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English Pages 176 [154] Year 1994
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The Philosopher and the Provocateur The Correspondence of Jacques Maritain and Saul Alinsky Edited with Introduction and Notes by Bernard Doering
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Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook. Copyright © 1994 by University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Maritain, Jacques, 1882–1973. The philosopher and the provocateur: the correspondence of Jacques Maritain and Saul Alinsky / edited with introduction and notes by Bernard Doering. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0268038023 1. Maritain, Jacques, 1882–1973—Correspondence. 2. Alinsky, Saul David, 1909–1972—Correspondence. 3. Philosophers—France—Correspondence. 4. Radicals— United States—Correspondence. 5. Social reformers— United States—Correspondence. I. Alinsky, Saul David, 1909–1972. II. Doering, Bernard E. III. Title. B2430.M34A4 0 1994 194—dc20 [B] 9323924 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
xi
The Letters
I [undated]
3
II [undated]
4
III, March 26, 1945
6
IV, April 9, 1945
7
V, July 20, 1945
8
VI, August 20, 1945
10
VII, August 21, 1945
13
VIII, September 21, 1945
16
IX, October 9, 1945
18
X, November 23, 1945
21
XI, February 26, 1946
23
XII, March 31, 1946
25
XIII, May 2, 1946
28
XIV, June 22, 1946
31
XV, October 22, 1946
31
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XVI, October 28, 1946
32
XVII, September 15, 1947
32
XVIII, October 4, 1947
34
XIX [1947, undated]
35
XX, October 25 [1947]
37
XXI, January 21, 1949
39
XXII [February 24, 1949?]
41
XXIII, February 20, 1951
42
XXIV, July 26, 1951
45
XXV, September 27, 1951
49
XXVI, October 29, 1951
50
XXVII, November 5, 1951
52
XXVIII, November 21, 1951
53
XXIX, December 14, 1951
54
XXX, May 21, 1952
54
XXXI [May 24, 1952]
55
XXXII, August 14, 1952
56
XXXIII, January 7, 1953
57
XXXIV, February 6, 1953
58
XXXV, June 20, 1953
58
XXXVI, June 23, 1953
59
XXXVII, December 11, 1953
60
XXXVIII, February 8, 1954
61
XXXIX, February 17, 1954
63
XL, May 7, 1954
64
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XLI, May 16, 1954
65
XLII, December 20, 1954
66
XLIII, April 1, 1955
67
XLIV, January 29, 1957
69
XLV, February 7, 1957
69
XLVI, March 1, 1957
70
XLVII, February 17, 1958
72
XLVIII, February 28, 1958
74
XLIX, March 13, 1958
76
L, March 23, 1958
77
LI, April 20, 1958
77
LII, June 20, 1958
78
LIII [February 16, 1960]
79
LIV, March 7, 1960
80
LV, March 9, 1960
80
LVI, October 11, 1960
81
LVII [1960]
83
LVIII [1960]
83
LIX, October 20, 1960
84
LX, October 26, 1960
85
LXI, January 4, 1962
86
LXII, January 15, 1962
87
LXIII, May 15, 1962
89
LXIV, October 5, 1962
92
LXV, November 5, 1962
93
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LXVI, October 19, 1963
97
LXVII, October 21, 1963
98
LXVIII, October 21, 1963
98
LXIX, October 21, 1963
101
LXX, January 9, 1964
104
LXXI, September 14, 1964
105
LXXII, October 14, 1966
107
LXXIII, March 15, 1968
109
LXXIV, September 19, 1971
110
Epilogue
113
Index
117
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No book has ever been the result of the exclusive efforts of its author alone. So many currents of influence enter, often unconsciously, into the simplest of our acts, into the least significant of our accomplishments. Why, after many years of research and writing about the gentle philosopher Jacques Maritain, should I be suddenly attracted by a kind of conatural affinity, as Maritain would have put it, to the fantastic and truculent personality of Saul Alinsky, if not by a kind of unconscious predisposition due to the influence of my parents, especially of my father who was a union organizer in his younger years and a shop steward until his retirement, of a number of close friends and, above all, of my wife Jane. If such distant and tenuous contributions can be recognized and identified only with difficulty, others can be identified specifically, and it is these contributions that I would like to acknowledge. First of all there are the two Jesse Jones research grants through the Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts at the University of Notre Dame which enabled me to travel to the Maritain archives at the Centre d'Etudes Jacques et Raïssa Maritain in Kolbsheim, France, where I discovered the letters Maritain received from Alinsky. I am most grateful to Antoinette Grunelius, in whose château the Maritain archives are housed, for her gracious and generous hospitality, at first in her château itself and later in the apartment established at the center, and for her
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enthusiastic encouragement. I am deeply indebted to René Mougel, the archivist at the Kolbsheim Centre d'Etudes for his enthusiasm and longsuffering patience and for the many hours he put in searching for letters that had not yet been catalogued, putting everything I asked for at my free disposition, and photocopying whatever I needed. Even after my return to the United States he would send me from time to time a newly discovered letter which Maritain had left as a bookmark in one of the many volumes in his personal library. In the United States it was Msgr. Jack Egan who during long hours spoke to me enthusiastically and lovingly of his two friends Jacques Maritain and Saul Alinsky and over the years gently prodded me to "get the thing finished." He provided me with numberless useful details and put me in touch with Sanford Horwitt who at the time was preparing his excellent biography of Saul Alinsky Let Them Call Me Rebel (Knopf, 1989) and who unselfishly put at my disposal everything he had gathered in his own research. He in turn introduced me to Irene McGinnis, Saul Alinsky's widow, who gave me permission to publish her late husband's correspondence with Maritain. I would like to express my thanks to Mary Ann Bamberger, assistant librarian of special collections at the University of Illinois at Chicago for her expert guidance and for the work of copying whatever I needed from the Alinsky files. Finally, I am grateful to my friends and colleagues and to my wife and children, who, when I showed them the most moving of these letters, encouraged me by their reactions and their words to make this correspondence public.
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INTRODUCTION When I read in The Peasant of the Garonne in 1966 Jacques Maritain's identification of Saul Alinsky as one of two authentic revolutionaries of modern times and one of his closest friends, I was completely taken by surprise. Except for the few who knew both men well, the existence of such a friendship seemed impossible to imagine. A few years ago, on a visit to the Maritain archives at Kolbsheim, France, to satisfy my curiosity, I asked for and was granted the privilege of consulting the letters Maritain had received from Alinsky. These intimate and moving letters revealed the existence of an unexpected, extraordinary friendship. In 1939, at the time when Saul Alinsky was first beginning his work to organize the poor in the Back of the Yards jungle of Chicago, Maritain published Humanisme intégral (Integral Humanism), the most widely read and probably the most influential of all his books. In the troubled thirties, this book was a call to radical revolution, a rousing "Christian Manifesto" that earned for him from his Catholic critics the title of "le chrétien rouge," the Red Christian. What Maritain's critics refused to understand, in particular those Christians who, as Maritain put it, were ''furiously attached to their privileges," whether ecclesiastical or economic, was that the radical revolution to which Maritain was inciting Christians was not the violent overthrow of this or that political regime, nor the imposition of some "concrete historical ideal" or "utopia"
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realized through the forceful application of five, ten, or twentyyear plans, and the ostracism or expulsion of all those who refuse, in whole or in part, a particular realization of this ideal. Rather, the revolution Maritain called for consisted of a gradual, but radical, "transformation of the temporal order," not imposed from above, but carried out from within, from the bottom up, by revolutionaries among whom "it would be vain to look for unanimous accord," but who would be in agreement on certain universal principles which are "capable of descending to concrete realizations" and on a "general plan which is truly precise and practical." But he added: . . . it is impossible for a vitally Christian transformation of the temporal order to come about in the same manner and by the same means as other temporal transformations and revolutions. If it is to come about, it will be the result of Christian heroism.1
Maritain believed that the new Christian revolutionary must be a kind of "lay saint": "a vitally Christian social renewal," he wrote, "will be the work of sanctity or it will be nothing; a sanctity, that is, turned toward the temporal, the secular, the profane."2 In 1966, thirty years after the appearance Integral Humanism, Jacques Maritain published what is generally considered his least successful and most controversial book, Le Paysan de la Garonne (The Peasant of the Garonne). Many indeed, at the time of its appearance, considered the book unfortunate; some even called it a disaster. One famous religious in France went so far as to claim that the aging philosopher, who had never really converted from the ultraconservatism of his young years, was now, in his senility, "returning to his vomit." Nevertheless, the 1
Jacques Maritain, Integral Humanism (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1973) 120.
2
Ibid. 121.
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early chapters of the book are a public expression of thanksgiving for all that the Second Vatican Council had "decreed and accomplished." Maritain "exulted" (as he put it) in the council's proclamation of a precise notion of liberty, in particular of religious liberty; he exulted in the proclamation of an exact idea of the human person, its dignity and its rights; he exulted in the council's affirmation and blessing of the temporal mission of the Christian and of its recognition of the particular status of laypeople in the Church; he exulted in the thought that the pope "neither wished nor ought henceforth to exercise any power other than that of the spiritual keys," that, all vestiges of the Holy Roman Empire having been liquidated, the Church has "definitely left the sacral and baroque ages," "broken the ties which claimed to sustain it,'' and "freed itself of those burdens by which it was once considered better equipped for the work of salvation."3 Every single one of the "accomplishments of the Second Vatican Council" listed by Maritain in the first part of The Peasant of the Garonne had been proposed thirty years before in Integral Humanism as among those "universal principles" and as part of the "general plan" which he had already claimed were prerequisite to a radical revolution and a Christian transformation of the temporal order. In part 2 of the second chapter of The Peasant of the Garonne, which is entitled "This Crazy Time of Ours" ("Notre drôle de temps"), when speaking of the role of lay Catholics in political activity that is in no way "dictated by the Church," and in no way "involves the responsibility of the Church," Maritain insisted that, among all his contemporaries who were still alive at the time he was writing the book, he recognized in the Western World only three revolutionaries worthy of the name. With tongue in cheek he identified himself as one of them but immediately 3
Jacques Maritain, Le Paysan de la Garonne (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1966) 9–14 passim.
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discounted himself as a revolutionary "qui compte pour du beurre" (an expression which means that he was rather like a little kid whom the big boys let play along without his strictly observing the rules of the game), for, as he remarked, "my vocation as a philosopher has completely overshadowed my possibilities as an agitator." The two other authentic revolutionaries were "Eduardo Frei in Chile and Saul Alinsky in America.''4 In a footnote Maritain identified Saul Alinsky as "one of my very closest friends [who] is an indomitable and dreaded organizer of 'People's Organizations' and an antiracist leader whose methods are as efficacious as they are unorthodox." It is easy enough to understand why Maritain would choose Eduardo Frei as one of his authentic revolutionaries. Like Maritain, he was a convinced and practicing Catholic, the president of Chile and the leader of the Christian Democratic party there. He had proclaimed himself a disciple of Maritain. In Chile, as well as in France, Germany and Italy, the Christian Democrats, who came into prominence in the years following the Second World War, took their inspiration directly from the political and social writings of Jacques Maritain. It is not so surprising that Maritain should choose Alinsky as an example of an "authentic revolutionary," for, like Frei, he too considered the political education of the masses of poor and underprivileged and their active participation in local government at the grassroots level to be the sine qua non for the just and effective reform of democratic institutions. But that Maritain should identify Alinsky as "one of my very closest friends" surprised almost everyone. Indeed, at first glance, a friendship between Jacques Maritain and Saul Alinsky seems totally anomalous. Maritain, known to many as "gentle Jacques," was the soul 4
Ibid. 41.
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of discretion, politeness and deference. He disliked noisy crowds, argumentative confrontations and violent disputation. He lived a life of retirement and quiet contemplation, preferring peaceful, reflective conversations with a few intimate, chosen friends to the pressing, admiring crowds that filled the halls for his lectures. He was a fervent convert to a Catholicism that provided a basis for all his thought: philosophical, political, aesthetic or social. Perhaps their friendship can be explained by the clichéd "attraction of opposites," for Alinsky, from many points of view, was certainly the opposite of Maritain. Saul Alinsky was a gruff, roughhewn, agnostic Jew for whom religion of any kind held very little importance and just as little relation to the focus of his life's work: the struggle for economic and social justice. He loved crowds, the more unruly the better. His gestures and language were muscular and he used the vernacular of a tough street fighter. His habitual stance seemed one of calculated, aggressive and imaginative irreverence. Alinsky's primary tactic was to stir up nonviolent conflict, "to rub raw the resentment of the people of the community; fan the latent hostilities . . . to the point of overt expression,"5 to set cities and neighborhoods on edge, to incite municipal jitters; and the soul of this tactic was a healthy, vocal and aggressive irreverence. He loved to tweak the noses and pluck the beards of the establishment, of those who pretended to power. One commentator called him "part stuntman," whose "method depends to a great degree on the element of surprise, calculated to outrage."6 This aggressive and imaginative irreverence was so much a part of his makeup that sometimes the threat of it alone was enough to bring about capitulation. Father Charles Curran, 5
Saul Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1972) 116–117.
6
Charles E. Curran, Directions in Catholic Social Ethics (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985) 155.
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who believes that Alinsky, and the Industrial Areas Foundation that he founded, have had more impact on grassroots Catholic work for social justice than any other person or group in the United States in the last few decades, gives us an interesting example of Alinsky's irreverent tactics. When Alinsky organized the black ghetto community in Rochester, New York, and targeted the Eastman Kodak Company and the local power establishment, One suggested tactic was to buy one hundred tickets to the opening performance of the Rochester Symphony Orchestra, a cultural jewel highly prized in the city. The tickets would be given to one hundred ghetto blacks, who would first be entertained at a dinner party lasting three hours, served in the ghetto and consisting solely of baked beans. In the end Alinsky never carried through on the tactic, but the threat alone accomplished much.7
Alinsky believed that revolutionaries should enjoy their revolutions. When the San Francisco Presbytery was debating whether or not to hire Alinsky to organize the black community of Oakland, California, in order to avoid the violence that had recently erupted in Watts, the very specter of his presence was enough to induce changes, for when Alinsky was consulted about the situation, he insisted that the "problem in Oakland is that the power structure doesn't know there are any Negroes. We'd show them some Negroes." He would stage a "Watermelon March," and a "Sunday Walk." Several hundred of the blackest Negroes would be dressed in coveralls, handed watermelons and marched from City Hall to the Oakland Tribune. . . . Equally darkskinned Negroes, elegantly attired, would take a Sunday stroll through the best white neighborhoods. He would move Negroes into places 7
Ibid.
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where the "white establishment has built its finest amenities," with the anticipated result that the "white people will move out and you've got their goodies."
One could hardly picture the delicate and dignified Maritain, whose "vocation as a philosopher," he said, "completely overshadowed [his] possibilities as an agitator," even imagining, much less participating in, such tactics; but one could very easily picture him gleefully reading about or listening to accounts of such tactics and harking back to his own youthful days as a student agitator. Maritain, born into the comfort and refinement of the French grande bourgeoisie, grew up in the enlightened atmosphere of liberal Protestantism and humanitarian rationalism, and received the classical education traditionally associated with his social rank at the Lycée Henri IV. He entered the Sorbonne as a student of natural science but after his conversion to Catholicism turned to the study of speculative philosophy. Maritain's Catholicism inclined him toward a very literal kind of evangelism, and from his student days he had manifested a passionate love for the poor and the humble who thirst after justice. During the thirties he continued his career as a speculative philosopher, but, with the rise of totalitarianism and the worsening condition of the poor, he felt himself more and more obliged to turn his pen to the economic and social problems posed by the world and the church. Alinsky, the son of Orthodox Jewish, Russian immigrants, was born in Chicago's Maxwell Street ghetto, and though he claimed to have grown up "in one of the worst slums," his parents moved, when he was seven years old, to a somewhat more comfortable neighborhood on the West Side. During his childhood, like Maritain, he suffered the traumatic experience of his parents' divorce. After alternating between high schools in Chicago and on the West 8
"Alinsky and Oakland," New Republic, May 12, 1966, 8.
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Coast, he entered the University of Chicago and graduated with a degree in archaeology. Finding no market for his archaeological skills, he applied for a graduate social science fellowship in criminology, a subject in which he had only superficial interest. Appalled by the rise of Fascist groups in America and abroad, he turned to the work of organizing the impoverished and exploited immigrants who lived in the notorious slum behind the gigantic Chicago stockyards, which was known as the Back of the Yards and which inspired the title of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle. Under the tutelage of Saul Alinsky, and following the rules for grassroots community organization that he laid down later at Maritain's urging in his books Reveille for Radicals and Rules for Radicals, the poor, exploited immigrants who lived in the nightmare of this ghetto organized themselves and made their neighborhood a national model of efficacious local organization of the people against all forms of discrimination and exploitation, whether religious, social or economic, and established local services of public health, housing and social welfare that enhanced the spiritual and temporal happiness of the local community. Because of the success of his Back of the Yards Council, Saul Alinsky rose to national prominence and attracted the attention of Maritain. During his wartime exile in America, Maritain met Alinsky some time after the founding of the Back of the Yards Council, probably through George N. Schuster, former editor of Commonweal, later chairman of the board of trustees of Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation and, at the time, president of Hunter College where Maritain had given the inaugural address for the Free French University in exile (Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes) of which he was later elected president. In spite of the radical differences in their personalities and educational backgrounds, Maritain was immediately attracted to this truculent genius of social reform, and the two men recognized their profound intellectual affinities. Whenever they met they spent long hours
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exploring the democratic dream of people working out their own destiny. Both accepted democracy as the best form of government. As Alinsky tried to share with Maritain his ideas about what it is to be a free citizen in a democratic society, about the right of free association of citizens to undertake action and organize institutions to determine their own destiny, about the necessity of community organizations as mediating structures between the individual and the state, structures that help the government do what it is supposed to do, and as Maritain explained painstakingly to Alinsky his ideas about the distinction between the individual and the person, the primacy of the individual conscience in a religiously and politically pluralist democracy, about the primacy of the common good, about the source of authority residing in the people, who accord that authority to the government that acts in their name, each recognized in the other a truly kindred soul. From the very first days of their friendship, Maritain had been urging, indeed relentlessly prodding, Alinsky to publish an explanation of his methods of community organization, a kind of handbook for authentic revolution. According to P. David Finks, as the war wore down and Maritain prepared to return to France, he pressed Alinsky ever more assiduously to finish this book, for he hoped to interest Charles de Gaulle in Alinsky's methods of organizing democratically run urban organizations as a means of offsetting Communist influence.9 This book, entitled Reveille for Radicals, was reviewed so enthusiastically in America even before it appeared for sale that it was immediately predicted to be a nonfiction bestseller and arrangements were made to have it translated into foreign languages. Alinsky insisted on putting the editing of the French translation exclusively into Maritain's hands and on signing over to him the complete 9
P. David Finks, The Radical Vision of Saul Alinsky (New York: Paulist Press, 1984) 30.
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rights of the French copyright. "I informed the University [of Chicago] Press in no uncertain terms," he wrote to Maritain, "that I began to write this book at your personal request" (Letter V, July 20, 1945). It is difficult to tell whether either of these two friends had a significant influence on the thought of the other. By the time they had been introduced, each had already elaborated his system of social and political thought, Maritain in books and Alinsky in organized activism. What were the principles of social revolution that Alinsky had already developed and applied before he met Maritain and which led Maritain to hail him as the embodiment, even though Alinsky was not a Christian, of that "Christian heroism" typical of one whom Maritain considered a lay saint or an "authentic revolutionary"? First and foremost, I believe, was their common personalist belief in the fundamental worth and dignity of every human being, in particular of the common people, whom Maritain spoke of in Integral Humanism as the bearer of fresh moral reserves to carry out a mission in regard to the transformation of the temporal order.10 Maritain recognized as a "considerable historical gain" the raising of the level of consciousness in the common people of their identity as a class and of the dignity of this class, on condition that it recognize for itself a common good with the opposite class. Maritain expressed himself at length on this subject in an article he published in Esprit (Feb. 12, 1937), shortly after the appearance of Integral Humanism. The article was entitled "To Exist with the People" and was exceptional in that the author seemed to have been able vicariously to identify himself completely with a class to which he did not belong. What was needed to win the working classes, he insisted, was not a "love of benevolence" but a "love of unity,'' a love born of conaturality, a 10
Jacques Maritain, Integral Humanism (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1973) 230.
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love of communion and compassion in the real sense of those two words. Before "doing good" to them, and working for their benefit, before practicing the politics of one group or another. . . we must first choose to exist with them and to suffer with them, to make their pain and destiny our own.
By "the people" he meant a community of the underprivileged. . . centered around manual labor, characterized by a certain historical patrimony . . . of suffering, of effort, and of hope, . . . by a certain way of understanding and living out poverty, suffering and pain, . . . by a certain way of being always the same ones who get themselves killed.
Maritain considered the recognition by society as a whole of the dignity of the human person in the worker, and of the consciousness in the worker "of a personality in a state of becoming," as "the condition necessary for the future flowering of a personalist democracy." Maritain shared with Alinsky a profound confidence and trust in the common people, expressed so well by Maritain in his essay "To Exist with the People" and in his address to "the little people of France" during the Occupation, and shown by Alinsky in his firm belief that, though the common people may be mistaken in this or that electoral choice, in this or that choice of political or social action, in the long haul they could be trusted, more than any other group, to make the right and just choice, because they had the least to lose. In an article entitled, "Saul Alinsky and His Critics," published in Christianity and Crisis (July 20, 1964), Stephen Rose wrote: "Saul Alinsky believes that the hope of democracy, and of the city, lies in the rejection of the 'subnormal child' image of the poor and disinherited. 'I do believe in the democratic faith,' says Alinsky. 'If not, I have nothing left to believe in.' " In an interview in Harper's magazine (June and July, 1965), Alinsky said: "The most important
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lesson is that people don't get opportunity or freedom or equality or dignity as a gift or an act of charity. They only get these things in the act of taking them through their own efforts." In spite of the shortcomings of the common people (after all, they too are human), Maritain considered them the best hope for the transformation of the temporal order, for the future of democracy. "However great the error and evil within the people may be," he wrote in "To Exist with the People," "the people remain the great granary of vital spontaneity and nonpharasaic living force." Though he had the same hopes as Maritain, Alinsky was perhaps more realistic: he had lived in a slum and had been working for years directly with "the people." In the interview for Harper's he said: I do not do what a lot of liberals and a lot of civilrights crusaders do. I do not think that people are specially just or charitable or noble because they're unemployed and live 'in crummy housing and see their kids without any kind of future and feel the weight of every indignity that society can throw at them, sophisticatedly or nakedly. Too often I've seen the havenots turn into haves and become just as crummy as the haves they used to envy. Some of the fruit ranchers in California steam around in Cadillacs and' treat the MexicanAmerican field hands like vermin. Know who those bastards are? They're the characters who rode West in Steinbeck's trucks, in The Grapes of Wrath.
Alinsky always professed an instinctive siding with the underdog. He felt a deep and abiding anger against the exploiters of little people. Once when asked by his friend Msgr. John Egan why he gave himself so unstintingly to the ungrateful work of social reform, Alinsky replied: "I hate to see people pushed around." He once wrote to Maritain: I can never be anywhere the person you are because you really love all people, and understand with a great wisdom.
Page xxiii There are some people I not only do not love but hate with a cold fury that would stop at nothing. I hate people who act unjustly and cause many to suffer. I become violently angry when I see misery and am filled with bitter vindictiveness towards those responsible. That is not good and I know it. I know just as well that I shall continue to feel and act as I have. (Letter II, undated)
As the years passed and as various groups of the underprivileged achieved the vindication of their rights, particularly economic rights, and moved comfortably into the lowermiddle classes, they felt less their obligation to participate in the reform of the temporal order. Alinsky recognized this as particularly the case with members of the labor unions during the sixties, and he saw the necessity of including in the ranks of "the people," not only the havenots," but the "havelittlewantmores" as well. When in 1971 Alinsky sent Maritain a copy of his Rules for Radicals, Maritain, by then a Little Brother of Jesus in Toulouse, wrote to him: A great book, admirably free, absolutely fearless, radically revolutionary. It brings to us the fruit of your experience as an incomparable creative organizer,—an experience which is both indomitable generosity and magnanimous sadness with regard to human nature, and which proceeds from the lifelong dedication of the greatest man of action in our modern age. . . . I regard the book as historymaking; and, in my opinion, the quite new ways you are opening, in your final pages, about middleclass people and the possibilities they offer, have crucial importance; if middleclass people can be organized, and develop a sense of and a will for the common good,—and if Saul is there to inspire them!—they are able to change the whole social scene, for the sake of freedom. Of that you have convinced me. (Letter LXXIV, Sept. 19, 1971)
Another principle of authentic revolution that Maritain recognized in Alinsky was his firm belief in the priority
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of the common good. Msgr. John Egan told me in an interview that Alinsky liked to define the true radical as "that person for whom the common good is the greatest personal good." In the Harper's interview Alinsky said that one of the many great lessons John L. Lewis taught him was that "a man's right to a job transcends the right of private property." Along with Thomas Aquinas, Maritain for his part insisted, in both Integral Humanism and The Person and the Common Good, that, though the appropriation of goods must be private, yet, "by reason of the primal destination of material good to the human species, and of the need that each person has of these means in order to direct himself toward his final end, the use of goods individually appropriated must itself serve the common good of all."11 For both Maritain and Alinsky, the relation between means and ends determines the morality of any revolution. Maritain had always recognized that the most agonizing problem of an authentic revolutionary is the problem of means. "The worst anguish for the Christian," he wrote in Integral Humanism (p. 248), "is precisely to know that there can be justice in employing horrible means." A Christian revolutionary exists in history, and, though he may resolve to use only good means to achieve an end, he knows that good means must inevitably be dragged into a context where evil means predominate; but he must envisage the context so that it may have the possibility of being evil in the least possible degree. "After that, let him be at peace," wrote Maritain. "The rest belongs to God." The refusal to soil oneself by entering into the context of history Maritain considered a mark of pharisaical purism. Authentic revolutionaries cannot refuse to put their hands to this real, this concrete universe of human things and human relations where sin exists and circulates. They must 11
Integral Humanism, 184.
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cooperate in the common task even when impure means are mingled in it by accident, "as," he said, "always happens." Maritain insisted on the basic moral principle that the order of means must correspond to the order of ends. In Man and the State he distinguished between individual ethics and political ethics. Since the end of politics is limited to the terrestrial common good, then such realities as power, force, coercion, distrust and suspicion, the acceptance of the lesser evil, etc., find an ethical foundation.12 It is precisely at this point in Man and the State that Maritain quotes Alinsky. In training his organizers Alinsky met this problem of means and ends headon. He trained them to be comfortable and rational in dealing with irrational circumstances, and always told them: "You never have the best course of action. You always have to pick the least bad." He liked to quote Mark Twain's quip that "an ethical man is a Christian holding four aces." During the Harper's magazine interview he said: "The real question has never been: Does the end justify the means? The real question is and always has been: Does this particular end justify these particular means?" Maritain once called Alinsky "a practical Thomist." In a letter to Robert M. Hutchins he described his friend as "a great soul, a man of profound moral purity . . . whose natural generosity is quickened, though he would not admit it, by genuine evangelical brotherly love" (see Letter XXIV, note 1). He would agree wholeheartedly with Msgr. John Egan who said: "In my ten years' association with Alinsky, I have never seen him violate the moral law or advocate the violation of it." Though Maritain seems never to have been dissatisfied with what Alinsky did, he did on occasion express his fear that what Alinsky said about means and ends might be subject to misinterpretation. 12
Jacques Maritain, Man and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951) 62ff.
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Alinsky recognized Maritain's uneasiness about the way he expressed himself on the problem of means. In 1971 he sent Maritain a copy of Rules for Radicals with the following inscription: "To my spiritual father and the man I love, from his prodigal and wayward son, Saul Alinsky." From his monastery in Toulouse, Maritain expressed his profound admiration for the book and his delight with Alinsky's plans to organize the middle class (see Letter LXXIV.). In the remainder of this long letter, Maritain gently chides Alinsky for expressions that seem to be at variance with his practice and could give rise to misunderstandings, softening his criticism with a few humorous remarks at his own expense: Now, let me point out a few philosophical views with which your book had not to be explicitly concerned, and give rein to my own inveterate habits as an old grumbler. I think you detest Hegel as much as I do. And I am aware that your praise of selfcontradiction has nothing to do with Hegel. Seeking one's own intellectual liberation in an infinite proliferation of antinomies is madness on the level of philosophical thought. But on the level of pure action a kind of boldness in practical selfcontradiction is probably, as you suggest it, the sign of a healthy and fecund mind. Yet it makes me jumpy.
Maritain noted that there were two truths involved here: one a philosophical truth and the other a truth of human experience. He then explained the traditional Catholic ethical distinction between the material and moral considerations of a human act: how the same act of killing can be either good or bad depending on motives and circumstances. He closes the letter asking his "Dear Saul" to forgive these "clumsy remarks of a pigheaded philosopher." Finally, and above all else, what Maritain seems to have found so congenial in Alinsky's practice and so common to both their theoretical views, and what led him to characterize Alinsky as an "authentic revolutionary" was his system
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of community organizations and neighborhood councils. Father Charles Curran is right in saying that Maritain probably learned more about the practical functioning of real democracy from Alinsky than Alinsky did from Maritain.13 In the practical functioning of Alinsky's community organizations and neighborhood councils Maritain found a nearperfect embodiment of those subsidiary, mediating structures he had called for in Integral Humanism. In Man and the State, in the fifth section of chapter 5, entitled "Prophetic Shock Minorities," Maritain wrote that it is not enough to define a democratic society by its legal structure. Another basic element of democratic societies is that dynamic leaven or energy which fosters political movement, and which cannot be inscribed in any constitution or embodied in any institution, since it is both personal and contingent in nature, and rooted in free initiative. He called this existential element the "prophetic factor." "Democracy cannot do without it," Maritain wrote; "the people need prophets." He certainly considered Saul Alinsky such a prophet. In a democracy which has come of age in a society of free men, expert in the virtues of freedom and just in its fundamental structures, the work of such prophets would be integrated into the normal and regular life of the body politic and issue from the people themselves, or from the free common activity of the people in their most elementary, most humble local communities. By choosing their leaders, at this most elementary level, through a natural and experiential process, as fellow men personally known to them and deserving of their trust in minor affairs of the community, the people would grow more and more conscious of political realities and more ready to choose their leaders, at the level of the common good of the body politic, with true political awareness, as genuine deputies for them. 13
Op. cit. 169.
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It would be difficult to find a more exact description of the very special work of Saul Alinsky, and Father Charles Curran is right again to speculate whether or not Maritain would have written about such things if there had been no personal and intellectual relation with Saul Alinsky. In the course of their friendship each tried to make the other known to the broadest possible public. For example, it was Alinsky who invited the young Father John Egan to accompany him to Maritain's lectures at the University of Chicago. When Maritain found out that his friend and former student, Yves Simon, had been appointed to the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, he told him to be sure to get in touch with Alinsky. I recommend to you with the warmest enthusiasm Alinsky's book Reveille for Radicals. I feel the deepest affection for this author, whom I regard as a truly great man, a real son of the pioneers. He has discovered in his people's organizations the creative sap of American life, and I believe that in them can be found the germ of an authentic renewal of democracy.14
Two years later, when Simon was preparing a book on La Civilisation américaine and sent a copy of the manuscript to his friend for advice, Maritain urged him to include several pages on Saul Alinsky and his work. In 1951 Maritain wrote several letters to his friend Robert M. Hutchins to elicit his help in obtaining a Ford Foundation grant to support Alinsky's work. I think I would have done something really useful if I succeeded in having you come to know Saul personally, more profoundly than you have had any opportunity to do until now. I mean to know him in terms of the task to be done for large human purposes and for our common salvation. Because I think that from the point of view of divine Providence your 14
MaritainSimon correspondence, Letter of July 20, 1946, in the possession of Anthony O. Simon.
Page xxix task and his are called to meet together. The starting points were quite different, but the inspiration and the dynamism are singularly alike in their actual working for education, freedom and peace.15
In 1958, when Maritain's friend Cardinal Montini, archbishop of Milan, then Vatican secretary of state and later Pope Paul VI, became painfully aware that the church was losing the workers of Milan to the Communist labor unions, Maritain advised him to consult Saul Alinsky on methods of community organization and the training of leaders, and Montini brought Alinsky to Milan to do so. In the Maritain Archives at the Centre d'Etudes Jacques et Raïssa Maritain, in Kolbsheim, France, where the correspondence of Jacques Maritain is still being catalogued, there is an astoundingly long list of Maritain's correspondents, with the number of letters received behind each name. In some cases the number of letters is in the hundreds. Two hundred fifty letters have been published in the second edition of the Jacques Maritain—Julien Green correspondence.16 There are just as many letters, if not more, in his correspondence with the late Cardinal Journet or with John U. Nef of the Committee for Social Thought at the University of Chicago. There are certainly many more in his correspondence with Yves Simon. The number of letters Maritain wrote is baffling, and how he found time to write them defies explanation. The number of letters alone in any particular correspondence is not necessarily an indication of the depth and intimacy of that friendship. For example, the first edition of the MaritainGreen correspondence was published in the 15
Cf. note 1 to Letter XXIV of July 26, 1951, and the letters that follow.
16
Une Grande amitié: Correspondence, 1926–1972 (Paris: Gallimard, 1982); The Story of Two Souls: The Correspondence of Jacques Maritain and Julien Green, translated, with introduction and revised notes, by Bernard Doering (New York: Fordham University Press, 1988).
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same year (1979) as the rather extensive correspondence between Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier. In his letters to Mounier there is a certain fatherly care on the part of Maritain for his promising young disciple. They are full of advice, encouragement and exhortation, even of firm reproach when Mounier seems not to have understood or not to have heeded a fatherly admonition. Mounier shows a certain respect and deference, sometimes a bit restive. But there is no real intimacy between them. We learn nothing of Maritain's inner life in these letters. He is deeply, even passionately, interested in Mounier and his work; he never opens to Mounier the secret door of his heart. The subject matter of the letters is almost exclusively the political and social turmoil of the thirties, the founding and funding of Esprit and its editorial policy. In Europe, friends like Julien Green and Cardinal Journet, to whom Maritain revealed his inner life, his longings, aspirations and joys, his misgivings, disappointments and sorrows were indeed very few. In her book Our Friend, Jacques Maritain, Julie Kernan gives us a good idea of the surprising number of friends Maritain had in the United States. Here in America there seem to have been a few more than in Europe with whom he shared the secrets of his heart, like Yves Simon and John U. Nef. But among his American friends three stand out above all others for the depth of an intimacy that never faded and endured till the end. On his last visit to America in his declining years, he insisted, regardless of the cost to his health and at whatever degree of discomfort, on visiting three friends: John Howard Griffin, the author of Black Like Me, Thomas Merton and Saul Alinsky. In the interview for Harper's magazine Alinsky said: I've never treated anyone with reverence. And that goes for top business magnates and top figures in the church. Some people call my irreverence rudeness and they think it's a deliberate technique. That isn't so. I believe irreverence should
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be a part of the democratic faith because in a free society everyone should be questioning and challenging.
Alinsky's remark about irreverence is not entirely true; his statement is subject to at least one notable exception: Jacques Maritain. From their very first meeting Alinsky treated Maritain with an extraordinarily profound and enduring reverence. Though in later years he showed a kind of gruff and ready familiarity, which Maritain seems to have appreciated and enjoyed, this familiarity never turned to irreverence. Indeed Alinsky often showed for Maritain a very touching delicacy and even tenderness, all the more touching in one known for his rude and aggressive truculence. This surprising reverence and delicacy is evident from the very beginning. It was Alinsky, it seems, who initiated the correspondence. In an undated letter that appears to be the first he sent to Maritain after their meeting, at which he must have been profoundly affected, he included for Maritain's perusal a copy of a speech he had given and which, he wrote, had ''secured a most unpopular reaction" in many "socalled Catholic quarters." "Christianity," he added, "is certainly an unpopular subject in many parts of the Church." After a few such typically "irreverent" remarks, this aggressively fearless and unflappable social organizer seems strangely ill at ease in asking "one great favor" of Maritain which he must put in writing because he is too embarrassed to ask him face to face. He explains his embarrassment by his aversion to sentimentality, idols or hero worshipers. "But what I am trying to say is that a picture of you with some personal statement on it would be one of my most cherished possessions. There I have said it." This certainly does not betoken irreverence. 17
"The Professional Radical: Conversations with Saul Alinsky," Harper's magazine, July 1965, p. 58.
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In his second letter (also undated) and addressed to "Dear Professor Maritain," Alinsky is surprised and deeply pleased: "Your addressing me by my first name is one of the nicest things that has happened to me." In his reply to Alinsky's second letter, Maritain apparently asked him to use his first name.18 Alinsky ''capitulated," as he put it, and addressed his third letter (March 26, 1945) to "My very dear Jacques." Nothing is more indicative of the depths of friendship between Alinsky and Maritain than the letters they exchanged over the tragic death of Alinsky's first wife, Helene, who drowned rescuing two children (see Letters XVII, XVIII, XIX, and XX). In reply to the letter announcing the horrible circumstances of Helene's death, Maritain immediately sent a letter of condolence to console Alinsky in his confusion and despair. As Alinsky notes in his answer, he was so moved by this letter that he wept over it and decided to keep it, not with the rest of his correspondence, but in a special folder. "I want my children to have it so that in later years they will understand how their parents lived and died." The subsequent exchange of letters gradually led Alinsky to an understanding and acceptance of Helene's death and especially of his own mortality, and in this acceptance he achieved a kind of inner peace. Alinsky must have meditated often on Maritain's lost letter of condolence, for years later in 1963, when the condition of his second wife, Jean, who was a victim of multiple sclerosis, was deteriorating so sharply that nothing could be forseen for her but a few years as an invalid in a wheelchair, Alinsky revealed how important Maritain's letter must have been in bringing him to the acceptance of his personal mortality and the inner peace he spoke of: 18
This letter, as well as most of the early letters that Alinsky reveived from Maritain, has been lost.
Page xxxiii . . . Through the years I have finally realized what has happened and what I found as a result of Helene's death, and where the words of your letter at that time were incomprehensible to me, they have since become very clear and I understand. When I see you I will tell you that. . . . I will be in New York the second week of November and if you are in Princeton . . . I should love to come down and visit with you. . . . . . . it would be very important to me personally to be able to spend a few hours with you. (Letter LXIX, Oct. 21, 1963)
During the Maritains' annual summer visit to France in 1960, when Raïssa was felled in a Paris hotel by an attack of cerebral thrombosis and death was imminent, it was Alinsky's turn to console his friend. Though short, the letter is moving in its simplicity and sincerity. Jacques my beloved friend: I am heartsick with what is happening with you and only wish I could be with you to be able to do something, anything which might make it more consolable. (Letter LVIII, no date, 1960)
He leaves it to their mutual friends Msgrs. Egan and Burke to reach out "their hand of common faith." I as a congenital heretic can only reach out with my heart and hands of love and devotion and abject misery because of your suffering. Give Raïssa my love not only for herself but for her love for you. I love you Jacques. Saul
Of the letters Maritain wrote to Alinsky only twelve have been found. Nine are with the Alinsky papers in the library of the University of Illinois at the Chicago campus; three are held by Irene McGinnis, Alinsky's widow. In the Maritain archives at Kolbsheim there is a rough draft of a thirteenth letter that Maritain wrote from Rome after
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reading the manuscript of Reveille for Radicals, which Alinsky had sent with Raïssa when she joined her husband at the French embassy to the Vatican. Though the main body of this letter concerns Maritain's enthusiasm for Alinsky's book and his eagerness to have a French translation made as soon as possible, the introduction and the ending show that Alinsky was one of those rare friends to whom Maritain confided his most intimate feelings. He begins by asking for a picture of Alinsky which will be so "full of meaning for me." He concludes: Dear Saul, I have not the time of writing to you as I wish. You know what is in my heart. In moments of sadness, which are not rare, I remember [the] dinner in N[ew] Y[ork] with you . . . and my hope . . . is burning anew. I believe that my present mission, which I did not choose, answers some definite purpose of God, but I don't know this purpose, and I advance in the full night of faith. Doubtless I needed this experience. . . . (Letter VI, August 20, 1945)
The five last letters found among the Alinsky papers all date from the period of Maritain's retirement, after the death of Raïssa, to the religious community of the Little Brothers of Jesus in Toulouse. Maritain wrote very few letters during this period and only to his most intimate friends. As a matter of fact, Alinsky did not know Maritain's retirement address. He had to ask others for it and finally got it from George N. Schuster. Maritain spent most of the time in Toulouse and the summers in Kolbsheim among his books and papers. It was during these summers at the home of M. and Mme. Grunelius that the Kolbsheim meetings (Les Entretiens de Kolbsheim) took place. The regular members were Abbé Charles Journet, Louis Gardet, Olivier Lacombe, Fathers Labourdette, Leroy, Cottier and Nicolas (Jean Herve) and Brother Heinz and others. Sometimes the Little Brothers from Toulouse would join Maritain during his summers at Kolbsheim for seminars that the old philosopher had prepared with great care at Toulouse in
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the course of the year and which were published posthumously in Approches sans entraves (Paris: Fayard, 1973). During this period he made two trips to the United States to see those friends he missed so much, among whom, of course, was Saul Alinsky. Of the last three letters from Maritain, the first was written from Princeton during Maritain's first trip back to America after the death of Raïssa. He began by thanking Alinsky for coming all the way from Chicago to see his "poor old friend Jacques." "It was good and grand to have you here yesterday. I love you, Saul. All a living past, full of memories, sufferings and hopes, was burning in my heart. Please God I can see you again!" (Letter LXV, November 5, 1962) Apparently Maritain's "congenital heretic" friend had some trouble understanding why he would want to abandon the "world" and bury himself in some obscure religious community. Maritain took pains to explain to Alinsky that he was not giving up the struggle for justice and for human dignity. He explained at length the difference between the active life and the contemplative life and the relative effectiveness of each in the struggle for justice and human dignity, one operating in the temporal order, the other in the order of redemption. In both realms, the true love of one's neighbor demands the gift of oneself, but ''the human condition obliges each one of us to give priority to the one or to the other." It was because of the depth of their friendship that Maritain felt he owed a lengthy explanation of his retirement from the world to Alinsky. "I think you have a right," he wrote, "to a complete knowledge of my views on the matter." Alinsky was not the only friend who found it difficult to understand Maritain's decision. He asked Alinsky to explain it to a mutual friend and "make him realize that my retirement from the world is not a fake. I have passed through death. A lifelong task has been put to an end, in an unmistakable manner. And another job has been given me, for a while, by my Boss."
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The second of these last letters (Letter LXXI, September 14, 1964) is also about the distinction between the temporal and spiritual realms. Alinsky wrote more letters than he received during this period and usually included in them whatever he thought would be of interest to his friend. One such letter, which seems to have been lost, had many enclosures, among which was a book, inspired by the ideas and works of Alinsky, concerning the use of power in the struggle for social reform.19 Maritain excused his delay in answering the letter. "Illness, overwork and insuperable fatigue prevented me from writing you—much to my regret! For I was craving to do so. A million thanks for all that you sent me, and which interested me passionately." Maritain greatly admired the book in spite of what he considered a serious lack: a disregard for moral power and the power of love. In his concern that Alinsky come to realize that his program for social reform was based on moral or spiritual power as well as secular power, he had "planned to write an immense letter . . . on this matter. I could not." He did, however, take the time to write two pages, filled with tiny, compact script, explaining the difference between the "temporal realm (civilization): . . . [in which] it is normal to aim primarily at power in the ordinary sense (implying coercion, pressure)" and the spiritual order, in which "the only power to be essentially and primarily aimed at is the power of love," which can have a very real effect in the temporal order, "but only in a secondary way." But power in the ordinary sense, he added, will inevitably become corrupted if the only incorruptible power, the power of love, is not quickening the whole business. (Your own case, my dearest Saul. Remember your conversation with the guardian at the cemetery. All your fighting 19
Charles E. Silberman, Crisis in Black and White (New York: Random House, 1964), especially chapter 7, "Power, Personality, and Protest."
Page xxxvii effort as an organizer is quickened in reality by love for the human being, and for God, though you refuse to admit it, by a kind of inner pudeur) [modesty or reserve].
20
After stating his conviction that "there is not opposition, but essential complementarity between your (and Silberman's) methods and Martin Luther King's (Gandhi's) methods," he insisted that Alinsky's method "implied in actual fact the exercise of moral power," and that "there will be no solution to the racial crisis in the U[nited] S [tates] if people like you and Silberman and people like [Martin] Luther King do not meet together and recognize the essential unity of their effort, and the essential complementarity of their methods and inspirations, different as they may be and appear." He then announced his forthcoming visit to America and urged Alinsky to visit him in Princeton if he could possibly do so. Alinsky was to be in New York 20
Elisabeth Fourest, a young woman whose parents became close friends of Maritain in his last years, accompanied him on his last visit to the United States to make the trip easier for him in his weakened condition. She took notes of her experiences during the trip and graciously furnished these details about the "conversation with the guardian at the cemetery." Maritain told her this little anecdote, among others, on the eve of a dinner with Alinsky at Princeton, to give her an idea of what this rather mythical man was like, a man for whom Maritain had such a loving admiration. Here is what she wrote down: Saul says he does not believe in God or in eternal life. Then why does he do what he does? This is the question that was put to him by a young cemetery caretaker who noticed him returning time and time again, overcome with grief, to the grave of someone he loved [his first wife Helene]. This caretaker was a man who, feeling the need for silence and meditation, had cleverly arranged to have himself appointed caretaker of this cemetery where he lived alone. They struck up a conversation and the man asked Alinsky: "Is what you do exclusively political or social? Don't you do all the things you do because you really love those you are helping?" This time Saul answered "Yes." So despite what he said he showed his gift of true charity.
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at the time of Maritain's visit to Princeton and of course they spent whatever time they could together. He even volunteered to accompany his frail old friend from there to Mansfield, Texas, where a visit had been arranged with John Howard Griffin. When he found out at the last minute that he was unable to accompany Maritain, Alinsky sent the following note to Cornelia Borgerhoff, who was arranging the details of Maritain's visit: "Will you please tell him to conserve his energies as much as possible and to remember that there are many of us who love him dearly and feel that he is the most priceless person in our lives." During this visit they saw each other for the last time. The very last letter (September 19, 1971), which was occasioned by the arrival of a copy of Rules for Radicals (with the dedication quoted above), contained Maritain's praise for the book and his little disquisition on the morality of means and ends. "It seems to me," he gently chided his old friend, "that in your book the philosophical truth in question, essential as it may be, is hardly emphasized or taken into consideration . . . " Then he concluded: Dear Saul, forgive me those clumsy remarks of a pigheaded philosopher, and pardon, also, my bad English. I have been for many months, and still am, awfully tired; and I have much ado to find my words. You know that I am with you with all my heart and soul. Pray for me, Saul. And God bless you! To you the fervent admiration and the abiding love of your old Jacques
This was the last communication between them. Alinsky died in 1972 and Maritain in the following year.
Page 1
THE LETTERS
Page 3
I [undated] Dear Professor Maritain, I am attaching a copy of my address before the Catholic Charities. In many socalled Catholic quarters this speech secured a most unpopular reaction. Christianity is certainly an unpopular subject in many parts of the Church. Mr. Shaw 1 and I talked a great deal about you the evening of the day you and I met—an involved sentence but you know what I mean. Both you and Mr. Shaw represent those rare persons—actual real Christians. If there is a heaven, and only real Christians, Jews etc. are admitted to it, I am absolutely convinced that there are very [few] people there—I am just as sure that an Archbishop who gets in must be regarded by the heavenly residents as a great curiosity. There is one great favor I would like to ask of you—I must do it in writing as I would have great difficulty in asking you face to face. It is this—In my work it has always been most helpful to come out of weeks of organizational work, weeks of coping with straight cynicism and materialism and sit down at my study desk with Howland Shaw's picture looking at me. This is most difficult to write because I have an aversion towards sentimentality and a horror of idols, hero worshipers etc. But what I am trying to say is that a picture of you with some personal statement on it would be one of my most cherished possessions. There I have said it. With affectionate regards to you and your wife As ever, Saul P.S. It will also serve as a constant reminder to finish the book—Trust me to find some logical basis for a sentimental request.2
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1. G. Howland Shaw was an assistant secretary in the State Department. He has been described as an aristocrat, an elitist in the State Department tradition. As a committed lay Catholic he was deeply involved in childwelfare and antidelinquency projects and had a passionate interest in and commitment to Alinsky's work. 2. Though it is not certain when or where Alinsky and Maritain first met, it must have been in the early 1940s. At the time of this letter, according to the postscript, Alinsky had already begun to write Reveille for Radicals. In his biography of Alinsky (Let Them Call Me Rebel, Knopf, New York, 1989), Sanford Horwitt writes that Alinsky began to work on his book in the spring of 1944, and Alinsky himself says that he undertook the project at the persistent urging of Maritain, who had come to know of and admire Alinsky as the founder of the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council which he had begun in 1936. Horwitt suggests several possibilities for the person responsible for the introduction: Professor John U. Nef of the University of Chicago and president of the Committee on Social Thought, who had invited Maritain to lecture there, or George N. Shuster, chairman of the board of trustees of Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation, who, as president of Hunter College, had invited Maritain to give the inaugural address of the Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes (the French University in exile) at the college, or Alinsky's friend Bishop Bernard J. Sheil of Chicago. Msgr. John Egan of the archdiocese of Chicago, another close friend of Alinsky, suggested in an interview that it was probably George N. Shuster.
II [undated] Dear Professor Maritain, I don't dare address you otherwise because if I did I would most certainly begin with "Dear Saint Jacques Maritain" which would be anticipating the certain action of the Church in the future. If the Church does not—then I will definitely never feel friendly towards the hierarchy in neither this life nor any future one. Your addressing me by my first name is one of the nicest things that has happened to me. Always look upon me as a devoted friend. Through all that may come always I will
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be that. One of the greatest experiences of my life was to get to know you and greater still to be regarded by you as a friend. After I finished reading your letter I left my office and walked for some time thinking—I suppose you would call it meditating. Jacques Maritain you are so filled with love, humility and compassion for your fellowmen that you annihilate my defenses of skepticism and cynicism of you know what. Your letter almost restored the feeling that swept me as [a] 13 year old boy standing before the congregation in an orthodox synagogue and celebrating my Bar Mitzvah. Life is odd—that I should feel twice that there is a good and great spirit close to me—once in a Jewish synagogue and once from one of the greatest Catholic philosophers—who will in time be ranked with Thos. Aquinas. I can never be anywhere the person you are because you really love all people, and understand with a great wisdom. There are some people I not only do not love but hate with a cold fury that would stop at nothing. I hate people who act unjustly and cause many to suffer. I become violently angry when I see misery and am filled with a bitter vindictiveness towards those responsible. That is not good and I know it. I know just as well that I shall continue to feel and act as I have. The picture is wonderful—it is you. I can't tell you how deeply appreciative I am of your inscription. It is only natural that many of my actions of the future will be dictated by my conscience plus that inner voice that will say "Would Jacques Maritain think this right or would he think it wrong." The arrival of the picture almost made me ill. The postal authorities had folded the envelope so that there was a bad crack across the center of the picture. The sight of that long jagged crack so depressed me that I could feel tears begin. I frantically contacted a number of photographers and learned that it can be partially repaired so as not to be conspicuous. As you know I do not pray in the conventional sense
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but I will frequently, most frequently, think of you and my thoughts will be in their own fashion heartfelt prayers. To know and have friends as yourself and Howland Shaw and Bishop Sheil is to know that life is good. My most affectionate regards to your wife and God bless you, keep you safely and return you speedily back to us here who love you and need you. Devotedly, Saul
III March 26, 1945 My very dear Jacques, You see I have finally capitulated and am using your given name. I have deliberately delayed answering your last letter because I wanted time to think over your discussion of the separation between hating evil and hating the one who does evil. You feel it can be understood only through the mystery of the Cross and that the search for the solution of this problem will "lead me where I do not want to go." I have pondered over this thought and reached two, not conclusions, but trends. The first is I know I definitely do not want to go where you feel the only solution lies. Secondly and again being a most doubting Thomas I believe the mystery of all religions or systems of morality are basically the same regardless of their symbols which in this case would be the Cross and the Star of David. My conception of God and good and my place is a very simple one. It is a relationship uncluttered with symbols and ritual. To this point in my life I have been content with it. I passionately hope and pray it will continue so. I hate the confusion that comes of symbols and sectarianism. I
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was recently introduced at a mass meeting by a Rabbi who with a troubled voice introduced me as a "Catholic Jew." Apparently my belief in God or morality is secondary to a label. I dislike such muddles. You affect and disturb my inner tranquility not by Catholicism but by your personal example of everything good. I had my picture taken and it was so bad that I am going to have another taken and will send it to you in Rome. 1 What will your new address be? With my love, Saul 1. At the end of World War II, General de Gaulle persuaded Maritain to accept the post of French ambassador to the Vatican. On May 10, 1945, Maritain presented his credentials at the Vatican where he remained for exactly three years. On his return to the United States he accepted a post as professor of philosophy at Princeton University.
IV April 9, 1945 Dear Jacques, Attached is a copy of a speech made by Bishop Sheil. It was presented yesterday at time and place listed on the speech. It think it is wonderful and I know that you will rejoice that a prelate should speak out as positively and specifically as he has here. Bishops naturally talk in platitudes—but not Bishop Sheil! I know he would be most pleased to hear your reaction to this talk. By the way, what is your new address? I don't know whether your are still in N.Y., Rome or en route. Love, Saul
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V July 20, 1945 Dear Jacques: It seems like generations since you left. I can't tell you how much Howland Shaw, the Bishop, and myself have missed you. In a sense I have a deep resentment against France for not only claiming but taking you away from us. They say that a good part of happiness lies in anticipation of beautiful things to come—some people are happy thinking of heaven—others of the prospect of making a lot of money or securing a lot of power—as for myself I have the consolation in your absence of the anticipation of the great happiness of an ultimate reunion with a really wonderful person and friend, yourself. The book is finished—as finished as all books ever get to be—my mind is now in a ferment with other things that have occurred and that I feel should be incorporated in the book, but I know that if I ever yield to this constant desire to add and change it would never be published. Publication date is definitely scheduled for November 1st. The University of Chicago Press is putting it out as their Fall leader and they seem to be (much to my surprise) terribly enthusiastic about the book and are talking in terms of its being their best seller. For the first time all kinds of questions of royalties have come up and I find it difficult to even think in those terms since ideas along those lines never entered my mind. They are going to advertise it in conjunction with Hayek's ROAD TO SERFDOM pointing out that the latter is the Bible for Conservatives and that REVEILLE FOR RADICALS is (they think) the Bible for Radicals. I find myself being maneuvered into a position where I will have to suffer various indignities such as autographing parties and all of the foolishness which seems to be part of American publication.
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I informed the University Press in no uncertain terms that I began to write this book at your personal request and that I have a definite agreement with you whereby you have the complete rights of French copyright. They insist on your sending them a letter requesting this right but have definitely promised me that your written request is simply a matter of form and will be speedily acknowledged and the rights given to you. If there is the slightest complication please let me know at once and do not give it a moment's thought as I will immediately take care of it. Howland Shaw called me this morning and told me that Mrs. Maritain was leaving for Rome within ten days and that if I would send him the manuscript he would have it in her hands prior to departure. He also said that Julien Green 1 is now going over the book and will shortly inform Mr. Shaw on whether or not he will be able to translate it within the next couple of months. Howland Shaw's personal great enthusiasm for the book made me tremendously happy. You know it is one of those cases where as long as you and Shaw think it is good I don't care too much what others may think. I am also enclosing three copies of ORDERLY REVOLUTION2 written by Mrs. Eugene Meyer, wife of the publisher of the Washington Post. This series of articles appeared simultaneously in the Washington Post and the Chicago Sun. We understand that the demand for reprints received by the Washington Post from different parts of the country was such that they are running off thousands of these booklets. The Washington Post's reaction to the role of the Catholic Church will be extremely interesting to you. One of the copies has certain sections (which I know will be interesting to you) marked with blue pencil. I know that this manuscript will arrive in your hands at a moment of great joy—the reunion of yourself and your beloved wife. From our friendship I have been able to gather how terribly much she has always meant to you and I rejoice in your happiness in having her at your side.
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Please give her my warmest affectionate regards. With our deepest love I am As ever, Saul SDA:MFC P.S. Forgive a personal note being typed but want to get this mailed today. 1. Julien Green is a contemporary French novelist and was an intimate friend of Maritain. Though he has spent most of his life in France, he has retained his American citizenship and is the first foreigner to be admitted to the Académie Française. His extensive correspondence with Maritain was published in 1982 (Une grande amitié, Paris, Gallimard) and has recently appeared in English (The Story of Two Souls, New York, Fordham University Press, 1988). 2. Agnes Meyer wrote six long articles for the Washington Post on Alinsky's Back of the Yards experiment. These enthusiastic accounts, later collected and published in a widely circulated pamphlet, proved to be an excellent advertisement for Alinsky's work and for his Reveille for Radicals, which was published six months later.
VI August 20, 1945 Dear Saul, Raïssa gave me your letter and the manuscript. We react in the same way. Do you realize to what point I miss you and Howland Shaw and the Bishop? I pray every day for the three of you together. I have in my office the picture of the Bishop and Howland Shaw and I am sorry not to have yours. Please send it to me. I would like to have the three pictures together; it's full of meaning for me. The sudden passage from NY to Rome is an extraordinary experience. There freedom from history, here the burden of history. Physical separation from our friends makes
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us realize how deeply we love America and have been intoxicated by her soul and her hopes, that great human dream which is permeated with the Gospel infinitely more than the Americans themselves believe. I read your manuscript with passionate eagerness. As I cabled to you this book is epochmaking. It reveals a new way for real democracy, the only way in which man's thirst for social communion can develop and be satisfied, through freedom and not through totalitarianism in our disintegrated times. You seem at first glance over optimistic, in reality your method starting with selfinterest and egotistic concerns in order to transform them shows how sound is your knowledge of human nature. Your optimism is Christ's optimism. You are a Thomist, dear Saul, a practical Thomist! I greatly admire all the psychological awareness which underlies your social achievements, this also is something new and all important. Your background of a criminologist has been tremendously useful for your work. I wrote to the Chicago University Press, requesting the rights of French copyright for the translation. The letter was addressed to you. I am terribly eager to have the book published in French—not in New York but in Paris. My wife told me that Julien Green is preparing his return to France and I doubt he will be able to make the translation before leaving. It is greatly regrettable for he is a good translator and Howland Shaw could have revised his translation. Could you find a good translator in America: Yves Simon (Notre Dame University)? [here Maritain gives another suggestion, but his handwriting is illegible]? I can try to provide a translator here, for I am anxious to act quickly. And we must realize how difficult this translation is. Even the title cannot be translated literally into French (in French the word Radical designates a party of cheap politicians). I am waiting for your cable regarding this q[uestion] of translat[ion] (Better to address the cable: FA4 the HC, Vatican City, though the [here there is another
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illegible mark] is not in Vatican City.) It would be a great joy to me to write a preface to the French edition. Some Italian friends would like very much to prepare an Italian edition. Would you be so kind as to discuss the matter with Chicago University Press and cable their conditions? Dear Saul, I have not the time of writing you as I wish. You know what is in my heart. In moments of sadness, which are not rare, I remember this dinner in NY with you and the dear Bishop and Howland Shaw, and my hope in men is burning anew. I believe that my present mission, which I did not choose, answers some definite purpose of God, but I don't know this purpose, and I advance in the full night of faith. Doubtless I needed this experience. At least Raïssa is now at my side. She is brave and undertakes peacefully the official business which is so much against the grain of our nature. She gives you her most affectionate regards. Pray for us. God bless you, dear Saul. My love to you and our two dear friends. As ever your Jacques Mrs. Eugene Meyer's Orderly Revolution is excellent. I shall try to have it reprinted in some French magazine. Please excuse the deficiencies of my poor English1. 1
There is no copy of this letter in the Alinsky papers. The text had to be reconstituted from rough draft found in the Maritain archives, which was filled with passages crossed out and replaced and words that were quite illegible.
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VII August 21, 1945 Mr. Jacques Maritain French Embassy Vatican City Italy Dear Jacques: I can't begin to tell you of my own emotions after reading our cablegram. 1 It so happened that I was having lunch with Bishop Sheil that day and I showed it to him. I also spoke to Howland Shaw over the phone and read him the cable. They were terribly excited and enormously pleased, and as for myself I feel (as I told you in the cable) very humble over such praise—particularly coming from you. I can best illustrate my own reaction by saying that now that you, Howland Shaw and the Bishop feel as you do, I don't care what anyone else thinks. Concerning French and Italian rights I have informed the press (in no uncertain terms) that I wrote this book primarily at your suggestion and urgings. They tell me that there will be no trouble at all but that there are certain legal forms (in order to satisfy their own lawyers) that must be signed and then go on to assure me over and over again that there will be no trouble and no questions raised. I suggest that you go right ahead with the translations as soon as the book is published here (publication definitely scheduled for November 1st). I will send you a copy marked up from the editorial point of view so that the edited changes—in some cases deletions—can be incorporated in your translations. As you know, I had never assumed that this book would be any more than a simple treatise on elementary democracy. For this reason I have been almost overwhelmed by the reaction of the press and those few critics who have seen the manuscript. They are all convinced that
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this book will be what they call a ''best seller" and the University of Chicago Press has ordered a first edition of 20,000 copies. There seems to be a unanimous feeling on their part that the book will be enthusiastically received by part of the American public and indignantly attacked by a larger part of the public. Already these reactions have manifested themselves within the University of Chicago Press and on a couple of occasions the feelings became so bitter that the issue of the book was brought before President Hutchins. From what I can gather Mr. Hutchins has fully supported that group within the press which is behind the book. The others have attacked it as "the most dangerous piece of subversive writing that they have seen," etc., etc. And so it goes—little did I realize that this book (which you talked me into writing) would create so much of a commotion. The Press has asked me what is to be the disposition of royalties on the French and Italian editions. I have informed them that first, the very thought of introducing the subject of royalties into my relationship with you is utterly repugnant. Second, that since they insist on having some statement that I am waiving all of the royalties to you and that I expect that the Press will similarly waive any financial claims whatsoever. Joe Brandt, the head of the Press, has given me his personal assurance that they will abide by this agreement. My only concern on the financial basis is not the royalties but the expense which you will be put to in having the translations prepared and also publication. I do not want you to make any financial sacrifice and if there is any help you need in that way please let us know. If by any strange chance the book should secure a wide circulation with a consequent return of royalties, I make these three specific requests. 1. That you reimburse yourself from these royalties for all expenses you have been put to. 2. Above and beyond your expenses I would like to
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have what is left distributed through you and according to your judgment to the Spanish refugees from Franco Fascism and to those French movements which are dedicated to the principles in which we believe. 3.You keep aside a sufficient sum to provide fresh flowers every week for Mrs. Maritain. I hope these conditions meet with your complete approval. What else can I say? There is so much more that I don't know where or how to begin. The most important thing is when do we meet again? Now that the military stage of the war is over transportation once again enters the realm of possibilities. I have been desperately racking my brain trying to figure excuses or pretexts with which you could be lured back to the United States. The Bishop has asked me whether if you were awarded his annual medal of something or other which indicated the outstanding Catholic layman of the year, would you come to Chicago to receive it—if you were asked to give a series of lectures here would you accept—and so it goes on and on with the three of us trying to think of ever possibility. I have been gradually coming to the conclusion that Vatican City should be located in the United States if for no other reason than that we could have our Jacques Maritain here with us. Both the Bishop and Howland Shaw have asked me to send you their deepest love, which of course I join in with all of my heart. Most affectionately, Saul D. Alinsky 1 Alinsky is referring to the cablegram of congratulations Maritain sent on August 18, 1945, after reading the manuscript of Reveille for Radicals. He called the book "epochmaking," a phrase which was used on the jacket.
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VIII September 21, 1945 My very dear Jacques: Your wonderful letter arrived while I was in New York and was promptly forwarded to me. I received it at ten minutes to twelve last Saturday and at noon sat down to lunch with Howland Shaw and Bishop Sheil (almost like an act of God). All of us read and reread every word and as the Bishop said: "It is almost as if Jacques were here now and we four were once more reunited in that mutual love and understanding which is so infinitely precious to each one of us." Can I add any more to that statement? We toasted you at least a dozen times and almost had an empty chair brought to the table for you. I so passionately hope that it will not be in the too distant future when the reunion will be real and complete in ever sense. On the book—First I cannot think of a greater honor than having you write the preface to the French edition. I will not only learn to read French so I will know every word of the preface but I will cherish that edition far above the English copy. Second your suggestion of attaching a model constitution as an appendix for the book is so excellent that the University Press pounced on it and is attaching it to the American edition (publication Nov. 15). I will send you two unfinished (unbound) copies which will be ready Oct. 15th with a list of changes from the manuscript which can be used by the translators in checking changes from the manuscript. Of course you know that the first finished copy 1 is being sent directly to you. Third—I realize that the word "Radical" has a very different meaning in French. You have my full approval to make any change in Title or Text that you desire. You will find that the bylaws will answer many of the questions on activities committees, etc. I cabled you today on the request of the Press. It seems that Sterling North of the N.Y. Post has promised to give
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the book the lead review in their special Christmas section as well as it showing up in 13 other newspapers if you write the review and get it in their hands by. Nov. 12th at the latest. If you can do this the review which should be 800 or 900 words should be sent to Mr. Sterling North The New York Post 75 West Street N.Y. 6, N.Y. U.S.A. Have just received a copy of the picture that is being used on the book jacket and am sending it to you this afternoon. I pray that this letter finds both you and Mrs. Maritain in the very best of health. My love to both of you Your Saul 1. Alinsky inscribed this copy of the book he sent to Maritain as follows: To Jacques Maritain That rare person who not only professes Christianity but whose heart is filled with it and who lives a Christian way of life. To Jacques Maritain who when he is made a Saint it will not be just for wisdom but for compassion and real love for his fellowmen To know Jacques Maritain is to know a richness and spiritual experience that makes life even more glorious To Jacques and Raïssa With all my love Saul D. Alinsky
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IX Ambassade de la France Près de la Saint Siège October 9, 1945 Dear Saul, I avail myself of the opportunity given by a friend who is just leaving to send to you the article 1 for the New York Post. I hope that my English is not too deficient (sometimes I hesitated between two words, please choose the better) I am sending another copy to the N.Y. Post directly by diplomatic pouch. Excuse me for writing in a hurry. Please cable if the article arrived in due time and check your copy with that I am sending to the Post. love Jacques Of course it is not as French Ambassador that I wrote the paper. But as Jacques Maritain. I trust that the New York Post will realize that. Mr. Joseph Brandt cabled me the address of the N.Y. Post. But the cable arrived incomplete: "75 West Street." What west? I am sending the copy to the N.Y. Post simply, trusting the ability of American mail. I did not yet receive your letter. 1. Here is the text of his review of Reveille for Radicals that Maritain sent to Alinsky and which was published in the New York Post: I think that this book will be epochmaking. It was born not of theory only, but of experience, concrete human knowledge and love for the people. In my opinion the achievements of The Back of the Yards Movement open a new road to real democracy, and show us the only way in which that deep need for communion which today stirs up men threatened by technocratic civilization, can be satisfied in freedom and through freedom, in and through genuine respect for the human person, in and through actual and living trust in the
Page 19 people. No totalitarianism can worm its way into a democracy built on such basic communal activities and the principles involved. At the same time we see the manner in which one of our great problems—how real leaders can emerge from and be chosen by real people—is to be solved. Democracy does not work with amorphous, unorganized people; that is why democracy necessarily requires political parties. It also requires that from the very bottom people organize themselves naturally, spontaneously, in the everyday life of their basic communities, so as to participate really and actively in the political life of the nation, and so that the achievements of this life may really be their work and their achievements. Such deepseated civic consciousness is the best way to rejuvenate the very life of political parties, and to make stable the primary foundations of government by the people and for the people. In Chapter III Saul Alinsky cites the serious warning that Tocqueville delivered, more than a hundred years ago, to American democracy—and not only to the American democracy but also to all our modern democracies—when he insisted that freedom limited to a rare and brief exercise of free choice with regard to the great things of the State, and enslavement in the minor affairs of everyday life are rather bad conditions for a people and for freedom itself. I think that the proper answer to Tocqueville's warning is to be found in people's congresses such as experienced and set going by the Back of the Yards Movement and the Industrial Areas Foundation. Here is the core of Alinsky's book. He explains in a remarkable manner how the intensity with which a small community, thus organized from within as a living whole, becomes definitely aware of its power of initiative and its common good, naturally develops into concrete awareness of the common good of the nation and the common good of the international community. It is beyond my province to express any opinion whatever on those sections of Alinsky's book which deal, sometimes in a sharply critical fashion, with matters peculiar to American life and American labor. But I can and I do appreciate and admire the constructive value and the universal import of the essential concepts it proposes, and the new possibilities it discovers for that "orderly revolution" which
Page 20 Mrs. Agnes E. Meyer anticipated in describing the work started in Chicago's Packingtown. Saul Alinsky does not share in my religious faith. His religious philosophy seems to me rather inconsistent. Yet I would wish that many Christians may exhibit, in their approach to social matters, as deep an understanding of the moral implications of our basic temporal problems, as bold a courage in fighting for the dignity of the people, and as ardent a thirst for justice and freedom as Alinsky does. Reveille for Radicals does not only reveal a new social technique; the main thing is the inspiration that such a technique implies and without which it would be nothing. I have been greatly impressed both by the spirit of selfeffacement and combative generosity which is required from those who start these people's organizations, acting as ferment and passing out when the work is done, and by the practical attentiveness to individual psychology which the methods used by Alinsky put into action. The manner in which, starting from selfish interests, they succeed in giving rise to the sense of solidarity and finally to an unselfish devotion to the common task, conveys an invaluable teaching to us. At the same time it becomes obvious that in the very bosom of the humblest, most material needs of a community of men, an internal moral awakening is linked with the awakening to the elementary requirements of true political life. Saul Alinsky's book is specifically American. The task of social pioneering it describes, with its aggressive dynamism, its appeal to the sense of community life and its reliance on individual endeavor, is deeprooted in a specifically American tradition, which carries on the work of the Founders of Independence and the historic mission of this country. But this book conveys a message to all freedomloving men, and should invite everywhere the living forces of democracy to reveille and renewal. I am anxious to have it translated into French. I am convinced that the same effort, adapted to different historical conditions, should be undertaken in European democracies. —Jacques Maritain
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X November 23, 1945 Mr. Jacques Maritain French Ambassador to the Holy See Vatican City Italy Dear Jacques: Your letter and copy of the review were forwarded to me in Omaha, Nebraska, where I have just finished setting up another people's organization. This one bears every potentiality of becoming the largest and most powerful of all of our councils including the Chicago Back of the Yards Council. In this industrial community there are fourteen Catholic churches of different nationalities and all of them are now very active members of our "People's Council of South Omaha." I know you will be delighted to hear the Chancellor, Msgr. Wegner, has given me every possible bit of cooperation and is today the honorary chairman of the South Omaha Council. I thought of you while I was out there and when I was asked to come to the Chancery and address all of the priests in the Diocese on the subject of Christian principles and Social Action. I have read and reread the review of "Reveille for Radicals" and my only feeling is what I have always felt whenever you have been so gracious as to express a favorable opinion—one of deep humility. I can't say much more than what I believe I have said to you before and that is that as long as you, Howland Shaw, and Bishop Sheil feel about this book as they do, then I am not concerned as to what the public reaction will be. The review is grand and I am sure far better than the book actually merits. I believe that just as you are modest in all things you are also much too modest in your opinion of your English grammar. I don't believe that there will be many suggestions for any changes in wording. As you know, the book aroused a
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big controversy. Every stage of the book has caused fury and indignation even in the University of Chicago Press—a great part of the Trustees were completely opposed to publication of this book as being "radical and dangerous." One of them made the remark, "This is the filthiest piece of writing since Tom Paine." Each step of the production of the book has involved conflict. Marshall Field & Company are the biggest department store and seller of books in Chicago and had scheduled an autograph party for January 19th. They have subsequently retracted their invitation on the basis that "this book is far too inflammatory and will be very disturbing to the morals and equilibrium of our employees." I consider this last event a great tribute to the book. Marshall Field & Company, by the way, is noted for paying their employees less than any other similar establishment. Concerning the picture I sent it to Shaw to be sent over to you in the pouch. The reason for this is that we were told by the Post Office that photographs could not be mailed abroad (apparently the ruling was refuted in the last week or so). I immediately wrote Shaw and he answered that there had been a delay in sending out the picture but that it had gone over in the pouch so that you should have received it by this time. If not please let me know at once and I'll send you another. Yesterday the University Press sent you two stitched copies of the book minus cover, jacket, etc. The purpose of these copies is for your translators to be able to check between their manuscript and the finished product. They will find certain changes in wording in the first chapter and in parts of the second chapter dealing with the Construction Trade Unions and the section on the British Labor Party. You will note that the discussion of the British Labor Party and comments on labor in Germany and Sweden have been completely omitted. Other minor changes include such things as the last line of the book and the words, "the shot" which were omitted. The finished book, cover,
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jackets, etc. will be ready the middle of December. I have already arranged with the Press for them to send copies immediately upon completion. Now for the big news. Bishop Sheil has been appointed by President Truman to go to England, France, Germany and Italy and study conditions of children in these nations. He is leaving the country in early December and I believe should be in Rome right around Christmas. He keeps talking about you and in many respects I believe that the one thing that he is looking forward to is seeing and spending time with you during his visit. I believe it is highly important for you to discuss with him the subjects that he is investigating. With deepest love to Raïssa and yourself. Saul P.S. The Bishop's appointment by the President has enraged many of the conservative prelates and one even hears talk that they are going to use their influence to try to get the Pope to refuse to see him when in Rome. The Bishop now stands closer to the administration than any other prelate. If anything of this kind happened in Rome it would be catastrophic in its reverberations here and give every enemy of the Church unbelievable ammunition.
XI February 26, 1946 Mr. Jacques Maritain French Ambassador to the Holy See Vatican City, Italy Dear Jacques: It has been so long since I have written to you that I hardly know where to begin. I mean to sit down some
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time next week and write you in detail of the many developments which have occurred since my last letter. I was sorry that our attempts at a telephone conversation did not work out. As you know I was trying to get some specific information on the Bishop. Since that time he has returned and I have talked with him at great length and I judge that he successfully accomplished his mission. I know that you will be interested and happy to hear that ''Reveille for Radicals" has become one of the American nonfiction best sellers. Since its publication in Chicago it has consistently been the number one best seller. During the first week in Chicago alone the book sold one thousand copies a day. The leading American newspapers have all given the book wonderful reviews. It has been hailed as the "Common Sense" of today. I frankly was and am amazed at the popular reception that the book has received. Apparently you knew that people would want this book or you certainly would not have been as insistent upon my writing it as you Were. What has happened with the French edition? Has it been published yet? Don't forget that I want at least a dozen copies of that edition. I can think of nothing that will fill me with more pride than a preface by Jacques Maritain. How have you and Mrs. Maritain been faring during the troublesome upheavals in France? What has the DeGaulle resignation meant to your personal position? I will write you next week and until then all of my love to both of you and may God bless you. Saul SDA:MFC
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XII Rome Palazzo Taverna March 31, 1946 Mr. Saul Alinsky 8 South Michigan Avenue Chicago 3, Ill. My very dear Saul, At last I can write to you, and now we have airmail facilities from Rome to the United States! In January I was in Paris, in February we were submerged by visits and ceremonies due to the Consistory, in March I was overwhelmed with belated work. I had a kind of mystery story with our cherished friend Bishop Sheil. First, I was told by you he was to come over. Second I spoke here with American officials and Vatican officials, telling them how anxious I was to have him in Rome: everybody seemed suddenly deaf and dumb. 1 Third I read in the papers that he was in France, and I wired to Gilson requesting him to find for me this roving American bishop and to get in touch with him. Fourth, a number of telegrams (as I suppose, for a merry Christmas,—of course I did not open them) arrived for him at the Embassy, whereas the Secretary to Mr. Byron Taylor2 was still in deep ignorance about his trip, as if he was to visit the moon in a jetpropelled plane. Fifth, when I was in Paris, Gilson told me that all the American authorities he had contacted were struck dumb; finally the British parish in Paris knew that the Bishop was in Germany. Sixth, when I left Paris, the Secretary to the Cardinal of Paris knew that he was in Rome. Seventh, when I arrived in Rome, Bishop Sheil was in America! I am terribly sorry to have been unable of seeing him. And why did he not inform Raïssa as soon as he was in Rome? Tell him that it would have been a feast for our hearts to see him and speak with him, and that I hoped to discuss with him the important subjects that he investigated in Germany, as well as to introduce
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him to the Italian people who are interested in your book and eager to meet him. As concerns the translation of "Reveille for Radicals", the devil is dead set against us, but I trust we will overcome the present difficulties. The young Frenchman, Jean MartinChauffier, who began here the French translation, had to come back to France, where he became ill and was obliged to interrupt his work. Your manuscript is in Paris. I have received every assurance that good translators will finish the work, but I cannot spur them. They promised to send me a copy of the translation and it is probable that the publisher will be "Editions de Minuit." I shall write the preface as soon as I have the translation. 3 Here in Rome a very active publisher was interested in the book but as I got reasons to believe he was to exploit it for partisan aims, I was obliged therefore to withdraw the manuscript. Now I hope that the book will be published by a man whom I esteem greatly, Mr. Adriano Olivetti, who starts a publishing house in Rome and is particularly capable of understanding your work (he just published a book "L'Ordine Politico della Comunità" to send to you). My intention is that the Italian preface be written by Ignazio Silone4 who is a close friend of Olivetti and contributes to his monthly periodical (Comunità), I am very appreciative of his character, and I think that the group OlivettiSilone will be most sympathetic to your ideas. I received the two additional copies that were sent to me. And also the splendid review by Bishop Sheil in the Chicago Sun. Did my own review appear in the New York Post? I hope that I shall receive soon the finished book. I am excited at the news you give me from the book, such conflicts are a great tribute and I like very much the indignant reference to Tom Paine. Now make haste, dear Saul, to give me the last news. What you tell me about your new people's organization in Omaha is grand. It is impossible to say how much we miss you and the Bishop and Howland Shaw. It is a great joy for me to
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have your picture, I see in your eyes all the good will, firmness, fairness and generosity of the Radicals of your dear country. With Raïssa's warmest greetings and our deepest love, Jacques 1. Bishop Bernard Sheil was considered a kind of maverick bishop by the conservative majority of the American clergy. Powerful conservative prelates like Cardinal Spellman of New York and Archbishop McIntyre of Los Angeles would certainly have communicated their mistrust of Sheil to the authorities in Rome. Bishop Sheil's fall from ecclesiastical grace during the McCarthy era is documented by Horwitt in Let Them Call Me Rebel (pp. 249–255). 2. Myron C. Taylor was President Truman's U.S. envoy to the Vatican. It is strange that the American representative at the Vatican seemed to know nothing of the mission in Europe that the American president had confided to a prominent member of the American Catholic hierarchy. 3. The French translation of Reveille for Radicals never seems to have been completed. At the end of his book Saul Alinsky: organisateur et agitateur (Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1989) Thierry Quinqueton provides a bibliography of works by and about Alinsky that appeared in French. There is no mention of a French version of Reveille for Radicals. 4. Ignazio Silone (the nom de plume of the Italian novelist Secondino Tranquilli) was the author of Fontamara (1933) and Pane e vino (1937) and other novels whose action takes place among the helpless and submissive poor who dwell in the arid, barren countryside of southern Italy. As a dedicated antifascist, he had to do much of his writing in exile. Silone was present at the founding of the Italian Communist party at Leghorn in 1921. He served the party in various capacities and worked alongside Antonio Gramsci as an antifascist labor organizer. Having undergone a spiritual crisis, he left the party in 1931, after which his politics and passion for social justice took on a religious and specifically Christian orientation. His slogan was "Christian without a church and socialist without a party." Silone's novels evolve between the poles of socialism and a Christianity which, freed of all formalism, is translated into socially useful action. In 1968 the translation of his L'avventura di un povero cristiano (The Fate of a Humble Christian), along with the translations of many of his earlier works, Fontamara (1934), Pane e vino (Bread and Wine, 1937), Il seme soto la neve (The Seed beneath the Snow, 1942) and Una manciata di more (A Handful of Blackberries, 1952) made him known to the Englishspeaking world.
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XIII May 2, 1946 Mr. Jacques Maritain French Ambassador to the Holy See Vatican City, Italy My very dear Jacques: I can't tell you how happy I was to receive your letter and to know that everything is all right. I was terribly amused by your description of the difficulties encountered in trying to contact Bishop Sheil—your remarks have all the makings of the perfect detective mystery story. I can well appreciate the confusion and mystery that must have surrounded his travels since by the end of two weeks I had given up hope of trying to contact him and began to refer to him as "The Lost Bishop." I am utterly dismayed that you did not receive the copy of the finished book. As a matter of fact I sent you a very special one through the University of Chicago Press, but knowing the Press as I do now and recognizing as I do now that no greater institute of inefficiency was ever perpetrated on mankind I am not too surprised. I am interested in your remarks about the developments on the Italian edition. The Communist Party in America has attacked the book in a recent review in their "New Masses" magazine. The main elements in their attack lie not with the character nor the objectives of the book so much as with the fact that (1) the author's thinking does not rest on a Marxist base and (2) he has written this book to confuse all socially conscious people who were beginning to be more sympathetic to the Communist cause and now feel that they can be "radical" without being a Communist. (3) They are vindictive on a very interesting point in that they feel that anyone who knows as much as I appear to know about society and its problems and
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who has had the experience that I have and has not come to the logical conclusion of joining the Communist Party, must of necessity be an evil person (I certainly hope that Catholics don't feel that way just because I have not and don't think I ever will become a member of the Catholic Church). Incidentally, the reviews in the Catholic Press have been phenomenal. I have been completely amazed by the praise that has come from most of the Catholic papers in the country. Throughout all this we continue to work with all groups including the Communists and the latter find themselves by force of circumstances compelled to cooperate with our organizational activities. They either do or would be completely left out. I am not so concerned about them as I am about the short sighted position taken by a number of leading Catholic prelates who denounce Communism and do nothing else. I believe it would be a very tragic commentary on the philosophy which these persons have where instead of having faith in their own beliefs and coming out into the world and working with all people and making very definitive positive presentations of their principles, they instead huddle behind their Chancery walls and withdraw into a state of complete negativistic isolation. They do nothing but moan and wail about the fears of Communism and advance nothing constructive, no positive program no willingness to share the problems of mankind and to cooperate in the fight for their solution. Incidentally, this is a matter far off the subject, but I am very anxious to get your opinion on something I recently saw. I am referring to a motion picture produced in Rome and called "OPEN CITY." It is picture concerning the fight of the Italian Resistance against the Nazi occupation and its two main figures are a Communist and a Catholic priest. I don't mind telling you that I was deeply moved by the picture. The presentation of the human, really spiritual values, apparent in both the Communist and Catholic priest through the
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Nazi ordeal made a tremendous impression upon me. I think that I was just as surprised to see the rich, spiritual beauty inside the heart of the Catholic priest as I was at that inside of the Communist (this may be a terrible thing to say, but I know that you will understand). Have you seen the picture and do you feel the same way about it? I understand that Vatican City has secured a print for their own archives. I am attaching a newspaper story on the Omaha Council1 which is selfexplanatory. The work is going very well. There are a couple of complications developing with reference to church politics which are being manipulated by certain individuals in the Council who can best be described by a paragraph in Chapter I of the book which begins, "So you're an Irish Catholic." I hope these issues will reach their climax and be resolved. I recently spent a couple of days with Howland Shaw both in Chicago and Omaha. Howland was the main speaker at the Community Congress of the Omaha Council. Needless to say, it was grand spending that time with Howland and of course among the many subjects we talked about the dearest one to our hearts was you. There is much more that I want to write and that I will write, but I do want to get this answer off as quickly as possible so am closing now. With all my love to Raïssa and yourself. Love, Saul 1.
Cf Letter X.
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XIV [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] June 22, 1946 Mr. Jacques Maritain French Ambassador to the Holy See Vatican City Italy My very dear Jacques, The attached copy of letter is selfexplanatory. When the Press first contacted me about two weeks ago with reference to this publisher I assumed that it was the same one you had mentioned in your last letter. I suggest that you write the University of Chicago Press at once and let them know whether it is all right to go ahead with this publisher. My love to Raïssa and yourself and will write in detail in a couple of weeks (as soon as I get back from New York City—where, incidentally, I will be spending a few days with Howland Shaw exploring the possibilities of a New York Back of the Yards). Love, Saul SDA:MFC
XV [Telegram:] OCTOBER 22, 1946 OVERJOYED TO HEAR YOU ARE HERE AND WELL. 1 FLYING TO N.Y. THIS SATURDAY TO SPEND AFTERNOON WITH YOU AND FLYING BACK TO CHICAGO AT NIGHT—IF EVERYTHING GOES WELL WILL ARRIVE AT LA GUARDIA FIELD AT NOON AND SHOULD BE AT YOUR PLACE
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BY 1:30—SATURDAY CANNOT COME TOO FAST FOR ME AND I THINK YOU KNOW HOW MUCH I AM LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING YOU—MY LOVE SAUL 1. Maritain had returned from the Vatican to the United States to participate in the Princeton Bicentennial Conference.
XVI [Telegram:] OCTOBER 28, 1946 TERRIBLY GRATEFUL FOR GIVING ME ALL SATURDAY AFTERNOON—IT WAS VERY GOOD FOR THE SOUL AND MY PERSONAL SADNESS AT LEAVING YOU WAS INFINITELY OUTWEIGHED BY THE JOY OF BEING WITH YOU . . . SAUL
XVII Monday, Sept. 15, 1947 Dear Jacques, It is unbearable for me to discuss what has happened. The attached editorial from the Chicago Daily News gives the facts of the horrible tragedy. 1 As for myself there have been moments when I have felt that it was utterly impossible to go on—even for another instant. If it hadn't been for the children, I doubt if I would have survived or cared to survive that first monstrous week. The children aged 7 and 3 have been far more courageous than I have been. Helene and I were madly in love with each other for every minute of our 18 years together. We were both very
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young and at the University of Chicago when we met. She had a serenity about her and a compassion for people that made everyone (even those she fought) love her. As for me, I have never envisaged the agony that now possesses my every hour. I suffer too because so many of our friends all over the world are suffering because of their inability to help. And there is nothing that can be done. The finality of this horrible thing is too much for me to grasp in its full totality. At this time life seems completely empty and all of the fires within me are dead and cold. I have had long talks with Bishop Sheil and with Howland Shaw and they are convinced the fires will burn again. I do not know. It is one of those things that time will tell, and right now time is a terrible thing. There is nothing more to say. I send you and Raïssa what love there is left inside of me. Devotedly, Saul 1. There are different versions of what happened on that fateful summer day off the Beverly Shores beach of Lake Michigan. Helene had always been marvelously athletic and was an outstanding swimmer. She had been captain of a watersports team and had taught swimming and Red Cross lifesaving classes. Sanford Horwitt, Alinsky's biographer, in his Let Them Call Me Rebel (Knopf, 1989, p. 209 f) gives what is probably the most accurate account of the tragedy: "The Alinskys' daughter, Kathryn, and another girl were playing on a sandbar off the beach. A woman and her nineyearold son were also on the sandbar. Suddenly an undertow dragged the children into deep water. Helene, who was on the beach, rushed into the water and began to swim out to the children. A college boy who was also there, the brother of the nineyearold, did not know how to swim but quickly paddled out in a rubber raft. He rescued his brother while his mother made it safely to shore. Then the college boy paddled out beyond the sandbar again to help Helene and the other children. When he got to her, Helene's head and body were underwater but, with her strong arms and shoulders, she was somehow holding Kathryn and the other girl above her head and above the surface of the water. The rescuer pulled the girls into the raft; they had been saved. He then dragged Helene in, too. She was
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already unconscious. On the beach he applied artificial respiration until a pulmotor squad arrived. But it was too late.''
XVIII [Courtesy Irene McGinnis] Rome, October 4, 1947 My Dearest Saul: I was in France when the terrible telegram arrived to me, and now coming back to Rome I just found your letter and the letter of your secretary with some particulars about that monstrous event. My beloved Saul, our hearts are full of your distress and agony, and what is our love capable of, unless suffering with you? Everything human is powerless in the face of such a tragedy, there is no help on earth. We pray for you. Saul, she died in love and by love. She saved the children. She accomplished at once what we are gropingly trying to learn: to die for those we love. She has given everything in one moment. Your mutual love has been eternally accomplished in this supreme love. She is your guide and teacher forever. She sees God and looks after you. She will help you. You cannot be consoled, every fiber of happiness in you has been struck by lightening. Dear Saul, the gift of yourself to others, the work to which you have been assigned, requires you more than ever. The fires will burn again. She has sacrificed you, together with herself, for the work of salvation of the children of men. In your dire solitude and agony the force of God will work in you, never has your vocation been purer, your rude task of love more necessary, your pity for men more fecund. Behind the horrible absurdity of the visible event, there is the terrible
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will of God to make you a man, only consecrated, through her and with her, to love and serve his brothers and give his blood for them every day. Saul, pardon my poor infirm words. I and Raïssa we love you, we embrace you. Your Jacques
XIX [date unclear] Jacques dear: I wept over your letter. It has been placed in a special folder where I can always look at it. I want my children to know it so that in later years they will understand how their parents lived and died. I am in Omaha, Nebraska, tonight carrying on my work. Everyone comments "We knew how strong you were and we are so happy at the way you have come back." Then they point out their misery to me more than they ever did before. Why I do not know. I do know where previously my only reaction was one of cold anger against the circumstances that are responsible for their plight—now there is something entirely new inside of me. I feel an all consuming pity for my people. Their pain—pains me too. They think that I am "doing well." What they do not know is that my heart is completely broken and life seems utterly empty and horrible. The agony of the loneliness becomes at times unbearable. Every morning my pillow is wet from tears and I can't tell you how many times I have prayed for death. The sight of my children forlornly inquiring for their Mommy and wondering why their father (whom they have worshiped as invincible) can
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do nothing—this smashes those pieces of my heart that still remain. Oh Jacques, we loved each other so—sometimes I feel I cannot go on for another moment—yet I do—and sometimes wonder why. Helene and I lived and worked together the kind of life, and those ideals of which you know. We made so many sacrifices (only we never thought of them as sacrifices) of careers, money and other materialistic things that many people thought there was something wrong with us. All we knew was that we were living with our conscience and we were so terribly happy just having each other—and now—was it asking too much to have her? If I only knew, if I could only believe that there was more behind this life—that sometime we could be together again. Oh God, I wish I could believe that. Sometime ago you wrote an article for the New Republic or the Nation called, I believe, "The Faith Men Live By." Jacques, you mentioned my name with the names of really great men and she was so proud and so happy—and know, Jacques, I am so tearfully grateful that you did it and made her feel as she did. I am grateful for everything that brought a smile to her lips and a feeling of joy. I saw Bishop Sheil the other day for lunch and he wants to know when you are coming here for the award. Could you let me know. I do so want to see you and yet wonder whether I should. It would be such an unhappy reunion and I would hate to spoil for one second the festiveness which should characterize the affair. I too send you and Raïssa my embraces and my love. Your Saul
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XX Monday night, Oct. 25 1 [1947] My dear Jacques, I am depressed to know that while I will see you both in the afternoon and evening of Sunday, November 28th, it will be with so many people about us that we will not be able to talk and really be together. I know nothing of your plans. I must leave for New York on Tuesday, November 30, to be gone for two weeks—my annual board meeting and other Foundation business. Our only chance would be for Monday the 29th unless your schedule brings you here prior to the 28th. If so any time convenient to you would be perfect for me. I know you will do what you can. As for myself: the work goes extraordinarily well and I am also writing again. Most important to me is that I have found relative peace by my complete acceptance of my mortality. You, above all, will grasp the terrible meaning of those few words. I said "complete acceptance." Before Helene's death the very word "acceptance" was anathema to me; it was a synonym for cowardly, abject surrender. Only persons devoid of courage and convictions "accepted." If a thing was unpleasant, unjust, made people unhappy—one never accepted it; one fought it. There might have to be a strategic retreat, a going "underground," but acceptance, never! I reveled in the battle and the greater the odds, the more eager I was to cross swords. This is one of the reasons why I nearly went out of my mind. Accustomed to conflict, I was plunged into depths beyond my wildest imagination. When the one I loved more than anything on earth was so suddenly taken that I was not even given the chance to fight for her. It was all over when I first learned of it. She was gone and there was nothing, but nothing I could do. I had to learn that some things cannot be fought, that one is utterly powerless and death is one of those issues that cannot be joined but must be accepted.2 I said earlier "complete acceptance" and by
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that I mean not intellectual or verbal, but with everything within me. Also I now know that part of the horrible shock of Helene's death was my realization that I too not only could, but would die. We were so close to each other that death for her was as inconceivable to me as my own dying. I say this now in spite of the character of my past life, its attendant risks and some of the weakness that was part of it. But I know now that I never really believed that I was going to be killed when I took the risk of death. We all live, or with few exceptions, as though we are immortal on earth. True we take out life insurance and verbalize our acceptance of death, but all of our plans, worries, ambitions, frustrations, hatreds, values and socalled life is based on the illusion of our immortality here—as though we never die. Death is like an automobile accident; it never happens to us; always to someone else. Once you really, really accept your own mortality, there is a certain peace. I say a "certain" peace because the acceptance of your mortality carries within it the awesome question "What then is the meaning of life?" "What is the purpose of all this or is there a purpose?" These questions had come up before during my university days but as I look back I realize it was purely a philosophical, intellectual exercise not only for me but for the faculty. Here I stop. Having the question squarely before me, I do not inquire further. Sooner or later I probably will. Forgive me, Jacques, for such detail on my learning one of the most elementary lessons in life—that death is part of life. There is so much I would like to talk over with you. I would love to take you and Raïssa in my car out into the country to some quiet inn where about a fire we can be together. My love to both of you, As ever, Saul
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1. The year is not given in the date of this letter. It is probably 1947, a few months after Helene's tragic death. As president of the second general conference of UNESCO which opened on November 3 in Mexico City and as head of the French delegation, Maritain delivered the inaugural address on "The Possibilities of Cooperation in a Divided World." At the end of November Maritain passed through New York on his way back to the Vatican. It was during this stay in New York also that Dr. H.W. Dodd, president of Princeton University, offered him a chair of philosophy once he left his post at the Vatican. Maritain accepted and went to Princeton in October of 1948, much to the dismay of John U. Nef, Robert Hutchins, Mortimer Adler and Yves Simon who had hoped to bring him to Chicago. 2. Alinsky seems to have arrived at a kind of acceptance of Helene's death and of his own as well. However, he seems never to have really adjusted to her "absence." Horwitt reports a moving incident that occurred some ten years after Helene's death and was recounted by Alinsky's secretary: "It was early, in the evening . . . The sun had nearly disappeared from the Chicago sky, and darkness was filling Saul Alinsky's office above South Michigan Avenue. His secretary, who was about to go home, opened the door to say good night. It was a small office, sparsely furnished, with a desk, a chair, and a bookshelf. There was also a black leather lounge chair, and in the last flicker of the day's light through the blinds covering the window, she then gently asked him, 'Saul, is everything all right?' He, startled in the darkness, called out, 'Helene?' " (p. 211).
XXI January 21, 1949 Mr. Jacques Maritain 20 Armour Road Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: As always, I was thrilled to hear from you. Your new home sounds wonderful—at least you will certainly have enough room for all of your activities, and it also sounds
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as if you will have a guest room for certain people, such as Saul Alinsky, who will be delighted to use it from time to time. This is what is known as American presumption and brashness, of inviting oneself! I've had a long conversation over the telephone with Howland Shaw and everything is set. Howland knows a number of people who have all of the necessary contacts in New York to assist you to purchase furniture at wholesale prices and that is all settled now. You are to write a note to Howland Shaw and all arrangements will be made between the two of you as far as meeting him in New York and going to these wholesale houses and purchasing the furniture and anything else that is necessary. I expressed my deep concern to Howland with reference to your purchasing any articles of furniture on the deferred payment plan or installments. Purchases made on this kind of plan involve a payment of interest and service charges which actually in the long run, not only destroy whatever savings you have made on a wholesale basis, but I am sure you will find you will be paying more than you would if you just went into the stores and paid cash for merchandise at retail values. Howland has told me he will not permit you to get involved in installment plan buying and knowing Howland as I do, I know you will not. Your first reaction may be that you do not have money to pay cash for all of those things but I suggest you hold that to yourself and let Howland work—out the problem for you. I guess what I have said so far settles the main question that you had in your mind. I can't tell you, Jacques, how much I enjoyed (and enjoyed is hardly the word for it) the marvelous evening at your home. It was really a great privilege to have the opportunity of getting to know Raïssa. This was the first time that I ever had the chance to sit down and spend time with her. My love to two of the most wonderful people I have
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ever known in my life and included in that is my agent "of practicality," Raïssa's sister. Love, Saul
XXII Thursday night [February 24, 1949?] Dear Jacques, Your touching letter greeted me upon my return today from a three and a half week visit to our California Councils. I can't think of anything I would rather have welcome me back home. There was also a letter from Howland Shaw explaining why he and the Hoquets were convinced that purchasing at Macy's would be better than going to a wholesale house. Certainly the "Macy budget plan" is a very lowinterest honest procedure which is not to be confused with "installment plans." There are many advantages to this idea as over against wholesales. 1) The big savings at wholesalers comes on quite expensive promotions which even at a reduced price might well be a bit higher than Macy's prices on good, very attractive substantial furniture. 2) You will save on delivery charges as Macy's can deliver at a far lower cost than a private wholesale house. This could be a sizable amount. 3) If anything is wrong Macy's will always correct it at no cost. In a wholesale house there is no guarantee. You always run some risks and penalties when dealing in the wholesale field. Here in Chicago I know two wholesale houses which I know are very honest and will do all that Macy's will
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do. Here I would have no question on that point. On the New York situation I would certainly rely on Howland's judgment. They are having a Frenchspeaking interior decorator come out to see you and everything will be done very quickly. Our work goes well. While out in California I took a walk one night along the ocean. It was a rainy, dismal night. Suddenly I felt Helene walking along side of me. I could hear her low laugh and I think I talked out loud to her for sometime. Suddenly, just as instantly as I knew she was with me I felt her leave me. I remember at that moment saying out loud "Goodbye, my darling." Anyway I felt much better after it happened. This is the kind of thing that mentioned to practically anyone I know would result in their questioning my sanity. I know, dear Jacques, that you and Raïssa and Vera would not think that and therefore I feel no hesitation in telling you this. That is all for the present except that all of you know how much I love you and cherish knowing the spiritual wonder that is Maritain. My love, Saul
XXIII February 20, 1951 Dear Jacques: I cannot tell you how often I think of you and how many times I have begun to write and stopped thinking "I'll wait until next week and then I'll have some real news" or "I'll be in New York in a week and I'll go over to Princeton so I won't write now." In either case something always
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happened. But this evening I intend to write regardless of anything. First and above all I hope and pray that this letter finds you and Raïssa both well. If in your answer to this letter you just tell me that that is so then I am content. As for my work it goes very well in spite of the fear which haunts the nation and breeds such bigotry, persecution and injustice. I maintain the very unpopular position of opposing the present internal destruction of the democratic ideals by those fearridden fools who see communism everywhere as well as those for whom the communist issue provides a universal answer to all questions. Criticize a man and he replies you are a communist. Already that most precious right of a free life—the right to dissent, is in grave jeopardy. It has all assumed the characteristics of a holy war with the horrors of heresy and the devil possessing both camps as they burn with the fires of hate and the lust to kill. Recently I gave a speech at Kansas State University for the entire student body. I am sending you a copy. I suppose basically my premises are along those of Stringfellow Barr's "false assumptions" in his very good pamphlet "Let's Join the Human Race," although I am not enthused over his conclusions. I spent some time with Bart discussing his thinking on the book and it was worthwhile. I'll also send you a recent letter to the editor which I wrote some weeks back which got a very strong reaction in Chicago. On my personal life aside from my job I am now completing a play with a wellknown New York playwright 1 which has the basic theme that every man must find his own salvation for himself where he is and not try to escape by closing one's eyes and living in a fantasy of materialism. That love is life and people are afraid to love because they are afraid of being hurt and therefore blocking their human desires and the real goodness in man. It is platitudinous to try to describe it. But it will be a powerful moving drama
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and should be finished in a few weeks. You and Raïssa will come to N.Y. as my guests to see it when it is produced (I hope this fall). Then I am writing two books—one a text on Social Disorganization for Knopf and one a fiction book for Putnams (my regular publishers). Also this summer I have accepted an invitation from Catholic University in Washington, D.C., to lead their workshop on human relations. I told them I was not a Catholic but they repeated their offer so I accepted. It's for July and August. What is left to write Jacques is sorrow. I do not talk about it and most of my friends do not even know. A year ago I met a beautiful girl both inside as well as outside. Her name was Babette Stiefel. She was ten years younger than I am. She was regarded as one of the most promising of the young poetesses in the country. She was passionately honest and loved life and people, most of all me. Soon I realized I could love again and we planned to be married in September—last September. The last week in August while I was away for one week camping with my six year old son in northern Wisconsin she suddenly became afflicted with polio and within one week, she died. I was with her the last four days and could not believe it could possibly happen. In that hospital I found a Catholic priest who is living a saint's life spending every night with the ill, comforting them and providing all kinds of services. He is Father Peter Meegan whom I had known for years but never knew what he did every night and has been doing for the past 20 years. He slept next to Babette every night and stayed with us through the darkness before death when I learned I could weep again. I don't grieve or suffer as I did before. The agony is there but I do not look for consolation, or pity myself. I know not the mysterious supernatural ways these things happen. Babs died the same week Helene had three years before. With it all comes a certain basic peace and a profound
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realization that love is the essence of life. Babs taught me not to be afraid to love again—even though I might get hurt again—as I did—because life without love is meaningless. So much for my personal life. Have you seen Howland recently? We spent a day together out here and as always it was so good. What are your plans? Will both of you be in the country all year or are you planning to go to France this summer. If not I certainly plan to come up from Catholic Univ. this summer to visit for a weekend. Nothing like the audacity of inviting myself! But I do want to see you before—either I will be in New York this summer or is there a possibility of your coming through Chicago. Father Sweeney of St. Paul told me you had been up there. Did you come through Chicago. If you did and did not phone me I will spank you when I see you regardless of your reputation and saintliness. Let me hear from you very soon and this time, Jacques, there will be no delay from this end in answering. I love both of you Saul 1. Robert Shayon had met Alinsky in 1947 when he wrote and produced a CBS documentary on Alinsky's work with juvenile delinquents. He and Alinsky collaborated in writing a play called Socrates. McGuinness. Friends who heard it read in private circles found it too didactic and called it a morality play. It was never produced.
XXIV [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] July 26, 1951 Dear Jacques: When I received Hutchins' answer to you I was terribly relieved because I knew that he had gotten your letter 1
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before he left Pasadena the last week of May. I had hoped very much to see him this month before leaving for Catholic University but just a few days ago his secretary called and said that Mr. Hutchins had to go back to Pasadena and would see me some time during July. This means that I will have to make a special trip from Washington back here but that will be much better than having to go from Chicago all the way out to California. I don't know what time I will be with my classes during the day I will see Hutchins out here but I suppose I can always get somebody to take over. Did you see Howland Shaw when you went to Washington for those lectures? Incidentally, the Bishop is going to Rome tomorrow to be gone for about a week or so. The reason seems to be some kind of youth meeting which the Pope has called, and to which the Bishop has been invited. During the past month and a half things have been almost like old times. He has phoned me almost every night at home and I have seen him frequently. He is expressing the same strong interest in social issues that he did in the past and I hope he will be coming out publicly on these issues as he did in the past. He seems in very good health and I will tell you more when we get together. What are your plans for the summer? Are you definitely staying in Princeton? If so I definitely intend to see you some time in July or August and this time at an hour when Raïssa will not be in bed. I want to discuss in detail with you our plans for the future which should really be enormously important in terms of what will be happening in this country in the next four or five years. After all if it is possible to organize anywhere between twelve and sixteen million people on a militant participating basis then the future may be quite hopeful. All my love to Raïssa, Vera and to you, Dear Jacques. Saul
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1. On Alinsky's behalf, Maritain wrote two letters to his friend Robert M. Hutchins whom he had met as president of the University of Chicago in the 1930s and who was at the time associate director of the Ford Foundation. Maritain wrote to support Alinsky's request for funds to help finance his Industrial Areas Foundation, in spite of his warning to Alinsky that the Ford Foundation was ''too big—too big." The first letter was a glowing endorsement: May 27, 1951 Dear Bob, Here I am again—this time for a matter which, in my opinion, fully deserves your consideration. I am writing this on a personal basis because I have known Saul Alinsky for about ten years and because I admire and love him as a great soul, a man of profound moral purity and burning energy, whose work I consider the only really new and really important democratic initiative taken in the social field today, and whose natural generosity is quickened, though he would not admit it, by genuine evangelical brotherly love. I know Saul, not superficially, but deeply and intimately. And as to the work of the Industrial Areas Foundation, of which he is the Executive Director, I think that it has not only a considerable importance and efficacy in itself, but an immense importance also as a germ and a token of that renewal of Democratic philosophy and practice, starting from the bottom, from the people themselves, awakening them to their own responsibility and to a personal sense of the common good, which is so badly needed and at the same time so authentically American, and which calls for a serious process of education in moral virtue. I think I would have done something really useful if I succeeded in having you come to know Saul personally, more profoundly than you have had any opportunity to do until now. I mean to know him in terms of the task to be done for large human purposes and for our common salvation. Because I think that from the point of view of divine Providence your task and his are called to meet together. The starting points were quite different, but the inspiration and the dynamism are singularly alike in their actual working for education, freedom and peace.
Page 48 I know that the Ford Foundation must be completely swamped with applications for everything from colleges to sewage systems, but whether or not the Ford Foundation can do anything to help Saul's project, the great thing for me is that you might know the man and his work in a personal and thorough manner. That is why I am asking you one personal favor—that you agree to meet Saul any time and anywhere at your own convenience. The meeting should take place during the month of June, since Saul will be tied up at the Catholic University of Washington through July and the first part of August. He is willing to go to Pasadena or to New York or to any place to meet you and talk with you. I should be deeply grateful if you agree to see him during the month of June. You can get in touch with him in care of the Industrial Areas Foundation, 8 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 3, Illinois. We were obliged to give up our plans to go to France this month. I alone will probably fly in July or August for two or three weeks, if Raïssa and Vera are well enough for me to leave them. I hope that I can avail myself of this summer in Princeton to work a little. Please convey my kind regards to Mrs. Hutchins. Faithfully yours, As ever, Jacques Maritain In spite of Maritain's letter, Alinsky's request was met, according to P. David Finks, with a "monumental silence" which led Maritain three months later to write a second letter to Hutchins: November 2, 1951 Dear Bob, I am writing these few lines about Saul Alinsky. I had a long conversation with him when I was in Chicago and I realize the growing importance of his work not only in the social field but in the moral as well, for it is morally important to provide people with the possibility of freely speaking their minds and working for causes worthy of man. I really feel that I must once again tell you of my admiration for Saul,
Page 49 the reasons for which I expressed and emphasized in my letter of May 27th. The Ford Foundation never honored Alinsky's request.
XXV September 27, 1951 Dear Jacques: I was very happy to get your letter 1 and really thrilled that you will be here for the month of October. My only disappointment is that I have to be away for about ten days during that month (in New York fundraising) but I have rationalized that I would rather have you here in October than in November when I have to be away in New York (also fundraising) for about two and a half weeks. I will phone the Nefs immediately after the beginning of October and I may also sneak into some of your classes. I know that Catholic University will be very disappointed to hear that you are going to France next summer. As for myself while I am sorry that you are not coming down to Washington, I was glad to know (from reading between the lines) that this must mean that the extremely annoying business about Vera2 has finally been straightened out. I suppose too that you and Vera and Raïssa will probably be very glad to get back for the summer since it will be more than three years (won't it?) since you have been there. As for Hutchins and the Ford Foundation, I am in complete agreement with you on what you say, "too big—too big." That seems to be one of the evils of our way of life, everybody wants to be big—so big that the individual, the most precious thing of all, is completely lost. Hutchins is scheduled to be in Chicago the last part of October and I have an idea that I should be hearing from him around that time. If not, I will probably write him a reminder.
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All my love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself. As ever, Saul 1. This letter has not been found. 2. There seems to have been some trouble obtaining a permanent visa for Vera, Raïssa's sister, who lived with the Maritains and fulfilled the role of Martha in this contemplative and intellectual household. In subsequent years Vera's health began to fail and she died on December 31, 1959, after a prolonged and very painful illness.
XXVI [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] October 29, 1951 Dear Jacques: It is futile to attempt to tell you what it meant having three evenings with you during the past week. Yet I know that I need not try since I am sure that you know exactly what it meant to me. I am writing Hutchins this week and will send you a copy of my letter to him. I am emphasizing the function of our organizational work particularly in creating the kind of social circumstances which will permit independent thinking and provide the channels for citizen expression in every area of American life including the heartfelt desire for peace. I have thought over our conversation and I feel that in your letter to him that you should say that you saw a good deal of me during your trip here and that you discussed civil rights and peace and the potentiality of our new program in that direction. I think too that you should tell him that I said, or else that you gathered from my conversation two things, first that I was not very hopeful of assistance from the Ford Foundation and secondly that you know that he has not seen me. I would then develop
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the thought which we talked about and that is that there apparently was a misunderstanding in Mr. Hutchin's mind or else you feel that you did not emphasize sufficiently what you thought of the work and its importance since he was or is of the opinion that your interest was not of too deep a nature. So much for that. It will be helpful to me, Jacques, if you could send me a copy of your letter to him so that I will know how to proceed when I see him and as I said before I will send you a copy of my letter to him some time this week. 1 You should get a copy of the November, 1951, issue of the Atlantic Magazine which has within it an article called "The attack on Yale" by McGeorge Bundy.2 This article bears out every criticism which you made and indicates the deplorable danger of this kind of book as well as being another link in the long chain of events surrounding the Regnery Publishers. It is a very short article—about three pages long and it is significant that the effect of this book may apparently be such that it requires this kind of an answer. I will be in New York from November 7th until November 15th and I will be staying at the St. Regis Hotel which is at 55th and Fifth. Let us establish communications some time during the week from Saturday, November 10th to Thursday the 15th. The 14th and 15th are the two busiest days which I have in New York as my annual board meeting takes place on the 14th. The 13th and the 14th are also the days in which all of my board members will be converging on New York which will include Winkie, the Bishop, Howland and others. My love to Raïssa and Vera and I know how happy they must be to have you back. All my love. Saul 1. As is evident in his second letter to Hutchins, Maritain did not follow Alinsky's instructions though he did send him a copy of the letter (see above, Letter XXIV, note 1).
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2. McGeorge Bundy's article in the November, 1951, edition of the Atlantic Monthly (Vol. 188, pp. 50–53) is an angry response to William F. Buckley, Jr.'s attack on Yale University in his book God and Man at Yale in which he claimed that the academic life there was dominated by "atheism" and "collectivism." Bundy takes pains to show the speciousness of Buckley's arguments. Like Maritain Buckley was a Roman Catholic, but an archconservative one. Considering Maritain's views on the nature and causes of contemporary atheism, on religious and political pluralism in the modern world and on the unjust and unchristian aspects of unrestricted capitalism, he would certainly have expressed to Saul Alinsky his strong criticism of Buckley's views and his embarrassment that such views should be expressed by a fellowCatholic.
XXVII November 5, 1951 Dear Jacques: I have just spoken to the Bishop and he tells me to tell you, "I am heartbroken but it is impossible—kiss Jacques and Raïssa for me when you see them." I knew before speaking with the Bishop that it would be impossible as he does not arrive in New York until late Tuesday afternoon, November 13th. I am having dinner with him that evening in his hotel (The Waldorf Astoria). Wednesday the 14th is the date of my Annual Board meeting. It is scheduled for that night and the Bishop is flying back to Chicago late that night. He must be back the following day, November 15th, since the Cardinal is having a special dinner and attendance by the Hierarchy is compulsory. If there is any chance of you and Raïssa coming into New York Tuesday evening, November 13th, it would be wonderful. If so could you drop me a note at the St. Regis Hotel, 55th and 5th in New York City, at once. Otherwise I will phone you. Love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself Saul
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XXVIII [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] November 21, 1951 Dear Raïssa and Jacques: That was the most wonderful night of the trip. It is really evenings like that which make life very very worth while. The following Monday I was down in Washington and met Father Paul Furfey who is the head of the Sociology Department at Catholic University of America. Father Furfey is very anxious to secure a statement from you praising the Interracial Workshop which Catholic University is going to operate every summer. My work at Catholic University last summer, and possibly next summer, has a good deal to do with this. I think that for Father Furfey's purposes, if you were to drop him a short note saying something along the line that you were considerably pleased and proud, as a Catholic, that Catholic University is doing such outstanding work in meeting face to face the race problems in this country and applying uncompromisingly the concept of the dignity of the individual, and sign your name, that Father Furfey would be terribly pleased. He intends to use a photostat of your letter as part of the Catholic University advertising material in securing additional support and more students for this Workshop. I believe it is very worth while. The Bishop is well on the road to recovery. I saw Howland in New York and told him about Saturday night at Princeton and he replied, "I envy that Saturday night and I keep thinking back to the wonderful evening the three of us spent in Chicago." My love to both of you and to dear Vera, Saul
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XXIX [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] December 14, 1951 Dear Jacques: I received the attached and something must have gone wrong with the mails since Father Furfey did not get your statement. Could you send him another copy? All my love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself and you know how much I wish all of you a very very Merry Christmas and a Maritain New Year (which I consider the best New Year of all). Love, Saul
XXX [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] May 21, 1952 Dear Jacques: I was about to write you when your letter arrived. Your letter was delayed a couple of days being forwarded to our new address. Our new address is: 4919 South Woodlawn Avenue Chicago 15, Illinois
I am sending this hastily because you close your letter saying, "as soon as possible." I will be delighted to see Father Voilla[ume] 1 when he arrives in this country. My schedule is as follows: I will be in Chicago through June and I will be in Washington teaching at the Catholic University from June 30 to August 8th. I do not, as yet, know my Washington address but I can always be located either through the Catholic University or through: The Right Reverend John O'Grady The National Conference of Catholic Charities
Page 55 1346 Connecticut Avenue Washington, D.C.
As soon as I know where we will live in Washington I will write you. I say "we" because that is the main reason I was going to write you this week. I have finally met the girl and we were married last Thursday. She is now home and everything is wonderful. Jean will be accompanying me to Washington this summer and I will write to you in the next couple of days telling you all about it. The Maritain admiration society of the Alinskys has been increased by one more as she is one of your great admirers. We send our love to Raïssa and Vera and yourself and we do hope that we can all meet very soon Saul 1. Father Voillaume was the founder of the Little Brothers and the Little Sisters of Jesus, a congregation of religious who devoted their lives to living and working with the poor in missions all over the world. It was to the monastery of the Little Brothers in Toulouse that Maritain retired after the death of Raïssa in 1960. Near the end of his life Maritain took vows as a Little Brother and spent his last year as a religious in this congregation.
XXXI [Postmarked May 24, 1952] Friday afternoon En route home from Duluth, Minn. Dear Raïssa and Jacques, As you know from my last letter I am now married and I had almost forgotten the joy and feeling of completeness which comes out of the warmth of real love. Her maiden name was Jean Graham. Her background represents everything I have always opposed—extremely
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conservative Presbyterian family which regard any American whose family came here following the American Revolution of 1776 as foreigners. Her mother hates Jews, the Catholic Church and John L. Lewis and radicals, so you can imagine how "welcome" I am to them—But Jean has always been a rebel against everything her family values and she is good, courageous, and thinks as I do—else I could not have ever loved her or she me and we both did from the moment we met last November. Of course, all this I say to you in confidence All of us, the children, Jean and myself are terribly, terribly happy. We have a large house with a lovely guest room and bath which we call the "Maritain Room" and where we expect you whenever you're in Chicago. Also there is a library where you can have complete privacy for your work. You must see the house and meet her. Jean is a great admirer of both of you and a note to her would be an exciting event and I would appreciate it. All my love, Saul
XXXII August 14, 1952 Dear Jacques: Your letter arrived just as we were leaving Washington last week. If Father Voillaume is in Washington now, I am sure he will be told by Monsignor O'Grady's office that Jean and I have left for Chicago. If he comes out here of course I will welcome him as a brother and will do everything that I can. If, by any chance, he will not be coming as far west as Chicago I will be in New York on Saturday, August 30th, and also probably Sunday night, August 31st. I will be at Rutgers University at a meeting of the National Council
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of Family Relations and so will Monsignor O'Grady who is President of that organization this year. I am sure that Father Voillaume will be very interested in meeting Monsignor O'Grady. Rutgers University is located in New Brunswick, New Jersey, which is only a short commuter ride from New York City. If Father Voillaume comes to Chicago, both Jean and I will be delighted to have him as our guest and we have ample accommodations for that. I shall also be pleased to take him around the city and show him those movements which I know he will be very much interested in. What are the chances of your staying with us in Chicago in October or are you committed to the Nefs. If not, I can't think of anything that we would rather have than both of you as our guests. Jean and I have often talked about the Maritains and she joins me in sending our love. As ever, Saul Mr. Jacques Maritain Hotel St. James et S'Albany [sic] 211 rue St. Honoré Paris 1er, France
XXXIII January 7, 1953 Dear Raïssa and Jacques: I am writing just to tell you that I wish both of you and Vera everything good and wonderful for the coming year. Please take care of yourselves, not only for my sake, but for the sake of everyone in this world. With all my love. Saul
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XXXIV February 6, 1953 Dear Jacques: This is a hasty note. John Nef 1 called me and said that you wanted to know whether Bishop Sheil was going to be in town for the next couple of weeks. I spoke to the Bishop yesterday and he will be here for the next few weeks. If there is any way I can help in whatever you have in mind please do not hesitate to let me know. I was depressed by the news about Raïssa's ill health but felt encouraged by your letter. Please give her and Vera my deepest love and, of course as you know, to yourself. As ever, Saul 1. John U. Nef was director of the distinguished Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago and a very close friend of Maritain. He had been instrumental in arranging Maritain's lectures there and he wanted Maritain to become a member of his committee. He was ''heartbroken," according to Yves Simon, when he learned that Maritain had accepted a post at Princeton after his return from Rome. "He wanted you at Chicago, not at Princeton; he has been working at that for fifteen years now!" (Letter of March 1, 1948)
XXXV June 20, 1953 Dear Jacques: I received your letter Saturday and of course I will tell the Macys1 not to contact you but that in due course of time you will call them. I am distressed (at reading between the lines) that Raïssa is not well and I do fervently hope that she will be all right in the very near future. In the meantime is there any possible way in which I can be of any assistance?
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I am going west next week for a couple of weeks for some work and do not anticipate being east until early fall. I suppose by that time you will be back in Princeton. What kind of house do you have in Easthampton? Is the family comfortable? During this trying period the most important thing for you to do is to keep your health and not to overwork. Jean joins me in sending all of our love. Saul 1. See the following letter.
XXXVI June 23, 1953 Dear Jacques: Some very close friends of mine, the Valentine E. Macys of New York City (Mrs. Macy is a member of my Board) have lived for many years, during the summer in Easthampton, New York. They have heard that a family by the name of Maritain is moving to Easthampton for the summer and they have asked me if it could possibly be you. If so, they would very much like to arrange to have you and Raïssa visit them. I have written them that I would find out at once whether you were the Maritains who will be in Easthampton and if so then I would go ahead and make the arrangements for you to get together. My love to Vera, Raïssa and yourself. Please let me know by return mail. Saul
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XXXVII December 11, 1953 Dear Jacques: I too, am very sorry that Father Voillaume is unable to come to Chicago. I feel very warm towards him if for no other reason but that any friend of yours is certainly a person which I feel extremely friendly towards. I am sure however, that when he returns from South America we will be able to get together. I will definitely be back in Chicago the last week of January and then, as far as I know, through the month of February. All letters sent to the Foundation will be forwarded to me during my trip to the west. So that answers your question about "a permanent address to which letters can be forwarded to you." In most cases my office makes a copy of the letter and sends the copy to me keeping the original in case something happens but you do not have to worry, my office will always know just where I am. I too hoped very much to get to Princeton on Sunday, November 15th. What had happened was that a couple of board members wanted to see me that day and one of them particularly for afternoon tea. Well, as you know, Jacques, it is impossible to go to Princeton and get back by 4:00 in the afternoon—just as it is impossible to stay at a cocktail party as I had to until eight o'clock that evening and then take a train for Princeton. And so, Sunday was lost. Tell Raïssa how very very sorry I am that I did not see her but I am so happy to hear your news that she is slowly improving. I guess that for every positive there seems to be a negative and now comes your word that Vera was sick but at least she is better now and I am sure that by the time you receive this letter her case of shingles will be only an unpleasant memory. I am eagerly awaiting your book on Art and Poetry and I do hope that it will come with more than a little card in front saying, "Compliments of the author."
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Don't you worry about my plans with George Shuster 1 and do not feel grateful. You need not feel embarrassed about Mr. Wood Prince as my comments about asking him for money toward that project were purely facetious. May I say that from my acquaintance with him I more than share your feeling, "I would not like to depend on his money even to the smallest extent" except that I would qualify your adjective smallest by saying minute. Jacques, our trip out on that Saturday to Chicago was good for me and I am very glad that we did it. It was another one of the many times that your extraordinary intuition and sensitivity and love brought contentment. I love you—but you know that. I've told you all about my schedule. When are you coming to Chicago? I do hope that it will not be during the month of January when I'm gone but sometime in February or March and then we shall again have ample time. All my love to Vera, Raïssa and yourself. As ever, Saul 1. George N. Shuster was president of Hunter College when Maritain was living in New York, during the Second World War. He invited Maritain to give the inaugural lecture of the Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes (the French university in exile) at Hunter College. He was also editor of Commonweal, a liberal Catholic weekly where a number of articles by and about Maritain appeared. Shuster was also a member of the board of trustees of Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation.
XXXVIII February 8, 1954 Dear Jacques: I have just returned and read your letter of January 27th and, of course, I will call Father Egan and arrange to spend
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time with your dear friend Father Voillaume. It seems that after all of Father Voillaume's schedule and mine crossing we will finally meet. He must be a wonderful person when I think of your admiration for him. I shall arrange to have him see Bishop Sheil as you wish and if I can to have him meet the Bishop under circumstances where the radio will not be constantly forcing him to raise his voice to a shout. I spent a day with Bob Hutchins out west and I really grow to admire him more and more as I see him. I sincerely hope that he can work out his termination with the Ford Foundation along the lines which he hopes for. O'Grady's address in Washington is as follows: Monsignor John O'Grady National Conference of Catholic Charities 1346 Connecticut Avenue N.W. Washington 6, D.C.
I am terribly pleased with the good news about Raïssa and Vera and I hope that they will continue not to be bothered by such afflictions. I think too that you ought to tell Father Voillaume to see Howland Shaw when he is in Washington and Howland Shaw's address is as follows: G. Howland Shaw 2723 N Street Washington, D.C.
Jean is absorbed in your book and doing it word by word. 1 Art was her major at Vassar College and is still one of her major interests. A number of times I have overheard her saying as she read the book, "Well, I never thought of that idea!" and I have silently thought to myself, "Of course, dear Jean, you never thought of that because if you had you would be Jacques Maritain." All of our love to all of you. As ever, Saul
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1. Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry (New York, Pantheon Books, 1953) which grew out of Maritain's Mellon Lectures on the Fine Arts at the National Gallery in Washington.
XXXIX February 17, 1954 Dear Jacques: Your wire received this morning and I saw Father Voillaume yesterday afternoon. We had lunch with Father Egan 1 and talked for a couple of hours. He was tired from his schedule. While I was impressed with his ideas which are certainly proving themselves in our own work as well as everywhere else, I couldn't help wondering what chance he had to propagate them within the framework of his own church. What I mean by that is so much of the Hierarchy is tied up with the status quo that they would resent any disturbance of the general social arrangements as much as any other institution of power. I will discuss that in more detail later. I am quite sure that you know what I mean even with this brief comment. It seems to me that he faces a situation even more difficult than somebody trying to propagate a new faith and that is to basically say (and it is implicit in his position) that the Church has forsaken its own faith. After all when a Priest takes the position that the main work is to bring love to people it certainly means that the Church as a whole has failed in the carrying out of its own basic premise. I am in agreement with Father Voillaume and sorry for him in that if he is successful in his work he will wind up on the canvas. I plan to be east some time in April and will certainly come to Princeton then. I was delighted to know that
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everyone is well and please give my love to Raïssa and Vera and yourself. As ever, Saul 1. In Chicago Father Voillaume was to stay with a young priest, Father John Egan, one of Maritain's enthusiastic admirers. Maritain had suggested that Alinsky would enjoy meeting both Egan and Voillaume. Having decided to meet for lunch, they gathered at Egan's office where the young priest had prepared kosher salami sandwiches for his guests. When Alinsky, surprised by the meager fare, suggested that they go to the Palmer House Grill for steaks, Egan explained with delicate sensitivity that Father Voillaume might feel rather out of place there. Alinsky was very impressed with this and other marks of Egan's sensitivity; they became close friends. Many years later Maritain told Egan that Alinsky had said to him that he had finally met a priest who was really sensitive to the needs of the poor.
XL May 7, 1954 Mrs. Raïssa Maritain 26 Linden Avenue Princeton, New Jersey Dearest Raïssa, My original shock at hearing about Jacques 1 was tempered by the simultaneous information that he has been making a good recovery. I was East last week and only the fact that I had been told that no visitors were permitted kept me away from Princeton. I believe you know without my saying it that I will consider it a great privilege to be able to help in any way which you may see fit.
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Tell Jacques that I am eagerly looking forward to another reunion when we can again imbibe triple dacquiris until philosophy becomes simplified. I had dinner with G. Howland Shaw last Saturday night and he too joins me in what I have said. All my love to Jacques and Vera and, of course, to yourself, dear Raïssa. As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dm 1. In March Maritain had suffered a heart attack which immobilized him for more than two months.
XLI Mrs. Raïssa Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey May 16, 1954 Mr. Saul D. Alinsky 8 South Michigan Avenue Chicago 3, Illinois Dear Mr. Alinsky: Mrs. Maritain, who is too tired to answer herself, has asked me to write you how deeply touched she was by
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your letter. Mr. Maritain's health continues to improve, although he is still obliged to rest most of the time. She and he send you their love. Sincerely yours Martha Sobolevitch (secretary)
XLII December 20, 1954 Mr. and Mrs. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Avenue Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques and Raíssa: During the last two weeks in New York City I have been meaning to call you every day as both of you have been constantly in my thoughts. I have met with George Shuster a number of times and we have talked and planned about our "project," so you see this is very close to our hearts and we will be fund raising very shortly. I return to New York Saturday morning, January 8th, for a couple of weeks and during that time I will be talking to you and until then our love and our best wishes for a good Christmas and a good New Year and my assurances that both George and I will try to make it a better year rather than just leave it to the natural course of events. My love to Vera, Raïssa and yourself. As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dm
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XLIII April 1, 1955 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: I was terribly pleased to get your letter of March 28, just as [I] am always terribly pleased to get a letter from you at any time. It's good to have the information about the award from the American Catholic Philosophical Association, and I intend to use it with I hope profitable effect. I am delighted about your Social Security affairs being arranged, and incidentally I think if you were to send Leonard Rieser 1 a personally autographed photograph he would appreciate it no end and it would be a very nice gesture after what he did on the matter. You know, a picture inscribed to him with his name on it and some remark and your signature. Another thing which I think would be very nice too would be if you could also send with it a copy of one of your philosophical books also personally autographed to him and Mr. Rieser is not only an outstanding admirer of yours but well, there are some other things which I will tell you about when I see you which also fit into our other conversations. I have just received a copy of the book THE RAGPICKERS OF EMMAUS, the story of Abbé Pierre and expect to get to it this weekend. I, too, am very anxious to meet with Abbé Pierre2 and in response to your question I will be in Chicago the beginning of May but will be in New York from May 16th until the 20th. I'll probably have to leave for Pittsburgh on the morning of May 20th and from there back to Chicago. My present work schedule calls for my being in Chicago throughout May, with the exception of these four or five days.
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I am enormously interested in your comments about the pocket edition of your book 3 and which 12,000 copies of it were sold in a month. I think that is not only wonderful but you may have a grand idea in the use of this book in people's organizations. I am going to go through the book very carefully and then bring it up at a meeting of the Back of the Yards Council. You know that you have my wholehearted agreement that real democracy demands ''real education" among the people and by the people we do not mean that small segment of the socalled intellectual aristocracy. It was wonderful seeing you in New York, and in Princeton. Please give Raïssa and Vera a kiss on both cheeks for me and as for yourself dear Jacques, I will be hearing from you and I will be writing you. With my love, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dm 1. Leonard Rieser was a friend and financial adviser to Alinsky at whose request he furnished gratis to Maritain legal and financial advice concerning income tax and social security. 2. Abbé Pierre was a French priest who, during the severe housing shortages in France after the Second World War, worked tirelessly to help the urban poor who, like the homeless in America today, lived in cardboard boxes, in old abandoned cars and carriages and under the bridges of Paris and ate what they could find in garbage cans and dumps. He procured a large house which he called Emmaus where he lodged as many homeless as possible and from which his movement took its name. His work would be of interest to Alinsky, Maritain thought, because Abbé Pierre taught the poor to help themselves, to secure their rights and to promote their interests. He founded a number of Emergency Cities where the poor together built their own houses on unused or donated land. The story of Abbé Pierre and his work was recounted by Boris Simon in two books: Abbé Pierre and the Ragpickers of Emmaus (New York, Kennedy and Sons, 1955); and Ragman's City (New York, CowardMcCann, 1957). 3. Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry (New York: Meridian Books, 1955).
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XLIV [Courtesy University of Illinois at Chicago] January 29, 1957 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: Your friends, who impressed me deeply with their genuineness, were kind enough to give me this photograph which is perfectly wonderful of you. I understand you feel the same way about it. Could you put an inscription over the top and send it back? My love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself, As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl P.S. Attached is a selfaddressed label which you can paste over the address label to yourself and use the same envelope and cardboard for the return. I am enclosing the postage to be placed on this envelope.
XLV February 7, 1957 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey My very dear Saul, At last my Random Reflections 1 have been typed. I am sending you chapter XI which is part of my second seminar but which I expanded a little, and chapters XIII– XVII, which composed the third seminar.
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All this is still a simple draft. There are a few footnotes lacking. As a result of a mistake of my secretary, I am short of carbon copies. So I am obliged to ask you to be so kind as to return to me these chapters when you have finished reading them,—with your comments, which, I hope, will not be too devastating. It will make it easier for me to have an extra copy when I discuss the publication with some publisher. Dear Saul, give us news of Jean and you. Most affectionate regards from Raïssa and Vera. To you both my dearest love Jacques Chapter XVI, p.4—Can I add a few lines in the footnote, telling that a new edition of the book will appear at Meridian Books? 2 1. The manuscript of what was to be published as Reflections on America. 2. Cf. note 3, Letter XLIII.
XLVI March 1, 1957 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Drive Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques, I will be returning the copies of some of the chapters of your Random Reflections on March 13th, which means that you should get them by the end of the week. I have read some of the materials so far and I am very intrigued by them. I think you are making a real contribution and one which will reach an audience far beyond your usual
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reading public. I was amused at some of the vocabulary which you used such as the word scored from the sentence on page four, chapter 16 "For a few weeks it was splendid; he thought he had scored." The use of common curbstone gambler vernacular in this sense coming from the pen of one who represents the height of intellectualism and philosophy is a bit confusing. The fact that I constantly use simple, pithy gutter language is no excuse for your using it. After all, our positions are a little bit different! Why don't you substitute the word succeeded for scored? Shall I take the liberty of adding a paragraph on some of the essential ideas which have developed in the course of working experience of the past ten years? Jean has improved 1 and seems to be getting along fairly well. Her present situation can be better described as her being semiinvalided. All my love to Raïssa and Vera and of course, to you. Saul SDA:dl P.S. As for the new edition of the book to appear "at Meridian Books" I am attaching copies of some of the correspondence which I had with Arthur Cohen, which I think will be amusing to you. I am busily working on not a new edition of Reveille for Radicals but a whole new book. P.P.S. To explain the correspondence with Arthur Cohen—I wrote him sometime in December of '55 or January of '56 saying that the last I had heard back in May was that a contract was to be sent out and we had agreed on the terms of the contract. That not having heard from him for six months I was now entering negotiations with another publisher and that I assumed that his (Arthur Cohen's) commitments were out the window. At that point I received Cohen's letter of January 12th with his weak and baseless defense. I decided to call him on it and sent him the letter of January 24th in which, if you note, I literally
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say to him, "Okay, so now you're pulling a feelings being hurt act as though you wanted the book—now, if you are sincere and if you still want it you can still have it." This then resulted in his letter of January 27th in which Mr. Cohen professed a simple issue becoming "far too involved for me to follow" and ran for cover. My big hope is that Mr. Arthur Cohen has learned a little lesson out of this exchange of correspondence. Certainly when I am ready to publish there will be no problem of getting the proper publishers. 1. Shortly after her marriage to Alinsky, Jean fell victim to multiple sclerosis. In the course of her decadelong struggle with this debilitating disease both her physical and mental condition deteriorated more and more rapidly.
XLVII February 17, 1958 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: Reflections on America is a beautiful statement! The reviews out here have been extraordinarily good and have pointed to your reactions to the American scene as being "perceptive," "penetrating and affectionate insight," and other appraisals which have my hearty agreement. I can't tell you how much I appreciate your having the publisher send me a prepublication copy. I think you will be interested to know that the Industrial Areas Foundation has ordered three dozen copies to be used among its various associates—and we shall probably order more in the near future. I now have a favor to ask you. I will be going to Italy around the first part of May and as you know, I hope to
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spend at least four or five days in Milan visiting with Archbishop Montini. 1 I would like to get to know Montini—his work in the field of the community in Milan and to [sic] its various concepts of community organization. Everything which I have heard, and particularly the various descriptions which you have given me of him, make me most eager to get to know him. He is unquestionably a man of the deepest religious convictions and of the deepest concerns for his fellowmen and that unique human being who is a great person in spite of the great handicap of being a prelate. I would very much appreciate it if you could write to Montini and tell him about me, and of my plans to come out in early May, and find out the dates on which he will be available. While on the subject, I would very much appreciate any other suggestions of people whom you feel I should see when I am abroad (remember I will only be gone about five weeks). With all my love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself, As ever, Saul SDA:dl 1. Msgr. Giovanni Battista Montini was undersecretary of state to Pope Pius XII when Maritain was French ambassador to the Vatican. As a young priest Montini had translated one of Maritain's books into Italian. During their Vatican years they became close friends. When Montini was archbishop of Milan, Maritain suggested that he consult Saul Alinsky about organizational techniques in order to resist the domination of the labor unions by the Italian Communist party. Montini often referred to Maritain as his "teacher" and later as Pope Paul VI he used Maritain's social and political thought as the foundation for his social encyclicals in which he quoted his old "master" directly. At the end of the Second Vatican Council, Paul VI invited Maritain to take part in the closing ceremonies on the great dais before St. Peter's Basilica. By this time Maritain had entered the religious order of the Little Brothers of Jesus. The presence of this frail old man, clad in the simple grey suit of the Little Brothers, in the midst of all the ecclesiastical dignitaries, clad in their splendid vestments, seemed a bit anomalous. He had been invited by Paul VI to
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receive the council's message to the intellectuals of the world, which stressed the intrinsic compatibility and mutual understanding possible between secular knowledge and faith as servants of one another. It was read by Cardinal Liénart of Lille, after which Pope Paul VI, with deep emotion, placed the text in the hands of his friend Jacques Maritain.
XLVIII February 28, 1958 1 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Drive Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: Attached find a copy of my letter to Monsignor de Menasce,2 addressed to 35 Via Tor Dei, Conti Rome. Affectionately, Saul Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl 1. On this letter is a handwritten note which Maritain left for his secretary to type out the reply to Alinsky. Dear Saul: I am just dropping you a line to thank you for having sent me copy of your letter to Msgr de Menasce. I wrote to him. I also wrote a long letter to Msgr Montini, on March 1st With my love As ever yours I was a little mistaken about the main job of Menasce. He is the Director of the Italian National Schools of Social Service.
2. Msgr. de Menasce was a close friend of Maritain. After converting to Catholicism from Judaism, he became a priest and was established in Rome when Maritain was French ambassador to the Vatican. Maritain had suggested Msgr. de Menasce as an interesting contact for Alinsky in Rome. The following is a copy of the letter Alinsky sent him:
Page 75 Dear Msgr. de Menasce: Jacques Maritain has asked me to write you concerning my forthcoming visit to Italy. Jacques has told me in detail of your interest in the possibilities of local community organization along the lines of some of the concepts I have outlined in Reveille for Radicals. Since the writing of Reveille for Radicals our experience has deepened and broadened to the point where today we realize that Reveille for Radicals, while pointing the way, was just scratching the surface of a real understanding of the power structure and operations of life. Many of the concepts have been developed and extended to the point of universal application. I am now preparing a publication of our findings. There are many issues of common concern which I would very much appreciate talking over with you. Outside of these points of interest, I have heard so much about you from Jacques that I feel it would be a great privilege just to get to know you. I am certain that I am not betraying a confidence when I quote from one of Jacques' letters to me in which he describes you as, "A man of genius, with splendid freedom of mind, courage and insight." Jacques has also urged that if it is possible that you and I should meet with Adriano Olivetti, and he tells me that you can arrange this. I am planning to be in Italy the first part of May and would very much like to spend about four days in Milan visiting with Archbishop Montini and examining some of the work underway in that city, and then spend approximately a week in Rome visiting with you, Mr. Olivetti and others that you may feel that I should see. Jacques also urges that I meet Giorgio La Pira, whom Jacques remembers as being the Mayor of Florence and a person whom he feels it would be important to talk with. Could you let me know whether you will be in Rome during the first part of May and what would be the most convenient dates for you so that I may begin to make up my schedule immediately? Eagerly looking forward to meeting you, I am Cordially yours, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl
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XLIX March 13, 1958 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: Attached find copy of my letter in response to letter from Msgr. de Menasce. While he is writing Adriano Olivetti he feels that I ought to write to him directly, which I have done and am enclosing copy of same. Msgr. O'Grady 1 is also writing to Montini and I suppose I could get Cardinal Stritch to write to him or at least phone him while I am in Italy (after all, as you know Cardinal very probably will be in Rome from now on as ProPrefect). Could you let me know as soon as you hear from Montini. Love to Raïssa and yourself, As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl P.S. I will be writing you about the other friends whom you mentioned in your letter. 1. Msgr. John O'Grady was director of the National Conference of Catholic Charities. It was he who invited Saul Alinsky to teach summer courses in grassroots social organization to priests at the Catholic University of America (see Letters XXIII, XXVIII, and XXX).
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L March 23, 1958 Princeton, New Jersey Dear Saul, I did not yet receive any answer from Archbishop Montini, and this astonishes me a little. Perhaps he was waiting for a letter from you. I think it may be a very good idea for you to write directly to him, as you did. Let's hope he will answer you as rapidly as Menasce did! I am delighted with your correspondence with dear Menasce, and I expect a great deal from your meeting in Rome. Love to Jean and you. As ever yours, Jacques
LI April 20, 1958 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Saul, I am just dropping you a line to tell you that I wrote to Georgio La Pira (but, as I wrote to you, I don't know if he is still Mayor of Florence). I have no note from Archbishop Montini; I assume that everything will be arranged on the spot and at the last moment. I have no other suggestions to make. In my opinion the meeting with Msgr. Montini and the meeting with Menasce and his friends in Rome are the outstanding features of your trip.
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If it was possible for you to see Father Voillaume and the Little Brothers in France and Msgr. Journet (Charles Journet), Seminary, Fribourg, Switzerland, I would be delighted. 1 Will not Cardinal Stritch arrange for an audience with the Pope? Perhaps somebody in Rome will take you to the old poor church Santa Maria dei Monti, where is the body of St. Benoit Labre.2 If you go to the place, pray for me there. With all my warmest wishes and my love As ever yours, Jacques 1. Msgr. Charles Journet, later made Cardinal, was professor of theology at Le Grand Séminaire in Fribourg, Switzerland. He and Maritain were very close friends and often exchanged ideas on such topics as the Church as an institution, relations between Church and state, the Jewish question, the morality of nuclear war, etc. 2. St. BenedictJoseph Labre, the eighteenthcentury French beggar saint who lived in extreme poverty and wandered about western Europe. His feast is celebrated on April 16.
LII June 20, 1958 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Drive Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques, I have just come back and am overwhelmed by accumulated work. Sometime next week I will be writing to you in detail about the trip abroad. It was all very good and
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worthwhile. I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since. My love to Raïssa, Vera and yourself. As ever, Saul Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl
LIII [Postmarked February 16, 1960] Saul D. Alinsky 8 South Michigan Avenue Chicago 3, Illinois Dear Raïssa and Jacques, My love and prayers for both of you. I believe that Vera is still with you and nothing could ever make her leave.1 I wish with everything in me that I could in some small way ease the inevitable pain. You both know that my greatest happiness would be to be able to help you two— whom I love so dearly. Jean joins me in our love and prayers. Saul 1.
Vera, Raïssa's sister, who lived with the Maritains, had died of cancer on December 31 and was buried at Princeton.
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LIV March 7, 1960 Mr. Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: The attached are selfexplanatory. What do you know about this Press 1 and what do you recommend that I do? Best regards, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl 1. Les Editions Ouvrières had expressed interest in publishing a French version of Reveille for Radicals if a translation were ever made.
LV March 9, 1960 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Saul: Thank you for having sent me your memorandum to Father Dunn. I read it with deep interest, especially the list of characteristics of a genuine community organization (I was especially struck by point f) and your rather devastating explanation of why ''New York is different." I hope that Father Dunn will follow your advice. I know little about Les Editions Ouvrières, except the fact that they are working in close collaboration with "Economie et Humanisme," the movement animated by Father Lebret.1 And this is enough for me to like them,
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and to think that it will be especially appropriate to have the French translation of Reveille published by them. Their proposal makes me rather glad. Warmest wishes for your visit to Paris! With our love to you and Jean As ever, Jacques 1. Father LouisJoseph Lebret was a French Dominican who, after a sevenyear intense study of sociology in Holland, in 1940 founded the study center Economie et Humanisme. Les Editions Ouvriéres was the publishing house associated with this study center. In his books Father Lebret concentrated on poverty and the possibilities of economic development in the Third World. Maritain would have felt a natural affinity for him because of his insistence on the priority of the common good over personal profit, whether for individuals or for nations, and on the urgent responsibility of the developed countries of the West to make up for the social and economic tragedies brought on by colonialism with strong doses of economic aid to the underdeveloped countries of the Third World.
LVI October 11, 1960 190 Prospect Avenue Princeton, New Jersey Professor Saul Alinsky 5421 South Cornell Avenue Chicago, Illinois Dear Mr. Alinsky: Jacques Maritain has asked me to write to you to give you news of him and of Raïssa. Perhaps you know that shortly after their arrival in Paris early in July Raïssa suffered a stroke, followed by phlebitis of the leg. She made good progress initially, but last month she suffered a second
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stroke. I deeply regret being obliged to tell you that her strength is gradually declining. 1 The address in Paris, in case you do not have it, is 36 rue de Varenne, Paris 7. Sincerely yours, Cornelia N. Borgerhoff2 (Mrs. E.B.O. Borgerhoff) 1. The Maritains had come to spend the summer of 1960 in France. Raïssa suffered a cerebral thrombosis in their room at the Hôtel de Bourgogne et Montana, at the corner of the Place du PalaisBourbon. She never recovered from this stroke. Mme. Antoinette Grunelius, one of Maritain's godchildren, in whose château at Kolbsheim Maritain's library and papers were stored and where the Maritains were to spend the summer, immediately offered them her Paris apartment on the rue de Varenne. This was a particularly difficult period for Jacques Maritain. One of the effects of Raïssa's stroke was aphasia, which lasted several months. Whenever Jacques was in her presence, Raïssa made such exhausting efforts to speak to him, and became so agitated by her frustration, that the doctors advised him to visit her as seldom as possible. To be cut off suddenly from communication, even by look or gesture, from someone next to whom he had passed his whole married life in the closest communication of thoughts, sentiments and words, was almost more than he could bear. He shut himself up in the adjoining room, trying to lose himself in his writing and in correcting the proofs of his books, but he listened with anguish to every sound that passed through the wall. Raïssa died on November 4, 1960, and was laid to rest in the little cemetery at Kolbsheim, near the home of the Grunelius family. 2. Cornelia (Nini) Borgerhoff, the wife of a professor of French at Princeton University, was Maritain's secretary during much of his stay at Princeton. The Borgerhoffs were very close friends of the Maritains.
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LVII [Telegram:] [No date, 1960] JACQUES MARITAIN 36 RUE DE VARENNE PARIS 7 AM HEARTSICK ABOUT RAISSA YOU HAVE MY LOVE AND PRAYERS LET ME KNOW IF THERE IS ANYTHING I CAN DO SAUL D. ALINSKY
LVIII [No date, 1960] Jacques my beloved friend: I am heartsick with what is happening to you and only wish I could be with you to be able to do something, anything which might make it more consolable. If it must happen then I am glad you survive our dearest Raïssa and it is better that way—and in your heart I know you agree. I suppose it is comforting to feel grateful for the many many years you have both had together but I know full well that such thoughts are swept aside in the enormity of devastation when such a loss takes place. You will have heard from our mutual friends Monsignors Egan and Burke and they will reach out their hand of common faith with you. I as a congenital heretic can only reach out with my heart and hands of love and devotion and abject misery because of your suffering. Give Raïssa my love not only for herself but for her love for you. I love you Jacques. Saul
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LIX 36 rue de Varenne, Paris October 20, 1960 My dearest Saul: I thank you for your telegram wholeheartedly. Despite her growing fatigue, Raïssa keeps her lucidity and spiritual fortitude. Her eyes and her smile are marvelously beautiful, to the point of breaking my heart. For more than three months we have been in the bottom of the abyss. Now she is weakening every day and the doctor leaves no hope to me. It is terrible to think that the one I love more than myself will die by dint of weakness. She cannot eat or drink; she is sustained only by the serum injected under the skin. Dear Saul, there is nothing you can do, except praying; there is nothing I can do. To Peter Van der Meer (now a Benedictine monk) who came to visit her, she said: "Nobody can help me." Pray for her, dear Saul. And pray for me, miserable ass My abiding love to you As ever your poor Jacques Your dear letter just arrived to me. Thank you my beloved Saul. Saul, it is not death which I fear for Raïssa. She has given herself to God. It is the manner in which she has been struck by this terrible illness that I cannot bear. Pray for her. Pray for her, my beloved Saul. Be blessed for your compassion your miserable Jacques Please keep Howland Shaw informed.
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I must write to Msgr. Egan, whose letter touched me deeply. I just received Msgr. Burke's 1 letter. Please thank him for me. I shall write to him when I can. 1. Msgrs. Jack Egan and Edward Burke were priests of the archdiocese of Chicago who strongly supported Alinsky's work. Msgr. Burke was the powerful chancellor of the archdiocese whose influence extended well beyond the walls of the chancellery. For Msgr. Egan, see the note to Letter XXXIX.
LX 190 Prospect Avenue Princeton, New Jersey October 26, 1960 Mr. Saul D. Alinsky Eight South Michigan Avenue Chicago 3, Illinois Dear Mr. Alinsky: Thank you for your note of the 13th. You asked if Raïssa's condition was fatal; the fact is that the doctors hold out no hope for her recover. She has had two slight strokes, one immediately after their arrival in Paris, another in midSeptember. She is entirely lucid, but terribly weak. For many weeks she has been able to take almost no nourishment, and is being sustained by injections. She is gradually losing strength. I give you these details for I know of your deep friendship for her and for Jacques. I need not say what anguish this is for him. Sincerely, Cornelia N. Borgerhoff
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LXI January 4, 1962 Jacques Maritain Fraternité C/O Ecole Théologique Toulouse (Haute Garonne) France Dear Jacques: I finally got your address from George Shuster. Again, and again, and again I find myself wondering where you are; what you are doing; how you are, and having the uncomfortable feeling of a void in my life—a void due exclusively to your absence. Would it be asking too much for you to write and answer some of these questions? You have not any idea how many times your name comes up when mutual friends of yours gather and always raise the same questions. The work here has expanded in many different directions. In Chicago alone Industrial Areas Foundation projects cover forty percent of this city! Some of the developments have been extremely interesting, such as the bitter public attack which was launched against us by the University of Chicago with the major charge being that we were the recipients of substantial grants from the Catholic Cardinal Archbishop of Chicago—that we were, and are, a trusted and respected arm of the diocese, and that such respect and support from the Catholic Church would therefore make us an enemy of everything good which is ostensibly represented by the University of Chicago. It has been a strange and paradoxical situation, but this we can talk about when next we meet. I have just signed a contract with Random House to complete my next book on The Morality of Power, which will be a synthesis of all the experiences and insights which we have accumulated over the past generation. But enough of me, which is of very little interest compared to the questions which I have asked about you.
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I hope and pray that this letter finds you in good health, and again I repeat that I hope and pray that the coming year will in its own way give you a certain richness and comfort and happiness that will lighten the shadows of the events of the past months. With all my love, As ever, Saul Saul D. Alinsky SDA:dl
LXII [Courtesy Irene McGinnis] Toulouse, January 15, 1962 My dearest Saul, I was deeply touched by your so good letter. How often I am thinking of you, with profound love. Where am I? I am living with the Little Brothers of Jesus (you know them, it is a new religious order inspired by Charles de Foucauld, who died before they were founded),—that is, I am living with a group of people who spend four years in Toulouse for their theological studies (every year a lot of them leave Toulouse, and another lot arrive). I did not become a Brother myself (as some Italian newspapers had put it!). I remain a layman, but thanks to them I can live separate from the world. I love them, they are really living the Gospel. During the summer vacation I am in Alsace (Kolbsheim, BasRhin) where are many of our books and papers. What am I doing?—My real life is with Raïssa; all the kind of work I was doing before has become impossible for me. In other words, my Employer did not yet com
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pletely fire me, but in fact He gave me another kind of job: praying a little and preparing for death, to the best of my poor ability;—putting in order Raïssa's notes and mine (some will be published, for instance Raïssa's Notes on "Our Father" will appear in the spring; some others, if I have time to work on them, will appear posthumously); and, in addition, helping a little the Little Brothers (though teaching is finished for me.) I plan to spend October in Princeton (though I was seriously ill in Alsace at the end of November; and I am 79 . . .). If I can come to Princeton in October, I hope you yourself will come to the East and spend a day with me. I have still my house, which is occupied by our old friend the composer Arthur Lourié and his wife. The Little Brothers would like to found a "Fraternity" (two people) in the U.S. next year. I suppose that Father Voillaume will travel a little in the country to find the right place. I earnestly hope he will see you. The paradoxical situation of the Ind[ustrial] Areas Foundation is a source of excitement (amusement too) for me. Dear Saul, you can never escape fighting,—and now, willy nilly, in cooperation with the Cardinal! I am anxious to read your new book, when it is published. Don't forget to send me a copy in France (and don't forget my complete address which is: Fraternité Ecole théologique, Avenue Lacordaire, Toulouse, HauteGaronne.—"Avenue Lacordaire" is indispensible. As to "Ecole théologique," it is perhaps better to replace these words by "Couvent des Dominicains"). (The Little Brothers came to Toulouse because the best teachers in theology are the Dominicans in Toulouse). My affectionate wishes to Jean, and you, and the children. With my abiding love to you, As ever yours, Jacques
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LXIII May 15, 1962 Mr. Jacques Maritain Fraternité—Ecole Théologique Avenue Lacordaire Toulouse Dear Jacques, This is a belated response to your letter of almost four months ago. While excuses for this delay are absolutely worthless and unacceptable, yet I must tell you that I have been involved in even heavier controversies than in the past and on more fronts than previously. I am enclosing a few samples which are selfexplanatory as well as descriptive of the tempo of the battles. First, to answer some of your questions. If your plans materialize about spending October at Princeton, then I most certainly will come east to spend at least a day with you on any date which would be convenient for you. I yearn for the warmth of your presence and to receive the revived feeling which has resulted with every one of my visits with you through the years. My new book which is a synthesis of all of my experiences in mass organization and which is tentatively titled THE MORALITY OF POWER is to be finished this fall and to be published by Random House in late spring of next year. 1 They would like to call it THE POOR MAN'S MACHIAVELLI and their assumption is that just as Machiavelli advised the prince how to secure and keep power that my book is to advise the people how to secure power for the ends of the people. Needless to say it will be a most controversial book, but I have never done anything in my life which has been noncontroversial. We have produced a true ecumenical situation in Chicago by the joining of most of the protestant churches and particularly the Presbyterian church with the Catholic
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church in our projects. I have always believed that it would be through action and an immediate selfinterest that this kind of cooperation could be secured, rather than the longterm dialogue which is relatively abstract and removed from the politics of every day life. The Presbyterian church has even joined with the Catholic church in the financial support of the Industrial Areas Foundation for the carrying out of these projects. Much of what lies behind all of this is the result of some reflection on my part two years ago just prior to the foundation annual board meeting. As you know (and you are one of the very few who does know it) the major change within me which resulted from Helene's death was that I learned to accept emotionally my own mortality. I knew to my inner core that at some point, maybe tonight, next week, next year or the next decade or later, that I would most assuredly die. Once having accepted this fact, most of the values of life such as status, money and other forms of materialism ceased having any worth. As you well know, with rare exceptions most people live as though they are immortal. They assume the inevitability of death purely on an intellectual level. They know that at some time they will die, but death is like an automobile accident—it always happens to somebody else. And so that struggle for all of these status symbols, belonging to exclusive clubs or social ranking or particular kinds of recognition (and this, my dear Jacques, includes many of our Catholic priests who with one breath talk about life on earth as being transitory and brief, and with the next breath desperately attempt to become monsignors or bishops following exactly the pattern of the lay people) money and other materialistic forms of acclaim which they certainly cannot take with them and which become completely empty with your own recognition of a terminal point. In essence, what I am trying to say is that if one takes the last line of the prayer of St. Francis of Assisi, ''And it is in dying that we are born to eternal life," and omit[s] the word "eternal" (as you
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know, I have never been convinced of the evidence pro and con and am still searching) then the words reading "and it is in dying that we are born to life" become those of profound wisdom, for once you accept your death, then you are suddenly free to live; completely emancipated from the shackles of values and fears of the world about us. I strongly believe that this is one of the points which you hoped for and expressed in your wonderful letter to me which you sent at the time of Helene's death. The other hope which you strongly wrote about is one which, as I indicated, I am still in search of and can only find by myself. Remembering that this was within me I came to my board meeting two years ago faced with the sudden realization that I was just turning fifty and that I had before me fifteen or twenty (probably fifteen, remembering that my life is one of action and controversy) of full productive years—if I was lucky. I was therefore faced with the conventional course of foundation executives either to sit back and enjoy the laurels of the success to date, become a consultant for many and diverse projects, lecture for good fees, and travel on the basis of research and consultation. Or the other course, which was to completely shunt aside all pretense of responsibility, reputation, etc. and go all out taking our knowledge and experience in mass organization and using it to try to resolve some of the most basic, the most controversial and the most important issues confronting our civilization of today. Race integration is one, and this is the issue which occupies us as of now. The attacks have been vicious and unrestrained, but as you well know my response and feeling is that this is but part of the process of change and I find it very difficult to react on a personal basis to any of these attacks. I feel too that today we in the work are very much alive and that the other course would have been stagnation and sheer physical death as a result of suffocation from respectability. And so we are loose on these waters of controversy—we
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are regarded as pirates by the respectable institutions and our ship of piracy is a very bizarre one because it includes the banners of so many different Christian churches. At times one almost feels like the pirates because while many of our allies turn away from us during the periods of battle they crowd and elbow each other to have a choice place at the victory celebrations. This has been a very long letter and it is partially a hope for expiation for the unpardonable delay in my writing to a man who has had more influence on me than anyone else I know and one who is infinitely precious to me, meaning, of course, yourself. All of my love, Saul SDA:mpm 1. This book finally appeared in 1971 under the title Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals.
LXIV [Courtesy Irene McGinnis] Princeton October 5, 1962 My dearest Saul, How glad I was to hear your voice on the phone! How happy I shall be to see you on November 4th. November 4th is the anniversary of the day Raïssa passed away in Paris, two years ago. There will be a mass for her in the morning. (I don't know yet what time, probably 11 a.m.) That's why I did not ask you to come in the morning. But I earnestly hope you can have lunch with us (the Lourié's and me) at 12:30. And all the afternoon will be for you, and you will also dine with us. Dear Saul,
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it will be a great and solemn thing to see you—just before leaving for France and becoming 80 on November 18. Saul, Arthur Lourié is a Russianborn composer, but (a Christian Jew),—he is in my opinion,—by far—the greatest composer of our times (that's why he is completely alone). He is a man of immense culture and deep spiritual experience, and much suffering. He and his wife Ella are very dear and old friends of Raïssa's and mine. The dearest to our souls we had in France. Now I have asked them to live in our house in Princeton, which has become their own home. I arranged that they will occupy the house as long as they live. I tell you all these things in order that you may know them a little. They will be delighted to see you. (And we shall be able, of course, to speak together alone, you and me.) Saul, I am looking forward eagerly to see you and embrace you. My love to Jean and you. As ever yours, Jacques I am deeply grateful to you for coming to Princeton, despite the harassing struggle in the midst of which you are!
LXV Princeton 1 November 5, 1962 My dearest Saul, Once again I wish to tell you of my deep gratitude for having come over from Chicago to see your poor old friend Jacques. It was good and grand to have you here yesterday. I love you, Saul. All a living past, full of memories, sufferings and hopes, was burning in my heart. Please God I can see you again!
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I was very glad that Emmanuel and Roger met you. And they too were very glad. The conversation was an important one. I think I was not wrong in stressing the value of human friendship;—the fact that for a man surrounded by despair, to be loved is the first step in the reconquest of the sense of his own dignity, and a first incentive to fight for it. But, as far as the life of the Little Brothers is concerned, this truth, valuable as it may be, is, in my opinion, secondary. The prime and basic truth is of another order, pertains to the mystery of redemption and divine love. Only through faith in Christ does the life of my friends make sense. This should have been my answer,—I do not know what kind of timidity prevented me from uttering it, perhaps I was too fascinated by what you were saying to us. In the Christian perspective (I mean genuinely Christian) love for the neighbor implies two kinds of gift of oneself or readiness to die for him: 1) in order to make his earthly life worthy of man, by struggling for justice here below; 2) in order to help him in his need for eternal life and divine grace, by sharing in the sacrifice of Christ which continues in His members. Both kinds of actual gift of oneself are necessary. Yet the human condition obliges each one of us to give priority to the one or to the other. You—being a Jew (whom I consider a Christian at heart, a better Christian perhaps than I am) committed to the quest of justice on earth—are giving priority to the first kind of love's requirements, and offering your life for the temporal salvation and emancipation of mankind. (And, in the second place, you act and fight also, according to your possibilities, for the recovery by man of his inner, moral dignity—that is to say, finally, even if you do not have such a purpose in your mind, for his spiritual redemption.) The Little Brothers—being disciples of Christ consecrated to God by the three vows of religion, and especially dedicated to contemplative prayer—are giving priority to the second kind of love's requirements, and offering their
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lives for the eternal salvation and spiritual transformation or liberation of mankind. (And, in the second place, they act and suffer also, according to their possibilities, for social justice, and, finally, even if they don't have such purpose in their minds, for the temporal redemption of man.) In both cases love itself is invisible, yet there are certain visible manifestations of it (either fighting for and with the poor and the oppressed, organizing them, helping them to conquer power, etc. or existing with them and sharing in their very poverty, so that Christ's love may be present among them and witnessed to). But in the first case the efficacy of the means employed is visible and tangible (these means produce visible changes in the social fabric); in the second case the efficacy remains invisible (the means in question, which essentially consist of dying with Christ, result in invisible transformations produced in souls by Godgiven grace). And of such transformations, as a rule, nobody perceives even an indirect sign. For the Little Brothers are not busy with teaching or preaching or converting people, they are only existing with them and giving their lives for them, because they love them with Christ's love. Let it be added that if a man has real faith in the Gospel, he believes that the invisible mystical means have still greater power with regard to their own order—the order of eternal life—than do the terrestrial means with respect to their own order, the order of temporal life. Such is the way in which I see things. I am afraid my written talk is still more awkward and dull than my spoken English. Yet I think you have a right to a complete knowledge of my views on the matter. Poor as my elucidation may be, I have a bit of hope you will find that in this way the problem is posed in clear terms. 2 Roger and Emmanuel are anxious to see you again.3 Dear Saul, try to visit them when they are in Detroit or Pittsburgh. They love you, they understand you and your work. They told me that even in seemingly questioning their own way of life, you have stimulated and helped them.
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Tell George 4 of my faithful and devoted and grateful thoughts. And make him realize that my retirement from the world is not a fake. I have passed through death. A lifelong task has been put to an end, in an unmistakable manner. And another job has been given me, for a while, by my Boss. My affectionate regards to Jean. My abiding love to you. Jacques Arthur and Elizabeth Lourié were delighted to see you. They send you their kindest regards. 1. After the death of Raïssa in 1960, except for several trips to the United States to settle his affairs and visit a few of his very close friends (one of whom was Alinsky and for the summers which he spent regularly at Kolbsheim in the Grunelius home where his books and papers were stored, Maritain retired from the world and spent the last twelve years of his life in the monastery of the Little Brothers of Jesus in Toulouse. These were years devoted to study and to that contemplation which he had longed for ardently, which, in the rare moments he could find, he had shared with Raïssa before her death and of which he spoke so eloquently in the last chapter of Le Paysan de la Garonne. In 1970 this eightyeightyearold "inveterate layman" obtained permission to make his religious profession as a Little Brother of Jesus. An exception was readily granted for his advanced years and in the autumn of that year he took the habit of the Little Brothers. The idea of "retiring from the world" was incomprehensible to Saul Alinsky. This letter is Maritain's attempt to explain to his agnostic friend how entering into a life of contemplation is not a "copout" but simply another way (and in its own order a more efficacious one) of being involved in what he had been doing all his life. 2. Maritain loved to introduce his friends to Alinsky who was always ready to receive them and sometimes to entertain them with his outrageous antics in which he knew Maritain took such delight, knowing they would be reported back to his friend in Toulouse. Sanford Horwitt gives an account of such an antic that took place in 1971. Alinsky and his third wife Irene laughed very much together "at his stories or audacious oneliners or the periodic stunts he pulled in restaurants, which Irene found more amusing after her initial embarrassment passed. (One evening at an intimate French restaurant on the East Side of New York, they were dining with friends of Jacques Maritain whom they had
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just met. Soon a very proper, tuxedoed waiter brought the wine, poured a small sample for Alinsky, and waited stiffly for his approval, having no reason to believe that he had just served a reallife counterpart of the Three Stooges. Alinsky picked up the glass, sniffed the bouquet, took a sip, tilted his head back, and began to gargle.)" (Let Them Call Me Rebel, p. 537) 3. George N. Shuster. 4. After the death of Raïssa, Jacques Maritain returned to the United States in the fall of 1961 in order to dispose of his property and put his affairs in order. On his return to France he went to live in the monastery of the Little Brothers of Jesus in Toulouse. Maritain turned his Princeton home over to the musician Arthur Lourié and his wife, who were very close friends and who were to live there gratis until their deaths, at which time it would become the property of the University of Notre Dame where the Maritain Center had been founded in 1958. The interior of this house, at 26 Linden Lane, was decorated by Maritain's artist friend André Girard with murals depicting, for the most part, the Paris Maritain missed so much. On his last visit to America in 1966, Maritain arrived just in time for Lourié's funeral. In 1986, to the shocked surprise and utter dismay of friends and scholars of Maritain throughout the world, the University of Notre Dame, without explanation, sold off this irreplaceable relic of the Maritains to a private owner.
LXVI [Telegram:] OCTOBER 19, 1963 SAUL ALINSKY 8 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVE CHGO PLEASE BELIE THIS STUPID HOAX1 LOVE JACQUES 1.
This "hoax" refers to the rumor that Maritain was to be made a cardinal of the Catholic church by the close friend of his Vatican days, Monsignor Montini, then secretary of state at the Vatican and now Pope Paul VI. This telegram was undoubtedly a response to a telegram or letter of congratulations from Saul Alinsky.
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LXVII [Telegram:] OCTOBER 21, 1963 JACQUE MARITAIN ECOLE THEOLOGIQUE 1 AVENUE LA CORDAIRE TOULOUSE, FRANCE PLEASE BE REASSURED. ONLY MENTIONED IT TO ONE PERSON AND THAT ALREADY TAKEN CARE OF. DO NOT KNOW WHO ELSE GRIFFIN HAS TOLD SAME. AM WRITING IN DETAIL. ALL MY LOVE AND DO NOT WORRY. SAUL ALINSKY
LXVIII October 21, 1963 Jacques Maritain Ecole Théologique 1 Avenue Lacordaire Toulouse, France Dear Jacques, In 1922 a top newspaper reporter got very, very drunk and phoned his newspaper with the story that somebody had opened up all the cages in Central Park Zoo and that lions and tigers and elephants and rhinoceros and cobra snakes and what have you were now streaming down Fifth Avenue. His paper rushed an EXTRA out on the streets and it has since become immortalized as one of the great sagas of journalism. On Friday evening, October 18, 1963, Mr. Griffin 1 called me and told me that he had promised you that he would phone me whenever he was passing
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through Chicago. He said that he had called me a number of times and I had been out of the city, and that now he had established a first contact with me as it turned out at a moment when he had tremendous news for me, to wit, that you had been made a Cardinal. He then went on to say that the news was out in a story in the London Times and also the leading newspaper of Mexico City. I was naturally very delighted although I found it extremely difficult to envisage you in the robes of a Cardinal (I find it very difficult to envisage any real Christian dressed up that way, but then that has always been one of my blind spots), but I thought that this kind of an action was tremendous in terms of the new kind of thinking coming into the church today. So, I sent you the cable and then mentioned it to Monsignor Egan, but for some ungodly sense of prudence I suggested to Egan that he not mention it until I had confirmation in response to my cable. When Egan asked me why I should be at all hesitant I told him that I was a little bit bothered because of our very devoted and intimate relationship that I would have assumed that such tremendous news would have come directly from you to me and not second hand, and that, therefore, I had a shadow in the back of my mind. So, while I accepted the story as valid, yet there was that little 1 percent which made me restrict the information as drastically as I did. Your cablegram came to the office on Saturday and I did not see it until this morning. I immediately called Egan and so that closed up the whole matter for Chicago, but I do not know who else Griffin has told and who his friends are. I am certain that Griffin was acting with the best of motives, and that no doubt of it ever crossed his mind. Having been compelled to live in a very realistic world most of my life, I (as you know) have a doubt about almost everything, but it would be too much to expect Griffin or others who have not had my kind of experience to have this perennial question mark inside of themselves.
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At any rate, if this is not true as your cable indicates then it is one of those things that should be true. It would be one of the greatest and most intelligent acts that Montini could do; but then I speak from a highly prejudiced point of view. My only concern after receipt of your wire was that you might be upset over the whole thing, and I know how terrible Griffin is going to feel, but, outside of that, I think it is very funny and I found myself laughing. I herewith appoint you my own private Cardinal and from now on I will always address you as Your Eminence (with me you will never be able to live it down!) As a matter of fact, the Pope would have a long way to climb before he would get anywhere near the place which you hold in my estimation and love. Don't be too hard on Griffin and tell him that if he has to make somebody Cardinal that I am a willing candidate provided that the post carries a generous salary! Attached to this is the letter which by strange coincidence I had dictated to you Friday afternoon so that you were very much in my thoughts at the time Griffin phoned and that was before you became a Cardinal! Now, I have another hope and that is that Griffin's other piece of information which was ''Jacques will not be coming to America this year because he doesn't feel strong enough" is also wrong, and that you will definitely be coming here and if you do, then let us have a really wonderful time together, and we will have the "investiture" in the best French restaurant in New York City or else I will carry all of the dishes down to Princeton. Again, and again, All my love, Saul D. Alinsky Encl. 1. John Howard Griffin is best known for his book Black Like Me, the powerful chronicle of his travels through the South as a black after
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he had artificially and temporarily altered the pigmentation of his skin. It not only became a bestseller in the United States but was widely known in Europe, and was eventually made into a successful motion picture. John Howard Griffin, Saul Alinsky and Thomas Merton were the three friends whom Maritain insisted on visiting each time he returned to America. It was Griffin who chronicled in words and in photographs Maritain's final visit to the United States, including his final visit with Merton at Gethsamani, Kentucky, and his last years in Kolbsheim and Toulouse. Griffin's best photographs of the aged Maritain, along with notes from his own diary, and a text by Yves Simon, were edited by Anthony Simon in Jacques Maritain, Hommage in Words and Pictures (Albany, NY, Magi Books, 1974).
LXIX October 21, 1963 [enclosed with the above letter] Jacques Maritain Ecole Théologique 1 Avenue Lacordaire Toulouse, France Dear Jacques: I am sending a copy of this letter to your Princeton address because I do not know whether you are in France or in America. I assume the former since I am sure I would have heard from you if you were in America. It is my fervent hope that this letter finds you in good health and doing exactly what you want to do. There is so much to tell that it seems almost futile to begin. First, I was delighted that your friend and great admirer, Cardinal Montini, became Pope. You know how much I enjoyed the time I spent with him in Milan in 1958. I remember, too, the rapt personal attention and affection which came over his face whenever your name was mentioned. I sent a congratulatory note, knowing full well that he would probably never see it, and received one
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of those formal thankyou printed forms. I am wondering whether you have heard from him or whether you have visited him. The news from here is like everything in the world, both positive and negative. On the positive side the work goes exceptionally well—it has been receiving widespread acclaim—our particular set of concepts are today regarded as a major school of thought in America so that all thinking and writing in the field of citizen organization or mass organization always breaks down into two schools—ours and all the rest. I have found it at times somewhat of a dream world to accept or recognize what we now represent in this field. Just recently a book called "The Dynamics of Planned Change," published by three college professors and including the Program Director of the Research Center of Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan, and the same for the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin appeared in which there are not only a stream of citations after my name but I found myself gulping at frequent coupling of "Freud and Alinsky" or "Freud, Jacques and Alinsky," etc., etc., and etc. However, as long as one has one's foot solidly down in the mud and muck of the minority groups, poverty and real values then this perfume of the academic circles is not heady but just amusing. I am enclosing some items which I know you will find interesting. There is a story coming up in the SATURDAY EVENING POST some time the end of November or December which you should also enjoy. I will not talk about the work because you will be able to reach your own conclusions from the enclosures. We hear gossip around here that Cardinal Meyer may not return to Chicago but may be appointed to the Roman Curia. This would be a terrible loss to the city and for a variety of selfish reasons I hope it does not come to pass. On the negative side Jean's condition (multiple sclerosis) has deteriorated very sharply during the past year and I am afraid that the future outlook is that of being a wheel chair
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invalid for the rest of her life. However, as you know, trouble has been no stranger but I have no complaints. Through the years I have finally realized what has happened and what I found as a result of Helene's death, and where the words of your letter at that time were incomprehensible to me, they have since become very clear and I understand. When I see you I will tell you about that. Now, I come to the main reason for this letter. I will be in New York the second week of November and if you are in Princeton at that time of the year, then I should love to come down and visit with you at your convenience. At this moment I am thinking of either Monday afternoon, November 11, or Saturday afternoon, November 16, or Sunday afternoon, November 10. I have listed these dates in order of priority as to what would be best from my schedule, but don't be at all bound to them. All my love, and it would be very important to me personally to be able to spend a few hours with you. All my love Saul D. Alinsky Dictated 10/18/63 P.S. —I am sending the abovementioned news material by other mail under separate cover. 1.
As a semiinvalid Jean went to live in their California home with a housekeeper to care for her. Saul remained in Chicago and visited her when he could, but due to his busy schedule and the infrequent meetings that occasionally interrupted an almost permanent separation, their relationship deteriorated and ended in an amicable divorce in 1969. Sanford Horwitt, in his Let Them Call Me Rebel, gives an honest and understanding account of this relationship.
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LXX January, 9, 1964 Jacques Maritain Ecole Théologique 1 Avenue La Cordaire Toulouse, France Dear Jacques, This is belated congratulation for your award of the National Grand Prize for Letters. 1 I assume that this is an authentic and reliable report. I did not hear it from Griffin but read about it in the New York Times. Griffin has phoned me twice since he was the papal conveyor of the news about somebody being made a Cardinal, but he is now very careful not to divest himself of any ecclesiastical tidbits. I must say that his news reporting was infinitely more interesting and more to my liking than L'Osservatore Romano, but then your cable to him resulted in his being scared into silence on anything involving church politics. I gather that you did not come to America this year. I wonder if you have any plans to come in the near future? The work here goes magnificently and the ideas are spreading from Harlem, New York, to San Francisco. We may be involved in an attempt to organize all of Harlem. We are also engaged in extensive educational programs including one beginning next month of an intensive course for Catholic priests in the field of social action. There will be about twenty of them who will meet once a week with me for a seminar and then have specific assignments in action programs. As you see, I am doing my best to subvert the church to certain elemental principles of Christianity but as you know it does not subvert too easily. I am enclosing a couple of items which I believe you will be very interested in. I am also mailing to you under separate cover a little paperback book which you may not have seen and which
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may not be readily accessible in Toulouse. It is George Bernard Shaw's "The Black Girl in Search of God" 2 which was published in 1933 and I would be interested in your reactions to same. My book is proceeding and I am wondering whether or not I have the right to take up any of your time by inflicting chapters of the manuscript on you for criticism and comments? All of my love, Saul D. Alinsky Encl. 1. The Grand Prix National des Lettres had just been bestowed on Maritain thanks to General de Gaulle, who held the man and the philosopher in great esteem. 2. George Bernard Shaw (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1946).
LXXI Kolbsheim (Bas Rhin) September 14, 1964 My dearest Saul, Illness, overwork and insuperable fatigue prevented me from writing you—much to my regret! For I was craving to do so. A million thanks for all you sent me, and which interested me passionately. Silberman's book,1 inspired as it is by your work and your ideas, is a great book, despite its lacks. What lacks? Disregarding of moral power and the power of love. I planned to write an immense letter to you on this matter. I could not. Briefly speaking, I am convinced there is not opposition but essential complementarity between your (and Silberman's) methods and Martin
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Luther King's (Gandhi's) methods. The Montgomery bus affair—inspired by Gandhi and the Gospels—implied in actual fact a certain conquest of power. Your own bus affair for Negro registration—inspired by your ideas about power—implied in actual fact the exercise of moral power (the only power and weapon by which oppressed black people can immediately manifest superiority with respect to white people). In the spiritual realm (the Church as Mystical Body of Christ) the only power to be essentially and primarily aimed at is the power of love, which is that of a transcendent order. (Other kinds of power, in the ordinary sense of the word, are also necessary—because such a realm exists on earth and in this world,—but only in a secondary way.) In the temporal realm (civilization) it is normal to aim primarily at power in the ordinary sense (implying coercion, pressure), but such power will inevitably become corrupted if the only incorruptible power, the power of love, is not quickening the whole business. (Your own case, my dearest Saul. Remember your conversation with the guardian of the cemetery. All your fighting effort as an organizer is quickened in reality by love for the human being, and for God, though you refuse to admit it, by a kind of inner pudeur.) As a result: there will be no solution to the racial crisis in the US if people like you and Silberman and people like Martin Luther King do not meet together and recognize the essential unity of their effort, and the essential complementarity of their methods and inspirations, different as they may be and appear. 2 Pardon me, Saul, for such hasty and confused talk, and for my awfully bad English. I am really very tired. Nevertheless I regained some forces during the summer, and I hope I can fly to the US and be in Princeton during the month of October. If you had to go east for your own work, how happy I would be to see you! Mrs. Borgerhoff will telephone you when I am in Princeton. Please drop
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me a line (26 Linden Lane, Princeton, N.J.) in the last week of September. With my abiding love as ever yours Jacques Lacombe I sent you a little book in French, on Gandhi, by my dear friend, Olivier Lacombe. 3 The best book on Gandhi. I hope some friends of yours may read French and tell you about the work. 1. Crisis in Black and White (New York, Random House, Inc., 1964). 2. In spite of the urging of Maritain and many others, Alinsky seems to have made no attempt to meet Martin Luther King. Alinsky had little faith in pacificist strategies and the tactics of passive resistance. Though they might work in the South, he thought they would be completely ineffectual in a place like Chicago. Besides, Alinsky did not like King's Southern Preacher style. Ralph Helstein, a friend and collaborator of Alinsky's, suggested that Alinsky's ego was the real reason for his refusal to meet King. Alinsky would find it extremely difficult to play second fiddle to someone who by this time was already a person of international stature. For a more detailed account of Alinsky's attitude toward King's civil rights movement, see Sanford Horwitt's Let Them Call Me Rebel, pp. 468–470. 3. A professor emeritus of Hindu philosophy and mysticism at the Sorbonne, he is presently a trustee of the Maritain estate and président d'honneur of the Institut International Jacques Maritain.
LXXII October 1, 1966 Jacques Maritain 26 Linden Lane Princeton, New Jersey Dear Jacques: It was one of the most beautiful days of my life—the kind of day that really makes life a wonderful experience.
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I will be in New York City on October 22 to deliver the final two Auburn Lectures at Union Theological Seminary, the first one beginning at 11:00 a.m., then a faculty luncheon, and the final one from 2:00 p.m. until 4:00 p.m. The first lecture will be on the ethics of action involving means and ends, and the second lecture will be on the personal philosophy of a political organizer in a free society. Both of them will be of great interest to you and it occurs to me that if you and Babeth could join us that it would be another wonderful day. And of course, the presence of the two of us at Union Theological will make it an historic occasion for them. I promise you that you will not have to make more than a five or ten minute statement—if you care to make a statement; otherwise, you will not be bothered or subjected to any kind of fatiguing questioning or anything except to respond to an introduction. If you and Babeth can see your way clear to this, then we can arrange to meet you, to be together, and afterwards to have drinks and dinner together. I fervently hope that this will be possible. All my love and do make it. 1 As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:gh 1. This was Maritain's last visit to the United States and his health was very poor at the time. He fell sick just before the conference and could not be present, but he sent a little message to be read in his name. Elisabeth Fourest (see note 20 in the introduction) furnished me the text of Maritain's message: I am sorry I could not come, detained as I am by a bad cold. The only statement I can make is a quotation from my book, The Peasant of the Garonne, which will appear in Paris in early November. As I put it on page 41: "I know in the Western world only three revolutionaries worthy of the name: President Frei in Chile, Saul Alinsky in
Page 109 the United States,—and myself in France, though completely out of the game, for my philosophical calling has completely clouded over my possibilities as an agitator . . . " I should like to add that I have admired and loved Saul Alinsky for a great many years. His methods may seem a little rough. I think they are good and necessary means to achieve good and necessary ends. And I know (this is the privilege of an old man) that the deeprooted motive power and inspiration of this socalled troublemaker is pure and entire self giving, and love for those poor images of God which are human beings, especially the oppressed ones—in other words, it is what St. Paul calls agapé, or love of charity.
LXXIII March 15, 1968 Jacques Maritain Ecole Théologique 1 Avenue La Cordaire Toulouse, France Dear Jacques: Your The Peasant of the Garonne1 arrived with your card and I'm grateful. As you know, I hope never to do anything that might in any way change your opinion of me and you know that from my side, my love and devotion to you is forever. As ever, Saul D. Alinsky SDA:gh 1.
Le Paysan de la Garonne (Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1966) contained Maritain's reflections on the aftermath of the Second Vatican Council.
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LXXIV Kolbsheim September 19, 1971 My dearest Saul, I was delighted in receiving and reading your Rules for Radicals. 1 Thank you wholeheartedly. Unworthy of it as I am, the dedication you inscribed on the first page is a blessing for me.2 A great book, admirably free, absolutely fearless, radically revolutionary. It brings to us the fruit of your experience as an incomparable creative organizer,—an experience which is both indomitable generosity and magnanimous sadness with regard to human nature, and which proceeds from the lifelong dedication of the greatest man of action in our modern age. (How deeply I enjoyed what you wrote about the necessity of humor in the field of action,—as well as in all other fields! Without the gift of humor we can do nothing. A gift which is becoming rather infrequent today . . .) I was immediately seduced by your illuminating prologue, I regard the book as historymaking; and, in my opinion, the quite new ways you are opening, in your final pages, about middleclass people and the possibilities they offer, have crucial importance; if middleclass people can be organized, and develop a sense of and a will for the common good,—and if Saul is there to inspire them!—they are able to change the whole social scene, for the sake of freedom. Of that you have convinced me. Now let me point out a few philosophical views with which your book had not to be explicitly concerned, and give rein to my own inveterate habits as an old grumbler. I think you detest Hegel as much as I do. And I am aware of the fact that your praise of selfcontradiction has nothing to do with Hegel. Seeking one's own intellectual liberation in an infinite proliferation of antinomies is madness on the level of philosophical thought. But on the level of pure
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action a kind of boldness in practical selfcontradiction is probably, as you suggest, the sign of a healthy and fecund mind. Yet it makes me jumpy. An example: you appear to me (that's what you are in reality) as an incurable idealist, a living, I would say a heroic witness of JudaeoChristian tradition and true democracy, for which you are ready to die (cf. p. 12 and p. 196: ''When Americans can no longer see the stars, the times are tragic"), in other words, and to tell the truth, you are an admirable witness of Gospel love for human beings—who, at the same time, desperately busies himself in playing the part of a cynic ("it is man's self interest that demands that he be his brother's keeper," p. 23; "we are motivated by selfinterest but are determined to disguise it," p. 58—despite what you are so truly stating in the last lines of your page 46. "In war the end justifies almost any means," p. 29: Torture? Indiscriminate bombing? Annihilation of cities? OK for Hitler and his like?) Well, there are two basic and basically different truths involved in the matter: 1. A philosophical truth. Moral philosophy teaches us that,—every human deed being an absolutely singular action accomplished by a given individual in given circumstances,—the very circumstances may change the moral character and the moral essence of an action which, "materially" taken, is in any case a same action and deserves the same name. For instance, killing a man. If John kills a man who is trying to kill him, or to kill his wife, or to kill his children, this action of John "formally" taken as a moral deed, is in no way that murder or assassination which is forbidden by Divine Law; on the moral level, selfdefense is not murder or assassination, it's an act of justice, which is morally good, and prescribed by moral law. It seems to me that in your book the philosophical truth in question, essential as it may be, is hardly emphasized or taken into consideration (cf. p. 34: "From the beginning of time killing has always been regarded as justifiable if
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committed in selfdefense"; yes, but not because it is "employed at a time of imminent defeat." Truly speaking, because, given the circumstances, killing has become an intrinsically good moral action, preventing the committal of a blazing, imminent outrage to justice). 2. A truth of human experience: as a matter of fact, moral justifications and moral pretexts are, in an immense number of cases, but a mask used to hide merely egotistic motivations, most often the vilest motivations, lust for personal power, for success at any price, for exploiting and swindling poor people. This second truth you see with such keenness, and you emphasize it so strongly that it seems sometimes to be the only one compatible with a realistic approach. You are right in despising rhetorical and vain exhortations to mutual love. The fact is that nothing has ever been accomplished for justice in the world if not by men burning with real love. Dear Saul, forgive me those clumsy remarks of a pigheaded philosopher, and pardon, also, my bad English. I have been for many months, and still am, awfully tired; and I have much ado to find my words. You know that I am with you with all my heart and soul. Pray for me, Saul. And God bless you! To you the fervent admiration and the abiding love of your old Jacques 1. New York, Random House, Inc., 1971. 2. Alinsky's dedication read: "To my spiritual father and the man I love from his prodigal and wayward son, Saul Alinsky." Undoubtedly feeling that this signature was far too formal, Saul crossed out "Alinsky."
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EPILOGUE The letter written from Kolbsheim on September 19, 1971, appears to be the last extant communication between these two old friends. It is a surprisingly long letter, considering Maritain's condition. His health had been failing rapidly for a number of years. He was under the continual care of doctors who tried to limit his activities. And so when he adamantly insisted on going to Kolbsheim each summer (all his books and notes were there—perhaps even more important, all the mementos of Raïssa: her furniture, her paintings, her books, the little things she used, etc., all arranged in a room of the château as if she were to return at any moment), his doctors demanded that he lessen the fatigue of the journey by limiting his business in Paris; later, by not stopping there at all; and in the last years by making the trip stretched out on a mattress in the rear of a station wagon. For example, as far back as 1964, just before he left Toulouse for Kolbsheim, he wrote to his novelist friend, Julien Green: I cannot write you any more than this. For two months now my health has been declining at an alarming rate, and I know what it is to feel fatigue usque ad mortem. In spite of it all I intend to leave soon for Kolbsheim (by automobile on a mattress) and pass through Paris. Alas, my doctor will permit me only a very short passage and I have some indispensable business to transact. . . . I would so much like to see you . . . even if for only a few minutes. Will I be able to? I am not sure
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of anything. In any case I will get the Little Brother (Brother Joel) who is driving to telephone you.
Because of the worldwide publicity connected with the publication of The Peasant of the Garonne in 1966 and the publicity resulting from the two literary prizes he received, there was no end of importunities by the curious, the interview seekers, or those who simply wanted to add another name to the list of celebrities they had met. The Little Brothers protected him as much as they could, and the letterhead at the top of his stationery read: "I am an old hermit, come to the end of his life, but who still has work to do. To my regret I am forced to give up all correspondence." There were very few exceptions to this rule; one was Julien Green, another was Saul Alinsky. Another exception was anyone whose letter contained a cry for help. Sometimes the warning note at the head of his stationery would be followed by a long personal handwritten letter, like his beautiful letter to an unknown young girl who had written to him in her despair.2 In 1966 the fragile and aging philosopher made his last visit to the United States. He seems to have wanted to see his American friends for what he knew would be the last time. He took extraordinary pains to arrange a last visit with three friends in particular. They were Thomas Merton, Howard Griffin3 and, of course, Saul Alinsky. This last visit was a particularly memorable one for Alinsky. Two years after his amicable divorce from Jean in 1969, he married Irene McGinnis, a Boston Irish Catholic who taught philosophy at Boston College. He had met Irene in April of 1966 and at the time of Maritain's visit in 1.
The Story of Two Souls: The Correspondence of Jacques Maritain and Julien Green (New York: Fordham University press, 1988) 207. See Letter V, note 1.
2.
Bernard Doering, "Jacques Maritain: Letter to a Young Girl," Commonweal 109, no. 20 (November 19, 1982) 106–118.
3.
See Letter LXVIII, note 1.
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October he already knew he would eventually marry her. Alinsky was quite aware of the Catholic church's strictures at that time against divorce and remarriage. He felt a bit guilty and somewhat embarrassed about the situation, and, being very sensitive to Maritain's feelings, he wanted by all means to avoid surprising, scandalizing or hurting his old friend. Maritain was staying in his house at Princeton and Alinsky decided to break the news and introduce Irene to him there. Alinsky was very worried about how this encounter would turn out, so he asked Msgr. John Egan to come from Chicago for support. He sent Fr. Egan a plane ticket, and he and Irene drove him from Newark to Princeton. Knowing that Alinsk'y wanted to be alone with Maritain to have a fatherandson talk, Jack Egan took Irene and Maritain's secretary, Nini Borgerhoff, for a long walk. When they returned after an hour and a half, they found Alinsky and Maritain laughing and joking together. Jack Egan knew that Maritain had, so to speak, given Saul his blessing. This incident is the probable explanation of the dedication Alinsky wrote in Maritain's copy of Rules for Radicals, in which he addresses Maritain as his "spiritual father" and calls himself a "prodigal and wayward son." After his marriage to Irene McGinnis in 1971, Alinsky remained solicitous for Jean's welfare and visited her whenever he was on the West Coast. On June 13, 1972, after a visit with Jean, without warning he fell dead of a heart attack on the sidewalk of Carmel, California. When Jack Egan heard the news on his car radio while driving from Chicago to Notre Dame, he pulled off the road and called his friend Nick von Hoffman, a close friend and collaborator of Alinsky, and they wept together over the phone. To have heard Saul Alinsky speak and write so often of how he came to feel and accept his mortality in his very "gut," one would think that he was well prepared for the last encounter with that enemy who had been stalking him for so long at close quarters. His repeated insistence that he was not afraid of death because he knew he was going
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to die suggests that he may have been whistling in the dark. Sanford Horwitt notes that after such a statement by Alinsky, his friend Ralph Helstein remarked that everyone with any sense knows he's going to die. When Alinsky replied, "You've got to feel it in your gut," Helstein elicited a sizable explosion by asking with feigned curiosity, "Well, Saul, tell me how it feels in your gut."4 Alinsky had spent his life doing what he did with bombast and gusto and one would have expected him to have closed with his old enemy in a last struggle that was noisy and violent, full of audacious oaths and memorable oneliners. Instead, death came suddenly and nonviolently, and he went "gently into that dark night." Maritain must certainly have been informed of Alinsky's death. However, there seems to be no written record of his reaction. 4.
Sanford Horwitt, Let Them Call Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York: Knopf, 1989) 538.
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INDEX A Adler, Mortimer, 39 Alinsky, Helene, xxxii, xxxvii, 3237, 39, 44 B Barr, Stringfellow, 43 Borgerhoff, Cornelia, xxxviii, 82, 85, 87, 106, 115 Brandt, Joseph, 14, 18 Buckley, William F., 52 Bundy, McGeorge, 5152 Burke, Monsignor Edward, xxxiii, 83, 85 C Cohen, Arthur, 71 Cottier, Father, xxxiv Curran, Father Charles, xv, xxvii, xxviii D de Foucauld, Charles, 87 de Gaulle, Charles, xix, 7, 24, 104 de Menasce, Monsignor Jean, 7478 Dodd, Dr. Harold W., 39 Dunn, Father, 80 E Egan, Monsignor John, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxviii, xxxiii, 4, 6164, 83, 85, 98, 115 F Finks, P. David, xix, 48 Fourest, Elisabeth (Babeth), xxxvii, 108 Frei, Eduardo, xiv, 108 Furfey, Father Paul, 5354 G Gandhi, Mahatma, xxxvii, 105106 Gardet, Louis, xxxiv Gilson, Etienne, 25 Girard, André, 97 Graham, Jean, xxxii, 5559, 62, 7072, 77, 102, 115 Gramsci, Antonio, 28 Green, Julien, xxx, 9, 1012, 113, 114 Griffin, John Howard, xxx, xxxviii, 97100, 104, 114 Grunelius, M. and Mme., xxxiv, 82, 94, 96 H Hayek, Friedrich A., 8 Helstein, Ralph, 106, 116 Hegel, Friedrich, xxvi, 110 Heinz, Brother, xxxiv Horwitt, Sanford, 4, 34, 39, 96, 102, 106, 116 Hutchins, Robert M., xxv, xxviii, 14, 39, 4549, 50, 51, 62 J Journet, Cardinal Charles, xxix, xxx, xxxiv, 78, 79 K Kernan, Julie, xxx
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King, Martin Luther, xxxvii, 106, 107 L Labourdette, Father, xxxiv Labre, St. Benedict Joseph, 78 Lacombe, Olivier, xxxiv, 107 La Pira, Giorgio, 7678 Lebret, Father LouisJoseph, 8081 Leroy, Father, xxxiv Lewis, John L. xxiv, 56 Liénart, Cardinal, 74 Lourié, Arthur and Elizabeth, 88, 93, 9697 M Macy, Mr. and Mrs. Valentine E., 5859 Maritain, Raïssa, xxxiiixxxv, 910, 12, 24, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 4849, 5860, 62, 68, 8286, 94, 95 MartinChauffier, Jean, 26 McGinnis, Irene, xxxiii, 95, 114, 115 McIntyre, Cardinal, 27 Meegan, Father Peter, 44 Merton, Thomas, xxx, 100, 114 Meyer, Cardinal, 102 Meyer, Mrs. Eugene (Agnes), 9, 10, 13, 20 Montini, Cardinal Giovanni (Pope Paul VI), xxix, 7374, 7679, 97, 99, 101 Mounier, Emmanuel, xxx N Nef, John U., xxixxxx, 4, 39, 49, 57, 58 Nicolas, Father JeanHervé, xxxiv North, Sterling, 16 O O'Grady, Monsignor John, 54, 5657, 62, 76 Olivetti, Adriano, 26, 7677 Oumansoff, Vera, 41, 42, 48, 50, 60, 62, 68, 79 P Pierre, Abbé, 67, 68 Pius XII, 74 Prince, Wood, 61 Q Quinqueton, Thierry, 27 R Rieser, Leonard, 6768 Rose, Stephen, xxi S Schuster, George N., xviii, xxxiv, 4, 61, 66, 86, 94, 96 Shaw, George Bernard, 105 Shaw, Howland, 36, 816, 21, 26, 3033, 39, 40, 42, 4446, 51, 53, 62, 65, 86 Shayon, Robert, 45 Sheil, Bishop Bernard, 48, 1116, 2128, 33, 36, 4546, 5153, 62 Silberman, Charles E., xxxvi, xxxvii, 104106 Silone, Ignazio (Secondino Tranquilli), 2628 Simon, Anthony O., xxviii, 100 Simon, Boris, 68 Simon, Yves, xxviiixxx, 1112, 39, 58, 100 Sinclair, Upton, xviii Sobolevitch, Martha, 66 Spellman, Cardinal, 27 Steinbeck, John, xxii Stiefel, Babette, 44 Stritch, Cardinal, 77, 79 Sweeney, Father, 44 T Taylor, Byron C., 25, 27 Truman, President Harry, 23, 27 Twain, Mark, xxv V Van der Meer, Peter, 84 von Hoffman, Nick, 115 Voillaume, Father, 5457, 60, 6264, 78, 88 W Wegner, Monsignor, 21