The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos 9186098306, 9789186098308

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The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos

By

Cynthia Wright Shelmerdine University of Texas

Paul Ástróms Forlag

Góteborg 1985

STUDIES

IN MEDITERRANEAN

ARCHAEOLOGY

, Pocket-book 34 Published by Professor Paul Äström, P.L. 425, Jonsereds Herrgárd, S-433 76 Partille, Sweden

The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos

Paul Ástróms Forlag Góteborg 1985

©

Cynthia Wright Shelmerdine 1985 Printed in Sweden ISBN 91 86098 30 6

Minab/Gotab, Kungalv 1985

111

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This Center

for

during

and

year

I

in

thanks

go

Institute

for

and

University

able

to

1981-1982

grants

to

the

Council

from

the

the Chora

Cincinnati.

College

Library

provided

gracious

early

herbals

and

commentaries

E.

Leahy

and

assistance

in

on

the

and

to

examine

of

allowing

the

in

the

me

site and

Blackburn

of the

Pylos

and

the

Bryn

Mawr

to

their

at

summer

the

Austin

staff

Dioscorides

Texas

the

at

Tucker

support

of

During

basement

permission

to Dr. S.

University

Texas

of the

financial

Societies.

of

For

Mary

the

Museum

University

facilities

For

to

of Learned

I am grateful

splendid

D.C.

Center,

Prehistory.

notebooks

in the

Washington

to revisit

Aegean

of

in

Studies my

was

thanks

material

shape

to the American

1984

Pylos,

took

Hellenic

that

Austin of

project

examine

rare

book

collection. I have

had

colleagues,

earlier like Emmett Thomas remain

helpful

some

drafts

G.

have

study,

Jr.,

Palaima their

Dr.

and help,

on been

John

I owe

many

or

I accept

a special

debt

Professor

Emily full

in

in part.

Chadwick,

Professor

points

generous

in whole

my gratitude.

Bennett,

despite

whom

of this

to express L.

of

discussions

Vermeute.

blame.

with

reading

To all

a and

For

of

criticizing

of them

of thanks Mabel

number

I

would

to Professor L.

the

Lang, faults

Or. which

iv

'Tis escape

time us;

silence, or industrious

to observe Occurrences, The Supinity of elder time hath so heads do find

and let nothing dayes hath left

remarkable so much in

martyred the Records, that the most no easie work to erect a new Britannia.

Thomas

Browne,

Hydriotaphia

(1658)

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

iii

Acknowledgments List

of Figures

Chapter

1.

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

2.

THE

MANUFACTURE

OF

PERFUME

Chapter 3.

THE PYLOS PERFUME WORKSHOP

Chapter 4.

THE Fr TABLETS: STORAGE AND DISBURSEMENT OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Chapter

5.

SCRIBAL

Chapter

6.

THE

Select Index

USES

Bibliography

ADMINISTRATION OF

PERFUMED

OF OIL

THE

OIL

DEPARTMENT

107 123 155 169

vi

CHRONOLOGICAL

GREECE

CRETE

Neolithic

Neolithic

CHART

GYPT

6500

Neolithic

3500 Predynastic

3000

2500

EH

Early Dynastic (3100- 2690)

EM

Old Kingdom (2690-2160)

2000 MM IA 1900

MH

Middle Kingdom (2135-1785)

MM IB-II

1700

2nd

MM III

1550

LH I

LM IA

LH

IIA

LM IB

LH

IIB

LM

Intermediate

New Kingdom

1500 1450 II

Dyn.

1400

XVIII

(1570-1320) LH

1350 1300

IIIA]

LM IIIA

LH IIIA2

IMIIIA2

LH

|

IIIBI

1250

LM IIIB

LH IIIB2 1290 ----------------- --- -ἶ᾿Ἢὀ-͵ὁ--------------------Ἕς.-LH IIIC LM IIIC 1100

Dyn. XIX (1320-1200) - - - --- -- - - -- -Dyn. XX (1200-1080)

EH,

MH,

LH

=

Early,

Middle,

Late

Helladic

EM,

MM,

LM = Early,

Middle,

Late Minoan

vii

EIST

Figure

Map

Figure

Plan

Figure

Pylos,

Rooms

23-24.

Figure

Pylos,

Room

32.

Figure

Pylos,

Room

Figure

6.

of the Aegean of

Mycenae,

the

the

at

FIGURES

in the Pylos.

House

and

Courtesy Palace

and

and

Blegen

Bronze

Rawson Rawson

Houses

of

Age.

J.C.

Rawson

and

E.B.

at

Late

Courtesy

Blegen Blegen

38.

Sphinxes. of

World

Palace

West

OF

1966,

1966,

fig.

fig.

1966, the

Wright.

fig.

Oil

22.

116. 36.

Merchant,

Shields,

and

French.

Figure

Plan

Figure

Egyptian

Figure

Basin,

Pylos

Shape

1.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

355.

Figure

Basin,

Pylos

Shape

2.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

355.

Figure

Pan,

Figure

Krater,

Pylos

Shape

58.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

394.

Figure

Krater,

Pylos

Shape

59.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

397.

Figure

Tripod

Pot,

Pylos

Shape

68.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

411.

Figure

Tripod

Pot,

Pylos

Shape

69.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

411.

Figure

Tripod

Pot,

Pylos

Shape

70.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

411.

Figure

Brazier,

Figure

Tripod

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65a.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

6501.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

403.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65b2.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

403.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

6503.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

406.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65c.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

406.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65d.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

406.

Figure

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65e.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

406.

Perfumers'

Pylos

Shape

Pylos Pot,

Zakros.

After

Platon

Workshop.

After

Wreszinsky

78.

Shape

Pylos

Blegen

67.

Shape

and

Blegen 71.

Rawson

and

Blegen

1966,

Rawson and

Blegen

1971,

81.

1923,

p.

pl.

356.

417.

1966,

Rawson

and

p.

p.

1966,

Rawson

411. p.

1966,

411. p.

403.

vin

Figure

26.

Stirrup

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

65f.

Figure

27.

Pithoid

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

53.

Figure

28.

Stirrup

Jar

No.

411

from

Blegen

and

Blegen

Pylos.

Rawson

and

Blegen

1966,

Rawson and

1966,

Rawson

p.

406.

fig.

378.

1966,

fig.

391. Figure

29.

Stirrup

Jar

No.

412

from

Pylos.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

fig.

391. Figure

30.

Double-Spouted

Jug,

Pylos

Shape

43.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

379. Figure

31.

Lid,

Figure

32.

Pithoid

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

51.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

387.

Figure

33.

Pithoid

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

52.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

387.

Figure

34.

Pithoid

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

54a.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

390.

Figure

35.

Pithoid

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

54b.

Biegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

390.

Figure

36.

Jar,

Figure

37.

Storage

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

56.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

394.

Figure

38.

Storage

Jar,

Pylos

Shape

57.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

p.

394.

Figure

39.

Tankard,

40.

Figure

Pylos

Shape

Pylos

73.

Shape

Pylos

Pedestaled

Blegen

50.

Blegen

Shape

Krater,

and

Rawson

and

33.

Blegen

Pylos

Shape

1966,

Rawson

and 63.

p.

1966,

415.

p.

384.

Rawson

1966,

p.

Blegen

and

60.

Blegen

373.

Rawson

1966,

p.

399. Figure

41,

Deep

Bowl

1966, Figure

42.

(Krater-Bowl), p.

Angular

fig. Drawings

and

permission

of

Pylos

Shape

and

Rawson

397. Alabastron,

Pylos

Shape

64.

Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

386.

photographs Princeton

from

University

Blegen Press

and and

the

Rawson

1966

University

reprinted of

by

Cincinnati.

CHAPTER

1

INTRODUCTION

During

kingdoms during

the

formed the

Helladic

III

of these

two

interest

in

III;

them as

Mycenae

Tiryns

monumental

walls

after

he

1550-1200

of

as

an

had

and

the

been

the

entire

'Mycenaean'

to

Schliemann's

discoveries

a

the

Mycenae

that

Odyssey,

era,

were

and

of

a

period

we

Pausanias

of

attention

to

Late

Bronze

of

scholars

memory

Yet a

rich

in

modern self-made

at burials

give Age

sites

Mycenae

excavated The

Late

the

visited

Schliemann,

enough

call

fictionalized

A few

1880's.

chiefly

literature,

(II.xv.4-xvi.7).

of

autonomous

prospered

Greek

passed.

impressive

the

the

businessman,

civilization

attracted

in

Heinrich

self-made 1870's

They

preserved

tourist

number

chart).

had

when

a

1).

antiquity;

admiring

of

(fig.

reality

revived

in

B.C.,

chronological

throughout

only

archaeologist and

see

known A.D.

ca.

in Greece

Ziiad

long

were

Age,

centuries

Homeric

kingdoms

century

Bronze

flourished

(LH the

themselves 2nd

and

final

especially

the

Late

Troy, and

the

name

Greece,

and

and

amateurs

alike. Knowledge

of

the

the

Mycenaeans

and

their

culture

has

grown

impressively Pylos,

in

the

Mycenae

promise

of

region

of

and

much

as

ivory

gold,

was

Greece. they of

Such

trade

cosmopolitan and

much

also

basically

the

the

also

we

can

set

larger

the

archaeological ranged

from

fine

agricultural

with

in

culture,

skill jewelry

yet

one

too

about

Aegean

world.

great

and

it

quantity of

an

Sardinia

build

on

and

other

with

a

other

life,

plain such

into

Mycenaeans:

Against

the

Mycenaean

Egypt,

since

imported

the

a

the

and

luxury,

was

picture

in

excavated.

extensive to

The to

of

the

materials

a

point

coast.

the

work

but

evidence

Italy

imported

strictly

weapons,

the

been

everyday

flow

pottery

and

vigorous

Asia

Minor,

emerges

of

monumental

small-scale liking

at

and

pottery

of in

not

important

Syro-Palestinian

do

is

and

in

tombs,

items

excavated

concentrated

have

necessities

last

tools

too

and

been

information

towns,

these

luxury

have

some

revealed

houses

another

civilization, to

of

only

involved

which

and

some

This

for

Palaces?

yielded

has

but

raise

abroad--clear

Cyprus

not

bronze.

commodities

network,

has

uncovered

tools,

items

very

incoming

found

and

then.*

work

and

essential

were

Thebes

include

simple

since

Survey

have

These and

bronze

Tiryns;

palaces,

Archaeologists

vessels

years

more.

these

artifacts.

100

for

a

scale

crafts;

a

expensive

lVermeule 1964 provides an excellent survey of the Greek Bronze Age; later discoveries have not diminished its value. Hooker 1976 is thorough and includes the bibliography up to date. For the story of discovery and excavation, from Schliemann's day forward, see McDonald 1967 and Stubbings 1972. Chadwick 1967 is a good introduction to Linear B and its decipherment, and Chadwick 1976 discusses Mycenaean culture in the light of the tablets. ?This is a useful term to describe the monumental, complex, multifunctional structures in question, so long as one resists the modern social and political connotations of the word. By the same token I use the

word

'kingdom'

to some extent existence.

to describe economically

a group

of towns

contributing

in the to

and

region

of a palace

benefitting

from

and its

artifacts,

and

to make

them.

So

much

patterns,

of the

advanced

Linear

B

inscriptions

in

with

Minoan

at

syllabic

palace

of

Minoan

writing

had

Linear

B was

script

too

had

tablets

were

first

Minoan

takeover

a

proven

demonstrated

with

major

on

to

the

theory

at

the

right

soon

at

he

first the

the

language

of

the

it

of

left

clay Arthur

of

in

in

architect

B tablets

this B

1939,

a

logical

sceptics Michael

was

not

A;

Linear

Evans!

and

1900.

that

Pylos,

in

Script

When

was

their

Evans

Linear

language.

the

tablets,

assumed

however,

Linear

of

excavation

was

many

Mycenaean

they

Sir

Messenia

British

of 1952

and

simpler

palace

region

young

a

give

organization,

in

by

Minoan

mainland

not

These

began

into

challenged,

when

write,

sites.

where

write

surrounding

was

the

so

could

economic

discovered

pictographs

adaptation,

It

decipherment

palace

necessary

settlement

understanding

could

first

materials

remains,

and But

the

Crete,

from

unearthed

that

names.

were

used

social

Mycenaeans

the

evolved

of

eventually

their

leap

signs,

been

His

world.

Knossos

further

inference.

outside

the

all

raw

the

a quantum

clay

the

materia]

their

For

or

reveal;

even

script.

them,

could

themselves,

or by

acquire

with

people

religion,

incised

to

archaeology

culture

the

ability

connections

details their

the

were Ventris

Minoan,

but

Greek. With Greek

this

identity

claimed

which

for

exclusive

discovery

historians,

Homer

them.

province

In of

the

economists

the

Mycenaean

no

literature,

world. no

the and

laws

Schliemann,

addition,

other

tablets or

regained in

Bronze

archaeologist: and

The

Mycenaeans

letters,

their Age

very

Greece

also

limited

in

the

was

begin scope;

day-to-day

minds

had

longer

the

and to

the

ways, no

religious

could

only

scholars'

different

linguists,

experts are

in

social

investigate

they

contain

administrative

accounts

of

a

accounts,

palace

in

a

intelligible

to

usefulness.

Each

we

owe

the

extant them.

existence,

and

not

to

They

and

clear

of

documents,

and

to

oil.

perfumed

centralized

and

economic

and

in

controlled

turn

activities

merely

places

where

of

have

which

of

nature

of

which makers.

cult

lived

and

worked.

ration

broken the towns and

flax

The

offerings to

their

There

payments,

from

and

a palace's

their

women,

jit,

and

records

by

emerged

bronze-working

baked

and

from

burning;

information.

surrounding

allocations

short-term by

men

ranging

documents

like

the

they

commodities

kept

valuable

of

lists

year

temporary

and

much

destroyed

probably

are

land

tenure

chariot

wheels

details were

of

taxed

a

by

a

palace

officials

production

throughout

kingdom. Further

fruitful

progress

is

still

is

to

pool

palace

at

Epano

approaches

archaeology.

The

presumed

site

of

Homer's

for

kind

of

combinatory

the

last

hundreds

received

of

the

to

provide

in

themselves, was

shorthand and

inadvertently

to

system,

language

thus

and

such

Greek

which

gods,

of

virtually

found

fired

furniture,

accounts

the

scribes

were

of

are

were

been

names

us

From

they

they

the

to

only

have

the

vessels

fires

that

they

the

tablets the

used

to

than

pertain

introduce

inventories

the

to

They

revealed

occupations,

palace

where

tablets

properly

suited

other

intentionally

have

them.

people

is

Moreover,

poorly

palace

it

Nevertheless, tablets

script few

preserved

would

economy.

this best

carefully

documented excavated

possible,

Pylos

in during

the

evidence

2)

is

because

Greece. the

course,

Englianos

(fig.

work,

of

1950's

The and

of in

and the

one tablets

western

of

the

with

most

that

Messenia,

of the

a particularly

promising

subject

that

currently

one

region

palace 1960's

and by

is

surrounding the

town

University

of were of

Cincinnati which

Carl

the

kingdom

formed

explored

by

directed

the

in

under

the

the

excavation For

archaeological last

was.

The

B.C., but

data

year

others

have

(see

place

define

suggested

level ch.

such

as

deep

late

developments

pp.

bowls

to

led

scholars

to

indeed

found

bowls

are

?See

Blegen

one

and

of

the date

Shelmerdine *Blegen

and

Sherratt

"See

French

the Argolid, $See

Hiller,

under

W.A.

the

period it

is

of the

both

tablets

from

III

the

unlike

central

As

standard

Nevertheless

there

are

features

inside

or

over,

which

are

widely

The

coated

deep

bowl

pottery.

latest the

1966;

all

types;

therefore

destruction complete

Blegen

there and

et

al.

its to

in

LH

III

The

Pylos

LH

IIIB

at

is

Pylos to

be

generally

at

IIIC.*

Coated

Lang

C,"® many

agreed

material

that

with

presence

sherd

1973;

course

when

B to

f.).”

and

1230-1200

problem.

of

also towns

of

determine

dates.*

that

who Age

is

period

later

of

documentary

the

are

decoration

Bronze

during

and

styles

McDonald,

to

both

most

extensively

important

destruction

earlier

been

principal

therefore,

itself,

Pylos

from

has deep the

1969.

Rapp and Aschenbrenner 1978; the place of Nichoria in the

McDonald et al. Pylos kingdom

1981. Rawson

$See

has

of transition

“See McDonald and Rapp 1972; 1983; McDonald et al. n.d. On

see

The

Messenia

as "a period

both

Rawson

of

kingdom,

and

Mycenaean

thought some

be

coated

one

of

Pylos,

Minnesota

its

the

has

148

in

and

pottery

pottery

6

province from

Nichoria,

palace,

disputes,

destruction

of

abundant.

the

they

chronological

wares

are

excavators

which

of

Pylos

of

The

administered

University

region."

the

Blegen.?

1966,

1980, 1969

which

pp. and

p.

187-190. Wardle

is usually

1980.

421.

1973

taken

on

the

as the

character

norm.

of

LH

IIIB2

pottery

in

palace;’

however,

(especially coated

Pylian)

deep

Nichoria;

and

feature,

and

into

fashion

hand,

in

the

same

currently

rather

shall

are

assume

late

13th The

we

century

of

among

the

disbursement

of

a

and

Age

Sparta

not

found

within

IIIC

the

the

LH

In

dealing

with

the

late

perfumed

oil

industry

no

with

LH

IIIB

this

may

come

the

other even

ceramic

reason

of

Thus

contexts,

On

seems

On

are

site

Argolid,

IIIB

period.

there

there

Menelaion.

in

early

Messenian

Messenian

Peloponnese.!°

in

available,

the

Near

fig.

with East,

Rawson

much

could

evidence. jars,

olive

and

and (see

how

number

ingredients

Blegen 1176

the

are

that

perfumed data,

?See

at

LH

and

example,

provincial

southwest

Oil

finds

archaeological

perhaps

For

the

the

dealing

Argolid

at

in

documentary

materia!

what

true

assumed.

characterize

see

investigation.

while

detail

be

by Blegen.

of

to and

Bronze

to

feature

are

study

Mycenaeans,

the

be

the

in

grounds,

to

reject

Pylos

the

tablets

period,

that

is

I the

B.C.

instance

kind

between

contexts

evidence

that

archaeological

late

suggested

present

first

seems

bowls

only

date

IIIB2

earlier

a

cannot

which

deep

the

destruction

LH

others

but

correlation

chronology

bowls

coated

Messenia,

strict

The

olive

confirm of oil.

By

has

Mycenaean

1966,

studying

proven

of

the

these

to

olive

are

to

the

tree

manufacture

from

Classical

discover and

397-399,

this

wood

conjunction

to

how

nos.

the

combining

in

contained

pp.

in

suited

this

concern

possible

60,

well

by

carbonized

information

perfumes

shape

is

importance

comparative it

and

tablets

undertaken

discovered

topic

pits

the

Pylos

be

was

and with

Greece in

some

they

were

1172

and

McDonald et p. 189, and

al. her

40).

l?0m Nichoria coated deep bowls see Shelmerdine 1977, and n.d. On those from the Menelaion see Sherratt 1980, general discussion pp. 186-190.

made;

how

and

of

perfume

and

Knossos

where

they

were

stored

manufacture

were

monitored

also

mention

Mycenae

is

meager,

Knossos

tablets,!!

Nevertheless

the

especially

for

For the they

record

perfumers final

tablets

activities

of

locally

made

activities, example,

no

place

they

found reflect

points

on

references

difference 323-324.

The

officials,

and

three

sites:

allocation of

shows

subject

matter

tablets

the that

transactions the

to

of and

rarely

Personnel

records

at

potters;

yet

the

making

of

the

vast

quantity

of

despite the

tablets

The

domestic

do

Pylos

industry,

to previous

between

evidence,

scale.!?

When

bronze-working

varied.

attention

Private

concerns.

more

distribution

scribal

records,

palace.

broader

1977a with the pp.

the

their

way.

royal

relevant

business.

at all

and

activity.

including

(extant) in

a

control

(Pylos),

same

palace

a palace

(Knossos),

This

the

to

even

a decentralized

12For an example of Shelmerdine 1981,

palace

and

from

the

comparative as

Mycenae

information

plentiful

oil

aspects

from

illuminated

useful

controlled

the

have more

materials

workers, in

the

perfumed

Mycenae).

interest

palace

11Foster 1974 and and J.L. Melena. see

Pylos,

general

pottery

reveal

raw

various

However,

stock-taking

affairs,

list many no

of

the

Documents

provide of

how

scribes.

is

extensive

officially

domestic

has

do

Pylos),

in

are

pottery

sites status

and

studies

evidence

collection

an

oil.

recent

do reveal

used; by

Pylian

general

(Knossos,

was

Mycenaean

Pylos

other

(Knossos,

perfumery

though

the

tablets

product

mention

and

the

the

perfumed

and

Jn

by L.

palace

such

texts,

organized

studies and

record

by

for the

Godart concerns

palace

are

to

serve

records

other

of flax

tablets

(891]),'* palace

record

(Aa

and

vested

interest

went

beyond In

scribal

the

an

oil

know

as

kinds

of

dealing

be

as

perfume

Archives

raw

possible

Complex

disbursement

(Rooms

records

about

(Fr

7-8

series)

palace

at

Pylos,

to carders

and weavers

product,

interest

an

(Ad

(Ad 684).

to

such

as

that

perfume

this

of

the

and

694,

Aa

That

extent

the

shows

which

it

probably

'business' what

First,

the

industry

extent

Un plan, came

itself. palace

249,

267

fig. to

is

were

but in

of

What

used

in

question

interest

Those

kept

in

the

inventory

different

to

different

Nestor.

592)

2),

was

Several of

and

light

'industry'.

important

it

then,

disbursement

it

an

though,

the

and

or

kingdoms--is

at

Mycenaeans,

manufacture

6.

616r, on

production

there

ínhabitants.!*

preserved (An

Similarly,

manufacture

Mycenaean

chapter

are

677)

economy--to

among

materials

of

kingdom.!?

the

as a palatial the

in

by

palace system

in

records

(La)

finished

too,

considered

textile

textile

details

or

whole

[380],

the

played

abroad

much

with

the

activity,

either will

Ad

to clothe

with

this

which

240,

in

the

allotments

administrative

perfumed

trade,

and

supervised

need

concern

identify

affect

Nn)

ration

organized a

which

(Na,

spinners

had

part

needs

and

rooms.

The

*30n the Jn series see Hiller and Panag] 1976, pp. 175-182 with references. Tablets are classified by a capital letter, indicating ideogram and thereby subject matter, and a lower case letter, indicating

both

shape

(a-m

for

short

'palm-leaf'

tablets,

tablets) and site (e.g., m refers to Knossos the lower case letters have yet been needed). identified by their inventory number, and first two letters in capitals; thus a complete

(Pylos),

or KN Am 819

“Square question

brackets is

based

on

n-z

for

longer

'page'

tablets, n to Pylos; not all Individual tablets are also the site is indicated by its citation might be PY Jn 725

(Knossos). around

a

tablet

reconstruction

of

number an

signify

incomplete

150n the Pylos flax industry see Shetmerdine references, and especially Robkin 1979.

that

the

reading

in

text.

1981,

pp.

324-325

with

find-spots,

scribal

significant

as

assessment

by

of

process looks

of at

the

of

a

perfumed

oil

disbursement

much

as

workshop to

the

the

a basis

the

Pylian

at

rooms

findings in

possible

economy.

be

the in

as

about

the

In

Fr

in

finished series.

involved, such

considering,

5

4

the

and

considered in

some

records. Chapter

as

in

any

chapter

the

the

these

a view

to

the

location manufacture

inventory tablets

conclusions system

in about

of

Taken

together,

6,

role

the

the 3

possible from

2

Chapter with

products--the of

are

reconstructing

detail,

I turn

about

in

be

tablets.

and

Study to

tablets

and

closer

nature

these

I begin

oil, from

Chapter

Chapter

must

a whole.

perfumed

equipment

with

too

inferred

of

generated for

of

found they

industry

Pylos.

leads

which

oil

their

in

administration form

can

records

context

of

perfume

and

objects

themselves;

which

accounts

archaeological

the

ingredients

perfumers

perfume

function

Pylos

the

as

and

documents

manufacture

discovering of

the the

discussing

hands,

of

and their the

scribal these perfumed

11

CHAPTER THE

MANUFACTURE

OF

COMPARATIVE From

the

Bronze

manufacture

Mycenaean and

of

inferred.

it

themselves

However

these

tablets the

names

recipes

of various

perfumers,

as

well

as

remain

untranslated,

Perfumes

are

cones

made

Egyptian

also of

writings

cosmetics

of

pictorial,

though,

1400

but

they

offer

Fortunately,

!l$These 141,

from

are the

several

ingredients describing though,

often

mention

and

often

The

includes

partial have

much

of

and

painting

data

will

be

for of

understanding

fuller

information

See

for example

Tomb

of

Nakht

used

(Porter

the

because These give

Some

from the

us

terms

repetitive. solid

perfume

Mycenaeans give

perfume

below

recipes

for

workshop (pp.

Mycenaean about

ancient

Lloyd

1961,

Moss

had.

manufacture

perfumer's

and

from

by Assyrian

quite

discussed

in

illustrated.

a

of

welcome,

they

be

help

documents.

are

as

must

the

manufacture.

such

materials

dating

occasionally

evidence

The

and

Egypt,

oils

interpret.

with

Pylos

tablets

scented

the

manufacture

tablets

the

and

raw

of equipment

Pharaonic

a tomb

help

dynasty

the

best

of

perfumes,

pieces

perfumes,

comparative

also

XVIIIth

to

as

process

in

of

is especially

different

and

fat,!*

sorts.

B.C.)

and

lists

Assyrian

period

the

animal

only

Tomb 161 (3) II).

for

to

interpreted

Middle

same

documented

These

we

the

well

various

B.C.

of

but

ingredients

hard

process

be

I (1243-1207

precisely

contain

the

can

the

often

recipes,

which

set

about

and

not

data

of Tukulti-Ninurtas to

information

give

A

PERFUME

EVIDENCE

meager

from

sources.

belongs

ca.

is

products

comparative

reign

itself,

perfumes

tablets

finished

Age

2

15

is of f.),

perfumery. perfumery

p.

1960,

179 p.

fig. :274,

12

in Classical

writers,

the

Age

Bronze

4th-3rd

Dioscorides!

the

medicinal

number

and

B.C.,

value

de

them.

is

as

well

as

from

his

the

is

naturalis

is

third

Pliny,

he

not

ingredients

and

for

evidence

for

the

materials

of

to

both

section

recipes

both

Theophrastus’

various

oils and

provide

of

used

respective recipes,

can

be

useful

but

inferred

though

Dioscorides; plants

a

short

spices

their

or

sometimes

aromatic

and

actual

mentioned,

contemporary

discusses

A

the

detailed

source, a

the

perfumes.

is

A.D.

in

gives

themselves

manufacture

A

century

on

less

in

(12.41-135)

his and

(13.1-25).

Ancient floral and

perfumes scents

sesame

was

were

simply

usually

essential!

were

were

Distillation

their

of

elder

historia

perfumes

almond

process

the

fragrances

gloss

Theophrastus

discusses

and

valuable

are

lst

(1.42-63)

properties

aim

discussion.

reliable,

and

the

His

the

of Classical the

interpretive

sources

in

perfumes,

process

characteristics. occasionally

medica

therefore

discusses

a valuable

chief

Dioscorides

various

It

odoribus

perfumes,

and

of

are

The

de materia

the manufacturing

work in

of

details

documents.

centuries

of

whose

in

oils,

made

popular, could

its

and

and

serve

infancy

steeped

from

in thus

all

oils as

manner of

various

a base

or

in Classical hot

or

their

of

cold

plants.!' kinds,

vehicle

Greece,!? oil;

fragrance.

this Cold

such for

and caused

the

Both

herbal

as

olive,

fragrance.

aromatic them

steeping

to

plants release

(enfleurage)

170n ancient perfumery in general see Forbes in Singer et al. 1954, pp. 285-298; Forbes 1965, pp. 1-50; Genders 1972, ch. 1-4; Lucas-Harris 1962, pp. 85-90 (Egypt); Neuberger 1930, pp. 110-121; Wylock 1970 (Mycenaean and

Classical). l*Distillation in Greece is first mentioned by Aristotle, meteorologica I.9,11, II.3, in the fourth century B.C. Recently a greater antiquity has been suggested for the process in the Near East; see Levey 1955 and 1956.

13

is

the

simpler

steeping give

(maceration)

actual

account

is

receptive

to

Theophrastus

then

with

was

olive

with

volatile

perfumes

manufacture,

too

involved

strained added

the

from

until

several

the

the

in

with

given

into

the

more

(see

also

thicken

preliminary

this

particularly

In

the

final

14,

second

batches

strength,

of

a

17),

and

stage

of

This

Repeatedly

fresh

form

necessary

odor.

fragrance.

(ἥδύσματα).

the

that

55).

desired

to

it

to

(de

and

made

or water

well

its

another,

reached

was

stypsis

ginger-grass.??

follow

odors

(de odor.

was

comments

his

weakly-scented

rather

wine

to

in

first,

and

would

author

common

of

hot

the

process

oil

was

aromatics

were

sometimes

only

after

days.

Dioscorides'

recipe

for

19Aspalathus: Dioscorides 1.43,45,58,61,62.

2 στύψις simply

rose

most

incidentally

but

retain

therefore

only

the

but

served

cases,

not

the

cyperus

which

mixed

of aromatics

vessel

perfume

most

is

addition

oil,

Theophrastus

oil

steeping

the

the

atso

were

does

like

by

scent

cases;

process

aspalathus,

It

all!

involved;

fragrances

oil.

treated

one

oil

as

astringents

which

are

the

33).

recommended

in

Dioscorides

stages

such

the

effective

manufacturing

permanently

in

oil,

the

prepare

22-25,

The

not

common.

stronger

17-18,

heated

is

Two

not

the

somewhat.??

treatment

and

to

did

it

also

(otvpyata)

treatment

paste,

was

follows.

served

astringents This

but

recipes, as

(otupis),

oil

process,

is

often

'contraction',

it in perfumery

as:

iris

perfume

1.43,53,55;

translated

cyperus:

is

Liddell

of oil with

the scent longer." However Foster that this thickening was not side-effect.

and

certain

1974, pp. 47-49 itself an aim

typical:

4,39,40,47;

"'thickening',

'astringency'.

"thickening

(1.56)

but

its

Scott,

drugs is of

ginger-grass:

proper s.v.,

to make

meaning III

is

define

it retain

right to emphasize stypsis, but rather a

14 Take

9

Jitrae

5 unciae

unciae [about 2.2 with 10 kotulai (χαλκόν) and boil it out scented

[about

3.1

kg.]

of

oil

and

6 Jrtrae

8

kg.] of spathe, chopped as fine as possible; mix [about 0.25 1.] of water, put into a cauldron until the mixture absorbs the scent. Then strain

into a mixing-bow! oil the first iris

(κρατῆρα) smeared with honey. From this perfume is made by steeping iris [root]

in the treated (ἐστυμμένον) oil, as indicated below. Others: as indicated, chop 5 Jitrae 2 unciae [about balsam-wood and boil together with 9 Jitrae 5 unciae

1.7 kg.] of [about 3.1

kg.]

9 Jitrae

of

oil.

Then

remove

the

balsam-wood

and

add

10

unciae [about 3.2 kg.] of sweet-flag, steeping a lump of myrrh in sweet old wine. Then in 14 Jrtrae [about 4.6 kg.] of the treated and scented oil steep an equal weight of chopped iris [root]; leave it for two days and two vigorously. And if you

equal It root

is

amount

worth

twice

noting

which

will

and three

that

give

nights, want it

only

the

This

is the

'boiling'

very

vigorous.

a

full

boil

av συναναζέσῃ though,

(the

(1.55);

emphasis

mixture

must

placed

directly

ἕψησις,

the

bain-marie,

21The follows:

subject

on

the

oi]

conversion

jars

of

to

τούτου

standing

in

to

modern

too

iris

cool

oil

Nor was

the

that

ἀναζέσῃ

not on

that

containers

phrases

(1.55).

oil

he is

and an

the

in

as well.

τούτων

ζέσῃ

boiled;

steep

use

μετά),

Though

describes

to

does

δὲ peta

(ovv-,

mixture

recipes

Theophrastus,

fire.

Jitrae

the

left

in other

μετὰ

mixing

he

is

is

ὅταν

it out forcibly and strain out

same way.?!

Dioscorides

δὲ καὶ

According

arrangement with

pattern

is on the

boil.

stypsis

is oil):

ὅταν

in the

fragrance

(enfleurage). always

times

during

final

and then strain stronger, steep

(1.53);

In

each

of of

a word a

heated

measures

ἕως case,

how vigorously

containers uses

suggest

can

the

were for

not

boiling,

double-boiler water.

be

In

or fact,

calculated

as

l litra = 327.45 grams l uncia = 27.2875 grams 11. olive oil = 0.91 kg.

1 kotule is 0.2265 1., or 0.2735 1., based on

based on a choinix a choinix of 1.094

of ].

0.906 1. (Hultsch

(Viedebantt 1882).

1923),

15

he

gives

several

temperature

is

unpleasant is

too

smelt

true

for

correspond

single

reasons

most

most

far

high,

of

closely

rather

as

Assyrian

described

by the

Classical

steeped

for

a

evening,

then

the

at

this

covered,

and

together. and

the

after was

was

the

mixture it

was

allowed

to

cool,

differences stypsis;

here the

residue

boiled

from

to

take

oil

is

The

??Foster ??Ebeling

1974,

place

1948a,b;

1948a, pp. 143-144.

probably decanted

themselves the

then

on

practice.

is

not

directly

on

a

said

a

to

might

a

for

fire.

in

in

the

it

was

day

fresh

spices.

vessel

of up

the

to

There is

no

vessels

vessel, days,

the are

oil

several

mention

of

water,

as

heating which

which

was mixed

four

heated The

foam',

added

Finally

in

pretreated.

first

substances

stood

soaked

that

were

The

inside

there

up

of

the

First,

'throw

from

next

various

low

not

tablets

be

The

flasks.

fire,

These

the

ingredients

into

are

oil

the

from

It

this

of

different

stirred.

cleaned

and

little

mixture

be

that

an

consist

from

addition

and

out

they

the

rose

retains

hedysmata.??

spices

and

the

Dioscorides.

overnight.

oil

occasionally

p.

stand

the

again,

but

more

covered.

by

aromatic

the

Classical

cil

The

points

because

a

perfume:

perfume

discerned

is

and

and

aromatics

be

straining

could

Foster

of several

added,

strained,

describes,

water.

oil

the

described

can

to

spoil

and

22).

process

left

until

Dioscorides seems

was

stirred

which

waste,

water;

after

heated

Then

a mixture

heated

to

perfumes,

authors.??

mixture

point

Mycenaean

practice

in

perhaps

more

tends

perfumes

manufacturing

day

again,

is

lighter

than

the

heat

(Theophrastus

with

above,

Only

there

the

mentioned

heated

direct

of burning

fragrance, As

why

of stood

means

the in that

148. 1949;

1950.

A summary

of the

process

is given

in

16

it

must

have

The

injunction

however,

bring

bain-marie

rests

One

on an

is

shown

man

(5)

than

heating

and

cooking.

like

side

of

vent. solid

is

open Two

unguent

could

references

in

expect:

grinding

This

might

be

after

aromatics

n.

oil, had

the

to

(6)

then

be

tomb

The

of

aromatics

or been

it

might

steeped

in

IV

of

a

depicted

show

that

or

and

wine to

or

the

1430 the to

serve

at

banquets

are

what

straining which them

for

into

of would

of its

visible

worn

depicted

and

B.C.).

fat

water,

prepare

(c.

animal

cones

which

scenes

interior,

activities

basin

other

to

the

involve

even

in

scented

Thebes

ἃ

tomb,

more

outlined

it

at

to

of

(1397-1384).

large

in

painted

(1.55).

does

provided

the

together',

Theban

a door

(1-3), be

a

have

into

other

from

heat.

something

Rekhmire

shaping?"

16).

shows

of

access

formed

‘mix

Tuthmosis

contents

one

indirect

manufacture

are

'ovens',

give

of of

they

by

av συναναζέσῃ

earlier

containers

here,

is

reign

the

and

similar

ἕως

It comes

process

Such fire,

in

the

the

to

8).

achieve

ingredients

phrase

stirring

illustrated

perfumer

to

but

shown

structure,

Another

the

here,

appear

one

the

(fig.

to

the

referred

probably

an

brick, the

until

Dioscorides'

or hot-box.

heat

They,

mixture

and methods

dating

'oven'

were

impossible

wall-painting

gentle

sides

the

to mind

equipment

unknown,

heat.

a temperature

boil

Egyptian

perfumer's

No

to

does

The

owner

reached

balls;

as

the (see

one

would

some

liquid.

be

strained

further

a

use

(7).

?*"Anonymous tomb: Porter and Moss 1960, p. 281, Tomb 175 (4) II; Wreszinski 1923, pl. 356. Porter and Moss give the date as "Tuthmosis IV (?)"; they also qualify the identification of the scene as "Preparation of ointment (?)." For illustration and interpretation of this and other scenes, see Forbes in Singer et al. 1954, pp. 285-298 passim. Tomb of Rekhmire: Porter and Moss 1960, p. 210, Tomb 100 (13) I-II; Wreszinski pl. 326. Forbes 1965, pp. 2-17 contains further evidence for Egyptian and Near Eastern perfumery; for Egypt see also Lucas-Harris 1962, pp. 85-90. Even the Bible contains a few incidental references to perfumery; cf. Exodus 30:23-25, 34-35.

17

MYCENAEAN When

we

ingredients well

as

turn

to

the

Mycenaean

and manufacturing

Knossos,

has

materials

to

Complex.

The most

.1 .2

There

explicit

records

process

yielded

perfumers.

EVIDENCE the

are

to Classical

tablets

recording

are

of

four

in

Pylos,

as

of

raw

allocation found

in

both

the

Archives

is Un 267:?*

tu-we-a , a-re-pa-te ze-so-me-no [ ko J]

[L, 6

.5

ko-ri-a,-da-na

AROM

-6

ku-pa-ro,

AROM

.7

KAPO

275

.8

LANA

2

VIN 20 VIN

ze-so-meἢ

6 *157

16

mE?

2

Thus Alxoitas gave to Thyestes the for perfume destined for boiling:?’ cortander cyperus fruits wool

25Texts

576 576 240 6

of the

1. 1. 1. kg.

*157 16 units wine 5761. inferior wine

Pylos

tablets

word a-re-pa-te,

corresponding

measure

all

find

practice.

the

these,

we

o-do-ke , a-ko-so-ta tu-we-ta , a-re-pa-zo-o

.3 .4

**The

similarities

(PY

ideogram

Un 6,

are

AREPA,

Fr 1198),

from

is usually

aleiphar

which

meant, not a solid unguent of made. This ideogram may, as substance than the ideogram liquids. Thus the occupational 'unguent-boiler', is perhaps

honey 58 1.

taken

aleiphateí

perfume-boiler?°

shows

does

that

aromatics

581.

Bennett

and Olivier

1973.

translated

'unguent'.

occur

a

a

with

liquid

sign

The

for

perfumed

liquid

oil

is

animal fat, such as the Egyptians sometimes {ts name suggests, designate a thicker OLE; nevertheless both must be essentially description aleiphazoos, usually translated more accurately ‘perfume-boiler', or just

'perfumer!. 2’The

function

of the

future

middle

participle

ze-so-me-no

is disputed.

The translation adopted here 1971, p. 159). Others have (Palmer 1963, pp. 270, 465)

is Lejeune's (Lejeune 1959, p. 141 = Lejeune interpreted the word as a middle with tu-we-te or translated as though it were passive,

'unguent

boiled'

441-442,

which 593).

is

to

be

(Ventris

and

Chadwick

1973,

pp.

224,

18

The

ingredients

listed

‘aromatics’. texts

only

Cyperus as

an

use

by

depends

with

n.

18).

seems

authors

these

'condiment

the

identification

Another

obscure by

which

measured

in

are

enough

has

no

the

word

strictly

?*0n

As

Un

dry

249

(see

aromatics,

see

than

require

the

they

Melena

too

1974a;

with

the

of

or

it

should

perhaps

wool

on

Wylock

1972,

pp.

volume of

is

sign

substance, (unless

measure, be

the

stick').!?

list

of

the

which

connected

with

perfume

mentioned

perfume.

Wine

are is

135-138.

On cyperus

interpreted as a unit of measure by On all these topics see also Foster

Ventris and 1977a; Geiss

1970.

?*Ventris and Chadwick 1973, glossary s.v. ka-po, and p. 219; 440 it is tentatively suggested that the word may refer to figs. 138.5 however contains the entry ka-pa OLIV 7, so the word can refer to olives.

3°Sacconi 710n

meaning

infinity

substances make

12

Sacconi's

this

another

to

p.

ideogram

an

for

weight

needed

AROM,

‘cinnamon

offered

modern

(see

against

unit

are

its

the

tells

other

it is not

identified;

On Un 267

by

Classical

Dioscorides

and

clearly

consists

The

33;

sign

biggest

20).?!

in the

Mycenaeans

σκαρφός,

be

suggested,

p.

but

can

the

measure

rather

qualifies

to

which

thuea,

is a surprise;

is not

(cf.

term

ingredient,

F 841.5.??

"157,

to

been

see Melena 1974b. AROM is Chadwick 1973, p. 222.

1967,

for

units

which

coriander

KN

KAPO

identification

has

»wi-ri-za

ingredients, not

large

symbol).

appear

on

L.)

perfume

ingredients

is

surmounted

quantities

No

a

cinnamon

ideogram

wi.

as

general

(Theophrastus

sativum

measure'.?*

with

is mentioned

unknown

symbol

proposed

L.)

a process

to olives

and

the

stypsis

Classical

to refer

is

in

(Coriandrum

of

by

rotundus

used

distillation,

or

unqualified,

(Cyperus

Coriander

Both

'condiment' word

the on

described

astringent,

I.4,39,40,47). mentioned

are

the

1972,

countered

by Melena

ideogram

*157

Foster

see

1974a 1974,

and pp.

Foster 117-118

1974, with

pp.

but

on p. PY Un certainly

119-120.

references.

19

known a

in the

paste

of

Classical aromatics

texts

chiefly

(Theophrastus

Two

kinds

of

wine

are

The

latter

has

been

interpreted

that

it

the

basis

as

represents of

well.

The

content to

its

waste

available. the

Honey

ingredient used

for

was

also

they

the

wridza,

be

useful

perfumers

to

tuft

substances, Classical ancient

it

have

as

a

perfumery. is

appears no

32'Must',

'root'; as

for

known

on

ideogram

connection

Ventris

and

Un

with

the

Chadwick

1962.

entirely

indeed,

It

is

John

listed

Killen

lanolin,

is

and

we

word where at

perfume

1973,

was Un

is

have

no

the

wool two

ideogram

industry

pp.

223,

from there

441.

hands as

an

probably

(see

p.

20)

the

wool

might

at

the

base

other

mentioned

which

no was

their

249

evidence

texts

be

wine

most

like

not

here

would

sometimes

collects

wi-ri-za

least

and

nowadays, It

on

alcoholic

coat

suggested

which

used

its

to

on

been

made

inferior

here

described

has

was

there

when

*13Ib.

appropriate in

perfumers,

wool

Stanley 1982. Stanley's arguments seem to *131 and *131b, sufficient to answer the p. 14. 33kKillen

proposal

quality;

the

the

on

is

variant

suggestion

1.43,52,56,58),

of

267,

recent

lies

fragrances.

Furthermore,

reduced

This

it

Classical

however,

its

a

and making

1.52,53,55,56,57,58,59).

perfumery

oil.

source

pre-soaking

aromatics its

therefore

a

perfume,

the

by

but

but

in

Lanolin

lacking with

wine

perfumed

vehicle on

in

Finally

wool.??

texts

suggestion yet

of

160,

(Dioscorides

(1.58,59,60). straining

not

and

wine.??

soaking

used

used

wi-ri-za,

a

in

drinking

as

of

wine

*131

'must',

Uc

for

Dioscorides

quality

liquidity,

good

vessels

as

tablet,

of

25;

specified,

inferior

Knossos

value

and

reason

and

a

an

here

as a liquid

for

in its

inspired is

the

use

in

this

unqualified;

Knossos. (Od

greasy

2026,

Inferior

which 8022).

wine,

show a real distinction between question raised by Bennett 1966, ‘

20

Since

we

know

from

manufacturing

of wool

Dioscorides

process,

on Un 267

The

latter

ingredients

tablet

also

are

la

the

for

has

a

simplest

heading

perfumed

wi-ri-za

LANA2

Philaios cyperus root fruits

is

an

essential

explanation

part

for

of

the

the

presence

which

makes

the 240 58

shorter

[.

Un

[

267,

clear

that

the

AROM 2 T 5

]*157 10 ] KAPO

T6

perfume-boiler of Potnia: 1. wool 6 kg. *157 10 1.

than

it

oil:

vacat

list

was

po-ti-ni-ja-we-jo , a-re-pa-zo[-o 1 ku-pa-ro;

pi-ra-jo

This

seems

straining

and 249.3"

listed

.2 .3

this

that

but

al!

the

units

ingredients

on

it

are

matched

there. Two and

more

may

592).

therefore

without also

An 616 mentions

the

latter

ku-pa-ro,

sign

the

it

is

**Palmer

s.v.

error

for

obscure

me-ri,

'honey';

for

of content

in these

four

the

obscure

Since

abbreviation

following

the

same

ingredients

another

*754.?*

of

both

and

Beck

glossary

and me-po,

perfume

as

some

perfume

other

and 1963,

an

include

of

adds

ideogram

with

detail,

the

Un 592

the

in

'berry';

lists

scribal

probably

similarity

Beck

a

1).

analogy

differences

* So

line

be

headings

i-re-we[

simply

qualifies

AROM,

general

is

in

perhaps

if

records

ko the

cf.

appears

recto,

Un

perhaps

ku-ro-ro,

ra-ka,

together

condiment

tablets

616

(unless

word,

condiment

Table

(An

substances,

for

which with

the

ko-ri-a;-da-na,

texts

is more

is

valid.

striking

The

than

suggests:

1978.

p.

suggestion

451

interprets

is not

this

followed

word

by

as

pak,

Ventris

which

and

he

translates

Chadwick

1973,

21

Un 267 ko-ri-a,-da-na

Un 249

An 616

6

ku-pa-ro,

21

6

2T5

8Τ

16

10

28

VIN (*131) ME LANA

20 2 2

2

5

2

6581V4

i-re-we[

]T2

"154

The

quantities

proportion

to

each

necessary

to

are

honey

wine,

and

sage,

Cyperus I.47, was

is

not

nature

it

manufacture

of

and

wool.

final a

final

is

an

fragrance

of

list

in

in

the

the needed

Mycenaean

Another

the

(Fr

texts

adjective, two

wo-do-we,

adjectives

7®Contra reached his 616r.5-6.

of

Lejeune

is

not

in

represent

all

the

ingredients

The

listed

recognizable at

all;

(ἡδύσματα) but

alternative

in

are

perfume.

oil

to

a

also

known

stymma,

as

well.

This

is

I,

which

routine

of

perfume-making,

indication

is

1203),

and

wordowen, fragrance

1959,

conclusions

pp.

then

seems

cyperus

only

142-144 before

This

Lejeune entry

1971, for

to

Dioscorides

tablets.

that

this

by

the

only

not

mentioned

Mycenaean

pp.

coriander

rose

Fr

cover

the

I

the

suggested

but

is

Table

are

likely

combination

together;

= an

to

is

in

'rose-scented'. appear

seems

regular

in

missing from

It

Table

that

items

according

balsam-wood.

times

n

ingredients

they

fragrances

ingredients. Fr

No

do

4

I

various

Nor

function

commodities

the

other.?*

the

where its

the

of

4Τ

6

me-po

TABLE

8,

13 T 5

*157

VIN (*131b)

Un 592

isolated

the only

major once

with only

in

another case

where

perfumes

seem

158-161. was

read

He in

An

22

generally would

to

not

be

stymma.

at

rose

all

perfume the

use,

and

for

coriander

Foster

the

with

(1.43)

Classical

addition in

These

coriander, interim final

the It

precisely

the

sort

release

their

like

cyperus, of

it

draw

some

37These

**Foster

1974,

the

final

674,

supplies.

perfume

industry

from

palace

are

fully

149-150.

of

fresh

stores.

discussed

year

perfumers

roses

and

However,

by

fragrances

in

lists

seem

to

when

identifiable

the

tablets supplied

would

be

work

requisite

it

likely

is

1970.

show

of

were

might

astringents viewing

other

Wylock

a

for

absence

the

supply

having

made

these

ingredients

a

in

which

be

certain

industry:

as

'pe-ma').

only

bronze

stymma,

ko-ri-ja-do-no

that

the

a

as a spice

plant

suggest

case

As

used

The of

they

mentioned

sum,

time

Fr

scents

can

In

be

final

preparation

case

stymma.

the

for

to

like

pp.

a

used

was

practice, vessels

(στύμματα)

a

recipe

below).

also

due

that

fragrances

a

may

coriander

of

the

(see

be

In

near

as

among

Ga

Thus

particular

may

may

staples

scent.

are

of the

need

decentralized, palace,

part

KN

palace.

the

the

appear

cf.

fragrances or

not

which

and

red

astringents

on

Dioscorides'

hands

it

entry

Mycenaean

it

was

particular,

the

to

perfume

However,

cyperus

in

Indeed

materials,

other

if

and

clues

the

('seeds';

allocations

written,

raw

aromatics

Also,

cyperus,

perfumers'

dye

fragrances.

perfume,

parallel.?*"

to

of

does

rose

like

fruits

would to

that

coat

resembles

Fr tablets.

receive

lists

It

unlike

is the dried

to

of

combination

several

alkanet

the

this

astringent

honey

of

perfumery.

the

show

provides

of

a mixture

find

a good Mycenaean

use

scent,

an

not

to

sources

observes. 9

weak

types,

surprising

provide

including

the

simple

pretreated

1203 would

in

of

Classical

usually

for

be

were by

somewhat away

from

plants,

yet

that

there

was

23

at

least

a

mentioned, series,

there when

specified It Pylos

perfume

with

identifying

this well

(Theophrastus too

dyed

see

below

that PO is

not

also

agreement, Two

of

these

tablets:

myrrh

Fr

33;

1184,

?*Knossos

44

Knossos:

(murru) only

oil,

Foster as

*!Qn *2The

has

alkanet,

at range

and Fr

dealing

for

of

further

ff.

and

if so,

Pylos

is

ingredients

tablet

with

OLE

the

MY.

she

evidence

on

PO,

only For

substances

cyperus

are

the

dn

locations

are

a

rest,

attested also

recur

is on

case

for

a

dye

Classical

37.

the

the

It

Mycenaeans this is

view,

suggested

at Knossos two

sites

greater the

red

perfumes

support

ingredient

the

good

right,

these

coriander,

d$xouca,

to p.

on

cyperus,

Classical

is

26

in

listed

made

If

which are

in

at

Pylos.

Assyrian

perfume

(suadu)."! found

in

perfume

the

belong

and Gg series. They are discussed by earlier studies. On myrrh at Knossos, see perfumery is attested by Dioscorides, elsewhere.

“Foster

honey,

I.43).*"

p.

whereas

ingredients

Dioscorides

Mycenaean

tablets

perfume

for

red;

perfumers

their

agent

attested the

elsewhere,

coloring

oil

when

location,

a

for po-ni-ki-jo;

the

the

at

as

other

for

f.).

substance

e-ti-we,

though

any

po-ni-ki-jo.??

perfumed

on

stands

compare

attested 31,

their

to

last

palace,

working

3 p.

known

the

of

are

ch.

those

and

at

indication

interesting

MU (= myrrh?),

is

no

further

tablets

which

is

bronzesmiths

(see is

workshop

Archives

to the

Complex,*?

Fh,

Fp,

rightly

Fs,

F,

Ga

Foster 1977a, with references to Sacconi 1969. Its value in in the recipe quoted above and

1977b.

Assyrian find-spot

ingredients was

see

originally

Ebeling

1948a,

published

pp.

as Room

132-143. 32 by Bennett

1958b,

p.

11, and the error recurs in Bennett and Olivier 1976, p. 54. Excavation notebooks make clear, however, that this tablet actually came from the Chasm southwest of the Archives Complex; this is correctly reported by Bennett 1964b, p. 251, and by Blegen and Rawson 1966, p. 100.

24

belongs the

here

perfume

OLE+WE;

than

in the discussion, industry,

since

it

from

has

an

a raw material.

industry,

not

.1

a

final

ko-ka-ro

one

adjunct,

disbursement

by

, a-pe-do-ke

Ipsewas

and

jars:

WN

374;

transaction

be

simply

is

without

e-pu-do-ke,

KN

a-pe-do-ke

represents

case

meaning

the

oil

from

the

(for?)

contracted verb to

in

the

Fr

could

far

known

not

known;

the

be

OLE*WE from

with

taken the

Mycenae,

in

has

spelling

and Chadwick

1973,

still

rather

within

the

18

oí] 518.4

1.

active

like

texts;

the

rather

referring

been

481.

normal

form

is

possibility

is

for

on

the this

the

this

so much

olive

meaning.

performance reading

transaction on

the

only

What

type

of

oil

WE

semantically also

be

an

Yet of

work

too,

the

itself.

also

to

that

In

reading

See

if

ἀπεκδῶκε).""

to

to

thought

is not

the

its Classical

Thus

but

the so

contracted

refers

101.9,15.

p.

apodidómi,

"K.

a-re-po-zo-o,

describes

of

Another

had

s.v.).

as

verb which

es < ex (cf.

probable

Fo

The

already

as

elsewhere

408.1]).

something

Scott,

is

ideogram

difference

*'Ventris

and

oil

is

, to-so

Mycenaean [X

απεκδοσι

(Liddell

1184

in

681.b,

be

ideogram

treated

is

within

palace:

described

aorist

if the word

noun

ideogram,

so

"The

for

would

The

represents

820,).*?

the

apesdóke,

E.,"

Classical

Ea 812,

Od

olive

both

parallel

(cf.

the

of oil

38

are

(Fg

transfer

another.

OLE+WE , ka-ra-re-we 38

Eumedes

may

the

transaction

, e-ra,-wo

so much

oil

to

probably

the

'perfume-boilers'

augment

it

Nevertheless

Kokalos delivered to Eumedes:

Kokalos

it records

perfumer

e-u-me-de-i pa-ro , i-pe-se-wa

From

for

oil

significant. Hoenigswald

tablet

describes

abbreviation

1961.

As

is for

25

we-ja-re-pe, is

surely

a

preceding ‘oil

but

separate

jars'

the

drawings oil

in

found

ka-ra-re-we

on

the

18

of

146

f.)."?

texts

units

cases

the

and by

in

Fr

both

adjectives

wo-do-we

“SVentris

and

*SHouseholder *"Ventris

and

with

also

Chadwick

themselves

ka

intended

has

suggested

we

get

Chadwick

1973,

1959,

379.

p.

Chadwick

scent,

p.

481.

1973,

pp.

Vandenabeele and Olivier 1979, pp. oil containers see ch. 3 p. 51, references in ch. 6 n. 246.

394,

the

as khlarewes,

KN

K 700.

oil

to

jars,

on

KN

K 778;

Though

the

Thus

hold

oil,

further

ch.

the

perhaps 6

information is

the

well-known

sites. to

is

pp.

about

described

in

these

adjectives

specify

in

most

pa-ko-we

= sphakowen,

'rose-scented'. to

it

word

(see

Finished

oil:

attach

^"*There

additional

The

1184

the

stirrup

been

the

refers

on

have

ideograms.

of

it

Mycenaean

and

also

inside

most

perfume."*

of Fr

κώϑων).

accompanies

as

to

line

interpreted

at

of

= wordowen,

'cyperus-scented',

which

third

efforts

Ehainpos

numbers

fragrance

The

despite

recognizable

must

as

tablets

final

great

1184

OLE+WE,

Fr

are

f.).

is convincingly

"210

written

they

ingredients

the

scented’;

is

31

xXapóv'

ideogram

rough,

containers

types

the

ideogram

are

From

Hesychius,

pp.

entry,

ka-ra-re-we

(cf.

same

(see

grammatical

lines.*®

confirmation and

so has OLE+A

ku-pa-ro-we but

this

481.

266-267, pl. 134. ch. 6 pp. 141 f.;

=

kupairowen,

substance,

For On and

the

'sage-

as

we

ideogram

stirrup for the

jars shape

have

see as see

**The Fr tablets were published, with photographs, by Bennett 1958b. Subsequent bibliography, on specific points and on the series as ἃ whole, has been extensive. Principal studies include: Adrados 1961, 1964; Doria 1960, 1968, pp. 29-50; Gallavotti 1959; Hiller and Panagl 1976, pp. 163-169; Luria 1960; Milani 1958; Palmer 1958, 1963; Stella 1959; van Brock 1960; Ventris and Chadwick 1973, pp. 476-483; Wundsam 1968, pp. 24-33; Wylock 1970.

26

seen

(p.

pair

of

18)

probably

adjectives

negative like

was

has

a-e-ti-to,

the

other

has are,

however,

support

two

Lejeune's

One

of

mystica, Democritus included dye

but

for

other

sources

This

is

an

Mendes,

here wool.

a

(p.

42.9)

The

same

Papyrus

actual

recipes

appears

as

red

a

Pseudo-Democritus, noted

in

sources

Hesychius,

but

there

an

is

has

the

been

identity

of

list

has

Alexandria of

is

in

which

recommended also

Stockholm.

been

dyes,

and

wool.*' 1

in

the

is

no

reason

κρημνός, which There

B.C.

cy.

that

spelt same the

et Bolos

κρημνός as

times

again is

to

agents,

3rd-4th

which

physica

attributed

The

doubt

meaning

plant.

several

word

papyrus. to

the

coloring

here

The

the

identified.

200

This

formed

suggestion

treatise

mentioned

to be

κρημνός /kpiyuvog of

about

presumed

^ Eptis"

best

about

Another

its

suggested

the

not

information

work

for various

with

This

and

seems

pseudo-Democritean

substance

for

e-ti-we

of Hesychius:

suggest

resident a

e-ti-we

glosses

alchemical

in

fragrance.

Lejeune

question

the

final

fragrance,

of

and is

dye and

Since

in

Holmiensis

contains

e-cyz'.

Botdvag.*?

plant

proposal,

these

of

alchemical

the

a

puzzling:

two

τινας

than

been

of

combining

λευκάς

offered,

rather

always

adjectives

κριμνούς᾽ been

stymma

‘with/without

'parfumé à l'ertis', and

a

red the

papyrus

κριμνός

(sic) an

variation same

a

in

A.D.

with

is

n

by is

substance

**tejeune 1958a, p. 18 = 1971, p. 26; 1958b, p. 200 = 1971, pp. 39-40. For other interpretations of e-ti-we see Gerard-Rousseau 1968a, pp. 104-105, and Gérard 1968b. 5°Qn Pseudo-Democritus see Berthelot 1928. On the Holmes papyrus see Halteux 1935, pp. 1-2.

1887; 1981;

Pfister 1935, Lagercrantz

p. 2; 1913;

Wellmann Pfister

27

is

meant.**

as

κόκκινα

It

is

of

to

1935

Robert and

Clement

dye

said

said

to give

the deep

kermes

a color

red πόρφυρα

κόκκος

important

quince-yellow

others

of

are

for

its

described

of alkanet.°?

according

to

another

identification,

(unXiva)

when

that

kpnuvo

might

odor.

25-27,

and

long

sodium

Kpnuvanevav

a red

carbonate

M?P*

et fere

*3pPfister

dyes that

1935,

plant,

*5*Bodaeus

see 1644,

H4

may this

pp.

also

p.

which

Hase

V N S

etc.

(ed.

perfume de

mat.

4.469;

med.

23,91.5

of

confusion

between

1972);

14-15 178

(presented 1974,

cites

adds (p. χαλκάννα gives

1841,

the

p. as

I.55,

95;

:

naturalis The

plant

kpnuv-

kpiyvau£vav

Aristophanes,

and M,

Nubes

965

For 100.

the

1968).

as a conjecture).

For

a description

188. his

authority

the

179): "Arabes folii τὰ φύλλα τῇ! kümpou. plant

s.v.

very

Deipnosophistae

a dye,

Page

made

Pliny,

κριμναμενᾶν

henna

ingredient:

as

229

Dover

was

and

Septem

(ed.

henna

known

as

be used together, P. Holm. 889-898. occurred in Bronze Age Pylos, see ch. 4 p.

Poucher

Alpinus, and Graeco-Arab.

al-hennd,

examples

rell.

a

plant

identified

Athenaeus,

judaicum

15.28,

Aeschylus,

: κρημνώδη

*?The two possibility

passim,

be the

with

as

I1.64.1;

Bellum

unrelated

KUTpos

Dioscorides,

Paedagogos

13.5-18

of

ago

mentioned 31;

Josephus,

cf.

,

equation

frequently

other

Kpiuv7:,

KÜmpos The

Alexandria,

12.109,

51There

as

is

Flavius

historia

suggested

L.).??

de

15.689f.

s5See

than

Pfister

κύπροςρ

Theophrastus,

word

lighter

and most

turn

inermis

early.5*

Prosper lexicon

is

is added to it (605-610).

(Lawsonia

the

kpiuvo

Egyptian

will

Dioscorides

of

the

is

Finally,

κριμνός

In

κριμνώδη

papyrus

which

(738).

(vitpov)

to

(606),

inferior

recipe dye

In the

its

Κύπρος.

modern

name.

16th

century

cypri xaXAk&vvav This is the

scholar

vocant. Arabic

28

is

also

mentioned

plant

have

antiquity; native

and

a

sweet

henna

dye

to

probably

flowers

What

in

is

KUtpoc,

as

but the

a

(Ps.-Democritus,

P.

this

carbonate is

true

of

Could

the

two

plant?

They

are

possibility.

henna

words,

by

was

as

by

writers,

in

Egypt,

also

that

used

ἔρτις

argument,

turns

otherwise

and the

κύπρος, same

Pfister

be

author,

rightly

from

to

is

Judea,

twigs,

henna

this

them

plant

Its

dye

of

from

India

where to

made

The

Cyprus.

was

in not and

leaves a

popular

mummy-wrappings.*?

is in fact the same plant as is

another

which

yellow

Pfister

flowers

was

éptis

(Hesychius)

plant,?*

used

Indeed,

some

in

that

κρημνός

times

suggests,

Holmiensis).

*ePliny's identification Bodaeus saw (p. 63); at pp. facio, quam auctoritatem accepted

ancient

plant

Holmiensis)

never

in

the

white

the

leaves.

then,

review

(P.

ground-up

and

likelihood, To

the

excavated

times,

white

perfume

kumpo

lilac,

The

and

grew

been

kpnuvós/kpipvóg,

sodium

from

name

Pharaonic

'henna'?

a medicine.?*

like

comes

have

the

as

smell

Greece,

also,

cosmetic

elsewhere

produces upon

showed

by

known

in

it

that

Greek

as

names

for

is would

for

red dye

addition

experiment

this

observed,

a

the

alternate so

name

of all

kÜmpos. the

same

a

reasonable

be

remarkable

of cypros with Italian Jigustrum is wrong, as 178-179 he observes, "pluris autopsiam Alpini Plinii." Though Pliny's identification was it

is

now

clear

that

Bodaeus

*"Regions where henna grew: from India to Nubia (G. dans l'antiquite, vol. I p. 50, cited by Pfister 1935, p. 188). Of the ancient authors cited above, Pliny Egypt, Cyprus and Phoenicia; Josephus mentions Jericho

was

right.

Loret, Les plantes p. 15; Poucher 1974, and Athenaeus add in particular.

Henna in Egypt: twigs were found in the Ptolemaic cemetery at Hawara (P.E. Newberry, "On the Vegetable Remains Discovered in the Cemetery at Hawara," in Petrie 1889, p. 50); leaves and flowers have also been found (6. Schweinfurth, Pflanzenreste, p. 360, cited by Lucas-Harris 1962, p. 87). The Egyptian uses of henna mentioned here qo back to Pharaonic times; see Lucas-Harris 1962, pp. 87, 309-310. **Pfister

1935,

p.

15.

29

if

henna,

a well-known

specifically either

concerned

attested

in

the

two

thus

terms

in

texts.

Mycenaean If

so,

(p.

23),

to

perfumed

dyeing

the

quite

oil.

That

some

of

identification adjective

color.

The

attested Classical

a

oil.

more

likely

But

adjective

else

scents:

the

henna

is

the

very

different

comes

from

Fr

be

unique.

sorts. 1200,

far

well

be

and

dye

For

of

fragrance

all

of

It would Another

simple also

objection

where

sage-scented

agrios

is a different

oil

cremnos

by

of

the

on

Fr

is

1224

the

'sage-scented'. a

to

henna

as

plant.

only,

ertiwen

mixture

a combination

described

or

furthermore

the

is

scent

is

since

taking

then,

fragrance

that

having

by

Foster's

goes,

unlikely,

5*Ibid.

**Pliny's

and

scent,

textiles

pa-ko-we, as

types, be

thing,

as

practice

henna

suggest

one

described

above

a description

which

is

noted

as well

with

of

henna

precedent

connection

which

signify

As

and

in

certainty

suggested

as

appear

Equation

Classical

times;

color.

perfume

are

color,

are

κρημνός,

well

color?

since

modern in

not

case

might

its

As

considerations of

a

already

alkanet.

adjective

a Mycenaean

fragrances

would

other

such

to give

was

does

which

Hesychius.*"

anticipated

red

henna

in

or

ancient

are

with

scent

both

a description

appears

its

equally

the

xumpos

κρημνός,

straightforward,

mention

be

for

treatises

Conversely,

in

more

in

there

to

Nowhere

and

perfume

as

could

seems

though

Mycenaeans

perfumes

ertiwen

sources

not

the

word

only

in antiquity

po-ni-ki-jo

former

as

common

two

papyrus.

name

for

from

the

otherwise

used

their

of

Yet

Holmes

another

plant

it was

absent

plausible,

ἔρτις,

was

the

appears

seems

and

were

dyes.5?

or

both,

impossible;

dye,

with

Pseudo-Democritus

is

the

red

as

of

two a

of sage

are

of

fragrance #-e-ti-to,

30

‘without

ertis'.

Since

the

elsewhere

in

Fr

series,

why

this

single

the

specified

in

habitually

writes

records

so

might

be

there

particular for

batch

taking

Lejeune,

ertis

a-e-ti-to

privative points

and

difficulty

is

in

his

as

a

source

enough

to

-to-

could

rough

breathing,

an

only

be

with

perfumed

This

is

source

is

are

is

of oil

when

avoids

Sllejeune

1958a,

$?Bennett

1958,

p. p.

18 = 19;

cf.

would is

treatment

must

the

1971, Buck

p.

26; and

been

etc.

This

of

hiatus, sense

finished

a

proposal,

of

hard

had

but

would

to

be

explain.

products

in

a

in a workshop. but sort

have

flower

that

have

originally

very

to

puzzling

Gerard's

be

a-

points

would

this

to

as Bennett

A more

difficulty

a

with

= an-ówes,

in

from

According

stem,

ertis

f.):

argument

adjective

a verba]

word

the

a different

is

color

scent.

an

e-ti-we

native

fragrance

another

ahertiton.

not

henna

99

is

a-no-we

the

=

of

of

4 pp. of

*a-ne-ti-to

context

it

ch.

rule.

this

as

Greece,

who

general

to

ertis

to

scribe

1981-1982)

considerations,

is

a

by

winter

documentary a dye

be

comments,

49)

under

to

absence

than

is noted

need

from

assuming

the

is

see

then,

rather

'unfiltered'

as

scent

tablet

the

Here,

filtered,

notation true

not that

These

plant

the

n.

note

= an-ónos,

by

(see

this

a

scent

be formed

a-e-ti-to

oil

especially

storeroom,

taking

and

a-no-no

of

Normally

hiatus,

overcome

since

to

color,

exception

cf.

'unfiltered'

superfluous,

(in

unparalleled

*ahestiton, all

would

particular

(S1203-Cii;

province.

Chadwick

write;

problem

Yet

him

of

a

absence

= aertiton.*?!

suffix

the

the

oit

for

oil

as

of

instance?

reason

would

adnpito

should

of colored

a

out, 2 However

Homeric

easy

of

presence

the

altogether.

been

of

1958b, Petersen

strongest

Since

acquired

the

plant;

p.

200

1945,

argument

in the

=

1971,

pp.

460,

the

for henna

trade. flowers

p.

39.

469.

The must

be

31

used

fresh,

not

quantities of

1000

fresh on

a

of

though,

that

voyage.

be is,

the

OLE

in the

henna

on

Fr

these

nevertheless The

then,

been

last

'perfume!'

is

or

a real

indicate

still the

a the

that

the

to

we-

anointing'.

some

=u

the

There

adjectives.

in

perfume

the

It is not

some

is seems,

oil

is

always

element

The

best

d = ἐπί,

however,

a

to

oil

with

the

refers

which

we-ja-re-pe

has

AREPA, to

It

be

perfume,

in

that

be

to

there AREPA,

taken

to

the

ideogram

is

and with

pa-ko-we,

and

never

numerous, by

not

and

then

of

aleiphar,

refer

may

might

(twice

adjectives

(cf.

but

Chadwick's

that we-ja-re-pe problem

noting,

word

oil,

like

ligatured,

given

phonetic

is

alone

is

and

the

(though

been

worth

Thus

formed

have

sense

is

dye,

ground-up

occurs

liquid

both

the

if

soon

usefulness.

e-ti-we

quality.

referred

would henna

their

It

to

workshop.

we-ja-re-pe

occurs

yield

therefore,

other

ἃ minimum

flowers

used

-aleiphes

signifying and

it

of

large

Mycenaeans

unscented

a type

It

OLE,

first

343

color

to

the

Fr

to

but

the

Pylos

refer

34.

the

perfumes.

on

very

requires

which

must

The word

Cypriot is,

other

unquent,

extent.

(cf.

probably

element

between

1.43,

in

impairing

at

their

specifies

accompanies

for

color

p.

of

without

and

for

leaves

Mycenaeans

without

with

perfume,

dried

very

oil

thicker

which

Suggestions problems

of

not AREPA).

ideogram

to

see

consistency

OLE,

plant

second

'unguent';

distinction

signifying

the

34),

quantities;

transport

that

odor.

impossible

we-a-re-pe).

the

fragrance

to

which

spelling

rose

been

The

treated

de

sufficient

tablets

adjective

variant

in

and

and

two

fragrance/color;

the

1209

for

have

easy

ideogram,

color,

would

sea

would

leaves

to

It

flowers

likelihood

plain

Theophrastus, recipe

henna

long

however, The

(cf.

(Dioscorides!

flowers).

import fade

dried

that

means this

plain all

oil. present

proposal

simply

"for

explanation

32

leaves

out

of

plausible, case, The

because

the

element

word

must

These Their

are

the

the

rest OLE+RO; unique

this

verticals.

and

87).°°

$3].

is

likely

of

the

a

On of

of

to

alone

OLE

PO only

on

23

to

be

horizontal

f.). an

1194

the

a

ligature

since

are

a unique

and

Chadwick,

Minutes

of

can

to

A

of

by

a well-attested

London

Fr

the

A

variant,

from

the

1232

looks

like

is

not

and

SI.

OLE+A

13 Nov.

but

apart

emended

so

but

ligature,

than to

alternative

both

II.

following

addition

ideogram

Seminar

a

be

former

with

the

carelessness

easily

first

consistent

the

scribal

the

the

on

tablets.

appears,

of

stands

ideogram

RO

or

one

put.

Table

AREPA

strictly

which

of

preferred

bottom

between

The

in

enough.

Fr

in

less

In any

be

the

forth

sign

or

will

on

set

not

1184,

are

clear

oil

oil

the

is

example

stroke,

rightly

Fr

PO

Fr

whole the

are

used,

(where

the

qualify

is

either

suggestions

or formation.**

which

ideograms,

ideogram,

have

meaning

directly

the

pp.

oil

Editors

traces

choice

more

the

sense

Once

found

(see

in either

interpret.

OLE

is

Other

anointing,

of

to

OLE+PA,

of

-j-.*?

which

those

series is

variant

use,

harder

OLE+WE

the

addition

4p.

and

OLE+A,

of

makes

the

ideogram

adjunct).

glide

adjectives

are

variants:

the

-aleiphes

describe

latter

otherwise

the

of difficulties

occurrences,

The

an

account

PA

a by

of

two

(see

ch.

preserved, Again is

1957,

to

the

cited

be

by

Palmer 1958, p. 17; Chadwick 1958, p. 308; Ventris and Chadwick 1973, p. 477. The problem is discussed by Bennett 1958b, pp. 20-22; he proposes weh-aleiphes, ‘ointment for clothing', with the first element related to *wehanos = Eaves; Cf. we-a,-no-i a-ro-pa, Fr 1225.

$^eu-aleiphes,

‘good

for

anointing',

Bader

1969,

pp.

29-31;

Gallavotti

1958, p. 67. wei-aleiphes, 'violet-scented', Duhoux 1976, p. 119 wei-aleiphes, ‘scented with two perfumes', Doria 1960, p. 195

wei-aleiphes,

'perfumed

by

stirring',

we(jJar-repes, 'fallen in spring', quality', Deroy 1972, p. 88. *5Bennett

and

Olivier

1973

Ruijgh

Deroy

transcribe

1967a,

1962.

it

OLE*PA

p.

397,

1968,

we-aleiphes,

without

comment.

n. n.

308. 32.

p.

704.

‘of

poor

33

preferred.

Finally,

ideogram. top

Two

of

the and

are

not

of

judgment

are

unusual

that

read the

"OIL+RA same

there

form

of

it might

tablet

to

tablet

with

are

never

at

Therefore oil

for

making

thus

important

way,

accepted

that

olive,

though

*"Private $*Palmer

mentioned 'coarse

but the

it

been

focusses

pp.

242,

1963,

olive'.

p.

246

part

of the

oil

However,

the

diagonals

in

Chadwick's

to

they

assignments

to

what is

that for

of

from

is.

as

Chadwick

oil

on

of

the

secondary. appear

stand the

oil

from

without

any

ideograms

are

other

other

rather

types.

series.

not

to

The

oil

the

is

from

primary

ideogram.

each

It

The objection

source

the

particular

suggested.** the

such

of

can

can

principle

used

the

are

and

4 that

distinguished say

follows

to

are

oil

and

ch.

are

suggest

the

way,

organizing

tablet,

pairs,

of

shown

number

adjectives ín

same

and

No this

in

ideogram

The in

some

generally sources

this

than

kind

than

the

of

nature

245.

communication, by

the

hard

OLE

the be

scribal

is

has

which

1963,

in

represented

as

86).

the

form

no

the

These

occur

one

will

represent

this

conjecture,

Palmer

must

than

it

and

is

from

vertícal,

4 p.

there

left

these

about

but

to the

ideograms,

cam

combined

Further,

they

types

more

the

(see ch.

adjectives

all.

basis

tablet

types,

that

as

handwriting.

oll

shows

the

uneven

distinguishing

II

upward

features

these

Table

appears,

of a deletion."*?

curious

the

ra

construed

thickness

remains

other

sign

radishes??)."**

of

in

adjective

extend

meanings

importance

ideograms

the

and

the

lines

Palmer

or

be a practice

Whatever

the

(from

depth

are

sa

1215

stroke.

"probably

and

Fr

faint dfagonal

vertical

ideogram,

sign,

on

based

on

photographs,

proposes

to

connect

Theophrastus,

de odor.

15:

A and

winter PA

ἀμύζδαλον,

1981-1982.

with

two

'almond',

kinds

of

oil

and φαυλία,

34 of

the

final

the

palace

Much

more

product,

is

once

oil

important

products.

It

quality

to

rather

than

the

the

is

make

for

possibility

most

If

likely,

sort

of

it

unless

the

type

suited

for

use

refer is

to

to

means

the its

as

an

quality

ointment;

thickening

If

so,

since

the

interpretation

OLE+A

(see

adjective,

$3Cited

This

Table so

a

liquid the

II). if

by Foster

"*For A = aloipha,

the

natural

oil

must

OLE

However,

1977a,

p.

see

Bennett

of

has

consequence

the

of

of we-ja-re-pe

also

occurs

merely

'thickened'

1958b,

pp.

24. 16,

particularly

well

that

particular

the

32.

oil,

ideograms

workshop,

OLE+A

This

might

use

as an

all

(see

substance favor of

six

times this

that

that

for

after

In

four

seems

oil--

the

out

as

treated

stypsis,

four

at

the

thickened

used.

support

a

suggestion

than

hand,

OLIV+A

Fr 1225.2).7°

been

still

some

cases,

perfume

the

be thinner is

is

oil

as of

oil

in

ideograms

with

oil

an

on

the

both

quality

underlies

still

in

enough

other

is

OLE*A

final

almond

the

There

the

from

a-ro-pa

OLE+A

denotes

it.

possibility

comes

oil

ideogram

occurrence

it

it

(cf.

that

if

thing

the

that

of

produced other

varied

On

of

source

various

sources

oil,

interest

disbursement.

the

elarwon.

to

same

to

of

to

and

unlikely

word

the

assumption

or aloipha

this

is

oil

is

grades

question

as

is

the

referring

of

instance

it

the

The

storage

two

association

ointment. the

from

additions

specify

in

treatment.

for

by

means

than

olive

OLE + aleiphar

13).

well

of

unlikely

descriptions

But

than

are

stage

oil

Melena's

rather of

are

different

adjunct

might

indicate

AREPA,

in

the

that

rather

the

to

noting.

to

oil,

olive,

got

described

refer

of

Knossos.**

is

distinctions

point

worth

could

kinds

this

has

this

oil

specify

such

possible

this

olive

variants

at

that

called of

times

without is

p.

this with

an

presumably

35

unscented.

ideogram only:

OLE none OLE+A 1219, 1221, 1230 (Cii); 1225 ($1217) OLEtPA 1206, 1222, 1228, [1233], 1236 (H2) OLE PO 1201 (51203)

etiwe:

343 OLE 1209 OLE

(H4) (H4)

wodowe :

1204 OLE

(H4)

1207

OLE+A?

(H41)

pakowe

etiwe:

1224 OLE*PA

wodowe

wejarepe:

1223.2

kuparowe

wodowe:

(H2)

OLE*A

1203

OLE

under

(H44)

P0(S1203)

1238 OLE (H2) [1208]OLE Po ($1203) pakowe:

1202

pakowe

etiwe:

see

1216 1220

pakowe

wejarepe:

1217 OLE+A ($1217) 1223.1 OLE+A (H44)

pakowe

aetito[

1226

OLE+PA

(H2)

1235.1 1235.2 1232 OLE+PA? (Cii) 1240 OLE+A ($1217)

(or pakowe

kuparowe:

kuparowe

wejarepe:

1205

OLE+PA

1215

ra

(H2)

(Cii)

1218 OLE+A

relation

OLE+PA. which

1202, OLE+A

It is

between

recalls

at

accompanied

1216, also

1220, occurs

we-ja-re-pe

might

"!Bennett

1958b,

two

or

be

p.

first

sight

out

Po?

(H44)

we jarepe)

wodowe:

see

under

wodowe

wejarepe:

see

under wodowe

pakowe

wejarepe:

see

under

of

11

and

adjectives

the

adjective

times

by

1226,

1232,

1235.1,

three

times

(Fr

restored

63.

OLE

wodowe

pakowe

TABLE II or hand in parentheses)

ideograms

eight

1224,

1200

(51217)

(stylus The

:

etiwe

on

the

is

pa-ko-we,

this

form

1235.2).

1217,

also

1223,

analogy

of

of

at

issue

with

'sage-scented', the

ideogram

(Fr

pa-ko-we

we- ja-re-pe

perhaps

1240

1217).”!

The

where

final

36

instance

of

tablet

pa-ko-we

will

be

considerations different

is

style.

his

we- ja-re-pe

rate,

have

eight

might

is

assume On

practice. 1227

and

the

word

the

72The Palmer's proposals

48-49.

12,

ideogram

equation

for

same

regular

do

provides

an

it

only OLE*PA

stands

for,

a

the

as

will

(see

4

occurs

monogram ideogram

an

while,

of PA with pa-ko-we

abbreviation and

was

OLE+PA from

shift

different at

any

his

72

f.),

we

and

pa-ko-we

word

in

which Hand

switched

made

by

Bennett

to

line

order

4, as

1958b,

Hand an have

used

OLE+PA

on here

2 might

OLE,

mentioned (n. pp. 195-196;

normal

as

serves

pa-ko-we

OLE+PA

their

of

718:

One

Since

involving

then

alternative suggestion has already been include: palaion or pakton, Doria 1960,

adjectives,

times.

Thus

of

the

personal

with

69,

Un

appears.

hand,

scholars,

five

case,

7URO,

of

supersede

of

pa-ko-we

vary

on

by

for pa-ko-we.'?

between

Another

are

to

the

Some

a

other

presence

one

pp.

with

on

represent

writes

ch.

This

other

with

adjective

example

77).

the

who

the

the

be

variants

sometimes

74,

by

may

distinction

scribes

on

PO.

OLE+A

OLE+A,

abbreviation

2)

OLE

depends

cases

ideogram,

OLE+A

without

some

these

information.

(Hand

OLE+PA

4 pp.

followed

concurrently

scribe

quite

hand

ch.

developed

the

intended

line

we-ja-re-pe

be

with

we-ja-re-pe,

to view PA as an

(see

in

two

pa-ko-we

1231

ideogram;

in

ideogram

himself

tu-ro;

$1217-Cii;

the

ways

2

tablets

connects

other

Hand

three

2 writes

may

restoration

difference

writes

other

the

the

same

he

ideogram

corresponding

Hand

recording

the

since The

and

its

also

the

and

44

the

so

tempted

that

ideogram writes

one

where

100).

OLE+PA;

and

that

in

4 p.

1205

of

been

is

OLE+PA.

24

if

times,

practice

Fr

1200, later,

caused

usual

ways

Fr

Hand

QLE+PA

objection

an

on

Thus

scribes!

ch.

have

When

ideogram

Fr

(see

may

on

discussed

scribes,

we- ja-re-pe OLE+PA.

is

the

alone.

p.

16.

68). Other 1968, pp.

37

Nevertheless, oil

types

pa-ko-we stand

the

Fr

OLE+PA

Of

the

a

would

in

Hand

four

the

puts

without

adjective,

an

adjectives

designated

than

the

and

be

been

(see thus

been It

an

ideogram

Classical

analogy.

As

Classical

period,

and

Dioscorides

to

?*1Murray

rose

and

suggestions (cf.

'runny',

between

type

of

if

perfume

Warren

for PO

Ventris

description

of

1976

spremitura',

Doria

also

include:

is OLE

oil;

PA

does

also

once

on

we

color

rose

Chadwick on

KN

1960,

pp.

Fh

seen

(ἕνεκα

193,

that

phoinikion,

477

prokhowa

195-196.

pp.

(cf. or

ideograms the it

refers

to

color

for

is

OLE with

with

the

association

of

as

a

in

is type

a dye

often

plant.

Other

1963,

p.

prokhowa,

po-ro-ko-wa 'olio

add

preceding

Palmer

618-619);

the

common

perfumers

The

pröwiston,

oil

of

perfume

'palm-oil',

1958,

occurs

twice

some

as

scribe

appropriate

out

is

colored

εὐχροΐας).7

phoinikion

this

stands

and

red

singled

1204,

all

oil

The

23),

(sic), p.

as

especially

is

not

an

2,

all

probably

itself,

mentions

interpret

1973,

which

(p.

perfume

color

350);

e-ti-we,

is

343,

never

however,

1203).

by

associate

but

by

Fr

have

to

Foster

itself

by Hand

OLE

workshop,

by

(Fr

where

If

most

not

accompanied

precisely

PO

does

Fr 1231

OLE+A, the

phoinikinon

proposal

and oil

f.).

specifically

for good

Milani's

in

OLE

possible

inclined

with

denoting

1.43

more

occurs

with

colored.

the

is

72).

interpreted

wo-do-we

246

a major

plain

tablet,

4 p.

As

29

(ku-pa-ro-we

alkanet

be

however

comes

adjective

pp.

23).

2

treated the

is

fifth

ch.

series.

1209)

has

p.

(see

wo-do-we

the

distinctions

information,

certainty

line

adjective

in

must

ideogram, It

The

in

Fr

the

where

would

has

(343,

(see

of

duplicate

2).

gap

fragrance

po-ni-ki-jo,

light

give

of

cases

one

OLE

twice

alkanet

major

itself

treatment.

adjective

in

as

scented:

or

1238 by Hand

but

an

forms

scent

habitually

rather

the

OLE*PA

simply

two

the

4,

incomplete,

with

represent

series,

then

other

particular

by

ideograms

pa-ko-we.

adjective,

1209

the

in

for

imply

since

aS di

prima

a

38

discussion

types

of

of

ingredients

perfume

manufacturing can

be

only

shows,

it

which

the

only

Conversely,

the

similar

OLE

many

of

in

the

to

tablets.

in

This

certain

case

Mycenaean

three a

where

used lists

itself

two

as

in

stypsis

ingredients, product

is

The

insofar

chiefly of

of

but

(Fr

unusual.

adjectives

and

texts.

practice,

finished

tablet

materials

Classical

Classical

records

PO.

the

Cyperus,

appears

records

wo-do-we is

also

the

that

attested

Dioscorides,

tablet

ku-pa-ro-we

is

from

to

one

also

process

inferred

according

are

shows

As

it

on

1203): Table

fragrance

11

appear

together.

of

final

products,

that

cyperus

the

preliminary

Mycenaeans. of

oil;

7*

It

is

a

final the

heated

also are

clear called

™This

word

than

oi]

as too

methods.

that

not

a

final

this

Mycenaean

I

process

to

the

Classical

practice.

may

have

as

heated

clear

described

be attested

but

is

by

in Mycenaean:

inferred an

involved

Cf.

in

is oil,

to

the

and

steeped It

agent

known

heating

ζέω,

in

phase cool

whether

Theophrastus,

the

of

oil

to

though, Mycenaeans

the or

is

'boil').

possible, if

in

the

perfume

preliminary

in

been

descriptions

thus

was

zesomenói,

subsequently

not

have

fragrance

(hedysmata)

is

in

'perfume-boilers',

confined

What

appear

perfumery

(ze-so-me-no,

been

rose

ingredients.

aleiphszooi,

indirectly,

too may

of

and

and that

on Un 267

aromatics

Assyrian

Oe 127 may 322, 488.

stypsis,

have

hedysmata

lists

sage

primarily,

of

fragrance,

their

in

least

may

with

imitated

name

at

phase

heating

stypsis,

that

is,

fragrances

not

for boiling'

This

give

but

perfumers

'destined

final

Mycenaeans directly

e-we-pe-se-so-me-na

on

on MY

= eu hepsésomena, 'well-boiled', Ventris and Chadwick 1973, pp. The word i-pe-se-wa on Fr 1184 is more likely to be a proper

a form

of ἕψω,

pace

Gérard

1966.

in both Classical and Mycenaean Greek however adopts Gerard's interpretation of

bouillait!.

For discussion see Wylock i-pe-se-wa

of the

two

verbs

1970, pp. 118-119, who as 'l'endroit ou l'on

39

the

fire,

like

Assyrian

necessarily

imply

account

of the

example

of

unlikely f.).

respects,

though,

Pylians

of

color

and

of

that

evidence

such

adjuncts

as

those

from

operated.

with

equipment

on

the

next

palace

chapter.

of

Mycenaean

location

to

olive

general

confidence

by

supplies

honey,

period

in

of

how this

a

topic,

perfumers.

a perfume

that

though, That

workshop,

as

changed

a

admired necessary

The East, It

all

which

in

turn,

perfumery

both

than

tablets.

Mycenaean

question

day.

Near

oil:

requires

and

other

needed.

the

respects

Age

a

administration

notoriously

knowledge,

Bronze

the

ingredients,

those

This

have

Assyrian

is

of

suggest

in

their

which

similarity

as

the

pretreat oil,

mentioned.

discussion

needed

other

in

53

Greeks

rather

to

is

3 pp.

They

went

his

it

In

to

attested.

attested

and

Age

fragrance

sophisticated

in

Dioscorides'

perfumers

had

Classical

to

not

possible

ch.

seems

central

as

one

elsewhere.

single

kinds

'boil',

Bronze

The

not

and

a

does

adduced,

dyes.

least

used

period

Zew

(see

the

administrators

perfume

wool

ingredients some

possible

the

wine,

Further

the

the

case,

of the

the

they

to

Mycenaeans

the

perfumers

been

perfume-making

are

is

verb

industry

same

those

at

has

attribute

the

to

22).

Greece

with

stypsis

that

any

suggest

in

so;

In

infer

up

more

only

perfumes,

and

was

Yet

the

of

distributed

suggests

resembled

to

and

Mycenaean

scents.

time

to acquire

manufacture

probably be

of

aroma,

eww,

to

science

as

collected

not

the

least

uses

a perfume

for

at

Theophrastus

with

attested

the

The

Mycenaean

not

simple

and expense

process

to

well

in

inclined

from

scents;

as

trouble

may

Greece preferred

mixture

also

is

perfumers.

(Theophrastus

connection

therefore

which

in

method

heating

any

refinement

Egyptian

latter:

indirect

have

I am

little

the

indirect

to

and

an bears

issues

our

resistant including procedures

we

can

allows may

us have

account

of

directly are

taken

41 CHAPTER THE

PYLOS

PERFUME

PERFUMERS Four 374,

perfumers

Fr

1184),

Thyestes

(Un

are

actually

Eumedes

267).

(Ea

The

appear

on

tablets

Kokalos

appear

together

Though

their

profession

with

the

the

perfume

called that palace

for

the

status

workers

in

do

is

palace;

therefore

palace

business.

75A

number

jis

(see

ín

of

it ch.

2

Thyestes

the

Ab

land that seems

other

palace

series.

tenure

texts

these

workers

one di-[pte-]ra-po-ro Lindgren 1973, s.vv.

to

addition

workers

= raptéres,

at

= diphtherapólos

in

as

man

(?).

On

(?), all

clear

capacity

are

paid

by

on

Fg

not

as

because

374,

along

with

to

be

charge

of

the

po-me-ne these

the other other

Another

materials

in

have

as

820).'*

plot-holders

= angeloi

is

is

all,

work in

It

each

of

raw

the

doubt,

in

first

812,

that

appears

treated

their

They

their

of oil.

need

figs

773,

and

they

clear,

the

al]

820).

figures,

listed

a-ke-ro

remove

Eumedes

Alxoitas,

are

been

and

assume

Eumedes

has

of wheat

get

actually

which

craftsmen.

(Ea

and

ideogram

appear

is

and

249)

oil

(though

This

(Un

is a transfer

Ea 812,

least

palace

rations

safe

374;

(Fg

the

To

craftsmen

full-time). of

oil

Kokalos

perfumery.

there,

24).

(Fg

of

subject

to

p.

Philaios

a-re-pa-zo-o,

the

refers

contexts

and

In

where specified

independent

it

ra-pte-re

not

receives

three

consideration

including

materials

that

Kokalos

craftsmen,

raw

Fr 1184,

tablets:

1184),

the

in other

like

Fr

list

palace

is

820,

Pylos

called

therefore

not

the

are

Eumedes

employees,

812,

on

two

on

workshop

Kokalos,

palace: palace

WE;

AT PYLOS

named

773,

WORKSHOP

latter

which

#-re-po-zo-o

worked their

ligature

3

from

the

done

is

allocating

Ea

series,

= poimenes,

occupations,

see

42

these

materials

The

variety

concerns, an

on Un

is known

of

his

activity,

the

fact

that

and

important

consistent

267,

with

the

his

he

official.

to have

is

His

been

association

mentioned

by

involvement

assumption

that

a high

it,

in

too,

with

name, the

is

palace

all

official.’®

important mark

perfume

a palace

palace

Alxoitas

as

administration business

of

is some

importance. The

249

case

as

of

Philaios

this

of

On

Potnia.

be

other a

in

for

this

some

for

operating

other

perfumers.

so

perfume

sense

who

offerings,

1973,

be and

activities.

inspects

land

213),

He

this

by

that

the

a

suggest

raw

is

185-187

has

various

serves

as

also

or

and

the

existence

shrine

(if

The of

supplied

(and

parallels are

on

given

quantities a perfume

man's

‘collector’

are

too

really

and

tablets:

(Cn

to

workshop

is

status

other

palace, must

ma-ri-ne-we

this

is

there

several

ingredients

Un

service

the

extraordinary,

a god.

livestock

the

from

supported

on

context

in

materials

responsibilities

a

described the

works

Thereare

discusses

is

since

perfume

perfumer

god's

is

palace.

rather

the

and

allocation which

He

Philaios

receives

Knossos,

either

II pp.

mean he

workshop

with

Part

various

(Eq

hand,

At

in connection

7€Lindgren

must

'owned'?)

may

straightforward.

'Potnian',’ 7

Unless

arrangement,

ma-ri-ne-we, high

adjective the

religious

thus

not

po-ti-ni-ja-we-jo,

occupational,

like

is

his he

series),

receives footstools on behalf of the palace and notes deficits (Pn 30; on the footstool ideogram, *169, see Vandenabeele and Olivier 1979, pp. 172-176, pl. XCVIII-XCIX). He a!so distributes something on Wa 917, and on Va 482 he either receives or distributes ivory on behalf of the palace. 770n this designation see Ruijgh 190-191; Lindgren 1973, Part II, pp.

1967b; Gérard-Rousseau 124-125.

1968a,

pp.

43

divine). 7°

Another

analogy

are

called

po-ti-ni-ja-we-jo

the

palace

(Jn

We

have,

part-time Each

is

are

former

in

the

as

a

as

going.

an

industry

might

a tablet

of

ration

of

by

the

perfume.

The

be at least listed

that

others,

such

as

for

distribution: they

of

bronzesmiths

him draw

who

supplies

to

partially tablets

of

were

rather

the

perfumers

regularly.

is

from

not

had This

and

into

the

a workshop one

from

but

we

the

this

certain

be

palace

can

required

22 that

could

possible

their

industry

only

near

and

involved

space

2 p.

it

and

land-holder

Since

materials,

palace.

luxury

in ch.

least

Kokalos

unclear,

equipment

is

the

benefit

still

brought

at

closely

this

raised

raw

a

are

decentralized.

roses,

use

keep

of

was

men

by

two,

as

material

worked kinds

working

supplied

latter

The

them

fresh

would

the

derive

the

all

profession;

and

possibility

on

his

payments.

on

name,

materials

to

perfumers

considering

are

which

Pylos

like

by

contexts,

palace,

depends

where

ingredients

plants

the

palace

with

relating

receiver

the

at

and

mentioned and

other

answer

making

perfumers

business

life

existence

Philaios,

in

Precisely

approach

like

named

economic

even

four

on

also

the

431.16).

palace

mentioned

the

for

then,

on

Eumedes,

work,

310.14,

is

thought at

source

all of

explanation

""Foster 1977a, pp. 29-32 summarizes the issue, with references. See now also Hiller 1981 on the relationship between deities and workshops, and esp. pp. 100-102 on *ma-ri-ne-u. The principal argument is set forth by

Melena

1974a,

pp.

136-140.

The

suggestion

that

"ma-ri-ne-u

is

a

god

was

made by Chadwick, who points to the parallel between ma-ri-ne-wo wo-i-ko-de, 'to the house of *wa-ri-ne-u (KN As 1519.11) and po-ti-ni-ja wo-ko-de, 'to the house of Potnia' (TH Of 36.2, where craftswomen are going to the goddess' house). Cf. Ventris and Chadwick 1973, glossary s.v. má-ri-ne-we, and comments by Chadwick in Spyropoulos and Chadwick 1975, p. 89. Reservations are expressed, however, by Hooker 1975, pp. 174-176, esp. 176, and by Killen 1979, p. 178. Palmer 1981, pp. 7-8 (with references to earlier statements) has recently put the case for a god “ma-ri-ne-u, Mallineus (cf. μάλλος, 'fleece!). Tegyey 1984 raises the question of temple workshops in connection with the Northeast Workshop at Pylos.

44

for It

the is

incomplete

not

absent

the

from

presence

or

observed

in

as

at

of

its

are

as

indication

Another

no

group

distinguished

from

As

a

on

can

point

to

the

place

name

are

at

be

assumed

the

location

of

as

In

name

to

does, the

the

to

Here

the

at

the

the

'Potnian'

is

given

'Potnian'

for

basis, palace,

perfumer him

the no

Philaios

is at a shrine

other

could

always

to

be

example,

Aa 717;

of

a

group

of

craftsmen,

they

perfumers

at

Pylos

goddes,

is

suppose

such

place are

at

are

Pylos.

clearly ro-u-so.

palace,

as

we

and

on

both

too

the

women

too

should

specified.

uncertain.

to

craftswomen

the

815

might

no

name,

Aa

one

is

are

on

remains

of that

assumed

of

at

place

is

be

recurs,

that

other

but

location

they

815)

that

locations

place

(Aa

generally

there

on

its

Pylos:

true

that

same

since

either,

from

no

group

confirming then,

those

assume

listed

either

a convention

a group

first

this

is

to

we

267

indicate

refers

the

On

The

other

of

thus

249,

but

location

given,

allocations.

for

inclusion

is

incidental

seem

the

666.

are

who

by

Ad

Un

Pylos,

so

is

ingredients

when

gods,

given,

essential

particular

particular, is

592.

there

series,

refer

616,

fairly

others

and

work

mark

however,

Aa

and

many

palace

a-ke-ti-ri-ja

the 564

the

An

not

in

apply It

place

Pylos

to

not

in

to

does

at

which

palace.

indication

described

Ab

seem

and

on

so

Further,

be

815,

of

check

item

judge.

Aa

(a-ke-ti-ra,);

any

does

tablets

specified.

they

shrine.

can

on

though;

that

to

This

we

materials

documents,

assumed

a particular

far

raw

source,

Mycenaean

specified. 79 be

lists

absence or

of

explanation,

those

importance

people

best

lists

The

No

place

that

anyone

existed

at

?*0n the Aa, Ab and Ad series see Ventris and Chadwick 1973, pp. 155-162, 418-419. The assumption that Pylos is meant when no other place is specified is explicit, for example, in Lindgren 1973, part II, passim. See also Hiller and Panagl 1976, pp. 106 f., 130 f.; Hiller 1981, pp. 111, 117.

45

the

religious

case:

five

'Potnian'

on Jn 310, have

and

little

'belong'!

which

community

a

the

other

do

group

with

Potnia

somehow

to

bronzesmiths

a larger

to

to

of pa-ki-ja-na

his

are

particular

service

to

at

to

though

his

status

produce

to

organize

have and

arrange

myrrh

at

workshop

perfumed

for

or

near

understanding

needed

for

would

help

the and

of

of

it:

soak

them

heated,

"°0n

see

or

pa-ki-ja-na

room

deduced

somewhat

or

water

13). rose

see

in

in

to oil

would

as

may

somehow are

others

restrict

them

palace

with

the

different.

traces or ch.

of

2 may would

make

or

Gerard-Rousseau Chadwick

palace

and

a paste.

other

at

have

briefly

chop

other

of

to

be

allocated

and

it

more

perfumers aromatics;

1968a, 1973,

pp. pp.

ἃ

the

record

ingredients receptive would

which

they

would

166-169; 443

The First herbs,

would to

be

a

clear

a workshop.

astringent

241,

to

equipment

summarized.

grind

These

perhaps

requires

as

would

ingredients,

Pylos,

archaeological

the be

officials

a variety

followed,

in the

area

palace

workshop

process

Meanwhile

and

at

ertis

this

make

1982, with references; Ventris and pp. 286-289 on Tn 316.

of

then

to

petals

scale,

(cf.

locate

assistants

boiled, 2 p.

others

To

leave a

their

preparing

be

works

location

EQUIPMENT

manufacturing

might

wine

ch.

probably

may

ingredients

palace.

identify

perhaps

(stypsis, sage,

in

however

of

the

or

not

importation

manufacture

perfumers

does

collection

these to

this

the

a-ke-re-wa

which

etc.),

and

the

Sheep 943,

assessment

These

A man's

930,

a modest

Knossos). at

process

the

on

431.

always

at

(DI

even

the

oil

is not

located

goddess.

then,

PERFUMERS' To

on Jn

the

Knossos

Philaios,

This

specifically

'collectors';

place.

perfumers,

are

316).**

at a-pe-ke-e

listed

'belong'

(Tn

be

scents

chopping let

these

Guglielmino on

En

609,

46

steep

in

During oil,

the this

strain

would

treated

oil

period

they

out

strain

the

off

for would

spent

the

several

days

to

to

each

return

aromatics,

finished

and

perfume

give pan

add into

it

a

its

final

several

fresh

fragrance.

times

batch.

to

At

narrow-mouthed

stir

the

last

jars

for

they storage

and disbursement. For

all

these

various

kinds.

required

large

period

operations

open

manufacturing

final

the

vessels

tub

These

listed or

vat. on

c.

other

200

therefore

was

bowl come

tablets

as

for

in

is

than

shallow;

different

examples

may

have

varied

difference

between

used

®!Contra attributed

for

two

on

heating,

the

bariu-vessel

*?0m Assyrian

1974, type of

vessels,

perfume

see

Ebeling

mentioned here are ADD 963.3, ADD see Gelb et al. 1956-77, s.vv.

we

cold

do

pp.

not of that

stypsis

and The

large

both

20

are

bushels, which

must

how

much

The

chief

know

shape. the

a

a

digaru-vessel In

the

Egyptian

distinction

is

wrongly

144-145. these

(ἐν

of

(c.

steeping.

the

for

examples

homers

is

basins

digeru-vessel,

a hariu-vessel,

tablets

1948a,

964.5f;

two

the

(χαλκόν,

heriu-vessel,

large

of

(1.43,56).

the

the

in

pp. 63-65, where perfume being made.

parts

both

kraters

details

for

Classical

cauldrons

After

of

commonly

the

different

are

of

but

most

in

bronze

and

stored

equipment

wide-mouthed

very

in

the

Foster to the

metal,

sizes;

deep

is

in

steeping

rather

the

for

deeper

a capacity

Barley

that

43,44,53). into

or

various

having

gallons)!*?

be

shallow,

used clay

used

in

off

needed steeping

us

heated

poured

of

tells

were

cf.

have that

was

1.52;

commonly

cooking

oil

place

βαϑεῖ,

round-bottomed or

The took

oil

shapes

will

show

Dioscorides

different

μὴ

steeping,

Assyrian

of

steeping

πλατεῖ,

sources

vessels.

process.*!

while

houthpt

perfumers

Comparative

containers

I.55,56),

the

and

The other

other

tablets

references

47 painting

(fig.

is

shallow

may

itself

all is

the

8),

heating

and be

a

wide

(5,6;

tripod

pot).

periods

under

the

in a round-bottomed bowl

Such

at

5 may

vessels

discussion,

but

be

set

exist

in

accounts

cooking on

a

both

do

not

bowl

tripod

metal

stand,

or

clay,

in

and

always

which

specify

which

meant. As

for

need

for

tools

to

and

other

steps

in

the

certain

types

of

tools

prepare

some

pestle.

perfume

is

mixed for

mortar

of

could

be

cloths,

this

with

sort

on

refers

1.44,55)

tablets

mention

(maShalu,

GIS.QAR.DAN

bowls

for

both

incoming

oil

specially the

steeping

vessels,

.NA).

and

reason

Forbes

their

1965,

done

herbs,

for

vessels

and

for

example,

to

identify

presence

be

bowls, None

industry;

in

a

that be

of

an

particular

one

chopping

in

with

mortar

which

saffron

which spices.

(1-3). sieves

or

a

factor

in

straining chopped.

1.49,52)

and

a ‘basket!

The

Assyrian

to

strainers

have

needed

large

jars

dippers, for

equipment,

ordinary

as

A deep

or

this

room

used

Aromatics

addition

the

is

ground

and

Thus

room

use

strained.

also

utensils.*?

would

11-12.

(σφυρίς,

would

perfumes. this

been

in

mixing

would

to

either

(sünu),

Perfumers

obvious

vessel, barley

with

could

an

ground

painting

had

is

(mortar)

from

oil

they

be

deep

Egyptian

oil

finished

pp.

fairly

the

straining-cloth

holding

same

Nevertheless

*Cf.

a

a oAnos

a 'strainer'

which

earmarked

precisely

sufficient

through

in

finely

both

a

would

commodities,

the

how

to

(KUptos,

small

of

is

there

Perfumers

others

mentions

depicted

out

process,

vessels.

while

This

various

is

strained

Dioscorides

and

1.54

myrrh.

pounding

depending

manufacturing

aromatics,

Dioscorides

generally

is

is done

kitchen

discovery at

Pylos

perfumers' such

an

storing however,

would of

need

suitable

would

not

be

workshop.

identification,

48

and

the

occurrence

significant. which have

would some

be

bearing

numerous

at the while

only

in

Shape

sizes,

with

the

are

versatility:

it

pantries

an

(23,

Southwestern perfume suited

58 (fig. find-spots

which

11),

also

uses

to

well

could

be

in

such

mouth

which

such

59

throughout

was

found

in

open

oj] and

sort

of

ingredients

is also

a 32,

deep 34,

the

to

jar 38

with

areas in

1.58

and 98)

be Pylos

might

(1,

off

the

example pan,

less

handles,

comes

1,,

1.,

be

put,

in

appears the

are

main

from

the

common. in

three

and

10.34

and

in

fact

palace

reflects

its

4,

storerooms

and

103), 60

and (97

would

have

oil

during

clearly

throughout

material

3.34

of are

outside

Workshop

fairly

making

steeping

(one

sherd

could

the

jar

a

60

kraters

Northeast

pouring

for

cooking

pantries

wide-mouthed or

two

courts

storeroom; in

Room

a vessel

Shape

at

the

is found

coarse

of

of

types

to

used

vertical

respectively

would

presence

suited

in

as

and

vessel their

9)

frequently

vessels

capacities

are

shallow

and

appears

a wide

the

1 (fig.

a

together

workshop.

concentrated

Workshop

with

this

(Rooms

shapes

is

out

a palace

Shape

(fig.

important

storing

12)

78

Building),

workshop to

10)

items

manufacture;

of

basins

(fig.

many

distribution

singling

pottery

wide-mouthed

average

worth

location

basin

13),

appropriate

perfume

clay

Shape

(fig.

of

of Nestor.

2

The

There

to

Northeast

Deeper 59

is

Pylos

Palace

building.**

1.

the

and

Shape

the

shallow

the

palace.

on

of

Large

47),

it

appropriate

perfume.

Court

a number

Therefore

Several

palace,

of

wide show

that

and

been

68

in

the

98).

Ina

very

well

steeping.

mouth, it was

Shape

but

its

used

for

**Pylos pottery shapes are discussed by Blegen and Rawson 1966, pp. 350-418. For distribution of shapes among rooms in the palace, however, I have not relied on the tallies of shapes counted and numbered, which are given in that chapter. These are incomplete; a better guide is the list of finds appended to the account of each room.

49

storage:

32

chapter,

and

Room

34

is

are

is

the

of

Linear

B

such

vessel

are

in

Deeper *?

indeed,

seems

perfume

industry.

with

syllabic

2,

the v

accompanies

two 59,

to

four

except

*SCatling

be

discussed

Workshop

in

(the

the

On sign

other

the

word

handles

that

1964,

as

of

the

show

a

However,

vessels

in

in

Mycenaean

angular the

function

right shallow

work.

handles

artistic

at

likely

their

and

scribes!

is

contexts.°®

shape

only

It

Pylos,

shape

for

bronze

pan

which

5301

can

are

ke;

the

di-pa,

or none

in

connect

one

to

ideogram (KN

depas.

5b,

is

*222

a phiala,

the

PY

This

is

a deep

The

shape

handles

Mycenaean such

eight

in

875,

strap

7a,

receives

Κα

at a11.??

vertical

5a,

seems

attested

ku-pi-ri-jo

tablets

Forms

also

Knossos K 773

upswung

bottom

line Ta

are

with

vessels 1,

641)

Q

in

line

ideogram

*202

which

similar

attached

may

have

to Pylos

Shape

round

the

pp.

221-224,

pl.

CXX.1.

*7See

Vandenabeele

and Olivier

1979,

pp.

216-217,

271-273;

pp.

233-239;

pl.

pl.

CXIX.1,

CXXXVI .1.

and

6b,

6c,

Olivier

rim--

8.

1979,

Forms

the

designated

, "202

the

vessel,

is

contexts;

shape

Olivier

Vandenabeele

be

Another

-,

and

1964,

the

suggest

steeping.** is

that

Indeed

identifies

Vandenabeele

*?See

of

Shallow

ability

*5See

**Catling

next

*226.**

from

On

clay.

appears

vessels

tablet

the

which

to

ensemble

has

is

of

known

insofar

which

bronze a

to

Northeast

bronze

well

0-3,

sign,

which

in the

the

made

used

are

bronze,

This

ideogram

storerooms,

in

course

also

*z00

pi- je-ra;/pi-a,-ra

vessel

of

bronze

ideogram

trusted.

oi)

storeroom

perfumers pans

special

known).

shapes

Mycenaean

a

38

98

not

These

cooking

and

12. 1979,

CXXI-CXXIII.

50

an

arrangement

have

LH

been

IIIA

found

bronze

industry

directly on

68-70,

figs.

even

a

fire,

but

feasible

including

Pylos

one

in

metal.

from

parallel

grinding have

(Shape

Such

Pylos

of

vessels

the

*?"Catling 1964, 236-239. For

and

*!Catling

Rawson

of Shape

*?Lang ?3Wace

1969,

for

early

from

various

17)

the

69 from no.

4b. pp.

existence

shapes,

the

Egyptian

which

could and

other

none

is

2, which

For the capacities The

1.,

and

p.

70,

pl.

1958a,

p.

12,

p.

of

large

mortars

of Shape 15,

41

oil,

also

large

of pots

attested, in

one

mortar

(duos

painting

has

no closer

have

many

had

examples identified

71,

tripod

Shape

from

68

from

Pylos.

18)

could

(p.

is

0.6-1.65

A

likely

Olivier p. 160,

of Pylos of

uses.

)

are

fig.

burial!

70

and

sort

pots

latest

capacity

(Shapes

tripod

tripod

(Shape

is the

tripod

Pylos

p. 25; Vandenabeele and see Blegen et al. 1973,

413-414.

0.45-0.85

21 H 48,

are

incense-burners

is from Pit (p. 155).

Form

ones

though

p. 175; Bruns 1970, the Pylian example,

1966,

clay

Mycenae,

sizes,??

and

bronze

the

a

of

in

if done

to this

and

in the 59,

at

suited

of

clay

else

a liter

i1]

material

other

or

tripods

even

to

of oil,

stands

the

visible

known

in Bennett

the probable p. 12.

As

is

fig.

1964,

and

be

Shape

228.1a-c. The find dating to early LH IIIA Blegen

to

pot,

clay

seems

than

heating

tripod

tripod

preferable

the

to hold

68)

Pylos

in

67,

small

than

mortar

existed

The

bronze

fragment.*?

instance,

vessel.

too

seems

thought

a

greater

this

be

required

(Shape

Large

by Dioscorides

Mycenaean

Braziers

another

much

might

For

have

variety

Indeed

described

set

activity.

fresco

too

are mostly

larger

however.°!

that

sites,

shapes

would

to

capacities

small

clay,

as perfumery.

14-16)

large-scale

to

vessel

which

the

with

in

Mycenaean

such

over

stand

pp.

at

practical

period.?°

Other

an

not

1979, fig.

148),

pots,

see

8.95

1

1.

122. fig.

in

64.

Mycenaean

For

other

Greece

references see

Bruns

and 1970,

51

both

be

connected

nothing

about

There

these

is,

the

the

65

(figs.

all

have

a

a

type

b2

and

are

f)

pattern, jars

come

in

being

of

hold

ch.

to

6,

large

of

the

pp.

finer

141

ware.

Shape but

but

would or

be

would

of

fine

they

are

which

best

At

put.

and

two

Shape but

Pylos

distinct

Shapes

(Shapes

as

this

quantity,?*

ware. oil

and

65a,

65b3,

this

d

the

stirrup

containers, a

bl c,

outside

These

Jinking

(on

into

sizes,

is somewhat

known

to

vessel,

be

in

varieties

perfume

of

in

oil

evidence

of

is

to

characterize

comes

decorated

best

manufacture

shape

profiles

though,

there

connected

ultimately

decorated.

65e,

again

industry.

transporting

smaller

but

directly

spout

in

the

this

generally

for

other,

liquid,

storage

jar

Pylos,

specialized

angled

the

to

variety

elegantly

size,

them

a

large

used

ware, type;

any

a

narrow

type

is

at

is

workshop

stirrup

fine

former

a concentration room

covers

coarse

in

the

could

Pylos

and

the

them

which

This

of

neck

large

shape

jar.

Mycenaean

varieties, smaller

one

activity

restrict

products at

false

The

that

stirrup

19-26)

shape.

and

shapes

finished

the

a perfumer's

however,

perfumery: which

with

and

particular

shape

see

further

f.).

LOCATION OF THE WORKSHOP From

the

comparative

tablets

themselves,

perfumed

oi]

needed

in

should see

be

the

the

one

can

available,

confidently

manufactured

at

Pylos,

workshop.

If

this

possible

stirrup

®*For

was

evidence

jars,

average

to

find and

traces

either

capacities

of bronze

of

such

from

reconstruct

and were

and

describe indeed

the the

or

clay

vessels

stirrup

jars

at

One

Pylos

in

Mycenaean

process

tools

located

equipment.

the

at

by

and

vessels

palace,

it

would

expect

to

Shapes

1,2,59

and

see

the

which

ch.

6,

p.

146.

52

78,

as

and

well

as

small

pounding.

large

enough

basins

of

time.

There

The

There to

must

pertaining

of to

example,

where case the

wool of

to

to

industry

the

Northeast

Complex,

at

Oi]

suggested

"was

in fact

the

scholars

were

right,

we

perfumery; because from

only

but

in

they

base

one

room.

House

need

fact

their

an

interpretation

?*$0n 13.

of

the

p.

?"Palmer 1963, p. 276. 108; Marinatos 1958.

Oil

Merchant

of

See

also

days

oil

to

be

the

not

and

tablets 50

room

a

heated.

since

does

at

it

at

is,

Thebes

arise

in

the from

of

perfumes

(Fr

and

the

finished

(see and

One

ch.

there

is

the

Marinatos

from

of

the

entire

persuasive,

1975.

On

references

p.

In

433

the

n.

on

3;

two

so-called each

these

Mycenaean not

Pylos

Hope

are

If for

building

4).

have

palace."?"

documentation

1959,

of

come

far

Palmer

number

vessels,

workshop. in

be

all

are

see

and

must

ingredients

investigated.

important

arguments

extra

useful,

Palmer

a

several

not a workroom

Spyropoulos and Chadwick 1984 with references.

p.

of

prove

kitchen have

and

records

which

unguent would

lists

might

and

for

the

however,

area,

be

in

chopping

workshop

suggestive,

Pylos,

where

to

Merchant,?$,

?50n Thebes see Workshop see Tegyey the

room

sites

which

the

The

for

once,

lit,

kept

at

a storage

other

be

possibility,

each

at

and

thought

Workshop

The

places

to

sometimes

industry.

is clearly

Mycenae

fires

tools

too.

ingredients

be

are

and

activities

accessible

for

This

and

from

of

store

might

perfume

materials,

considerations

in

allow

treated.??

Analogies

of

space

raw

number

standing

an

appeared

candidates

a

tablets

Pylos

Archives

House

be

for

other

oil

in was

the

tablets)

oi],

ventilation

presence

for

are

accommodate

steeping

sufficient

containers

the

least finds

Northeast

Simpson

1981,

Palmer

1965,

53

The modern

House road

Grave

that

Circle

has

of the

B,

eroded

remained with

on

opening

Inside

Room

1 were

walls

(cf.

ail

Pylos

one

of

the

apparently,

groups,

most

of

and

the

records

of

depression, door

as as

is

feature a perfume

Fr

perhaps

prevented There

this

the

which

lined

the

two

is

the

for

In

the

Palmer

workshop.

The

were

101)

was

(Fo

only

oil

tablet

OLE+WE

tablet

the

to

known

those

on

the

and

the a

the

corridor, 144

and

the

into by

found

in from

various

of

corridor

6 p.

set

side

a

supported

a

oil,

ch.

not

to

middle

of

f.). short

benches, low

brick

the

room,

Mycenae,

and

individuals

product

of

Pylos

floor

a perfume

disbursement

of

raised

and

Room

1 was

bar

near

and

for and

heating

under

Marinatos

to

excavator,

A.J.B.

one

of

the

jars,

identify

the

entire

Wace,

describes

this

it

this, ?* Bennett

1958a,

p.

7;

cf.

Marinatos

1958,

p.

161.

is

building feature

One of the jars, the fourth from the left on the south side, has an arrangement of an extra wall in front with an aperture apparently for putting some form of heating below it. This suggests that the big jars were intended to contain oil, which is apt to congeal with cold, and that it was kept warm to avoid

in

a the

follows:

**Wace

of side

(Citadel)

walls

refers to

spilled

were

south

upper

of

(see

the

room.

arrangement led

but

comparable

trapping

from

and

of

The

are

jars

24,

end

long

storage

tablet

series.

runoff an

which

23

The

consists

north

beside

to the

eastern

basement

found

female.

amounts

the

the

lie

west.

was

disbursements

them

the

on

Át

found

They

jars

One It

to

level

it.

These

32).

jars.

records,

workshop,

door.

6).

up

This

houses

stirrup

storerooms

Room

slopes

off

30

of four

(fig.

basement

pithoi,

the

Pylos

that

discover.

of

11

opposite the

behind

a group

is one

Citadel

the

rooms 1,

in

only to

Room

as

a hillside and

outside

wall

to the

excavators

several

east

Merchant

leads

away,

for

Oil

54

Palmer

believes

bain-marie since

described

there

pithos. fire

this

is

If

the

would

possible,

no

it

As

to

noted

for

evidence

is

lacking,

but

and

unwieldy

to

deep

find

it

hard

phase

to

hard

the

astringents;

Further,

this

in

the

room,

if

only

one

to

to

it

lot

of

accommodate

a

tasks;

nor

expect

to

reported

is

one

suggestive,

?*Ppalmer

but

1965,

1°°Should heating, as vessel, but fresco from fragment is scene shows, vessel over

we

easy

out

the

heat

it

the

to

the

of

unlikely at

a

that

time of

trace

perfume The

noted

could

be

workers of

the

needs

vessels

Apart

oil

tablet

above

it

from

found refers

to

Mycenaean It

deep

to

strain

out

of

room

vessel.!?? the

11

could is

jars be

too

performing which

the

pithoi,

the

is

first

at

of

met

small

different

tools

disbursement

would

narrow,

another one

is

a

and

here

making

counts.

workshop

This

simultaneously

other

workshop.

only the

heated.

in

is

wide-mouthed

such

oil

this

A perfumer

hard

for

used

the

wall,

while

several

evenly;

available

under the

specify

in

is

in

and

handling.

astringents

however,

Specific

on

arrangement

amphora.

p.

and

Classical

fit

was

operations.

access

to

it,

sources

impractical

to

opening

vessel

transfer

any

as

or

large

to

number

a

Classical

is

water

the

hard

oil

in

46),

oil

a

the

impossible,

against

such

pithos

and

through

of

with

is

heated

that

permit

the

is

there

find

is

stir

heating yet

a

That

directly

(stypsis)

spread

container; used

(p.

14).??

heated

placed

above

consistent

containing

be

imagine

cauldrons

too

this

to

be

is

2 p.

a vessel

were

to hard

(ch.

for

pithos

is

perfume.

above

way

have

arrangement

we

would

only

pot sight

a finished

108.

perhaps

think

of

smaller

jars

set

onto

this

pithos

for

in a double-boiler? A pithos hardly seems a suitable lower such an arrangement may in fact be illustrated in a fragmentary Pylos; see Lang 1969, no. 6 M 16, p. 180, pl. 110. The without context, though, and it 1s hard to see just what the if indeed it is correctly interpreted as a jug in a two-tiered a pithos.

55

product,

all

not

the

point

workshop

finished

is

and

to

the

lacking

stypsis.

The

original

nature

these

jars

contents

with

reasons,

Merchant

unguents.'"!*!

for

one

do

with

House,

whch

preserved painted

rest

of

the

building. and

none

found

has

of

correct

the

storerooms.

A final

perhaps

offer

finds

from

the

thinking

to

3.

the

the

30

Most

of

industry. of

with

that

during

are

Room

House

concerned

of]

clues

on a perfume

that

windowless of

few

important

bearing

in

useful:

'cooking'

B tablets

Palace

again

room,

most

unlikely

is

in

basement

Linear

any

the

surely

for

The

37

very

just

size

was

of]

the

west

was

1965,

p.

in p.

found

in

found

the

the

Room

For Oil

making 1

was

of used

The

room

question

of

the

in

House

6.)!?? of

room

or

Room

Oil

the

food

discovered, we

have

4 of

the

Merchant,

ground-floor

building.

to

been

whether is

the

Five

the

in part with the

of

has

A

south,

rations,!"?

second

room

except

13-29.

For other

West

and

rooms of

along

with

and oil

is

are

quantity

for

to

fine 11

is not

two

plain

108.

Chadwick 13.

1962,

hearth

there,

first

in

a

treated

side the

where

was

(fig.

western

are concerned

Little

1°2Verdelis 1°3Chadwick

Mycenae

kitchen. to

the

These

1981,

at

and orientation

pottery

i*!palmer

room

whether

ordinary lies

mentioned.

Simpson

is

wonder

along

tablets.

basement

this

seems

another

an

in

small

annexe

Wace

is

might

similar

of

Pylos

storage.

There and

were

and

it

of

there

above,

wool,

"an

analogy

tablets

the

the

then,

is

simply

of

of

The

cross-ventilation,

mentioned

deal

many

perfume

unsuitability

certainly

stirrup

activity.

p.

22.

1962,

pp.

references

see

Hope

56

kraters this

filled with plesia

earth

might

certainty

is

presence

of

character In

the

which

just

an

was

front

pottery,

vetch,

Similar and

several later

of

food.

a

single

and

in

the

finds The jar

of

identification animal

bones The

the

were

of on

presence 30

of

in

this

area

of

jars

probably

contained

local

workshop

for

!?^Cited

have

by

on

this

of in

the

Room

3. a

are

oil the

industry

jar,

at

corridor

has

22.

of

I do yet

two

4, which

the plain

cooking

pots.

identified small in

the

that

is

attested

the

House

not

been

functions.

indeed

There

a

mentions cooking

idea,

as

is

supports

the

the

vetch

and

tablet,

and

idea. by of

think,

found;

5 were atop

normal

this

as

animal

Room

these

specifically

with

through

tablets

with

and

expected.

contained

of

only

the

lies

are

Neither

workshop,

Mycenae

oil.

and

3

hearth

with

consistent

Nothing

This

interest

suggest

compatible

different

p.

4

wall,

which

of

room.

is

perfume

not

treated

1962,

stirrlp

the

It

along

only, finds

The

Room

tripod

seeds

interest.

to Room

and

hearth,

pottery

as

demonstrably

Chadwick

and

Room

in

kitchen.

the

corner

perfumed

as

carbonized

inscribed

hearth

which

proposed

of

domestic

entrance

but

been

side.

that

jars,

have

in

other

dippers

oil

give

might

opening

“a

for

burning

pithoi

the

suggested

particular

of the

jars,

The

hearth

oil

stirrup

on

found

large

the

the

hearth

logs.

a

range

an

of

of

more

(south)

number

4 are

is

large

southwest

by

though

a

stoppers

traces

room

Marinatos'®*

make

described

a

carbonized

wall The

were seeds

kylikes

oily

left

including

jar

3 and

the

Verdelis,

large

Rooms

to

and to the

N.

to

and

of

earth).

used

storeroom,

supplied

one

by

oil

air

domestic

bones

pithos

corner

excavator,

oil.

large

northeast

in

In

been

impossible.

a

of

have

(yellowish

one

the

Oil

though,

both is

of

the

one

Merchant, that

the

candidates Bronze

Age

57

palace,

however,

This

the

LM

is

Minoan

IB,

some

Central

Court

workrooms point

at

and

to

the

the

room

shapes

two

a

large

been

for

below

the

is

bottom

opening.

bronze,

quantity

of

to

perfume

it.

The The

usually

been

interpreted

earlier

scholars,

vessels

as

distillation,

case

aromatics

have

been

known

censers

1963,

1966,

1°6These

vessels

are

to be

of

this

on

(fig.

27).!"* of

volatilize in

They

aromatic them

a

of

number

of on have

ἃ _ hollow both

a

larger

long

time,

convex; central and

have

follows

some

identifying

these

would

be

essences

before

half

might

with are

in

which

braziers

Georgiou

Zakrog!?"

perfumery.

prepared

for

a

8

Most

XLVII,

which

saucer

round

Crete

rooms

are

enclosure

holes,

of these

western

jars

the

of

including

a

of

complex

room

There

is

in

faience.

the

light,

shape

excavator for

and

wide-mouthed

curious

small

would

105Platon

and

South

several

In

manufacture.

many

or

to

destroyed

a

large

wall.

came

with

equipment

in

the

identified.

B.C.!°®

ivory

is

partition

was

quarter',

crystal,

most

the

which

Finds

though,

plausibly

century

stone,

bottom

jncluding

specialized

15th

and

as

been

Crete,

7).

pottery

top

vessels

east

(fig.

incense-burners,

perforated

Such

dry

areas

steeping.

has

"industrial

a north-south

stands,

used

either

by

an

investigation,

suited

enclosure

for

this

in

middle-late

is

of

workshop

Zakros

the

storage

in

perforated

in

working

well

at

Zakros

for

divided

a perfumers'

palace

time

interesting is

where

being

used

over

either

water;

added

to

in oil.

1971.

known

from various

sites

on Crete,

and

from

Minoan

colonial sites, but not in Mycenaean contexts. Their use is described by Georgiou 1980, with references to earlier scholarship. See in particular Chapouthier 1941, pp. 8-11; Oawkins 1902-1903, p. 324; Hawes et al. 1908, p. 29; Hazzidakis 1921, pp. 35-38; Demargne and Gallet de Santerre 1953, pp. 85-88; Coldstream and Huxley 1972, pp. 288-289; Foster 1974, pp.

168-169;

Georgiou

!1??platon

1971,

1973. p.

213.

58

The

suggestion

process

worked,

0il.!*?

These

so

it

is

not

Zakro

intriguing,

nor

how

vessels

manufacturing at

is

to

have be

an

essences no

What

area

is

it

which

then

they

explained

captured on

the

should

interest

in

not

parallels

that of

is

were

extant

expected

process.

in

the

though

is

other

exactly

and Greek

they

respects

mainland, the

are

would

the

transferred

illuminate

that

how

to and

Mycenaean

concentrated

be

suitable

for

perfumery. Although

these

manufacture in

the

on

in

saucers

took

room

are

also

a perfume

three-legged

place

workshop.

kettles,

a

could

have

containers

found

in the

found

recur

in

cauldron

and

jars.*°? items

At contains

ground-floor storerooms, oil

tells

not

the

shallow good

of

all

inconsistent

area.

1971,

were

found

large

well

as

of

of

grill. the

the

yielded large

small

shapes a bronze

"pail-like"

manufacture,

and

many

appropriate.

situation

is

would

where

p.

vessels

terra-cotta

and

perfume

other

gone

also

braziers,

perfume

have

Most

which

that

would

room

as

different. suggest

perfume (see

None

the

tablets ch.

possibility

4). of

were The

such

211.

of

the

manufacture found

necessity

a workshop

2°8The proposal of distillation is especially little Greek and no Mycenaean evidence for this

!**Platon

the

these,

with

the

which

a

XLVIII, and

fact

and

of this

strainers

the

half

of

part

in

activities

basin,

use

evidence

Zakros,

eastern

basins, is

principal at

storeroom,

workshops

against

for

northern

which

rooms

XLVII

the

large

here

the

finds

In

made

particularly

Pylos,

Room

a nearby

tripod, Nothing

are

in

Platon's

appropriate

Perfumers

here

are

palace

of (23,

for in

fires

the

interesting, process; see

rooms

perfume.

The

32,

38)

are

heat

the

to

upper

storey.

since there is ch. 2 p. 12.

59

It

might

seem

possibility source at

of

unlikely

was

raised

fresh

palace

megaron

at

complex,

stone-cutter's convention, unless

its

in

is

is

Courts

side

of

the

the

of

the

a

when

and

formed

by

the

addition

these

walls

principal

late

entryway. with

its

may

people

to

seems

to

have

the

the

the

41

central

palace

did

take

stage

the

requirements

of

were

a

justifiable,

like--the

of

been

latest

all

phase

the

scribal

manufacture

the

this

Before

existed

adjacent

a

LH

walls

area IIIB. outside

column

an

most This

constructed,

was

of

the this

impressive and

flanking

observes: originally some hall or perhaps in the upper story,

below.!!? the

final

off

all

access

on

!!?*Blegen

and

Rawson

1966,

See

For

in

Blegen

in

cut

in

ventilation,

cannot escape the impression that of state looked out on this side,

if not

least

the

workshops

is

It

all; near

is

perfume

tablets.

impression

Indeed,

know

at

workshop

propylon,

mentioned.

palace,

palace.

stately

do

created

were

a

a

assigns

at

only

up

palace

Workshop

that

the

the

the

consideration

that

of

contained

facade.!!!

we room

However,

which

made

of

we

inner

possibility

containers,

47,

But

the

earlier,

period

was

and

off

at

set

Northeast

just

the

which

palace

and

the

specifically

vicinity

wall

gateway,

ashlar

one

42

northeast

47

near

might

Another

is

consider

considered--tools,

suitable

55,

they

worked

plants.

itself

mentioned

occupation,

are

other

Room

location

to the

that

workroom. 1!"

another

place

and

Pylos

and

also

therefore,

perfumers

earlier

flowers

sites;

that

Wright

112Blegen

and

1984, Rawson

stage

pp.

of this

palace,

the

walling

which

was

evidently

side,

p.

26-27,

1966,

the

p.

224. fig. 178.

10.

in

of given

Courts

42

and

over

to

more

60

mundane

activities

Northeast were

not

Workshop

a wine

Thus,

also

a

(Room

the

surprising

before.

was

magazine

whatever be

than

find

sequence

late

105)

original

to

The

addition

and

some

to

of

walls

this

housing

intention

a perfume

of

side

for

the

of

here

that

the

workmen

palace

workshop

shows

palace,

(Area

the

as

103).

architects, at

the

it

time

would

of

the

showing

that

tablets.

they

The

northeast

were

formed

at

not

bonded

courts

is

subsequent though,

time; it

purpose

is

attempts

to

chief

is

the

himself

The

at

any

The

way

the

actually

is

so

to

it

continuous,

tell

the

separates

have

been was.

how

tall

it

courts

were

first

courts

a

cross-wall

palace,

seem

but

restrict

either

which

could

both

to

through

47

cross-wall

when

of

to

and

wall,

since

access

Building

this

had

site;

Court

least

tripod

there

presence

is

courts

unusual.

ware

long

42

to

is

it

is

in

egress.

Gateway

41

added

walled

keeping

in;

any

its and

with

noting

Hall

at

dumping

Anyone

or

two

Presumably,

be

worth

the

other

that

its

attempting 46

would

to find

cornered.

Both Courts

time.

this

imagine,

restrict

Main

Courts

constructed

contribution

leave

at

to

of same

to

was

hard

areas,

the

nor

too

working

wall

348

includes

it

42

small

but

pithoi,

in

walls

their

which

pots. not

is

contained

kylikes

cooking

represented,

plastered

finds

a great

had

been

large

jars,

Stirrup

jars

quantity.

113Archaeological information follows: Court 42, pp. 181-185;

and

stucco

which

make

deal

of

broken a

are

Nothing

is taken from Court 47, pp.

Court

and

among in

is in

pottery,

thrown

pan

as 47

Mycenaean

and

flat

paving,

out.!!?

these

Blegen and 203-209.

finds

including

and

fine

for

particular

The

a basin,

the

normal

coarse several

ware

shapes

distinguishes

Rawson

1966,

as

61

them

from

blade,

normal

and

quartz,

flakes

and

47

Here,

1"

and

palace,

and

obsidian bronze.

and Two

from

Court

holes

in

the

stucco

to

suggest

as

just

northwest

the

of

excavators It

Court

47

appropriate

in

obsidian

court

open

l!'^Though stirrup jars

15Blegen

there

is

floor

to

ware

Rawson

of

is

light,

to no

to the

drain

apparent

a

flint

bronze

and

a

found

Others

may

tripod

that

and

bowls.

as

found

and

12

could

be

at

least

23

Pithoi

are

as

a

of

water.

Some

scoops

elsewhere

in

are

from

the

sun,

have

supported

of

small

continues

also

vessels,

Flakes

well

which

shelter

coarse

of

a dump.

like

source

both

numerous: were

unexplained.

or

pottery,

braziers,

came

in

The

the

the

light

quantity

pithoi,

open

of

the

flint,

fragment

to

the

A

number

aligned

of

southeast of

in

crossing

other

such the

some

a

court

equipment;

perfume

provided

some

of

be

a

suitable

1966,

p.

208.

also hold

the place

discoveries,

stirrup

basins,

with

would

these

of

dealing

Blegen and Rawson 1966 are principally used to

and

include

pieces

exclusively

include

remain

and

have sky

finds

a loom.!!*

a workshop

the

as

of

fragments

cups

doorway.

oil.

could

well

deal

kylikes,

fence,

a workshop, with

and

down

reasonable,

connection

as

unusually

not

fine

of

lead

the

and

shapes

also

a

are

is

The

suggested

seems as

sizes,

mainly

but

Mycenaean

a great

jars

court

quartz

42,

way

stirrup

basins.

holes

obsidian,

contained

coarse

consisting

Other

ivory.

the

other

dippers,

and

various

Thus

numerous, and

of

however, of

debris.

flint

likewise

reconstructed, more.

of

perhaps

Court fine.

kitchen

jars

dippers

and

manufacture, tools for

mention water oil or wine.

in

identify

points

to

a

would

be

cups

and

necessary. building

to

the An

fires,

this

flint

enclosed and

oil

connection,

62

could

also

that

mentioned

be

for

a similar

we

have

archaeological

11€Stone posts,

pp.

to

cold

steep steeping

supported

from

were

but

the

sun,

hold

in it

tablets

or

under

practiced.

to

is found

speculative,

deduced

the

racks

arrangement is

in

be

such

holes

how

as

could

ingredients

Northeast

suggest

can

shelter

Other

aromatic

the

does

a

and

Workshop.?!§ the

reconciled

process

and

with

the

remains.

bases

which

set if

which

reconstruction

equipment

1966,

been

above,

poles

equipment; This

have

along

once

319-320.

both

supported

long rows

walls of

of Room

wooden

99

shelves.

show See

the

positions

Blegen

and

of

Rawson

63

CHAPTER THE

FR

TABLETS:

STORAGE

AND

FIND-SPOTS The

amount

perfumed

oil,

allocating

of and

space the

raw

at

of

material

AND

palace

to

with

finished

perfumes

in

oil

was

present

in the

[1208]

at

treated

1203

and

primarily by

the

and

but

not

palace

the

seen,

The

nature

of

least

1241,

series

contents

of

also

the

quantities

disbursed.

according

to

about

validity

far

as

117Leukart example.

these

To

and scribal

as

1983,

as

does

this

tell are

has

the the

find-spot; practice,

it

documents, are

division is

of

oi!

religious

as

interesting; goes

be

but

the

further

in

to to

will

and

archaeological

grouped

important

owed

overlooked,

story,

leads

1201,

still

of

their

how

disbursed,

been

exclusively

one

of

[1200],

usually

unless

tablets

the so

and

the

concern

track

of quantities

intrinsically

of

kept

of and

of

scribal

(Fr

a different

emerge

importance

Scribes

purposes,

variety

storage

collecting

of

storerooms

not

end,

the

records),

and

in

degree

consisting

tablets

find-spots

hand

conclusions

This

PRODUCTS

manufacture

series.

palace

themselves

record-keeping

considers

Fr

the

religious

1206).

tablets

is

the

for

the

indicate

inventory

described

The

the

are

FINISHED

administrators

though,

exclusively

(Fr

offerings.!!?

proof,

OF

HANDS

to

perfumers,

The

much

SCRIBAL

devoted

industry. the

clearest

DISBURSEMENT

Pylos

role

4

some

Table

III

important

establish

its

possible.

p.

244

is the

most

recent

but

by

no

means

the

only

v9 RüuM

S1202-H2

1216 1220 1222 1224 20 1228

£1217-Cii

OLE+PA

1219 1218 1225 1240 1242

1233

OLE+A

Sb219-cil

1219 151

OLE+s

1215

ra

Hun

1273.

535 5-Hà

51203-Cii

tii

DLE«A

7

buds

1232

OLE+RO?

1230

OLE+A

1244

?

1229 1237 1239

OLE+PA T OLC*A

1243

?

1194

GOLES

1245

?

be [1

1235 1286

1233 1238

DLE

1227 1234 1241

?

1186

a8EPA

1203

343

OLE

1204 1209 1212

W.of 103

TABLE

ZL

1201 1203 1208

OLE PO

1207

OLE+A

65

FIND-SPOTS These

are

in

exceptions.!!* 1939 the

trench same

belongs 1338,

Fr 343

what

tablet

was

as

the

Fr

it

located

it

light

the

over

which

correct among missing

came

near

from 71-72

1957, Room

this

the of

Table,

in

has

been

"just

spot Fr

but

west

of

though

(doorway).

One

103. thus

absent

five

tablets

at

of

Fr

came

to

point

that

the

included

Table

III.

an

there,

to

Rawson

some

prove

is

found

of

clearly

1355

formerly

from

reason,

part

and

arose

43,

a

According

Fr

notebooks Room

a different

the

where

confusion

is

two

in

find-spot

Blegen

103,

or

it

reported.

excavation

is

for of

that

Area

tablets,

Area

it

thus

The

but

one

found

41,

38;

5).!!?

bath";

of

It appears

meant;

Room

variously the

are

Though

Gateway

adjacent

west

there

problem.

(fig.

by

larnax

but

Northeast

the

room

43,

was

is

as

that

year.!??

larnax

find-spots

known

from

published,

is no real

found

another

following

location

there

1213,

in from

reliably

later

tablets

discovered

Bennett

Room

For in

with

general

Also

entry Fr

1255,

for is

118Differences from Bennett and Olivier 1976 are noted here. Sometimes erroneous reports have been corrected in print; in other cases I have been able to verify the correct find-spot in the excavators' trench notebooks. T.G. Palaima shared with me a microfilm of the notebooks during Summer-Fall 1983, for which my thanks; I consulted the originals in Athens during Summer 1984, through the kindness of the University of Cincinnati and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

11%For the find-spot of Fr 343 see Bennett 1958b, p. 11 with n. 5, p. 13. Accounts vary concerning the fragment numbered 1213: "in ploughed earth above the southwestern wall of room 47 [now 38]" (Bennett 1958b, p. 13); "Near the southeast wall [of Gateway 41], at the bottom of the plowed earth" (Blegen and Rawson 1966, p. 180, where the number 1211 is erroneous); "From room 38" (Bennett 1964b, p. 251, and Bennett and Olivier 1976, p. 54 on Fr 343). ploughed earth, its original 12°Bennett

1964b,

p.

252;

In any location Blegen

and

case, since is unknown. Rawson

1966,

area west of 103, mention "fragments of inscribed and 1355 as being "Found near larnax."

the

fragment

pp.

was

339-340,

tablets,"

and

found

in

on

the

list

1338

66

listed has

among no

by

assignment printed

with

the

with

oil,

recurs

Fr

on

of

liquid

scratched

in

after

an

1255.2

Olivier,

None

be

spelling,

geographically

text

other

(Xa

indeed

with

these

tell

normal

the

reading has

PY

Cn

286.1.

from

the

rest

modifications,

cf.

is

Fr

the

first

, on

with

has

ke-se-nu-wi-ja,

KN

Thus

the

1251,

which

was

found

of

the

Fr

find-spots

to do

The but

Fr

as

(illegible).

1231,

only

The line;

1255

1257

Fr

number

connection

ke-se-]nu-wi-jo.

ke-se-ni-wi-jo[ tablets;

the

1254;

a

it

dried.

necessary

found Xn

however,

merely

had

of

no

1256;

restored

Fr

tablets,

tablet

tablets

1253,

the

Fr

measurement,

initial the

of the

can

may

Unlike

optimistic

ke-se-nu-wo,

With

SCRIBAL

symbol

as one

connection

585;

no

and

a different

exclusive

securely

on

Bennett

far

series.

was

series.!?!

as

in

isolated

based

by

this

and

x which

was

]mu-wi-jo

word

it

has

Ld

tablet

no

573, really

in

Court

tablets

seem

the

extent

that

about

it

established.

HANDS

The a

an

now

63.

of

ideogram,

followed

574,

tablets

assignment

scribe's

subjective; admirable

to

scribal

handwriting

may

hands

is

vary

and

harder that

to

to

judgments

but

it

too

can

be

justified.

Bennett

note

of

caution

on

this

but

matter,

prove,

and

further

Olivier work

by

may

sound Palaima

121Bennett 1958b, p. 65 gives the first line as ] we-ja-re-pe However he also quotes (p. 66) Blegen's autopsy report as follows:

be an

goes

OIL*PA. "'The

five signs in the upper line...in your drawing of 1255 do not appear on the tablet, so far as I can see. Nearly the whole surface has been burned away so deeply at the left that no traces of signs can be distinguished. At the

right

all

I can

see

is punctuation

to'."

67

some

way

problems

to

confirm

remain

they

particular, stylus by

a

bear

21 the

that

and same

do these

the

styli

Fr

make

precise

to

a

Class.

hands. the

to

of

belong

Hand

4 to

Class

The

tablets

they

in is For

do

size

the

same

true

of

the

rest,

to i,

at

each

other,

and

tablets,

of

Hand

all

in

coherent

way

as

those

the

a,

be

the

division

for

assigned

with

in

of

Table

III

and

differ,

as

each

We

styli in

cannot ii

in

any

confidence

be

considered The

assigned by

of

writing:

Class

columns. be

S1217

of

cannot

even

real

these

iii.

column

cannot

be

represented

Class

preceding

be

not,

Thus

any

be

scribes,

to

Classes

and

to

need

$1203,

hands

to

certain

of

writing

do

a

in

category

seem

etc.!??

The

44

do

the

and

such

but

among

major

group,

which

general

Nor

general

in

the

might,

Where

assumed

identify

of

Hand

are

to

Pylos.

cannot

a

however,

and

within

and

we,

other

the

there

tablets

at

Tablets

there

scribe.

two 41

e,

made.!?? classes,

example,

S,

been the

ii

neatness

hands the

to

Class

for

form

those

ii.

a different

listed

not

Class

Fr

and

identified

fact

within

of

the

ideogram by

hands

belongs

styli

of

the

be

the

ii

have

evidence

possible,

pair, the

to

which

enough

Two

case

in

stylus;

obviously,

Class

distinctions

III.

together

of

held

series 2 and

resemblance

writing

of

one

within

not

first

is

Hand

Table

tablets,

is

In

shapes

resemble

identifying

distinctions the

assigments

There

hand.

for

the

in

Fr

related

orthographic $1219:

the

scribe.

saying

Hand

lie

orthographic

single

beyond

by

for

those

scribal

same, to

a

hand,

122Palaima 1980b. My thanks go to the author for a copy of this dissertation and permission to cite it here, as well as for helpful discussion on the matter of scribal hands. The identification of the group $1219 is his; otherwise his research has confirmed the assignments made by Bennett and given in Bennett and Olivier 1976. On the definition of hands see Bennett and Olivier 1976, pp. 7-9.

123See

photographs

in Bennett

1958b.

68

as

well

as

by

It

is

extremely

other

except

the

oil a

in

of

33

Hand

f.).

oil

a

prolific

the

have

had

is

23

41

tablet

by

and is

and

and the

for

chief

exist,

department.!?* 4,

tablets

as

an

to

be

with

single

which

a

important

more

92 on

record in

in

Fr

this

23,

5

(see

of

is the most pattern

at

an

Thus

in

earlier

he

department on

2 pp.

variety

oi]

110;

of

surely

ch.

He

series.

p.

and

general

scribal

ch.

variant

one

treated

example,

distinguishing

Fr 1194).

of

the

for

it

than

the

divided,

matter,

accompany

with

thus

clear,

transcends

p.

are

becomes

a more

p.

a

achieved.

administrative

tablets

2

only

deal

1184,

ch.

It

is

see

other

see

the

worked

and

Fr

important

restricted

distribution Rooms

1184

when seen.

responsibility

Fr

second

2 is the

tablets

than

now

adjectives

scribe

wrote

can

Hand

seems

than

his

see

ch.

that

each

2

f.)

The

Hand

the

series,

also

as

ideogram

exception

the

more (On

112

scribe

He

be

that

the

only

industry

colleagues.

5 pp.

than

the

in

ways. of

means

possible

scribe

several

to

is

that

scribe

also,

types 2

reliable

can

each

This

matter

oil

(for

stage

case

ideogram.

feature

as

groupings

one

practical

is

interesting

significant

that

as

find-spot,

Fr

hand

1184, in

emerge

Hands $1203

the

most

exception;

again 38

point

2, in

of

was

part

the

emerge to

found

the

to

in the

Room

38.

Room

whose

other

bureaus work.

and

and

Archives

$1219

work

their

of

the

function,

Room

in

Room

see

where

other

Room hand,

Again

oi]

This

scribal in

38.

rooms

of

the

other

appears

is

Complex.

found

the

III or

activity

are on

23

in all

centers

32,

Table

Room

limited

principal

$1217

124For the definition of with references to earlier

either

appears

44,

$1203,

from

his work

contrast as

to

23;

wide

scribes. bureau,

or

Hands

2,

contains 38,

Olivier

as

one well

1984,

69

as

a tablet

The

small

room

a

is

scribal too,

or

all

and

clear,

be

put.

Each

must

be

to

other

finds

to

how

see

questions

status

than

the

information

on

these

and

associated scribe

were

scribes

assigned

to

of

series group

In

about

function

different

other

two.

his of

unascribed. that

also

rooms

this

contains

is

For

tablets

the

more

recipients, oil

or

the

room

where

may

to

it will

task,

be

but the

with

step,

room,

will

any month

which

next

each we

able

a

then,

and

the

not

only

also

to

raise

tablets

are

found,

were

found,

oil

types

different

contain

addresses,

The

where

they

general,

information

within

particular

In

and

systematically

use

orders

process

find-spot

kinds.

tablets

group the

and

by

a whole.!?*

each

written

tablets

and as

by

them.

actually

the

selects

the

with

is

suggest

different

information:

descriptions

went

the

records

of

tablets

the

realized.

though,

the

whether

been

in

room

hands,

Fr

the

kinds

the

do.

grouping

hitherto

from of

several

examine

about

variety

of

apparent

each

the

they

that

scribe, not

and

tablet

discoveries

names,

regularity

than

following

festival

other

to

has

the

only

different

then,

that

than of

The

tablets,

leads

shows

arranged

of

tablets

hand

it

2.

somewhat

fewer

It

Hand

number

had

notably

by

and

if

so,

how

interacted.!?*

ROOM 23 This

is

125Bennett

126Tn problems received

the

one

1958b,

of

the

p.

37.

following

principal

discussion

oil

of

storerooms

individual

of interpretation will be mentioned, much attention (see ch. 2, n. 48).

in

the

Fr tablets

since

the

palace,

only

series

directly

particular has

already

70

behind four was

the

central

walls

are

stored

in

17

megaron

pithoi,

these,

them.

as

of is

in

jar,

but

was

quite

black

less

air.

The

surface

of

found

in

when

Room

fragments though two

small

jugs,

sparseness All

the

of

a the

these

archaeologically

(32

of

fragments palace, flattened possible merely

49)

were

of

others.

apart

from

and

is

a

single

here

127Archaeological 1966, pp. 134-139.

into

that for

palace, large

and

the

complete

of with

twists

as

the

a of

them

the

not

needed;

actually

more

oil

and

pottery usual

cups

the

fire

was sherd

and

bowls,

Three

lids,

picture.

The

and

8.77"

of

in

Fr

else

and in

the

could

be

the

Room

texts

clay,

They

provide

room,

the

anywhere

they

written

this

of

twists

found Room

in

Most

a dozen

Archives

the

storeroom.

tablets.

were

in

clearest

23,

and

not

storage.

information

on

Room

of twists,

twists must have been out fairly quickly.

rather intended

23

is taken

from

Blegen

and

Rawson

in Blegen and Rawson 1966, fig. 276. The Room 23 than from the Archives Complex is

surprising. If it accurately reflects clay was normally kept in Room 7 or 8,

form

Small

jar of

of

fire-blackened

the

pithoid

Such

128These twists are illustrated much higher number of twists from in the

dippers.

residue

top

little

mentioned.

and

were

oily,

0i]

the

was

not

here,

tablets

there

the

large.

the

are

evidence

tablets

at

very

around

from

includes

intensity

example

red

pithoi,

and

all

and

"an

shapes

benches

but

where

had

characteristic

the

found

shaped

evidence taken

a

sizes

burnt

the

of

into

appearance

also

cups

the

and

was

from

range

and

indications,

confirm out

Apart

Set

bottom,

floor

in

pottery

their

the

conical

krater

shapes

from

toward

the

elsewhere

3).!?"

contained

limited

kylikes,

numerous

they

excavated.

23;

of

earth

2,

various

clear

found

appearance"

The

(fig.

than for

in

Pylian practice, it might be that and was brought to other departments

large

batches.

immediate

use,

In since

the

that clay

case

the

would

dry

7]

HAND

2 Of the

four

scribes

has

already

been

mentioned

15

of

plain are

the

32

OLE

(on

tablets

the

working as

found

other

in this

the

room who

principal

can

scribe

here,

of which

10

the

ideogram

is not

three

be

of

deal

identified,

the

with

series.

OLE+PA

and

preserved).

The

these:

OLE+PA

1216.1

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-i

, pa-ko

OLE+P4

1v

2

vacat

1220.

μι

to

the

pskijan-ians,

sage-scented

ro-u-si-jo , a-ko-ro , pa-ko-we di-pi-si-jo-i , wa-na-ka-te to

the

to

the dipsioi

Lousian

1222.a wa-na-so-i

field,

oil OLE+PA OLE*PA

sage-scented

for wanax

v 4 s 1

oil

oil

OLE+PA v 1 , to-no-e-ke-te-ri-jo

oil

to the wanasoi 1224 ἃ

for

pa-ko-we

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-jo in

1226.1

the

the

(festival)

thornohelkterion

, e-ti-we

me-no

, po-se-da-o-ne

month of pekijana, to Poseidon, sage-scented henna-dyed

ro-u-si-jo

, a-ko-ro

, te-o-i

, pa-ko-we

OLE+PA

z 2

oil OLE*PA

v

3

vacat

to

1228

the

Lousian

wa-na-so-i to

1233

1235.1 2

the

field

for

, e-re-de

wanasoi

for

the

gods,

OLE*PA

v 1

erede

]so

pa-ki-ja-na-de

]

to pakijana

wa-]na-so-i ]wa-na-so-1

, wa-na-ka-te , po-ti-ni-ja

sage-scented

oil

OLE+PA

v 1 oil

, pa-ko[-we JOLE+PA 1 , pa-ko-we OLE+PA v 3

oil

Hand He two

2

wrote with

records

72

1236.1

to the wanasoi

for wanax,

to

for

the

wanasoi

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo

OLEtPA

oil

sage-scented

, a-ko-ro

s 1v

.2

sage-scented

Potnia, ,

u-po-jo

for

hupojo

oil

, po-ti-ni-ja

,

1

vacat to

the

pakijanian

1246

field

]-we

OLE+PA

Potnia

oil

s[

OLE:

1231.1 .Q 3

po-ti-ni-ja , di-pi[-si-]jo-i ke-se-ni-wi-jo[ JOLE vacat [ ] vacat to

the

dipsioi

for guests 1238.1

oil

]so-de

not

1227

wo-do-we

, wa-na-so-i

place

2

sets

followed

po-ti-ni-ja,

]s

lvl [oil]

the

oil

are

[oil]

information placed

(ro-u-si-jo

by

me-no) a

, jo[ sf

owing out

(pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-jo be

, [

for wanex

]ge-te-jo OLE 11 ]

of

oil

wa-na[

1241.1 2

describing

s 1

preserved:

ta the wanasoi

Hand

OLE

rose-scented

wa-na-ka-te

1234

Potnia

(?)

] Ideogram

for

, [ s 1[ [

just

in before

a-ko-ro, is

recipient

u-po-jo po-ti-ni-je).

the

order.

ideogram.

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo

included, in

regular

it

the

generally

dative

The

full

If

a-ko-ro) stands

adjectives

an

indication or

first,

(po-se-da-o-ne,

series

Any

is

of and

time may

wa-na-ka-te,

recorded,

for

73

example,

on

1224

1226,

1233,

on the

nature

Fr

1201,

and

1236)

the

pp.

(see

99,

a

place

In not

to

agreed

the

extent

them,

the

function.

alone,

name

does

not

which its

p.

102).

'to

these

prejudice

is

1233

the

On

four

stand

preceded position

of

it.

clear

first.

cases

The

reason

If to-]so were

before 1216

pa-ki-ja-na-de

thus

depends

restored would

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-i

Pekijanians';

(1220.1,

(cf. not

be

probably

=

it is a recipient

which

is

indication.

making

disputed,

On

97),

further

pa-ki-ja-ni-joihi, also

place

of the words

1206,

surprising

1226.!??

such

preliminary

the as

that

Hand

of

wa-na-so-i

interpretation.

by

wa-na-so-i,

of putting position

issue

2

is

comments

including

generally

names

these

disputed

Most

the

of

whose

and

before words

course, nature

in

word

recipients

and

in

present

suggestions

the

texts

the have

been and

e-re-de.

consistent

di-pi-si-jo-i of

has,

words

di-pi-si-jo-i

place

and

it

If, order,

function

are

however,

it

at

least

adjectives might

greatest been

necessary

of

two

suggest problems kinds:

to

after their of place

!23]t is common practice, not restricted to any particular series or scribe, to write the last words of a line above the rest when space is limited; thus on 1224 pa-ko-we e-ti-we should be read after po-se-da-o-ne, and similarly on Fr 343, 1202, 1222, and probably 1242, 1245. Though sometimes superscript words are not the last words of the line (they should be read first, for example, on Aa 777, 1180), the convention seen in the Fr series is also apparent on, for example, Ae 27, 108, 134, 303; Aq 64.7; Cn 45.3,6,8; Ep 613.15; Na 248; etc.

74

indications, between

the

example, but

it

also

also

literal

case of

(1220.2,

a

1235.2).

is other

their

times first

surprise,

occurrences,

13%Studies indications

and

include

Chadwick

to

times in

scribe's words 1222

have p.

format also

numerous. Chadwick,

479;

1231),

second. is

The

otherwise

plausibly is

Gerard-Rousseau

an

entry

the

next

with

ἃ

change

be

clear in

quite

word

regular.

interpreted by

the

Interpretations by

serve

po-ti-ni-ja,

followed

cited

do

in

cases

is

precise

they

1235.1;

(1227,

this

the

first

these

1220.2,

we-na-so-1

been

stand

people,

that

that

For

to

Whatever

of

here

function.

referring

suggest

three

word

can

distinguish

suggest

they

reversed

disputed

following:

1973,

I will

seems

and

is

the

On

the

plural

di-pi-si-jo-i.

seven

order

these

of both words

and

to

semantic

(wa-na-ka-te,

this

place.

its

indication.

of

helpful

a dative

1235.2),

and

since

is

and

position

out

the

It

strictly

recipient

more

of

a word

place

1235.1,

clear

indications

Ventris

a

Five

standing a

is

words,

1228,

Two

recipient

In

of

wa-na-so-i

place.

1222,

is

as

with

these

indicate

order

(deities).!?"

meaning

functions

the

word

recipients

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-i

meanings to

or

term

as

Palmer

1958,

1968a,

pp.

as

place p.

20;

61-64,

240-242; Heubeck 1966, p. 104 (or religious functionaries); Heubeck 1975, pp. 93-94; Hiller 1969, pp. 78-92 (seems to favor a place indication slightly over a pair of goddesses; but Hiller 1981, esp. pp. 111-112 understands the words as recipients); Hooker 1979, pp. 108-109, 111; Jasink 1981, pp. 100-101; Luria 1960, p. 257; Petru$evski 1962; Petrugevski 1970, pp. 127-130; PetruSevski 1972 (wa-na-so-i either a place name or a festival); Pugliese Carratelli 1957, p. 353 (but later favors a festival, Pugliese Carratelli 1959, p. 410; Leukart 1983, pp. 244 f. also prefers the meaning "'festival'); Wundsam 1968, p. 30. For interpretations as deities, see: Guthrie 1959, p. 44 (wa-na-so-i; on p. 45 di-pi-si-jo-i is interpreted

as

‘the

thirsty

ones',

i.e.

the dead);

Lejeune

1960,

p.

32 = 1971,

p.

135;

Marinatos 1966; Palmer 1957, pp. 91-92; Palmer 1958, pp. 5-6, 20-22; Palmer 1963, p. 249; Palmer 1983, pp. 347-352 (but Palmer 1965, pp. 125 accepts Guthrie's idea); Ruijgh 1967a, pp. 335-336. Others still have interpreted the words as religious functionaries: Adrados 1961, p. 54; Adrados 1968, pp. 187-191; Bennett 1958b, p. 35; van Brock 1960, pp. 230-231; Gallavotti

1958,

p.

101;

Milani

1958,

pp.

624,

631.

75

to-no-e-ke-te-ri-jo,

thus wa-na-so-i recipient

to

be

on

Fr

made

as

Since or

the

(see

of

Yet

help Mn

on

been

word

as

just of

1233,

word

the

to provide

of

(cf.

as

recipient,

an

a

Fr

an address

interpreted a

name

indication

before

oil.

but

summing-up

102).

the

word

to determine

the

festival;!?!

1217)

(cf.

or

a

Fr 343).!??

allative,

leaving

it

but

a case

wa-na-so-i

again

its

function:

supra

mutila

.l .2

vest.[ e-re-de

.3 .4

ma-se-de , ro-u-si[ infra mutila

not

may

word

also

form

it should

alone

pa-ki-ja-na-de

does

it

wa-na-so-i e-re-de

ideogram,

The

allative

preceding

p.

1411

has

The

'so much'--a

in a line

as

as

indication. '! 3?

occurs

ideogram

analogy:

may

place

unlikely.

the

case.

this

taken

a place

located

a description

possibility

been

be either

taking a

has

e-re-de

e-re-de

recipient

to-]so,

1228

for

function

before

should

so specifically

Finally can

which

makes also

necessarily

(see

p.

73)

be

nothing

to

expect

e-re-de

presents

a quite

, wal

Mn

1411,

a

latter directly

provide

one would

on

the

stands

which

occurs

be either

a more

good than

stand

first

different

sort

where

the

context

*146 *146

131For ἃ review of conjectures on this word, see Gérard-Rousseau 1968a, pp. 224-225, and subsequently the following: Hiller 1969; Palmer 1983, pp. 350-351; Probonas 1974; Ventris and Chadwick 1973, pp. 480, 482.

13?2Though it could indication of place. 133As

an

allative:

be argued

that

tentatively

the

name

Lejeune

of the 1961a,

pp.

festival 202-203

itself = 1971,

is an pp.

260-262; Palmer 1958, p. 49, 247; Palmer 1983, pp. 348-349; Sainer 1976, p. 39; Ventris and Chadwick 1973, glossary s.v. As a description of oil: Doria 1960, p. 198. As a recipient: Petrugevski 1962, pp. 308-309; Muhlestein in discussion of Palmer 1983, p. 366.

76

The

Mn

personal than as

tablets

record

names.

They

pá-ro

cases

+

names;

in

can

personal but

e-re-de

and

this

hand,

if

Olivier

lines

note

names

case

ma-se-de e-re-de

Mn

both is

the name

cannot

also

is

not

a place

then,

e-re-de

po-ti-ni-ja

Wa-na-so-í.

same

on But

the

be

part

be

in

following

place

objection

a

place

name

dative.

name,

and

can

most

of

are

place

1412.2.

If

unparalleled

by another parallel,

on

1368,

by another 1412.2

the

easily

and

where

word.!?* cannot

argument

and

word,

Bennett

as

Mn

further

instances

be

tablet

at A

rather far

dative.

followed

ma-se-de

a-ko-ro

a

the

same

pa-qo-si-jo[ the

and

or

so

entries

would

is

in

name ke-sa-da-ra of

the

followed

There

the

two

1368.2-3

names

of

least

allative

judge.

place

collections,

of

name ever

may

and

in be

be

the

same

restored

(so

Bennett

Olivier).

If

the

parallel

form

Fr

it

joins

wa-na-ka-te

the

place

indication

suggests

so, that

either.

can Fr

the

to

ro-u-si[-jo be

names,

is a place

at

at

by

dative-locative,

Most

occur

preceded

or the

are

pa-ro

personal

word

in

1412.1).

as

1411

are

there

them

could

that

Mn

enough

(*146)

assessments

and

place

a woman's

place

If,

13^The

read

of ke-sa-da-ra,

direction the

we

textile

names

without

Nor

3 show

determined;

place

were

a

record

162.3,

complete

that

2 and

the

(Mn

series.??"

other

to

of

determined,

ma-se-de

are

and

be

personal

tablets

as

for

name

where

The

seem

distributions, their

quantities

be

a

tablets

recipient as

indications

holds

on

recipients can

take

for ma-se-de

1228, after

several

on Cc

1285.

forms,

The

and

other

wa-na-so-i

two

place

names in this series are not allatives, and the form would be particularly inappropriate in the context of the Northeast Workshop where Cc 1285 was found. The mixture of cases in other series does not answer this objection, and Palmer 1983, pp. 348-349 on the Mn place names proves nothing by his citation of KN C 914 and C 5753. 135Bennett

and

Olivier

1973,

notes

to

Mn

1367,

1368

and

1411.

77

and

di-pi-si-jo-i

agree

to

true

take

place

them

name,

Palmer

notes,

is

to

take

not

serve

clearly

have

the

the

indications in

this

wa-na-ka-te

Wundsam

Thus and

place?

On

Fr

could

is

by

takes ‘the

locatives.

1216 'to

people

be translated

of

'to

who

wa-na-so-i

as

Yet

A better Could

recipients

the

scholars

palace'.

plural.!?*

than

pa-ki-ja-ni-jo-i,

and wa-na-so-i

it

dative

rather

even

Petrusevski

Gerard

is always

datives of

argument are

advantage,

other

sense.

-o-i

as

interpreted

as

option

such

and

a

datives

address

are

pa-ki-ja-na'.

So

the

dipsioi'

and

such

as wa-na-so-i

wanasoi'.

If

of

for

words

combined

variously

this

ending

too di-pi-si-jo-i 'to

in

while

the

as

been

the

wanax,

perhaps

best

on

Fr and

1227 1231,

reasons

we

cannot

recover.

is

to

Potnia

for

™36Palmer

1983,

p.

One Thus

and

1227

the

explained

recipient.

tablets,

given

valid,

'to X for Y'.!?"

actual

!**

is

depart

anyone

347.

as

an

element on

1235.1, from

constructions

Fr "to

this

indirect

would

provide

1220.2,

"to

the

wanasoi

scribe's

There

too,

however,

eise

(and

as

On

pp.

for

359-360

it

suggestion

is

Professor

Mabel

for

he argues

Lang's

the

so

entries, of wanex

dative

address,

the

dipsioi

for

etc.

Two

order,

for

unlikely

that

oi!

in

case

of

the

for a homographous

as wanassoiin, ‘to the however: the contexts of provide no support for Fn 50 depends on a ration

(private

January 1982); I acknowledge with gratitude her permission to Muhlestein has now independently raised the same possibility, of Palmer 1983, p. 366. The construction is more common in dative of reference, than in Greek. !1?*Fr 1220 and 1235 both contain two not therefore attest the presence Palmer 1983, p. 349.

a

wanax," word

seems

Potnia,

plus

the

normal

dative dual, to support his reading of wa-na-so-i two goddesses'. The textual evidence is weak, a-pi-go-ro-i (Fr 1205) and te-o-i (Fr 1226, 1355) taking them as duals, while Palmer's analysis of scale which is itself improbable.

1?7The

object

communication, cite it here. in discussion Latin, as a

not one, and Fr 1220 at ro-u-si-jo a-ko-ro,

does pace

78

wanax). such is

Such

interpretations

taken

stated,

"to

as

a true

but

is

as

no

wanax

of

in

parallel

Fr

with

predominance disbursement and

other

(see

Fr

pp.

was

not

oil. the

the

king

from is

even

is him.

might

other

no

oil

figure was

as

the

Fr texts are

two

under

13°Arguments

a

to

suggest

this

Ta

711)

it of

the

the

we

of word

recipient

at

strong

dispute king

the

is

can

without

divine the

but

not

read,

or

evidence

been

to

as as

1205,

The

might least

see

given

97),

records

of the of

to

one

p.

inventory

supply

the

series

perfumed

divinities; either

a

separate

divinity

was

is

clearly

human;

and

to distinguish

assume to

whether

implying

that

wanex

to

Pylos.

function

this

Fr tablets

better

Fr

palace's

have

of

former,

on

all

the

as

However,

the principal

on the seems

human

a-pi-go-ro-i

recipient

(e.g.

the

series.

necessarily

word

where

festival;

by

the

monitor

be

the

that

that

this wanax

the

human

contrary;

and

king

this

not

to provide.!??

probable discussion:

on both

to

to

absence

seem

(to

thought

Methodologically the

in

Thus

but

of

the

or

disbursements

would

additional

in

words

the

tablets

meant,

There

not

of

persuasiveness

ones',

identity

affected

taken

secular

offerings, of

is

be

thirsty

name

a deity

on S1203-Cii).

himself

On

there

all

king

meant.

are

the

the

to-no-e-ke-te-ri-jo'.

offerings be

'the

the

festival

might

tablets

ff.

in

signifies

to

=

1222

arguments

religious

record

Not

and

above

seems

99 to

the

Potnia of

On

implied

for

texts

to me to diminish

di-pi-si-jo-i

doubt

the

the

seem

recipient.

the wa-na-sians None

the

considerations

sides

place

indications

formed

di-pi-si-je-wi-jo

of this

question

are

(Fr

from

the

1218

by

numerous.

same

roots

S1217-Cii)

For

review of the problem, see Hooker 1979, esp. pp. 107-111. suggests that the functions of the wanax and Potnia in the Fr parallel, but this does not prevent him from believing the human.

a

as and

recent

He rightly series are wanax to be

79

wa-na-se-wi- jo/ja

(Fr

1215,

different

scribes

than

contexts,

so

may

ending

they

-eion

derived found

is

often

from

the

there.!*!

from

an

the

root

word.

wa-na-so-i,

and

an

might

latter be

worth

Two

more

occupational

than

from

mentioned,

appears

the

term

to

textiles

(KN

Ld

(which

is

apparently

refers

that

not

is,

either

'as

the

oil

is

given

case

the

oil

14060

1*!Buck 1*?2!As and

use

to to

would

and

of

the

573,

etc.),

the

and

to

or

'for

guests'.!*?

the

oil

kept

Chadwick

for

'as

1973,

p.

479.

On

equally

This

to

be

name

place

name.

distinction place'.

despite

their

already

been

has

adjective

is

elsewhere

substance see

could

second as for

p.

65).

mean

likely,

on

on

Fr

Here

it

'foreign',

though,

it

means

alternative

would

1225

(p.

81)

clothing'.

In

this

Potnia's

this

place

wa-na-sian

oil;

just

a

the

unknown

to

people

a

interest

unguent

visitors

the

both

‘the

The

by

occupation,

provide

More

use

the

would

It

put,

Greek,

inhabitants

order

perfumed

be

of

of

similar

derive

was

an

in

by

would

of

.

auspices.

po-ti-ni-ja

place

have

word

used

form

and

disbursed.

would

a

however,

are

palace

u-po-jo be

with

being

under

to

which

ke-se-ni-wi-jo[

oil

which

the

inhabitants,

which

concerned

made

Ventris

pp.

1231,

a guest-gift',

describe

1968,

to

too

scribe

but

a Mycenaean

wa-na-so-i'

this

On

not

'the

by

state.

1255

such

are

Classical

designations

superfluous

the

In

describing

here

words

wa-na-so-i,

wa-na-se-wi-jo

fragmentary

applied

be

between

tablets

that

that

would

derived

making

a word

likely

These

sense.!**

or

adjective

form

in

form

less

It

and

to

name,

the

the

equivalent

used

place

of

If

be

is

by S1219-Cii).

di-pi-si-jo-i

names It

actual

1221

Fr

shrine;

problem

but

it

see

Wundsam

guests',

Ventris

20-31. and

Petersen

a guest-gift',

Chadwick

1973,

1954,

p.

Bennett

glossary

s.v.

47. 1958b,

pp.

59-60;

"for

80

qe-te-jo

would

have

1^3See

the

on

l*'Other

of

unit

inventories:

qe-te- jo: disbursements:

the

of

liquid large;

tablet

not

pp.

88-92

=

Killen

1979,

pp.

oil 1201 1203 1208 1206 1241 1202 1216 1235. 1198

quantities

at

memos

found.

take is

the

at

once,

pp.

301-306;

normal but

recorded

in

Indeed

the

totalling

recorded

All

incomplete,

the

1 or higher:

but

of

figures

169-170.

this

interpretation

there,

all

that

or

is used.!*"

least

also

requesting

were

may

It

disbursements

measure

1971,

OLE

palace,

documents

disbursement

disbursed--perhaps

with

possible

numeral

this

tablets

a

1241,

disbursement

forms

The

that

by

order

such

fact.

is

outstanding

that

suggests

1964b,

the

are be

no other

for

one

quite

be

would

Fr

interpreted

normal

and

also

discussion

?:

most

they

is

interest

authorized,

is

to

the

that

but

indicate

largest

until

This

been

than

1206

Lejeune

conclusive

to

records

ez

to-so

oil.

have

larger

since oil

likely

of

by "o

must

kept

group

certain.!*?

the

not

A

much

of

less

is to be paid';

records

amount

be

is

from

o

23,

different

this

convincingly

What

De

Room

to

of

97).

be,

in

—

release

transaction

is

(p.

must

a guest-gift.

is not

—

the

disbursements

clearly

only, It

‘it

record

tablets

made.

authorizing

all

two

department

*tei-teon,

of

38