

a lthough

o ne

b lank

s ee ms

s pecimen

s eems

more

o r

t o

s how

l ess i ndeter minate i n all c ases, e vidence

o f

a f lake

s urface

w ith

r ipples perhaps s uggesting i t i s made on a l arge f lake o r b lade, and o ne

s peci men

o riginal w hat a re

t he a ll

s hows

b lank

o n

of

t he

both s ides implying a r elatively t hin b lank,

some

but

r emaining o riginal worked

b ifacially

c overed b y v ery

l arge,

mostly s ubparallel t he

s pecimens.

O C

1 0115 h as n oticeable p art

o f

t he

e dge

s urface

w ith

1 0027

o f

u nretouched

r epresents

c ouvrante s cars,

u nclear.

r etouch. while

m ay

T he

T he

k nives

c entre a rea

t he e dges

h ave

i s

smaller,

T here a re no g rinding t races on a ny r epresent

r ounding o f b oth

h as

i s

s urface

Two k nives s how e vidence o f t he r eworking

margins.

e dge

which

a reas

f lat b road

r etouch .

of o ne o r both l ateral o f

t iny

b een

r eworked

7 9

a b roken l ateral ( see

F ig .

' comma' m argins, 4 .9b).

k nife. e xcept

U C t he

F ig.

4 .9

B ifacial p ls. UC

k nives

L XXIX

1 0027

i ndicates f rom

[ 38, f rom

f rom

H emamieh

5 3],

LXXXI

4 '6";

b ,

UC

e dge rounding);

1 '6"; e ,

UC 1 0291

f rom

8 0

( after

[ 102,

1 0115

c ,

C aton-Thompson,

1 13],

L XXXIII

f rom

3 '6"

UC 1 0200 f rom

2 '.

S cale

1 :2.

3 ';

1 928:

[ 154]). ( note: d ,

a , l ine

UC 1 0342

I n m ight

a ddition,

b e

t here

i s

o ne

c onsidered a k nife

s pecimen

r oughout.

t abular nodule with v ery l arge, e dges .

A lternatively,

k nife

m ay

i s

i nvasive,

h ave

t he

G erzean

a b roken

l evels

p iece

t hat

m ade

o n

a

b road r etouch a long both

b een a r ough,

l ocally

m ade

b ifacial

imitation .

F ishtails

( Fig.

4 .10)

C aton-Thompson t he

i t

f rom

I t

P etrie

U C

l evel

( Fig.

t ransition f rom t he 1 0244

f ound

M useum .

( idem:

i n

1 07).

f rom

( Fig.

a t

H emamieh

t he

2 f t.

6 i ns.

p l.

L XXX

[ 72]),

i dem:

l evel

f ound b roken

two apart

f ishtails

i s

4 .10a;

2 f t. G erzean

was

two

1 0244

4 .10b;

two h alves

i dem:

which

a nd and

p l.

were

b oth

a re

i n

Amratian/Gerzean UC

L XXIX

1 0294

i s

[ 57]).

l ying o nly a n

UC

i nch o r

T he o ther f ishtail h as a v ery m inor b reak a t

t he h aft end. UC

1 0244

i s a very

f ine

speci men

w idth o f 4 2 mm a nd a t hickness o f i ts

h aft

width

e nd

of

5 6

i dentical T he

s tage

mm

a t hickness

by

the

p rior

h ave

After

shaped b y v ery l arge, p arallel, upper

margins of the p iece.

s cars.

T he

p arallel F inally, a round

s haping o f t he

pressure a long

t he

t o c reate

a v ery

f ine

T hese

p ieces

l arge,

f lat,

t he

r emains

t hese

l arge,

e vidence

o f

f orked e nd consists margins

f lat, a ny

i s of

and

t han

of

t he

of

t his

o f an earlier

g rinding,

a re

t he

p artially

speci men

was

i s

t he

t he

u pper

w as

a chieved

r etouch

b y

of

two-thirds

u sed

t o

s omewhat

the

upper

o f

r emove

t he

t iny

smaller margins.

m argins

s calar

a nd

f lakes

expansive

central

g rinding,

s omewhat d ifferent small,

f rom

b road

b road,

a nd

f ine,

t he

t hat

to

T his f ishtail has

scars,

o f

t he

t here

r etouch

o ther

s ubparallel

f lat,

but

m arginal

f ishtail.

r etouch

s ubparallel

i s o f

along

r etouch

at

no t he I t the t he

A f ine s erration i s l i mited to a long t he edge i n t he ' U '

f orked

r eworking. n ormal

not

s erration .

s ubsequent

l arger,

f orked end.

a re

l amellar p ressure r etouch along t he

p ressure

b road

mainly

h ad

b road e xpansive

s cars

UC 1 0294 h as a s hallow U -shaped f orked end. very

t o h ave

I t h as a maximum

T he haft end has l ess r egular elongate

r etouch e nd

a s

f orked e nd

a pproximately

f orked

v ery

g rinding

g rinding.

a ppears

7 0 mm .

6 mm.

to r epresent

to

i n l ength with a mid-

UC 1 0244 h as a V -shaped forked end.

s ides

appear

mm

U C 1 0294

l ength i s

of

manufacture.

would

f laking

smoothed

I ts p resent

a reas o f b oth

T hese of

and

for m o r

c entral

s cars.

r eworked .

1 55

7 mm .

end.

T his

T he

h aft

end

r eworking r etouch

has

been

c onsists

completely o f

l arge,

modified

by

r elatively d eep,

s cars.

B ifacial s ickle f ragment O f p erhaps

u ncertain h alf

couvrante r etouch

o f

scars.

scars:

l evel

a t ool. T he

( 1)

i s a b ifacial I t

i s

v ery

denticulated

a s eries

of

s ickle

c arefully edge

l arge,

f ragment r epresenting made

has

two

p arallel,

w ith

l arge,

s ets

b road,

of

pressure

l amellar

p ressure

s cars, and ( 2) a s eries of very small, s calar p ressure s cars for ming the

sickle

teeth.

There

i dentification a s a s ickle w ith

o thers

f rom

t he

i s

B adari

i s

no

b ased o n

d istrict

s ickle

gloss.

The

tool's

t he s imilarity o f t his s pecimen

which

d o

h ave

s ickle

d i mensions o f t his p iece a re: c urrent l ength 5 6 mm,

8 1

g loss .

T he

width 2 4 mm and

w idth

w id th

b et ween t i ps o f f ork

a t

b ase o f c oncav ity

5 3 mm

5 0 mm

5 3 mm 5 6 mm

b

0

F ig.

4 .10

S ketch f rom

o utlines

of

2 '6" l evel; b ,

f ishtails

f rom

UC 1 0294 f rom

8 2

1

2 cm

H e mamieh.

2 ' l evel.

a ,

UC

10244

t hickness

5 mm .

A xe O nly one speci men which could be c lassed a s a n axe was f ound a t H emamieh ( idem: p l. i ns.

h eavily p atinated made

o n

t he

t ransition

r etouch

r etouch

i s

i s

t ool

n ot

l arge,

of

t he

m easurements a re

C oncave-base

6 6

x 5 2

B adarian [ 166A , 4 f t. f t.

l evels

6 i ns,

o ne

I t i s f rom t he 4 f t.

s hows

w hat

( from i s

5 f t,

f rom

a h andaxe.

a ppear

t he

T he

mm

a xe

i s

T he o f

o f

t he

o ther

( L/W

( the

T h/W

6 b e

t hat

i t

more

r ecent

was

s hape,

I t e xtends o ver r emaining a reas

P alaeolithic

1 .27,

t o

e xpanding

r elatively d eep .

scars).

I ts

0 .42) .

4 .23)

a total

a ll o f which . are

1 67]),

I t

patinated

( Table

f ound

a nd

h alf

x 2 2

a rrowheads

as

p atinated .

heavily

C aton-Thompson H emamieh,

s uch

b road,

most o f o ne s ide a nd n early consisting

UC 1 0032).

l evel.

f lake s cars on both s ides s uggesting

a P alaeolithic

P redynastic a nd

L XXXIII [ 162];

B adarian/Amratian

of

4 concave-base a rrowheads

i n t he P etrie

M useum.

UC 9 992 and

UC 9 993;

a t

Two a re f rom i dem:

p l.

B adarian/Amratian t ransition

t he

L XXXIII

l evel

( from

UC 1 0028; i dem: p l. LXXXIII [ 1571), and o ne i s f rom t he 1

6 i ns. G erzean l evel

( UC 1 0345;

i dem:

p l.

L XXIX

[ 41]).

T he

t ool

b lank could not b e determined for any of t he a rrowheads, a lthough 2 h ave

a reas

o f

o n one s ide, i ndicating s urfaces

o riginal

f lint

s urface ..

O ne

and t he o ther h as o riginal t hat

m ay

a t hin

r epresent

b lank

t he

was

r emains

h as

o riginal

c hosen.

o f

f lint

s urface

f lint s urface o n both s ides

t he

T hese

o riginal

s urface o f a f lake o r

f lint b lade

b lank. T hree s hape .

of

T he

t he

f ourth

U nfortunately, d ifferent s traight

f or ms

concave-base

a rrowheads

h as a t riangular

o nly

3 b arbs

occur

t ermination,

o n

t he

have

an

s haped b ody with

o n

2 speci mens

t he

s ame

o ther

h as

a rrowhead a r ound

i ncurving

s traight

r emain ( UC

whole.

9 993);

t ermination,

b arb

m argins.

o ne

Two has

a nd t here

nothing to s uggest t hat o ne r epresents a r eworked b roken b arb. o ther o gival

complete

barb

( on

UC

1 0345)

i s

concavo-convex

T he i n

a n

t ermination .

T hese a rrowheads a re b ifacially worked. l arge,

ending

a i s

f lat,

were p ossibly

b road

s cars

i n

t he

c entre

a rea

T hey h ave r elatively

which

s uggests

i nitially s haped b y s oft h ammer p ercussion .

h ave mostly smaller

p ressure

s cars

which

83

t end

t hat

t hey

T he margins

t o b e s ubparallel.

T able

4 .23

D ATA F OR C ONCAVE-BASE ARROWHEADS F ROM H EMAMIEH

U C n o.

( n=4)

B reaks

9 992

b oth

9 993

n one

b arbs

1 0028

m ost

o f o ne

1 0345

p art

o f o ne b arb

b arb,

m inor

b reak

o n o ther

b arb

D imension v alues: L ength

W a

W b

T ha

T hb

9 992

( 47)

1 8

2 8

5

6

9 993

4 4

2 6

3 0

5

7

1 0028

( 32)

2 3

2 6

6

7

1 0345

3 4

1 4

2 5

5

5

N ote:

measurements

b roken

a re

i n

mm .

L ength v alues i n p arentheses a re f or

a rrowheads .

L eaf-shaped a rrowhead T his s pecimen [ 168] ) .

I t

is

i s

f rom

very

t he

5 f t.

carefully

B adarian l evel

made

and

( idem:

appears

p l.

to

L XXXIII

have

been

manufactured on a blade ( although i t may have been made on a f lake). T he d orsal a spect s hows s ome 4 1

x 1 3

half

x 3 mm

of

t he

c ouvrante r est

both

s ide,

T he

and

l ateral

i nvasive,

d escribed

a s

p art

edges

T he d imensions

retouch

t here

w ith small,

margin

s lightly o ther

c ortex .

0 .23).

dorsal

r etouch

of o ne

a long

( Th/W

i s

I t

r ound,

o f t his p iece a re

f ine and

collateral,

f lat.

O n

e longate,

non-invasive r etouch continuing d own t he of

t he

and

l eaf-shaped .

v ery

small, o ther.

consists

normal subparallel

e nd b eing n arrow

i s

h as o r

a s harp o gival

I nverse

of

small,

r etouch. p ointed

i n

r etouch

o ccurs

non-invasive

to

T he

i s

t ip

a t

speci men o ne

e nd,

t he

s hape.

B ifacial t riangle UC

1 0237

i s

Amratian/Gerzean e ssentially and

t he

f lat,

t ip

b road,

a

bifacial

t ransition

t riangular i s

o gival.

e xpanding

i n

f orm, • its T he

( L/W 1 .30,

T h/W

r etouch

c entral

b e s ubparallel a round p arts x 1 2 mm

triangle

l evel

o f

s cars t he

f rom

( idem: s ide

p l.

m argins

consists w ith

e dges.

0 .32).

8 4

the L XXX

of

smaller I ts

a re

2 f t. [ 64]). s lightly

l arge, r etouch

d imensions

6 ins. T hough c urved

r elatively t ending a re

4 8

t o

x 3 7

O ther

f ine b ifacial I n

a ddition

n umber

of

t ools and f ragments

to

t he

b ifacial

a bove

tools

b ifacial

t hat

c annot

tool

b e

c lasses,

c lassified

t here

a re

a

i nto d istinct

c ategories, e ither b ecause t hey a re o f u nusual f orm o r b ecause t hey a re

b roken and t heir o riginal shape i s u nidentifiable.

p ieces do h ave i n common,

however,

i s t he

h ave been c arefully s haped and have well

f act

t hat

executed,

What t hese

t hey appear

to

r elatively f lat

r etouch. T here 9 996;

i s

o ne

i dem:

s uch

p l.

speci men

L XXXIII

f rom

[ 171]).

o riginally of some k nife s hape. t hat I ts

c onverge c urrent

t hickness

l ength

i s

T he o r

t o a n o gival e nd, 6 mm

3 f t.

o f

scars.

l evel

tool,

( UC

possibly

h as

i ts

b road,

c urrent

f lat

width

c ouvrante

r etouch .

i s

a nd

2 2

mm

i ts

0 .27) .

( UC

b reaks .

c entral

a tool

F rench

t ransition

1 0195;

i dem:

T he

r etouch

and

smaller

s cars,

f ine

t o

f ragment l ength

with

3 8 mm,

l evel p roduced a f ine o val, p l.

L XXXI

c onsists f lat,

o f

[ 96]).

l arge,

I t

has

f lat,

a

b road-

b road subparallel

edge

I t

i s

c ome

and

' li mace'

F rench

f lat,

f rom

the

G erzean ( UC

( although,

Middle

b road,

t he

o ther

l evels.

1 0473)

o f

course,

P alaeolithic!).

expanding

r etouch.

O ne

r ecalls i t

T he I ts

a

h as tool

c urrent

and h as a width v alue of 2 6 mm and a thickness of 7

0 .27) .

transverse

t ools

1 0456),

t he

l arge, T he

made on a t abular s ides) .

( UC

P alaeolithic

do

h as

i s

( Th/W

b ifacial

f ragment

Middle

nothing

mm

mm,

B adarian

a b roken

I ts d i mensions a re 5 3 x 3 6 x 9 mm ( L/W 1 .47, T h/W 0 .25).

Two o ther i s

( Th/W

t ool

m inor

elongate

5 0

5 f t.

i s

I t h as more o r l ess s traight edges

a nd

Amratian/Gerzean

' egg-shaped',

c ouple

i s

t he

I t

a n

' slug-like

l imace'

nodule f ragment e longate

section

b ifacially

with

a

implement worked

very

0 .52.

b road

8 9 x 2 1

T he p iece

i s

t ool

w ith

pronounced

thickness/width r atio i s h igh a t a nd e xpanding .

a ppears

t o

h ave

b een

( minor cortex i s p resent on both a p iano-convex

convexity.

I ts

T he r etouch i s l arge,

f lat,

x 1 1

mm.

Miscellaneous b ifacial tools and f ragments T here i n

f orm,

a re

4 b ifacial

t ools

collection,

t here a re two

9 926;

pl.

i dem:

LXXXV [ 205]). I ts

( Th/W

0 .30).

and

1 0

L XXXV a re

3 9

b road b ifacial

O ne f t.

f rom

[ 204],

t he

a nd

x 4 3

r elatively

f lat

6 f t.

UC

x 8 mm

r etouch.

F unctionally,

miscellaneous

i ns.

has

a re

t hick,

r etouch.

5 i ns.

9 927;

F ig.

I n

i rregular

t he

P etrie

B adarian

l evel

( UC

4 .5a

i dem:

p l.

and

UC 9 926 i s an oval tool with l arge, b road f lake scars.

d i mensions

l arge,

which

and do not h ave particularly

i t

c ould

b ifacial

( Th/W

I ts

h ave

b road

central

s erved

f ragment

Amratian/Gerzean t ransition

l arge,

scars

0 .19).

d i mensions

( UC

a s

I t

nor mal

9 927 6 1

also

h as

x 4 3 x 1 3 mm

a p erforator.

1 0532)

l evel.

and

UC a re

i s

c omes o f

edge

f rom

t he

2

e longate

f orm

r etouch.

I ts

current l ength i s 7 6 mm, and i t h as a width of 3 5 mm and a t hickness of 8 mm

( Th/W 0 .23).

T here i s one m iscellaneous b ifacial i ns.

G erzean

one end,

l evel .

which

I t

i s

a p ointed

t ool

e longate

( UC 1 0457) f rom t he 6

p iece

h aving

a b reak

a t

i s p robably made on a t abular p iece o f r aw material

8 5

( cortex h ave

i s

b een

p resent

i n

made

a nodule

l acking

c ortex,

c entral

s cars

1 0

mm

t he

w ith

o ther a spect, c ompletely

o n

l arge,

Retouched pieces T here

i s

collection. f rom

a ll

b lades.

s ide) .

t he

l arge,

T he

b reak.

f lat,

p iece

On

t he

b road,

m ay s ide

e xpanding

s cars .

O n

t he

d imensions

r ounding

o f

o ccurs

t his

p iece

a long p art

o f

a re

1 14

o ne

e dge .

x 3 2

x

( Table 4 .24)

a

t otal

Most

l evels

a long

o f

o ne

b road-slightly e longate e dge

T he

E dge

a re a re

G enerally,

r etouch

c onsists

o n

w ith

b road scars extend t hrough t he cortex without

i t.

0 .31) .

q uantity

f ragment

r etouch smaller

r emoving

( Th/W

e xtensive

o ne

of

2 6

f rom

r etouched

t he

made

on

u pper

p ieces

l evels

secondary

i n

t he

( n=21).

f lakes

H ema mieh

A good

( n=16)

n u mber

r ather

t han

t he r etouched p ieces h ave l i mited small nor mal

o r

b oth

l ateral

e dges.

Worked t abular s labs O ne

piece

( from

t he

3 f t.

Amratian/Gerzean

s eems to b e made o n an atural spall. x 1 5 mm. ' domed'

l evel)

I t h as v ery l arge, relatively s teep, nor mal r etouch on t he c ortical

T he

o ther

a r elatively a nd

t ransition

I t i s a n e longate p iece 9 8 x 4 3

s ide.

worked

b road,

a m inor

t abular

p iece

e longate

amount

o f

c ortex .

m edium-large n ormal s cars .

i s

p iece

f rom

w ith

O ne

t he G erzean

a ncient

e dge

i s

p atina

r etouched

T he d imensions o f t his

l evels.

I t

o n

s ides

b oth

b ifacially

p iece a re

8 4

i s

w ith

x 4 9 x

1 0 mm.

M iscellaneous tools T here

i s

o ne

L XXXV [ 223]). d isto-right s calar and

m iscellaneous

I t

i s

l ateral

r etouch .

T he

would appear

s pecimen a re

d irect, l eft

to b e

f lat,

l ateral

t he

7 9 x 4 3 x 1 1

A nother t he

o ther

t ool

i s a p lain

' domed' a spect

v ery

l arge,

w ith

s lightly

mud

w all

2 61b

( idem:

f lake.

I t

non-invasive-slightly

e dge

h as

d irect

8 8,

h as

p l.

l arge

i nvasive

g rignotage

r etouch

T he d i mensions of the

mm .

m iscellaneous

more

f rom

f unctional edge.

tool b lank i s i ndeterminate. c ortex,

t ool

made on a l arge s econdary

t he

i s

f rom

t he

6 i ns.

G erzean

l evel.

T he

O ne s ide h as a ncient p atina with some f lint

RNS .

i nvasive,

s urface .

T he

T he p iece

d eep normal

a round t he e dges of t he entire tool.

r etouch

i s e longate

t o s calar

o ccurs w ith

r etouch

o n t he

l arge

t o

o ccurring

I ts d imensions a re 7 9 x 3 1 x 1 7

mm.

U nidentifiable b roken t ools A ltogether, c ollection . o ne

of

o ther t ool

which i s

o n

t here

a re

6 u nidentifiable

T here a re t wo f rom i s

t he

b roken

Amratian/Gerzean

o n a t hin nodular p iece of f lint.

i ndeter minate. a s econdary

b lade

F rom w hich

tools

t ransition i s

h ave b een a p erforator,

6 6

the

l evels

T he b lank of the

t he G erzean l evels t here m ay

i n

a b roken a t ool

o n

T able

4 .24

D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES

F ROM

H EMAMIEH

L evel B adarian

B ad/Amr

( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)

A mr/Gerz ( 3'-2')

G erzean

O ther

T otal

( 2'-surf)

n =2

n =1

n =6

n =15

n =2

n

n

n

n

n

n =26 n

%

B reaks: n one

2

1

6

6

1

m inor

0

0

0

7

1

8

3 0.8

b roken

0

0

0

2

0

2

7 .7

T ool

1 6

6 1.5

b lank:

s econdary

f lakes

2

0

6

7

1

s econdary b lades

0

1

0

7

1

9

3 4.6

i ndeterminate

0

0

0

1

0

1

3 .8

L ength n

2

1

m ean

-

-

-

-

3 6,43

4 9

s .d. r ange

1 3

2

4 5.50

6

6 7.92

-

6 .68

2 4.65

3 6-57

4 0-123

5 5,97

W idth n

2

1

m ean

-

-

-

-

2 3,43

1 7

s .d. r ange

6 2 8.50

1 5

2

2 4.87

-

4 .11

8 .87

2 2-34

1 0-44

2 0,42

T hickness n

2

1

6

m ean

-

-

8 .67

s .d. r ange

1 5 6 .87

2 -

-

-

1 .80

2 .70

-

8 ,24

5

6 -11

4 -14

8 ,14

L ength/Width 2

1

6

m ean

-

-

1 .62

3 .43

s .d.

-

-

0 .25

1 .76

0 .84,1.87

2 .88

2

1

6

-

-

0 .31

r ange

1 .09-1.85

1 3

1 .61-6.83

2

1 .31,4.85

T hickness/Width m ean s .d. r ange N ote:

-

-

0 .35,0.56

0 .29

m easurements a re

0 .09 0 .18-0.45

i n mm .

87

1 5

2

0 .29 0 .10 0 .13-0.50

0 .33,0.40

1 6

6 1.5

a t abular

f ragment

( from p ot

U C

o f r aw

1 0307),

a nd

m aterial,

a t ool

a b roken t ool o n a s econdary b lade

f ragment

o n

a n

i ndeterminate

b lank.

D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS R e-analysis e xcavations

a t

i nformation

o f

w hich

analysts.

t he

l ithic

H emamieh h oused i s

p resented

R e-analysis

a rtifacts

i n

t he

h ere

a lso l eads

f rom

P etrie i n

t he

to

C aton-Thompson's

M useum

p rovides

l anguage

a r evision

o f

o f

d etailed

modern

s ome

l ithic

of

C aton-

T hompson's c onclusions. E xcept l evels,

D ebitage upper

for

t here

two

i s

n o

o ther

b lades

f rom

d ebitage

t han

b lades

t he

i n

t he

i s

very

l evels a nd consists of t hree

b ladelet. c ircles

I n addition,

a nd

S econdary

t he

o ther

blades

c ollection, of

m anufacture

t he

t ransition

l ower

l evels .

poorly r epresented even s econdary

f lakes a nd

i n

t he

o ne g lossy

a f ew p ieces of d ebitage come f rom t he hut most

mainly

6 3 .7

4 .06.

f rom

p rovenance/indeterminate t he

o ccurring

b lades a veraging rati o

a re

B adarian/Amratian

c ollection

mm

i n

Their

common

f rom

t he

l ength,

a p unch

o r

c ores

c onsist

mainly

u pper

a nd

platfor m

b y

elements

c ategories.

debitage

l evels.

T hey

h aving a n a verage

attributes

p ressure

l evel of

t echnique,

t he

r egular

l ength/width

indicate

r ather

i n

a re

t han

possible

h ard h ammer

p ercussion. T he

o f

small,

s tocky

cores t hat h ave b een extensively worked. t he B adarian l evels. mm. s how

were

d etached

evidence

of

h ighlights

t he

f lake

o ccur

c ores

B adarian i n

t he

been

u pper

h eat

p ercussion .

t he

T he

f requency

f lakes

t hough

i n

t hey

a bundant

t he

a re

r egular

l evels,

s cars,

S everal o f

f lake

of

a nd

t he

i n

f lake

a bundant

b lades

a nd

t he

c ores cores

collection.

most

t here a re no b lade cores.

t hese

l east

actual

l evels

D espite

i n

h ammer

t reatment. of

a ll

l evels

collected a t

h ard

p aucity

l evels.

p resent

often s lightly e longate f lake

b y

a t

p latform

T heir average d i mensions a re 3 1.5 x 4 0.6 x 3 6.6

T hey h ave b road,

f lakes

s ingle

T hey a re most abundant

T hese i n

b lade

t he

t ools

H ad a ny b lade

cores

C aton-Thompson would u ndoubtedly h ave

some e xamples,

especially considering

t hat

s he

s aved t he small uni mpressive f lake cores.

I t may t hus be s uggested

t hat

i nhabitants

while

b lades

f lakes

were

manufactured

v illage.

The

one

B adarian/Amratian

blade

core

t ransition

f rom b elow t ool",

o n

3 f t .

what

which

s craper"

s he

" push-plane"

c alled

t ermed

7 5) .

b eing

" the

" a

T hese

r eally

o f

H emamieh,

b y c raft s pecialists

t he

i n a nother

the

coll ecti on

6 i ns.

l evel.

is

f rom

the

C aton-Thompson

d id

a lthough s he d escribed t he material

a s p rimarily a " core

s he

( idem:

in

4 f t.

not i dentify t he cores a s s uch, b ased

b y

were p roduced e lsewhere p erhaps

most

h eavy,

i ndustry" . typical

n odular,

" push-planes"

a t ypical

d escription

s triking

p ush-plane

a re

s ingle

T his

and i n

f act

p latform

o r

was

B adarian

s teep-ended

c ores,

a t ypical

f lake c ore .

A n o ften r epeated s tatement about t he B adarian b ased o n C atonT hompson 's " crackled s urface

work o range

were

b etter

r aw

f lint

i n

t herefore,

a t

H emamieh

c ortex"

chosen

m aterial s itu t hat

for was

i n

t he

i n

s itu

i s

t hat

d uring

t he

( idem:

7 5)

p icked

u p

working, o btained E ocene f lint

whereas d irectly

c liffs.

w as

l ater f rom

t he

i n

t he

n odules n earby

t he

t o

t he

w ith

d esert

P redynastic

t abular

C aton-Thompson

u nfamiliar

88

B adarian, f rom

b ands

o f

s uggested,

m anufacturers

o f

t he B adarian i ndustry and t hat t hey o riginally c ame f rom beyond t he r egion o f

f lint-bearing l imestone

d ifferences

a re

B adarian

l evels

P ossibly

t his

s een

b etween

a nd

t hat

i s

o f

t he

merely

t o

d isplay d ark,

whereas and

t he

i s

c ortex

l ight

o r

R NS

because

t he

even

l ater

white

H owever,

t he

t he

n o s ignificant

l ithic a rtifacts

f rom

t he

f rom

s ucceeding

collection

i s

t he

l evels .

l i mited,

f or

l ocalities i n t he B adari d istrict d o

weathered,

o f

7 5) .

o f

a rtifacts

B adarian a rtifacts f rom o ther t end

( idem:

t he

orange ancient patina

P redynastic

i n

colour.

a rtifacts

i s

a nd

cortex

u nweathered

N evertheless,

a d ifferent

explanation f rom C aton-Thompson's f or t his d ifference i n RNS c an b e s uggested

( see

T he

C hapter

l ithic

T he

B adarian a ll

1 71-172).

c ollection

f rom

t he

B adarian

l evels

( including a c ore p refor m a nd o ne c ore

l evels

small

a bundance o f

p .

a rtifact

of t ools and c ores almost

5 ,

y ielded

t he

f lake c ores

t hese

g reatest

n umbers

i ndicative

f lake c ores

i s

of

o f

c ores,

a f lake

i n s harp c ontrast

c onsists r emnant). which

i ndustry.

t o

t he

a re T he

s carcity o f

f lake debitage which was p resumably p resent a t t he s ite, t hough not collected.

T he

endscraper. r eported

h ere;

T hompson ( idem:

6 e ndscrapers

a nd

2 a re

a re

o n

s o

r ather

a re

i n

b lades

P etrie

which

b iased

a re

l ithic

c urrent

T his

t ool

T he

i n

material

C hapter

main

t ool

t he

i t

t runcation

k nives

( n=8,

been

l evels i s

i n

t he

r epresented

t he

a re

o ne

e ndscrapers.

7 t ools

and

k nife.

s ickle

b lades,

t ool,

2

With s uch a

t o say

what

a s tudy

o f t hese

of

e xcavated

chapter,

i s t he by

and our

r e-analyses

i s

t he B adarian/Amratian

a ll

made

k nives of good

a re

on

f lakes)

c ore),

A lso p resent

( predominantly

a nd

2 s econdary b lades .

made

o n

b lades,

C aton-Thompson

l imited

1 4

t ools

i ncluding

a lso

gave

c ontrasting

t hem

with

t he

a n

i n t he collection

cores

f lake core and

and

work manship" of

O ther t ools i nclude a s ickle b lade,

s everal

b lade

f rom

a

f lake

c ores

c ollection o f

of which

t wo

description of t he t ools f rom t he Amratian l evels. t he

p resent

i nformation on

f rom

t he next

( n=6,

" small

7 6]).

consisting o f one

a blade

f lakes

A lso

cemeteries

l ight

T here

o n

b ifacial'

d ifficult

i n

H emamieh

2 c oncave-base

f ine

T he Amratian i s r epresented b y a n e xtremely a rtifacts

made

r egular.

A dditional and

described

and a concave-base a rrowhead. t here

a re

k nife,

obtained

e ndscrapers

C aton-Thompson [ idem: t hese

i s

B adarian.

h as

i s

a t

a re

C aton-

( see above).

F our

' other

s ettlements

c lasses a re

f rom

B adarian

a nd 2 r etouched f lakes.

B adarian

l evels

a lthough

t he

t hat

6 .

t ransition

axe,

of

a n

s crapers

" push-planes"

a b lade

collection

a rtifacts

k nowledge o f t he

d iscussed

s teep-ended

o r

particularly

a rrowhead,

material f rom t he B adarian B runton.

n ot

t ools,

r eally c haracteristic o f B adarian

no

c ollection .

a s idescraper,

a l eaf-shaped

and

t hat

s crapers

c haracteristic

miscellaneous b ifacial l i mited

noted

t o be considered as cores

t he

a perforator,

a rrowheads,

be

s teep-ended

were

a re

f requent t ool f rom t he B adarian l evels i s t he

should

t he

s aid

7 5)

most

I t

s ickle

r ather

6a re b lades

l i mited

S he r eferred t o

b ifacial

s ickles

k nown

f rom B adarian contexts e lsewhere i n t he B adari d istrict.

S he a lso

n oted

e xamples

s he

t hat

" circular

i llustrates,

e ndscrapers s craper"

of

e ndscrapers

i n

t his

t he o n

o r

i dem:

o val p l.

s tudy)

B adarian

l ong

s crapers L XXXI

a ppear, but

made

o n

a f lake"

[ 107-112], r eplacing

t hat

t here

b lades .

89

t he a re

a re

( the

a ll

" nodular no

c lassed

a s

s teep-ended

e xamples

yet

of

C aton-Thompson e ndscrapers l evels,

and

s crapers m ade

( idem:

o n

7 7)

however,

b lades"

i n

t he

o n

t he

t he

G erzean

f lakes

w ith

E ndscrapers

u pper

l evels.

r etouched

p ieces.

f ishtails

a re

appearance

A mratian/Gerzean

p resent.

a re o ne of

i ncluding c ircular

u pper

o bserved

t erminal

t he

a re

s crapers,

T he About

s he

b eautiful

A lso c ommon

C ircular

and r ange of tools.

l evels

most

t hat

abundant

e nd

a re

c ommon"

tool

c lasses

s ickle b lades

b acked p ieces, p roduced

f act

" single

r etouch

t runcations,

l evels

o f

t ransition

( although not a ll c ircular s crapers a re i n

I n

l ong

7 8).

t he

r emark,

t hin

t he abundance of s crapers o n f lakes

f lakes) .

s crapers

d id

" long

( idem:

o n

f rom

o n

b lade

t he

a nd

k nives

g reatest

a nd

n umber

6 4% of t he t ools i n t he Amratian/Gerzean

t ransition l evels, and 8 0% i n t he Gerzean l evels a re made o n b lades. C aton-Thompson d escribed f ine

f lake

s everal ( idem: 3 7])

i ndustry"

k inds p l.

and

o f

t he

k nives

X XIX

[ 53];

a speci men

S he a lso noted t he

i ndustry

( idem:

7 5).

( idem: F ig.

4 .9e),

7 8).

f rom

l evels

which

t he G erzean

I t

7 8),

may

L XXXI

b e

[ 96,

t he

b ifacial"

t ool,

S everal

a s

o ne

A lso,

t he

C aton-Thompson t hat

of

pl.

p l.

t hought

noted

s pecimen XXIX

XXIX

on

w as

f orm b elongs

[ 36,

[ 35]).

pointed

l evels i n

o ut

i s

c lassed

t he

a s

o f

t o t he

mentioned

t ransition

colour

l evels

r etouched n a mes f rom

o r

p lace

B adarian.

a c elt

a nd

( idem:

7 7,

P etrie

an p l.

M useu m.

" other

f ine

a p erforator.

s uggestive

a ppear

p ieces

imply,

and

one

u nretouched

g lossy

h eat-treated

of

h eat

t reatment.

t o h ave b een h eat-treated a s secondary

b ladelet

a nd

well

b lades.

one

g lossy

c ores.

4 .11 s hows t he r elative p roportions of tools o n f lakes, o ther

t ool

b lanks

( where

T he p redominance of b lade tools T he 4 f t.

t he

C aton-Thompson

" arrowhead"

d eepening f rom a ll

t heir

a nd

( idem:

( idem:

both of which were examined

t ool a re

F igure b lades

k nives

a b ifacial

s ickle-flints...made

Amratian/Gerzean

a nd

two

a s

b ladelet

i nclude

" a v ery

s he

l ithic a rtifacts i n t he collection s how a ' glossiness'

c ores o r

t hat

T hey b lade

of

l evels a s l evels

" ovate chipped c elt" i s classed h ere a s an

a s light

S everal

t he

9 9]),

H owever,

and

noted

f rom

u pper

T here i s a lso a concave-base a rrowhead

a pparently a ssuming

a lso

a rrowhead

t he

t he G erzean

to b lade k nives

" quantity

( idem:

( idem:

7 8) .

r elated

squared f lakes"

f rom

F or

t ool

b lank

i n t he upper

c ould

b e

i dentified).

l evels i s q uite clear.

6 i ns. to 3 f t. 6 i ns. B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evels

g ive a spuriously h igh h istogram f or b lade t ools which consist of 8 t runcation t hat

k nives,

t runcation

t ools

m ade o n I n

t his

B adarian,

r egular

b lade

b lades

s tudy,

t ransition

and

G erzean

a rtifacts

p iece

a nd

a s ickle

k nives

a nd

s ickle

t o a ppear

s ome f rom

h as

been

c omment S emamieh

s ite

i t

u ntil

warrant

d istinct c learly f rom o ne

p erhaps

i t.

I t

i ndustry

d istinct

i n

m anufacture

o f

j ustified,

c lear

t hat

to

' Badarian'

a s

i ndustry .

t he

l evels

i nto

H owever,

r e-analysis

M useum .

I n

t he

t he

O n

t he

t his o f

t he

whole,

i s no r eason

s equence and

b etween,

o f t ools o n

l evels i n

f irst

t o

f rom s ome f uture e xcavation o f t he

T he p resence b lades

t he

a ppears

t he

Amratian/Gerzean

a nd t here

s eems

t ransition

r egular

P etrie

r esults

' Gerzean'

B adarian/Amratian

t he

o f

I t

a re

s equence.

t hroughout.

l ight o f

t he

r eferred

t o t he o ther.

t he

t he H emamieh

Amratian,

u sed

i n

b lade .

b lades

d ivision

t ransition,

C aton-Thompson's scheme s eems modify

i n

C aton-Thompson's

B adarian/Amratian

d ivision d eserves l ithic

a r etouched

k nives,

appears B adari

s tarts

ends

t here

i s

r egular to

with

b egan

i n t he

t hat

the

e ither

t he end o f t he B adarian o r d uring t he Amratian. T he d ivision a t

90

a

a g radation

b lades

i ndicate

d istrict

with

a nother

a t

3 f t.

C O •:•:• :•

•:•:•: :

•• • ::

::

0

4 _ )

(Z S

. ...

c o

. .......... . ................ .. .....

. .....

. ....

0

0 e r

9 1

does

s eem

upper

f airly

l evels

c lear-cut,

b lades and b lade

does

s eem

a bundance,

i t

a s G erzean

which

f or

t he

( 1 975).

B adarian

ascertain

r easonable

t o

t heir

for

r efer

i n

c hanges

apparently t o

t he

a ll

p aper

l evels

s he

i n

t he

i ncreasing a bove

i n

3 f t.

c oauthored

w ith

A lthough t here i s now a provisional d ate

l evels,

d ates

t here a re

tools

C aton-Thompson d oes

E lizabeth Whittle r adiocarbon

a nd a lthough

with

i t

t he

i s

o ther

synchronism

u nfortunate

t hat

l evels

would

with

t hat

phases

t here

a re

no

u s

t o

allow

represented

at

other

P redynastic s ites. I t s hould not be f orgotten t hat t he H emamieh collection i s t he p roduct of excavations c arried o ut e arlier t his c entury where o nly t hose

a rtifacts

c onsidered

T he p resence a nd

f requency

r epresented

H emamieh

for

b iased n ature of t he A ssessing s ome

n otion

n umbers t he

t he

o f

s ite,

what

f lake

i nterest s uch

o f

i s

p articularly

t he

i n

a s

' diagnostic ' were

o f

a rtifact

a nd t he

much

means

u seful

t hat

c ollection,

m issing .

d ebitage

o r

a r ange

provide

collection

c haracter

o f

o f o f

I t

i s

f lake l ower

s trongly were

l evels .

d ata.

s aved . a s

However,

a re t he

t here a re c ertain g aps.

i .e .

t ools

c lasses

what

was

s aved,

s uspected

t hat

g ives l arge

o riginally p resent

T here

i s

n o

d oubt

t hat

a t a

modern systematic excavation a t H emamieh would provide u s with a n unbiased r ecord of t he v ariety a nd r elative f requency of t he l ithic a rtifacts,

as

t hroughout

t he

excavation

would

e stablish

a n

well

as

the

s equence. f urnish

c era mics I t

i s

s uitable

' absolute' c hronology

a nd

a lso

to

o ther be

c ultural

hoped

t hat

r emains, s uch

an

s amples f or r adiocarbon d ating t o

f or

t he

9 2

H emamieh

l evels.

C hapter

5

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM T HE BADARI D ISTRICT

I NTRODUCTION T he

B adari

d istrict

south of modern A ssiut. u nder

t he

d irection

P redynastic a nd 1 922-1923,

o f

D ynastic

B runton,

B adarian)

s ites

l ocated

c emeteries

d istance

T hompson, d esert

of

Many

1 0

t he of

e t

b ank

o f

t he

N ile,

( see

F ig.

f ield

s easons, P etrie's

P redynastic

( including

t he

B adari

K ebir)

5 .1;

a nd

d istrict

N aga

B runton

and

W issa, C aton-

t hese s ites a re l ocated i n t he and

l ocalities

t he

were

o f

1 927).

i n

( Qau e l

excavations

t hree

a l,

many

a reas

E tmanieh

c ultivation

t he

d uring

e xcavated

m iles

e ast

conducted

( Brunton

settlement o f

t he

t he a rea

L ike H emamieh,

between

p lateau.

i n

a nd

and

about

1 928).

o n

S chool o f A rchaeology i n E gypt

P etrie,

1 924-1925

b etween t he modern v illages a

l ocated

F linders

1 923-1924,

c olleague,

i s

T he B ritish

c liffs

o f

d isturbed.

t he T he

l ow

l i mestone c emeteries

f requently contained b urials not onl y of t he P redynastic period b ut a lso o f t he

l ater

p eriods.

" general

a s w ell had

r ubbish"

a s i n g raves,

been

R ecognizable o f

t he

c emetery

plundered

in

antiquity.

P redynastic

h uts

r emains

w ith

B runton

a nd

C aton-Thompson

a n

e arly

period

p hase

o f

periods

were

E arly,

d iscussions

o f

f or

t he

any

B adarian r ing

of

t he

d ate

o f

of

t he objects H ema mieh's c ross-check

( see

4 080 a ge

of

he

r egion

dati ng

t hat

t he

r ecognized

r eferred

f rom

t he

B adarian

t he

was

B adarian a s

t o s ites

r eferring

P redynastic t here except

p .

4 6)

+ 1 60

o f

t he

r ecovered

f rom

to

t hat

s ites

f rom

b y

B runton's

3 ),

o f

two

d ates

a n

t he

t ree-

B runton

t he

S equence

p articularly

t herefore,

s ites,

f or

1 984b).

c onsidering

i n

d ates

a verage

h is excavations,

B adari

e xcept

r adiocarbon

y ield

( Hassan,

s ites

p .

n o

f or

which

B .C .

( cf.

a re

s tratigraphic sequence, f or

f loors.

material

while

l ocalities,

r elative

m any

r emains

P redynastic w ithout s pecifying whether

L ate

H emamieh

pottery. v aluable

o r

d eposits, were

B runton

U nfortunately,

B adari

corrected

a s

v illage

i n

A rchitectural

B adari

B adarian,

M iddle

a t

t he

P redynastic,

merely

i n

f ound

I t was a s a r esult of t he work o f

a lthough

a s

d ating .

l evels

d etermined D ates

t he

specifically

s ubsequent t hey

i n

C onsequently,

a nd

were

f ound u ndisturbed t hough

m ud p laster

consist

B adarian to t he L ate P redynastic. d iscovered .

a reas

s ome o f which were

e ssentially l imited t o a f ew T he

P redynastic r emains

i s

i ndicating

a v ery

t hat

t he

P redynastic p hases r ecognized do i n f act r epresent a chronological s uccessi on

rather

t han

some

for m

of

synchronous

assemblage

v ariability. B runton e xcavations, a l,

1 927:

appears e ven

4 -5).

s ettlement

a reas,

syste matic.

to

have

conducted

i nvolving

s ieving,

H owever,

s eldom

excavation

C ertainly

no

where

excavation o f

p lans a nd

C aton-Thompson

H emamieh

s ections

r emarked

were

t hat

s he

t he

f inding

methods

plans

d eposits were not d ug i n l evels, c areful

o f

o r

h ere

careful g raves any

thorough ( Brunton

s tructures

s eem

s ections

and

f ound to

were

h ave

i n

b een

made,

and

e t t he

l ess t he

contrasting with C aton-Thompson's which

made.

was excavated I ndeed,

w anted

9 3

i n h er

i n l evels,

and

a utobiography

t o e xcavate a s ettlement

s ite

Mu t i a

•E l Ghora ib

• B aqu r

% .E 1 -= :K hawa led \

` tE l iNaz la e l Mus tag idda • E l S ah l i

A tf t i t i

•

D e ir T as ,• I

I L

#

E l N ikh

l a *

•N ' aga W issa

adar i E l B •

,

. !She ikh ' Esa

• E l D i we ir

` ‘ • •

'H emam ieh

T amma •

E zbe t E s i i. hqba t

E l B irba •

E l E tman ieh % (Qau )

c l i f f

M is

l i m i t o f c u l t iva t ion

---- —

a

E I Niuwara

r a i lway

0

1 2

F ig.

5 .1

3 4

5 6

R egional

7 km

map s howing

Mostagedda B runton

S ha t tura

and

( 1929:

t he

matmar 4 57).

9 4

l ocation areas.

•

o f

t he

B adari,

Modified

f rom

c arefully, f orce

a nd

—was

t hat

not

e ncampments"

f ollows.

4 d igit

s ystem

f inds

d igit(s)

o f

G enerally,

n umber,

i mportant

s tyle o f e xcavation

t o h u mdrum d igs

( Caton-Thompson,

B runton's a s

" Brunton's

g eared

1 983:

e .g.

t he

v illage

v illage o r

4 00

o r

w ith

a l arge

P redynastic

a nd

c emetery

c emetery a rea

4 500.

w as

I ndividual

g raves

a rea

n umber)

o f t he a rea n umber 5 227 .

s o

f or

p articularly i f t he a rea was l arge, e .g., f acilitated

i t

containing i s

more

t he

northern

t han

l ow

part

of

t he

C aton-Thompson,

1 928:

a lso

a rea

w ere

i dentified

n umber.

g iven F or

t o a s A rea o f

b y

B adari

4 500

d istrict

p late

I I).

a s A rea

1 927:

most

s purs

w ith

t he

a rea

I ;

b y

o n

t he

S pur

t hough

f ollowing t he n umber i s

I n

1927,

B runton

P redynastic

s outh

K hawaled

and

Mostagedda a rea P redynastic h is

A fter

h e

t he

north

north

t o

i n

of

i t

e xcavations

i n

t he

H ere h e a fter

a nd

M atmar

a reas

e xcavations

t o t he Apart

d istrict, o nly

B adari f rom

a nd

o ther

i n

t he

d istrict

M atmar

B runton

B runton 's

e xcavations

o f

b e

t he

T asa

( see

b etween

Mostagedda s ites

c omm .) . a rea, d ays

S teindorff

b ut i n

h e

1 914,

I n

1 929,

1 930). b etween

to

a ppears

D eir i n

i nterested P redynastic

l ater

4 2;

v isited

B runton

e t

i n

b y

a l,

t he

i n

B runton 's 1 927:

T asa t he

t he

t hat a nd

south

of

t he

B runton d id n ot N aga

W issa.

G abra

o ut

t he c emetery

of

o r

9 5

B adari

a reas,

i n

t he

t he

whole

L imited work t ombs

( Cemetery t eam

i n

0 00)

t he i n

( Brunton

some D eir

3

a nd

P redynastic T asa

e xcavate

found

a nd

t hese

( Yehya E id, pers.

and

H e a lso f ound a n a rea of abundant a rea b etween

o f

3 ).

v illage s urvey

1 948).

t he

D ynastic

c emetery

o f

Mostagedda

M atmar

c arried

G abra f ound a B adarian c emetery a nd

B adarian g raves. a rtifacts

w as

1 928:

r emains I t

m ainly

v illages

5 .1.

i n r ecent y ears by A fifi

a small

which

C aton-Thompson,

v illage

w as

c leared

C hapter

( Brunton,

work

a nd

t he

early

e xtended

p roximity

f igure

t he

main s easons

B runton's t he

f rom

to a s

a lso

t he

1 931

f rom

to

B runton

r egion were conducted by S teindorff, a nd l ater G abra. h as a lso been c arried o ut

were

d i strict, T asa

a nother

two f urther

M useum,

P redynastic

D eir

a rea,

O ctober

s een

B adari

C aton-Thompson's

i n

c lear

s pur

T hus t he spur

i dentified

a rea

i n

P etrie

and

work

l atter

n ot

t he s ame

referred

D eir

material

c an

the

Mostagedda

r egion

A lthough t here i s n o P redynastic

t he

i s

s pur

r eferred

s tudy .

was

K hawaled and G horaieb where h e worked f or c oncluding

b e

u sed

b etween

which

t he

t he

t his

t he a rea

T asian,

s easons

n orthward

to i n

1 937).

t ermed

f ield

c oncession

to

( Brunton,

p hase two

moved s ites

a ddition

d esignating a P redynastic s ettlement

t he n umbering s ystem a dhered . t o i n

excavating

6 ).

3 000,

t o

r emains

i n

c an

A lso o n

t he

appropriate

2 4

B runton

o ccurring

i n

north

P redynastic

g iven t he s ame a rea n umber o r s eparate a rea n umbers. a rea,

t he spurs

B runton a nd

s ettlements

f requently .

s ettlement a reas

a c emetery

c hannels) p l.

n o .

more

5 300-5400.

i n

addition,

wadi

f ollowed

3 000/24,

i dentification

c emetery a nd

3 000

s ettlement

g rave

were also n u mbered,

Moreover,

n umber

t he

T he

g raves

i n

t he

5 .2; B runton e t a l,

t he

o r

of

H owever,

b etween

n umbers.

e xample,

a rea

n umbering

a reas

( Fig.

w ere

t he

9 9 b urials.

d esert

f rom I t o 2 4

n umber

o ther

were g iven

P resumably,

w hether

i s

a 3 o r

o r

e xample,

S ome a reas

t han one n u mber

m ethod

a reas

g iven

f rom a n a rea were n umbered u sing t he f irst s ignificant

2 7 i n C emetery 5 200 i s d esignated a s

south

o r

( first d igit o f a 3 -digit a rea n umber, and f irst two d igits

o f a 4 -digit

( that

l abour

v illages

9 2).

n umbering

e ach

o f

D eir

i n

( Gabra, t he

B adarian

T asa,

a rea

excavated

4 7

l ithic

a nd s outh o f

3 000 ' 3 000 / 3 000 /6 3 000 / ; 3 000 / 1t 3 000 /9 3 000 / 1 0 ' , 3 000 / 11

' t

3 000 / 12

mag

S he ikh

E s. )

d eser t s pur

l im it o f c u lt ivat ion

0

F ig.

5 .2

2 50

Map

5 00

s howing

P redynastic o n

7 50 m

B runton

t he s ites

a nd

l ocation i n

t he

o f

C aton-Thompson

9 6

B adarian

B adari

a nd

d istrict. ( 1928:

p l.

l ater B ased I I).

\ -

c em 1 9 00 2000 =2 c em 1 50 018 0 0

E l

Hemarmeh

ma g .

• c em 1 00 E zbet E l Aqba t % x I

t

A ir

E l E tman ieh ( Qau)

#

a

c l if f

e

E zbet U lad E l Hagg Ah med

_ __---

0 -5

e r 1 1

l i m it o f c u l t iva t ion

1 0

1 . 5

4 00

km c em 2 00 m t o

‘ t8 00

F ig.

5 .3

Map s howing

t he

B runton et al

l ocation

( 1 927:

pl.

o f I ).

9 7

s ites

i n

t he

Q au

S outh

a rea .

B ased

o n

t he c emetery

P redynastic v illage r emains were f ound t hat

Gerzean d ecorated ware pots. D ynastic

F arther t o t he south a gain,

i ncluded a n e arly

c emetery w as l ocated w hich a lso p roduced s ome XVIIIth D ynasty

r emains. A lthough f ocus o f were

l ithic

t his s tudy,

a lso e xamined

c emeteries d iffer o f

t he

B adarian

t he poorly l ithic

f rom

f rom

s ettlement

c emetery

t o d etermine

t o

c ontexts

a reas

w hat

i n

e xtent

f rom t hose f rom s ettlements.

c emetery

k nown

m aterial

B adarian

a rtifacts

M useum,

a rtifacts t hose

i n

t he

p rovides

l ithic

B adari

t he

a re

B adari

l ithic

a dditional B efore

collection

m ain

d istrict

a rtifacts

I n a ddition,

i ndustry.

t he

t he

f rom s tudy

i nformation d escribing

examined

i n

t he

o n t he

P etrie

t he B adarian a nd P redynastic c emetery a nd s ettlement a reas a re

d iscussed

i n

g reater

d etail

i n

t he

f ollowing s ections.

T he B adarian V illage and C emetery A reas I n

t he

B adarian T hese

B adari

d istrict

c emetery

a re

l isted

s ites i n

t here

a re

( Brunton

t able

5 .1.

I n

B adarian objects i n C emetery 1 700, A rea

1 900-2000

( idem:

4 ).

Two

v icinity of t he l atter a rea. b urial

( 3507)

s uggested

may

which, b e

addition,

B adarian

( idem:

g raves 1 3,

5 500

to

a nd

1 928:

1 0

3 -6).

f ound

a f ew

P redynastic v illage, were

a lso

f ound

B runton f ound a n

a ssigned

t he

i n

t he

i solated

P redynastic,

h e

5 .1

B ADARIAN V ILLAGE A ND C EMETERY S ITES

5 300-5400

B runton

s ites

5 0).

T able

V illage s ites:

v illage

C aton-Thompson,

a nd i n t he

On S pur

a lthough

B adarian

4 B adarian

a nd

I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

C emetery s ites:

*

4 00-500

*

1 400

6 000

1 900-2000

H emamieh

*

4 800

*

5 100

*

5 200

*

5 300-5400 5 600

5 700-5800 6 000

* - L ithic a rtifacts

*

* *

*

f rom t hese s ites w ere e xamined

i n

t he

P etrie

M useum.

M ost v illage 6 000

o f

( Fig.

o f

5 .2).

d iscovered. b een

p art

t he

S heikh

o f

B adarian ' Esa

l ocalities

s outhwards

t o

i n

w adi

t he

a rea

b etween

f rom

n ear

t he

A reas

5 700

a nd

A rea 5 500 i s t he main B adarian settlement locality

T he s ettlement a reas t he

o ccur t he

v illage

5 300 a nd

r epresented

b y

98

A rea

6 000 may a lso h ave 5 500 .

S urrounding

o nce t hese

v illage a reas a re C emeteries 5 100, a nd 6 000. 5 200

a re

g raves

o f

age

Dynastic

o ccurred

6 -17).

5 200, 5 300-5400,

Most of t he g raves i n C emeteries 4 00, i n

( idem:

C emeteries

2 ).

5 100,

T he

of

majorit y

5 300-5400

5 700-5800

a nd

4 800 a nd

t he

B adarian

5 700-5800

( idem:

4 ,

T he g raves i n Ce metery 5 100 h ad a ll b een p lundered, b ut most

o f t he b urials A f ew

m ainly

1 900-2000, C emetery

i n

C emeteries

p lundered

4 800,

4 00-500

T he v illage

5 200, y ielded

B adarian A reas

5 300-5400 a nd

B adarian g raves 5 600

a nd

o nly

o ne

l ithic

5 300-5400

4 800,

5 100,

5 200,

5 500

c emetery a nd 5 389,

5 390,

5 725,

5 300-5400,

t omb g roups 5 401,

5 744,

5 773,

5 403,

v illage

a nd

5 814,

a nd

c emetery

3 ,

6 017).

4 ),

a nd

f orm

f rom

5 143, 5 451,

f or

t he

l ithic m aterial

1 400,

1 7-18).

3 ).

6 000

a re

f rom

e xcavated A reas

( including

5 206,

5 213,

5 227,

5 452,

5 459,

5 705,

l ithic

a l imited

1 3,

t he c emetery

a rtifacts

c ollection,

no d etailed a ttribute i nformation was o btained. r ecorded

9 ,

M useum

and

B adarian

u ndisturbed .

H emamieh

f rom

5 128, 5 436,

T he

4 ,

( idem:

5 700-5800

5 116,

were

i n c emeteries

P etrie

a s

5 430,

a reas

t he

well

5 600,

5 112,

( idem:

i n

( as

5 410,

f ound

B adarian g rave

a rtifacts

a nd

5 700-5800

were

6 000

b y C aton-Thompson d escribed i n C hapter

t he

5 600,

1 900-2000,

f rom

t herefore,

D etails were o nly

f rom t he P redynastic s ettlement a reas

which f or ms t he main f ocus of t he s tudy o f material f rom t he B adari d istrict.

T he P redynastic V illage and C emetery A reas T here

a re

1 2

P redynastic

v illage , a reas

t he B adari d istrict ( see t able 5 .2). may b e

a small

s ettlement A rea

a re

1 900-2000

dynasties, s cattered more

P redynastic

a reas

i s

a r ather

p articularly

o ver

t he

r ecently

a rea.

by

o ccupation

1 900-2000 a nd

t he

T he

a rea

a p revious

1 0

c emetery

a reas

i n

s ite

( idem:

4 3).

T he

main

3 000/6 .

d isturbed

of

a nd

I n addition to t hese, A rea 4 400

a rea.

F irst

P it-tombs

I nter mediate

a lso a ppears

v illage

o f

t o h ave

modern

E l

o f

v arious

P eriod, b een

a re

o ccupied

H e mamieh,

and

a ccording t o B runton a ll s tratification o f t he P redynastic v illage d eposits h as b een d estroyed B adarian

t o

d eposits

a rtifacts.

e vidence

o f

a ny

c eramics

s uggested

B adarian

T here a re a lso a f ew p robable 4 ).

v illage

a f ew

4 3).

B runton

l ithic

and

( idem:

s uggest t hat t his a rea was f irst o ccupied i n t he B adarian ( idem: T he

g raves

c ontained

S everal

s tructures t hat

t he

s ite

( Amratian) c ontinuing

P redynastic

( Gerzean).

s ite,

( idem:

4 3).

N orth S pur

two m iles

H emamieh,

n orth o f A rea

P redynastic t he

n umbered

3 000/6 P eriod 7 -12

i ntrusive

g raves

a nd

2 4

P redynastic o f

i n

a lso

were

T he

potsherds

found,

S equence

t he

not

b eginning

t o A rea b e

with

l ithic

a nd

o f

a nd

c eramic

t he

K ingdom

C aton-Thompson,

p roduced

P redynastic

S pur

P rotodynastic p otsherds a nd

3 ( Area

no t he

E arly

M iddle

H emamieh

t he

v illage

which i s a bout

1 928:

7 0).

i s n ot e ncountered a gain u ntil

p art O ld

o f

t he

t he

1 900-2000 a s

c onfused

( Caton-Thompson,

material

n orthern

D ates

of

and

t hough

m ainly o ccupied d uring

r eferred

P rotodynastic,

o f

l ed

e xcavated b y C aton-Thompson,

abundant

d eposits

which

charcoal,

pots

u ntil

1 900-2000

t he

( Brunton

w as

s hould

s ettlement

s purs

p roduced

i ncluded

B runton T his

of

d iscovered .

P redynastic V illage

s cattered

c aches

w as

o bjects

99

t he

d istrict .

r emains.

a nd

1 928:

F irst 4 5-46).

s ettlement

3 000/3)

b eneath

B adari

o ccurred

f oundations

T he

I ntermediate S purs

r e mains. b eneath o f

A rea s ite

t wo

2 -4, T he

a l ayer t emples

T able

5 .2

P REDYNASTIC V ILLAGE AND C EMETERY S ITES

V illage

s ites:

0 00

*

3 000/4

*

1 00

*

2 00

*

3 000/7

1 500-1800

3 000/8

g rave

3 000/9

3 600

*

*

3 700

( Spur

1 5)

3 000/11

*

3 800

( Spur

1 6)

3 000/12

*

3 900

( Spur

1 7)

3 000/24

( 4500)

4 600

*

3 000/10

D ISTRICT

C emetery s ites:

3 000/3 3 000/6

I N T HE B ADARI

1 900-2000 H emamieh

*

3 507

*

* *

* - L ithic a rtifacts

f rom t hese s ites w ere e xamined

i n

t he

P etrie

M useum.

- an

early

( Brunton

XVIIIth

e t

a l,

Dynasty t emple and an e arlier

1 927:

1 8-21).

T he

P redynastic

D ynastic

v illage

t emple

d eposits

were

up to 5 f eet t hick and homogeneous, containing c harcoal a nd o rganic m atter. up

to

A f ew mud p laster for m

l ow

s upported t he

u pper

C aton-Thompson, s tructure l ocated . i s 2 0,

p l.

P arts

w alls o f

1 928:

( approx. B runton

p robably

f loors were d iscovered s ome o f w hich c urved

walls.

4 .5

w as

o f

t hese

wooden

h uts,

s takes,

were

4 4).

I n

addition,

x 2 .0

m )

s ubdivided

u ncertain o f t he a ge

P rotodynastic

o r

e arly

a lso

may

i nto

two

h ave

( Brunton

a rectangular

o f t his

A rchaic

which

f ound

a nd

mudbrick

c hambers

was

s tructure t hough

( Brunton

e t

a l,

1 927:

i t 1 8-

XXIII).

T he mud f loor of a P redynastic hut was found at A rea 3 000/9 ( or 3 300). f t.,

T he f loor

and

was

P redynastic c ompact

h uts

were

s ub-surface

plaster. wall .

was approxi mately c ircular with a d iameter o f

bordered by a l ow

9 f eet.

f ound

a t

A rea

( gebel)

o f

t he

O ne a lso h ad

T his

h ut

f eet.

A rea

T his t i me t he h ut

1 0

s eems

existing

T hompson, Most

of

D ynastic a nd 1 800

o n

the

a re

t he

about

P redynastic

R oman b urials, o ther

s ide

o f

d uring

P rotodynastic,

( idem:

h igh.

T hey p lain

were a nd

mudbricks i n p lan

Two

a t

1 2

f urther

c ut

i nto

t he

l ined

w ith

m ud

t he

b ase of t he

w ith a d iameter

o f

i n s hape w ith a m aximum d imension roughly r ectangular

5 x 7 f eet

( Brunton

i n s hape.

and

C aton-

4 7) .

particularly,

t he

of

c ircular

t o h ave b een

1 900-2000, p eriods

i ns.

3 000/12 a lso produced the r emains of a hut.

d i mensions

1 928:

1 4

3 000/11.

two courses

w as a pproximately

wall

a lluvial

T he o ther h ut w as more o val

o f about I ts

mud

4 3).

c emetery

a nd

were

t he was O ld

C emetery

wadi

to

r eused

also

t he south of

i n

K ingdom, 3 800,

a reas

contained

f requently d isturbed . l ater

F irst

h owever,

100

A rea

l ater 1 500-

t he settlement

periods,

I ntermediate c ontained

e specially a nd

R oman

p redominantly

P redynastic a nd

b urials,

C emetery

S pur

4 600

1 3 p roduced

t here

B runton

t here

only

u ndisturbed B ased

o n

t he

l ittle

b elonged

t o

M iddle

t he

t hat

( idem:

T he

l ater

Amratian .

T he

l ithic

s ettlement

3 000/12, m aterial

T his

material

c ollection

3 900 a nd

4 5,

a nd

4 600 .

a nd

S pur

most

1 4 and

i n

o f

I n

f rom

t he

E arly very

c eramics c hiefly

E arly and

P etrie

3 000/6,

3 000/5

L ate

M useum

3 000/10,

addition,

A rea

B runton

b e

y ielded

t he

3 000/4,

to

p roduced

a f ew

e xamined

a nd

f ound,

a reas

h owever,

1 900-2000.

4 400,

v essels

o nly

3 000/3,

and

A rea

t here

which

i s

B runton

T here a re a lso l ithic a rtifacts f rom ' Area b ut i t

i s

p resumed

t hat

i t

f rom the n u mbered spurs which l acks a specific

i dentifying spur n u mber. P etrie

O n

Amratian

apparently

c emeteries,

a rtifacts

3 000/24

f rom

S .D .

i s not explained by B runton,

designates

5 1), 5 2).

5 0).

were

s ettlement

g raves

a reas

does not mention a t all. 3 000'.

which

1 900-2000 t han

( Gerzean)

P redynastic

3 000/11, l imited

o f

( idem: ( idem:

a lthough c lassed a s

( idem:

o f t he c eramic

A rea

4 8-52).

t he

both

D ates

4 2-43,

f rom

B adarian

g raves

b urials

3 507 which,

b e

P redynastic

was

P redynastic

g raves

a re

of

t he

m ight

h istoric

D ynastic

5 0).

( Amratian).

m aterial

t wo

l ater

b urials

S equence

most

P redynastic

t hought

two

( idem:

considered

o nly

no

o nly o ne g rave -

P redynastic, were

b eing

contained

i s

T he c emetery material r epresented i n t he

f rom

T here

C emeteries

i s a lso

1 00,

m aterial

1 500-1800,

f rom g rave

3 600,

3 507 .

3 700,

T his

3 800,

c emetery

material i s s omewhat l imited s o t he d ata f rom t he d ifferent c emeteries a re

c onsidered t ogether

i n

t he r elevant

s ection

b elow .

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE BADARIAN VILLAGE AND CEMETERY AREAS B adarian V illage A reas T he

P etrie

a rtifacts p ieces.

M useum

f rom

t he

T hirty

of

f lakes a nd

( Tables

5 .3 a nd

c ontains

B adarian t hese

1 c hunk.

T he

a ncient t hat

t he

some

T he

p atina r aw

w ith

a v ery

v illage

a re

h ad b een

t i me before being s elected

b road

f lake cores,

c ores .

T he

cores,

4 s ingle p latform

B adarian c ores

c oloured o r

( flint)

1 2

for

c onsists

o f t he c ores A rea o f

5 500,

T he

l ying o n t he d esert s urface working.

T he

T he o r

S everal

t hey

a re

t hey a re n ot

a s

o r

s eparate

to

o f

t he

b lade b ut

T hey were p robably

c ores appear

extensively

f or

f rom

worked

t o h ave b een

and

v irtually

r educed a nd s o small a s t he m ajority H emamieh.

S everal

c ores

f rom

( group 5 527), are shown i n p late XXVIII,

1

C ivilisation . f rom

t he

b ifacial speci mens. more

v ary

t echnologies,

r epresent

f rom t he B adarian l evels a t

tools

cores f lakes,

f ound together

B adarian

o f c ortex

which p roduced elongate

G enerally,

t hough

c ores,

d o

b y d irect p ercussion .

e xhausted,

f lake

c ores

n ot

4 5

2 s econdary

weathered a ppearance s uggesting

r ather t ypes which g rade f rom o ne to t he o ther. worked

l ithic

o nly

cores

v arious

h eat-treated .

o f

of

2 double p latform b lade cores and 1

R NS o f t hese

material

c ollection

consisting

l eaving

c ores c omprise

a d ark

l imited a reas

tools,

5 s ingle p latfor m b lade cores, d iscoidal c ore .

5 .4)

B adarian

v illage

a reas

consist

mainly

T he two b ifacial s ickles a re b roken.

l ess

p arallel

b roken .

T his

s ickle

f laking

and

margins

h as

d isplays

and

c arefully

some

s ickle

a round worked g loss.

0 1

b ase.

t eeth T he

T he o ther

p roduced o ther

b y

o f

O ne h as end

i s

p ressure

s ickle

i s

a

T able 5 .3 MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORY D ATA F OR B ADARIAN V ILLAGE AREAS

5 300-5400 AND 5 500

C ores

1 2

s ingle p latform f lake c ores

4

s ingle p latform b lade c ores

5

d ouble p latform b lade c ores

2

d iscoidal c ores

1

S econdary

f lakes

2

C hunks

1

T ools

3 0

T OTAL

4 5

r ectangular o r

s ickle T he

f ragment w ith b oth e nds

l acking a ny d istinct

t eeth

two a xes consist o f o ne h aving a n o vate t o s lightly e xpanding

s hape and a t ranchet s car. s hape

b roken,

g loss.

a nd

l acks

a t ranchet

T he o ther s car.

( Fig. 5 .6d, p .

T he

o ne

small a rrowhead w ith b roken b arbs.

I t h as

r etouch.

f rom

T he

o ther

two

a rrowheads

1 21)

c oncave-base c areful

t he

i s

ovate

a rrowhead

i n

i s

a

f lat small p ressure

s ettlement

a reas

c onsist

o f a l ens-shaped a rrowhead h aving s ubparallel,

s quare-elongate r etouch

( Brunton and

[ 5]) a nd a l eaf-shaped

C aton-Thompson,

1 928:

speci men ( idem: pl. XXVIII [ 6]).

pl.

XXIX

T he l ens-shaped specimen h as some

cortex on both s ides i ndicating t hat i t was made o n a t hin p iece of r aw material. possibly

T he o ther a rrowhead was made o n a p ri mary b lade

a p rimary

T he

t hree

b ifacial

shaped by s ubparallel e nds.

Another

t hought

t hat

h as

t he

t he b roken b arbs a nd s traight. o f

o ne

T hey

well

h ave

s lightly t hree

r od-like

d rills

to p arallel

e xtreme

edge

two b ifacial

rounding

d rills

i n

e longate

t riangle

a nd

b road,

c entral

e dge

r etouch .

speci mens

two

l ess

T he

both

of

a nd

6 ]) a t

e nds.

a re both

B runton

4 were

t hey a re

c arefully s cars

[ 4,

b roken

X XVIII,

b ut

o ther

a re

X XVIII i s

( idem: p l. XXVIII

c ouvrante

which

p l. O ne

a t

p late

o f c oncave-base a rrowheads,

s haped

i rregular

( idem:

r etouch.

T he b ifacial t riangles

l arge,

( or

f lake).

f ar

p robably t oo l ong

[ 6]) consist

s haped s ome

t riangles.

s ubparallel -

b ifacial

t ools

c onsist

e longate

f orm,

a nd

o f

t hree

f ragments. O f g rand

t he

m aterial. p ieces

r emaining

perioirs T here

and

n ot

h ave

o f

i s

a lso

a worked

r etouched p ieces b een

t ools,

a ll

a re

t here

which o ne

a re

t abular f rom

o ne e ndscraper,

made

p erforator, s lab.

m ade o n v ery

d etached

i s

a ny

T he

o n

nodular

a b acked

a n otch a nd two p ieces

p iece,

perforator

a nd

of

r aw

4 r etouched o ne

of

t he

r egular s econdary b lades which c ould

o f

t he

B adarian

102

c ores

k nown

f rom

t he

T able T OOL C LASS

F REQUENCIES

5 .4

F OR B ADARIAN V ILLAGE A REAS

E ndscrapers

1

N otches

1

P erforators

1

B acked p ieces

1

G rand p ergoirs

2

B ifacial

s ickles

2

A xes

2

C oncave-base a rrowheads

1

L ens-shaped a rrowheads

1

O ther a rrowheads

1

B ifacial

d rills

3

B ifacial

t riangles

O ther

b ifacial

3

t ools

6

T OTAL B IFACIAL

1 9

R etouched p ieces

4

W orked t abular

1

s labs

T OTAL

3 0

B adari a rea, t he

l ater

b acked

and which i nstead l ook l ike the more r egular b lades o f

P redynastic,

p iece

s econdary s econdary e longate

a nd

two

b lades. f lake .

so

o f

t he

T he

T he

b ifacially

t hey

may

r epresent

r etouched p ieces

r emaining

worked

o val

( Tables

s lab

i n

t he

p reforms a nd c ore T he a reas.

cores

P etrie

5 .5 a nd

r emnants),

are

s i milar

T hey c onsist

p latfor m

b lade

o f

r emnants.

c lasses b lades

of of

2 8

cores,

p latform b lade cores. core

M useum,

L ike

c ores

to

f rom

t ools

a nd

t hose

s ingle

p l.

7 0

c ores

1 02 p ieces

f rom

t he

p latfor m

b road

worked

o n

nodules

ancient p atina s urface. ' glossy '

a nd

h ave

h aving

i s

a a n

f lake

f lakes,

l ong

c lass

a dark

r eddish

settlement

cores, core

and

2 8

s ingle

7 double

3 core p refor ms a nd f lakes,

g rading

o range

c ore

d ebitage .

B adarian

f lake

t here a re

one

F orty f our

a s lightly

were h eat-treated.

o n

[ 4])

( including

o f

f rom t he v illage areas,

p roportions,

made

X XVIII

s uggesting a s ingle b asic manufacturing t echnique. a lso

i s

T he

r egular

7 B adarian c emetery a reas

p latfor m

I n addition, t he cores

p iece

l ess

5 .6)

c omprising

1 double

p roduced

b ladelet

9 4

( idem:

remains.

m ade o n

p iece .

A t otal o f 2 66 l ithic a rtifacts h oused

l ater

a re

r etouched

t abular

r etouched

B adarian C emetery A reas

a re

5 300-5400 A ND 5 500

3

t he v arious b lades,

i nto

t he

a nd

o ther

T hese cores a re

weathered

cortex

o r

( 69%) of t he c emetery cores a re b eige

c oloration

s uggesting

t hey

R elatively f ew b lanks were d etached f rom t hese

103

T able

5 .5

MAJOR L ITHIC A RTIFACT C ATEGORY D ATA T HE

B ADARI

F OR B ADARIAN C EMETERIES

D ISTRICT

C ores

6 4

s ingle p latform f lake c ores

2 8

s ingle p latform b lade

2 8

c ores

d ouble p latform f lake c ores

1

d ouble p latform b lade

7

c ores

C ore p reforms

3

C ore

3

r emnants

P rimary

f lakes

3

P rimary b lades S econdary

5

f lakes

3 9

S econdary b lades

3 5

C hips

1 3

C hunks

6

B iface t hinning

f lakes

1

T ools

9 4

T OTAL

2 66

c ores

c ompared

i ndicates g raves

I N

w ith

t hat

f or

t he

t he

t hey

d eceased

T he secondary consisting

t hose f rom t he s ettlement a reas.

were e ssentially p repared

of

t o u se

d ebitage

f lakes

i n

i n

t he

t he a fterlife .

r eflects

v arying

T his p erhaps

cores placed

to

t he

t echnology

e longate

f lakes

of to

t he

cores,

b lades

and

b lade l ets T he

main

r etouched

tool

p ieces,

mostly o ne

o r

classes

worked

i n

t he

t abular

two s pecimens

collection

s labs

a nd

a re

b ifacial

o f e ndscrapers,

c ircular

a nd

p lanes .

A bout

e qual

n umbers

o f

T here

s crapers,

notches, denticulates, t runcations, backed p ieces, s idescrapers

perforators,

t ools.

g rand p er9oirs,

t hese

t ools

a re

o n f lakes and b lades and a f ew a re made o n t abular o r nodular T he

most

tools.

important T hese

a rrowheads,

g roup

consist

axes

and

d istinct

c ategories.

i ncurving

t apering

t ranchet

t echnique.

c ollection.

T hey

t ools

various T he

b arb a re

o f

c hiefly

i n

o f

t he

o ther

tools

concave-base

f orm . T here

mostly

T hree a re

c ollection

b ifacial

o f

1 7

do

a rrowheads

t he

a xes

worked

s haped b y

a re

s ickles, which

t he

m ade

f lint.

b ifacial

c oncave-base not

h ave

f all

i nto

mainly

an

s how e vidence o f t he

t abular

i nvasive b ifacial

1 04

a re

b urins,

s labs

i n

r etouch .

t he

T able T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES

5 .6

F OR B ADARIAN C EMETERIES

E ndscrapers

2

C ircular

2

s crapers

B urins

1

N otches

1

D enticulates

3

P erforators

8

T runcations

2

B acked p ieces

2

G rand p er oirs

2

S idescrapers

1

P lanes

1

B ifacial

k nives

3

B ifacial

s ickles

7

A xes

5

C oncave-base a rrowheads

6

L ens-shaped a rrowheads

1

B ifacial

1

O ther

t riangles

b ifacial

t ools

I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

1 6

T OTAL B IFACIAL

3 9

R etouched p ieces W orked t abular

7

s labs

1 7

M iscellaneous

5

U nidentifiable b roken

t ools

1

T OTAL

9 4

S ummary of t he B adarian L ithic A rtifacts T here t he

a re

B adarian

f rom

t he

no

m ajor

c emetery

d ifferences

a reas

v illage a reas;

a nd

b etween t he

t he

l imited

l ithic a rtifacts

c ollection

t hey c onstitute a c onsistent

o f

f rom

a rtifacts

i ndustry .

T he collections a re d istinctly b iased towards cores a nd tools, p articularly b ifacial

t ools.

T he

B adarian

c ores c onsist p redominantly

of s ingle p latfor m f lake a nd b lade cores

made on nodules

o range

s uggesting

weathered c ortex a nd a ncient p atina

t he d esert c ore

s urface b efore

c lasses

g rade

f rom

i n t he s ame way a s T hey

a re

b lanks

t he

v ary

bladelet

f rom

b road

Many of

f rom t he

f rom

t he

m aterial

t o

t he

a s ingle

f lakes

t o

l ong

t he cores appear

c emeteries.

I t

a reas

a re

s eems

T he

f or

t he

t o

blades

d ark

f laking .

f lake c ores a re

technology.

f lakes

a re

percussion.

T he

b lades

T he

worked

r esulting

a nd

not

b lades

e xtensively

t he

105

c ores

i n

worked

t he

o f

e specially

t o h ave b een h eat-treated.

more

t hat

s elected

possibly by d irect

basic

Generally

v illage

was

o ther.

b lade cores,

of

p roportions.

r egular. c ores

t he

p roduct

t he

o ne

with

l ong e xposure o n

t han

g raves

T he t hose

w ere

f or

t he d eceased t o u se

i n

v illage

a ppear

a s

a reas

t he

B adarian c ores

T he b ase

d o n ot

m ain

f rom

most

t ools

t he

' other

p ls. X XVII [ 4], t riangular

a re

b ifacial

a re

o ther

t riangles,

c lass

a t

s ickles,

a nd

f rom

b ase .

H emamieh

k nives" . a nd

I t

1 0

i n

f orm

8 1) .

t ogether

f rom

( group

e nds

w ith

B runton c alled t hem

f ound

a c urved

t o b e

a s imilar B runton

t ip

( n=9)

B adarian

s ickle

i n

o f

1 0 f rom v illage

e dge

a re

t he

v illage

a nd

O ne

( e .g .,

i s

i dem:

i dem:

X X

s ides a nd a

t o

t he

s ickles

3 6).

N ine

a s

S ix a re f rom g raves o f

i dem:

c oncave-base

c emetery

l evel

" saw-edged

t hese

1 7,

p l .

were

a rrowheads

d eposits

f ound

X XIX

[ 4]).

( Brunton

f rom t he B adarian l ocalities,

a nd

[ 16],

f ragment o f u ncertain

5 700-5800,

2 4

p ls.

b y t he b roken s ickle

l ess p arallel

s haped

( idem:

C emetery

a t otal

o f

( one o f which i s t he

( e.g.,

r epresented

r eferred

" winged a rrowheads")

g raves a nd

k nives,

T he o ther i s more o r l ess a n e longate

s eems

" deposits"

5 773

c oncave-

a ssortment

s ickles

t he

A ltogether a t otal o f 1 6 were f ound.

a re

small

T here a re two main f orms o f s ickle.

b oth

r ecalls

( p .

a nd

b ifacial

a v aried

b ifacial

f rom t he v illage a reas which h as more o r c urved

a s

u nclear.

f it i nto a ny r ecognized c ategory.

r epresented

XXVIII [ 2]).

A t hird

o r

a xes

a rrowheads,

s hape w ith s lightly c urved margins

[ 2]) .

t he cores f rom t he r educed

W hy t his s hould b e i s

s ickle e dge) c onverging t o a pointed X XIX

H owever,

e xtensively

b ifacial' t ools,

b ifacial

p ointed

a s

which do not

c emetery c ollections. e longate,

b e

H emamieh .

b ifacial

t ools

a bundant

t o

A lso p resent

d rills,

m iscellaneous A part

f rom

b ifacial

a rrowheads .

b ifacial

t he a fterlife.

( idem:

1 4 f rom

3 5).

T he

a rrowheads a re well s haped a nd n eatly worked i nto i ncurving f orms w ith c urved t apering b arbs t erminating i dem: p l. XXIX

[ 3,

S even a xes makes

no

5 ,

w ith

o f

t hem.

b road,

T hey

c ouvrante

a nd s ome h ave t ranchet s cars. w ere

o bserved A lso

t abular

i n

n umerous

s haped

a nd

s crapers,

r etouched

n otches,

n umber

b lades, o f

B runton l ocalities

b e

B runton,

o vate

r etouch

( Fig .

t he

B adarian i nvasive

h owever,

i rregular

5 .6d,

f lakes,

c ollection b ifacial

1 21),

P .

h owever,

a re

worked

r etouch.

t ools consist mostly o f perforators, T here

a re

a f ew

e ndscrapers,

T he g rand

c ircular

b acked p ieces a nd s ingle

s idescrapers a nd p lanes.

T hese t ools a re m ade o n

i n

t he

6 i n

c ollection

t he

l evels a t

r ather

( n=3)

s eems

s ummarized j ust

over

t he two

f lint a nd

T he

somewhat

l ow

small t ool c ollection ( n=17)

H emamieh,

b ut t his

may o nly r eflect a

t he c ollecting b iases o f B runton a nd

i n

o r

a nd t abular o r nodular p ieces o f r aw material.

B adarian i n

t o

b ifacial

b y

p ieces.

e ndscrapers

d ifference

( e.g.,

t runcations,

c onsidering t here a re f rom t he

i n

d enticulates,

s pecimens o f b urins, f lakes,

t end

N o a xe p reparation

mainly

r emaining non-bifacial p er virs

t ips

t he c ollection .

f airly

s labs

o gival

w ere e xamined i n t he P etrie M useum .

mention

s pecimens

i n pointed o r

6 ]).

a rtifacts

a h alf

p ages

C aton-Thompson . f rom

t he

( idem:

B adarian

3 5-37).

H e

r ecognized t hree c ategories o f t ools t hat a re " carefully f inished" . T hese a re t he concave-base a rrowheads, v ariety of n oted H e

" the

f orms, v ery

r emarked

t hat

k nives,

r ough m any

a dzes,

f lints, f lint

" that

t hey h ad

a nd

" may

h ave

s ome

i nnumerable

f lakes

h im t o c onclude t hat

t he

t heir

b een

t he b ifacial s ickles a nd

l ance-heads" h ad

b een

u ses,

r egarded

1 06

( idem:

f lakes,

p laced

a nd a s

i n

w ere n ot models

3 5). a nd

t he

H e

" a

a lso

c ores" .

g raves

l eading

m erely

w aste",

o f

f ull-sized

implements"

( idem:

3 7).

T he v arieties of " winged a rrow-head" that B runton recorded a re a ll

m erely

T he

o nly

h as

a n

r elatively

n oticeable e longate

v ariations f ound

B runton

f rom

t o

p l.

d escribed which

o f

i s

t he

U C

w ith

i ncurving

9 992

f rom

s traight

[ 5])

w as

which

l ens-shaped

i ncluded

i n

t anged

i s

not

f orm . w hich

F urther

T he only o ther

a rrowheads. i n

t he

arrowheads

t he

b arbed

H emamieh

s ides.

P redynastic contexts.

mentioned

X XIX

t he h e

t his

body

l ater

B runton

( idem:

implements"

v ariations

t riangular

o ccur

c lass o f a rrowhead was

m inor

e xception

s ection o n

as

t he

O nly

P etrie

o ne

M useum.

" leaf-shaped

t hird c ategory o f

t ools. B runton

f ound

s everal

k nives

( idem:

p ls.

2 015]) a nd some symmetric b ifacial tools [ 5120,

5 69],

appears

XXVIII

t hat

t he

b eing

g rouped

f ound

t he

g roups, X XIX

h oles

[ 1]) .

of i n

No non-bifacial

made on

t ogether

n umber

i n

[ 3]).

tools

w ith

t he

r est

o f

r ough

J udging

f rom.these

p lates,

b lades

t he

XX

were

" flint

l umps

t he g round" r emarkable

[ 5],

p ls.

LVII

[ 16],

[ 2: XXVI

tools a re mentioned.

f lakes a nd

" extremely

XXVIII

( idem:

of

3 7,

h owever,

B runton

d eposited

p ls.

most

I t

noticed

f lakes" .

f lint

( idem:

not

o f

X XVIII t hese

i n

[ 1],

p ieces

s eem to be cores with a f ew worked t abular s labs and miscellaneous b ifacial t ools. O n t he

t he

b asis

P etrie

t radition

i s

b ased

( bearing

i n

b ifacial

s ickles,

m ind

endscrapers, nu merous

o f

t he

M useum,

B adarian

i t

may

be

v illage

o n a f lake-blade

t he

c ollection

b iased

p erforators

a nd

bifacial

d rills,

denticulates, l ithic

b ifacial

a rtifacts

o f

t he

l ithic

main t ool

c lasses

b ifacial

worked

t abular a re

p resent

a re

s labs, a lso

i n

t he

l ens-shaped a rrowheads,

c ircular

scrapers,

a nd g rand

f urther

t ools)

T here

tools

more a re

i n

B adarian

p ieces.

Other

b acked p ieces

B adarian a re

T he

a xes,

r etouched

tools.

t riangles,

t runcations,

t he

t owards

c oncave-base a rrowheads,

' other'

c emetery c ollections

t hat

t echnology .

i s

c ollection w ith a f requency o f t wo o r b ifacial

a nd

concluded

notches,

per v )irs.

d iscussed

i n

T he

C hapter

6 .

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC VILLAGE AREAS T he

l ithic

a rtifacts

f rom

t he

m ain o bject o f s tudy o f t he B adari

P redynastic m aterial

a rtifacts a re f rom t en l ocalities. f rom

t he

B adari

T his material o f a rtifacts t o

4 77

s purs

t hese s ites

3 000/6;

found b etween t he r epresents

l acks

v illage a reas t he

I n a ddition,

s pecific

s pur

s ee

v aries

t able

5 .7).

l ithic a rtifacts

a s ingle

consistent

f rom a s N o

t hat

a ssemblages.

B runton

d id

not

T he t ools a re m ainly

B runton d id not

r etouched

i nto a tool

C onsequently, ' blades'.

o r

p ay

I t much

not;

t he p roportions

a ttention

of

tool c lasses a re r ather consistent

t wo

t hey

t he

1 07

( Area

4 400) were

T he

B adari

6 6%).

I t

i s

r epresentative t here a re

f airly

t hat apart f rom s ickle to whether

were a ll

f airly

major

f rom

n umbers .

T he material

( n=651,

m ade o n b lades a nd

to h i m,

T he

d ifferences

completely

h e u nintentionally collected

T hus

a s

i ndustry.

i s evident

t he

T he f requency

f rom t hese s ites.

collect

n umerous u nretouched b lades. b lades,

i dentifying

l ittle

P redynastic

f orm

M useum .

t here i s material

s ignificant

v illage collection c onsists p rimarily of t ools obvious

P etrie

i s g rouped under t he l abel ' Area 3 000'.

f rom

( Area

w hich

i n

s ite

a b lade

' flint

r andom

was

f lakes'.

s amples

o f

l ithic c ategories a nd to s ite.

S ome o f

t he

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1 4 4 , I

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debitage

r i

T otal

MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT

FREQUENCIES

FOR

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

I N THE

B ADARI

D ISTRICT

0

0 u l 1 / 4 . 0 0 ( 1. 1 • • • • • , I f 4 O l C O C D r 4

1 1 . 4 E -4 0 E I

l ocalities

a re

3 000/6

3 000/10),

well

a nd

d isturbed

s eparated,

a ppear

t o

b e

a s

b y

l ater

b ut

t he

none

o f

g raves

m aterial t he

( especially

f rom

t hese

A reas

h as

l ithic a rtifacts

1 900-2000,

e vidently

i n

b een

t he collection

i ntrusive .

B runton

d ated

t hese P redynastic s ettlement

a reas to t he E arly

P redynastic o r Amratian, b ased on t he S equence p ates of t he pottery t hat

was

f ound.

c ontinuing l ithic

A rea

1 900-2000

i nto t he b eginning o f

a rtifacts

c omparable

t o

f rom

t hose

t hese

f rom

l evels a t H emamieh,

t he

extremely

small

r espectively t here

a re A ll

no

t he

i s

d ates

A part

a t

f air

a re

t ransition

H emamieh

a re

c omparisons

a ny o f t he

t ools,

b lades

f lint

( n=15)

t he

( n=193,

t hese a re

f ew p rimary b lades

o nly a f ew

t he

l ocalities a nd

w hich,

R egrettably,

s ites. l ike

t he

m aterial

most

2 0%).

c ommon U nlike

e lement t he

s econdary

( n=10) a nd n o p rimary f lakes.

However,

b lades,

b urin

spalls,

axe

f lakes.

T here

a re

1 3

main

o nly

tool

p reparation

and

f rom

f lakes. a re

T here b iface

T here f airly

i s h ardly c rested t hinning

c ores.

classes

s ickle b lades,

f lakes

t he

speci mens.

t here

7 9 s pecimens.

i n

b lades

r egular

any f laking d ebris, a nd o nly r are core r ejuvenation p ieces,

The

by

3 4 a rtifacts,

w ith .

B adari

mostly v ery

n umerous g lossy b ladelets consisting o f

t runcations,

G erzean

r epresented

consisting o f 1 5 a nd

f or

f rom

l ocalities,

T here a re v ery

Amratian

H owever,

mostly b eige i n c olour w ith s ome b rown a nd b rown-

s econdary

B adarian

a re

l evels

t he a rtifacts e xamined a re o f

c ollection

mainly 4 3) .

v illage

Amratian/Gerzean

t oo small t o m ake

v ariations .

( idem:

P redynastic

collections

r adiocarbon

u sed a t H emamieh, i s b anded

considered

t hough i t should be noted t hat t he Amratian and

B adarian/Amratian t ransition o nly

was

t he G erzean

( see

a nd

table

5 .8)

r etouched p ieces,

are

endscrapers,

f ollowed b y

c ircular

scrapers, b urins, perforators, backed p ieces, glossy b ladelet tools and b ifacial tools.

T he b ifacial tools consist of b ifacial k nives,

f ishtails,

s ickles,

b ifacial

concave-base

a rrowheads,

b ifacial and miscellaneous b ifacial tools, axes and b ifacial d rills. t runcati on k nives, planes, a re

worked

c alculated

t ool

t abular f or

collections e xtent

j udging

must

i s

b lade

f rom

t hought

t he

t hat

s labs,

t hose a reas

l ikely t hat t hey a re what

A lso present a re notches,

b lade k nives,

n ot

b e

f airly

w ith

f ifty o r

t hey

a t

a s

more

H emamieh

r epresent

t ools.

u nbiased

r epresentative of

t ools p redominate a t e vidence

s idescrapers,

miscellaneous t ools .

r egarded

P ercentages A lthough t he

a ssemblages,

t he b lade

t he

p resent

a s ignificant

i t

tools.

t he s ites i s u nknown . a nd

f ine

denticulates,

o ther b lade k nives,

and

o ther

a nd s ingle speci mens o f

H owever,

c ollection,

f raction of

i s T o

t he

i t

tool

a ssemblage. I n

t he

d ebitage be

a nd

noted

following t ool

that

i f

s ection,

c ategories t here

c ategory f rom a l ocality, i n

t hat

p articular

a re

a re no

the

exa mples

t hen t hat

i nstance .

d ata

for

d escribed .

T his

of

l ocality m akes

s pace.

1 09

I n

t he

i ndividual

t he

t ables,

a particular

i s omitted

t he

t able

f rom

c learer

i t

core, s hould

class

o r

t he t able a nd

s aves

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

00 0

0 4

0 • 4 4 4

.

MI

en

.

0

Ui

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0,

0 1

N

UI I f ,

N

.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

• •

UI

• 4

e n

N

0

N

,

0

1 . 11

e t

0,

r -

0,

0

In

0

0

0

4 .1 . 1

N

0

0

0

UI

0,

UI

> • , I

. 4 1

C 4

• . ' 4 c a , c c at a . .N _ , c u a ,r . 0 C U

N C A c C I ) C .0 • . , C . ) > 4 4 .,

t h C 1 2 C . ) M b 4 C C C L ) e 1 3 0 0 0 -. -, . 1 4 4 . ei . 1 C i •. .0 i t 4 . ) 4 -, w e t :, e t 3 RD ( U 0 0 C . ) 0 ) .- 1 44 C C _ . _ e

Z

0 e l, V > V ea ,1 ( 0 , - I C ,• -I 0 i x .0 >, 0 , 4 N 1 : 1 C D C / 7

w z mc . ) u n 3 «c o a e

C 1 G

w E e

u

0

0

N

0

0

N

0

rc . .1 C a C a

, a a

C f l i 1 0 O 4 4

1 . 4 i . 4 0 ., CI c 6 b i 4 ( . ) W a )

a , >

• o I C 5C

c

C n 0 C C C

i i e l : 1 • ei ( ) c C S 1 4 -,

( 1)

a .

C A

1 10

• •

N o t

N

,D

•

• r-

C)

C. )

l f 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

CD

0 4

0

0 1

CD 4 4 1

0

0

N

In

0

0

I ' s

C D

In 0 IA 0 • • • • N 0 N 0

0, •

el • N 4 . I

el

0

N

CD

0 • •

c v

a , >

n . a s . .

0

0 , C• 1 e t . • • • • 0 0 In 0

C 0

t n

C O ) . 4 C U

C 0 L e N 4 t a C D Q. M I e l 3 k i e e i C ., 7 C e 3 C . ) 13 4 4

• •

0

F ishtails

.

0

0

0 1 .. l i l 4 , 1 e r N 0 1 N N 0 4 1 .4 N • • • • • • • • • • • • . 4 . 41 C N I • 4 4 . 4 4 . • . • • 1 40 / r , r e ) , , r 1 . • • •

0 4

0

0

0

N

0

0

N

0

N

e l .

-

rl 0 • • 0 0

0

C U

N

1 . 1

0

, 4 0

CO

▪ N

t ools

.

• 0

L el

er

b roken

,

•

•

R etouched

cn N C e, N VD 0 0, 0, CD UI 0 N • . . . . • . • . . . . N e -, e l. • • CD ,: l • 1 / 4 0 0 C0 N N N 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 4 0

TOTAL B IFACIAL

0

b ifacial

0

f ine b ifacial

N

M iscellan.

N

a rrowheads

N

C oncave-base

en

s ickles

N

B ifacial

F OR P REDYNASTIC S ITES T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES

T able

5 .8

I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

, J D e ,

E I 0

E I

D ata f or

Cores

I ndividual L ithic A rtifact

( Tables

T here

5 .9-5.11;

a re

1 3

cores

platfor m b lade cores t o t his). and

b eige

T he cores,

o ther

t hat

1 1

c ores

of

i n

for m,

B adari

collection.

9 8 x 5 2 x 3 8 mm

1 .39,

a re

UC 9 715).

t hey

r atio

s hape

( Fig.

h ave

although on t hick.

b ladelet

conical

di mensions

w idth/thickness t hey a re

5 .5) Two

a re

s ingle

5 .4; t he o ther b lade core i s v ery s imilar

( W/Th,

double platform cores s uggest

t he

( Fig.

C lasses

( W/Th

1 .37,

UC 9 714)

B oth a re on a non-heat-

f lint.

u sually

average

i n

5 .4 a nd

T heir d i mensions a re

1 07 x 5 3 x 3 8 mm

t reated

F igs.

C ategories and Tool

5 .5c).

b een are

o f t he

N ine

F ig.

x

3 3.3

i ndicating

( see x

s ingle

p latform

and

Appendix

3 0.4

t hat

whole t hey t end s how

a re

5 .5a,b),

two

a re

T heir g lossiness and coloration

h eat-treated

3 6.7

1 .13

T hey a ll

c ores.

( e.g.,

t he

mm

D ).

with

c ores

T heir a

a re

mean

r oundish

to be a l ittle wider than

f airly r egular

b ladelet

r emovals.

T able 5 .9 CORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3 n =2

3 000/6

3 000/10

n =6

1 900

3 000

T otal

n =2

n =2

n =1

n=13

S ingle p latform f lake c ores

0

0

0

0

0

S ingle p latform b lade c ores

0

2

0

0

0

2

S ingle p latform b ladelet

c ores

1

3

2

2

1

9

D ouble p latform b ladelet

c ores

1

1

0

0

0

2

T he c haracter i s

s uggestive

soft

h ammer

percussion c ores

s eems

o f

o f t he

a p unch

percussion

t echnique

working o f b oth o r

p ressure

t echnique

( see below p .

s ignificant

t hough

i t

t he b lade a nd b ladelet c ores

t echnique, r ather 1 17-118).

c ould b e

1 11

0

o r

than

possibly any

h ard

a d irect h ammer

T he absence of

a c ollecting b ias.

f lake

S ingle p latform

b lade

c ore

f rom

0

1 12

T able

5 .10

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3 n =2

N o.

3 000/6

1 900

3 000

T otal

n =6

3 000/10 n =2

n =2

n =1

n =13

o f s triking p latforms: 1

1

5

2

2

1

2

1

1

0

0

0

1 1

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

o ther/irregular

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

2

5

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

3

0

2

1

0

0

3

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

o ne a rea w orked

0

0

0

0

0

0

o ne

0

0

0

0

0

0

h alf o f p eriphery

0

1

0

0

0

1

m ost o f p eriphery

1

4

1

1

0

7

e ntire p eriphery

1

1

1

1

1

5

t wo

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals c ontinuous e dge s trengthe ning

r emovals

1 1

P latform s urface: l arge f lake s car s cars o f p revious f lake

r emovals

s cars o f p latform s urface p reparation

r emovals

a ncient p atina u npatinated n atural

f lint

s urface o ther/irregular

E xtent o f w orking o f c ore:

f ace

f aces

1 13

a

0

F ig.

5 .5

H eat-treated i n ( a, c ,

t he

B adari

b ladelet d istrict.

UC 9 719 f rom A rea d ouble

p latfor m

cores

f rom

a -b,

14

b ,

c ore

2 cm

P redynastic

s ingie

3 000/6;

b ladelet

1

p latform

UC 1 0621 f rom

A rea

v i1lage b ladelet

f rom A rea 3 000/3

( UC

s ites c ores 1 900); 9 630) .

T able

5 .1]

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B LADELET C ORES B ADARI

F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE

D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3

L ength

3 000/6

3 000/10

1 900

3 000

T otal

( max)

n

2

2

2

1

1 1

m ean

-

3 0.25

-

-

-

3 6.73

s .d.

-

2 .59

-

-

-

3 8,46

3 5,40

2 6

2 6-56

1 1

r ange W idth

4

4 2,56

2 7-34

8 .58

( max)

n

2

2

2

1

m ean

-

2 5.25

-

-

-

3 3.27

s .d.

-

6 .83

-

-

-

1 0.31

3 2,50

2 3,38

4 8

1 8-50

1 1

r ange

4

3 1,43

T hickness

1 8-36

( max)

n

2

m ean

-

2 3.00

s .d.

-

2 .12

r ange

4

2 2,30

2

1 -

3 0.36

-

-

-

1 0.24

3 9,49

1 8,41

4 3

1 8-49

1 1

2 0-26

2 -

W idth/Thickness n

2

4

2

2

1

m ean

-

1 .09

-

-

-

1 .13

s .d.

-

0 .21

-

-

-

0 .25

0 .65,1.28

0 .93,1.28

1 .12

r ange

N ote:

1 .41,1.43

m easurements a re

Secondary

blades

S econdary collection. t otal

1 900 a ll

v arying

b lades

i n

5 .12 a nd

f or m

l ength

p latform

a nd

( table

t he

3 000 b lades F or

t hickness M ost o f t able

i n

t hey t end

to

i ndicate b e

dominant

3 2 t o

were T he

B adari

1 93

mostly 1 51

2 .00

mm

a re

a re

i rregular.

9 .00

T he

f or

t he

3 000 6 .3

l enticular

p latforms

11 5

B adari o f

t he

p arallel-sided

o f

a re

not

3 .96 .

b lades

f rom

A reas

r epresentative

p latforms

mm and

b ulbs

t he 1 9.6%

a veraging

c onsidered T he

u nfaceted a nd when

r egular,

1 900 a nd 2 .1

of

for ming

w ith a n a verage o f 6 6 .7 mm .

t o

r ecorded

d ata

Ar eas

width

t hat

component

b lades

c ollection .

f rom

a re

a re

f rom

d ata

platform

t he p latforms 5 .13

v ary

t he b lades

and

5 .13)

T hey a re

5 .13).

t he

a

t here f rom

r atios

D etailed

small.

i n

( Tables

A ltogether

l ength/width

0 .65-1.43

i n mm.

l ithic collection.

b lades T he

0 .78-1.38

t he mm, i n

g enerally

mean

p latfor m

r espectively.

s hape.

T he d ata

l enticular

percussion

o f

a re

a re

i n p lan

g enerally

, , I D 4 . 1 O E .

e n 0 . I I c

O D c P C h • • • , 0 , V D ,, N I

O P

C

I n C V

a C V

0 r • 3 / 1 1 /0 4 • C l • 3 C/

O D •P •

•I

( V ,, • I N C V

. 1 i n . , 1 N CI

Cm L e l OD 0 , r e • 1 I N C. U I I .. C7 , .

e n Ch

.I

rI

,0

r . 1

L C1 I l l 0 , , I D r- . - , • . u 1 C V c v

c r ,

0 0 U1 • • . C r ,

el

.

40 / 1

• c r s t

0 0

• -,

0,

r-

e r

•I

r . I

0

1 . • 0 1 .• 0 , . r 1 0

rI

I N c l • • U I 1 ' 1

1 . • •

r,

• --I

. e l

0 , 0

0

0

C V

0 ▪• • • •I

0

0

2 .00-6.69

IV

I .• • I?

0 C I 0 1 .

en c r I C

C

. 4 C V

CO

e r • 4

0, I N

er r s . CV 0 I C3 Z 0 C• 1

13 ,

C

C V

0

0

C V

• ••I 0

C V 30 u 1 • • I . e r CT ef I D • • • el

/

el c r

• •I I l l I • C• 1 . :I •

CV

IN

CO

0 • CO . 4

U1 I ' l . I ‘ 1 , CO

I

CO

en

Ln

IN

0

I l l . . • • 1 M1 i n C V CV e r

01 . I • 0 .

C V

I

CO

I D . -I • • 0 C V

1 4 1 I . I n

N

en

o rn • V P I • C O ‘ 0

I

C V

I

N

C

• . •

0

0

r 1

I

. 0 I 1 . • •

.

I

I el

r1

I

I . C3 I .

0 0 • • • ▪ •• 0 I C

C

C3 N

0 • -I • • OD U1 .

• .

1 / 1 C V I I, r • •

r n CD C

CD

OD

a

C V

OD

C

c D c ,

CD CV CM OD CM r g . . I • • • ee m e ee

r• • OD ,s cl m D CV en

I / 40 1

In I A M I C V 0, • • I en f • • • • • I 30

VI a e e

I

0

en en

. "

I

I

.

I

I

0

I

0

C

In

N so • + • • • C I CI 0, 1 ` . 1 . •-•

c I P

1 • • • . 4 . • VP

e • • I

r . . I . .

C

40 / 1 40 / 1

0 • %

C O .

a

a

e • • • Ul I n OD . •

r n r q

. 4 1

u l

ul e e

• • I 30 el ` K J `

I

• •" /

CN I

C .,

CI

M I OD a ' ee

e r I D

C O

r q • C V C V

in r -

I C

,I . . ., . 0 01 0 I 0 C

C

C

40 / 1

. .

• •

r ,

r -

I

I / 41 1 )

C. N , s t ,

• CP 0,

0 e s

C I, el

0 N

. • •

I

/ 4 1 0 i t , C r t

CO o -I

I

C V N

• e r

e r a '

u n

"

1

I CO

I

el . 0

c r ,

1 • • • I D . I 0 . . • • I

40 / 1

r . 0 C V tO• 0I

•

r . . I

U l • . 3 .

• K r

a CD •

a ' •

U l C D C D

•

c o

•• I

en C V r- en • un r s

o 4

40 / 1

e n

/ 4 1 0 ' , . . . c l • C D 0,

I ,1 01 • S P

o rn • 0 i • 30 CV • 0

0 .36-0.54

C V . . . . . . . 0 I 0 C 0

I

C • 1 I • • • • I V

-

0 C V r • • • OD 1 /0 4 • / 0 e l

I

N t e l

I

a

el

0 . • U• N • a 0

ln

0

C

. 0 • - •

0 a • . C • 1 • -• U l

C V

C V r l • MI . .

OD r • • • OD e l

OD C T MP C • 1 • C I • C . 1 • • 1 C• 1 1 / 4 0 1 40 / 1 • • •

e n

r1

• • 1

11

. . I s . e l C . • • I • • I / 4 1 0 i ' l m i .

• • ••

rl

C •1 •

0 , 0 c ;

0 1

In

I n . 33 . C • 1 0 . 0 I 0 C

CO

40 / 1

0 C1 0 • I • • • I N r • • i C • 1 . /0 4 1

0

•1

•I

. I 0, • • I

C V

0 . 0 . 1 . ) V • H X . .„

C . . I C C . , b . ,

0 . • C 0 c

I a 0 C

C 0 1 1 . °

c

C t x 3

-n l

1 1

4I

W

E .0

t r C 4 . )

C

H I • 0, ' 0 C •

E cn

I O

.0

w

4 -, V " .

c

1 16

0 C • C T, . 4 1 : 3 C W • I C I E c o k 4

C O C O . 3 . , C 3 C ° • H . .

c

I l C • 0, m i l3 C H . 3 • C H a w 3 . 1

4 1 C H I

C

H I C • 0, n : 'D C 0 • I I E C O ,I

i n m m.

C O

r l I N U I C O 0 , • • I P. . 3 . r . C V

C O C O C 1 , C 1 C U • .. ..

C

C • R S M 0 . 1 • E cn

C D 0, C 4 3 h . .

m easurements a re

• • •

. 1 . U I 1 ` . . . N • I .0 OD

N ote:

C O

1 0 .

0 .20-0.50

C

C • 1 r1 UI r 1 CT Ur ) • • 0 ID 0 U I C • 1

2 .06-5.18

P REDYNASTIC S ITES F ROM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES

T able

5 .12

I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

0 1 " • • • 0 • • 0 I C• 1 C

0 .18-0.50

CV

T able

5 .13

S TRIKING P LATFORM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM

A REAS

1 900 AND

m ean

s .d.

r ange 9 4-127

P latform a ngle

2 8

1 09.00

8 .53

P latform t hickness

3 6

2 .06

1 .67

1 -7

P latform w idth

3 7

6 .27

4 .85

1 -24

P latform p reparation:

P latform s hape:

R NS

0

u nfaceted

3 000

0 .0

3 2

r ectangular

7 4.4

1

l enticular

1 8

2 .3 4 1.9

d ihedral

1

2 .3

t riangular

3

m ultifaceted

1

2 .3

g ull-winged

3

7 .0

t hinned

2

4 .7

s emi-circular

2

4 .7

o ther/irregular

7

1 6.3

t otal

V entral

4 3

1 00.0

l ip:

7 .0

o ther/irregular

1 6

3 7.2

t otal

4 3

1 00.1

B ulb o f p ercussion:

n o l ip

2 0.5

d iffuse

2 1

4 8.8

s light

1 8

8

4 6.2

small&pronounced

1 7

3 9.5

moderate

1 0

2 5.6

v ery p ronounced

s trong

3

t otal

3 9

( missing v alues

5

1 1.6

7 .7 1 00.0

t otal

4 3

9 9.9

3 5

8 1.4

4 )

g raillure:

P reparation s cars:

p resent

1 5

3 4.9

p resent

a bsent

2 8

6 5.1

a bsent

t otal

4 3

1 00.0

8

t otal

4 3

1 8.6 1 00.0

d iffuse o r small b ut moderately p ronounced with s light to moderate v entral

l ips.

Most p latforms s how small p latform p reparation s cars o n

t he d orsal a spect b elow e dge

s trengthening

t he p latform .

r emovals

( seen

o n

T hese t he

r epresent

c ore

i n

F ig .

t he

r emains

T he p latform c haracteristics a nd r egularity o f t he b lades s pecialized ( e .g . o r

B ordes,

b lade 1 967;

t echnology . B ordes

p ossibly a p ressure

a nd

F rom

a c onsideration

C rabtree,

t echnique

s eems

1 969; l ikely .

117

o f

C rabtree, I t

o f

5 .4).

t he

imply a

l iterature

1 968)

a p unch

i s a lso possible

t o

p roduce b lades w ith small p latforms s uch a s t hose f rom B adari b y a d irect s oft h ammer p ercussion t echnique c lear,

h owever,

d irect p ercussion p ronounced

w ith a h ard h ammer.

b ulbs

o f

p ercussion

W hile

t hey d o not

b ulbs h aving c lear p oints o f p ercussion h ard h ammer a ny

s truck

c onchoidal

g enerally l ips,

i .e .

b lanks.

f racture

h ave

( Newcomer,

1 975).

W hat i s

i s t hat t he B adari b lades were not manufactured b y

small

f eatures

N or

m arks a re

which

may h ave

l arge,

a re

f airly

p ronounced

c haracteristic

o f

d o t he b ulbs o f t he B adari b lades s how

( Ohnuma

a nd

B ergman,

b ulbs

w ith

s light

t runcated

w hich

t hey

h ave

n ot

a ssociated

1 982); t o

w ith

r ather

moderate

d irect

t hey

v entral

h ard

h ammer

p ercussion. I t

may

l ocality ( 151

b e noted t hat

3 000/6)

r efit .

x 3 0 x 1 9 mm,

T h/W

0 .58)

J udging b lade

f rom

t he

c ore

T h/W 0 .63;

f rom

a n

c oloration

a nd

9 715,

w hich

a lso a ppears

Glossy bladelets

i s

G lossy o f

( UC 9 712 a nd

a s

o f

f rom

s pecimens

mm,

b lade

w ell a s

9 713

t hick

1 37 x 3 1 x 1 8

s tage

b anding,

v ery

t o b e

L /W 4 .42,

manufacture.

t he g eneral s hape

s imilar

( Tables 5 .14 a nd

b ladelets

f orm

c ore

r eduction

t o

t he

c ore

f rom

i llustrated

i n

( 174 x 3 5 x 3 2 mm, L /W 4 .97,

f rom c ore U C 9 715 .

8 .0%

m ajority a re r egular b ladelets, O verall,

e arly

T he r etouched b lade, UC 9 711

0 .91)

s tages

t he b lades

i t appears t hat t hese two b lades were detached

U C

f igure 5 .4. T h/W

L /W 5 .03,

r esulting

o f t he p ieces,

two o f

T hey a re e xceptionally l arge,

t end

5 .15)

( n=79)

o f

t he

B adari

c ollection .

a lthough s ome o riginating t o

g lossy b ladelets v ary i n

b e

b road

l ength

a nd

f rom

s omewhat

2 3 t o

7 1

T he

f rom e arlier l ess

r egular.

mm w ith a m ean

o f 4 2.1 mm. P latform

d ata

w ere

r ecorded

f or

t he

g lossy

b ladelets

f rom

A reas

1 900 a nd 3 000 t o p rovide q uantitative d ata f or t he o bserved t rends. T he b ladelets i n t hickness L ike

t he

mostly h ave v ery small ( average

b lades,

1 .2

t hey

mm) a nd

h ave

m ainly

small b ulbs o f p ercussion. s ignificantly d ifferent of t he p latforms, b ladelets

a verage smaller f rom

f rom

c ores

t he

a rtifacts

s uch a s

a ll

appear

' glossy% m aterial

t o

h ave

m unsell

w ere

( see

A ppendix

t he

t he

d o

b lades

I t o 2 mm 3 .1

5 .5 .

s equence f or

r eadings

mm) .

p latforms

not

a ppear

e xcept

f or

a nd

t o b e

t he s ize o f

t he

t he b lades e xcept t hat o n

T he

f igure

b ladelets

w ere

d etached

T he b ladelets d o a ppear

f rom

t hat

r epresented

b y

t he p roduction o f b ladelets

h eat-treated. c hart

f rom

( average

u nfaceted

d ata

f or

p roduced . i n

w idth

method o f p roduction

t hat

T he c ores

b een

c olour

f or

t hat

s ame a s

t hose s hown

b lades a nd b lade c ores .

i n

l enticular

t hose

t o r epresent a s eparate r eduction t he

8 mm

T he p latform

s uggesting

m ay h ave b een

p latforms r anging

1 t o

H ence i ndicate

t he

b ladelets

a r eddening

a re

o f

t he

D ) .

O ther d ebitage T here

a re

no

p ri mary

p rimary b lades .

T hese h ave

o f

b lades .

t he

Most

s econdary a re

e longate

and

f lakes p latform

S econdary appear

to

i n

t he

collection,

c haracteristics f lakes be

t echnology.

118

a re

a lso

a nd

s imilar r are

by-products

of

o nly t o

( n=15, t he

1 0

t hose 1 .5%) . b lade

. I

, I

D ISTRICT

N

CV

e l

Oh 0 C

o m 0

0 C O 0 r i 0 , I • c

1 , 1

. I

In

CD

0,

0

CO

. 1

r -

. OD VD CO sr • • I Oh s r r l

r l

40 / 1

01

r n

CO

CO

• CO

N.

OD

, . 4 C O • • I C r , C V . , / I

•

. 4 .

N

.0 r l • . 1 u, • I e a 14/0

r n r, r m sP e l •

ON

•

e .

1

r e 0 r e

CT

•

s r

IV

•

t e ,

•

• • •

c o r -

rI

0 5

CV 0 • • 0 0

CO

4 0 N

e nd b roken

NI

e .

C D

( )C D

C D CIC D

( T 5 0 1 2

C D

L C )

T able

5 .26

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES B ADARI

I N T HE

D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3

3 000/4

3 000/6

3 000/10

3 000/11

T otal

L ength n

4

1

9

m ean

8 1.25

-

6 7.56

s .d.

2 4.99

-

1 8.20

r ange

5 4-122

9 5

3 7-104

1 3

2

2

1 8

-

-

6 8.50

-

-

2 2.37

4 3,78

3 9,45

3 7-122

W idth n m ean

1 3.20

5

2 _

s .d.

4 .87

_

r ange

9 -22

7 ,21

3

1 5.00

1 3.00

2 _

2 5

4 .29

3 .74

_

4 .69

1 1-26

9 -18

9 ,17

7 -26

1 3

1 4.16

T hickness n

5

2

3

2

m ean

8 .00

-

5 .46

5 .33

-

6 .28

s .d.

4 .69

-

1 .08

0 .94

-

2 .91

r ange

2 -16

4 ,10

4 -8

4 -6

4 ,12

2 -16

L ength/Width n

4

1

9

2

2

m ean

6 .07

-

4 .62

-

-

s .d.

1 .81

-

1 .22

-

-

4 .33,4.78

2 .65,4.33

r ange

3 .45-8.13

4 .52

2 .69-6.55

2 5

1 8 4 .81 1 .46 2 .65-8.13

T hickness/Width n

5

2

3

2

m ean

0 .61

-

0 .39

0 .42

-

s .d.

0 .30

-

0 .09

0 .07

-

r ange

0 .20-1.07

0 .48,0.57

1 3

0 .19-0.55

N ote: m easurements a re i n m m.

1 40

0 .33-0.50

0 .44,0.71

2 5 0 .46 0 .18 0 .19-1.07

a

1 ,

9

F ig.

5 .13

P erforators p erforators U C

2 7038);

f rom f rom

c ,

cm

A reas

A rea

3 000/3

3 000/6

p erforator

f rom

1 41

( UC

a nd 9 708,

A rea

3 000/6. U C

3 000/3

a -b,

2 7114, ( UC

U C

2 6883) .

d -e, 2 7294,

. . . . • C, 40

,0

C .4

o I

In •

. . . me re m • • • . 4 4 . . 4 . • • I i n es

r . . . e, • • CO 01 ei

, 0 . . 1 • . 0 ea . . ..

7.

40

r. .,

0 • • 4

sr

C%

re

. . I

IN

In

% ,0

0

co

c0 0

C 4

C ▪ ,8 •

0

ri

a>

0

. . I

▪

N

(. 4 4 . 4 0%

N

0

0

4 0

40

4 . 4

. . . .

. . . .

. . 1

P 1

c o .

. 4 .

.,

ri

40 ni

h

r, h 6 . . 1

0 v . .

0

0

0

0

• • . .

0

0

t N I

0

co

4 --

ße

ei • •

04 r4

0

1( 4 i r e

0 4

IV

0

0

ei

N

0

sr

. e

CO

• 4 1 . 0 C •

M 4 )

. .

0

c r %

N

• o •

m

0

0

•

• » I

. . .

e . .

. .

tv co

0

0 1 0

4 ( 4

. .

C 0 14 . 1 .0 1 4 CP I C .. 0 .4

D C ( I,

.

. I . 1 .0 0, • I . 5 1 . 1 4 4 0 4

C

p .

C

I CI 4 1 1 1 C 1 1 0 . 1 . i D 4 . , . . 4 1 I C D a A D . 1 4 / 0 0

C 0 . . i J J 1 4 C 0

c , 4 o c o.c c e n o c z 4 . e o . 4 . 4 . 4 = 4 ) . 4 b . . e n 4 0 . 1 4 0 L A 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 L • . 1

4 4

I C I C 4 4 1 . 4 1 0 . 1 . 1 0 0 40 0 0 1 -. 0 X 7 C 7 C 2 1. 1 \ C M W O ' 0 CP 7 7. 10 b + 7 . -t > . . I 1 . 4 . I 1 . I . 1 ., 4 / 1 . 4 .0 C ., . 1 . 1 . . 1 . 1 . 1 r I 7 .0 4 . 1 7 0 . 0 .0 . 0 J . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 V

14 2

C .0 0 0 7 0 4 1 4 1 h4

4 1 4 5 0 C

O n 4 . I C I 4

J C 0 A I •. 10 0 C M 4 . . . • • .. A s 3 . 1 . . .

. 1 . 1

0 4 C • • 4 0 14 C 1 1 0 4 1

11 4

0

. 3

L . 1 1 4 V C O ( . 1 • C O

4 1 V C 0 4 ) 4 1

C D L a 4 . 1

0 •

V .. .0 0 4 1 4 . 0 4 14 1 4 / b d

a dditional

0

4 7, N C

0

7 0 4 4

. s

. ? .. 1

• •

le

CD m L I D

. . . . . . . .

r - • • o

e 1

Ch

0

. . . .

CO ei C . )

r . , n 0,

F or

•

C

0

. .

a re a lso b acked.

ch

c0 4

N

t runcation

0 0

• • • 1

C

n

s ubclass:

0 .0 0 4 0 C

0 ea

OD W .0

T ool b lank:

I .-

0 re el . . .

In 1 . . ) • •

In

Tool

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N THE BADARI

T able

5 .27

D ISTRICT

o r

. . .

. . . .

0

T able

5 .28

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3

3 000/4

3 000/6

3 000/10

1 900

3 000

T otal

L ength n

8

m ean

3

4 0

2

1 8

6 9.68

-

6 2.39

5 0,76

6 4.63

6 5.33

s .d.

1 1.82

1 0.34

1 9.11

r ange

4 7-79

5 1-75

4 1-128

4

7 5

5 8.75

6 6.45

1 0.69

1 0.89

1 6.30

3 7-77

4 6-76

3 7-128

W idth n

5 4

1

1 8

m ean

1 6.89

9

1 9.75

1 9.13

-

2 1.50

1 7.33

s .d.

7 .81

' 2.59

4 .84

-

5 .82

3 .35

5 .40

1 0-38

1 7-24

1 0-33

2 0

1 3-38

1 4-24

1 0-38

2

1 8

r ange

4

6

9 2 1 9.29

T hickness n

9

4

m ean

4 .89

7 .00

5 5 6 .44

-

6 .11

6 5 .33

9 4 6 .22

s .d.

1 .37

1 .58

2 .40

-

2 .13

1 .37

2 .26

r ange

4 -8

5 -9

2 -13

7 ,10

4 -13

4 -8

2 -13

n

8

3

m ean

4 .25

3 .27

3 .86

-

3 .12

3 .22

3 .66

s .d.

1 .42

0 .29

0 .99

-

0 .98

0 .50

1 .07

L ength/Width

r ange

1 .63-6.25

3 .00-3.68

4 0

1

2 .03-6.27

3 .80

1 8

1 .48-5.15

4

2 .42-3.67

7 4

1 .48-6.27

T hickness/Width n

9

4

m ean

0 .31

0 .35

0 .34

-

0 .29

0 .31

0 .33

s .d.

0 .08

0 .05

0 .10

-

0 .07

0 .05

0 .09

r ange

Note:

0 .21-0.46

measurements

are

0 .29-0.42

i n

5 4

1

0 .17-0.62

mm.

74 3

0 .50

1 8

0 .19-0.47

6

0 .25-0.38

9 2

0 .17-0.62

-

a

b

± 0

1

d

2 cm

C

F ig.

5 .14

Tools f rom A rea 3 000/6.

a , oblique convex t runcation ( UC

9 682); b , o ther b lade k nife ( UC 9 690); c , o blique s traight t runcation

( UC

9 709);

d ,

t runcation

1 44

k nife

( UC

9 703) .

T able

5 .29

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI

D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3

B reaks: n one

T ool

1 900

3 000

n =1

3 000/6 n =3

3 000/10 n =4

n =1

n =1

T otal n =10

1

3

4

1

1

m inor

0

0

0

0

0

1 0 0

b roken

0

0

0

0

0

0

s econdary b lades

1

3

4

1

1

none

1

3

2

1

1

8

cortex

0

0

2

0

0

2

p roximal

0

1

4

1

1

7

d istal

0

2

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

p roximal

0

2

0

0

0

2

d istal

0

1

4

1

1

7

1

0

0

0

0

1

b lank: 1 0

R NS:

T runcation

l ocation:

i ndet.

e nd

L ocation o f e nd o pposite t runcation:

i ndet.

e nd

S hape o f e nd o pposite t runcation:

N o.

r ound

0

3

4

1

1

9

o gival

1

0

0

0

0

1

o ther

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

3

4

1

1

0

1

4

1

1

7

0

2

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

o f t runc.

k nives w ith

e nd opposite t runcation r etouched: L ocation o f l eft

k nife e dge:

l ateral

r ight

e dge

l ateral e dge

i ndet.

e dge

E dge s hape o f r uler

1 0

k nife e dge:

s traight

0

1

0

1

0

2

v irtual s traight

0

1

1

0

0

2

s lightly c urved

1

1

3

0

1

6

0

0

2

0

0

2

0

2

0

0

0

2

0

1

4

1

1

7

1

0

0

0

0

1

r uler s traight

0

1

2

1

0

4

v irtual s traight

0

0

2

0

1

3

s lightly c urved

0

2

0

0

0

2

o ther

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

3

0

0

5

N o. o f t runc. k nives w ith k nife e dge r etouched: L ocation o f n on-functional e dge: l eft

l ateral

r ight i ndet.

e dge

l ateral e dge e dge

E dge s hape o f non-functional e dge:

N o.

o f t runc.

k nives w ith

n on-functional e dge r etouched:

1 45

T runcation k nives ( Tables 5 .29 a nd 5 .30; F igs. 5 .14d a nd 5 .15b,f)

t he

S ince t runcation k nives r epresent a n ewly i dentified t ool c lass d ata s hown i n t able 5 .29 a re more e xtensive t han t he d ata f or

o ther

t ool c lasses.

H emamieh, r egular c areful

t he

I t

t runcation

may b e n oted t hat, o ccurs

m ainly

a t

l ike

t he

t he

e xamples

p roximal

e nds

o f

f rom v ery

s econdary b lades. T he t runcation r etouch i s a lways v ery a nd u sually c onsists o f s lightly i nvasive, n arrow, e longate

s ubparallel

s cars .

a r ounded,

o r,

T he

e nd

o pposite

i n o ne c ase,

t he

t runcation

a n o gival s hape.

T able

i s

r etouched

T his r etouch

i nto

i s a lso

5 .30

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT

L ocality 3 000/3

• 3 000/6

3 000/10

1 900

3 000

T otal

L ength n

1

m ean

1

1

1 0

6 5.67

3

5 6.75

4

-

-

6 2.30

-

-

6 8

6 8

s .d.

-

1 1.73

8 .23

r ange

6 3

5 5-82

4 6-67

9 .52 4 6-82

W idth n

1

m ean

-

s .d.

-

r ange

1 2

3

1

1

1 0

1 5.00

-

-

1 5.20

6 .80

4 .30

-

-

1 1-27

1 0-21

1 7

1 0

1 0-27

1 0

1 7.67

4

5 .21

T hickness n

1

3

4

1

1

m ean

-

5 .00

4 .25

-

-

4 .50

s .d.

-

1 .63

1 .09

-

-

1 .36

r ange

4

3 -7

3 -6

6

3

3 -7

L ength/Width n

1

3

4

1

1

m ean

-

4 .01

3 .94

-

-

s .d.

-

0 .80

0 .56

-

-

4 .00

6 .80

r ange

5 .25

3 .04-5.00

3 .19-4.60

1 0 4 .39 1 .05 3 .04-6.80

T hickness/Width n

1

3

4

1

1

m ean

-

0 .30

0 .29

-

-

0 .31

s .d.

-

0 .11

0 .03

-

-

0 .06

0 .35

0 .30

r ange

N ote:

0 .33

0 .20-0.45

0 .24-0.33

m easurements a re i n mm .

1 46

1 0

0 .20-0.45

-

-

,

a

b

-

-

i $ 9 C

0

1

d

2 cm

-

e F ig.

5 .15

f

T ools f rom A reas 3 000/6 a nd 3 000/10. t runcation k nives

f rom A rea

i rregular

f rom

3 000/6

3 000/6 ( UC

1 47

a , o blique s traight

( UC 2 7310);

( UC 9 774,

f rom A rea

f rom A rea A rea

3 000/6

3 000/10

t runcation

t runcation k nife

f rom A rea

3 000/6 ( UC

2 7014) .

b ,

f ,

t runcation

U C 2 7235); c , ( UC 2 6967);

2 6918);

e ,

o blique

d ,

b roken

d ouble b lade

u sually v ery r egular and convergent. h ave

s mall

5 .15b).

a long

p art

o r

O nly two p ieces h ave

m inor) t hese

r etouch

a long t ools

t he i s

f unctional

6 2 .3

mm,

a ll

t he

r etouch

e dge

a nd

H alf o f t he t runcation k nives o f

n on-functional

( which

( Fig .

5 .15f) .

t heir a verage

e dge

( Fig .

i n t hese i nstances i s T he

a verage

l ength/width

l ength

r atio i s

o f

4 .39 .

H alf of t he t runcation k nives a re made on b eige c oloured f lint. T he o ther l ighter

5 specimens a re

b rown

made o n very d ark

b rown

f lint w ith s ome

b anding .

B acked pieces ( Tables 5 .31 and 5 .32; F ig. 5 .12e) B acked p ieces a re f airly a bundant 7 .8%) .

T hey a re

a n

r egular b lades. i nverse

back

i rregular

g roup ,

Most o f t hem

( n=10;

t he

B adari

c ollection

t hey a re

mostly

( n=39) h ave o ne d irect

( n=29),

o r o ne f ive

a re d irectly double b acked a nd o ne i s i nversely d ouble b acked.

T he

i s

mainly n on-invasive,

c onsisting of v ery p ieces

h ave

5 .12e).

( n=50,

m ade o n

F ive a re a lternately backed,

b acking r etouch

F ig.

i n

a lthough

l arge,

a dditional

nor mal.

b road-scalar s cars.

r etouch .

T he

whole

1 46 mm i n l ength with a mean o f 8 3 .4 mm. r atio

S ome i s i nvasive Twenty

s pecimens

f our

v ary

b acked

f rom

5 6

t o

T he a verage l ength/width

i s 3 .80.

S ickle blades ( Tables 5 .33 and 5 .34; F igs. 5 .12a and 5 .16) S ickle i n

t he

b lades

B adari

b lades

a re

c onstitute

c ollection

b roken,

i ntentional

( cf.

o ne

( n=95,

b ut

most

A ppendix

o f

t he

most

1 4 .9%) . o f

A ,

M ore

t hese

p .

important t han

b reaks

4 02).

T he

h alf a re

t ool o f

s ickle

t hought

average

l ength/width r atio of t he u nbroken specimens a re

c lasses

t he

t o

l ength

6 0 .6 mm a nd

b e a nd

3 .89,

r espectively . I ncluding t hose s ickle b lades t hat a re c onsidered t o b e i ntentionally b roken, t he a verage l ength a nd l ength/width r atio a re 5 7 .5

mm

a nd

T he

3 .59,

s ickle

r ectan -gular

i n

r espectively .

b lades

a re p redominantly

overall

s hape

( 72%)

r ectangular

( Fig.

o gival a t o ne end g iving

t he p ieces a c onverging

T he

o gival-ended

o ther

s traight

ends

of

t hese

r etouch

medium,

s ickles

e -f).

f orm

a re

t runcated

i s

i ntentionally s napped a t

p redominantly

n on-invasive,

b ifacial

s ubparallel Most

i rregular-normal,

s cars, of

t he

o r

l arge,

e nds

when

f lat, n ot

b road

i nto

s napped

( 28%)

a nd 1 0% a re o gival. O f

b acking

r etouch .

h ave d irect b acks, a lternating

t hese,

3 3

( 52%)

a re

t runcated

r etouch .

1 48

i nto

1 6% h ave i rregular

i nverse

( 67%) s ickles b acks,

2 ( 3%) h ave b ifacial b acking r etouch,

b acking

t o

s calar

A f ew s pecimens f lat, e longate

S ixty f our

h ave

o r

s cars .

( 27%), o r oblique s traight ( 19%) f or ms.

h ave

T he

u sually small

normal-scalar,

s calar

o r o ther s haped e nds,

h as

a re

t he n on-ogival e nd .

c omprising

s cars, a nd v arying f rom d iscontinuous t o c ontinuous . h ave i nvasive r etouch c onsisting o f e ither l arge,

s traight

2 1%

( Fig. 5 .16d).

( n=4) and oblique s traight ( n=4) f orms t hough 1 0 s peci mens

h ave a pparently b een s ickle

o r a pproximately

5 .16a-c,

2 8

a nd

( 44%) 1 ( 2%)

BADARI I N THE

0

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FREQUENCY DATA FOR BACKED PIECES FROM PREDYNASTIC

5 .31 T able

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T hickness

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT

T able

5 .32

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D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N THE B ADARI D ISTRICT

O.

T able

5 .44

D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEOUS T OOLS F ROM I N T HE B ADARI

L ocality

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

D ISTRICT

U C n o.

B reaks

T ool

b lank

L

f lake

3 000/3

W

T h

L /W

T h/W

9 620

n one

s ec.

4 6

5 0

8

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2 6777

n one

i ndet.

5 1

2 8

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1 .82

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3 000/6

9 727

n one

s ec.

f lake

6 5

3 5

8

1 .86

0 .23

2 7096

n one

s ec.

b lade

5 1

1 4

6

3 .64

0 .43

9 764

n one

p lunging

7 4

4 8

1 .54

0 .71

3 000/10

f k

3 4

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC CEMETERY AREAS T he

P etrie

c emetery a reas o f

a t otal

T here a re

collection

i n t he

o f

3 5

of

B adari

p ieces,

l ithic

d istrict

many

( n=14)

artifacts f rom t he P redynastic

i s

e xtremely

o f

which a re

c ollection c onsists i nclude

o f t ools,

k nives,

h alf

f ishtails,

T he n on-bifacial t ools c omprise s ickle blades, s labs

( idem:

v arious

c onsisting

C emetery

3 800 .

f ive p ieces o f d ebitage c omprising t hree s econdary b lades,

s econdary b ladelet a nd a n a xe p reparation and

l imited f rom

which

T he r emainder

a re

b ifacial

LVII

k nives

T he d enticulate

( table

5 .45),

concave-base a rrowheads a nd s ickles. o ne

denticulate,

[ 3]).

a re

T he t runcations,

a ll

i s o n a n

made

o n

e longate

f airly

s econdary

a f ew

t runcations,

s ickle b lades a nd t he

r egular

s econdary

b lades.

f lake .

One of t he ' other' b lade k nives , UC 9 799 ( idem: pl. LVII [ 3: k nife f rom t op]) f rom C emetery 3 800, r egular

s econdary

b lade

which

i s

o f

f orm .

T he

v entral

r ipple-flaking, f laked been

k nives . ground

t he

T his at

a spect k ind of

h as

h eat-treated

b een

i tself .

of

small

On

equal

i n

apart

s tandard

f rom

t he

neatly

small

e dge

r etouch

t o t he

b rown

T his

k nife

been

worked

b y

r ipple-flaked

r ipple-flaking

on

aspect,

f ine

r ipple-

a long

k nives,

ver y

f rom

t he

o f e xceptional

t he

v ery

o n

main d orsal

detached

o ccurs

i s

f lint.

made o n a b lade a nd h as not

dorsal

t o a s ingle

h ave

k nife e dge .

i s

the

s cars

A dditional

o f t he c urved

c ompletely

however,

stage.

s ubparallel b acking r etouch e xtends a s eries

mottled

t he o ther e nd i s rounded

f laking normally only s een

s pecimen,

any

2 nd

i s made on an extremely l arge,

One e nd ( probably t he k nife end) i s b roken; i n

a

o f t he

a blade k nife, o ther blade knives and worked t abular

pl.

b lade

o f

f lake.

t hough

neat,

r idge, t he

d orsal

a nd

r idge a spect

c raftsmanship, t he

t echnology,

v entral

a spect,

i s

quite

r ipple-flaked

k nives,

one

f rom

A f ine b ifacial

k nife

d ifferent. T here C emetery came

f rom

c ouvrante

a re

1 00,

two

f ragments

a nd t he o ther

c emetery r etouch .

3 900

O ne

e nd

of

f rom ( idem: i s

C emetery pl.

3 800 .

LVII

b roken,

b ut

169

[ 3]) i t

h aving

a ppears

t o

b road, h ave

f lat,

b een

o f

T able T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES

5 .45

F OR P REDYNASTIC C EMETERIES

I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT

D enticulates

1

T runcations

5

S ickle b lades

3

B lade

k nives

1

O ther

b lade

B ifacial

k nives

3

k nives

R ipple-flaked

1

k nife

f ragments

2

F ishtails

3

C oncave-base a rrowheads

2

O ther a rrowheads

1

B ifacial s ickles

2

O ther

4

b ifacial

t ools

T OTAL B IFACIAh

1 5

W orked t abular

s labs

2

T OTAL

3 0

f airly t ypical

G erzean

t he

T he

h aft

e nd .

k nife

f orm,

f ishtails

t hough w ith

consist

o f

o ne

s haped f ishtail e nd b ut with o ne o f t he f ishtail 3 802]), t he

with

a nd

a s hallow

a f ishtail

U -shaped

f ragment .

' tails'

f orked

T he

a n otch

which

two

end

i n

o ne

s ide

o f

o riginally h ad a V now b roken,

( idem:

pl.

c oncave-base

a small

XLVIII

[ 6:

a rrowheads

i n

P redynastic cemetery collection a re both i ncurving for ms with

t apering pointed b arbs

( idem:

pl.

XXIX

[ 3:

1 700,

3 920]).

T he o ther

a rrowhead i s a small s temmed point w ith s errated m argins f rom C emetery 3 800 ( idem: pl. XXIX [ 3: marked 3 000/16]). C emetery g rave i ts

1 700

3 507

ends

c onsist 3 800,

b ipointed

( idem:

i s

o f

i s

p l.

b road

LVII

r ather

a p ointed

B runton 's ( idem:

c omments

c emeteries 6 1).

a re

A lso

o n

t he p ieces

( idem:

6 1, p l. XXXIV [ 1]).

which

f laked

k nife

mentioned,

a re

a b lade

while t he s ickle

o f a r elated s hape

pointed. ( idem:

T he p l .

o ther

L VII

l ithic H e

g rave

a rtifacts

noted 1 02)

t hat

f rom

t hough o ne o f

b ifacial

[ 3])

was

f rom

1 3

f rom

t he

f ishtails

a b roken

T here i s no p late f or and t he third ( idem:

O ne o f t he k nife,

T he b ifacial s ickle f rom [ 4]),

tools

C emetery

P redynastic were

f ound

r ipple-flaked

when f itted t ogether g ive a c omplete o bject

i s also mentioned ( idem: 5 1). B runton

i s

LVII

f ragments.

t he

( in

p l .

t ool

l imited .

k nife,

t ypical s pecimen .

t han

t ool

f ound o f

[ 2])

b ifacial

a nd t hree b ifacial

B adari

( idem:

f ragments

t he s econd

pl.

e xamined

LVII

i n t he

r ipple-

[ 2]) i s not a P etrie

M useum

Among t he " other k nives" described by

v arious

i rregular

170

b ifacial

k nives,

c omma-

s haped LVII

k nives,

[ 3]),

k nife, w ith

and

which

t he

k nives

a re

i n

h eat-treated

a n otch

i n

t he

A ccording

C emeteries

P etrie

b lade

k nife

h aft

to

f rom

t he

( UC

9 799),

examples

B runton

A lthough

f rom

C emetery

( idem:

b elief t hat

a ll

C emetery

3 900

and

a nd

3 900

( idem:

i nclude

t he

p l.

a b lade

b ifacial

k nife

e nd . 6 1-62)

there

a rrowheads f rom t he P redynastic c emetery t he

3 800 and

collection

1 700

c ontained

and

n o

are

a reas. g rave

B adarian

no

concave-base

B runton 3 920

to

b urials,

c onsidered

b e

B adarian.

B runton,

i n

t he

i ncurving-shaped c oncave-base a rrowheads a re B adarian,

wondered whether g rave

3 920 was

B adarian o r

whether

t he a rrowhead

was

i ntrusive. T he only o ther

t ools f rom t he P redynastic c emetery a reas t hat

B runton mentioned o ccur u nder t he s ubheading where

he

s aid

s pecifically

s i mply

" very

o nly a " sickle

f ew

f lint"

were f rom

" Flakes a nd

found

g rave

i n

1 40

S crapers"

g raves",

( idem:

6 2,

noting p l .

L VII

[ 1]).

D ISCUSSION AND SUMMARY T he e xamination o f t he P redynastic p rovides f lint

a wealth

o f

a rtifacts

d evoted

l ess

( idem:

i n

n ew

i nformation.

o nly

than

6 1-62).

a rrowheads,

two

a page

H e

to

paid

and

t ools

f rom

B adarian and

c ame

B runton d escribed t he B adarian

a h alf

t hose

of

particular

k nives and b ifacial

e laborate t he

l ithic a rtifacts c ollected b y B runton f rom

( including B adarian) localities i n t he B adari d istrict

f rom

p ages

the

( idem:

3 5-37),

of

P redynastic

r est

attention

tools.

Most of

t he c emeteries

l eaving

t he

to

concave-base

t he comparatively

t he s tone

implements

P redynastic v illage a reas barely

mentioned.

C ertainly,

t he descriptions he p rovided a re

wholly

making

comparisons

l ithic a rtifacts

any

s ettlement T he P etrie o n

r aw n o

t he

a rtifacts

with

e lsewhere

material

Museu m

A lthough R NS

s ites

i s

f rom

of

f lint

o bvious l ithic

B adari

d ark,

weathered

u sually

t he

were o bserved a t

f rom

t he

patina

d isplays

e ven

white

B adarian

l evels,

B adarian

ancient o r

p redominantly

P redynastic

T he

of

m aterials

c ores and

t he

were

B adarians

unfamiliar

u sed

f lint

with

i n

a nd

i n

i n

t he

c olour.

t hat

a d ifference f rom

t he

o n i s

t he s een

B runton's s ites

i n p articular

cortex,

f or

f rom

H emamieh b etween

i n

h ave n oticeably

whereas

t he

cortex

o n

l ittle e vidence o f weathering a nd i s i n

colour.

T his

material,

and

i s

t he

k ind

of

who went o n t o s uggest

l ying o n t he d esert

s itu

beige

l evels

such

d ifference n oted b y C aton-Thompson a t H emamieh, t hat

i nadequate

l ithic artifacts examined

i s

P redynastic

a rtifacts

l ight,

all

d ifferences

d istrict.

P redynastic

E gypt.

which

b etween t he B adarian a nd t he

collections

i n

a rtifacts

t he

a nd

s urface b ecause t hey

t hat,

t herefore,

t hey

o riginally c ame f rom an a rea l acking l i mestone deposits containing f lint c an

be

( Caton-Thompson, offered.

S ince

1 928: 7 5). t he

H owever, a d ifferent explanation

material

l ying

e xposed

o n

t he

d esert

s urface i n t he v icinity o f t heir settlements was adequate for t heir n eeds,

t he manufacturers of t he B adarian i ndustry made no e ffort to

o btain

f lint

o r

i n s itu

more

f lint

H owever,

l ater

m aterial

were

r ecently

weathered

f rom

f rom t he n earby c liffs i n

t he

r equired

P redynastic, t o

e nable

o r

when

t he

t he

l ocal

l arge

p ieces

p roduction

171

l imestone

f rom o utcrops o f

o f

c liffs

f arther g ood

f airly

away .

q uality

l arge

( and

i n

s ome

c ases,

n odules

o f

p ieces

of

e xtremely

f lint r aw

o f

t he

l arge),

l ow

material

r egular

d esert

h ad

t o

b lades,

w ere

b e

t he

small

u nsuitable .

obtained

f rom

e ither

l imestone g ebel o r f rom m ore d istant l imestone o utcrops, t hat b etter p ieces o f f lint o ccurred i n

t abular

t he

n earby

t hough i t m ay

b e n oted t hat t he f lint u sed may not h ave b een q uarried. i t w as f ound

w eathered

L arger,

A t N agada,

t he u pper r eaches

o f t he l ocal wadis where t he material h ad only r elatively r ecently w eathered o ut w adis

f rom

c loser

t rue

f or

t o

B adari,

d istribution d efine

t he

p resence

s ource f or

t he

t he

t he

c ores

i n t he

t ools,

w ithin

w as

s ignificant

t he

f ield u sed

t he

T he

B adarian

b lade

c ollections

a nd

a re

h ighly p robable, a re

appear b asic

m ainly

t o

h ave

b een

t echnology f lakes,

d escribed

a s

a s

r egular

c haracter

o f

t hose t he

f lake

T hese

and

a nd

b lanks,

appears

t hat

f rom

b y

b een

a fterlife .

p laced

A lthough

i n

t he

T he

a l ocal

s eems

l ikely,

s pecialists .

c ores,

t he B adarian

a dmitted

s econdary

b ifacial

t hat

t ools .

f lake

A lthough

r epresentative

t he

t he

a nd

b lade

c ores

cores

v arying

t he

o f I t

a nd t he t he

s eems

f rom a re

b lanks

t he

g raves

c ores

f rom

f or t he

f lakes

t o

t hat

might

b e

n ot

were

a reas

c onsistently

J udging

p articularly

c emetery

w hich

b road

b lades

h owever,

T he B adarian many o f

r epresent a s ingle

P redynastic.

worked a s t hose f rom t he s ettlement a reas, t hey h ad

I t

a nd

f urther

i ndicates

must b e

narrow

b lades,

c ores

T he c ores

i t

b lanks

b lades

l ater

i t

t o

P redynastic.

d istrict .

T hese

t he

p ercussion .

n ature

f lake a nd b lade b lanks .

o f

p latforms,

t he b een

t he o riginal a ssemblages a lso c ontained

p roduced

b ladelets . a s

t he

p robably

e ntirely

h eat-treated. t o

t he

impossible

i ndicative o f c ertain t rends .

t hat

p latform

a nd

o f

o f

m ay h ave

a re observed b etween t hough

n ot

t ools o n

w hich

e longate

B adari

d ominated

t hey a re

s ingle

i s

d uring

p articularly

h owever,

s tudies i t

r eaches

s ame

l imited c onsisting of o nly 4 5 p ieces.

u ndoubtedly

f laking d ebris a nd

c ores

a re

t ools,

o riginal a ssemblages, m ore

r ather

c ollections

d ebitage

l ower

T he

t ask o f l ocal c raft

d ifferences i s

t he

a nd p erhaps t he m anufacture o f s ome o f

v illage a nd c emetery c ollections, v illage c ollection

i n

c ollection

t hat b lade p roduction,

t he b ifacial

t han

1 97-198).

t he a rea

f lint

i n

m aterial

( p .

without

f lint

of

b lade

r ather

s ettlements

t hough

o f

s ource

o f

h owever,

N o

t he g ebel,

t he

d etached

a re

f rom

t heir

n ot

a s

t he

s triking b y

d irect

e xtensively

i ndicating p erhaps t hat

t he

d eparted

v illage

a reas

t o a re

u se

i n

t he

e xtensively

worked, t hey a re not a s small a nd e xhausted a s t he f lake c ores f rom t he

B adarian

m ay

o nly

l evels

r eflect

a t

H emamieh .

a d ifference

i n

T he

r eason

c ollecting

f or

t his

b ias

i s

u nclear

a nd

b etween

B runton

a nd

C aton-Thompson. T he p er oirs, a xes

a nd

m ain t ools

i n

c oncave-base

n otches,

d enticulates,

b ifacial

d rills,

a nd f ragments. b lades

t he

r etouched p ieces,

and

B adarian c ollections a re p erforators, worked

t abular

a rrowheads.

O ther

t runcations,

b acked

b ifacial

t riangles

a nd

s labs,

s everal

w ith

b ifacial

a re

made o n nodular p ieces o f r aw

a s traight

b ase,

and

a n

k nives,

' other' b ifacial

T he n on-bifacial t ools a re made o n b oth

a f ew

g rand

s ickles,

t ools i nclude e ndscrapers, p ieces,

b ifacial s ickles a re mostly o f two f orms s hape

b ifacial

t ools

f lakes a nd

material.

T he

a n e longate t riangular

e longate

b ipointed

f orm.

T he

c oncave-base a rrowheads a re o f i ncurving f orm with c urved t apering b arbs e nding i n p ointed o r o gival t ips . B oth t he b ifacial s ickles a nd c oncave-base a rrowheads s how c areful s haping w ith w ell e xecuted f lat r etouch .

T he

a xes

a re

m ostly

o vate

o r

i rregular

t ranchet s cars.

1 72

i n

f orm .

A f ew h ave

O n

t he

B adarian

whole,

l evels

c ollections .

t he

a t

T he

l imited

H emamieh

B adarian

c ollection

i s

t ools

o f

material

comparable

f rom

to

H emamieh

f rom

these

a lso

t he

B adarian

i nclude

a b lade

k nife o n a r egular b lade, b ut i t i s p ossible t hat t his i s i ntrusive. T here a re a f urther

t wo t ools

v illage a reas

m ay a lso d ate

t here

a re

r ather

w hich

n o

r egular

t he

b lade

B adarian

m ade o n r egular b lades f rom t he B adarian

c ores

cores

f rom f rom

l ater

i n

a ny o f

s uggest

t he

t he

P redynastic

s ince

B adarian l ocalities;

a generalized

f lake-blade

t echnology. I n

t his

s tudy,

t he

l ithic

a rtifacts

f rom

s ettlement a reas e xcavated b y B runton a re t he T he

material

e xamined

i s

f rom

a t

l east

m ain

t en

t he

P redynastic

f ocus o f a ttention .

s ites,

a nd

t he

o btained s how t hat i t f orms a s ingle consistent i ndustry. l ithic

c ategories

i n

t he

c ollection

g lossy b ladelets a nd t ools. c learly

u nderrepresented

a re

u nretouched

d ata

T he main

s econdary b lades,

A lthough f lakes a nd f laking d ebris a re

i n

t he

c ollection,

i t

i s

a lso e vident

t hat

a

s pecialized b lade t echnology i s a p revalent a spect o f t he i ndustry. R egular

b lades

c ollection . o f

6 6.7

and

T he

mm

a nd

t ools

made

u nretouched a mean

o n

r egular

s econdary

b lades

b lades

l ength/width

h ave

r atio

o f

dominate

a n

a verage

3 .96.

T he

t he

l ength

s triking

p latforms a re mostly r elatively small, u nfaceted a nd l enticular i n s hape.

T he

p ressure

b lades

a re

t echnique .

l ikely

T hey

were

t o

h ave

b een

c ertainly

d etached

n ot

b y a punch

p roduced

b y

d irect

o r

h ard

h ammer p ercussion . A s eparate d istrict. were

s truck

( mainly

b ladelet

t echnology

Small b ladelets f rom small

s ingle

i s

a lso p resent

( mean l ength = 4 2.1 mm,

( mean

p latform).

l ength

T he

i n

t he

B adari

mean L /W = 4 .18)

= 3 6.7 mm) h eat-treated cores

p latform

c haracteristics

o f

t he

b ladelets a re e ssentially s i milar t o t hose o f t he b lades e xcept f or t heir

s ize .

a re

3 .1

mm

6 .3

mm

a nd

T he a verage p latform a nd 2 .1

m anufactured b lades.

1 .2

mm,

mm

u sing

f or

t he

a t echnique

b ladelet

T he

s imilar

I t s hould b e pointed o ut,

h eat-treated

c ompared

b lades.

s equences a re q uite d istinct . f rom

w idth a nd t hickness o f t he b ladelets

r espectively

w ith

t he

a nd

f rom non-heat-treated b lade c ores,

v alues

were

o f

p robably

t o t hat employed t o d etach t he

however,

t hat t he two r eduction

T he g lossy b ladelets

c ores,

m ean

b ladelets

t he

b lades

two o f

were o nly d etached w ere

which a re

o nly

p roduced

i n t he

P etrie

c ollection. T he

m ain

t ool

c lasses

f rom

t he

P redynastic

s ettlement

a reas

a re

e ndscrapers, t runcations, s ickle b lades, a nd r etouched p ieces. A lso p resent i n t he c ollection a re c ircular s crapers, b urins, n otches a nd denticulates, p erforators, t runcation k nives, b acked p ieces, b lade k nives, o ther b lade k nives, g lossy b ladelet t ools, and a v ariety o f other

f ine

b i f acial

tools

and

f ragments.

There

a re

r arer

r epresentatives o f o ther t ool c lasses i ncluding s idescrapers a nd a p lane.

T he

f ishtails,

b ifacial bifacial

a rrowheads.

T he

s tandardized

G erzean

T he a xe

o ne

t ools

i nclude

s ickles,

w hole k nife

an

a

w ell-shaped f orm,

6 a xe p reparation

f lakes

i t no

s everal

i s

k nife f airly

t ranchet

m ost o f o ne

1 73

k nives,

t riangular

two

concave-base i s

o f

t hick

s car,

i n t he collection.

c oncave-base a rrowheads h ave s traight-sided s ixth h as a s hort b ody w ith

b ifacial

a nd

b ifacial

a lthough

i s a n o vate s pecimen which h as

t here a re

f ew

axe

t ypical ( 23

mm) .

although

F ive o f t he b odies.

i ncurving b arb r emaining .

T he

T he and

a ge

l ater

S equence

t his t he

D ates

of

s ettlement

a reas

continuing

m aterial,

b eyond

B adarian, t he

were

i s

pottery

mainly

w ith

B runton 's

types,

Amratian

t hat

f rom

t he

P redynastic

collection

B adari

f rom

f act

B runton A rea

H owever,

G erzean

H emamieh

i s

i s

P redynastic o n

t he

concluded

t hat

t he

1 900-2000,

h e

B ased

s imilar

so

n oted,

t he

H emamieh,

l evels. i s

i t

comparing

s ite,

m aterial

comparisons c an be made with i t.

t hat

u ncertain.

w ith

s tratified

Amratian/Gerzean t ransition a nd Amratian

t he

somewhat

i nto t he e arly Gerzean.

c ollection t hat

o f

t han

i t

l ithic

i s

t o t hat

f ound

f rom t he

U nfortunately,

l i mited

I t s hould a lso be

t hat

no

t he f air

mentioned

t hat

t here a re no r adiocarbon dates a t a ll f or any l ocality i n t he B adari d istrict, ( P.

e xcept f or t he d ates f or t he B adarian l evels at

H emamieh

4 6). B runton

d istrict [ Late

t o

considered

b e

P redynastic]

e stimate

f or

t he

a rtifacts

f rom

t he

o f

r ange T he

b lade

mostly

t he

f ragments

b urials

b lade

c emetery c ollection, ( n=4)

u nretouched

k nives,

I n

c onsistent

s ickle b lades,

k nives

i nclude two

t he

B adarian

t here a re v ery f ew

t he

t he

a s

r egular

f rom t he

b lades

P redynastic s ettlement a reas, h abits.

s econdary

B adarian g raves.

r arity of u nretouched blanks particularly

a nd

to

a

c oncave-

S ince t he two c emetery c ollections were b oth m ade b y B runton,

f rom

p rimary

w ith

l ocalities.

contrast Moreover,

h is

f lint

a nd

were r ecovered

8 2

of

f lakes

b lades

whereas

with

f ishtails,

T he b ifacial

k nives.

t here a re n o c ores.

b lanks

i s

t runcations,

b ifacial

s ickles.

small,

B adari

S emainian

c ollection

s ettlement

i ncludes

k nives,

a nd b ifacial

t he

t he

a nd

contrasting

t he

t hough

f rom

i n

Amratian

uncovered)

a reas,

r ipple-flaked

cemeteries

s ome

However,

r ecovered

collection

o ther

o f

( although were

c emetery

cemetery

b ase a rrowheads

P redynastic

s ettlements.

material

k nife,

t he

G erzean

P redynastic cemetery a reas,

a re

a

dominant

f eature

of

S ince i t i s hypothesized t hat t he P redynastic b lades

p roduced

b y

l ithic

c raft

t he

p robably r eflects a change i n b urial

s pecialists,

c ores

a nd

b lanks

were

m ay h ave b een

u nnecessary among t he g rave goods of t he P redynastic occupant o f a g rave. use

T he person only needed a f ew r eady-made tools for immediate

relying

on

r eplacements! specialists p roduced

a nd

t heir

T here a re a lso s tandardized k nives

some

l ithic

specialist

D uring t he B adarian, e ach own

c hanges

t ools

appear

person,

tools,

o n

i n

i n

t he

b lades

t he

o r

t he

h owever, p erhaps

s uch

a s

were

a nd

afterlife of

e ach

provided

tool

s ickle

P redynastic,

the

a member

deceased c emetery

in

for

when t here were n o l ithic

l ist.

b lades

among

I n a nd

t he

f amily,

with

cores.

particular,

v arious

b ifacial

b lade tools

f ishtails and v arious new f orms of k nives, i ncluding r ipple-flaked k nives,

m ake

t heir

O verall, b lade

t he

i ndustry

cores.

appearance . B adarian

with

t he

may

core

e xamined,

c oncave-base do

not

f it

i nto

scrapers,

a nd

r arer

T he main t ool c lasses,

a re

endscrapers,

worked

a rrowheads

t abular

a v ariety

any

c lear

notches,

o f

c ategory.

denticulates,

o f o ther

t ool

174

b ifacial

b ifacial

f lake

j udging f rom t he

p erforators,

s labs,

a nd

e xamples

f rom

f lakea f ew

p ieces,

g rading

a g eneralized

blade

r etouched

p ieces,

a s

T he cores were p robably worked by direct percussion,

collections

which

s ummarized

to

h aving been h eat-treated.

c ircular

b e

c lasses

g rand p erioirs, s ickles,

t ools

T here

a nd

a re

t runcations

c lasses.

a xes,

f ragments

a lso and

a f ew b acked

D uring t he P redynastic, a d istinct r egular b lade t echnology i s p revalent,

a s

well

a s

a s eparate

b ladelet

t echnology .

T he

p roduction

o f b lades i s r egarded a s t he t ask o f l ithic c raft s pecialists. b lades

a re

p resent

i n

r etouched t he

p erforators,

i nto

B adarian,

a v ariety

s uch

t runcations

a s

a nd

of

t ools.

e ndscrapers,

b acked

f orms s uch a s i n

t he

p resent

i n t he

s ickles, n ew

G erzean'

t he

b ifacial a nd

t he

a vailable

P redynastic

be

made,

M any

o f

t he

k nives a ppear

b ifacial

c lasses

P redynastic n otably b ifacial

a nd

b ifacial

e specially

t hose

d rills. o f

H owever,

' standardized

a ppear.

e vidence

f or a nd

i n

t he

B adari

f rom e lsewhere i n

T here e xcavations r ange

t o

o f

t he

l ithic

a rtifacts

a s

o utlined

i t s eems c lear t hat t here i s c ontinuity f rom t he B adarian t o

i nfluences

d ata

f ishtails

T he were

I n a ddition, s tandardized

i nto t he

k nives,

t hat

d enticulates,

c ontinue

s ickle b lades a nd b lade

i nventory.

c oncave-base a rrowheads

o f

f orm,

F rom

t ool

B adarian c ontinue

a xes,

f orms

a bove,

t runcation k nives,

P redynastic

n otches,

p ieces,

t hough mainly o n t he n ew r egular b lades.

C lasses

a rea

whether

o r

not

were a ny

is clearly an u rgent need for rene wed syste matic i n t he B adari d istrict i n o rder t o o btain u nbiased l ithic

t he

B adarian,

r elative

e ach t radition,

a nd

t he

f requency

Amratian

a nd

d istribution

o f

G erzean t he

f or

a nd t o c larify t he r elationship o f t he o ther

c ultural

t he s ites. I n p articular, c annot b e o veremphasized .

r emains,

t he n eed

a nd

t o a scertain

l ithic

l ater P redynastic i ndustries, a s well a s, of c ourse, i nformation

t here

E gypt .

v arious

a rtifacts

t he o f

B adarian t o t he t o p rovide n ew o ther

a spects

o f

f or a dequate r adiocarbon d ates

175

C hapter

6

T HE CURRENT S TATUS OF T HE B ADARIAN :

A P ERSPECTIVE BASED O N

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS

I NTRODUCTION T he 1 4).

B adarian

t radition

w as

b riefly o utlined

i n

c hapter

1 ( p .

1 3-

T he p urpose o f t his c hapter i s t o e valuate t he B adarian i n t he

l ight

o f

t he

l ithic

a rtifacts

a nalyzed

f rom

t he

s ettlement

a nd

c emetery s ites i n t he B adari d istrict d escribed i n t he p revious two c hapters . b een

n o

S uch

a n

r ecent

a ssessment

e xcavations

i s

a t

B adarian s ites t o b e e xcavated o ne g rave i n t he ( 1950b;

1 951:

w adi

6 9,

p articularly

a ny

B adarian

i mportant

s ite l .

w ere t wo g raves

H ammamat

a rea

w hich

a s

T he

t here

l ast

h ave

p utative

i n t he L ac ieita a rea a nd

were

d ug

i n

1 949

b y

D ebono

7 4).

PREVIOUS L ITHIC STUDIES B ased o f

o n

B runton

a nd

1 948:

1 1),

5 6;

t he

2 6; 7 1; t he

i s p resented

1 27; V andier,

1 952:

F orde-Johnston, Kozlowski,

c onsidering

r epeats

1 959:

s ome

o f

f lint

t he

n odules

a b rief

A rkell,

most

1 975:

r ecent

o f

r eviews

mentions

s itu

3 4;

t he

c hert-bearing 1 928:

a nd

s ummary

l i mestone r egions"

f lint-working

p rimarily a c ore

s urface

1 977:

exa mple,

a ccounts

k nives"

a rrowheads,

f rom

t he

l imestone to

( Arkell,

t hem"

o f

f lint

1 975:

3 2,

3 4;

t hat

C aton-

t he

d esert .

o rder

u tilizing

S mall

o f

i s a s

e xpertise .

n odules

p ush-planes

f ollows:

f ound o n

a nd

b ifacial

f ound

T he

B adarians'

i n n earby c liffs

f ailure

h as b een

t o

u se

t he

i nterpreted b y

s ome a s e vidence t hat t hey d id n ot o riginate

i n t his p art o f

t he

r esources) a nd

( because

t hat t hey c ame

f rom

t hey d id t he

not k now

i ts

s outh ." ( Trigger,

'F or

a nd

i n a n a rea o utside

l ithic i ndustry

i s n ot o f a h igh i ndustry,

s haped a nd c oncave-based .

v alley

o f

( i.e.

c liffs

a nd

s ickle-stones a re common a nd a rrow-heads were both l eaft abular

1 17-

7 5) .

" Badarian t he

5 5-

t he B adarian u se o f w eathered

u nfamiliar

s ummary o f t he B adarian

i s

1 949:

For

f lint

l eaf-shaped

f lint

was

T rigger's

I t

1 937:

K rzyzaniak,

29).

" saw-edged

a nd

t abular

i n

3 2,

t herefore " their o riginal home may b e l ooked f or T hompson,

d escriptions

B runton,

( massoulard,

1983:

s uggestion t hat

" flint

a rtifact

7 5-76;

i naccurate v iew o f B adarian

T rigger,

c oncave-base

i nstead

t hat

1 9;

A rkell

s ickles),

l ithic

3 5-37,

i n t he l iterature

1 37;

C aton-Thompson 's

i ndicates

B adarian

( 1928:

2 27-229; B aumgartel, 1 955: 2 1-22; 1 960: 2 4-

1983:

P redynastic,

b ifacial

s hort

g enerally o nly

s tone a rtifacts 1 18,

r ather

C aton-Thompson

t he s o-called

' Badarian'

a t

E l

K oh s ee b elow s ee p .

1 76

1 983:

1 82.

2 9)

T he

c ategories

( Brunton 1 1),

a nd

a nd

o f

B adarian

C aton-Thompson,

C aton-Thompson

o f B adarian a rtifacts

s tone

1 928:

( 1928:

a rtifacts

3 5-37;

7 5-76)

( Baumgartel,

r ecognized

B runton,

t ogether 1 960:

1 937:

w ith

b y

B runton

5 5-56;

1 948:

B aumgartel's

2 4-26) a re s hown

i n

l ist

t able

6 .1.

T able

6 .1

C ATEGORIES O F B ADARIAN S TONE ARTIFACTS R ECOGNIZED B Y B RUNTON ,

C ATON-THOMPSON AND BAUMGARTEL

B runton

C aton-Thompson

B aumgartel

W inged a rrow-heads T anged a rrow-heads S aw-edged k nives K nives L ance-heads F lakes C ores C elts Adzes Oval s crapers

P ush-planes o r s teepe nded s crapers S mall k nives o f good workmanship C oncave b ase a rrowheads S ickle-flints

P ush-planes D isc-scrapers B orers S ickle-stones B ifacial k nives A rrow-heads - w inged - l eaf-shaped F lakes

T he v arious c ategories b een

c ommented

o n

i n

o f

B runton a nd

C hapters

4 a nd

5 .

C aton-Thompson h ave a lready

C aton-Thompson considered t he

B adarian to be e ssentially a " core i ndustry" c haracterized by pushp lanes

( Caton-Thompson,

t o b e small,

1 928:

B aumgartel e choes a s

" rather

7 5).

T hese p ush-planes

p ractically e xhausted

a r ough

f lake

i n

f act t urn o ut

c ores.

C aton-Thompson d escribing t he B adarian i ndustry

o ne,

u sing

s urface

nodules

a lthough

a m uch

v ariety l ay i n s itu i n the l i mestone cliff on t he spot", t hat

" The

most

s teep-ended

c haracteristic

s craper"

implement

( Baumgartel,

1 955:

i s

a small

push-plane

a rtifacts

I n b oth a reas, o ne

e nd,

1 948: T he

f ound

b y

B runton

pl. VI

[ 10-11]),

concave-base

M ostagedda

a nd

t he

Mostagedda

B runton f ound e xamples o f

a nd notched a t t he

1 1,

i n

o ther

a rrowheads

M atmar

a reas

f rom

a re

a nd

" saw-edged

( Brunton,

a f or m not

o r

2 1-22) .

A f ew additional notes may b e made on t he B adarian a nd l ithic

b etter

and noting

1 937:

f ound

the

i n

k nives" p ointed a t

5 5, t he

B adarian

p redominantly

' Tasian'

M atmar a reas .

p l.

X XVII

B adari

[ 130];

d istrict.

localities

s imilar

t o

i n

t hose

t he f rom

B adarian s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, i .e. they are i ncurving for ms with

o gival-tipped t apering b arbs

1 34-136], o r

two

X XVIII

a ppear

u nfinished

[ 12,

t o

b e

( Brunton,

1 5,

r oughly 1 937:

a re s traight-sided o r [ 131], e longate b roken

XXVIII

[ 14,

t riangular ( idem:

pl.

1 8-21];

t end

1 6, b ody

worked

p ls.

with

XXVIII

be

2 5]).

[ 127],

V I

1 937: pls. [ 14-15]). which

X XVIII

s traight-sided O ne

s traight [ 17]).

p l.

s pecimens

X XVII

to

2 2,

( Brunton,

1 948:

T his

177

t herefore [ 23-24]), ( idem:

concave-base

s ides.

T he

piece

XXVII

b arbs

[ 128,

H owever, a nd

p ls.

point t he

b e

s ome XXVII

has

a ppear

recalls

o ne

may

t o

an b e

l ater

P redynastic

( Amratian o r G erzean) s pecimens f rom s ettlement l ocalities

i n t he B adari r egion B runton

notes

s ettlement

s ites

4 8,

5 7-59],

5 3-54,

1 63-167, [ 73]). c entre,

1 63-165

a n umber

i n

t he

o f

[ 57,

6 0,

B runton,

i n h is

i n f act a xes. B ritish

1 13,

p articularly

( idem:

1 40],

5 5-56,

X XVIII

1 948: p ls. V II

i n t he B ritish

B runton ( idem:

m useum

[ 5-7,

p ls .

[ 78-83, 9 -10,

f or

t he

X XVI

[ 46,

8 5-87,

2 5-28],

8 9, XVII

A c rescent

o r

d isplay

i rregular

d rill

i t

m ay b e

[ 68]) .

r eveals

t hat

t hey a re

t ranchet t ranchet

F ew

o f

s cars,

t he a xes

a nd

i n

t hose

t he

t hat

d o

s cars .

( "crescentic s craper" o f B runton) a lso c omes

f rom a B adarian s ettlement s ite s uggests

M useum

3 1-32) r efers t o t he more r egular l ong

" imitation c elts" .

c ollection

h ave r ather a typical

a n

i ntrusive

A n umber

i n t he

M ostagedda

a rea

t hough

l ater

P redynastic

t ool

( idem:

o f s ickle b lades

f rom B adarian v illage s ites

X XVII

a rea

r eports a nd a ctual s pecimens o f t hese s crapers i n

e xpanding s pecimens a s

c ome

5 .19b]).

H e d escribes t hem a s " mostly more o r l ess oval, t hick i n t he a nd worked o n b oth f aces" ( Brunton, 1 937: 5 6). A n e xamination

M ostagedda c ollection

X XVIII

[ Fig.

" scrapers",

M ostagedda

X XVII

1 69-178];

o f t he p lates t he

( cf . p .

i n t he

( on

r egular

b lades)

M ostagedda a rea

B runton 5 6,

p l .

h ave a lso

( idem:

5 6,

p l .

[ 38-42]). B runton was c ertainly not c lear

o n what

was t o b e r egarded a s

' Tasian': " To d ecide

definitely

which

o f

t he

c lassed

T asian

which

a s

B adarian

m atter

a s

o f

a nd

implements i s

s hould

a t

s omewhat c ontradicting h imself B runton c ontinues,

" The

T asian

p resent,

i s

where p art l eft .

f lint-work, mostly r ough o f

a s

f ar

a s

i n s tyle;

we

c an

t here a re

3 1)

s tating:

j udge

i t

v ariety

o f

f lint

w ith

a n

o range-red

c ortex

and o ccurs o n many implements...The l arge s ize

o f many o f t hese t ools, a s well a s t heir c olour, d ifferentiate t hem c learly

s erves t o

f rom t he B adarian work." ( idem:

H is d escription o f ' Tasian' which

e xpanding o r 2 3,

2 5,

5 7,

appear

t o

b e

l ong e xpanding 6 2], XXVIII

t ools

f airly f orm

8 ],

( idem:

V II

3 2,

( see

[ 57, 8 1-82,

[ 2]) .

p ls. X III

A part

f rom

[ 1-11], h aving

a n

i ncludes

n eatly i dem:

t he

' Tasian ' a rtifacts

evidence

o f

t he

s eparate

( earlier)

c onsiders

a s

' Tasian '

f rom

s tone ' Tasian' m ay

b e

p ls.

[ 22-40];

i dea

t hat

B adarian .

a rtifacts t radition. r egarded

a s

1 78

3 1)

" imitation

o f

[ 79],

g enerally X XVII

[ 22-

B runton's " celts"

f ine-grained 1 948:

' Tasian '

i gneous

4 , pls. V I t ools

[ 1-

s hould

b e

B runton h ad no r eason t o A nd

t o

a nd

axes

X XVI

l imestone o r

X XVI

l arge a nd c oarse and i nclude g round a xes, s eparate

c elts

s haped

8 9, 1 70-176]).

a re g round a xes u sually m ade o f h ard r ock

a t

m any s pecimens

t he cortex o f t he o riginal nodule h as b een

A s pecial

i s t ypical,

c elts"

a

impossibility" . ( idem:

H owever,

b e

p resent

t here

s upport

i s

n othing

f rom

t he

notion

o f

T herefore, B adarian .

what

a

B runton

OUTLINE OF T HE BADARIAN L ITHIC I NDUSTRY BASED ON RESULTS D ESCRIBED I N C HAPTERS 4 AND 5 T he

a nalysis

T hompson's c emetery d escribed

o f

t he

e xcavations

B adarian

a t

l ithic

H emamieh

a nd

a rtifacts

B runton's

f rom

C aton-

e xcavations

a t

a nd s ettlement s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, which a re i n C hapters 4 a nd 5 , h as s omewhat e xpanded t he l ists s hown

i n t able 6 .1 t o t he l ist p resented i n t able 6 .2 . H owever, i n n o way s hould t his b e r egarded a s a d efinitive l isting. W ith a modern c ontrolled e xcavation o f a B adarian s ite,

f urther

c ategories w ill

a lmost c ertainly h ave t o b e a dded, e ven t hough t hey m ay o nly c onsist o f a f ew mundane d ebitage c ategories a nd r elatively o rdinary n onb ifacial

t ool

c lasses .

T he r esults p resented i n C hapters 4 and 5 s uggest t hat t he B adarian i ndustry i s a g eneralized f lake-blade i ndustry w ith c ore c lasses

g rading

f rom

f lake

t o b lade c ores,

a nd t he s cars

v arying f rom

b road f lake s cars t o e longate f lake s cars, a nd to s cars o f b lade a nd b ladelet

p roportions.

A s ingle

b asic

t echnology

appears

t o

b e

r epresented . T he b lanks were p robably s truck f rom t he c ores b y h ard h ammer p ercussion . S ome o f t he c ores s how e vidence o f h eat t reatment . T he

RNS

g enerally

o f

t he

c ores

weathered

i n

t ends

t o

b e

appearance

d ark

o range

i ndicating

i n

t hat

colour

a nd

s labs

and

t he

n odules o f f lint h ad b een l ying o n t he d esert s urface f or s ome t ime b efore being worked.

H owever,

r ather

t han d emonstrating t hat t he

B adarians were'unfamiliar w ith t he i n s itu m aterial i n t he a rea, s uggested

t hat

s ince: t he

m aterial

i mmediate v icinity o f t heir e ffort

was

wasted

e lsewhere . o f

h igh

i n

v illages

p rocuring

I t was o nly l ater

q uality

l ying

m aterial

o n

f rom

r equired

t he

r epresented

b lanks v arying b ladelets . t hose

i s

s hown

b y

t he

f rom b road

H owever,

f ull i n

t he

r ange

t able

b ifacial

t ools,

b ifacial

s ickles,

do not

b ifacial

c ores,

f lakes b lade

t he

t ools T he

main

e ncountered

b ifacial

f it

i nto

a ny

material

i s t he

n eeds,

n o

c liffs

o r

l arge p ieces

w as

m ainly

f lakes, b lanks

a xes

f orms.

T he

t ranchet

a nd a xes

t o b e a c haracteristic

o f

l arge,

s ought .

o f

s econdary

a nd t o b lades a nd a re

b ifacial a re

n ot

T he n on-bifacial t ools

a s

r egular

i s

r egular

n ot t he

c lear

w hat

B adarian

b lades

o f

o f

v arious

t hat

B runton

t ools

p resent

a re

which

a re o f r ather n on-

o vate

o r

i rregular

t abular

B adarian

p ieces o f r aw

a t

b eing

s labs

f orm . a lso

i ndustry .

m ainly o f e ndscrapers, p erforators

i mportance

l evels

t owards

b ifacial

A lso

worked

t he

c ollections

b iased

r epresented

T hese t ools a re m ade o n b oth

a nd o ccasionally o n t hin n odular

f rom

a nd

k nives

u sually

c onsist

B adarian

e vidently

c ategories.

B ifacially f eature

t he

c lasses

a rrowheads,

s cars.

a nd r etouched p ieces .

i n a re

t ool

d istinct

a ppear

o n

w hen

m anufacture

c onsists

b ladelet

c ollections

h ave

I t

a nd

t o e longate

a nd

c oncave-base

t riangles,

s tandardized

o f

6 .2 .

A f ew

k nife

t heir

n earby

i n

o f t he s ucceeding A mratian a nd G erzean p eriods.

T he

which

i t

s urface

l imited d ebitage i n t he B adarian collections r eflects t he

t echnology

a s

f or

t he

P redynastic f or

r egular b lades t hat a d ifferent s ource o f r aw T he

d esert

w as a dequate

f lint

d uring t he

w ere

t he

s hould

H emamieh,

f ound

b e

179

a ttached

a nd

( notably

f lakes a nd

b lades,

m aterial .

t he

t he

t he

b lade

o ccasional

t ools

s ickle

t o

b lades

f rom

T able

6 .2

MAIN L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES AND T OOL C LASSES R EPRESENTED BADARIAN COLLECTIONS

M ajor

L ithic

A rtifact

P rimary

D ESCRIBED

I N CHAPTERS

4 AND

I N THE

5

C ategories:

f lakes

P rimary blades S econdary

f lakes

S econdary blades C hips C hunks B iface C ores

t hinning

f lakes

( flake a nd b lade c ores)

Tools

M ain

T ool

C lasses:

E ndscrapers

B ifacial

k nives

C ircular

B ifacial

s ickles

s crapers

N otches

A xes

D enticulates

C oncave-base a rrowheads

B urins

L ens-shaped

P erforators

O ther

T runcations T runcation

k nives

a rrowheads

a rrowheads

B ifacial

t riangles

B ifacial

d rills

B acked p ieces

O ther

G rand per virs

M iscellaneous b ifacial

f ine b ifacial

t ools tools

S idescrapers P lanes R etouched p ieces Worked

t abular

s labs

M iscellaneous

settlement represent

areas a

i n

trend

the

Mostagedda

towards

standardized blade tools at intrusive p arts

later

of s ites

P redynastic

which h ad

region).

the

production

t he

end

tools,

of

t he

or

they

Amratian d eposits

These

of

tools

regular

B adarian; t han

and

t hey could be

may represent at

r ather

could

blades

least

B adarian .

THE DISTRIBUTION OF BADARIAN SITES IN EGYPT So

f ar

B adarian s ites t he

( 42

l ittle

sites

in

mention E gypt.

c emeteries

a nd

4 6

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

B runton, G abra

1 937;

( 1930)

1 948).

f ound

I n

been

made

s ettlement r egion

s ites

t he

d istribution

a total

of

i ncluding

8 8

near

t he v illage

a nd an a rea

outside

180

of

r ich

H emamieh)

t his

of

of

B adarian

( Brunton and C aton-Thompson,

c emetery,

H owever,

of

recorded

addition,

a B adarian

B adarian l ithic a rtifacts.

has

B runton

D eir

i n

1 928; T asa,

i n apparently

' core'

B adarian

r egion,

which

e vidence

l ies

f or

a

b etween

B adarian

t he

modern

p resence

t owns

i s

b oth

o f

A ssiut

a nd

e xtremely

T ahta,

s carce

a nd

d oubtful. I n 1 923, Murray f ound a p lundered g rave about 5 m iles i nland o f t he R as

S amadai

r emaining 1 923).

L ater,

B adarian

I n

t he

t he

t he

l ed

a n

S ea c oast

( Debono,

c oast .

o f

M urray

P redynastic

t he

t he

r ecognized

g rave

r ectangular

s pecifically

l ithic

a rtifacts .

e xpedition

t o

s urvey

t he

t he e ast b ank o f t he

1 950b;

1 951) .

N ear

B ir

a s

s late p alette t hat

n o

f ound a g rave c ontaining s everal o bjects

t he

( Murray a nd D erry,

c ontained

H ammamat b etween Q ift o n

t he R ed

S ea

i dentified

b asis

T he g rave

D ebono

R ed

g rave a s

( 1963)

o n

f ound .

1 949,

o f

R esch

p rimarily

M urray h ad

W adi

h eadland o n

c ontents

d esert

a long

t he

N ile a nd Q useir o n

e l H ammamat,

D ebono

i ncluding t wo s late p alettes,

o ne o f which was " typiquement b adarienne" ( Debono, 1 950b; 1 951: 7 4). A lso i n t he H ammamat a rea, D ebono n oted s everal B adarian p otsherds. I n t he

L aqeita a rea,

c onsidered

t o b e

h e u ncovered t he b urials o f t wo c hildren which h e

p robably

B adarian

( Debono,

1 951:

6 9) .

Two r ippled pots a re k nown f rom g raves a t N agada C aton-Thompson,

1 928:

2 5-26),

a nd

t he p resence

o f

( Brunton and

a f ew

r ippled

w are

s herds a t s ettlement s ites i n t he N agada r egion l ed H ays t o s uggest t hat

t he

1 976) . t he

s ites

a re

H owever,

N agada

N agada

s ites

and

p ress;

p ublished

s hould

l ate

s ee a lso

B adarian

( Hays,

1 976;

t he c eramic a nalyses o f b e

N agada; C hapter

d ata

on

c onsidered

H assan

7 ,

p .

i nformation g leaned

f rom

Amratian

1 981;

1 984a;

1 91-192) .

P redynastic t he

1 984a;

H ays

and

H assan,

H assan a lone d emonstrate t hat a nd

G erzean

H assan and

( or

H ays c ommented o n t he

l ithic

a rtifacts.

B adarian

e arly

M atson, l ack

H owever,

c ollections

of

i n o f t he

B runton

and

C aton-Thompson c ompared w ith t he r ecently e xcavated N agada a ssemblages i ndicates t hat t here a re i mportant d ifferences ( see C hapter 9 ) . A n umber o f

B adarian s herds,

i ncluding

f ragments o f S mooth

B rown

a nd B lack-topped B rown wares a nd a f ew r ippled s herds were f ound i n s everal

places

s ettlement 3 ,

6 -8,

i n

t he

A rmant

( Myers a nd F airman,

1 66,

1 74-176).

b y b oth c eramic

t ypes a nd and

l ithic

M yers,

I II t o

2 0%

1 937:

1 74).

M ond a nd

w ares c ontinued

i n

L evel

i n u se

t ypology

1 937:

f requency o f B adarian s herds L evel

notably

2 28-229;

i n

t he

P redynastic

M ond a nd M yers,

1 937:

1 -

T he l evels o f t he s ettlement s ite were d ated

p eriods

( Mond

a rea,

1 931:

Myers

t o

t o

t he

Amratian

H uzayyin,

was o bserved

I I a nd

w ell

1 72;

t o d ecrease

1 1% i n L evel

t herefore

a nd

1 937:

G erzean

2 29). f rom

T he

2 9%

i n

I ( Mond a nd Myers,

s uggested

t hat

t he

B adarian

i nto t he Amratian a nd G erzean p eriods .

A f ew B adarian s herds were f ound b y B runton

( 1932:

2 74) a t

t he

" Predynastic t own-site" a t H ierakonpolis, a nd F airservis ( 1972: 1 2) r ecovered a f ew r ippled s herds f rom L ocality 1 1A i n t he G reat Wadi. R adiocarbon

d ates

which c orrected

o btained

l ate Amratian). t his two

would

s till

r ippled

f rom

would b e T here p lace

s herds

i n

t his

t he

s ite

c luster

r egion o f

a round

3 500 B .C .

f loodplain

l evels a t

t he l ocal

i s a s ingle o lder d ate o f 4 875 + 1 08 bp, L ocality

a nd

H K-11A i n

t he

Amratian .

a f ragment o f a bag-shaped

s hape w ith a n e arly t ype o f s lanting s treak b urnish P redynastic

4 720-4750 b p

( i.e.

a t t he

t own s ite o f

H ierakonpolis

( Barbara

K or n e l

A dams,

1 81

p ers .

a ddition,

j ar o f

B adarian

were

A hmar

b ut

I n

f ound

which

c omm .) .

l ies

i n l ate i n t he

A l i mited number

of sherds have also been recovered f rom ' pre-

Amratian' l evels i n t he f loodplain r esult

o f

( Barbara t hat

c oring .

A dams)

one

o r

P reliminary

o f

two

t he

i n t he H ierakonpolis r egion as a

i n-the-field

H ierakonpolis

sherds

might

be

a ssessment

E xpedition

B adarian.

l ed

b y

t o

Among

o ne

t he

the

member

s uggestion

predominant

s traw-tempered sherds,

t here a re a f ew v ery small sherds of a f ine

ware

c omm .)

which

Smooth

A dams

p ossibility . f rom

( pers .

B rown o r

C ertainly,

writer

a lso

B rown

for

d eposits

t he

l ater

t o

r ippled

K ab

( Demuynck

E l

r eveal

of

t he

N ile

more

or

l ithic assemblage l ithic f rom

i ndustry

S outh

K ab s ite t hat

H aving

p .

outlined

a t

r ippled

s urfaces

s ickle

t hey

l ies

to be

are

t he

T he

i s

b e

r ather

always

t o

based

t he

E l t o

( though

s ee

during

t he

3 30).

t he

evidence

l i mited . on

a rtifacts,

u sually

s ites

' Badarian'

with

h ave y ielded to

t hose

T he

only

for

s ites

occupied

t hat

s herds

o r

o nly

two t he

a s ite

a s

p ottery

s herds .

B adarian B adarian'

N one

o f

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

a ssemblages o f T he

o f

i t can be

' characteristic

a f ew

o utside

o r

a rea.

i dentification

o ne

c omprising

c ollections

f rom

t he

s imilar

B adarian outside of t he B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar r egion, s een

t o

a ssemblage

r egards

attribution

b ank

associated

N agada

V ermeersch

s ite

e ast

comparable

l ate

f rom

s ettlement

l ithic a ssemblage b eing

a Gerzean

t he

l evels.

o n

H ierakonpolis. t he

b y

t he potsherds a re

P redynastic

which

b lades .

t he

s amples

as

a P redynastic

p articularly

s uggests

9 ,

l ater

B runton 's i s only a

would s upport e ven

area

1 43) appears

H owever,

Town

C hapter

t he

1 978)

opposite

c ontaining

S outh

i n

f ound

1 41,

N agada,

B adarian .

f rom

c omments

l ess

of

a nd

V ermeersch,

( idem:

f rom

T own

a s

were

t hat

N evertheless,

Amratian

s herds

with a ny

a nything

occupation

k nown

a nd

s herds

t o

t his

e xamination o f t hese

early

A f ew a t

r elated

n o

f ailed

u nderlying

b e

H owever,

a nd

a ' probable' B adarian attribution. evidence

c ould

wares.

t here a re

t hese c ore s amples,

p resent

s uggests

B lack-topped

t he a rea

l ithic a rtifacts c omparable

i dentification

of

s ites

as

B adarian

should not be based on t he discovery of two or t hree r ippled sherds. S ites

s hould

l ithic

o nly

b e

asse mblages

c onsidered which

B adarian

r ese mble

i f

t he

t hey

p roduce

collections

c eramic

f rom

t he

a nd

B adari-

Mostagedda-Matmar r egion . T hus c ultural t hough near

f or

the

t he

N agada

t he

p hase

status

R ed

and well

i nto

f rom

E l

t he

K ab,

B adarian cera mics l evel

H emamieh

T he i s

T hey

t radition

f rom

B adarian

i n

U pper

t o

t he

E gypt

1 928: of

s ites could

i n

a nd t he

a re T he

i n

to

i n

t he

T he

G erzean

be

an

early

t he

use

a nd

t he

b e

s herds

of

t he

t own-site"

r eflect

I t

a t

B adarian ' Badarian'

a nd

L ocality

continued

f ound

a rea,

H ammamat and

' Badarian'

p eriods,

" Predynastic also

Wadi

P redynastic periods.

u se

of

may be noted

i n

t he Amratian

7 9) . t he

presence

b eyond

t he

t he

o lder

o f

t ype

a rea

t han

' Badarian'

a c ontinuation

p arts

T arifian

of

cera mics

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

r epresent

v arious

s ites

t hat

B adarian.

s ites

B adarian s herds c ontinued t o

B adarian t he

f rom

see ms

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

a continuation of

i nto l ater

G erzean

unclear.

B adarian

t he

r emains uncertain.

p robably

s ignificance a nd

the i n

' Badarian'

Amratian a nd

( Caton-Thompson,

Amratian

o nly

r epresent

H ierakonpolis

t hat a t

being,

t he

S ea coast

f inds at

of

A r mant

wares 1 1A

t i me

r epresented

c a .

t he

t here

3 800

t radition

182

N ile

of

V alley,

a re

an

i n

r egion

earlier

t hough

a part

a pparently n o s ites

B .C .

which

of

G inter

c an and

b e

a ssigned

K ozlowski

( 1984;

G inter,

associated [ 1985a]),

a d ate

c learly

t he s herds t he

Kozlowski

with m ay

c annot

and

o f b e

S liwa,

5 185

e quated

i ndicate s ome

l i mited

t hemselves t hat

t he

e xchange

s urviving

' Badarian '

i n

p ots

s o-called

' Badarian'

p eriod

o ccupation

o f

( though and

we

Wadi

c annot

i nto

were

s herds

y et

H ammamat

t he

t he

B adarian.

i s

G erzean,

1 985),

b y

H assan

i nhabitants

o utside

t he

t he

o ccurrences

i n

t ype

j ust

n o

i nstance imply

b efore

t hat

B adarian).

t he

o f

d o

a n

t he

i s t he

e arly

Amratian

t he

R ed

t he

l ight

I n

pots

a lternative

a rea

B adarian

p ossibility

a re

o r

A t hird

H owever,

c ulturally

d ismiss

a l,

A lternatively,

w ith t he

G erzean .

c opied .

f rom

t hat

w ith t he

et

( corrected

d istrict d uring t he Amratian a nd w ith

d uring

u se

G inter

B .C.

f orm o f e xchange

B adari-mostagedda-Matmar

e ither

1 979;

+ 1 20

S ea

c oast

of

t he

available i nfor mation, i t i s t he writer's v iew t hat such occasional f inds of r ippled and o ther ' Badarian' s herds at v arious s ites i n t he N ile

Valley

p robably

r epresent

e xchange with t he B adari-Mostagedda-

Matmar d istrict d uring t he Amratian a nd possibly t he e arly Gerzean with

a f ew

appears

imports

perhaps

consistent

B adarian

( in

t he

when

c ore

occasionally

considering

being

t he

copied.

possible

T his

o rigins

v iew

o f

t he

a rea).

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BADARIAN TRADITION S everal

r esearchers

h ave considered t he south,

possible source of t he B adarian ( e.g. A rkell, O thers

h ave

8 0-81).

s uspected

B aumgartel

o rigin

( based

on

a N ear

E astern

( 1952:

2 79),

black-topped

i nfluence

however,

pottery

However,

emergence

o f

f ootnote

t he

1 on

c onsidered c ultures

i t

i s

p .

1 5)

t he

was

g roups

l ikely t hat s ome i n

possible

B adarian

north

of

f rom

t raits E gypt,

p robably were u ltimately o f N ear t hat

a t

l east

However,

some

H olocene a re a lmost

s ites

u nknown

P reli minary evidence M iddle

H olocene

p hases

a nd

a reas

specifically t he

on

emergence

c onnection

i s

a s

t he

well a s

t raditions

c onsidered possible I n

R ed

N eolithic o f t he

t he

I t t he

cereal a nd

f rom

C hapter

i t

i n

the ( see

i s

also

N eolithic

c rops

which

i s c onceivable

E astern dating

between

t he

1 1.

T his

D esert. f rom

t he

T he

C aton-Thompson N ubia,

E arly and P redynastic

s ection

D esert a nd o ther

F ayum a nd

" poor

H ills .

t radition.

1 926,

f rom

Western D esert a nd o ther

i n

and

i nfluence

rock-art)

S ea

1 977:

a southern

ware,

D esert.

i ntroduced

Western

B adarian

n ew.

Western

f rom

both

post-Palaeolithic

i ndicating a l ink

i s

t he

t he

o f t he

t he

of not

a major by

derives

1 984b).

K rzyzaniak,

r ippled

particularly

( apart i n

( e.g .

E astern o rigin;

i nfluence

p rehistoric

t he were

N ubia a s a

( for domestic a nimals and

t hat

s upplied

i .e.

3 4; H ays,

s uggests

and

f lint work") and a N ear E astern i nfluence cereals).

1 975:

i dea

t hought h ad a n

f ocusses

i nfluences o n of

a western

t he

B adarian,

" autochthonous

p roto-Libyan" a ncestry . H uzayyin a nd

c ertain

t hat

c ertain

K harga

noted

t ools

r egion

a gricultural

t hat

o n

t he

l ie

with

k nown

( Huzayyin,

1 939:

t raditions,

a ffinities o ther

f rom

' Tasian' f lint

B adarian b ifacial

B adarian a nd Amratian t hat

t he

t abular

t he

o f

a nd

i n t he s outh, e arly

S udan a nd

i n

l imestone a xes

K harga

O asis,

were a lso paralleled 1 941:

t he

3 04-305).

F ayum A i n

K antor E gyptian

African a ssemblages,

s ilicified

p arallels

points

2 40-241;

M erimde

t hese

g round

h ad

( 1965)

K harga O asis" .

183

t he

" It

w ill

b e

i s

a nd t he

e arly

t he n orth a nd

w rote,

c ultures

s uch a s

F or

i n

t he

l ikely

f ound t o

t hose beginning

to be

A s

d iscussed at g reater

t hat

t he

a ppearance

N ile

Valley,

o f

t he

i ncluding

d esert dwellers

t he

( cf.

m igrating o ut o f t he

H assan,

S everal

c hapter

1 1,

i t

c ommunities

i n

was

D esert

s uggested

t he

i nfluenced

W estern

m iddle

i s b y

i n r esponse

H olocene b etween c a.

e lements

o f

t he

B adarian

s how

S aharan

a ffinities.

s uch a s could b e ancestral

a re common i n t he Western D esert

1 89-203),

( Hobler

a nd

Wendorf

e t

of

t o t he

7 000 a nd 6 000

a nd

t here

H ester, al,

a re

1 969:

1 984:

Western

1 24;

4 16,

D esert

( Hassan,

p arallels

Wendorf a nd

4 18),

1 976;

f or

S child,

concave-base

F lake

to t he B adarian

1 978b; 1 979; H obler and H ester, 1 969; Wendorf and S child, 1 65,

E gyptian

g roups

1 986b).

and b lade t echnologies, t echnology,

i n

B adarian,

worsening a ridity d uring t he b p

l ength

a gricultural

1 978a;

1 980:

1 28-

g round

a xes

1 980:

1 60,

a rrowheads

2 18;

( Caton-

T hompson, 1 952: 1 85, pl. 1 11 [ 9]; Wendorf e t a l, 1 976: 1 12; McDonald, i n

p ress),

a nd

l ens-shaped

C aton-Thompson, 1 7];

McDonald,

a nd o strich 1 928:

2 8;

1 952:

a rrowheads

p ls.

9 5

( Caton-Thompson,

[ 15-16],

9 7

1 982: 1 27, pl. XV [ a-b]).

f eathers

B runton,

i n

t he

1 937:

B adarian

3 0,

5 7)

[ 25-27],

[ 2],

F ig . 9 9

1 ;

[ 7-8,

T he u se of o strich eggshell ( Brunton

i s

1 931:

9 8

also

and

C aton-Thompson,

s uggestive

of

a desert

c onnection. A Rough main i n

ware sherd

B adarian

t he

P etrie

m useum,

encountered S child,

i n

T hompson,

a nd

t he

( e.g.

P redynastic

post-Palaeolithic

1 952:

E arlier

t o t he

i n

a ssemblages

o bjects

l ater

4 0-41,

d efinite c ontact

and

5 500

B adari

d istrict

was

noted

B anks,

1 980;

Wendorf

a nd

1 980: 1 56, 2 22).

at

b p).

A rea

a nd a lso r ecalls t he k ind o f c eramics f requently

S aharan

P redynastic f ound

( UC 9 359) with impressed markings f rom t he

s ettlement,

w ith

pl.

t he

contacts

1 21

i nspired

s ites

[ 2-3,

i n

5 ];

Hol mes,

N ile V alley d uring t he

t herefore

B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar

a re

not

a rtifacts

K harga

h ave

O asis

n .d.)

i ndicating

P redynastic

u nlikely .

T he

d istrict a re B aharia,

b een

( Caton( ca.

n earest

F arafra,

5 000 o ases

K harga

D akhla. U nfortunately,

B aharia

( Hassan,

r estricting

there

1 978b;

comparisons

bp,

i s

which

l i mited i nformation a vailable f or

t he

( Barich a nd

B adarian .

H assan,

N evertheless,

1 987)

t he post-

a ssociated with a r adiocarbon d ate of c a.

characterized

t echnologies

only

with

P alaeolithic of B aharia, 7 000

i s

1 979) a nd F arafra

c ould

by

b e

the

predominance

r elated

t o

t he

of

f lake

f lake-blade

a nd

blade

t echnology

o f

t he B adarian, and t he tools r eported consist mainly of endscrapers, b urins, r are

n otches,

b ifacial

g eometrics,

d enticulates

tools

b acked

and

a nd

worked

b ladelets

a nd

r etouched t abular

p ieces.

A lso

pieces.

m icroburins

a re

a bsent.

i s no pottery to compare with the B adarian cera mics. f rom

B aharia

c omponents c ould i s

i s

b ut

well h ave

t hat

at

c ollections

somewhat

i t

i s

b een,

the which

r epresentative s et

n ot a t

c ontain

l acking any

r adically d ifferent

l east

moment o f

' si mple',

s o

t he

i n p art,

a bundant

' ordinary'

b ifacial

l east

H assan,

1 987) .

two post-Palaeolithic U nfortunately,

a s

A lso

a re a s

t here

T he i ndustry

r eally

d istinctive B adarian a nd

t o

i t.

only

k nown

t ools

b ut

n ot

T he p roblem f rom

older

a r eliably

a rtifacts.

P reliminary f ield i nvestigations t hat a t

i s

s uch

f rom t he

a ncestral

B adarian

p resent

E lements

i n

t he

F arafra

r egion

i ndustries a re p resent

y et

n either

184

o f

t hese

h as

s uggest

( Barich a nd b een

d ated .

O ne

i s

mainly a f lake

m odified

i ndustry b ut

i nto d enticulates;

i ndustry

with

numerous

s eems

a s

r egular b lades often

t o

perforators,

s idescrapers a nd s caled p ieces, a nd p rojectile p oints.

w ith s ome

t he o ther

b e e ssentially a f lake

notches,

denticulates,

w ell a s a v ariety o f b ifacial

t ools

T he data a nd i llustrations published s o f ar

a re l imited, b ut i t i s n ot impossible t hat t he F arafran material i s r elated

t o

t he

B etter D akhla

k nown

a nd

i ndustries

B adarian .

K harga t o

3 54-355).

e ach

a re

t he

O ases o ther

a nd

t he

T arifian

a nd

m ade

w ith

t he

B adarian

N agada

a ssemblages

h ave

n .d .;

t he

p roduced

s ee

K harga

a lso

f rom

t he

comparable

C hapter

1 0,

p .

post-Palaeolithic

i ndustries

o f

t he

N ile

V alley

H owever, s ome c omparisons c an a lso b e

p articularly

b ifacial

t o

1 987c;

between

a re d iscussed i n C hapter 1 1. s tandardized

a ppear

( Holmes,

S imilarities

t raditions

post-Palaeolithic

which

t ools

a nd

w ith

t he

r espect

working

t o

o f

a n umber

t abular

o f

n on-

p ieces

o f

f lint. T hough t he evidence a s yet c an h ardly b e s aid t o b e conclusive, i t would s eem q uite l ikely t hat small g roups o f p eople

m igrated o ut o f

v arious d esert a reas, particularly f rom t he nearer o ases of D akhla, K harga, F arafra, a nd B aharia t o t he N ile V alley i n t he r egion b etween A ssiut w ell t he

a nd

a s

T ahta

B adarian

t o

b ringing

p ossibly

s ay.

w ere

T he

e lsewhere,

a lso

p resent

s ee

a gricultural

t hem v arious

a nimals .

i ntroduced e vidence

C hapter

a s b eing t ransmitted t he

w ith

d omestic

1 0,

t o

p .

k nowledge

W hether b y

( or

t he

t he

o asis

r ather

s kills,

a s

c ereals

o f

m igrants

t he

3 64-365) o bliges u s

U pper

a nd

d omestic v irtual

o f

n orthern

d ifficult

l ack

o f

i t

t o v iew c ereal c rops

E gypt u ltimately f rom

t raditions

i s

t he

E gypt.

N ear I t

E ast

i s

v ia

a lso

a

p ossibility t hat t he p olished r ed a nd b lack c eramics o f t hese L ower E gyptian c ultures i nspired t he development of t he f ine wares o f t he B adarian

( cf .

T hese n ative i s

C hapter

w estern

1 1,

a nd

p .

3 85).

n orthern

N ile V alley t radition,

a lso p ossible

t hat

n omads

f rom

t he emergence o f t he B adarian, E arly t o

M iddle

i mpossible W ith

t o t he

i nfluences,

d eveloped t he

b lend

a ny

l ocal I t

E astern D esert p layed a r ole

i n

b ut w ith t he a lmost t otal

l ack o f k nown

a ssess . i nfluences

f ind a s ingle,

o f

w ith

H olocene o ccurrences i n t he E astern D esert t his i s

s uspected,

i s n ot a t radition t hat appeared g oing t o

c ombined

i nto t he B adarian c ulture .

o ne

t hing

i s

c lear;

s traightforward a ntecedent .

i nfluences,

e ven

i f

t he

f rom a s ingle s ource. we

v iew

t he

B adarian

We a re n ot

T he B adarian i s a

Western

D esert

a s

a

p redominant s ource, a s i t i s l ikely t hat g roups f rom more t han one d esert t radition g radually i nfiltrated t hat p art o f t he N ile V alley o ver a period l asting h undreds o f y ears. t o

a s ingle

t hough

t rait

r ippled

t o

d etermine

pottery

i s

t he

often

I t i s u nrealistic t o point

B adarian 's u sed

t o

p ossible

i nfer

a ncestry,

a ncestry a s

e ven

well a s

B adarian i dentity . T able n ot

f rom

6 .3

s ummarizes

P redynastic

t he

o ccurrence

E gyptian

o f

r ippled

c eramics

N ile V alley c ontexts.

T he

t hat a re majority

a ppear t o d ate f rom a period younger t han t he B adarian a nd a re f rom c ontexts a t

B ir

t hat

e l

p ossible

a re

c ertainly

H ammamat

e xceptions,

a nd

n ot

B adarian

L aqeita

t hough

o ne

i n

t he

s uspects

1 85

c ulturally . Wadi t hat

T he

l ocalities

H ammamat a re t he

r ippled

t he o nly

s herds

f rom

T able O CCURRENCES O F R IPPLED C ERAMICS

T radition/

S ite

a ffinity

E astern B ir

e l

I N T HE

D ate o r d ate

E ASTERN D ESERT ,

N UBIA A ND T HE S UDAN

p robable

R eference

( bp)

D esert H ammamat

B adarian

L ac leita

R ed

6 .3

S ea

( ?)

u nknown

D ebono,

1 951

P redynastic

u nknown

D ebono,

1 951

K assala

a pprox.

c oast a rea

E rkowit

P hase

5 500-3000

a ffinities

C allow a nd W ahida, F attovich

1 981

e t a l,

1 984

F attovich e t a l,

1 984

A tbai S ite

i n

K assala

r egion

T ransitional

e arly

S aroba/Kassala

m illennium

6 th

P hase M ahal

T eglinos

K assala

i n v icinity

T erminal

P hase

3 860 + 6 0

C onstantini

4 935

N ordström,

e t a l,

1 982

N ubia S ites

o f A bka

n r.

A bkan

S econd 4 470

C ataract S ites

i n a rea

F irst

C ataract

n r.

A -Group

4 655

t o

-100 k m s outh o f S econd

+ 1 30

t o

1 972:

1 4,

( Second d ate c ited

+ 3 00

H assan,

+ 8 0

N ordström,

t o

1 7

i n

1 986c) 1 972:

1 7,

2 2,

( dates g iven b y O lsson,

4 160 + 5 5

1 972)

C ataract

a rea

C entral

S udanese

N ile V alley

B ridge

f inal

N eolithic

a pproximately

A rkell,

1 949

G eili

f inal

N eolithic

c ontemporary w ith

C aneva,

1 984

S hendi

f inal

N eolithic

E l

G eus,

1 981

E l

f inal

N eolithic

4 830

G eus,

1 981;

O mdurman

K adada

K adada + 5 0 t o

4 370

+ 8 0

1 86

( dates 1 986c)

c ited

1 984 i n

H assan,

2 9

t hese

s ites

( actually

a t

L aqeita

only

p robably r epresent

l ater

w ares

r esult o f i ndependent

c ase

a re o f

r egion

n ot

a n

t he

i dea

v ia

t he

b eing

P redynastic p assed

E astern

o n

one

s herd

I f t he

t he

H owever,

S udan

which

t he b y

b e

t hrown

E astern n omadic

t he I t

w hole

i tems h as

i ssue

i f

g roups

w ho

w ere

b etween

m ore

s edentary

s uggested

t hat

t he

t his

r eady

were

t o t he

more d ata

r egion

t o

a ct

D esert

L evant a nd

w as

a s

i s

f rom

i nhabited

m iddlemen

H offman

was

p opulated w ith i ts i nhabitants p laying a n i mportant t rade n etwork e xtending

B adari

F urther l ight

c ommunities .

E astern

t he

way t he c oncept

o nly t here

i s n ot u nlikely t hat

p astoralist

t ransport 2 47-248)

o n

D esert .

f ound)

m ay h ave a

a nd

b eing t ransmitted i s r ather d ifficult t o d etermine. m ight

was

B adarian r ippled

i nnovation t hen w e

b etween

D esert.

s uch

i mports .

q uite

m erchant

t o

( 1980b: d ensely

r ole i n a

M esopotamia .

S ince t he A -Group s hows ample e vidence o f e xchange with E gypt f rom

t he

Amratian

d isappeared N ubia

c ould I t

i s

u ntil

f rom

c ould

t he

C hapter

c onsist a lso

s preading c oncept

( cf.

o f

9 ,

b eginning p .

A mratian

c onceivable, t he

h ave

B adarian b een

( and

t hat

t o

D ynastic

t he

l ater?)

S udan

l ater

o f

v ia

f rom

t imes

r ippled

when

p ottery

i t

f rom

imports .

i nstead

t he

s pread

of

3 32-333),

t he

t he

t he

i dea

o f

E astern

A -Group

r ippling

D esert,

u pstream

t he

a long

t he S udanese N ile V alley a nd t hen e astwards; o r t he t echnique c ould h ave s pread b y s ome c ombination o f t hese p ossibilities. A d earth o f r adiocarbon d ates p revents u s f rom esti mating t he o f t he a ppearance o f t he B adarian . I f t he s evere a rid p hases o f

d ate c a.

6 000

B .C .

p opulations, s oon

a fter

y ielded

( 7000 . bp) a nd c a.

5 000

t hen e arly B adarian 5 000

t oo

B .C .

l ittle

a t

t he

B .C .

l atest.

e vidence

( 6000 bp)

c ommunities

t o

T he

e nable

c an s ite

i t

t o

mobilized d esert

p robably b e

e xpected

of

E l

S alamuni

b e

a ssigned

h as

t o

a ny

c ultural g rouping ( Vermeersch, i n p ress a nd pers. c omm.; c f. C hapter 1 0,

p .

t he

B adari

3 42) .

H owever, d istrict

i t

a nd

i s h as

l ocated n ear p roduced

S ohag o n

a r ather

t he

o f 5 730 + 1 00 bp ( which c orrects t o 4 695 + 1 35 B .C . T hus,

i t

not

a ncestral T he

B adarian

i nto

c haracterized B adarian

b y

l asted l ocal t he

t echnology,

b ladelet

c lasses

t he

b ank,

n ear

e arly d ate

[ Hassan,

1 985a]).

i t r epresents a n e arly B adarian o r

s ite .

B adarian

d eveloped

a nd

impossible t hat

e ast

i ntriguingly

u ntil

Amratian

about

d evelopment

i n p art a t

4 000

p hase o f

l east,

B .C .

w hich t he

i n

( see

t erms

g eneralized

p .

o f

5 ).

I t

l ithics

i s

f lake-blade

i nto s eparate s pecialized b lade

t echnologies a nd t he appearance o f s tandardized

s uch a s s ickle

b lades

a nd

b lade

t ool

k nives .

S UMMARY C ontrary s tone

t o

t he

v iew

of

t he

i ndustry

c haracterized

b y

u sually

p erpetuated

B adarian

p ush-planes

a nd

i s

not

a f ew

i n

t he

a poor

b ifacial

a nalysis o f m aterial c ollected b y B runton a nd

l iterature, c ore

t he

i ndustry

t ools.

T he

r e-

C aton-Thompson s hows t he

B adarian t o b e a g eneralized f lake-blade i ndustry c haracterized b y n on-bifacial p ieces

o f

t ools

f lint,

r etouched p ieces. s ickles,

m ade a nd

o n

f lakes,

which

b lades

i nclude

a nd

o ccasionally

e ndscrapers,

o n

B ifacial t ools c onsist mainly o f a xes,

c oncave-base

t abular

p erforators

and

b ifacial

a rrowheads a nd v arious n on-standardized t ools .

1 87

Worked

t abular

s labs a lso s eem f airly c ommon .

C onsideration t hat

o nly

t hose

o f

t he

s ites

a vailable

o riginally

e vidence

i dentified

i n t he B adari-mostagedda-matmar

l eads a s

r egion c an

t o

t he

B adarian i n

f act

c onclusion

( and

b e

' Tasian ')

r egarded a s

B adarian. S ites i n o ther p arts o f t he N ile Valley t hat h ave produced B adarian ceramics c an often be s hown to b e Amratian o r G erzean,

and

t he p resence of ' Badarian' pottery may b e i nterpreted a s i ndicating some

f or m

' Badarian'

of

e xchange

ceramics

with

B adari-mostagedda-Matmar t he

c ore

t hat

r egion

compare

a ttribution

o f

with

t he

s ites

i n

I t

must

b e

core

until

r egion .)

y ielding

t he B adarian r emains

t he

continued

a rea.

a t

( The

l east

Moreover, c eramics

B adarian

collections

W adi

h ave

l ithic f rom

r ealized

t hat

t he

v iew o f t he

t entative o nly .

N evertheless,

o f

s ites

a s

s hould

o n

' Badarian' ceramic types, a ssemblages

B adarian I t

c ould

i s

h ave

s ites

t hat o f

not

but

c an

t he

considered b een

a ssemblages

B adari.

T he t o

B adarian p resented h ere

r egarded a s

l ithic

o f t he

conjectural.

t o b e

t he

i n

H ammamat a nd o n t he R ed S ea c oast

i s

B adarian

manufacture Amratian

n one o f t he s ites o utside

' Badarian'

t he

t he

r est r ather

b e

t he

i dentification

r ippled s herds o r

be b ased o n

d emonstrated

t ype

o ther

whole c eramic and

t o b e r elated

t o t hose o f

a rea .

possible

s ignificantly

a f ew

t hat

t he

i nfluenced

emergence b y

v arious

of t he B adarian post-Palaeolithic

g roups of t he Western D esert who migrated to the N ile Valley d uring p eriods

o f

e xtreme

a ridity

b arley a nd possibly o ne t he

o r

c a.

N eolithic communities

d eriving

f rom

t he

L evant.

6 000

of

L ower

T he

post-Palaeolithic

5 000

o ccurrences

E gypt,

impact

o n t he B adarian c annot b e a ssessed a t o f

a nd

B .C .

D omestic

wheat

a nd

two o ther t raits were p robably a dopted f rom o f

t he

a ny

c ereals

E astern

moment

r eported .

188

t he

d ue

u ltimately

D esert

c ultures

t o a v irtual

l ack

C hapter

7

THE L ITHIC I NDUSTRY OF NAGADA

I NTRODUCTION T he N agada r egion l ies on t he west b ank o f t he N ile between t he modern d ealt

towns

w ith

a s imilar t he

o f

i n

t o

t he

N agada

a nd

L uxor

c hapter

s ituation

N agada a rea T he

Q ena

t his

a re

t hat

o f

r egion

w as

P etrie

( Petrie and Q uibell,

m iddens)

p rehistoric, two

cemetery

P redynastic

l ocalities,

a reas

Morgan

1 896). t he

a s

a t

1 897) and

r ecognizing t he

N eolithic.

a nd

n ot

l ong

b efore

h e

c onceded

t he

e nd

N orth

o f

T own), h e

( kitchen-

l ocalities a s with

g raves

a nd

t he

t he

p robed

c oncluding t hat

s upposed e ntered

d uring t he F irst I nter mediate P eriod ( ca. 2 180-2130 B .C .). w as

i n

F linders

P etrie,

n umber

r emains were t hose o f a " New R ace" which i t

t hat

Morgan collected a n umber o f

a l arge

T own

e xcept

w ider. e xplored

( 1896;

s ites

l ow d esert,

" kjoekkenmoeddings"

l atter,

e xcavated ( South

D e

and

specifically

Q uibell,

s ettlement

B adari

d e

a reas

p articularly and

o f

T he

t he e dge o f t he

a rchaeologically

C entury b y J acques

s ites,

a ssistance

t he

f irst

1 9th

f rom

1 .1). a t

l ow d esert a nd c ultivation a re

o f t he

a rtifacts

( Fig.

l ocated

p rehistoric

a ge

o f

t he

E gypt

H owever, h is

N agada

d iscoveries o n t he b asis o f which he worked out h is S equence D ating s ystem

which

3 7-38)

also

s ettlements S ites a gain

f irst

v isited

of

o f

which

S child,

i n

N agada

P redynastic

1 968

when

t he

P rofessor

w as s urveying t he o f

p ublished t he

1 900 . a rea

L ortet and

a nd

noted

G aillard

t he

( 1909:

P redynastic

a nd c emeteries .

u ntil

d irection

w as

F red

r egion

1 00).

i n

t he

N agada

o f

O ne of

was

t he

M ethodist

l ocalities

f ound

members

and o f

were

not noted

E xpedition,

S outhern

P alaeolithic

s ite

r egion

P rehistoric

Wendorf

f or

a P redynastic

1 976:

age

C ombined

u nder

d uring t he

r ecorded

t he

U niversity, c ourse

( Wendorf

Wendorf's

t eam

and

was

F .A .

H assan who r eturned to t he N agada region with T .R . H ays i n 1 975, and a gain

i n

1 977,

t o s urvey t he a rea

t est excavations

( Hays,

f or

P redynastic

s ites

a nd t o c onduct

1 976; H ays and H assan, 1 976).

T hey surveyed

t he e dge o f t he l ow d esert a djacent t o t he c ultivation b etween modern 7 .1).

v illages T hey

o f

E l

l ocated a nd

N orth Town),

t he s ettlement t hat

locality a rea,

s ite S tate

l eading

( Hassan, ( known

1 981;

a s

D anfiq,

a d istance of

mapped n ine s ites

( KH1-KH7,

1 8

km

S outh

t he

( Fig.

Town

" The

( see b elow),

a nd

and S outh Town a nd N orth Town a re

l ocalities v isited by P etrie and Q uibell. KH2

rather

W ashington

and

some o f which have been i dentified as s ites o riginally

v isited by d e Morgan noted

B allas

was

than

l ater

a

U niversity

expeditions i n

p rep.).

P redynastic

f ound

to

P redynastic h as

c ontinued

i n

t he

T he o f

be

N agada

e arly

I t may b e

I st

D ynasty

one.

P rofessor

f ield

i nvestigations

s ummers

writer

an

of

1 978,

participated

P roject")

d uring

H assan

1 980 i n

t he

t he

i n

and

o f t he

1 981

p roject

l atter

two

s easons. A n

I talian t eam f rom t he

I nstituto U niversitario O rientale o f

N aples h as conducted e xcavations a t S outh T own i n 1 982,

1 983 and 1 984 ( Barocas, 1 985).

1 977,

1 978,

1 979,

C onfusion over the concessions

1 89

. N ORTH TOWN /

i

,Z AWAY D A g e ' SOUTH T OWN

4

• KH I ( # 1 (H A TTA R A a NA '

01

F ig.

7 .1

L ocation

map

o f

P redynastic

1 90

s ites

2

i n

34

t he

5 Km

N agada

r egion.

h as

a llowed

P roject

b oth

t o

t he

work

e xcavations

I talian

a t

t he

e xpedition

s ame

P rofessor

t he

P redynastic o f N agada

T he

h ere a s

o n t he whole they a re r ather

H assan's

excavations and a re not y et

a re not expounded

s imilar to t hose o f

a nd

s ite.

r esults

of

t he

I talian

f ully p ublished . The

s ites

P redynastic

located

s ettlement

by

H ays

l ocalities

c ontaining abundant charcoal, a rtifacts. a s

O nly

small

c ut

i nto

t he

u ndertaken, o f a rtifacts b ut

pollen)

not f ound

a lso

a nd

a nalyses;

o nly

f aunal

various

u sed

to

N ile

u ncovered

s hallow

s ilt

s tudies

s uch

d epressions

underlying

o f

t he

b one a rtifacts, ( charcoal,

the

s tudies

i nvolving

--

of

g rinding

K H3 . k inds

s tones,

s amples

a nd

. N agada

a nd

p hosphate

i nvestigation

t he

a nalysis

s ite,

v arious

f lotation

microarchaeological

g eomorphology

s tudies

b een

a nd

e xtensively e xcavated

b otanical

geological

and

t he P redynastic s ites. b een

most

l ithics,

o f

d eposits

m ultidisciplinary s tudies h ave b een

i n-depth

r emains;

d eposits

g eoarchaeological

t he

( pottery,

predominantly

o rganic-rich

h ave

p osts

compact

i nclude

s tudies

and

Q uaternary

of

f or

are

o f

f eatures

wooden

D etailed

p articularly

s tudies

e tc .),

small

d eposits.

H assan

bone f ragments, potsherds and l ithic

s tructural

p its,

s ubstratu m

a rchaeological T hese

l imited

m ud-lined

and

c onsisting

o f

t he

r egion,

a nd

o f s ediment s amples

f rom

T he v arious s ets o f d ata t hus obtained h ave

generate

settlement

and

s ubsistence

p rovide p alaeoenvironmental a nd p alaeoclimatic

models,

a nd

to

r econstructions.

I n

a ddition, s tatistical analysis of P etrie's published c emetery data ( Petrie

a nd

r ole

o f

women

O n

t he b asis

t he

Q uibell, i n

1 975 and

s ites

1 984a;

a nd

s herds

i n

t he

N agada

H assan,

u sing

1 976).

f ound a t

P etrie's

KH3 d ated to S .D. 4 1-44. b y

K emp

( 1982),

H assan c harcoal) ( Hassan,

a nd

h as

f or

1 970b)

h as

t o

o f

t hrown

w are s herds r egion

t hat

were b y

K H3 a nd v essel

s equence

were

B adarian

1 985a) .

N agada

f ound

d uring

of

1 8

I I

i t

T here a re e ight

was

t he

( Kaiser,

K H3,

d ates

f or

1 976;

r elative

f ound

f rom t hat

Ia s d etermined

r adiocarbon

( KH1,

t he

r econstructed

s cheme,

N agada

s ites

( Hays,

d etermining s hapes

d ating

e arly

a t otal

t he

o n

H ays t hought t hat the P redynastic

H owever,

K aiser's

l ight

1 984) .

T his c orresponds to N agada

obtained

f our

1 984a;

R ippled

f ield seasons,

a ge o f whole v essels l arge

B aumgartel,

o f a f ew

1 977

s ettlement H ays

1 896;

P redynastic s ociety . (Smith,

1 956) .

dates

K H6

a nd

S ite

( all

S outh

K H3

o n

T own)

c onsisting

o f two dates f rom A rea A , one f rom A rea C and f ive dates f rom A rea B . T he d ates + 7 5

f rom

B .C .

T he

a nd

t he d ates

B .C.

The

A rea

B y ield a weighted

s ingle

date

f rom A rea

f rom A rea

A correct

difference

to

between

a verage

a verage

A .

3 795

B .C .

T he

e xcavated

f rom

S outh

d ates b y

T own

y ield

obtained

P etrie

a re

by

o lder

d ates average 4 530 + 2 50 B .C . m ethod o f d ating,

+ 7 5

B .C .,

reflects f rom

a nd

( 1955)

t he

3 715 + 9 0 B .C .

t hose

H owever,

o n

f or

material

the

K H1 p rovide two d ates T he d ates

a verage c orrected d ate o f

L ibby t han

3 830 B .C .,

3 440 + 7 0

f rom

t he s ettlements.

g raves L ibby 's

L ibby u sed t he s olid c arbon

a nd t he s amples h e d ated h ad b een s tored i n a m useum

where t hey h ad probably got 1 985a).

a n

dates

Two d ates

f rom KH6 g ive an average corrected d ate of o btained

o f

B .C . a nd 7567 + 1 14

+ 1 27

two

3 780

+ 1 45

3 788

these

c orrected d ate o f

d ate

to

s tratigraphic d epth o f d eposits a t A rea a w eighted

c orrected

C corrects

c ontaminated

by

' dead c arbon'

( Hassan,

G raphic seriation and multidi mensional scaling of cera mic

a ssemblages o ne e arlier

s howed

t hat

s ites

g roup a nd t hat

K H1,

S outh

K H3,

K H4,

K H6

a nd

K H7

b elonged

t o

T own and North Town belonged to a

191

y ounger

g roup

( Hassan

a nd

M atson,

w ith t he r adiocarbon d ates,

i n

p ress).

C ombining

t hese

H assan d ivides t he s ites

r esults

i nto a n e arly

N agada g roup d ating to 3 850-3650 B .C . and a l ate N agada g roup d ating t o

3 580-3300 T he

t he

a nalysis

o f

t he

t he

d esert

t hat

1 985b),

s uch

f rom

f lood

about A t

d amage .)

f irst

s ight,

r ecognizable

s uch

a reas

s tone

o r

l ightly

d isintegrated d erive p alm

of

i n a l inear p attern a long f loodplain .

G eoekistic

most

f avourable

geomorphic

a nalysis"

was

o f

f ood

a nd

d eveloped

l andscape

w ater

r esources,

a t

f airly

r egular

i ntervals

f rom

o f

o f

s eem

a ctual houses

c lusters

o r

h uts

t he

H owever,

K H3,

r evealed

s ite of

wattle

r ubbly deposits

t he daub of s uch huts),

o r

d ung-rich

o r

z eribas.

f eatures

whole

marked

a nd

d aub

p ots, b y

a nd

i n

r emains

p ost-holes

which

h ave

n ow

K H3

may

encountered a t

perhaps

T he

s uch a s

o f a rchitectural

f oundations

o f

d ark

by

s tones),

coloured

a nd

pens

l ack

h ave

l ighter

a reas

i dentified T he

s tructure,

a t

a ni mal

b urned

o f

d eposits.

consisting

a re

o f

any k ind

' midden'

h abitation

f oundations

c onstructed of

l ack

p articularly

wooden posts .

mud

t o

h omogeneous

houses of

r eeds and

f ronds. a reas

a p robable

have

been

a nalyses .

domestic a rea

s herds,

I n

i dentified o ne

p art

where c ooking

a nd two n earby

o f c ores,

s tone

o f

1 2

about

t ools,

sq.

m .

at

o f

KH3

t he

was done,

d ung,

f lakes

a nd

f lint

n .d.).

d ebris

d ebris,

c eramic

[ Hassan, T he

f ragments,

d ung,

a r esult ( Area

bone,

w ith h igh

were

f aunal

a nd

of

a griculture

for

t he

b otanical N agada

s hell,

t heir

w ith a bout twice a s

s tudies

r egion

l ivelihood.

l ocated

i n a n a rea

p lant

i ndicated

were

t hat

t he

e ssentially

h ave

b een

q uite

v ertebrae h ave b een r ecovered. t o h ave b een g rown .

medicinal p lants

b ryony

and

l ithic

r emains,

P redynastic

dependent

henbane

s uch

a s

o n

Wheat a nd b arley were c ultivated D omestic s heep/goats,

T here are r are gazelle and h artebeest

r emains i ndicating t hat hunting p layed o nly a m inor role.

a lso a ppear

analysis

r emains -

c harcoal,

m uch b arley g rown a s w heat.

c attle and p igs were r aised. must

a nd Rough

f requencies

( Microarchaeological

b one,

o f

l evel

1 978c]).

i nhabitants

f ishing

B ,

a ssociated w ith a

seeds,

f lint-working a reas

( Hassan,

as

s ite

i nvolves t he q uantification o f m inute a rchaeological

o f

b y

t he

u se potentials a nd p rotection

h earth a nd concentrations o f c harcoal,

e tc .

p ress) .

t he

s paced

a ssociated

t he

( much

Activity

w are

i n

of evaluating

l and

complexes

t he

o f

m icroarchaeological 3 )

t he

p roximity a re

o ut,

household

( consisting

a s

o nly

c arried

i nstance s tubs

s uggests

a s

s ites

r epresenting

h abitation o ne

t o

a method

t he s ites

r epresenting

deposits h earths

T he

c onsisting

e xcavations

d eposits

was

m aterials,

M atson,

l ocated

( "Geoekistic i s

v ariables

a nd

2 km.

a pparently t he

t his

and

a vailability o f b uilding o f

H assan

a djacent

s ettlements.

( 1980b;

c onsidering

1 985a;

s ettlements a re

l ow

i ndicates

f or

H assan

( Hassan,

P redynastic

margin

s etting

B .C .

a n

important

V arious P ollen

n ightshade,

( Emery -Barbier,

a ctivity

h erbal a nalysis

and

a s

H owever,

n umerous

medicinal

f ish

p lants

r evealed t he p resence

c amomile,

m arjoram,

l avender,

n .d J .

T he potsherds f rom t he N agada s ites consist mainly o f P olished R ed and Rough ware s herds. s herds

a re

s pecimens

f rom

were

P robably most o r a ll of the P olished Red

B lack-topped

f ound a t

R ed

v essels,

K H3 .

192

of

which

s everal

whole

V arious

a spects

o f

P reli minary sorting c lasses

t he

i nto

l ithic

major

a rtifacts

a rtifact

h ave

b een

c ategories 1 981.

w riter

s ites

a nalyzed i n

s amples

o rder

d eter mine

to

t he

P redynastic ( 1980),

i n

q uantify

t he

N agada

by

t he

( PDSM)

analysts

found

h ave

G race e t T he

1 985;

l ithic

i n 1 980 a nd N orth

a nd

N ewcomer

f rom

c ompare modern

a l,

a ttributes

i n

p rep .). t hat

and t hat

with

t he

a nd

b y

K eeley

E gyptian

whole

f lint

r eadily surface

o ther

( Levi-Sala,

to the

M icrowear

t hey a re

I n a ddition,

t he

S outh

d uring

d eveloped

f ound

m icrowear

p rospect

1 984-86;

of

1 986;

1 986). b elow

( Areas

a re

f rom t he

B a nd X /XI),

t o p rovide f rom

K H4,

f urther o ld

i nvestigations

K H7,

d ata

f or

e xcavations

P etrie's

which a re h oused

C omparisons

a nd

post-depositional

e xcavations,

i n

S outh

T own

c ertain

t ool

w ith

m aterial

collection of

t he

P etrie

f lint

M useum,

was

were a lso made b etween t he l ithic a rtifacts a nd

m aterial

f rom

t he

N agada

c emeteries d ug

B efore d escribing the l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he N agada

t he s ites

f rom

w hich

s ections

t hat

f ollow .

t he

tool

I n 1 981, K H3

practised

method

w as

1 987b).

m aterial

f rom t he s ettlement s ites by P etrie.

e t

K H3

S outh T own,

a lso s tudied .

i t

p roblems

I n a ddition,

systematic,

a rtifacts

b ut

d escribed

a t s ites

t o

b lank 1 981;

l ithic a rtifacts

a rtifacts

1 981

T own .

c lasses,

i n

( Holmes,

occurring

s erious

analysis o f

a l,

of

' high-power'

( Holmes,

f rom

t echnique

extremely s lowly,

f requently

modifications microwear

b lanks

a n umber

r egion

employing

u se-polishes

obscured

a rea,

d ebitage

h ave a lso b een a ttempted,

d evelops

f rom

o f

blank-manufacturing

i nvestigations,

a nd

main

was done i n t he f ield by H ays and D emuynck i n t he 1 978 f ield

s eason, a nd by H assan and t he writer i n 1 980 and T own

i nvestigated .

and

t he a rtifacts

were o btained a re s ummarized

S ite KH3 I nitially d eposits. i ndicated t he

t hat

mounds

m .

T he I ,

t he

c ultural

I II,

of

deposits

1 981; n .d.).

low and

mounds

of

o btained

e tc .)

f rom

I n

1 978, o f

e xcavated

u sed

B y s ampling t he s ite

t o

s ystematically

l arge-scale

u sing a 5 0

T he

i dentified r adiocarbon

m

l ocate

t he

i n

l evel .

l evels

t hese

i n A rea

( 1-7)

squares

a lready

d ates

corrected d ate of

K H3B d escribed

i n

t his

to

a re

f rom

1 0 cm

e xcavated and

i n

1 980 a

G 56,

to

s terile.

h earths of

above

B a re

a nd t he ( p.

were

1 54 a nd

f eatures

small

m ud-lined

activity 1 92). and

areas

T he

G 56 a nd

f ive

g ive

T he l ithic a rtifacts G 54,

1 56)

T he

consistent

s quares

193

s ite,

l evels.

( G54,

3 830 + 7 5 B .C .

c hapter

t he

squares

described A rea

o f

excavation

a nalysis

f or

a reas

1 978

o f

1 x

E ach of these areas

t he

down

consist

b een

o btained

B was

F our

microarchaeological has

t hree

2 x 2 m s quares a nd a rbitrary

t o a f irst

i n

i n

V and X/XI.

a djacent

e xcavation and t en

More detailed i nfor mation

e xcavations

t he s ite),

a 3 x 7 m area

d own

e ncountered

average

m test t renches.

2 x 2 m s quares

continued

p its.

analyses

c ontinued i n t he a reas b etween

( each g rid s quare b eing g iven a R oman n umeral

w as

mounds of

w as e xcavated i n

n umber

cultural

phosphate

T he s ite was e xplored by f orty 1 x 1 m t est p its,

B ( one of t he

were

consist

KH3 was found to extend for an a rea of about 3 0,000 sq.

2 5 m and t hree 1 x 1 2.5 w as

to

microarchaeological

5 0 m g rid s ystem

I I,

u nits.

appeared

( Hassan,

square g rid, -

KH3

However,

1 54 .

an

f rom

A d escription t his

a rea

were

p reliminary

o f

A rea

not

s tudy

V i s

analyzed

i n t he

omitted

a s

by

writer

t he

t he

l ithic

a rtifacts

a nd

only

f rom

r eceived

f ield .

A 3 x 3 m t est e xcavation e nd o f t he 1 980 f ield s eason,

( Mm12)

was c arried o ut

i n A rea X a t t he

a s a r esult o f w hich a c ache o f 1 2

whole

B lack-topped R ed ware pots was f ound. E xcavations a t K H3X were e xpanded t he f ollowing s eason t o u ncover a n a rea o f 1 2 x 1 8 m w ith o ne r ow o f 2 x 2 m squares extending i nto t he a djacent 5 0 m g rid square l abelled

' XI'.

e xcavated

i n

L ater A rea

i n

X .

t he

T he

1 981 s eason,

A rea

X/XI

p ortion o f a s ingle h ousehold u nit d ark

s ediments

r ich

c onsisting

o f

a n

b urial,

i nfant

h earths

l ight

a nd

h abitation T he

f our

t hat

w ith

s andy

were

s tudy

o btained

no

( level

i n

was

a l arge

t he

I t

was

a rea

l atter and

a rea

s everal

a lso

i n

t his

f rom

t he

m ain

f ound .

t his

2 ) e xcavated,

occupation

vertebrae,

f ound. was

a n

W ithin

bovid

t he c ache o f p ots

l evel

a nd

d eposits .

l ithic a rtifacts d escribed

t he z eriba a reas.

dung

a rticulating s tones

3 x 4 m a rea u ncovered

a z eriba a rea c haracterized b y

s heep/goat

c oloured

g rinding

a rea

a rchaeological t his

i n

a nother

excavations

c hapter

a re

f rom b oth t he h abitation a nd

S ince i ntrasite v ariability i s n ot c onsidered i n

effort

h as

been

made

t o

s eparate

t he

l ithic

d ata

f rom t he two a reas .

S ite K H4 H assan Morgan,

( in

1 896:

e vidence

p rep.)

i dentifies

8 7-88; 1 897:

s uggests

t hat

S ite

K H4

w ith

T oukh

i s

e quivalent

t o

a bundant

o n

t he

s urface

a t

made f rom two 1 0 x 1 0 m a reas m arked o ut a t

t he s ite .

m aterial .

m c ollection T here

T he

A fter l ithic

a re

n o

r adiocarbon s caling

o f

t he e arly N agada g roup ( ca. K H3,

( de

t his

s ite .

( see p .

2 83) .

L ithic a rtifacts a re

S urface

c ollections

were

t he

i nitial s urface c ollection w as made were a lso s creened

a rtifacts

s tudied

a re

d ates

K H4

g raphic

t o

r ecover

f rom b oth 1 0 x 1 0

u nits .

m ultidimensional K H1,

T oukh

( referred t o a s N 10 x 1 0 a nd C 10 x 1 0)

t he t op f ew c entimetres o f s ediment f urther

M organ 's

S outh T own

S ite KH4 c overs a n a rea o f a bout 2 0,000 s q . m . v ery

d e

3 9) t hough a c onsideration of t he l ithic

K H6

a nd

K H7

i s

K H7

f or

c eramic

d ata

b ut

i ndicate

t hat

s eriation i t

b elongs

a nd t o

3 850 t o 3 650 B .C .) c lustering w ith s ites

( Hassan

a nd

M atson,

i n

p ress) .

S ite K H7 S ite

2 t o

3 k m

s outhwest

o f t he modern v illage o f D anfiq .

I t i s a s mall s ite c ompared w ith t he o ther N agada s ites i nvestigated e xtending over a n a rea o f o nly about 2 100 s q . m . A lthough t here a re n o

r adiocarbon

d ates

f or

t his

s ite,

t he

g raphic

s eriation

a nd

m ultidimensional s caling d ata f or t he c eramics c learly s how t hat i t i s t he o ldest of t he p ress).

P redynastic

N agada

s ites

( Hassan

1 m t est t rench with a 3 x 2 m t est p it o n o ne I n

t he

a nd

M atson,

i n

F our 5 x 5 m s urface collections were made a t KH7 a nd a 1 0 x 3 x 2 m t est p it,

a p it

a bout

s ide

were e xcavated.

3 0 cm d eep and 2 m i n d iameter

c ut i nto t he c ompact N ile s ilt s ubstratum was f ound. e ncountered

i n

t his

t est

e xcavation

w ere a shy

1 94

a nd

T he d eposits

c harcoal-rich .

K H7

i s r elatively poor i n l ithic r emains t hough potsherds a re abundant. T he

l ithic a rtifacts

s tudied

a re

f rom

t he

s urface

c ollections

a nd

t he

3 x 2 m t est p it.

S outh Town T his 8 7-88;

i s probably t he

1 897:

3 9).

f ield

season and

a bout

3 0

a nd

e xcavated part of

u ncovered a l arge

x 5 0

m w ith

Q uibell,

1 896:

P etrie's

s ite of Toukh v isited by de Morgan

P etrie

" town",

f urther 5 4,

which

rectangular

m udbrick

pl.

t he s ite

s tructures

L XXXV).

may perhaps

T his

be

i n

mudbrick t o

t he

i nterpreted

1 894-5

s tructure

s outh

s tructure a s

( 1896:

t he

( Petrie

constituted a mansion

o r

t emple. T he

whole

s ite

i s

e xcavating p art o f i t,

very

d isturbed.

b ut a lso o ver

Not

a p eriod

only

o f

h ad

P etrie

m any y ears

b een

t he

l ocal

f ar mers h ave r emoved l arge q uantities of t he o rganic-rich cultural deposits a ppears

to

u se

a s

f ertilizer

t o b e a c haotic

abundant potsherds. d ata

f rom

S outh

s eemed

P etrie's

t he t otal

s ite a rea

t renches

( mostly

i n

r emote .

S outh

T own

w hich s preads 1 x 2 5

m )

h ave

been

N ile

s ilt

f or mations

the

s ite

were

s hallow,

c ircular were

found

were d iscovered

d ug

t his

S a mples

in

i n

d ata

T here

s ite .

4 4.

b eing

t he

M atson, p atch

s eriation t hat

t he

g ive a n

walls

o f

t he

a rea

f rom t his a rea h ave

h as

p art

s ite

a n

P etrie's

p ottery

o f

d eposits d ate

a nalysis

o f

o f

3 440

t he

P etrie's

t he

only S outh

o f

s hifted

l aterally

o f

t he

northeastern

f ragments

a nd

l ow

s ite

t he

+ 7 0

v alues

s equence most

i s

5 2 a nd

were

c eramic w ith

s ituated . l ater

f or

o f

T his

( Hassan a nd

p art

o f

S outh

T own

B .C . r esults

c onsidering t he

H igh

d ate

r ecent a rea

f rom a t est p it d ug i n a

r evealed

l ithic d ebris a

i n t he southwestern and

d i minishing

a reas.

t he

m icroarchaeology

e xample,

a re a ssociated with P etrie's s ite.

The

s caling

n orthwestern

i s observed with h igh t rend v alues p arts

F or

t he

p attern

west-central

t rends.

i n

s patial

c eramic

i nto

u ndisturbed

were obtained a nd a

" town"

S .D .

d istinct

and

of

e stimated

D ated c harcoal s amples

c orrected

s urface

where

y ielded

u ndisturbed a verage

e astern

c ut

no

f rom 5 x 5 m u nits

m ultidimensional

o ccupation

b ut

t est

locating

two t est p its were d ug .

t hen developed northwards,

n ortheastern

T rend

a nd

hope

trenches.

when

n ew

i s an e arly occupation i n t he southwestern part o f t he

i n p ress).

o f

of

microarchaeological analysis

T he s ite

n ortheastern

S everal

t he

for

T he c eramics

S .D .

3 h ectares.

these

1 978

o f

a small p art o f

i n

u nsuccessful.

i ndicated

t i me.

o nly

was

G raphic

s ite

e xcavations

a wealth

d epressions

s eries o f s urface collections of potsherds m ade .

T he

s ystematic

located

An a ttempt was also made to r ediscover t he T own b ut

f ields.

y ielded

f orms

o ver a bout

h ave

a reas.

of

A f ew

1 981

a ctually

u nderlying

u ndisturbed a reas

t heir

H owever,

1 980 a nd

u ndisturbed patches

o n

r ubbly d eposits w ith v ery noticeably

T he p rospect of obtaining a l arge body of new

T own

a nd s urface c ollections i nformation.

( sebakh)

j umble o f

t rend

c harcoal,

to

l ow

v alues p lant

v alues f or

i n

t he

adobe

and

r emains

a nd

b one

" town" i n t he northeastern part of t he

To t he south o f t his s tructure appears to have b een a r efuse

a rea. T he

l ithic

a rtifacts

e xamined

b y

t he

1 95

w riter

a nd r eported

i n t his

E L -Z AWAYD 11 41

r e t ir t met o

7

.

b •, N V

( n

2 . 1 W

t Utu L u

I

>

NAGADA

P

P YRAM ID

e h . ,

1

0

0

w

4 e .

I f

'

m L ji

)

B

1 :2 `

. 4 •.w

l ' s ' ,,

C E METERY

-

c I — w 2

TA IR WAY

v4 e,

e , 9

1

NEN

k

• 4 C • 0 . . i I —

4

C EMETERY

ae - am

•„

NUBT TEMPLE

4 c o

ax »1

1

. . ,

CEMETERY

.

SOUTH TOWN

4 4444

0

0

F ig.

7 .2

Location

map

of

a rchaeological

S outh Town

1 96

s ites

i n

t he

v icinity

of

c hapter

a re

f rom

s ix t est

t renches

e xcavated

i n

1 980 .

N orth Town North 4 0,000

Town

sq.

i s

m .

Q uibell,

a l arge

I t

1 896:

P redynastic

1 -2)

of

a rchaeological

was

s ite

covering

e xplored

who

Nagada

material

by

noted

a

f ew

P roject

f rom

surface

f our

M ultidimensional

s caling

c eramic

s uggest

s ite

n ow

t he

c entral

a rea o f t he s ite

l ater

expanding

s outh

both

( represented b y SC 1 ).

r epresents a still T his p attern c eramics

( SC 4 ).

T own

b ut

l ater

t he

and

was

SC 4 i n

a rea

( SC

a nd

S urface S C

i n

i s

C ollection

2 )

3 ) and

o f

5 7-78

o f

i s

r egarded

a s aberrant

( Hassan,

t he

S .D .

f or

to the s ite

i n press). 4 6-48

t he

O nly o ne r adiocarbon d ate h as b een o btained

i t

o f

what

Matson,

d ates

S .D .

of

s eriation

t he northern p art

2 )

T he

s outh t o n orth

o ccupied

( Hassan and

a nd

s ite. sa mples

g raphic

f irst

( represented by

occupation

c entral

s pread

( represented b y

to t he north

( Petrie

t he

collected

i s a lso i ndicated b y t he s equence

f rom

a rea

t he

1 894-5

f rom

5 x 5 m a reas

t he

t hat

i n

f inds

a cross t he s ite . d ata

an a rea of approxi mately

Q uibell

f or

northern

f or

North

1 984a).

T he N agada C emeteries P etrie

a nd

Q uibell

( 1896)

c leared

a bout

i n t he N agada region i n o ne f ield s eason. t housand S outh

g raves

Town.

t erraces

n ear

T hese

of

the

B allas

while

c emetery

l ow

desert

P etrie

a reas away

t owards t he l imestone e scarpment. t he P ertrie which

a re

P redynastic

worked

t he

located

f rom T he

3 000

g raves

Q uibell e xcavated about a

the

on

edge

l ithic

c emeteries t he

of

n ear

P leistocene

t he

f loodplain

collection

s tudied

i n

museum i s p redominantly f rom P etrie's " Great C emetery"

contained n early

2 000

g raves.

RAW MATERIAL A lmost a ll i s

o f t he

p redominantly

s ilicified

N agada

a b eige

l i mestone.

l ithic a rtifacts a re made o n f lint which

c olour.

A p lane

Occasionally

and

an

axe

collection a re made o n t his material. l imestone I n

g ebel

1 980,

a nd

i n

t he

t he w riter

to S ite KH3 ( Holmes,

l ocal

i n

tools

P etrie's

F lint occurs

i n

a re

made

S outh s itu

on

Town

i n

t he

wadis.

worked m aterial o btained f rom a wadi a djacent

1 981).

T he f lint f laked reasonably well but i t

was noticed t hat t he RNS o f t he r eplicated f lakes d iffered s lightly f rom

that

of

the

a rchaeological t exture,

obtaining d istance t hat

S uspecting f lint

a fter

two

too

t hat

t hat

had

weathering

wadis

accessible

nodules

was

f lakes

studied.

mostly

matt,

T he

r ough

cortex o r

on

the

' chalky'

i n

whereas t he cortex o n the r eplicated f lakes was generally

smoother.

a long

P redynastic

specimens

i n t he

o ut

N agada

o utcrops

small

t o be

people

during

t he

P redynastic

were

not been naturally t ransported any g reat

o f

o f

t he

r egion f lint

l imestone, ( Holmes, i n

the

e xcursions

i n p rep .).

g ebel

worked and d ifficult

I t

were

m ade

w as

f ound

c onsisted

to r emove.

o nly

of

Abundant

f lint occurs i n t he t alus d eposits abutting t he l imestone s carp b ut t he cortex appeared t o b e u nlike t hat of t he P redynastic a rtifacts. H owever,

i n t he u pper r eaches o f t he

wadis

197

a s

t he

g ebel

w as a pproached

a bundant

n odules

a ppearance a s

o f

f lint

t hat o n

n umerous

anciently

observed

t hat

f lint n odules s till

e ncountered

h aving

P redynastic a rtifacts.

t ested

a l arge

f lintknapper's

were

t he

nodules.

b lock

of

I n

c ortex

o f

Moreover,

p articular,

appropriate

s ize

i t

was

a nd

were

f ound N ot

i s

c onceivable

t hat

i t

i s p robable t hat

w ith

a ll

s ome

j ust

t hese a re

two

o r

t hree

t ested b locks

L ate

f lakes

may b e

P alaeolithic

o r

s ame were often

f orm

s eat was s urrounded by k napping debitage,

l ay n earby .

t he

t here

f or

a

and l arge

r emoved

w hich

P redynastic .

A rchaic .

I t

H owever,

most o r all of t he f lint required i n t he N agada

a rea d uring t he P redynastic was collected f rom t he upper r eaches o f l ocal

wadis . W hy

l ittle

wadis c loser t hat

f lint

wadis,

u se

was

nodules

a nd

made

o f

m aterial

i n

t he

to t he s ettlements i s u nclear,

t hat

a re

t his

more

abundant

f lint

f lakes

i n

t he

b etter

f lint

w ith

i nsolation,

o ccurring

i n

t he

upper

t han

r eaches of wadis c loser to t he f loodplain. c ombined

r eaches o f t he r eaches

material

of

t he

f rom

t he

G reater wadi t ransport,

h as p robably c reated

l ower

l ower

t hough i t may be noted

s ome

weaknesses

r eaches o f t he wadis,

a nd

i t

i n

t hat t his material t ended to b reak o r s hatter because of f laws b eing

f laked

c loser

q uite

f requently

whereas

t o t he g ebel d id not b reak

o r

m aterial

s hatter

collected

a s

t he

w as noticed when

i n t he

f requently

wadis

( Holmes,

i n

p rep.).

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE RECENT E XCAVATIONS I N THE NAGADA REGION A ttribute d ata a re r ecorded f or tools, c ategories a nd

of artifacts

S outh T own,

T own .

T he

s ites

are

a nd

main

f or

l ithic

shown

two

t ool

c lasses

a rtifact

in

cores a nd c ertain o ther

f rom s ites KH3 ( Areas B and X/XI),

tables

a nd 7 .1

t ool and

a nd

c lass 7 .2,

b etween

t he

two t ables.

I n t able

7 .1

t he n umber of tools

7 .2

t he

whereas

1 94 .

T he

i n

G54 and G56 G 54,

G 56

t able

( levels

a nd

KH4 and

t able

d ifference 1 54 .

N orth

7 .1

i s

T he

Town.

a nd a s

1 78

and

o ther

o f

total tool

b ecause

1 -7),

n umbers

t he

d ata

t he d ata

d iscrepancies

t able

7 .2,

t he

f or

t able t able i n

t ools

t he

t able

7 .1.

tools

F urther c lass

r epresented

d iscrepancies

f requencies

a ttribute

d ata

i n

were

r eflect

a rtifacts

o ne c ase,

a nd

t he

e xactly

'M ost

o f

i n

f act

t hat

t he s ame

t he

t he

l ithics

7 .2

two

t able

b e

t he

i n

people

well a s

d ata

were

c ompiled

major

a re

f or

4 40 i n b eing

o f

t hose

o f

tools

t he

f or

b elow).

i n

t ool

which T hese

a d ifferent s a mple o f i n c ertain t ool t he

t he

i nstances,

a ssemblages

writer

f ield

b y t he

a rtifact c ategories.

1 98

s quares squares

t able

some

o f

s ections

t hat

i n

f or

l atter

b etween

a nd

g iven a s

f or

c ounts

a s a mple

m aterials f act

a re

t he

S i milarly for N orth

n umbers

i n t he

i nto m ajor t ool c lasses,

i nto t he

a re

s ubdivide

t he

Some i n

g iven a s

KH3B i s

t ool

t he

some c ases,

n ever

t hese

KH4 i s g iven a s

i n

n oticed

a nd

a vailability o f

way ' , a s

7 .2

( described

sampling

f requency

s orted t he t ools

w ill

t able

r ecorded

d ifferences

i n

f or

n oted

7 .2 are

a s ample of t he tools r epresented i n t able 7 .1. Town,

b e

7 .1

t he

T he n umber of tools for i n

m ay

KH7

N orth

f rom KH3B i s

count

i n

KH4,

f rom

f requencies

t ools

i n

p lanes)

respectively.

d iscrepancies 1 47

t otal

( axes

b y

w riter

h as

i n

u sed a

H assan

who

who s orted

m e . r 1 (N in . • • • In co 0

d P

E 4 E 4

0

1 -- O

rn , 4

, 1

i n rn • •

. I ( 0 C Y ) e. rr 1 VJ M

CD 01

V D / 4 1 . 0

0 CO , 1

4 . ) 1 4

1

l c , i r-01 OD , 4

CT / 4 1 . o rn

in c) rl I 1

e. •

0

0

0

OD

CO , 1

0 r- u-) 0 CO • • • •

•

CO

CD

•

in

, s in

r-

co e. NJ

r s • C Z ) t .0 • • • 0 VD

, 1 CD r 1

CD 01 r-- , s CO r 1

CD

•

. 4 . in in

rn

•

r-- CD

C • 4 •

dP

CN e

•

C T )

0 c) 01

cn L r ) • •

CN

r 0 CT

rn •

0

CD

CV , 1

. 4 .

co r el

CD

CD

CV co • •

0

CO

• CD CD

C D

4 4

r. -) r (N r -, 1

•

4 1

4 1

40 / 1

CO 1 / 4 . 0 • •

, . 0 c) 0 (N

C I D

•

0 C L 3 V

t . r : ) •

c a

r i 4 ) , 1 r " )

0

CO e r " ) C yl

CO VD

, i CV r 1

, 1

01

OD

r . -

CO

C y)

in

C V

z 0 C J

in

0

C O

in • C D

• CD

r-• C N I

• 4. 0 / 1

•

t here w as a

in •

%J D

rn c) cn

Qo , 1

rn i f l e. C • s 1

, , rn (N

rn 01 r C s 1

r- 0 , i rn -• • • • c r , , 4 CN I ' s . - in ,z t . , s L r ) , 1 cm . e . . co C r ) CO 1 / 4 . 0 rn cN CD r- CV 1 / 4 0 VD ,I CD CO • • ri

VD •

CD

CV

•

•

•

C D

C O

U)

r-

vo C3 CO in

co en • •

C N 1 e.

C N 1 C N I , 4

i

i in 0 CO e.

/ 4 1 0 a)

m VJ • • rn r -

•

•

in

/ 4 1 . 0 r yl

4 ) 4 . )

VD r ri

c N 1 I

c. e. e.

•

r 0 e.

VD •

r -

in ri

rn L f1 0 C N 1

CV VD r 1

C N I CV e (N

Cn r " . . CO e.

1 99

C f ) CV

1 " • e. , 1

in t r l CD

( .1 VD

p ercentages

V .) CO , 1

C a C O C L ) r I 0 O 0

E +

N ote:

c p

rn

i nferred f rom t he weight s hown

° N o

T otal d ebitage

T able

7 .1

'

s lightly 1 981

d ifferent

f ield

s et

s eason,

o f

c ategories.

c ollections

o f

T o b e

l ithic

more

s pecific;

a rtifacts

a fter

( primarily

t he

t ools)

f rom t he N agada s ites were s hipped to Washington S tate U niversity. T he writer v isited WSU i n s ystematic

s ampling

t he

m aterial

and

7 .2.

1 984 t o s tudy t hese collections.

p rocedure

( primarily t ools)

f rom

d ata

K H3

X /XI

were

r ecorded

r epresented

U sing a

f or

i n

6 3%

t ables

o f 7 .1

U nfortunately, not a ll t he axe p reparation f lakes f ound a t

K H3 X /XI h ad b een b rought t o o ccurred

i n

f requency

s amples

W ashington

t he s amples a nalyzed .

f rom K H7 e xamined b y t he t he

a ttribute

f rom

d ata

t he

i n

w riter a re

t ables

s ite

which

7 .1

h ad

S tate

U niversity,

a nd

o nly two

T he t ools a nd a xe p reparation f rom and

n ot

t he

3 x 2 m t est p it

7 .2 a re

b een

f or

b rought

f lake

whereas

s urface collected t o

WSU .

T he

w riter

was per mitted to r eturn to t he U .K. with most of t he s amples of axes a nd planes These

f rom

tools

t he

N agada

included

s ites

i n o rder

speci mens

to s tudy t hem

f rom

North

To wn

i n d etail. for

which

r epresentative s amples o f o ther tool c lasses were not available a t W SU. T he

r emaining

d iscrepancies n umbers a bove,

o f t ools

a re t he

so me what

f actors

b etween f or

t he

t o

consider

t ool

c lass

f act t hat t he s et o f t ool c lasses f ro m

that

used

by

c lassification o f s tone t ool a ssemblages t ool

a ssemblages s crapers, ' other

categories

which

worked

tools.

d rills,

a re

i n

to some of

t able

tool

s labs

a nd

c ategory

o ther

f ine

i s not a n

i ndicated

i n

b ifacial

i n

7 .2

a nd

that

b roken

N agada

c ircular

t ools.

T he

a rrowheads,

m iscellaneous

b ifacial

A nalyzing t he t ool collections a t WSU meant sorting a nd r e-

c lassifying them a s t hey were i n bags merely l abelled ' tools' w ith

i s

the

p rocess.

t he

a re

concave-base

t ools

t he

w riter

and

i nfallible

t able

the

a nd

a s a lluded t o

writer

u nidentifiable

i ncludes

7 .2

u sed b y t he

Hassan,

r ecognized by t he

not

t abular

b ifacial'

b ifacial

r egard

w hich a ttribute d ata were r ecorded,

different

A dditional

with

f requencies

t he

a ppropriate

p rovenance .

c lassified b y H assan g ot

U ndoubtedly,

s ome

r eassigned t o d ifferent

t ools

along

o riginally

c ategories.

W ith a ny

l arge tool a ssemblage t here i s always a r esidue of borderline cases which

do

not

f it

exactly

i nto

the

c lassification s cheme b eing u sed . H aving s hould b e o f

t he

p ointed

s tressed

d ata,

a s

o ut

e ach

r elative h ave

t o

class

f requency b e

w ith

c onsidered

d o

n ot

c lass

What

s hould

i s

b e

o r

neat'

t he t o

o ther

t o

o ther

t hat

the

material

d escribed

f rom

i n

C hapters

p resented

i n

t ables

a rti fact

categories

s tatistically

t he

4 a nd

7 .1

t o

p ick

T he

7 .2

and

shown T hey

i n

t he

and

T own

KH7)

a nd

N orth

i t

v alidity

i s s tudied

class;

a nalysis

i n

of a

their

d oes o f

not

t hem .

t he

B adari

a nd

percentages

for

7 .3

nothing

d ata,

i nformation g leaned

data

t ables

have

t he

c ategories

f requencies

t he

a rea

i ndividual

to

7 .37

are

no w

to do

with

what

t he

u p!

D espite some s ignificant d ifferences ( South

t hat

a ttribute

excavations

5 .

and

as

meaningful.

e xcavators c hose

old

the

t he a rtifacts

of

T he d ata obtained a re i n s harp contrast to t he f rom

i n

a rtifact c ategory i s

of

t ypology .

s tatistical

a rtifact

a n

o f

f ound

t he

r epresentative

u ndertaking

c ategories

n ature

b e

d iminish

important

r espect

when

i s

d iscrepancies

t hey

t ool

a s a s eparate g roup. p articular

t he

t hat

' nice,

S uch

T own

b eing

i n age between the s ites

s ignificantly

y ounger

t han

K H3,

K H4

the data i ndicate t hat t he P redynastic N agada a sse mblages

c onstitute e ssentially a s ingle, n oticeable

d ifferences

a re

t he

c onsistent

a ppearance

2 00

i ndustry .

o f

a f ew

T he o nly r eally

r egular

b lades

a nd

c l P

, 1

C • N I

C 1 1

•

Co

•

C)

•

( . ' )

•

. 1 .

•

I s -

r s -

i n

C . 1

. 1 .

0

. 4 .

i l l

i n •

0

0

C D

1 1

C M

C V

, . 0

C O

C V

N .

N -

N .

i f ,

4 . , 1

N . 4 .

c v

r 1

CO

r " .

r -

0

r • •

r 1 r " • • I l l , ,

N-

•

•

•

•

•

•

E 0 E i , 4

CV

N.

0

N

l0

01

r )

. 4 .

l i l

e

. 4, e .

0

r - rn cv en cn r ^ e

, 1

•

•

( y l

, . 1

0

Or

CV

CD

01

0

•

CV

•

N 1

•

0

•

•

0

0

•

0

•

. 4 .

0

0

• r " )

0

C D

C V

i . 0

c o

. 4 .

c v

, . 0

C

0 • t

•

c f )

c v

0 1 L . C 1

r i P

. 4 .

•

C O r " ) r ".. . 4 c p c p o c z • • • • • • • • NI N I r 1 M 0 C D 0 0

c p

. 4

e .

C

r e )

r e )

•

v . 1 r 1 • •

N

S outh

01

r i p t s -

•

C O •

4 / 1 . 0

CO

c r i o

VD . 4 .

•

• c 0

r -

•

•

•

•

CO •

4 / 1 . 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

r "-- 0

0

. 4 .

0

NJ

( 14

CO

r . " )

0

0 • Z r . a , 0 C N I 0 f 1 CO • • • • • • • • • c, -) c •-) 0 0 N ( "

% I D

C

0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • N I C . C C C C C

c r )

• . 1

l n I ' s

r n

4 / 1 . 0

N

i f )

CO NJ

N I

I n

N

N I

L n •

•

N J

0

V ,

0

C O

C

r •

0

r s )

c r

v z,

r 1

L C 1

/ 4 1 . 0 -

ri

•

C 7 1 0 ", 0 1

C O 1 1

I f )

1 1

L i i

N -

( I I

a >

C D

0

I I

c f )

0

0

0

L C )

• • • • • • • • • • • • N

N

•

• • e .

C N I

C ' )

CN

VD

( N ) , 1

r i • • 1

t . 0

0

0

N I

t -

r n

> J D

r i

4 .

( 1 1

C V

t . 0 N I

. 4 . C O

c r ) r • 1

9 1

•

•

•

•

r •->

(V

4. / 1 0

r n

c v

C l )

▪

C . )

C

C 0 C D 0

W

C

. 0

•

C D

0

0

0

0

0

U )

( C S

C D

0

0 )

0 . •

f a i

C I ) C l •

W

C . ) C 0

V 0 )

V

C r 1 0 )

• z o C O

Z

a )

C O

C . ( )

2 01

. 4 C A

C . ) M

> 4 C . 2

C I .

r i

•

c v

C f ) C O

•

-

C 2 . 4

C D

•

C D

( . 0

C 0 C D

. 1 2

M C f )

0

L t " )

•

5 2 4

V) L i L I 1 0 0 0 t 1 1 • • • • • • •

> c

0 0 4 . )

TOTAL B IFACIAL

• 4. / 1 0

b ifacial

c i P

O ther

Town

r 1

( N I

. 4 . . 4

t ools

m ade

N agada

o n

r egular

s ites,

S outh

Overall, a ssemblages

about

7 5%

c onsist

t able

7 .1).

T he

b urin

spalls

f requencies

o f a xe

p reparation

a nd

1 a xe

d ebitage,

d ebitage'

b reak

s ickle

b lades)

i n

t he

l ate

T own.

( calculated excluding debris) of t he N agada s econdary

down

to

9 2

p erdominantly

c ategory

in

t able

f lakes.

b urin

T he

spalls

and

f lakes

( see

7 .1

c omprises

' other

d ebitage'

3 0

axe

p reparation

4b urin spalls and 3 a xe p reparation f lakes f or

8 b urin spalls and

s pall a nd

( particularly N orth

' other

f lakes f or KH3 X/xi, KH4,

b lades

T own a nd

1 axe p reparation f lake f or KH7, and 1 b urin

p reparation

f lake

f or

N orth

T own .

O nly

t he

t otals

o f

b urin spalls and axe p reparation f lakes together were recorded f or KH3B and N agada

S outh

Town.

a ssemblages

5 .6 to 1 8.0%.

Overall,

' other

T he

T he overall percentage i s

morphometric

analysis

of

b lank-producing

r eduction

i nhabitants of t he N agada s ites. 1 981;

H aving c hosen

i n

prep.)

so

1 .3%

of

t he f rom

9 .4%.

t he

t echnique

f orms

t ool p ercentages v ary

unretouched

r eplicative e xperiments per mitted

( Hol mes,

d ebitage'

( excluding d ebris) .

blanks

combined

r econstruction

p ractised

by

o f

t he

with

t he

main

P redynastic

T his s tudy i s d iscussed e lsewhere

only

a b rief

a n odule o f a ppropriate

s u mmary

f orm a nd

s ize,

i s

g iven

t he

h ere.

m aterial

was

f laked by h ard h a mmer .percussion to p roduce mainly f lakes, b road i n f orm . and

T he a verage d imensions o f s amples o f s econdary S outh

Town

r espectively

a re

with

3 4.4

r espectively .

mean

T he

f lake c ores.

t he

r esulting

( L/W

was

a re

u sed

b road

a s

ratios

t o b e

o f

f rom

x 2 9.3

of

1 .42

p redominantly

n umber

were small

r ock

f lakes

3 5.6

and

s ingle

i rregular

K H3B

x 7 .1

mm,

1 .39,

p latform

f lake

c ores.

roughly spherical s tones of

f ound i n

t he

W adi

H ammamat

i n

t he

s ites. f lakes

a t endency

> , 2 .00)

p roduced

c ores

and

S everal of t hese hammerstones h ave been r ecovered

N agada

A lthough t here

mm

length/width

D okhan V olcanics

E astern D esert. f rom

x 4 .8

T here a re a lso a f air

T he h ammerstones i gneous

x 2 6.1

t o

were

a b y-product

b lades

among

t he

p roduce

c hief

k ind

e longate

o f

t he

a s ample

o f

f lakes

b lank

o f

f lake t echnology .

of

r eplicated

manufactured,

b lade

p roportions

U nintentionally

b lanks

f ormed

3 .9%

( excluding debris) of the r ange of debitage r esulting f rom f laking. I n

t he

N agada

1 5.3%

with

a ssemblages,

1 0.5%

A lthough

t he

b lade

o nly 9 .1 and 8 .8%, f ew

r egular,

i ntentional been

found at

c ore

f rom

t he

b lades

s ites.

t o

b e

a t

S outh a re

H owever,

N agada

T here

c emeteries.

m ade

o n

S outh

r egular

T own

for m

3 .4%

s ickle

b lades

i n

i n

t able T he

7 .2, main

of t he

a f ew tool

t he

f rom

6 .2

to

Town

T own,

o n

a nd

t he

T own

a re

p roduct

b lade

N orth

assemblage. t o

r epresented

202

t here

b lades,

T own.

s ickle

c ores

of

h ave

T he b lades

i s a b lade t hough main

A lthough d ata

h ave b een i n

t he

t here f or

not t ool

w hich

A t S outh T own,

p roduce

f inds

a nd

r egular

c omprises

a nalyzed

i solated s urface c lasses

N orth

i s a b lade core i n P etrie's S outh

T ools

b lades

tool

s amples

a nd

a f ew

a lmost a ll made on r egular s econdary b lades. b lades

v ary

evidently

o nly

a b ladelet c ore f rom N orth

n umerous a re p resent at c lass

p ercentages

t he b lades at t hese s ites i nclude a

which

manufacture .

t hese

T own c ollection,

blade

p ercentages

r espectively,

q uality

b lade

t he

overall.

a re

s ickle were

N orth

no

T own

made . N agada

a rea

a re

e ndscrapers,

b urins,

notches and r etouched p ieces.

most abundant t ool c lass O ther

t ools

p resent

p erforators, s caled

t he

c ategories

r esult

D ata

m ay i n

b e a re

t he

t he

c ores,

a nd

1 8% a re

C ore

c ores

l ength

l arge

t o

t ext

t hat

a re

b lade

F ig.

denticulates, s idescrapers,

miscellaneous

t o

1 0.2%

t ools.

of

t he

N agada

of

i rregular

c ores.

1 multiple

v aries

f rom w ider

o f

a nd b road

t he

t ools,

and

i n

s econdary t he

f lake the

b lade

t ool

c omparatively

manufacture b lades a re

t he

blank

i rregular

u nless

r egular

i t

and

i s t he

C ategories

s tudy a re f lake

c ore,

a nd

7 .3)

f or

g enerally

i n s ize,

a re

b lades,

m anufacture .

a re

r atio

3 .4

c omprise of

some

1 8 t o

w idth a nd t hickness

w idth/thickness

and

describing

p ri mary

a by-product

e xamined

p latform

T he a verage T he

f orm

s ections

c onsidered

7 .3-7.5;

cores

1 d ouble c ore .

a xes)

t he

T he c ores a vailable A ll

s ickle

p lanes

I ndividual L ithic A rtifact

( Tables

asse mblages

p ieces,

o verall.

t ables,

o f s pecialized

f or

Cores

6 .4%

N agada

b acked

B urins a re t he

3 1.2% o f t he N agada t ools o verall.

per v pirs,

f ollowing

which

i ndicated

t he

( chiefly

a nd

a ccompanying b lades

g rand

t ools

a ssemblages, I n

i n

t runcations,

p ieces,

B ifacial

f or ming

1 .51 .

a re

f rom

t o e longate

6 6%

K H3B a nd a re

T here a re a lso p latform 7 5

mm

4 3 .4

i n

a nd

3 1.4

c ores,

1 l evalloisoid

mm,

3 7 .1

mm .

r espectively .

t hick a nd h ave a n average

s cars

f orm .

T own .

p latform

w ith a n a verage o f

a re

f lake

S outh

s ingle

3 d iscoidal

c ore,

mm a nd

t han they T he

s ites

cores.

a re

A ll

mostly

t he

medium

t o

appear

t o

cores

T able 7 .3 C ORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT S ITES K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN

K H3B

S ingle p latform f lake c ores

2 0

S outh

5

D ouble p latform f lake c ores

1

0

M ultiple p latform f lake

0

, 1

c ores

T own

T otal

2 5 1 , 1 ,

6 5.8 2 .6 2 .6

D iscoidal

f lake

c ores

0

3

3

7 .9

I rregular

f lake c ores

3

4

7

1 8.4

0

1

1 ,

2 .6

L evalloisoid c ores

T otal

2 4

203

1 4

3 8

9 9.9

T able 7 .4 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM

S ITES K H3B A ND S OUTH

K H3B n =24

N o.

S outh

T own

T OWN

T otal

n =14

n =38

o f s triking p latforms: 1 2

2 0 1 ,

5 0

2 5 1

6 5.8 2 .6

3

0

0

0

0 .0

4

0

1

1

2 .6

o ther/irregular

3

5

8

2 1.1

d iscoidal

0

3

3

7 .9

7

0

7

1 8.4

0

1

1

2 .6

0

0

0

0 .0

P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals c ontinuous e dge s trengthening r emovals i rregular,

l arge a nd s mall

c hip

s cars

1 5

o ther

7

2

6

4

4

6

4

2 2

5 7.9

8

2 1.1

8

2 1.1

P latform s urface: l arge

f lake

s cars

o f p revious

s car

s cars

o f p latform s urface

f lake

r emovals

p reparation r emovals

1 0

2 6.3

5

0

5

a ncient p atina

3

0

3

7 .9

c ortex

1

0

1

2 .6

u npatinated n atural

f lint s urface

1 3.2

2

0

2

5 .3

3

6

9

2 3.7

o ne a rea worked

0

0

0

0 .0

o ne

4

3

7

1 8.4

9

2

, 1, 1

2 8.9

5

7

1 2

2

2

o ther/irregular E xtent o f working o f

f ace

h alf o f p eriphery most

o f p eriphery

e ntire p eriphery

c ore:

4

3 1.6 1 0.5

t wo f aces

0

0

0

0 .0

o ther

4

0

4

1 0.5

204

T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

F OR C ORES F ROM S ITES K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN

S outh

K H3B

L ength

7 .5

T own

T otal

( max)

n

2 4

1 3

m ean

3 4.83

4 1.15

3 7.05

s .d.

1 2.67

7 .95

1 1.64

r ange

1 8-75

2 8-61

1 8-75

n

2 4

1 4

3 8

m ean

4 6.00

3 8.93

4 3.39

s .d.

1 0.93

6 .28

1 0.08

r ange

2 2-66

2 9-50

2 2-66

n

2 4

1 4

3 8

m ean

3 3.46

2 7.93

3 1.42

s .d.

1 0.12

1 2.17

1 1.24

r ange

1 3-49

1 4-62

1 3-62

2 4

1 4

3 8

W idth

3 7

( max)

T hickness

( max)

W idth/Thickness n m ean

1 .47

1 .58

1 .51

s .d.

0 .45

0 .49

0 .47

r ange

0 .88-2.62

N ote:

m easurements a re

h ave

been

e xtensively a s

r educed worked

' levalloisoid '

n ot a n

i ndicator

A lthough c ores, N orth

by a nd

f rom o f

0 .66-2.39

i n mm.

h ard may

h a mmer

b e

S outh

percussion.

c onsidered

T own

L evallois

t he c ores

0 .66-2.62

i s

T he

e xhausted .

a v ery

r educed

majority

T he

c ore

a re

c lassed

f lake c ore,

a nd

i s

t echnology .

s tudied

f rom

a s ingle p latform b ladelet

K H3B a nd

c ore

( 51

S outh T own a re a ll f lake

x 4 5

x 3 8

mm)

was

f ound

a t

T own . T here

i s

no

evidence

for

heat

t reatment

of

any

of

t he

N agada

c ores.

S econdary blanks ( Table 7 .6) About

t hree-quarters

s econdary f lakes a nd b lades. a nd

S outh

( Holmes,

Town)

1 981;

i n

were

of

t he

analyzed

p rep .) .

N agada

S amples T he

by

a ssemblages

i s c omprised o f

o f s econdary d ebitage t he

writer

d imensional

205

i n

an

s tatistics

( from

earlier r esulting

K H3B

study f rom

a

0

F ig.

7 .3

1

2 cm

S ingle platfor m f lake cores f rom a , South Town and b , KH3

( Area

B ).

2 06

S ite

T able 7 .6 D ATA F OR S ECONDARY F LAKES F ROM

K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN

K H3B

S outh

T own

P latform a ngle 2 43

5 6

m ean

1 05.32

1 09.50

s .d.

9 .69

1 1.20

P latform t hickness 2 58

5 9

m ean

4 .46

5 .04

s .d.

2 .46

2 .52

L ength 3 18

7 9

m ean

3 4.43

3 5.60

s .d.

1 1.54

1 0.39

W idth 3 18

7 9

m ean

2 6.06

2 9.25

s .d.

9 .07

1 0.21

T hickness 3 18

7 9

m ean

4 .84

7 .07

s .d.

2 .78

3 .50

L ength/Width 3 18

7 9

m ean

1 .42

1 .39

s .d.

0 .55

0 .70

T hickness/Width 3 18

N ote:

t his n ot

7 9

m ean

0 .19

0 .25

s .d.

0 .08

0 .10

m easurements a re

s tudy a re g iven r ecorded).

p latforms. p rominent a ttributes

b ulbs

i n t able

M ore

O ther

m ultifaceted,

i n mm.

7 .6

f rom H olmes

1 981.

( ranges a re not g iven a s

t hey

w ere

t han h alf o f t he b lanks h ave u nfaceted s triking

p latform

t hinned,

c ategories

r epresented

c rushed a nd c ortical.

o f p ercussion.

r ecorded

D ata

I n s ummary,

i ndicate t hat

a re

t he

t echnomorphological

t he b lanks w ere d etached

2 07

d ihedral,

T he b lanks h ave m ainly b y

h ard

h ammer a bove

p ercussion.

F or

f urther

A xe p reparation f lakes

( Table

T wenty a xe p reparation T he

o verall

a verage

p reparation

p ronounced b ulbs

7 .7;

F ig.

f lakes

t he

r eader

i s

r eferred t o t he

f lakes

r atios o f h ave

7 .4)

f rom t he

d imensions a re

l ength/width a nd t hickness a xe

d etails

r eferences.

3 .03 a nd

p latforms

o f p ercussion

N agada a rea w ere e xamined.

5 4.9 x 2 1.1 x 8 .6 mm 0 .45,

w ith

w ith

m ean

r espectively.

d iffuse

t o

T he

s lightly

l acking g raillures.

T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

7 .7

F OR A XE P REPARATION F LAKES F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

L ength n

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

S outh

T own

T otal

1

m ean

5 7.82

-

-

-

4 0.67

5 4.94

s .d.

1 7.01

-

-

-

3 .30

1 6.65

r ange

3 7-96

5 4,70

7 4

3 3

3 7-45

3 3-96

W idth n

1 2

2

1 ,

1

m ean

2 0.50

-

-

-

1 6.67

2 1.11

s .d.

7 .42

-

-

-

6 .60

8 .32

r ange

8 -32

2 3,23

4 2

1 7

1 2-26

8 -42

3

1 9

T hickness n

2

1

1

3

m ean s .d.

1 3 8 .08 3 .71

-

-

-

8 .67 2 .62

2 0 8 .55 3 .92

r ange

2 -17

6 ,10

1 8

6

5 -11

2 -18

L ength/Width n

2

1

1

3

m ean

1 1 3 .36

-

-

-

2 .83

3 .03

s .d.

1 .64

-

-

-

1 .01

1 .44

2 .35,3.04

1 .76

1 .94

r ange

1 .76-7.38

1 .42-3.75

1 8

1 .42-7.38

T hickness/Width n

2

1

1

3

m ean

1 2 0 .44

-

-

-

0 .57

s .d.

0 .23

-

-

-

0 .25

0 .26,0.43

0 .43

0 .35

r ange N ote:

0 .23-1.00

measurements a re

i n mm .

208

0 .38-0.92

1 9 0 .45 0 .22 0 .23-1.00

-

0

1

2 cm

a

-

-

b

F ig.

7 .4

A xe

p reparation

f lakes

f rom

f rom A rea B ).

2 09

S ite

K H3

( a,

f rom

A rea

X/XI;

b ,

I n

addition,

s idescraper)

t here a re

w hich a re

6 tools

m ade o n a xe

( 4 notches,

p reparation

1 d enticulate a nd

1

f lakes.

T able 7 .8 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA REGION

S ite K H4

K H7

S outh T own

n=17

K H3B

K H3X/XI n =20

n=15

n =1

n =11

1 5

1 6

1 3

T otal n=64

B reaks: n one

1

6

m inor

1

1

0

0

1 ,

5 1 3

7 9.7 4 .7

b roken

1

3

1 ,

0

4

9

1 4.1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1 .6

8

9

1 ,

6

1 ,

2

1

0

4

8

1 2.5

0

0

0

0

1

1

1 .6

2

2

1

0

0

5

6

7

3

0

0

i ntentiona l(?)

b reak

S ubclass: s ingle e s o n

f lake

1 0

3 4

5 3.1

s ingle e s o n b lade s ingle e s

o n

i ndet.fl/b1 o ther

s ingle

d enticulated e s

1 6

7 .8 2 5.0

T ool b lank: P rimary f lake

, 1

2

0

0

1 ,

4

6 .3

P rimary b lade

0

0

0

0

1 ,

1

1 .6

S econd.

f lake

S econd.

b lade

1 2

1

5

2

1 2 2

1 3 1

0

3

4 3

6 7.2

8

1 2.5

t hin nodular 2

2

1

0

0

5

7 .8

n atural s pall

f lint

0

1

0

0

0

1

1 .6

i ndet.

0

1

0

0

1 ,

2

3 .1

N o.

o f s crapers

w ith a dditional r etouch:

1 2

1 4

8

21 0

7

4 2

6 5.6

Endscrapers

( Tables

7 .8 and 7 .9;

F igs. 7 .5 and 7 .6a-b)

E ndscrapers f orm o ne o f t he most important tool c lasses i n t he N agada

assemblages,

f or ming

e ndscrapers o n f lakes importance

( 25.0%),

o f

the

total

D enticulated

tools.

e ndscrapers

E ndscrapers

o n

Most

a re

t hese being mostly made o n f lakes.

f ew e ndscrapers o n b lades b lades .

1 6.1%

( 53 .1%).

are

n ext

i n

T here a re a

( 12.5%), b ut t hey a re u sually o n i rregular

b lades a re a l ittle

more c ommon a t

S outh

T own

t han at t he o ther s ites, and t he b lades of t hese s crapers t end t o b e f airly

regular.

i ndeterminate

T he

speci men

recorded

( flake o r b lade) b lank

as

was p robably

being

on

a broken

m ade o n a r easonably

T able 7 .9 D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE NAGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

S outh T own

T otal

L ength n

1 6

1 7

1 4

1

m ean

4 9.44

4 7.18

4 2.36

-

4 6.57

7

4 6.73

5 5

s .d.

1 1.40

1 1.26

9 .70

-

1 0.00

1 1.09

r ange

3 2-75

3 3-67

2 9-59

5 8

3 5-67

2 9-75

n

1 7

2 0

1 5

1

1 1

6 4

m ean

3 3.71

3 8.10

2 8.47

-

3 1.09

3 3.47

s .d.

7 .49

9 .58

8 .26

-

9 .62

9 .45

1 7-46

1 7-57

1 5-42

3 8

1 4-46

1 4-57

n

1 7

2 0

1 5

1

1 1

6 4

m ean

1 2.18

1 2.00

9 .27

-

9 .82

1 0.97

s .d.

4 .66

3 .73

3 .79

-

3 .76

4 .20

r ange

5 -22

7 -21

4 -17

8

4 -16

4 -22

W idth

r ange T hickness

L ength/Width n

1

7

m ean

1 6 1 .53

1 .34

1 .51

-

1 .28

s .d.

0 .41

0 .42

0 .32

-

0 .28

r ange

1 .07-2.52

1 7

0 .79-2.53

1 4

1 .00-2.07

1 .53

0 .92-1.86

5 5 1 .43 0 . 39 0 .79-2.53

T hickness/Width n

1 7

2 0

1 5

1

1 1

6 4

m ean

0 .36

0 .34

0 .32

-

0 .32

0 .34

s .d.

0 .12

0 .15

0 .08

-

0 .09

0 .12

r ange N ote:

0 .23-0.63

m easurements a re

0 .16-0.82

0 .20-0.50

i n mm .

211

0 .21

0 .14-0.43

0 .14-0.82

a

-

0

F ig.

7 .5

E ndscrapers

f rom

f rom KH3 A rea f rom

S outh

B ;

P redynastic b ,

f rom KH4;

T own) .

2 12

1

s ites c ,

e ,

i n

2 cm

t he

f rom

N agada KH3

r egion

A rea

X/XI;

( a, d ,

r egular

b lade

j udging

f rom

t he

parallel

scars

o f

t he

dorsal

scar

p attern. About

two-thirds

u sually c onsisting o f h ave

b acking

b etween

r etouch.

t hose

f rom

a nd

t he

x 1 1 .0

0 .34,

e ndscrapers

l ateral

o f

d o

have

r etouch .

n ot

s eem

additional

H owever,

t o

b e

t he e ndscrapers

a ny

f rom

r etouch,

two e ndscrapers

major

d ifferences

t he v arious

s ites,

f rom KH4 s eem somewhat smaller o n average t han

o ther

mm

the

T here

t he d imensions

t hough t he scrapers x 3 3 .5

of

m inor

s ites.

w ith

O verall,

l ength/width

t he

a nd

a verage

d imensions

t hickness/width

a re

4 6 .7

o f

1 .43

r atios

r espectively.

C ircular scrapers ( Table 7 .10) T hese a re poorly r epresented r ecognized t he

b y

f ield.

f lakes.

t he

Two

T he

w riter a re

i n

s ubsequent

t he

t o

N agada

t he

made o n natural spalls and

scraper

r etouch

m ainly o f normal-scalar

of

s cars.

all

region,

t ypological

f our

i s

f our

l ists

being

m ade

i n

two are o n p ri mary

i nvasive,

c onsisting

e longate,

s ubparallel

O ne s pecimen h as

r etouch.

B urins

( Tables

B urins ( 31.2%). t he

f orm

2 39

2 1 s how

7 .11 and t he

7 .12;

m inor b reaks,

b lanks.

T he

f lakes:

8 .4%;

7 .7 and 7 .8)

most c ommon t ool c lass

were e xamined

speci mens

F igs.

a nd

i n d etail .

1 8 a re b roken .

I t

counted as b roken appear majority

of

secondary

t he

b urins

f lakes:

i n t he

Most a re

N agada a ssemblages

whole specimens

s hould b e noted

while

t hat

2 o f

to have been made on b roken

a re

5 8.6%).

made

o n

3 1.4%

are

f lakes made

( pri mary on

blades

( mostly s econdary) which a re not e specially r egular and a re c learly b y-products

o f

t he

n or mal

f lakes d ominate o verall, more than h alf r egular

a nd

f lake t echnology .

t he b urins

( 55 .9%) a re made on b lades,

a ppear

t o

h ave

b een

H owever,

f rom S outh

s pecially

while b urins o n

T own a re e xceptional a s

some of which a re f airly

manufactured .

T hree

b urins

a re made o n thin nodular p ieces of f lint and one b urin f rom KH3B i s made o n a P alaeolithic p atinated b ut i n

f resh

t he

f lake,

t he

T he

main

b urin

b urins

s ubclasses

account

additional r etouch r etouch small,

a cting

f ew

a s

i rregular

B urin a verage

i tself

b eing

worn

f acet a nd a ssociated

a nd

h eavily

r etouch b eing

c ondition .

s ingle b urin o n r etouched e dge D ouble

f lake

P redynastic b urin

o r

l ength o n

a n

r eflecting

varies

o f a ll

b urin

on

break

( 22.6%),

and d ihedral b urins

b urins.

b lades

more

p latforms)

r etouch . f rom

r atio

average t he

f acet

n ormal

r elatively e longate. y ielding

1 0 .5%

s ingle

( 17.6%).

3 8% o f t he b urins h ave

( i.e. r etouch i n a ddition to t he b urin f acets a nd

b urin

l ength/width

b urins

f or

a re

( 24.3%),

and

i s

2 4

c onsisting

O nly o ne b urin to

8 7

mm,

r elatively

t he

f act

T he b urins

many

1 .76, of

r atio

b urins

a ssemblage.

213

g reater on

the

t han

b lades

4 3.8

mm.

r eflecting

f rom S outh Town a re

l ength/width n umerous

a t

l imited

b acked .

averaging

h igh

t hat

mostly o f i s

f lakes

T he t he a re

t he o nly o nes 2 .00 ( L/W 2 .07),

p resent

i n

t he

I

1

a

b

M O O

C

0

1

2 cm

IM I. I .

.. 1 1 1

e d

F ig.

7 .6

Tools

f rom

S ite

KH3

and

South

e ndscrapers

f rom

K H3 A rea

A rea

d-e,

denticulates

X/XI;

A rea X/XI

X/XI;

( e).

2 14

Town. c ,

a-b,

t runcated

f rom

South

denticulated f lake

Town

( d)

f rom

K H3

and

KH3

T able

7 .10

D ATA F OR C IRCULAR S CRAPERS F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

S outh T own

T otal

n =1

n =1

n =2

n =4

1

1

2

4

0

1

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1 ,

2

B reaks: none

T ool b lank: p rimary

f lakes

s econdary

f lakes

t hin nodular

f lint

n atural s palls

L ength n

1

1

2

m ean

-

-

-

s .d. r ange

5 0

5 8

4 3,57

4 5 2.00 6 .04 4 3-58

W idth n

1

1

2

m ean

-

-

-

s .d. r ange

4 6

4 7

4 1,44

4 4 4.50 2 .29 4 1-47

T hickness n

1

1

2

m ean

-

-

-

s .d. r ange

1 4

1 1

1 5,20

4 1 5.00 3 .24 1 1-20

L ength/Width n

1

1

2

4

m ean

-

-

-

1 .17

s .d.

-

-

-

1 .09

1 .23

1 .05,1.30

r ange

0 .10 1 .05-1.30

T hickness/Width n

1

1

2

4

m ean

-

-

-

0 .34

s .d.

-

-

-

0 .30

0 .23

0 .34,0.49

r ange N ote:

measurements a re

i n mm .

0 .10 0 .23-0.49

T able

7 .11

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR B URINS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B n =50 n

K H3X/XI n=65 n

K H4 n=68 n

K H7 S outh T own n =22 n=34 n

n

T otal n =239 n

%

B reaks: none

4 3

m inor

b reak

b roken

2 00

8 3.7

3

5 3 9

6 1 6

1 7 1

2 6 2

2 1

8 .8

4

3

1

4

6

1 8

7 .5

5 4

2 2.6

T ool s ubclass: s ingle b urins o n b reak o n oblique

1 5

s traight t runc.

1 3

1 0

5

1 1

1

1

0

1

2

5

o n s traight t runc.

1

3

0

1

0

5

o n o ther

3

2

5

0

1

1 1

4 .6

6

7

5 8

2 4.3

t runc.

o n r etouched e dge o n u nretouched

1 4

1 4

1 7

2 .1 2 .1

e dge o n b acked b lade

4 0

4 0

7 0

3 0

1 0

1 9 0

7 .9 0 .0

o ther

0

1

7

0

2

1 0

4 .2

( 38)

( 38)

( 46)

( 16)

( 24)

t otal

( 162)

( 67.8)

d ouble b urins o n

1 b reak

0

2

3

0

1

6

2 .5

0 1

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 3

0 .0 1 .3

3

5

4

3

1

1 6

( 4)

( 7)

( 9)

( 3)

( 2)

( 25)

( 10.5)

4 2

1 7.6

o n 2 b reaks 1 b urin o n b reak b urins not o n b reaks t otal

d ihedral

6 .7

b urins

d ihedral

6

8

2

7

a ngle d ihedral m ultiple d ihedral

0 1

1 0

2 1

0 0

0 0

3 2

( 7)

( 20)

( 11)

( 2)

( 7)

( 47)

t otal

1 9

1 .3 0 .8 ( 19.7)

m ultiple b urins o n

1 b reak, b urin(s) not o n b reak

o ther e nd o n b reaks b oth e nds

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0 .4

1

0

2

0

1

4

1 .7

( 1)

( 0)

( 2)

( 1)

( 1)

( 5)

( 2.1)

4 3

6 2

6 1

2 0

2 2

2 0 8

8 .4 3 .3

b urins not o n b reaks t otal

T ool b lank: p rimary f lakes p rimary b lades s econdary f lakes

2 5

3 9

s econdary b lades

1 6

1 8

t hin nodular f lint

5 0

1 3

9

7

1 3

1 40

5 8.6

1 7

6 7

2 8.0

1

0

2

0

0

3

1 .3

1

0

0

0

0

1

0 .4

p alaeolithic f lake N o.

o f b urins w ith a dditional r etouch

( excl.

r etouch

s upporting b urin f acets):

2 1

2 5

2 7

2 16

8

1 0

9 1

3 8.1

T able

7 .12

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B URINS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

S outh T own

T otal

L ength n

4 6

6 3

6 7

1 9

2 8

m ean s .d.

4 4.50 8 .58

4 3.90 1 0.19

4 1.40 8 .70

4 4.00 1 1.00

4 8.00 1 0.51

2 23 4 3.80 9 .77

r ange

2 7-65

2 4-66

2 7-87

2 8-65

2 5-69

2 4-87

n

5 0

6 5

6 8

2 2

3 4

m ean

2 7.06

2 7.28

2 6.37

2 4.27

2 4.88

s .d.

8 .71

7 .53

6 .30

4 .71

6 .72

7 .22

1 2-48

1 2-43

1 2-40

1 8-33

1 2-41

1 2-48

5 0

6 5

6 8

2 2

3 4

W idth

r ange

2 39 2 6.36

T hickness n

2 39

m ean

8 .16

8 .12

9 .54

8 .23

8 .68

8 .62

s .d.

4 .29

3 .48

3 .50

3 .49

3 .32

3 .70

r ange

3 -24

3 -17

3 -21

3 -17

4 -16

3 -24

L ength/Width n

4 6

6 3

6 7

1 9

2 8

m ean

1 .80

1 .70

1 .64

1 .84

2 .07

s .d.

0 .67

0 .54

0 .47

0 .43

0 .71

r ange

0 .93-3.75

0 .83-3.58

0 .93-3.08

1 .12-2.73

0 .71-3.83

2 23 1 .76 0 .58 0 .71-3.83

T hickness/Width n

5 0

6 5

6 8

2 2

3 4

m ean

0 .30

0 .30

0 .36

0 .33

0 .36

s .d.

0 .10

0 .10

0 .10

0 .10

0 .12

r ange

N ote:

0 .11-0.62

0 .15-0.62

0 .20-0.60

m easurements a re i n m m.

2 17

0 .17-0.65

0 .14-0.62

2 39 0 .33 0 .11 0 .11-0.65

a

0

F ig.

7 .7

B urins f rom S ite KH3. o n

b reak;

f rom

K H3

c -e, A rea

d ihedral

1

2 cm

a , burin o n retouched edge; b , burin b urins .

X/XI J

2 18

( a-b,

f rom

K H3

A rea

B ;

c -e,

-

-

z

a

b

-

0

C

F ig.

7 .8

B urins

f rom

s traight e dge

f rom

South Town and S ite KH4.

t runcation S ite

KH4;

f rom c ,

S outh

b urin

2 19

T own;

o n b reak

a , b ,

1

burin on oblique

b urin

f rom

2 cm

o n

S outh

r etouched

T own.

Notches

( Tables

N otches A bout

7 7%

were

a re

o f

A f ew a re

7 .13 and

t he

f airly

common

notches a re

m ade o n a xe

p roduced

7 .14; F ig.

by

( Tables

O verall,

t he

7 .15

d enticulates

7 .16;

f orm

a ssemblages

N early

o r

h alf

2 .8%

T he

n ormal

F ig .

( 11.9%).

( mostly s econdary f lakes).

techni que.

i rregular

a nd

N agada

f lakes

f lakes .

c lactonian

r etouched a nd d isplay e ither

D enticulates

i n

m ade o n

p reparation

t he

7 .9)

o f

t he

n otches

r emainder

were

r etouch.

7 .6d-e)

o f

t he

N agada

t ool

a ssemblages,

and t hey constitute a very i rregular g roup of tools. T here a re equal n umbers

m ade o n s econdary f lakes

p reparation

f lake .

i n

t erms

b oth

i n

one

o f

c ase

T he

s ize

a nd

consists

l ength/width

a nd o n b lades.

r etouch

o f

f orm .

of

t he

E ight

d irect

r atio i s

r elatively h igh m ade o n b lades.

( L/W

Perforators ( Tables 7 .17 a nd 7 .18; F ig. P erforators

account

for

h ave

3 .0%

of

i s

m ade o n a n a xe

i s

v ery

a dditional

backing

n umerous d enticulates

O ne

d enticulates

retouch.

1 .97)

T he

r eflecting

f rom

K H3X/XI

a nd

S outh

7 .10) the

N agada

t ending

tool

a ssemblages.

t o

t he blade

r elatively

Many of t he perforators are for med by d irect r etouch along

entire

o f t he b lank. l ength

perforators b acked, f rom

f rom

the

f rom

on

average o verall t han

l ength/width a verage

i s

s ites

a back.

F ive

i n

f our

t he

f lakes

d imensions a re:

2 9 x 6

4 .86). f rom K H4 h ave b een f rom

N agada

and

t he

K H4

s eem

r egion

t o

as

p erforator

m ade

d iffer

t hey

a re

t ips

a re

( n=10) showing a c lear d egagement.

r atio

2 .61

T heir

( L/W

K H3X/XI a nd

b road

r elatively short with most

for ming

i nclude two small p erforators

f orm .

T he p erforators

o ther

manufactured

t he r etouch c ontinues a long

margins

3 4 x 7 x 4 mm

t ip

b road

1f rom S outh Town) are alternately

f oret

c lactonian notches.

t hose

mostly

m eche d e

r elatively

2 f rom S outh T own) a re d irectly d ouble

f rom KH3X/XI,

4 .83) and

p erforator

small

f rom

T own o f

( L/W

O ne b y

c ases,

l ateral

T he double b acked specimens

S outh

x 3 mm

I n a f ew

t he

( 3 f rom KH3X/XI,

and two ( 1

b acked.

of

m ade o n

r egular.

f lakes.

m argins

m ainly

b e

t he p erforators

t he

K H4 a re

f airly

H owever, t he

f rom

T own

which

average

t he

About h alf of t he perforators s tudied a re made o n b lades, b lanks

v ariable

r etouch

of

t he

KH4

w ith no o ther

p erforators

i s

T he

1 .44.

T he

s ite y ielding a n average o f l ess

2 .00.

Grand perioirs T hese 0 .5%).

T he

are

i ndeterminate grand

7 .11)

a r are

t hree

by t he writer. third

( Fig .

f rom

tool

K H3

c lass

( 1

f rom

i n

t he

K H3B ,

N agada

2 f rom

a sse mblages

K H3X/XI)

One i s made o n a r elatively t hin nodule, one i s o n a n b lank per

t hough vir

i t

s hows

appears

s ome

to

c ortex

have

o n

been

o ne

made

s ide, on

( Palaeolithic) a rtifact a s t here a re heavily p atinated r emaining worked

o n

( n=5,

were e xamined

o ne

s ide

w ith v ery l arge,

( Fig .

7 .11).

b road

T he

r etouch

g rand

p erioirs

which v aries

220

f rom

a nd

an

t he

older

f lake scars

a re

b ifacially

v ery

i nvasive

T able D ATA F OR N OTCHES F ROM

7 .13

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

n =29

n=28

2 0

1 9

K H4

K H7

n =19

n =1

S outh

T own

T otal

n =18

n=95

B reaks: n one

1

9

5 9

6 2.1

m inor

5

3

1 0 3

0

2

1 3

1 3.7

b roken

4

6

6

0

7

2 3

2 4.2

f lakes

1

2

3

0

1

7

p rimary b lades

0

0

0

0

1

1

T ool b lank: p rimary

s econdary

f lakes

2 1

1 8

1 5

1

1 1

7 .4 1 .1

6 6

6 9.5

1 2

1 2.6

s econdary b lades

2

8

1

0

1

t hin nodular

2

0

0

0

2

4

4 .2

3

0

0

0

_ L 1

4

4 .2

0

0

0

0

1

1

1 .1

f lint

a xe p reparation f lakes c hunks N otch t ype: c lactonian

1 1

r etouched

( normal)

r etouched u lar)

( irreg-

N otch w idth: n

7

1 4

8

1

9

4 3

4 5.3

6

6

0

2

2 5

2 6.3

8

5

0

7

2 7

2 8.4

2 9

2 8

1 9

1

1 8

9 5

m ean

1 5.10

1 5.39

1 5.53

-

1 4.61

1 5.18

s .d.

5 .03

6 .88

6 .69

-

6 .49

6 .22

r ange

4 -31

6 -30

8 -36

1 5

8 -30

4 -36

N otch d epth: n

N o.

1 1

2 9

2 8

1 9

1

1 8

9 5

m ean

3 .24

3 .21

3 .11

-

2 .83

3 .12

s .d.

1 .55

1 .54

1 .48

-

1 .21

1 .48

r ange

1 -7

1 -7

2 -9

2

1 -5

1 -9

1

6

o f notches w ith a dditional r etouch:

1 7

1 7

1 1

221

5 2

5 4.7

T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

7 .14

F OR N OTCHES

I N T HE

F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

L ength n

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

S outh T own

T otal

2 6

2 2

1 5

I a _

1 1

7 5

m ean

4 6.08

4 6.45

4 6.53

-

4 6.55

4 6.17

s .d.

1 3.42

1 7.66

1 2.24

-

1 1.11

1 4.30

r ange

2 1-82

2 7-91

3 0-69

3 3

3 3-73

2 1-91

n

2 8

2 8

1 7

1

1 8

9 2

m ean

3 1.46

2 8.54

3 1.82

-

2 8.94

3 0.10

s .d.

8 .33

' 9 .31

8 .33

-

8 .23

8 .71

2 0-52

1 5-51

2 1-46

2 7

1 4-47

1 4-52

2 9

2 8

9 5

W idth

r ange T hickness n

1 9

1

1 8

m ean

9 .41

9 .25

1 0.37

-

1 0.17

9 .69

s .d.

3 .44

3 .79

4 .81

-

3 .93

3 .95

r ange

4 -18

3 -20

4 -21

9

3 -19

3 -21

L ength/Width n

2 5

2 2

1 3

1

1 1

m ean

1 .55

1 .73

1 .44

-

1 .70

s .d.

0 .59

0 .79

0 .29

-

0 .63

r ange

0 .68-3.42

0 .93-4.45

0 .93-1.91

1 .22

1 .06-2.93

7 2 1 .60 0 .64 0 .68-4.45

T hickness/Width n

2 8

1 7

1

1 8

0 .30

0 .33

0 .32

-

0 .36

s .d.

0 .10

0 .12

0 .10

-

0 .12

r ange

N ote:

t o

2 8

m ean

0 .15-0.51

0 .16-0.80

m easurements a re

c ouvrante . 1 25 x 4 1

0 .15-0.57

0 .33

i n mm.

T he d imensions

o f t hese t ools a re:

x 2 9 mm

( L/W

3 .05,

T h/W

0 .71)

9 2 x 5 5 x 3 7 mm

( L/W

1 .67,

T h/W

0 .67)

9 7

( L/W

3 .73,

T h/W

0 .65)

x 2 6

x 1 7 m m

222

0 .17-0.57

9 2 0 .33 0 .11 0 .15-0.80

a

0

F ig.

7 .9

Notches f rom

K H4;

f rom d ,

S ites f rom

KH3

KH3

and

A rea

2 23

KH4

X /XI).

( a,

f rom

KH3

1

2 cm

A rea

B ;

b -c,

T able

7 .15

F REQUENCY DATA FOR D ENTICULATES I N THE

F ROM

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

NAGADA REGION

S ite K H3B n=5

KH3X/XI n=10

K H4

S outh

n=2

n=9

Town

T otal n=26

B reaks: none

2

5

0

5

m inor

3

2

2

0

7

2 6.9

b roken

0

3

0

4

7

2 6.9

3

1 1.5

T ool

1 2

4 6.2

b lank:

p rimary

f lakes

1

2

0

0

f lakes

1

3

2

4

1 0

3 8.5

s econdary b lades

1

4

0

5

1 0

3 8.5

t hin nodular

2

0

0

0

2

7 .7

0

1

0

0

1

3 .8

1

5

1

1

8

3 0.8

s econdary

f lint

axe p reparation f lakes N o.

o f denticulates w ith additional r etouch:

2 24

T able

7 .16

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR D ENTICULATES F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA REGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

S outh T own

T otal

L ength n

5

7

2

5

1 9

m ean

4 2.00

4 8.00

-

6 3.40

4 9.32

s .d.

7 .56

6 .30

-

1 2.42

1 2.39

3 4-55

4 1-61

3 5,39

4 0-75

3 4-75

r ange W idth n

1 0

2

m ean

2 4.60

5

2 7.40

-

3 4.22

9

2 6 2 9.31

s .d.

1 0.84

8 .16

-

1 0.17

1 0.18

r ange

1 0-41

1 3-41

2 0,37

1 0-51

1 0-51

T hickness n

5

1 0

2

m ean

9 .40

1 0.00

-

1 0.78

9 .85

s .d.

6 .37

3 .55

-

3 .26

4 .26

r ange

2 -20

4 -15

4 ,8

4 -15

2 -20

L ength/Width n

9

5

7

2

5

m ean

2 .15

2 .08

-

1 .84

s .d.

1 .20

0 .81

-

0 .40

r ange T hickness/Width n

1 .02-4.40

1 .32-3.62

2

9

0 .36

0 .38

-

0 .33

s .d.

0 .17

0 .11

-

0 .09

N ote:

1 0

1 .08-2.21

m ean r ange

5

0 .95,1.95

0 .20-0.67

m easurements a re

0 .17-0.54

i n mm.

0 .20,0.22

0 .19-0.50

2 6

1 9 1 .97 0 .86 0 .95-4.40

2 6 0 .35 0 .12 0 .17-0.67

T able

7 .17

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

n=5

K H4

n=13

S outh T own

n =11

T otal

n=10

n=39

B reaks: n one

4

7

8

m inor

0

, 1

1

1

3

7 .7

b roken

0

0

2

1

3

7 .7

1

2

1

0

4

1 0.3

p rimary f lake

0

1

2

0

3

7 .7

p rimary b lade

1

0

0

0

, 1

s econdary

f lake

3

3

7

2

1 5

3 8.5

s econdary b lade

1

9

2

7

1 9

4 8.7

i ndeterminate

0

0

0

1

2

2

6

2

p erf.

e nd b roken

1 0

2 9

7 4.4

T ool b lank:

N o.

1

2 .6

o f p erforators w ith

a dditional

r etouch:

T runcations

o ccurring

( 46 .2%) .

i n

S even

c lassified

a s

t he

( 26 .9%) s traight

r egular.

H owever,

s traight

t runcation,

manufactured, o n

4 4 .6

a re

mm,

a re o r

s traight o blique

g roup i n

o verall .

t he T hey

N agada a re

3 0.8

t runcations.

s traight,

E ven

e tc .

a re

both

f rom

S outh

T own,

t hose

n ot

a nd

t he

o n

t hat

a re

p articularly

( Fig.

a re

o nly

i rregular

7 .12d) and a

f airly

neatly

T he s traight

More than h alf ( 57.7%) of t he t runcations a re

b lades,

m ade

r egion,

mainly

a nd a re made on f airly r egular b lades.

s econdary

r emainder

t ool

a ssemblages

o ne oblique c onvex t runcation

t runcation i s b acked. m ade

1 2

( Tables 7 .19 and 7 .20; F igs. 7 .6c and 7 .12d)

T runcations a re a minor 3 .3%

i s

2 .6

s ome

f lakes.

a verage

o f T he

which

a re

a verage

l ength/width

226

r elatively l ength

r atio

i s

o f 1 .93 .

r egular.

t he

T he

t runcations

-

-

b

a 0

1

2 cm

d C

;f e F ig.

7 .10

P erforators

f rom

P redynastic

f ,

f rom KH3 Area X/XI;

e ,

f rom

S outh

b ,

T own) .

2 27

s ites

i n

t he

f rom KH4; c ,

N agada

r egion

f rom KH3 A rea B ;

( a, d -

T able

7 .18

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

S outh T own

T otal

L ength n

5

m ean

1 3

3 7.20

s .d. r ange

9

9

3 6

5 1.23

4 0.89

4 6.44

4 5.50

4 .17

9 .42

1 2.64

1 5.61

1 2.74

3 1-44

4 0-78

2 8-61

2 9-77

2 8-78

W idth n

5

m ean s .d. r ange

1 3

1 1

1 0

3 9

1 9.40

2 1.85

2 9.18

2 0.60

2 3.28

7 .53

1 2.45

5 .10

1 2.81

1 1.07

1 2-32

9 -53

2 1-38

6 -49

6 -53

T hickness n

5

m ean

4 .40

1 3 7 .08

1 1 9 .00

1 0 7 .30

3 9 7 .33

s .d.

2 .42

5 .61

2 .59

3 .95

4 .36

r ange

2 -9

1 -21

6 -15

3 -17

1 -21

L ength/Width n

5

9

9

m ean

2 .18

3 .27

1 .44

3 .05

2 .61

s .d.

0 .78

2 .31

0 .57

1 .46

1 .79

r ange

1 3

1 .38-3.17

1 .32-10.25

0 .88-2.73

3 6

0 .96-5.09

0 .88-10.25

T hickness/Width n

5

m ean

0 .22

0 .30

0 .32

0 .40

0 .32

s .d.

0 .07

0 .08

0 .11

0 .12

0 .11

r ange N ote:

1 3

0 .17-0.33

m easurements a re

B acked

pieces

( Tables

1 1

0 .17-0.46

1 0

0 .20-0.55

3 9

0 .27-0.64

0 .17-0.64

i n mm.

7 .21 a nd

7 .22)

T here a re only r are backed p ieces f rom t he N agada s ites, a re o n

k nown o nly e longate

f lakes

d irect b acks, O nly 4 9

t hree

mm

w ith

f rom

K H3 a nd and

S outh

t hree

a re

T own . on

O f t he

s econdary

f ive s tudied, blades.

which

t wo

a re

T hree h ave

o ne h as an i nverse b ack a nd o ne i s alternately b acked.

b acked

p ieces

l ength/width

a re

u nbroken .

r atios

r anging

T heir f rom

228

l engths 1 .90

t o

v ary

2 .47 .

f rom

4 0

t o

E 0 c \ I In.. .

. .

KH3

A rea

0

i

1

2 29

T able

7 .19

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3

K H4

K H7

X /XI n=4

S outh

T otal

T own

n =11 n=4

n =1

n =6

n =26

B reaks: n one

3

5

4

0

2

m inor

1

3

0

0

1

1 4 5

1 9.2

5 3.8

b roken

0

3

0

1

3

7

2 6.9

2 6.9

T ool s ubclass: s traight t runcation

1

4

0

0

2 ( 1)

7 ( 1)

c onvex t runcation

0

2

0

0

0

2

7 .7

1

1

0

0

0

2

7 .7

0

0

0

0

1

1

3 .8

0

0

1

0

1

2

7 .7

o blique s traight o blique c onvex

t runc.

t runc.

o blique o ther/irregular o ther/irregular d ouble T otal no.

t runc.

t runcation

2

4

3

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

1 2 0

0 .0

0

0

0

0

1

1

3 .8

( 3.8)

4 6.2

o f t runcations

w ith b acking r etouch:

T ool b lank:

N o.

p rimary f lakes

1

1

0

0

0

2

7 .7

s econdary

f lakes

2

2

4

0

, 1

9

3 4.6

s econdary b lades

1

8

0

1

5

0

7

2

0

2 ( 1)11

5 7.7

o f t runcations w ith a dditional

Note:

F or

r etouch:

t ool

t runcations F or

1 5

a dditional

t runcations

s ubclass,

h ave

b acking r etouch,

n umbers

i n p arentheses

( 1)

4 2.3

( 3.8)

i ndicate how

many

i ndicate

many

r etouch . n u mbers

w ith a dditional

r etouch

i n

parentheses

a re

a lso

2 30

b acked .

how

T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS

7 .20

F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

S outh

T own

T otal

L ength n

4

9

4

m y

3

2 0

m ean

4 5.50

4 3.56

3 9.00

-

5 2.67

4 4.60

s .d.

6 .73

1 0.75

4 .06

-

1 2.76

1 0.30

3 8-56

2 9-67

3 3-44

3 6-67

2 9-67

r ange W idth n

4

1 0

4

1

6

2 5

m ean

2 8.75

2 3.90

2 8.00

-

2 5.33

s .d.

6 .61

7 .20

5 .39

-

7 .44

7 .01

2 2-39

1 0-39

2 1-35

1 8-36

1 0-39

r ange

2 5

2 5.72

T hickness n

4

4

1

6

m ean

7 .25

1 1 6 .09

7 .50

-

8 .17

2 6 7 .00

s .d.

2 .86

3 .09

2 .06

-

2 .64

2 .94

r ange

4 -11

2 -13

5 -10

7

4 -12

2 -13

n

4

8

4

MV

m ean

1 .72

2 .17

1 .43

s .d.

0 .46

0 .96

0 .21

L ength/Width

r ange

0 .97-2.23

0 .74-3.80

1 .09-1.64

1 _ -

3

1 9

2 .25

1 .93

1 .02

0 .84

1 .03-3.53

0 .74-3.80

T hickness/Width n

4

4

1

6

m ean

0 .25

0 .26

0 .27

-

0 .32

s .d.

0 .05

0 .16

0 .03

-

0 .09

r ange N ote:

0 .17-0.30

m easurements a re

1 0

0 .10-0.68

0 .24-0.32

i n mm.

2 31

0 .28

0 .21-0.47

2 5 0 .27 0 .12 0 .10-0.68

T able

7 .21

F REQUENCY DATA F OR B ACKED P IECES FROM I N T HE

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

NAGADA R EGION

S ite K H3X/XI

S outh Town

T otal

n=2

n=3

n=5

none

2

1

3

m inor

0

0

0

b roken

0

2

2

f lakes

2

0

2

s econdary b lades

0

3

3

0

3

3

B reaks:

T ool b lank: s econdary

N o.

o f backed p ieces w ith a dditional r etouch:

S ickle

blades

( Table

7 .23;

F ig .

7 .12a-c,e)

S ickle b lades a re k nown p rimarily f rom S outh T own where t hey f orm 3 .4%

( n=6)

s urface not

of

f inds

seen

the at

by

assemblage.

N orth

the

i nvestigated by

T own .

writer.

t he

A couple T he

s ickle

No

other

" Predynastic o f

also b lade

occurred r ecorded

sites

N agada

in

the

as

isolated

f or

K H3B

Nagada

P roject" y ielded

a ny

was

area s ickle

b lades. T he

s ickle blades

I n a ddition the

examined by

t o t he s ix r ecovered

surface

at

the site.

t he

f rom

writer

a re a ll

e xcavations,

f rom S outh T own .

f ive

were

Thus the total nu mber studied i s

f ound 1 1.

o n A ll

a re made on r egular secondary blades, a nd t hey a re predominantly of r ectangular o gival

e nd

The r etouch b lades f lat,

s ickle t o

chiefly

for m.

more

direct

with

retouch or

d irect backed.

ogival-ended

p robably

s ickle

s cars.

Most

1 has of

t he

o f

of

minor, s calar

ventral

r etouch

Most

the

end

h as

t he

i rregular, r etouch .

opposite

the

side

of

c ontinous,

s ickle

t he

inverse

one

back,

232

of

r etouch

a re

and a re

i s

t he s ickle

s lightly

b lades

s ickle blades

d iscontinuous T he

2 have i nverse backs,

a partial ends

a nd

T he

F our have d irect backs, backs,

f rom

normal

bifacial.

b ifacial

with

i ntentionally .

varies

continuous

s ubparallel

9 0.9%).

Two are

s napped,

i nvasive,

b acked

( n=10,

2 have partial

1 i s

b ifacially

t runcated.

S ix

T able

7 .22

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3X/XI

S outh T own

T otal

L ength n

2

1

-

m ean s .d. r ange

3

-

4 5.33

-

4 0,49

3 .86

4 7

4 0-49

W idth n

2

m ean

-

s .d.

3

-

r ange

5

2 1.00

2 1,25

2 1.80

3 .56

3 .19

1 8-26

1 8-26

T hickness n

2

3

m ean

-

8 .33

7 .60

s .d.

-

3 .40

2 .80

6 ,7

5 -13

5 -13

r ange

5

L ength/Width n

2

-

m ean s .d. r ange

1

3

-

2 .11

-

1 .90,1.96

0 .26

2 .47

1 .90-2.47

T hickness/Width n

2

3

m ean

-

0 .38

0 .34

s .d.

-

0 .09

0 .09

r ange

N ote:

e nds

m easurements a re

appear

o gival, T he 4 8.9

0 .24,0.33

mm

s napped).

t o

h ave

b een

s ickle b lades T he

i ntentionally

v ary i n

t hose

a verage

0 .28-0.50

0 .24-0.50

i n mm.

2 a re o blique s traight a nd

( including

5

l ength

s ickle

s napped,

2 h ave f rom

b lades

l ength/width

r atio

233

4 a re

s traight,

o ther/irregular-shaped 2 7 t o

7 5

t hought i s

3 .64 .

mm

t o

b e

3 a re e nds .

w ith a mean o f d eliberately

T able

7 .23

D ATA F OR S ICKLE B LADES F ROM

S OUTH T OWN

( n=11)

B reaks: none

2

m inor

0

b roken

9

T ool b lank: s econdary b lades

1 1

S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.

2

r ectangular

0

r ectangular w ith o ne o r

both

e nds b roken

3

o ne e nd o gival

0

o ne e nd o gival

o ther

e nd b roken

2

o ther

0

u nintentionally b roken,

s hape

i ndeterminate

4

D imensional s tatistics: m ean L ength

( excluding b reaks)

L ength

( including s pecimens

i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness L ength/Width L ength/Width s pecimens

( excluding b reaks)

7

r ange

-

-

4 5,56

4 8.86

1 6.15

2 7-75

1 1

1 4.82

3 .74

1 1-24

1 1

3 .82

1 .11

3 -6

-

-

4 .09,4.31

3 .64

0 .92

2 .25-4.92

0 .26

0 .06

0 .17-0.36

2

( including i ntentionally

b roken)

7

T hickness/Width

N ote:

2

s .d.

m easurements a re

1 1

i n m m.

2 34

a

0

F ig.

7 .12

S ickle

b lades

s ickle

b lades;

and d ,

t runcation o blique

2 35

f rom

convex

1

S outh

t runcation .

2 cm

Town.

a -c,

e ,

S idescrapers

( Tables

S idescrapers accounting

f or

e xa mined.

T hey

l ength

o f

5 4 .5

7 .24 a nd

f orm

7 .25)

a m inor

0 .7%

of

a re

a n

t he

t ool

tools

c lass

i n

t he

N agada

T en

s idescrapers

overall.

i rregular

g roup

a ssemblages, were

o f tools h aving a n average

mm .

T able

7 .24

F REQUENCY D ATA F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA REGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

n =2

n =2

n =5

S outh T own n =1

T otal

none

1

2

4

1

8

m inor

1

0

1

0

2

b roken

0

0

0

0

0

p rimary f lakes

0

2

0

1

3

s econdary f lakes

2

0

3

0

5

n atural s palls

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

2

0

3

n=10

B reaks:

T ool

b lank:

a xe p reparation f lakes N o.

o f s idescrapers w ith a dditional r etouch:

P lanes

( Table

P lanes

7 .26; occur

f or ming

1 .3%

s tudied:

9 f rom

a re b roken. average

o f

r esulting l arge

i n

K H3,

f requencies

a ssemblages 2 f rom and

O ne p lane

K H4 a nd

t he

2 f rom

N agada

T hirteen

N orth

thickness/width i s

e xceptionally

i nflated

on comparatively

means

T own .

aspects

of

a nd

r atios l arge

assemblages, p lanes

were

N one o f t hese

i s

f lakes

i ndeterminate w hich

of

m ay

i n b e

of

r aw

and

0 .26,

n atural

mm)

T he p lanes a re

material,

3 c ases,

l acking any observable

236

1 .37

( 109 x 9 0 x 2 5

l arge r anges.

t hin n atural p ieces

T ool b lank

l ightly p atinated p lane s urfaces v entral

i n

overall.

T heir average d imensions a re 6 1.2 x 4 5.5 x 1 2.0 mm with

i n s omewhat

f lakes.

7 .13b)

l ow

t he

l ength/width

r espectively. made

F ig.

t hough

s urfaces

r ipples

and o n

two h ave o r

o r

t he

o ther

T able

7 .25

D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM I N T HE

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

N AGADA REGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

K H4

S outh

T own

T otal

L ength n

2

2

m ean

-

-

6 2.00

-

5 4.50

s .d.

-

-

8 .27

-

1 0.37

4 4,50

3 7,53

5 1

3 7-74

r ange

5

1

5 5-74

1 0

W idth n

2

2

1

1 0

m ean

-

-

4 0.00

-

3 8.50

s .d.

-

-

3 .74

-

3 4,40

3 4,38

r ange

5

3 5-44

3 .53

3 9

3 4-44

T hickness 1

1 0

m ean

2

-

2

1 7.00

-

1 4.50

s .d.

-

5 .83

-

5 .43

1 3

8 -27

9 ,12

r ange

5

8 ,18

1 0-27

L ength/Width n

2

2

5

1

m ean

-

-

1 .55

-

1 .41

s .d.

-

-

0 .15

-

0 .20

1 .10,1.47

1 .09,1.39

r ange

1 .30-1.76

1 0

1 .31

1 .09-1.76

T hickness/Width n

2

2

5

1

m ean

-

-

0 .42

-

s .d.

-

-

0 .12

-

0 .23,0.35

0 .24,0.47

r ange

N ote:

m easurements a re

r ecognizable C ortex

o ccurs

more

T he

c ommonly

o n

t he

' dorsal'

which i s u sually t he v entral

a ncient

p atina

N early

a spect

a spect

o n

t he p lane s ide r aw

t han

o n

o f a f lake

material. t he

o r

' plane'

a smooth

s urface .

a ll

t he p lanes a re o f e xpanding s hape .

T he

working

medium

0 .23-0.63

o f

p iece

o f

t he

planes

i s

i s

r ecorded a s

predominantly

O ne

u nifacial,

t hough one speci men i s f laked partially b ifacially. mostly

0 .11

0 .33

t hird h as a ncient p atina

made o n a t hin nodular

a spect,

U -shaped.

0 .37

i n mm.

f eatures.

o nly b ut i s p robably

0 .28-0.63

1 0

with

some

small

a nd

l arge

237

scars,

a nd

T he r etouch i s i s

b road

and

T able

7 .26

D ATA F OR P LANES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES ( KH3,

K H4

a nd

N orth

B reaks:

I N THE N AGADA R EGION

T own;

n =13)

T ool b lank:

n one

1 3

l arge

( pr/sec)

m inor

0

t hin nodular

b roken

0

i ndeterminate

P resence o f RNS o n

' dorsal'

f lakes

5

f lint

5 3

S urface o f p lane a spect:

a spect: no RNS

5

c ortex

1

c ortex

4

a ncient p atina

5

a ncient p atina

3

n atural

c ortex

1

v entral a spect o f

& a ncient p atina

f lint s urface

0

f lake

5

i ndeterminate

P lane s hape:

2

E xtent o f r etouch:

s quare

0

e xpanding

p redominantly u nifacial

1 2

l ong e xpanding

0

U -shaped

1

1 2

p artly b ifacial

1

m arginally r etouched

0

T ype o f r etouch: l arge,

d eep

1

m edium & l arge, broad, small

& m edium d eep,

s maller m arginal,

i nvasive,

smaller

d eep

2

m ainly e xpanding,

s cars a t e dges

m edium & l arge, s mall

e xpansive,

4

r elatively

b road,

f lat,large s calar

e xpansive c entral

s cars a t e dges

& m edium,

f lat,

3

r elatively e longate

1

o ther

S hape o f

1

s cars,

1

f unctional

e dge:

E dge a ngle o f

f unctional e dge:

s traight

2

n

1 3

i rreg.

1

m ean

6 0.38

7

s .d.

c urved

2

r ange

o ther/irregular

1

s traight

s lightly

c urved

8 .70 4 7-75

D imensional s tatistics: n

m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

1 3

6 1.15

1 4.41

5 0-109

W idth

1 3

4 5.54

1 3.95

3 5-90

T hickness

1 3

1 2.00

4 .47

L ength/Width

1 3

1 .37

0 .12

1 .20-1.58

T hickness/Width

1 3

0 .26

0 .06

0 .17-0.38

N ote:

m easurements a re

i n mm.

2 38

8 -25

a

0

1

2 cm

-

b

F ig.

7 .13

Axe and plane f rom S ites KH3 and KH4. p lane

f rom

K H3

A rea

X /XI.

2 39

a ,

axe

f rom

KH4;

b ,

expansive. T he

T he f unctional edge

a verage

Axes

e dge

( Tables

a ngle

i s

i s u sually slightly curved i n plan.

6 0 .4 ° .

7 .27-7.30; F igs.

7 .13a,

7 .14-7.16)

A xes a re t he most c ommon b ifacial r anging f rom

i ndicated f or S outh T own i n t able f or

S outh

T own

t renches, r ecovered 3 0

i n

s ite

t he

P etrie 1 2

N one

of

speci mens. e xpanding I n

axes main

cases

a re

i t

f all

r emains

i t

f ragments

i s

v entral a spects o n

l arge

mainly o f

f lakes .

t he

s ite .

T here

s tudie2,

2 6

f rom

( 34 a ltogether

f rom

N early

axes a t

were KH3

T own a nd and

a ll

o val

N orth

appear

( 18.4%;

U -shaped

t he

2 f rom

t o

a re

T own.

be

f inished

e .g.

F ig.

7 .14b),

e .g.

F ig.

7 .13a),

c ategory

( 20 .4%) .

( 16.3%;

' other/irregular'

t o determine

P etrie

t he

k ind of b lank on

where s ufficient c ortical e vidence

r elatively t hin t abular nodules o r nodule

u sed.

f lakes

f ew h ave s ignificant

a t

pit

a nd

t est

e xcavations

H owever,

c lear t hat

were

s ix

s ite

a re

i s not possible

which t he a xes were made .

f rom

t he

and

i nto

r ecovered of

b roken,

7 .14a),

N agada a ssemblages,

s urface

S outh

s hapes

t he

i n which t he t ool f requencies

F orty-nine

axe

i n

A lthough t here a re no axes

material

t he

h is

1 f rom

e .g.

n umber

7 .2

1 f rom a t est

t he

( 22.4%;

t he o n

f rom

Museum. K H4,

T he

o n

f ound

KH3B,

f rom

a f air

most

b ased

was

n umber

7 f rom

K H3),

t hough

are

o ne axe a f air

KH3X/XI,

t ool

2 .1% t o 6 .8% ( 4.4% overall).

T hree

i ndicating a ll

t he

axes

t hat

a xes

a re

amounts o f RNS s till

s how

t he

r emains

of

t he

i n s ome c ases a xes w ere made b ifacially

worked,

t hough

a

p resent.

C omparing t he character of t he f laking of t he N agada axes with t hat of some experi mental axes made by t he writer on f lint f rom t he Nagada

area,

manufactured

i t

would

u sing

appear

a h ard

that

h ammer

were f inished u sing a s oft p ercussor. u sed

t o

make

g rinding T own

i n

t he

t races,

e longate T he o f

Museum

s ize,

a nd

f unctional e dge o f c onsisting

o f

f unctional a xe e dge.

T he T h/W

i n

t here

b road

p artially

2 73). and

axes

P ossibly

were a f ew

o nly a h ard h ammer

N one of

o ne

( see p .

method .

H owever,

a xes.

i s

P redynastic

was

t he axes d isplay any g round

a xe

f rom

S outh

T he axe r etouch i s c hiefly

expansive

i n

f orm

with

a f ew

s cars.

c ases,

t he

t hough

t he P etrie

medium-large

( 67 .3%)

experimental

the

p ercussion

a verage

a xe

t he a xes

s hows a s pecial p reparation i n

t ranchet

s cars

F ive a xes

d imensions

a re:

o r

o ther

c areful

s how e vidence o f 6 5 .1

x 4 6 .0

x 2 0 .4

3 3

s haping

r eworking. mm

( L/W

1 .42;

0 .46). A

more

e lsewhere

detailed

( Holmes,

t reatment

of

t he

n .d.).

240

N agada

axes

i s

p resented

T able BREAK,

TOOL B LANK,

7 .27

RNS AND S HAPE DATA F OR A XES FROM

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE

NAGADA REGION

S ite K H3

KH4

n=34

n=12

S outh

3 4

1 2

T own

n=1

N orth

T own

Total

n=2

n=49

B reaks: none b roken T ool

1

2

0

0

0

0

4 9 0

1 00.0 0 .0

b lank:

t hin nodular

8

1

1

1

t hin p atinated

f lint p iece

1

0

0

0

1

2 .0

l arge

f lake

3

0

0

0

3

6 .1

0

1

3 4

6 9.4

5 5.1

( pr/sec)

i ndeterminate P resence

of

a spect

A :

2 2

1 1

1 1

2 2.4

RNS,

n o RNS

6

0

2

2 7

c ortex

1 9 8

5

0

0

1 3

a ncient p atina

6

1

0

0

p atina

1

0

0

0

1

2 .0

s urface

0

0

1

0

1

2 .0

c ortex

& a nc.

n atural

f lint

P resence

o f

a spect

B :

7

2 6.5 1 4.3

RNS,

no RNS

9

0

0

2 8

c ortex

1 9 7

2

1

1

1 1

a ncient patina

7

0

0

0

p atina

1

1

0

1

3

6 .1

s urface

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0

square

2

0

0

0

2

4 .1

r ectangular

2

0

0

0

2

4 .1

o val

9

0

0

0

9

1 8.4

c ortex

& anc.

n atural A xe

f lint

7

5 7.1 2 2.4 1 4.3

s hape:

e xpanding

8

2

0

1

l ong

1

0

1

0

2

4 .1

4

4

0

0

8

1 6.3

0

2

0

1

3

6 .1

1

1

0

0

7

3

0

0

expanding

U -shaped p arallel-sided, i ng

upper

1 1

2 2.4

converg-

m argins

d iverging m argins, c onverging a t

t op

O ther/irregular Note:

For

3 p ieces

' Presence of RNS, a spect B ', f rom

KH3

s howing

t he

v entral

the

4 .1 2 0.4

' no RNS' c ategory i ncludes

a spects

241

2 1 0

o f

f lakes.

T able R ETOUCH AND GRINDING D ATA I N T HE

7 .28

F OR A XES

F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

NAGADA REGION

S ite

E xtent of

p artly b ifacial

o f

3 1

1 1

S outh

T own

n=1

N orth

T own

T otal

n=2

n=49

1

1

3

1

0

1

4 4 5

8 9.8 1 0.2

1

3

0

0

4

8 .2

r etouch:

l arge,

i rregular

l arge,

d eep

s cars

8

5

0

1

1 4

2 8.6

m edium & l arge,

d eep

8

2

1

_ , 1

1 2

2 4.5

small

d eep

7

1

0

0

8

1 6.3

f lat

5

1

0

0

6

1 2.2

1

0

0

0

1

2 .0

4

0

0

0

4

8 .2

& medium,

m edium small

& l arge, & m edium,

r elatively

f lat,

e longate

o ther

P reparation t ranchet o ther

o f a xe

b it:

s cars

p reparation

no obvious p reparation t otal no. s howing

N o.

KH4 n=12

f laking:

b ifacial

T ype

K H3 n =34

o f a xes

1 5

9

1

0

0

0

0

1 1

3

0

2

1 6

3 2.7

2 3

9

1

0

3 3

6 7.3

2

0

0

8

2 5 8

5 1.0 1 6.3

o f a xes p reparation

s howing

evidence o f r ejuvenation:

G rinding

3

5

2 0.2

t races:

none p resent

3 4 0

1 2 0

2 42

1

2

0

0

4 9 0

1 00.0 0 .0

a

9

1

b

F ig .

7 .14

Axes

f rom

2 43

S ite

KH3

A rea

X/XI.

2 cm

T able

7 .29

F UNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES O F A XES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE N AGADA REGION

S ite K H3

K H4

n =34

n=12

S outh

n =1

T own N orth n =2

n

n

n

n

T own

T otal n=49 n

%

S hape o f a xe e dge: s traight i rreg.

1 1

s traight

s lightly

2

c urved

1 0

4

0

0

1

0

0

3

0

2

1 5 3 1 5

3 2.6 6 .5 3 2.6

c urved

4

1

1

0

6

o blique s traight

2

0

0

0

2

4 .3

o ther/irregular

3

2

0

0

5

1 0.9

f unctional e dge

i ndeterminate

i n

1 3.0

3 c ases

E dge-on p rofile o f a xe

e dge:

r uler

s traight

v irtual s traight i rreg.

1 2

4

1

0

1 7

3 7.0

1 2

2

0

0

1 4

3 0.4

s traight

3

1

0

0

4

8 .7

s lightly c urved

1

1

0

0

2

4 .3

s inuous

1

2

0

1

4

8 .7

o ther

3

1

0

1

5

1 0.9

f unctional e dge

i ndeterminate

i n

3 c ases

E dge a ngle o f a xe e dge: n

3 2

1 0

1

2

4 5

m ean

6 4.09

6 8.70

-

-

6 5.40

s .d.

6 .70

5 .46

-

-

4 7-75

6 1-78

6 6

6 5,74

r ange

2 44

6 .62 4 7-78

2 cm

F ig .

7 .15

A xe

f rom

S outh

2 45

Town

( aspect

A ).

0

F ig.

7 .16

A xe

f rom

S outh

2 46

T own

( aspect

1

E ).

2 cm

T able D IMENSIONAL D ATA F OR A XES F ROM

7 .30

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H4

K H3 L ength n

S outh T own

N orth

T own

T otal

3 4

1 2

1

2

4 9

m ean

6 1.82

6 6.17

-

-

6 5.10

s .d.

1 0.31

1 8.44

-

-

1 8.10

r ange

5 0-95

5 0-119

1 54

n

3 4

1 2

1

2

m ean

4 3.76

4 7.83

-

-

4 6.00

s .d.

7 .91

9 .80

-

-

1 1.06

2 8-64

3 6-75

9 6

4 7,49

2 8-96

n

3 4

1 2

1

2

4 9

m ean

1 9.35

2 1.75

-

-

2 0.41

s .d.

4 .85

4 .36

-

-

1 1-29

1 5-32

4 1

1 7,23

3 4

1 2

6 6,74

5 0-154

W idth

r ange

4 9

T hickness

r ange

'

5 .59 1 1-41

L ength/Width n

1

2

m ean

1 .43

1 .37

-

-

s .d.

0 .20

0 .14

-

-

1 .60

1 .40,1.51

r ange

1 .02-1.85

1 .23-1.59

4 9 1 .42 0 .18 1 .02-1.85

T hickness/Width n

1

2

m ean

3 4 0 .45

0 .46

-

-

s .d.

0 . 10

0 .05

-

-

0 .79

0 .36,0.47

r ange

N ote:

1 2

0 .22-0.69

m easurements a re

0 .36-0.54

F ig .

C oncave-base a rrowheads a re a r are examples being recovered

T own.

F ive were s tudied b y t he writer,

p oint

T own.

T hree

o f

f rom S outh T own a ppear

i rregular

s hapes

s tandard

of

w ith

s hort

f laking.

T he

s traight-sided T he a rrowhead I t h as t hat i t

t he

o f

t ool

f rom s ites KH1,

t o b e S outh

p oints

u nfinished a s b arbs,

T own

b ody

r elatively t hick

i s

a nd

a nd h as

o ne

K H4,

m ade

o n a t hin p iece o f

r aw

m aterial.

2 47

a nd

1

t he

s uggested b y t heir r elatively

( Fig.

7 .17d)

b arb

r ough h as

a

r emaining .

c ouvrante

a minor amount o f cortex r emaining o n both s ides i s

N agada

4 f rom K H4 a nd

s hort

b road,

t he

KH4 and S outh

f rom

t he

speci men

w ith

f rom

KH3,

comprising

c oncave-base

i rregular

t riangular-shaped s eems

0 .10 0 .22-0.79

7 .17)

c lass

s ites,

S outh

0 .46

i n m m.

Concave-base arrowheads ( Table 7 .31;

f rom

4 9

r etouch .

i ndicating

T able

7 .31

D ATA FOR C ONCAVE-BASE ARROWHEADS F ROM I N T HE

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

NAGADA REGION

B reaks

S ite

T ool b lank p rimary f lake

K H4

point

t ip

K H4

point

t ip a nd

K H4

point

t ip a nd m inor

K H4

t op h alf o f body

i nde crminate

o ne b arb

t hin nodular

S outh

T own

D imension

p art o f

i ndeterminate

b arb

i n

b arb b reak

T ha

T hb

3 4

7

9

2 8

7

8

3 3

6

7

m v

2 9

mv

7

2 1

mv

9

9

L ength

W a

K H4

( 50)

2 6

K H4

( 36)

2 1

K H4

( 44)

3 0

K H4

( 26) 4 0

W b

S outh

T own

Note:

measurements a re i n mm.

L ength v alues i n parentheses a re f or

a rrowheads .

Of the three apparently unfinished arrowheads f rom KH4, made

f lint

v alues:

S ite

b roken

o ne

on a p ri mary

f lake

( Fig.

7 .17b).

So

f ar

i t

has

been

one i s

shaped by

m arginal

r etouch

i nto a n approximately s traight-sided t riangular s hape

with

concave

b ase

y et

t he

r eally

d istinct.

s tarted T he

b y

b ifacial

a rrowhead

i s

r etouch .

o riented

o n

T he

b arbs

a re

t he

f lake

so

n ot t hat

t he concave base i s at t he p roxi mal end and the t ip i s at t he d istal end.

T he other

a dvanced

s tage

c ouvrante e longate c oncave

b ases

h as

manufacture

( Fig .

with

b road,

s cars. and

f ourth

l arge,

H owever,

s hort

t heir

i rregular

c oncave-base

7 .17a).

T hey

c entral

s hapes a re

to be at a more

b oth

scars

r etouched

i rregular

a t riangular

a c lear

body .

O ne

b ifacial,

smaller

more

with s hallow

b arbs.

a rrowhead

i nto

h ave

a nd

f rom

KH4

i s

a f inished

( point t ip and part of one barb) speci men ( Fig.

c arefully I t

r etouch e dge

T he b roken

two unfinished KH4 speci mens appear o f

n eat

b arb

s hape

s eems

b reaking.

248

with

t hough

7 .17c).

I t i s

well-defined

b arbs.

t o h ave b een

r eworked

after

a

-

-

b

0

1

2 cm

-

d

C

F ig.

7 .17

C oncave-base a rrowheads

f rom

u nfinished c oncave-base

arrowheads

a rrowhead

f rom

KH4;

d ,

S ite

KH4

unfinished

T own.

2 49

and

f rom

S outh KH4;

a rrowhead

T own . c ,

a -b,

f inished

f rom

South

B ifacial d rill T here i s one speci men of a b ifacial d rill f rom t he N agada a rea f rom KH3B .

I t i s a f ragment 2 2 x 8 x 4 mm

converge

s lightly

c ouvrante

r etouch

d o n ot

Other

appear

to

meet

at

c onsisting

t o

h ave

f ine bifacial

o f

tool

tools

f ragments.

o vate tool. m ade

o n

small

small,

0 .50).

t ip.

b road,

T he

I ts

d rill

c ollateral

margins

h as

f lat,

s cars

w hich

( Table

7 .32; F ig .

i n

t his

T he u nbroken

7 .18)

c ategory a re b roken,

s pecimen

( from

s ome b eing

KH4)

i s

a small

I t h as some cortex o n both s ides i ndicating t hat i t was

a t hin

t o

( Th/W

ogival

b een a chieved b y p ressure-flaking .

A ll b ut o ne o f t he p ieces j ust

an

t abular

medium,

p iece

o f

r aw

m aterial.

b road t o s lightly e longate

T he

s cars

r etouch

c omprises

t hat a re r elatively

f lat. Fe w

of

the

broken

speci mens

p articularly r egular s hapes. w hich

i s

f rom

a n eatly

appear

O ne e xception

to

be

f rom

tools

i s 'a f ragment

s haped p ressure-flaked t ool.

Two b roken t ools

f rom KH3 h ave l ateral e dges t hat c onverge to a n o gival e nd. t hese

has

mediu m-large,

b road

retouch.

T he

somewhat more c arefully r etouched with f lat, b road

scars.

A nother

b roken

tool

o ther

c onsists

f rom K H3 h as a round

s uggesting a k nife-like

o f

medium : l arge,

b road

tool.

s cars.

f rom KH3 i s a f ragment with l arge, f rom

a b ifacial T hree

o f

( Fig.

T he T he

i s

b road

t he

f our

b roken

f or m.

r etouch

e dge

e nd b ut

more

t he

j agged t han

r etouch o f t his p iece

f ifth

f ine

b ifacial

t ool

f lat, b road r etouch which may be

T he

t ools f ourth

f rom i s

K H4

a re

o f

a f ragment

non-distinctive,

t he

i s not s uggestive of t he f or m of t he o riginal t ool. smaller

i s

k nife .

g enerally p ointed h ave

O ne o f

7 .18b)

mostly small-medium,

l ateral e dges c onverge a symmetrically a nd o ne e dge t he o ther

of

f rom K H3

c onsisting

g enerally

o f

l arger,

s hape

o f

w hich

A ll f our p ieces c entral

s cars

a nd

r etouch .

T he b roken b ifacial

t ool

f rom K H7 i s a s quare-ended f ragment w ith

b road r etouch. T here b ifacial p ressure

a re

two

k nives,

r etouch.

e ssentially

l amellar

l amellar

r etouch

f ragment

S outh

O ne

s i milar

oblique, small

r ectangular-shaped

f rom

f rom

t ool

b lanks Most

soft

were

o f

d escriptions s tages

o f

h as

f ragments,

h ave

( Fig.

l arger,

possibly

c areful,

f lat,

7 .18a).

b road

T he

c entral

f rom

c ouvrante other, scars

a n a nd

r etouch o n both s ides o f one e dge, a nd small nona long

t he

o ther

e dge.

A lso

f rom

S outh

Town

i s

a

f rom a n apparently p ressure-flaked t ool.

K H4 a nd

ha m mer

which

i llustrated

p iece,

I n a ddition t o t he ( one

i s

T own

t he

o ne

u nbroken

f rom

K H7)

t hin n odular b ifacial

p ieces

t ools

percussion.

t ool

f rom

w ith t races o f

KH4

two tools

f lint .

were p robably

Others,

t here a re

o f R NS i ndicating t hat t he

as

were p robably p ressure-flaked,

p roduction .

250

m anufactured b y

indicated a t

in

l east

i n

h ard o r

the t he

above f inal

T able

7 .32

D ATA F OR OTHER F INE B IFACIAL T OOLS F ROM I N

T HE

N AGADA R EGION

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

( n=14)

S ite

B reaks

L ength

K H3

b roken

( 80)

3 6

b roken

( 67)

3 0

9

K H4

T h/W

1 0

0 .28 0 .30

( frg)

( 49)

( 41)

7

-

b roken

( frg)

( 44)

2 8

9

0 .32

b roken

( frg)

( 43)

4 1

1 0

0 .24

b roken

( 36)

2 8

b roken

( 45)

( 27)

1 3

-

3 9

3 1

1 2

0 .39

6

0 .21

b roken

( 33)

3 3

9

0 .27

b roken

( 49)

2 5

9

0 .36

( 36)

3 2

7

0 .22

( 51)

2 7

7

0 .26

( 19)

( 14)

5

( 56)

2 5

5

K H7

b roken

S outh T own

b roken b roken

.

( frg)

b roken

a nd

T hickness

b roken

w hole

T hickness

W idth

0 .20

t hickness/width s tatistics: n

m ean

s .d.

T hickness

1 4

8 .43

2 .32

T hickness/Width

1 1

0 .28

0 .06

N ote: measurements a re i n mm.

r ange 5 -13 0 .20-0.39

Values i n parentheses a re for b roken

t ools.

M iscellaneous T he t hick

b ifacial

( Table

miscellaneous

7 .33)

b ifacial

tools

( overall average T h/W r atio i s

f or m.

T he

r etouch

i s

mostly

consist o f v arious r elatively

0 .50)

medium

to

implements l arge,

o f

deep,

i rregular b road

and

c ouvrante.

Retouched

p ieces

R etouched f or ming

( Table

p ieces

a re

7 .34; well

F ig .

7 .19)

r epresented

i n

5 .1% to 2 7.1% o f t he t ool a sse mblages.

a re made o n s econdary f lakes; f ew a re on p ri mary b lanks; r etouch which

2 9.3% a re

t he

N agada

a ssemblages

T he majority ( 60.7%)

made on s econdary b lades; a

2a re o n c hunks and one b urin spall shows

i s d efinitely l ater

t han t he detachment o f t he spall

251

0

1

2 cm

-

b

F ig.

7 .18

O ther f rom

f ine S outh

b ifacial

t ools

Town;

f rom

b ,

2 52

f rom K H3

S outh

A rea

T own

X/XI).

and

S ite

K H3

( a,

T able D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEAOUS

7 .33

B IFACIAL T OOLS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE

N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

n=15

n =22

1 4

2 0

K H4

K H7

n =7

n =2

S outh T own

T otal

n =4

n =50

B reaks: n one

6

1

3

m inor

1

1

0

0

1

3

6 .0

b roken

0

1

1

1

0

3

6 .0

2

6

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

6

2

3

3 7

4

4 7

T ool

4 4

8 8.0

b lank:

t hin nodular f lint

1 0

2 0.0

n odule/nodule f rag. i ndet.

2

4 .0

f lake/

b lade

0

i ndet.

1 2

1 4

1

2 .0 7 4.0

L ength n

1 5

2 1

m ean

5 1.40

4 6.05

4 8.00

6

-

1

4 6.75

s .d.

1 8.82

8 .99

1 2.85

-

5 .54

1 3.47

r ange

2 2-82

3 0-60

3 8-71

3 6

3 8-52

2 2-82

n

1 5

2 2

m ean

3 9.27

3 8.86

3 0.00

3 6.00

s .d.

9 .83

9 .54

7 .89

3 . 74

9 .66

1 6-54

2 3-59

1 9-47

3 2-42

1 6-59

4 7.85

W idth

r ange

7

2

2 3,42

4

5 0 3 7.26

T hickness n

1 5

2 2

m ean

2 0.47

1 9.59

1 2.86

-

1 6.75

s .d.

6 .66

5 .33

3 .76

-

2 .38

5 .94

1 2-38

1 1-28

7 -18

1 3,18

1 4-20

7 -38

1 5

2 2

r ange

7

2

4

5 0 1 8.52

T hickness/Width n

7

2

4

m ean

0 .54

0 .51

0 .43

-

0 .47

0 .50

s .d.

0 .15

0 .12

0 .08

-

0 .05

0 .12

r ange

N ote:

0 .32-0.81

m easurements a re

0 .31-0.74

0 .33-0.55

i n m m.

2 53

0 .43,0.57

0 .43-0.56

5 0

0 .31-0.81

T able

7 .34

D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B n =25

K H3X/XI n =57

B reaks:

K H4

K H7

S outh T own

T otal

n =17

n =7

n =34

n =140

2 5

8

3

m inor

5

1 3

7

1

b roken

9

1 9

2

3

n one

T ool

1 1

1 4 4 1 6

6 1

4 3.6

3 0

2 1.4

4 9

3 5.0

b lank:

p rim.

f k

1

5

0

0

2

8

5 .7

p rim.

b l

0

2

0

0

1

3

2 .1

s ec.

f k

s ec.

b l

1 8 6

2 9 2 0

1 5 1

4

1 9

8 5

6 0.7

3

1 1

4 1

2 9.3

b urin s palls c hunks

0

1

0

0

0

1

0 .7

0

0

1

0

1

2

1 .4

L ength n

1 7

4 0

1 5

m ean

4 2.29

4 3.55

4 5.80

s .d.

1 8

9 4

4 1.50

4

4 4.56

4 3.79

7 .65

1 2.72

5 .53

1 1.41

1 7.79

1 2.32

3 3-59

2 3-86

3 6-58

2 8-59

2 4-93

2 3-93

n m ean

2 4 2 7.58

5 2 2 5.85

1 7 3 3.12

7 2 5.29

3 2 2 5.19

1 32 2 6.91

s .d.

1 0.19

8 .57

6 .36

9 .82

9 .51

9 .30

r ange

1 1-45

1 0-50

2 2-44

1 5-40

1 2-46

1 0-50

2 5

5 7

r ange W idth

T hickness n

1 7

7

m ean

7 .12

7 .47

1 0.29

6 .57

3 4 7 .32

1 40

s .d.

3 .55

4 .18

2 .89

3 .85

3 .19

3 .82

r ange

3 -16

2 -23

5 -15

3 -13

3 -15

2 -23

7 .67

L ength/Width n

1 6

3 8

1 5

4

1 8

9 1

m ean

1 .73

1 .85

1 .43

1 .97

1 .67

1 .73

s .d.

0 .78

0 .72

0 . 31

1 .21

0 .65

0 .71

r ange

0 .90-3.75

0 .82-3.67

1 .05-2.00

0 .85-3.93

0 .52-3.04

0 .52-3.93

T hickness/Width n

2 4

5 2

1 7

7

3 2

m ean

0 .27

0 .31

0 .32

0 .24

0 .30

s .d.

0 .08

0 .13

0 .08

0 .07

0 .10

r ange N ote:

0 .11-0.40

m easurements a re

0 .14-0.67

0 .13-0.46

i n m m.

2 54

0 .17-0.39

0 .13-0.65

1 32 0 .30 0 .11 0 .11-0.67

a

0 1

F ig.

7 .19

Retouched pieces S outh

T own;

b -c,

f rom e ,

S ite KH3 and South Town

f rom

2 55

K H3

A rea

X /XI).

1 .

( a,

2 cm

d ,

f rom

f rom the burin. 9 3

mm,

r elatively b lades.

Worked

T he lengths of the retouched pieces vary f rom 2 3 to

averaging h igh

H owever,

t abular

Worked

4 3.8 at

mm.

1 .73

most

slabs

tabular

o f

tools.

t he

( Table slabs

n ine being noted by the N agada

T he

overall

reflecting b lades

mean

the

l ength/width

f airly

nu merous

a re not p articularly

r atio i s r etouched

r egular.

7 .35) are

r are

writer

at

the

N agada

s ites,

a total

o f

d uring t he course of analysis of t he

T hey are very i rregularly worked or have only minor

r etouch.

T able

7 .35

DATA FOR WORKED TABULAR S LABS FROM I N THE

PREDYNASTIC S ITES

NAGADA REGION

S ite K H3X/XI

K H4

KH7

n=2

KH3B

n=3

n=1

n=1

S outh

n=2

T own

T otal

none

1

3

1

1

2

m inor

0

0

0

0

0

0

b roken

1

0

0

0

0

1

n=9

B reaks:

T ool

8

b lank:

nodule

1

2

1

0

1

5

t hin p atinated p iece

f ragment

1

0

0

1

0

2

n atural

0

1

0

0

1

2

spall

D imensional

s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

9

4 5.78

1 4.59

2 3-65

W idth

9

3 0.22

9 .27

1 6-45

T hickness

9

1 5.67

4 .83

L ength/Width

9

1 .56

0 .44

0 .95-2.31

T hickness/width

9

0 .52

0 .11

0 .38-0.71

N ote:

m easurements

a re

i n mm.

256

6 -22

T able

7 .36

D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEOUS T OOLS F ROM

P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B n =3

K H3X/XI

K H4

K H7

n =7

n =1

n =1

S outh

T own

n=1

T otal n=13

B reaks: none

2

7

1

1

1

m inor

1

0

0

0

0

1 2 1

b roken

0

0

0

0

0

0

T ool b lank: f lakes

1

5

1

1

0

8

s econdary b lades

s econdary

1

0

0

0

0

1

i ndeterminate

1

2

0

0

1

4

L ength n

1

1

1

1 3

m ean

4 6.00

3

4 5.29

-

-

-

4 4.54

s .d.

1 .63

8 .81

-

-

-

4 4-48

3 7-59

3 5

5 5

3 4

3 4-59

r ange

7

8 .20

W idth n

1

1

1

1 3

m ean

2 9.33

3

3 2.29

-

-

-

3 1.54

s .d.

6 .24

4 .20

-

-

-

2 1-36

2 6-37

2 5

4 2

2 9

2 1-42

r ange

7

5 .67

T hickness n

1

1

1

1 3

m ean

1 5.33

3

1 4.57

7

-

-

-

1 3.54

s .d.

5 .44

2 .26

-

-

-

3 .95

r ange

8 -21

1 2-18

7

1 0

1 1

7 -21

L ength/Width n

3

7

1

1

1

m ean

1 .65

1 .42

-

-

-

1 .45

s .d.

0 .40

0 .31

-

-

-

0 .33

1 .40

1 .31

1 .17

r ange

1 .22-2.19

1 .00-2.03

1 3

1 .00-2.19

T hickness/Width n

3

7

1

1

1

m ean

0 .50

0 .46

-

-

-

0 .43

s .d.

0 .09

0 .11

-

-

-

0 .12

0 .28

0 .24

0 .38

r ange N ote:

0 .38-0.58

0 .34-0.64

m easurements a re i n m m.

257

1 3

0 .24-0.64

Miscellaneous ( Table 7 .36) M iscellaneous a nd

c onsist

u nifacially

of

t ools

f orm

v arious

2 .5%

o f

t he

e xtensively

N agada

a ssemblages

worked

p ieces.

o verall,

T hree

a re

worked .

U nidentifiable

b roken

t ools

( Table

7 .37)

Most o f t he u nidentifiable b roken t ools a re made o n f lakes.

A

f ew a re o n blades and t here a re a n u mber for which the exact k ind o f b lank

i s

p rimary

i ndeterminate, o r

t hough i t

s econdary f lakes o r

i s c lear

T able T OOL B LANK

t hat t he b lanks

were e ither

b lades.

7 .37

F REQUENCIES F OR U NIDENTIFIABLE BROKEN T OOLS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES

I N T HE N AGADA R EGION

S ite K H3B

K H3X/XI

n =1

P rimary

K H4

K H7

n =14

n =1

n =4

S outh T own n =8

T otal n =28

f lakes

0

3

0

0

0

3

P rimary b lades

0

0

0

0

1

1 9

S econdary

f lakes

0

6

1

0

2

S econdary b lades

0

0

0

0

2

I ndet.

1

5

0

4

3

p r/sec b lanks

2 1 3

PETRIE'S SOUTH TOWN COLLECTION T he

c ollection

o f

l ithic

a rtifacts

S outh Town housed i n t he P etrie p ieces

o f

which

1 17 a re

was e xamined at e xcavations. what

e arly

s ite,

i t

e xcavators,

r epresented

p rovides i n

t he

i ncludes

modern e xcavated T he o f

s ix

c ontrasts

w ith

P etrie's

m ay b e i s

wondered

good

e xcavations

a t

c onsisting of 1 24 w hy t he c ollection

material

f rom

t he

modern

not only does t he collection g ive a n i dea of P etrie

i n

p articular,

a dditional

r ecent

s amples o f

c hose

i nformation f rom

c lasses

f or

S outh

n ot

t o

c ollect

t ool

Town.

c lasses

f rom

Moreover,

r epresented

a t

a ll

a

p oorly i n

t he t he

m aterial. i s

b lades.

b ifacial

non-bifacial

I t

t here

e xamples

c ollection

r egular

a nd o ther

t ools.

s ince

However,

a lso

c ollection

a ll

f rom

Museum i s small,

o bviously

b iased .

T he

T he

c omprise

mainly

t ools,

t ools

a re

t ools

a nd a part o n

o nly

f rom t he p lanes,

r egular

b lades.

d ebitage

s ickle

T hus

c onsists

b lades,

n early a ll o f t he

a xes t he

c ollection

t he u nbiased r ecently e xcavated l ithic a ssemblage which

258

T able

7 .38

MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES F OR S OUTH ( PETRIE

MUSEUM

C OLLECTION)

S econdary b lades

6

1

C ores T ools

1 17

T OTAL

1 24

c onsists

o f

( mainly S outh

8 4 .7%

d ebitage

e ndscrapers,

T own

notches, H owever,

T OWN

c ollection nor

i t

does

does

( mostly

b urins, o nly i t

c ontains

c ontain

c ontain

f lakes),

n otches

a n

a nd

1 .8%

c ores

r etouched

3 e ndscrapers

any

e xample

a nd

denticulates o f a b lade

a nd

1 3 .6%

p ieces) .

t ools

P etrie 's

2 b urins a nd n o

o r

p erforators.

k nife .

T here a re a lso

1 0 p lanes which a re not r epresented i n t he material f rom t he r ecent e xcavations

a t

o f

t ools

b ifacial

a xe,

S outh

T own .

f rom

a concave-base

b ifacial

t ools.

k nives,

a b ifacial

T he

P etrie's

t he

s ite .

arrowhead, P etrie

c ollection

T he

modern

and

o ther

m aterial,

s ickle,

i n

a lso

e xpands

c ollection f ine

and

a ddition,

t he

a n

miscellaneous

c ontains

a t riangular-shaped

l ist

c omprises

b ifacial

a rrowhead,

and

a

b ifacial t riangle. H owever, c ollection a xes,

p robably

i s

t he

c lasses

o f

t he

d ata

which

most

u seful

p rovided t here

b y

a re

a spect

t he

n o

o f

s ickle

( planes),

o r

f rom t he r ecent i nvestigations at S outh Town.

P etrie's b lades,

S outh

T own

planes,

o nly a f ew

and

s pecimens

A lthough t he o verall

collection of P etrie's i s unrepresentative, t he members of a t l east some tool c lasses a re t hought to b e f airly r epresentative c lass.

s tandardized a nd r ecognizable " large

n umbers

of

f lints

o f

s aw-flints —.from s ickles" T own.

T hus

' within-tool

e ssentially t endency

t o

o f b ut

C omparing t he P etrie v ariability

t he

a t c an

a re o n average

( Petrie g roup'

t ool

s erious r esults

t hat b lades

S outh b e

l arger

t he

f or

t he

a s

o pposed

t o

i n

p robable

t hat

s hortest

smallest

P etrie

and

s ickle o ther

s ickle i n

a re t he

t ended n ot

f ragment

f ragment

i n t he

t hese

p icked

t he

axes)

1 896:

d ata

b lades,

t he more

r ecent t o up

N agada

accurate s ample

w hich

f ragments,

259

i s

a nd

2 1 mm i n

a xes

a re

c onsists

minor

i t

i t

i s

f or

4 6

o f

o nly

i s a lso

f ragments.

whereas

l ength.

i n

c ollection

H owever, t hey

mm

a

modern

some

a lthough 2 8

be

h ad

expected.

f rom t he

a ny small s ickle

P etrie

r ecent s ample i s

a re

P etrie

as

S outh

m anufactured

s ites, t he

" many

at

have

p lanes

r ecent s ample .

r ecover b y

i n

and

should

may

r oughly

t ool

b lades

5 0)

classes

P etrie

f or t hese t ool c lasses

t hose

d ata

for

v alidity.

f ragments a nd v ery

T he

t han

P etrie

( i.e.

Q uibell,

data

b iases

Town

s een.

types"

a nd

1 1 s pecimens s everal o f which a re small T he

t heir

P etrie noted t hat t here were

ovoid

s tatistical

small

no

f orms.

t he

M useum w ith t he d ata

e xcavations

s ickle

good

i gnore

speci mens,

l ikely

o f

Tools s uch a s s ickle blades, axes and planes are r easonably

t he

TOOL CLASS F REQUENCIES

T able

7 .39

F OR S OUTH

TOWN

E ndscrapers

3

C ircular

0

scrapers

B urins

2

N otches

0

D enticulates

0

P erforators

0

T runcations

1

B acked p ieces

2

S ickle b lades O ther

b lade

4 6

k nives

1

S idescrapers

0

P lanes

1 0

B ifacial

k nives

8

F ishtails B ifacial

0 s ickles

1

A xes

3 0

C oncave-base O ther

a rrowheads

2

a rrowheads

B ifacial O ther

1

t riangles

1

f ine b ifacial

1

M iscellaneous b ifacial

5

TOTAL B IFACIAL

4 9

R etouched p ieces

2

Worked

0

t abular

s labs

M iscellaneous

0

U nidentifiable b roken

t ools

1

TOTAL

T he a re

average

x 49.5

( L/W

1 .42)

S outh

KH4

x 2 2.2 f or

and

Town x 4 5.5

t he

i n

t he

t o

t he

i n

t he

modern

T he d ata

t he

x 4 5 .7

P etrie f or

S outh

T own

s amples

t he

o f

for

mm t he

c ollection

a xes,

b eing

6 5.1 x 4 6.0 x 2 0.4 mm c ollection p lanes

p lane

d ata

r ecovered

f rom

average di mensions

x 1 4 .3

1 .37)

N agada

s ections

t he

Thus

( L/W

P etrie 's

axes

of

s amples.

6 4 .6

mm

t he

1 .56) compared with

Town.

a re

x 1 2.0

f or

( L/W

r ecent

North

o f

t hose

c omparable

f ollowing

c ategories

t han

mm

p lanes

i nvestigations T he

d i mensions

g reater

e ssentially

KH3, 6 1.2

1 17

s lightly

7 6.7 a re

( PETRIE MUSEUM COLLECTION)

( L/W

1 .42),

planes

for

P etrie's

c ompared

f rom

t he

with

r ecent

a rea. d escribe

S outh

T own

t he

d ata

c ollection .

260

f or

i ndividual

a rtifact

C ores T he

one

p latform

core

b lade

p repared a nd

i n

core

i t h as

P etrie's ( 98

x 3 0

S outh

x 4 7

f lake s cars

Town

mm).

collection

T he

r esulting

f rom

r emaining o n e ither s ide o f t he c ore f ace. a lso

r emains.

T he

S econdary blades T here r egular.

b lade s cars

l ength/width

o f t he c ore

was

i s

a s ingle

e xtensively

t he s haping o f t he c ore P art of a c rested r idge

f ace a re

f airly

r egular.

( Table 7 .40)

a re s ix T hey

c ore

s econdary b lades

h ave

r atio

a n o f

average

i n t he c ollection .

l ength

o f

7 0.8

A ll a re

mm

a nd

an

f airly

average

3 .07 .

T able D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES FROM

7 .40

S OUTH

T OWN

( PETRIE

C OLLECTION)

( n=6)

B reaks: n one

2

m inor

3

b roken

1

R NS: p resent

5

a bsent

1

D imensional

s tatistics: n

m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

5

7 0.80

1 5.60

5 1-90

W idth

6

2 1.50

4 .46

1 4-27

T hickness

6

6 .17

2 .41

L ength/Width

5

3 .07

0 .51

2 .59-3.95

T hickness/Width

6

0 .28

0 .07

0 .18-0.37

N ote:

i n mm.

m easurements a re

E ndscrapers

( Table

3 -10

7 .41)

T his class i s c learly underrepresented i n P etrie's collection, c onsisting

o f

o nly

t hree

specimens

comprising

b lades and o ne endscraper on a f lake. o n b lades t hese

a re

r ather

endscrapers

l arge

a re

6 4

t hough and

8 9

two

e ndscrapers

o n

T he blades of t he endscrapers

b roken. mm.

2 61

T he

T he

p resent

endscraper

l engths on

f lake

o f i s

T able

7 .41

S OUTH

T OWN

D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM

( PETRIE

C OLLECTION )

( n=3)

B reaks: none

1

m inor

0

b roken

2

T ool b lank: s econdary

f lakes

1

s econdary b lades

2

N o.

o f e ndscrapers w ith a dditional

D imensional

r etouch:

d ata:

L ength v alues

6 1

m v

m v

W idth v alues

3 7

3 7

3 6

T hickness v alues ,

6

2 2

L ength/Width

1 .65

m v

r atios

T hickness/Width

N ote:

r atios

m easurements a re

somewhat

e longate

a dditional i nverse

small,

t he

0 .59

f an-shaped.

T he

r ight

b acking

n ormal

0 .16

8 m v 0 .22

i n mm.

and

r etouch.

r etouch a long h as

2

Two

e ndscraper

l ateral e dge,

r etouch

a long

o n

of

t he

f lake

endscrapers

h as

d irect

have

b acking

a nd o ne o f t he b lade e ndscrapers

t he

r ight

r etouch a long t he o ther

l ateral

e dge

a nd

d irect,

l ateral e dge .

B urins T here on

a re o nly

a b reak.

t runcation .

T he B oth

d imensions a re

2 b urins o ther

b urins

i s

t he

c ollection .

a s ingle

a re

5 5 x 1 8 x 1 0

i n

m ade

mm a nd

b urin

O ne

o n

o n

r egular

8 5

x 1 9 x 8 mm .

i s

a d ouble b urin

a b acked

s econdary

i rregular

b lades .

T heir

T runcations T he b lade.

o ne

t runcation

i n

t he

c ollection

i s

a d ouble

t runcation

o n a

T he d istal t runcation i s oblique s traight, a nd t he p roximal

t runcation i rregular

i s

s lightly

d irect

r etouch.

concave.

T he

l eft

T he d imensions o f

mm.

262

l ateral

edge

t he p iece a re

4 5

h as

some

x 2 4

x 5

B acked p ieces T he

c ollection

c ontains

o n g ood s econdary b lades. l arge,

i nvasive,

i nverse, t he

l arge,

o ther.

b lade

h as

n on-invasive

I ts

S ickle

d ouble

a re

o f

b lades

a re

well

Most

of

t he

h ave

s ickle a re

T he

p iece

s pecimen

w ith

t runcation .

wider

o ne

o n

s traight i s

h as

b een

b lanks

' rotated'

o f

s ickle

More

t han

r ectangular

t han i t

s traight e nd

half

o f

s ickles

t runcations

b acked

r etouch

s cars .

i s b roken b ut

a nd

f lake

o gival

a nd

most o f

w hich a re

o n

t he

w ith

one

o ther

6 3 .0

a verage

s econdary

i s

made

u nusual:

f lake

i s

a n

r egular

and i s

t he

s napped)

6 .58

i t

o n i s

r etouched

b lank

i s

a a

i nto

o riented

l ong with t he backing r etouch at t he t he d istal

with

e nd,

i .e"

t he

b lank

t he nor mal o rientation of t he

and

s ickle

b lades

straight

2 a ppear

i s

a t

( 58%) o ne

a re

e nd.

t runcations,

o f

generally

E leven 3 have

o f

t he

oblique

t o h ave t he e nds o pposite t he o gival

mostly d irect

scalar

l arge,

both a spects,

t he

3 7% a re o gival

have

Twelve

o ne h as

P etrie collection,

s napped .

i rregular

d iscontinuous.

made

H owever,

i s

t o

blades,

r etouch a t

t he

while

T he s ickle r etouch

t hese,

o ther

and

a long

b lades .

i ntentionally

small,

e nd

9 0 ° compared

f orm,

o gival-ended

t he

1 .81

a re

p ri mary

a n

i t

i n

d eliberately

f rom

b lades

on

p roximal e nd a nd t he s ickle

b een

v aries

c onverging so t hat

T he

n ormal

T he p roxi mal end

r epresented

t o

r atio

( n=5)

f lake.

o blique

mm.

o f

r etouch

T he average l ength of t he s ickle b lades

c onsidered

A f ew

s econdary

v ery

b acking

M any h ave b roken e xtremities,

l ength/width

3 .44.

m ade

( Table 7 .42)

( including t hose

b lades.

c onsisting

1 37 x 3 1 x 9 mm.

4 6 p ieces.

T he

1 28 x 2 3 x 1 1

b acking

t hought to b e i ntentional. mm .

which a re

w ith d irect,

a m anufactural a ccident.

S ickle blades

n umbering

n ormal subparallel

d i mensions

a d irect

m ay b e

b acked p ieces b oth o f

i s a lternately b acked

nor mal-scalar b acking r etouch along one edge,

I ts d i mensions a re t his

two

O ne

retouch

s pecimens i nvasive,

the

h ave

f lat,

i nverse

( n=31)

which

a nd

may

b ifacial

m ainly c onsists o f be

s ickle

s ubparallel,

s ides of

continuous

or

r etouch,

o f

e longate

a nd

r etouch o n

3 h ave slightly i nvasive o r

i nvasive r etouch. Most

o f

t he e nds

of

t he

s ickles a re

h ave b een d eliberately s napped, h ave

o blique

a re o f o ther b acking

s traight o r

r etouch.

b ifacial,

t runcations.

i rregular

f orm .

Twenty

a re

1 i s alternating,

t runcated.

1 0% appear

4 1% h ave s traight t runcations, 1 9%

o f

T hirty d irect

s ix

t he o f

b acks,

e nds t he

9 are

2 a re d irect p artial

i nverse p artial b ack.

263

a re

o gival

s ickle

a nd

t o 2 2%

a nd

b lades

i nverse,

b acks

a nd

8 %

h ave 3 a re

1 i s

a n

D ATA

F OR S ICKLE B LADES F ROM

T able

7 .42

S OUTH

T OWN

( PETRIE

C OLLECTION )

( n=46)

B reaks: n one

2 9

m inor

6 3.0

2

b roken

4 .3

1 5

3 2.6

T ool b lank: p rimary b lades

5

s econdary

1

f lakes

s econdary b lades

1 0.9 2 .2

4 0

8 7.0

1 0

2 3.3

S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.

r ectangular

9

2 0.9

6

1 4.0

r ectangular w ith o ne o r b oth e nds b roken o ne e nd

o gival

o ne e nd o gival

1 4

3 2.6

o ther

e nd b roken o ther

2

4 .7

2

4 .7

u nintentionally b roken, s hape

D imensional

i ndeterminate

3

s tatistics: m ean

L ength

( excluding b reaks)

L ength

( including s pecimens

i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness L ength/Width

( excluding b reaks)

L ength/Width

( including s pecimens

i ntentionally b roken) T hickness/Width

N ote:

m easurements a re

s .d.

r ange

3 1

6 2.87

2 0.31

4 3

6 3.00

1 9.24

4 5

1 9.44

4 .53

4 6

5 .65

1 .20

3 -8

3 1

3 . 35

1 .21

1 .81-6.58

4 3

3 .44

1 .19

1 .81-6.58

4 5

0 .30

0 .06

0 .15-0.42

i n mm.

264

4 3-127 3 7-127 1 1-33

O ther b lade k nives T he

one

o ther

blade

k nife

i n

t he

collection

i s

normal b lade k nives a nd h as a more o gival h aft e nd. r egular secondary b lade and 3 .37). i s

i ts d i mensions a re

T he k nife e nd i s a t t he p roximal e nd.

b acked .

which

T he

i s

l ength

k nife

i nverse

o f

t he

4 0,

edge.

Planes

f ig.

( Table

( left

i s

1 18 x 3 5 x 8 mm ( L/W

T he r ight l ateral e dge

l ateral e dge) h as a lternating r etouch

T he

r etouch

( distal);

becomes

d irect

f or t he l ast t hird

t his p iece i s i llustrated by B aumgartel

1 2).

7 .43)

T here a re 1 0 planes i n t he S outh Town collection. l ength

f rom

4 2

to

8 9

mm,

with

l ength/width r atio i s 1 .42. l arge t he

f lakes.

' plane'

t he

Two a re

made

f lake

a nd

I n

a re

so

of

t hat

wide t he

a mean

t he

o f

the

r ipples

t he

T he

o n

T he

p lane

narrow

6 4.6

t he

i s at

of

t hin

n atural

b ut

t he plane.

j udging

O f

s labs. f rom

t he

T he

3 h ave f lake

f unctional)

average

i s

i s

a s

r ipples

d etermined . end of

a t

t he

c lear

9 0 ° to t he

r emaining planes, b lank

b e

i s

with

( used

v isible

t o

end

t hird speci men

t ool

t he R NS i t

T he

t he p roxi mal

o riented with t he p roxi mal-distal axis at axis

T hey v ary i n

mm.

t he v entral a spect

o ther

o n

end

( presumably

f lake.

of

F ive planes appear to h ave been made on

i ndiscernible .

o rientation

t he

e xtremity

two c ases

s ide)

a llowing

t han

made o n a

f rom t he p roximal e nd f or about two-thirds of t he

near t he h aft e nd ( 1960:

e dge

b roader

I t

t he

d istal

r ipples

l ong

i s

( length)

two h ave been made o n

i ndeterminate

i n

t hree

c ases,

l ikely t hat t hey were a lso made o n t hin

f lint n odules. T he ( n=3) . ( on

main

T he

plane

r etouch

a f lake)

h as

h ave

s cars

B ifacial T he

by

knives P etrie

o utlines

t his f racture. tabular

s ides.

i nvasive

and

( n=8),

edge

5 s pecimens

o r

medium

7 .44;

( 1960:

F igs.

museum contains a re

expanding

r etouch o f

o ne

and

i s

medium-large,

T he o ther

l arge

p lane

one

r etouch

s pecimens c omprising

O ne of these South Town planes i s s hown i n

B aumgartel

( Table

long t hough

c onsists

a nd

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

5 514 i s patinated, t hin

by

medium,

expansive scars.

i llustrated

T heir

shaped

( n=5)

u nifacial

h aving a t endency t o b e e longate .

N aqada and B allas i s

expanding

T he r etouch o f

m ainly small a nd

b road,

a re

p redominantly

been

p artly b ifacial. c ouvrante

s hapes

i s

s hown

i n

1 896: pl. L XXI

2 9,

f ig .

[ 371), a nd o ne

2 ) .

7 .20-7 .22)

8 b ifacial k nives

f igures

7 .20

to

f rom S outh T own.

7 .22.

T he

b reak

of

UC

and i t i s possible that t his p iece was made with

I n t his c ase i t i s c lear

nodule

o r

nodule

t hat t he t ool was

f ragment

a s

t here

i s

made on a

cortex

o n both

U C 5 338 a lso appears to h ave been made on a t abular p iece o f

r aw material a s t here i s cortex and ancient patina o n one s ide and a n atural

f racture

i llustrated

i n

s urface

' standardized Gerzean' T wo,

U C

i ndented

5 517 a nd f rom

o n

B aumgartel U C

o ne

t o

o ther.

1 960:

k nife

5 338,

e dge

t he

3 3,

s hape.

h ave f orm

O nly f ig. T he

U C 6 )

r est

5 512 c an a re

c learly s haped h aft a ' handle' .

265

( Fig .

b e

s aid

7 .21; to

i rregular

e nds

a lso h ave

a

f orms.

t hat h ave b een

T able

7 .43

D ATA F OR P LANES F ROM S OUTH T OWN

B reaks:

( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

( n=10)

T ool b lank:

none

1 0

l arge

( pr/sec)

m inor

0

t hin n odular

b roken

0

i ndeterminate

P resence o f RNS o n

' dorsal'

f lakes

5

f lint

2 3

S urface o f p lane a spect:

a spect: no RNS

5

c ortex

0

c ortex

3

a ncient p atina

1

a ncient p atina

2

n atural

c ortex

0

v entral a spect o f

& a ncient p atina

f lint s urface

3

f lake

5

i ndeterminate P lane s hape:

E xtent o f

1

r etouch:

s quare

1

p redominantly

e xpanding

5

p artly b ifacial

1

l ong e xpanding

3

m arginally r etouched

1

U -shaped

1

T ype

u nifacial

8

o f r etouch:

m edium & l arge, s mall

b road,

& m edium d eep,

s maller m arginal,

s cars a t i nvasive,

m edium & l arge s cars

S hape o f

f unctional

e xpansive,

d eep

2

m ainly e xpanding, e dges

2

r elatively f lat,large s calar

1

t ending

t o b e e longate

e dge:

E dge a ngle o f

5

f unctional e dge:

s traight

3

n

1 0

i rreg.

s traight

0

m ean

5 2.90

s lightly c urved

4

s .d.

c urved

1

r ange

o ther/irregular

2

5 .97 4 6-62

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

1 0

6 4.60

1 5.21

4 2-89

W idth

1 0

4 5.70

9 .11

3 3-60

T hickness

1 0

1 4.30

3 .77

L ength/Width

1 0

1 .42

0 .25

1 .05-2.00

T hickness/Width

1 0

0 .31

0 .06

0 .24-0.41

N ote:

measurements a re i n mm .

266

8 -21

T able D ATA F OR B IFACIAL K NIVES F ROM

7 .44

S OUTH

T OWN

( PETRIE

C OLLECTION)

( n=8)

B reaks: n one

5

m inor

0

b roken

3

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange 8 8-195

L ength

6

1 40.40

3 4.52

W idth

8

3 7.50

8 .96

T hickness

8

9 .88

3 .59

L ength/Width

6

3 .69

1 .14

2 .17-5.78

T hickness/Width

8

0 .26

0 .07

0 .17-0.38

N ote:

2 3-50 5 -15

m easurements a re i n mm.

T he

r etouch

c ollateral

of

t hese

w ith s ome

k nives

smaller

worked d ifferently.

I t

e dge

i s

mostly

r etouch .

i s t he most

l arge,

H owever,

f lat,

e vidence o f g rinding .

S ome

l arge,

s cars a re p artly modified by t he g rinding and a re e arlier of

s tage o f

l arge,

m anufacture .

c entral,

smaller,

and

r etouch a long t he e dges. b y

r ejuvenation

which

m ake

r etouch

t he e dge

T he r etouch after

couvrante

s ubparallel

scars

parallel,

t hat

and b een

i ndicative

to to

be

i s t he of a n

elongate,

l a mellar

t o h ave b een

r elatively

I t

b road c entral

t he g rinding c onsists

tend

e longate

O ne e dge a ppears c omprising

h as

f inely r etouched of t he k nives

even t hough i ts o utline i s not p articularly d istinctive. o nly s pecimen t o s how

b road

U C 5 331

d eep,

and

pressure

modified a gain

n ormal e dge

s cars

j agged .

B ifacial s ickles T here a b roken

i s o ne b ifacial s ickle i n t he

s pecimen

r epresenting

c urrently 7 6 mm i n l ength. mm, a t

r espectively . t he

w idest

e nd

I t a nd

i s

p robably

S outh a t

t he

s ides

r etouch

s cars a nd smaller

T he s ickle t eeth scalar,

a t ool .

s ickle

I t

i s

I t

i s

e dge s cars

f lat, t hat

w ith

b road,

t end

t he

b reak

o gival e nd.

I t

couvrante

t o b e e longate .

( along o ne e dge o nly) a re s haped by r egular,

p ressure r etouch.

well d eveloped

f ragment

c onverging t o a n

h as b een c arefully s haped h aving very l arge, c entral

c ollection .

h alf

I ts width and t hickness a re 2 9 mm and 7

a c onverging-shaped

w ith

T own

l east

l arge,

T he s ickle edge d isplays some e xtremely

g loss.

267

a

F ig.

7 .20

O utlines

of

0

b ifacial

Collection; a ,

k nives

UC 5 338;

b ,

2 68

f rom

UC 5 514).

S outh

1

2 cm

Town

( Petrie

9 1 ?c m

a

F ig.

7 .21

Outlines

of

b ifacial

Collection; a ,

k nives

UC 5 512; b ,

2 69

f rom

UC 5 516; c ,

S outh

Town

UC 5 515).

( Petrie

0

F ig.

7 .22

Outlines

of

b ifacial

Collection; a ,

k nives

UC 5 331; b ,

2 70

f rom

UC 5 517; c ,

South

1

Town

UC 5 556).

2 cm

( Petrie

T able B REAK,

T OOL B LANK , S OUTH

7 .45

R NS A ND S HAPE D ATA F OR A XES F ROM

T OWN

( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

B reaks: n one

3 0

1 00.0

m inor

0

0 .0

b roken

0

0 .0

5

1 6.7

T ool b lank: t hin nodular

f lint

t hin p atinated p iece

2

6 .7

l arge

0

0 .0

( pr/sec)

f lakes

i ndeterminate P resence

o f R NS,

2 3

7 6.7

1 6

5 3.3

A spect A :

n o RNS c ortex

8

2 6.7

a ncient p atina

5

1 6.7

c ortex

& a nc.

n atural P resence

f lint

o f

R NS,

p atina

1

3 .3

s urface

0

0 .0

A spect

B :

n o RNS

1 8

6 0.0

c ortex

6

2 0.0

a ncient p atina

5

1 6.7

p atina

0

0 .0

s urface

1

3 .3

s quare

0

0 .0

r ectangular

1

3 .3

o val

7

2 3.3

e xpanding

2

6 .7

l ong e xpanding

3

1 0.0

9

3 0.0

3

1 0.0

c ortex

& a nc.

n atural

f lint

A xe s hape:

U -shaped p arallel-sided, u pper

c onverging

m argins

d iverging m argins, a t

c onverging

t op

0

0 .0

O ther/irregular

5

1 6.7

Axes

( Tables T he

7 .45-7 .47)

P etrie

M useu m contains

f requent a xe s hapes a re oval a re

b ifacially

v aries

f rom

worked

e xpansive

with

t o

3 0 a xes

f rom S outh Town.

( 23.3%) a nd U -shaped mainly

mediu m-large,

( 30.0%).

n

( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

%

E xtent o f f laking: 2 9

b ifacial

1

p artly b ifacial

9 6.7 3 .3

T ype o f r etouch: i rregular

s cars

d eep

0

0 .0

5

1 6.7

m edium & l arge,

d eep

6

2 0.0

s mall

d eep

2

6 .7

& m edium,

m edium-large,

r elatively

b road t ending

f lat

s mall

f lat,

& m edium,

f lat

t o e longate

m edium & l arge,

1 4

4 6.7

2

6 .7

0

0 .0

1

3 .3

r elatively

e longate o ther

P reparation o f a xe b it: t ranchet s cars o ther

1 2

p reparation

6

no o bvious p reparation t otal no.

o f a xes

o f a xes

2 0.0

1 2

4 0.0

1 8

6 0.0

s howing e vidence 1

o f r ejuvenation:

G rinding

4 0.0

s howing

p reparation

N o.

3 .3

t races:

n one

a xes

7 .46

R ETOUCH AND GRINDING D ATA F OR A XES F ROM S OUTH T OWN

l arge

T he

b road r etouch t hat

e longate .

T able

l arge,

T he most

2 9

p resent

1

272

9 6.7 3 .3

T able

7 .47

F UNCTIONAL AND D IMENSIONAL D ATA F OR A XES F ROM

S OUTH T OWN

( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

n

%

S hape o f a xe e dge: s traight

6

i rreg.

0

s traight

s lightly c urved

2 0.7 0 .0

1 0

3 4.5

c urved

7

o blique s traight

0

2 4.1 0 .0

o ther/irregular

6

2 0.7

u nfinished

1

-

E dge a ngle o f a xe e dge: n

2 7

m ean

6 6.89

s .d.

1 0.13

r ange

4 7-92

D imensional s tatistics: n

m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

3 0

7 6.67

1 8.73

4 7-131

W idth

3 0

4 9.50

1 1.28

3 0-85

T hickness

3 0

2 2.20

6 .91

9 -40

L ength/Width

3 0

1 .56

0 .22

1 .20-2.16

T hickness/Width

3 0

0 .45

0 .11

0 .26-0.84

N ote:

m easurements a re

O ne

axe

f laking.

I t

( UC i s

5 351)

i s

exceptional

a l ong e xpanding a xe

r ather t han f lint. e radicating

i n mm.

any

e dges

h ave

E xcept b een

O ne a xe u nfinished.

i t

has

on

been

g round

s ilicified

scars.

f or

t he

B road

f lake

r emain over

scars,

t hough

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

b road

e nd

t he

o ther

s o

axe

( 120 x 8 5 x 3 7 mm).

t hat

c ortex i t

i s

e xtending

n ot

t he

r ound . 1 896:

pl.

L XXI

[ 31]) appears t o be

I t i s a U -shaped speci men with a round b ase.

t he

mostly

t he s urface o f t he r est o f

r elatively s harp-angled g round a xe b it,

g round smooth a nd

h as

after

l imestone

T he axe b it has been g round smooth on both s ides

f lake

p artially smoothed b y g rinding, t he p iece .

as

made

r ound

f unctional.

t he I t

e dge

f rom

o ne

H owever, a spect

i s a lso a r elatively

t o

l arge

T hus i t s eems t hat t he f inal p reparation of

273

t he

a xe

b it

a nd

C ortex o r

f inal s haping

o ther

R NS o ccurs

i ndicating

t hat

s elected a s

t he a xe b lanks.

sort

of

( 40.0%)

r elatively

obvious have

Q uibell,

p late

two

o f

o f t he a xes nodule

o f

t he

f unctional

o ne

[ 401),

n eatly

o r

( 60 .0%)

t he

( e.g.,

L XXI

h ave

nodules

E ighteen

t ranchet scars

c arried o ut .

o n both a spects

t hin

p reparation

1 896:

p reparation:

were not y et

i s

and

f inished

a xes axe

a xe

e dges

7 c ases were

d isplay

edge.

i llustrated 6 h ave

i n

f ragments

i n

s ome

Twelve

P etrie

some

o ther

w ith

c areful

a nd

for m

o f

r etouch

o n one s ide which t runcates neat f lat r etouch on t he o ther s ide, one h as l arge b road scars r oughly perpendicular s ides, ( e.g.,

o ne'

i s

and one i s p atina h as

to t he axe edge o n both

o ne has e longate scars roughly perpendicular to t he axe edge s hown

s urface

a c lear

w hile

b it

S purrell g eneral

i n

P etrie a nd Q uibell,

1 896:

p late

L XXI

t he

o ther

s ide

i s

n eatly

r etouched,

a nd

U C

5 351

t hat

" The

g round smooth o n both s ides .

d escribed

o utline

i s

t he

s lightly

axes more

as

mainly

c urved

o n

oval,

o ne

noting

s ide

t han

t he

a nd t hat " some a re l onger t han o thers" ( Spurrell, 1 896: 5 5). noted

the

[ 361),

made so t hat o ne s ide of t he axe b it h as a smooth ancient

t ranchet

preparation

on

some

axes

stating

o ther", H e a lso

" Many

of

l onger o vals a re c hipped t o a s harp edge a t o ne e nd b y f laking s ide

to

s ide",

( approximately l engths

and 3 8

axe

mm)

l ength,

t o

he

7 i nches

o f t he a xes i n t he P etrie

mean o f

7 6 .7

observed,

v aries

( approximately

1 78

f rom mm)

1 1

the f rom

i nches

( idem) .

T he

M useum v ary f rom 4 7 t o 1 31 mm w ith a

mm.

C oncave-base a rrowheads T here T heir

a re

two

c oncave-base

a rrowheads

i n

t he

U C no.

L ength

W a

W b

T ha

T hb

5 343

6 5

2 0

2 4

8

8

5 352

5 8

1 7

2 3

4

5

B oth L XXII

a re

whole

[ 55])

specimens.

UC

t hin p atinated p iece of f lint and

p roduced

smaller,

b y

t ips.

b road

T he nature of

s uggest

t hat

1A lthough

i t

i s

g rouped

a nd d iscussed a nd T own,

( Spurrell,

5 343

( Petrie

and

Q uibell,

1 896:

pl.

( there i s minor ancient p atina i n t he I t has l arge, broad, couvrante c entral

edge

p ressure-flaking .

h as a n e longate b ody w ith

S outh

c ollection .

i s a s omewhat i rregularly made c oncave-base a rrowhead o n a

c entre a reas of both s ides). scars

P etrie

d imensions a re:

t his

retouch.

T he

s hort,

t he

None

a rrowhead

s lightly

working of

i s

o f

t he

i ncurving b arbs

this

r etouch

r elatively

t hick,

w ith

was a nd

r ounded

p iece and i ts proportions

u nfinished .

w ith

t he

S outh

i llustrated a xe

was

i n

f ound

T own

c ollection

N aqada

a nd

i n a pot

i n

B allas

t he

w ith

P etrie t he

m useum

a xes

f rom

i n a P redynastic N agada g rave

1 896: 5 6), apparently t he o nly axe f ound i n a g rave i n t he

N agada a rea.

274

UC

5 352

c arefully

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

worked s pecimen

w ith

a r elatively e longate body. l amellar,

c ollateral,

1 896:

plate L XXII

i ncurving,

t apering,

[ 57]) i s a v ery

p ointed

b arbs

a nd

I t h as very r egular oblique, parallel,

c ouvrante

p ressure

r etouch.

O ther p rojectile points T he p oint i s

P etrie

n eatly

a nd

collection

( UC 5 344;

6 6

b ifacially

smaller,

r etouched

s lightly

( pressure-flaked). c orner

of

m argin .

contains

x 2 3 x 6 mm)

w ith

o blique,

T here

i s

a lso

when t he a rrowhead

T hese

w as

l arge,

t riangular-shaped

b road,

p arallel,

f or

a small

p oint o f t he a rrowhead .

e longate

f lat,

c entral

l amellar

e dge

I t

s cars

r etouch

i s a b urin-like f acet o riginating f rom a

t he b ase e xtending

T here

an

t hat h as a s lightly c oncave b ase .

u sed

about

h alf-way

b urin-like

f acets a re

f acet

a long

t he

o riginating

l ikely t o r esult

( Bergman a nd N ewcomer,

l ateral f rom

f rom

t he

impact

1 983).

B ifacial t riangles T here i s

i s

a whole

b road,

o ne

b ifacial

specimen

f lat,

t riangle

with

central

t he

scars

i n

t he

S outh

d imensions:

and

smaller

5 7

T own x 3 2

c ollection .

x 9 mm.

I t

I t

elongate subparallel

has edge

r etouch.

O ther f ine b ifacial t ools T here s hort, t ip .

i s

one

b road,

a rtifact

i n

t his

c ategory.

I t

i s

a r elatively

l eaf-shaped specimen with a round b ase a nd a pointed

I ts d i mensions a re:

6 0 x 3 6 x 1 0 mm.

T he r etouch consists of

l arge c entral scars a nd smaller b road-scalar edge s cars. c ortex

a nd

a ncient

p atina

o n

b oth

i t was m ade o n a t hin n odule o r

s ides

n odule

o f

t he

p iece

T here

i ndicating

i s

t hat

f ragment .

M iscellaneous b ifacial T hree o f t he

f ive

m iscellaneous b ifacial p ieces i n t he S outh T own

c ollection a re not o f a ny p articularly r ecognizable o r

l ess

c ircular

r ectangular

i n

s hape

( 84

( 95 x 4 3 x 1 7 mm),

x 6 8

x 2 5

mm),

f orm .

one

a nd t he t hird i s

i s

sort

O ne

i s

more

approxi mately o f

l eaf-shaped

( 69 x 4 6 x 1 1 mm). O f

t he

e longate to an

o ther

( L/W

o gival

3 .47) end.

d imensions a re: t ool 1 960:

t hat 3 1,

two I t

a r elatively

h as

v ery

1 70 x 4 9 x 3 5

B aumgartel f ig.

miscellaneous

w ith

4 ).

d escribed

b ifacial w ide

l arge, mm. a s

b ase

b road,

I t

i s

an

a " dibble"

tools, a nd

deep

i s and

of t he

" ri mer"

v ery

t apering

r etouch,

e xample o r

one

margins

k ind

i ts o f

( Baumgartel,

F unctionally i t may h ave s erved a s some s ort of

p ick. T he

r emaining

m ining p icks p hotographs X II],

a nd

m iscellaneous

f rom t he D ynastic o f

s uch

p icks

Weisgerber,

1 982

i n

b ifacial

tool

i s

m ines a t

W adi

S heikh .

f lint F orbes,

[ p .202]) .

1 900 I t

275

i s

s i milar

[ p .93],

C urrelly,

a t hick

e longate

to

t he

( There a re 1 913

[ pl.

implement

with a s light r etouch.

' waisting'

at one end.

I ts d i mensions a re:

i llustrated

by

B au mgartel

I t h as e xtremely l arge,

1 25 x 5 8 x 2 3 mm. ( 1960:

3 0,

b road

T his h eavy t ool i s

f ig.

3 b)

who

c alls

i t

a n

" endscraper"!

R etouched p ieces T here

a re

two

r etouched

p ieces

i n

t he

S outh

Town

collection.

B oth a re r etouched b lades which a re not particularly r egular. t ool

h as

a m inor

o f t hese

p ieces

b reak.

T he o ther

specimen

i s

whole .

O ne

T he d imensions

a re:

8 4 x 2 1 x 5 mm

( L/W

4 .00,

T h/W

0 .24)

5 4 x 2 3 x 6 mm

( L/W

2 .35,

T h/W

0 .26)

U nidentifiable b roken tools T here i s only one b roken tool t hat c annot be i dentified. o n a r elatively b road s econdary b lade 3 1

mm,

t hickness

= 1 0

( current

l ength

= 6 4

mm,

I t i s width

=

ma).

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE NAGADA C EMETERIES T he

P etrie

M useum

c ontains

3 05

l ithic

a rtifacts

f rom

t he

N agada

c emeteries, p redominantly f rom t he " Great C emetery", d ug by P etrie. T hese

3 05 l ithic artifacts come f rom 1 30 g raves

( grave n u mbers a re

l isted i n Appendix E ) which h ave s equence d ates r anging f rom S .D . to 7 1,

i .e. v irtually all of t he P redynastic period,

o f t he material O n

r epresented

a verage,

considering

e ach

o nly

i n

g rave

t hose

t he

c ontains

g raves

contained no l ithics at all). f lint

a rtifacts .

unretouched

O ne

P alaeolithic a rtifacts 1 secondary

f lake,

2 .3

l ithic

c ontaining 1 9

s pecimens

blade,

12

( see b elow);

1 4

M useum

i s o f G erzean a ge . a rtifacts

( range

l ithics.

Many

1 -32;

g raves

O nly 3 burials contained more t han 1 0

c ontained

secondary

P etrie

3 1

t hough t he b ulk

c onsisting

secondary

o ne c ontained

secondary bladelets

and

o f

2 t ools,

bladelets, 2 5 p ieces 1 0 t ools

and

1 4

c omprising consisting

mostly of g lossy b ladelet tools; t he t hird b urial with more t han 1 0 l ithic f lakes,

i tems

contained

3 2

p ieces,

5 a re s econdary b lades,

a p rimary

b lade

a nd

t he

1 7 o f

t hese a re b iface thinning

3 a re g lossy s econdary b ladelets,

r emainder

( 6 p ieces) a re

T he l ithic c ollection f rom t he c emeteries c omprises d ebitage, 7 .48).

1 03

T he

b ladelets, s uggesting

t ools,

1 c ore

d ebitage and t hat

consists

some t hey

of

were

t he

c ore

which

o f t he b lades a re s pecialized

i s

4 3

a s ingle

P alaeolithic

p ri marily b ladelets

d etached

t here a re no b ladelet cores b lade

a nd

f rom

of a re

1 i s

t ools. 1 58 p ieces o f

a rtifacts

( see

t able

s econdary

b lades

glossy

appearance

h eat-treated

i n

c ores.

a nd

H owever,

i n t he collection and t here i s only one p latform

c ore

f or

r egular a nd a re o bviously t he

m anufacture .

276

r egular p roduct

b lades. o f

Most

i ntentional

T able

7 .48

M AJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORY F REQUENCIES

F OR N AGADA T OMB GROUPS

( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

P rimary b lades S econdary

2

f lakes

1 0

S econdary b lades

8 6

O bsidian s econdary b lade

1

S econdary b ladelets

( non-glossy)

2 5

S econdary b ladelets

( glossy)

1 6

D ebris

( chunks)

1

B iface t hinning

f lakes

1 7

B urin spalls

0

A xe p reparation

f lakes

0

C ores

1

T ools

1 03

T otal

2 62

P alaeolithic a rtifacts

4 3

T OTAL

3 05

T here

i s

one

o bsidian

P redynastic g rave, a rtifacts o bsidian o f

T urkey

and

i n

made

o f

E gyptian

u ncertain .

a nd

t he

e vidence d uring

a re

i s

t he

T he

f or

i slands

o f

E thiopia, evidence

more

way

f lint.

o utcrops

i s

A egean

T he

a re

i n

( notably

to t he south.

f rom

E gypt and both

t hough

e stablished

s ince t he

t han

e xchange

source

t he

L ake

Melos) t he

t o

I t

i s p ossible t hat o bsidian

E gypt

t hrough

t rade

with

would h ave b een o bsidian o btained

f rom

r egions

s ources along

i n

t he

mountainous

l and-routes

t hroughout

f rom

t he

t he a rea

n orth,

a nd

N ubia

i n t he

b etween

N ear

N ubia

T here

a nd

i s

no

Melos d uring t he

Melos

L evant,

c ould h ave but

L ake V an a rea s urrounding

t he

t he

L evant

t rade n etworks n etworks

t he

o f V an

the obsidian could

f or any d irect contact between E gypt and i nto

a l ate

Considering t here i s

e specially t he Gerzean,

o ther t raded

which

t he f ormer source i s perhaps more p robable.

P redynastic . i ts

t he

e xchange b etween

t he P redynastic,

were

b lade

b eige

n earest

E thiopian h ighlands

d erive f rom e ither r egion, E ast

s econdary

and apart f rom one obsidian tool all t he l ithic

L evant,

s ince

f ound t here

( and p ossibly

L ake

V an)

Melos

b eing

s eems

a n

u nlikely s ource . T he P alaeolithic a rtifacts f rom t he g raves a re mainly h eavily p atinated u nretouched b lades

( quite d ifferent

i n

t heir

morphology

any o f t he b lades o f P redynastic manufacture) and f lakes. t he

p ieces

L evallois

a re

c ore .

v arious A f ew

b een r eused i n t he

o f

f lake t hese

a nd

b lade

tools,

P alaeolithic

P redynastic a s

t hey h ave

277

and

a rtifacts

t here appear

f resh-looking

f rom

A f ew of i s

o ne

t o h ave r etouch.

T able

7 .49

MAIN T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES F OR N AGADA T OMB G ROUPS ( PETRIE C OLLECTION)

E ndscrapers

1

B urins

2

D enticulates

3

P erforators

2

B acked p ieces

1

T runcations

1 3

S ickle b lades B lade

9

k nives

V ery

2 0

l arge b lade

G lossy b ladelet O bsidian

t ool

B ifacial

k nives

k nives

1

t ools

4 1 8

F ishtails

1 4

R homboidal B ifacial

k nives

2

s ickles

2

A xes

0

O ther

f ine b ifacial

M iscellaneous

3

b ifacial

2

T otal b ifacial

3 1

R etouched p ieces W orked

t abular

1 4

s labs

0

M iscellaneous

0

U nidentifiable

b roken t ools

1

T OTAL

1 03

H owever,

most

o n t he d esert

t he

P alaeolithic

b lade

k nives,

b urins, t here

a re

o bsidian

also t ool

k nife-shaped s haped

r etouch. p ersonal t ools a re T he

a nd

O ne

b ladelet

f rom a g rave of a nd

i s

a combination end

i s

m ade o n

a nd

T here

o n

a re

b acked

tools S .D .

6 0.

and

an

l ying

e ndscrapers, I nterestingly,

i t

a ll

t ool. b lade

i nvasive was

T he

to b e a small

o bsidian

and

t hat

N early

s ickle b lades,

o bsidian

I t appears

a p rimary

s uggesting

r are

p ieces .

non-invasive

a s a n ecklace.

r egular

c ollection

made of

p ierced

a dornment s uch

a re t runcations,

p ieces.

p erforators,

o rnament,

by

r epresented

r etouched

4 g lossy i s

g raves

P redynastic t imes.

t ools

d enticulates,

t he

j ust

T he

non-bifacial

i nto

p robably

T he tools f rom t he c emeteries a re i ndicated i n t able 7 .49. main

i n

a ccidentally

were

t hey

i nitially d ug

f alling

a rtifacts

w hen

were

i s

o f

s urface,

p art

which

b ifacial of

some

o f t he n on-bifacial

b lades.

c ontains

3 1

b ifacial

278

t ools

c onsisting

c hiefly

o f

b ifacial

k nives

a nd a f ew

r homboidal

a nd

( including

m iscellaneous

' comma-shaped ' s pecimens),

k nives,

b ifacial

b ifacial

s ickles,

a nd

a nd f ishtails,

o ther

f ine b ifacial

p ieces.

C omparing t his c emetery material with t he v arious collections f rom

S outh

t here

T own a nd

a re

a bundance

some o f

o ther

s ettlement

obvious

r egular

l ocalities

d ifferences,

b lades

a nd

b lade

i n

t he

e specially t ools

f rom

N agada

t he

t he

r egion,

comparative

g raves .

O n

t he

b asis of t he f lint i ndustry, P etrie ( 1915: 7 1) even went so f ar a s t o s uggest b ut

t hat

t he

r ather

s ettlement

P alaeolithic

a t

S outh

" perhaps

T own

was

n ot

P redynastic

contemporary

with

t he

a t

a ll

E uropean

A urignacian". O f b e

c ourse

q ueried .

there

t he

r epresentativeness

H owever,

are

so me

i n

o nly

more

t o r ecover

t han

h e

a s

t he

hour

a ll

a ttempted

heavily

most

f inds

f rom

f rom

S outh

S purrell o bserved s o

T own .

f requently

s uggest

t hat

" the a bsence o f s uitable

c haracteristic

a nd

a bundant

c ores a nd m asses s ufficiently l arge i n

l ength d erived d irectly

t he

working

where

t hey

of

were

Petrie

f ine

f ound"

briefly

i llustrated L XXVI).

t hese

( Petrie

H is

l ithic

a s

t o

f rom t he

s ome o f t he f inest implements",

T he

r ather

P etrie

r ock,

described

the

Q uibell,

i x),

which

i s

p resence

o f

c arrying

f laking, b e,

o ver

o f

a nd

H e

mentions

a rrowheads,

o bsidian

a rtifacts

a nd

a rrowhead, t hese

t anged,

a rrowheads

Q uibell,

1 896:

v arious

" evidence t hat

c arried o n at

tools

f rom

5 0-51,

d iscussed

" flake"

comprise

pl.

L XXIII

o nly

s pecimens h e c alls

s houldered a nd l east

S outh

and

Town

P etrie

( and

and

S purrell

a t

were

accompanies

i t

1 896: may

( idem:

p ointed a rrowheads h e L XXIII

[ 65])

S purrell " a

c lass

o f

e laborate b lock, f or

a re

t he

a nd

i n

most

o f

b e p l.

pl.

t he place

g raves

pls. t he

l ithic

e xplains

t he

t he

t he p art

k nives,

H e

l ists

specimen i n

not which

writer

t he

a re

Town

L XXII

[ 58]);

and

( idem:

c ategory

r etained"

o f

f rom o f

p l.

the

the

a rtifacts

no

meaning a r egular

f rom

P etrie

Museum;

t hird

exa mple

g rave

n umber double-

( idem:

p l .

c alls

a s

1 896:

5 6),

to

" flakes"

a s

t heir

s truck

e xamples

o f

( Petrie and Q uibell,

1 896: p l. L XXII

a nd v arious b lade k nives

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

1 896:

p l.

most

f rom

a " crude

t ools he g ives a re b orers

279

a nd

[ 70]).

h e

T he

to a re

f ishtail

f lake,

b lade.

( Petrie

so-called

s i mplest

( Spurrell,

o f

H owever,

c oncave-

t he

L XXIII

t heir

a c rude

k inds

a ctually

i n a s

5 6-

f ishtails,

Museum;

r efers

c onsist o f a small

b lade

a rtifacts

P etrie

he

[ 55,57]),

S outh

a re

1 896:

f our

i s

L XXII

c haracters

m ain

of

t anged

e xa mples

t he

t hat

L XXII-LXXIV,

d ouble-pointed.

f rom

mentions,

a n otched

a nd

b arbed, t he

implements...that

f orms,

o ne

e xamined by

Q uibell,

mentions

two

t ools.

which

b ase

types

k inds

b arbed,

[ 69])

g reat i nches

5 7).

various

s houldered,

w aste

o f

s ixteen

f rom t he c emeteries i n s lightly g reater d etail ( Spurrell, 5 8).

o ut

I n addition,

was c learly t he o rigin o f

not

1 896:

S purrell,

f or

i nterpreted a s

was

1 896:

a nalyst,

e ach

1 896:

edge-damaged

was

would

f lakes

a s

which h e

objects

t ools t hey

f orm

( Spurrell,

a nd

were

b urials

a r easonably good r ecovery p rogramme f or t he b urials. c hips,

P etrie's

g raves

t he

m ay

c ollection,

b roken b iface t hinning f lakes a s

and

r ather

c ollection

T own

J udging

t hough

d o a t

t hin,

S outh

( Petrie and Q uibell,

t he

t o

p atinated

P alaeolithic a rtifacts ' d o

c emetery

differences.

about half a n

b roken b ladelets and small, well

t he

P etrie 's

c emetery e xcavations,

P etrie d id a ttempt c learly

o f

c omparing

important

d escription o f h is c leared

e ven

t he

f lake" b lade [ 54]),

L XXIII

[ 64,

6 8,

7 11)

which

r egular

i nclude

l ate

r ipple-flaking T he ( 1896:

( idem:

o bsidian

5 7) a s

t ool

b y

d rawing

whole o r

the

L XXIII

[ 61-63,

C ompared noticeably

f rom

only

t hat

occur

i n

d escribed

v arious

1 896: pl.

b y

S purrell

f orms

t he

5 7).

w ith

T he

r ipple-

L XXIV

[ 861),

a nd

i t

i s a

A c ouple o f g rave n umbers a re s hown s uch

t he

f ishtails a s

k nives

were

f ound

i n

t he

N agada

P etrie

" spear

museum

o r

c ollection.

j avelin-heads"

S purrell

( idem:

5 8,

p l.

6 5-66]) . w ith

t he

N agada

b lades,

p articularly

i s

no e xamples of G erzean r ipple-flaked k nives,

l ithic a ssemblages

r egion,

d ifferent.

o n

M useum

i nclude

i n A bydos!

t he

i nteresting

slightly

t he

f lakes,

b ladelets glossy

to

s uggests t hat t hey were s truck

P redynastic s ettlement

f rom

t he

b lade

t he

t ools

p resence

v ery f rom

c emeteries

glossy

t here

f rom o f

i n

t he

i s

a major

g raves .

b ladelets

I t

which

appearance

a nd

which S ome

were

c ompletely u nknown

r etouched i nto g lossy b ladelet t ools w hich a re

f rom t he N agada s ettlement s ites .

B lade

k nives a re

t he most com monly r epresented tool class f rom t he c emeteries. S outh

T own

f rom a n

c ollection .

o ccupation

t ools,

f ound

t he

i n

f lake

e specially

s ettlement

tools,

t he

most

( see

p .

2 74)

was

c ommon b ifacial t ool

f ishtails

i s

a s pecimen

n oticeable

n umerous, o f

which

a nd a xe p reparation i n

a g rave,

P etrie 's

t he

c emetery

well-executed

e xamples

abundant

absent

h ave

f lakes.

b een

f lakes

a rtifacts

whereas

T he

f rom

f or

v ery

n o

B esides

conspicuously

found i n

f airly

o ccurrences.

c emeteries a re b urin s palls axe

s ite

A lso p articularly

c ollection i s t he o ccurrence o f b ifacial

i s

v ary

h eat-treated b ladelet c ores.

o f t hese b ladelets

o nly e xample s een

i s

s ettlements a re c haracterized b y

a nd f lake tools,

a nd

t o note

f rom

c ollection

Whereas

abundant f laking d ebris, emphasis

P etrie

d iscusses

i ndicating

b roken,

to

t he

p ressure

o nly o ne typical G erzean r ipple-flaked k nife i s

However,

r efers

i n

worked s pecimen o f

well-executed

" symmetrically-ended k nives" ( idem:

P etrie b ought

t his

t he

f inely

with

[ 81]).

( Petrie and Q uibell,

c emeteries.

s ites

i n

S purrell

However,

i llustrated s pecimen

L XXIV

f or m

" the t ip of a l eaf-shaped h äche", a nd h e d escribes

k nives

f laking.

a v ery l arge

k nife

p l.

r homboidal k nives a s b ifacial

U C 4 408,

P redynastic

a nd

f rom

t he

A lso o nly o ne

axes

a re

t he

most

t he s ettlements.

D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS T he t he

l ithic

N agada

analyzed

a ssemblages

r egion, i n

detail by

i ndustry w ith s ome T his

e xamined

N agadan

t he

f rom b y

t he

t he

writer,

t emporal

P redynastic

P redynastic

h abitation

o f

N agada

s ites

P roject

i n a nd

e ssentially constitute a s ingle

v ariation .

i ndustry

i s

v irtually

entirely

made

o n

locally

obtained f lint nodules, p robably p rocured f rom t he upper r eaches o f nearby

wadis.

l i mestone. p roduce w ith a re

T he

a was

p redominantly

mostly mostly

u nfaceted s ingle

4 3.4 x 3 1.4 mm. e longate

However, material

p ieces

f laked

f lakes,

s triking

p latform

However,

f lakes

t echnology.

small

f ew

w ith

p urposeful b lade

of

t he

local

h ammer a bout

T he

3 5

r esulting

a verage

s ilicified

p ercussion mm

i n

f lake

d imensions,

t o

l ength c ores 3 7 .1

x

t here was also a t endency to p roduce a f ew

a ddition, c ores

a re h ard

a verage

p latforms .

c ores

o f b lade p roportions I n

o n

b y

a

h ave b een

f ew

a s b y-products r egular

f ound a t t he

2 80

o f t he b asic

b lades

detached

l ate N agada

s ites,

f lake f rom S outh

T own

a nd

N orth

T own .

I t

i s

possible

t hat t he

method o f p roduction

t hese b lades was s imilar t o t hat u sed to d etach t he blades t he i n

B adari t he

w hich

d istrict .

P etrie i s

T he b lade c ore

m useum

v ery

i s

i n

t he

s imilar

i n

morphology

most

predominant

tool

c emetery c ollection

c ore a bout

a nd

t he B adari c ore s hown i n f igure 5 .4 ( p. T he

N agada

a s ingle p latform

o f

f ound i n

p latform

1 10

mm

i n

l ength

c haracteristics

t o

1 12).

c lass

i n

the

N agada

a sse mblages

consists of b urins, and t he most common b urin s ubclasses a re s ingle b urin o n b reak,

s ingle burin on r etouched edge and d ihedral burins.

T he o ther

main tool c lasses a re e ndscrapers,

pieces.

Also

present

perforators,

b ifacial

s idescrapers,

s caled

b ifacial d rills,

a re

a t

on

blanks.

g rand

a re

a lso

p ersoirs,

f ine b ifacial

p robably

being

are

pieces,

r are

T own a nd

f lakes.

Some

of

N orth

T own .

A f ew

t he

a re

tools

T he

o n

( some

m ajority

f rom

a rrowheads,

k nives),

o f

f ine

worked

S ickle blades t he

N agada

t ools

blades and o ther

S outh

and

s crapers,

o f t he o ther

b ifacial

i rregular

analyzed

axes

c ircular

c oncave-base

t ools

f rom

denticulates,

planes,

as well a s some miscellaneous tools.

S outh

made

T here

p ieces,

notches a nd r etouched

asse mblages

backed

t ools .

a nd o ther

f ragments

t abular slabs, o ccur

the

truncations,

m iscellaneous

b ifacial

in

T own

a re

tool

made

on

l ist

o f

r egular b lades. T he

s tudy

o f

P etrie 's

k nown tool t ypes b lade

k nives,

P etrie's

b ifacial

c ollection

i s

d oes

p rovide

u seful

t he

f lake-dominated

e ndscrapers, a t

S outh

a nd

even

a nd

a side

H owever, o f

f rom

p lanes

g ives f rom

f or

t he

t he

o f

t ools

of the

b lades

t he

s ickle

t he

N agada c emeteries h as a lso p roved

A lthough

9 4 .4%

t ools,

mainly

i t

with

b urins,

modern e xcavations

mostly

made

d ata,

e xcavations a nd

i nclude

s ickle

b lades,

o f t he n on-bifacial

s ickle blades,

a nd

An

a re

s upplementary

r ecent

f rom

most

t o

C ontrasting

comprising

c omprises

a nd

o f

c lasses.

p ieces

t ools,

s ickle

u seful

t ool

t he

t riangles.

c onsisting

a ssemblage

s et

e xpanded

l ocalities

and bifacial

b iased,

r etouched

b ifacial

c ollection

s ettlement

c ertain

tool a nd

t he analysis

c ollection

s ickles,

P etrie 's

o ther

T own

N agada

e vidently

d ata

n otches

T own,

a xes

S outh

f rom t he

o n

r egular

t ools

b lades.

planes and axes i n t he

a s

t here

a re

n o

e xamples

o nly a f ew e xamples

o f a xes

b lades.

e xamination

o f

t he

l ithic

a rtifacts t o b e

r ecovered

b y

i nformative .

P etrie

f rom

A lthough

o ne

h as to be wary of t he s tatistics obtained f rom P etrie's collection, t hey

a re

apparently

f requencies to

h ave

made

i ncluding T he

o btained an

more f or

effort

t he smallest c emetery

d ependable

P etrie's to

r ecover

b eads a nd a t

c ollection

i s

t han

S outh

T own

t he

v irtually

l east

c learly

o bviously

c ollection,

s ome

a ll

a s

b iased

h e

g rave

s eems

objects

f lint c hips .

d ifferent

f rom

t he

m aterial

r etrieved f rom t he h abitation s ites, even i f we s uppose t hat P etrie d id

' forget' to p ick up a f ew

f lakes

and

f lake

t ools.

T he

f unerary

a ssemblage i s dominated by r egular blades and b ladelets, and tools m ade o n a nd for

t hese b lanks .

s econdary one

f lakes,

chunk),

p reparation

f lakes,

a ssemblages. p roduction

T here a re a nd

core o r

t here

o nly a re

rejuvenation f lake

c ores

T here i s o nly o ne

o f r egular

c emetery c ollection,

m inor

n o

b lades.

b urin

c haracterize

which

i s

t he b ladelets do appear

p rimary

b lades

d ebris

( except

spalls, t he

axe

s ettlement

a b lade core

A lthough no b ladelet

281

o f

f lakes,

pieces,

which

core

n umbers

p rimary

f or

c ores o ccur

i n

t he t he

to b e t he p roduct of a

s eparate

specialized

manufacture. o bviously

p roduced

a rtifact

technology,

and a re not by-products

f rom

f rom

a ny

h eat-treated

N agada

b een h eat-treated .

l ocality

A lso o f

m aterial.

d isplayed

i nterest

i n

N o

a ny

o ther

d istance e xchange p robably t he

i ndirectly

w ith

t he

b lades,

f orm

3 9%

b lade

o f

k nives,

T he n on-bifacial

t he

N agada

c emetery

i s

s uggesting

t he l ong

L ake V an a rea o f T urkey

t ools

v arious

s haped

k nives,

a nd

f ragments

i n

t he

b ifacial

a re p redominantly

i nclude

f inely

t hough

P etrie

worked

t here

a re

m useum

r etouch

t echnique

r ipple-flaked k nives T he v ery

l arge b lade

n o

k nife s hown

glossy

s ickles.

b ladelet

S ome

f ishtails a nd

O ther

r are

of t he

tool

r homboidal

k nives,

i n

k nife k nives

n amely

o nly o ccur

t he mselves

t ypical

1 896: pl. L XXIV [ 82]). [ 81]

t he

r homboidal

c lasses,

c omma-

o r

r ipple-flaked

not

L XXIV

p resent

tools,

two

k nives

S ome k nives s how t he r ipple-

t hey a re

i n p late

t ools

( idem) a lso s hows

c emetery

k nives, g lossy

c ollection

and

b ifacial

b ladelet

t ools,

i n t he c emetery c ollection

a nd a re not k nown f rom a ny o ccupation s ite i n t he N agada a rea. a lso t he

n umerous

and

d istinctive

o f

exceptionally

t he

c emetery

t he

s ickle

T he b ifacial

i ncluding

r ipple-flaked

( e.g. P etrie a nd Q uibell .

r ipple-flaking .

i nclude

m ade o n b lades.

c ollection,

though

( excluding

k nives a nd f ishtails .

s pecimens

f ound i n t he N agada c emeteries.

f laking

c ollection

m ainly o f t runcations,

r etouched p ieces,

k nives

f airly

o f

h aving

L evant.

T ools

s uch

o f

t he c emetery c ollection

P alaeolithic a rtifacts), a nd consist

were

c ategory

i ndication

p resence o f an o bsidian blade a nd a n o bsidian t ool v ia

o f b lade

S ixteen o ut o f a total of 4 1 s econdary b ladelets were

T he

f inely c rafted b ifacial t ools a re

a rtifacts .

H owever,

a xes,

g enerally

most common b ifacial tool a t t he s ettlement s ites a re scarcely

r epresented a t a ll b eing

f rom

t he c emeteries

T he

c emetery

collection

also

i ncludes

p atinated P alaeolithic a rtifacts. d uring

t he

m ajority f ell

o nly o ne s pecimen

f rom

a g rave

o f

h eavily

k nown .

P redynastic a s

o riginally

t hey h ave

l ying

o n

t he

a n u mber

Some appear t o h ave b een r eused f resh r etouch s cars .

d esert

s urface

H owever,

p robably

t he

a ccidentally

i nto t he g raves a s t hey were b eing d ug by P redynastic mourners

b urying

t heir

d ead .

Additional

tool

classes

k nown

f rom

P redynastic

s ites

i n

t he

N agada a rea which, however, d id not occur i n a ny of t he a ssemblages a nd

c ollections

1 976:

2 3,

a rrowheads d rills

( a

S purrell

a nalyzed

f ig.

6

( Petrie c rescent

a s

a re

[ a,b]; a nd

Q uibell,

d rill

a " hollow

was

2 80)

f ound

5 0,

a t

f ig.

5 6,

S outh

S purrell,

p l . T own

1 896:

( Hays 5

L XXI a nd

a nd

H assan,

[ a,b1), [ 69]), i s

t anged c rescent

d escribed

5 6,

pl.

L XXI

p l.

L XXIV [ 86];

[ 341),

I n a ddition i t

f laked a xes a re t he p redominant

k ind

r are g round axes have b een found a t some N agada s ites.

L XXII

[ 59]),

f ragments

d e

( de

axes h ave b een K H4 a nd i n D e

Morgan Morgan,

M organ

1 896:

9 8

[ fig.

8 3];

f rom

1 926:

o f

P etrie

1 896:

5 0,

T oukh

a nd s everal

8 0),

a nd

5 6,

p l.

two g round

f ound by t he P redynastic o f N agada P roject ( one f rom

t he o ther P etrie's

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

i llustrates a g round a xe

b y

1 896:

which h ave already been mentioned.

f ound a g round a xe i n a b urial

a xe

1 896:

7 1,

( Petrie a nd Q uibell,

may be noted t hat although a xe,

a rrowheads

1 984a:

scraper";

and r ipple-flaked k nives s ee a lso p .

t ransverse

H ays,

f rom

S outh

S outh T own

i llustrates

T own).

T here

i s a lso a g round a nd

f laked

c ollection . m any

t ools

f rom

282

v arious

P redynastic

s ites

i n

t he

N agada

[ figs.

6 4-67],

9 4

[ figs.

f lakes

( which

d e

Morgan

c ourbges"; s truck

r egion:

i dem:

a xes

( de

Morgan,

6 8-71],

1 17-118

9 5

i nitially

[ figs .

1 896:

[ figs.

9 2

d escribed

1 48-150];

[ figs.

7 2-75]), a s

a xe

5 9-63],

" curieuses

b ut s oon r ecognized

l ames

a s

b eing

f rom a xes r eferring t o t hem a s " gclats d e s ilex e nlevg 's pour

f ormer l e t ranchant d 'une h achette"; d e Morgan, 1 897: 1 13-115; 8 2,

8 4

[ fig .

8 6],

[ figs.

1 13,

1 14],

8 5

[ figs .

2 01]),

1 97,

[ fig .

1 08

c emetery a t T oukh; 1 27

9 3

p reparation

8 8]),

[ fig.

i dem:

1 98]),

b ifacial

1 171),

1 14

[ fig .

( de

M organ,

a r ipple-flaked

1 33]),

c oncave-base

a c ircular s craper

k nives

k nife

( idem:

1 27

1 07

( from

t riangular a rrowheads

a rrowheads

1 926:

1 896:

a

( idem:

[ figs .

1 99,

( idem: 1 19 [ fig. 1 53]), e ndscrapers ( idem:

1 19 [ figs. 1 54-160]), n otches ( idem: 1 20 [ figs. 1 66, 1 671), a nd g rand p erioirs

b lade

( "pointes"

o f d e

M organ;

i dem:

1 37

[ figs .

2 75-278]) .

H owever, i nterestingly, d e M organ a lso s hows a n umber o f r egular c ores a nd b lade t ools, e specially f rom t he s ettlement l ocality

o f T oukh.

V ery

c ores

( idem:

1 05],

1 05

9 0

well s haped c onical s ingle p latform [ figs.

[ figs.

5 2,

1 06,

[ figs.

1 45,

1 47]),

[ figs.

2 49,

2 50],

5 3]),

1 07]),

s ickle 1 34

b lade k nives

r egular

b lades

[ figs.

1 32

r egular

b lade

1 04

[ figs.

1 04,

b lades

( idem:

1 17

[ figs.

2 39-245],

1 33

a nd

p erforators

s econdary

( idem:

2 55,

( idem:

2 57-260]),

o n

r egular b lades ( idem: 1 40 [ figs. 2 91-295]) a re a ll s hown f rom T oukh. Y et

T oukh

h as

v irtually s ickle

b een

n o

t ools

b lades,

f lakes .

D e

s ite.

a s

b lades,

a nd

r egular i ts

m organ 's

K H4

( Hassan, a nd

p erforators

T oukh,

i n

t ended

t herefore,

p rep .)

w hich

c ertainly n o b lade

d oes

t o

n ot

b e

o n

y ielded c ores

small,

a ppear

t o

b e

T own,

l arge

c emetery

M organ,

a nd d e

1 896:

S outh

s eems

t he

s ame

M organ n oted t hat t he c emetery a t

w hich 8 8).

T own

a nd

h ad

b een

H ence

t he

t he

T oukh

n early

t otally

i dentification c emetery

w ith

T oukh

e xcavated o f

t he

b y

T oukh

P etrie 's

w as a v ery P etrie

( de

s ettlement

" Great

C emetery"

more p robable . I n s ummary,

t he a ssemblages f rom t he P redynastic h abitation s ites

o f t he N agada r egion c onstitute a s ingle i ndustry c haracterized, t he

main,

b y h ard h ammer

e ndscrapers, t he

c lass.

p roduction S outh

t ool

r egular

a nd

percussion

N orth

f lake t echnology with

r etouched p ieces

c lasses,

T emporal o f

T own

c onverted a s

n otches a nd

p redominant

t ool

o r

b road

W ith t he p resence o f s uch b lade t ools i t i s more l ikely t o b e

S outh

w ith

i dentified o n

a nd

a xes

v ariation

i s

o ccurring

T own.

T he

w ell a s t ools a ppearing

f or

a s s ickle b lades a nd b lade

a t

b lades

b urins,

t he

p rimarily

t he

most

e vident

b lades

i nto a f ew e ndscrapers,

m ade

a s

f irst

k nives.

with

t he

a t

t he

l ater

S outh i n

f lakes

t he

a s

b ifacial

i ntentional

N agada s ites,

T own

p erforators, t ime

o n

a bundant

i n

b urins,

h ave

b een

a nd t runcations N agada

a rea

s uch

T he s tudy o f t he c ollection o f

l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he N agada c emeteries h as r evealed important d ifferences b eing a nd

f rom

d ominated

b lade

t ools.

t he

b y

t ools,

C ertain

t ool

s ites.

r homboidal

k nives.

w ith t he

i s

b lade

c lasses

T hese

a re

a ssemblages,

s econdary

p articularly

o ccupation p resence

s ettlement

u nmodified

t he f unerary m aterial

b lades,

s econdary

k nives a s

o ccur

t hat

a re

g lossy b ladelet

b ladelets,

well a s b y b ifacial u nknown

t ools,

T here a re a lso two o bsidian

f rom

t he

f ishtails a nd

a rtifacts.

T heir

i nterpreted t o s uggest i ndirect contact v ia t he L evant

L ake V an a rea

o f

T urkey .

2 83

C hapter

8

A L ITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM LOCALITY H K-29 AT H IERAKONFOLIS

I NTRODUCTION H ierakonpolis

l ies

o n

t he

o f t he modern town o f E dfu " Hierakonpolis" r efers

t o

west

( Fig.

t he

b ank o f t he

1 .1).

D ynastic

k nown t o t he a ncient E gyptians a s c ultivation a s a l ow mound ( Fig. i s

k nown

l ocally a s

T he

a rea

of

t he

" Kor n

B .P .)

to

t he

end

of

" Nekhen",

which now s tands i n t he

t he

of

edge

t he

t he G reat S uffian)

Wadi

e ncompasses

h istory

( 31

a rchaeological Acheulian

B .C .).

o f

Q uibell

G reen,

f loodplain

1 982:

Q uibell

t emple

i ncluded

for

e xploration G reen

1 902).

T hey

s tructures.

i n

of

excavated, D eposit"

o bjects,

m aceheads, 3 3).

and

was

g lazed

a nd

c oncentrated t heir

1 898-9

t heir

stone

a rtifacts

U nifi cation

of

s andstone

( idem:

3 -5)

mudbrick

t hey

E arly

f ound

1 973;

I n

o f

s everal

and

1 905-06,

t he

a nd

o bjects

Ada ms,

i n

t he

w as

l arge

t he G reat

F ort.

P redynastic

K or n N ew

a t

a nd

N ekhen

a lso

s tructures.

potsherds lowest

a nd

a

f ew

a rchaeological

A dams,

G arstang

a n

which as

2 8the

c ircular a nd

t ombs

" Fort"

which

i s

a rea

o f

t he edge o f t he l ow

e dge

o f

i ncluding

t he

C ase

P ayne,

a nd

G reen

a l arge

a nd noted a l arge

s outheast

a nd

symbolizing Q uibell

t he

i vory

1 902:

approxi mately

k nown Wadi,

t he

t his

c emetery

" Decorated 1 962;

T omb" P ayne,

8 6-87).

( 1907)

a rea

Fort

small

p alettes

T hey a lso i nvestigated

L XXV-LXXIX;

1 974:

contained

spreading across A t

G erzean

L XVII,

the

a t

1 900;

O ld K ingdom and

P alette

u ncovered

structure

o f

i nterior

1987),

Abul

( Quibell,

( Quibell a nd G reen,

v isited

H ierakonpolis

A rchaic town r emains a t t he K or n e l-Ahmar, g raves

o r Wadi

c ommemorative

N ar mer

P rotodynastic .

t he

p ls.

1 973;

and

t he

objects

D eposit

a ddition,

c emetery r emains

2 0-22, K emp,

I n

D ynastic

s outheast

( idem:

Main v ases,

f amous

b locks

r egarded a s

P redynastic

t he

E gypt.

s ituated a t t he mouth d esert

T he

s tone

f ound

r evetment

o f

km,

a c ache o f P rotodynastic objects k nown a s t he

f ound.

f igures,

was

1 .5

e fforts

d iscoveries

P rotodynastic

a s well a s m any o ther

N earby

most

H ierakonpolis b egan w ith t he

1 897-8

H owever,

and

P redynastic

" Main

t he

l ow d esert a t

approxi mately

P redynastic b urials were e ncountered i n l evel

s ites

2 50,000

2 -3).

a nd

P redynastic

N umerous

H owever,

T hese e xtend a long t he

e l-Ahmar p rimarily u ncovering E arly Dynastic, K ingdom

( ca.

3 .5 km i nto t he e dge of t he Western D esert along

a rchaeological

e xcavations a nd

f rom t he

( someti mes a lso k nown a s t he F ort Wadi

( Hoffman,

T he

D ynastic

modern

T oday, t his a rtificial mound

e l-Ahmar" .

P redynastic .

continue f or about

t he n ame

t own a nd t emple c omplex,

8 .1).

H ierakonpolis

s ites a re

1 7 km n orth

w alled

r epresenting v irtually a ll p eriods p revalent

N ile a bout

S trictly s peaking,

of

the

h aving

E arly

been,

i n

and

e xcavating

1 88 l ate P redynastic

Dynastic part,

Fort

built

( see over

also the

c emetery .

I n 1 906-07 and 1 907-08, t he b rother o f J acques de Morgan, H enri d e

M organ,

u nder

t he s ponsorship o f

t he

284

B rooklyn

m useum,

c onducted

a n

;

!

NE KHEN

2 3

1

*; * * *• ,

. 2 8

•:

1 " ;

4

„ 4 .1: j . : . 4 2 . 4 . :

*2 )

' • • • '

•

• ' .

DU NE

•

. 4

•

W ADI

. 56 GRE AT W ADI

E l

E ar ly P redynast ic

»

6 0

Late

P redynast ic

P rotodynast ic

u s

C• m•ter i•s K ilns

6 7

TO P O G R A PHI C

MA P L OOS

M

O F

I ON

a— .

isT ION 0 1

I S IF VF3 M O W S U a rt, . S U . ViD C r issu•sv. .90.9 .

F ig.

8 .1

T opographic ( copyright

map M .A .

o f

t he

H offman)

2 85

na l l . 1 •9 . o sri v . 9,9 a rmo rs s r Sur

H ierakonpolis

r egion.

a rchaeological about

1 00

s urvey b etween

km

( de

P redynastic

and

H ierakonpolis r emains

o n

i n

M organ

i n

south i n

B runton

s ites,

s ide

1 908

r ecovered

N eedler,

1 927-28,

N eedler,

where

1 984:

( 1932)

of

e xtensive

t he

h e

n umerous

e s-Silsila,

1 984).

H e

and excavated

1 907 a nd o bserved

t he

a nd

E sna a nd G ebel

1 912;

A rchaic

s ettlement a rea s ieves"

Morgan,

G reat

s et

h is

f lints,

a d istance o f

c oncentrated

s everal.

P redynastic

Wadi,

" men

t o

s tone

s ettlement

r eturning work

with

o bjects

a nd

t o r akes

a nd ( de

5 3) .

briefly v isited

town-site"

" prehistoric

t his

pottery

H ierakonpolis

i n

t he winter o f

collecting n umerous l ithic a rtifacts a nd potsherds

" Pr edynastic

o n

H e v isited

c emetery"

which

o n

t he

i s

map

i n

o f

part

of

Q uibell

the

a nd

area

G reen

f rom a marked

( 1902:

P l.

L XXIIIA). I n

1 934-35,

e xpedition

t o

and p robing

L ansing

( 1935)

H ierakonpolis,

t he

a rea

l ed

a Metropolitan

e xcavating

B runton

a bout

1 00

Museum

of

P redynastic

A rt

g raves

r eferred t o a s t he " Predynastic t own-

s ite". I n

1958,

B utzer

a rchaeological

s urvey

and

o f

K aiser

t he

conducted

H ierakonpolis

a

r egion,

geological p roviding

f irst t i me a v aluable. geoarchaeological perspective K aiser,

1 958;

when

for

( Butzer,

p rogramme o f i nvestigations a t H ierakonpolis b egan i n

W alter

F airservis

archaeological

h eaded

sites

of

a n

all

e xpedition

periods

s urveying

and

I n

a second

e xcavations K ingdom 1 970;

at

t he

s ecular

1 972b;

K or n

a nd

i n

1969,

e l-Ahmar

syste matic,

r evealed

r eligious a rchitecture

1 974;

p rehistoric s ites

season

1 976;

Weeks,

1 972).

a rea

E arly

( Fairservis,

D ynastic

a nd

1 972;

a ddition,

i n t he l ow d esert was c ontinued w ith

test

l arge-scale

( Fairservis, I n

t he

conducting

e xcavations at t he ' Archaic-Old K ingdom t own of N ekhen 1 972).

t he

1 960;

1 961) .

T he c urrent 1 967

and

f or

t he

O ld

H offman,

s urvey

o f

M ichael H offman

i nitiating t he f irst modern s cientific e xcavation of a P redynastic s ite

( HK-14)

at

H ierakonpolis w ith

H ierakonpolis

was

F airservis

i nterrupted

c ontinuing

( Hoffman,

f or

t o

e ight

1 970;

e xcavate

a t

Hoff man

H ierakonpolis 1 982,

1 983,

1 982;

1 987, A s

which

i n

P redynastic

of

f ield-work

e concmy a nd

b een

a nd

H K-54

T he

s ites

d esert

a nd

c emetery

h ave

d escribed

a re

t o

p umps e t

t o

b een

i n

t he

a long

a l,

i n a ge

t o

1 986;

f rom

t he

l evels

were

d eposits

i n

1 979,

1 980;

of

1 980,

Hoffman,

1 987).

T he

Amratian

t o

However, t he

t he

i n

w ater

P redynastic

a nd

H K-11,

t he

P redynastic a nd

H K-29, a nd

i n

m any

H K-30A ,

[ Hoffman,

Wadi

1 982]). t he

l ow

i n 1 984 a s equence o f t he

modern

t able

f loodplain

( Hoffman,

H ierakonpolis

P rotodynastic .

286

of

s ettlement

m apped,

r eport

G reat

u ndertaken

t he

N umerous

H K-6,

i nterim t he

been

a spects

i ncluding

r ecorded

b elow

have

v arious

l ocated

l ocalities

l ocated

A rchaic g et

P redynastic

( Harlan,

p alaeoenvironment. s ites

w hich

mainly

f or

r egion

adjacent to t he c ultivation.

H offman r ange

d ata

H ierakonpolis

( including

P redynastic u sing

e ssential

e xcavated a re

1 988

multidisciplinary s tudies

t he

s ettlement

1 987 a nd

the

c omm .)

much

p atterns, h ave

o f t he

d irecting

N agada,

p rovide

P redynastic s ites

s ubsequent y ears, 1 986,

1 978

1 983),

on

1 985,

i n

( Fairservis,

research

p ers.

R esearch a t

r esumed

continued

1 984, a nd

a t

has

b eing

N ekhen

a nd H offman r esuming t he i nvestigation o f t he area.

1 972a).

y ears,

1 986;

l ocalities

T he

s ample

l evel 1 , l ow o f

o f

l ithic

a rtifacts

d esert s ites

Q uibell

b etween which

a nd

t he G reat a nd

c onstitute

G reen's

S ince

i t

i s

8 .2).

D une

E xcavations of

6 00

s tructures

l ocalities.

a t

t he i n .

s ite

c onstitute of

structures

( Structure

b uildings

s ubterranean b uilding, cm

i nto

p lastered

t he

mudbricks. d aub,

c ontained s itu

mud

a nd

depression

s torage

j ar.

adjacent

o n

which

S tructure

p ottery k iln .

T his

5 .0

I t

k iln

i s

of

k iln

i s

b asins.

now

destroyed,

g ot o ut

I a nd

I I

T here a re

s et

b oth

o f

i n

of

b uilding a nd

I ,

a n

i n

cm

17L13.

I n

6 .1

t he

i n l ong o r

P art

a f urther

R ough-ware

b y

b asins

i n d epth .

i ncluded

when doubtless

a

a l arge

i nterpreted a s a

depressions 1 5

were

wattle and

contained

b eing a bout

5 t o

4 5 to

r ectangular

o ven,

square

shallow

t he

se mi-

t he b uilding was

S tructure

s tructures

o f

pit

T he

a n

probably

i t probably

were a bandoned

o f c ontrol a nd

o f

posts.

T he k iln was apparently u sed to f ire

S tructures

O ne

which was c ut

i ncluding

a nd

T hese

a d ispersed

8 .2).

debris

wooden

was

e ight

but

b y

rectangular

o ne corner

v arying f rom 5 0 t o 8 0 cm i n d iameter t he

t he

located

7 -

1 979 u ncovering a n

a rectangular,

this

f eatures

was

a nd b oth

1 982:

s tructures.

( Fig.

i s

r oughly c ircular

consists

1 980c;

p robably consisting

10L10,

o f t he s eries

h ere .

1 978 a nd

of

o riginally

I I

f rom

c omprising

c haracterized

a nd

a t

i s

town-site"

s ites

s everal

e ight

o utside,

1 0x10 m square,

m wide.

c lods,

o ne

( Hoffman,

f ences

walls

o ccupational

s torage pot,

i n

a rea

r eed

T he

s upported

s everal

c ircular

t he

g iven

excavated

s uperstructure,

b een

i s

4 .0 m l ong by 3 .5 m wide,

mud,

T he

h ad

and I I)

g round.

with

i s

r evealed

a h abitation

c hapter

HK- 29 i tself i s a n o ccupation

t ook p lace

which

a rrangement

8 0

a nd

f ully d escribed e lsewhere

sq.

t his

" Predynastic

c emetery",

1 4) o nly a s hort s ummary o f t he s ite

a rea

i n

H K-29 i s s ituated o n t he

Wadis,

B runton's

" prehistoric

s ettlement a nd cemetery s ite.

d escribed

s quare 10L10 a t H K-29 ( Fig.

o f

two

c eramics.

a f iring a t t he k iln

a light.

f our r adiocarbon dates f or HK-29 ( Hoffman,

1 982:

1 0).

T hese a re: 4 760 + 8 0 b p

( -10L10,

S tructure

I ,

l evel

4 670

b p

( -10L10,

S tructure

I ,

F eature

b p

( -17L13,

S tructure

I I,

L evel

3 ,

b p

( -17L13,

S tructure

I I,

l evel

1 B,

T 80 T 75 T 80

4 800 4 680 H assan

( 1984c)

c orrected s ite

a t

h as

d ate

t he

averaged

o f

3 500

o f

t he

e nd

p resence o f a f ew

i s

( Rough

ware).

( Polished

R ed;

i ncluding

W hite

f rom

B erger

i n

T he

T he a nimals:

D ecorated

f aunal c attle

r ich

i n

r emainder a nd

a t iny

C ross-lined ware o r

H offman,

dates

and

( Hassan,

Amratian,

T he majority

4 .29%)

D ecorated

B .C .

C ross-lined

e xtremely

6 00/sq. i n .

t hese

1 ) F eature

obtained an

1 984c).

T his

a d esignation

ware s herds,

5 )

F eature

5 )

e sti mated p laces

t he

s upported b y t he

a b roken

d isc-shaped

a f ishtail and c ertain o ther a rtifacts,

p aucity o f s herds of H K-29

1 5c al

w hite

porphyry macehead,

about

+ 6 0

2 )

and the

ware v essels . potsherds

which o ccur

a t a d ensity o f

( 95.69%) a re of S traw T empered wares comprise r esidue

s herds

a nd

wavy-handled

U ntempered ( 0.03%)

s herds

o f

P lu m

o ther

Red

wares

s herd

t ypes,

o f O range w are

v essels)

( M.A .

( deriving

Hoffman

a nd

N .

1 982).

r emains ( 53%),

r ecovered s heep/goat

consist p redominantly o f d omestic ( 37%) and p ig

287

( 9%)

( J.

McArdle

i n

0

4

T rench S truc ture C ompac t C lay Mudbr ick n7

r

A r t if ic ia l D epress ion A sh

E I PT

P o s t Ho le

r i

P oss ib le P o s t H o le

H offman,

1 982).

T he b otanical r emains c onsist mainly o f g rains and

s pikelets o f wheat, a nd c harcoal o f A cacia a nd T amarix ( N . E l H adidi i n

H offman, R are

1 982) .

a rtifacts

a t

H K-29

i nclude

a s tone

p endant,

r homboidal s late p alette a nd s everal d iorite v ase L arge H K-29 .

n umbers

M cHugh

S tructure t hough

not

p ublished, d rills,

s quare

t he

B efore

d escribing

McHugh

t he

w riter,

i t

u ndertaken

a rtifacts

t he

f rom

1 984c]),

f rom w ith

a lso

f rom

b y

( late

H K-14

b een

s quare

( 1982:

f lakes,

material

i s

f ollowing

H K-11C

h ave

material

9 0)

( Amratian,

5 3 .6% o f

s quare

H K-29

3 550 3 625

i s

s crapers, t he

10L10

t ools 3 5% .

a t

a nd

o ther

H K-29

l ocalities

and h is a ssociates .

l ocalities

Amratian,

f or

which

t hat

t o c onsider o ther s tudies t hat

f rom

H offman

10L10

n otes

b lades a nd b ladelets,

f rom

i mportant

m ade o f l ithic a rtifacts

c lassified:

r ecovered

l ithic a rtifacts a ssociated

while H offman h as a lready analyzed,

a nd r etouched

H ierakonpolis

1 28,

t he

g ravers a nd b urins a ccount

17L13,

a nalyzed b y t he

H assan,

a rtifacts

i n t his c hapter.

p erforators,

h ave b een

l ithic

I I i n square 17L13,

d escribed f rom

o f

( 1982) h as a nalyzed

a b roken

f ragments .

h ave

a lready

+ 7 0

B .C .

+1 .50

b een

[ Harlan,

B .C .

a t

T he l ithic s orted 1 980;

[ Hoffman,

a nd

1 982;

1 970:

1 20-

1 40-141, 1 53-155; 1 972a; H assan, 7984c]), H K-29 ( late Amratian,

3 500 + 6 0 H assan, 2 6-33)

B .C .

[ McHugh,

1 984c]), a nd

( Hoffman,

A rchaic

1 970:

a ssemblage a nalyzing

1 982;

H K-54

p eriod

8 5,

s tone

1 97-200) .

d escribed t he

H offman,

( transitional

1 0;

a rtifacts

I n

h ere,

1 982:

a ddition,

t he

a uthor

G erzean a ssemblage

a nd

u npublished

Amratian-Gerzean f rom s ince

h as

f rom

t he

K am

t he

1 982:

e l-Ahmar

a nalyzing

h ad

d ata;

[ Hoffman, t he

H K-29

o pportunity

o f

t he t emple-complex a t H K-29A

( Holmes, 1 987a; c f. p . 1 8), a nd t he a nalysis o f material r ecovered i n m ore

r ecent

f ield s easons

i s s till c ontinuing .

A lthough H offman h ad a lready s orted a nd c lassified t he a ssemblage p ublished

f rom h is

t hemselves a vailable

h is

h e

HK-29,

available

i nformation

o n

made

t o

me

i nsights

c o-workers

making

h ave

a nd

i n

E gypt,

n o

t ypology) .

w ith

( although H offman 's

t he

l ithic

l ithic h aving

a rtifacts

s tudy.

g leaned

While

t he

a rtifacts

t ools",

c lasses

s uch a s g ravers, w hich

[ 1982]

d ivides

and

f rom

f rom made

t ools

other s ome

i nto

s pokeshaves,

c an

a f irst-hand H offman a nd

c lassification

" multifunctional

u nfortunately,

f rom

I n a ddition,

American

a ssemblages

s cheme

" pointed

p oints

a N orth

M cHugh

t ools", f lake

b oth

not

m ethod o f d ocumentation

u nderstanding

employed

c omparisons

e fficacious

t hough

f or

P redynastic

e xamination o f a c ollection o f a rtifacts. h is

a nd

m ay h ave b een a dequate f or a c omparison w ith P redynastic

f rom o ther a reas

t he

a t

g enerously

r esults

p ublished

H ierakonpolis

10L10

r esults,

a nd

a ssemblages r eplace

s quare

s cheme

r egions

u se

g roups

o f s uch

t ools",

l ess

T ixier's a s

" edge

a nd i ncludes t ools,

a nd

a re n ot a lways c learly d efined,

g eneralized e dge

a nd

which a re n ot u sed i n s tandard t ypological s chemes s uch a s t hose o f T ixier

( 1963),

d e

S onneville-Bordes a nd

1 956b), a nd d e H einzelin matter

what

t ypology, l anguage

i t

d espite

u sing more o r T hus

i t

a n i s

i s

c ategories

( 1962).

a rchaeologist's important i ts

f or

p hilosophy

as

t o

r etain

t o

P rehistorians

l ess t he s ame s et o f s tone such

( 1954;

1 955;

c oncerning

a rchaeologists

i nadequacies .

c onvenient

P errot

1 956a;

I t i s t he writer's opinion t hat n o

a t

endscrapers,

i n

w orldwide

t ool c lasses

l east

f or

a rtifact t he

s ame

h ave

b een

a l ong t ime .

t he c onventional b roader

burins,

2 89

t alk

notches,

e tc.,

only

i ntroducing

n ew

c lasses

a g iven r egion a nd/or t hough

i n

p art

F inally,

t o u se

appear

a s

t he a rtifact a ssemblages

t o r equire.

f or

i nter-regional

Hoffman's

o f

s cheme,

o f c omplications

w hich

c omparisons.

t he e xa mination of t he a ssemblage f rom HK-29 g ave t he

a n o pportunity

a rtifacts,

s ubclasses

' conventional' a lso h as a n umber

m ake i t u nwieldy

w riter

a nd

period

a nd

t o

t o r ecord t he

note

d imensions

o f

t he

t ools

a nd

o ther

c ertain o ther a ttributes.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE L ITHIC ARTIFACTS F ROM S QUARE 10L10 AT H K-29 T here i s a total of 3 557 l ithic a rtifacts f rom square -10L10 a t HK-29.

T he majority a re made of b eige c oloured

l east

i n

p art,

available

a s

nodules

s lopes i n t he H ierakonpolis a rea a re

no

l i mestone

n odules

o utcrops

a vailable

was b rought

i s

f rom

i n

l imited .

i n

the

( McHugh,

t he I t

a rea

i s

1 982:

and

l ikely

sources o utside of

f lint

wadis

9 1),

t he

t hat

a t

1 p erforator,

4 c ores of

a nd

q uartz

1 5

2 c ores)

p ieces

which

i s

o f

a re

a t

t alus

although t here

l east

t he H ierakonpolis

of

f lint

s ome

f lint

r egion,

for

A f ew a rtifacts

m ade o f s ilicified

d ebitage

i s,

t he

quantity

e xample f rom l imestone o utcrops north o f E sna. b urin,

which

and o n

l imestone,

10L10

( 1

w hile

( 0 .6%

o f

t he

focally available

i n

g reat abundance a s q uartz

a ssemblage)

a re

n odules. T he square

main

l ithic

10L10

assemblage

a re

a rtifact

g iven

consists

s econdary b lades

T here

a re

n o

T hree

i dentified s tudy

t he

d ata

f or

t he

T he f lakes. 25)

f lakes .

f lakes.

t he

evidently 3 .93,

w as

a t

t he

a nd

more

8 1 .6%

d uring

t hey

a re

o f

t he

i nsufficient

H owever,

HK-29,

m anufacture

t hey a re

b lades

b lades

a re

l ength o btained, the

t hicker,

a t

s imilar

H K-29

blades a s

i .e.,

i t

t he

small, 3 5 .3

a re

a nd

mm,

which

i n

i n

a re

v isit

t o

t o r ecord a ny

g enerally

morphology

small

a nd

to

t he

f lakes

f airly

r egular

a nd

f rom t hat

u sed t o

m anufacture t he

t he

m ajority

i s b ased

are

a ppears more

more p rone t o being b roken. mm

c ores

b rief

t ime

f lake g lossy

p redominant t he

t hat

robust

o n

regarded i t

i s

b lades,

a re

o nly as

o nly t hat

a re

b roken .

a small being

t he

H owever,

t here

T hus

t he

n umber

( n-

s lightly

s horter

u nbroken.

t herefore,

I t i s a lso possible t hat t hey t ended t o

M any o f t he b lades a re o f b ladelet p roportions

w idth).

c learly

some what

s urvived

T he r emainder t end t o b e t hinner a nd n arrower a nd were, be l onger.

a o f

to have been produced by a hard h ammer p ercussion

s econdary

u nrepresentative, and

a nd

f lakes.

N agada.

T he

of

T he

r epresented

t he p roduct o f a t echnology s eparate a verage

( 55.9%) f ollowed by c ore

b eing

t here

f or T he

and cores are also p resent.

U nfortunately,

a ssemblage,

Overall,

f rom

f requencies

r espectively.

P rimary d ebitage,

a re was

r atio

c ores .

s econdary

t echnique.

c lass

8 .2,

( 14.5%).

t echnology

p roduction

f lake

b road and appear s tudied

b lade

f lake:blade

H K-29

a nd

b lades o r a xe p reparation

t echnologies

F lake a s

t ools

b urin spalls

a s eparate

t he

8 .1

mainly of secondary f lakes

c rested

b ladelets. a ctivity,

main tool

c ategory comprises mainly b iface t hinning

b lank

t echnology,

and

t ables

( 14.2%) a nd

r ejuvenation p ieces, ' other d ebitage'

i n

i s

n o c lear

d ivision,

t he

( i.e.

< 1 2

m anufacturing

p rocess p roducing a c ontinuous r ange o f small b lades a nd b ladelets. T hese p roducts h ave mainly small,

u nfaceted,

2 90

l enticular p latforms w ith

T able 8 .1 MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT F REQUENCIES

F OR H K-29,

P rimary f lakes

2 20

6 .8

P rimary b lades

2 2

0 .7

S econdary f lakes

1 802

5 5.9

S econdary b lades

4 59

1 4.2

D ebris

3 32

C ore

r ejuvenation p ieces

-

1 1

C rested b lades

0 .3

0

B urin s palls

0 .0

9 9

A xe p reparation

f lakes

3 .1

0

0 .0

Q uartz d ebitage

1 5

0 .5

O ther d ebitage

9 1

2 .8

T otal d ebitage

3 051

C ores

3 8

1 .2

T ools

4 68

1 4.5

T OTAL

H IERAKONPOLIS

3 557

T OTAL

( excluding d ebris)

3 225

1 00.0

N ote:

p ercentages a re c alculated e xcluding d ebris.

small p ronounced b ulbs o f p ercussion s uggesting a t echnique o ther d irect h ard h ammer A lthough

t han

p ercussion w as u sed .

t here

a re

f ive

b lade

c ores

i n

t he

a ssemblage,

t hey

a re

e xtremely i rregular and exhausted with s teep platfor m angles.

O ne

core s hows c rushing of t he p latform and s everal i ncipient cones

of

percussion s uggesting t hat despite a v ery s teep platform angle the k napper

t ried d esperately

e ither

v ery

b lades

could

c ompletely t he

l ast

L /W

be

t o r educe

blade

d etached

r emoved,

f ew

o r

r emovals

cores with

t hey

were

t he c ore f rom

t he

a re

p attern

v ery

e longate

f urther.

which

of

r educed

f lakes

o nly

o f

T hese

c ores

b road,

r egular

a re

i rregular

blade

scars

f rom

which

f lake

c ores

b lade

p roportions

( i .e .,

> , 2 .00). S ome

a re

r educed

o f

g lossy

f rom

b lades,

s lightly

heat-treated

contain o ne t hird

t he

o r

b lank

cores.

most

f rom

t hose

o f

a ppearance

assemblage

h eat-treated t ool

t o

b e

b ladelet

s uggesting f rom

s ingle p latform

a ppears

p redominant

i n

T he

f airly r egular t echnology

o f b ladelets T he

p articularly

g lossy

square

b ladelet

r epresented,

v iz,

p roportions,

t hat

t hey

-10L10

c ore. t he

a re does

T hus

a

p roduction

c ores. s quare

101 , 70,

t able 8 .2) a re b urins ( 35.1%) a nd r etouched p ieces

c lasses

f rom

( 28.6%).

291

H K-29

( see

B ifacial

T able 8 .2 MAIN T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES

E ndscrapers B urins

F OR H K-29,

2 3

5 .6

1 45

3 5.1 4 .8

N otches

2 0

D enticulates

1 3

3 .1

P erforators

1 0

2 .4

M icrodrills

8

T runcations

1 .9

1 9

4 .6

B acked p ieces

6

S ickle b lades

0

0 .0

S idescrapers

5

1 .2

P lanes

0

0 .0

T ransverse a rrowheads

4

1 .0

W inged d rills O ther

1 .5

1 4

A xes f ine b ifacial

3 .4

0

0 .0

3

0 .7

M iscellaneous b ifacial

1 8

4 .4

T OTAL B IFACIAL

3 5

8 .5

1 18

2 8.6

R etouched p ieces W orked t abular

s labs

M iscellaneous U nidentifiable b roken t ools

percentages

a re

f orm

t he

0

0 .0

7

1 .7

5 5

4 68

1 00.0

calculated

excluding

T OTAL Note:

H IERAKONPOLIS

unidentifiable

b roken

t ools.

t ools a nd

o ther

also

8 .5% f ine

include

o f

b ifacial

t ool a nd

a ssemblage

endscrapers,

m icrodrills,

t runcations,

a rrowheads.

T he t ools a re

a nd

m iscellaneous notches,

b acked

292

o f

s idescrapers

f lakes

w inged

t ools.

denticulates,

p ieces,

m ade o n both

consist b ifacial

d rills,

T he

t ools

perforators, a nd

a nd b lades.

t ransverse

D ata f or

C ores

I ndividual L ithic A rtifact C ategories

( Tables

8 .3 and

T here a re

8 .4)

3 8 cores

( 1.2% of t he assemblage) f rom square 10L10

consisting p redominantly of cores

b ladelet cores. mm .

f lake cores

T hey a re T he

cores. i n

T here a re a lso

f lake

5

2 s ingle platform

T he a verage core d imensions a re:

t hus

3 7.6 x 3 7.0 x 2 8.1

r elatively small .

c ores

c omprise

mostly

with a f ew double platfor m, d eep,

( 81.6%).

c lassed as s ingle platfor m b lade cores and

s ingle

p latform speci mens

multiple platfor m and

( n=18)

i rregular

f lake

T he f lake cores h ave broad f lake scars v arying f rom f lat to a nd

f orm,

mostly

o f

medium

s ize .

a nd t here a re o nly

F requently

r are e longate

t he

f lake

s cars

s cars .

a re

i rregular

T he c ores

were

e vidently worked by h ard h ammer p ercussion and f our s how i ncipient c ones

o f

p ercussion .

1 i rregular

f lake

F our

c ore)

o f

t he

a re

f lakes

made

of

c ores

( 3

q uartz.

s ingle

One

p latform

f lake

c ore

a nd

( of

a

p inkish-beige f lint) i s glossy i n appearance suggesting i t h as been h eat-treated. A s v ery

mentioned

r educed

e longate t heir

and

f lake

a bove,

s cars

o f

e xhausted s tate

o f blades

t hat

T he

two

c ores

could

b lade

s how

n o

a nd

c ores

a l ess

c lassed

b e

a s

b lade

e xhausted

p roportions. i ndication

C ertainly

o f

h aving

i ndicative o f

c omprise r egular,

a g lossy

n on-glossy

c ores,

f lake

b eing

cores

t hese

p roduced

HK-29 asse mblage.

d isplay a g lossiness

b ladelet

s cars,

f ive

characterize t he

f ive b lade c ores

b ladelet

t he

i rregular,

with

c ores t he

i n

k inds

F our o ut of t he h eat

s pecimen

t reatment . w ith

s pecimen .

T he

r egular f ormer

i s s uggestive of t he i ntentional manufacture of heat-treated small b lades and b ladelets. b lade c ore

t he

f inal

T he s econd core

r emovals

f rom

T hese t wo b ladelet c ores c learly

may

r epresent

a n

r epresent

a s eparate

manufacturing

T able 8 .3 C ORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT H K-29,

S ingle p latform f lake c ores

1 8

H IERAKONPOLIS

4 7.4

D ouble p latform f lake c ores

3

M ultiple p latform f lake

1

2 .6

9

2 3.7

S ingle p latform b lade c ores

5

1 3.2

S ingle p latform b ladelet

2

5 .3

I rregular

T otal

c ores

f lake c ores c ores

e xhausted

which were o f b ladelet p roportions.

3 8

293

7 .9

1 00.1

T able D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM

N o.

8 .4

H K-29,

H IERAKONPOLIS

o f s triking p latforms: 1

2 5

( n=38)

6 5.8

2

3

7 .9

3

1

2 .6

4

0

0 .0

o ther/irregular

9

2 3.7

7

1 8.4

P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals

3

7 .9

c ontinuous e dge s trengthening r emovals

0

0 .0

2 7 1

7 1.1 2 .6

i rregular, o ther

l arge a nd s mall c hip s cars

P latform s urface: l arge f lake s car

1 4

s cars o f p revious

f lake

r emovals

3 6.8

6

1 5.8 1 0.5

s cars o f p latform s urface p reparation r emovals

4

a ncient p atina

1

2 .6

c ortex

3

7 .9

u npatinated n atural

f lint s urface

0

o ther/irregular

0 .0

1 0

2 6.3

E xtent o f w orking o f c ore: o ne a rea w orked o ne f ace

1 6

2 .6 1 5.8

h alf o f p eriphery

8

2 1.1

m ost

9

2 3.7

o f p eriphery

e ntire p eriphery

1 3

3 4.2

t wo f aces

0

0 .0

o ther

1

2 .6

D imensional s tatistics: m ean L ength

r ange

3 8

3 7.55

1 1.49

1 3-59

3 8

3 6.97

1 1.06

2 1-61

( max)

3 8

2 8.08

9 .41

1 5-56

W idth/Thickness

3 8

1 .37

0 .34

0 .58-2.40

W idth

( max)

s .d.

( max)

T hickness

N ote:

m easurements a re

p rocedure p ressure

f rom t hat

i n m m.

r epresented b y t he

t echnique.

Both

f lake c ores,

b ladelet

s trengthening r emovals a t t he p latform .

2 94

cores

s uch a s a p unch o r

d isplay

t iny

edge

T able 8 .5 D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM

H K-29,

H IERAKONPOLIS

B reaks: n one

2 5

m inor

0

b roken

1 87

D imensional s tatistics

f or

u nbroken b lades: mean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

2 5

3 5.28

8 .03

1 8-53

W idth

2 5

1 1.94

3 .75

7 -24

T hickness

2 5

3 .18

1 .61

1 -7

L ength/Width

2 5

3 .12

0 .87

2 .06-4.82

T hickness/Width

2 5

0 .27

0 .13

0 .09-0.57

m ean

s .d.

r ange

D imensional

s tatistics f or

b roken b lades:

W idth

1 84

1 1.98

4 .09

5 -24

T hickness

1 87

2 .70

1 .39

0 .5-11

T hickness/Width

1 84

0 .23

0 .09

0 .05-0.52

m ean

s .d.

r ange

D imensional s tatistics

f or

a ll b lades:

W idth

2 09

1 1.98

4 .05

5 -24

T hickness

2 12

2 .76

1 .42

0 .5-11

T hickness/Width

2 09

0 .23

0 .09

N ote:

m easurements a re i n mm.

Secondary

blades

S econdary a ssemblage . f or

0 .05-0.57

( Tables

blades

8 .6)

constitute

A l ittle

a nalysis

8 .5 a nd

u nder

h alf

1 4.2% o f

t he

( n=459) of b lades

b y a r andom s ampling p rocedure,

8 8% a re b roken,

b lade

a re

l ength o f t hese t he

whole

s lightly

i s

O nly 3 5 .3

speci mens

more

r obust

2 5 mm.

( 12%)

H owever,

appear t han

t he

to be

c ompared b lades

295

l ithic

s elected

many b eing

whole specimens. w ith

t he

r elatively t hick.

b roken

HK-29 were

a s t here was i nsufficient

t ime to s tudy t he e ntire g roup. f ragments.

t he

( n=212)

which,

T he

merely average

b roken

b lades

T hey a re

t herefore,

t hus

may

b e

T able 8 .6 S TRIKING P LATFORM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM H K-29,

H IERAKONPOLIS

m ean

s .d.

r ange

P latform a ngle

1 8

1 06.83

8 .31

P latform t hickness

7 6

1 .49

1 .13

0 .5-6

P latform w idth

7 6

5 .28

3 .16

0 .5-13

P latform p reparation:

R NS

P latform s hape:

0

u nfaceted

9 4-124

6 4

0 .0

r ectangular

6 6.0

0

0 .0

l enticular

2 9

2 9.9

2 2

2 2.7

d ihedral

4

4 .1

i rreg.

l entic.

m ultifaceted

2

2 .1

i rreg.

w ide

8

1 9.6

i rreg.

t riang.

3

3 .1

2

2 .1

t hinned

1 9

8 .2

c rushed

2

2 .1

g ull-winged

o ther/irregular

6

6 .2

o ther/irregular

3 3

3 4.0

t otal

9 7

1 00.0

t otal

9 7

1 00.1

B ulb o f p ercussion: d iffuse s mall,

2 1

2 1.6

s lightly

p ronounced s mall,

f raillure:

p ronounced

5 1

5 2.6

1 0

1 0.3

o ther/irregular

1 5

1 5.5

t otal

9 7

1 00.0

8 8

9 0.7

p resent

1 8

1 8.6

a bsent

7 9

8 1.4

t otal

9 7

1 00.0

P reparation s cars: p resent a bsent

9

t otal

9 7

why t hey d id not b reak.

9 .3 1 00.0

T hey a lso s eem t o b e c omparatively s hort.

H ence t he a verage l ength o btained H K-29 b lades b efore O verall,

t he

m ay n ot b e r epresentative o f a ll t he

m any o f t hem b roke .

b lades

h ave

a n

a verage

2 96

w idth o f 1 2 .0

mm,

a n a verage

1

t hickness T hus a re

o f 2 .8 mm, a nd a n a verage t hickness/width r atio o f 0 .23.

L

g enerally,

t he

b lades

a re

o f b ladelet p roportions .

r elatively

H owever,

a s eparate g roup f rom t he b lades.

T he

g eared t o p roducing b lanks v arying t he

w hole, T he

o r

s ample

o f

p latforms

i rregularly

t able

8 .6).

b lades

a re

b asic

i n

b lades

s hape,

h ave

p ronounced

s how small,

f requently

d ata

a nd

t he

t hey

a re

t he

f rom

t he

t echnique

r esult

small,

o r

o f

mainly ( 53%) .

p .

was

t hose

o f

p roximal

u nfaceted

b ladelet

e nds.

a nd

A f ew

s hape

t runcated,

b ulbs

( 10%)

T he

l enticular

' other/irregular'

small,

O n

m argins .

( see

s lightly

a re

small

M ost o f t he b lades

a nd

( 91%)

i rregular p latform p reparation s cars.

r egularity

o f

o f

t he

a s pecialized

u sed

t o

b lades

b lade

m anufacture

o r p ressure t echnique w as u sed b lades,

4 2% f orm

t echnology

w ith p arallel

s urviving

w ith a c lear p oint o f p ercussion .

p latform

A bout

t hey d o n ot

b lank

( including

with

p redominantly

l enticular T he

n arrow .

f rom small b lades t o b ladelets .

s tudied

p ronounced b ulbs o f p ercussion

B adari

a nd

t he b lades a nd b ladelets a re r egular

p roportions) c ontained 9 7 p ieces s triking

t hin

s tatistically,

t echnology

t he

t o d etach

c learly

f lakes.

t he

b lades

T he

i ndicate q uite

t hat

s eparate

P ossibly a p unch ( cf .

c omments

f or

1 17-118) .

2 2.2% o f t he blades h ave a g lossy o r s lightly glossy appearance s uggestive o f h eat t reatment. p roportions.

I t

t echnology

a t

s eems

l ikely

H K-29,

Most o f t hese t hat

t hese

c onsisting

( predominantly)

f rom

r epresented i n t he

a ssemblage

o f

t he

heat-treated

( 60%) a re o f b ladelet

s pecimens

r epresent

p roduction

c ores,

o ne

o f

such

a t hird

b ladelets core

being

s tudied .

E ndscrapers ( Table 8 .7; F ig. 8 .3h) A fter b urins a nd r etouched p ieces, i mportant f lakes f lake

t ool

c lass

p redominate b lanks

f lakes.

( 44%)

c onsist

i n

t he

f ollowed

o f

e ndscrapers f orm t he n ext most

10L10 b y

a ssemblage .

( Table

8 .8;

r elatively b road,

s hort

( 30%) .

p rimary a nd

o n T he

s econdary

T hirteen e ndscrapers h ave

o ne o f w hich h as b acking

F ig.

E ndscrapers

e ndscrapers o n b lades

T he b lades a re mainly r egular.

a dditional r etouch,

B urins

( 5 .6%)

r etouch .

8 .4a-b)

B urins c onstitute t he most d ominant t ool c lass f rom H K-29 f orming 3 5% o f t he t ool a ll

t he

b urins

a complete s elected

o n

o f

t he

f orm

many

t hicknesses t hickness)

o f

b urins

i n

s quare

a ll

o f a nd were

would

a re

f orm .

t he

r ecording t hese p ractised,

A lthough

f rom

b urin

10L10,

t he

b urins,

s ubclass t ime a nd

w as

r ecorded

c onstraints a t hird

f or

p revented

was

r andomly

( 56%),

which a re

s tudy .

r egular

b reaks

' Since

a nalysis

f or

M ost m ainly

a ssemblage . ( n=145)

t he

m ain

b lades t o

o n

a re

s ubclass

p latform made

m ade

2 9%

a re

o n

s econdary

( 39%) .

v ery

widths, t he

s econdary b lades

t hin 0 .5

with

b ias .

2 97

v ery

small

measurements mm.

measurements t o t he n earest i ntroduce g reater

S ingle

b urins

2 2% a re d ouble b urins.

t hese

n earest

f lakes.

I t 1 mm,

was a s

( as

p latform well

t hought

a s

t hat

w as n ormally

T able 8 .7 D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM

H K-29,

H IERAKONPOLIS

( n=23)

B reaks: n one

1 6

m inor

1

b roken

6

i ntentional(?)

b reak

0

S ubclass: s ingle e ndscraper

o n

s ingle e ndscraper

o n b lade

o ther

f lake

1 0 7

s ingle e ndscraper

2

d ouble e ndscraper o n b lade

1

d enticulated e ndscraper

3

T ool b lank: P rimary

f lake

5

P rimary b lade

3

S econdary

f lake

6

S econdary b lade

5

c ore

r ejuvenation p iece

( side-blow)

1

c ore t ablet i ndeterminate

N o.

1 f lake/blade

2

o f s crapers w ith a dditional

r etouch:

1 3

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange

L ength

1 7

4 8.00

1 2.37

2 9-74

W idth

2 2

2 8.77

5 .38

2 2-43

T hickness

2 3

1 1.39

4 .03

L ength/Width

1 7

1 .74

0 .60

0 .84-3.13

T hickness/Width

2 2

0 .42

0 .15

0 .19-0.81

N ote:

m easurements a re

4 2%

o f

t he

b urins

w ith b acking r etouch. a m ean

o f

3 8 .3

mm .

6 -22

i n mm.

s tudied

h ave

a dditional

r etouch,

T he b urins v ary i n l ength f rom T he a verage

l ength/width

2 98

i ncluding

2 3 t o

r atio i s

1 .94 .

7 2

mm

two w ith

a

0

F ig.

8 .3

T ools

f rom

b acking d -f,

1

.2

cm

H K-29,

r etouch;

s quare b ,

microdrills;

b lade;

i ,

10L10 .

b acked g ,

p iece;

b roken

p erforator.

2 99

a ,

c onvex

c ,

b lade

t runcation

t ransverse

t ool;

h ,

w ith

a rrowhead;

endscraper

o n

T able

8 .8

D ATA F OR B URINS F ROM H K-29,

B reaks: n one

3 2

H IERAKONPOLIS *

6 6.7

m inor

9

1 8.8

b roken

7

1 4.6

T ool

s ubclass:

s ingle b urins o n b reak o n

5 6

o blique s traight

o n s traight o n o ther o n

t runc.

t runcation

t runcation

4 .1

2

1 .4

9

r etouched e dge

3 8.6

6

1 0

6 .2 6 .9

o n u nretouched e dge

7

4 .8

o n b acked b lade

0

0 .0

o ther

9

6 .2

t otal

( 99)

( 68.3)

d ouble b urins o n

1 b reak

o n

2 b reaks

1 b urin b urins

1 3

o n b reak n ot o n b reaks

b roken,

p latforms

2 .8

2

1 .4

1 1

i ndet.

7 .6 0 .7

t otal

( 31)

d ihedral

9 .0

4

( 21.4)

b urins

d ihedral

5

3 .4

a ngle

1

0 .7

0

0 .0

( 6)

( 4.1)

3

2 .1

d ihedral

m ultiple

d ihedral

t otal

m ultiple b urins o n

1 b reak, o n b reak

b urin(s) o ther

n ot

e nd

o n b reaks b oth e nds

1

b urins n ot

5

3 .4

( 9)

( 6.2)

o n b reaks

t otal

1 45

T OTAL B URINS

T ool

b lank: p rimary

5 1

f lakes

p rimary b lades s econdary

1 00.0

1 0.4 2 .1

f lakes

1 4

2 9.2

s econdary b lades

2 7

5 6.3

c ore

r ejuvenation p ieces

1

( side-blow) N o.

0 .7

2 .1

o f b urins w ith a dditional r etouch

( excl.

r etouch

s upporting b urin

D imensional

f acets):

2 0

4 1.7

s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange 2 3-72

L ength

4 1

3 8.27

1 1.24

W idth T hickness

4 8 4 8

2 1.00 7 .90

6 .73 3 .80

1 3-43 3 -22

L ength/Width

4 1

1 .94

0 .73

0 .72-3.86

T hickness/Width

4 8

0 .38

0 .14

0 .16-0.73

• T ool s ubclass r ecorded f or a ll b urins ( n.145) f rom H K-29 S quare 10L10 . R emaining a ttributes r ecorded f or a t hird ( n.48) o f t he b urins. N ote:

m easurements a re

i n mm"

3 00

-

-

a

0 I

1

2 cm

b

C

F ig.

8 .4

B urins

and

notch

f rom

HK-29,

square

b reak; b , double burin; c , notch.

3 01

10L10.

a ,

b urin

on

T able

8 .9

D ATA F OR N OTCHES F ROM H K-29,

B reaks:

H IERAKONPOLIS

( n=20)

T ool b lank:

n one

1 2

m inor

5

b roken

3

p rimary f lakes

5

p rimary b lades

1

f lakes

8

s econdary b lades

s econdary

4

t hin n odular

1

f lint

c hunks

N otch t ype:

N o.

1

o f n otches w ith a dditional r etouch:

c lactonian

1 3

9

r etouched

( normal)

5

r etouched

( irregular)

6

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange

N otch w idth

2 0

1 3.70

4 .08

7 -22

N otch d epth

2 0

2 .90

0 .94

2 -5

L ength

1 7

4 2.82

1 3.90

2 6-83

W idth

1 9

3 2.63

1 1.77

1 6-69

T hickness

2 0

1 2.55

3 .93

L ength/Width

1 6

1 .41

0 .57

0 .67-2.78

T hickness/Width

1 9

0 .43

0 .16

0 .19-0.88

N ote:

m easurements a re

Notches

6 -21

i n m m.

( Table 8 .9; F ig. 8 .4c)

N otches f orm 4 .8% ( n=20) o f t he square 10L10 a ssemblage. a re m ainly m ade o n f lakes . r etouch,

5 b y n ormal

n otches h ave

m inor o r

D enticulates

a re

N ine o f t he n otches a re

r etouch

s ize a nd

f orm,

6 b y i rregular

a dditional

r etouch .

M ost o f t he

r etouch .

( Table 8 .10)

D enticulates a ccount f or m ade o n s econdary f lakes .

a dditional

a nd

i rregular

T hey

m ade b y c lactonian

a nd

r etouch

f requently ( mostly

3 .1% o f t he H K-29 t ool a ssemblage . M ost T he d enticulate r etouch i s v ariable i n i t

i s

m inor

o r

i rregular. i rregular).

302

F our

d enticulates h ave

T able

8 .10

D ATA F OR D FNTICULATES F ROM H K-29,

B reaks:

H IERAKONPOLIS

( n=13)

T ool b lank:

n one

6

p rimary f lakes

0

m inor

2

p rimary b lades

0

b roken

5

s econdary

f lakes

8

s econdary b lades

5

N o.

o f d enticulates w ith a dditional 4

r etouch:

D imensional s tatistics: m ean

s .d.

r ange

'9

4 6.11

7 .71

3 6-58

W idth

1 2

2 7.00

7 .16

1 5-43

T hickness

1 3

1 1.77

5 .49

1 .80

0 .48

1 .27-2.45

0 .44

0 .18

0 .17-0.80

L ength

L ength/Width

8

T hickness/Width

N ote:

1 2

5 -23

m easurements a re i n m m.

P erforators ( Table 8 .11; F ig. 8 .3i) P erforators

f orm

2 .4%

s hort, b road f lakes. a re

m ainly a chieved

e nd o f t he b lank. b e s hort,

o f

t he

H K-29

t ool

a ssemblage .

T hree a re made o n b lades. b y

T he

d irect t ips

o f

r etouch t he

a long

b oth

p erforators

M ost

a re

T he p erforator

o n

t ips

l ateral e dges o f o ne

m ade

o n

f lakes

t end

t o

3 s howing a r elatively c lear d egagement.

T he p erforators v ary f rom 1 8 t o 5 8 mm i n l ength w ith a mean o f 3 9 .3

mm .

T he

a verage o f

l ength/width

1 .12,

e nough t o g ive a l ength f or t he l ength/width

M icrodrills

( Table

M icrodrills ( n=8;

1 .9%).

r atios

v ary

f rom

0 .70

t o

1 .29 a nd

y ield a n

t hough none o f t he p erforators o n b lades a re whole m easurement,

r atio

8 .12; f orm

T hey a re

h ence t he

l ow

(

8 m m

R etouch

t o a s

d escription

( Fig .

C .6):

T here

i s

v irtually a n

i nfinite

v ariety

o f r etouch f orms, a nd t he f ollowing d escriptions r epresent n o more t han a n a ttempt t o d ivide t his continuum o f c ategories

with

which

t o

c onvey

some

i dea

f orms of

i nto convenient

t he

r etouch

s tyles

e ncountered. g rignotage:

continuous, r etouch

n ormal:

a s

small,

d efined

non-invasive

retouch

equidi mensional approxi mately

non-invasive,

b y T ixier

( 1963:

consisting

p roporti ons

parallel

4 50

s ides

' nibbling'

3 3) . o f

s cars

o f

with

mostly

and

r ounded

a

F ig.

C .3

Retouch

position.

a lternating;

e ,

a ,

d irect;

a lternate .

4 5 1 1

b ,

i nverse;

c ,

b ifacial;

d ,

n on-invasive;

C O

4 52

i nvasive .

0

a

b

C

d

e

F ig.

C .5

R etouch s ize. a , very small; b , small; e ,

very l arge.

4 53

c ,

mediu m; d ,

large;

t erminations. r etouch

n ormal-scalar:

s calar

consisting

b road- scars

s calar:

( "retouche n ormal subparallel:

a

t hat

e n

mixture

a mixture

s ided

and

r etouch

t owards

o f

nor mal

s cars

t end

[ cf. B ordes,

e xpand

" caille"

of

( subparallel

s quare subparallel:

o f

of

normal

and

s cars.

and

a re

to

b e

t ermination

[ 1961:

s ubparallel

l onger

t han

o f a m ixture

s quare s cars

a nd

l ess

o r

scars

p arallel-

t hey a re

1 961: 8 -10; T ixier et a l,

c onsisting

8 ]).

approximately

s quare s cars, more

t heir

B ordes

wide

1 980:

9 2]).

o f s ubparallel a nd

b eing

equidimensional

parallel-sided

with

s traight

t erminations. b road e longate r etouch

s ubparallel:

c omprising

b road

s ubparallel

s cars .

e longate s ubparallel:

s ubparallel o r

e longate p arallel:

l amellar

p arallel:

r etouch

more t imes

l ike

e longate

more

r egular.

l onger

t han

s cars

t ending

t hey a re

s ubparallel

' retouch c onsisting which h ave

w ith

t o

b e

two

s cars

a re

w ide.

e xcept

t he

o f r egular p arallel-sided

l ength/width

r atios

o f

scars

well o ver

2 :1.

C OUVRANTE R ETOUCH R etouch

s ize:

T he

r elative

s ize

t o

c ouvrante

t erms

u sed a re:

s mall m edium l arge ' Small' i n

more i .e .

r efers

l ength, i n

' large' s cars

l ength,

and

a pproximately

i s

d escribed

t hose

' medium' scars

1 0-20

F latness o f r etouch: s cars

r etouch

a re

s cars a re

mm

o r

l ess

mm

o r

t hose o f i nter mediate s ize,

T he r elative depth o r concavity o f t he r etouch

a s:

d eep,

1 0

mm.

f lat, r elatively

a pproximately

t hat a re approxi mately 2 0

o r

d eep.

454

a

F ig.

C .6

R etouch d escription c ,

s calar;

b road

d ,

e longate

e longate

c ategories,

a ,

n ormal subparallel; s ubparallel;

p arallel;

i ,

l amellar

4 55

g ,

n ormal; e ,

b ,

n ormal-scalar;

s quare subparallel;

e longate

p arallel.

s ubparallel;

f , h ,

D istribution

o f r etouch:

c entral

- c ouvrante

e dge

- e ssentially n on-invasive a fter

R etouch

r etouch

t he

e xtends

o ver o r

c entral p art o f a t ool .

i nvasive

r etouch

a pplied

main c ouvrante r etouch .

d escription:

b road

- r etouch consisting o f s cars t hat t end to b e a s w ide o r

w ider t han t hey

e xpansive - r etouch

a re

comprising

l ong .

s cars

which w iden t owards t heir

t ermination. e longate

- r etouch c omprising s cars t hat a re longer t han t hey a re

w ide .

e longate s ubparallel

( see

F ig.

C .6g)

e longate p arallel

( see

F ig.

C .6h)

l amellar p arallel

( see

F ig.

C .6i)

R ight lateral edge: T he r ight edge o f a b lank ( or tool o n a b lank) when t he b lank i s o riented with t he dorsal a spect upper most a nd t he p roximal e nd d ownwards.

Secondary blade: s till

c overed

b y

A blade

S econdary f lake: s till

c overed

with

l ess

t han

h alf

o f t he dorsal a spect

with

l ess

t han

h alf

o f t he dorsal a spect

R NS .

b y

A f lake R NS .

Thin nodular f lint: R elatively t hin n atural s lab o f f lint w ith c ortex, o r c ortex a nd a ncient p atina o n i ts s urface .

Thin

patinated

f ragment o f r aw

Tool blank: f lake,

T he

b lade,

Tranchet p reparation

piece:

A c omparatively

f lat,

b road n atural

p atinated

m aterial .

s upport

t hin

scar: f lake

o r

n odular

T he ( see

s car

s ubstrate o n which a t ool

f lint,

i s

made,

e .g.

e tc .

r esulting

f rom

b elow) .

456

t he

d etachment

o f a n

axe

4 57

p reparation

a xe

p repara t ion

T ranchet

technique:

T he

t ransversal d etachment o f a n a xe p reparation

f lake f rom o ne e dge o f a n a xe t o obtain a s uitable working a xe e dge ( Fig .

C .7) .

S ometimes

t he

f lake e xtending e ntirely i s a p artial t ranchet. r elated

t o b urin

a daptation

f rom

f orce a pplied

f rom o ne

i s n ot t o t he

F or

t echnology,

B aumgartel

w hile

S hafer

a s a v ariation o f b urin o r b lade t echnology. t echnique

i s

u nrelated

a s pecial r eduction

s ufficient t o r emove a o ther,

a nd

t he

r esult

T o V ignard ( 1921: 1 1) t he t echnique appeared

t echnology.

b lade

m argin

t o b oth

mode

i n

i ts

t echnologies own r ight .

4 58

a nd

( 1960:

3 5)

( 1983:

5 9)

H owever, m ust

i t

w as

an

r egards

i t

t he t ranchet

b e c onsidered a s

A ppendix

D

A N OTE ON S OME PRELIMINARY H EAT TREATMENT E XPERIMENTS

I NTRODUCTION E xperience

( by t he writer)

N ile V alley s hows t hat s tructure,

i t

i n

f lakes

working f lint f rom t he E gyptian

well.

I t

h as

a f ine

h omogeneous

a nd i t s eems d ifficult to see how s uch a n a lready good,

w orkable k ind o f r aw m aterial c ould b e s ignificantly i mproved b y t reatment .

H owever,

while s tudying t he

v illage s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, b ladelets

appeared

t o

be

g lossy

i n

material

h eat

f rom t he P redynastic

Ib egan to notice t hat a ll t he appearance

and

o f

a s omewhat

d ifferent c olour f rom t he majority o f t he o ther l ithic a rtifacts i n t he

collection.

Was

a specific

m anufacture o f t hese b ladelets, d etached b een h eat-treated?

variety

o r

o f

f lint

h ad t he c ores

sought

f or

f rom w hich t hey

T he p ossibility o f t he

t he were

l atter e xplanation

l ed m e t o c onduct a f ew p reliminary h eat t reatment e xperiments . T he

t hermal

a lteration

o f

s iliceous

i mprove t he f laking q ualities o f t he f or

e xample,

w ould

b e

1 964;

i nizan

m uch

p roperties

e t

m aterial

i s

i n

a l,

a re

s ubsequently 1 971;

l onger

p ossible

I nizan

1 976) .

colour

h eated e t a l,

o r

t o

m aterials i s

i n

m any c ases,

k nown

t o

e nabling,

f lakes t o b e r emoved i n p ressure-flaking t han

s imilar

f laked

l ithic

m aterial

u nheated

O ften

c hanges

1 976;

a nd

f ractured.

b etween

m aterial

a ccompanying

C happell,

B utler,

i n

f laking

appearance

c hanges

3 00 0 a nd

a nd

c hange

l ustrous

T hese

a bout

R ick a nd

a

( Crabtree t his

o ccur

4 00 0 C ( Purdy a nd 1 983)

when

when

t he

B rooks,

w ith s ome v ariation

d epending o n t he r aw material .

T HE E XPERIMENTS N ine T hese

f lakes

f lakes

a re

were u sed a ll

f rom

t he V alley o f t he K ings

i n

f our

s labs

o f

i n U pper

s eparate heat t reatment t rials. f lint

o btained

E gypt.

weathered o ut of t he l ocal E ocene l imestone. t he

f lint

v aries

p ink b anding. c olours

f rom

a d ull

g reyish

b eige

t he

e ntrance

o f

T he n atural colour o f

t o

a y ellowish

A M unsell S oil C olor C hart was

more s ystematically,

a t

T he nodules h ave r ecently b eige

w ith

u sed t o d ocument t he

t he c olour d ata b eing s ummarized i n t able

D .1. I n

all

t he

e xperiments,

t he

s and a nd p ut i nto a n e lectric h eat u p w ith t he s lowly

i nside

b elow a re

f or

f urnace when

t he

f urnace

f lakes

f urnace. i t

w hen

s tart

b uried

f lakes

w as switched o n,

i t

w as

s witched

i n b eakers o f

were a llowed t o

a nd a llowed t o c ool

o ff .

T he

t imes

g iven

t he p eriod t he f urnace w as m aintained a t t he t emperature

r equired a nd e xclude t he t ime i t t ook t he

were T he

f or t he f urnace t o h eat u p a t

o f a n e xperiment a nd t o c ool a t t he e nd .

E xperiment 1 : Two f lakes ( nos. 1 a nd 2 ) d etached f rom t he s ame b lock o f

f lint

3 00 ° C .

( block T his

n o .

1 )

w ere

t emperature

p laced

w as

i n

t he

m aintained

459

f urnace

f or

a bout

w hich 6 1

w as h eated t o

h ours .

T he

t wo

T able MUNSELL

COLOR

CHART

HEAT

D .1

READINGS

TREATMENT

F OR

FLAKES

E xperiment conditions

1

6 1 /2

2

h rs

3 50 ° C

4

1 /2

h rs

4 00 ° C 5 1 /2

N ote: ' Block d etached.

n o.'

1

7 .5YR 8 /4 5 YR 7 /3

5 YR 6 /4

2

1

7 .5YR 8 /4 5 YR 7 /3

5 YR 6 /4

1

1

5 YR

5 YR 6 /2

3

2

1 0YR

4

3

5 YR

5

2

1 0YR

6

3

5 YR

7

4

1 0YR

7 /3

1 0YR

5 /2

8

5

1 0YR

7 /3

1 0YR

5 /2

9

6

1 0YR

7 /2

1 0YR

6 /2

1

*

h rs

5 1 /2

1 5

r eading

After h eat t reatment

B lock n o.

3 50 ° C

3

C hart

C olor

B efore h eat t reatment

F lake n o.

3 00 ° C

I N

E XPERIMENTS

M unsell E xperiment n o.

USED

h rs

r efers

t o

t he

b lock

o f

6 /4

7 .5YR 6 /2

7 /3 7 /3

5 YR

7 .5YR 6 /2

7 /3 7 /3

f lint

6 /2

5 YR

f rom w hich

6 /2

t he

f lake

w as

f lakes u sed i n t his experi ment were l ight beige i n colour w ith p ink b anding.

H ence

t reatment' r eading o f

two

column t he

r eading

f lake

p er

Experi ment

5 1

readings a re

t able

D .1.

T he

2 :

f lakes i s

appeared

g iven

i n

more

t he

I n t his e xperiment,

hours.

f lakes

b locks c olour.

o f

F lake

( nos .

f lint .

T he

c olour

o f t he f lake. i n

i n t he

b eige

no.1

3 a nd F lake

4 )

t he

( from

n o .4

r eading

However,

u sed

h eat

' before heat

colour

1 )

t o a ny

colour

n o .3

D .1

was

heated

f urther s hows

r efers

s o o nly

t o

again

c hanges . a re

f rom

460

o ne

main

3 50 ° C

t o

s ee

T he

t wo

d ifferent

d ifferent t he

the c olours o f t he o ther b ands a re

f igure D .1.

a

t reatment' c olumn .

t his e xperiment

b lock

t able

i n

g ives

A fter heat

f urnace was maintained a t

block

i n

f rom

i n

u nifor m

' after

w hether a dditional h eating would l ead o ther

g iven

l ight

7 .5YR 8 /4, and t he p ink, a r eading of 5 YR 7 /3.

t reatment,

f or

Munsell

i n

b ands

b eige

o f

a rea

i ndicated

7 -5YR 7 /6

y e l low-orange

1 0YR 8 /2

l i ght b e ige

5YR 7 /3

b e ige

a

2 -5YR 6 /4 p ink-orange 5YR 8 /2

5YR

6 /2

2 -5YR 6 /4 7 -5YR 5YR

F ig.

D .1

C olour

8 /4 6 /2

c hanges d ue t o h eat

u nheated

f lake;

f lake

no .6

b lock

no .3 .

b ,

h eated

f lake i n

p ink-be ige

p ink-orange l i gh t b e ige

p ink-be ige

t reatment

no .4

heated

E xperiment

4 61

l i ght b e ige

3 .

i n

b anded

i n

E xperiment

A ll

f lakes

f lint, a re

2 ;

a , c ,

f rom

Experi ment s ignificant a nd

6 )

3 :

f rom

l ike

f lint .

s ee o n

i f

t he

t he

o f

o f

( nos.

t i me

t he

2 a nd

3 50 ° c f or 1 51 hours.

f lake n o .4 A gain,

l ength

a ppearance

d ifferent b locks

t emperature o f a nd

T o

e ffect

3 )

M unsell

heating

t wo

h ad

f lakes

any

( nos.

5

were heat-treated at a

F lake no .6 i s f rom b lock no .3,

i n t he p revious e xperiment,

t he

o f

f lint,

s hows a b anding o f

r eading g iven i n t able

D .1

i s

f or

t he

t he b eige

a rea equivalent t o b eige band o f f lake n o .4 f or which a r eading was l isted i n t able D .1.

F or t he r eadings o f t he o ther b ands s ee f igure

D .1.

E xperiment 4 : I n t his e xperiment, a s omewhat h igher t emperature ( 400 ° C ) was maintained ( for approximately 5 1 hours). T hree f lakes f rom

t hree d ifferent b locks o f

f lint

were u sed i n t his e xperiment .

THE RESULTS I n

a ll

t hese

e xperiments,

t here

were

o bservable

c olour

c hanges,

a nd t he f lint appeared t o b e s lightly l ustrous when s ubsequently r etouched. V arying t he t emperature i n t he r ange between 3 00 ° C and 4 00 ° C d oes not s eem h eating a fter

t ime .

b eing

c olour a fter T he

t o h ave had a ny e ffect;

H owever,

o ne f lake

h eat-treated

f or

w ith p ink b anding, t he

f irst

c olour

h eating

c hanges

t able D .1.

i mpressive 4 a nd 6 ,

i ron

c hanges

i n

t ime .

a d arker f or

t he

o f

which

was

f lint,

b rown

i ndicated

i n

a fter

t he

s econd

f lakes

a re

h eating . s hown

t he f lint h as b ecome s lightly d arker,

i n a nd

T his r eddening o f colour i s p robably d ue t o t he

f lint

( Purdy a nd

B rooks,

1 971) .

T he

most

among t he e xperimental f lakes a re s een w ith f lakes

a nd

i n

f act

r efit.

k ept a s a control,

c hanges

t he

i n c olour

O riginally a l ight b eige

e xperimental

which a re o f a b anded f lint.

b lock c olour

o f

a s econd

a nd

r ecorded

mostly more r ed i n h ue.

nor d oes e xtending

1 ) b ecame e ven d arker

i t b ecame a more u niform l ight b rown c olour

I n a ll c ases,

t he p resence

( no .

o f

t he

f igure

a lso

b anding

T he f lakes a re f rom t he A t hird,

r efits

o f

t he

s ame

u nheat-treated

o n

t o

f lint

t hese

o f

flake

f lakes.

t hese

T he

f lakes

are

D .1 .

EVIDENCE OF H EAT TREATMENT I N THE PREDYNASTIC T he r esults o f a ppear

t o

s upport

t hese p reliminary

t he

n otion

o f

t he

e xperiments B adari

a re

b ladelets

e ncouraging ( and

t ools

a nd made

o n t hese b ladelets) h aving b een s truck f rom h eat-treated c ores, t hese

b ladelets

a re

s how a r eddening

d efinitely

o f

' glossy '

o r

l ustrous

b eige

which

f lint

( almost

i s

b lack)

i s n ot

l ikely

t o

c olour.

M unsell B adari f lint,

A rea v ary

h ave C olor

3 000/6 f rom

a s a nd

i s b eige i n colour, and o nly a r elatively small

s ome v ariation o f b eige,

a d efinite

matt i n appearance. a re

a ppearance

c olour.

Most o f t he f lint f rom U pper E gypt s ometimes i t h as p ink b anding. T here i s p roportion

i n

' chocolate

M oreover,

most

b rown' U pper

a nd most o f t his nono r

a v ery

E gyptian

d ark

f lint

i s

b rown f airly

S o a ny r eddened a nd l ustrous l ooking a rtifacts

b een h eat-treated . C hart

r eadings

which appear

1 0YR 6 /2 t o

o btained

t o b e o n

6 /4 a nd

f rom

4 62

f or

2 1

u nheated, 7 .5YR 6 /2

t o

a rtifacts

f rom

b eige-coloured 6 /4 .

T here a re

s ingle values o f 1 0YR 5 /3,

1 0YR 7 /3,

7 .5YR 5 /2 and 7 .5YR 7 /2.

o f t he a rtifacts g ave r eadings o f 7 .5YR 6 /2. b ladelets

a nd

1 0

g lossy

b ladelet

t ools

f rom

a pparently h eat-treated b ladelet c ores o ther

f rom

A rea

5 YR 6 /2-4 5 YR

3 000/3)

g ave

t o 2 .5YR 5 /2 a nd

4 /2,

5 YR

5 /1,

5 YR

r eadings 5 YR

6 /1,

A rea

Twelve 9 g lossy

3 000/6,

a nd

two

( one f rom A rea 1 900 a nd t he

v arying

2 .5YR 6 /2.

5 /4,

I n c ontrast,

m ainly

f rom

5 YR 5 /2 a nd

T here a re s ingle r eadings o f 7 .5YR

5 /2,

7 .5YR

6 /2,

and

1 0YR

5 /2. T he most f requent v alue i s 2 .5YR 5 /2 ( for 6 s pecimens). T hus n ot o nly a re t hese p ieces l ustrous i n appearance, b ut t hey a re a lso m ostly q uite c onsiderably r eddened .

T hese t hermally-altered a rtifacts

a re f rom cores which were p robably beige i n colour ( in t he r ange o f 1 0YR

6 /2-4

t o

S ince

i n t he B adari

e asily

7 .5YR

d etached

n o

o bvious

i s

possible

6 /2-4)

f rom

r eason t hat

( whereas p erhaps

b efore

b eing

h eat-treated .

d istrict

l arge

r egular b lades w ere a pparently

u nheat-treated

f or

h eat-treating

t he

b ladelets

t he b lades

( 1983)

s uggest

were

m ay h ave

t hat

t han u nheated a rtifacts .

t he

c ores,

t here

b ladelet

d etached

a ppears

c ores . by

t o

b e

H owever,

i t

p ressure-flaking

w ere r emoved b y a p unch t echnique) a nd t he

h eat t reatment o f t he c ores C happell

b lade

f acilitated t his .

A lso,

R ick a nd

h eat-treated a rtifacts h ave s harper

T hus,

h eat t reatment

m ay h ave

b een

e dges

a way

o f

i mproving t he c utting a bility o f t he e dges o f t he g lossy b ladelets a nd g lossy

b ladelet

t ools .'

T he b ladelet c ores, t he

g lossy b ladelets a nd g lossy b ladelet t ools o f

M ostagedda i ndustry a re n ot

e vidence

o f h eat

t reatment .

t he o nly a rtifacts t o d isplay p robable

T he v ery l arge b lade k nife,

r ipple-flaking o n t he v entral a spect a rea,

i s

d efinitely h eat-treated .

w hereas

t he

u nretouched

f rom

C emetery

U C 9 799,

3 800

i n

t he

w ith

B adari

T he r etouch s cars a re v ery l ustrous

a reas

o f

t he

b lade

a re

q uite

matt

i n

a ppearance i ndicating t hat t he blade i tself was h eated and not t he c ore

f rom

mottled

w hich

i t w as s truck.

i s s omewhat u nusual b eing

B adarian v illage a nd c emetery a reas

i n t he

c oloration

o f

f lint f lake

a nd

A n umber

T he t he

l ustre

b rown.

a nd

i n

t he

c ollection,

a ppear

f rom

a s

a nd s ome

w ell a s

f lake

t he o ne b lade

t o h ave b een h eat-treated .

S ome o f t he b ladelets f rom t he N agada c emeteries appear f rom h eat-altered c ores, a nd t here a re a lso t he

c ollection .

f ifth t hat

o f

t he

t hey

l ooking

t he

H ierakonpolis

a ssemblage

b lades

a nd

b ladelets

g lossy

a re

f rom h eat-treated i n

t he

a ssemblage .

s quare 10L10 a ssemblage,

t he

w riter

f rom

c ore

H ierakonpolis

p resent o r

b ladelet

c ores,

a nd

n oted

i n a ll o f t hem .

b ladelet

cores

t hat

( Although

i n t he small

i n

a nd

T his

h eat-treated

s tandardized i n t he G erzean a s ( Holmes,

i s

f urther

b ladelet H K-14,

b ladelet

l ustrous t he

H K-29,

a ssemblages

t echnology

t here a re n o h eat-treated f rom

i n

o ne-

s uggesting

o ne

a nalyzing

h eat-treated p ieces t hat a re p robably b y-products t echnology .)

a bout

a ppearance

h as e xamined

h eat-treated

s tudied,

t here

S ince

s ample

t o b e

4 g lossy b ladelet t ools

I n

a re

a

t he

B adari d istrict a lso h ave a

s uggestive o f t hermal t reatment,

c ores f rom n early a ll t he l evels a t H emamieh, c ore

blade , cores

i s

b ladelets

t here a re a f ew o f

t he

b ladelet

t echnology s eems p articularly

r epresented b y t he

m aterial

f rom

H K-29A

1 987a) .

T hus,

t he h eat t reatment o f b ladelet c ores i n p articular s eems t o

h ave b een q uite a c ommon p ractice U sing

u ltra-violet

l ight,

i n t he P oplin

463

P redynastic . ( 1981)

h as

i ndicated

t hat

r ipple-flaked k nives writer

s eem

c hanges.

a t

were h eat-treated,

most

H owever,

o nly

a lthough s pecimens s een b y t he

s lightly g lossy with

n o

apparent

c olour

i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat K elterborn ( 1984)

h as u sed h eat-treated F rench a nd D anish f lints t o r eplicate r ipplef laked k nives . P ossible

heat

t reatment

r eported f or t he D elta t he h eat t reating o f

p ractised i n

( Van D en B rink,

f lint

w as a n a spect o f

b een p ractised f or a l ong t ime . i n

t he

P PNB

( Bar-Yosef,

a s

t he

U ruk

s ite,

B .C.

( Miller,

i n

C ertainly,

T ell

1 981b)

R ubeidheh

a n

a spect

d ocumented i n

o f

e xample,

i n

l ater

d ating

a nd

i n

t he

N ear

E ast,

l ithic t echnology t hat h ad h eat t reatment

e arly

f rom

t he

u rban l ate

i s

k nown

c ontexts

4 th

s uch

M illennium

p ress) . o n

t he

basis

t reatment a ppears t o h ave b een i s

F or a nd

D ynastic t i mes h as been

1 987),

P redynastic

f uture

o f

t his

p reliminary

s urvey,

heat

w idely u sed d uring t he P redynastic, l ithic

t echnology

s tudies .

464

which

s hould

a nd b e

Appendix

E

L IST OF UC NUMBERS AND NAGADA GRAVE NUMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS STUDIED I N THE PETRIE MUSEUM OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

L IST OF U C N UMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS F ROM 9 893-9895

1 0405-10491

9 923

1 0520

9 925-9937

1 0523-10527

9 958-9966

1 0529

9 992-10005

1 0531-10553

1 0025-10036

1 0578

H EMAMIEH

1 0063-10085 1 0109-10120

1 9677

1 0124-10125

1 9682-19688

1 0174-10186

1 9690

1 0188-10210

1 9693 1 9712-19713

1 0232-10250

1 9720-19721

1 0284-10301

1 9724

1 0303-10305

1 9728

1 0308-10319

1 9730-19731

1 0334-10352

L IST OF

UC

N UMBERS OF

C EMETERY AREAS

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS

I N THE B ADARI

FROM

BADARIAN V ILLAGE AND

D ISTRICT

9 025-9027

9 348-9350

1 0627

9 037-9042

9 366

1 0630-10642

9 048- 9 05 1

9 368-9370

1 0651-10670

9 098

9 389

9 111-9113

9 398

9 115-9117

9 439-9441

1 9642-19648

9 132

9 444-9449

1 9651-19655

9 149

9 451-9462

1 9662-19670

9 159-9162

9 464-9479

1 9672-19676

9 164-9169

9 481

9 178-9188

9 484-9494

2 7340-27356

9 808-9809

2 7360A

2 7358-27360

9 196-9222 9 255

1 9639

9 260

9 811-9828

9 266

9 831-9834

9 275-9277

9 836-9857

9 287-9288

9 859-9875

9 295-9320

9 877

L IST OF AREAS

U C NUMBERS OF

I N T HE

B ADARI

L ITHIC

ARTIFACTS

F ROM T HE

P REDYNASTIC V ILLAGE

D ISTRICT

9 433-9434

2 6807A

9 436-9438

2 6808-26865

9 442

2 6881

9 506A

2 6882-26887

9 606-9612

2 6887A

9 616-9632

2 6888

9 634-9642

2 6888A

9 650-9696

2 6889-26934

9 698-9754

2 6938-26954

9 758-9772

2 6956-26995

9 774-9778

2 6997-27128

9 780

2 7130

9 783-9793

2 7132-27141 2 7143-27227

1 0577

2 7229-27254

1 0590-10625

2 7256-27282

2 6142

2 7314A

2 6444

2 7315

2 6531-26555

2 7315A

2 6557-26567

2 7316

2 6569-26615

2 7324-27325

2 7286-27314

2 6618-26623 2 6625-26643 2 6645-26654 2 6656-26676 2 6676A 2 6677-26684 2 6686-26729 2 6745-26763 2 6765-26807

L IST OF I N THE

U C NUMBERS OF BADARI

9 372

L ITHIC ARTIFACTS

F ROM P REDYNASTIC C EMETERY AREAS

D ISTRICT 1 0626

9 435 9 443

2 7283-27285

9 444A

2 7318-27323

9 548

2 7335-27339

9 604

2 7362

9 797-9805 9 807 9 876 9 879 9 879A

466

L IST O F U C N UMBERS O F

L ITHIC A RTIFACTS

F ROM

S OUTH T OWN,

N AGADA

5 324-5358 5 510-5552 5 554-5589 5 591-5598 5 605

L IST OF U C N UMBERS O F L ITHIC A RTIFACTS 4 130

4 832

4 133

4 837-4861

F ROM N AGADA C EMETERIES

4 133A 4 134 4 164

4 870-4871 4 873-4905 4 911-4954

4 235-4236

4 956-4972

4 268 4 273 4 278-4280

5 280 5 369 5 403-5405

4 322-4323

5 426-5427

4 334

5 468-5469

4 340 4 376

5 918-5920

4 385 4 389-4390

6 234-6235 6 237

4 406

6 239

4 408 4 418-4423

3 5980

4 427 4 429

3 6075

4 434-4436 4 439 4 468 4 473-4478 4 527-4528 4 534-4543 4 553-4554 4 564 4 576 4 589-4591 4 609-4636 4 778-4779 4 779A 4 780-4820 4 820A 4 821 4 821A 4 822-4828 4 830

467

L IST O F N AGADA G RAVE N UMBERS 5 1

5 98

7 4

6 26

1 376 1 385

1 00

6 53

1 412

1 24

6 55

1 417

1 44

6 58

1 434

1 62

6 60

1 437

1 77

6 61

1 443

1 78

6 63

1 529

1 83

6 65

1 543

2 11

6 67

1 569

2 18

6 75

1 578

2 19

6 80

1 600

2 60

6 83

1 660

2 90

6 84

1 663

2 94

6 94

1 676

2 95

6 98

1 683

3 07

7 43

1 692

3 25

7 79

1 713

3 26

8 07

1 786

3 32

8 16

1 791

3 35

8 67

1 796

3 46

1 039

1 846

3 70

1 041

1 849

3 79

1 048

1 856

3 83

1 187

1 866

3 94

1 203

1 868

4 30

1 205

1 893

4 34

1 208

1 898

4 36

1 215

1 906

4 43

1 229

B 19

4 44

1 233

B 99

4 50

1 234

T 11

4 56

1 237

4 58

1 241

4 61

1 242

4 71

1 259

4 72

1 260

4 73

1 262

4 80

1 263

4 82

1 270

4 85

1 298

4 89

1 302

4 92

1 303

4 94

1 309

5 00

1 310

5 12

1 316

5 45

1 332

5 75

1 345

5 88

1 370

468

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an

3 2-41.

H ierakonpolis .

t he

in

3 5-50 .

H a wk:

1 8:

S and:

i n

of

AmAnt

A R ectangular

S ignificance

1 982 .

T he

E gyptian

1 987.

of

N ewsletter

H ierakonpolis

H ierakonpolis

JNES

- A n

3 9:

I nterim

Publi cati on

and

1 19-137 .

No.1,

R eport, Cair o

Report of

t he

on

1984

American

Excavations R esearch

C enter

at i n

3 -14.

A F inal

H umanities

f rom

R esearch .

E gypt.

A P reli minar y

1 32:

H ouse

Association

H erbarium,

H ierakonpolis . E gypt

Amratian P redynastic

P redynastic S tudies

U niversity 1986.

f or

o n

Report

to

P redynastic

t he

N ational

R esearch

4 83

a t

E ndow ment

H ier a-1 5 17p5r 1177

f or

t he

1 985-86 .

E arth

S ciences

a nd

R esources

I nstitute,

U niversity

o f

S outh

C arolina. HOFFMAN,

M .A .,

H .A .

HAMROUSH

D evelopment f or t he t hrough HOFFMAN,

M .A .,

O ld

H .A .

and

K ingdom

H ierakonpolis. D .L.

1 981.

t he

I nstitute

of

o f

' The

1 985-86,

I n

10-15

1 987c.

B lades

f rom

d issertation,

E gypt:

i n

for

A R ecent

Africanist

P ortland,

O regon,

S outh

de

and

S tone

N ational

R esearch

at

and

pp .

microwear

( Proceedi ngs

of

I n

of

and

pp .

Oasis:

Paper

Fourth

N ewco mer, 9 1-96 .

P ost-Palaeolithic

E gypt'.

S ites

presented

H olocene

H uman

P olytechnic

M .H .

C ambridge,

s tudy

T he

the

B righton

S ieveking

P ress,

R esources

1 96-212 .

a rtefacts.

held a t

f or

H ierakonpolis,

a h igh-power

l ithic

A ssemblage

E ndowment

S ciences

C arolina,

i n

G .

Oasis,

C hipped

t he

i n

a t

the

A rchaeology of

t he

A rchaeology,

I nter-regional L .

The

I n

V ariability

L ate

K rzyzaniak

Flint

Axes

T oronto,

a nd of

of a D istinctive

i n

P rehistory M .

May

E gyptian

o f

t he

K obusiewicz,

Nagada,

6 -10,

T ool

P redynastic

N ile e ds.,

Egypt:

P redynastic

1 987 .

B asin

Analysis

T ype .

and

P oznan. and

S ubmitted

P algorient.

n .d.

The

i n t he

A rchaeology

the

Umm

el-Dabadib

P redynastic

F lintknapping

T echnology

E gypt: A Replicative A nalogy.

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1 969.

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A rea,

K harga

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p rep .

R egion,

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L ondon.

h eld

t he t o

S ymposiu m G .

American

S ahara,

O asis,

HOPF,

o f

A rchaeology

A ssemblages.

A ssessment t o

B .Sc.

Society

E arth

Chert,

" Desert

f or

n .d.

Center:

D esert of E gypt", at the 52nd annual meeting of the

i n p ress . t he

ed.,

U niversity

K harga

symposium, S ociety

and F lint

1983),

' The

Western

E nvironment

Ur ban

P redynastic

P redynastic

P redynastic

Flint

April

o n

e ncountered

E gyptian

C ambridge

L ithic

on

U niversity

Northern

of

t he

Meeting

R eport

Hoffman,

I nternational e ds .,

o f at

R eport

A F inal

P roblems of

The

1 -13 .

U niversity

America

U rban

I n ves ti gati ons

U npublished

p resented

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M .A .

s ome

2 :

of

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1 984 .

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E gypt.

A P reliminary

1 987b .

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Egyptian

Geoche mical

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A Model

1 75-187 .

ALLEN .

Early

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R .O .

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an

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An Analysis of some F lint F lakes and

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1 984 .

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t he

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r emains and

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I n The

early

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484

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D imbleby,

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O .H .

1 939.

S ome

d 'ggypte 1 941 .

2 0:

T he

M .L"

N ew

L ight

H .

1 9:

R OCHE a nd

i n

p our

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b is

2 5

J .

l a

P rehistory .

1 976 .

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of

i n

d 'un

S iliceuses .

A kademie d er

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T raitement Q uaternaria

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ü ber

1 957 .

I nneren

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1 961 .

2 1-83;

der

A kad.

XVI-XVIII

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3 6-97;

I -V ( 1940):

der

( 1929):

XVI-XXVII

3 -25.

C hronologie d er

N aqadakultur.

A rchaeologia

B edeutung v on H ierakonpolis .

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MDAIK

1 7:

F eldunter-

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T he R elative C hronology of E gypt and I ts F oreign

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C hronologies

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B ericht ü ber

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C orrelations .

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8 1:

6 :

Z ur 1 6:

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W issenschaften

S tand u nd P robleme der ägyptischen vorgeschichts-

G eographica 1 958.

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( 1930):

Z ÄS

MDAIK

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6 8 .

B ericht

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i n

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H .J.

I ,

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K ELTERBORN ,

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485

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T he E gyptian E xpedition

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E xperimental

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R eplication

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9 /10/11:

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PETERS and R . ROBERTSON .

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C yrenaican U niversity

P rehistoric

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P roblem o f

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U niversity

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4 25-

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R eview of

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1 8:

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D e

l a

V ignard

( Haute-Egypte), 1 -20)

i n

L a

l 'Afrique

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' Une station aurignacienne ä

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E .

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du

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d e

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e t

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i n

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A r mant,

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M useum,

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i n

N ew

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B rooklyn,

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1 975 .

R .

" Punch

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UNGER-HAMILTON .

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t o

B lind

T ests .

A -Group

S udanese

B ERGMAN .

D etermination A rchaeology

R .

N eolithic and

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Making

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a nd

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T echnology:

GRACE a nd

M icrowear N ORDSTRÖM,

a F actor

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L ithic

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as

JAS

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D amage

A D esert Odyssey of a T housand M iles. S udan Notes

R ecords

A ntiquity N EWCOMER ,

E dge

A rtifacts .

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1 924.

a nd

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M useum . N EWBOLD,

on

S tone

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E gypt .

MYERS, O .H. and H .W . F AIRMAN . JEA

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489

T he

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E xperimental

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I nvestigating 2 03-217 .

B ulletin

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i n

I nstitute

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OLSSON,

I .U .

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E .D . a nd

t o

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Age

by

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S udanese

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J .C .

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1 00:

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W .M .F .

S ites

T he

D ecorated

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I ndustries of J ericho. by

F und,

1 900 .

i n

N ortheastern

a t

H ierakonpolis

K .M.

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a nd

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5 ,

E gypt

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pp .

T he C emeteries of Abydos. P art

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S candinavian

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C halcolithic

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F lint

vol.

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JRAI

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3 01. 1 901 .

D iospolis

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s ilex .

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A n

MACKAY .

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BROOKS.

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1 912.

T he

u ltra violette

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B ritish

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d u

c hauffage

R adiocarbon

T hermal

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L ondon.

490

D ates

f or

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A pproach . I .

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E arliest

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A nimals.

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Q uaritch,

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D omesticated PURDY,

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i n

W .M.F .,

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A ncient

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E gypt,

PETRIE,

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4 ,

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E l

4 6-48 .

A rchaeological

N ational E ine

F ranco-Sudanese

6 1.

S urvey of

P rinting

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D epartment,

R eport

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S ettlement .

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S AAD,

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R IZKANA,

R OSEN,

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S upplement,

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O rientale:

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d e

l a

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ASAE

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P ubl .

t he 3 ,

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U niversity

o f

P ubl.

1 0,

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P alaeolithic Man and t he N ile

E gypt.

E gypt

1 939. w ith

O riental

I nstitute

P ubl .

1 7,

C hicago . P alaeolithic

s ome n otes

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Man and t he N ile

u pon a p art o f t he R ed

P ubl.

4 6,

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D ie A ltertümer d er

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Ä gyptens,

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S outhern

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6 51-767. 1 988.

Remarks t o t he L ithic I ndustry of the B uto-Maadi

C ulture.

P aper

E nvironmental

p resented

C hange

a nd

at

t he

H uman

i nternational

C ulture

i n

t he

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KOBUSIEWICZ.

C hicago .

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N ile

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S child,

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t he A rea o f

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by

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a t

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C ulture i n t he N ile B asin and N ortheast Africa t hrough M illennium BC,

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C ambridge,

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P reliminary

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