The Old Farmer's Almanac 2002 [2002 ed.] 1571982086, 9781571982087

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Farmer's Calendar @ Abig red truck with a long, long boom rolled into town here one summer afternoon a couple of years ago. Acrew came with it. They got set up and proceeded to dismantle the two old pine trees that grew at the north end of the village. It took the crew most of two days to do the job, but they finished at last. After them came another truck with a grabber, which presently drove away loaded with the biggest logs anybody around here had ever seen or would or their children’s. They were white pines, among the biggest trees in the state. The bigger of the two was 146 feet tall, and each of them must have been close to 20 feet around the base. Neither of the two pines had branches less than, say, 80 feet up. Every so often one of them would let go of a branch that would fall into somebody’s yard, a branch bigger than many trees. That was why the pines were cut. Neither was sound at its center, and beneath them, the nearby buildings looked like dollhouses. No

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permitting an asp to bite her, 30 B.c.® \_9.2 @ Vacation. John Ford — U.S.S.R. shot down South

CCat823 ® died, 1973 ® Korean airliner, 269 killed, 1983 ®

keep cut down in thepasture, the president was Thomas Jefferson and the newest state was Ohio. That they should end in our time is not sad, exactly—but solemn, at least, and worth recording.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

83

2002

SEPTEMBER, The Ninth Month

Jupiter and Saturn are both up in the east as morning twilight begins; the ringed planet finally leaves Taurus and passes into Orion’s upraised arm for the next two months. Venus is near the blue star Spica on the 1st and attains its greatest brilliancy on the 26th. This truly dazzling autumn display always occurs when the cloudcovered evening star is low in the sky. On the 9th, Venus lurks less than 10 degrees above the southwestern horizon in the fading dusk. The Moon rises at nearly the same time for several nights before and after the full Harvest Moon on the 21st. During the first hour of the 23rd, fall arrives with the equinox.

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6th day 13th day

23rd hour 14th hour

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9th hour

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13th hour

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Times are given in Eastern Daylight Time.

For an explanation of this page, see page 40; for values of Key Letters, see page 229.

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Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002 |

September strews the woodlot o’er With many a brilliant color; The world is brighter than before, Why should our hearts be duller? -Thomas W. Parsons

Farmer’s Calendar @ “Ifthe clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or to-

Dates, Feasts, Fasts, Aspects, Tide Heights

1 2 3

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ward the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be.” So writes Ecclesiastes, in an early instance of skepticism directed against the claims of weather forecasters. Plainly, the writer hasn’t much use for such predictions or those who make them. But observe the subtlety of his doubt: He’s not saying that weather forecasts are always, or even often, inaccurate. He’s saying they’re irrelevant. They tell us that if it’s going to rain, it probably will; but they don’t tell us what we want to know.

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Ecclesiastes, it is well known,

takes a pretty dim view of things in general where human affairs are concemed. This short book of the Old Testament must be the most eloquent,

most authoritative statement in any language of the limits on our ability to know and to act. It’s a statement supremely rigorous and bleak, but it is also full of consolation. For, at least

in this part of his argument, the writer seems to say that we do best to accept the experience of our days—including the weather—with a light heart and without much analysis. Reasoning about the weather—about anything—can’t tell us what to do or how to meet our own lives. Only principle can do that—or, say, conviction, or faith. Ecclesiastes is operating on the middle ground where knowledge meets morals, ground the Weather Bureau doesn’t own. So keep your umbrella loaded, and don’t worry too much about the weather.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

85

2002

OCTOBER, The Tenth Month

Venus quickly falls further into the glare of the setting Sun each evening, It is performing its swan song as an evening star; bright twilight is the best time to see its enormous slender crescent shape through binoculars or a telescope. By 7:30 P.M., Venus has set and no bright planets remain, so the action shifts to the predawn east. There, the crescent Moon meets brilliant Jupiter on the 2nd, and Mercury and Mars are easily seen as they float side by side from the 9th to the 13th. Saturn is high in the south at dawn and starts rising before 10:00 P.M. by month’s end. The bright full Hunter’sMoon on the 21st will spoil the Orionid meteor shower, normally the year’s fourth best.

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New Moon First Quarter Full Moon

€ Last Quarter

6th day 13th day 21st day

7th hour 1st hour 3rd hour

29th day

18th minute 33rd minute 20th minute

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After 2:00 a.m. on October 27, Eastern Standard Time (EST) is given.

For an explanation of this page, see page 40; for values of Key Letters, see page 229.

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Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

D 2002

|

O CTOBER hath 31 days.

Bright yellow, red and orange, The leaves come down in hosts; The trees are Indian princes, But soon they’Il turn to ghosts. -William Allingham

1 2 3

4

) 6 a 8 9

Farmer's Calendar

Dates, Feasts, Fasts,

Weather

Aspects, Tide Heights

+

@ Afriend of mine, who probably doesn’t know what he’s talking about any more than I do, has told me that those hardwood trees that are espe-

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2002

diminished,

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of the Worlds” caused nationwide panic, 1938 symphony

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cially slow to turn color in the fall are species originating in the tropics. In the north, they relinquish their green late, just because they have a kind of ancestral, vegetable memory of the south, where their forerunners didn’t have to relinquish it at all. I’d like to believe that. It’s pleasant to think that trees are no smarter than people and that they too can delude themselves with a mythology, a vision of ease and plenty in a distant past. Perhaps the hypothesis accounts

for the beech trees’ reluctance to turn color and drop their leaves. Three quarters of the way through October, when the maples, ashes, and birches are bare and the oaks hang onto dry, leathery mummies of leaves, many of the smaller beeches in the forest understory may be mostly green. The beeches seem to turn color from the top down—though it’s hard to say

for sure. You’ll see a tree whose top has turned to chestnut color while the lowest branches are still green-going-yellow. They seem to yield to the season fighting all the way, leaf by leaf: On close inspection, a beech leaf

will show light lemon color at the margins, green at the center. Into November, though, even the

die-hard beeches bow. Overnight, their last green gives up and their brown and yellow leaves begin to drop. No apocryphal tradition of warmer, better ages can help them when the serious frosts arrive. They get in line and go down with the rest.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

87

2002

NOVEMBER, The Eleventh Month

The combination of the clocks having “fallen back” to end Daylight Saving Time and the planets rising two hours earlier each month suddenly brings Saturn out right after nightfall and brilliant Jupiter up by 11:00 P.M. in midmonth. Saturn’s rings are now wide open, giving the planet a rare brilliance as it retrogrades back into Taurus. Meanwhile, Venus charges into the morning sky, rapidly rising ahead of the Sun and displaying its final lovely crescent profile (through binoculars) until the year 2004. On the 17th, the East Coast could experience a fantastic Leonid meteor shower. Predictions suggest that more than 25,000 meteors per hour will be visible. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon A0QCV®@ Last Quarter

4th 11th 19th 27th

day day day day

15th 15th 20th 10th

hour hour hour hour

34th 52nd 34th 46th

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Times are given in Eastern Standard Time.

For an explanation of this page, see page 40; for values of Key Letters, see page 229. i

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Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

NOVEMBER hath 30 days. a

Dry leaves upon the wall, Which flap like rustling wings and seek escape, A single frosted cluster on the grape

Farmer's Calendar @ One of the less satisfactory points about owning cats is their insatiable and sadistic predation. Any cat worth

Still hangs, —and that is all. -Sarah Chauncey Woolsey

Dates, Feasts, Fasts,

its hire will catch, kill, and tear to

Weather a

Aspects, Tide Heights Osceola led Seminoles in resistin;

1 2 3

All Saints’ ® removal from Fla, homeland, 1836 ® {103It’s

All Souls’ © ( 29.5 Ot Ce bom 173 "* waiting 24) &, af. P. °C herig, Tides {I1'} season.

4 za New De S seat, © ithe writing © PomRoges In Rudolph Valentino’s marriage 5 to Jean Acker lasted 6 hours, 1919 ® {iti © pickups, No: mM. 6,000 U.S. Defense Dept. 6 C at 83 © 2048.3. © computers hit with virus, 1988 O71 Suspension bridge known as “Galloping Gertie” iy collapsed in high winds in Tacoma, Wash., 1940 ® darkened sky ned 10.4 : 8 7 Pigeons over Boston, 1630 @inParis, 1793 {i¢ mornings, Cc Tuns _ X-15 rocket went Power failure in 9 n# low ® 4,093 mph, 1961 ® Northeast, 1965 © Unters “Dr, Livingstone, 0 25 S. af. B.°d YG Si ° I presume?187 es

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revealed as hoax, 1953 ® born, 1694 ® born, 470 B.c. ®

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Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less. Gen. Robert E. Lee

2002

2002

oy

pieces a toll of victims to make Genghis Khan look like a summer afternoon. Now, for the owner of one of these engines of destruction, finding the hindquarters of a mouse on the kitchen counter, a little more in the hall, the rest in the parlor, is a lousy way to start the day. It’s enough to make you take up dogs. Fortunately, with cats, as with much else, age

seems to change things. In the middle of the night, I’m awakened by the unmistakable sound of our middle cat’s having caught a mouse: a long, penetrating meeeeoww-wow-wow, having an oddly guttural or muffled timbre, as though you tried to sing with your mouth full of peas; then a scurrying anda patter of footfalls, followed by the same cry—announcing the near approach of one mouse’s hideous demise. And yet, in the moming, peace and calm. There’s the cat, asleep in

her chair. There’s the mouse, her last night’s prey, very much alive, watching her from under the stove. On my coming into the kitchen, he exits under the pantry door, fit as a flea. What’s here? What else but catch-and-release mousing, a kind of feline dry-fly refinement, in which all the joy is in the style and rigor of the pursuit. It’s a mature sport, reflective and quite bloodless, This cat is 12 years old, after all. In her slashing salad days, she’d have made that rodent smart, but now she’s a philosopher.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

89

2002

DECEMBER, The Twelfth Month

The year ends with uncommon splendor. Venus has a superb, don’ t-miss conjunction with the crescent Moon and Mars on the Ist, an awesome predawn coming-together of our three nearest cosmic neighbors. Simply dazzling, Venus achieves its greatest brilliancy on the 6th and floats near dim Mars all month. The Geminid meteor shower, this year’s richest, peaks on the 13th and 14th. A gibbous Moon will diminish the show for those unwilling to wait until the Moon sets around 2:00 A.m. Saturn is out all night and reaches an extraordinary opposition on the 17th, high up and at its brightest since 1973. Winter arrives with the solstice on the 21 st. Jupiter is brilliant and rises by 8:00 P.M. on the 23rd. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter

4th 11th 19th 26th

day day day day

2nd hour 10th hour 14th hour

34th 49th 10th 31st

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Times are given in Eastern Standard Time.

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Visit www.almanac.com.for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

DECEMBER hath 31 days.

The hills look gaunt in russet garb: Against the sky the leafless woods Are dark, and in their solitudes The chill wind pierces like a barb. -Ciinton Scollard

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@ There is really only one weather story in the news these days. It runs on the obituary page. Winter has died. Whether by the hand of man or from natural causes, winter has met with its end at last; it will be seen no more. Melting polar ice, receding glaciers, softening permafrost, thinning mountain snowpack, warmer seas here, colder seas there, southern species wandering north, northern species moving farther north, hotter summers, shorter winters—the vital signs are flat. It’s time to give winter a shave, fold his hands on his breast, lay him out in the black wagon, and haul him up to Boot Hill. The old boy has croaked. And the odd thing is, we mourn. You’d think we’d be dancing in the streets. In the north, unless you happen to live by winter tourism, you’ve spent your life either dreading winter, enduring it, or recovering from it. Now it’s gone. Are we glad? We are not. We’re full of foreboding, regret, and a kind of vague guilt. Nobody takes the news of the death of winter to be good news. It’s as though we were subjects of a cruel king who has died without a visible successor. We don’t know what comes next. Well, let us not worry ourselves too much. Recall the famous line of Mark Twain: “Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.” As I write this, it is snowing so hard that the big

maple trees beside the road, 50 feet off, are only fitfully visible. The forecast is for ten below tomorrow, when

the usual big freeze follows the passing storm. It looks like winter may be around for a while yet.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

91

AMER I

|

UNLIKELY EXPLORER 12 things you probably dont know about the first man to navigate the Colorado River. ohn Wesley Powell seemed an unlikely candidate to become one of our nation’s greatest adenturers. The son of English mmigrants—a deeply religious Methodist minister and See his wife—Powell grew up to bsarestless, ambitious man. A Civil War injury had cost him his night arm, and

Major John Wesley Powell (above) and his wife, Emma Dean Powell (below), in 1862.

when the war ended in 1865, the 31-year-

old had no idea what to do with his life. For several years, he drifted from job to job, working as a university science professor and as a curator of a natural history museum that he established in Illinois. But the West lured him, and by

1867, this 5-foot 6-inch adventurer had decided to explore the mysterious canyon beyond the Rocky Mountains, the only unmapped territory remaining in the continental United States. He convinced friends, relatives, and

acquaintances to risk their lives and follow him into uncharted wilderness for two expeditions down the Colorado River. “He had ambition, scope,

Day ens Ee eta

Dangerous rapids on the Green River (right).

determination, and a willingness to risk all : The group expected to be gone for at for the sake of science,” writes biographer Donald Worster, author of A River

least ten months, but just 69 days later, all

but three had completed the trip, having

Running West: The Life of John Wesley : covered more than 900 miles. Two years later, in May 1871, Powell Powell (Oxford University Press, 2001). returned with a new crew and three new : boats to survey and map the area, collect the great trailblazers of American history. For that and more, he’s been called one of

Powell’s feats were nothing short of | specimens, and learn more about the Namiraculous. He and the men who joined him had little idea where they were going or what they would encounter. By today’s standards, their gear and boats were pitiful, if not irresponsible. Nonetheless, their journeys were a success. Upon Powell’s return, he became a hero, giving lectures

and interviews that helped introduce the Grand Canyon to the American public. The first expedition began on May 24, 1869, when Powell and a crew of nine

launched four wooden boats down the

: tive Americans. After an extensive win| ter layover in Kanab, Utah, and many : unscheduled stops and excursions, the : group ended its journey on September 8, : 1872. Powell had become the first non: native expert on one of the wildest and most scenic areas of our country. But John Wesley Powell was more than | 2% explorer—he was a surveyor, a geolo: gist, an anthropologist, an early conservationist, an authority on Native Americans, and aprophetof the West. Here are 12 in-

Green River in Wyoming, with the Grand ; triguing facts about his life and voyages Canyon as their goal. Day after day, Powthat aren’t included in most history books. ell and his men came close to drowning, : » Powell was “officially” disabled. starving, or being attacked by Native : a | He lost his right arm during the m Battle of Shiloh, although he man-: Americans. Newspapers, in fact, repeat- :i edly reported them missing or drowned.: oar to return to the battlefields after reMembers of the second expedition meet Tees}melaele MTN lm La

Wyoming (left); their first campsite (right); Powell with Taugu, a Paiute chief (far right).

on this and remaining

cuperating for several months. His 1865 m Within his boat, Powell ruled the japplication for a disability pension stated : | roost from a makeshift throne, a that as a result of hisiinjury, the Yankee : | “captain’s chair” that he bought ———— major was “totally disabled.. . from for the second expedition. His clumsy manual labor.” The nerve canines at the ; wooden boat—called the Emma Dean,

|amputation site pained him for the rest of

after his wife—had a covered compart-

|his life. One tribe of Native Americans : ment

in the middle, where he secured the

that he later encountered—the Paiutes— : chair. There he rode, even through rapids, called him Kapurats, meaning “‘he who is : with alife preserver at his side. At the end missing an arm.” : of the trip, the boats were abandoned at : the bottom of the canyon. Years later, j Although they were exploring one one crew member returned and retrieved | of the driest areas of our country, : Powell’s special chair, taking it to Salt Powell and his men were plagued : Lake City, where he presented it to an|with rain on both trips. As soon as the sec- : other crew member as a memento. ond day of the first trip, rain became a : problem. Between rain and rapids, the : w When Powell was nervous about explorers and their supplies were con- : vi | river conditions, he sang. Crew stantly wet. Everyone was so miserable : | members could tell he was worthat they began to regard the canyon walls : ried about rapids and other hazards if he that surrounded them as a prison. A mem- : sang a boisterous song. Over more peaceber of the first crew dismissed the natural : ful sections of the river, however, he led beauty of the Grand Canyon, saying: “I : his men in soothing tunes. Some of his fanever want to see it again anywhere.” He vorites were hymns and operas such as added that the area would “probably re- : Figaro. A few of the men accompanied main unvisited for many years again, as : him on the mouth organ and flute. it has nothing to recommend it.” (CONTINUED)

ewe

> Ri

John F. Steward (above left), assistant geologist on the second trip, played the mouth organ

when Powell sang; repairing a boat at First Granite Gorge along the Colorado River (above right).

| At times, the explorers were | (thus irritating his second crew, who : weren’t mentioned), writing: “I was a MME ger and disasters hardly fazed |maimed man; my right arm was gone; Powell, who was engrossed with his : and these brave men, these good scientific mission. Early on, he men, never forgot it. In every danger, noted: “Never before did I live in | my safety was their first care, and in | at each other’s throats. Dan-

such ecstasy.” His crews were much : every waking hour, some kind ser-

less enthralled. At one point during ; vice was rendered me, and they trans-

the first trip, mutiny was narrowly = figured my misfortune into a boon.” avoided. On the second trip, the men

;

ee The first expedition nearly a failed. At one point, the ex| plorers faced two sets of seemingly impassable rapids folserve the Sabbath. Even his brother- § lowed bya large, dangerous rock jut-

bickered over everything from man-

ners to cooking. Powell alienated several crew members by refusing to let them ob-

in-law was so incensed thathe fumed ; ting across the current. Sharply rising in his diary: “I do not care a cuss ; Cliffs made portaging impossible, and whether [Powell] comes with us or

they did not have enough rope to : lower the boats downstream, as they Powell tried to separate himself had done with previous rapids. Some from the barrage of complaints, often : of the crew decided that they should sitting alone at meals. He didn’t men- : forget the river, climb to the rim of the canyon, and head home. tion the tiffs in his writings. Later, Powell dedicated his ac- : After a night of worrying, Powcount of the journeys to his first crew ; ell concluded, “For years I have not on the river.”

96

been contemplating this trip...

landscape he loved, “he was no outdoor recreationist lusting for

and I determine

to go on.” Three men decided to leave anyway; the rest continued with Powell. Each group was sure the other was crazy. As it turned out, Powell and the remainder of his crew navigated the rapids

is afely andi ended

thrills,’ Worster notes. Instead, he

Crew member Frederick S.Dellenbaugh enjoying a quiet moment near the Canyon of Lodore, in Utah, 1871.

was interested in observing and surveying the land and learning about the Native Americans. Recalling many harrowing moments during the first trip, Powell fret-

ted about provid-

their journey a few days later as they found : ing enough food for his crew and safely their way back to civilization.

: navigating the dangerous parts of the river.

The three men who climbed out to go:

Powell left his crew more than once:

home never made it. They were mistaken | For a week in July, he left for Salt Lake for miners who had raped and killed a Na- : City supposedly to get mail and supplies tive American woman, and they were killed

by Native Americans seeking revenge.

mage

Powell had a strange competitor, | a man who called himself “CapSame tain Samuel Adams.” He appeared at the beginning of the first expedition and tried to convince Powell’s crew that

but really to check on his wife, Emma,

: who was pregnant. Soon after returning, he left again to arrange provisions for the rest of the journey. In October, the crew | | stopped the trip for the winter and stayed : in primitive areas of Utah, while Powell left : for nearly two months to see Emma and his

he was in charge—auntil Powell arrived ; new daughter, who was born in September. and sent the impostor on his way. UnLater, Powell traveled to Washington, daunted, Adams gathered his own crew, | D.C., to seek additional funding for his . and two months behind Powell, they at- ; survey work. One crew member wrote in tempted to float down Colorado’s Blue | his diary: “The whole party is disgusted River. The trip was a disaster. On the with the way the expedition is run.” second day, their boats crashed, losing all my Powell nearly drowned on the secmaps and instruments, and before long, ond trip. A wave capsized his boat,

most of the crew deserted. :

MB 98

: tossing him and another man into Powell wasn’t happy during the a whirlpool. Crew member Frederick S. second expedition. Although sci- ; Dellenbaugh remembered how the two ence had drawn him back to the | men reappeared: “[They] shot up alongside Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

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RUNNING THE RIVER TODAY

us as if from a gun.” The crew righted the boat, bailed with their hats, and made it to safety. The crew member added: “We

joked [with Powell] a good deal about his zeal in going to examine the geology at the bottom of the river, but as a matter of fact,

he came near departing.”

Powell wrote his own report about exploring the Colorado,

Meee but it isn’t entirely accurate. He kept a journal during his trips but never intended to write a public narrative. However, Congressman James Garfield advised him to produce a history of his expedition or risk losing funding for future survey work out west. In 1874, Powell produced Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries, Explored in 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, which exaggerates some details and combines events and scenery from various trips.

ws

©Powell had a sizable ego, and late in his life, he made a bet with a colleague about whose brain was bigger. Autopsies eventually showed that Powell was the “winner.” pees

During his later years, Powell served as director of the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology. He died at age 68 after a cerebral hemorrhage at his summer home in Maine on September 23, 1902. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. In his account of the second expedition, crewman Dellenbaugh celebrated the achievements of Powell and another member of their group by concluding: “Strew their graves with roses and forget them not. They did a great work in solving the last geographical problem of the United States.” 100

=

hen John Wesley Powell guided his

W first crew down the Colorado River Wee in 1869, he had no notion of the tourist industry he would launch. Today, more than 5 million people visit the Grand Canyon each year—and about 20,000 of them take a trip on the river. What’s more, if Powell were alive today, he couldn’t go off on his own—not without a commercial guide or plenty of patience. The National Park Service does not allow unescorted trips without a permit, and the waiting list for those is currently 12 years. Here are a few comparisons between Powell’s trips and today’s river runs that would no doubt surprise its first “tour guide”: Number in Powell’s crew: 10 Number in today’s commercial trips: 36 Powell’s boats: heavy, clumsy wooden boats Today’s vessels: motorized neoprene rafts

Length of Powell’s first trip: 69 days Length of today’s tour: 6 to 8 days

What Powell provided for his crew: food for 10 months, ammunition, animal traps, tools, and the promise of $25 per month for labor What today’s adventurers need: plenty of cash—$1,500 to $1,800 per person for a 7-day trip @ What Powell longed for: painkillers to assuage the nerve damage to his amputated arm @ What today’s travelers lust for: great weather, scenery, and cappuccino

OO A RIVER OF WORDS Want to know more about John Wesley Powell? For suggested readings, click on Article Links 2002 at www.almanac.com.

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2002 |

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When it comes

to treating the common

cold

toms,” says Kyle Waugh, M.D., of

wute of Allergy and Infectious

eases, people in the United “States suffer an estimated 1 billion colds every year. Since the dawn of modern medicine, researchers have tried to find a cure—but with little

luck, largely because there are about 200 different viruses that cause the all-too-common cold. Though many people turn to their drugstores and pharmacies for a quick fix, cold sufferers might do better to look around the kitchen for

some tried-and-true—and inexpensive—folk, or home, remedies. “Because there is no cure for the common. cold, over-the-counter

drugs can only relieve the symp|

Weatherford, Oklahoma. “In a lot of cases, folk remedies do that better, with fewer side effects.” In fact,

he says, the number of pharmaceuticals that were discovered through ' home remedies is “amazing.” Next time you feel a cold com- |‘: ing on, consider trying one or more of these home remedies, which have stood up to medical research } and the test of time. Of course, we | don’t promise a cure; see a doctor if your symptoms persist or indicate a more serious illness. But these remedies have been used to prevent colds and relieve symptoms for years—and just may do the trick in a healthful way.

|

by |Sita¢i

stier

becik

age-old remedies Cat MORE

may be the best medicine. GARLIC AND

§% GARLIC AND ONIONS, MEMBERS

of the Allium genus (which includes chives, shallots, scallions, and leeks), have long been valued

for their healing powers. They were used in Europe in the Middle _ Ages and in China for centuries.

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus referred to Egyptians as “the stinking ones,” because they loved these foul-smelling bulbs. In fact, six cloves of garlic were found in King Tut’s tomb. Early American settlers ate onions for good health. “The old pioneer meal of bread, milk, and onions probably prevented a lot of colds,” says James North, chief of

microbiology at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah.

Garlic’s role in preventing sickness was confirmed in 1858, when Legion of Honor—winning

ONIONS

chemist Louis Pasteur discovered that it killed bacteria. More recently, a flurry of studies has confirmed garlic’s immune-enhancing powers. North’s own BYU study showed that garlic killed a variety of cold viruses in test tubes. The distinctive flavor of garlic comes from allicin, which is sim-

ilar to Mucodyne, a popular medication that helps expel mucus. Similarly, quercetin, an antioxidant in onions, has been found to destroy viruses and bacteria. To use garlic to treat a cold, cut up fresh cloves and add them to chicken soup or other recipes, or swallow small chunks of raw garlic like pills. The effectiveness of processed garlic—powders, oils, and pills—varies. When you really need help, fresh is best.

Sp ON ECHINACEA

TEA

M@ AMERICAN PLAINS INDIANS used Echinacea purpurea, or purple coneflower, as their primary medicine. They introduced Euro-

Pawnee City, Nebraska, patented a formula containing the plant for

pean settlers to this daisylike perennial, which they drank as tea to treat colds.

promoted as “an absolute cure” for ahost of illnesses. Soon after, echinacea was recommended by John

In 1870, H.C.F. Meyer, M.D., of

use in his Meyer’s Blood Purifier,

Uni Lloyd, a pharmacist in Cincinnati, Ohio, known for his research

on herbal medicines. By the early 1900s, almost every home medicine cabinet contained tincture of echinacea. With the discovery of antibiotic drugs in the 1930s, the use of echinacea faded—auntil recently. Today, this immune-enhancing herb is one of the best-selling herbal medicines in North America and Europe. Numerous studies have shown the pretty wildflower to be a potent cold preventive. Echinacea is believed to act like interferon, the body’s own virus-fighting chemical, which is released by infected cells so that other cells can

M@ TO CURE RESPIRATORY INFECtions, the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates prescribed vinegar and peppers. “They’ve treated colds with peppers in India, in Greek-Roman cultures, and in Asia for centuries,” says Irwin Ziment, M.D., professor and chief of medicine at Olive View—University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine. Now science has given its seal of

fight invading viruses. Echinacea can be taken as tablets, tincture, powder, or tea. Dosage varies depending on the potency, so follow label instructions carefully. If taken as tea, expect a tin-

gling sensation on the tongue. Experts agree that the herb works best in cycles: Take it for no more than a couple of weeks at a time, with about a week’s break in between. Constant use may weaken the body’s natural immune response.

approval. The mouth-burning ingredient in hot peppers and chilies is capsaicin, which chemically re-

sembles the drug guaifenesin, an expectorant found in 75 percent of over-the-counter and prescription cold and cough remedies. The active agents in hot and spicy foods such as hot mustard, spicy salsa, and horseradish act as expectorants, loosening up the lungs’ secretions and unclogging air passages. Coughing and sneezing then expel

the body’s own virus-fighting chemical. cold viruses from the body. In this way, hot and spicy foods break up congestion, flush out sinuses, and wash away irritants. “Most over-the-counter drugs for colds and coughs do exactly the same thing as peppers, but I think peppers are more effective, and

they don’t cause any side effects,” says Ziment. So gargling with a few drops of Tabasco sauce ina glass of water, putting hot mustard on your sandwich, or chewing on a chili may do more for a cold than any pharmaceutical.

Ger CULTURE @ IF YOU LIKE YOGURT, GOBBLE it up; it may keep you healthy next winter. In a 1991 UCLA study of this age-old immune booster’s powers, adults ate a pound, or about one pint, of plain yogurt with active cultures every day for four months. Researchers got unexpected results. “To our surprise, in every

that this phenomenon also affects the number of colds caught by yogurt eaters. When 40 people consumed a cup of yogurt with active cultures every day for a year, they stayed much healthier than the 40 who ate yogurt without active cultures and the 40 who ate no yogurt. “We found a dramatic re-

single individual, there was a dra-

duction of colds, hay fever, upper respiratory infections, and aller-

matic increase of gamma interferon, which fights off infection,

after only a few weeks,” says

gies,” says Halpern, If you’re thinking about joining

Georges M. Halpern, M.D., pro-

this culture club, you should know

fessor emeritus of medicine at UCLA-Davis and the study’s principle investigator. The study revealed that the yogurt eaters had five times the normal amount of gamma interferon in their blood. A subsequent study in 1993 involving 120 people discovered

that it takes at least a few weeks for gamma interferon to build up in your body, so plan ahead. “If you’re expecting to cure your cold overnight by eating yogurt, it won’t work,” says Halpern. “Cold season starts in the fall, so start eating yogurt in the spring.” OO

Reader Remedies: See Almanac readers’ recommendations for treating the common cold by clicking on Article Links 2002 at www.almanac.com.

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Name

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2001, ICL © COPYRIGHT == — OF -—-------DIVISION -==—======—={=—---4 INC, INSTITUTE, THE Apo

Join the not-so-secret society where magicians

have

met for 100 years to learn, practice,

and perform tricks.

eorge Schindler first fell in love with :

Bh) Magic in grammar school when a | " magician came to the school to entertain the class. For one trick, he cast a

fishing line into the audience and kept : reeling in goldfish, placing each into a = fishbowl on stage, proving that the catch

was alive. Schindler was captivated by |. the mystique of the performance as well as the awe it struck : in the audience. But he did not figure out how the trick was

done for decades. :

Schindler grew up to bea full-time magician, the author of

_ seven books on magic, and the owner of a magic-supply business. (You didn’t think for a second, did you, that hats with

:rabbits in them came from a department store?) Yet the 72year-old only recently discovered how the goldfish trick is

done. He saw it in a book that was published in 1902—the year | the Society of American Magicians, commonly known as S.A.M., was founded. Schindler, a longtime member of the so-

|A MAGICIAN WITH

ciety and one of its historians, recalls: “I

: AMISSION. The leg-

find the trick. But it proves that good tricks

endary Harry Hou-

was doing research, and I was surprised to keep going around.”

|dnl (left) sought to

S.A.M. was the brainchild of William |

: expose people who used magic to deceive the public.

Golden Mortimer, a doctor, who also developed an interest in magic at a young | age. As a teenager in the late 1860s, before by Alan Behr 109

“To give away secrets to people

who

are

merely curious about

what

magicians

do

spoils the fun.”

: he went to medical school, Mortimer performed magic

: throughout the western United States. In 1874, when he : was 20 years old, he brought his show, “Mortimer : Brothers’”—later changed to “Mortimer’s Mysteries”— to New York City and stayed there to study and later

! practice medicine. Over the years, Mortimer never lost _ his enthusiasm for magic and the camaraderie of other :magicians. So after much planning, on May 10, 1902, he gathered about two dozen fellow magicians in Martinka’s Magical Palace in New York City and formally founded the Society of American Magicians. Mortimer was elected the first president, a

post he held for three consecutive yearlong terms. During that time, he wrote the first

constitution, bylaws, and initiation ritual; designed the official seal; and organized the first annual dinner. He also initiated the awarding of the presidential medal, a custom

followed to this day. Membership in S.A.M. grew rapidly. By September 1903, nearly 150 magicians had joined, including the first female magician, Madame MAGIC MAKERS. (From left to right) Francis J. Martinka,

founder of Martinka & Co. and a cofounder of S.A.M.; Doc A. M. Wilson, editor of

Sphinx, a magician’s journal; The Great Dunninger, mous

mentalist;

and

a faDr.

Saram Ellison, a cofounder and

the first member of S.A.M.

110

Redan of Boston, Massachusetts, and Ehrich : Weiss, a magician specializing in escape

ABRACADABRA!

and better known by his stage name, Harry ;

A Trick to Try

Houdini.

The society’s original membership had three main reasons for banding together: to expose frauds, who use the techniques of magic to deceive the public; to keep the secrets of magic

ere’s a magic trick of simple | suspension that you can per| form for family and friends, us| | ing a long, thin object such as a pencil,

tricks secret, and therefore fun for audiences as | a dinner knife, or a wand. Discreetly place the object into your well as magicians; and to enable magicians to | left hand so that it lies across the pads meet and learn from each other. For a century,

those three goals have united the members. |

of your palm, just below your fingers. Hold the object in place with your thumb, as you display the back of your hand to perhaps more than any other member, turned | your audience. Then, curl your right hand around your the first mission of the society into a personal left wrist and extend your right index finand public crusade: He sought to expose peo- | ger across your left palm (see illustration ple who he felt fraudulently claimed to have : abilities to communicate with the dead and : 1). Hold the object in place with that finwho used magic to dupe believers. Even today, : ger, as you release and straighten out your left thumb (see illustration 2). While the society is on the lookout for tricksters who doing this, you can embellish your peruse magic to deceive people. Recently, acformance (and distract your audience) by cording to Schindler, amember claimed that he : saying a few magic words, blowing on could manufacture money and even sold peo- : ple a machine to do it. When his trickery was | your hand, or wiggling your fingers.

Houdini, who became S.A.M.’s president in 1917 and held the post until his death in 1926, :

exposed, S.A.M. expelled him.

The second mission of the society—keeping secrets secret—may be the most challenging. | If asked, most of us would probably say we :

1.

want to know how atrick is done; but once we |

know its secret, it loses its fascination. “To | give away secrets to people who are merely cu- |

rious about what we do hurts everybody be- :

cause it spoils the fun,” Schindler says. “We |

want [aspiring magicians], especially young | people, to perfect their craft and to succeed.” : The third mission of S.A.M, to create a : community of magicians, may be its greatest success. Over the years, the society has had

nearly 40,000 members—professionals, ama-

teurs, collectors, and historians among them. : Today, S.A.M. is a worldwide organization |

From Presto! Magic for the Beginner, by George Schindler (Barnes & Noble, 1977).

111

“Most tricks aren’t hard to learn. What’s hard

is performing

them

in front of an

audience.”

: with about 8,000 members in more than

: 270 active assemblies. Most assem! blies hold regularly scheduled meetings, often in churches, community cen-

ters, restaurants, or libraries. Members are drawn together by

[/

|the quirky allure of conjuring (another word for magic), a craft that

: is difficult to define. Forexample, Schindler says that magic happens when magicians make the & impossible seem possi-

8

ble. Bruce Lish, another © member of the society, likes the definition

A TREASURE

TROVE. The

cover of a Martinka & Co. catalog. The breadth of Its "contents was no Illusion.

offered by Robert Houdin (the magician on whom Houdini based his pseudonym): “He said that a magician is really an actor playing the part of a magician.” Lish, like many S.A.M. members, is a part-time magician. By day, he’s a practicing dentist, but on weekends—presto change-o—he’s Dr. Molar Magic, using the craft to teach children about dental health. For example, he makes teeth multiply in a child’s hand, causes toothbrushes to change color, and pulls giant X-rays from apparently empty boxes. “The art of magic is about performance,” he says. “You entertain with tools such as surprise and misdirection. Most people like it when the magician fools them. You talk to them afterward and they don’t remember individual tricks, only that they had a really good time.” As in all crafts, the skill of magic comes from practice, but accidents do happen; magicians can make mistakes. : “Most of the tricks themselves aren’t hard to learn,” says

: Lish. “What’s hard is performing the tricks in front of an audience. You need to know how to juggle the routine, how to talk to an audience—anless silence is part of your

: act—and you need technical skill, of course. The great ma: gicians have mastered all three elements.” £2

GETTING STARTED

According to Lish, “A good magician also : has to know his audience. Some people go to : magic shows because they want to be fooled. Others want to figure out how the tricks are done. A good audience is one that signs an un- | passion for magic often starts spoken agreement with the magician that says, | A: an early age; after all, many ‘We know these are tricks. Let’s enjoy them.” magic shows are designed to Often magicians select people from the au- | entertain children. In recognition of that, dience to assist them—leaving the rest of the authe Society of American Magicians dience to wonder if that person has really been : (S.A.M.) started the Society of Young Marandomly selected or is in on the act. “Most peogicians (S.Y.M.) in 1984 for aspiring maple you call up to the stage aren’t in on the trick,”

gicians aged 7 to 17. Today, there are more than 100 S.Y.M. assemblies, and resentative of the audience, to witness the trick many members later join S.A.M. close up. He or she should be the most enter- | Every year, S.A.M. holds a convention, tained. You have to be careful about whom : with magic shows open to the public. you select and how you treat him. You don’t | The 100th anniversary convention will want to embarrass a guy who’s out be held in New York City on a first date.” for four days over the Although magicians tend to be weekend of July 4, 2002. tight-lipped about new tricks, some To find a S.A.M. or told us that Mylar and other mateS.Y.M. assembly near you, rials, and laser and other technolocontact S.A.M., P.0. Box gies, are opening the door to ever 510260, St. Louis, MO more captivating illusions, as in 63151-0260; or call 314“Now you see it; now you don’t.” 846-5659. For information Audiences can look forward to about the convention or more close-up magic (the kind done the society, visit the Web within a few feet of an audience, site: www.magicsam.com.

says Lish. “Ideally, that person serves as the rep-

such as card and coin tricks) and ever-grander illusions like those found on Las Vegas stages.

“One thing that won’t change,”

Be A CLASS

ACT.

George

Schindler has been capti-

predicts Schindler, “‘is the fun that vated by magic since gramcomes from illusion. Even profes- mar school. sional magicians regularly see tricks courtesy that stump them. That’s OK with us. We like }i -photo George Schindler to be fooled, too.”

THE MAGIC TOUCH. Martinka & Co., Inc., established in 1877, was acquired in 2000 by Ted Bogusta, who : provided photos for this story and has created a virtual i magic memorabilia shop at www.martinka.com. :

[8

Once upon a time, love and marriage went together like a | _ horse and carriage. These days, the vehicle of choice is not |

| all that’s changed. With weddings on the rise, we decided to look at the customs, traditions, and etiquette of wedding | rituals, from “way back when” until today. j

A SPECIAL

|

A, HAPPY-MARRIAGE ADAGE “Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, and half shut afterwards.” —Benjamin Franklin, American statesman (1706-1790)

|

Popping the Question

|

he young man who asks a father for the hand of his

nse in marriage is a rare and endangered species,” |

writes 1990s manners expert Letitia Baldrige. Though that custom has died off, the tradition of a man planning a special occasion to propose marriage has made

a comeback. The latest trend, according to Smithsonian magazine, is to pop the question in

BY

public: in flashing colored lights, in skywriting, or |even ona television show. One Philadelphia Eagles football : fan told Cosmopolitan magazine that the faces of her and her | |boyfriend appeared on the huge stadium screen at halftime,

CHRISTINE |and, in front of the entire stadium audience, he asked her to

SCHULTZ

|marry him. With the team mascot egging her on, she said

—photos above:

|

there was only one answer she could give: “Absolutely!” www.comstock.com

1 14

}

f

(continued)

i

i

—photo opposite: Library of Congress

AXIND

Sige WW

Nikki,

WILL YOU MARRY ME? | , YES @ea | Ae Dad Stent

—www.comstock.com

Lynch, —Fred Southea Missour

.A. man in the house is worth two in the street. —Mae West, American actress (1893-1980)

GENTS... By all means marry; ifyou get a good wife, you'll become happy; ifyou get a bad one, you'll become a philosopher. —Socrates, Greek philosopher (c. 470-399 B.c.)

Rules of Engagement

Ithough engagement rings have been popular through the ages, it wasn’t until Archduke Maximilian of Austria presented a diamond to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 that the tradition of offering the most enduring gem on Earth took hold. These days, 85 percent of all Canadian brides receive a diamond en| gagement ring, notes Canada’s popular Weddingbells magazine, giving that country the highest diamond-engagement-ring acquisition rate in the | world. In the United States, 74 percent of brides received diamond en| gagement rings in 2000, according to the Diamond Information Center.

| | |

| | | |

—www.co

Ties That Bind renuptial agreements used to be considered relevant only for bil-

lionaires, movie stars, and highly paid athletes,” writes Baldrige. “Today, they are prevalent enough to inspire many states to adopt _ the ‘Uniform Premarital Agreement Act’—the benchmark legislation .

_ for marital contracts.” The editors of Bride’smagazine have likewise noted a rising trend toward prenuptial agree| ments among not-necessarily-so-wealthy brides and grooms. Couples are using |prenuptial contracts to _ seal the deal on such | matters as having children, the use of surnames, and even who _ will feed the dog or diaper the baby.

Wedding-Day Dreaming ncient Greeks used pig entrails to determine the luckiest day to marry; the Japanese tra-

_ ditionally looked to an ancient astrological calendar for propitious days. In New England, Wednesday was the | luckiest day for wed-

_ dings, and Friday (hang-

Congre of —Librar

man’s day) was consid.ered the unluckiest, notes historian and folklorist Duncan Emrich. | Today, Bride’smagazine reports, couples tend to marry on weekends or on symbolically romantic days, such as the anniversary of their meeting or their grandparents’ anniversary. June is still the most popular

_ month to marry, followed by August, July, May, and September. (continued)

117

_ New York City wedding planner JoAnn Gregoli, of Elegant Occasions, | _ says that she and her brides always check The Old Farmer’s Almanac |

_for weather predictions. Folklore holds that if a ray of sun shines on the |bride as she steps from the church, good luck will shine on her thereafter.

|

Brought to Vou By Suet radition suggests that the bride’s parents pay all wedding expenses. “The responsibilities and expenses of the parents of the | groom are light and pleasant,” noted etiquette expert Emily Post |

_nearly four decades ago. Not so today, when couples tend to be older and more advanced in _ their careers, and thus have more money. The majority of couples share TREES “um the wedding expenses with their parents, according to Weddingbells magazine; one-third pay for everything themselves. Only 8 percent still rely on their parents to fully fund their big event. With guests coming from all over, more couples are hiring wedding consultants to troubleshoot their event—

for a fee of $3,000 to $10,000, or 10 | to 15 percent of the wedding budget. About 5 percent of engaged couples _ hire wedding consultants, says Gerard J. Monaghan, president of the As- | sociation of Bridal Consultants. ““Who’s going to be the one to tell the | _ stepmother where she has to sit?” he asks. “A wedding consultant can act as an impartial outsider.” WHAT PRICE LOVE? The average cost ofan,American wedding is Just under $19,000. —Bride’s magazine

The Criminal Cost of a Wedding |aoe The high cost of weddings these days might help explain the rad-

| ical action taken by a prospective bride and groom in 2000. According to | Chuck Sheperd’s “News of the Weird” syndicated newspaper column, the —www.comstock.com - two “were arrested in Brooklyn, N.Y., and charged with attempting to rob a Chase Manhattan bank (a robbery that they had to abort when a teller delayed | getting the money) on June 7. The couple had scheduled a huge wedding for ] 18

—photos on these pages: H, Armstrong Roberts

June 10 with out-of-town guests, intending to pay for it with a tax refund. But when the IRS denied the refund, the bank robbery was the best way the couple knew, according to police, to pay the caterers and avoid disappointing their relatives.”

| Hope, |Wish, | Want sees, nce, a bride prepared for marriage by filling a hope chest with hand-sewn linens and other household furnishings,” note the editors of Bride’s.“Today, gifts are as likely to include cross-country skis and scuba gear as lasagna pans and lingerie.” The tradition of couples registering at local department stores for china, glassware, and — silver has now mushroomed into computerized registry wish lists that are updated daily. Gift requests range from hardware to home mortgage contributions, from sports

gear to stock investments. , One rule of etiquette § that hasn’t changed is that the couple should never mention gifts on their fo wedding invitations. ; (continued)

How

Mauch

Does the Thought

Count?

We asked readers of The Old Farmer’s Almanac to share stories of wacky wedding gifts they received. Here are a few. You can find more at our Web site,

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Maids of Honor, Best Men, and Dogs |[er to tradition, only an unmarried woman could be a maid of honor, and only the brother, best friend, or father of the groom could be the best man. Today, anyone from _ the bride’s best male friend to her beloved dog | can be a “maid” of honor. Likewise, a groom’s

_ female friend or sister can stand as the best :“man” (no tux needed). The original purpose of bridesmen and the

best man was to aid in the capture of the bride, ' get her to the church on time, and keep any hostile family members away. Now the bridesmen, more commonly known as ush-

ers, Show the family and guests to their seats, and rather than wield a sword, the best man

carries the ring and offers a toast to the happy couple. Once, the flower girl’s role was not simply to spread petals down the aisle but, with her shield of virginity, to protect the bride from the Devil. Today, children in attendance can trade roles. Etiquette writer Martha A. Woodham notes, “There is no law. . . that says the ring bearer can’t bea girl and the flower girl can’t be a boy.” Or a dog—the latest trend, according to the editors of Bride’ s: “Some couples are decking their dog in flowers and slipping a small sacheted ring pillow around his or her neck.”

Formal

Wear

and Flair he white wedding dress, now traditional in the western world, was

first worn in 1499 by Anne of Brittany on the occasion of her marriage to Louis XII of France, but it wasn’t until 1840,

when Queen Victoria married Prince Albert (shown at right), that ~Library of Congress

122

Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

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We have everything you need to process venison and preserve food. We carry sausage stuffers, smokers, . controls and accessories, meat grinders, grinding \\plates, natural & synthetic casings, spices, hee seasonings i@ Astrology is a tool we use to time events wz |:according to the astrological placement of |: the two luminaries (the Sun and the Moon) iand eight planets in the 12 signs of the zodiac. :Astronomy, on the other hand, is the charting :of the actual placement of the known planets :and constellations, taking into account preicession of the equinoxes. As a result, the :placement of the planets in the signs of the zo:diac is not the same astrologically and as:tronomically. (The Moon’s astronomical

;place is given in the Left-Hand Calendar Pages

Or

Mar. 21-Apr. Apr. 21-May May 2]-June June 21—July July 23-Aug.

6

IL & a 1 a, mM,

Virgo, belly Libra, reins Scorpio, secrets

x

Sagittarius, thighs ... SAG

x

Aquarius, legs

\8

Capricom, knees .,.. CAP Pisces, feet

:64-90, and its astrological place is given in iGardening by the Moon’s Sign, page 227.) : Modern astrology is a study of synchro:nicities. The planetary movements do not ?cause events. Rather, they explain the “flow,” :or trajectory, that events tend to follow. Be:cause of free will, you can choose to plan a ? schedule in harmony with the flow, or you can ;choose to swim against the current. The dates given in the Astrological Timetable

20 20 20 22 i(page 228) have been chosen with particular 22 :care to the astrological passage of the Moon. Aug. 23-Sept. 22 :However, because other planets also influence Sept. 23—Oct. 22 ius, it’s best to take a look at all indicators Oct. 23-Noy. 22 :before seeking advice on major life decisions. Nov. 23—Dec. 21 iAn astrologer can study the current relationship Dec. 22—Jan. 19 |: of the planets and your own personal birth Jan, 20-Feb. 19

Feb. 20-Mar. 20

ichart to assist you in the best possible timing ] :for carrying out your plans.

When Mercury Is Retrograde @ Sometimes when we look out from our perspective here on Earth, the other planets appear to be traveling backward through the zodiac. (All heavenly bodies move forward. An optical illusion makes them seem as if they are moving backward.) We call this retrograde motion. Mercury’s retrograde periods, which occur three or four times a year, can cause travel delays and misconstrued communications. Plans have a way of unraveling, too. However, this is an excellent time to research or look into the past. Intuition is high during these periods, and coincidences can be extraordinary. When Mercury is retrograde, astrologers advise us to keep plans flexible, allow extra time for travel, and avoid signing contracts. It’s OK and even useful to look over projects and plans, because we may see them with different eyes at these times. However, our normal system of checks and balances might not be active, so it’s best to wait until Mercury is direct again to make any final decisions. In 2002, Mercury will be retrograde from January 18 to February 8, May 15 to June 8, and September 14 to October 6. —Celeste Longacre

226

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2002

Gardening by the Moon’s Sign @ [tis important to note that the placement: times. Transplanting and grafting are best of the planets through the signs of the zo- : done under a Cancer, Scorpio, or Pisces diac is not the same in astronomy and as- Moon. Pruning is best done under an trology. The astrological placement of the : Aries, Leo, or Sagittarius Moon, with Moon, by sign, is given in the table below. : growth encouraged during waxing (from (The astronomical, or actual, placement is i the day of new to the day of full Moon) given in the Left-Hand Calendar Pages 64-90.) : and discouraged during waning (from the For planting, the most fertile signs are : day after full to the day before new Moon). the three water signs: Cancer, Scorpio, and : (The dates of the Moon’s phases can be Pisces. Good second choices are Taurus, : found on pages 64-90.) Clean out the garden

Virgo, and Capricorn. Weeding and plowing are best done when the Moon occupies the sign of Aries, Gemini, Leo, Sagittarius, or Aquarius. Insect pests can also be handled at these

: shed when the Moon occupies Virgo so that the work will flow smoothly. Fences : and permanent beds can be built or mended : when Capricorn predominates. Avoid in} decision when under the Libra Moon.

Moon’s Place in the Astr NOV. DEC. JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 SAG CAP AQU PSC _TAU GEM LEO VIR_ ae GEM LEO | VIR LIB sco SAG CAP PSC ARI TAU CAN LEO LIB

4 LEO CAN LEO LEO VIR

LEO VIR VIR LIB

LB LIB SCO SCO SCO

SCO SAG SAG CAP CAP

SAG SAG CAP CAP AQU_

“CAP "PSC AQU PSC AQU PSC PSC _ ARI PSC AB

ARI ARI TAU TAU GEM

SCO SAG

_PSC__PSC_ TAU Tae CAN EM LEO AQU PSC ARI TAU

Se

AQU

CAP

PSC

TAU TAU GEM GEM

CAN CAN LEO LEO

ViR LB

LEO VIR VIR ee

LIB LIB SCO SCO

SCO. CAP SAG CAP SAG _ CAP CAP AQU

CAP AQU

PSC. PSC_

ARI ARI

"ARI 1 TAU

_TAU TAU_CAN LEO CAN

LI

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

227

Astrological Timetable, 2002 @ The following month-by-month chart is based on the Moon’s sign and shows the most favorable times each month for certain activities. -Celeste Longacre FEB.

MAR.

APR.

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUG.

SEPT.

OCT.

Give up smoking —

arn

:

oa. ; 12, 13, 21

z

25,26 26,27

787

Cuthairto ——'17, 18,‘18, 19, 17, encourage growth

2

25,26 24,

Cuthair to

. 10,14, 10,11, 16, 17, 15 19,20

Begin logging

Setposts orpour concrete

21,22 17,18 14,15

18,19 14,15 10,11 8,9 228

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2002 |}

Time Corrections @ Times of sunrise/sunset and moonrise/moonset, selected times for observing the visible planets, and transit times of the bright stars are given for Boston on pages 64-90, 54-55, and 58.

Use the Key Letter shown to the right of each time on those pages with this table to find the number of minutes, already adjusted for different time zones, that you must add to or subtract from Boston time to get the correct time for your city. (Because of complex calculations for different locales, times may not be precise to the minute.) If your city is not listed, find the city closest to you in latitude and longitude and use those figures. Boston’s latitude is 42° 22' and its longitude is 71° 03'. Canadian cities appear at the end of the table. For further information on the use of Key Letters and this table, see How to Use This Almanac, page 39. Time Zone Code: Codes represent standard time. Atlantic is —1, Eastern is 0, Central is 1, Mountain is 2, Pacific is 3, Alaska is 4, and Hawaii-Aleutian is 5.

City

North Latitude $

Albert Lea, MN Albuquerque, NM Alexandria, LA

28 5 39 39 5 18

Allentown—Bethlehem, PA..40

36

Amarillo, TX Anchorage, AK Asheville, NC Atlanta, GA Atlantic City, NJ Augusta, GA Augusta, ME

12 10 36 45 22 28 19 16 23 iG 48 54 2 5 45 28 28 47 24 6 31 48 37

Bakersfield, CA Baltimore, MD Barstow, CA Baton Rouge, LA Beaumont, TX Bellingham, WA Bemidji, MN

Billings, MT Biloxi, MS Binghamton, NY Bismarck, ND

West Longitude . y

98 81 73 93 106 92

29 31 45 22 39 27

MS:

28

101 50 149 59 82 33 84 24 74 26 81 58 69 46 97 45 19! 4 76 37 68 46 Ae Al ot 94 6 122 29 94 53 ile hl 108 30 88 53 iD) 255 86 49 100 47 116 12

Brattleboro, VT

51

72

Bridgeport, CT Brockton, MA Brownsville, TX

11 5 54 59 29 1 0

TBO

Burlington, VT Butte, MT Cairo, IL Camden, NJ Canton, OH Cape May, NJ Carson City—Reno, NV

2002

34

wt ysl 97 30 Snas2 73°13 112) 32 89 11 ee ad. 81 23 74 56 119 46

Time Zone

Code

A (min.)

Key Letters Cc

B (min.)

(min.)

D (min.)

E (min.)

+37 +44 +49 +54 +59 +46 +43 +41 +39 +37 +9 +10 +10 +11 +11 +24 +26 +28 +31 +33 +45 +32 +22 +11 +2 +58 +40 +26 +9 —-3 +23 +20 +17 +14 «2+412 +85 +73 +63 +52 +43 -46 +27 +71 +122 +4171 +67 +55 +46 +35 +27 +79 +65 +53 +40 +30 +23 +17 «+13 #+8 +4 +70 +55 +44 +30 +419 -12 -8 -5 -1 0 +82 +62 +47 +29 +15 +33 +21 +12 +1 +:-7 +32 +26 «+22 «+17 «413 =18 ©=13..= 9) -= 5) =%1 +27 +14 +4 -7 -16 +55 +36 +21 +3 4-10 +67 +48 +32 +14 0 O +13 +24 +37 «+47 +14 +26 +34 +44 +452 -7 -3 Opes) a7 +16 +23 +29 +35 +40 +46 +27 +11 -5 -19 +20 +19 +19 +18 +18 +30 +15 +3 -10 —-20 +41 +50 +58 +66 +73 +55 +58 +60 +62 +64 4 0S 40S. Oe 7 +12 +10 +8 +6 +4 0 0 0 0 -1 +91 +66 +46 +5 +29 +30 +30 +32 0 +4 +8 +15 +31 +39 +45 +57 +29 +20 +412 =? +24 +19 +9 +46 +43 +36 +26 +20 +25 +19 WODOCHKE NORP RFORP OOCONKF KEP OOF WOOWRKFOCCOCSRFORNK WR NOOR

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

229

West

Longitude ¥

3

Charleston, SC

106 719

19 56

Charleston, WV

81

38

City

Charlotte, NC Charlottesville, VA Chattanooga, TN Cheboygan, MI Cheyenne, WY Chicago—Oak Park, IL

80 51 78 30 85.19 84 29 104 49 87 38

Cincinnati—Hamilton, OH .. Cleveland—Lakewood, OH.. Columbia, SC Columbus, OH Cordova, AK

84 31 81 42 SleheZ Ss 145 45

Corpus Christi, TX

97 24 107 33 96 48 87 37 rome

Dallas—Fort Worth, TX Danville, IL Danville, VA Davenport, [A Dayton, OH

90 84

35 10

86 59 88 57 104 59 93 S37, 83a) 90 41 92 a6 Tk, SB) 67770 91 30 115 46

Des Moines, IA Detroit—Dearborn, MI Dubuque, IA

Ellsworth, ME

Code

B

Key Letters

(min.)

c

(min.)

+19

+20

+21

+22

+48 +48

+36 +42

+21 +35

+410 +30

+49 +35 +67 +47 +16 +6 +58 +43 +51 +51 +13 +64 +28 +55 +9 +41 +19 +56 +14 +15 +19 +31 +47 +18 +16 +40

+39 +29 +57 +53 +14 +6 +53 +42 +40 +47 +55 +46 +25 +43 +6 +33 +17 +52 +4 +11 +15 +30 +47 +18 +23 +31

-16

-1il

+21

+25

0 -14

-1 -10

-3 -6

106 29 S05 123 26 147 51

+35 +36 +24 +2

+22 +35 +27 +61

+6

lee 96 47 39 83 41

+1 +34

0 +42

+52 +49 +63 +41 +43 +58

+42 +50 +44 +34 +33 +56

+22 +40 +52 +6 +11 +33

+15 +31 +35 +4 +21 «+43

Fort Myers, FL Fort Scott, KS

81 94

Fort Smith, AR Fort Wayne, IN

94 Stal

Fresno, CA.

108 94 87 :

OF 98

Great Falls, MT Greensboro, NC

230

52 42 25 47

Green Bay, WI

+28 +419 +22 +417 +45 +36 +59 +64 +412 = «+411 +45 +4 +48 +44 +40 +39 +27 +17 +43 +103 +25 +22 +28 +2 +24 +16 +48 —-7 +7 +11 +28 +47 +18 +31 +21

-20

25

45 48 20 38 aS 21 33 17

88

0 47

E

(min.)

Fall River—

Gallup, NM Galveston, TX Gary, IN Glasgow, MT Grand Forks, ND Grand Island, NE Grand Junction, CO

D

(min.)

+17

68

El Paso, TX Erie, PA Eugene, OR

Time

§ Zone

+51 +49 +34 +29 +31 +39 +3 +7 KH NHK EP COrPNNF oO OONnNK KF OCWRK ORFP Rr ORFNEF RF PROT NYE WON OCOFRNOOCOOCOCOCOCN NWOK OOF ORF +43. «+35

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City

West Longitude 2 '

Hagerstown, MD

77

Harrisburg, PA

76

Hartford—New Britain, CT . . 41

42,

Helena, MT

112

Honolulu, HI

155 157

Houston, TX

95

Indianapolis, IN

86

Ironwood, MI Jackson, MI Jackson, MS Jacksonville, FL

90 84 90 81 92 94

85

94 72 83 91 93 Lanai City, HI Lancaster, PA Lansing, MI Las Cruces, NM Las Vegas, NV Lawrence—Lowell, MA

76

84 iil

Lewiston, ID

Lexington—Frankfort, KY...

84 100

96 92

Time Zone Code

A (min.)

KeyLetters B [+ D (min.) (min.) (min.)

E (min.)

+35 +30 +26 +22 +18 +30 +26 +23 +19 +16 +8 +7 +6 +4 +27 +36 +43 +57 +94 +62 +37 -15 +102 +72 +48 -1 +73 +53 +37 +5 +69 +64 +60 +52 0 +9 +15 +29 +53 +532 +53 +52 +46 +30 +17 -10 +77 =+58 = +43 +11 +36 +29 +24 +13 +50 +41 +33 +18 -76 -23 +10 +86 +58 +57 +57 +57 +62 +53 +46 +30 +44 +37 +33 +23 +2 +3 +4 + 6 —62 -25 0 +56 +71 +60 +51 +33 0 +49 +82 +120 +154 +15 +18 +20 +22 +25 +64 +44 #=+29 #+11 «-2 +99 +69 +44 +15 -6 +28 +24 +20 +17 ~= «2+413 +52 +53 +53 +54 +54 +53 +36 +23 +8 -3 +16 +4 -3 -13 -20 0 0 0 0 +41 -12 -—-3 +2 +410 +17 +67 +59 +53 +46 = +41 +76 +66 +59 +51 +44 +107 +77 +54 +26 +5 +47 +44 +42 +39 +37 +48 +35 +25 +13 +4 UMNNOOCO ORF OF ORrF RKP HhOLROKNOFK KK OWOWNCT NF Fe

Los Angeles—Pasadena— Santa Monica, CA

Louisville, KY Macon, GA Madison, WI Manchester—Concord, NH .. McAllen, TX Memphis, TN Meridian, MS

85 83 89 71 98 90 88 80

Miles City, MT

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN. . Minot, ND

87 93 109 88 92 86 85

Nashville, TN

86

Newark—East Orange, NJ...

74

2002

COR KE BE KEK RNR ORR NOK COW OK

+34 +72 +79 +10 0

#420 +9 +64 +58 +63 +50 +11 +12 OD

-3 -13 +52 +46 +36 +24 +14 = «+415 423

+93 +38 +40 +88

+69 #+26 +24 +57

+49 +16 +11 +37

+26 +5 -—4 +14

+9 -3 =-15 —-3

+3 +4

+11 +6

+18 +7

#426 +8

+32 +9

+18 +36 +46 +42 +53 +31 +64 +22 +17

+24 +50

+28 +59

+33 +71

+37 +81

+39 +23 +37

+33 +8 «+24

+27 -—-8 «+9

+22 -22 -1

+14 +60 +11 +14

+1 +57 +3 #++12

4-13 = 4-25 +53 +50 -6 -14 +9 +7

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

231

City

A (min.)

Key Letters B c D (min.) (min.) (min.)

New Haven, CT New London, CT New Orleans, LA

+11 eT +52

+8 tS +32

+7 #+5 Aa 2 +16 -1

+17 +38 +62 +13 +69

+14 +28 +60 +10 +63

+11 +21 +58 +9 +59

+9 +412 +56 +7 +53

+47 +8 +67 +43 +80 +30 +3 +28 +52 +17 —-1 +39 +19 +24 +71 +49 +42 +8 +43 +35

+45 +13 +55 +40 +59 +36 +6 +13 +46 +14 +4 +20 +16 +19 +56

+43 +17 +46 +39 +42 +40 +9 +1 +42 +412 +410 +5 +14 +16 +44 +56 +35 +8 +45 +17

+41 +21 +35 +437 +22 +46 +412 £-12 +36 +49 +16 -12 +11 +12 +30 +60 +432 +8 +446

New York, NY Norfolk, VA North Platte, NE Norwalk—Stamford, CT ....41

Ogdensburg, NY Oklahoma City, OK

Palm Springs, CA Parkersburg, WV Paterson, NJ

Pittsburgh—McKeesport, PA 40 Pittsfield, MA Pocatello, ID

Poplar Bluff, MO

-8 Portland, OR Portsmouth, NH

-5

+14

-4 —29 +3 +27 +51 +2 +26 +31 +41 +51 +41 +2 +34 -4 +61 +43 +28 +87

Presque Isle, ME Providence, RI Pueblo, CO

Rapid City, SD Reading, PA Redding, CA Richmond, VA Roanoke, VA

Sacramento, CA St. Johnsbury, VT St. Joseph, MI St. Joseph, MO St. Louis, MO

Salt Lake City, UT San Antonio, TX

232

+8 +44

-3 +25

-2 +2

+5

-1 -12 41 +14 +30 +8 +19 +25 +25 +35 +14 +7 +21 +3 +60 +35 +16 +47

+17 +57 +31 +48

+27 +46 +18 +43

+87

+50

San Diego, CA

+4 NOR BRENOK HONKFORCORCO ROR WOOWRF KEP FOODWONCOWON WOK +33

San Francisco—Oakland— San Jose, CA Santa Fe, NM

NW

+40

+25

+40

+19

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2002

City

North Latitude : ¥

Scranton—Wilkes-Barre, PA 41

West Longitude e :

6 40

Time Zone Code oo

Key Letters B c D (min.) (min.) (min.)

+54 +19

+40 +18

+25 +16

+15 +19 +44 +40 +61 +53 -4

+24 423° +31 +42 +60 +43 +4

+34 +27

+18

+14

Seattle-Tacoma—

Olympia, WA

20 58

Shreveport, LA Sioux Falls, SD South Bend, IN

45 44

Spartanburg, SC Spokane, WA Springfield, IL Springfield—Holyoke, MA . . 42 Springfield, MO

57 24 39 36 18

Syracuse, NY Tallahassee, FL Terre Haute, IN Texarkana, AR Toledo, OH

9 17 aii 24 3 33

Topeka, KS Traverse City, MI

40 38

Trenton, NJ

46

Trinidad, CO Tucson, AZ Tulsa, OK

31 58 60

Tupelo, MS

34

Walla Walla, WA Washington, DC

32 20 1

Waterbury—Meriden, CT ... 41

15

3

Waterloo, IA Wausau, WI West Palm Beach, FL Wichita, KS Williston, ND Wilmington, DE Wilmington, NC

20 38 3 20 37 33 55

Winchester, VA Worcester, MA

10 48 43 39 37

Youngstown, OH

+6 +6 +36 +29 +19 +20 +68 +53 +64 +46 +69 +65 +44 +32 +50 +49 +43 +38 +54 +57 +17 «++14 +21 8 =+13 +53 +=+40 +48 +40 +21 +10 +36 «+33 +2 +8 +28 +23 +9 +7 +24 + 9 +55 +51 +59 +21 +38 +33 +2 +26 40 +67 RFP ORF KF OCORF CRF NNOTOF KEP OOCOCOFOFRWOOrFNW NCCC OOWNK

CANADA Calgary, AB

+35

Edmonton, AB

+26

Montreal, QC Ottawa, ON Peterborough, ON

Saint John, NB

+26 +4 +13 +25 +34

Saskatoon, SK

+63

+ 9

Thunder Bay, ON Toronto, ON Vancouver, BC

2002

+61 +30 +15 KH RP WODCrFRKP OCOFNN +30

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

233

Tide Corrections Many factors affect the times and heights i Coastal

ofthetides: thecoastal configuration,

Difference:

thetime ; Site

of the Moon’s southing (crossing the merid- :

ian), and the Moon’s phase. The High Tidecol- | New Hampshire

umn on the Left-Hand Calendar Pages 64-90 lists :

the times of high tide at Commonwealth Pier ; Portsmouth

Time

(h.m.)

Height

(ft) -1.0

-13

in Boston Harbor. The heights of some of these : Rye Beach tides, reckoned from Mean Lower Low Wa- i Massachusetts ter, are given on the Right-Hand Calendar Pages : Beverly Farms 65-91. Use this table to calculate the approximate times and heights of high water at the

Cape Cod Canal places shown. Apply thetime differencetothe ; | East Entrance times of high tide at Boston (pages 64-90) and i

the height difference to the heights at Boston : : (pages 65-91).

Estimations derived from this table are

Cotuit Highlands

not meant to be used for navigation. The Old ? Dennis Port Farmer’s Almanac accepts no responsibil-

ity for errors or any consequences ensuing :

from the use of this table.

i

Predictions for many other stations can :

be found at the National Ocean Service : Web site, http://co-ops.nos. noaa.gov, and at Magnolia~Manchester

Canada’s Department of Fisheries and : Marblehead Oceans Web site, www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ }

home-accueil_e.htm. Coastal Site

Difference:

i Time Height: (h.m.) — (ft.). : Nauset Beach

: New Bedford

Canada

aa ? Newburyport...

-3.5 | Onset-R.R. Bridge -4.5 | Plymouth

—6.5 : Provincetown

St. John’s, NF

Yarmouth, NS Maine Boothbay Harbor

Chebeague Island

Eastport

Kennebunkport... i

Monhegan Island... Old Orchard

234

+15.0 : =O. 58

ire) t i +0.9 : +0.4 ; —0.8 : West Falmouth

—0.6 : Westport Harbor

+8.4 :; Woods Hole

-1.0:

Little Harbor

+2.8 :

Oceanographic Inst. .....

—0.8 ; Rhode Island —0.8 ; —0.6 } +0.1 } +0.1 3

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2002

Coastal Site

Difference: :

Time Helght : Coastal (h.m.) __ (ft.)_ :Site

Difference:

-4.8 |Yorktown

490. Connecticut Bridgeport Madison New Haven

+001

022.

—5-6 : North Carolina

OB.

Cape Fear

: Cape Lookout —2.6 } —2.3.1 patteras eds —6.7 } oh :

Time (h.m.)

Height (ft)

SANG.

7.0

Pass

hgO

—428. 410

‘-5.7 58 2 74 Tea -6.2

403 vr -414 —4 26

—6.0

Highway Bridge Stamford

—6.2 | South Carolina —2.2 } Charleston

ao

Stonington New York

—6.6 | Georgetown : Hilton Head

—148 —3)22

cae : Myrtle Beach

-349

-44

-—3 15

—3.4

—1.8 ; Jekyll Island —2.2 : St. Simon’s Island —2.1 : Savannah Beach

—3 46 —2 50

—2.9 =2.9

—6.8 :

Bul Ar

enn

-—3 59 —3 28

—6.0 53

*-

? St. Helena Harbor Entrance

Long Beach Meoaemickiabor

Sit 7.4}

New York City—Battery

—5,0 ; Georgia

Oyster Bay Port Chester Port Washington

ee: Shinnecock

Inlet

*0.2 ; Florida

Willets Point New Jersey Asbury Park Atlantic City

—2.3 } O53

Fort Pierce Inlet aia *0.24 : J acksonville

-5.3 ; Railroad Bridge —5.9 ; Miami Harbor Entrance a, : St. Augustine

Cape Henlopen

Virginia

Cape

Charl

fone Virginia Beach

2002

ea T2 -6.9

—655 -318 —255

ed)sit -7.0 -4.9

aA

i is so marked, height at Boston should be mul; tiplied by this ratio.

—5.3

; **Varies widely; accurate only within 1%

—5.7 } hours. Consult local tide tables for precise

; times and heights. ee

Plum Point

ZDSOn —3 32

BGS

se

oe Beas

hela

2322

: *Where the difference in the Height column

Pennsylvania Philadelphia Delaware

Havre de Grace

Cape Canaveral Daytona Beach

_5.5 : Fort Lauderdale

Bay Head-Sea Girt Beach Haven

Rehoboth Beach

River Entrance

: Tybee Light

eee

: Example: The conversion of the times and : heights of the tides at Boston to those of Cape Fear, North Carolina, is given below:

—7.7 : Sample tide calculation July 4, 2002:

|High tide Boston (p.80) _g.5 | Correction for Cape Fear : High tide Cape Fear

-7.0 }

7:00AM. EDT —3:55 hrs. 3:05 A.M. EDT

: Tide height Boston (p.81)

8.5 ft.

: Correction for Cape Fear

—5.0 ft.

: Tide height Cape Fear

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

3.5 ft.

235

The Twilight Zone How to determine the length of twilight and the times of dawn and dark.

@ Twilight is the period of time between dawn and sunrise, and again between sunset and dark. Both dawn and dark are defined as moments when the Sun is 18 degrees below the horizon. The latitude of a place and the time of year determine the length of twilight. To find the latitude of your city or the city nearest you, consult the Time Corrections table, page 229. Use that figure in the chart below with the appropriate date, and you will have the length of twilight in your area.

Latitude

25° 31° 37° 43° 48°

N to 30° N N to 36° N N to 42° N N to 47°N N to 49° N

Jan, 1 to Apr. 10

Apr.11

1 20 1 26 ESS 1 42 150

123 1 28 139 151 2 04

to

May 2

Length of Twilight (hours and minutes) May15 May 26 July 23 Aug.4 Aug.15

= May3 to May14

to July 22

to Aug. 3

to Aug.14

to Sept.5

to Dec. 34

129 138 WS 213 2 42

132 143 159 PIA

129 138 152

126 134 147 202 222

1 23 1 28 139 51 2 04

120 126 133 142 150

126 134 147 2 02 222

M To determine when dawn will break and when dark will descend, apply the length of twilight to the times of sunrise and sunset. Follow the instructions given

Sept. 6

to May 25

23 242

Boston, Mass. Oshkosh, Wis. (latitude 42° 22') (latitude 44° 1') Sunrise, August 1

in How to Use This Almanac, page 39, to

Length of twilight

determine sunrise/sunset times for your locality. Subtract the length of twilight from the time of sunrise for dawn. Add the length of twilight to the time of sunset for dark. (See examples at right.)

Dawn breaks

Sunset, August 1 Length of twilight Dark descends

5:37A.M.

1:52

3:45AM.EDT 8:04 P.M. +1:52

9:56 P.M. EDT

5:40 AM.

-2:13

3:27AM. CDT 8:16 P.M.

+2:13

10:29 p.m. CDT

Tidal Glossary

Apogean Tide: A

y tide of decreased : Coast

tides, for example, are semidiurnal, — range that occurs when the Moon is at apogee :with two highs and two lows duringa tidal (farthest from Earth). : day of approximately 24 hours.

Diurnal Tide: A tide with one high water and :Spring

Tide: A tide of increased range that

one low water in a tidal day of approximately : occurs at times of syzygy each month. Named 24 hours. : not for the season of spring but from the Mean Lower Low Water: The arithmetic !: German springen (‘to leap up”), aSpreetide mean of the lesser of a daily pair of low wa- :: also brings a lower low water.lee configuraters, observed over a specific 19-year cycle : Syzygy: The nearly soe ; tion that occurs twice a month, when the Sun _ called the National Tidal Datum Epoch. — Neap Tide: A tide of decreased range that oc- }: and the Moon are in conjunction (on the curs twice a month, when the Moon is in : Same side of Earth at the new Moon) and quadrature (during its first and last quarters, i:when they are in opposition (on opposite

when the Sun and the Moon are at right an- : sides of Earth at the full Moon). In both — : cases, the gravitational effects of the Sun

gles to each other relative to Earth).

;and the Moon reinforce each other, and tidal

Perigean Tide: A monthly tide of increased ; Tange is increased. range that occurs when the Moon is at Pe ‘ (closest to Earth).

Vanishing Tide: A mixed tide ofconsider-

ble inequality in the two highs and two : lows, so that the lower high (or higher low) ter and one low. water every half day. East| may become indistinct or appear to vanish.

Semidiurnal Tide: A tide with one high wa

236

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2002

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CARNIVOROUS

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244

BETSY ROSS FLAG, 3'x5', sewn cotton, appliquéd stars. $46 ppd. FCTC, PO Box 822, Kimberton PA 19442. Visa/MC. www.usflagshop.com. MAKE GOOD MONEY for your school, group, or organization selling The Old Farmer’s Almanac publications and calendars to friends and neighbors. Great products sell themselves! Great prices! Great opportunity! Call today 800-424-6906. The Old Farmer’s Almanac Fund-Raising, 220 South St., Bernardston MA 01337. www.gbimarketing.com.

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2002

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2002

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ocean-view rooms. Atlantic-Oakes-By-The-Sea.

NICE SINGLES, CHRISTIAN values, 18-90. Free magazine. Singles, Box 310-OFA, Allardt TN 38504. www.nicesingles.com. SISTER ROGERS, psychic reader and advisor. Can help you with problems, love, business, marriage, and health. 903-454-4406. ATTENTION: SISTER LIGHT, Spartanburg, South Carolina. One free reading when you call. I will help in all problems. 864-576-9397.

FREE MONEY AVAILABLE! Wealthy foundations unload billions in grants! Blessing, Box 47-44, Springfield MO 65801. POWERFUL SPELLS PERFORMED. Dominique reunites lovers immediately. Reveals future love, finance. One free reading. 423-472-3035. RUSSIAN LADIES, truly beautiful, educated, seek

relationships. 8,000 selected from 120,000+ ladies. Exciting tours, videos. Free color catalog, 500 photos! 770-458-0909. www.russianladies.com.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

245

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MOTHER DOROTHY tells past, present, and future. Gifted healer. 404-755-1301. 1214 Gordon St., Atlanta GA 30310. Write or call.

LIVELINKS®, LOCAL CHAT. Call 888-245-4545

ESCAPE TO THE HILLS OF SOUTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY. Secluded country properties, inexpensive homes. Call Century 21, Vibbert Realty, 800-267-2800 for free brochure.

for your local number. Enter free-trial code: 1080. 18+. MEET LATIN WOMEN! Beautiful Mexican— South American ladies seeking marriage! All ages. Free brochures! TLC, PO Box 924994, Houston TX 77292-4994. 713-896-9224. Web site: www.tlcworldwide.com. BEAUTIFUL ASIAN LADIES overseas seek love,

marriage. Lowest rates! Free brochure: PR, Box 1245FA, Benicia CA 94510. 707-747-6906. MRS. RUTH, southern-born spiritualist, removes

evil, bad luck. Helps in all problems. Free sample reading. 334-616-6363. SINGLE NONSMOKERS make adate to find your health-minded mate. 603-256-8686. E-mail: [email protected]. WOMEN WANT YOU FROM AROUND THE WORLD. Thousands of beautiful women desire love and marriage! Free photo magazine! Cherry Blossoms, Box 190/71, Kapaau HI 96755. 800-322-3267 ext. 71, blossoms.com/?adid=71.

LOVERS REUNITED. You deserve to be happy. Write today: Florentine, Box 5387-R, High Point NC 27262. POULTRY

GOSLINGS, DUCKLINGS, CHICKS, TURKEYS, GUINEAS, books. Picture catalog $1. Pilgrim Goose Hatchery, GC-20, Williamsfield OH 44093. FREE

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turkeys, game birds, Canadian honkers, wood ducks. Eggs to incubators. Books and supplies. Call 800720-1134 or www.strombergschickens.com. Stromberg’s, Pine River 45, MN 56474-0400.

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GEOTHERMAL AREA 160 acres northern Nevada. Approximately one mile from electricity-generating plant. Call Dale 775-423-2362. Broker/owner.

246

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THE ORIGINAL “Grow Your Own” seed company. Tobacco, medicinal plants, tropicals, and more. Free catalog. E.O.N.S., Dept/FA, PO Box 4604, Hallandale FL 33008. 954-455-0229. Web site: www.eonseed.com. FREE CATALOG. Top-quality vegetable, flower, and herb seeds since 1900. Burrell, Box 150-OFA, Rock Ford CO 81067.

RARE HILARIOUS PETER, FEMALE, and squash pepper seeds. $3 per package. Any two $5, all three $8, over 100 others. Seeds, 2119 Hauss Nursery Rd., Atmore AL 36502.

Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

CM ISt AY SS

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ATTENTION: SISTER LIGHT, Spartanburg, South Carolina. One free reading when you call. I will help in all problems. 864-576-9397.

I GUARANTEE TO SOLVE YOUR PROBLEMS in hours. Call Mr. Montgomery, 334-281-1116.

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business, marriage, nature, bad luck. Guaranteed results with one call. Call: 678-455-0107. Visa/MC/AmEx.

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REVEREND DEWBERRY, spiritualist healer, helps in all problems. Brings back lovers; financial blessings; removes unnatural sickness, nature, hair loss; guarantees help 24 hours. 800-989-1059 or 912264-3259. 4488 New Jesup Hwy., Brunswick GA

WORK CLOTHES. SAVE 80%, shirts, pants, cov-

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ROSICRUCIANS: a mystical tradition/home study available. PO Box 4764, Dallas TX 75208. Web site: www.arcgl.org.

bad luck. Reunites loved ones. Solves all problems. 662-844-8053. pases ace ee SE a aint Oe EVANGELIST ADAMS. Spiritual healer and advisor. Are you suffering with bad luck, love, marriage, sickness, and finances? Immediate results.

eralls. Free folder. Write Galco, 4004 East 17th St., Dept. OF-2, Cleveland OH 44105.

JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES, friends, family, find out facts the society doesn’t want you to know. Free and confidential. JW Facts, Box 454, Metaline Falls WA 99153. www.macgregorministries.org.

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to The Coupon Club, 26893 Bouquet Canyon Rd.

luck. Reunites lovers. Call now. Free sample reading.

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TROY-BILT® OWNERS. Discount parts catalog, send stamp. Replacement tines $64. Kelley’s, Manilla IN 46150. 317-398-9042. Web site: www.svs.net/kelley/index.htm.

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SISTER NINA. Spiritual healer and advisor. Wor_ ried, sick, marriage. Have bad luck and evil surroundings? 24 hours results. 770-650-7177. TRAVEL & RESORTS

~ THE DINOSAUR CAPITAL OF TEXAS, just a short drive from Dallas—Ft. Worth. Stay at the new Best Western Hotel in Glen Rose, Texas. Dinosaur Valley Inn and Suites, 1311 Northeast Big Bend Trail, directly adjacent to Somervell County Exposition Center. Visit us atour Web site: www.dinosaurvalleyinn.com for a virtual tour, or call 800-280-2055 for reservations.

2002

The Old Farmer’s Almanac classified rates: $15 per word (15-word minimum per insertion). Payment required with order; MasterCard, Visa, American Express, and Discover/NOVUS accepted. For group rates, Web classifieds, or more information, contact Marie Knopp: phone 203-263-7171; fax 203263-7174; e-mail [email protected]. Or write to Marie Knopp, Gallagher Group, P.O. Box 959, Wood-

bury, CT 06798. The closing date for The 2003 Old Farmer’s Almanac is May 7, 2002.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

247

Index to Advertisers 32 AccuWeather, Inc., 814-235-8600, www.accuweather.com

145 Active Health Labs, 800-600-0612, Dept. 775, www.activehealthlabs.com 139 Agora Health Books, 888-821-3609, code 1997

149 Almanac.com Companion, subscribe by e-mail at: [email protected] 240 America’s Psychic Source, 800-626-4343, 900-860-2600

244 Arsco Manufacturing Co., 800-543-7040 13 Athena Institute, 610-827-2200, www.athenainstitute.com

53 The Beautiful Music Company 241 Bierhaus International, 888-273-9386 23 Charles Atlas, Ltd., 888-672-8527, Dept. FA1, www.charlesatlas.com 45 ComposTumbler, 800-880-2345 237 The Conestoga Co., Inc., 800-987-2264,

www.drfieldbrush.com; www.drchipper.com;

www.whisperlite.com Dairy Association Co., Inc., www.bagbalm.com Davis Instruments, 800-678-3669, www.davisnet.com Dawn Bible, 800-234-3296, www.dawnbible.com DeepRock, 800-333-7762, operator 8409 DeerOff, 800-333-7633, www.deer-off.com Deltec Homes, 800-642-2508, www.deltechomes.com Dr. John’s Research Edward R. Hamilton, Bookseller, 800-677-3483, www.erhbooks.com/ccz

23 Emperor Clock, L.L.C., 800-642-0011, offer 7818,

5 22 153 49 23 238

238 7 133

www.emperorclock.com Essiac, 613-729-9111, www.essiac-resperin-canada.com Excalibur, 800-875-4254, ext. OFA01 FC&A Featherspring Intemational, Inc., 800-628-4693, www.featherspring.com Fort Hill Farms, www.forthillfarms.com Free Stuff for the Asking Great Products Inc., www.teapots4sale.com Hamilton Authenticated, 866-246-6335 Happy Valley Ranch, 913-849-3103, www.happyvalleyranch.com

101 Harcourt Leaming Direct, 800-572-1685, ext. 2190,

www.harcourt-leaming.com 51 Healthier YOU, Inc. 238 Hearthside Quilts, 800-451-3533, www.hearthsidequilts.com 132 Heartistry Music, 715-682-9362, www.heartistrymusic.com

238 Heritage Building Systems, 800-643-5555, www.heritagebuildings.com 171 Hydro-Sil, 800-627-9276, www.hydrosil.com 57 Indiana Botanic Gardens, Inc., 800-644-8327,

z 106 241 239 239 37

Dept. OF2NA, www.botanichealth.com Institute of Children’s Literature Into the Wind, 800-541-0314, www.intothewind.com Invention Submission Corp., 888-439-4332 E.C. Kraus, 800-841-7404 The Leader Co., Inc. :

133 Lehman’s, www.lehmans.com ~

Q

47 Lloyds Hearing Aid Corp., 800-323-4212 59 Long-Term Care Quote, 800-587-3279,

www.longtermcarequote.com 31 MacKissic, Inc., 610-495-7181 3, 237 Mantis, 800-366-6268 241 Medway Corp., 800-817-3118, www.medwaycorp.com 179 Micron Corp., 800-456-0734, www.microncorp.com 238 Miller Nurseries, 800-836-9630 132 Miss Cleo’s Tarot Reading, 800-980-8403,

www.mindandspirit.com

22 Musser Forests, Inc., 724-465-5685

15 National Arbor Day Foundation, www.arborday.org 35 The National Collector’s Mint, Inc., 888-628-6468, ext. 2446,

www.ncmint.com

! 133 Natural Health Solutions, 800-772-7285, ext.LL834 i 240 Nichols Garden Nursery, 800-422-3985, www.nicholsgardennursery.com

: 238 Nor’East Miniature Roses, Inc., 800-426-6485, Www.noreast-miniroses.com

29, 237 Norstar CPC, Inc., 888-282-5164, www.norstarcpe.com 53 Northport Health & Home

| 237 Norwood Industries, Inc., 800-661-7746, ext. 378

341, 240 The Old Farmer’s Almanac calendars, 800-895-9265,

www.bigbangcannons.com 22 Cook’s Illustrated, 800-526-8442, www.cooksillustrated.com 9, 23, Cvr 3 Country Home Products, 800-520-2525,

157 241 195 47 29 22 207 47

239 Monroe Hearing Aid Co. Cvr 4 Mr. Heater, 800-251-0001, www.wheretofindbuddy.com

: 244 Murray McMurray Hatchery, 800-456-3280, www.mcmurrayhatchery.com

ext. 220 or 196, www.almanac.com/go/ofecal02 i 132, 215 The Old Farmer’s Almanac gardening publications, 800-895-9265, ext. 220, www.almanac.com 195 The Old Farmer’s Almanac replicas, 800-895-9265, ext. 220

or 196, www.almanac.com/go/history02 249 The Old Farmer’s Almanac subscriptions, 800-895-9265, ext. 220, www.almanac.com/go/sub02ofa

240 Palmer Industries, 800-847-1304, www.palmerind.com 123 Prestons, www.prestons.com 238 Psychicsource.com, 877-490-4799 240 RainWise Inc., 800-762-5723, www.rainwise.com

123 Randob Labs 133 Regency Cap & Gown Co., 800-826-8612, www.rcgown.com 240 Retsel Mfg., Inc., 208-254-3737, www.retsel.com

239 Rhoades Car, 615-822-2737, ext. 2681, www.4we.com/?2681 21, 33, 38 Rush Industries, Inc., 516-741-0346, www.rushindustries.com

i 237 Rutledge Books, Inc., 800-278-8533, www.rutledgebooks.com 123 Sausage Maker Inc., 888-490-8525, www.sausagemaker.com 237 Scientific Sales, 800-788-5666, www.scientificsales.com 241 Scooter Discounters, 800-229-1317 239 Sea Eagle Inflatable Boats, 800-944-7496, seaeagle.com

47 Sinclair Pharmacal Co., Inc., 800-649-4372, www.boroleum.com

23 Snowdrift Farm, 888-999-6950, www.snowdriftfarm.com 133 Standard Research, Inc., 800-445-1463

238 Steelway, 800-368-8393, www.cellardoors.com 239 Sun-Mar, 800-461-2461 19 SunPorch Structures Inc., www.sunporch.com Cvr 2 Sure Fit, Inc., 888-787-3348, www.surefit.com

27 Swanson Health Products, 800-437-4148, www.swansondirect.com

171 Taylor Manufacturing Co., Inc., 912-985-5445 240 Timber King Inc., 800-942-4406, ext. FA3, www.timberking.com 207 Total Research, Inc. 121 Tresco Inc., 800-772-7285, ext. FS5057, www.trescocorp.com 157 United Country Real Estate, 800-999-1020, ext, 118, www.unitedcountry,com

: 131 United Research Publishers, www.unitedresearchpubs.com 99 USA Pharmacal Sales, 800-531-5185, Dept. MV-49, www.usapharmacalsales.com

239 Vantage Press 11 Wellquest Intemational, Inc.; 888-886-4478, Veinish; 888-595-2156, Stretch Away; 888-462-8211, D-Snore. 25 Wellquest Intemational, Inc., 888-399-4875 239 Wood-Mizer, 800-553-0219, www.woodmizer.com 19 Woodstock Soapstone Co., Inc., 888-664-8188, www.woodstove.com : 149 Xandria Collection, www.xandria.com

17 Yesteryear Toys & Books Inc., 800-481-1353, www. yesteryeartoys.com

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2002

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

249

A sampling from the hundreds of letters, clippings, and e-mails sent to us by Almanac readers from all over the United States and Canada during the past year.

Remembering “Mike,” the Headless Wonder Chicken Courtesy of E. F. of Grand Junction, Colorado, as well as several other Colorado readers.

(Editor’s Note: Sorry, but it took us considerable time to be convinced that

: the story was TRUE!) Anyway,

as many Coloradoans

know, Mike lost his head on September : 10, 1945, when his owner, farmer Lloyd

veryone around this section of : Olsen, chopped it off, intending for western Colorado is familiar with | Mike to become Sunday dinner. When the town of Fruita’s annual “do” the third weekend in May celebrating the

Mike began running around, Olsen didn’t think much of it. Beheaded chickens do that, you know. So he left life of Mike, the chicken who lived and him for a while. When he returned to thrived for 18 months without his head. the chicken house an hour later, Mike How come the Almanac hasn’t told this : was strutting around normally with all story yet?

the other chickens, preening his feath-

ers and even attempting to peck for food—unsuccessfully, of course. The next morning, Olsen found Mike

still very much alive, sleeping with what

: was left of his neck tucked under his wing. That was when Olsen decided he w had something pretty remarkable and tried feeding him grain and water with an eyedropper down his esophagus. . Worked fine. A week later, he took him over to the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, where scientists determined that Olsen’s ax blade had partially missed the jugular vein, that what was left of it had clotted, and that, although most of Mike’s

250

Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

Possibly the Four Worst Jokes of the Year Courtesy of F. P. of West Caldwell, New Jersey, who included an apology.

Evidence has been found that : porting gulls across sedate lions for imWilliam Tell and his family were : mortal porpoises. avid bowlers. However, all the : Back in the 1800s, the Tates

records oftheir league were unfortunately destroyed in a fire. Thus we'll ; never know for whom the Tells bowled. | A man rushed into the doc-

Watch Company of Massa-

chusetts wanted to produce other products. Because they | already made cases for pocket

tor’s office and shouted, : watches, they de“Doctor! I think

’'m shrink-

ing!” The doctor calmly re-

: cided to marker

: compasses—which

'

(7 sponded, “Now, settle down. You'll : would also need the pio- we \ & __ | just have tobe a little patient.” :: cases—for cas : neers traveling west. A marine biologist developed a : It turned out race of genetically engineered : that although dolphins that could live forever if : their watches they were fed a steady diet of | were of finest quality, their comseagulls. One day,: his supply of the birds i passes were so bad that people _ fan out, so he had to go out and trap some : often ended up in Canada or _ more. On the way back, he spied two lions = Mexico rather than California.

| asleep ontheroad. Afraid towakethem,he | This, of course, is the origin of gingerly stepped over them. immediately, : the expression, ‘He who | he was arrested and charged with trans- © has a Tates is lost!”

head was now inaglass jar back at the : ple to object to his being allowed to

Olsen farm, part of his brain stem and : live without his head. one ear remained on his body. Apparently, that was enough, they declared, to sustain Mike’s life. Over the next 18 months, during which time Mike gained eight pounds,

However, Mike finally died in a mo-

: tel one night while on tour in Arizona. : When he began choking, the Olsen’s : couldn’t find the eyedropper to clear

: his throat in time. Too bad, because

the Olsens took him on a national tour. : some people felt that with proper care People everywhere lined up to pay 25 : and without a head to grow old, he cents to see him. He seemed so healthy : might have been able to live on practiand happy that it was difficult for peo- | cally forever. (CGS ee

2002

hey MGR Ghere,

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

251

How an Idaho Boy Fooled Almost

Everyone Courtesy of L.M.R. of Pocatello, Idaho.

There's a Lot You _| Should Know About — | Selling Cabbage

Courtesy ofR.D.S. ofEugene, Oregon, and sevecause your publication often eral others who sent us this item from the Interdeals with scientific matters, I : net, (Note that numbers may be approximate). thought maybe your readers would be lf Pythagorean theorem: 24 words interested in knowing howa freshman @ TheLord’s Prayer: 53-70 words at Eagle Rock Junior High won first | @ Archimedes’ Principle: 67 words —

prize at the Greater Idaho Falls Sci- : ll The TenCommandments: 179 words _ ence Fair. In his project, he urged stui The Gettysburg Address: 286 words dents to sign a petition demanding strict : control or total elimination of the chem- : ical dihydrogen monoxide, and for

The Declaration of Indepenionies: 1,324 words .

1 TheU.S. government regulations on

plenty of good reasons:

_ the sale of cabbage: 26,911 words

Hi It can cause excessive sweating and :| vomiting. Hf itis a major component in acid rain.

li Itcan cause severe burns inits gaseous | state. @ Accidental inhalation can kill you.

it contributes to erosion. i it decreases the effectiveness of auto mobile brakes.

HH It has been found in tumors of terminal cancer patients.

He asked 50 students if they supported a ban of the chemical. Of those, 43 said : yes and 6 were undecided.

Only 1 knew that the chemical, di- /2

hydrogen monoxide, was water (HO). »

Courtesy of B.L.M. of Columbus, Ohio; C.S.V. of Madison, Wisconsin; MF .B. of Allentown, Pennsylvania; and F. P. of West Caldwell, New Jersey.

@ Only 14 percent of homes in the 4 United States S had abathtub.

7 @ Alabama, Mississippi, lowa,.,and Tennessee were each more heavily populated

Visit www.almanac.com for more wit, wisdom, and weather.

2002

York firm for 30 years, had a heart at-

Why You Might Want to Give Your Coworkers an

: tack in the open-plan office he shared : with 23 other workers. He quietly passed away on Monday, but nobody

noticed until Saturday morning, when

Occasional Nudge We’ re not sure ifthe following item from the Sunday

Mercury of Birmingham, U.K., is true—can it be? It

an office cleaner asked why he was still

working during the weekend.

came to us via the Internet courtesy of readers ; His boss, Elliot Wachiaski, said, J. M. of Manchester, New Hampshire, as well as : “George was always the first guy in R.T.M. of Albany, New York.

: each morning and the last to leave at

osses of a publishing firm are trying to work out why no one noticed that one of their employees had been sitting dead at his desk for five days before anyone asked if he was feeling OK. George Turklebaum,

51, who

night, so no one found it unusual that he

was in the same position all that time : and didn’t say anything. He was always absorbed in his work and kept much to himself.” A postmortem examination revealed that he had been dead for five days after suffering a coronary. Ironically, George was

proofreading manuscripts of medical textbooks when he died.

had

been employed as a proofreader at a New

@ The tallest structure in the world was the Eiffel’ Tower. @

Some medical ‘authorities ‘wamed that

: once a month and used borax or egg iyolks for‘shampoo. @ Marijuana, heroin, and morphinewere w all

professional seamstresses were apt to be- : available over the counter at corner drug-

come sexually aroused by the steady rhythm,

stores. hour after hour, of the sewing machine’s foot a Diaritieae wasacta third1 leading cav cause pedals. They recommended slipping bro- : of death in the United States. Pneumo-

pai -thougnttodiminish sexual desire— | nia and influenza were first, and tuber: culosis was second. Mi There was no Mother’s oer or Fa- @ About 230 murderswere V re reported iin ‘the ther’s Day. : United States annually.

More than 95 percent of allbirthsinthe : m@ 42 percent of the U. S. workforcewas United.States tookk placeat a home.

: in farming (compared with less than 3 HH Most women washed their haironly |; percent today). (ESCM

2002

Ss 1Sea enerte esa=|

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

2S

Readers Write Us the

And the “Kitty-of-the- Year Award’ Goes to... STORMY!

Darnedest Things For instance...

“it will be a great day when schools have all the money they need and the Air Force will : have to hold a bake sale to buy a bomber.” Courtesy of C. R. of Santa Barbara, California. A. Z. (age 7), Chicago, Illinois

Bo you occasionally feature — cats in your publication, I thought — lime, cut it in half, and rub it on your fore- : your readers might enjoy this true story: “Another cure for headaches is to take a

head. Works more than half the time.”

_ A few years ago, Wendy Ohmstead —

R.T.L., Jefferson City, Missouri

and her daughter, Vanessa, moved from

their farm in Georgetown, Minnesota, to a southern California town named — Solvang. Naturally, they took along

their beloved cat, Stormy, whom they’d — raised from a kitten after buying him from an animal rescue shelter for $30. _ One day, about three months after they’d become settled in their new home, Stormy disappeared. “As the days went by,” recalled Wendy, “I

“It’s always darkest before dawn. So if you’re going to ‘borrow’ your neighbor's : was sure that some animal must have morning newspaper, that’s the time to do it.” gotten him.” Boe

About a year later, Wendy and Vanessa returned to Minnesota for a brief visit with relatives. While there, they just happened to read a tiny ad in the local newspaper, placed there by Duane and Bonnie Severson. “Found,”

F-J.S., Bangor, Maine

“Never test the depth of the water with both feet and never squat with spurs on.” G.L.T., Albuquerque, New Mexico

“if you think nobody cares if you’re alive, try missing a couple of car payments.” T. S., Halifax, Nova Scotia

“The sentence ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’ uses every letter in the alphabet, and the only 15-letter word that can

be spelled without repeating aletter is ‘uncopyrightable.’”L. H., Boston, Massachusetts

“If you lend someone $20 and then never see that person again, it may well be worth it.”

:

the ad said, “all-gray cat.” 6 Well, Stormy had been “all gray,”

so, on a hunch, they answered the ad.

Miracle of miracles, it turned out to be

none other than their Stormy! The local veterinarian confirmed the iden-—

tity by matching the “found” cat’s teeth to Stormy’s old dental records. So, in about a year’s time, Stormy —

J.L.P., Boca Raton, Florida

254

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2002

~The Lady Who _Asked to Be Buried with a Fork in Her Hand Ai: Courtesy of K.R.S. of Toronto, Ontario.

Canadian woman with a terminal illness made sure her pastor knew |: exactly what hymns she’d like sung at

_her funeral, her fa-

y , 4 A

|: vorite prayers, and so ad walked some 2,000 miles over

snowy mountains and desolate plains, Solvang, California, tohis for-

mer home in Georgetown, Minnesota. Was he the worse for wear? Well,

es. He’d lost ten pounds—a lot for a ——and several of his claws had broken off or were worn down to the roots. He’s now back in California, re-

gaining his health. But these days, Vendy and Vanessa are careful not to

let him out of the house unsupervised. y suspect that poor Stormyiis still convinced his real home is in Min-

ota and that, despite Thomas

Volfe’s old saying to the contrary, you

|: on. Then she told him : she’d also like to be

SAY ABOUT CATS |

When her incredulous pastor asked why, she said

: that following the main : course at dinner parties : throughout her life, when

: someone told her to “save her

: fork,” it meant dessert was going : to be something scrumptious, : like chocolate cake or deep-dish apple pie. In other words, she explained,

: having a fork in her hand meant : that “the best was yet to come.”

htcatsto Pulla sled through snow.” oS

S—~

:

“Cats are smarter than dogs. You can’t Jeff Valdez

hers aretwo means of refugefrom m iseries of life:music and cats.” A Ibertpow? ter

\

: buried “with a fork in : my hand.”

can, i deed, gohome again. TH

| \\ &

SHARE YOUR ANECDOTES AND PLEASANTRIES 03> We'd love to hear from you. Send your

| contribution for the 2003 edition of The Old : Farmer’s Almanac by February 1, 2002, to:

: “A & P,” The Old Farmer’s Almanac, P.O.

Box 520, Dublin, NH 03444; or e-mail it to

| [email protected] (subject: A & P). OO THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC

255

27 | 28 | 29

July —

29| 30) 31

September

3} 4) 5 10] 11) 12 17| 18} 19 24 | 25 | 26 31

SHO Wey 12} 13) 14 19) 20} 21 26| 27 | 28

ver

=|

November

SEA St Ge 10} 11)12)13}14 17| 18} 19} 20) 21 24 | 25 |26 | 27

28 | 29 | 30 | 31 May

SH Gi) 12} 13 19} 20

6} 7| 8| 9 13} 14} 15] 16 20 |21|22|23 28 | 29 |30

|December”

75128:

4} 5| 6) 7 11/12] 13}14 18 |19| 20/21 25 |26| 27 | 28

4| 5] 6 11] 12] 13 18] 19|20 25| 26 | 27

Sieg 15|16 22 |23| 24} 25 29/30} 31

6] 7) 8| 9 13} 14] 15} 16 20} 21] 22) 23 27} 28} 29} 30

41 5] 6| 7 11) 12) 13} 14 17 | 18} 19 |20} 21 24 | 25 |26| 27/28

3} 4) 5] 6 10 }11} 12} 13 17 |18} 19} 20 24 |25| 26| 27 31

:

2

8} 9|10)11]12 15 |16 }17}18]19 22 |23 |24 |25 |26 29 |30

256

10 17 24 31

26 | 27 | 28 June

i?

7} 8} 9) 13} 14] 15| 16) 20| 21) 22| 23} 27| 28) 29) 30}

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10} 11)12)13 17 | 18} 19|20 24 | 25 |26 |27 31

2002

SPECIAL BOOKSTORE SUPPLEMENT

A Reference Compendium COMPILED

Total Solar Eclipses (2002-2024) Easter (2002-2006) When Will the Moon Rise

BY

MARE-ANNE

JARVELA

Lawn Fertilizing Tips Manure Guide Soil Fixes Soil Amendments Container Gardening pH Preferences of Selected Garden Crops, Trees,

Dining by the Calendar How to Find the Day of the Week for Any Given Date

Shrubs, and Flowers .... 275 How Much Water Is Enough? 276 Plant Resources Cooperative Extension Services

Substitutions for Common Ingredients Measuring Vegetables

Measuring Fruits Substitutions for Uncommon Ingredients

Household

Chinese Zodiac Full-Moon Names

The Garden Recipes for Your Garden... . 265 A Beginner Garden Plants with Interesting

Perennials for Cutting Gardens Herb Gardening Herbs to Plant in Lawns Herbs That Attract Butterflies 267 Heat-Loving Wildflowers ... 267 Flowers That Attract Butterflies Flowers That Attract Hummingbirds Forcing Blooms Indoors .... Fall-Planted Bulbs Spring-Planted Bulbs Forcing Bulbs Indoors Planning Your Garden Vegetable Seeds Best Sown in Vegetables and Herbs Best Started Indoors Minimum Soil Temperature for Seeds to Germinate . . 271 The Healthiest Vegetables... 271 Critical Low Temperatures for Frost Damage to Vegetables When Is a Good Time to Fertilize Your Vegetables? ...... 272 Fertilizer Formulas

2002

Heat Index Is It Raining, Drizzling, or A Table Foretelling the Weather Through All the Lunations of

Is Ita Cold or the Flu?...... 294 Are You Skinny, Just Right, or Overweight? .......... 295 Calorie Burning How Much Paint Will You

Each Year (Forever) .... 283

Beaufort Wind Force Scale . . 284 Atlantic Hurricane Names. . . 284 East-Pacific Hurricane Names 285

Retired Atlantic Hurricane Fujita Scale (or F Scale) for Measuring Tornadoes... 285 Richter Scale for Measuring Earthquakes Winter Weather Terms Safe Ice Thickness

The Kitchen Proper Canning Practices... . 287 Quantities Needed for How to Order Two Bun Halves Filled with Cheese, Meat,

Onions, Peppers, and Other Pan Sizes and Equivalents... 288 Food for Thought Don’t Freeze These Appetizer Amounts The Party Planner

Firewood Heat Values

How Many Trees in a Cord of Wood iieake evtraneests 299 Heat Values of Fuels How to Find the Number of Bricks in a Wall or

Building

Animal Terminology All About Dogs Don’t Poison Your Pussycat!. . 302 Ten Most Intelligent Nutritional Value of Various

Insects per 100 Grams. . . 302 Food for Birds

Know Your Angels Famous Last Words of Real The Golden Rule

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

CALENDAR

Total Solar Eclipses (2002-2024) Date 2002

Easter

Regions with Visible Totality Dec.4

(2002-2006)

Indian Ocean, southern Africa,

Australia i a

@ Christian churches that follow the Gregorian calendar (Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Julian calendar) celebrate Easter on the first Sunday after the full Moon that occurs on or just after the vernal equinox.

Mexico, United States, Canada

Triskaidekaphobia Here are a few conclusions on Friday the 13th:

There is no year without one Friday the

Of the 14 possible configurations for the annual | 13th, and no year with more than three. calendar (see any perpetual calendar), the oc- | Il There are two Fridays the 13th in 2002. The currence of Friday the 13th is this: next year to have three Fridays the 13th is

6 of 14 years have one Friday the 13th. 2009. 6 of 14 years have two Fridays the 13th. | Ml The reason we say “Fridays the 13th” is 2 of 14 years have three Fridays the 13th. | that no one can pronounce “Friday the 13ths.”

258

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2002

CALENDAR

Month Names January

Named for the Roman god Janus, protector of gates and doorways. Janus is depicted with twooe into the future.

February

one looking into the past, the other

From the Latin word februa, “to cleanse.” The Roman Februalia was a month of purification and atonement.

March

:

ss Maia, who oversaw the‘growth of plants. Also from the Latin word maiores, meaning “elders,” who were

celebrated during this month. June _

—_Named for the Roman goddess Juno, patroness ofmarriage and the well-being of women. Also from the Latin word juvenis, “young >

July : _

Named to honor 1 di at i aesar (100 B.C.—44 B.C. ,.In 468.c., Julius Caesar made one of his greatest contributions to history:

Withthe a of se

oswhee the J— calendar, the “ne

August. | September October

November month of the early Roman calendar

- December Co -

Pron: the Latin word decem, “ten,” because month of the early Roman calendar. —

thishad been the tenth

Dining by the Calendar Traditional foods for feasts and fasts.

@ JANUARY

queen of the feast, in memory of the Three

Feast of the Circumcision: Black-eyed peas | Wise Men (France). and pork (United States); oat-husk gruel or | Robert Burns Day: Haggis—sheep’s stomach

oatmeal porridge (Scotland).

stuffed with suet, chopped organ meat (heart,

Epiphany: Cake with a lucky bean baked in | lungs, liver), onions, oatmeal, and seasonings

it; the one who finds the bean is the king or | (Scotland). Haggis is a traditional Scottish

2002

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

259

CALENDAR

delicacy served on all holidays of national importance.

@ APRIL

lM FEBRUARY

gland); oatcakes with nine knobs to be bro-

Candlemas: Pancakes eaten today will prevent hemorrhoids for a full year (French American).

Beltane, May Day Eve: Strong ale (En-

ken off one by one and offered to each of nine supernatural protectors of domestic animals (Scotland).

St. Agatha: Round loaves of bread blessed by

m@ MAY

a priest (southern Europe).

Ascension Day: Fowl, or pastries molded

Shrove Tuesday: Pancakes (England); oat-

into the shape of birds, to commemorate

cakes (Scotland); rabbit (Ireland). Rich foods are eaten to usher in the Lenten fast; pancakes

the taking of Jesus into the skies (medieval Europe).

use up the last of the eggs and butter.

Whitsunday (Pentecost): Dove or pigeon in

Lent: Simnel, a large fruitcake baked so hard ithas sometimes been mistaken by recipients

honor of the Holy Spirit (southern Europe); strong ale (England).

for a hassock or footstool (Great Britain).

St. Dunstan: Beer. Cider pressed today will

@ MARCH

go bad (England).

St. David: Leeks, to be worn (Wales) or

Corpus Christi: Orange peel dipped in choco-

eaten raw (England). Recalls a Welsh vic-

late, chicken stuffed with sauerkraut (Basque Provinces).

tory over the Saxons in A.D. 640; the Welsh

wore leeks in their hats to distinguish them from the enemy.

St. Benedict: Nettle soup (ancient monastic practice). Picking nettles, which irritate the skin, was a penance in keeping with the spirit of the monastic rule of St. Benedict.

Purim: Strong drink and three-cornered cookies flavored with poppy seeds (Jewish). These cookies, called hamantaschen, are said

to represent the three-cornered hat of Haman, the enemy of the Jewish people, whose downfall is celebrated on this holiday.

Maundy Thursday: Green foods or foods colored green (southern Europe). The medieval liturgical observance called for green vestments; in some parts of Europe, it is still called Green Thursday.

Good Friday: Hot cross buns. If made properly on this day, they will never get moldy (England).

Easter: Lamb as symbol of sacrifice; also ham.

260

@ JUNE St. Anthony of Padua: Liver, possibly based on the pre-Christian custom of eating liver on the summer solstice.

Feast of St. John the Baptist: First fruits of spring harvest.

m@ JULY St. Swithin: Eggs, because the saint miraculously restored intact a basket of eggs that had been broken by a poor woman taking them to market; he also looks after apples (medieval England).

St. James: Oysters, because James was a fisherman (England).

@ AUGUST Lammas Day: Oatcakes (Scotland); loaves made from new grain of the season (England); toffee; seaweed pudding. Blueberries in baskets as an offering to a sweetheart are the last vestige of this holiday as a pagan fertility festival (Ireland).

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2002 —

CALENDAR

St. Lawrence of Rome: Because the saint

bread and oatcakes (Scotland); milk (central

was roasted to death on a gridiron, it is courteous to serve only cold meat today

Europe); doughnuts, whose round shape indicates eternity (Austria).

(southern Europe).

All Souls’ Day: Skull-shaped candy (Mex-

Feast of the Assumption: Onions, possibly

ico); beans, peas, and lentils, considered food

because they have always been considered wholesome and potent against evil (Polish

of the poor, as penance for souls in purgatory

American).

St. Martin: Last religious feast day before the beginning of the Advent fast. Goose, last of

@ SEPTEMBER St. Giles: Tea loaf with raisins (Scotland). Rosh Hashanah: Sweet foods; honey; foods colored orange or yellow to represent a bright, joyous, and sweet new year (Jewish).

(southern Europe).

fresh-killed meat before winter; blood pud-

ding (Great Britain).

St. Andrew: Haggis—stuffed sheep’s stomach (Scotland; see Robert Burns Day,

Nativity of Mary: Blackberries, possibly be-

January).

cause the color is reminiscent of the depiction of the Virgin’s blue cloak (Brittany).

Chanukah: Latkes—potato pancakes (Jewish).

Yom Kippur: Fast day; the day before, eat kreplach (filled noodles), considered by generations of mothers to be good and filling (Jewish).

St. Nicholas: Fruit, nuts, candy for children (Germany). Commemorates, in part, the miracle by which the saint restored to life

Michaelmas Day: New wine (Europe); goose, originally a sacrifice to the saint (Great

three young boys who had been murdered by a greedy innkeeper.

Britain); cake of oats, barley, and rye (Scotland); carrots (Ireland).

St. Lucy: Headcheese; cakes flavored with saffron or cardamom, raisins, and almonds (Sweden). The saffron imparts a yellow

@ OCTOBER St. Luke: Oatcakes flavored with anise and

@ DECEMBER

color to the cakes, representing sunlight,

cinnamon (Scotland).

whose return is celebrated at the solstice.

Sts. Simon and Jude: Dirge cakes, simple fried buns made for distribution to the poor. Also apples or potatoes, for divination (Scot-

Christmas Day: Boar’s head or goose, plum pudding, nuts, oranges (England); turkey

land and England). Divination with apples is accomplished by peeling the fruit in one long strip and tossing the peel over one’s shoulder. The letter formed by the peel is then interpreted.

St. John the Evangelist: Small loaves of bread made with blessed wine (medieval Europe). On this feast, wine is ritually

All Hallows Eve: Apples and nuts for divination (England); buttered oat-husk gruel (Scot-

Holy Innocents Day: Baby food, pablum, farina, in honor of the children killed by King

land); bosty, a mixture of potatoes, cabbage, and onions (Ireland).

@ NOVEMBER All Saints’ Day: Chestnuts (Italy); ginger-

2002

(United States); spiced beef (Ireland).

blessed in memory of the saint, who drank

poisoned wine and miraculously survived.

Herod of Judea (monastic observance).

St. Sylvester: Strong drink (United States); haggis, oatcakes and cheese, oat-husk gruel

or porridge (Scotland).

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

-E. Brady

261

CALENDAR

How to Find the Day of the Week for Any Given Date To compute the day of the week for any given date as far back as the mid-18th century, proceed as follows: @ Add the last two digits of the year to one-quarter of the last two digits (discard any remainder if it doesn’t come out even), the given date, and the month key from the key box below. Divide the sum by 7; the number left over is the day of oo week (liiss Sunday 2is Monday, and so on). If it comes out even, the day is Satur@ day. If you go back before 1900, add 2 to the sum before dividing; before 1800, add 4. Don’t go back before 1753. From 2000 to 2099, subtract 1 from the sum before dividing. Example: The Dayton Flood was on Tuesday, March 25, 1913.

Bast ¢woidipits of yearster.

ose

ne ee

ee eee

13

ee ee

eee

25

One-quarter of these two digits: Given\day-of month: 3-2

oan

Key number for March:

45 + 7 = 6, with a remainder of 3. The flood took place on

Tuesday, the third day of the week.

Day Names M@ The Romans named the days of the week after the Sun, the Moon, and the five

known planets. These names have survived in European languages, but English names also

reflect an Anglo-Saxon influence. LATIN

FRENCH

ITALIAN

SPANISH

BC

aaa

= SinSpeon oe se

i

ee || ae

soe Sea Nie

acueeentaaraam (the Anglo-Saxon god of

165 ay.

war, the equivalent of the Norse}

Mercurii | mercredi | mercoledi | miércoles

(Mercury)

Jovis

-

jeudi

giovedi

jueves

(Jupiter)

eo Wednesday |= “ose

Thor (the Norse god of

- Thursday —

thunder, the equivalent of the

fe Veneris | vendredi (Venus)

Roman Jupiter) venerdi

sabato

262

ae

Tyr or the Roman Mars) Woden (the Anglo-Saxon equivalent ofthe NorseOdin or the Roman Mercury)

viernes

A

Frigg (the Norse god of love and fertility, the equivalent of the Roman Venus) Saterne (Saturn, the Roman | god of agriculture)

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iday

Saturday

2002

PerNSy

Chinese Zodiac Mi The animal designations of the Chinese zodiac follow a 12-year cycle and are always used in the same sequence. The Chinese year of 354 days begins three to seven weeks into the western 365-day year, so the animal designation changes at that time, rather than on January 1. See page 42 for exact date.

Rat

Rabbit (Hare)

Horse

Rooster (Cock)

Ambitious and sincere,

Talented and affectionate, you are a seeker of tranquility. Compatible with the sheep and the pig. Your opposite is the

Physically attractive and popular, you like the company of others. Compatible with the

rooster.

opposite is the rat.

Seeking wisdom and truth, you have a pioneering spirit. Compatible with the snake and the ox. Your opposite is the rabbit.

you can be generous with your money. Compatible with the dragon and the monkey. Your opposite is the horse.

1900 1912 1924 1936 1948

1960 1972 1984 1996 2008

1903 1915 1927 1939 1951

1963 1975 1987 1999 2011

tiger and the dog. Your

1906 1918 1930 1942 1954

1966 1978 1990 2002 2014

Ox (Buffalo)

Dragon

Sheep (Goat)

A leader,

Aesthetic and stylish,

bright and cheerful. Compatible with the

Robust and passionate, your life is filled with complexity. Compati-

snake and the rooster. Your opposite is the sheep.

ble with the monkey and the rat. Your opposite is the dog.

1901 1913 1925 1937 1949

you

are

1961 1973 1985 1997 2009

1904 1916

1964 1976

1928

1988

1940

2000

1952

2012

1969 1981 1993 2005 2017

1909 1921 1933 1945 1957

Dog

o

Generous and loyal, you you enjoy being a pri- have the ability towork well with others. Comvate person. Compatible with the pig and the patible with the horse © rabbit. Your opposite is the ox.

1907 1919 1931 1943 1955

1967 1979 1991 2003 2015

and the tiger. Your op- —

posite is the dragon.

1910 1922 1934 1946 1958

1970 1982 1994 2006 2018

Tiger

Snake

Monkey

Pig (Boar)

Forthright and sensitive, you possess great courage. Compatible with the horse and the dog. Your opposite is the monkey.

Strong-willed and intense, you display great wisdom. Compatible with the rooster and the ox. Your opposite is the pig.

Persuasive and intelli-

Gallant and noble, your friends will remain at your side. Compatible with the rabbit and the sheep. Your opposite is the snake.

1902 1914 1926 1938 1950 2002

1962 1974 1986 1998 2010

1905 1917 1929 1941 1953

1965 1977 1989 2001 2013

gent, you strive to excel. Compatible with the dragon and the rat. Your opposite is the tiger.

1908 1920

1932 1944 1956

1968 1980 1992 2004 2016

1911 1923 1935 1947 1959

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

1971 1983 1995 2007 2019 263

beyUR ley13

Full-Moon Names M@ Historically, the Native Americans of what are now the northern and eastern United States kept track of the seasons by giving a distinctive name to each recurring full Moon, this name being applied to the entire month in which it occurred. With some variations, these names were used by the Algonquin tribes from New England to Lake Superior. MONTH

OTHER NAMES USED

Full Full Full Full

Crow Moon Crust Moon Sugar Moon

Sap Moon

Full Sprouting Grass Moon Full Egg Moon Full Fish Moon Full Corn Planting Moon Full Milk Moon Full Rose Moon Full Hot Moon

Full Thunder Moon

Full Hay Moon Full Red Moon Full Green Corn Moon

Full Corn Moon Full Barley Moon Full Travel Moon

Full Dying Grass Moon

' Full Cold Moon

Full Long Nights Moon

*The Harvest Moon is always the full Moon closest to the autumnal equinox. If the Harvest Moon occurs in October, the September full Moon is usually called the Corn Moon.

264

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2002

THE GARDEN

Recipes for Your Garden A little of this, a little of that.

SOIL MIX FOR CONTAINERS 1 part peat moss or substitute 1 part rich garden soil or potting soil 1 part sand

@ With a hoe or trowel, mix ingredients in a bucket, tub, or wheelbarrow un-

the beneficial bacteria in the tea can give plants a boost and help them fight botrytis mold, tomato blight, and downy and powdery mildew. 1 part mature compost (including some rotted horse, cow, or chicken manure)

til well blended. Use for outdoor potted

5 parts water

vegetables and flowers.

HE Mix ingredients in a plastic milk jug and let the mixture sit in a shady place for 2 weeks. Strain to remove large par-

CORNELL MIX 2 gallons vermiculite 2 gallons peat moss or substitute 2 tablespoons superphosphate 2 tablespoons ground limestone 1/2 cup bonemeal (or dried cow manure)

@ Combine all ingredients and use for outdoor potted plants.

___ KITCHEN COMPOST TEA

ticles. (Warning: This can stink; work

outdoors.) If necessary, dilute with more water. Spray or dribble it onto plants with a watering can, coating both sides of leaves. Reapply after 2 to 3 weeks.

MOSS FRAPPE 1/2 cup garden moss

your blender with water to within a few inches of the top. Add about 1 cup of compostable kitchen garbage (vegetable peelings, coffee grounds, etc.). Mix at high speed until the organic matter is very fine and suspended in the water. Immediately use on container gardens or potted plants.

1 cup buttermilk

MANURE TEA @ Filla large trash can % full with water. Add 2 large buckets of chicken manure and let steep for several hours. Stir with

5 parts water 1 tablespoon liquid soap

a hoe until thoroughly murky. Ladle around vegetables and flowers. Oldtimers claim this concoction will keep tomato blight away.

FERMENTED COMPOST TEA Barbara Pleasant offers this recipe in The Gardener’s Guide to Plant Diseases (Storey Communications, 1994). She says

2002

@ Combine ingredients in a blender and mix at medium speed until smooth. Sprinkle mixture over a prepared soil bed, and moss will grow there. ALCOHOL BUG SPRAY 2 parts rubbing alcohol

@ Combine all ingredients and spray to deter whiteflies, aphids, and destructive beetles. TRANSPLANTING JUICE 1 package dry yeast 2 gallons warm water

—@ Combine ingredients in a watering can or bucket and stir until yeast dissolves. Use to water newly transplanted — vegetable and flower seedlings.

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

265

THE GARDEN

A Beginner Garden

Plants with eS

ee

A good size for a beginner vegetable

garden is 10x16 feet and features crops

= air/inefoliage

that are easy to grow. A plot this size, planted as suggested below, can feed a family of four for one summer, with a little extra for canning and freezing (or giving away). Make your garden 11 rows of ten feet each of the following:

WOT. Epimedium :

ROW |4

2

Zucchini (4 plants)

Tomatoes (5 plants, staked) _ Cabbage

Ideally the rows should run north and south to take full advantage of the Sun.

Perennials for Cutting Gardens Aster (Aster)

False sunflower (Heliopsis)

Baby’s breath (Gypsophila)

Flowering onion (Allium)

Phlox (Phlox)

Bellflower (Campanula)

Foxglove (Digitalis)

Purple coneflower

Black-eyed Susan

Gayfeather (Liatris)

(Rudbeckia) Blanket flower Gaillardia) (

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum) _-

Delphinium (Delphinium)

266

| Peony (Paeonia)

(Echinacea purpurea)

Globe thistle (Echinops)

Sea holly (Eryngium)

Goldenrod (Solidago)

Speedwell (Veronica)

Iris (Iris)

Tickseed (Coreopsis)

Lavender (Lavandula)

Yarrow (Achillea)

Meadow rue (Thalictrum)

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2002

THE GARDEN

Herb Gardening Height

Part Used

Name

Height (inches)

(inches)

Part Used

Lemon balm

Marjoram

Borage Caraway

Parsley Rosemary

Tarragon

hite clover (Trifolium repe ild strawberries (Fragar. virginiana )

Nintergreen orpartridgeberry tee repens)

Herbs That Attract Butterflies

Heat-Loving Wildflowers Bee balm (Monarda)

Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia) Blazing star (Liatris)

Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa) Four-o’clocks (Mirabilis) Prairie coneflower (Ratibida pinnata)

Origanum vulgare Petroselinum crispum Origanum majorana

2002

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Wild indigo (Baptisia)

THE OLD FARMER’S ALMANAC Special Bookstore Supplement

267

THE GARDEN

Flowers That Attract Butterflies .... Allium . . Aster Monarda Butterfly bush . . . Buddleia Clove pink ..... Dianthus Cornflower ... . Centaurea Daylily ....Hemerocallis False indigo Baptisia Fleabane .......Erigeron

Floss flower

Purple coneflower .... Echinacea purpurea Purple loosestrife . . Lythrum Rock cress ........Arabis Sea holly Eryngium Shasta daisy Chrysanthemum Snapdragon .. Antirrhinum Stonecrop

Helen’s flower . . Helenium Hollyhock Honeysuckle... . Lonicera Lavender

.....Lavendula

Sweet alyssum .. Lobularia Sweet rocket Hesperis

.....Asclepias .. Viola

...Ageratum

Globe thistle ... . Echinops Goldenrod

Tickseed . ..... . Coreopsis

Solidago

Scabiosa

Red-hot poker

.......Kniphofia Sage ...........Salvia splendens

Coral bells

.

Daylily

Heucl

Bs

lots)Grea OPONATIE. ........Phlox paniculata ... Lonicera

Desert candle

Blagansyece a. Flowering tobacco Foxglove Larkspur

.

ie Sales aioe ite CROCTED ; pietiniaas wa WVCLQCLG

pand.orange shades.

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2002

THE GARDEN

Fall-Planted Bulbs Planting Depth (inches)

Spacing (inches)

Early-Spring Blooms

Crocus Glory of the snow Grape hyacinth Snowdrop

46

3 3 3-4

6-10 _ 8-10 6

4

Mid-Spring Blooms

oe

Daffodil Squill

Tulip

628

Windflower

3-18 —

Late-Spring Blooms

154 40.

Dutch iris

Hyacinth Ornamental onion

Spanish bluebell

Spring-Planted Bulbs Planting Depth

Spacing

(inches)

(inches)

Summer Blooms Begonia Blazing star Caladium

Canna lily Dahlia Freesia Gladiolus Gloxinia

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Forcing Bulbs Indoors @ The technique is simple. Plant bulbs in pots of rich soil so tips are just even with pot rims. Store in a cold frame, cellar, or refrigerator at a cold temperature for two to sev-

eral months. Water bulbs just enough to keep them from drying out. When roots can be seen poking out through bottoms of pots, bring them into a lighted room to flower. The table below shows estimated times for rooting and ideal temperatures for flowering for some of the most common spring bulbs.

Name of Bulb

Time for Rooting

Crocus (Crocus)

Temperature forFlowering

8-12 weeks...... Sos a

Daffodil (Narcissus) Freesia (Freesia)

10-12 weeks 8-12 weeks

Glory of the snow (Chionodoxa)

10-14 weeks

Grape hyacinth (Muscari)

10-12 weeks

Hyacinth (Hyacinthus)

ee

8-10 weeks............ oes

Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria) Netted iris (Iris reticulata)

10-12 weeks : 10-14 weeks.......... vee

Snowdrop (Galanthus)

9-12 weeks

| Squill (Scilla) Striped squill (Puschkinia)

Tulip (Tulipa)

Vegetable Seeds Best Sown in the

Planning Your Garden Sow or plant | Beets/chard, broccoli, Brussels

in cool

Ground

sprouts, cabbage, lettuce, onions,

weather

Beans, bush and pole

parsley, peas, radishes, spinach, turnips

Beets Carrots

Collards

Sow orplant |Beans, carrots, corn, cucumbers,

| inwarm

See

—_| eggplant, melons, okra, peppers, —| | Endive

| weather ane

|squash,tomatoes = en aera

One crop

Hen

=—~—~—~_—+i||

AES

:

~——-\1

Corn,-eggplant, leeks, melons,

Mustard greens

Peps

per season | peppers, potatoes, spinach (New a

a

i,

Potatoes iC

Zealand), squash, tomatoes

ec

Kale Kohlrabi

Radishes

SNE

Resowfor | Beans, beets, cabbage family, —‘| | Spinach Squash, summer and additional | carrots, kohlrabi, lettuce, radishes, ete . Eee turnips spinach, ae - rutabagas, | Crops

PS 270

ay

are

ewe

ee

eee

f

Turnips

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2002

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Vegetables and Herbs Best Started Indoors Seeds

Weeks Before Last

Frost In Spring

he PeoaF ofthe USRDA forsix a _ trients (vitamin a vitamin c i

Peppers

Temperatures for Frost

Sweet maljorain

Damage to Vegetables

Tomatoes

Vegetable

Minimum Soil

Temperature for Seeds

Temperature (°F)

Artichokes Asparagus

ae

Beets (roots)

Beets (tops)

Minimum Soil Temperature (°F)

ee abbage Cauliflower

Pumpkins Radishes Squash (summer) Squash (winter) Sweet corn

Sweet potatoes Tomatoes

2002

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THE GARDEN

When Is a Good Time to Fertilize Your Vegetables? Asparagus... . Before growth starts in spring. Beans After heavy blossom and set of pods.

Three weeks after transplanting. ~

Broccoli

Cabbage ... . Three weeks after transplanting. Cauliflower . . . Three weeks after transplanting,

So

Bi

|

When eight to ten inchés talland.again whens

. One week after blossoming and: nihthree Weeks later, Eggplant ... . After first fruit-set. ' When plants are one-thirdgro V Lettuce, head . . Two to three weeks after transplan Muskmelon . . . One week after blossoming and ag Cucumbers . .

When bulbs begin to swell and ag After heavy bloom and set of pod After first fruit-set. Potatoes ... . At blossom time or time of second hilling. Spinach When plants are one-third grown. Squash Just before vines start to run, when plants are about one foot tall. Tomatoes... . One to two weeks before first picking and again two weeks after first picking. Watermelon . . . Just before vines start to run, when plants are about one foot tall. Peppers

Fertilizer Formulas” i Fepilizers are labeled to show the percentages by weightofninoeen

), phone rus _(P), and potassium (K). Nitrogen isneeded for leaf growth. Phosphorus iisassociated a with rootgrowth and fruit production.Potassium helpsthe plant fight off diseast S 100-pound bagof 10-5-10 contains 10 pounds of teen 5_ of a c - 10 pounds ofpotassium. The Testis oe 2S

Lawn Fertilizing’Tie - Testyour ‘soil: The pH balance should be 7.0 or more—6, 2 to6.7 pis your‘lawn risk| for fungal diseases, If thepHis too low, correct itwith liming, bestdone in.th fal : |

Controlweedsby.sae healthy iawn I grow withnatural fertilizersinspring gand ayfall. Se a If you put live andfertilizer onyour own, ey halfof it as youwalknorth toSor the other half as you walk east to west ©cut down onmissedareas. nie

272

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Manure Guide Primary Nutrients (pounds per ton) TYPE OF MANURE

WATER CONTENT

Cow, horse

Sheep, pig, goat

ROGEN. PHOSPHATE PO

60%-80% 65%-15%

Chicken: Wet, sticky, and

BEST TYPE OF MANURE

BEST TIME TO APPLY

Cow, horse Vegetables Chicken, cow, horse Potatoes or root crops .... Cow, horse Acid-loving plants Cow, horse

(blueberries, azaleas, mountain laurels, thododendrons)

Soil Amendments BARK, GROUND: Made from various tree barks. Improves soil structure. COMPOST: Excellent conditioner.

LEAF MOLD: Decomposed leaves. Adds nutrients and structure to soil.

LIME: Raises the pH of acidic soil and helps loosen clay soil. MANURE: Best if composted. Good conditioner. SAND: Improves drainage in clay soil. TOPSOIL: Usually used with another amendment. Replaces existing soil.

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THE GARDEN

Container Gardening

VEGETABLE GARDENING IN CONTAINERS Lack of yard space is no excuse for not gardening, because many vegetables can be readily grown in containers. In addition to providing five hours or more of full sun, you must give attention to choosing the proper container, using a good soil mix, planting and spacing requirements, fertilizing, watering, and variety selection.

VEGETABLE Beans, snap

_TYPE OF CONTI

|

Llc

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES Bush ‘Blue Lake’, Bush ‘Romano’, “Tender Crop’

Broccoli

nc

‘DeCicco’, ‘Green Comet’ ‘Danvers Half Long’, ‘Short ’n Sweet’, “Tiny Sweet’

Cucumbers

10

‘Patio Pik’, ‘Pot Luck’, ‘Spacemaster’

Eggplant

‘Black Beauty’, ‘Ichiban’, ‘Slim Jim’

Lettuce

‘Ruby’, ‘Salad Bowl’

Onions

‘White Sweet Spanish’, ‘Yellow Sweet Spanish’

Peppers

‘Cayenne’, ‘Long Red’, ‘Sweet Banana’, é

‘Wonder’, ‘Yolo’

Radishes

‘Cherry Belle’, ‘Icicle’

Tomatoes

‘Early Girl’, ‘Patio’, “Small Fry’, ‘Sweet

100’, ‘Tiny Tim’ —courtesy North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service

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2002

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pH Preferences of Selected Garden Crops, Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers Common Name/Optimum pH Range

TREES AND SHRUBS ADDIE a eieca side sess 5.0-6.5 Ash aR 6.0-7.5 Azdleaion et edie: 4.5-6.0 Basswood......... 6.0-7.5 Beautybush..:..... 6.0-7.5 Beechiiavanteiacaaale 5.0-6.7 Birch tks sirersidanie 5.0-6.5 Blackberry ........ 5.0-6.0 BI WeDELry in ays eter 4.0-6.0 Boxwood......... 6.0-7.5 Cherry, sour....... 6.0-7.0 Chestnuts eetiecs® 5.0-6.5 Crab apples cients 6.0-7.5 Currant, black ..... 6.0-7.5 Currant, red ....... 5.5-7.0 Dogwood......... 5.0-7.0 Bilder boxas evinae 6.0-8.0 Bir, balsam: css 5.0-6.0 Fir, Douglas....... 6.0-7.0

Common Name/Optimum pH Range

Pines whites: (ariel. 4.5-6.0 PLUM oeeeeecclvserse 6.0-8.0

Raspberry, red..... 5.5-7.0 Rhododendron ..... 4.5-6.0

SPRUCE ronnie cries 5.0-6.0 Walnut, black...... 6.0-8.0 Willow ........... 6.0-8.0

VEGETABLES Asparagus......... 6.0-8.0 Bean pole 04) 2yc.015 6.0-7.5 BeCh reissue. 6.0-7.5 IBTOCCOI NW), \08 6.0-7.0 Brussels sprout..... 6.0-7.5 Arron a)s syshavelsts 5.5-7.0 Cauliflower ....... 5.5-7.5 Celery niaoeaige 5.8-7.0 CIVet ui ra cee 6.0-7.0 Cucumben.,. (0). 5s! 5.5-7.0 Garlic sire Meialastears 5.5-8.0 Kale soul aeairaas 6.0-7.5 METCE Ris. msiecinel 6.0-7.0 PEaisweetsicn acetal: 6.0-7.5 Pepper, sweet...... 5.5—7.0 Potato rm siaterarertss 4.8-6.5 Pumpkins) 006 5.5-7.5

Common Name/Optimum pH Range

Black-eyed Susan . . 5.5-7.0 Bleeding heart ..... 6.0-7.5 Canna ante 6.0-8.0 Carnation......... 6.0-7.0 Chrysanthemum. . . . 6.0-7.5 Glematisencncns sia 5.5-7.0 Coleus teeniessis6.0-7.0 Coneflower, purple . 5.0-7.5 Cosmosiearny:ishvenn 5.0-8.0 Crocs seyiaise 6.0-8.0 Daffodils iiiccds cat 6.0-6.5 Dahlia acerca iy ie 6.0-7.5 Daisy, Shasta...... 6.0-8.0 Daylily eae 6.0-8.0 Delphinium ....... 6.0-7.5 Foxglove icine 6.0-7.5 Geranium). 6.0-8.0 Gladiolus......... 5.0-7.0 Hibiscusi inte 6.0-8.0 Hollyhock......... 6.0-8.0 Hyacinthiaeennenasel 6.5-7.5 Iris, blue flag ...... 5.0-7.5 Lily-of-the-valley .. 4.5-6.0 Lapineesy. sericea: 5.0-6.5 Marigold.......... 2 ae : Morning glory .. Natcissus,trumps : ss

(eee

Gooseberry........ 5.0-6.5 Hazeinutein iorcas 6.0-7.0 Hemlock: s)r sa. es 5.0-6.0 HICK OEY ethene 6.0-7.0 Hydrangea, blueflowered........ 4: 0,0. Pea sos 2S6.0-7.0 Hydrangea, pinkSpinach........... 6.0-7.5 Soca anemecn 0 Nasturtium