367 83 38MB
English Pages 431 [452] Year 2000
-
Oxford
anese Dictionary FIRST EDITION -,
Makes Japanese easier to learn than ever before'
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The World^s Most Trusted Dictionaries
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The Oxtord Starter Japanese Dictionary Edited by
Jonathan Bunt with
Gillian Hall
OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street. Oxford 0x2 6dp
Oxford University Press It
is a department of the University of Oxford. farthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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Database rights Oxford University Press (makers) First
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All rights reserved.
No
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may be
reproduced.
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means.
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department. Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing Publication Data
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ISBN 0-19-860197-2 10
98765432
Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Spain by Book Print S. L.
Contents Contributors and acknowledgements
About
this dictionary
Japanese Script
iv
v vii
Structure of Japanese-English entries
viii
Structure of English-Japanese entries
ix
How to
use this dictionary
x
Glossary of grammatical terms
xiv
Japanese-English dictionary
1
Usage notes
171
English-Japanese dictionary
207
Chart of hiragana and katakana symbols
429
The Oxford Starter Japanese Dictionary Contributors and acknowledgements
Chief editors Jonathan Bunt with
'
Gillian Hall
Japan Centre North West
-
University of Manchester
Editors and Contributors
Miyoko Yamashita Ayako Somers Yukiko Shaw Motoi Kitamura Yumi Tozuka Nobumi Kitamura
OH BR P 679 .09
and many other family, mends and visitors to the Japan Centre who the editors would like to thank for their patience and their valiant attempts to answer impossible questions. Special thanks to
Thanks
Suzuko Anai.
also to colleagues
from the BATJ
(British Association for the
Teaching of
Japanese) for their interest and support.
Proprietary terms some words which are, or are asserted to be, proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgement implied concerning their legal status. In cases where the editor has some evidence iliat a wora is used as a proprietary name or trade mark, this is indicated by the symbol but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or
This dictionary includes
implied lluTcbv.
About
this dictionary
To get the most out of the information contained
in this dictionary please see to use this Dictionary. This book is designed to help English-speaking students of all ages who are studying Japanese in schools, colleges, universities, evening classes and in a business context. It is also aimed at people living in Japan. In the Japanese to English section, we have given a wide range of Japanese words with English equivalents and suggestions as to how to understand and translate them. We have tried to be simple and straightforward and have therefore not included all possible meanings. Our guide for selection was usefulness not only to students but also to those visiting or working in Japan who will encounter a wide range of vocabulary, including culturally specific items needing explanation rather
How
than just a translation. In the English to Japanese section, the English words are followed by either translations or a suggested method of conveying English uses in Japanese. This section is mostly aimed at those studying the language formally. Such people often have to write short essays and diaries or make short presentations as part of their course and need to supplement their textbooks with other sources of Japanese. We have not tried to give all possible ways of expressing the English and our guideline for inclusion or exclusion was whether it seemed likely that students could use the word or expression in the contexts in which we as teachers at school and university think that they are likely to need it. This will not produce perfect solutions to the problem of moving between two very different languages but it is better to try something and then find out why it is not right in a particular case than to not try at all. We expect that qualified teachers will be seeing and responding to most of the material generated from our explanations. This interaction of learner and teacher will fine-tune the use of the information in this dictionary. We have (after much consideration) been consistent in giving examples in the forms to which most learners are first exposed forms. We have tried to give some indication of the various styles of Japanese speech and guidance on how to find a Japanese word that does not at first seem to be includea by breaking it down into meaningful elements or by changing its form - see How to use this Dictionary. One important feature of the JapaneseEnglish section is that we have given the and forms. These most common verbs used by beginners in their entries are cross-referenced and will provide support in learning the relations between forms which are vital for understanding the grammar of Japanese and making progress with the language. This information is further supported by the •
notes on verbs.
Another unusual feature of this dictionary
is
that
it
avoids romanized Japanese.
It
not usually the practice to teach Japanese seriously using roman script so we have given the translations and examples in syllabic scripts and an alternative using Chinese characters where this is appropriate. This helps learners to master the scripts quickly, learn Japanese word-order patterns, and avoid reliance on romanized forms which can lead to errors - especially in pronunciation. The syllabic scripts are easily learned and we have given a reference chart to help during early stages of script learning. We have kept to the government list of approved characters in the English to Japanese section examples. In the Japanese to English section we have kept some non-standard forms as they are likely to be encountered by people in Japan. Remember that kanji are not compulsory in many situations. Space prevents this dictionary including Chinese character look-up information but as many students is
About
this dictionary
vi
we have
given some information we have given as main entries in the Japanese to English section a very wide range of suffixes and prefixes which will allow careful users to find the meanings of a vastly greater number of words than are here as headword entries. For information on how to do
will also be studying the use of Chinese characters,
relating to
them throughout the main
entries
and
notes. In particular,
How
to use this Dictionary. in addition to being a supplementary reference for learners working with a textbook this dictionary will prove interesting] The value of browsing and curiosity as part of language learning is all too often forgotten and teachers and learners tend to stick to self-contained textbooks. We would like to think that any learner who is interested in Japanese can find something of interest and value by dipping into this book. Japanese is a fascinating language and it is the interest and enjoyment of our students that has led us to want to produce a much-needed resource for.them. this see
We
hope that
To teachers We hope that you can find something of value to your students and humbly suggest that the best
Japanese
is
way
for
to get
you
to
your students to use
this dictionary to
show them how. Helping
a student to
improve their the most of a
make
dictionary should be an essential element of any language course as it gives the learner a chance to fly (even if they may be unsteady for a while!). We would greatly
welcome your comments and suggestions
for
improvements.
•
Japanese Script
.
usually written using a combination of scripts. It can be written left to right or more traditionally, in vertical • "^' columns from right to left Vertical writing tends to be used for •
Japanese
is
horizontally from
books, newspapers, formal letters and essays.
There are two series of phonetic symbols or of 46 sounds each which can be combined to write the sounds of the language, and Chinese characters or which carry meaning and may have more than one way of being pronounced
depending on the context. See the entries on and for more about the use of Chinese characters. The characters used in books and newspapers are largely limited to those in the official list produced for schools and those which can be used for personal names. The characters for schoolchildren to be taught are called which means 'characters for everyday use. There • are 1945 of them. In a sentence such as
'I
am going to London tomorrow* the Japanese will feature
name, and the ending on the verb and as well as the stem of the verb 'to go. for the place
•
particles
and
T
•
•
grammatical words 'tomorrow'
for the for the
•
The main use of
V
V
woras or foreign origin and it is used for the By convention the names of Chinese and Korean people and places are often left in characters and a pronunciation indicated in ,5 (see below). is also used for onomatopoeia, t) U some adverbs and as a kind of italic script for emphasis. It is common for the pronunciation of (possibly) unfamiliar characters to be indicated by small script above or to the side. This is called or "^ and can be in either 7 "^ or This also appears in textbooks to help learners with new is
to write
names of non-jaoanese people and
places.
•
$
.
readings. for the headwords in the Japanese or and the translations in the English to Japanese section as appropriate. Where would normally be employed we have given a 'standard' script form immediately after the version. There is some flexibility about We have tried whether or not to use for a particular word or just to give something approximating standard usage and so we have some characters not in the government lists where we judge them to be in common use and we have left some words without characters even though the characters are common ir it felt
This dictionary uses either to English section
.
stylistically better in a
We advise beginners
given case.
not to attempt to copy out the more complicated kanji until they are more confident with Japanese writing. A word written in legible hiragana is much better than a badly copied kanji which will be difficult for the intended reader to understand.
•
-
.
®
structure of Japanese-English entries headword in Japanese syllabic
{of food) = delicious
•
(o/^ab/7/fy)
script
multiple clearly
part of spe;pch
adjective -'… •
=
translations
skillful
alternative script
senses the sense 'delicious' this generally only used bv men.
shown
in
notes to explain
word
for is
headword
show use
to
of
Chinese characters (kanji) where
usage
appropriate
MASU
forms of common verbs given as
verb conjugation group clearly shown
headwords and cross-referenced to the appropriate
verb
•
transitive or
..
1
=
dictionary form (main entry)
intransitive nature of verb shown by the appropriate
to sell
particle
the TE, NAI and
MASU '
forms of verbs are
common
given to assist beginners
adjective • •
TE forms
of
common
verbs given as
= noisy = annoying as an exclamation
it
means
headwords and
197
cross referenced to the appropriate dictionary form/s (12) and to the usage notes on verbs (13) where
the TE form is explained in detail
'shut
up' (13)
(12)
verb
•
1®
•
=togo
•
form of a verb
following the
it
can add the sense of an ongoing process or direction of movement of 197 , ^204 the subject
numbers show where a word can be used as different parts of
speech and any changes in form where this happens are
shown
'
s
noun
-
bringing up
children
••'
boxed notes
to
explain functions in certain contexts as well as
meanings
explanation where no exact equivalent exists
•
1 noun = agreement 2 verb
3®
agree
commonly used = to :•••••:
particles other than
from the
transitive/
intransitive
are
marker
shown
(18)
(18)
i
2
/•
structure of English-Japanese entries headword
able
adjective
part of
be able to... = use the potential form of the verb or the dictionary form of the verb + 191 to be able to swim =
cross reference to
to
information
associated with the entry
example of usage
Japanese
•••
able to read hiragana =
script (kanjikana-majiri)
..
American same form
associated
elements which are
1
present in some circumstances appear in brackets
1 adjective
speech with the
=
clarified
kana only and then repeated in standard
adjective
= different parts of
translations of example in
Japanese
•
ambitious
how
to translate into
:::
am
I
speech
information on
2 noun
by use of numbers
American person = issues associated
RGmember there are two words for family members
177
noun
-
'-
own older brother) = (your own younger brother) = {your
sub-divisions of
meaning
clearly
indicated and separately translated
, :.
''
'
else's older brother)
{someone
else's
feel verb •
f
(someone
••••
=
potentially
misleading translations are
=
,'
youngsr brother) =
multiple examples to clarify usage
made
translations written
Japanese
syllabic script
alternative script •'
is often best to translate with an adjective + when referring to yourself 178
senses marked
and
suggestions
in
it
clearly
/
clarified
:
Japanese is very different to English when describing feelings,
difrerent
with word use are highlighted
sets of
version of the translations to show use of
Chinese characters (kanji) where appropriate
an emotion, an impression or a physical feeling) feel lonely =
{referring to
I
it
I
it
•
feels cold = feel tired-
'
•
feels nice =
{to
touch) =
to feel
like...
information on
how
to translate into
Japanese
= use the pre
rorm yourself and
of the verb + for the pre form of the verb + 191 for others
cross references to detailed usage notes section
How to Japanese
use this dictionary
into English side
"
more words in this dictionary than it may at first appear! The following section gives advice on what to do if the word you want does not seem to be present. Japanese verbs and certain adjectives can have a variety of endings. If the form of a word in front of you does not seem to be in the dictionary try and identify what kind of word it is. Verbs are often at the end of sentences and will have some hiragana characters after the Chinese characters (if they are used) i.e. Adjectives may also be detectable by their 'tail' of hiragana characters after the The notes on verbs and adjectives Chinese character/s i.e. • give tables showing possible endings which can help you identify an unknown word. For convenience a table is given below with some of the most common inflectional endings and ideas on how to convert them back to a form that can be looked up. Also note that it is common practice in Japanese textbooks for beginners where words are spaced, any particles are added to words without a space separating them. There are a
lot
.
The same
is
true of
and and related forms eur. up a form of a word that is the word itself plus a 205 is a list of particles in the note on •
•
Make
sure you are not trying to look particle or one of these words! There
word you want
7
up has one of the following endings try to change it as up the new form and the ending as separate items. This is not guaranteed but should give you a very good chance of finding the word you want. If the word does not seem to have one of these endings see the note on prefixes and suffixes below. If
the
to look
indicated in the table below and look
ending
how a
to change it back to form you can look up
Example from
Example to
remove ending and add
remove ending and add
remove ending and add
remove ending and add
remove ending and add or
remove ending and add or
there
is
or only one verb
with the latter ending
remove ending and add
_
'ci)
or
i to c±
to
>
U
y
CJ
"H"
CZ CZ
L/
d~ 9
>
'-u' i.e.
\
etc.
above
as at)ove
as
*
'-u' i.e.
\
y
above
remove ending and add O or change the last syllable before the
ending from to
as
or
'-a'
to
V
'-u' i.e.
to
etc.
above
always follows either or so find the appropriate form of that ending in the chart initial
word
followed by
look up the initial word and then the relevant part of
in the verb
note. Note that the
1
'
3^
Li
nj
elements in front of these forms are usually nouns written with Chinese characters as for
or
/
J
/ds V
•
this dictionary
1
\
•
How to
use
•
•
this dictionary
xii
how
ending
a
to change it back to form you can look up
Example from
Example to
or
as for
remove ending and add
or other endings with -eba such as
and add remove the or remove the and change the
or
preceding
'-e'
to
l-f 1
9
'-u' i.e.
to
remove ending and add
Exercise Trv to nnd the basic forms of the following and their meaning from the chart above using only the main entries. Use the notes on verbs or adjectives only to check!
Prefixes and Suffixes word is not in the dictionary try separating the nrst one or two symbols and looking it/them up to see if it/they is/are a common prefix element. You can also try looking at the final few syllables and trying the same thing to check for suffixes. If a
Exercise Try to find the following words' meanings and the elements of which they are
composed pre/ix
suffix
A Note on Verb Forms There are two
common
use the polite
(as
styles of Japanese verbs and textbooks for beginners tend to opposed to plain) style as this is the normal way of talking to people other than friends and family. The plain style tends to be introduced at a later stage but is important for the learning of grammar and in a wide range of constructions. Because the polite style of a verb is not a basic 'word' but a form of the plain or dictionary 'word' we have followed usual dictionary practice and given verb entries in what is often called the dictionary form. The same applies in the English to Japanese section. However, as beginners tend to use the polite style we have kept
How to use
xiii
examples
in that form.
this dictionary
We have also selected some of the most common verbs
beginners' textbooks and given
them
main
in
form and conjunctive or form in the JapaneseEnglish section. This will allow you to look up a verb in these forms so even if you have not yet studied the relation of plain and polite style verbs or learned the formation of conjunctives you can find a crossreference to the dictionary form where a translation and conjugation information will be found. The verb entries have numbers referring to the conjugation patterns and symbols to show if they are transitive or intransitive and reference can be made to the notes and tables situated between the JapaneseEnglish and English-Japanese sections. The table above will also assist you to find a dictionary form of a verb. Try to find the dictionary form and meaning of the following polite style verbs as
entries in their so-called
Try to find the dictionary rorm and meaning of the verbs from the following conjunctive forms
For further information see the notes on plain
and
polite style and
verbs
English into Japanese side The English into Japanese side of the dictionary attempts to give full guidance on how to write and speak correctly in Japanese. Plenty of examples are given to demonstrate not only the translation of words into Japanese but also their usage in Japanese sentences. You will find additional information on grammatical points, such as the use of words in certain contexts, in the grammatical notes that occur within the entries on certain words. These notes are designed to help you produce correct Japanese in areas where mistakes are frequently made due to Japanese usage being different from English. If you are unable to translate an English word into Japanese because you cannot find it in the wordlist, try to use another word with the same or a similar meaning, or choose another form of wording which will enable you to find what you're looking for. For instance, if you want to translate the adjective complex but cannot find it in the dictionary, you could try complicated as an alternative, which gives
()
() as the Japanese equivalent.
•
A very useful feature of this dictionary are the usage notes wnich cover sets of related
words based on topics such
as family, dates,
find these in the centre of the dictionaiy.
and nationalities
etc.
You will
•
a
•
.
Glossary of grammatical terms This section explains the basic terms that are used in this dictionary to help you to find the information that you need. This list does not provide a full analysis of the Japanese parts of speech.
'
Adjective An
adjective is used to add extra information to or describe a noun - a difficuif job. a beautiful girl, a fat cat. In
Japanese:
• •
There are 2 main types of Japanese adjectives
20
described in a note
Adverb An
adverb is used to add extra information to or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb - to walk slowly, extremely difficulu come quickly. In Japanese
' . •
Nounsand
and
'new'
'newly'. See the note
on
201
adjectives
Auxiliary verb An auxiliary verb is a verb, such as be, do, have, which is used to form a particular tense or grammatical function of another verb, or to form an interrogative, negative, or imperative sentence. Here are
some English examples:
it
is raining;
has
did you
don't gof. Japanese does not use auxiliary verbs in this see him?: she didn't come; he
left;
way.
Comparative The comparative, as its name indicates, is the form of the adjective or adverb which enables us to compare two or more nouns or pronouns. In English, this is usually done by putting more, less, or as before the appropriate adjective or adverb, or by changing the base form to the
comparative form ending in r. Japanese adjectives and adverbs do not have different comparative forms. The comparison is often indicated by the particle thejapanese equivalent of than.
Conditional A conditional sentence in
which the statement contained
is
in the
one
main
clause can only be fulfilled if the condition stated in the subordinate clause is also fulfilled. In the first example below going to the seaside and in the second example going to Japan are the main clauses. This condition is usually introduced by if in English. Japanese has a variety of structures with similar functions. Sec the note on verbs 191 If
it
is
fine
tomorrow,
•
we
'II
go
to
Japan
if
I
had lots
of money
=
•
Conjunction A conjunction can be either (i) a word like and or but which is used to join words or simple sentences together, or (ii) a word like when, although, if, where, which is used to form a complex sentence. Japanese conjunctions are often combinations of particles or
words plus
particles.
Determiner A determiner
is
used before a
noun in order to identify more precisely what is being referred to. Here are some
to the
the
(
book =
book= that book:
a
•
or
to
final
4
asin
would go
examples:
•
adjectives can be made into adverbs by adjectives can addition of the particle (.
become adverbs by changing the
I
seaside =
•
these books = =
some books
•
Note that the English a and the have no equivalent in Japanese and For other determiners look up the English word in the English to Japanese section.
Exclamation An exclamation
is
a
word
or
phrase conveying a reaction such as surprise, shock, disapproval, indignation, amusement, etc. In English it is usually followed by an exclamation mark. Excellent!
What nice weather!
mperative An
imperative sentence is used to indicate an order, command, prohibition, suggestion, etc. Japanese has imperative forms of verbs but usually uses request structures as imperatives are considered rude. See the note on verbs for further information.
Counter
Japanese numbers and the counting system are different from English and counters are words which attach to numbers to show the type of thing being 181 counted
Noun A noun
is
used to identify a person,
an animal, an object, an idea, or an emotion. It can also be the name of an individual. company, or an institution. student =
dog
•
•
table =
plan: happiness = Peter = America =
•
•
Glossary of grammatical terms
XV
Japanese nouns do not have plural forms and so the nouns above can mean 'students',
interrogative pronouns used in questions who, which, what; the demonstrative
'dogs', tables' etc.
pronouns this, that, these, those; the relative pronouns used in relative clauses who, which, whose; and the reflexive pronouns myself,
Object The
object of a sentence
is
the
word
or group of words which is immediately affected by the action indicated by the verb. In the following English sentence, the word child is the subject, broke is the verb and the toy is the object. Similarly, in the Japanese translation is the subject, is the verb and is the object.
/
the child broke the toy = •
may be two kinds or obiect in a sentence, a direct object and an indirect object. In the example above, the toy and are strictly direct objects. However, in the following English sentence, he is the subject, gave is the verb, the child is the indirect object and a toy is the direct object. Similarly, in the Japanese translation, is the verb, t\ is the subject, is the indirect object and is the direct object. In general terms, the indirect object indicates the person or thing which 'benefits' from the action of the verb upon the direct object. There
yourselves, themselves.
itself,
ourselves,
Japanese does not use
in the same way as English. names are preferred to words like and 'she' and there are no reflexive
pronouns People's 'he'
pronouns as in English. To find the Japanese equivalents of sentences using these pronouns, please look them up in the English-Japanese side of the dictionary. Particle These are placed after elements in a Japanese sentence to show the grammatical relationships and can be thought of as similar in function to English prepositions such as 'to', 'at', 'from' and 'by' etc.
also a group of particles which come end of sentences and which give an element of emphasis or emotional tone and distinguish male and female speech.
There
is
at the
The functions of particles are such that
it
not always possible to give a translation under the headword although we have tried to assist with possible equivalents. is
205
he gave the child a toy = •
Note that unlike English the objects and subject in Japanese sentences are marked with particles and that word order is less important. See the notes on particles
205
Subject The subject of a sentence is the word or group of words which performs the action indicated by the verb. In the sentence John laughed, John is the subject of the verb laughed. Of course, the verb doesn't necessarily express an action as such. and 7J^ to Japanese uses particles f
Phrasal verb A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or an adverb and having a particular meaning. For example, to run away, meaning to flee, and to see to something, meaning to ensure that something
is done, are phrasal verbs. If you look up to run away for example, you will see that the phrasal verbs beginning with the word run are listed after all the other meanings of the word run, in alphabetical order of the following adverb or preposition. Japanese does not have phrasal verbs as English does.
Preposition A preoosition is a word, such as under, beside, across, in, which is usually followed by a noun in English. In Japanese there is no part of speech equivalent to them. Japanese has particles which are placed after the noun which often act in a similar ways. See the note on particles for more information 205
Pronoun A pronoun
yourself, himself, herself,
used instead of a noun in order to avoid repeating it unnecessarily. There are the personal pronouns I you, he, she, it, we, you (plural), is
mark
Superlative The superlative is the form of the adjective or adverb which is used to express the highest or lowest degree. In English, the adjective or adverb is usually preceded by most or least. Some adjectives and adverbs (usually of one syllable) have their own form: best, worst, biggest, smallest, fastest, slowest, etc. In Japanese, the superlative is most commonly expressed by• putting L before the adjective or adverb.
Tense The tense of a verb expresses whether the action takes place in the
past,
present, or future. Japanese verbs have only a past and a non-past tense. The tense of a sentence is determined by the final verb. Continuous states or activities are shown with the form of a verb and the addition of but this is not a 'tense'
although sometimes it is introduced as the 'present continuous tense'. See the note on verbs 191 Japanese adjectives also show tense. See the note on adjectives
201
they;
Verb The verb
his,
telling us
the possessive pronouns mine, yours, hers, its, ours, yours (plural), theirs; the
205
subjects.
what
propels the sentence along, happening. Sometimes, of
is
Glossary of grammatical terms course, the verb doesn't describe an action, but rather a state of affairs. The verb is at the end of basic sentences and expresses politeness as well as tense. Japanese verbs do 'you', 'he' etc. and the not change form for translation is very heavily dependent on the 191 context. See the note on verbs
T
xvi
Attributive A part of speech that is used in Japanese without an exact parallel in English.
Ordinal number The sequence of numbers V\ 2"^ 3"^ etc.
Cardinal Number The sequence of numbers 1.2.3. etc.
®@
-
• •
adverb = such = that
(
'
-a
adverb = unfortunately
() adjective = vague
attributive • •
7
= that kind = like that
..
adverb •
•
1
= like that = in that way
-
• •
©
to love
®
e
•
•
= = =
to
fit
to be right
"
•
as ever
• •
noun = greetings = a brief speech
to be correct
noun = blue adjective = blue
•
2verb3@ =
1
= to meet = to encounter •
= •
•
verb •
noun = love
adverb = the same
•
-to iron
•
'
2 verb 3
1
noun = iron
refers to both the blue of the sky
and
to greet
the green of vegetation
and
traffic lights
m)"n
•
.
= affection
•
up
•
1
noun =
signal
2verb3® = to signal
/
• • •
•
noun = •
Pel
ice
cream
noun
= a space = a while = between = during
that
you are
noun = blue
noun
-
noun = red
noises
adjective = red
listening to
what
is
being .
said i/ather
like
'uh-huh' etc. in •
English) •
• •
•
noun
•
= babv
show someone
no"n =
light
noun =
rise
noun
= the other person = opponent = partner
•
197
•
noun = idea
•
•
= = = =
verb •
•
•
skies
noun
•
to
= to fan adjective
*
'
noun
•
7
= scum = dirt
= relationship
and words used
verb
®=to look
•
'
•
r
1
= pale
•
•
verb
(at)
to rise to stop (rain) to
become nervous
to enter (a house)
1
'^
®
• -
I
•
• •
'
•
2
adjective
doiy^hfi^
O
W/v^li noun = baby
•
•
1^ noun = autumn
•
=
-
IS? IS?
•
.
New Year!
phrase = Happy
= bright = cheerful
fall
= empty
prefix
verb 2 (B
•
no"n = disused
•
•
=
•
plot of land
verb
•
erb3@)
verb 2
•
= to be fed up •
• •
(
•
b
1 adjective
when verb verb
erb2(i)
•
it
is
and is
= to abandon
• •
being done
=
®
=
erb
I'll
I
someone 179 ,
7
®
to
it
for
you
erb2@
•
=
show you
will
look at
else
197
noun = yearning
•
= to be astonished = to be appalled •
for
to their benefit
fo (f
verb 2
form of a
followina the
indicates that the action of that
verb 2 = to be
tired of •
(i)
•
= to give = to raise
) = clear = clearly
2 adverb
•
open
= to dawn
•
j
to
2®
yearn for
noun = morning
•
•
'
•
•
= to open = to be open
• •
•
1
c5
verb
noun
= bruise = birthmark
1
=
•
to be
empty
adjective = shallow
•
•
noun = handshake
after
2 verb 3@)
^Mik
B
noun = the day
tomorrow
=to shake •
hands
1
noun
-
noun = oversleeping
2 verb
fashion
accessories and especially jewellery
3®
=
noun = accent (emphasis)
'
to sleep
late •
adjective
•
1 noun = yawn 2 verb
noun = the
•
to
yawn
•
= vivid = rresh
devil
•
•
adverb = persistently •
noun = the
•
•
next day •
noun
=leg = foot
noun = flavour
'
= to taste
of...
noun
,
= daybreak
noun = Asia
^197
•
noun = footprint
197
•
noun = footsteps
@ ®
®
1
noun
•
literally
area around the feet' it can be translated as 'footing' or 'around you' depending on the context vsrb
•
•
•
Chinese character is used weather and temperature while the second is
the
used
first
referring to the
for
warm
©
verb
verb
used when something of someone is taken to be looked after in some way such as by a cloakroom or a bank
touch
to the
•
•
charge of
else's
•
warm
air
•
to take
=
when
1
= to taste = to experience
=
•
adjective
'the
•
•
I
noun = tomorrow
•
•
®
•
•
• •
1
= to get warm = to get hot - see the note
•
verb
•
• •
2®
= to entrust = to leave
•
= to warm = to heat - see the note
used when something is given to be looked after in some way such as
•
a jacket to a cloakroom o children to a nursery
O
•
verb
7
•
•
@=
• •
verb 3
'' •
• •
•
hit -
used of
a question
to
adjective
•
= as you would expect = natural = reasonable
•
= to (go and)
• •
•
to
(come and)
verb
verb
•
visit
visit
•
1 •
•
= to play = to be with (friends)
•
•
verb 2
®
= to give = to cause = to provide
noun - a version of used by some girls and young
women
is
•
=
•
to
it
'you're right'
•
•
•
•
mean
noun
@
noun = a
•
'being on target'
someone's answer
•
^
noun
= area = surrounaings
literally
=play = game verb
•
/
•
to be in a
noun = there = over there = that place "t:
aa!/ecf/Ve
•
•
hurry
•
noun = head
•
= to sweat
to
= new
noun = sweat
•
•
®
verb 2 •
fo
1
= to hit = to be right = to win
noun = that place = over there = in that direction not near either the speaker or listerwr
noun = here and there •
= hot
•
adjective
1
®
1
•
I
first Chinese character is used wsdthsr and air temperature
the
' for
while the
second
is
used
for things
I
\
•
hot to the touch
• •
" "
|
•
noun = remains noun
= a hole = a cave
adjective = thick
noun = TV or radio
•
noun = handling
•
verb
presenter
©
noun = you
= to handle = to deal with
word
is not equivalent to 'you' English as Japanese people prefer to use a person 's name or
the
in
•
.
{when necessary) and it can be Also used by to use women to call their husbands
title
adjective = cheeky
rude
^197 •
adjective =
overwhelming
(
(
•
noun
•
• •
sister
= collecnon = meeung verb
•
•
verb 2
refers to a person, place or thing
®
distant from
= to gather = to attract
""
•
1
= that = the
= to be gathered •
•
noun = one's own older 177
attributive •
•
noun = one's own older 177
•
brother
speaker and listsrm
or which is previously known to both of them. It must be followed suffix
by a noun.
= addressed
to
interjection
noun - Chinese characters borrowed to write a Japanese word and whose usual pronunciations (in Japanese use) or original meanings are disregarded or •
hesitation in
er
....
indicates
speaking and so can be
•
noun
= apartment = (small) block of apartments
erb2®
• •
verb @) = to apply to = to fulfil f
• •
• •
= to behave violently = to run riot verb
• •
• •
• •
verb 2 = to adapt = to apply
= to have a
shower verb 2
= to hit = to win = to guess
®
z$
•
adjective
)S
= dangerous
,:)
-
•
noun =
oil
•
noun =
fat
r}
• • •
= back : after = remainder
2®
= to bathe
•
•
'er...
um
\ •
noL/n = address
say
I
used as 'excuse me' or just
altered •
=
interjection -
•
adjective = oily
noun = Africa
e
.
-
•
@®
•
11
•
.^
.
5
verb 2
®
fco
'
adjective
•
•
•
@
erb 2 on someone's being nice or play up to someone
to
7
noun = amateur
3
•
verb
•
= to dispute = to compete
(
(
•
= new
1 adjective
to spoil (a child)
•
= once again
•
= again = anew
•
•
verb 2
•
noun = remainder 2 adverb 1
•
• •
197
= not very
= not much = not often 3 suffix = more than
(
_i> ft
•
adjective = rough
attributive
verb
•
1
= to be left = to be more than required
•
• •
©=
f
•
to knit
= to write
b
noun = candy
•
noun = America
•
•
•
•
noun
•
= mistake = misunderstanding
1
noun
erb2®
= to appear = to show up
•
= grateful = thankful
1
to apologise
phrase
•
used by women
interjection -
to
express surprise adjective
•
•
I
used
in
a variety of forms of the
phrase to
t
mean
'thank
much)'
= rough
verb
• • •
wash
e
adjective •
verb
•
=
1
•
= suspicious
•
^
•
= sign = expression
aa!/ecf/Ve
•
e
= to show = to express
noun = rain
•
•
®
= to appear
= knitwear = knitting verb
= every
verb
• L
noun •
(i)
= to change = to renew = to correct
,
{with negative)
•
(D
adverb
7©
e
= too = very
H
= plot (of a
noun = shutters
•
•
=
/^otv/^
2 adverb • = anew
noun = rainwear
•
•
story)
to rely
.
•
I
noun = storm
to overflow
= sweet = lenient
•
•
•
•
=
•
®
1
®
•
=to
^
= a certain
attributive
you {very
full
'
•
®
•
6
I
•
verb
•
•
1
• •
•
• •
•
= to be = to have = to happen
= hurried = flustered
erb2®
•
• •
= to hurry = to be flustered
noun =
•
conjunction
• •
' '
•
= or = either
/
1
ad e b
2
adjective
1
= to do a part time job - and refers to a job which is not permanent but which can be full time such as a student holiday job
to
rote learning
©
=to
memorise noun
noun - photo album
used
noun =
2 verb 3
•
= questionnaire = survey
1
noun = peace of mind
•
interjection
express •
surprise
noun •
• •
= that = that thing =it
used
= unexpectedly
a
•
3®
/\
V
= unexpectea
noun = part time job
2 verb
adjective
•
=towalk
1
(
= relaxed
®
erb
•
2
e
•
= to = to
•
'
3 feel relieved
feel safe
()
3 adjective
something distant from both speaker and listsnsr or something that is previously known Jo both of them
•
= reassuring = safe
1
noun =
2
adjective
•
to refer to
|
[ '
•
safety
() = safe
|
adverb =
'
•
• •
=
to be
•
•
• • •
verb
2®
•
1
noun =
adjective • •
•
1
noun = information
2 verb 3 verb 2
to join together fit
= that = like that
adjeective
= pale = faint
to
in
®
•
• •
with
©
= to guide = to show around = to show the way
to adjust to
adverb
mix
• • •
adjective
=tobe
stable
noun
5i^H
stability
erb3@
allergy
= bubble = foam
= = = =
noun =
2
•
•
and that
rough
•
•
this
pity
noun = plan
= =
like that
in that
way
1
•
-
'
•
•
suffix
•
•
®
.
I
= less than = under
•
•
,
,
s
•
"
-apart from adjective
•
= unexpected
noun = stomach
•
adverb
11
•
•
\
suffix
^
= position
•
adjective =
t
•
good
and negative forms are from the alternative form
the past
made
= =
'
=
201
(/
how about
you interjection
like
some
coffee?
=
= no •
the
literal
meaning
the quantity of something
is
is
that
would
how is
just right
more common as an idiom meaning that something is 'inadequate' in some way and when applied to people's actions and beh3viour the translation and meaning will vary greatly depending on the context and the expectation of the
\
"
(
^ noun =
(natural) spring
erb
• •
•
noun = pain
•
)= malicious
noun = chair
•
•
•
noun = abnormality
hurl
•
7
® =to
•
9
• I
'
b
noun = one
•
'
181
2 adverb •
noun = market
•
•
b b
•
lAiiM noun = position
.
adverb
•
= in detail = one by one
'
adverb = for the time being = just in case •
•
Ir
•
186
(
——
at
the
•
—i^
adverb - literally one body' it is most
'{as)
common
with questions indicating
——
in
English 'what
adverb = once
one •
"
1
noun = market
noun = agreement
2 verb
•
3®
=to
agree
noun = part adverb = partly noun =
first class
adverb = when •
phrase this
the
home
(o
expected
noun = family •
noun
'(/
= the day before yesterday •
is
(o
noun
other place
if
they are
to return there)
phrase - literally go and come back' this phrase used by people leaving the home will)
other place
if
they expect
to return
there)
last
IS noun = kind
•
phrase
(of)
a more
polite version of L •
= one week
1
noun adverb
74 •
•
noun
•
= always = anytime
= an instant = for a moment
"
•
advem =
before
(Ij
really noticed
noun
= together = with
1 adjective •
noun =
= crowded life
•
= hard workinsr
=
full
2 adverb
•
adjective
-
meaning 'go and come back' phrase is used to people leaving
literally
noun = someday = sometime
= the year berore
•
noun
= the firth day of the month 174 = five days
•
181
IS?
adjective = fixed
5
•
noL/n = five
E.'D
•
•
t)
all
meaning
•
adverb =
time •
adverb
— H adverb =
surprise or threat as on earth ...?.
^ noun = once
•
(
—
more
adverb
= for a while = once = one o'clock
adverb
= together = at the same time = simultaneously
noun = strawberry
•
M| |^
ability
——
•
•
b
= as hard as possible = to the best of one's
()
• •
= lots of = until the end of
'
®® ®
•
'
10
I
•
• • •
countsr
= a cup of = a glass or = a bowl of
noun =
•
181
•
•
verb
1
= to pray
= to have a drink
adverb
•
life
noun = prayer
= generally
•
1
noun = violation
•
noun = one side • = one end • = more and more 2 conjunction = on the other hand
1
'
1
•
verb
•
= to boast = to be proud
•
2 verb 3
"
®
= to break
'
~
(a rule)
= the exams get more
and more
S noun =
•
•
1
difficult
clothing
noun
= now = at the moment 2 adverb = right away •
adverb = always
• •
•
adverb = always = as usual
P
•
^197
(
J
noun =
(
•
acf
living
room
enb = soon
•
noun = transfer
2
adverb =
•
@
verb 3
at
any
moment
=tomove
(to) •
miii^
•
noun = gene
noun = thread
•
noun =
•
•
noun = meaning
•
= sense
1
2 verb
a well
3®
= to
•
noun = movement
®
2 verb 3
•
= to move
noun = cousin
younger
sister
noun = one's own 177
177
noun
•
•
meanina
s"
= within
noun
- the
'country'
is
= someone
basic
as opposed
it
to
•
• •
•
m noun =
rice plant
depending on whether it
= to doze off
refers to a
positive or s negative statement
•
noun - doze
erb3@
and so can be
translated as either 'yss' or 'no'
•
2
177
adjective
= unpleasant = annovine = disgusting
verb 1 • = to dislike (doing something) = to be unwilling (to do something)
•
1
sister
interjection - contradicts a
noun = dog
•
younger
previous statement
=go home \
else's •
can carry connotations of backwardness and a lack of sophistication. Sometimes used of urban areas smaller than Tokyo and Osaka. Can be used to mean 'home town' especially in the phrase 'urban but '
mean
noun = image
\ •
•
adverb
= even more = at last
' '
1
•
-
11
•
suffix
197
= since
1 noun = request 2 verb 3
annoved
= to request
()
3® -to get
verb
'
no"n
•
= container e
•
phrase used to mean 'welcome' or 'come in and carries a nuance of 'thank you for coming'
•
'
to
• •
• • •
switch)
•
•
= various = all sorts or
(/
•
noun = rock
•
•
= to go = to come = to be
• •
honorific equivalent
and
(a
noun = colour
•
•
®
•
'
adjective
'welcome' or 'may I help you?' depending on the context 1
2(i)
•
= to put in = to let in = to turn on
phrase - used welcome customers and meaning
verb
•
I
o/" t \
< ^ ,
-6
^204_
noun
= celebration = a present
'^
verb
•
(D =to
7
celebrate
adverb = so
to
speak
= entrance •
treatment
2®
•
name stamp
•
•
• • •
sister
EP $
= socalled
member noun
that functions
an official as a
noun = ink •
noun = printing 2 verb 3 (§) 1
=
younger
=
signature on documents
{of people or animals") = to be = to exist {of a place) = to live = to be {of a family member) = to have
a
suffix
•
verb
•
•
attributive
noun = medical
•
I
have
= to print
and an elder brother
A70"A?
•
after the form of a verb it indicates continuous action or continuing or completed states.
= impression - to give
an impression
197 •
erfa
•
= to retire
verb 3(q)
7®
noun = interview
•
• •
= to be necessary = to want •
=
to roast
A70"n = intellectual
verb
©
•
\
I
•
noun = quotation n = gravity
@
®® 1
12
•
I
verb
®=
verb
•
2®
•
=
to accept
verb
•
•
•
noun •
•
•
= whiskey = whisky
•
"
• • •
= reception
l^OX.
verb 2
•
@=
to accept
noun
on
•
above
•
verb 2 (f) = to catch
top
•
=
•
= receipt = receiving
over
to react
older
^
•
^ll^ noun
•
and pots
in
trees, plants
a garden
noun
•
= -
•
verb 2
(i)
verb 2
®
•
noun
•
verb
verb
•
verb 2 d)
• •
•
= to starve
•
noun =
•
1
noun = gargling
2
verb 3
fish
•
•
= to receive (of an exam) = to take (of harmful effects) = to suffer verb
•
=
(g)
to gargle
verb erb
7
(D
•
•
•
= to visit = to ask = to be told this is
•
191
= thin
to float
•
{of drinks) =
to occur
•
(of colours) = pale
verb
•
1
•
verb 2
•
= =
•
= to pass (an exam)
verb
®
7
©=
to
rwun
•
•
S
•
•
verb
•
,
move
noun = rabbit
= behind = back = rear
•
= to float = to show
to
lose
a humble equivalent of the
•
•
^ •
and
@=
noun - cow
•
verbs
7
noun = movement
•
•
1
= to move
•
•
(D
= to be in charge or
= to plant •
1
to receive
a
person or busirwss growing trees and plants for gardens
•
•
—197
noun = waitress
9
'
noun
= no
informal equivalent of
•
= to be told = to take an order f
interjection
= = = = =
(D
=to hear = to know
•
noun = wool
•
up
to float
1®
^
-;!
weak
•
= dim
adjective
adjective
®
®®
®
1
13
•
verb 2
•
®
= to dilute •
noun = lie = to (tell
P
as an exclamation surprise
and
is
it
•
BB
D=
verb
•
() adverb =
indicates
similar to 'you
1
= to hit = to type
a) lie
must
be joking!'
'
verb
•
•
•
I
liar
verb
•
verb
•
7
(D =
to
§) =
to
©=
to reflect
transfer
"^
%
•
verb verb
•
1
7
=to
•
•
•
= =
• •
noun = suspicion
•
verb
•
IS?
(D
doubt
^197
•
•
(of a
noun •
•
"
= our dog
noun = while = during = in (of a number of items) = from
-
following the
y
@=
*
I"!
to be
noun = container
noun = arm = to practise notvn
•
=
watch
(wrist) •
pt^
noun
form of a verb
conveys the meaning of
verb
•
reflected
O
" it
1
photograph) - to come out (well) {of something in a photograph) = to be in
family etc.
•
verb
•
= house = home = family
1
= to move {of a cold etc.) = to be contagious
•
sometimes translatable 'we' or 'us' talking about a company o a
•
verb
•
to
when
•
= to sue = to complain
to suspect
"^ •
•
copy
2(g)
e
•
sing
•
carelessly
adjective
•
noun = song
\
shoot
= beautiful
noun =
7
to
X noun = rainy weather -
a kind of thick, white
noodle
'before'
erb7©
•
= to urge
•
berore
it
let's
go
home
noun =
•
l91
rains
verb
•
•
1
[fe
= arrangement •
verb 2
®=
•
to arrange
' •
• •
?
verb
1
@= ®-
to
groan
to steal
adjective 1
= delicious = skillftil
•
(of food)
•
(o/^ab/V/^y)
noun in the sense 'delicious' tnis generally only used by men.
= the universe = space •
®-to nod verb
noun = horse
•
verb
•
= to deny
eel
noun = hand-held fan
•
word is
noun = birth
'
®® 1
•
•
•
|
•
14
noun =
sold
noun =
sale
out
adjective
= natural
{of talent etc.)
-
•
-'
•
verb 2 (® = to be sold out •
•
= •
to be
-
•
!^ noun and
•
verb
1
= to give birth to = to produce
verb
•
1
= to
•
•
•
•
verb 2
•
•
®
•
as an exclamation
©=
e
•
means
• •
= glad = happy
noun
noun =
•
erb2®
•
sold
'
()
noun
•
- inside out verb
•
©
= to turn inside out
verb
1
noun =
3® = to loiter
affair
=to have an
affair
1
to betray
noun - clothing for upper body, especially in the sense of a coat or 'ac/cef •
noun = fortune
the
telling
noun
•
•
P
noun = rumour
= fortuneteller
"
•
d) =
verb
•
• •
interjection
noun
•
= ill will = grudge
•
= yes = ok
"
informal equivalent of
verb
•
1
®=
io resent
•
•
=
noun
fate
adjective • •
verb
= to exceed
to tell
someone's fortune
1S
= lucky unlucky
= envious = enviable •
sales
= tobe
•
2 verb 3(29 verb
•
'shut
adjective to
= back = behind
=
it
up'
respect
•
= noisy = annoying
= to bury = to make up (for) = to fill in (the gaps)
"
•
adjective
rwuri - salty
•
pickled plum
•
sell
noun = plum
1ft
•
•
suffix
= department
sea
•
•
•
born
i% noun =
©
e
= to put on sale
•
•
"^
2@
e
verb
7
(D =to
envy
•
1
noun = management
3®
noun =
sales
2 verb manage
=to
1
(i>
•
noun = canal
•
=
'
to be fed
2 verb 3
3®
e
@
=todo
•
'
^iia noun =
(language)
fare
©=
verb
(an animal)
noun = rotation
2 verb 3
•
•
I
'
•
adjective = pleasant
1
®®
n1
1
25
®
= to solve •
>
j±jai noun = streets
•
"J
^oun =
fij jtT
•
street
• •
= journey back = homecoming
light •
•
noun = answer paper
(for
•
an exam) •
•
1
=
noun = development
2 verb 3
©
= to •
noun = exterior
•
•
•
1
@
\
= to return = to go home = to come home verb
•
= to recover
^5
= to be returned
noun = opening
2 verb 3
=
to
noun =
•
open
•
noun = liberation
noun = scent
•
®
= to release
•
jfi
face
noun = house
'
2 verb 3
1
•
•
•
1
1
•
noun = recovery
2 verb 3 1
verb
• •
•
S
•
change
to
develop
2@©
e
•
(fflj
^ noun -
artist
verb 2
•
= to hold
(in
®
one's arms)
•
1
noun = shopping
2 verb • •
(
3®
= to go shopping = to shop
.
X)
-
noun = the
•
•
noun =
cost
noun = science
•
noun = chemistry
^197
seas
noun = mirror
•
words of foreign origin used in Japanese and specifically those words predominantly from western languages and written in the sovpf
fffi
•
verb
•
• •
1
= to shine = to sparkle
t}t))
•
suffix
= in charge of
vii
no""
•
noun = outline
•
•
1
noun = conversation
.
=to
2 verb 3@) verb
• •
d)
talk
= the person in charge
•
with
= to buy
•
• •
(of...)
verb •
= to take (time or money) = to be telephoned
1
n
••
1
®e
1
• •
26 •
• •
= to hang = to be locked
adjective
•
•
•
verb
•
= definite = reliable
= to have to do with
noun = academic
•
•
• •
= key = lock
1
noun = studvmg
'
2 verb 3 = to lock to be locked
h "^
noun = registered
'
©
= to
study
verb
7
(f)
=to hide
something
post
noun = student
• •
•
- dictation •
1
noun = fence
i
noun = magnification
2 verb 3
'
©
=to
enlarge
U • P suffix - sometimes used as a noun meaning 'limits' but
noun = each place
•
•
often attached to verbs to give the
meaning of
'as far as'
With a negative verb
or 'as long
it
as'.
1
2
can often be
noun = extension verb 3 (D widen
translated 'unless'
7@
e
•
•
limited 1
prefix ~ nuclear
•
t)
' •
verb
d)
1
•
=towrite
•
erb
7
©
P
•
•
verb
1
®=
to lack
= exceptional = particularly
1 adjective
2 adverb
to scratch
•
noun = rank
•
prefix = each
verb
noun = revolution
•
noun = probability
•
noun
•
= academic ability
(D
to smell
enb2®
•
( a /ecf/
•
•
noun = shadow
•
noun = shade
fictional
-
•
1
•
1
noun
•
= readiness = resolution
•
2 •
•
noun = multiplication
2 verb 3
©
multiply
©
verb 3 = to be resigned to = to be ready for •
= to
be hidden
to sniff
noun - learning =
noun = faculty
•
verb
•
•
XiN
noun = furniture = =
noun = school
•
year
\
•
ti
•
= to
confirm
= to draw = to paint
\
noun = confirmation
2 verb 3 (D
•
•
to
noun = angle
-
=tobe
=
noun = each person
to
•
verb 3
= to approve
(a
>197
motion)
®
1
•
27
•
•
© • • • • • • •
= = = = = = =
put over
to
hang
•
noun = housework adjective = clever
phrase
used
sense of
'certainlv' to
acted upon
2@ = tonm verb 2® •
chipped
i^^fe noun = past
•
ii noun = basket
1
= to lend = to rent out
noun =
•
noun = condition
•
verb
•
•
to be lacking
k
the
not only understanding but that an order or mquest will be
e
•
in
show
by be wearing (glasses)
•
fire
•
to multiply
"
•
7
to telephone
to be
noun =
•
to lock
to
•
,
•
= =
,
monev)
to take (time, to
I
•
•
•
verb 2
• •
•
•
a blunder
>197
noun = crater
UV
"' t}'^
noun = house
•
for
rent
•
noun = descent 2 verb 3 @)
•
1
©
= to go
down
noun = singer suffix
= place
(
•
adjective = excessive
•
1
noun = process
2 verb 3
verb
=to process
(§)
53
•
tense of verbs,
in this
have usually referred 191 verb
•
noun
- the
dictionary
form
to the
7
• •
•
surround
•
noun =
•
noun
noun = gas 1
JM noun = wind
•
®
!^ noun =
• •
•
• •
pile
erb2©
•
•
noun = taxation
•
noun = underline
•
verb
noun
noun =
= decoration = ornament
to earn
(D •
noun = volcano
•
•
®=
IS? verb
= to decorate = to display
•
1
cassette
2®
= to count
noun
= confectionery = snacks
verb •
•
•
a cold
to catch a cold
money
•
•
=
•
= to
up •
•
iy
= to be piled up = to happen at the same time •
@
= number = quantity
fire
verb
•
7
chew
= to lend = to rent
noun = umbrella
•
to
•
•
d) =to
®= verb
•
past
we
1
181
•
1
noun = acceleration
2
verb
3®
= to accelerate
•
28
•
I
177
noun = family
•
•
= acceleration
•
= petrol = firasoline
•
= petrol station = gasoline station
D
•
when added to the form of a verb it means
it
to the
adds
pre
the
enb
suffix
=towin
= month
(
suffix -
•
when added
form of a verb
'difficult to
it
191
..."
^'
•
noun
•
the
used to write words of and which functions as
•
script primarily
foreign origin
a kind of italic
•
noun = vigour
•
noun = (musical) noun
•
= semester = term
tP
verb
•
!=
to carry
(on the shoulders)
vii
noun
•
•
3®
instrument
noun = people
•
•
verb
= to be disappointed
pre
means
noun = acaaemic
conference
= hard = stiff
to the
174
noun = university or school department
adjective •
'tends
7®
•
•
•
form of a
meaning of
•
•
•
•
to tell
191
.
191
...ing'
noun = victory
•
suffix -
pre 'way of
•
to
= style = mould •
noun = value
added
noun
•
•
•
verb
M noun = shoulder
•
©=
suffix
noun = person
•
(in
verb
•
noun •
enb favour of)
•
•
= to be prejudiced
(g)
noun •
7® = to
e
•
incline
noun
[]
noun = brackets
•
= form = shape
•
noun
= appearance verb
•
= of nice appearance
1
•
=
•
= not attractive
•
(of a
room
)
stylish
= not stylish
= to be
tidy
IS?
•
e
•
2®
noun = school noun = print
•
•
= choir
•
= to tidy up •
noun
bits
noun = kitchen
•
IS?
which are
stuck together, a lump •
•
erb7@
=
to
harden •
(ticket)
aaverb
•
= without asking permission = selfishly
1
noun =
•
noun = one-wav
•
activity
e
1
29
• I
2 verb 3 work
®
= to
noun =
2 verb
serve as (both of) two things at the
activity
3®
same time
= to
plav an active role
attached to the pre form of a verb it adds the meaning of being unable to do to a preceding verb and is thus often translated as 'cannot' and indicates a refusal of a request. Although the meaning is negative the form is positive and even native-speakers can get it wrong! The negative form
noun
= utilisation • = conjugation 2 verb 3 J) • = to make use of • = to conjugate (verbs) •
@
no"r7 = vitality
•
O
77^
•
1
suffix -
used
is
7
•
noun = assumption 2 verb 3 (D 1
wouldn't put
do
it
for the
meaning
past (somebody)
ad/ecf/
•
noun = household
•
noun = process
•
noun = curriculum
= possible
noun
•
= possibility =
noun = corner
it is
Japanese syllabic scripts and as opposed to Chinese characters or vii tPhj the
1
noun = cover
2 verb 3
®
\
= to cover
noun = bag
•
noun
•
= majority
noun = one's own 177
noun = mould •
adjective = sad
•
verb
noun = vase
•
be sad about •
the way of using Japanese vii
in
©=
-
7
to
noun = stocks
•
no n = shares
•
•
the writing of
noun = corporation
noun = hammer
•
erb2©= to
•
cover
adverb = definitely
•
verb
•
adverb {preceding a negative) = not
• •
= to put on = to be wearing
necessarily
'
adverb = considerably
noun = money noun =
0
\
from
©=
to heat
SI noun
•
mean verb 3
(a hat)
large pot for cooking rice
bell
•
(D
noun = wall
•
•
very
likelv
noun
•
wife
to
191
that'.
= to assume
•
•
a rich
verb 2 d) = to
•
•
1
noun =
•
person
actively
phrase - deriving phrase is used to
this
'it doesn't matter' and in the to question form mean 'would you mind if ...?'
1
•
1
30
I
verb
•
7
d) =to mind
• •
= design = nature
•
1
()
noun = endurance
2 verb 3
,
®
= to put up
(^"
•
with
noun = colour •
Z?)
adjective = patient
Z?
•
^
•
• •
adjective = spicy
•
noun = hair (on head)
noun accompaniment
noun = paper
especially at bars
•
noun = god
•
prefix
- singing to the
Tibtl
:i
^
•
noun = body
adjective =
noun - waste
noun = God noun
•
= temporarily = supposing
noun = thunder
•
•
verb
(D •
= to bite = to chew
= to borrow = to rent = to hire
1]
•
noun - chewing
noun =
gum sticky tape
speaker or
some
= probablv = perhaps
poems
•
noun =
•
adjective = itchy
verb
•
•
or proverbs
noun = he
noun = curry
1@
noun = boyfriend
•
o"n = they
•
verb2®
•
§3i
•
•
• •
H noun =
= because = from ^205
Z?^ •
noun = song shell
b
ffl
= pattern
noun
= to
wither CX
noun = calendar
particle
•
201
adjective = light
rreight
= to commute = to travel = to attend
t)
stem
7" noun = medical record •
•
to the
noun traditional • Japanese playing cards featuring
phrase
•
to cut
writer but refers to
other person. •
•
d) =
when added
= objective
•
t
of adjectives of emotion or ssnsdtion it indicates that the state is not that of the
noun
•
verb
suffix -
noun = camera •
•
•
•
•
verb 2 d)
•
noun = hair (on the head)
"
adverb
•
•
= shaver = razor
m
•
empty
IS? t
•
to tease
noun = glass
t)
•
©=
verb
'
= upper (part) = first (part)
of a backing tape
paper
•
adjective
= empty
noun = overwork
•
adverb
•
= only just
noun =
calorie
1
31
•
'
" 7?
river
•
I
a dictionary of
characters
with explanations in English
noun = skin noun = leather
•
•
noun =
pj
•
•
"^
•
fiJj
= side
suffix
*
P
it
adjective = cute
verb
•
= to love (grandchildren or pets
(
•
1 adjective
(D
etc.)
- idea
'
•
= way of thinking
used in
the
terrible (news)!'
2©
e
•
)
= pitiful = sadly
2 adverb often
noun
•
•
sense
'oh that's
or 'what a
pity!'
• •
• •
= to thmk about = to expect •
noun
B
= opthalmologist verb
•
(D =to
t
tl
drv
'
hjti
^
1®
_191
•
•
noun = stand
(a)
large (one)
countsr used for large items such as vehicles, machines and
is
noun -
•
prefix - indicates ordinal
title
5^ noun =
•
\^
or
•
' •
•
/
• •
electricity,
suffix
a
bill (Jor
gss,
water or telephone) •
noun
- this
term covers physical education and sports as school and college subjects and sports and training more generally
(the)
atmosphere
|^
third' •
post-
noun = expulsion from school/college
•
numbers such ds
to
•
181
goods
-
•
word
used in place of 'university' when referring graduate work and study this
•
(large) electrical
noun = university
•
noun =
'the first'
the body)
noun
it
'towards
7
^^/mlt noun
(for
•
•
or fwo peoplejteams
•
= thermometer
or 'are'> 187
'is'
noun = (body)
•
temperature (the) other/s
noun = carpenter
•
/
•
1 adjective
2
noun
= payment = amount
erb3@
(
= boring
=tobe
bored
",: •
noun - system
—-
'
87
•
•
I
A.
•
= systematic
2a
•
= large and small = size •
adjective
/ct ^ ZA
(i-jii)
noun = kitchen noun -the
'-
®
= to compare = to contrast
noun = attitude
•
noun
•
•
noun = most (of) 2 adverb = generally 1
•
part (of)
ii'^'^t,
--…
-
noun = the greater
'
•
•
I
7^
noun =
•
1
88
noun = continent
•
(a)
representative •
noun = type 1
noun = verb
conflict
3®
- to be
opposed
@
= to type
noun = strengtn
•
5l adverb
•
z:>
•
1
2 noun = typing
2 verb 3 •
(of person)
= contmuallv
erb2@
•
noun = typhoon
—
•
-
adverb
•
= considerably = mostly
= to
endure
noun = oval
• •
noun = most (of) 2 adverb = mostly 1
(D =
verb
•
to
knock
down •
()
1 adjective • •
noun - towel
= hard = awful
down
2 adverb • •
enb2®=to
•
fall
conjunction = however
= very = extremely =
used
'oh no!'
describe something which might be translated as 'ssrious' or 'difficult'. Also used to show sympathy as in 'oh no, how often
to
awful!'
' ,
adjective
ftt) ift • = high • = expensive
noun = each other
•
erb 2 (i)= to
•
'
raise
•
1
noun =
2 verb 3
arrest
©
= to arrest
noun = timer
noun =
•
= lottery
title
= timetable = diamond
/ •
noun •
(for
public transport)
•
conjunction
= therefore = so phrase = therefore suffix -
1
noun =
2 verb ?
dial
= to
(f)
noun = the sun
•
() flat
•
=
level
to the
'wants
to'
when
referring to
pre
meaning
people
other thdn oneself
7
=
added
of a verb to give the
dial
•
(D =to
noun
•
noun = timing
•
7
noun = treasure
•
X
verb
•
plough
191
() adjective
•
noun = waterfall
•
noun
•
• •
noun = compromise 2\/erb:3@ compromise
= representative = agent •
= agency
notvn
•
(nee)
verb
7
= to
(D =
to
cook
1
®
'' ®®
1
'
89
I
verb
•
•
1 .
noun • marks placed beside characters which change the
'
• •
-
= to be helped = to be rescued
the two
pronunciation from
= a
lot
to 'ga'
'ka'
verb 2
•
• •
= to
taxi
1
suffix
noun =
•
as possible (a)
blow
•
= the only = merely
3
conjunction = however
•
conjunction = however
also as a greeting phrase used when returning to the home or
adverb = perhaps
workplace having been away
() = definite
2 adjective 3 adverb
M
while.
= definitely e
•
= to
now
ddverb = just
•
1
free of charge
3 adjective
much
= as
(
noun =
2 adverb = only
- only = just
/
2®
= to ask
noun = bamboo
•
•
verb
visit
•
•
2©
'
of
noun =
/
e
•
adverb
®
= to help = to rescue
vii
etc.
•
1
•
= to hug
It
usually
is
met
and
response
2©
translatable as either
is
Tm home!' or
noun
•
• •
•
a
'I'm back!' depending on the context
connrm
noun = large and small 2 adverb • = some
for
with the
= battle = struggle
1
•
= a
•
•
bit -
verb
•
verb
(D = to add
• • • • • •
/
(D
•
= to hold out = to take out (of) = to hand in = to put out = to send = to give out = to publish to the
'start to'
pre
add
the or to indicating the
direction of action as
to
outwards
( aGA/enb = atonce
•
noun - flooring mats that • are used inside Japanese homes and made from straw and rushes woven together
191
verb
•
• •
suffix -
= a large number = majority •
= majority decision
adjective
IE
= correct
noun
•
referring to
'child'
or 'children but
means
'
'children
©=
to fold
added to words to make them means i.e.
people
specifically plural
noun
(D
conjunction = however
•
(
form of verbs
1
= to hit = to beat
•
•
commonly added meaning
verb
•
•
•
verb • = to fight = to struggle (against)
® •
•
verb •
1 (j£)
= to stand up
•
90
mean
Ve/t/'ca
when
talking of measurements
suffix -
to stop (and stand
just {having
still)
and
to give length
= standpoint = position
the pre
in
noun
•
writing {of Japanese)
(formal) letters,
newspapers
adverb = swiftly verb (at/on)
verb
•
1
®
- vertical
as used
in
books and vii
51 B noun - what is said and done to be superficially polite and agreable as opposed to what is really thought and felt. •
'
•
= to drop in
and
adds the meaning of been done) to a
preceding verb 191 form
noun
•
•
•
thus translatable as 'long' •
=
verb
®
… •
I
1
•
• •
= to stand = to rise
'
erb7®
•
verb
1
®
= to depart
•
•
= to raise
3®
= to reach (achieve)
'
/
.
the past of
plain equivalent
as 'was' or
o/"
adverb = even
/ which
is
a •
Translatable •
187
'were'.
•
conjunction =
if that's
added
= example = analogy ac^
•
to
nouns and
adjectives
^201
form a conditional
' "
verb 2
phrase - an informal version of which is used to mean 'even' or give a sense of 'every' when giving examples and to emphasise
used
noun =
noun = other people
•
noun = seed adjective
= enjoyable
to
noun
•
making excuses.
•
= pleasure
=tobe
adverb •
= =
looking forward to
fully lots
of
added
"
= to compare
valley
•
mean 'but' or 'because' when explaining and
negatives. Also
©
"o"n = shelf
•
•
erb = for
example
197 7
if
noun
f
the
case
to
ad/ec Ve
= aoDropnate
adverb = only
7
•
verb 2 (D = to build = to put up
•
= to cut off e
•
•
= topass
©
e
•
/ -
"0"= (a) building
•
meaning
to
nouns
'plenty
to give the
noun - the word means plane' as opposed to 'horizontal plane' and is used both
verb
•
of
1
•
=
'vertical
^ •
to
to look
forward to
91
•
noun =
•
(a)
verb
request •
•
• •
•
®
verb
•
= =
•
I
1
to trick to deceive
adverb = by chance
•
(
= to ask (something as a favour) = to order
adverb = occasionally
adjective
•
adjective = unbearable
= reliable counter - bunch
• •
•
•
auxiliary following the
it adds the meaning 'unbearably' or 'unrestrainedly' and
form of the verb
can suggest eagerness
= cigarette = tobacco
"
•
181
noun
•
•
(of)
as an
,
= journey = travel
v^erb7® = tobe
•
accumulated
notm • = every time (something happens) = occasion
erb
^
• •
1®
• •
verb = to overlap = to be double
• •
used in
sense of something being done twice and often
the
•
• • •
noun • = for the sake of = for the purpose of = because of
'
() csn mean
'No!' or that forbidden or otherwise 'wrong' or not as it should be
something
adverb
= perhaps = possibly = probably
is
•
noun = trial 2 adverb 1
no"n = food verb
• •
•
= toeat
noun =
verb
ball •
in
'globular'
sense of
the it
is
also written store
noun = bullet •
noun = egg
7
®=
@©= erb 2
to try
out
to hesitate
® =to
•
enb2(g) =to
up •
•
^
amass (money)
'globe' or
•
•
= experimentally verb
2®
•
used
noun = sigh
•
^197
7
adjective
= useless = forbidden = broken = to be ruined
thus unnecessarily
•
7® = tosay
noun = dam •
= many times = repeatedly
= tobe
nothing
adverb
•
@
e
•
saved up •
•
do
noun
noun - a kind of traditional Japanese footwsdr something like a sock with a sole •
to
something. It is translatable as 'be 197 dying to {do something)
= to maintain = to preserve
verb
1
•
/^
noun
-
someone and
is
, I
92
•
I
•
of from
f
"
means news
//sfene
often
correct so translatable as
translatable as letter' •
= reliable = unreliable 7
@
verb
created by adding past form of verb or adjective
•
b ("t
= group
noun
= unit = credit unit at university or college nour7 = stage
•
can indicate meanings
191
7C
suffix
•
•
•
and
adjective
is
= short tempered
adds
the
full
a short period
noun = a
•
sense of
'being covered with' or 'being with a negative
^oun =
•
of time
aoi suffix
is
'isn't it?',
187
= to
suffix -
'when'
being said
is
step = step
•
'//' and used in a number of expressions such as meaning 'how about {doina ...)?' or 'why don't you
it
what
'aren't they?', 'haven't they?', 'didn't
relv (on)
H
that
he?' etc.
noun = dependability
•
to the
n
•
•
short period of time
of
nuance
•
adjective • •
= untidy = slovenly
an
•
=boy
stem of a
•
= male
usually appearing as
suffix
ending on the pre pair of verbs {or more)
•
noun = word
•
noun
and followed
(
• it Indicates that the actions by were simultaneous, in succession or
just part of
and
all
) = simple = simply
1 adjective
2 adverb
those that took place
translatable as 'and so on' or 'and
things like
that'.
express opposites.
•
e
•
2
@=
to be
sufficient
•
= birthday
•
= Happy
•
e
•
a posting to a workplace in another city or country which entails living away from the family
m noun - who
-
rioun •
noun
•
•
noun
2®
= to be dangling = to hang down •
= birth
Birthday!
=dull = listless •
•
' nou
adjective
7 •
noun = weak
•
point
These forms can also
•
= chest of drawers = wardrobe
= someone = anyone 1
phrase(w/tha
•
negative) = no one
noun =
plain form of translatable as 7
used
to
•
star (entertainer)
often
2
noun = dancing = dance
erb3®
suppose' and also
get confirmation from the
= to
dance •
water
n = fresh
a
'
"
•
•
•
•
I
noun
•
•
@
•
93
= man = male
'
'
• '
/ '
adjective = male
hj
1
noun = carbon
•
noun
•
abbreviation
o/"
junior colleae for
2 years
where the courses 185
noun = blood
•
noun -
/
V
last
means
(the)
'safety' with
•
/
•
adverb - gradually
b
Bli
noun
apartment housing ownership
in
±
noun
= position = standing;
•
•
•
an estate of
noun = area
•
public
adjective
= small •
adjective =
to
=safe = unsafe
noun = a group tour = package holiday
•
word
- this
reference
and order and crime
•
•
ground
noun
•
issues of law
noun = group
•
•
an
adjective
\
monotonous
= small ——
•
noun = decision 2 verb 3 (D
X
noun = cheese
1
noun = team
= to decide
•
1
noun
•
= (person) in charge = responsibility (for)
•
b X. • •
2 verb 3 (B
•
= to be in
' •
M^P
noun =
husband
177
= (someone
else's)
noun
noun 177
(
ad/e
•
• •
= certain = definite usually
in
means
/
the form
U
ad erb = simply
Dhrase-
'No!' or 'Wrong!' •
D
veri3
(promise) •
5S
noun = short story noun
= collection (book) of short
stories
noun = neighbourhood 2 adverb 1
noun = heater
• •
noun =
elasticity
1
•
paddy •
•
verb
= to be aifterent = to be wrong
noun
•
•
•
•
•
i/e
t
I
noun
= protein
rice
noun = difference
phrase
•
=
adjective = close
air
own)
= nothing more than •
•
•
(one's
husband
•
/
noun = underground
•
H
= person in charge
I
noun
= intelligence = sense
charge of
•
noun = teamwork
,
= almost = soon
"^
= to swear
®
( 1•
•
the translation
will
on the context but
94
•
I
vary depending
and
'close to' are possible renderings and if no reference point is supplied it means 'around here'.
U
noun = governor
•
b b
= recently
noun = knowledge
•
noun = geology
•
verb
•
•
1
= geology
= to approach = to draw near
(subject)
noun = acquaintance
•
verb
•
2®
noun = map
•
= to bring nearer
bTi
noun = intelligence
1
•
IS?
•
adjective = intelligent
no"n-an
•
underground railway so variously
noun = zone
•
translatable as 'subway', 'metro',
verb
•
•
•
(one's
own) father
177
1® -to
noun =
•
(to)
verb
•
= DOwer = strength = ability
(one's
own)
177
father
noun
•
•
noun =
•
'underground' etc.
get near
(of)
noun
•
•
(of a
state or prefecture)
mxvr?
•
noun
•
= latecomer
'around', 'local'
@=
to shrink
erb2©
•
= to
shrink (something)
= to make an
verb 2
•
become curled
effort
aa!/ec
•
AKX7A?
•
= the earth
noun = nitrogen
adverb
(world)
= utterly
to
noun = order
•
b •
^
Ve
= powerful
®=
(hair)
{with negative)
(not)
noun
noun = global
•
warming •
t:>
•
icO
verb
@=
to
swear
acy
•
ec Ve
= intellectual
(promise)
verb
•
(D =to
•
noun = area
•
adverb = in
•
•
ffl
CAf
"b •
tear into pieces
\
=tip = gratuity
noun
•
= place = spot
noun = intelligence
•
detail
^ noun = farming
noun
•
= horizon
(animals) •
noun
a (somewhat) vulgar expression of annoyance and disappointment •
-
where many English speakers would probably
used
in
situations
svves •
verb 3
=
to be late
•
•
= =
noun
district
reffion
"
often used with a sense of ' a or 7oca/' to describe areas both geographically distant from a centre and for 'local' government or businesses and organisations having a regional focus.
95
•
•
b
noun =
•
(place)
b
•• ..'
name
I
attached
suffix
.
•
children's
adjective = fatal
noun =
and
names
to
tea
•
= properly adjective = proper
1
noun = brown
2
adjective "b
noun = TV channel
= brown
b
•
^fe
•
^
•
noun = medium
•
suffix
adjective
= brown
\
names.
girls'
adverb
•
b
to
give an informal or affectiondte form of reference. Used especially with
= in the middle
(of)
suffix
= arrival •
•
= suits = dresses
• •
counter
1
'(
•
181
1 adjective
2 adverb
• •
)
= steady
•
= steadily •
•
= care = attention
2 verb 3 •
1
noun = warning
= to take care = to warn = to tell off
noun = commencement •
3®
2 verb commence
=to
adjective = cautious
noun =
•
verb 3
@=
centre
•
to sit
^
down •
IBS
•
adverb = steadily •
noun
•
•
•
noun =
2 verb 3
(or a plane)
=(ofa
plane) to land
^^^
noun =
living
^^
room
adjective = second-
•
hand
b
noun = tea
•
•
m)"A7
= second-hand car
ceremony noun
•
small low table used Japanese dining
-
a
•
noun
= second-hand item
for traditional
• ,
1 1 • •
2 verb 3
®
• •
= bowl for = (tea) cup
•
^^ noun
rice
©
= to
advise •
f0
=to
attempt
^
noun = advice
2 verb 3
noun = (a) challenge = try
-
noun = midway
•
•
noun
a middle school o junior high school 185 {ages 12 to 15)
landing
^
no"n-
student at a middle school or junior 185 high school
= payment on aelivery
1
(the)
noun = China
172 beware of confusion with an area of Japan called and sometimes referred to by
(
this
name
•
.
•
b
96
noun
S
•
= Chinese (language)
2 verb 3
'
•
I
17^
•
1
noun = excess
2 verb 3 = to be called off = to call off
®
1
noun = injection verb
3©
=
= to inject
compounds
in
2 verb
3®
1
noun = survey
•
noun = the 174
•
2 verb3
adjective = abstract
• •
noun = lunch
•
•
= ingood condition = working well = in poor condition = not working properly
•
noun = interruption
3@®
= to be interrupted = to interrupt
noun
•
•
noun = midway
•
•
= strong point = merit
noun = the
•
•
can be used even one daughter
noun = miadle
•
age
noun =
eldest
there
only
177
daughter
Middle East
if
•
noun - attention
2 verb
= summit
3®®
= to pay attention
•
(to)
1
noun = order (goods or
2 verb 3
b
^ noun = suffix -
•
butterfly
added
to
...'.or
1
noun
•
= adjustment = control
•
other
nouns describing work to denote someone in charge and so translatable as 'head
2 verb • •
3®
= to control = to adjust
'chief
-
•
noun (U.K) 181
'trillion'
•
'billion' 5:5
names
suffix
•
it
area of a •
agency
-
used
(U.S) or
with place
denotes either a town or an
meaning
'(please) give
'(please)
do
...
a humble verb 'to
in
have {food and •
me' or
Also used as the form
for me'.
which means
government
used as
an informal version of
city
suffix -
toadjust
•
= to
(f)
•
-
food)
order (goods or food) ct
noun = adjustment
2 verb 3®
•
1
is
noun
•
1
to carry
= condition = manner = health
noun = centre
•
•
=
noun ) *^
•
®
out a survey
middle ten days of the month
1
'
•
noun = car-park
2 verb
*
•
= sculpture = carving
•
= to park
(
noun
•
noun = parking
exceed
noun and prefix • used alone to mean 'a long period of time' and translatable as 'long term
•
1
to
noun = director
•
•
2
®
'to
receive' or
drink)
noun = peak
@ 97
•
I
'
adverb •
= exactly
•
=just
right
•
angle
noun = diameter
•
noun = the
•
i77
eldest son
adverb = slightly = just a little = somewhat
•
can be used even one son
if
there
is
only
• •
•
used
often suffix -
•
a
requiring translation. Another common use of the word is as a way of expressing hesitation, doubt or disapproval. Depending on the context the word itself can be a
noun = cooking noun = chef
noun
•
clear rsfussi of a request in the Tm sorry but ..'
= cooking instructions
3
—
sense of
noun = chalk
'
1
•
®
= to save
= =
•
after
•
to be scattered to be untidy
•
1 • •
•
venb?©
•
adverb = directly = immediately
b • •
2 adjective •
= immediate = direct
= dust = dirt
noun = geography
= direct 2 adverb
^ .
(subject)
noun =
•
= directly
noun =
/
u
straight
1 •
[Mh noun and suffix
noun = dustpan •
noun = medical treatment
2 verb 3
®
=
= immediately before
•
e •
prefcc
•
•
( )
= through (train) = direct (dial)
•
= to fall (leaves = to scatter
verb 3 (f) = to face
'
literal
translation
b
noun = wages
used
-
notvn
•
1
t/
noun = sinking
2 verb noun
etc.)
= painkiller •
n=
•
to treat
1
•
•
•
tissue
(paper)
•
b
mxvn
•
= geography
1 adjective
= to scatter
noun
•
•
line
verb7®
•
no(vn
= immediately
d)
verb
= to scatter = to make a mess
•
noun = savings
2 verb 3
to
softer in tone
numbered area of a Japanese town used as a subdivision in addresses •
moment make expressions and not always
= please wait a
= seasoning
3®
a small cup
= to sink •
noun =
silence
for drinking •
noun = chocolate ^5
•
noun = author
noun = display 2 verb 3 1
©
= to exhibit
\
1
98
•
I
'
noun = commuter
•
noun = traffic = passage
2
verb
1 •
"3
adverb
•
= lUSt = carelessly
•
=bv mistake
•
•
train
3@
=to pass
(along)
7
•
rioun
= no through roaa
•
1
2
noun = supplement verb 3
©
•
—
to
- passer-Dy
add
noun = the 174
day of the month
first
•
-
•
used
a form of
certain
in
_
expressions with the sense of
^197 •
noun
•
=
'through' or
''
197
erb2®
= about (concerning) = per
• • •
•
= whenever
•
it is
= to make (oneself) understood = to get through (on the telephone) = to be connected (by) = to be well informed (about)
convenient •
•
•
adverb = next
t
•
adverb • = on the wav = while (doing something else)
•
= correspondence
:
=to
2 verb 3 communicate
adverb
•
•
=
•
noun = communication
1
•
at last
verb
•
noun = correspondence course
©
= to spend
•
noun = mail order
(selling)
•
1
noun = (aeroplane) crash
•
=to crash
2 verb •
( ( ussd
counter
•
3
noun =
2
verb 3 school
travelling to school
@
=
to
go to
•
1
noun
•
'
= interpreting = interpreter
2 verb noun =
2 enb:?@ commute
3©
=
=
to
noun
•
= interpreter •
noun - commuting time
to
interpret
work
travelling to
noun
•
= bank book = pass book
•
•
•
1
notify
noun
•
•
1
=to
verb
noun = currency
•
®
= (school) report card
= to pass through
tp
notification
for letters
181
and documents
noun =
2 verb 3
(aeroplane or helicopter)
"^
1
verb 3
@=
•
to be valia
®
1
•
" • •
® @
1
•
99
noun
used in
often
= aisle = passage
,
.it
-i
'
with', 'to
noun = walking
•
the rorm
mean
stick
no"n
•
t
"^
noun = errand
•
(
suffix -
adds
the
= end
meaning
'use'
@=
•
verb to
run into
adjective = partly used 7
e
of using
• •
enb
• •
•
= (being = (being
©
7
•
®=
= to use = to spend
erb^d)
•
= to catch = to arrest
• •
1 •
= to be caught = to be arrested
•
verb
•
•
•
©
•
= to grab = to take hold of = to grip
•
verb
•
2®
•
S
"
.
,
verb
1
1
®
•
verb
7
(f)
= to
•
verb
1
tell (a lie)
verb
1
(§)
=to poke
•
verb
1
(§)
=to pour
•
verb
' .
©
= to be
next
suff/x
•
= with
noun = next = one
noun = desk verb
1
®=
to use
up
after
>197
another ciD
= to take
= to light = to catch fire = to come on •
noun
1
job)
= to get tired = to be tired
"3 • • = month • = moon
verb
verb
•
•
e
•
= to be stuck (to) = to be attached = to be included = to be with = to be stained (with/by)
(a
la?
•
1
= to arrive = to reach
noun = tiredness
•
•
verb
to find out
•
verb
•
•
;
•
•
•
•
accompaniment
•
•
•
in)
= to attend = to accompany
la? •
attendance
•
•
noun
in)
n = use
•
•
;
•
adjective = disposable
after
noun = time
•
•
•
adverb = one
•
another
noi7n = way
•
21
•
'to be going out have a relationship with'
to
,
® I
•
"^
noun
•
•
= to associate with
•
noun
= construction
= acquaintance verb
1
@
\
•
part of a
^ noun
the right
chsrscter
hand
®
b •
•
• •
100
= to make = to form = to grow
noun =
•
soil
suffix -
attached to the pre form of a verb it adds the
e
1
meaning
= to build = to create
'while' or 'continuing to'
191
suffix -
attempt
to show an something and so
used
to recall
translatable as 'wasn't we...?' or 'what
commonly
was
with the
it
'haven't
it •••?',
again?'
sense of
.
•
noun = continuation
•
verb
Very form of a added to the pre verb as a suffix to mean 'continuing
'{what)
to
..>191
205 continue
noun - traditional • Japanese pickled vegetables served as a side dish with a main meal •
v^erb2© =to
•
IS?
e
1® -to
continue
did you say?' or '[where) did you say {it was)?' etc. Related to particle
added to the pre verb as a suffix to mean
• •
•
=
= to attach = to install = to spread (butter etc.) - to mark
vorb
•
•
•
has a range of uses which
•
2®
mean
noun
. said
• •
/'
the phrase to refuse requests and may translatable as 'I'm very sorry but am unable to -.. at that time'
'
verb
•
suffix -
= convenience = circumstances
used
self-
to
wrap
(that)
noun
= work = duties
no"n = place
•
be
erb2®
•
=
I
to
work (for)
implies long term work
v^erb2®
•
= to be consistent
=
=tobe
•
®=
of work
inconsistent
= to tell = to transmit
1
an abbreviated from of meaning '(somebody)
•
•
exercise
•
®
= convenient = to be convenient = to manage to
•
'to
control'
verb 2 (a light or mdchine) = to turn on (a fire) = to light •
•
© =tobe
e
•
= to put on = to wear •
•
(D
to thrust (into)
generally
verb
form of a continue
careful
(homework etc.) •
'to
_to...>191
2(1) •
•
•
7® = to
e
•
be transmitted
•
'
•
1
©
• •
•
s •
I
to try •
erb2©
hard
noun = rope •
• •
to...
= connection = context
noun
®®
1
®
101
•
®=
verb
•
noun = intention
to
be connected verb
•
1
added to forms of the verb to make sentences with meanings
(i)
= to connect = to join
• •
Intend
.
•
noun =
(
(
•
wave
• •
noun = wing
•
noun = grain
•
tidal
enb = always
acf
verb
•
(of)
©=
kill
time
noun = dew
noun the Japanese season (June-July)
noun
to shut (eyes)
verb2®
•
be
noun
•
rainy
verb
to
•
= to
;
®=
e
•
= shine = lustre
1
= to crush
•
like
to ...'and 'plan to
up
piled
•
I
I
sauce
for
dipping noodles
or soup
=
w
adjective = strong
•
be crushed
noun =
•
(one's
•
own) wife
•
verb
1
= to trip = to stumble adjective
• • •
= brave
= aggressive 2 adverb • = bravely • = aggressively •
•
•
()
1 adjective
177
become
7® = to
e
•
= bored = boring = worthless
strong(er)
erb2(i) =to
•
strengthen
used in the set expression
when and
translatable as
'it's
giving a
just a
• •
something'
•
other words
verb
•
• •
•
noun
= guilt = sin = offence
•
adds
the
^
•
verb
meaning
•
= to be balanced = to be in proportion
'
verb
= nail = claw
•
e
•
J$
©=
to
7
enb
hang
adjective
= cool =cold
adverb
•
pack
to catch
noun = crane
•
•
(D =
7
(a fish)
noun
O •
(in)
it
'hard to
noun
•
•
when added
form of a verb
= fishing = change
©
= to pile up = to load •
suffix
•
•
•
•
pre
•
• •
•
to the
1
= to be blocked = to be stuffed full of •
•
= hard = bitter
conjunction = in
•
adjective
•
gift
little
erb2(D =to
• •
= as = in accordance with
hang
(bird) 7
©=
to
'
noun = companion
particles show the grammatical functions of words and the context
IIZ •
jltlTt (a
102
•
I
•
verb
©=
to take
©=
to bring
will determine an appropriate English translation which may vary considerably for the same particle in different uses. The above are a few of the more common possibilities.
person)
6
•
(a
person)
(a
verb 2 person)
-
-
••
•
3
205 form of
the
©=
"
•
• •
•
•
is
...
o"n
. .
erb7@
^
= to meet = to encounter •
•
which
= meeting = encounter •
•
^ noun
•
/
used to join sentences together and can be translated as 'and' or 'is 187 and' among other things.
to take/bring
•
= hand = way (of doing)
noun = allowance
^/5tt^ noun =
toilet
used and formal speech
a version of in writing
= to take time = to reach
situations
= tobe
prefix =
helpless
= to take steps
\
(to sort
out)
=
to hold out the
=
to cut corners
hand
low
•
noun = proposal
•
no"" =
(foil)
capacity
= to begin
•
form
suffix - added to pre some verbs to indicate 'person
who does suffix
...'i.e.
•
1
2 verb 3
191 ,
• •
• • •
(retail)
,,
•
= season
{location of an action) = at = in = on (method or mesns) = by = with eason) = because of (cause
price ,.
= fixed period ot time =
^201
particle
•
= to decline notvn =
•
a form of the verb or
wo cte to be added and supplementary meanings
@ •
= listener
adjective allowing other
created
noun = decline
ticket for
nO"A7
bus or train
noun • day or days which a shop or restaurant is closed on a regular basis and translatable as 'closed the
on
•=by •
(describing materials used) = from
•
= with
•
(describing a limited time or space or group) = in
•
{describing prices or quantities of
•
=by
things or people") = for
•
1
noun although translatable as
'offer'
it
most commonly used to describe sponsors or advertisers and translatable as 'support' or
'sponsorship'
is
)
103
©
2 verb 3
= to
provide
•
1
noun = care
3©
2 e •
1
•
I
•
noun = resistance
2 verb
3®
=to oppose
•
= to care for = to repair
noun = data •
1 • •
noun = stop = suspension
3® @
2 e • •
noun = database 1
noun =
a date
@
2 verb 3
= to stop = to suspend
• •
= to have a date = to go out with
•
=
verb 3
noun = tape
to stop
noun
•
=
—
noun =
table
noun = tape
(train) stop
recorder •
noun = submission 2 verb 3 (D hand in 1
noun = theme
(of)
= to
(
noun =
^197
tissue
@
verb 2
(paper)
•
• •
= to go out
•
noun
'
\
menu
-
a set
a restaurant
in
mx7" =
•
letter
•
noun = power cut 2 e/t)3(^ 1
•
= to be cut
2 adverb
"
off (electric power)
noun
•
• •
= extent = degree
•
2
ac/
•
= politely = carefully = kindly
•
•
•
noun = enemy suffix -
•
•
= polite = careful = kind
= easily
tfi
added
to
some
nouns it produces an adjective o adverb {depending on the particle used) with the meaning 'being 'of the character of or '...like'. Similar
1 ady'ecf/Ve •
() = easy
1 adjective
,
to
English endings
words
-al
and
-ally in
like 'politicaljpolitically'
and
'educationaljeducationally'.
erfc)
• •
speech forms used
in
noun - polite Japanese w 187
= workmanship = finish •
= completion
noun = retirement
•
@=
age •
and going
noun
•
•
(in
noun = coming and out)
noun
•
= entrance and
be completed •
() = accurate
1 adjective
2 adverb
= precisely
exit •
• •
noun = bus stop
verb1
•
to
•
= event = happening
noun
_
'
4"
•
'
-
104
•
I
=
noun - textbook
adjective
3®
= handy = reasonable
• •
to be suitable (for) '
'
(price)
noun = dessert
•
noun = designer
1 adjective
= appropriate = suitable 2 adverb C •
noun - designer
= appropriately
goods
prtrase
•
noun = design
X
= just made
/) adjective = digital
7"
C
(
•
•
)= suitable = suitably
1 adjective
2 adverb
•
sometimes used in the sense of 'not making an effort' or 'taking it
= plan = order as
7
r
easy'
noun
•
phrase - often translatable suppose' this is a polite form of and can be used to get
confirmation from the listener that
|
what
is
being said
translatable as •
1
-
they?', 'weren't you?', 'hasn't
noun = application = to apply
verfo2® • •
• • • • •
= to be able to = to be possible = to be completed = to be made (of/ftom) = to appear = to be formed can be used
etc.
it?'
187
2 verb 3
•
correct so also
is
'isn't it?', 'aren't
in the
added
to
statements which do
not have a verb
0
means
and
'am'
'is',
adjective
L
'are'.
after (» adjectives to polite.
The plain form
negative
is
either
negative form form is
.!
expression
after the
is
sound more is 7Z and the
I
The plain Past t and plain form past .
is
noun = trouble
•
dictionary form of a verb to mean 'can ... which is an alternative to
it
Also used
'
the potential form of the verb
191 p/7rase
• •
•
= = =
as
much
= however
•
=but
•
= because = since
as possible
...
conjunction
3
as well as possible as
conjunction
9 •
as possible •
prtrase =
•
-
if
noun =
possible ^5
•
tb
P
noun =
exit 1
noun = wrist noun =
•
•
• •
j
•
noun
= uneven = bumpy
haphazardly ) = unreliable
(
•
= response = effect
noun = notebook
can be used of personal organisers or diaries •
•
noun = nonsense
2 adverb 2 adjective
lever
test
ad/ec Ve
J
•
noun = iron •
noun = philosophy
® 105
•
noun = bridge
•
to
noun
•
•
/"
a combination of particles used
-
make the negative forms and so part of a structure equivalent
(for railway)
•
I
to 'isn't', 'aren't' or 'am not' in the present and 'wasn't' or 'we en T in the past. Also used to mark the condition under which a followina statement holds and so meaning 'if ...is the case then Very commonly the particles are being used to highlight a topic and carry or In the case a sense of 'as fo of There is sometimes a
= help = helper
verb
•
1
191
= to help
noun
•
..
= procedures
.
used of form fillina administrative work
verb 3
(
@=
to be
and
comparison (explicit or implicit) with something else. This follows from a word or phrase marked with particle being further marked as a topic
•
thorough
with particle
= thorough
2 ad e
be
translated as
toy
O
•
noun = railway
•
no"/i = metal plate
all
enb3®
is
it
it
could
followed
carries the
wrong' and
is
noun = department
\
night
= to stay up
all
•
noun = example
•
noun
•
13Z noun = tennis
• •
= time = trouble
= to play tennis
mj noun
•
noun = tennis court
• •
= cutting
•
= =
(just in) front (just)
comers
before
noun - (restaurant
•
noun
•
-
3 towel
store
noun = gloves
night
food) delivery service
wiping the hands
-
a
form followed by Also used to mark the condition under which a following statement holds and so meaning If ...is the case then Very commonly the particles are being used to highlight a topic and carry the
particle (i
.
….
or 'in the case of 'as for sometimes a comparison {explicit or implicit) with something else. When followed by o is it carries the meaning
sense of There
is
I
wrong' and
no
When
Also used at the start of sentences as a conjunct/on meaning 197. ^205 'weir, 'next' etc. f\
for
'in,.
not
n = gun
noun = staying up
some
translatable as 'must not ..'or 'should
•
1
Following
or
I
meaning
= thoroughly
2
.
nouns such as country names
•
1 adjective
'
is
translatable as 'must
or 'should not
197.
205
"0"= meeting
•
(somebody)
2®
•
= to meet (someoody at the station etc.)
suffix - representing the form of a verb and the particle and translatable as 'even if ...
^^
^
'.
197.
anybody = everyone = anywhere = everywhere = anything = everything
•.
•
n 106
•
I
= anytime
family
meaning
'your imperiallroyal
highness'
as a suffix it is a form of above. 197 205 but more likely to be found as a combination of and trdnslatable as particles I
'even
the case that ...)' This from a word or phrase
{in
usage
•
noun =
electrical
goods
no"n
•
.
is
being marked with particle further marked as a topic with particle Also used with the meaning 'or something (else)' when making suggestions. When following words used to form questions such as 'who?', 'where?' and 'what?' it gives the meaning 'any...'.
'
= additive •
1
noun = development
2 verb 3
@©
= to
develop
noun = weather
•
•
•
% xl noun = jclS noun
electricity
= biography
noun = demonstration
T
•
noun = desk
lieht
= demonstration
•
erb
P.
verb
•
= weather forecast
7@ = to shine
2®
•
1
• •
• •
• •
= = = = = = =
noun = transfer
2 verb 3
@
=tobe
transferred
•
•
to leave refers to the system operated by a company, school board or other organisation of moving staff around
go out (of) to appear to come out to
to different
to take part (in)
branches, departments
andjor jobs
protrude to graduate (from) to
7"
noun =
•
1 adjective
television
= typical •
noun =
2 adverb
programme
television
7"
noun = telephone •
erb2@
•
•
= tobe
noun
= mark = point
= to mark
/5
suffix
•
noun = heaven
a member of the staff of a shop. Translatable as
W noun = message notvn- genius prefix = electronic
IxT suffix -
of address for the
Braille
•
-
title
•
= electronic dictionary
or 'sales assistant'. •
in
= shop
noun
'clerk'
noun = weather
•
etc.) •
•
•
•
(homework
typically
= power point = power (switch)
shy •
AX)"n
•
•
card
•
AKXvn
•
= to illuminate = to shine (a torch) •
light
bulb
er/:W©
•
•
noun =
•
noun = (Buddhist) temple
•
and form
Japanese Imperial
•
noun = electronic organiser
,
•
=
.
107
•
I
•
= exhibition
(
•
%gi
noun = telephone
ceiling
noun
•
noun = marks
•
=
train
noun =
•
0519
power
noun =
•
verb 3
no"A7 = electric
•
•
noun - microwave oven
test)
'
noun
•
noun = email
C Aj~9
'
= telephone directory
(in a
•
noun = telephone number
•
to be infectious
noun
•
= inrectious aisease •
noun = astronomy •
noun = battery
"Biiil
noun
•
= manager (of a shot) or bank)
has numerous two nouns and be translatable as '… and or follow a noun referring to a person to mean 'with …' Sometimes used in uses.
= from place to place -
•
as an adverb
the form
and the
it
there' but
is
marks used
to
means
used
in
'here
to
script. These are marks placed beside a kana
syllables in the
IE
common)
express the meaning the verb 'to think'
meaning
(
(
others such as
noun = tent •
link
optional (but very
vii
is
can
()
character to transform the pronunciation from 'ka' to 'ga' ifi etc. The proper term for these
marks
It
expressions of comparison and so variously translatable as '{different) from \ '{same) as' etc. It's use is compulsory with some verbs such as 'to marry' and
describe form voiced
also
this particle
particle
adverb
•
noun = tradition
say'
'to
in
meaning
'(/)
'to
with
speak'
to
Used
in
'with'.
think that ...'and with
the idiom '. .
.
said that
...'or 'cdllsd
•
…
The
adjective = traditional
can also show that a preceding phrase is a quotation. particle
x = natural
•
S
•
noun = (Japanese)
Sometimes used with the verb in the sense of 'become'. Also used
emperor
with certain adverbs, especially
onomatopoeic expressions.
_
noun - The Emperor's Birthday (December 23) - a Japanese
Following the dictionary o
sift
form of a verb
public holiday •
noun
-
a form of words equivalent
'His Imperial Majesty, the
•
Emperor
- noun
conditional.
door
noun = shops
noun = tempo noun = telegram
suffix
*
•
•
makes a
to
{of Japan)' •
it
191
•
= (number of) times = degrees (of angle or temperature)
noun = door •
^
noun = question
'
•
108
I
pA?
•
noun = enquiries
3@
2 e
a polite response
= to enquire
verb 2
ase = you re
welcome to
expressions
of thanks such as •
®
= to enquire •
noun = Germany
1
phrase - used following a noun or noun phrase to mean 'called ...'or 'something expression
like
… and in to
noun = unity
2verb3® adverb
the
mean
-
can be used
in
when
the sense of 'please ...'and
following a phrase ending with the
'apparently'
particle
conjunction = however conjunction = because
noun =
means
it
also
...'.It is
used
'whether or not
idiomatically with a
sense of something being not quite
...
right.
toilet
noun =
toilet
paper
phrase =
' verb 3
(§)
•
=to post
as if to
^ noun = tower
(a letter)
noun = pottery
•
say •
= to make
the same
noun = motivation no"A?
•
= same
class/grade •
3 counter =
large animals
181
noun
•
= classmate •
suffix
= grade
•
suffix
= island
•
noun = copper
no"n
' •
• •
adverb • •
= how = what
how are you? = how it
= tools = implements
1
= how was it? = what shall (I/we) do? = whats the
noun = going
2 verb
= to go to
school
= what do you ...)?
•
noun = movements
•
noun =
•
noun = verb
•
suffix
= what will
happen?
when followed by a it means
or 'no matter
•
of the
if
how much one
phrase = what kind of.. = how = why Ir
it
mean?
shows
set of circumstances or are
form and 'even
same group
time
that
z$
f
-
such as
'(among)
'colleagues
1 in
what way ...? = what does
noun =
2 adverb
members
with similar status
friends' or
•
at that
the people referred to are sharing a
the particle
•
statistics
to school
3@
matter? think (about
noun =
§
•
is
(going)?
noun = (mountain) pass
'.
(
at the
same time
= simultaneously
109
•
•
• •
= that day = the day or the
• •
...
adverb •
= =
why how
,
adverb
-
• •
= however = no matter what
adverb = please = of course
'
phrase - an abbreviated form of which is used to express the speaker's hopes for a future successful relationship of some kind and carries a sense of
•
noun = simultaneous interpreting •
•
I
'thank
you
in
advance
...
as there
to translate
also be used to give the meaning '(/) can't help ... and to emphasise
is
no
•
1
noun =
2 verb 3
—andlor necessity. |
arrival
@
arrive
to
adverb = utterly
•
noun = appearance
3@
real English
-
'
2 verb
or
equivalent.
wanting something 'no matter whst,. Has a general sense of insistence
1
••
fo
'please think well of me'. Very difficult
adverb
= to •
appear
•
= =
finally
after all
•
1 noun = boarding (ship or plane) 2 e 3 (D = to board (ship or plane)
noun
•
-
an
I
Japanese schools teach 'moral education'
which
a place
for the practice of martial arts like
1^ noun = morality
•
@
similar to social ethics
is
'
•
1 adjective
noun
•
= boarding card
(ticket) •
noun = character (in • •
•
= moral
2 adverb
a film or
book
etc.)
= morally A?
= theft
Japanese use covers a broad sense of 'theft' and can be translated with the most appropriate
adverb = after all = anyhow = anyway
term from the English 'robbery', 'burglary'
carries a negative or pessimistic
and
'theft'
adverb = somehow
nuance
(or
other)
:
•
1
noun =
2 verb 3
=(it)willbeok = do (it) somehow or
living together
@
= to
other
live
together •
mxvn
•
1
noun = introduction
2 verb
= homosexuality
=
to introduce (something)
•
noun =
a
homosexual •
1 adjective •
f
() = natural
naturally
§ noun
•
'turn'
duties to
be performed •
1
when
sense of = reasonable
2 adverb =
(of something)
3®
noun
-
there
used is
a
in
list
the
of
1
•
• •
110
= vote = voting
2 verb
Mei§ noun
•
Japanese
stones for children. Translatable as 'nursery stories' or
traditional
3@
'
=to vote
'fairy tales'
noun = animal
•
noun
•
(
= zoo
®
I
(
•
aajective = transparent
noun = ten
• •
adverb - the basic meaning 'somehow' but It is often used as an abbreviation of polite phrases where it acts something like 'very'. This means that depending on the context the word can mean 'hello' and 'thank you' as well as 'sorry'.
= distant = far from
--
•
*
* ' •
'
•
•
•
is
181
adjective
]S
•
10
noun
= the tenth (day of a month) = ten days i74
10
•
•
noun = ten days
174
•
noun = a long way
•
verb
away
When used with negative statements and comments it is translatable as 'apparently' or 'somehow or
•
other
•
©
= to let pass = through (someone or someone's connections)
= thank you (very much)
used to mean naming large and famous roads. Used after other nouns {sometimes connected with and sometimes not) and the past or •
U noun
iM
'road' especially In
= I'm sorry
• •
have troubled you
to
adverb = somehow = apparently •
paraffin
homes
dictionary forms of verbs
llT/S noun
used
oil
in
'as'
kerosene or
•
or 'according
adjective
(( )
7
2
@=
to pass
@=
to
I
do
•
verb
•
verb
go past verb
•
noun
= road-works
• •
•
registration
©
= to
•
1
= to pass = to go through particles
ti
•
2 verb 3
= and = etc.
register
as well as when giving examples is sometimes used when trying to rsnwmtxr something and added it •
1
5
noun = debate
2 verb 3
©
debate
the
by
noun = road •
noun =
as
noun
•
= colleague •
(it)
= similarly ) = the same
as
1
'in
= following the explanation/instructions
= Please do
2
or
= that's (you're) right!
•
adverb
signifies
to'
191
= Asia = Orient
1
it
=as usual
noun •
'like'
manner of.
many Japanese
mobile room heaters
for the
or
=to
to
uncertain statements with the
meaning
'or
something
like that'
® 111
noun = large
•
city
= urban
so
is
•
I
noun
someone
'something
adverb = tend to
is
means good at, and
translatable as 'speciality' or
...
©=
verb
•
'
•
'strong point'
to
noun = reader
(
•
dissolve (something)
verb 7 (f) =to move (something out of the way)
•
•
adjective =
noun = time
•
often used following another noun or following the plain linked with forms of verbs or adjectives to mean 'when' or 'while'
noun = reading
2 verb (as
3@
( ( ( (
adverb adverb
()
basic meaning
verb 3
verb
is to
context,
•
'
•
adverb
•
1
noun
verb
7
verb
1
(D =
(
adverb
= unexpectedly
(
noun = (photographic) film
^ •
• •
noun = pink •
pq
M noun = quality
•
noun:
sort
•
noun =
(letter)
•
I suffix
j
= style = appearance
z5
•
noun = scenery
•
noun = balloon
noun = boots
^ •
writing paper
)
z:>
noun •
anxious
•
flight
adjective = sensitive
•
to feel
noun = fan
noun •
= per cent
•
up •
negates the following
prefix -
•
word or element in a way similar to English prefixes such as 'an-' and 'in-
•
J
' noun = envelope noun = (married)
couple
= hint = clue
noun = boom •
= frequently
noun = poverty
2
adjective
1
,
(
• )
= poor
•
"
t\j
zS
•
1
noun = swimming) pool
adverb
no"n = bad luck
•
= whistle = flute
noun
•
•
•
138
•
I
erb2® = to
•
^
J ,
noun = fork
pPT
•
•
, of very ...'or 'heavily involved z$
^
•
in
..."
noun = depth
•
(
= indispensable •
adjective = impossible
verb
adjective •
noun
•
• \ A'^:^xX noun = poor economic conditions
meaning
the
= unclean = dirtv
()
5n 'S
(
jtts^S
( (
•
mood
•
adjective = irregular
z$
•
•
'
= to spread
about' but it can also mean 'to talk nonsense'. Often used in a form such to mean 'stop as zS messing around and behave yourself
"
noun - cloth 1 (i)
x5
= to blow = to play (a wind instrument
S noun =
•
(
prefix
•
•
•
(
= to arrive safely •
1 adjective
2 adverb
L^ 3
= to
review
'
included
) = safe = safely
2 adverb
^^ih noun and suffix
3®
(
•
noun = revision
2 verb
noun = tune
1 adjective
- welfare
1
fin
etc.)
= deputy
•
adjective
•
= appropriate
clothing
adjective - complicated
U
properly'
= to wipe
verb1®®
•
•
noun - plural
•
noun = clothing
f
) = mysterious = mysteriously
(7
'
•
pPs
noun
erb
7
® (D =
to be
the 'radical' of
chdfdctsr which can be look it up or to help explain
used to the meaning •
1 adjective
S
Mr and Mrs
- the basic verb meaning is 'to play around', 'to mess
noun = economic
verb
•
=
2@
(
:)
noun = neighbourhood
zS
suffix
•
@ 1J
fail
etc.)
adjective = unreasonable
•
•
an exam or interview
noun = spread
•
Ve
adjective = unfair
recession
•
noun =
•
(in
•
2 verb 3
aa!/ec
noun = symbol
•
adjective = in a bad
1
()
•
= unhaDDV
to
noun = weapon
= to
late
deepen •
erb2@
•
grow
@=
7
to
noun = bag
•
adds
suffix -
@=
7
swell
work
noun = deep
t)
verb
•
noL/n = staff (who
for/under someone)
,S
enb2©=to
•
include
increase
= inconvenient 2 verb short of
3®
'
() =
to be
®
' / . '
used as a euphemism for when describing people
'disabled'
(
adjective •
•
®
(|
139
•
noun - two people
•
noun
181
•
•
= insufhcient = unsatisfactory
•
= burden = cost
()
()
•
noun and
adjective = everyday
•
@
• •
b
verb 3 = to be wounded = to be iniured
noun = edge
•
•
1
noun
•
2
noun = carelessness
adjective
(
"b
)
= careless
= injured person
noun = carelessness
1
noun =
1 verb 3
insult
verb
@
'
= to insult prefix
•
= women's
1
®=
suffix
to hit
= item
•
zS
names
added
suffix -
•
with a
meaning
but merely a polite to marriage status
"
noun
title
to
similar to 'Mrs'
and not
related
• •
= ordinary = usual
2 adverb _ the
paper
covered sliding doors inside a Japanese house which divide the space into rooms
()
1 adyecf/Ve
• •
'
()
= usually
noun = the second aay of the month = two days 181 174.
2
•
noun =
•
prices
= Japan
•
(®
1
noun = dishonesty
2
adjective
= dishonest
' •
prevent
verb1
•
= to
•
as a
=
suffix
to be lacking
meaning
'short
of
•
= to = to
®
'
hit
bump into
noun = substance
•
adjective
=lid
=
noun
verb 2 •
in'
/'
•
1
noun
•
•
verb = to bang into = to clash with •
also appears as in the form or 'Iscking
expensive
= Buddhism
noun = shortage 2 verb 3 @) 1
is
(bottle)
•
top
^197
noun = pig
•
•
,
'
verb
noun = stage •
noun = twin/s
•
= =
to
grumble
to
mumble
adverb = once
again
1
noun
•
= physics
noun = two
•
•
second
= dangerous
n =
181 (the)
-
brush {used
for
calligraphy)
adverb = unexpectedly
181 •
noun
•
Japanese
noun = pork
•
adjective = thick
n
•
•
5
z5 • •
•
= estate agent = realtor
^
/
weight
'
used in
means
the form
'fat'
to
put on
noun = plus noun =
1
noun = sea mail
•
•
•
•
IJ
adds
the
meaning of 'pretending
,
suffix - Following time U • expressions it means 'for the first time since 'for the first time in Following nouns and verb stems it means 'way of ...
noun =
"
noun
noun = complaint
() adjective
•
'
5f
verb
•
= inconvenient Ti^ noun = parents
s" x =
•
=
177
to turn
(
•
1 adjective
noun = dissatisfaction
i
noun =
•
level
e
•
1
•
= derective
• =bad 2 noun = juvenile delinquent
(D
noun
•
= deiective item
= to tread on
noun =
•
noun = print
foot (of a
mountain)
—— noun = blue
noun =
field (of
@
verb
•
etc.)
=to
•
"
1
around
illegal
crossing
,S
- the
characters used ovsr or characters to indicate beside vii the pronunciation
^5^noi/A7 = part
•
expertise
.
free
•
small
noun = blizzard
•
()
•
to
191
or Ta/c/na
no"n
•
z$
'
3@-
= component = spare part
ho
noun
verb followina the form of a verb or a noun and particle 197
be mistaken
2©
e
= to mistake
no"
•
• •
•
!^
• •
•
= street corner = (in the) street
noun =
•
•
= = = =
particle
as far as
until to
even
=tobe
•
@) =
unnecessary to
e
•
festival
^205
to wait impatiently I
particle
•=by •
1 adjective
2 adverb
" b "b (
)
'
= various
= before •
noun = window
= variously
verb1®® •
• •
= (ticket) window = enquiry point
,
-
®
@
149
•
\/erb
1@
•
= to be gathered together = to be sorted out
• •
•
= fully = whole
At
©
verb 2 = to gather together = to put into shape
• •
• •
= utterly = as if
,:>
!=
verb
to learn
•
noun =
•
'.
e
•
= to = to
• •
invitation
•
(a letter) (a
phone
call)
noun
•
invite
brine:
7©
e
= to turn = to forward = to transfer
(D
)= rare
rarely •
• •
3
(
1 adjective
2 adverb ,5
•
adjective = round
(not)
noun •
^
adverb
= manners = behaviour
•
•
I
•
about
•
= area around = circulation
erfoP® =to
noun = detour
imitate
,:A
e
•
^
adjective
•
= dazzling
noun = (warm) scarf
= to turn = to go around
'
•
counter = ten thousand
•
181
noun = mother
•
and 'as
and
adjectives to
mean
noun
•
•
'without
(you were told
(of emergency etc.)
etc.)'.
noun =
-
•
(
1 adjective
' ' '
•
• )
= hardworking
•
= to be
•
•=
verb
1
•
(§)
noun = verb
noun =
2 prefix
(illegal)
manga
circle
= apartment = apartment block
drugs
= having
n
all
•
1 1
noun =
satisfaction
2verb3@
lost
•
1
comic books animations
•
know what
= to be
•
noun
seats filled
to be at a loss to
noun = marathon = long race
•
train
noun •
•
' •
cartoons
carefully
= to protect = to defend
•
= = = =
'
crowded
•
2 adverb
•
a
female proprietor of
a noun = beans
noivn = being fall
•
to capacity
change' and
a ba •
phrase = in case
•
noun - the basic meaning is 'as it is' 'in an unchanged condition \ It can be used after the plain forms of verbs
lost
to
do
'
= to be
satisfied
= to fill the tank up with petrol/gasoline
.
• •
= middle = centre
noun =
foil
nouA? :'
car's
marks
® •
150
•
I
•
()
1 adjective
2 adverb
=
noun
•
•
• •
^
•
•
suffix
noun = error
= flavour
2®
verb
noun =
•
= to look up
verb
•
adverb
•
•
to
•
= on one's own = in person
2®
initiative
noun = swimming
-
•
costume
= to be visible = to seem
•
noun =
•
(a)
whiskeyjwhisky or other
send
with ivsfG
off
verb
•
•
water
(cold)
noun = lake
•
noun - an \ • arranged meeting with a view marriage
•
= miserable = miserably
noun = sewiner machine
= incomplete
•
•
()
1 adjective
2 adverb prefix
•
adjective = short
•
= fruit = nut •
= prospect = expectation
to acquire
noun
•
•
noun = body = to wear =
= wonderful
skilfully
= to see someone off
noun-
•
someone who
nouri
•
erb
•
• •
7
©
= to polish = to brush (the teeth) = to practice
(
verb
•
=
•
2®
noun
forms of verbs and adjectives it means 'looks like', 'is similar to' or '{it) seems {that)'. It can also be
noun = point of
noun =
'
> • •
right
•
side •
IJ
187
translated as 'such as
right
noun = the
•
hand
© =to
suffix - following the plain
noun = mandarin orange •
in
noun = ditch
•
view Z?"^
twenty
noun - a paste made • from fermented soy beans and which forms the basis of miso soup
=ally = supporter •
is
erb 2
•
to catch sight or •
•
under the legal age
show
o"n = appearance
M
•
is
of adulthood (which Japan)
= recollection
diluted
noun = shop
•
1
spirit
t6a
noun = right
no n = headline
noun
•
= street = road = way (to somewhere)
'
'
1 adjective
handed person
= close • = familiar 2 adverb
'
•
noun = mixer
r
•
noun = right hand
_
= close at hand
•
•
,
151
(
noun = route
•
•
noun = sample
•
erfc)2@ = tobe
•
•
I
•
©
.
verb 7 =to not well)
•
ac/
•
•
noun
3
•
•
•
erb = densely
= the third aay of the month = three days i /4 verb
=
to be
"
1®
visit
• •
found verb 2
•
(someone
•
3
•
®
*
O noun = three
(
noun = ear
181 • •
adjective
= disgraceful
2©
= to stare
noun = prospect
•
•
•
•
'
-(
1 adjective
2 adverb
= strange
)
strangely
noun = surname noun
= tomorrow
.
= to admit = to approve
noun
•
•
= cauital = large city •
e
•
(
•
^ noun
•
IS?
•
suffix
= less than = under
= to find
3
who is
noun = ruture
noun = millimetres
= green = greenery
noun
•
= attractiveness {April 29) - a
'"
Japanese
•
adjective = attractive
public holiday
noun
•
• •
(
noun-
•
Greenery Day
e
•
= everyone = everything
• •
e
7@=to
•
= to see = to watch = to look at
2(1)
V
look at again
•
•
•
noun
•
•
•
= position = status
meaning
'have a
go
at (doing)'
noun
'try
...
and
see',
197
prefix = civil
•
prefix
= democratic
^ noun = south
•
noun = democracy
adjective = ugly
•
erb
7® -tobear \
fruit
•
the
noun = milk
= harbour = port
'(
•
adds
it
= everyone = ladies and gentlemen •
form of a verb
following the
•
noun
• •
V-
noun and prefix
•
= people = tribe •
la^
noun =
folk songs
•
152
•
I
often
used to refer to a foreigner's and translatable as 'your
country
country'
noun
•
• •
and similar to
•
• •
English prefix
'un-'
= =
[^
noun = opposite
' •
verb
•
1
fi
verb
2®
=
a time • •
1
•
= =
©
verb su/fcc
=
= to peel
little bit
adjective = complicated
/ •
noun
O
= exchange
T)
T
•
evening verb
•
1
70 n = (early)
noun = bravery
•
= to redo "V*
I
to
do t_
•
adjective = easy to do
verb
•
• •
noun = validity = valid until
adjective = difficult
I
= =
to
mxv
= amusement park
and annoying
(S)
'
noun = friendship
(
adjective = excellent
do
.
to give
A more In the
informal version of 'to give it is used friends or by older people to
meaning
among
younger. the
1
noun = victory
and
carries
skong
f^oun
•
When used after a verb in form it means 'do for you
(as a favour)'
=to win
2 verb 3(g)
'
verb 3
©=
•
to
send bv post
overtones of social superiority or •
seniority
=
(cost of)
postage
(
= friend
•
'
noun =
' . •
shower
160
•
I
a brief
•
(
(of rain)
adjective = capable
1
2 verb 3
noun = evening
noun
•
•
1
noun = carelessness
•
2
enb3®
^
() adverb =
young
1®=to
verb
boil suffix
•
•
adjective =
•
m noun and
argue
•
^
•
() adjective •
noun
= Japanese-English dictionary
sixty
181
^Aj
dictionary
•
noun = dispute
•
noun
1
•
= to understana often used in situations where the most natural English would be 'to know'
= paper = thesis = dissertation
noun = parting
•
•
e
•
= logical
1 adjective
2 adverb
selfish
=
2®
to separate
logically
2®
•
= to diviae • •
noun • = under the arm = side A7o"n
•
= armpit
^\
WA particle t0
or
^ noun = frame
•
note that the topic particle is character written with 'ha'
•
( e^y occasionally) chdmcter /\
boil
(
with the
(
vii
•
• •
= reason = meaning
•
e
7@) =
to
•
•
168
I
= circumstances
adjective = our
=itisnt
verb
•
that
=
...
it
doesn't
mean
that
...
=cannot =
= to hand
erb7®®
•
can't be the case
it
(f)
over
=to
cross over
the expression translatable as 'must' (following negatives) and 'must not'
til Ms
(following positives)
• •
"5
noun =
elastic
band
•
•
adverb = deliberately
•
M noun = Japanese
•
noun = Japanese
• •
2
adjective
•
= slight = a few
•
noun
verb
1®
•
= to laugh = to smile
•
U noun
•
adverb = merely
as a
—
suffix with
= ratio
numbers
indicates multiples of
IS?
style)
- traditional
= a laugh = laughter
•
•
Japanese
Western
to
style clothing
•
room
1
^
style
food
noun
S noun
Japanese
•
2©=to
opposed
•
= to divide = to distribute