The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage Part II: from Nerva to Commodus 9780904531688, 9781407338613
245 49 48MB
English Pages [126] Year 1977
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUC'I1ON
CHAPTER 1: THE DENARIUS COINAGE
CHAPTER 2: THE CISTOPHORUS COINAGE
CHAPTER 3: GREEK-LEGEND SILVER COINAGES
CHAPTER 4: ALEXANDRIA
APPENDIX
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The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage Part II from N erva to Commodus D. R.Walker
BAR Supplementary Series 22 1
977
British Archaeological R�ports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. Supplementary Series 22, 1977: "The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage Part II" © D. R. Walker, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531688 paperback ISBN 9781407338613 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531688 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS Page List of Figures Abbreviations Introduction
1
CHAPTER 1:
THE DENARIUS COINAGE
CHAPTER 2:
THE CISTOPHORUS COINAGE
CHAPTER·3:
GREEK-LEGEND SILVER COINAGES
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) CHAPTER 4:
Nicopolis Crete Amisus Provincia Asia Lycia Caesarea Cilicia Syria-Phoenicia Palestine-Arabia Mesopotamia Cyrene ALEXANDRIA
3 61
65 65 66 69 70 71 86 91 106 111 112 114
Appendix
117
Notes
117
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
Denarii of Rome, A. D. 96-108 Denarii of Rome, A.D. 109-125 Denarii of Rome, A. D. 126-141 Denarii of Rome, A.D. 142-159 Denarii of Rome, A.D. 159-172 Denarii of Rome, A.D. 172-192 Denarii of Rome, A.D. 90-192 Percentage silver, Caesarea and Syria, A.D. 98-100 Weight of silver, Caesarea and Syria, A.D. 98-100 Tetradrachms of Trajan, A.D. 10 �117 Fineness of Arabia Coinages Fineness of coins of Cyrene and Caesarea, A.D. 98-100
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 100 100 103 108 113
ABBREVIATIONS 1. Collections AM BM Baldwin Clay Walker
Collection of the University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum Collection of the British Museum, London Stock of A. H. Baldwin and Sons, Ltd., London Private collection of C. L. Clay Private collection of D. R. Walker
2. Published works ANS Museum Notes
American Numismatic Society Museum Notes
BMC, BMCRE
British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, and Coins of the Roman Empire; always BMC when the context is obvious.
Metrology I
D. R. Walker, The Metrology of The Roman Silver Coinage, Part i, from Augustus to Domi tian (B.A.R. Supplementary Series no. 5.)
NC
Numismatic Chronicle
NNM
American Numismatic Society Numismatic notes and Monographs
RIC
Roman Imperial Coinage, Ed. Mattingly, Sydenham, Sutherland and Carson Revue Numismatique
RN Sydenham
E. A. Sydenham, The Coinage of Caesarea in Cappadocia
Wruck
W. Wruck, Die Syrische Provinzialpr!tgung von Augustus bis Traian
Z .f.N.
Zeitschrift ftir Numismatik
INTRODUC'I1ON
The first volume of this series (British Archaeological Reports Supplemen tary Series 5, 1976) dealt with the silver coinages of the Roman Empire during the period from Augustus to Domitian, and also examined some of the earlier coinages out of which the imperial coinage evolved. The present volume con siders the coinages of the Empire from the accession of Nerva to the death of Commodus. A third volume, to be published in 1978, will cover the period from the accession of Pertinax to the death of Aemilian, and will contain concluding chapters on the debasement of the silver coinage of the early Empire as a whole. Fourth and fifth volumes will cover the silver coinages of the Roman Republic and the period from the reform of Carausius to the end of the western Empire. We are rather better served for published analyses for this period than was the case in the earlier one. All those of the denarius coinage published before 1956 have been collected by Bolin, while 11 further ones have been published by Cope, 5 by Reece and a considerable number for the period after A.D. 177 by Guey. The eastern coinages have been neglected, as ever. One or two analyses were published by Hammer, and the only analyses since his time are of 5 tetradrachms performed by van Zelst. For Alexandria the evi- dence before 1944 is collected (misleadingly) by West and Johnson and there is additional evidence provided by Caley and Schwartz . 1 Despite the relatively large number of analyses of denarii available, scholars have been unable to do more than point to a steady decline in the fineness of the currency during the second century; this is because with the abandonment of the Neronian standard the silver coinage was never again struck at a uniform fineness, but at a very variable 'standard' with perhaps as much as 15-20% of silver between the finest and most debased coins in a single year. The result of this is that it becomes essential to examine large samples before variation can be detected; samples which would, ideally, be very much larger than those used in this work. The same is even more true with the eastern coinages where, despite gathering material from many sources, the samples used here are often quite inadequate. As a result, al though it has been possible to detect most of the changes in the fineness of the Roman denarius fairly exactly, problems remain, while in the east the history of some of the coinages remains very obscure. As before, the analyses were carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectro metry at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford University, and I must renew my thanks to Professor E. T. Hall and Dr. R. E. M. Hedges for providing the facilities. The University of Oxford's collection of coins was supplemented by material lent to me by the British Museum and Messrs A. H. Baldwin and Sons, to whom I am most grateful, while my friend Curtis Clay kindly lent me his eastern denarii of Hadrian.
1
Dr. M. A. Glasby gave freely of his time to help me with the tedious task of performing the calculations. British Archaeological Reports, January, 1977. 1.
s.
Bolin, State and Currency in the Roman Empire, 210-11; L. Cope, Metallurgical Analysis of Roman Coinage, in E. T. Hall and D. M. Metcalf (eds.), Methods of Chemical and Metallurgical Investigation of Ancient Coinage, 40ff. One of Cope's coins (no. 15) is probably a forgery, combining a blundered reverse legend and exceptionally high lead content. R. Reece, Analyses of some denarii of the Later Republic and early Empire, NC IV (1964) 233; ibid. NC V (1965) 195; J. Guey, L 'Aloi du denier Romain de 177 a 211, RN IV (1962) 17; J. Hammer, Der Feingehalt der griechischen und rtlmischen Mtinzen, ZfN XXVI (1908) 110ff; L. van Zelst, Syrische Muntvondst, De Geuzen Penning, July 1970, 34; L. C. West and A. C. Johnson, Currency in Roman and Byzantine Egypt, 172; E. R. Caley, Chemical composition and chron ology of Alexandrian tetradrachms, ANS Centennial Publication, 172ff; J. Schwartz, Reflexions sur les tetradrachms d'Alexandrie, Chronique d'Egypt, XLl (1966) 371ff.
2
CHAPTER 1 THE DENAR IUS CO INAGE
Nerva- M in t o f Ro me 1 .
Co inage o f A .D . 9 6
We igh t
We igh t o f
No.
Reference
( g )
% s i lver
Au
1 496
A M-R IC 1
3 .00
9 4.00
t r
1 497
AN I-BJC
2 .97
9 2.00
t r
1 498
A M-R IC 3
3 .44
9 3.00
1 499
A M-R IC 3
3 .07
9 3.50
1 500
A M-R IC 4
2 .88
Pb -
s i lver ( g ) 2 .82
0 .50
2 .73
t r
0 .25
3 .19
t r
t r
2 .87
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .67
1 501
A M-R IC 6
3 .35
9 3.50
t r
0 .25
3 .13
1 502
A M-R IC 7
3 .52
9 2.00
t r
t r
3 .23
1 503
A M-R IC 9
3 .11
9 2.75
t r
t r
1 504
AN I-RIC 9
3 .45
9 4.00
t r
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
3 .20
9 3.08
2 .97
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .23
0 .71
0 .21
2 . 1 505
A M-R IC 1 3
1 506 1 507
-
2 .88 3 .24
Co inage o f A . D. 9 7
3 .19
9 3.25
t r
t r
A M-R IC 1 4
3 .34
9 3.25
t r
t r
A M-R IC 1 4
3 .45
9 4.00
1 508
A M-R IC 1 4
3 .40
9 4.25
1 509
A M-R IC 1 4
3 .21
9 3.00
1 510
AN I-RIC 1 5
3 .31
9 3.50
1 511
A M-R IC 1 6
3 .32
9 3.00
1 512
A M-R IC 1 6
3 .40
9 3.50
1 513
A M-R IC 1 6
3 .38
9 3.75
1 514
A M-R IC 1 6
3 .27
9 2.50
1 515
A M-R IC 1 7
3 .10
9 2.75
1 516
A M-R IC 1 9
3 .10
9 3.50
t r t r t r t r -
2 .97 3 .11
-
3 .24
-
3 .20
t r
2 .98
t r
3 .09
t r t r t r -
3 .08 3 .17 3 .16 3 .02 2 .87 2 .89
1 517
A M-R IC 2 0
3 .18
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .94
1 518
A M-R IC 2 4
3 .36
9 1.50
t r
t r
3 .07
1 519
A M-R IC 2 5
3 .29
9 1.25
t r
-
3 .00
1 520
A M-R IC 2 5
3 .57
9 2.50
t r
t r
3 .30
1 521
A M-R IC 2 6
3 .17
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .94
t r
1 522
A M-R IC 2 7
3 .02
9 4.50
t r
1 523
A M-R IC 2 8
3 .37
9 4.50
t r
-
3 .18
1 524
A M-R IC 2 8
3 .01
9 3.75
t r
-
2 .82
3
2 .85
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f •% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 525
A M-R IC 3 1
3 .21
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .96
1 526
AM-R IC 3 1
2 .60
9 3.50
t r
t r
2 .43
1 527
A M-R IC 3 4
3 .09
9 3.50
-
1 528
AM-R IC 3 4
3 .24
9 2.75
-
1 529
AM-R IC 4 1
3 .22
9 3.25
Mean ( 25 c o ins o f2 UD.97 )3.23
9 3.19
3 .01
0 .08
0 .17
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .19 3 .
t r
t r
-
2 .88 3 .00 3 .00
Co inage o f A . D. 9 8
1 530
AM-R IC 4 3
2 .96
9 2.50
1 531
AM-R IC 4 3
3 .16
9 3.75
t r
1 532
AM-R IC 4 8
2 .86
9 3.25
Mean ( 3 c o ins o f A . D.98 )
2 .99
9 3.16
Mean ( 37 c o ins o f Nerva )
3 .20
9 3.14
2 .98
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .20
0 .83
0 .19
t r
t r t r
2 .73 2 .96 2 .66
Corrected mean we igh t ( 90 c o ins )
3 .26
3 .03
Tra jan- M in t o f Ro me 1 .
Co inage o f A . D. 9 8-99
1 533
AM-R IC 1
3 .55
9 3.25
-
t r
3 .31
1 534
AM-R IC 1
3 .55
9 2.75
t r
-
3 .29
1 535
AM-R IC 6
2 .91
9 3.75
t r
-
2 .72
1 536
AM-R IC 6
2 .99
9 3.25
t r
t r
2 .78
1 537
AM-R IC 6
3 .31
9 4.00
t r
t r
3 .11
1 538
AM-R IC 9
3 .46
9 3.25
t r
-
3 .22
1 539
AM-R IC 1 0
3 .26
9 6.00
t r
-
3 .12
1 540
AM-R 1C 1 0
2 .79
9 4.25
-
t r
2 .62
1 541
AM-R IC 1 0
2 .90
9 3.75
t r
t r
2 .71
1 542
AM-R IC 1 1
3 .09
9 4.25
t r
t r
2 .91
1 543
AM-R IC 1 1
3 .15
9 0.50
-
-
2 .85
1 544
AM-R IC 1 2
2 .94
9 3.75
t r
-
2 .75
1 545
AM-R IC 1 2
3 .35
9 3.00
t r
-
3 .11
1 546
AM-R IC 1 3
3 .61
9 3.00
t r
-
3 .35
1 547
AM-R IC 1 7
3 .16
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .93
1 548
AM-R IC 1 7
3 .57
9 4.75
t r
t r
3 .38
1 549
AM-R IC 1 7
3 .37
9 2.75
t r
-
3 .12
1 550
AM-R IC 2 1
3 .27
9 3.75
t r
t r
3 .06
1 551
AM-R IC 2 1
3 .56
9 4.25
t r
-
3 .35
1 552
AM-R IC 2 2
3 .30
9 3.50
-
-
3 .08
1 553
AM-R IC 3 0
3 .78
9 3.25
t r
t r
3 .52
1 554
AM-R IC 3 0
2 .84
9 4.25
t r
t r
2 .67
1 555
AM-R IC-B MC 4 7
3 .50
9 3.75
t r
-
3 .28
Mean ( 23 c o ins )
3 .27
9 3.55
3 .05
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .28
0 .98
0 .26
4
Tra jan- M in t o f Ro me 2 .
Co inage o f A .D . 1 00
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 556
A M-R IC 3 2
3 .33
9 0.00
t r
t r
2 .99
1 557
AM-R IC 3 2
3 .00
9 3.75
t r
t r
2 .81
1 558
A M-R IC 3 3
3 .20
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .96
1 559
A M-R IC 3 3
3 .30
9 4.00
t r
-
3 .10
1 560
A M-R IC 3 3
3 .31
9 2.50
t r
-
3 .06
1 561
A M-RJC 3 7
2 .73
9 4.50
t r
t r
2 .57
1 562
A M-R IC 3 8
3 .22
9 1.50
t r
-
2 .94
1 563
AM-R IC 3 8
3 .50
9 3.50
t r
t r
3 .27
1 564
AM-R 1C 4 0
3 .17
9 1.50
-
t r
2 .90
1 565
A M-R IC 4 1
3 .39
9 0.00
t r
t r
3 .05
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
3 .22
9 2.38
2 .97
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .21
1 .52
0 .18
3 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 01-102
1 566
A M-R IC 4 6
3 .07
9 2.50
t r
-
2 .83
1 567
A M-R IC 4 9
3 .23
9 5.00
t r
t r
3 .06
1 568
A M-R IC 4 9
3 .47
9 3.00
t r
t r
3 .22
1 569
A M-R IC 4 9
3 .40
9 2.75
t r
t r
3 .15
1 570
AM-RIC 4 9
3 .16
9 2.50
-
t r
2 .92
1 571
A M-RIC 5 2
3 .15
9 4.50
-
t r
2 .97
1 572
AM-R IC 5 3
2 .90
9 4.50
t r
-
2 .74
1 573
AM-RJC 5 4
2 .61
9 4.50
t r
-
2 .46
1 574
A M-R IC 5 8
3 .46
9 3.25
-
t r
3 .22
1 575
A M-RIC 5 8
3 .26
9 4.25
t r
t r
3 .07
1 576
AM -,R IC 5 8
2 .76
9 1.00
t r
t r
2 .51
1 577
A M-R IC 5 8
3 .19
9 1.25
-
-
2 .91
1 578
A M-RIC 5 9
3 .35
9 3.75
t r
t r
3 .14
1 579
AM-R IC 5 9
3 .06
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .83
1 580
AM-RJC 6 0
3 .15
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .91
1 581
AM-RJC 6 0
3 .36
9 2.75
-
t r
3 .11
1 582
AM-R IC 6 0
3 .11
9 1.50
t r
t r
2 .84
1 583
AM-RJC 6 4
2 .81
9 2.75
-
-
2 .60
1 584
AM-RJC 6 5
3 .27
9 2.75
t r
t r
3 .03
1 585
A M-R IC 6 5
3 .22
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .98
1 586
AM-R IC 6 6
3 .30
9 4.25
t r
-
3 .11
1 587
A M-R IC 6 7
2 .92
9 1.50
-
t r
2 .67
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .15
9 3.01
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .22
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .22
2 .92 2 .99
1 .11
5
0 .21
Tra jan - Min t o f Ro me 4 .
Co inage o f A . D. 10 3
We igh t No.
Reference
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
AM-R IC 8 0
2 .98
9 3.25
t r
t r
2 .77
1 589
AM-R IC 8 5
3 .21
9 0.75
t r
t r
2 .91
1 590
AM-R IC 8 9
2 .74
9 4.25
-
-
2 .58
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
2 .97
9 2.75
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21
1 588
5 .
2 .75 2 .98
Co inage o f A . D. 1 04
1 591
AM-R IC 2 02
2 .90
8 2.50
-
1 .75
2 .39
1 592
AM-R IC 2 02
3 .26
9 0.50
t r
t r
2 .95
1 593
AM-R IC 2 12
2 .84
9 3.00
t r
0 .75
2 .64
1 594
AM-R IC 2 13
3 .20
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .76
1 595
AM-R IC 2 16
3 .29
8 6.50
-
t r
2 .84
1 596
AM-R IC 2 18
3 .46
9 1.50
-
t r
3 .16
1 597
AM-R IC 2 19
3 .03
9 2.50
-
-
2 .80
1 598
AM-R IC 2 19
3 .44
9 2.50
-
t r
3 .18
1 599
AM-R IC 2 22
3 .42
8 7.00
-
0 .50
2 .97
1 600
AM-BIC 2 22
2 .95
9 2.75
-
1 .00
2 .73
1 601
AM-R IC 2 23
3 .29
9 3.50
t r
0 .25
3 .07
3 .18
8 9.89
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
3 .48
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .26
Mean ( 11 c o ins )
6 .
2 .86 0 .22 2 .93
Co inage o f A . D. 1 05
1 602
AM-R IC 1 77
3 .30
9 2.25
t r
t r
3 .04
1 603
AM-R IC 1 91
3 .04
9 2.25
-
t r
2 .80
1 604
AM-R IC 1 93
3 .13
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .90
1 605
AM-R IC 2 26
2 .82
9 1.75
-
1 .00
2 .58
1 606
AM-R IC 1 90 (a )
3 .29
9 2.75
-
t r
3 .05
1 607
AM-R IC 1 90 (a )
3 .24
9 0.50
-
t r
2 .93
Mean (6 c o ins )
3 .14
9 2.04
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .17
0 .77
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21 7 .
2 .88 0 .15 2 .95
Co inage o f A . D. 1 06
1 608
AM-R IC 1 57
3 .27
9 2.25
t r
0 .75
3 .01
1 609
A M-R IC 2 03
3 .32
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
3 .07
1 610
AM-R IC 2 04
3 .21
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .82
1 611
AM-R IC 2 04
2 .90
9 5.50
t r
t r
2 .76
1 612
AM-R IC 2 17
2 .83
9 2.00
t r
0 .50
2 .60
1 613
A M-R IC 2 20
3 .29
9 3.50
t r
-
3 .07
6
We igh t No.
Reference
( g Y
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
0 .50
2 .74
t r
0 .50
2 .76
1 614
AM-R IC 2 21
3 .01
9 1.25
1 615
AM-R IC 2 23
2 .99
9 2.50
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
3 .10
9 2.22
2 .85
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .18
1 .99
0 .16
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21
8 .
2 .96
Co inage o f f irst p ar t o f A . D. 1 07
1 616
A M-R IC 1 51
3 .28
9 1.50
-
0 .50
3 .00
1 617
AM-R IC 1 54
2 .85
9 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .65
1 618
A M-R IC 1 58
3 .32
9 1.75
-
-
3 .04
1 619
A M-R IC 1 62
3 .32
9 1.50
-
t r
3 .03 2 .81
1 620
A M-R IC 1 63
3 .08
9 1.50
-
t r
1 621
A M-R IC 1 65
3 .01
9 3.00
-
t r
2 .79
1 622
A M-RIC 1 66
2 .95
9 3.00
t r
-
2 .74
1 623
AM-R IC 1 67
3 .02
9 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .80
1 624
A M-R IC 1 69
3 .22
9 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .94
1 625
A M-R IC 1 74
2 .91
9 2.00
t r
t r
2 .67
1 626
A M-R IC 1 76
2 .98
9 0.25
-
t r
2 .68
1 627
A M-R IC 1 81
3 .35
9 2.75
-
0 .25
3 .10
1 628
A M-R IC 1 83
3 .23
9 0.75
-
t r
2 .93
1 629
A M-R IC 1 83
3 .50
9 3.00
t r
0 .50
3 .25
1 630
A M-R IC 1 83
3 .43
9 0.75
-
0 .50
3 .11
1 631
A M-RDC 1 85
3 .47
9 3.75
t r
t r
3 .25
1 632
A M-R IC 1 87
3 .26
9 3.00
-
t r
3 .03
1 633
AM-R IC 1 88
3 .35
9 1.50
-
0 .25
3 .06
1 634
A M-R IC 1 88
2 .93
9 2.75
-
t r
2 .71
1 635
AM-R IC 1 89
3 .18
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .94
1 636
A M-R IC 1 90
2 .63
9 3.75
t r
t r
2 .46
1 637
A M-R IC 1 94
3 .29
9 3.00
t r
-
3 .05
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .16
9 2.23
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .22
0 .96
Correc ted mean we igh t
3 .27
9 .
2 .91 0 .20 3 .01
Co inage o f l ater p ar t o f A . D. 1 07
1 638
A M-R IC 1 00
2 .92
9 3.50
-
0 .50
2 .73
1 639
A M-R IC 1 00
3 .11
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .87
1 640
A M-R IC 1 00
2 .73
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .47
1 641
A M-R IC 1 14
2 .81
9 2.75
t r
1 .00
2 .60
1 642
A M-R IC 1 14
2 .93
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .72
1 643
AM-R IC 1 14
2 .93
9 4.00
-
t r
2 .75
1 644
A M-R IC 1 15
2 .81
9 2.00
t r
t r
2 .58
1 645
A M-RIC 1 15
2 .94
9 0.25
t r
0 .50
2 .65
1 646
A M-R IC 1 15
3 .23
8 2.50
t r
t r
2 .66
1 647
A M-R IC 1 15
3 .34
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
3 .02
7
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
1 648
AM-R IC 1 16
3 .22
9 0.50
-
0 .25
2 .91
1 649
AM-R IC 1 16
3 .08
9 0.50
-
0 .50
2 .78
1 650
AM-R IC 16
3 .06
9 1.50
t r
0 .25
2 .79
1 651
AM-R IC 1 27
2 .92
9 2.00
-
0 .50
2 .68
1 652
AM-R IC 1 27
3 .26
8 9.50
t r
0 .75
2 .91
1 653
AM-R IC 1 28
2 .74
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .42
1 654
AM-R IC 1 28
3 .44
8 4.75
t r
0 .50
2 .91
1 655
AM-R IC 1 28
3 .01
9 1.50
-
1 .00
2 .75
1 656
AM-R IC 1 31
3 .28
9 1.50
t r
t r
3 .00
1 657
AM-R IC 1 39
2 .97
9 0.75
t r
0 .25
2 .69
1 658
AM-R IC 1 39
3 .32
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
3 .07
1 659
AM-R IC 1 47
2 .97
9 2.75
-
0 .75
2 .75
1 660
AM-R IC 1 47
3 .18
8 7.50
t r
0 .50
2 .78
1 661
AM-R IC 1 47
3 .31
8 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .69
1 662
AM-R IC 1 47
2 .97
8 7.75
t r
0 .50
2 .60
1 663
AM-R IC 1 47
3 .46
8 3.50
-
0 .50
2 .88
1 664
AM-R IC 1 47
3 .34
8 7.50
-
0 .25
2 .92
1 665
AM-R IC 1 47
1 666
AM-R IC 1 47
2 .95 3 .35
9 3.25 9 1.00
-
0 .25 0 .50
2 .75 3 .04
Mean ( 29 c o ins )
3 .09
8 9.99
2 .77
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
3 .28
0 .16
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .20 1 0.
2 .87 Co inage o f A .D. 1 08
1 667
AM-R IC 9 6
3 .20
8 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .84
1 668
AM-R IC 9 6
2 .93
7 9.50
1 669
AM-R IC 9 6
2 .93
9 3.50
t r
1 .75
2 .32
t r
0 .25
2 .73
1 670
AM-R IC 9 6
3 .33
9 1.50
1 671
AM-R IC 1 18
3 .42
8 1.50
-
0 .25
3 .04
t r
0 .25
2 .78
1 672
AM-R IC 18
3 .23
9 3.50
t r
0 .25
3 .02
1 673
AM-R IC 1 18
3 .30
8 1.50
t r
0 .25
2 .68
1 674
AM-R IC 1 19
3 .21
9 3.25
t r
0 .25
2 .99
1 675
AM-R IC 1 19
2 .97
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .49
1 676
AM-R IC 1 21
3 .08
9 2.00
t r
0 .75
2 .83
1 677
AM-R IC 1 21
3 .00
8 4.00
t r
0 .75
2 .52
1 678
AM-R IC 1 21
2 .83
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .54
1 679
AM-R IC 1 21
3 .33
9 1.50
-
0 .50
3 .04
1 680
AM-R IC 1 22
3 .31
9 2.00
-
t r
3 .04
1 681
AM-R IC 1 22
3 .34
8 9.50
-
0 .25
2 .98
1 682
AM-R IC 1 22
3 .23
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
2 .90
1 683
AM-R IC 1 29
3 .41
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
3 .15
1 684
AM-R IC 1 29
3 .34
9 2.25
-
0 .50
3 .08
1 685
AM-R IC 1 30
3 .41
8 9.00
-
0 .50
3 .03
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
3 .20
8 8.95
2 .84
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .18
4 .39
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .22
2 .84 8
1 1.
Co inage o f A .D. 1 09-111
We igh t No.
Reference
1 686 1 687 1 688
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
AN II iIC 9 1
3 .05
9 2.75
-
0 .25
2 .82
A M-R IC 9 1
3 .17
9 0.00
-
t r
2 .85
A M-RIC 9 8
3 .32
9 2.50
t r
0 .75
3 .07
1 689
AM-R IC 9 8
3 .24
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
3 .00
1 690
AM-R IC 9 8
3 .22
8 9.50
-
0 .25
2 .88
1 691
A M-RIC 9 8
3 .31
8 9.25
-
0 .75
2 .95
1 692
AM-R IC 9 9
3 .09
9 0.50
-
0 .25
2 .79
1 693
AM-R IC 1 02
3 .13
9 2.50
-
t r
2 .89
1 694
AM-R IC 1 02
3 .25
9 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .97
1 695
AM-R IC 1 04
3 .14
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
2 .91
1 696
A M-R IC 1 07
3 .17
8 2.50
t r
t r
2 .61
1 697
A M-R IC 1 08
3 .20
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .80
1 698
AM . -RIC 1 20
3 .30
8 7.00
t r
0 .50
2 .87
1 699
A M-R IC 1 20
3 .12
8 6.50
t r
0 .25
2 .69
1 700
A M-R IC 1 20
3 .45
8 6.75
t r
t r
2 .99
1 701
AM-R IC 1 42
3 .26
7 8.50
t r
0 .25
2 .55
1 702
A M-R IC 1 42
2 .87
9 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .67
1 703
A M-RIC 1 42
3 .00
8 9.50
t r
0 .50
2 .68
1 704
A M-R IC 1 26
3 .32
9 4.00
t r
0 .25
3 .12
1 705
A M-R IC 1 26
3 .24
8 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .88
1 706
AM-R IC 2 29
3 .22
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .49
1 707
A M-R IC c f 2 29
3 .07
8 0.25
t r
0 .50
2 .46
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .19
8 8.47
2 .82
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .12
4 .73
0 .18
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21 1 2.
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .83
Co inage o f A . D. 1 12-113
1 708
AM-R IC 2 41
3 .09
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .78
1 709
AM-R IC 2 43
3 .17
9 2.75
t r
0 .50
2 .94
1 710
A le -R IC 2 43
3 .17
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .78
1 711
AM-R IC 2 45
3 .34
8 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .68
1 712
A M-R IC 2 45
3 .30
8 6.75
-
-
2 .86
1 713
AM-R IC 2 45
2 .6 i1
9 3.25
t r
-
2 .42
1 714
AM-R IC 2 45
3 .38
8 9.00
t r
-
3 .00
1 715
AM-R IC 2 60
3 .12
9 1.00
t r
0 .25
2 .83
1 716
AM-R IC 2 62
2 .76
9 2.75
t r
0 .75
2 .55
1 717
AM-R IC 2 64
3 .42
9 4.25
t r
-
3 .22
1 718
AM-R IC 2 66
2 .79
9 3.25
t r
0 .50
2 .60
1 719
AM-RIC 2 66
3 .57
8 2.00
-
0 .75
2 .92
1 720
AM-R IC 2 66
2 .98
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
2 .68
1 721
AM-R IC 2 66
3 .17
8 7.25
t r
0 .50
2 .76
1 722
AM-R IC 2 66
2 .91
9 1.25
0 .50
2 .65
1 723
AM-R IC 2 79
3 .28
9 3.75
t r
t r
3 .07
1 724
AM-R IC 2 91
3 .12
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .90
9
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
1 725
AM-RIC 2 91
3 .24
1 726
AM-R IC 2 91
1 727
AM-R IC 2 91
We igh t o f '% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
9 3.50
t r
0 .25
3 .22
9 0.00
-
0 .25
2 .89
3 .26
8 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .88
3 .02
1 728
AM-R IC 2 94
3 .20
9 2.25
t r
0 .50
2 .95
1 729
AM-R IC 2 94
3 .13
9 1.50
-
0 .25
2 .86
1 730
AM-R IC 2 95
3 .10
9 0.50
-
0 .25
2 .80
1 731
AM-R IC 2 95
3 .22
7 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .54
1 732
AM-RIC 2 96
3 .35
8 9.50
t r
0 .50
2 .99
1 733
AM-R IC 2 96
3 .23
8 8.50
t r
1 .50
2 .85
3 .16
8 9.69
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .21
3 .92
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25
Mean ( 26 c o ins )
1 3.
2 .82 0 .18 2 .91
Co inage o f A . D. 1 14
1 734
A dd-RIC 2 69
3 .38
8 9.00
t r
0 .25
3 .00
1 735
A dd-RIC 2 69
3 .17
9 0.50
-
-
2 .86
1 736
A dd-R IC 2 69
3 .31
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .91
1 737
AM-R IC 2 70
3 .41
8 8.50
-
0 .25
3 .01
1 738
AM-R IC 2 71
3 .10
8 8.50
t r
t r
2 .74
1 739
AM-R IC 2 72
2 .68
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .47
1 740
A dd-RIC 2 75
3 .01
9 0.25
t r
t r
2 .71
1 741
A dd-RIC 2 75
3 .27
8 1.00
t r
t r
2 .64
1 742
AM-RIC 2 75
3 .25
9 4.25
t r
0 .25
3 .06
1 743
AM-R IC 2 71
3 .21
9 1.25
-
0 .50
2 .92
1 744
A dd-RIC 2 88
3 .14
9 0.25
t r
0 .50
2 .83
1 745
AM-RIC 2 88
3 .13
8 9.25
t r
-
2 .79
1 746
AM-R IC 2 92
3 .17
9 1.25
t r
0 .50
2 .89
1 747
A dd-RIC 2 92
3 .02
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .65
1 748
A dd-RIC 2 93
2 .76
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .56
1 749
A dd-RIC 2 93
2 .98
9 3.25
-
0 .25
2 .77
Mean ( 16 c o ins )
3 .12
8 9.92
2 .80
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .19
2 .98
0 .16
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21 1 4.
1 750
AM-R IC 2 52
3 .24
2 .88 Co inage o f A . D. 1 15 9 2.25
-
0 .50
2 .98
1 751
A dd-RIC 2 52
2 .61
9 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .42
1 752
AM-R IC 2 55
2 .90
9 3.00
t r
0 .50
2 .69
1 753
AM-R IC 2 76
3 .02
9 0.25
-
0 .50
2 .72
1 754
AM-R IC 3 03
3 .34
8 8.25
t r
0 .50
2 .94
1 755
A dd-RIC 3 03
2 .70
9 4.00
t r
0 .25
2 .53
1 756
A dd-RIC 3 18
3 .44
8 9.00
t r
0 .50
3 .06
1 757
A dd-RIC 3 19
2 .70
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .51
1 758
AM-R IC 3 37
3 .19
9 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .87
1 0
We igh t No.
Reference
1 759
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
A M-R IC 3 37
3 .50
7 9.00
t r
1 .25
2 .76
1 760
A M-R IC 3 37
3 .47
8 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .88
1 761
A M-R IC 3 38
2 .99
9 0.25
-
0 .50
2 .69
1 762
A M-R IC 3 43
3 .02
9 3.00
t r
1 .25
2 .80
1 763
A M-R IC 3 43
3 .44
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
3 .11
1 764
A M-R IC 3 44
3 .01
8 9.00
-
t r
2 .67 2 .90
1 765
A M-R IC 3 47
3 .26
8 9.00
t r
0 .25
1 766
A M-R IC 3 47
3 .11
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .79
1 767
A M-R IC 3 47
2 .78
9 0.00
t r
0 .75
2 .50
1 768
A M-R IC 3 47
3 .11
8 7.50
-
0 .25
2 .72
1 769
A M-R IC 3 47
3 .13
8 6.50
t r
1 .00
2 .70
1 770
A M-R IC 3 55
3 .08
9 0.25
t r
0 .50
2 .77
1 771
A M-RIC 3 55
3 .27
8 8.00
t r
0 .75
2 .87
1 772
A M-R IC 3 55
3 .08
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .84
1 773
A M-R IC 3 56
3 .03
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .68
1 774
A M-R IC 3 56
2 .80
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .60
1 775
A M-R IC 3 56
3 .32
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
3 .00
1 776
A M-R IC 3 56
3 .32
8 3.00
t r
0 .75
2 .75
3 .11
8 9.48
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .24
3 .41
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25
Mean ( 27 c o ins )
1 5.
2 .77 0 .17 2 .90
Co inage o f A .D . 1 16
1 777
A M-R IC 3 17
3 .41
8 1.00
t r
0 .25
2 .76
1 778
A M-R IC 3 40
3 .18
9 2.75
t r
0 .50
2 .94
1 779
A M-R IC 3 40
2 .87
9 4.00
t r
t r
2 .69
1 780
A M-R IC 3 45
3 .05
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .82
1 781
A M-R IC 3 45
3 .18
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .87
1 782
A M-R IC 3 48
2 .71
8 7.00
t r
0 .25
2 .35
1 783
A M-R IC 3 49
3 .42
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .87
1 784
A M-R IC 3 53
3 .66
8 3.25
t r
1 .00
3 .04
1 785
A M-R IC 3 53
3 .50
9 0.25
t r
0 .50
3 .16
1 786
A M-R IC 3 64
3 .20
8 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .65
1 787
A M-R IC 3 64
3 .09
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
2 .86
1 788
A M-R IC 3 65
2 .97
8 3.00
t r
0 .50
2 .46
Mean ( 12 c o ins )
3 .19
8 7.87
2 .79
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .26
4 .59
0 .22
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .26 1 6.
2 .86 Co inage o f A . D. 1 17
1 789
A M-R IC 3 15
3 .09
8 6.00
0 .25
2 .65
1 790
A M-R IC 3 15
2 .99
8 8.00
0 .75
2 .63
1 791
A M-RIC 3 16
3 .27
8 6.50
t r
0 .75
2 .82
1 792
AM-R IC 3 26
3 .38
8 9.00
t r
0 .50
3 .00
1 1
We igh t No.
Reference
1 793
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
A M-R IC 3 29
3 .43
9 0.00
t r
0 .75
3 .08
1 794
A M-R IC 3 29
3 .43
9 2.25
t r
0 .50
3 .16
1 795
A M-RIC 3 31
3 .21
9 0.00
-
-
2 .88
1 796
A M-R IC 3 31
2 .96
8 9.00
t r
1 .00
2 .63
1 797
AM-R IC 3 31
2 .65
9 0.50
t r
0 .50
2 .39
1 798
AM-R IC 3 32
3 .39
8 8.00
t r
0 .75
2 .98
1 799
A M-R IC 3 32
3 .59
8 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .96
1 800
A M-R IC 3 34
2 .95
8 9.50
t r
0 .25
2 .64
1 801
AM-R IC 3 34
2 .98
9 3.25
t r
0 .25
2 .77
1 802
AM-RIC 3 34
3 .36
8 9.50
-
0 .50
3 .00
1 803
AM-R IC 3 41
3 .01
9 1.00
-
1 .25
2 .73
1 804
AM-R IC 3 42
2 .91
9 1.00
t r
1 .75
2 .64
1 805
A M-RIC 3 61
3 .18
9 2.25
t r
0 .50
2 .93
1 806
AM-R IC 3 61
3 .48
7 9.00
t r
t r
2 .74
1 807
AM-RIC 3 63a
2 .98
9 2.75
t r
0 .50
2 .76
3 .17
8 8.95
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .24
3 .44
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .20
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
1 7. 1 808
A M-R IC 7 96
2 .81 0 .19 2 .84
' Restored ' d enar i i
2 .59
9 5.00
t r
t r
9 1.75
t r
1 .00
( worn ) 1 809
AM-R IC 7 97
2 .30 ( worn )
1 810
AM-R IC 8 09
2 .28
9 2.00
0 .75
( broken ) 1 8. 1 811
AM-R IC 4 3-
Qu inar i i
1 .44
9 0.25
t r
t r
1 .29
1 .51
9 2.75
t r
t r
1 .40
1 .27
9 3.50
t r
-
1 .18
A . D. 1 00 1 812
AM-R IC 5 1A . D. 1 01-2
1 813
AM-R IC 7 4A . D. 1 03
1 814
AM-R IC-A. D .103
1 .53
9 3.75
t r
t r
1 .43
1 815
AM-R IC 1 33-
1 .65
8 9.50
-
0 .25
1 .47
1 .86
9 0.75
t r
0 .25
1 .68
1 .06
9 0.50
-
t r
0 .95
1 .48
9 2.25
-
1 .00
1 .36
1 .57
9 3.00
-
0 .25
1 .46
A .D . 1 07 1 816
AM-R IC 1 34A . D. 1 07
1 817
AM-R IC 2 81A . D. 1 15
1 818
AM-R IC 2 81A . D. 1 15
1 819
AM-R IC 3 52A . D. 1 16
1 2
We igh t No.
Reference
1 820
AM-R IC 3 35-
( g )
We igh t o f •% s i lver
Au t r
Pb 0 .50
s i lver ( g )
1 .35
9 0.00
1 .21
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
1 .47
9 1.63
1 .34
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
1 .51
0 .19
Corrected mean we igh t
1 .51
A . D. 1 17
1 .38
( 30 c o ins ) 2 .76
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d enar ius
Hadr ian - Min t o f Ro me 1 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 17
1 821
AM-R IC 2 (a )
3 .37
9 0.00
-
0 .75
1 822
AM-R IC 2 (c )
3 .53
8 2.00
-
0 .25
3 .03 2 .89
1 823
AM-R IC 3 (a )
3 .34
9 0.00
-
0 .50
3 .00
1 824
AM-R IC 3 (c )
3 .27
8 7.50
-
0 .25
2 .86
1 825
A M-R IC 3 (e )
3 .17
8 5.00
t r
-
2 .69
1 826
AM-R IC 4 (a )
3 .21
9 0.25
-
0 .25
2 .89
1 827
AM-R IC 5 (a )
3 .28
8 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .77
1 828
AM-RIC 5 (c )
2 .69
9 1.50
t r
1 .00
2 .46
1 829
AM-R IC 6 (a )
3 .00
9 1.50
-
t r
2 .74
1 830
A M-R IC 6 (c )
2 .77
9 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .58
1 831
A M-RIC 6 (c )
3 .33
8 7.00
t r
0 .25
2 .89
1 832
A M-R IC 7 (b )
3 .18
9 2.25
-
0 .50
2 .93
1 833
A M-R IC 9 (a )
3 .24
9 2.25
t r
1 .50
2 .98
1 834
AM-R IC 9 (c )
3 .39
8 0.50
t r
1 .25
2 .72 2 .64
1 835
A M-R IC 1 0 (a )
3 .41
7 7.50
-
-
1 836
A M-R IC 1 0 (a )
3 .16
7 9.00
t r
0 .75
2 .49
1 837
A M-R IC 1 1(a )
3 .20
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .92
1 838
A M-R IC 1 2(a )
2 .89
9 0.00
t r
0 .75
2 .60
1 839
A M-R IC 1 7 (a )
3 .24
9 0.75
t r
t r
2 .94
1 840
A M-R IC 1 9 (a )
3 .34
8 1.50
t r
0 .75
2 .72
Mean ( 20 c o ins )
3 .20
8 7.39
2 .79
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
4 .83
0 .17
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .23 2 .
1 841
A M-R IC 3 8
2 .82
Co inage o f A .D. 1 18
3 .10
9 2.00
t r
0 .50
2 .85
1 842
A M-R IC 3 9
3 .38
9 1.50
t r
0 .50
3 .09
1 843
A M-R IC 3 9 (b )
3 .32
8 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .75
1 844
A M-R IC 4 0 (c )
3 .09
8 6.75
t r
0 .50
2 .68
1 845
A M-R IC 4 1(a )
3 .26
8 8.50
t r
0 .25
2 .88 2 .64
1 846
A M-R IC 4 1(c )
3 .08
8 6.00
-
0 .50
1 847
A M-R IC 4 2 (a )
3 .36
7 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .65
1 848
A M-R IC 4 2 (a )
3 .20
9 0.75
-
0 .25
2 .90
1 3
We igh t No
Reference
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 849
AM-R IC 4 2 (a )
3 .13
9 3.75
t r
0 .25
2 .93
1 850
AM-R IC 4 2 (a )
3 .02
8 1.50
t r
t r
2 .46 2 .13
1 851
AM-R IC 4 4 (a )
2 .45
8 7.00
-
0 .50
1 852
AM-R IC 4 4 (a )
3 .30
9 0.50
-
-
2 .98
1 853
AM-R IC 4 4 (c )
2 .86
9 0.50
-
-
2 .58
1 854
AM-R IC 4 5 (a )
3 .35
7 9.00
t r
0 .50
2 .64
1 855
AM-R IC 4 6
3 .13
9 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .91
1 856
AM-R IC 4 6
3 .38
8 0.50
t r
t r
2 .72
1 857
AM-R IC 4 7 (a )
3 .41
8 8.50
t r
0 .50
3 .01
1 858
AM-R IC 5 0 (a )
2 .54
9 3.75
-
0 .75
2 .38
1 859
AM-R IC 5 0 (a )
3 .02
7 6.50
-
0 .25
2 .31
1 860
AM-R IC 5 1(a )
3 .93 [s ic ]
8 6.00
-
0 .50
3 .37
Mean ( 20 c o ins )
3 .17
8 6.90
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .31
5 .22
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .24 3 .
2 .74 0 .28 2 .81
Co inage o f A . D. 1 19-120
1 861
AM-R IC 8 1(b )
3 .38
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
3 .13
1 862
AM-R IC 8 2 (h )
2 .84
9 2.25
t r
0 .25
2 .61
1 863
AM-R IC 8 2 (b )
3 .33
8 2.00
t r
0 .50
2 .73
1 864
AM-R IC 9 6 (h )
2 .68
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .47
1 865
AM-R IC 9 6 (b )
2 .99
8 8.50
t r
0 .50
2 .64
1 866
AM-R IC 9 7 (h )
2 .80
9 7.00
t r
t r
2 .71
1 867
AM-RIC 9 8 (h )
3 .36
9 1.00
-
0 .50
3 .05
1 868
AM-R IC 1 15 (b )
2 .83
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .61
1 869
AM-R IC 1 15 (b )
2 .92
7 7.00
t r
0 .25
2 .24
1 870
AM-R IC 1 15 (b )
2 .60
9 0.50
-
t r
2 .35
1 871
AM-R IC 1 15 (b )
3 .12
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .88
1 872
AM-R IC 18 (a )
3 .44
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
3 .11
1 873
AM-R IC 1 18 (b )
2 .97
9 1.50
-
0 .25
2 .71
1 874
AM-R IC 1 18 (b )
3 .29
8 5.00
t r
0 .50
2 .79
1 875
AM-R IC 19 (b )
2 .58
9 2.75
-
0 .25
2 .39
1 876
AM-R IC 1 21(b )
3 .48
8 8.25
-
0 .50
3 .07
1 877
AM-RDC 1 21(b )
3 .34
8 5.00
t r
0 .25
2 .83
1 878
AM-R IC 1 39 (b )
3 .27
8 8.25
t r
0 .25
2 .88
1 879
AM-R IC 1 41(b )
2 .88
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
2 .64
1 880
AM-R IC 1 41(b )
2 .90
7 9.75
-
0 .50
2 .31
M (hu l ( 20 c o ins )
3 .05
Mean f ineness
8 9.08
2 .71
8 8.65
( exc lud ing n o. 1 866 ) S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .28
Corrected mean w Edgh t
3 .21
4 .87
0 .26 2 .84
1 4
4 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 21
We igh t No.
Reference
1 881 1 882
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
AM-R IC 6 7 (b )
2 .90
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .55
AM-R IC 6 7 (b )
2 .98
9 0.25
-
0 .25
2 .68 3 .05
1 883
AM-R IC 8 5 (b )
3 .30
9 2.50
-
0 .25
1 884
AM-R IC 8 6 (a )
3 .20
8 9.00
t r
0 .25
2 .84
1 885
AM-R IC 8 6 (b )
3 .04
9 2.50
-
t r
2 .81
1 886
AM-R IC 8 6 (b )
3 .32
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
3 .00
1 887
AM-R IG 9 4 (a )
3 .27
8 7.00
-
0 .25
2 .84
1 888
AM-R IG 9 4 (b )
2 .70
9 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .50
1 889
AM-R IG 9 4 (b )
3 .03
9 0.00
-
0 .25
2 .72
1 890
AM-R IC 1 29 (a )
3 .15
8 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .58
1 891
A M-R IC 1 29 (b )
2 .93
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .72
1 892
A M-R IC 1 31(c )
2 .98
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .63
1 893
AM-R IG 1 32 (a )
3 .13
9 0.00
t r
t r
2 .81
1 894
A M-R IC 1 32 (b )
3 .45
9 1.50
-
0 .50
3 .15
1 895
AM-R IC 1 34 (a )
3 .19
8 7.00
t r
0 .50
2 .77
1 896
AM-R IC 1 34 (b )
3 .30
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
3 .03
3 .12
8 9.78
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .19
2 .79
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .14
Mean ( 16 c o ins )
5 .
2 .79 0 .18 2 .81
Co inage o f A .D . 1 22
1 897
A M-R IG 6 9 (a )
2 .96
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .73
1 898
AM-R IG 7 1
3 .31
9 2.00
t r
-
3 .04
1 899
A M-RIG 7 5 (c )
3 .14
9 2.75
-
0 .75
2 .91
1 900
AM-R IG 7 6
3 .22
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
2 .96
1 901
AM-R IG 7 6
3 .10
7 7.00
-
0 .50
2 .38
1 902
A M-R IG 8 8 (b )
3 .23
8 7.00
t r
0 .25
2 .81
1 903
A M-R IG 9 0 (a )
3 .04
9 2.25
t r
0 .75
2 .80
1 904
AM-R IG 9 0 (a )
3 .19
9 0.50
-
0 .75
2 .88
1 905
A M-R IG 9 0 (c )
2 .99
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .78
1 906
A M-R IG 1 00 (b )
3 .24
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .99
1 907
AM-R IG 1 13 (b )
3 .38
8 5.50
t r
0 .50
2 .88
1 908
A M-RIG 1 13 (c )
2 .69
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .50
1 909
A M-R IG 1 13 (b )
3 .14
8 4.00
-
0 .25
2 .63
1 910
A M-RIG 1 13 (c )
3 .35
9 2.00
t r
0 .50
3 .08
1 911
A M-R IG 1 13 (c )
2 .82
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .53
Mean ( 15 c o ins )
3 .12
8 9.73
2 .79
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .19
4 .39
0 .20
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18 6 .
2 .85
Co inage o f A . D. 1 23
1 912
A M-R IG 7 7 (a )
2 .97
8 9.50
1 913
A M-R IG 7 7 (b )
2 .70
9 2.75 1 5
t r
0 .25
2 .65
0 .75
2 .50
We igh t No.
Reference
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 914
AM-RIC 7 7 (b )
2 .94
9 2.00
t r
0 .50
2 .70
1 915
AM-RIC 7 7 (b )
3 .14
8 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .77
1 916
AM-R IC 7 7 (h )
2 .85
9 3.75
-
0 .25
2 .67
1 917
AM-R IC 7 7 (c )
2 .58
9 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .38
1 918
AM-R IC 8 0 (a )
3 .42
8 6.00
-
0 .50
2 .94
1 919
AM-R IC 8 0 (b )
2 .95
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .72
1 920
AM-R IC 8 0 (b )
2 .27
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .11
1 921
AM-R IC 8 0 (b )
2 .83
9 2.00
-
0 .75
2 .60
1 922
AM-R IC 8 0 (b )
3 .33
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
3 .06
1 923
AM-R IC 9 5 (a )
3 .07
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .80
1 924
AM-RPC 9 5 (a )
3 .08
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .84
1 925
AM-R IC 9 5 (c )
3 .39
8 2.00
t r
0 .25
2 .77
1 926
AM-R IC 9 5 (c )
2 .92
9 2.25
t r
0 .25
2 .69
1 927
AM-R IC 1 01(a )
3 .27
9 0.25
-
0 .25
2 .95
1 928
AM-R IC 1 01(a )
3 .52
7 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .74
1 929
AM-R IC 1 01(a )
2 .98
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .62
1 930
AM-R IC 1 01 (a )
2 .74
9 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .49
1 931
AM-R IC 1 01(b )
2 .92
9 3.00
t r
0 .50
2 .71
1 932
AM-R IC 1 01(c )
3 .30
8 6.50
t r
0 .75
2 .85
1 933
AM-R IC 1 01(c )
3 .54
8 9.50
-
0 .50
3 .16
1 934
AM-R IC 1 27 (a )
3 .14
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .48
1 935
AM-R IC 1 27 (b )
3 .00
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .64
1 936
AM-R IC 1 27(b )
2 .87
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .33
1 937
AM-R IC 1 27 (c )
2 .60
8 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .09
1 938
AM-R IC 1 27 (c )
3 .38
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .83
1 939
AM-R IC 1 27 (c )
3 .06
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .75
1 940
AM-R IC 1 37 (a )
3 .07
8 6.50
t r
0 .50
2 .65
1 941
AM-R IC 1 37 (a )
3 .44
8 3.50
t r
0 .50
2 .87
1 942
AM-RIC 1 37 (b )
2 .70
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .51
1 943
AN I-R IC 1 37(b )
3 .46
9 2.25
t r
t r
3 .19
1 944
AM-R IC 1 37 (c )
3 .34
7 8.25
t r
0 .50
2 .61
1 945
AM-R IC 1 37
3 .38
8 8.00
t r
1 .00
2 .97
3 .06
8 8.34
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .30
4 .73
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18
Mean ( 34 c o ins )
7 .
2 .70 0 .25 2 .80
Co inage o f A . D. 1 24
1 946
AM-R IC 1 10 (a )
3 .18
9 1.00
t r
0 .50
2 .89 2 .84
1 947
AM-R IC 1 10 (c )
3 .06
9 3.00
-
0 .25
1 948
AM-R IC 1 10 (c )
2 .95
9 1.00
-
0 .25
2 .68
1 949
AM-R IC 1 16 (a )
3 .10
9 3.50
-
t r
2 .89
1 950
AM-R IC 1 16 (c )
3 .22
9 3.25
t r
t r
3 .00
1 951
AM-R IC 1 17 (a )
3 .12
9 1.25
t r
1 .50
2 .84
1 952
AM-R IC 1 20 (a )
3 .17
9 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .91
1 953
AM-R IC 1 20 (b )
2 .92
8 4.50
-
0 .75
2 .46
1 6
We igh t No.
Reference
1 954
We igh t o f
( gY
% s i lver
AM-R IC 1 20 (c )
3 .27
8 8.50
t r
0 .50
2 .89
1 955
AM-R IC 1 26 (b )
3 .30
8 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .68
1 956
AM-R IC 1 26 (b )
2 .86
7 9.50
t r
0 .50
2 .27
Mean ( 11 c o ins )
3 .10
8 9.00
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .14
4 .70
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18 8 .
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .76 0 .21 2 .83
Co inage o f A . D. 1 25
1 957
AM-R IC 1 28 (a )
3 .21
8 8.00
t r
0 .25
2 .82
1 958
AM-R IC 1 28 (b )
3 .33
8 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .94
1 959
AM-R IC 1 28 (c )
3 .07
9 0.00
t r
0 .75
2 .76
1 960
AM-R IC 1 35 (a )
2 .99
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .76
1 961
AM-RIC 1 35 (b )
3 .16
8 8.50
t r
-
2 .76
1 962
AM-R IC 1 61(c )
3 .34
8 8.50
-
t r
2 .95
1 963
AM-RIC 1 61(d )
3 .30
9 2.50
-
t r
3 .05
1 964
AM-R IC 1 64 (d )
3 .14
7 9.00
-
0 .75
2 .48
1 965
AM-R IC 1 75 (d )
3 .24
8 7.75
-
0 .25
2 .84
1 966
AM-R IC 1 76(d )
3 .18
9 1.25
-
0 .50
2 .90
1 967
AN I-RIC 1 76 (d )
3 .81
9 1.50
-
1 .00
3 .48
1 968
AN I-R IC 1 76(d )
3 .15
8 7.00
t r
1 .50
2 .74
1 969
AM-R IC 1 81(c )
3 .43
7 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .60
1 970
AM-R IC 1 81(d )
3 .27
9 2.00
t r
t r
3 .00
1 971
AN I-R IC 1 81(d )
2 .74
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .54
Mean ( 15 c o ins )
3 .22
8 8.40
2 .84
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .22
4 .71
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .26 9 .
2 .87
Co inage o f A . D. 1 26
1 972
AM-R IC 1 47 (d )
3 .41
7 6.00
t r
0 .50
1 973
AM-R IC 1 47 (d )
3 .24
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .59 2 .91
1 974
AM-R IC 1 48 (d )
2 .57
9 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .39
1 975
AM-R IC 1 49 (d )
2 .81
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .61
1 976
AM-R IC 1 49 (d )
3 .23
7 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .51
1 977
AM-R IC 1 54 (d )
3 .39
8 9.00
t r
0 .25
3 .01
1 978
AM-R IC 1 55 (d )
2 .96
9 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .69
1 979
AM-R IC 1 55 (d )
3 .22
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .49
1 980
AM-R IC 1 56 (c )
3 .46
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .99
1 981
AM-R IC 1 57 (d )
3 .17
9 2.75
t r
0 .50
2 .94
1 982
AM-R IC 1 58 (d )
2 .70
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .49
1 983
AM-R IC 1 59 (d )
2 .28
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .10
1 984
A M-R IC 1 60 (d )
3 .04
8 8.00
t r
0 .25
2 .67
1 985
AM-R IC 1 60 (d )
3 .09
8 9.75
t r
0 .25
2 .77
1 986
A M-R IC 1 72 (d )
2 .77
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .56
1 987
AM-R IC 1 72 (d )
3 .34
8 2.00
-
t r
2 .73
1 7
We igh t No.
Reference
1 988
AM-R IC 1 95 (c )
( g )
We ight o f •% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .98
9 4.25
Mean ( 17 c o ins )
3 .04
8 8.16
2 .66
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .32
5 .87
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25 1 0.
t r
0 .25
2 .80
2 .86
Co inage o f A . D. 1 27
1 989
AM-R IC 1 69 (d )
3 .15
9 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .86
1 990
AM-R IC 1 69 (d )
2 .49
9 2.75
-
1 .00
2 .30
1 991
AM-R IC 1 73 (d )
2 .65
9 2.75
t r
0 .25
2 .45
1 992
AM-R IC 1 73 (d )
3 .28
8 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .87
1 993
AM-R IC 1 73 (d )
2 .77
8 9.75
-
0 .25
2 .48
1 994
AM-R IC 1 82 (d )
3 .11
9 1.00
-
0 .75
2 .83
1 995
AM-R IC 1 82 (d )
3 .15
9 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .83
1 996
AM-R IC 1 82 (d )
2 .74
8 8.50
t r
0 .50
2 .42
1 997
AM-R IC 1 98 (d )
3 .07
8 7.50
-
1 .00
2 .68
1 998
AM-R IC 1 99 (d )
3 .27
8 4.50
t r
0 .50
2 .76
2 .97
8 9.53
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .27
2 .45
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .17
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
1.
2 .65 0 .20 2 .83
Co inage o f A .D. 1 28 ( f irst p ar t )
1 999
AM-R IC 1 46 (c )
3 .00
9 1.00
t r
0 .50
2 .73
2 000
AM-R IC 1 46 (d )
2 .98
9 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .68
2 001
AM-R IC 1 46(d )
2 .98
8 7.00
t r
1 .25
2 .59
2 002
AM-R IC 1 63 (c )
3 .07
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .65
2 003
AM-R IC 1 63 (d )
3 .47
8 6.00
t r
0 .75
2 .98
2 004
AM-R IC 1 70 (d )
3 .32
8 4.50
t r
0 .25
2 .80
2 005
AM-R IC 1 71
3 .01
8 4.50
-
0 .25
2 .54
2 006
AM-R IC 1 84
3 .29
8 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .87
2 007
AM-R IC 2 00 (c )
2 .83
9 1.50
t r
-
2 .58
2 008
AM-R IC 2 00 (d )
3 .23
8 6.00
-
t r
2 .77
2 009
AM-R IC 2 01(c )
3 .22
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .94
2 010
AM-R IC 2 01(d )
3 .43
9 0.00
t r
0 .50
3 .08
2 011
AM-R IC 2 01(d )
3 .19
8 8.00
-
1 .00
2 .80
2 012
AM-R IC 2 01(d )
3 .01
8 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .60
2 013
AM-R IC 2 02 (c )
3 .12
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .79
2 014
AM-R IC 2 02 (d )
3 .51
7 3.50
-
1 .00
2 .57
2 015
AM-R IC 2 02 (d )
3 .01
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .70
2 016
AM-R IC 2 02 (d )
3 .50
8 8.50
-
0 .75
3 .09
Mean ( 18 c o ins )
3 .18
8 7.33
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .20
4 .00
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .22
2 .76 0 .17 2 .81
1 8
1 2.
Co inage o f A .D. 1 28 ( second p ar t ) We igh t
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .89
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .67
No.
Reference
2 017
R IC- ( B MC
2 018
R IC 3 57 (a )
2 .68
9 3.50
t r
0 .25
2 .50
2 019
R IC 3 30 (c )
3 .27
8 7.50
t r
1 .25
2 .86
p l. 7 0,13 )
2 020
R IC 3 30 (c )
3 .01
9 0.75
-
1 .00
2 .73
2 021
R IC 3 30 (a )
3 .14
8 7.00
-
1 .75
2 .73
2 022
R IC 3 32(c )
3 .23
8 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .87
2 023
R IC 3 32 (d )
3 .14
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .87
2 024
R IC 3 34(c )
3 .40
8 9.50
-
0 .50
3 .04
2 025
R IC 3 38(c )
2 .84
8 7.50
-
1 .00
2 .48
2 026
R IC 3 38(d )
2 .33
9 8.00
t r
-
2 .28
2 027
R IC 3 39 (c )
3 .22
9 2.75
-
t r
2 .98
2 028
R IC 3 39 (c )
3 .27
8 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .61
2 029
R IC 3 43(c )
2 .99
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .51
2 030
R IC 3 45 (c )
3 .39
9 2.25
t r
0 .50
3 .12
2 031
R IC 3 53 (c )
2 .88
9 2.25
t r
1 .00
2 .65
Mean ( 15 c o ins )
3 .05
8 9.87
2 .73
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .28
4 .18
0 .22
Corrected f ineness
8 9.28
( exc lud ing n o. 2 026 ) Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18 1 3.
2 .83
Co inage o f A . D. 1 29-131
2 032
AM-R IC 2 06(g )
3 .47
8 7.50
t r
0 .50
3 .03
2 033
AM-R IC 2 07(c )
3 .44
7 9.50
t r
0 .50
2 .73
2 034
AM-R IC 2 08(c )
2 .96
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .75
2 035
AM-R IC 2 09 (a )
3 .25
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .86
2 036
AM-R IC 2 12 (c )
3 .13
8 4.00
t r
0 .50
2 .62
2 037
AM-R IC 2 12 (g )
3 .36
8 8.00
t r
0 .25
2 .95
2 038
AM-R IC 2 13 (c )
3 .16
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .92
2 039
AM-RIC 2 15 (a )
3 .19
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .91
2 040
AM-R IC 2 17 (d )
3 .09
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .85
2 041
AM-R IC 2 19 (a )
2 .77
9 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .56
2 042
AM-R IC 2 19 (g )
2 .93
9 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .71
2 043
AM-R IC 2 20 (c )
2 .94
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .71
2 044
AM-R IC 2 20 (e )
3 .15
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .92
2 045
AM-R IC 2 20 (e )
3 .49
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
3 .24
2 046
AM-R IC 2 21(a )
3 .24
8 5.00
-
0 .25
2 .75
2 047
AM-R IC 2 22 (a )
3 .55
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .80
2 048
AM-R IC 2 22 (b )
3 .37
8 0.00
t r
-
2 .69
2 049
AM-R IC 2 22 (c )
3 .34
8 7.25
t r
0 .75
2 .91
2 050
AM-R IC 2 23
2 .88
9 1.75
t r
0 .75
2 .64
2 051
AM-R IC 3 60 (c )
3 .06
9 4.50
t r
-
2 .89
2 052
AN T-RIC 3 61
3 .29
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .96
1 9
We igh t
We igh t o f
No.
Reference
2 053
AM-R IC 3 61(e )
3 .35
9 0.00
-
0 .50
3 .01
2 054
AM-R IC 3 63(b )
3 .29
9 0.50
t r
t r
2 .97
2 055
AM-R IC 3 67(c )
3 .32
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .87
Mean ( 24 c o ins )
3 .21
8 8.94
2 .84
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .20
4 .49
0 .15
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25
( g )
1 4.
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .89
Co inage o f A .D. 1 32
2 056
AM-R IC 2 38 (a )
3 .49
8 7.50
-
0 .25
3 .05
2 057
AM-R IC 2 40 (d )
3 .32
8 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .73
2 058
AM-R IC 2 40 (d )
3 .28
9 1.75
-
1 .25
3 .00
2 059
AM-R IC 2 47 (d )
2 .92
9 2.00
t r
1 .00
2 .68
2 060
AM-R IC 2 47 (d )
3 .37
9 0.50
t r
t r
3 .04
2 061
AM-R IC 2 60 (d )
3 .43
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .79
2 062
AM-R IC 2 60 (d )
3 .06
8 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .70 2 .84
2 063
AM-R IC 2 60 (e )
3 .22
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 064
AM-R IC 2 64 (d )
2 .90
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .61
2 065
AM-R IC 2 64 (d )
3 .23
8 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .89
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
3 .22
F '.23
2 .83
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .19
3 .40
0 .15
1 5.
Co inage o f A . D. 1 33
2 066
AM-R IC 2 34 (a )
3 .12
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .88
2 067
AM-R IC 2 34 (a )
3 .29
8 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .71
2 068
AM-R IC 2 34 (d )
3 .08
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .81
2 069
AM-R IC 2 44 (a )
3 .23
9 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .97
2 070
AM-R IC 2 44 (a )
2 .99
9 4.00
-
t r
2 .81
2 071
AM-RIC 2 57 (a )
3 .42
8 9.75
-
0 .25
3 .06
2 072
AM-R IC 2 57 (a )
3 .42
8 7.00
-
0 .50
2 .97
2 073
AM-R IC 2 57 (d )
3 .18
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
2 .92
2 074
AM-R IC 2 76 (a )
3 .04
9 2.25
-
0 .75
2 .80 2 .98
2 075
AM-R IC 2 76 (a )
3 .30
9 0.50
-
0 .25
2 076
AM-R IC 2 76(d )
3 .03
9 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .77
2 077
AM-R IC 2 76 (d )
3 .11
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .89
2 078
AM-R IC 2 76(d )
2 .98
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .77
2 079
AM-R IC 2 76 (g )
2 .99
9 0.00
t r
t r
2 .69
Mean ( 14 c o ins )
3 .16
9 0.82
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .15
2 .85
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18 1 6.
2 .86 0 .11 2 .88
Co inage o f A . D. 1 34
2 080
AM-R IC 2 25 (a )
3 .23
9 1.50
2 081
AM-R IC 2 25 (c )
2 .52
9 3.00 2 0
t r
0 .75
2 .95
0 .25
2 .34
We igh t No.
Reference
We igh t o f
( gY
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 082
A M-RIC 2 37 (a )
3 .20
9 3.00
t r
0 .50
2 .97
2 083
A M-RIC 2 37 (a )
3 .48
9 0.50
-
0 .50
3 .14
2 084
A M-R IC 2 37 (d )
3 .34
9 1.25
-
0 .25
3 .04
2 085
A M-R IC 2 48(d )
3 .21
8 9.50
-
1 .00
2 .87
2 086
A M-R IC 2 48(f )
3 .44
8 9.75
-
1 .00
3 .08
2 087
A M-R IC 2 86(a )
3 .19
9 1.25
-
0 .50
2 .91
2 088
A M-R IC 2 86 (b )
3 .37
8 4.00
-
t r
2 .83
2 089
A M-R IC 2 86 (b )
3 .04
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .72
2 090
A M-R IC 2 86 (d )
3 .22
8 4.50
t r
0 .25
2 .72
Mean ( 11 c o ins )
3 .20
8 9.80
2 .87
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .25
2 .86
0 .21
1 7. 2 091
A M-R IC 2 28 (a )
Co inage o f A . D. 1 35
2 .72
9 1.00
t r
0 .50
2 .47
2 092
A M-R IC 2 30 (a )
2 .97
8 8.00
-
-
2 .61
2 093
A M-R IC 2 30 (a )
3 .31
9 1.50
-
0 .75
3 .02
2 094
A M-R IC 2 30 (a )
3 .09
9 0.75
t r
0 .25
2 .80
2 095
A M-R IC 2 30 (b )
3 .19
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .95
2 096
A M-R IC 2 30 (b )
3 .15
8 7.00
t r
0 .25
2 .74
2 097
A M-R IC 2 30 (d )
3 .09
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
2 .85
2 098
A M-R IC 2 61(a )
3 .25
8 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .89
2 099
A M-R IC 2 62 (d )
3 .04
9 0.00
t r
t r
2 .73
2 100
A M-R IC 2 68(a )
3 .36
9 0.50
-
0 .25
3 .04
2 101
A M-R IC 2 68 (a )
3 .37
8 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .89
2 102
A M-R IC 2 68(d )
2 .89
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .61
2 103
A M-R IC 2 68 (d )
3 .05
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .76
2 104
A M-R IC 2 82 (a )
3 .29
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .76
2 105
A M-R IC 2 82 (b )
3 .02
9 2.00
t r
t r
2 .77
2 106
A M-R IC 2 82 (b )
3 .39
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .98
2 107
A M-R IC 2 82(d )
3 .43
9 1.75
-
-
3 .14
2 108
A M-R IC 2 82 (d )
3 .33
7 9.50
t r
0 .75
2 .64
Mean ( 18 c o ins )
3 .16
8 9.17
2 .81
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .19
3 .26
0 .17
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21 1 8.
2 109
A M-R IC 2 97 (a )
2 .86 Co inage o f A . D. 1 36
3 .15
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .91
2 110
A M-R IC 2 97 (a )
3 .43
8 8.00
-
-
3 .01
2 111
A M-R IC 2 97 (a )
3 .34
9 1.00
-
t r
3 .03
2 112
A M-R IC 2 97 (b )
3 .29
9 4.00
t r
t r
3 .09
2 113
A M-R IC 2 97 (d )
2 .87
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .65
2 114
A M-R IC 2 97 (d )
3 .26
9 1.50
-
t r
2 .98
2 115
A M-R IC 2 99 (d )
3 .17
9 1.75
t r
t r
2 .90
2 116
A M-R IC 2 99 (d )
3 .20
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .97
2 1
We ight No.
Reference
2 117
AM-R IC 2 99 (d )
2 118
AM-R IC 2 99 (d )
2 .57
2 119
AM-R IC 2 99 (d )
2 .92
2 120
AM-R IC 2 99 (g )
3 .19
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
3 .32
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
9 2.50
t r
t r
2 .37
9 0.00
t r
1 .00
2 .62
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .95
2 .98
2 121
AM-R IC 3 00 (a )
3 .32
8 7.50
t r
0 .75
2 .90
2 122
AM-R IC 3 00 (c )
3 .07
8 4.00
t r
t r
2 .57
2 123
AM-R IC 3 01(a )
2 .98
9 4.00
t r
t r
2 .80
2 124
AM-R IC 3 01(a )
3 .06
9 1.50
t r
0 .25
2 .79
2 125
AM-R IC 3 01(c )
3 .39
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .98
2 126
AM-R IC 3 01(d )
3 .10
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
2 .79
2 127
AM-R IC 3 02 (d )
3 .12
9 0.50
t r
1 .00
2 .82
2 128
AM-R IC 3 03 (a )
3 .24
9 2.50
-
0 .25
3 .00
2 129
AM-R IC 3 03 (a )
3 .38
9 0.75
-
0 .50
3 .07
2 130
AM-R IC 3 05 (a )
3 .22
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .83
2 131
AM-R IC 3 05 (a )
3 .32
9 2.00
-
0 .75
3 .05
2 132
AM-R IC 3 05 (d )
2 .96
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .62
2 133
AM-R IC 3 06(d )
2 .59
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .39
2 134
AM-R IC 3 06(f )
3 .37
9 3.25
t r
0 .50
3 .14
2 135
AM-R IC 3 07 (a )
3 .12
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .81
2 136
AM-R IC 3 07 (a )
2 .92
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .38
2 137
AM-R IC 3 07 (d )
3 .06
8 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .74
2 138
AM-R IC 3 10 (a )
2 .99
9 2.00
-
0 .50
2 .75
3 .13
9 0.52
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
2 .76
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18
Mean ( 30 c o ins )
1 9.
2 .83 0 .21 2 .88
Co inage o f A . D. 1 37
2 139
R IC 2 41(A )
3 .03
9 2.25
-
0 .50
2 .79
2 140
R IC 2 41(A )
3 .24
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .85
2 141
R IC 2 41(A )
3 .43
9 0.50
-
0 .25
3 .10
2 142
R IC 2 41(A )
2 .91
9 3.50
t r
t r
2 .72
2 143
R IC 2 41(A )
3 .17
9 0.75
-
1 .00
2 .87
2 144
R IC 2 45A (c )
3 .10
8 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .71
2 145
R IC 2 45A(d )
3 .13
8 8.00
t r
t r
2 .75
2 146
R IC 2 53(d )
3 .25
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .84
2 147
R IC 2 53(d )
3 .52
8 5.00
t r
0 .25
2 .99
2 148
R IC 2 56 (a )
3 .22
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .89
2 149
R IC 2 56 (a )
3 .26
8 8.00
t r
0 .50
2 .86
2 150
R IC 2 56 (b )
3 .32
8 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .95
2 151
R IC 2 56 (b )
3 .17
8 5.50
-
0 .50
2 .71
2 152
R IC 2 56(d )
3 .35
9 0.50
-
0 .75
3 .03
2 153
R IC 2 56(d )
3 .31
9 2.50
t r
t r
3 .06
2 154
R IC 2 67(a )
3 .36
9 1.50
t r
0 .25
3 .07
2 155
R IC 2 67(b )
3 .24
8 1.50
t r
0 .50
2 .64
2 156
R IC 2 67(d )
3 .30
9 0.50
t r
0 .25
2 .98
2 2
No.
Reference
Weigh t ( g ) .
2 157
R IC 2 67(d )
3 .42
9 1.25
2 158
R IC 2 70 (b )
3 .33
9 0.00
-
0 .25
2 .99
2 159
R IC 2 74 (a )
2 .87
9 2.75
t r
t r
2 .66
2 160
R IC 2 74 (d )
3 .29
8 8.50
t r
0 .25
2 .91
2 161
R IC 2 90 (a )
3 .14
9 0.00
-
t r
2 .82
2 162
R IC 2 90 (a )
3 .29
9 2.50
t r
t r
3 .04
2 163
R IC 2 90 (a )
3 .04
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
2 .73
2 164
R IC 2 90 (b )
3 .03
9 3.75
t r
t r
2 .84
2 165
R IC 2 90 (c )
2 .65
9 3.75
t r
0 .25
2 .48
2 166
R IC 2 90 (d )
3 .32
8 5.00
-
0 .25
2 .82
2 167
R IC 2 90 (d )
3 .50
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
3 .23
2 168
R IC 2 90 (e )
3 .20
9 3.25
t r
0 .25
2 .98
3 .21
8 9.84
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .19
2 .93
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .23
Mean ( 30 c o ins )
2 0.
% s i lver
Au t r
Pb 0 .25
We igh t o f s i lver ( g ) 3 .12
2 .88 0 .16 2 .90
Co inage o f A . D. 1 38
2 169
AM-R IC 2 62A
3 .32
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .97
2 170
AM-R IC 2 65 (a )
3 .35
9 0.50
-
0 .25
3 .03
2 171
AM-R IC 2 65 (a )
3 .11
8 1.00
t r
0 .50
2 .51
2 172
AM-R IC 2 66 (a )
2 .70
9 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .49
2 173
AM-R IC 2 66 (c )
2 .85
9 2.25
t r
0 .50
2 .62
2 174
AM-R IC 2 66 (d )
3 .33
8 8.50
t r
0 .25
2 .94
2 175
AM-R IC 2 66 (d )
2 .62
9 4.50
t r
0 .25
2 .47
2 176
AM-R IC 2 66B(c )
3 .50
9 2.25
t r
t r
3 .22
2 177
AM-R IC 2 66B(d )
3 .37
8 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .94
2 178
AN I-R IC 2 66B(d )
3 .39
9 1.50
t r
0 .25
3 .10
2 179
AM-R IC 2 66B(d )
3 .54
9 0.00
-
t r
3 .18
2 180
AM-R IC 2 80 (a )
3 .45
8 2.00
t r
t r
2 .82
2 181
A M-R IC 4 47 (a )
3 .09
9 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .86
2 182
AM-R IC 4 49
3 .01
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .63
2 183
A M-R IC 4 52 (a )
3 .42
8 1.50
t r
0 .25
2 .79
2 184
AM-R IC 4 52(a )
3 .19
8 5.50
t r
0 .75
2 .73
2 185
AM-R IC -
3 .33
8 4.50
t r
0 .75
2 .81
Mean ( 17 c o ins )
3 .21
8 8.46
2 .83
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .27
4 .12
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25 2 1.
2 186
R IC 3 7 (c )-
2 187 2 188
2 .87
Qu inar i i o f A . D. 1 18-120 1 .70
9 2.50
R IC 5 4-A. D.118
1 .82
9 0.00
R IC 1 03 (b )-
1 .45
9 1.00
0 .50
1 .57
A . D. 1 18
A . D. 1 19-20
2 3
1 .64 t r
0 .75
1 .32
We igh t
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
1 .37
9 2.00
t r
0 .50
1 .26
1 .77
8 9.50
t r
0 .25
1 .58
1 .70
9 3.00
-
0 .50
1 .58
1 .50
9 2.00
-
0 .25
1 .38
1 .55
9 0.25
-
0 .25
1 .40
1 .61
9 1.28
1 .47
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .15
1 .20
0 .13
Corrected mean we igh t
1 .56
No.
Reference
2 189
R IC 1 03 (c )-
2 190
R IC 1 04(b )-
2 191
R IC 1 05-
2 192
R IC 1 06-
Pb
s i lver ( g )
A .D. 1 19-20 A .D. 1 19-20 A . D. 1 19-20 A . D. 19-20 2 193
R IC 1 08 (b )A . D. 19-20
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
1 .42
( 26 c o ins ) 2 .84
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d enar ius Hadr ian - Eastern d enar i i 2 2.
Denar i i o f A . D. 17-120 , p robab ly o f An t ioch
2 194
AM-R IC 3 (c )
3 .63
7 4.50
t r
1 .50
2 .70
2 195
AM-R IC 3 (c )
2 .79
8 6.25
-
2 .00
2 .41
2 196
AM-B MC 1 022
2 .58
7 9.00
t r
t r
2 .04
2 197
AM-B MC 1 023
2 .80
7 7.50
t r
1 .00
2 .17
2 198
AM-B MC p l. 6 8,4 3 .13
6 9.50
t r
0 .25
2 .18
2 199
C lay-B MC-
3 .08
8 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .49
3 .00
7 7.95
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .34
5 .21
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .05
Mean ( 6 c o ins )
2 .33 0 .22 2 .37
( 9 c o ins ) 2 3.
Denar i i o f c . A . D. 1 25 - p robab ly o f Prov inc ia As ia 9 0.50
t r
0 .50
3 .37
3 .05
9 0.50
t r
0 .50
2 .76
3 .45
9 4.00
-
t r
3 .24
2 .84
9 0.50
-
0 .25
2 .57
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
3 .26
9 1.37
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .14
2 200
AM-B MC p l. 7 1,2 3 .73
2 201
AM-B MC-
2 202
C lay-B MC 6 42
( th is c o in )
( but n ot Ro me ) 2 203
C lay-B MC( Sab ina )
2 .98 2 .87
( 24 c o ins )
2 4
An ton inus P ius - Min t o f Ro me 1 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 38 We ight o f
We ed ( g )
% s i lver
Au
A M-R IC 5 (3 )
3 .32
8 1.25
t r
No.
Reference
2 204
Pb 0 .50
s i lver ( g ) 2 .70
2 205
A M-R IC 7 (c )
2 .74
9 3.50
-
0 .50
2 .56
2 206
A M-R IC 8
3 .37
8 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .91
2 207
A M-R IC 9 (a )
3 .26
9 2.00
-
0 .75
3 .00
2 208
A M-R IC 9 (c )
3 .13
8 7.50
-
0 .25
2 .74
2 209
A M-R IC 1 0 (a )
3 .38
7 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .64
2 210
A M-R IC 1 0 (a )
3 .15
8 8.00
t r
0 .50
2 .77
2 211
A M-R IC 1 1(a )
3 .26
9 2.00
t r
0 .25
3 .00
2 212
A M-RIC 1 2 (a )
3 .12
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .85
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
3 .19
8 7.81
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .18
4 .97
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25 2 .
2 .80 0 .15 2 .85
Co inage o f A .D. 1 39
2 213
A M-RIC 2 2(a )
3 .31
9 1.75
2 214
A M-R IC 2 2(a )
3 .55
8 2.50
2 215
A M-R IC 2 5
3 .38
8 7.00
t r
0 .75
3 .04
-
0 .75
2 .93
t r
0 .50
2 .94
2 216
A M-R IC 2 6(a )
2 .89
8 9.00
-
t r
2 .57
2 217
A M-R IC 2 6(a )
3 .25
8 5.50
-
0 .50
2 .78
2 218
AM-R IC 2 7 (a )
3 .28
8 0.50
-
0 .75
2 .64
2 219
A M-R IC 2 8 (a )
2 .79
9 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .59
2 220
A M-R IC 2 8 (c )
3 .21
8 3.50
-
0 .50
2 .68
2 221
A M-R IC 3 0
3 .52
8 8.50
-
0 .50
3 .12
2 222
A M-R IC 3 2
3 .29
8 0.75
-
0 .25
2 .66
2 223
A M-R IC 3 5
2 .53
9 3.50
t r
0 .50
2 .37
2 224
A M-R IC 4 2 (a )
3 .35
9 2.50
t r
0 .50
3 .10
2 225
A M-R IC 4 3(a )
2 .82
9 2.50
-
1 .00
2 .61
2 226
A M-R IC 4 5(a )
3 .45
8 7.00
-
1 .50
3 .00
2 227
A M-R IC 4 6
3 .42
8 9.75
-
0 .75
3 .07
2 228
A M-R IC 4 6
3 .55
8 7.50
-
0 .75
3 .11
2 229
A M-R IC 4 7(a )
3 .34
8 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .92
2 230
A M-R IC 4 8(a )
3 .36
8 8.00
-
1 .00
2 .97
2 231
A M-R IC 4 9 (a )
3 .24
8 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .87
2 232
A M-RIC 5 0 (a )
3 .44
8 4.50
-
1 .00
2 .91
2 233
A M-R IC 5 0(b )
2 .92
8 6.00
-
0 .75
2 .51
2 234
A M-R IC 5 4 (a )
3 .28
8 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .62
2 235
A M-R IC 5 4(b )
3 .00
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .68
2 236
A M-R IC 5 6 (a )
3 .51
9 1.00
-
0 .50
3 .19
2 237
A M-R IC 5 6(a )
2 .99
9 2.75
-
1 .00
2 .77
2 238
A M-R IC 5 8(a )
3 .63
8 9.50
t r
0 .50
3 .25
2 239
A M-R IC 4 11(b )
3 .09
9 2.00
t r
t r
2 .84
Mean ( 27 c o ins )
3 .24
8 7.93
2 .84
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .27
3 .92
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .27
2 52 .87
3 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 40
We igh t No.
Reference
2 240
AM-R IC 7 3 (c )
2 241
AM-R IG 7 3 (c )
2 242
AM-R IG 8 4 (c )
2 243
AM-R IC 8 5(a )
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
2 .95
8 7.00
-
3 .10
8 9.25
t r
0 .25
2 .77
3 .74
8 3.00
-
0 .25
3 .10
3 .24
8 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .87
0 .50
s i lver ( g ) 2 .57
2 244
AM-R IC 9 5 (c )
2 .79
8 7.50
-
t r
2 .44
2 245
AM-R IC 9 8(c )
3 .38
7 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .67
2 246
AM-R IC 9 8(c )
3 .17
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .84
2 247
AM-R IC 4 17 (a )
3 .46
7 6.50
t r
0 .50
2 .65
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
3 .23
8 5.03
2 .74
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .28
4 .65
0 .19
4 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 41
2 248
AM-R IC 6 1(a )
3 .09
9 2.25
_
0 .50
2 .85
2 249
AM-R IG 6 1(c )
2 .93
7 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .30
2 250
AM-R IG 6 1(c )
3 .36
8 9.00
-
1 .25
2 .99
2 251
AM-R IG 6 1(c )
3 .31
9 1.50
-
0 .25
3 .03
2 252
AM-R IG 6 4 (a )
3 .69
9 1.50
-
0 .25
3 .38
2 253
AM-R IG 6 4 (a )
3 .69
8 8.00
-
5 4
3 .25
2 254
AM-R IG 6 4 (c )
3 .02
8 8.75
-
0 .50
2 .68
2 255
AM-R IG 6 5(c )
3 .37
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .66
2 256
AM-R IG 6 5(c )
3 .09
8 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .56
2 257
AM-R IC 7 0 (a )
3 .31
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .93
2 258
AM-R IC 7 0 (a )
2 .91
9 2.25
-
0 .50
2 .68
2 259
AM-R IC 7 1
2 .63
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .43
2 260
AM-R IG 4 15 (b )
2 .58
9 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .40
2 261
AM-R IG 4 17 (a )
3 .14
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .90
2 262
AM-R IG 4 17 (b )
2 .86
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .66
2 263
AM-R IG 4 17 (b )
2 .83
9 2.00
-
0 .75
2 .60
2 264
AM-R IC 4 17 (b )
3 .35
8 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .98
2 265
AM-R IG 4 17 (a )
3 .24
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .83
2 266
AM-R IG 4 17 (a )
3 .22
8 4.00
-
0 .25
2 .70
2 267
AM-R IG 4 17 (a )
2 .78
9 2.25
-
0 .50
2 .56
2 268
AM-R IG 4 17 (f )
3 .32
7 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .57
Mean ( 2 1 c o ins )
3 .13
8 8.37
2 .80
Mean ( 29 c o ins o f
3 .16
8 7.43
2 .75
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .30
4 .93
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21
1 40-141)
5 .
0 .26 2 .81
Co inage o f A .D. 1 42
2 269
AM-R IC 6 3B (a )
3 .04
8 9.50
0 .50
2 .72
2 270
AM-R IG 6 3B(a )
2 .72
9 2.50
0 .25
2 .52
2 6
We igh t No.
Reference
2 271
We igh t o f
( g )'
%s ilver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
AM-R IC 6 3B (c )
3 .44
8 7.25
-
0 .25
3 .00
2 272
AM-R IC 6 3B (c )
3 .23
8 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .66
2 273
A M-R IC 6 6
3 .47
8 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .86
2 274
AM-R IC 6 9(a )
3 .37
9 2.50
-
0 .25
3 .12
2 275
A M-R IC 6 9 (c )
3 .18
9 0.50
-
0 .75
2 .88
2 276
A M-RIC 8 0 (c )
3 .22
9 1.00
-
0 .75
2 .93
2 277
AM-R IC 1 05 (c )
3 .10
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .84
2 278
A M-R IC 1 05 (d )
2 .94
9 2.75
-
0 .25
2 .73
2 279
AM-R IC 4 21(c )
2 .85
9 0.00
t r
0 .25
2 .56
2 280
AM-R IC 4 24 (a )
3 .32
8 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .80
2 281
AM-R IC 4 24 (a )
3 .61
8 9.25
-
0 .75
3 .22
2 282
AM-R IC 4 24 (a )
2 .90
8 9.50
-
0 .25
2 .59
2 283
AM-R IC 4 24 (b )
3 .11
8 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .49
2 284
A M-R IC 4 24 (e )
2 .28
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .12
Mean ( 16 c o ins )
3 .11
8 8.67
2 .75
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .32
4 .00
0 .26
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .19 6 .
2 .83
Co inage o f A . D. 1 43
2 285
A M-R IC 1 07 (3 )
3 .43
7 8.75
t r
0 .50
2 .70
2 286
AM-R IC 1 11(b )
3 .22
8 8.75
-
0 .25
2 .86
2 287
AM-R IC 1 11(b )
3 .27
8 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .81
2 288
AM-R IC 1 11(b )
3 .49
8 2.50
t r
t r
2 .88
2 289
A M-R IC 1 11(c )
2 .91
9 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .70
2 290
AM-R IC 12
2 .90
8 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .49
2 291
A M-R IC 4 23(a )
3 .30
9 2.00
-
0 .25
3 .04
2 292
A M-RIC 4 23(a )
3 .39
9 0.00
-
0 .75
3 .05
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
3 .24
8 7.09
2 .82
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .21
4 .48
0 .17
7 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 44
2 293
A M-R IC 6 2(a )
3 .25
8 7.00
-
0 .75
2 .83
2 294
A M-R IC 6 2 (c )
2 .84
9 0.25
-
0 .50
2 .56
2 295
AM-R IC 6 2 (c )
2 .75
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .48
2 296
AM-R IC 6 2(c )
2 .89
8 9.50
-
1 .00
2 .59 2 .64
2 297
A M-R IC 7 8 (e )
3 .00
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 298
AM-R IC 7 8 (b )
3 .15
8 2.00
-
t r
2 .58
2 299
A M-R IC 1 02 (d )
2 .78
9 2.50
t r
0 .25
2 .57
2 300
A M-R IC 1 02 (d )
3 .43
8 4.50
-
0 .25
2 .90
2 301
AM-R IC 1 17
3 .16
8 9.50
-
0 .25
2 .83
2 302
A M-R IC 1 18
3 .52
9 0.50
-
t r
3 .19
2 303
A M-R IC 4 22
3 .17
9 0.25
t r
0 .25
2 .86
2 304
AM-R IC 4 22
2 .92
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .57
2 305
AM-R IC 4 26
3 .30
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .89
2 7
We igh t No.
Reference
2 306
AM-R IC 4 26
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
2 .91
8 2.50
3 .08
8 8.00
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .23
2 .99
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .15
Mean ( 14 c o ins )
8 .
Au
Pb 0 .25
s i lver ( g ) 2 .40 2 .71 0 .21 2 .77
Co inage o f A . D. 1 45
2 307
AM-R IC 1 54
3 .54
8 3.50
-
0 .25
2 .96
2 308
AM-R IC 1 55 (c )
3 .50
9 0.00
-
0 .25
3 .15
2 309
AM-R IC 1 55 (c )
2 .96
8 4.00
-
0 .25
2 .49
2 310
AM-R IC 1 56 (c )
3 .19
8 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .79
2 311
AM-R IC 1 56 (c )
2 .98
8 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .61
2 312
AM-R IC 1 56(c )
3 .27
9 1.75
-
0 .25
3 .00
2 313
AM-R IC 4 31
3 .07
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .66
2 314
AM-R IC 4 31
3 .50
9 1.50
-
0 .50
3 .20
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
3 .25
8 7.78
2 .86
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .22
2 .94
0 .24
9 . 2 315
Co inage o f A . D. 1 46
AM-R IC 1 27 (c )
3 .17
8 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .79
2 316
AM-R IC 1 27 (c )
3 .27
9 2.25
-
0 .25
3 .02
2 317
AM-RIC 1 36
3 .05
9 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .81
2 318
AM-R IC 1 36 (c )
3 .30
8 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .77
2 319
AM-R IC 1 36 (c )
3 .05
7 4.25
-
0 .50
2 .26
2 320
AM-R IC 1 36 (c )
3 .13
7 8.25
-
0 .50
2 .45
2 321
AM-R IC 1 37 (c )
3 .30
8 1.50
-
t r
2 .69
2 322
AM-R IC 1 37 (c )
3 .07
7 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .41
2 323
AM-RIC 1 37 (c )
3 .06
9 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .83
2 324
AM-R IC 1 37 (c )
3 .47
9 0.00
-
0 .50
3 .12
2 325
AM-R IC 4 29 (a )
2 .98
9 3.25
-
0 .25
2 .78
2 326
AM-R IC 4 29 (a )
2 .94
8 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .62
2 327
AM-R IC 4 29 (a )
3 .36
9 0.50
-
0 .25
3 .04
2 328
AM-R IC 4 29 (a )
3 .07
7 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .41
3 .16
8 5.89
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .15
6 .29
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18
Mean ( 14 c o ins )
1 0.
2 .71 0 .25 2 .73
Co inage o f A .D. 1 47-148
2 329
AM-R IC 1 29 (c )
3 .29
8 8.25
-
0 .25
2 .90
2 330
AM-R IC 1 30 (c )
3 .22
9 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .99
2 331
AM-R IC 4 36
2 .60
8 7.00
t r
1 .00
2 .31
2 332
AM-RIC 4 37
3 .12
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .85
2 333
AM-R IC 1 62
2 .77
8 8.50
t r
0 .50
2 .45
2 334
AM-R IC 1 62
2 .95
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .64
2 8
We igh t No.
We igh t o f
Reference
( g )
2 335
AM-RIC -
2 336
AM -R IC 1 67
2 337
AM-RIC 1 68
3 .37
8 9.25
2 338
AM-R IC 1 72
2 .88
9 2.50
2 339
AM -R IC 4 38(b )
2 .83
2 340
AM-R IC 4 38(b )
% s i lver
Au
3 .11
8 8.50
-
3 .51
9 1.00
Pb
s i lver ( g )
0 .50
2 .75
0 .25
3 .19
t r
0 .25
3 .01
t r
t r
2 .66
8 4.50
t r
0 .50
2 .39
3 .29
9 2.50
-
0 .50
3 .04
3 .08
8 9.67
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .26
2 .43
Correc ted mean we igh t
3 .18
Mean ( 12 c o ins )
1 1.
2 .77 0 .27 2 .85
Co inage o f A .D. 1 48-149
2 341
A M-R IC 1 75
2 .82
9 1.50
-
0 .25
2 .58
2 342
AM -R IC 1 75
2 .90
8 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .57
2 343
A M-R IC 1 75
3 .26
9 0.50
-
0 .50
2 .95
2 344
A M-R IC 1 77 (d )
3 .37
7 9.75
-
0 .75
2 .69
2 345
A M-RIC 1 77 (d )
2 .88
8 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .58
2 346
A M-R IC 1 77 (d )
3 .37
7 9.00
t r
0 .25
2 .66
2 347
A M-RIC 1 78
2 .94
8 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .62
2 348
A M-RIC 1 78
3 .58
7 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .81
2 349
AM . :RIC 1 79
3 .34
7 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .62
2 350
A M-RIC 1 80
3 .21
9 0.50
-
0 .75
2 .90
2 351
A M-RIC 1 80
3 .35
8 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .71
2 352
A M-R IC 1 81
3 .04
8 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .70
2 353
A M-R IC 1 81
3 .14
8 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .79
2 354
A M-R IC 1 83
3 .61
7 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .83
2 355
A M-R IC 1 83
3 .58
8 8.00
-
0 .50
3 .15
2 356
A M-R IC 4 44
2 .95
9 1.75
-
0 .75
2 .71
2 357
A M-RIC 4 44
3 .43
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .71
2 358
A dd-RIC 4 44
3 .09
9 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .78
2 359
A dd-R IC 4 44
3 .25
7 8.50
-
0 .50
2 .55
2 360
A M-R IC 4 46
3 .52
8 9.00
-
0 .75
3 .13
2 361
A M-R IC 4 48 (b )
3 .19
7 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .49
2 362
A M-R IC 4 48(d )
3 .64
7 7.50
-
1 .00
2 .82
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .25
8 4.75
2 .74
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .25
5 .51
0 .17
12. Co inage o f A .D . 1 49-151 2 363
AM-R IC 1 87
3 .21
8 8.00
0 .50
2 .82
2 364
AM-R IC 1 88
3 .20
8 1.00
1 .50
2 .59
2 365
A dd- WC 1 88
3 .20
8 8.00
2 .25
2 .82
2 366
A M-R IC 1 89
3 .37
8 6.50
1 .25
2 .91
2 367
AM-R IC 1 93
3 .31
7 8.50
1 .75
2 .60
2 368
A M-R IC 1 94
3 .04
9 2.00
1 .00
2 .80
2 369
A dd-R IC 1 96
3 .11
9 1.75
1 .50
2 .85
2 9
1 _
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We ight o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 370
AM-R IC 2 01
3 .12
7 7.50
-
1 .25
2 .42
2 371
AM-R IC 2 02 (b )
3 .53
8 3.25
-
1 .50
2 .94
2 372
AM-R IC 2 02 (b )
3 .43
7 8.00
-
2 .25
2 .67
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
3 .25
8 4.45
2 .74
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .15
5 .28
0 .16
1 3. 2 373
AM-R 1C 2 03
Co inage o f A . D. 1 51-152 3 .14
8 6.00
_
1 .50
2 .70 2 .74
2 374
AM-R IC 2 04
3 .49
7 8.50
-
2 .00
2 375
AM-R IC 2 05
3 .38
7 5.75
-
1 .00
2 .56
2 376
AM-R IC 2 09
3 .23
8 1.00
-
1 .00
2 .62
2 377
AM-R IC 2 16 (a )
2 .53
9 2.50
_
0 .75
2 .34
2 378
AM-R 1C 2 16 (a )
2 .91
7 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .28
2 379
AM-R IC 2 17
3 .23
7 8.00
-
2 .75
2 .52
2 380
AM-R IC 2 18
2 .68
9 1.25
-
1 .50
2 .44
2 381
AM-R IC 2 18
3 .28
7 5.50
-
2 .00
2 .48
2 382
AM-R IC 4 53 (a )
3 .42
9 1.50
-
0 .75
3 .13
2 383
AM-R IC 4 53(a )
3 .23
7 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .50
2 384
AM-R IC 4 53(d )
2 .88
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .59
2 385
AM-R IC 4 56 (a )
3 .24
8 4.00
-
0 .75
2 .72
3 .13
8 3.08
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .28
6 .19
Correc ted mean we igh t
3 .17
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
1 4.
2 .59 0 .21 2 .63
Co inage o f A . D. 1 52-153
2 386
AM-R IC 2 19
2 .80
9 0.50
1 .50
2 .53
2 387
AM-R IC 2 19
3 .12
7 6.50
1 .00
2 .39
2 388
AM-R IC 2 19
3 .32
7 7.75
1 .75
2 .58
2 389
AM-R IC 2 21
3 .05
8 7.50
1 .75
2 .67
2 390
AM-R IC 2 21
3 .07
8 7.00
2 .00
2 .67
2 391
AM-R IC 2 22
3 .42
8 0.00
2 .25
2 .74
2 392
AM-R IC 2 28
3 .30
7 6.50
0 .75
2 .53
2 393
AM-R IC 2 29 (a )
3 .46
9 1.50
1 .00
3 .16
2 394
AM-R IC 2 29 (b )
3 .52
7 7.00
1 .25
2 .71
2 395
AM-RDC 4 58
3 .41
9 2.00
0 .75
3 .14
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
3 .25
8 3.63
2 .71
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .22
6 .32
0 .24
1 5. 2 396
AM-R IC 2 31
Co inage o f A . D. 1 53-155 2 .26
8 0.00
t r
t r
1 .81
2 397
A M-R IC 2 31
2 .97
9 1.00
-
1 .75
2 .70
2 398
AM-R IC 2 32
3 .39
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .76
2 399
AN I-RDC 4 59 (a )
3 .31
7 6.50
-
1 .25
2 .53
3 0
We igh t No.
Reference
2 400
A M-R IC 4 59 (a )
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
3 .73
8 9.25
0 .75
3 .33
2 401
A M-R IC 4 61
2 .86
8 9.00
0 .50
2 .54
2 402
A M-R IC 4 61
3 .23
7 5.50
0 .50
2 .44
2 403
A M-R IC 2 38
2 .72
9 0.00
0 .75
2 .45
2 404
A M-R IC 2 38
2 .62
9 2.75
0 .50
2 .43
2 405
A M-R IC 2 39
2 .92
9 0.00
0 .50
2 .63
2 406
A M-R IC 2 40
3 .20
9 1.50
0 .25
2 .93
2 407
A M-R IC 2 40
3 .54
8 7.50
0 .50
3 .10
2 408
A M-R IC 4 63(a )
3 .41
7 5.50
0 .50
2 .57
2 409
A M-R IC 4 63 (a )
3 .14
8 9.50
0 .50
2 .81
3 .09
8 5.68
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .38
6 .17
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .16
Mean ( 14 c o ins )
1 6.
2 .65 0 .34 2 .71
Co inage o f A .D. 1 55-156
2 410
A le -R IC 1 56A(a )
3 .06
9 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .85
2 411
A M-R IC 1 56A(a )
3 .15
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .83
2 412
A M-R IC 1 56A(a )
3 .54
7 9.00
-
1 .25
2 .80
2 413
A l V 11 UC 1 56A(a )
3 .24
8 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .59
2 414
A M-R IC 1 57
3 .11
8 7.50
-
1 .75
2 .72
2 415
A M-R IC 2 44 (a )
3 .56
8 8.00
-
0 .25
3 .13
2 416
A M-R IC 2 48
3 .51
9 0.00
-
0 .50
3 .16
2 417
A l V 1-1 1 1 10 2 49
3 .09
7 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .43
2 418
A M-RIC 2 49
3 .23
8 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .89
2 419
A M-R IC 2 50
2 .82
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .30
2 420
A M-R IC 2 51
2 .97
7 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .27
2 421
A M-R IC 2 52
3 .14
7 8.75
-
0 .50
2 .47
2 422
A M-R IC 2 52
3 .30
7 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .57
2 423
A M-R IC 2 53 (a )
3 .09
8 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .70
2 424
A M-R IC 2 53 (a )
3 .31
7 4.00
-
0 .50
2 .45
2 425
A M-R IC 2 54
3 .79
7 3.00
-
1 .00
2 .77
2 426
A M-R IC 4 66(a )
2 .45
8 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .02
2 427
A M-R IC 4 67 (b )
3 .23
8 4.50
-
1 .00
2 .73
2 428
A M-R IC 4 67 (b )
3 .29
7 5.50
_
0 .75
2 .48
2 429
A M-RIC 4 68
3 .14
7 5.50
-
1 .25
2 .37
Mean ( 20 c o ins )
3 .20
8 2.14
2 .63
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .28
6 .00
0 .28
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .22 1 7.
2 .66
Co inage o f A . D. 1 56-157
2 430
A M-R IC 2 57
3 .51
8 6.50
-
1 .00
3 .04
2 431
AM-R IC 2 59
3 .26
8 2.00
-
t r
2 .67
2 432
A M-R IC 2 60
2 .78
9 3.00
_
0 .75
2 .58
2 433
AM-RIC 2 62
3 .43
9 3.00
t r
0 .25
3 .19
3 1
We igh t No.
Reference
2 434
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
AM-R IC 2 62
3 .38
8 3.50
t r
0 .75
s i lver ( g ) 2 .82
2 435
AM-R IC 2 64
3 .27
7 6.00
-
0 .50
2 .48
2 436
A M-R IC 2 64
2 .85
8 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .32
2 437
A M-R IC 2 65
3 .20
7 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .54
2 438
A M-R IC 4 70
3 .22
7 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .46
2 439
AM-R IC 4 73
3 .52
9 1.75
-
1 .25
3 .23
2 440
AM-R IC 4 73
3 .04
8 4.00
_
1 .25
2 .55
3 .22
8 4.30
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .24
5 .86
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .26
Mean ( 11 c o ins )
1 8.
2 .72 0 .30 2 .75
Co inage o f A . D. 1 57-158
2 441
AM-R IC 2 71
3 .15
8 1.00
-
0 .75
2 .55
2 442
AM-R IC 2 72 (a )
3 .23
9 1.50
-
1 .25
2 .95
2 443
AM-R IC 2 72
2 .96
9 1.00
-
0 .50
2 .69
2 444
AM-R IC 2 74
2 .78
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .20 2 .27
2 445
AM-R IC 2 75
3 .05
7 4.50
-
0 .50
2 446
A M-R IC 2 75
2 .45
7 5.00
-
0 .50
1 .84
2 447
AM-BIC 2 75
3 .38
7 4.00
_
0 .75
2 .50
2 448
AM-R IC 2 75
3 .17
8 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .74
2 449
AM-R IC 2 75
3 .05
7 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .18
2 450
AM-R IC 2 82
2 .62
9 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .44
2 451
AM-R IC 2 83
2 .83
8 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .52
2 452
AM-R IC-B MC
3 .46
8 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .99
p . 1 35 , n ote 2 453
AM-R IC 4 75 (a )
3 .31
7 5.00
-
1 .25
2 .48
2 454
AM-R IC 4 75 (a )
3 .22
7 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .46
2 455
AM-R IC 4 76
3 .34
7 6.50
-
1 .00
2 .56
3 .13
8 1.37
Mean ( 15 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .29
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .16 1 9.
2 456
2 .49
7 .1 9
0 .29 2 .57
Co inage o f A . D. 1 58-159
AM-R IC 2 85
3 .14
9 3.25
-
0 .25
2 .92
2 457
AM-R IC 2 86 (a )
3 .25
8 8.50
-
1 .25
2 .88
2 458
AM-R IC 2 88
3 .30
7 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .57
2 459
AM-R IC 2 90 (a )
2 .90
8 7.00
-
1 .00
2 .52
2 460
AM-R IC 2 90 (a )
2 .96
8 9.00
-
1 .75
2 .63
2 461
AM-R IC 2 91 (a )
3 .17
7 7.00
-
0 .50
2 .44
2 462
AM-R IC 2 91(b )
2 .87
8 4.00
-
1 .25
2 .41
2 463
AM-R IC 2 92 (a )
3 .52
7 8.50
_
0 .75
2 .76
2 464
AM-R IC 2 94b (a )
2 .88
9 1.50
_
1 .00
2 .72
2 465
AM-RIC 2 94b (b )
3 .19
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .76
2 466
AM-R IC 4 79 (a )
3 .43
7 4.00
-
1 .00
2 .54
3 2
We igh t No.
Reference
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 467
AM-R IC 4 80 (c )
3 .46
7 4.25
0 .75
2 .57
2 468
AM-R IC 4 80 (c )
3 .41
7 6.50
1 .25
2 .61
3 .19
8 2.85
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .22
6 .41
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .19
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
2 0.
2 .64 0 .15 2 .64
Co inage o f A .D. 1 59-161
2 469
AM-R IC 2 96
3 .00
9 0.50
-
2 .00
2 .72
2 470
AM-R IC 2 97
3 .45
7 3.00
-
1 .00
2 .52
2 471
AM-R IC 2 98
3 .24
7 6.50
_
1 .25
2 .48
2 472
AM-R IC 2 99
3 .30
7 7.50
2 473
AM-R IC 3 00 (a )
2 .98
9 1.75
_
1 .00 1 .00
2 .56 2 .73
2 474
AM-R IC 3 00 (a )
3 .43
9 2.75
-
0 .75
3 .18
2 475
AM-R IC 3 01
3 .31
8 3.50
-
0 .75
2 .76
2 476
A M-R IC 3 01
3 .33
9 0.00
-
0 .50
3 .00
2 477
AM-R IC 3 03
3 .33
7 4.50
-
0 .75
2 .48
2 478
A M-R IC 3 04
3 .22
7 4.50
-
0 .75
2 .40
2 479
AM-R IC 3 05
3 .35
8 9.50
-
1 .00
2 .99
2 480
AM-R IC 3 05 (a )
2 .51
9 2.00
-
2 .25
2 .31
2 481
A M-R IC 3 05 0»
2 .82
9 2.50
-
1 .25
2 .61
2 482
A M-R IC 4 82
3 .39
7 8.00
2 483
AM-R IC 4 82
3 .35
7 4.25
_
0 .50 0 .50
2 .64 2 .49
2 484
AM-R IC 4 83
3 .28
8 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .84
2 485
AM-R IC 4 83
3 .32
8 3.50
_
0 .50
2 .77
2 486
A M-R IC 4 86
3 .19
8 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .76
2 487
A M-R IC 3 08
3 .36
7 4.25
2 488
AM-R IC 3 13 (c )
3 .19
7 6.50
_
0 .50 0 .50
2 .49 2 .44
2 489
A M-R IC 3 14
3 .33
8 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .75
2 490
AM-R IC 4 90
2 .90
9 2.00
-
1 .25
2 .67
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .21
8 3.30
2 .66
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .23
7 .17
0 .21
Marcus Aure l ius - Min t o f Ro me 1 . 2 491
AM-R IC 1 v ar.
Co inage o f A . D. 1 61
3 .24
7 4.00
-
0 .75
2 .40
2 492
AM-R IC 2
3 .25
7 6.00
t r
0 .50
2 .47
2 493
AM-R IC 5
3 .11
7 4.75
-
0 .25
2 .32
2 494
AM-R IC 2 2
3 .36
8 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .69
2 495
AM-R IC 2 2
3 .35
7 4.75
-
0 .50
2 .50
2 496
AM-R IC 2 3
3 .28
7 5.50
-
0 .75
2 .48
2 497
AM-R IC 2 3
3 .19
7 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .47
2 498
A M-R IC 2 4
3 .42
8 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .74
2 499
A M-R IC 2 5
3 .04
7 4.50
-
0 .25
2 .26
3 3
We igh t No.
Reference
2 500
AM-R IC 3 1 v ar.
2 501
A M-R IC 4 47 v ar.
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
3 .23
7 8.50
t r
0 .75
2 .54
2 .87
8 3.50
-
0 .75
2 .40
2 502
AM-R IC 4 63
3 .37
7 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .46
2 503
A M-R IC 4 63
3 .12
8 9.50
_
0 .50
2 .79
3 .22
7 7.81
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .15
4 .43
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
2 .
2 .50 0 .15 2 .53
Co inage o f A . D. 1 61-162
2 504
AM-R IC 3 3
3 .21
8 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .66
2 505
AM-R IC 3 5
3 .40
8 4.00
_
0 .75
2 .86
2 506
AM-R IC 3 5
3 .16
8 0.75
_
0 .50
2 .55
2 507
AM-R IC 3 7
3 .35
7 8.50
2 508
AM-R IC 3 7
3 .33
7 8.50
_
0 .50 0 .75
2 .63 2 .61
2 509
AM-R IC 4 9
2 .70
8 4.50
_
0 .25
2 .28
2 510
AM-R IC 5 0
3 .44
8 0.00
_
0 .50
2 .75
2 511
AM-R IC 5 1
3 .24
8 1.00
2 512
AM-R IC 4 82
3 .54
8 3.50
_
0 .75 -
2 .62 2 .96
2 513
AM-RJC 4 83
3 .02
8 7.00
-
1 .00
2 .63
2 514
AM-R IC 4 83
3 .41
7 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .50
3 .25
8 1.27
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .22
3 .57
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .28
Mean ( 1 1 c o ins )
3 .
2 .69 2 .67
Co inage o f A . D. 1 62-163
2 515
AM-R IC 5 9 v ar .
3 .28
8 0.50
-
1 .25
2 .64
2 516
AM-R IC 5 9
3 .18
7 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .53
2 517
AM-R IC 5 9
2 .95
8 4.25
-
1 .00
2 .50
2 518
AM-RIC 6 2
3 .19
7 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .23
2 519
AM-R IC 6 4
3 .27
7 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .34
2 520
AM-R IC 6 7
3 .22
7 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .50
2 521
AM-RIC 6 8
3 .39
7 4.00
-
1 .00
2 .51
2 522
AM-R IC 7 0
3 .30
7 4.75
_
1 .00
2 .47
2 523
AM-R IC 7 1
3 .46
7 4.50
-
0 .75
2 .58
2 524
AM-R IC 7 3
3 .56
7 3.75
-
1 .00
2 .63
2 525
AM-RIC 4 91
3 .29
7 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .40
2 526
AM-R IC 4 91
3 .36
7 8.25
-
0 .50
2 .63
2 527
AM-RIC 4 91
3 .00
7 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .23
2 528
AM-R IC 5 01
3 .30
7 3.25
-
0 .50
2 .42
2 529
AM-R IC 5 01
3 .54
8 8.00
t r
0 .25
3 .12
2 530
AM-B IC 5 01
3 .44
7 3.25
-
0 .75
2 .52
Mean ( 16 c o ins )
3 .30
7 6.28
2 .52
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .16
4 .65
0 .20
3 4
4 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 63-164 We igh t
No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 531
A M-R IC 8 0
3 .20
9 0.25
-
0 .75
2 .89
2 532
A M-R IC 8 1
3 .06
8 3.00
t r
0 .25
2 .54
2 533
A M-R IC 8 1
3 .18
7 5.25
-
0 .75
2 .39
2 534
A M-R IC 8 1
3 .49
7 5.50
-
1 .00
2 .63
2 535
A M-R IC 8 1
3 .08
9 2.00
-
1 .25
2 .83
2 536
A M-R IC 8 5
3 .30
8 3.00
-
0 .75
2 .74
2 537
A M-R IC 8 7
3 .30
7 3.75
-
1 .00
2 .43
2 538
A M-R IC 9 1
3 .20
7 7.00
-
0 .75
2 .46
2 539
A M-R IC 9 2
3 .34
8 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .72
2 540
A M-R IC 1 04
3 .30
7 5.50
-
0 .50
2 .49
2 541
A M-R IC 1 06
2 .93
7 5.50
-
t r
2 .21
2 542
A M-RIC 1 10
3 .41
6 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .34
2 543
A M-RIC 1 12
3 .03
9 1.50
-
1 .25
2 .77
2 544
A M-R IC 1 12
2 .90
7 4.00
-
0 .75
2 .15
2 545
A M-RJC 5 09
3 .48
8 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .87
2 546
A M-R IC 5 14
3 .32
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .57
2 547
A M-R IC 5 14a
3 .05
8 5.50
-
2 .00
2 .61
2 548
AM-R IC 5 15
2 .61
9 0.00
-
1 .25
2 .35
2 549
A M-R IC 5 15
3 .17
8 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .77
2 550
AM-R IC 5 15
2 .86
9 1.00
-
1 .25
2 .60
2 551
A M-R TC 5 15
3 .01
7 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .39
2 552
A M-R IC 5 16
3 .34
8 4.25
-
0 .50
2 .81
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
3 .16
8 1.41
2 .57
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
6 .61
0 .21
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .19 5 .
2 .60
Co inage o f A . D. 1 64-165 3 .54
7 8.50
A M-R IC 1 23
3 .10
A M-R TC 1 24
3 .57
2 556
A dd-RIC 1 25
3 .20
7 8.50
_
0 .50
2 .51
2 557
A M-RTC 1 31
3 .12
7 8.50
_
0 .75
2 .45
2 558
A M-R TC 1 32
3 .12
6 5.00
-
0 .50
2 .03
2 559
AM-R IC 1 32
3 .20
7 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .38
2 560
A M-R IC 1 38
3 .63
8 0.50
-
0 .50
2 .92
2 561
AM-R IC 1 42
3 .24
7 7.50
-
0 .50
2 .51
2 562
AM-R IC 1 42
3 .30
7 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .31 2 .74
2 553
A M-RIC 1 22
2 554 2 555
_
0 .75
2 .78
7 3.00
-
0 .50
2 .26
7 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .57
2 563
A dd-R IC 5 28
3 .32
8 2.50
-
0 .50
2 564
AM-R IC 5 29
3 .53
7 6.00
-
t r
2 .68
2 565
A M-R IC 5 37
3 .26
8 1.25
-
1 .00
2 .65
2 566
A M-R TC 5 37
3 .11
7 4.00
_
0 .75
2 .30
2 567
A M-R TC 5 40
2 .73
9 0.00
-
1 .25
2 .46
2 568
A M-R IC 5 40
3 .42
8 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .82
3 5
We igh t
We ight o f
No.
Reference
2 569
AM-R IC 5 40
3 .61
7 8.50
-
0 .25
2 .83
2 570
AM-R IC 5 40
2 .96
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .66
2 571
AM-BIC 5 42
3 .15
8 5.50
t r
0 .50
2 .69
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
3 .27
7 8.33
2 .55
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .23
6 .19
0 .23
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .27
( g )
6 .
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .56
Co inage o f A .D . 1 65-i 6 6
2 572
AM-R IC 1 46
3 .35
2 573
AM-RIC 1 48
2 574
AM-R IC 1 48
2 575
8 0.00
_
0 .50
2 .68
3 .39
7 5.50
-
0 .50
2 .56
3 .41
8 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .72
AM-R IC 1 49
2 .80
8 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .46
2 576
AM-R IC 1 59
3 .07
7 0.50
_
1 .00
2 .16
2 577
AM-R IC 1 59
3 .18
8 3.50
-
0 .25
2 .66
2 578
AM-R IC 1 63
3 .26
7 8.00
-
0 .25
2 .54
2 579
AM-R IC 1 63
3 .29
6 6.00
-
t r
2 .17
2 580
AM-R IC 1 63
3 .20
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .48
2 581
AM-R IC 1 64
3 .05
7 3.75
-
1 .00
2 .25
2 582
AM-R IC 5 48
3 .21
8 9.25
-
0 .75
2 .86
2 583
AM-R IC-
3 .10
7 7.50
-
t r
2 .40
BMC 4 12 2 584
AM-R IC 5 53
3 .46
8 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .84
2 585
A M-R IC 5 55
3 .09
8 2.50
-
0 .25
2 .55
2 586
AM-R IC 5 56
3 .34
8 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .75
2 587
AM-R IC 5 61
3 .71
7 3.75
_
1 .00
2 .74
2 588
AM-R IC 5 61
3 .04
9 1.50
-
0 .50
2 .78
2 589
AM-R IC 5 66
2 .98
7 9.50
-
0 .50
2 .37
2 590
AM-R IC 5 66
3 .48
7 5.50
_
0 .25
2 .63
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
3 .23
7 9.30
2 .56
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
6 .16
0 .21
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25 7 .
2 .58
Co inage o f A .D . 1 66-167
2 591
AM-R IC 1 70
3 .50
7 7.50
_
0 .50
2 .71
2 592
AM-R IC 1 70
3 .05
8 8.75
_
0 .50
2 .71
2 593
AM-R IC 1 70
3 .03
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .66
2 594
AM-R IC 1 71
3 .03
7 5.50
_
0 .25
2 .29
2 595
AM-R IC 1 71
3 .35
8 0.00
-
0 .50
2 .67
2 596
AM-BIC 5 74
3 .08
7 6.00
t r
0 .25
2 .34
2 597
A M-R IC 5 74
3 .16
8 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .59
2 598
A M-R IC 5 76
2 .74
8 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .41
2 599
A M-R IC 5 76
3 .18
8 7.00
-
0 .50
2 .77
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
3 .12
8 2.53
2 .57
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .20
5 .19
0 .17
3 6
8 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 67-168 We ight
No.
Reference
2 600
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
A M-R IC 1 78
3 .48
8 0.00
0 .50
2 .78
2 601
A M-R IC 1 85
3 .65
8 6.50
1 .50
3 .16
2 602
A M-R IC 1 86
2 .97
7 5.50
0 .50
2 .24
2 603
A M-R IC 1 91
3 .49
8 2.75
1 .75
2 .89
2 604
A M-R IC 1 92
3 .06
8 3.00
1 .00
2 .54
2 605
A M-R IC 5 78
2 .86
8 2.00
0 .25
2 .35
2 606
A M-R IC 5 81
3 .13
8 5.50
0 .50
2 .68
2 607
A M-R IC 5 86
3 .07
7 5.00
0 .50
2 .30
2 608
A M-R IC 5 89
3 .07
7 5.00
0 .25
2 .30
2 609
A M-R IC 5 95
2 .93
8 7.00
0 .50
2 .55
2 610
A M-R IC 5 95
3 .39
8 1.50
0 .75
2 .76
Mean ( 1 1 c o ins )
3 .18
8 1.25
2 .59
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .25
4 .24
0 .27
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .21 9 .
2 .61
Co inage o f A .D . 1 68-169
2 611
A M-R IC 1 98
3 .28
8 0.50
1 .00
2 .64
2 612
A M-R IC 2 05
3 .66
8 6.50
0 .75
3 .17
2 613
A M-R IC 2 06
3 .37
8 0.00
0 .50
2 .69
2 614
A M-R IC 2 07
3 .18
8 4.00
0 .50
2 .67
2 615
A M-R IC 2 09
3 .12
8 2.50
0 .75
2 .57
2 616
A M-R IC 2 09
3 .01
9 2.75
0 .75
2 .79
2 617
A M-R IC 5 96 (a )
2 .94
8 7.00
0 .50
2 .56
2 618
A M-R IC 5 96(a )
3 .22
7 6.50
0 .75
2 .46
2 619
A M-R IC 5 96 (a )
3 .40
7 7.50
0 .75
2 .64
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
3 .24
8 3.02
2 .69
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
4 .86
0 .19
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .27
1 0.
2 .71
Co inage o f A .D . 1 69-170
2 620
A M-R IC 2 11
3 .36
8 2.25
-
1 .50
2 .76
2 621
A M-R IC 2 12
3 .01
8 2.75
_
1 .00
2 .49
2 622
A M-R IC 2 12
3 .30
8 0.50
-
0 .25
2 .66
2 623
A M-R IC 2 12
3 .23
7 5.00
-
0 .75
2 .42
2 624
A M-R IC 2 15
2 .99
7 6.50
-
0 .50
2 .29
2 625
A M-R IC 2 16
3 .00
8 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .47
2 626
A M-R IC 2 16
3 .36
7 8.75
-
1 .00
2 .64
2 627
A M-R IC 2 22
3 .12
8 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .57
2 628
A M-R IC 2 22
2 .55
9 3.50
-
0 .75
2 .38
2 629
A M-R IC 2 25
2 .78
9 0.00
t r
0 .50
2 .50
3 .07
8 2.38
2 .52
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .25
5 .36
0 .13
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .18
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
2 .62 3 7
1 1.
Co inage o f A . D. 1 70-172
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 630
AM-R IC 2 29
3 .40
7 5.50
-
0 .50
2 631
AM-R IC 2 31
2 .86
7 4.50
-
1 .75
2 .57 2 .13
2 632
AM-R IC 2 31
3 .30
7 5.50
-
0 .75
2 .49
2 633
AM-R IC 2 33
3 .63
7 9.00
-
0 .75
2 .87
2 634
A dd-R IC 2 37
3 .19
7 6.50
-
2 .00
2 .44
2 635
A M-R IC 2 40
3 .44
7 6.50
-
2 .00
2 .44
2 636
AM-R IC 2 45
3 .30
7 7.00
t r
0 .75
2 .54
2 637
AM-R IC 2 45
3 .30
7 4.50
t r
1 .00
2 .46
2 638
AM-R IC 2 51
3 .57
8 0.50
t r
0 .50
2 .87
2 639
AM-R IC 2 52
3 .58
7 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .79
2 640
AM-R IC 2 55
3 .39
7 9.50
-
1 .00
2 .69
2 641
A dd-R IC 2 59
3 .39
7 6.50
-
1 .00
2 .59
2 642
AM-R IC 2 61
3 .21
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .49
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
3 .35
7 7.00
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .19
1 .79
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .35
1 2.
2 .57 0 .20 2 .58
Co inage o f A . D.
1 72-174
2 643
AM-R IC 2 71
2 .94
7 9.50
0 .50
2 .34
2 644
AM-R IC 2 71
2 .76
8 0.00
1 .00
2 .21
2 645
AM-R IC 2 73
3 .10
8 0.75
2 .25
2 .50
2 646
AM-R IC 2 74
3 .26
8 6.00
1 .50
2 .80
2 647
AM-R IC 2 77
3 .40
7 6.00
1 .75
2 .58
2 648
AM-R IC 2 80
3 .44
7 3.00
1 .75
2 .51
2 649
AM-R IC 2 82
3 .08
7 0.50
1 .25
2 .17
2 650
AM-R IC 2 85
3 .34
7 0.50
1 .50
2 .35
2 651
AM-R IC 2 86
3 .44
7 8.25
1 .00
2 .69
2 652
AM-R IC 2 89
3 .17
7 9.00
1 .25
2 .50
2 653
AM-R IC 2 91
3 .40
8 4.50
2 .00
2 .87
2 654
AM-R IC 2 97
3 .17
7 8.25
1 .00
2 .48
2 655
AM-R IC 2 97
3 .86
8 5.50
0 .75
3 .30
2 656
AM-R IC 2 99
3 .51
8 1.25
1 .00
2 .85
2 657
AM-R IC 3 00
3 .01
8 9.00
0 .50
2 .68
2 658
AM-R IC 3 01
2 .96
7 5.50
0 .75
2 .23
2 659
AM-R IC 3 02
3 .05
8 6.00
1 .00
2 .62
2 660
AM-R IC 3 04
3 .52
7 8.00
0 .50
2 .75
2 661
AM-R IC 3 07
3 .25
7 9.00
1 .50
2 .57
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
3 .25
7 9.50
2 .58
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .25
5 .02
0 .27
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .25
2 .58
3 8
13. Coinage of A.D. 174-176 No.
Reference
2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684
Weight (g)
% silver
Au
AM-RIC 310 var. 3.70 3.34 AM-RIC 312 3.39 AM-RIC 316 3.26 AM-RIC 326 2.89 AM-RIC 327 3.28 AM-RIC 341 3.25 AM-RIC 343 3.34 AM-RIC 346 2.84 AM-RIC 352 AM-RIC 353 3.27 AM-RIC 354 2.98 AM-RIC 356 2.34 AM-RIC 359 3.33 AM-RIC 606 3.26 3.25 AM-RIC 611 3.40 AM-RIC 611 3.17 AM-RIC 611 3.23 AM-RIC 613 3.07 AM-RIC 616 2.69 AM-RIC 616 2.79 AM-RIC 617 3.34 AM-RIC 619 3.06 AM-RIC 622
74.00 76.50 78.00 79.00 80.00 74.00 75.00 82.00 84.00 87.00 78.50 93.00 90.50 82.00 74.00 86.50 78.50 75.00 76.00 88.50 80.00 78.00 79.50
tr
3.15 0.28 3.20
80.41 5.37
Mean (23 coins) Standard deviation Corrected mean weight
tr tr
Pb
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 1.25 0.75 0.50 1.25 1.25 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.75 1.25 0.50 tr 0.75 0.75
Weight of silver (g) 2.74 2.56 2.64 2.57 2.31 2.43 2.44 2.74 2.39 2.84 2.34 2.18 3.01 2.67 2.40 2.94 2.49 2.42 2.33 2.38 2.23 2.60 2.43 2.53 0.21 2.57
14. Coinage of A.D. 176-179 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699
AM-RIC 363 AM-RIC 367 AM-RIC 373 AM-RIC 374 AM-RIC 375 AM-RIC 377 AM-RIC 626 AM-RIC 628 AM-RIC 638 AM-RIC 640 AM-RIC 640 AM-RIC 384 AM-RIC 385 AM-RIC 390 AM-RIC 649
3.54 3.46 2.81 3.67 2.37 3 .16 3.42 3.18 3.27 3.46 3.44 3.58 2.69 2.75 3.24
84.00 75.75 85.50 77.00 91.00 74.00 75.00 82.00 84.00 76.25 82.00 77.50 74.00 73.00 75.25 39
0.25 1.00 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.50 1.00 0.25 1.00 tr 1.00 1.00
2.97 2.62 2.40 2.83 2.16 2.34 2.56 2. 61 2.75 2.64 2.82 2.77 1.99 2.01 2.44
Weigh t No.
Reference
2 700
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
AM-R IC 6 49
3 .51
7 7.25
t r
1 .00
2 .71
2 701
AM-R IC 6 49
3 .31
8 4.50
t r
0 .75
2 .80
2 702
AM-R IC 6 49
2 .90
7 2.50
-
1 .00
2 .10
2 703
AM-R IC 6 52
2 .76
9 2.00
-
1 .00
2 .53
2 704
AM-R IC 6 54
3 .48
7 6.50
-
0 .75
2 .66
2 705
AM-R IC 6 55
2 .60
8 4.00
-
1 .25
2 .18
2 706
AM-R IC 3 99
3 .43
9 0.00
-
0 .75
3 .09
2 707
AM-R IC 4 01
3 .27
7 3.00
-
0 .25
2 .39
2 708
AM-R IC 4 02 (a )
3 .36
8 5.00
-
0 .50
2 .86
2 709
AM-R IC 4 03
3 .16
7 2.75
-
0 .50
2 .30
2 710
AM-R IC 4 06
2 .76
7 3.00
-
t r
2 .01
2 711
AM-R IC 6 66
2 .53
7 6.50
-
0 .50
1 .94
2 712
AM-R IC 6 66
2 .87
7 9.00
-
0 .25
2 .27
Mean ( 28 c o ins )
3 .14
7 9.36
2 .49
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .36
5 .81
0 .32
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .23
2 .56
Co m modus - Min t o f Ro me 1 .
Co inage o f A .D. 1 79-181
2 713
AM-R IC 2 (c )
2 .90
8 3.00
0 .25
2 .41
2 714
AM-R IC 2 (e )
3 .01
7 4.00
0 .25
2 .23
2 715
AM-R IC 2 v ar.
3 .09
8 4.00
0 .25
2 .60
2 716
AM-R IC 7 (a )
2 .91
8 6.00
0 .50
2 .50
2 717
AM-R IC 9 (a )
3 .12
7 5.25
0 .75
2 .50 2 .36
2 718
AM-R IC 9 (c )
3 .09
7 6.50
0 .50
2 719
A M-R IC 1 0
3 .05
7 7.50
0 .25
2 .36
2 720
A M-R IC 1 2
2 .77
7 6.25
1 .00
2 .11
2 721
AM-R IC 1 2a
2 .78
7 3.50
0 .50
2 .04
2 722
AM-R IC 1 4A
2 .85
7 5.00
0 .50
2 .14
2 723
AM-RIC 1 5A
2 .76
7 4.00
0 .25
2 .04
2 724
AM-R IC 1 7
2 .86
7 2.75
0 .50
2 .08
3 .55
7 3.00
0 .25
2 .59
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
2 .98
7 6.98
2 .30
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .21
4 .28
0 .20
Corrected mean w e igh t
3 .00
2 725
AM-R IC 2 2
2 .
2 .31
Co inage o f A . D. 1 81-182 7 2.00
0 .75
2 .09
2 .76
8 7.00
0 .75
2 .40
2 .73
7 5.00
0 .50
2 .05
A M-R IC 2 8
3 .08
7 3.50
0 .50
2 .26
2 730
AM-R IC 2 9B
3 .43
9 2.00
0 .75
3 .16
2 731
AM-R IC 3 2
3 .17
7 8.00
0 .25
2 .47
2 726
AM-R IC 2 5A
2 .90
2 727
AM-R IC 2 6B
2 728
AM-R IC 2 8
2 729
4 0
We ight No.
Reference
2 732 2 733
We igh t o f
( gr
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
A M-R IC 3 6A
3 .67
7 6.00
0 .25
2 .79
AM-R IC 3 6A
3 .43
7 3.50
0 .50
2 .52 2 .04 2 .29
2 734
AM-R IC 4 3
2 .77
7 3.50
0 .75
2 735
AM-R IC 4 5
3 .11
7 3.50
0 .75
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
3 .10
7 7.40
2 .41
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .31
6 .35
0 .34
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .14 3 .
2 .43
Co inage o f A .D. 1 83
2 736
AM-EJC 4 7
2 .75
7 0.50
-
0 .50
1 .93
2 737
A M-BIC 4 9
3 .56
7 0.50
2 738
AM-BJC 5 4
2 .39
7 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .51
-
0 .50
1 .67
2 739
AM-R IC 5 4
2 .65
7 3.00
-
0 .75
1 .93
2 740
AM-BaC 5 6
2 .96
8 8.50
-
t r
2 .62
2 741
A M-BdC 5 8
2 .77
7 6.00
-
0 .50
2 .10
2 742
A M-R IC 5 9
3 .58
7 2.00
-
0 .25
2 .58 1 .82
2 743
AN I-BaG 6 1
2 .42
7 5.00
-
-
2 744
AN I-BJC 6 4
2 .56
7 5.00
-
1 .00
1 .92
2 745
A d41 9JC 6 5
3 .43
7 6.00
-
0 .75
2 .61
2 746
AM-R IC 6 5
2 .78
7 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .11
2 747
AN I-BJC 6 5
3 .43
7 1.00
-
1 .00
2 .44
2 748
A ld-BJC 6 7
2 .82
6 9.75
-
0 .50
1 .97
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
2 .93
7 4.09
2 .17
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .41
4 .78
0 .32
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .01 4 .
2 .23
Co inage o f A . D. 1 83-184
2 749
AM-R IC 7 1
3 .00
7 4.50
-
0 .25
2 .46
2 750
A J NI-EJC 7 2
3 .15
8 2.00
_
1 .50
2 .58
2 751
AM-R IG 7 3
2 .84
7 8.00
-
0 .50
2 .21
2 752
AM-R IG 7 4
3 .35
7 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .65
2 753
AM-R IG 7 5
3 .16
8 0.00
_
0 .50
2 .53
2 754
A JW- M IC 7 5
3 .52
7 0.00
-
0 .25
2 .46
2 755
A JW-BJC 7 5
3 .15
7 4.50
_
0 .50
2 .35
2 756
AM-R IG 7 6
2 .90
8 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .39
2 757
A 24-BJC 7 9
2 .85
8 1.00
-
1 .75
2 .31
2 758
AM-R IG 8 1
3 .49
7 3.00
-
t r
2 .55
2 759
AM-R IG 8 2
3 .31
7 0.00
-
1 .75
2 .32
2 760
AM-R IG 8 3
2 .74
8 3.25
-
1 .00
2 .28
2 761
AM-R IG 8 4
3 .09
7 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .24
2 762
A 24-BIG 8 7
3 .13
8 2.50
-
2 .00
2 .58
3 .12
7 7.34
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .23
4 .63
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .14
Mean ( 14 c o ins )
2 .42 0 .14 2 .43
4 1
5 .
Co inage o f A .D . 1 84-185
We ight No.
Reference
2 763
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
AM-R IC 8 9B
3 .04
7 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .40
2 764
AM-R IC 9 0B
3 .41
7 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .71
2 765
AM-R IC 9 1C
2 .62
7 9.00
-
1 .00
2 .07
2 766
AM-R IC 9 4B
2 .56
7 3.00
-
1 .00
1 .87
2 767
AM-R IC 9 4B
2 .69
7 6.00
-
0 .25
2 .04
2 768
AM-R IC 9 4B
3 .63
7 3.50
-
0 .75
2 .67
2 769
AM-R IC 9 5B
2 .68
7 3.75
-
0 .50
1 .98
2 770
AM-R IC 9 8a C
2 .92
7 6.00
-
1 .00
2 .22
2 771
AM-R IC 9 9c
3 .26
7 3.50
-
0 .75
2 .40
2 772
AM-R IC 1 01
3 .45
7 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .49
2 773
AM-R IC 1 02
2 .80
7 9.50
-
0 .75
2 .21
2 774
AM-R IC 1 04
2 .73
7 1.50
-
0 .75
1 .95
2 775
AM-R IC 1 06c
2 .60
8 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .12
2 776
AM-R IC 1 08
3 .04
6 7.50
t r
0 .25
2 .05
2 777
AM-RIC 1 09
3 .41
7 2.50
-
1 .00
2 .47
2 778
AM-R IC 1 12
2 .80
7 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .20
2 779
AM-R IC 1 12
4 .04
7 0.50
-
0 .75
2 .85
Mean ( 17 c o ins )
3 .04
7 5.11
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .41
3 .77
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .08 6 .
2 .28 0 .28 2 .31
Co inage o f A .D . 1 86
2 780
AM-R IC 1 17a
2 .65
6 5.00
-
0 .50
1 .72
2 781
AM-R IC 1 17a
2 .66
7 3.00
2 782
AM-R IC 1 20
2 .70
7 3.25
-
0 .75
1 .94
-
0 .75
2 783
AM-R IC 1 22a
3 .02
1 .98
7 7.50
-
0 .75
2 .34
2 784
AM-R IC 1 22a
2 785
AM-R IC 1 24
2 .86
7 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .23
2 .91
7 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .17
2 786 2 787
AM-R IC 1 24
3 .42
7 2.50
-
0 .75
2 .46
AM-R IC 1 26
2 .85
7 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .06
2 788
AM-R IC 1 26
2 789
AM-R IC 1 29
2 .98
7 5.75
-
1 .00
2 .26
2 .73
7 4.00
1 .25
2 .02
2 790
AM-R IC 1 30D
2 .51
8 3.25
-
1 .00
2 .09
2 791
AM-R IC 1 31
3 .25
2 792
AM-R IC 1 31
3 .10
7 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .35
7 2.25
-
1 .00
2 .24
2 793
AM-R IC 1 31
2 .84
2 794
AM-R IC 1 33
2 .97
6 8.50
-
0 .75
1 .95
7 3.00
-
1 .75
2 .17
2 795
AM-R IC 1 34
2 .62
2 796
AM-R IC 1 35
2 .80
7 8.00
-
0 .75
2 .04
8 4.00
-
1 .25
2 .35
2 797
AN I-R IC 1 36D
2 .95
2 798
AM-R IC 1 40
2 .68
7 1.50
-
0 .75
2 .11
7 2.50
t r
0 .75
1 .94
Mean ( 19 c o ins )
2 .87
7 4.26
2 .13
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .22
4 .39
0 .18
Correc ted mean we igh t
2 .93
2 .18 4 2
7 . .
Co inage o f A .D . 1 86-187
We igh t No.
Reference
2 799
A M-R IC 1 43
Weigh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .61
7 3.00
0 .75
1 .90
1 .00
2 .28
2 500
A M-R IC 1 46
2 .81
8 1.25
2 801
A M-R IC 1 46
2 .58
8 9.00
1 .75
2 .30
2 802
A M-R IC 1 46 v ar .
2 .84
7 5.25
1 .00
2 .14
2 803
A M-R IC 1 50 (a )
2 .91
7 8.00
1 .25
2 .27
2 804
A M-R IC 1 52
2 .46
7 8.75
0 .50
1 .94
2 805
A M-R IC 1 55
3 .16
7 4.00
1 .50
2 .34
2 806
A M-R IC 1 55
2 .73
7 2.00
1 .00
1 .97 2 .47
2 807
A M-R IC 1 55 (a )
3 .45
7 1.50
0 .50
2 808
A M-R IC 1 57
2 .76
7 2.50
1 .25
2 .00
2 809
A M-R IC 1 60
2 .77
7 4.00
1 .50
2 .05
2 810
A M-R IC 1 60
3 .19
8 2.00
0 .75
2 .62
2 811
A M-R IC 1 61
3 .50
7 6.00
0 .50
2 .66
2 .90
7 6.71
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .31
4 .82
Corrected mean we igh t
2 .94
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
8 .
2 .23 0 .24 2 .25
Co inage o f A .D. 1 87-189
2 812
A M-R IC 1 63
3 .44
7 8.00
1 .50
2 .68
2 813
A M-R IC 1 64 (a )
2 .44
7 6.00
1 .75
1 .85
2 814
A M-R IC 1 64 (a )
3 .66
7 5.50
1 .50
2 .76
2 815
A M-R IC 1 67
2 .77
7 2.00
1 .00
1 .99
2 816
A M-R IC 1 68 (a )
2 .97
7 7.75
1 .00
2 .31
2 817
A M-R IC 1 69
2 .74
7 2.50
0 .75
1 .99
2 818
A M-R IC 1 72
3 .11
8 2.75
1 .00
2 .57
2 819
. A M-R IC 1 73
2 .93
7 5.00
1 .75
2 .20
2 820
A M-BJC 1 75
2 .73
7 6.00
2 .00
2 .07
2 821
A M-RTC 1 76
2 .57
7 3.00
1 .25
1 .88
2 822
A M-R IC 1 77
2 .71
7 2.50
1 .75
1 .96
2 823
A M-R IC 1 79
2 .85
7 2.25
2 .00
2 .06
2 824
A M-BIC 1 86
3 .15
7 7.00
1 .25
2 .43
2 825
A M-R IC 1 88
3 .05
7 1.25
1 .00
2 .17
2 826
A M-R IC 1 90
3 .44
7 6.00
1 .00
2 .61
2 827
A M-R IC 1 90
2 .65
7 6.00
1 .50
2 .01
2 828
A M-R IC 1 97B
3 .09
7 2.50
1 .00
2 .24
2 829
A M-R IC 1 99
3 .28
7 4.00
1 .25
2 .43
2 830
A M-R IC 2 01
3 .40
7 5.00
1 .25
2 .55
2 831
A M-R IC 2 01
2 .79
7 1.50
1 .00
1 .99 2 .00 2 .25
2 832
A M-R IC 2 02 (a )
2 .76
7 2.50
1 .00
2 833
AM-R IC 2 03
2 .55
8 8.25
0 .50
Mean ( 22 c o ins )
2 .96
7 5.33
2 .23
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .32
3 .88
0 .27
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .02
2 .27
4 3
9 .
Co inage o f A . D. 1 90-191
We ight No.
Reference
2 834
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
AM-R IC 2 05
2 .18
7 3.50
2 835
AM-R IC 2 05
2 .83
2 836
AM-R IC 2 08
2 .35
2 837
AM-R IC 2 08
2 838 2 839
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 .00
1 .60
7 1.00
1 .50
2 .01
7 0.00
1 .00
1 .64
3 .77
7 4.00
1 .75
2 .79
AM-R IC 2 09
2 .60
7 3.25
1 .25
1 .90
AM-R IC 2 12
2 .96
7 0.75
2 .25
2 .09
2 840
AM-R IC 2 18
2 .78
6 7.00
1 .75
1 .86
2 841
AM-R IC 2 18
2 .66
7 0.00
1 .25
1 .86
2 842
AM-R IC 2 18
2 .34
7 2.50
1 .00
1 .70
2 843
AM-R IC 2 19
2 .82
8 1.50
2 .00
2 .30
2 844
AM-R IC 2 20
3 .14
6 9.50
2 .00
2 .18
0 .25
1 .81
2 845
AM-R IC 2 20
2 .44
7 4.00
t r
2 846
AM-R IC 2 22a
2 .22
7 1.50
t r
2 847
AM-R IC 2 22a
3 .42
6 8.00
1 .00
2 .33
2 848
AM-R IC 2 23a
3 .53
7 2.50
1 .00
2 .56
2 849
AM-R IC 2 24
2 .55
7 4.50
0 .75
1 .90
2 850
AM-R IC 2 24a
2 .91
7 7.50
1 .00
2 .26
2 851
AM-R IC 2 27
3 .04
7 1.00
1 .50
2 .16
1 .59
2 852
AM-R IC 2 27
2 .58
7 0.50
2 .00
1 .82
2 853
AM-R IC 2 27
2 .42
7 1.00
1 .50
1 .72
2 854
AM-R IC 2 28
2 .89
7 1.00
1 .50
2 .05
Mean ( 21 c o ins )
2 .78
7 2.12
2 .01
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .42
3 .09
0 .31
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .02 1 0.
2 855
2 .18
Co inage o f A . D. 1 92
AM-BJC 2 33
2 .89
8 1.50
-
1 .00
2 .36
2 856
AM-R IC 2 33
2 .34
2 857
AM-R IC 2 34
2 .45
6 7.50
-
0 .25
1 .58
7 0.50
-
1 .00
1 .72
2 858
AM-R IC 2 34
2 859
AM-R IC 2 34
2 .57
7 1.00
t r
0 .25
1 .82
2 .63
7 1.00
t r
0 .25
1 .87
2 860
AM-R IC 2 35
2 861
AM-R IC 2 35
2 .56
7 1.00
-
1 .50
1 .82
2 .61
6 8.00
-
1 .50
1 .77
2 862
AM-EIC 2 35
2 .23
8 4.00
-
1 .25
1 .87
2 863
AM-RIC 2 36
2 .76
7 4.00
-
0 .75
2 .04
2 864
AM-BJC 2 36
2 .98
6 1.00
-
0 .75
1 .82
2 865
AM-R IC 2 36
3 .04
7 1.00
-
1 .25
2 .16
2 866
AM-R IC 2 37
2 .86
7 0.50
-
2 .00
2 .02
2 867
AM-BJC 2 37 (a )
2 .70
7 8.50
-
0 .75
2 .12
2 868
AM-R IC 2 39
3 .29
7 4.00
t r
t r
2 .43
2 869
AM-R IC 2 39
2 .03
8 2.00
-
0 .50
1 .66
2 870
AM-R IC 2 40
2 .74
7 7.00
-
1 .25
2 .11
2 871
AM-R IC 2 41
2 .51
6 6.50
-
0 .25
1 .67
2 872
AM-R IC 2 41
2 .85
7 2.00
-
0 .75
2 .05
4 4
' We igh t
We igh t o f
No.
Reference
2 873
A M-RIC 2 49
2 .48
7 4.25
-
0 .50
1 .84
2 874
AN I-RIC 2 51
3 .28
9 0.00
-
0 .75
2 .95
2 875
A M-RJC 2 51
2 .34
7 2.75
t r
-
1 .70
2 876
A M-R IC 2 53
2 .73
7 7.00
t r
0 .50
2 .10
( g )'
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 877
A M-R IC 2 54a
3 .38
6 1.50
-
1 .00
2 .08
2 878
A M-R IC 2 54a
3 .29
6 2.50
-
0 .50
2 .06
2 879
A M-R IC 2 55
2 .58
7 3.00
-
0 .25
1 .88
2 880
A M-R IC 2 55
2 .58
7 6.25
-
0 .50
1 .97
2 881
A M-R IC 2 55
3 .61
7 9.00
-
0 .50
2 .85
2 882
A M-R IC 2 55
2 .43
7 9.00
-
0 .50
1 .92
Mean ( 28 c o ins )
2 .74
7 3.44
2 .01
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .37
6 .60
0 .32
Corrected mean
3 .01
7 2.83
2 .19
Note :
n o. 2 874 , w ith o bverse b ust o f Co m modus i n l ion 's-sk in , s tands o ut i n
t h is g roup ;
i ti s p oss ib ly f a lse , a nd i s i n a ny c ase c er ta in ly n ot a s ubs tan t ive
i ssue. 1 1. 2 883
A M-R IC 6 8(b )
1 .56
Qu inar i i 7 3.00
1 .14
( A. D. 1 83 ) 2 884
A M-R IC 8 0 (? )
1 .15
9 3.25
1 .00
1 .07
2 885
A M-R IC 1 70
1 .50
8 0.50
2 .50
1 .21
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 .40
8 2.25
Corrected mean we igh t
1 .42
1 .15 1 .17
( 14 c o ins )
4 5
S u m mary .Denar i i o f Ro me Mean we igh t I ssue a nd d a te
Mean w e ight
( g )
Mean % s i lver
o f s i lver ( g )
3 .20
9 3.08
2 .97
Nerva 1 , 9 6 2 , 9 7
3 .23
9 3.19
3 .0 1_
9 6-98
3 .26
3 3.14
3 .03
1 , 9 8-99
3 .27
9 3.55
3 .05
2 , 1 00
3 .21
9 2.38
2 .97
Tr a ja n
3 1 01-102
3 .22
9 3.01
2 .99
4 1 03
3 .21
9 2.75
2 .98
5 1 04
3 .26
8 9.89
2 .93
6 1 05
3 .21
9 2.04
2 .95
7 1 06
3 .21
9 2.22
2 .96 3 .01
8 1 07 ( ear ly )
3 .27
9 2.23
9 1 07 ( l a te )
3 .20
8 9.99
2 .87
3 .22
8 8.95
2 .86
1 0 , 1 08 1, 1 09-111
3 .19
8 8.47
2 .82
1 2, 1 12-113
3 .16
8 9.69
2 .91
1 3, 1 14
3 .21
8 9.92
2 .88
1 4 , 1 15
3 .25
8 9.48
2 .90
1 5 , 1 16
3 .26
8 7.87
2 .86
1 6, 1 17
3 .20
8 8.95
2 .84
1 , 1 17
3 .23
8 7.39
2 .82
2 , 1 18
3 .24
8 6.90
2 .81
3 , 1 19-120
3 .21
8 8.65
2 .84
4 , 1 21
3 .14
8 9.78
2 .81
5 , 1 22
3 .18
8 9.73
2 .85
6 , 1 23
3 .18
8 8.34
2 .80
7 , 1 24
3 .18
8 9.00
2 .83
8 , 1 25
3 .26
8 8.40
2 .87
Hadr ian
9 , 1 26
3 .25
8 8.16
2 .86
1 0 , 1 27
3 .17
8 9.53
2 .83
1 1, 1 28 ( ear ly )
3 .22
8 7.33
2 .81
1 2, 1 28 ( l a te )
3 .18
8 9.28
2 .83
1 3, 1 29-131
3 .25
8 8.94
2 .89
1 4 , 1 32
3 .22
8 8.23
2 .83
1 5 , 1 33
3 .18
9 0.82
2 .88
1 6 , 1 34
3 .20
8 9.80
2 .87
1 7, 1 35
3 .21
8 9.17
2 .86
1 8, 1 36
3 .18
9 0.52
2 .88
1 9 , 1 37
3 .23
8 9.84
2 .90
2 0 , 1 38
3 .25
8 8.46
2 .87
4 6
Mean we igh t I ssue a nd d ate
Mean we igh t
( g )
Mean % s i lver
o f s i lver ( g )
1 , 1 38
3 .25
8 7.81
2 .85
An ton inus
2 , 1 39
3 .27
8 7.93
2 .87
3 , 1 40
3 .23
8 5.03
2 .74
4 , 1 41
3 .21
8 7.43
2 .81
5 , 1 42
3 .19
8 8.67
2 .83
6 , 1 43
3 .24
8 7.09
2 .82
7 , 1 44
3 .15
8 8.00
2 .77
8 , 1 45
3 .25
8 7.78
2 .86
9 , 1 46
3 .18
8 5.89
2 .73
1 0 , 1 47-148
3 .18
8 9.67
2 .85
1 1, 1 48-149
3 .25
8 4.75
2 .74
1 2, 1 49-151
3 .25
8 4.45
2 .74
1 3, 1 51-152
3 .17
8 3.08
2 .63
1 4, 1 52-153
3 .25
8 3.63
2 .71
1 5 , 1 53-155
3 .16
8 5.68
2 .71
1 6, 1 55-156
3 .22
8 2.61
2 .66
1 7, 1 56-157
3 .26
8 4.30
2 .75
1 8, 1 57-158
3 .16
8 1.37
2 .57
1 9, 1 58-159
3 .19
8 2.85
2 .64
2 0 , 1 59-161
3 .21
8 3.30
2 .66
1 , 1 61
3 .25
7 7.81
2 .53
Marcus Aure l ius
2 , 1 61-162
3 .28
8 1.27
2 .67
3 , 1 62-163
3 .30
7 6.28
2 .52
4 , 1 63-164
3 .19
8 1.55
2 .60
5 , 1 64-165
3 .27
7 8.33
2 .56
6 , 1 65-166
3 .25
7 9.30
2 .58
7 , 1 66-167
3 .12
8 2.53
2 .57
8 , 1 67-168
3 .21
8 1.25
2 .60
9 , 1 68-169
3 .27
8 3.02
2 .71
1 0, 1 69-170
3 .18
8 2.37
2 .62
1 1, 1 70-172
3 .35
7 7.00
2 .58
1 2, 1 72-174
3 .25
7 9.50
2 .58
1 3, 1 74-176
3 .20
8 0.41
2 .57
1 4 , 1 76-179
3 .23
7 9.36
2 .56
1 , 1 79-181
3 .00
7 6.98
2 .31
2 , 1 81-182
3 .14
7 7.40
2 .43
3 , 1 83
3 .01
7 4.09
2 .23
4 , 1 83-184
3 .14
7 7.34
2 .43
5 , 1 84-185
3 .08
7 5.11
2 .31
Co m modus
6 ,186
2 .93
7 4.26
2 .18
7 , 1 86-187
2 .94
7 6.71
2 .25
8 , 1 87-189
3 .02
7 5.33
2 .27
9 , 1 90-191
3 .02
7 2.12
2 .18
3 .01
7 2.83
2 .19
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S tandard o f N ero
Denar i i o f Ro me , A. D
An ton inus
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In the middle of A. D. 85, after a brief period when the standard of Augustus was restored, Domitian's government returned to the standard which had been established by Nero for the striking of denarii. This Neronian standard gives a mean silver fineness of just over 93%. producing a denarius containing very slightly over 3.00 g of silver, and it was adhered to with great accuracy, with a standard deviation well under 1. 00% (Metrology I, 115). This restored standard continued in use until well into the reign of Trajan (figs. 1, 7). The 37 coins of Nerva which have been analysed give a percentage fineness and silver content for the denarius exactly equal to that of Domitian's coins, and this is also true of the 2 3 coins of Trajan struck in 98-99, although the standard deviation is very slightly increased. It should be remembered that in 99 the weight of the gold aureus, which had been raised by Domitian at the same time that he raised the fineness of the denarius, was reduced to the Neronian weight; in other words there was a change in this year in the ratio of gold and silver. There is a very slight falling away from the Neronian standard in 100, but this does not seem to be significant, and might be corrected by a larger sample; certainly in 101-102 the standard is again over 93.00% fine, and the three coins of 103 do not suggest any change in that year. It is not until the year 104 that serious problems begin. The chronology of the period of Trajan's fifth consul ship is very difficult, and although Hill, whose valuable work has been used for the whole of this period, 1 is clearly correct in outline it is probable that he is incorrect in detail in places. In particular, the separation of issues of 104 from those of 106 is difficult and is based on style of obverse portraiture alone, with the same reverse types continuing in use. It is very unfortunate that it is exactly in this period 104-107 that we are most anxious that our chronology should be correct, for it is in this period that the abandonment of the Neronian standard, this time for good, took place. Even if, however, some of the coins of the period before the reform of 107 have been misplaced there are certain points upon which we can be quite clear. Firstly the change in the obverse and reverse legends which took place in 107, and which has been associated with Dio' s account of the calling in of old and worn coinage, 2 with Trajan's 'restored' issues and also with a possible rise in the price of gold, is indeed a significant event in the history of the coinage. A comparison of the coins issued before and after the change of legends in 107 (fig. 1) shows that the coins of the first half of the year are clearly struck on exactly the Neronian standard, possibly with the slight falling away of about 0. 75% which has been noticeable since the start of Traja.n' s reign. The coins of the second half of the year are on a new standard, in which a significant minority fall to as low as 80% fine. Comparison with the coins struck at Rome between A.D. 70 and 8 2 makes it clear that this is a return to the reduced standard which had been introduced at the beginning of the reign of Vespasian (Metrology I, figs. 10-1 2 ), and which had usually given a mean % silver of just under 90%. The mean % silver of Trajan's coins of the second half of 107 is 89.90%, with a standard deviation of 3. 2 8%, giving a denarius contain ing 2 . 87 g of silver. All these figures compare closely with those of the coinage of 70-8 2 .
55
T he r eform o f 1 07 , t hen , t ook t he f orm o f t he a bandonmen t o f t he s tandard o f Nero a nd a r e turn t o t he r educed •s tandard o f V espas ian.
Un for tuna te ly t he
s i tua t ion i s n o t q u ite a s c lear a s t h is , f or i t wou ld s ee m t ha t c hanges h ad b egun t o t ake p lace a s e ar ly a s 1 04.
As w e h ave s een , t he c o ins o f t he f irs t h a l f o f
1 07 a re s truck o n t he N eron ian s tandard , a nd o ur s amp le i s s uf f ic ien t ly l arge f or i tt o b e u n l ike ly t ha t c o ins o f l ow f i neness h ave s imp ly b een e xc luded b y c hance.
T he n u mber o f c o ins i n t he s a mp les o f 1 05 a nd 1 06 a re sma l l , b u t
t hey t oo s ee m t o b e s truck o n t he N eron ian s tandard , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f o ne c o in o f 1 06.
However , o f t he 1 c o ins o f 1 04 a na lysed n o l ess t han 4 a re s truck
a t b e low 9 0% f i ne s o t ha t t he s pread o f f i nenesses , t he mean % s i lver a nd t he s tandard d ev ia t ion a re c lose t o t ha t w e w ou ld e xpect f ro m c o ins s truck o n t he s tandard o f V espas ian .
We h ave a lready men t ioned t ha t w e mus t b e w ary o f
p re tend ing t ha t o u t d at ing o f t he c o inage o f t hese y ears i s e xac t , b u t t here i s n o d oub t t hat a t l eas t s o me o f t he c o ins i n t h is g roup ( nos. 15 95 a nd 1 599 ) c annot p oss ib ly b e d ated a f ter 1 04 s ince t he ir s ty le o f o bverse p or tra iture i s v ery c lose t o t ha t o f c o ins o f 1 03. C lear ly t he p er iod f ro m 1 04 t o 1 07 i s c ruc ia l , a nd more a na lys is work mus t b e d one t o make i tc learer , b u t t he s i tua t ion w h ich w e s ee m t o b e f aced w ith i s o ne i n wh ich t he N eron ian s tandard w as f i rs t a bandoned i n 1 04 , w as t hen r estored a ga in , t hough p erhaps n ot e n t ire ly , b efore b e ing p ermanen t ly r ep laced i n 1 07 b y t he s tandard o f V espas ian , a s p ar t o f t he r eform wh ich w as a ccompan ied b y ' restora t ion ' i ssues , c hanges i n b oth o bverse a nd r everse l egend a nd p erhaps a lso t he c a l l ing i n o f t he o ld c urrency w h ich i s r ecorded b y D io. T hat d ebase men t s hou ld h ave s tar ted a s e ar ly a s 1 04 i s v ery i mpor tan t i n a ny d iscuss ion o f t he c auses o f t he r eform o f 1 07 a nd o f t he d ebase men t , a nd i n p ar t icu lar o f t he r o le o f t he ' Dac ian g o ld ' wh ich , i th as b een s ugges ted , w as b rough t b ack f ro m t he s econd D ac ian w ar i n s uch q uan t it ies t ha t t here r esu l ted ar educ t ion i n t he p r ice o f g o ld i n r e la t ion t o s i lver , r ecorded i n a n Egyp t ian p apyrus , a nd wh ich i n t urn , b y r a is ing t he p r ice o f s i lver , b rough t a bou t t he c a l l ing i n o f t he e x is t ing s i lver c urrency . Th is may h ave b een o ne o f t he f ac tors i nvo lved , b u t i tc anno t h ave b een t he o n ly o ne i f , a s w e h ave s een , t he d ebasemen t s tar ted n o t i n 1 07 b u t i n 1 04 , e ven i ft he e xper i men t o f 1 04 w as s oon a bandoned. F ur ther more , t here i s e v idence t ha t a t l eas t o ne m in t r educed t he f i neness o f i t s s i lver c o inage l a ter t han a t Ro me , s ugges t ing ( as i s a lso e v ident f ro m t he c on t inua t ion o f e ar l ier c o ins i n c ircu la t ion ) t ha t ar ise i n t he p r ice o f s i lver c annot h ave b een v ery g rea t ( be low ,
p•1 0 3 )•
I t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t n one o f t he t hree ' res tored ' d enar i i a na lysed ( nos . 1 808-1810 ), wh ich s hou ld d a te t o j ust a f ter t he r eform o f 1 07 , s how e v idence o f d ebase men t .
One o f t he m h as a p ar t icu lar ly h igh s i lver c on ten t , b ut a
l arger s a mp le w ou ld b e n eeded b efore t he e v idence c ou ld b e c ons idered s ign if i can t. As c an b e b es t o bserved i n f i g . 7t he s tandard i n troduced b y T ra jan i n 1 07 c on t inued i n u se a t Ro me f or 4 0 y ears.
T he c harac ter is t ics o f t he i nd iv idua l
y ears c an b e s een i n f i gs. 1 -4. A s w as t he c ase d ur ing t he p rev ious u se o f t h is s tandard u nder V espas ian , T itus a nd t he e ar ly y ears o f Do m it ian i ti s d ist ingu ished b y av ery w ide s pread o f f i nenesses , w ith many c o ins a ctua l ly s truck a t t he s a me f ineness a s c o ins o f t he a bandoned Neron ian s tandard b ut w ith
5 6
considerable numbers at between 85 and 90% fine and a scattered tail of fine nesses down to about 77-78%, with exceptional coins even lower than this. The means and standard deviations of the individual years are, given the small size of the samples, very uniform. The mean is almost always between 87% and 90%, sometimes a little higher than 90% and once slightly below 87%. Standard deviations are almost always between 2.50% and 5%. When worn coins are excluded from our samples it can be seen that the mean weight of silver in the denarius in individual years is almost always between 2. 80 and 2.90 g, and it is clear that we can safely say that the denarius during the period 107-148 contains a mean weight of silver in the denarius of about 2.85 g of silver, compared with 3.00 g of silver or slightly above for the standard of Nero. Trajan's reform, in other words, represents a reduction in the silver content of the denarius of about 5% from the standard of Nero. Little needs to be said about the quinarii of Trajan (nos. 1811-1820) or Hadrian (nos. 2186-2193). In the case of those of Trajan the weight seems to be a little less than that of half a denarius, but those of Hadrian, containing a mean weight of silver of 1.42 g per coin, (i.e. giving a denarius containing 2.84 g) shows that they contain exactly half the silver of the denarius. The only denarii during this period struck at mints other than Rome are during the reign of Hadrian. The first series, group 22, nos. 2194-2199, belongs to the first years of Hadrian and is assigned to Antioch on grounds of style, which is indeed very similar to that of the tetradrachms struck at that city. Their metrology is quite distinct from that of Rome, and they are con siderably more debased. Although they may be struck on a standard slightly higher than that of the tetradrachms (below, nos. 3340-3344), it is clear that they are close to it, and the weight of silver in the Antiochene denarius is 2. 37 g, compared with 2.42 g in the Antiochene drachma of Hadrian' s tetradrachm coinage. When the values of silver in the Antiochene drachma of the post reform period of Trajan in general are compared to these figures it becomes clear that the silver in the Antioch denarius and the Antioch drachma was in tended to be exactly the same. The denarii of Hadrian struck at Antioch are therefore overvalued against the contemporary 1denarii; of Rome by about 17%. The second group of denarii of Hadrian can easily be grouped together with the cistophori (group 23, nos. 2200-2203), for they are very close to them in style; they can therefore be assigned to Provincia Asia. This group of denarii was struck on a standard very close to that of the cistophori (below, nos. 29022933, and Metrology I nos. 392-411). Indeed, they are probably struck from the same metal as the cistophori, that is to say, the cistophoric tetradrachms of Antonius and Augustus. They give a mean fineness of 91.37%, which would suggest that they are struck on a standard rather higher than that of Rome. However, the weights of known specimens seem to suggest that they weigh rather less than the denarii of Rome, with the result that the mean weight of silver in denarii of this group is exactly that of denarii of Hadrian struck at Rome. For the cistophori, see below pp. 63-64. The next reduction in the fineness of the denarius of Rome took place at about the start of the 12th tribunician year of Antoninus Pius (£. February 148). The change is as precise as we can expect in a coinage where individual coins 57
v ary v ery w ide ly a bou t a mean , a s c an b e s een f rom f i g . 7 . T he mean o f t he 1 2 c o ins a na lysed o f A .D . 1 47-148 ‘ ' v as 8 9.67% , i n t he u pper r ange o f t he v ar ia t ion wh ich w e f i nd i n t he c o ins o f t he r es tored s tandard o f V espas ian .
The
2 2 c o ins o f A .D . 1 48-149 h ave a mean s i lver c on ten t o f 8 4.75% wh ich i s w e l l b e low t he l owest r ecorded mean f or t he who le o f t he p er iod o f t he s tandard o f V espas ian . T he n ew s tandard t hus e s tab l ished i s t hen c on t inued u n t i l t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f An ton inus. 7 .
I t s c harac ter ist ics c an b e s een f rom f igs . 4 , 5a nd
Co ins c on t inue t o b e s truck a t a bove 9 0% f i ne b u t t he p ropor t ion a s f i ne a s
t h is i s s ign if ican t ly r educed . I ns tead t here i s ac ons iderab le i ncrease i n t he n u mber o f c o ins a t t he b o t to m e nd o f t he r ange , s truck a t b e tween 7 5 a nd 8 0% f ine , wh ich h ad o n ly b een r epresen ted p rev ious ly b y af ew c o ins.
T he r esu l t
i s as tandard w ith a mean f ineness g enera l ly b etween 8 2 a nd 8 5% , w ith s o me v ar ia t ion o u ts ide t hese l im its.
T he mean w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius i s
r educed t o b e tween 2 .63 a nd 2 .75 g o f s i lver . I f2 .70 g o f s i lver i s t aken a s t he t rue mean w e igh t t hen t he r eform o f An ton inus r epresen ts a r educ t ion i n t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d enar ius o f c . 5 % f rom t he r estored s tandard o f Vespas ian a nd o f 1 0% f ro m t hat o f N ero. T h is s tandard e nded a brup t ly w ith t he d eath o f An ton inus i n A .D. 1 61.
T he
s i tua t ion i n t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure l ius i s much more c on fused t han t ha t wh ich w e h ave e ncoun tered h ither to , f or a t f i rs t s ight w e h ave c eased t o f i nd t he n ea t s tepped d ec l ine i n t he f i neness o f t he d enar ius wh ich w e h ave s o f ar b een a b le t o d etect ( f ig . 7 ) . C lear ly more c o ins o f t h is r e ign w il l h ave t o b e a na lysed b efore t he p icture w il l b eco me c learer , b u t w e c an a t l east d raw s o me t en ta t ive c onc lus ions. T here w as a q u ite d ra ma t ic c hange i n t he f i neness o f t he d enar ius i m med ia te ly o n t he a ccess ion o f Marcus. Wha t s ee ms t o h ave h appened , j udg ing f rom t he c o ins a na lysed , i s t ha t t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins a t o ver 9 0% f ine , wh ich h ad c ont inued u n t i l t h is d ate w ithou t i n terrup t ion , was a l mos t e n t ire ly a bandoned , a nd a l mos t t he who le o f t he c o inage o f t h is y ear was s truck a t b e tween 7 5 a nd 8 0% f ine.
T he r esu l t i s t ha t t he mean f i neness o f c o ins o f t h is y ear was , a t
7 7.81% f ine , v ery c ons iderab ly l ower t han t ha t o f t he s tandard o f An ton inus. T he s ix i ssues b etween 1 61 a nd 1 65-166 v ary w ide ly i n mean f i neness , f ar more t han w as t he c ase w ith t he s tandards o f An ton inus o r V espas ian , b u t i t i s c lear t ha t t he s tandard o f An ton inus w as n o t r eturned t o.
No c o ins o f o ver
9 0% f i ne a re r ecorded i n e i ther 1 61-162 o r 1 62-163 , b u t c o ins a s h igh a s t h is s tar t t o b e r ecorded a ga in i n 1 63-164. I n t wo y ears , 1 61-162 a nd 1 63-164 t he mean f ineness r eaches 8 0% a ga in , b u t i n a l l t he o ther y ears t he mean i s w el l b e low 8 0% , s ink ing i n 1 62-163 t o a s l ow a s 7 6.28% .
F ig . 5s uggests t ha t t he
p ropor t ion o f c o ins b e ing s truck a t d i f feren t f inenesses was a l tered f rom y ear t o y ear d ur ing t h is p er iod ; b u t what i s c lear i s t ha t ar educt ion i n f i neness t ook p lace i m med ia te ly o n t he a ccess ion o f Marcus . T here f o l lows a c en tra l p er iod i n t he r e ign when i tw ou ld s ee m t ha t t he s tandard o f An ton inus was r es tored , o r a t l east s ome th ing n ear t o i t .
T he
f our i ssues b etween 1 66-167 a nd 1 70 a l l g ive a u n iform r esu l t , w ith n o c o ins f a l l ing b elow 7 5% f ine , i n marked c on tras t t o t he p reced ing p er iod. A s a r esu l t t he mean f i neness r eturns t o al eve l w e l l a bove 8 0% f i ne , r is ing i n o ne c ase t o a s h igh a s 8 3% f ine , wh ich w ou ld f i t n icely i n to t he s tandard o f An ton inus.
5 8
T h is m idd le p er iod l as ts o n ly u n t i l 1 70, when a no ther d ra ma t ic f a l l i n f i neness t akes p lace , w h ich s ee ms t o b e e xac t ly s im i lar t o t he f a l l o f A .D. 1 61.
A l l t he c o ins a na lysed o f t he p er iod b etween 1 70 a nd 1 72 w ere s truck
a tb e tween 7 4.50 a nd 8 0.50% f i ne , g iv ing a s tandard d ev ia t ion w h ich i s c ons iderab ly l ower t han h as b een s een f or a l ong t ime. T he p a t tern o f t h is g roup o f c o ins c an b e s een t o b e v ery s im ilar t o t ha t o f t he i ssue o f 1 61 ( f ig . 5 ) . A s was t he c ase i n 1 61 t here i s ar ise i n t he mean f i neness a f ter t h is y ear b u t t he o vera l l p a t tern o f t he c o ins o f t he l ast y ears o f Marcus r evea ls t ha t t he mean f ineness d oes n o t r each t ha t o f t he m idd le y ears , b u t r ese mb les more c lose ly t ha t o f t he e ar ly y ears o f t he r e ign. We s ee m , t here fore , t o h ave t hree p hases w ith in t he r e ign o f Marcus. T he f i rst , f ro m t he a ccess ion t o 1 66 , s hows a d ec l ine f rom t he s tandard o f A n ton inus wh ich i s p ar t icu lar ly d ra ma t ic i n t he y ear 1 61 i t se lf , a l though t he n ew s tandard p oss ib ly v ar ies f ro m y ear t o y ear . T he s econd p er iod , f ro m 1 66 t o 1 70 , s hows a p robab le a t te mpt t o r eturn t o t he s tandard o f An ton inus. T he t h ird p er iod , f rom 1 70 t o 1 79 , a ga in s hows a d ec l ine o nce more p ar t icu lar ly marked i n 1 70-172 a t t he s tar t o f t he p er iod.
I ti s e asy t o l i nk t hese c hanges
t o t he p o l it ica l e ven ts o f Marcus ' r e ign , a nd t h is w i l l b e d iscussed i n t he n ex t v o lu me. With t he a ccess ion o f Co m modus w e e n ter c learer w a ter a ga in .
T he e igh t
i ssues o f C o m modus s truck b etween 1 79 a nd 1 89 r epresen t as ing le s tandard a nd t he v ar ia t ion b e tween t he means o f i nd iv idua l y ears i s r a ther l ess t han i s t he c ase w ith t he s tandards o f V espas ian a nd An ton inus. T h is s tandard o f C o m modus r epresen ts a d is t inct d rop f ro m t ha t u sed b y Marcus A ure l ius , a lt hough i to ver laps w ith t ha t o f t he t hree l as t y ears o f Marcus.
O n ly o ne c o in
i s r ecorded a t o ver 9 0% f i ne , a nd o n ly a v ery f ew a re o ver 8 3% f i ne.
T he g rea t
ma jor ity f a l l b etween 7 0 a nd 8 0% f i ne , a nd a v ery f ew f a l l b e low 7 0% f i ne. T he mean f ineness o f i nd iv idua l y ears r anges f rom 7 4% a nd 7 7.50% , w ith a s tandard d ev ia t ion o f b etween 3 .00 a nd 7 .00.
T he w e igh t o f t he d enar ius w as a lso r e-
d uced a t t he t ime o f t he a ccess ion o f C o mmodus t o a bou t 3 .00 g , s o met i mes a l i t t le more o r l ess.
T he w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius d ur ing t h is p er iod
t herefore v ar ies b e tween 2 .18 a nd 2 .43 g o f s i lver .
I fw e t ake t he t rue mean
w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius a s b e ing a bou t 2 .30 g , t hen t h is r epresen ts a r educ t ion i n t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d enar ius o f a bout 1 4.80% f rom t he s tandard o f An ton inus o r 2 3.30% f ro m t he s tandard o f N ero. The p ro l if ic c o inages o f Co m modus ' l as t t hree y ears , A .D . 1 90-192 , s how af ur ther r educt ion i n s i lver c on ten t . V ery f ew c o ins a re n ow f ound a bove 8 0% f ine , a nd t he ma jor ity c luster b e tween 7 0 a nd 7 5% f i ne , w ith a s ign if ican t n u mber , f or t he f i rs t t ime , b e low 7 0% f i ne , i n t wo c ases a s l ow a s 6 1 %. T he mean f ineness o f t he t wo i ssues i nvo lved a re v ery c lose t o o ne a no ther a t 7 2.12% a nd 7 2.83% , g iv ing a d enar ius c on ta in ing 2 .18-2.19 g o f s i lver . Th is r epresen ts a r educ t ion i n s i lver c on ten t o f 5 .20% b e low t he f i rs t s tandard o f C o m modus a nd 2 7.30% f ro m t he s tandard o f N ero. T he t hree q u inar i i o f C o m modus a va ilab le f or a na lys is ( nos. 2 883-2885 ) r epresen t t oo sma l l as a mp le t o b e s ign if ican t , a l though t he mean o f t he t hree f i ts n icely i n to t he f i rs t s tandard o f Com modus.
5 9
T he h istory o f t he d enar ius a t Ro me d ur ing t he p er iod 9 6-192 c an t heref ore b e s u m mar ised a s f o l lows : ( i )
9 6-107.
S tandard o f N ero. c . 3 .00 g s i lver .
( i i )
1 07-148.
D enar ius C . 9 3.00% f i ne , c on ta in ing ( con fus ion i n 1 04 )
S tandard o f Vespas ian r es tored .
D enar ius w ith mean f i ne-
n ess o f C . 8 7-90% , c onta in ing c . 2 .85 g o f s i lver . ( i i i )
1 48-161.
S tandard o f An ton inus.
D enar ius w ith mean f ineness o f
c . 8 2-85% , c on ta in ing c . 2 .70 g o f s i lver . ( i v )
1 61-179.
P er iod o f c on fus ion , b u t w ith a r educ t ion i n f ineness i n 1 61-166 , a n i ncrease i n 1 66-170 a nd a r educ t ion a ga in i n 1 70-179.
( v )
1 79-189.
F irs t s tandard o f Co m modus.
D enar ius w ith mean f i neness
o f C . 7 4-77.50% , c on ta in ing c . 2 .30 g o f s i lver.
T he d enar ius
i t se l f was r educed i n w e igh t i n A .D. 1 79 f ro m c . 3 .25 g t o c . 3.0 0 g. ( v i )
1 90-192.
S econd s tandard o f Co m modus.
D enar i i w ith mean f i neness
o f c . 7 2-73% , c on ta in ing c . 2 .18 g o f s i lver .
6 0
CHAPTER 2 THE C ISTOPHORUS CO INAGE
1 .
Nerva
We igh t No.
Reference
2 886
B MC 8 0
2 887
AM ( obv. d ie a s
We ight o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 0.26
9 0.00
-
-
9 .23
9 .90
8 8.00
t r
t r
8 .71
1 0.28
9 0.50
-
-
9 .30
l ast ) 2 888
BMC 8 1 ( obv. d ie a s l ast )
2 889
BMC 8 2
9 .73
9 3.50
-
-
9 .09
2 890
BMC 8 3
9 .95
9 1.50
-
1 .00
9 .10
t r
2 891
AM -a s l ast
2 892
BMC 8 4
8 .72
9 3.00
-
1 0.11
8 7.00
-
2 893
BMC 8 5 ( obv. d ie
8 .10
9 .46
9 4.00
-
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
9 .79
9 0.93
8 .90
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .48
2 .39
0 .36
Corrected mean we igh t
9 .99
8 .79 -
8 .89
a s l ast )
9 .00
( 28 c o ins ) We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d rach ma
2 .25
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d enar ius
3 .00
2 .
Tra jan , A .D . 9 8-99
2 894
BMC 7 07
9 .96
9 2.00
-
0 .50
2 895
BMC 7 08
1 0.08
9 2.50
-
-
9 .16 9 .32
2 896
A M- a s l ast
8 .71
9 4.00
t r
t r
8 .18
2 897
BMC 7 09
9 .89
8 1.25
-
-
8 .03
2 898
AM- t ype a s l as t
9 .71
8 3.00
t r
t r
8 .05
2 899
AM- a s l ast
1 0.49
7 5.50
t r
t r
7 .91
( obv. d ie a s l ast ) 2 900
BMC 7 10
9 .78
9 0.50
-
0 .75
8 .85
2 901
BMC 7 11
9 .60
8 7.50
t r
t r
8 .40
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
9 .77
8 7.03
8 .48
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .48
6 .10
0 .51
Corrected mean we igh t
1 0.00
8 .70
( 21 c o ins ) We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d rach ma
2 .17
We ight o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d enar ius
2 .90
6 1
3 .
Hadr ian - C istophor i w ithout t races o f u nder type We igh t
No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
2 902
BMC 1 052
8 .68
8 6.00
t r
1 .00
7 .46
2 903
BMC 1 053
1 0.63
9 2.25
-
0 .75
9 .80
2 904
AM- a s l ast
8 .60
9 3.00
t r
1 .00
7 .99
2 905
AM- a s l ast
1 0.33
9 2.00
t r
t r
9 .50
2 906
BMC 1 054
1 0.28
9 2.75
-
1 .50
9 .53
2 907
BMC 1 057
1 0.52
9 4.00
-
-
9 .88
2 908
BMC 1 058
1 0.17
9 0.50
-
-
9 .20
2 909
BMC 1 060
8 .46
9 2.50
-
2 .50
7 .82
2 910
BMC 1 063
9 .36
8 9.75
t r
0 .75
8 .40 9 .47
2 911
BMC 1 067
1 0.22
9 2.75
-
1 .50
2 912
BMC 1 068
1 0.08
9 5.50
-
-
9 .62
2 913
BMC 1 072
1 0.60
9 3.00
-
1 .00
9 .85
2 914
BMC 1 073
9 .86
9 4.25
-
-
9 .29
2 915
BMC 1 072b is
8 .45
9 4.50
t r
t r
7 .98
2 916
BMC 1 076
1 0.10
9 3.50
-
-
9 .44
2 917
BMC 1 076b is
1 0.95
9 4.50
-
-
1 0.34
2 918
BMC 1 076ter
1 0.87
9 3.50
t r
0 .75
1 0.16
2 919
BMC p .391
9 .39
9 3.50
-
t r
8 .77
2 920
BMC 1 079
1 0.87
9 2.75
-
-
1 0.08
2 921
BMC 1 080
1 0.45
9 3.75
-
t r
9 .79
2 922
BMC 1 082
9 .82
9 3.25
-
-
9 .15
2 923
BMC 1 084
1 1.07
9 3.25
-
-
1 0.32
Addenda
2 924
BMC 1 087
9 .77
9 3.25
-
0 .75
9 .11
2 925
BMC 1 088
1 0.68
9 1.25
-
2 .50
9 .74
2 926
BMC 1 090
1 0.11
9 2.25
-
1 .50
9 .32
2 927
AM- a s l ast
1 0.22
9 2.00
-
-
9 .40
2 928
Ba ldw in- a s l ast
1 0.00
9 0.00
t r
t r
9 .00
2 929
BMC 1 095
9 .54
9 2.50
-
t r
8 .82
2 930
BMC 1 096
9 .56
9 4.50
t r
-
9 .03
2 931
BMC 1 098
1 0.51
9 3.50
-
-
9 .82
2 932
BMC 1 099
1 0.48
9 0.50
-
t r
9 .48
2 933
BMC 1 100
1 0.62
9 2.75
t r
t r
9 .85
1 0.03
9 2.60
9 .29
0 .71
1 .77
0 .71
Mean ( 32 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d rach ma
2 .32
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d enar ius
3 .10
Un t i l t he r e ign o f C laud ius t he c istophorus was a c o in o verva lued b y b etween 6 a nd 1 1% a ga inst t he d enar ius (Metro logy I , 3 5 ).
A r educt ion i n t he
we igh t a nd f ineness o f t he c is tophorus c an b e s een i n t he sma l l F lav ian i ssue o f c is tophor i, wh ich p ar t ly , b ut n ot e n t irely , c o mpensated f or t he r educt ion i n t he s tandard o f t he d enar ius u nder taken b y Nero , s o t hat t he we ight o f s i lver i n o ne t h ird o f ac istophorus was n ow a l most e xact ly t hat o f t he N eron ian
6 2
d enar ius. S ince , h owever , t h is i ssue o f c is tophor i t ook p lace d ur ing t he p er iod when t he N eron ian s tandard h ad b een t e mporar i ly a bandoned a t Rome , t hese c istophor i w ere , i nf act , s l igh t ly o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ii a ctua l ly b e ing s truck a t Ro me d ur ing t h is t ime. T he s tr ik ing o f c is tophor i w as r esu med s oon a f ter t he a ccess ion o f Nerva , a nd t here was a c ons iderab le a nd c on t inuous p roduct ion f rom A .D. 9 6 t o A .D . 9 9. 4
T hese t wo i ssues o f Nerva a nd T ra jan a re c lear ly o n t he s ame s tandard
a s t ha t u sed f or t he F lav ian c istophor i , w ith t he r esu l t t ha t t he N ervan i ssue p roduces a t heoret ica l d enar ius o f 3 .00 g a nd t ha t o f T ra jan o ne o f 2 .90 g . I n o ther words t he c is tophorus c on t inues t o b e ac o in c on ta in ing a l most e xac t ly t he s i lver o f t hree N eron ian d enar i i , w ith p erhaps a v ery s l igh t o verva lua t ion o f t he c istophorus u nder T ra jan , F or t he sma l l g roup o f Greeklegend c o ins t o b e a t tr ibu ted t o P rov inc ia As ia s ee b elow p . 6 9. D ur ing t he r e ign o f H adr ian , a nd p robab ly t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he Emperor 's v is it t o t he a rea i n 1 23, t here w as a ma jor r eco inage o f c is tophor i, w h ich t ook t he f orm o f t he r estr ik ing o f a l l t he c is tophor i o f An ton ius a nd Augustus. I t s ee ms c lear t ha t a l l t he c is tophor i o f Hadr ian a re o vers truck i n t h is way , e ven i ft races o f t he u nder type a re n o l onger v is ib le , f or t here d oes n ot s ee m t o b e a ny d i f ference i n t he meta l o f t hose wh ich s how d ist inct t races o f t he u nder type a nd t hose wh ich d o n o t , n or a re t here n ot iceab le d i ff erences i n f abr ic. T he a na lyses o f t hose c istophor i o f H adr ian where t he u nder type i s r ec ogn isab le h ave a lready b een p ub l ished ( Me tro logy I , 2 8 a nd 3 0 ) b u t t hey c an b e c ons idered a longs ide t hose wh ich d o n ot h ave a c lear u nder type , a nd w h ich a re p ubl ished h ere. A l l t hese c o ins h ave l ost a c ons iderab le amoun t o f w e ight d ur ing t he ir l ong p er iod o f c ircu la t ion p r ior t o o vers tr ik ing , b u t t hey r evea l ac o in wh ich c on ta ins b etween 9 .60 g o f s i lver ( co ins o verstruck o n A ugustus ) a nd 9 .10 g ( co ins o vers truck o n An ton ius ) w ith t hose s how ing n o u nder type f a l l ing b etween t he t wo a t 9 .29 g o f s i lver . Th is r esu l t g ives r i se t o c ons iderab le p rob le ms.
I f w e s ay t hat t he mean
s i lver c on ten t o f t he c istophorus p roduced b y Hadr ian w as 9 .30 g t hen t he t heoret ica l d enar ius u pon wh ich i ti s b ased c on ta ins 3 .10 g o f s i lver , i ft he c is tophorus c on t inues , a s was c er ta in ly t he c ase e ar l ier , t o b e ac o in v a lued a t 3d enar i i.
The p rob le m i s t ha t t h is means t ha t t he c is tophorus i s n ow
u nderva lued a ga ins t t he Ro man d enar ius , wh ich a f ter A .D . 1 07 i s ac o in c ont a in ing o n ly 2 .85 g o f s i lver . T h is w ou ld b e au n ique s i tua t ion ; a s w e s ha l l s ee , mos t o ther e as tern c o inages r eac ted s harp ly t o t he f a l l i n t he s i lver c ont en t o f t he Ro man d enar ius , s o t ha t t he t rad it iona l o verva lua t ion o f t he p rov inc ia l c urrenc ies c ou ld b e ma in ta ined o r e ven i ncreased . I t i s t rue t ha t t he c istophorus was n o t i n t he p ast o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ius t o t he s a me e x ten t a s t he o ther e as tern c urrenc ies , a nd i n t he F lav ian p er iod i th ad e ven b een s l igh t ly o verva lued , a l though o n ly a ga ins t t he s tandard wh ich h ad b een t e mporar i ly a dop ted a t Ro me a nd w as s oon t o b e a bandoned a ga in , b u t i tw ou ld b e v ery r e markab le i f Hadr ian p roduced a l arge i ssue o f c istophor i w h ich wen t a ga inst t he t rend o f a l l t he o ther c o inages o f t he p er iod .
6 3
T he mos t l ike ly e xp lana t ion i s t ha t t he who le p urpose o f Hadr ian 's o vers tr ik ing , w h ich w as i n i t se lf a u n ique e ven t i n t he i mper ia l p er iod , w as t o r eva lue t he c istophorus a ga ins t t he d enar ius , mak ing i t ac o in wor th 4 r a ther t han t hree d enar i i.
I tp rov ides a n ea t e xp lana t ion o f t he who le e xerc ise
u nder taken b y Hadr ian , f or i ti s h ard ly t o b e b e l ieved t ha t t he imper ia l g overnmen t o rdered t he w ho le c ost ly o pera t ion p ure ly t o i mprove t he a ppearance o f t he c o inage ;
o n t he o ther h and , i ft he n orma l p rocedure h ad b een f o l lowed ,
t hen t he c o ins w ou ld h ave b een me l ted d own , b ase meta l a dded a nd t he c o inage r es truck t o t he p rof it o f t he s ta te.
T he s ta te 's p rof its wou ld h ave b een a l l
t he g rea ter i ft he e xpense o f me lt ing c ou ld b e a vo ided a nd t he c o ins t urned i n to c o ins w or th 4 d enar i i i n t he p rocess. I f t h is i s t he t rue e xp lana t ion t hen t he t heoret ica l d enar ius o n wh ich t he n ew c o ins a re b ased c on ta ins a bou t 2 .32 g o f s i lver , i .e. a q uar ter o f t he s i lver o f t he c istophorus. T h is i s v ery c lose t o t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he n orma l A t t ic Greek-legend d rachmas ( i .e. c o ins w or th o ne d enar ius ) s truck i n t he e as t a f ter t he r e form o f t he d enar ius i n 1 07. I n o ther w ords t he c is tophor i o f H adr ian c ease t o b e t rue c o ins o f t he c istop hor ic s tandard ( accoun t ing i n wh ich , e qua l l ing o ne c istophor ic d rachma t o 1 2 a sses , c er ta in ly d id n ot c ease ) b u t c o ins w or th 4 d enar i i , e qua l i n v a lue a nd i n s i lver c on ten t , t hough n o t i n t o ta l w e igh t , t o t he t etradrach ms o f A t t ic s tandard o f S yr ia.
T he c is tophor i o f Hadr ian b ecome c o ins o verva lued
a ga ins t t he d enar ius t o more o r l ess t he s ame e x ten t a s t he G reeklegend s i lver c o inages o f t he e as t i ns tead o f b e ing d angerous ly u nderva lued , a s t hey w ere r ap id ly b eco m ing a s c o ins o n t he o ld e xchange r a te o f o ne c is tophorus t o 3 d enar i i.
As c o ins o f 4d enar i i t hey w ou ld b e o verva lued a ga ins t t he c on te mporary
d enar ius , c on ta in ing 2 .85 g o f s i lver , b y a bout 1 9% . I ft h is w as t he t rue p urpose o f Hadr ian 's e xerc ise t hen i tw as v ery p rof itab le t o t he s tate o r t o t he c i t ies i ft hey w ere a l lowed t o t ake a s hare. al arge n umber o f c i t ies w ere i nvo lved i n t he o pera t ion .
Cer ta in ly
I ndeed , i t may w e l l
h ave p layed a p ar t i n p rov id ing t he f unds f or t he e normous b u i ld ing p rogram mes wh ich t ook p lace i n As ia a t t h is t ime , a s w el l a s p roduc ing a g enera l , a lbe i t t e mporary , i ncrease i n t he l eve l o f p rosper ity . We c an , p erhaps , g a in s o me i dea o f t he s ums i nvo lved f ro m S u ther land 's c a lcu la t ions o f t he t ota l s i ze o f t he c istophorus-co inage o f Augustus. 5 I fw e i gnore t he c o ins o f An ton ius wh ich w ere a lso o vers truck a nd a lso a ssu me t he t o ta l s urv iva l o f t he A ugus tan i ssue t hen w e a re d ea l ing , a ccord ing t o S u ther land , w i th a t o ta l o r ig ina l c o ina ge o f a bou t 1 0 m il l ion c o ins , w or th b efore r e-co in ing 3 0 m i l l ion d enar i i a nd a f ter r eco in ing 4 0 m i l l ion d enar i i , an et i ncrease o f 1 0 m il l ion d enar i i.
T h is
f igure c annot p retend t o a ny s or t o f a ccuracy , b u t g ives s o me i dea o f t he s or t o f s um wh ich m igh t b e i nvo lved .
6
Av ery r are s er ies o f d enar i i w as a lso s truck i n P rov inc ia As ia u nder Hadr ian , a l most c er ta in ly , j udg ing f ro m t he s ty le , a t t he s ame m ints a nd a t t he s a me t ime a s t he c istophor i.
As h as a lready b een n oted t he ir me ta l i s
v ery s im ilar t o t ha t o f t he c istophor i , t he r esu l t ing d enar ius c on ta in ing a bou t 2 .87 g o f s i lver ( above p .57 ) .
I n o ther w ords , j ust a s u nder Augustus w e
f ound t he m in t o f P erga mu m p roduc ing d enar i i o f f u l l v a lue a t t he s a me t ime a s i tp roduced c is tophor i wh ich w ere o verva lued ( Me tro logy I , 2 4 , 3 5 ) s o a lso u nder Hadr ian we s ee m t o h ave a s i tua t ion i n wh ich d enar i i w ere s truck w h ich c orrespond e xact ly i n s i lver c on ten t t o t hose b e ing s truck a t Ro me a t t he s ame t ime a s o verva lued c is tophor i w ere b e ing p roduced.
6 4
CHAPTER 3 GREEK-LEGEND S ILVER CO INAGES
( i )
N icopo l is i n Ep irus
We igh t N o.
Reference
2 934 2 935
BMC 2 6 iM ( obv. d ie a s
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
1 .32 1 .56
9 3.50 9 4.00
t r t r t r
P b
s i lver ( g ) 1 .23
0 .50 t r
1 .46
l as t ) 2 936
BM ( d ies a s l as t )
1 .69
9 2.75
2 937
BMC 2 4
1 .77
9 4.00
2 938
AM ( d ies a s l as t )
1 .43
9 4.00
Mean ( 5 c o ins )
1 .55
9 3.65
C orrected mean we igh t
1 .55
1 .56 1 .66
t r
1 .34
t r
1 .45 1 .45 2 .90
We igh t o f s i lver i n t heoret ica l d rach ma
T h is t iny c o inage , s ee m ing ly p roduced f ro m o n ly 4 o bverse d ies , was s truck s hor t ly a f ter t he d ea th o f Faust ina I .
The s ty le i s q u ite u n l ike t ha t o f
t he b ronze c o inage o f N icopo l is b u t i s v ery s im ilar i ndeed t o t ha t o f t he m in t o f Ro me , where t hey may w el l h ave b een s truck , u n less d ies were s h ipped f rom Ro me t o N icopo l is.
The s tandard i s u n ifor m a nd h igh , b e ing v ery c lose
t o t ha t o f N ero a nd d is t inct ly h igher t han t ha t o f V espas ian .
The c o ins , h ow-
e ver , we igh r ather l ess t han h a l f ad enar ius , w ith t he r esu l t t ha t t he w e igh t o f s i lver i n t wo o f t he m ( 2 .90 g ) i s v ery n ear t o t he mean w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius o f An ton inus P ius b efore t he r e form o f 1 48.
I t c an p resu mab ly
b e t aken a s c er ta in t ha t t hey a re e f fect ive ly q u inar i i , a nd t he ir p roduct ion i s t he more r e markab le w hen w e c ons ider t he a l most c o mp lete a bsence o f q u inar i i a t Ro me d ur ing t h is r e ign . ( i i )
Crete
Tra jan , A .D . 1 15-117 We igh t N o.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
2 939
BMC 1 5
2 .49
9 3.00
2 .31
2 940
BMC 1 6 ( obv. d ie
2 .24
9 5.00
2 .12
2 941
BM ( obv. d ie a s
2 .93
9 1.00
2 942
BM
2 .81
8 2.50
a s l ast ) 0 .25
2 .66
l as t
6 5
2 .31
We igh t No.
Reference
2 943
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
BM
2 .55
8 8.75
2 944
BM
2 .39
8 8.50
2 .11
2 945
AM ( obv. d ie a s
2 .46
7 9.00
1 .94
Mean ( 7 c o ins )
2 .55
8 8.25
2 .24
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .22
5 .27
0 .21
Corrected mean w e igh t
2 .85
0 .25
2 .26
l as t )
2 .51
( 17 c o ins )
Th is sma l l g roup o f c o ins 7 was s truck i n Crete i n A .D . 15-117 , a f ter t he g ran t ing o f t he t i t le PARTH ICVS t o Tra jan .
T hey a re u nusua l i n t he ir c o m-
b ina t ion o f L a t in o bverse l egend w ith G reek r everse l egend .
T he o bverse d ies
were p robab ly e ngraved b y t he s a me a r t is t who p roduced t he d ies f or T ra jan 's ' Arab ia ' d rach mas ( Arab ian m in t B , p . 1 09 b e low ), f or t he s ty le o f b oth s er ies i s r e markab ly u n iform.
T he m in t a t w h ich h e p rev ious ly w orked h ad c losed
i n 1 14. T he s tandard u sed b y t h is m in t i s v ery v ar iab le a nd r anges f ro m 7 9% t o 9 5% , as pread v ery s im ilar t o t ha t o f c on te mporary d enar i i ;
t he r esu l t ing
mean , a t 8 8.25% , i s e xac t ly r igh t f or d enar i i o f t he s tandard o f Vespas ian . The we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rach ma , 2 .51 g ,i s much l ower t han t ha t o f t he d enar i i b u t a l mos t a l l t he c o ins a va ilab le a re s o w orn t hat i ti s imposs ib le t o g ive a n a ccura te f igure f or t he mean w e igh t o f t he s er ies.
I n a l l p robab i l ity
t he w e igh t o f s i lver i n t hese d rach mas w as o n ly s l igh t ly l ower t han t ha t o f t he d enar ius , w ith wh ich t hey u ndoubted ly c orrespond .
( i i i )
Am isus i n P on tus Hadr ian Tr idrachms
We igh t No.
Reference
2 946
We igh t o f
( g )
% s i lver
Au
P b
BMC 9 0
8 .78
8 7.50
-
2 947
BMC 9 2
8 .35
9 2.75
-
0 .25
7 .74
2 948
AM ( year 1 68 )
8 .30
6 0.50
t r
t r
5 .02
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
8 .48
8 0.25
Corrected mean we igh t
8 .60
6 .90
2 .87
2 .30
1 .50
s i lver ( g ) 7 .68
6 .81
( 17 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rachma
6 6
D idrach ms We igh t No.
Reference
2 949
BMC 8 5
2 950
BM ( t ype a s l as t )
2 951
BM ( obv. d ie a s
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
6 .03
9 4.00
t r
-
5 .67
6 .54
8 8.00
-
0 .50
5 .75
5 .62
9 2.00
-
t r
5 .17
l ast ) 2 952
BM ( year 1 64 )
5 .32
9 4.00
t r
0 .25
5 .00
2 953
BM ( year 1 64 )
4 .80
9 4.00
t r
0 .50
4 .51
2 954
Wa lker ( obv. d ie
3 .89
9 4.00
t r
0 .50
3 .66
2 955
BM ( year 1 65 )
6 .09
9 3.25
-
0 .75
5 .68
a s l ast ) 2 956
BM ( year 1 66 )
4 .91
9 8.50
-
t r
4 .84
2 957
BM ( year 1 68 )
5 .15
9 4.50
-
-
4 .87
2 958
BM ( year 1 69 )
5 .71
8 6.00
-
t r
4 .91
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
5 .41
9 2.82
5 .01
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .73
3 .34
0 .60
Corrected mean we igh t
5 .51
5 ,11
2 .75
2 .56
( 32 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Drach mas 2 959
BMC 8 6
3 .03
8 5.50
-
0 .50
2 960
BM ( d ies a s l as t )
3 .06
9 2.50
-
t r
2 .59 2 .83
2 961
Wa lker ( d ies a s
2 .72
8 8.00
-
-
2 .39
2 962
BM ( t ype a s l ast )
2 .72
8 8.50
-
-
2 .41
l ast ) 2 963
BMC 8 8
2 .38
8 8.50
-
-
2 .11
2 964
BMC 8 7
2 .69
9 0.50
t r
0 .50
2 .43
2 965
Wa lker ( t ype a s
2 .84
7 9.00
t r
t r
2 .24
2 .72
9 0.00
-
-
2 .45
3 .51
9 3.00
-
-
3 .26
l ast ) 2 966
Ba ldw in ( type a s
l as t ) 2 967
Ba ldw in ( type a s
2 968
BMC 8 9
2 .68
8 6.00
-
-
2 .30
2 969
Wa lker ( obv. d ie
2 .21
8 9.00
t r
t r
1 .97
2 .33
9 0.50
-
-
2 .11
-
1 .00
2 .64
l ast )
a s l ast ) 2 970
BM ( rev, d ie a s l ast )
2 971
BMC 9 1
2 .89
9 1.50
2 972
BM ( year 1 95 )
2 .57
9 4.25
-
0 .75
2 .42
2 973
BM ( year 1 96 ,
2 .98
8 3.50
t r
0 .25
2 .49
2 974
BM ( year 1 96 ,
2 .58
8 2.00
t r
-
2 .16
Hadr ian ) Hadr ian ) 6 7
No.
Reference
2975
BM (year 196, Sabina) BM (year 197, Sabina) BM (year 198, Hadrian) Walker (year 198, Hadrian) BMC 93 BM (obv. die as last) AM (type as last) BM (year 199, Sabina) BM (year 199, Aelius) BM (year 199, Aelius) BMC 94 BM (year 199, Antoninus) Walker (obv. die as last)
2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987
Mean (29 coins) Standard deviation Corrected mean weight (102 coins)
Weight (g)
% silver
2.70
77.00
2.51
87.25
2.51
93. 50
2.35
2.15
88.00
1.89
2.87 2.21
82.00 94.00
2.35 2.07
2.82 2.59
71.00 84.00
2.00 2.18
2.10
93.50
2.70
86.00
2.99 2.55
84.00 83.50
2.51 2.13
2.72
88.00
2.39
2.67 0.30 2.66
87.03 5.36
2.32 0.28 2.31
Au
Pb
Weight of silver (g) 2.08
0.25
tr
0.25
2.19
1. 96 tr
2.32
A large and varied coinage was authorised for Amisus in Pontus by Hadrian during his visit in 131. The series runs fr::>m the local �ra 163 (A.D. 131/2) to the very end of the reign, though not beyond.8 The fact that the issue ends so
abruptly suggests that the right of minting was in some way a personal grant by Hadrian which expired with the death of the Emperor and was not renewed by his successor. Amisus was a free city and emphasised the fact on all its coinage and it is possible that this issue is as near to being ar.. 'autonomous' silver coinage as we shall find in the imperial period; in other. words it is possible that in this case the mint retained the profits of minting. The coinage is carefully structured with three denominations, tridrachm, didrachm and drachma being struck in each year, and each denomination having its particular reverse type. Reverse types were changed annually, at the new year, and only one reverse type is found for any year and denomina tion, except when the mint was also striking for Sabina, Aelius or Antoninus, when they too had their own reverse types for each denomination. It is inter esting to note that the quantity of money coined declines progressively in each year, b'll.ggesting that Amisus may have only had the right to recoin a particular 68
c o inage ; c er ta in ly t here i s af ar g rea ter v o lume o f c o inage i n t he f i rs t y ear t han l a ter. T he s tandard u sed f or t he c o ins o f Am isus i s e x tre me ly v ar iab le , r ang ing f ro m a s h igh a s 9 4.50% f i ne t o a s l ow a s 6 0% , a l though i td oes n o t s ee m p oss ib le t o d etec t ad ec l ine d ur ing t he p er iod when t he m in t was a ct ive. Ca lcu lat i ons o f mean f i neness r ange f ro m 9 2.82% f or t he d idrach ms t o 8 0.25% f or t he t r idrachms , b ut a s o ur s a mp le i s l arges t f or t he d rachmas , wh ich w ere a lways t he mos t i mpor tan t d eno m ina t ion s truck , i ti s p erhaps b es t t o s ee t h is a s r epresen t ing t he t rue mean .
I ft h is i s s o t hen t he mean s i lver c on ten t o f
t he d rach ma , a t 2 .31 g , i s v ery c lose t o t ha t o f t he H adr ian ic c istophor i ( d iv ided ) b y 4 ) , t he c o ins o f T arsus s truck b y Hadr ian a nd t he An t ioch c o inages o f T ra jan a nd Hadr ian , b u t r a ther h igher t han t ha t u sed f or t he e xac t ly c onte mpora ry c o inages o f Caesarea a nd t he o ther C il ic ian c i t ies. I t s ugges ts t ha t t he c o ins o f Am isus w ere o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ius b y a bou t 1 9%. ( i v )
Prov inc ia A s ia
T ra jan - T r . p . 1 7 , C istophor ic t e tradrachms We igh t N o.
Reference
( g )
2 988
BM-Sydenha m 1 86
2 989
BM-Sydenha m 1 87
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
1 0.24
7 9.00
t r
t r
8 .08
1 0.30
8 2.50
t r
2 .00
8 .49
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
1 0.27
8 0.75
C orrected mean w e igh t
8 .28
1 0.12
8 .17
( 7 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l
2 .53
2 .04
d rachma We igh t o f t heore t ica l
3 .37
2 .72
d enar ius
Av ery sma l l g roup o f ' t r idrachms ' d a ted t o Tra jan 's 1 7th t r ibun ic ian y ear h ave b een a t tr ibu ted t o C aesarea i n Cappadoc ia b y S ydenha m. T he t hree t ypes i nvo lved a re a l l o nes e i ther c op ied f rom o r r e la ted t o e ar l ier i ssues o f c istophor i , a nd i ti s c lear t ha t t hey mus t b e i ncorpora ted i n to t he c is tophor ic s er ies. A l l t hree t ypes a re o f u n iform s ty le a nd d iel inks e x ist b etween t he m. T he s ty le i s u ndoub ted ly n o t t ha t o f t he c on te mporary c o ins • o f Caesarea , f or t hey s how l arge a nd r a ther c oarse b usts , . r em in iscen t o f p or tra its f ro m e ar ly i n t he r e ign ; f ur thermore , t he d eno m ina t ion i s n ot o ne o therw ise k nown a t Caesarea , a l l o ther ' t r idrachms ' n ow b e ing r e moved f ro m t ha t m in t ( see Append ix ). Wh i le t he ir w e igh t s tandard d oes n o t e xc lude t he ir b e ing c o ins o f Caesarea ( i f t hey w ere t r idrachms o f Caesarea ) i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t hey d i f fer f ro m c o ins o f Caesarea i n f i neness , a l though i ti s i mposs ib le t o b e c er ta in o f t h is w ith o n ly t wo c o ins a va i lab le f or a na lys is. T hese c o ins n ot b e ing o f Caesarea , t he ir t ypes make i tr easonab le t o s earch f or a m in t i n t he a rea f ur ther w es t i n As ia M inor where t he c istophor i 6 9
c ircu la ted , p erhaps i n Prov inc ia As ia i t se lf .
A l low ing t he m t o b e c istophor ic
t e tradrachms , wor th t hree d enar i i , t hen t hey a re s l igh t ly o verva lued a ga inst t he d enar ius , c on ta in ing 2 .72 g o f s i lver p er d enar ius c o mpared w ith 2 .85 g f or t he d enar ius o f Ro me.
Th is sma l l d egree o f o verva lua t ion i s v ery c lose
t o t ha t f ound f or t he c is tophor i o f N erva a nd t he e ar ly y ears o f Tra jan .
( v )
Lyc ia
Nerva We igh t o f
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
% s i lver
Au
9 3.75
2 990
BMC 8
2 991
Wa lker
2 .99 2 .64
9 4.50
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
2 .81
9 4.12
Corrected mean w e igh t
3 .14
t r
P b
s i lver ( g )
t r
2 .80
t r
2 .49 2 .64 2 .95
( 10 c o ins ) T ra jan - Cos I 2 992
BMC 9
3 .21
9 2.50
t r
0 .75
2 .96
2 993
BMC 1 0
3 .08
9 3.25
2 .87
2 994
BM
2 .53
9 0.50
2 .28
2 995
BM
2 .71
8 5.00
2 .30
2 996
AM
2 .95
9 0.50
2 .66
2 997
AM
3 .26
8 1.75
2 .66
2 998
AM
2 .96
9 0.00
2 999
BMC 1
2 .88
9 2.50
3 000
AM ( rev, d ie a s
2 .93
8 7.50
2 .56
3 001
l ast ) Wa lker ( obv. d ie
3 .37
9 0.00
3 .03
Mean ( 10 c o ins )
2 .99
8 9.35
2 .66
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .25
3 .44
0 .24
Corrected mean w e igh t
3 .05
2 .66 t r
2 .66
a s l as t )
2 .72
( 37 c o ins )
The min t ing o f d rach mas i n L yc ia , wh ich r esu med f or t he f irst h a lf o f A .D. 9 5 , was r es tar ted a ga in i n A .D. 9 7 , a nd c on t inued f ro m t hen u n t i l s o met i me b efore t he e nd o f A .D. 9 9.
T he c o inage was p ar t icu lar ly p ro l if ic
d ur ing t he p er iod o f Tra jan 's s econd c onsu lsh ip ( A.D . 9 8-99 ) w ith a n i ssue wh ich i s s uf f ic ien t ly l arge t o e c l ipse a l l t he o ther i mper ia l i ssues o f L yc ia. These c o ins a re t he o n ly G reeklegend s i lver t o h ave c ircu la ted w ide ly i n t he western p rov inces o f t he Emp ire a longs ide d enar i i i n t he s econd c en tury , when
t hey o f ten f or m s o meth ing l ike 1 % o f a l l t he s i lver c o ins o f T ra jan i n
h oards.
T he ir s urv iva l i s e xp la ined b y t he f act t ha t when s truck t hey were
o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ius , f or t he 1 0 c o ins o f T ra jan a na lysed p roduce
7 0
ad rach ma c on ta in ing 2 .72 g o f s i lver o n ly , c o mpared w ith 3 .00 g o r al i t t le more i n t he d enar ius o f t he Neron ian s tandard .
T h is means t ha t t hey c on t inued
t o c on ta in v ery s l igh t ly l ess s i lver t han t he d enar ius e ven i n t he p er iod o f t he r estored s tandard o f V espas ian ( A. D. 1 07-14 4 , a nd o n ly c o me t o c on ta in t he s a me amoun t o f s i lver a s t he d enar ius d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he s tandard o f An ton inus. s ured.
T he ir c ircu la t ion i nto t he e ar ly t h ird c entury was t herefore a s-
( v i )
Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia Nerva - D idrachms We igh t
N o.
Reference
3 002
BMC 4 1 ( Sydenha m 1 43 )
3 003
Wa lker
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
6 .55
6 7.50
-
1 .00
4 .42
7 .04
5 2.50
-
t r
3 .70
5 .98
6 9.00
-
1 .00
4 .13
( Sydenha m 1 43 ) 3 004
BMC 4 4 ( Sydenha m 1 40 )
3 005
AM ( Sydenha m 1 41 )
6 .39
5 7.00
t r
t r
3 .64
3 006
B MC 3 9
6 .76
6 8.50
-
-
4 .63
5 .46
9 0.50
-
-
4 .94
6 .64
6 4.50
-
-
4 .28
6 .35
6 5.50
-
0 .25
4 .16
5 .92
9 3.00
-
-
5 .51
( Sydenha m 1 44 ) 3 007
B MC 4 0 ( Sydenha m 1 45 )
3 008
BM ( obv. d ie a s l as t , r ev. S ydenh am 1 48 )
3 009
B MC 4 2 ( Sydenha m 1 47 )
3 010
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 1 47 )
3 011
BM ( Sydenha m 1 49 )
6 .85
7 5.50
-
-
5 .17
3 012
BM ( Sydenha m 1 49 )
6 .38
9 2.50
-
-
5 .90
3 013
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 1 51 )
6 .33
6 5.00
-
-
4 .11
3 014
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m
6 .67
5 0.00
-
-
3 .33
3 015
Wa lker ( obv. d ie a s 6 .98
6 0.50
t r
-
4 .22
6 6.00
-
-
4 .40
1 45 , Cos I I ) l as t , r ev. S ydenh am 1 53, Cos I I I ) 3 016
BM ( obv. d ie a s
6 .67
l as t , S ydenha m 1 52 ) 3 017
AM ( Sydenha m 1 51)
6 .50
9 2.00
t r
t r
5 .98
3 018
B MC 4 3
6 .45
5 8.00
-
1 .00
3 .74
6 .41
6 2.25
-
1 .00
3 .99
6 .46
6 9.43
( Sydenha m 1 54 ) 3 019
BM ( Sydenha m 1 52 )
Mean ( 18 c o ins )
7 1
4 .46
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
1 3.40
s i lver ( g )
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .38
Correc ted mean w e igh t
6 .70
4 .65
3 .35
2 .32
0 .74
( 48 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( a ) D idrach ms o f COS I 3 020
Wa lker ( Sydenha m
7 .09
8 2.00
6 .55
8 5.00
7 .02
4 6.00
6 .21
8 9.00
6 .91
6 4.50
6 .55
7 1.00
6 .61
6 9.00
t r
6 .35
8 6.50
t r
6 .66
7 4.12
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .30
1 3.58
Corrected mean w e igh t
6 .81
5 .04
3 .40
2 .52
t r
t r
5 .81
1 31) 3 021
BMC 4 5
5 .56
( Sydenha m 1 51) 3 022
Wa lker ( Sydenha m
3 023
BMC 5 2
3 024
BMC 4 8
t r
3 .22
1 62 ) 5 .52
( Sydenha m 1 62 ) t r
4 .45
( Sydenha m 1 60 ) 3 025
Wa lker ( Sydenha m
4 .65
1 61) 3 026
BMC 4 9
4 .56
( Sydenha m 1 64 ) 3 027
BMC 5 0
1 .50
5 .49
( Sydenha m 1 64 ) Mean ( 8 c o ins )
4 .93 0 .81
( 40 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma T ra jan - ( b ) Drach mas o f COS I 2 .83
8 1.00
BM ( t ype a s l ast )
3 .42
7 2.50
Wa lker ( t ype a s
3 .67
6 2.00
3 028
BMC 5 3
3 029 3 030
2 .29
( Sydenha m 1 72 ) t r
2 .47 2 .27
l ast ) 3 031
AM ( t ype a s l ast )
3 .01
6 4.00
3 032
BMC 5 1
2 .97
7 6.00
3 033
BM ( Sydenha m 1 66 )
3 .67
7 3.50
3 .26
7 1.50
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .34
6 .61
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .33
t r
t r
1 .92 2 .25
( Sydenha m 1 70 )
Mean ( 6 c o ins )
t r
2 .69 2 .31 0 .23 2 .38
( 22 c o ins )
7 2
Trajan - (c) Hemidrachm of COS III � Weight (g)
No.
Reference
3034
Walker(Sydenham-) 1.65
% silver
Au
Pb
90.00
Weight of silver (g) 1.48
Trajan - (d) Didrachms of COS VI, 112-115 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048
BMC 77 (Sydenham 203) BMC 78 (Sydenham 203) AM(Sydenham 203) Baldwin (Sydenham 203) Baldwin (Sydenham 203) BMC 81 ( Sydenham 214) BM(Sydenham 214) BMC 82 (Sydenham 215) BMC 69 (Sydenham 196) BMC 70 (Sydenham 196) Baldwin (Sydenham 196) BMC 67 (Sydenham 192) BMC 80 (Sydenham 207) AM(Sydenham 207)
Mean (14 coins) Standard deviation Corrected mean weight (49 coins) Weight of theoretical drachma
6.56
84.50
tr
0.50
5.54
6.70
62.00
tr
tr
4.15
6.51 6.23
69.00 73.50
tr
4.49 4.57
6.52
63.00
6.71
62.50
7.03 6.74
52.00 69.00
6.28
63.50
6.00
62.00
6.49
57.00
3.69
6.52
83.00
5.41
6.30
51.25
0.75
3.22
5.97
67.50
tr
4.02
6.46 0.28 6.68
65.69 9.49
3050 3051
BMC 71 (Sydenham 198) Baldwin (Sydenham 198) Baldwin (rev. mountain)
tr tr
0.50
4.19
tr 0.75
3.65 4.65 3.98
1.00
3.72
4.24 0.63 4.38
3.34
Trajan - (e) 3049
4.10
2.19
Drachmas of COS VI, 112-115
2.98
82.25
3.07
64.50
1.98
3.61
56.00
2.02
73
tr
1.00
2.45
We ight No.
Reference
3 052
BM ( rev.
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
3 .41
6 8.00
3 .64
6 1.25
2 .87
7 9.25
3 .31
6 6.00
Mean ( 7 c o ins )
3 .27
6 8.18
2 .21
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .28
8 .74
0 .15
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .26
2 .32
moun ta in ) 3 053
BM ( rev. c lasped
t r
0 .50
2 .23
1 .00
2 .27
t r
2 .18
h ands ) 3 054
BMC 8 3
3 055
BM (Sydenha m 2 16 )
( Sydenha m 2 16 ) t r
2 .22
( 15 c o ins ) Tra jan - ( f ) D idrach ms o f COS V I , 15-116 3 056
BMC 6 8
3 057
AM (Sydenha m 1 94 )
6 .15
6 6.50
-
-
4 .08
6 .38
6 4.00
-
t r
4 .08
( Sydenha m 1 94 ) 3 058
AM (Sydenha m 2 17 )
6 .62
5 1.50
-
t r
3 .40
3 059
AM (Sydenha m 1 99 )
6 .36
7 6.00
-
t r
4 .83
3 060
BMC 8 6
7 .27
6 4.00
-
1 .00
4 .65
6 .17
5 5.25
-
0 .75
3 .40
Mean ( 6 c o ins )
6 .49
6 2.87
4 .07
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .38
7 .91
0 .55
Corrected mean we igh t
6 .67
4 .19
3 .33
2 .09
( Sydenha m 2 21 ) 3 061
BMC 8 7 ( rev. d ie a s l as t )
( 20 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( g ) Drach ms o f COS V I, 15-116 3 062
AM ( rev. moun ta in ) 3 .06
7 2.00
-
t r
2 .20
3 063
BM ( rev .moun ta in )
2 .66
8 4.50
-
0 .50
2 .24
3 064
BMC 7 2
3 .13
5 6.75
-
0 .75
1 .77
2 .96
7 6.75
-
1 .00
2 .27
2 .97
7 6.75
-
1 .00
2 .27
( Sydenha m 2 20 ) 3 065
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 20 )
3 066
BMC 7 3 ( Sydenha m 2 20 )
3 067
AM (Sydenha m 2 23 )
3 .22
5 2.00
t r
-
1 .67
3 068
BM (Sydenha m 2 23 )
2 .65
6 3.50
-
0 .75
1 .68
3 069
BMC 8 4
3 .13
5 5.25
-
0 .50
1 .72
2 .97
6 7.18
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .20
1 1.19
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .24
( Sydenha m 2 18 ) Mean ( 8 c o ins )
( 13 c o ins )
1 .97 0 .27 2 .17
7 4
Hadr ian - ( a ) He m idrach ms o f y ears 4 a nd 5 We ight N o.
Reference
( g )
3 070
Wa lker ( rev. Tyche ) 1 .78
3 071 3 072
BM ( Sydenha m 2 54 ) Wa lker
3 073
BMC 1 43
3 074
BMC 1 44
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
8 2.00
t r
t r
1 .46
1 .48 1 .68
6 6.50 5 9.00
-
0 .25 -
0 .98 0 .99
1 .51
6 7.50
-
-
1 .02
1 .49
6 2.50
-
-
0 .93
1 .56
7 1.00
-
0 .25
1 .11
1 .75
6 5.00
-
-
1 .14
2 .00
6 1.00
-
-
1 .22
( Sydenha m 2 54 ) ( Sydenha m 2 57 ) ( Sydenha m 2 57 ) 3 075
BMC 1 45 ( Sydenha m 2 57 )
3 076
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 57 )
3 077
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 57 )
3 078 3 079
BM (Sydenha m 2 58 ) BM (Sydenha m 2 58 )
1 .79 1 .26
9 2.50 6 6.50
t r
t r -
1 .65 0 .84
3 080
BMC 1 40
1 .31
8 9.50
-
-
1 .17
3 081
BMC 1 41
1 .92
7 4.00
t r
-
1 .42
1 .64
8 3.00
-
-
1 .36
( Sydenha m 2 55 ) ( Sydenha m 2 55 ) 3 082
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 55 )
3 083
AM (Sydenha m 2 55 )
1 .84
5 2.50
t r
-
0 .97
3 084
AM (Sydenha m 2 55 )
1 .08
9 3.00
t r
t r
1 .00
3 085
Ba ldw in
1 .65
6 0.00
-
-
0 .99
3 086
B MC 1 42
1 .76
9 2.75
t r
-
1 .63
1 .71
7 8.50
-
-
1 .34
1 .75
6 5.00
-
-
1 .38
1 .01
8 2.00
-
-
0 .83
( Sydenha m 2 56 ) 3 087
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 56 )
3 088
Baldw in ( Sydenha m 2 56 )
3 089
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 56 )
3 090
AM (Sydenha m 2 56 )
2 .04
5 5.00
-
-
1 .12
3 091
B MC 1 46
1 .64
6 5.00
-
-
0 .91
3 092
AM (Sydenha m 2 60 )
1 .68
5 3.50
-
-
0 .90
3 093
BM ( Sydenha m 2 60 ,
1 .20
7 7.50
t r
-
0 .93
3 094
AM (Sydenha m 2 60 )
1 .53
3 8.50
-
-
0 .59
3 095
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 60 )
1 .49
6 8.50
t r
-
1 .02
3 096
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m
1 .30
8 4.00
-
-
1 .09
( Sydenha m 2 60 )
d ies a s l ast )
2 60 )
7 5
We igh t No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f •% s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
Mean ( 27 c o ins )
1 .59
7 0.58
1 .11
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .26
1 3.59
0 .25
Correc ted mean w e igh t
1 .65
1 .16
3 .30
2 .32
( 90 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rachma Hadr ian - ( b ) D idrach ms o f COS I I 3 097
BMC 1 22
6 .65
6 0.50
-
-
4 .02
6 .61
6 2.50
-
-
4 .13
6 .94
5 4.00
t r
t r
3 .75
6 .68
5 0.50
-
0 .50
3 .37
5 .68
6 3.50
t r
-
3 .61
6 .19
6 5.50
t r
t r
4 .05
6 .01
7 2.00
t r
t r
4 .33
( Sydenha m 2 65 ) 3 098
Wa lker
3 099
BMC 1 36
3 100
BMC 1 37
3 101
BMC 1 26
( Sydenha m 2 65 ) ( Sydenha m 2 82 ) ( Sydenha m 2 80 ) ( Sydenha m 2 72 ) 3 102
BMC 1 23 ( Sydenha m 2 69 )
3 103
BMC 1 24 ( Sydenha m 2 70 )
3 104
AM (Sydenha m 2 70 )
6 .88
5 0.00
t r
-
3 .44
3 105
BMC 19
5 .47
6 5.00
t r
0 .25
3 .56
6 .23
5 9.50
-
t r
3 .71
6 .47
6 8.00
-
-
4 .40
5 .47
7 2.00
-
-
3 .94
6 .20
8 7.25
_
0 .25
5 .41
4 9.00
-
-
3 .11
( Sydenh am 2 63 ) 3 106
BMC 1 20 ( Sydenha m 2 64 )
3 107
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 64 )
3 108
BMC 1 17 ( Sydenha m 1 17 )
3 109
BMC 1 21
3 110
AM (Sydenha m )
6 .35
3 111
BM (Sydenha m 2 66 )
6 .63
7 0.50
t r
t r
4 .67
3 112
Wa lker
6 .55
4 3.00
-
-
2 .82
3 113
AM (Sydenha m 2 80 ,
6 .87
4 7.00
t r
t r
3 .23
3 114
BMC 1 35
6 .45
5 8.25
t r
1 .50
3 .76
3 115
BMC 1 38
5 .70
5 4.00
t r
t r
3 .08
3 116
BMC 1 27
5 .95
6 1.50
-
-
3 .66
3 117
BMC 1 28
5 .94
6 8.50
t r
-
4 .07
( Sydenha m 1 17 )
( Sydenha m 2 65a ) o bv. d ie a s l as t ) ( Sydenha m 2 80 ) ( Sydenha m 2 83 ) ( Sydenha m 2 53 ) ( Sydenha m 2 75 ) 7 6
We ight No.
Reference
3 118
Wa lker
( g )
Weight o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
6 .33
5 5.50
t r
t r
3 .51
6 .91
6 0.00
t r
t r
4 .15
( Sydenha m 2 75 ) 3 119
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 83 )
3 120
AM (Sydenha m )
6 .34
5 5.50
t r
t r
3 .52
3 121
BM (Sydenha m )
6 .15
7 0.00
-
1 .00
4 .31
3 122
Wa lker (Sydenha m)
6 .14
5 1.00
-
t r
3 .13
3 123
BMC 1 29
6 .01
5 7.50
-
1 .00
3 .45
5 .02
6 6.00
t r
-
3 .13
6 .17
5 1.00
-
0 .50
3 .15
6 .24
6 0.29
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .48
9 .36
Corrected mean we igh t
6 .34
3 .82
3 .17
1 .91
( Sydenha m 2 77 ) 3 124
BMC 1 30 ( Sydenha m 2 77 )
3 125
BMC 1 31 ( Sydenha m 2 77 )
Mean ( 29 c o ins )
3 .74 0 .55
( 88 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Hadr ian - ( c ) Drach mas o f COS H I 3 126
BMC 1 18
3 .08
7 6.50
-
-
2 .36
3 .18
5 8.50
t r
0 .75
1 .86
3 .02
6 3.00
-
-
1 .90
( Sydenha m 2 62 ) 3 127
B MC 1 25 ( Sydenha m 2 71)
3 128
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 71 )
3 129
BM (Sydenha m 2 71)
2 .72
7 6.50
-
-
2 .08
3 130
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 71 )
3 .18
6 4.00
-
-
2 .03
3 131
B MC 1 32
2 .74
5 5.50
-
0 .50
1 .52
3 .25
5 8.50
-
-
1 .90
3 .25
6 0.00
-
t r
1 .95
2 .15
4 0.50
-
t r
0 .87
( Sydenha m 2 78 ) 3 132
B MC 1 33 ( Sydenha m 2 78 )
3 133
B MC 1 34
3 134
BMC 1 39
( Sydenha m 2 79 ) ( Sydenha m 2 74 ) Mean ( 9 c o ins )
2 .95
6 1.44
1 .83
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .34
1 0.30
0 .40
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .05
1 .87
( 16 c o ins )
7 7
We ight No.
Reference
( g )
We igh t o f
%s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
Anton inus P ius - ( a ) D idrach ms o f A . D. 1 38-140 3 135
BMC 1 54
7 .07
6 3.50
-
0 .75
4 .49
3 136
AM ( as l ast )
6 .34
3 137
BMC 1 50 ( COS I )
6 .14
7 5.00
t r
t r
4 .75
9 3.25
t r
-
5 .73
3 138
BMC 1 51 ( COS I )
5 .50
7 1.50
3 139
BM ( d ies a s l ast )1
6 .17
8 8.00
-
0 .50
3 .93
t r
t r
3 140
BM
5 .35
8 2.00
t r
5 .43
t r
4 .39
3 141
BM
5 .83
7 7.00
-
0 .50
4 .49
3 142
Wa lker
6 .46
5 4.00
-
t r
3 .49
3 143
AM (Sydenha m -
6 .33
7 3.00
-
t r
4 .62
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
6 .13
7 5.25
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .49
1 1.27
Corrected mean we igh t
6 .32
4 .76
3 .16
2 .38
COS I I ) 4 .59 0 .64
( 26 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Anton inus P ius - ( b ) Drach mas o f A .D . 1 38-140 3 144
BMC 1 52
3 .46
6 2.00
-
-
2 .15
3 145
BM
2 .98
7 3.00
-
1 .00
2 .17
3 146
AM
3 .10
6 5.00
-
t r
2 .01
3 147
Wa lker
3 .29
7 2.00
t r
t r
2 .37
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
3 .21
6 8.00
2 .17
An ton inus P ius - ( c ) D idrach ms o f cos I II 3 148
BMC 1 53
6 .05
8 2.50
3 149
BM ( barbarous
6 .26
3 9.50
0 .75
4 .99 2 .47
s ty le ) Marcus Aurel ius - ( a ) D idrach ms o f A .D. 1 63-166 3 150
BMC 1 66 ( Marcus )
5 .59
6 5.50
-
1 .25
3 .66
3 151
Wa lker
6 .59
4 9.00
-
t r
3 .23
3 152
Ba ldw in ( d ies a s
6 .84
5 7.00
_
-
3 .90
5 3.00
-
0 .50 ( t r S n )
3 .44
l ast ) 3 153
Wa lker
6 .49
3 154
AM
6 .26
5 7.50
-
t r
3 .60
3 155
AM
6 .69
4 7.00
-
t r
3 .14
3 156
BMC 1 68
6 .34
6 3.50
-
1 .25
4 .03
3 157
BMC 1 67
6 .72
5 3.00
-
0 .75
3 .56
3 158
BMC 1 65
6 .75
6 3.00
-
1 .75
4 .25
7 8
We igh t ( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
No.
Reference
3 159
BMC 1 74
6 .23
3 160
AM
6 .85
3 161
Wa lker
5 .84
3 162
Wa lker
6 .59
6 0.00
-
0 .75
3 .95
3 163 3 164
B aldw in AM
6 .13 6 .46
5 9.50 7 0.00
-
-
3 .65 4 .53
3 165
Wa lker
6 .55
6 4.00
t r
1 .00
4 .19
3 166
Ba ldw in
6 .30
6 3.50
-
-
4 .00
3 167
BMC 1 73
6 .76
6 9.50
t r
1 .00
4 .70
3 168
BMC 1 69
5 .98
8 6.50
-
2 .00
5 .17
3 169
Ba ldw in
6 .37
6 3.50
-
1 .00
4 .04
3 170
Ba ldw in
6 .78
8 2.00
-
-
5 .56
3 171
Ba ldw in
6 .25
7 6.00
-
0 .75
4 .75
3 172
Ba ldw in
5 .68
9 2.50
-
-
5 .25
3 173
Ba ldw in
6 .37
7 1.50
-
-
4 .55
3 174
Ba ldw in
6 .35
9 0.00
-
0 .50
5 .71
3 175
BMC 1 72 ( obv. d ie
6 .68
6 6.50
-
0 .50
4 .44
3 176
AM
6 .80
5 2.00
-
t r
3 .54
3 177
Ba ldw in
6 .48
7 4.50
-
-
4 .83
8 0.00
-
1 .25
4 .98
5 9.00
-
t r
4 .04
6 8.00
-
0 .75
3 .97
a s l ast )
3 178
BMC 1 70
6 .68
8 0.50
-
0 .50
5 .38
3 179
BMC 1 92
6 .77
6 7.00
-
0 .75
4 .54
3 180
BMC 1 93
6 .56
6 5.00
-
1 .00
4 .26
3 181
BMC 1 94
6 .55
5 3.00
-
0 .50
3 .47
3 182
BMC 1 95
5 .85
7 1.00
-
1 .00
4 .15
3 183
Ba ldw in
6 .57
6 1.50
-
0 .50
4 .04
3 184
AM
6 .82
8 5.50
t r
-
5 .83
3 185
BMC 1 96 ( rev. d ie
6 .97
6 1.50
-
0 .75
4 .29
a s l ast ) 3 186
AM
6 .20
4 4.50
-
t r
2 .76
3 187
Ba ldw in
6 .29
7 7.00
-
0 .50
4 .84
3 188
AM
6 .67
4 9.00
-
-
3 .27
3 189
Ba ldw in
6 .43
4 8.00
-
-
3 .09
3 190
AM
6 .16
6 0.00
t r
t r
3 .70
3 191
Ba ldw in
6 .06
6 8.00
-
1 .25
4 .12
3 192
Ba ldw in
6 .39
7 9.00
-
1 .00
5 .05
3 193
Wa lker
6 .33
5 9.50
-
0 .50
3 .77
Mean ( 44 c o ins )
6 .43
6 5.61
4 .21
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .32
1 1.81
0 .73
Corrected mean we igh t
6 .43
4 .22
3 .21
2 .11
( 100 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma
7 9
Marcus Aurel ius - ( b ) Tr idrach ms o f A .D. 1 75/176 We ight No.
Reference
3 194
BMC 3 44
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
8 .83
5 8.50
9 .25
6 3.00
5 .83
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
9 .04
6 0.75
5 .50
Corrected mean we igh t
8 .89
5 .40
2 .96
1 .80
0 .75
5 .17
( Co m modus ) 3 195
Wa lker
( 7 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Marcus Aure l ius - ( c ) D idrach ms o f A .D. 1 75/176 3 196
BMC 1 77
6 .73
6 4.00
t r
0 .50
4 .31
3 197
BMC 2 02
6 .08
5 2.75
t r
0 .50
3 .21
3 198
AM ( Co m modus ,
5 .25
7 0.00
t r
t r
3 .67
6 .30
4 0.50
-
-
2 .55
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
6 .09
5 6.81
Corrected mean we igh t
6 .18
3 .51
3 .09
1 .75
r ev, moun ta in , o bv. d ie a s l ast ) 3 199
AM ( t ype a s BMC 2 02 )
3 .43
( 6 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Co m modus - Reduced we igh t d idrach ms ( ? ) o f A . D. 1 81-183 3 200
Wa lker ( COS I I ,
3 201
BMC 2 03
3 202
BMC 2 04 ( COS I I )
3 203
Ba ldw in ( obv. d ie
3 .07
7 8.00
-
-
2 .39
4 .28
5 6.50
-
-
2 .42
4 .51
6 8.50
t r
1 .00
3 .09
3 .33
8 8.00
-
-
2 .93
3 .56
8 7.00
-
-
3 .10
5 9.00
t r
0 .25
2 .46
r ev. c lub )
a s l ast , r ev. COS I II ) 3 204
Wa lker ( as BMC
3 205
BMC 2 05
4 .18
3 206
BMC 2 06
4 .55
5 8.50
t r
1 .50
2 .66
3 207
BMC 2 07
4 .61
6 0.00
t r
t r
2 .77
2 04 )
3 208
BMC 2 08 ( COS I I I )
4 .36
5 8.75
t r
0 .50
2 .56
3 209
BMC 2 09
4 .27
6 4.50
-
0 .25
2 .75
3 210
BMC 2 10
4 .54
6 2.50
t r
0 .75
2 .84
3 211
BMC 2 11
4 .54
5 4.00
-
t r
2 .45
3 212
Wa lker ( as l ast )
4 .21
6 6.50
-
-
2 .80
8 0
We igh t No.
Reference
We igh t o f % s i lver
( . g )
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
4 .15
6 6.29
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .49
1.01
Corrected mean we igh t
4 .26
2 .82
2 .13
1 .41
2 .84
1 .88
Mean ( 13 c o ins )
2 .71 0 .23
( 36 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma ( i f d idrach ms ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma ( i f 1 d rachmas ) S U M MARY
Wt o f s i lver Mean w t Mean % ( g )
s i lver
Mean w t
i n t he
s i lver ( g )
d rachma ( g )
N erva-D idrach ms
6 .70
6 9.43
4 .65
2 .32
T ra jan - ( a ) D idrach ms o f COS I
6 .81
7 4.12
5 .04
2 .52
T ra jan - ( b ) Drach mas o f COS I
3 .33
7 1.50
2 .38
2 .38
T ra jan - ( d ) D idrach ms o f 1 12-115
6 .68
6 5.69
4 .38
2 .19
T ra jan - ( e ) Drach mas o f 1 12-115
3 .26
6 8.18
2 .22
2 .22
Tra jan
( f ) D idrach ms o f 15-116
6 .67
6 2.87
4 .19
2 .09
T ra jan
( g ) Drach mas o f 1 1 5-1 16
3 .24
6 7.18
2 .17
2 .17
1 .65
7 0.58
1. 16
2 .32
6 .34
6 0.29
3 .82
1 .91
3 .05
6 1.44
1 .87
1 .87
6 .32
7 5.25
4 .76
2 .38
Hadr ian - ( a ) He m idrach ms o f y ears 4 a nd 5 Hadr ian - ( b ) D idrach ms o f c . 1 31-138 Hadr ian - ( c ) Drach mas o f c . 1 31 1 38 An ton inus - ( a ) D idrachms o f 1 381 40 An ton inus - ( b ) Drach mas o f 1 38-140
3 .21
6 8.00
2 .17
2 .17
Marcus - ( a ) D idrach ms o f 1 63-166
6 .43
6 5.61
4 .22
2 .11
Marcus
( b ) T r idrach ms o f 1 75/76
Marcus - ( c ) D idrach ms o f 1 75/76 Co m modus 1 81-183
8 .89
6 0.75
5 .40
1 .80
6 .18
5 6.81
3 .51
1 .75
4 .26
6 6.29
2 .82
1 .41
D idrach ms ( ? ) o f
T he c o inage o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia i n t h is p er iod i s f i l led w ith p rob le ms , b oth o f me tro logy a nd min t-a t tr ibut ion .
Con fus ion i s p ar t icu lar ly g rea t i n t he
r e ign o f Tra jan , when l arge n u mbers o f c o ins h ave i n t he p ast b een wrong ly a t tr ibu ted t o Caesarea , o bscur ing t he o u t l ines o f t he m in t 's p roduct ion.
Our
r easons f or r e-a t tr ibut ing l arge n u mbers o f t hese c o ins a re g iven a t t he p o in t where we d ea l w ith t he d if feren t i ssues , b u t f or c onven ience a l l t he r e-a t tr ibut ions o f c o ins g iven b y S ydenha m t o C aesarea a re l i s ted i n a n Append ix ( p . 1 17 ). Here w e w i l l d ea l o n ly w ith t hose c o ins wh ich , o n t he b as is o f h oard e v idence , t ype a nd d iel inkage , we c an w ith c er ta in ty a t tr ibu te t o Caesarea .
8 1
As h as b een s hown b efore , t he d rachma o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia was c er ta in ly v a lued i n t he f i rs t c entury a t o ne d enar ius b y t he g overnmen t , a lt hough i t s s i lver c on ten t was a lways v ery much l ess t han t ha t o f t he d enar ius. T h is o verva lua t ion i s g enera l ly ma in ta ined i n t he s econd c entury , a nd w e s ha l l c on t inue t o a ssu me t ha t t he Caesarean d rachma p assed a s o ne d enar ius. I t mus t b e r eme mbered , h owever , t ha t t he s ta te may h ave h ad d i f f icu l ty ma in ta ini ng t h is r a te o f e xchange , wh ich made t he p roduct ion o f C aesarean c o inage s o p rof itab le , a nd t h is may e xp la in w hy t here s ee m t o h ave b een a t l east t wo a t te mp ts i n o ur p er iod t o i ncrease r a ther t han d ecrease t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he Caesarean d rachma , t ogether w ith a t temp ts a t o ther t imes t o r a ise t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion t o wha t must h ave b een a l mos t u nacceptab le l im its. C o inage a t Caesarea w as r esu med , a s a t many o ther m in ts , v ery s hor t ly a f ter t he a ccess ion o f N erva , a nd c on t inued a t ab r isk r ate f rom t hen u n t i l s hor t ly a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c onsu lsh ip o f T ra jan ( ear ly A .D. 1 00 ). Excep t f or o ne v ery r are h em idrach m ( no. 3 034 , Cos B a l tered t o C os r) t he c o inage i s c on f ined t o d rach mas a nd d idrachms , w h ich , i n t he c ase o f N erva , c opy e xact ly t he t ypes i n troduced a t Rome f or h is d enar i i. C lear ly a t t h is p er iod a t l eas t t he m in t i s w ork ing u nder v ery c lose c en tra l c on tro l. T he c a lcu lated s i lver c on ten t o f t he d rachma d ur ing t h is p er iod i s s o mewha t v ar ia b le , r ang ing f ro m 2 .32 g f or t he d idrachms o f N erva t o 2 .52 g f or t he d idrachms o f T ra jan. T h is c o mpares w ith 2 .26 g f or t he d idrachms o f D om it ian o f A .D. 9 3-94 , a nd o n ly a bout 2 .14-2.17 g f or t he l arge i ssue o f V espas ian.
I n o ther
words t here i s ad ist inct u pward t rend i n t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he Caesarean d rachma , t he i ssue o f Do m it ian c on ta in ing marked ly more t han t hat o f V espas ian a nd t ha t o f N erva a nd T ra jan s o mewha t more t han t ha t o f Do m it ian . T he d egree o f o verva lua t ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius i s t herefore s omewha t r educed a t a bout 2 0%. T he m in t was c losed f ro m e ar ly i n 1 00 t o 12 o r s hor t ly a f ter , when i t p roduced a p ro l if ic c o inage i n c onnect ion w ith Tra jan 's P ar th ian w ar . I t c losed a ga in b efore T ra jan t ook t he t i t le o f PARTH ICVS i n 15/ 116. T he c o inage i s c on f ined e n t ire ly t o d idrachms a nd d rachmas o f f our o r f i ve b as ic t ypes , mos t o f wh ich r e la te d irect ly t o Caesarea o r g o b ack t o e ar l ier t ypes a t t he min t , a nd t hey c an b e s hown o nh oard e v idence t o h ave c ircu la ted i n A s ia M inor ( Append ix ).
The w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rachma h as f a l len n o t iceab ly s ince
t he i ssue o f T ra jan 's Cos I , o ur c a lcu la t ions g iv ing a f igure r ang ing f rom 2 .09 g f or t he d idrachms o f 15-116 t o 2 .22 g f or t he d rachmas o f 12-115. T h is l ooks v ery l ike t he s tandard u pon w h ich t he c o ins o f V espas ian w ere s truck , a nd p roduced a n o verva lua t ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius ( now 2 .85 g o f s i lver ) o f c . 2 5%. T here a re t wo d is t inct c o inages f or H adr ian a t Caesarea.
T he f i rs t c on-
s ists o f h em idrachms o f y ears 4 a nd 5 , t oge ther w ith a sma l l n u mber o f u nd a ted h em idrachms wh ich c an b e d iel inked i n to t he d a ted s er ies. i s q u ite l arge , a lthough c on f ined t o t he sma l les t d eno m ina t ion ;
T he i ssue
a nd r e mark-
a b ly , a l though many i nd iv idua l c o ins a re o f l ow f i neness , t he mean f i neness i s s uch t ha t t he we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rachma , a t 2 .32 g , s ee ms t o s how a r evers ion t o t he s tandard u sed i n t he p er iod Do m it ian-Tra jan Cos I , r a ther t han t ha t o f T ra jan C os V I.
T hese c o ins a re s t il l , o f c ourse , c ons iderab ly
o verva lued , b u t , a t c . 1 9% , r a ther l ess s o t han t he l ater c o ins o f T ra jan .
8 2
T he s ame i s b y n o means t rue o f Hadr ian 's l a ter i ssue , b etween c . 1 31 a nd 1 38. L ike t he c o inage o f Am isus a nd t he l a ter c o inages o f t he C il ic i—a n c i t ies i tp robab ly s tar ted a s ar esu l t o f t he s econd i mper ia l v is it t o t he a rea.
I t
c ons is ts a l most e n t ire ly o f d idrach ms a nd d rachmas , w ith c ons iderab le d iel i nkage b etween r everse t ypes , a nd , d esp ite t he a bsence o f c o ins o f Ae l ius a nd An ton inus C aesar , i tp robab ly c on t inued u n t i l t he e nd o f t he r e ign .
T here i s
av ery marked r educ t ion i n t he f ineness o f t h is i ssue , n o t o n ly f ro m t he f irs t i ssue o f Hadr ian , b u t a lso f rom t he l ast i ssue o f T ra jan . T he d rachma n ow c on ta ins c . 1 .90 g o f s i lver o n ly , w h ich makes i t ab aser c o inage t han t ha t o f Am isus o r T arsus o r An t ioch. T he d egree o f o verva lua t ion a ga inst t he d enar iu s , s t il l a t t h is t ime c on ta in ing 2 .85 g o f s i lver , h as r isen t o a s h igh a s 3 3%. T h is i ssue c on t inued i n to t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius , e nd ing w ith a r are c o in o f Cos I I , s ugges t ing t ha t t he m in t c losed e ar ly i n A .D . 1 40. We s ee m i n t he c o ins o f An ton inus t o s ee a no ther i mprove men t i n t he s tandard , t hough t he t wo f igures w e h ave , 2 .38 g o f s i lver f or t he d idrachm a nd 2 .17 g f or t he d rach mas , make i tu ncer ta in e xact ly wha t t he s tandard w as.
Wha t d oes s ee m
c lear i s t ha t t he l ow s tandard o f Hadr ian 's l as t i ssue was a bandoned i n f avour o f ah igher o ne , a nd t ha t t he Caesarean c o inage r eturns t o t he d egree o f o verv a lua t ion o ver t he d enar ius wh ich w as n orma l i n t he o ther e astern c o inages. I t may w el l b e t ha t t he d egree o f d ebasemen t o f H adr ian 's c o ins was s o g rea t t ha t t he g overn men t h ad d i f f icu lty e n forc ing t he e qua t ion o f t he Caesarean d rach ma w i th t he d enar ius. Excep t f or a v ery sma l l i ssue o f d idrachms d a ted t o An ton inus ' f our th c onsu lsh ip , many o f wh ich a re s usp ic ious ly b arbarous i n s ty le , Caesarea r ema ined c losed f or t he m in t ing o f s i lver f ro m 1 40 u n t il t he a ccess ion o f Marcus Aure l ius. T he n ex t i ssue was p robably t he l argest e ver p roduced a t Caesarea , a nd , i n t he a bsence o f a ny o ther ma jor i ssues i n t he e ast , i ts erved a s t he ma in s ource o f c urrency f or t he P ar th ian w ar waged i n t he n ame o f L uc ius V erus. T he c o inage i s e n t ire ly o f d idrach ms a nd t he s o le r everse t ype i s Moun t Argaeus. T he s ty le i s q u ite r e markab ly u n iform c ons ider ing t he s ize o f t he c o inage , wh ich c onsu med s o me h undreds o f o bverse d ies , a nd i s v ery c lose t o t ha t o f Ro me. A l most c er ta in ly Ro man d ies o r d ie-cu t ters w ere emp loyed , p ar t o f t he e laborate p repara t ions u nder taken f or t he c a mpa ign .
T he i ssue
p robab ly s tar ted i n 1 62 , a nd t he a bsence o f t he t i t le PARTH ICVS f ro m a ny o f t he c o ins s ugges ts t ha t t he c o inage e nded f a ir ly e ar ly . C er ta in ly i t was o ver b e fore t he e nd o f 1 66 s ince c o ins o f V erus a s C os I I a re a bsen t . The mean s i lver c on ten t o f t he d rachma o f t h is i ssue a t 2 .11 g i s l ower t han t ha t o f T ra jan , b ut i s s t i l l d is t inct ly h igher t han t ha t o f Hadr ian 's s econd i ssue. E f fec t ive ly , s ince t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d enar ius w as n ow d own t o c . 2 .55 g o f s i lver , t he d egree o f o verva luat ion o f t h is i ssue , a t 1 7% , i s c ons iderab ly r educed c ompared w ith p rev ious C aesarean c o inages o f t he r ecen t p as t . Th is may r ef lec t t he f ac t t ha t t h is was v ery much a m il itary i ssue , i nt ended t o f i nance i mper ia l o pera t ions a nd a t l east i n p ar t t o p ay t roops.
Th is
w ou ld e xp la in why t he C aesarean c o inage was i mproved a t e xac t ly t he t ime w hen t he d enar ius w as u nder g rave p ressure , w i th t he g overnmen t h av ing c ons iderab le d i f f icu l ty ma in ta in ing i t s p ur ity . The s econd C aesarean i ssue o f I v iarcus i s v ery d i f feren t t o t he f i rst , b e ing a sma l l i ssue , c lear ly p roduced b y l oca l d ie-cu t ters , t he c rud ity o f whose
8 3
r everse t ypes s trong ly s ugges ts a n emergency . T he i ssue i s i n t he n a me o f b oth Marcus a nd Co m modus a nd h a ät o b e d a ted t o e i ther 1 75 o r 1 76 , b efore Co m modus b eca me Augustus. I t s ee ms r easonab le t o c onnect t h is sma l l g roup w ith t he v is it t o t he e ast w h ich Marcus u nder took i n g rea t h as te i n t he w in ter o f 1 75-76 , a f ter t he s uppress ion o f t he r evo l t o f Av id ius C ass ius. I t i n troduces t he t r idrachm t o t he c o inage o f Caesarea f or t he f i rst t ime , f or a lthough t wo o f t he r everse t ypes ( eag le , n o. 3 194 , g ar landed a l tar n o. 3 195 ) a re n ot o bv ious ly C aesarean t he t h ird , at e mp le w ith s ta tue o f A thena , i s a t ype wh ich h as a ppeared b efore u nder Hadr ian , a nd t he s ty le b o th o f p or tra it ure a nd r everse l e t ter ing i s q u ite c lear ly t he s ame a s t ha t o f t he d idrachms wh ich h ave t he c er ta in ly Caesarean r everse t ypes o f moun ta in ( no. 3 198 ), c lub a nd s tand ing Mars. One o r t wo c o ins o f Marcus wh ich a re o f e xact ly t he s a me t ype a s t he p rev ious i ssue c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o t h is i ssue b y t he ir s ty le. A lthough t he n u mber o f s pec i mens a va i lab le i s s o sma l l t hey a re o f av ery much l ower s tandard t han t he p rev ious i ssue , g iv ing a d rachma o f 1 .80 g a nd 1 .75 g o f s i lver .
T he o verva lua t ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius , n ow a bou t 2 .58 g o f
s i lver , i s t hus a bou t 3 2%. T he f ina l C aesarean i ssue o f t h is p er iod i s t he most p rob le ma t ic o f a l l . I t c ons ists e n t ire ly o f c o ins o f Co m modus C os I I a nd C os I V , a nd c o mpar ison w ith c o ins o f Ro me s ugges ts f ro m t he p or tra iture t ha t t he i ssue d id n o t c ont inue f ar
i n to t he f our th c onsu lsh ip .
I t c an p robab ly b e d a ted e n t irely t o t he
y ears 1 81-183. T he p rob le m i s t ha t t hese c o ins s ee m t o b e s truck a t a n e n t ire ly n ew w e igh ts tandard , g iv ing a mean w e igh t o f c . 4 .26 g . T h is i s f a ir ly n ear t o t he w e igh t o f 1 1 n orma l d rach mas , t hough a l i t t le o n t he l i gh t s ide , f or t he d rachma n orma l ly w e ighs c . 3 .20-3.10 g a nd t hese c o ins w ou ld g ive a d rachma o f c . 2 .84 g .
T he f i neness o f t he g roup , a t 6 6.29% i s n o l ess t han t ha t o f t he f i rs t
i ssue o f Marcus , a nd r a ther b et ter t han t ha t o f t he more r ecen t i ssue , s o t ha t t he we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rach ma , a t 1 .88 g , w ou ld b e r a ther b e t ter t han t ha t o f Marcus ' l as t i ssue , t hough l ess t han t ha t o f Marcus ' f i rs t i ssue.
I ft hese
c o ins a re i ndeed p ieces o f 1 1 - d rachmas t hen t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius h as d ecreased , s ince t he d enar ius , a f ter t he d ebasemen t a t t he s tar t o f t he r e ign o f C o m modus , n ow c on ta ins c . 2 .30 g o f s i lver . I t i s p er fec t ly p oss ib le t ha t t h is i s i ndeed wha t t hese c o ins a re , p ieces o f 1 ,2 1 d rachmas , b u t i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t C o m modus ' a dm in istrat ion w ou ld s l igh t ly i mprove t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he C aesarean d rachma w hen t hey h ad , a t t he Emperor 's a ccess ion , r educed b o th t he w e igh t a nd t he f ineness o f t he d enar ius , a nd w ere t o r educe t he f i neness o f t he d enar ius a ga in l a ter i n t he r e ign .
I ti s r easonab le t o e xpec t ad ebasemen t o f
t he e astern c o inage a t l eas t a s g rea t a s t ha t o f t he d enar ius a nd p oss ib ly g rea ter .
I t may w e l l b e t ha t t hese c o ins a re i n f act i n tended t o p ass a s d i-
d rach ms , a l though o n ly w e igh ing a bou t 1 1-d rachmas.
I ft h is w ere s o i tw ou ld
b e o f t he h ighest i n teres t , s ince i ts ugges ts a p receden t f or Caraca l la 's i nt roduct ion o f t he a n ton in ianus , s im i lar ly w e igh ing f ar l ess t han t he 2 d enar i i f or wh ich i t was p robab ly t arr if fed .
I ft h is i s i ndeed t he c ase t hen t he n ew
t heoret ica l d rachma c on ta ins o n ly 1 .41 g o f s i lver , ar educ t ion o f 3 3% o ver t he
8 4
l as t ma jor i ssue o f C aesarea , t ha t o f 1 61-166 , a nd g iv ing a n o verva lua t ion o ver t he d enar ius o f C o m modus ' f i rs t s tandard o f n o l ess t han 3 9% . C lear ly t h is mus t r e ma in u nproven , b u t i te xp la ins a r a ther o dd s i tua t ion ; t he a lterna t ive i s t ha t t he c o ins a re 1 1 d rach mas , a nd i ti s h ard t o s ee what p oss ib le r eason t here c ou ld b e f or t he s udden i n troduct ion o f s o s trange a d eno m inat ion , a s w e l l a s mean ing a d ecrease i n o verva lua t ion a t at ime when w e might more r easonably e xpect a n i ncrease. I f i ti s t he c ase t hen i t was a n e xper i men t wh ich w as n ot r epea ted ; Caesarea 's n ex t i ssue i s u nder P esc enn ius N iger , when G reeklegend d rach mas a re o f n or ma l w e igh t a nd s o n ear t o b e ing d enar i i t ha t h ybr ids o ccur b e tween d rachmas a nd L a t inlegend d enar i i wh ich Caesarea p roduced a t t he s a me t ime. T o s u m mar ise a c onfused s i tua t ion , t he C aesarean c urrency , w h ich s ee ms t o h ave c ircu lated a l mos t e xclus ive ly i n t he l and o f i t s o r ig in a nd n or thwards , h ard ly e ver p enetra t ing w es t i n to w es tern A s ia M inor o r s ou th o f t he T aurus i n to S yr ia , w as a lways v ery h igh ly o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ius , a nd w as s truck o n av ery v ar iab le s tandard. We b y n o means f i nd a s i tua t ion i n wh ich t he C aesarean d rach ma d ecl ines c on t inuous ly a ga ins t t he d enar ius ;
r a ther
t he r everse i s s o me t i mes t rue , w ith t he d rachma a ctua l ly d ecreas ing i t s d egree o f o verva lua t ion . T hus t he i ssues o f A .D. 9 6-100 a re o f f i ner s i lver t han t he i ssue o f Do m it ian , w h ich i s i n t urn f i ner t han t he i ssue o f V espas ian , a nd a l though t he d ebasemen t o f t he d enar ius i n 1 07 p roduces a d ebasemen t o f t he d rach ma i n t he i ssue o f 12-116 i ti s f o l lowed i n t urn b y a n i ssue o f h em id rach ms i n 1 20-122 w h ich r everses t he t rend. S im ilar ly , t he v ery d ebased i ssue o f 1 31-138 i s f o l lowed b y a n i mprove men t i n 1 38-140 , c u lm ina t ing i n 1 61-166 i n a n i ssue w h ich i s a s p ure a s t ha t o f 12-116, d esp ite t he f ac t t ha t t he d enar ius h ad b een d ebased t w ice i n t he mean t i me.
I ti s h ard t o e xp la in
t he f i rst improve men t b u t t he s econd i s p robab ly t he r esu lt o f t he f act t hat t he i ssue i s i n tended f or m i l itary e xpenses.
F ina l ly i n 1 81-183 w e h ave a n i ssue
w h ich may h ave b een a n e xper i men t i n s pec tacu lar d ebase men t o f t he s or t wh ich w as t o b e f o l lowed i n t he t h ird c en tury . r eversed.
8 5
T h is e xper i men t w as , i n t urn , t o b e
( v i i ) C i l ic ia Aegeae - ( a ) Hadr ian , t etradrach m o f A .D. 1 17/118
We igh t o f No.
Reference
3 213
BM
We igh t
% s i lver
1 3.32
We igh t o f t heore t ica l
Au
7 7.50
Pb 1 .25
3 .33
s i lver ( g ) 1 0.32 2 .58
d rach ma Aegeae - ( b ) Hadr ian , t r idrach ms o f A .D. 1 17/118 3 214
BM Rev. b ust o f
9 .67
6 8.00
-
-
6 .57
9 .87
6 1.50
t r
-
6 .07
9 .26
6 5.00
-
-
6 .02
9 .68
5 6.50
-
t r
5 .47
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
9 .62
6 5.50
Corrected mean we igh t
9 .71
6 .07
3 .24
2 .02
A lexander 3 215
Wa lker. Obv. d ie
3 216
Ba ldw in Obv. d ie a s
3 217
Wa lker Rev. b ust o f
a s l ast ; Rev. A thena l ast ; Rev. Tyche A lexander 6 .03
( 7 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rachma Aegeae - ( c ) Hadr ian , t etradrach ms o f A . D. 1 32-134 3 218
Wa lker ( year 1 79 )
1 2.69
7 3.00
t r
t r
9 .26
3 219
BM ( year 1 80 )
1 3.32
7 7.50
-
1 .25
1 0.32
3 220
AM ( year 1 80 )
1 3.59
6 6.25
t r
t r
9 .00
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 3.20
7 2.25
Corrected mean we igh t
1 2.98
9 .38
3 .24
2 .34
9 .53
( 9 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Mopsus - ( a ) T etradrach ms o f Hadr ian 3 221
BMC 1 2= v . Au lock
1 3.56
6 0.50
8 .20
3 1 ( a ) 3 222
Wa lker ( as l ast )
1 3.25
6 4.00
3 223
BMC 1 4 =v . Au lock 1 2.52
7 2.00
3 224
AM
t r
8 .48 9 .01
3 3 ( a ) Weber 7 574
1 2.70
7 0.00
v.Au lock 3 3 ( b ) & ( c ) ; o bv. d ie a s l ast
8 6
t r
8 .89
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
1 3.01
Corrected mean we igh t
1 3.19
8 .78
3 .30
2 .19
We igh t o f t heoret ica l
6 6.62
8 .64
d rach ma Mopsus - ( b ) T etradrach m o f An ton inus P ius 3 225
BMC 1 5 =v .Au lock
1 3.50
0 .25
6 7.50
9 .11
3 6 ( a ) Corrected mean we igh t
1 3.47
9 .09
3 .38
2 .27
( 6 c o ins ) We ight o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
Mopsus - ( c ) Tr idrach m o f An ton inus P ius 3 226
Wa lker ( rev.
9 .68
Ar te m is )
( worn )
We igh t o f t heoret ica l
6 2.00
6 .00
3 .23
2 .00
d rachma S eleuc ia - ( a ) Tr idrach m o f Hadr ian 3 227
Wa lker ( rev.
1 0.76
5 3.00
t r
t r
5 .70
A thena ) Corrected mean we igh t
9 .62
5 .10
3 .21
1 .70
( 4 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma S e leuc ia - ( b ) T etradrach ms o f An ton inus P ius 3 228
BMC 1 8
1 2.22
6 2.50
-
5 .00
7 .63
3 229
Wa lker ( obv. d ie
1 2.62
6 7.00
t r
t r
8 .45
3 230
BMC 1 9
1 2.83
6 1.25
-
0 .50
7 .85
a s l ast ) ( tr , As ) Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 2.56
Corrected mean we igh t
1 2.56
7 .98
3 .14
1 .99
6 3.58
7 .98
( 4 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma S eleuc ia - ( c ) T etradrach m o f Marcus Aure l ius 3 231
Wa lker
Correc ted mean we igh t
1 2.80
5 6.50
t r
t r
7 .23
1 2.81
7 .24
3 .20
1 .81
( 2 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
8 7
Tarsus - ( a ) T etradrach ms o f Tra jan , Cos V We igh t o f No.
Reference
We igh t
% s i lver
Au
3 232
BM
3 233
BM = Weber 7 658,
3 234
AM
1 3.81
3 235
Wa lker
3 236
BM
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 2.67
6 4.50
t r
0 .25
8 .16
1 4.38
4 9.00
-
1 .00
7 .04
7 5.00
t r
t r
1 0.36
1 3.49
6 0.50
t r
t r
8 .16
1.22
4 8.00
-
0 .50
5 .38
1 3.11
5 9.40
7 .82
1 .10
1 0.09
1 .63
o bv. d ie a s l ast
Mean ( 5 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion Corrected mean we igh t
1 3.68
8 .13
3 .42
2 .03
( 11 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rachma T arsus - ( b ) F irst c o inage o f Hadr ian , t r idrach ms , A . D. 1 17-118 3 237
BMC 1 49 ( L ion &
9 .84
7 0.25
-
-
6 .91
8 .76
8 7.00
-
-
7 .62
9 .48
8 8.00
-
-
8 .34
8 .91
7 3.50
t r
-
6 .55
b u l l ) 3 238
Ba ldw in ( L ion & b u l l )
3 239
Ba ldw in ( L ion & b u l l )
3 240
AM ( L ion & b ul l )
3 241
BM ( two f igures )
8 .89
7 6.00
-
-
6 .76
3 242
Wa lker ( L ion & b u l l )
9 .66
9 4.50
-
-
9 .13
3 243
AM ( Sandan )
9 .82
6 7.50
t r
-
6 .63
3 244
BMC 1 46 ( Sandan )
8 .74
7 4.00
-
0 .75
6 .47
3 245
Wa lker ( Sandan )
9 .08
6 3.50
t r
t r
5 .77
Mean ( 9 c o ins )
9 .24
7 7.14
7 .13
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .43
9 .82
0 .99
Corrected mean we igh t
9 .56
7 .37
3 .19
2 .46
( 36 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rachma T arsus - ( c ). 3 246
BM
We ight o f t heoret ica l
S econd c o inage o f Hadr ian , t etradrach m 1 2.96
7 2.00
3 .24
0 .25
9 .33 2 .33
d rachma
8 8
T arsus - ( d ).
S econd c o inage o f Hadr ian , t r idrach ms We igh t
We igh t o f
N o.
Reference
3 247
BMC 1 47
1 0.80
6 0.25
3 248
BMC 1 48
1 0.08
7 4.50
-
-
7 .51
3 249
Wa lker
1 0.22
7 9.00
t r
t r
8 .07
9 .53
7 7.50
-
-
7 .39
1 0.16
7 2.81
( g )
3 250 Ba ldw in Mean ( 4 c o ins ) C orrec ted mean we igh t
% s i lver
Au -
P b
s i lver ( g )
-
6 .51
7 .37
9 .82
7 .15
3 .27
2 .38
( 29 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma T arsus - ( e ).
T h ird c o inage o f Hadr ian , t etradrach ms
3 251
BMC 1 50
1 3.37
7 9.00
3 .00
1 0.56
3 252
BMC 1 53
1 3.56
7 0.50
0 .75
9 .56
3 253
BMC 1 54
1 2.41
7 4.50
0 .75
9 .24
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 3.11
7 4.67
C orrected mean we igh t
1 3.12
9 .80
3 .28
2 .45
9 .78
( 8 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rachma
No l ess t han f our C i l ic ian c i t ies s truck s i lver d ur ing t h is p er iod , t he b u lk o f i ti n t he r e ign o f Hadr ian a nd t o b e c onnected w ith t he t hree o ccas ions when t he Emperor was i n t he a rea.
Excep t a t T arsus t he i ssues a re a l l o f g rea t
r ar ity , w ith t he r esu lt t ha t a ny c a lcu la t ions o f f ineness a nd s i lver c on ten t must n ecessar ily b e v ery t en ta t ive. T here a re t wo c o inages f ro m Aegeae.
The f irst c ons is ts o f au n ique A t t ic
t etradrachm ( no. 3 213 ) a nd a sma l l s er ies o f t r idrach ms ( nos. 3 214-3217 ) w ith a v ar iety o f r everse t ypes , c losely d iel inked .
The c o ins a l l b ear t he
d a te 1 64 ( A. D . 17/118 ), a nd a re p erhaps t o b e c onnected w ith t he Emperor 's j ourney b ack t o Ro me a f ter t he d eath o f T ra jan.
T hey a re a l l v ery d ebased ,
t he t r idrach ms p ar t icu lar ly s o , p roduc ing a d rachma c on ta in ing o n ly 2 .02 g o f s i lver .
1°
T he s econd g roup a re d a ted t o y ears 1 79 a nd 1 80 ( A.D . 1 32-134 ) a nd a re p resu mably a ssoc ia ted w ith t he s econd p rov inc ia l t our o f Hadr ian , wh ich a lso p roduced c o inages o f Am isus , Caesarea , Mopsus a nd T arsus.
T h is t ime t he
c o ins a re e n t ire ly A t t ic t etradrachms , s ee m ing ly l ess d ebased t han t he p rev ious i ssue , a nd g iv ing a d rach ma c on ta in ing 2 .34 g o f s i lver . A t Mopsus 1 1
t here i s n o s i lver c o inage f or t he e ar l ier p ar t o f t he r e ign o f
Hadr ian b ut a sma l l i ssue o f t e tradrach ms wh ich , t hough u nda ted , a re p robab ly
8 9
t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he s econd i mper ia l v is it t o t he e as t a nd t he p er iod f o l lowi ng i t . Th is i s f o l lowed b y a n e qua l ly sma l l i ssue o f t e tradrachms i n t he n ame o f An ton inus P ius , wh ich i s l i kew ise u nda ted b u t wh ich i s s o s im i lar i n s ty le t o d a ted b ronze c o ins o f t he y ears 1 39/40 a nd 1 40/41 t ha t i tc an b e a sser ted w ith c on f idence t ha t t hey b e long t o t he v ery e ar ly y ears o f t he r e ign .
T o t he
s a me p er iod a lso b e longs a s ee m ing ly u n ique t r idrachm w ith r everse t ype o f a s tand ing Ar te m is ( no. 3 226 ). The who le o f t he s i lver c o inage o f Mopsus c an t herefore b e d a ted t o t he p er iod c . 1 32-141. D esp ite t he sma l lness o f o ur s a mp le i ti s c lear t ha t t he d rachma i s i n tended t o c on ta in c . 2 .20 g o f s i lver . T he c o inage o f S e leuc ia a d Ca lycaL lnu m i s e ven r arer t han t ha t o f Mopsus. Under Hadr ian t he s i lver c o inage s ee ms t o h ave b een t he p roduct o f o n ly t wo o bverse d ies. T he f irs t o f t hese l 2 i s p robab ly t o b e d a ted t o v ery e ar ly i n t he r e ign , t he s econd ( no. 3 227 ) t o t he m idd le 1 20s. T here i s a n e qua l ly r are s er ies o f t etradrach ms o f An ton inus P ius , r e markab le f or t he ir w ide f l ans a nd r everse t ype o f as ea ted Z eus wh ich s ee ms t o h ark b ack t o t he p osthumous s i lver o f A lexander t he G rea t .
T h is i ssue c anno t b e a ccura te ly d a ted.
F ina l ly
w ith in t h is p er iod t here i s av ery r are i ssue o f t e tradrach ms o f Marcus Aure l ius a nd L uc ius V erus o f s im i lar f abr ic a nd r everse t ype t o t hose o f An ton inus P ius.
T h is g roup c an b e a ccura te ly d a ted b y t he a ppearance o f t he
t i t le AR MEN IACVS o n t he c o ins o f Marcus , a pparen t ly a dded t o t he o bverse d ies a f ter t hey h ad b een made. T hey p robab ly b e long t o t he y ears 1 64-165. Our s amp les o f t hese c o inages i s s o sma l l t ha t l i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t t he ir metro logy , p ar t icu lar ly a s t here i s a n a bsence o f u nworn s pec i mens. The s tandard w ou ld s ee m t o b e g enera l ly l ower t han t ha t u sed a t t he o ther C il ic ian c i t ies , s o t ha t t he c a lcu la ted s i lver c on ten t o f t he d rachma i s n ever a bove 2 .00 g , w h ile a t t he o ther c i t ies t he s tandard i sn ever b e low 2 .00 g a nd i s n orma l ly c ons iderab ly h igher.
However , n o o ther C i l ic ian c i ty h as a
c o inage w ith in t h is p er iod l a ter t han c . 1 40. The o n ly C il ic ian c i ty t o s tr ike s i lver w ith a ny a bundance i s T arsus , w here a c t iv ity c eases b efore t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f Hadr ian . T here h ad b een a sma l l i ssue o f t etradrachms a t T arsus u nder Do m it ian , s truck a t av ery h igh s tandard , i ft he s ing le a na lys is a va i lab le i s t o b e r e l ied u pon ( Metro logy I1 30 ). Then t here f o l lows a n e qua l ly sma l l i ssue f or T ra jan i n h is t h ird c onsu lsh ip ( A.D . 1 00 ) f or wh ich n o s pec i mens a re a va i lab le f or a na lys is , a nd t hen a much l arger i ssue f or t he f i f th c onsu lsh ip ( nos. 3 232-3236 ). C o mpared t o t he c o ins o f Do m it ian t he d ebase men t i s v ery s tr ik ing , w ith a mean f i neness f or t he f i ve c o ins o f 5 9.40%.
T h is s tandard i s e ven l ower t han t ha t o f t he t e tradrachms
o f T ra jan i n S yr ia a f ter t he d ebase men t ( be low , p . 1 05 ), a nd i tc er ta in ly means t ha t t h is i ssue mus t b e d a ted t o a f ter t he r e form o f t he d enar ius i n 1 07.
T he
r esu lt i s ad rach ma w ith o n ly 2 .03 g o f s i lver , w e l l b e low t he s tandard o f t he l a ter c o ins o f Hadr ian . T he T arsan c o ins o f Hadr ian f or m t he o n ly ma jor i ssue o f s i lver f rom Ro man C il ic ia.
T he c o ins c an b e d iv ided i n to t hree d ist inct g roups.
T he
f irst c ons is ts o f t r idrachms w ith r everses o f al i on o n ab u l l , S andan s t and ing o n ag r if f in a nd Apo l lo a nd H erac les c lasp ing h ands , t he l as t much r arer t han t he o ther t wo.
A l l t hree t ypes a re f requen t ly d iel inked t o e ach o ther .
T he
c o ins a re o f ad ist inct ive s pread f abr ic , a nd t he s ty le o f p or tra iture s ugges ts ad a te v ery e ar ly i n t he r e ign , t he i ssue b e ing t en ta t ive ly d a ted t o 117/ 11 8.
9 0
The s econd g roup i s q u ite d ist inct f ro m t he f irs t .
I t c ons is ts o f as ing le
t e tradrachm a nd t r idrach ms w i th r everse t ype o f as ea ted Tyche.
The c o ins
a re o f a more d u mpy a nd l ess s pread f abr ic t han t he f i rs t i ssue , a nd t hey a re p robab ly t o b e d a ted t o t he midd le 1 20s. T he t h ird g roup c ons ists e n t ire ly o f t etradrach ms w ith r everse o f e ither a n e ag le o r ab ust o f S ab ina.
S o me o f t he c o ins s ee m t o b e ' meda l l ic ' i n
c haracter , w ith s uperb a nd c arefu l ly e ngraved d ies.
The s ty le o f t hese c o ins
p laces t he m l a te i n t he r e ign , c on te mporary w ith t he l a te t e tradrach ms o f Aegeae a nd Mopsus , t hose o f Aegeae b e ing d a ted t o 1 32-134.
T h is i ssue i s
d oub t less o f t he s a me p er iod , a nd i s t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he i mper ia l p resence. A l l t hree o f t hese c o inages a re q u ite c lear ly s truck o n t he s a me w e igh ts tandard a nd f ineness , p roduc ing a mean f i neness wh ich v ar ies b etween 7 2 a nd 7 7% , a nd a d rach ma b e tween 2 .33 a nd 2 .46 g o f s i lver .
T h is i s av ery c lear
improve men t o n t he t e tradrachms o f T ra jan s truck a t T arsus a nd r a ther b et ter t han t ha t o f t he c o ins o f Hadr ian f ro m o ther C il ic ian m in ts.
On t he o ther
h and i ti s q u i te c lear t ha t t hese c o ins a re i n tended t o h ave t he s a me s i lver c on ten t ( on a p er d rachma b as is ) a s t he S yr ian t etradrach ms o f t he p er iod a f ter t he r e form o f T ra jan , wh ich n or ma l ly g ive a s i lver c on ten t v ary ing b e tw een 2 .26 a nd 2 .42 g o f s i lver .
I f a ny th ing t hey may s how a s l igh t ly h igher
s i lver c on ten t t han t he c o ins o f S yr ia , a l though t h is may n o t b e s ign if ican t. I th as a lready b een n oted t ha t t h is s i lver c on ten t f or t he d rach ma i s v ery c lose i ndeed t o t ha t o f t he o verstruck c is tophor i o f Hadr ian , p rov ided t ha t t hey a re d ee med n ow t o b e c o ins o f f our d rach mas ( denar i i ) r a ther t han t hree ( above , p . 6 4 )•
( v i i i )
S yr ia - P hoen ic ia
Nerva
T e tradrachms
We igh t
We igh t o f
No.
Refei 'ence
3 254
BMC 2 67 ( year A )
1 5.59
8 5.50
3 255
Ba ldw in ( year A )
1 4.45
3 256
AM ( year A )
15.0 0
3 257
Wa lker ( year A )
1 5 .1 0
3 258
BMC 2 68 ( year A )
1 4.33
3 259
BMC 2 69 ( year B )
1 4.71
9 1.00
t r
-
1 3.39
3 260
AM ( year B )
1 5.05
9 0.50
t r
t r
1 3 .6 2
1 4.89
8 8.79
1
0 .40
2 .08
Mean ( 7 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion Corrected mean we igh t
( g )
% s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
t r
-
1 3.33
8 7.00
-
-
1 2.57
8 8.00
t r
-
1 3.20
8 8.00
t r
-
1 3.29
9 1.50
t r
-
1 3.11
1 3.21 0 .30
1 4.78
1 3.12
3 .69
3 .28
( 25 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rachma
9 1
Tra jan - ( a ).
T etradrach ms o f COS I , r everse e ag le ( ?Ant ioch ) We igh t
No.
Reference
( g )
3 261
BMC 2 88
1 4.26
3 262
BM
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
8 6.50
t r
-
1 2.33
1 5.44
7 4.50
-
-
1.50
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
1 4.85
8 0.50
-
-
Corrected mean we igh t
1 4.50
1 1.67
3 .62
2 .92
1.91
( 7 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( b ). 3 263
T etradrach ms o f COS I & I l l, r everse Herac les ( ?Tyre )
BMC 9 ( Cos I )
1 4.15
8 8.00
t r
t r
1 2.45
3 264
BM ( Cos I I )
1 4.57
9 1.00
t r
t r
1 3.26
3 265
Wa lker ( Cos I I )
1 4.56
8 6.00
t r
-
1 2.52
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 4.43
8 8.33
Corrected mean we igh t
1 4.34
1 2.67
3 .58
3 .17
1 2.74
( 7 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( c ).
Tr idrach m o f COS I I, r everse Herac les ( ?Tyre )
B l V IC 1 0
1 1.17
Corrected mean we ight
1 0.83
8 .80
3 .61
2 .93
3 266
8 1.25
0 .50
9 .08
( 4 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( d ).
Tr idrach ms o f COS I l, r everse Ro ma
3 267
BM
1 1.04
7 6.50
3 268
Wa lker
1 0.04
8 9.50
t r
1 .50
8 .99
8 .45
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
1 0.54
8 3.00
8 .72
Corrected mean we igh t
1 0.45
8 .67
3 .48
2 .89
( 5 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( e ).
Tr idrach ms o f COS I , r everse b earded b ust r ight ( Sydenha m 1 73 )
BMC 4 6
1 0.70
Corrected mean we igh t
1 0.77
9 .69
3 .59
3 .23
3 269
9 0.00
9 .63
( 6 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma 9 2
Tra jan - ( f ). D idrach ms o f COS I , r everse b ust o f Hera l ef t ( Sydenha m 1 74 ) We igh t ( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
No.
Reference
3 270
BMC 4 7
7 .28
9 5.00
6 .91
3 271
AM
7 .34
8 8.00
6 .45
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
7 .31
9 1.50
6 .68
Corrected mean we igh t
7 .25
6 .63
3 .62
3 .31
( 11 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( g ).
D idrach ms o f COS I I, r everse e ag le ( Sydenha m 1 81)
3 272
BMC 5 8
7 .80
8 1.50
3 273
Wa lker ( obv. d ie a s 7 .47
8 7.00
t r
t r
6 .36
t r
6 .50
l as t ) 8 4.25
6 .43
Mean ( 2 c o ins )
7 .63
Corrected mean we igh t
7 .27
6 .12
3 .63
3 .06
( 9 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( h ). 3 274
AM
T etradrach m o f y ear 1 2, Wruck 1 54 1 5.30
Tra jan - ( i ).
0 .25
8 9.50
1 3.69
T etradrach ms o f COS V ,
r everse b us t o f Herac les w ith c lub i n f ield (Wruck 1 50 ) 3 275
BMC 1 1
1 5.02
3 276
AM
3 277
BM
3 278
8 1.00
t r
1 4.10
8 4.00
t r
-
1 1.84
1 5.68
8 4.50
-
-
1 3.25
AM
1 4.76
8 0.00
t r
t r
1 1.81
3 279
BMC 1 2
1 3.89
9 1.00
-
-
1 2.64
3 280
Ba ldw in
1 5.11
9 2.00
-
-
1 3.90
1 4.77
8 5.42
0 .61
4 .59
Mean ( 6 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
t r
1 2.17
1 2.61 0 .76
1 4.70
1 2.56
3 .67
3 .14
( 24 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
9 3
Tra jan - ( j ).
D idrach m o f COS V , r everse e ag le w ith c lub We igh t
No.
Reference
3 281
BMC ( Caesarea ) 7 9
( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
6 .88
Au
Pb
8 5.00
s i lver ( g ) 5 .85
( Cos V n ot V I a s i n BMC ) Corrected mean we igh t
6 .88
5 .85
3 .44
2 .92
( 3 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( k ).
T etradrach ms o f COS V , r everse b us t o f Herac les w ithout c lub i n f i eld , (Wruck 1 51)
3 282
AM
1 4.95
5 8.00
-
-
8 .67
3 283
BM
1 4.82
6 6.00
-
-
9 .78
3 284
1 4 24
1 4.21
6 2.00
t r
t r
8 .81
3 285
W IC 1 3
1 4.89
6 9.00
-
-
1 0.27
Tra jan - ( 1 ). 3 286
AM
T etradrach m o f COS V , r everse Tyche 1 3.92
Tra jan - ( m ).
7 6.00
-
-
1 0.58
T etradrach ms o f COS V , r everse e ag le
3 287
BMC 2 1
1 4.17
6 4.00
9 .07
3 288
Ba ldw in
1 3.63
6 4.00
8 .72
3 289
AM
1 5.14
5 5.00
8 .33
3 290
Ba ldw in ( d ies a s
1 5.12
6 9.00
1 0.43
1 4.54
6 4.78
9 .41
0 .53
5 .90
l ast ) Mean ( 9 c o ins o f k -m ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
0 .81
1 4.42
9 .34
3 .60
2 .33
( 27 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( n ). 3 291
BMC 1 4 ( Tr p 1 4,
T etradrachms o f Tr p 1 4-15
1 3.71
7 1.50
1 3.85
5 8.00
1 4.26
6 5.00
BM ( Tr p 1 4 , Tyche )14.83
5 9.00
t r
t r
9 .80
Herac les ) 3 292
BM ( Tr p 1 4 ,
8 .03
He 3 293
Wa lker ( Tr p 1 4 ,
t r
9 .27
He 3 294
9 4
8 .75
Weight No.
Reference
3 295
BM
3 296
BMC 1 5 ( Tr p 1 5,
Tr p 1 4 ,
' ( g )
We ight o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 4.17
6 8.50
-
t r
9 .71
1 4.77
5 7.50
t r
t r
8 .49
1 4.34
6 8.00
t r
0 .75
9 .75
1 3.99
8 5.00
-
-
1 5.05
7 3.00
1 0.99
1 3.68
6 0.50
8 .28
Eag le ) Heracles ) 3 297
BMC 2 9 ( Tr p 1 5, Herac les )
3 298
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5,
1 1.89
Heracles ) 3 299
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5 ,
3 300
Ba ldw in ( Tr p . 1 5 ,
3 301
AM ( Tr p 1 5 ,
1 3.65
6 4.00
-
_
3 302
BM ( Tr p 1 5 , Tyche ,13.72
7 3.00
-
0 .25
1 0.02
3 303
BMC 2 9 ( t r p1 5 ,
1 4.34
6 8.00
t r
0 .75
9 .75
3 304
AM ( t r p1 5 , Tyche ) 1 4.15
6 2.00
t r
t r
3 305
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5,
6 4.00
3 306
BM ( Tr p 1 5 , Tyche ) 1 4.09
6 5.50
t r
-
9 .23
3 307
BMC 2 2 ( Tr p 1 5,
1 4.80
6 3.00
-
-
9 .32
3 308
BMC 2 3 ( Tr p 1 5 ,
1 4.07
5 8.50
_
0 .75
8 .23
3 309
BM ( Tr p 1 5 , e ag le ) 1 4.54
6 4.00
-
t r
9 .30
3 310
BM ( Tr p 1 5 , e ag le ) 1 3.61
6 7.50
t r
0 .75
9 .19
3 311
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5 ,
1 3.89
6 5.00
-
-
9 .03
1 3.96
7 0.00
-
-
9 .77
1 3.85
6 2.00
8 .59
1 3.81
6 1.00
8 .42
AM ( Tr p 1 5 , e ag le ) 1 3.39
6 0.00
1 4.10
6 5.34
9 .21
0 .42
6 .01
0 .88
Herac les ) Heracles ) 8 .74
Herac les ) o bv. d ie a s l ast ) Tyche ) 1 3.94
8 .77 8 .92
Tyche )
e ag le ) e ag le )
e ag le ) 3 312
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5 , e ag le )
3 313
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5 , e ag le )
3 314
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 5, e ag le )
3 315
Mean ( 25 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
t r
8 .03
1 4.10
9 .21
3 .52
2 .30
( 46 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
9 5
Tra jan - ( o ).
T etradrach ms o f Tr p 1 6
We igh t No.
Reference
3 316 3 317
BMC 1 6 ( Herac les ) BMC 1 7 ( Herac les )
( g ) 1 4.90 1 3.57
We igh t o f % s i lver 6 4.50 6 4.00
Au
Pb
-
t r 0 .25
s i lver ( g ) 9 .61 8 .68
3 318
BMC 3 0 ( Tyche )
1 3.97
7 7.00
t r
t r
1 0.76
3 319
AM ( Tyche )
1 3.45
6 1.00
t r
-
8 .20
3 320
BMC 2 4 ( eag le )
1 3.09
6 2.50
-
0 .25
8 .18
3 321
BMC 2 5 ( eag le )
1 3.45
6 1.00
-
0 .25
8 .20
3 322
BM ( eag le )
1 3.98
6 1.50
-
0 .50
8 .60
3 323
AM ( eag le )
1 4.33
6 2.50
-
-
8 .96
3 324
Ba ldw in ( eag le )
1 4.06
7 7.00
-
-
1 0.83
3 325
Ba ldw in ( eag le )
1 3.93
7 6.00
-
-
1 0.59
1 3.87
6 6.70
0 .50
6 .62
Mean ( 10 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
9 .26 1 .04
1 4.06
9 .38
3 .51
2 .34
( 16 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heore t ica l d rach ma Tra jan - ( p ). 3 326
BMC 1 8 ( Tr p 1 7 ,
T etradrachms o f Tr p 1 7-21
1 3.57
6 2.00
t r
t r
8 .41
1 3.86
6 0.50
t r
t r
8 .38
1 3.85
6 8.00
9 .42
1 4.22
7 7.00
1 0.95
1 4.73
6 9.50
1 0.24
1 4.56
6 7.75
1 4.66
6 1.50
9 .02
1 3.80
5 4.00
7 .45
1 3.10
6 8.50
1 4.01
5 6.00
1 3.38
6 3.50
t r
1 4.22
7 1.50
t r
AM ( Tr p 2 1, e ag le ) 1 4.82
6 3.00
He 3 327
AM ( Tr p 1 7, Heracles )
3 328
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 7, Heracles )
3 329
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 7, He
3 330
BMC 2 6 ( Tr p 1 7 ,
3 331
BMC 2 7 ( Tr p 1 7,
3 332
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 7,
3 333
BMC 1 9 ( Tr p 1 8,
e ag le ) 0 .25
9 .86
e ag le ) e ag le ) Heracles ) 3 334
BMC 2 0 ( Tr p 1 8,
3 335
Ba ldw in ( Tr p 1 9 ,
0 .25
8 .97
Herac les ) 7 .85
e ag le ) 3 336
AM ( Tr p 2 0 ,
8 .50
Heracles ) 3 337
BMC 2 8 ( Tr p 2 1,
0 .25
1 0.17
e ag le ) 3 338
9 6
t r
9 .34
We igh t No.
Reference
3 339
AM ( Herac les ,
' ( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb t r
s i lver ( g )
1 3.76
5 7.50
7 .91
1 4.04
6 4.30
9 .03
0 .50
6 .18
0 .99
d ate u ncer ta in ) Mean ( 14 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
1 4.04
9 .03
3 .51
2 .26
( 35 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Hadr ian - T etradrach ms o f A . D. 1 18-120 3 340
BM ( eag le l ef t o n
3 341
BMC 3 04 ( Cos I )
1 4.04
7 2.00
-
-
1 0.11
1 4.50
6 2.00
-
-
8 .99
c lub ) 3 342
AM ( Cos I )
1 4.37
6 0.00
-
t r
8 .62
3 343
Wa lker ( Cos I )
1 3.99
7 4.00
t r
t r
1 0.35
3 344
BMC 3 05 ( Cos I I )
1 3.94
7 7.50
-
1 .25
1 0.80
1 4.17
6 9.10
9 .77
0 .22
6 .87
0 .83
Mean ( 5 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion Corrected mean we igh t
1 4.01
9 .68
3 .50
2 .42
( 18 c o ins ) We ight o f t heoret ica l d rach ma Hadr ian - T etradrach m o f Laod icea a d Mare , A . D. 1 31 3 345
BM ( year 1 69 )
1 3.15
8 8.00
t r
-
1 1.57
M Aurel ius - T etradrach ms o f A . D. 1 78-179 3 346
BMC 3 43 ( Tr
1 2.79
8 8.00
1 1.26
3 347
BMC 3 45 ( Co m mo-
1 2.41
7 9.00
9 .80
1 3.49
7 3.00
9 .85
Mean ( 3 c o ins )
1 2.89
8 0.00
1 0.30
Corrected mean we igh t
1 2.66
1 0.13
3 .16
2 .53
p3 3 ) d us , Tr p 4 ) 3 348
Wa lker ( d ies a s l ast )
( 6 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
9 7
T he c o inage o f S yr ia-Phoen ic ia i n t h is p er iod i s v ery c o mp lex a nd h as p rev ious ly b een o bscured b y n u merous e rrors o f a t tr ibu t ion .
T h is h as ma in ly
b een d ue t o ar e luctance t o a t tr ibu te d enom ina t ions o ther t han .the t e tradrach m t o t h is r eg ion , w ith t he r esu l t t ha t u nder T ra jan a l arge b ody o f f ract iona l c urrency h as b een wrong ly a t tr ibuted t o Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia. S ince t he s ty l ist ic s im ilar it ies o f s o me o f t h is c o inage t o t he t e tradrach ms h as b een o bv ious t h is h as l ed t o t he l og ica l c onc lus ion t hat s o me s cho lars i n t he p as t h ave e ven b een l ed t o a t tr ibu te s o me o f t he t etradrachms t he mse lves t o Caesarea. H oard e v id ence a lone i s e nough t o d e monstra te t ha t t h is i s i ncorrect , b u t t he h oard e v id ence i t sel f h as b een o bscured b y t he m isa t tr ibu t ions. Wha t i s n ow b eco m ing c lear i s t ha t an eg l ig ib le q uan t ity o f s i lver c o inage f ro m C appadoc ia e ver c ircu la ted s ou th o f t he T aurus , a nd t he r eason f or t h is i s c lear ly t o b e s een i n i t s h igh d egree o f o verva lua t ion . S im ilar ly , p ract ica l ly n o t rue S yr ian c o inage c ircu la ted n or thwards i n to C appadoc ia a nd P ontus. T o t he h oard e v id ence w e c an n ow a dd t ha t o f t he metro logy , f or t he S yr ian m in ts w ere , a t l east u p t o 1 07 , u s ing a s tandard s o d ist inc t f ro m t ha t o f Caesarea , b oth i n we igh t a nd f i neness , t ha t t he s i lver c on ten t c an o f ten b e u sed a s a n a dd it iona l d ete r in in ing f actor . T here a re ma jor p rob le ms o f m in t a t tr ibut ion w ith in S yr ia-Phoen ic ia i t se lf more d i f f icu l t t o s o lve b ecause i ts ee ms t o b e t he c ase t ha t e i ther An t ioch i s u s ing t he H erac les r everse t ype wh ich w e w ou ld l i ke t o a t tr ibu te t o T yre , o r Tyre i s u s ing t he e ag le a nd T yche r everse t ypes w h ich o ugh t t o b e long t o An t ioch .
F ur thermore , s ince S yr ia-Pa les t ine f ormed a s ing le c urrency u n it
t he h oards f ro m t he r eg ion a re u n iform a nd d o n o t h e lp u s.
T h is d oes , h ow-
e ver , make c orrec t a t tr ibu t ion l ess i mpor tan t t han i t wou ld o therw ise b e a nd Ih ave t here fore n o t a t te mp ted , e xcep t i n s pec ia l c ases , t o d is t ingu ish t he v ar ious m in ts w ork ing i n t he r eg ion u nder T ra jan a l though i ti s c lear t ha t a t l eas t t wo , a nd p oss ib ly more , a re a ct ive. As e lsewhere , aS yr ian m in t b egan t o c o in s i lver f or N erva s oon a f ter h is a ccess ion , i n t h is c ase t e tradrachms. T h is w as n ot t he s a me m in t a s t ha t wh ich w as u sed b y Do m it ian f or h is l ast i ssue , t he c o ins b e ing t h icker i n f abr ic a nd i n ac oarse a nd u n f lat ter ing s ty le q u ite u n l ike t hose o f Do m it ian 's l ast y ears ( Wruck n os. 1 10-111 ). 1 3 T he s t if f a nd u nga in ly e ag le , t h ick f abr ic a nd l arge l e t ter ing s ure ly s ugges ts t hat t he s ame m in t a nd d ie c u t ter was u sed a s t ha t w h ich h ad p roduced Do m it ian 's t e tradrachms o f y ears 7 -9 ( Wruck n os. 1 07-109 ). T h is m in t c on t inued t o w ork , a lbe it w ith a r educed o u tpu t , a f ter b e ing v ery a ct ive i ndeed i n N erva 's f i rst r egna l y ear , u n t il j ust i n to t he s econd r egna l y ear o f T ra jan ( end o f A .D . 9 8 ). 1 4 No c o ins o f t he m in t f ro m a f ter t he d eath o f N erva w ere a va ilab le f or a na lys is. T hose o f Nerva s ho w t he u se o f a v ery h igh s tandard , g iv ing a d rachma c on ta in ing n o l ess t han 3 .28 g o f s i lver ; a s w e f ound a t Caesarea , t here d oes s eem t o b e ad is t inct i ncrease i n f i neness o ver t he F lav ian p er iod ( Metro logy I , 1 37 ).
I ti s r e markab le t ha t t he r esu l t
o f t h is i s ad rachma d is t inct ly o verva lued a ga ins t t he d enar ius. S hor t ly a f ter t he a ccess ion o f T ra jan a n ew m in t c o m menced a c t iv ity i n t he r eg ion .
I tp roduced c o ins i n af i ne n ew s ty le w ith a n e legan t r everse t ype
o f a n e ag le i n v ary ing p oses , w ith o r w ithou t ap a lm b ranch ( Wruck n os. 1 391 41, h ere
n os. 3 261-3262 ).
T he f abr ic o f t hese c o ins i s more s pread t han
t hose o f t he N ervan m in t a nd t he c o ins a re s ure ly f ro m t he s a me m in t w h ich p roduced t he e legan t t e tradrachms o f D om it ian 's l as t y ears.
9 8
T hese c o ins
a re a l l o f Tra jan 's COS I ( 98-99 ).
A t t he s a me t ime t here a ppears a no ther
g roup o f t e tradrachms w ith a r everse b ust o f H erac les a nd o bverse b us t o f T ra jan o n a n e ag le ( Wruck n os. 1 42-4 , 1 46-8, h ere n os. 3 263-3265 ). Th is g roup i s o f b o th C os I a nd o f C os I I ( 100 ). I t s hou ld b e r easonab le t o g ive t he f irs t g roup t o An t ioch a nd t he s econd t o Tyre , b u t t he s ty le , b oth o f p ort ra iture a nd l e t ter ing , a nd t he f abr ic o f b oth g roups , a re i nd is t ingu ishab le. A l though b oth t hese s a mp les a re sma l l t hey a re c lear ly s truck t o t he s ame s tandard , w ith mos t c o ins o ver 8 0% f i ne , g iv ing a mean f ineness o f 8 0.50 a nd 8 8% a nd a d rach ma c on ta in ing 2 .92-3.17 g o f s i lver . C onnected w ith t hese t e tradrach ms a re f i ve g roups o f t r idrachms a nd d idrachms , a l l o f wh ich h ave f rom t ime t o t ime b een a t tr ibu ted t o Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia : T ra jan g roup ( c ). T r idrachms w ith r everse b ust o f Herac les ( B MC 1 0 , h ere n o. 3 266 ). T h is c o in c lear ly must b e o f t he s ame min t a s t he t e trad rachms o f t he s a me r everse t ype , a nd t ha t m in t o ught t o b e Tyre.
S ty le
a nd f abr ic a re e xac t ly l ike t he t e tradrachms a nd t he f ineness , wh ich p roduces ad rachma c on ta in ing 2 .93 g o f s i lver , i s l i kew ise t ha t o f t he t e tradrachms. I n f ineness , w e igh t , a nd w e igh t o f s i lver t o t he d rach ma t h is c o in i s u n l ike t hose o f C aesarea ( above p . 8 1 a nd f i gs. 8 & 9 ) . a ny p rovenances f or t h is g roup .
T here d o n ot s ee m t o b e
T ra jan g roup ( d ). T r idrachms o f C os I I w ith r everse t ype Ro ma s eated l e f t ( Sydenha m , C aesarea 1 79-180 , h ere n os. 3 267-3268 ). T hese c o ins a re o f ad is t inct ive
s ty le , u n l ike t ha t o f Caesarea , a nd a re o f ad umpy f abr ic
a nd h igh r el ief w ith sma l l f l an d ia meters. T he t wo s pec i mens a na lysed a re o f ah igher f i neness t han w ou ld b e e xpec ted a t Caesarea ( t hough t here i s s o me o ver lap ) a nd t he c o ins a re a lso h eavy , p roduc ing a .s i lver c on ten t f or t he d rachma n earer t o t ha t o f S yr ia t han C aesarea. S yr ian , c er ta in ly n ot C appadoc ian . Europos.
T hey a re a l mos t c er ta in ly
On ly o ne f i nd-spot i s r ecorded , f ro m Dura-
There i s o n ly o ne g enu ine C aesarean s i lver c o in f ro m D ura , t he
r es t o f t he n on-denar ius c o inage b e ing e n t irely S yr ian/Pa lest in ian. 1 5 T ra jan g roup ( e ).
Tr idrach m o f C os I , r everse b earded b us t l e f t
( Sydenha m 1 73, n o. 3 269 ).
The s ty le o f t h is g roup i s v ery l i ke t he l as t t wo ,
t hough p erhaps t he w ider f l ans a re a l i t t le n earer t o g roup ( C ) t han g roup ( d ). T he w e igh ts o f t hese c o ins , g iv ing a d rachma o f 3 .59 g , a nd t he f ineness o f t he s ing le c o in a va ilab le f or a na lys is a re much t oo h igh f or Caesarea ( f igs. 8& 9 ) , a nd a t 3 .23 g p roduce a d rachma t ha t i s h igher e ven t han S yr ian t e tradrachms , a l though w ith o n ly o ne c o in a na lysed t oo much s hou ld n o t b e made o f t h is.
On ly o ne p rovenance i s k nown , f ro m E leuth .eropo l is i n
P a les t ine , a s c an b e s een i n t he v a luab le s u m mary o f Metca lf .1 6 T ra jan g roup ( f ). h ere n os. 3 270-3271). ( e ).
D idrach ms w ith r everse b us t o f H era ( Sydenha m 1 74 , T hese c o ins c lear ly b e long t o t he s a me m in t a s g roup
Aga in , t he s ty le i s d is t inc t ly d i f feren t f ro m t ha t o f Caesarea a nd c om-
p ared w ith g enu ine c o ins o f Caesarea t he c o ins a re d u mpy w ith much sma l ler f l ans t han Caesarea d idrachms , a nd t he b us ts a re i n h igher r e l ief .
T he
w e igh ts a re s tr ik ing ly d i f feren t f ro m t hose o f C aesarea - o n ly o ne o f t he 4 0 t rue C aesarean c o ins h as a w e igh t a s h igh a s t he mean o f t h is g roup , a nd t he mean w e igh t d i f fers b y 0 .44 g .
T he mean f i neness o f t he t wo c o ins o f t h is
9 9
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Caesarea , Cos I . F ig. 8 .
T etradrach ms , S yr ia , Cos
Fract ionals , g roups ( c )(g ).
P ercen tage s i lver , Caesarea a nd S yr ia , A .D. 9 8-100.
We igh t o f Ag i n g 4
3
• •
2
•
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1
0 Caesarea ,
T etradrach ms ,
Cos I .
S yr ia , Cos II I I.
F ig . 9 .
Fract iona ls , g roups ( c )(g ).
We igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rach ma , Caesarea a nd S yr ia , A .D . 9 8-100.
g roup a na lysed i s 1 7.50% h igher t han t ha t o f t he t rue c o ins o f C aesarea . T he r esu lt o f t h is i s t ha t t he s i lvei. c on ten t o f t he d rachma i s f ar h igher t han i s f ound a t Caesarea , b u t v ery c lose i ndeed t o t he t r idrachms o f g roup ( e ). No c o ins o f t h is t ype a re k nown f ro m o uts ide S yr ia-Pa lest ine , b ut t here a re 3 s pec i mens f ro m Murabba 'ä t , o ne f ro m a n u npub l ished An t ioch h oard a nd a no ther wh ich w e c an p erhaps i nc lude w ith s afety f ro m a n I srae l i s a le c a ta logue .1 7 ( g ).
D idrach ms o f C os I l w ith r everse o f a n e ag le l e f t w ith p a l m-branch
b eh ind a nd c lub i n f ron t ( Sydenha m 1 81, h ere n os. 3 272-3 ). T hese c o ins c ou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o S yr ia-Phoen ic ia o n g rounds o f r everse t ype a lone. T he s ty le i s v ery c lose t o t he ' Hera ' d idrachms a bove, a nd t hey may b e o f t he s ame m in t ; c er ta in ly t hey a re o f ad is t inct s ty le a nd f abr ic c o mpared t o c o ins o f Caesarea. T he o bserva t ions c oncern ing w e igh t , f ineness a nd w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rach ma made f or g roup ( f ) a bove a pp ly e qua l ly h ere a nd t he c o ins a re c lear ly s im i lar i n metro logy t o t he o ther S yr ian c o ins a nd d i f feren t t o t hose o f C aesarea.
T here a re t wo e xamp les o f t he t ype f ro m Murabba 'a t a nd f our f ro m
E leu theropo l is , b ut n one f ro m o u ts ide S yr ia-Pa les t ine. I n s u m mary , t here fore , t hese f i ve g roups o f f rac t iona l c urrency a l l h ave c ons iderab le s im i lar it ies t o o ne a nother , a l though a s y e t n o o bverse d ie-l inks b etween t he m h ave b een f ound .
T he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d rachma i s v ar iab le ,
r ang ing f ro m 2 .89 g t o 3 .31 g b u t t h is i s d oub t less d ue t o t he v ery sma l l s ize o f a l l o ur s a mp les.
Wha t i s i mpor tan t i s t hat a s ag roup t hey a re q u ite d ist inct
i n metrology f ro m t he c er ta in c o ins o f Caesarea , a s c an b e s een i n f i gs. 8 & 9 . When t he % s i lver o f t he c er ta in c o ins o f Caesarea i s p lo t ted a ga inst t ha t o f t he t e tradrachms o f S yr ia a nd t he f rac t iona l c urrency i tc an b e s een t ha t t he t wo l a t ter , a l though o ver lapp ing w i th t he v ery w ide s pread o f t he f or mer , a re c lus tered e n t ire ly a t t he u pper e nd o f t he r ange o f f inenesses , w ith s o me o f t he c o ins r each ing h igher t han t he h ighes t c o ins o f Caesarea. When t he s i lver c on ten ts o f t he c a lcu lated d rachmas a re p lot ted a ga ins t e ach o ther , t he e f fect i s s t il l more s tr ik ing , s ince t he c o ins o f S yr ia a re a lso o f h igher t o ta l w e igh t . T here i s n ow h ard ly a ny o ver lap a t a l l , w ith a l mos t e very c o in o f t he S yr ian g roups c on ta in ing more s i lver t o t he d rachma t han t he h ighes t c o ins o f t he Caesarean g roup .
T he d i f ference o f t he S yr ian t e tradrachms a nd t he f rac-
t i ona l c o ins f ro m t he c o ins o f Caesarea a nd t he s im ilar ity o f t he S yr ian t etrad rach ms t o t he f ract iona l c urrency c ou ld n ot b e b e t ter d e mons tra ted .
When
t he h oard e v idence w h ich i s n ow a va i lab le , s can ty a s i ti s , i s a dded , i tb ecomes c lear t ha t t he f ract iona l c o ins u ndoubted ly c ircu lated i n ad i f feren t a rea t o t he c o ins o f Caesarea , a nd i n t he s a me a rea a s t he t e tradrachms , a nd t ha t a rea i s S yr ia-Pa les t ine.
S ome o f t he f ract iona l c o ins mus t s urely b e o f T yre , b u t
o thers may b e o f o ther m in ts i n t he r eg ion , s trong ly i n f luenced b y T yre. T hey a nd t he t e tradrach ms a re s truck o n as ys te m p roduc ing a d rachma wh ich i s v ery c lose i ndeed i n w e igh t o f s i lver t o t he w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he c on te mporary d enar ius , s o t ha t i ti s c lear t ha t t h is c o inage was n o t i n tended t o c arry a ny o verva luat ion o ver t he Ro man d enar ius. T he i ncrease i n t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d rach ma o ver t ha t o f t he F lav ian p er iod , wh ich w as e ven more marked u nder N erva , i s s tr ik ing a nd i n teres t ing , a nd i n t h is r espect c o mpar ison w ith t he s a me s i tua t ion a t C aesarea i s s ign if ican t . T he m in t ing o f s i lver i n t he r eg ion c eased e n t ire ly b efore t he e nd o f A .D. 1 00 a nd d id n ot r esu me f or s o me y ears. 1 01
When i td id t he c o inage was
a l mos t e n t ire ly i n t e tradrachms , w ith o n ly o ne sma l l i ssue o f f rac t iona l c urrency P robab ly t he e ar l iest c o in o f t he r esumed p roduct ion o f s i lver i s o ne o f t he mos t i n teres t ing a nd r e markab le o f t he who le G reek imper ia l s er ies. I t i s as trange c o in w ith t he t yp ica l S yr ian r everse t ype o f ab ust o f Herac les b u t w ith a d ate i n t he n orma l Egyp t ian f orm L IB -a l mos t u n ique o uts ide Egyp t . F ur thermore i th as l ong b een r ecogn ised t ha t t he c o in i s u nquest ionab ly t he work o f a n A lexandr ian d ie-cu t ter , f or t he c o in i s i n e xact ly t he s a me s ty le a s t he c on te mporary c o ins o f A lexandr ia . T h is c o in h as b een t he s ub jec t o f much s pecu la t ion . 18 Newe l l 's v iew , wh ich g rew o u t o f t he s im i lar o p in ions o f Vog t a nd Wruck , was t ha t t hese c o ins a re , b ecause o f t he ir s ty le , u nques t ionab ly Egyp t ian. He r ea l ised , h owever , f ro m t he ir a ppearance , t ha t t hey w ere o f b et ter s i lver c on ten t t han t he n orma l t e tradrachms o f A lexandr ia , a nd h e t here fore s ugges ted t ha t t hey r epresen t a n a bor t ive a t te mp t t o s tage a c o inage r eform a t A lexandr ia b y wh ich t he T yr ian s tandard w as t o b e i n troduced i n Egyp t t o r ep lace t he A lexandr ian.
H e e nds b y i n terpret ing t he c o ins a s ' i n tended a s t he b eg inn ing
o f a" new d ea l" f or t he l ong e xp lo ited a nd u nderpr iv i leged Egyp t ians '. Be l l inger , wr it ing more r ecen t ly , h as e choed t he v iew o f N ewel l. There a re a n u mber o f r easons why s uch a d rama t ic i n terpre tat ion , s ugg est ing t ha t T ra jan c on te mp la ted , b y g iv ing Egyp t ac o mmon c urrency w ith S yr ia , o verturn ing t he who le Augus tan s et t le men t o f Egyp t , c anno t p oss ib ly b e a ccep ted .
I ti s u nderstandab le t ha t N ewe l l 's t heory h as b een i gnored b y
s tuden ts o f Ro man Egyp t . We a re n ow i n ap os it ion , w ith 6 s pec i mens f ro m 2o bverse d ies a va i lab le , t o s ay r ather more a bou t t he me tro logy t han N ewe l l was a b le.
I n w e igh t t he c o ins a re q u ite d is t inct f rom t hose o f Egypt ;
Egyp t ian t e tradrachms r are ly w e igh more t han 1 3.50 g , a nd a l l t he k nown s pec i mens o f t h is i ssue w e igh t more t han t h is , o f ten b e ing o ver 1 5 g .
T he
v isua l o bserva t ion made b y N ewe l l t ha t t he c o ins a re o f h igher s i lver c on ten t t han u sua l i s s pectacu lar ly c on f ir med b y o ur s pec i men ( no. 3 274 ) wh ich h as as i lver c on ten t o f
8 9.50%. I n o ther words i ti s o n t he h igh s ide e ven f or t he
e ar ly t etradrachms o f T ra jan f ro m S yr ia , a nd t he s er ies wou ld s ee m t o c onf orm i n we igh t a nd f i neness t o t he S yr ian s er ies o f T ra jan s truck b efore t he d ebase men t w e a re a bou t t o d escr ibe. I ft hese c o ins a re A lexandr ian , t hen t hey d a te t o Aug .108-Aug . 1 09. T ra jan d ebased t he d enar ius o f Ro me i n m id 1 07, a s w e h ave s een ; a nd y et w e a re a sked t o b e l ieve t ha t , a t at ime when T ra jan h ad a lready b een f orced t o d ebase t he d enar ius , h e n o t o n ly r eformed t he Egyp t ian t e tradrachm t o i ncrease i t s f ineness f ro m a bou t 1 6.50% t o 9 0% b ut r a ised i tt o al eve l w h ich mean t t ha t ( i f i t was n ow a c o in o f 4d enar i i ) i tc on ta ined more s i lver t o t he d enar ius t han t he d enar ius i t se lf .
S uch a s i tua t ion i s c lear ly i mposs ib le.
T here i s o ne p iece o f e v idence wh ich was a va i lab le t o b oth N ewe l l a nd B el l inger b u t wh ich t hey s urpr is ing ly d id n ot u se.
One o f t he s ix c o ins k nown
o f t h is g roup was i n t he E leu theropo l is h oard f ro m P a les t ine.
1 9
Now i ti s
v ery we l l k nown t ha t A lexandr ian c urrency d id n o t c ircu la te o uts ide Egyp t , a t l east n o t a t t h is p er iod ;
y et t here i s as pec i men o f t h is c o inage f rom a
Pa lest in ian h oard a l though n one o f t he c o ins h ave b een f ound i n Egyp t .
1 02
I n
o ther words w e a re d ea l ing w ith a c o inage wh ich i s n on-Egyp t ian n ot o n ly i n w e igh t , f ineness a nd t ype b u t a lso i n c ircu la t ion a rea . L as t ly , t hough Iam o n s haky g round h ere , i ts ee ms t o me t ha t i n f abr ic , r ather t han i n s ty le , t he c o ins l ook more l ike t he work o f t he S yr ian m in t t han o f A lexandr ia. I n s u m mary , t here fore , a l l t he e v idence w ou ld s ee m t o p o in t t o t hese c o ins b e ing S yr ian-Phoen ic ian , p robab ly T yr ian , i n o r ig in .
T he f ac t s t il l r e ma ins ,
o f c ourse , t ha t Tyre b orrowed e i ther A lexandr ian d ies o r a n A lexandr ian d iec u t ter , a nd t h is i n i t sel f i s v ery i n teres t ing e v idence o f c o mmun ica t ion b etween t he f i nanc ia l o f f icers o f t he ' c losed ' p rov ince o f Egyp t a nd t he o uts ide w or ld ; b u t i ti s a t l east f ar l ess s tar t l ing t han t he o ther p oss ib i l it ies. When w e c o me t o c ons ider t he more c onven t iona l c urrency o f S yr ia d ur ing T ra jan 's f i f th c onsu lsh ip w e c an p erhaps p erce ive a p oss ib le o ccas ion f or t he b orrow ing o f ad ie-cu t ter b y t he S yr ian m in t. T he S yr ian c o inage c eased i n A .D . 1 00 a nd r esu med a t s o me t ime i n t he s econd h a lf o f T ra jan 's f i f th c onsu lsh ip , p robab ly a f ter 1 06.
T he p o in t i n t ime w hen i ts ee ms mos t r eason-
a b le f or t he S yr ian m in t t o w ish t o b orrow a d ie-cu t ter w ou ld b e t he momen t when i t was r eopen ing . C er ta in ly f or i tt o n eed t o d o s o a f ter t he m in t w as work ing s ee ms u n l ike ly .
I ft hey a re S yr ian r a ther t han Egyp t ian t hen t hese
c o ins c an b e d a ted t o l a te 1 07late 1 08, a nd i ti s r easonab le t o s uppose t ha t t h is i s t he d a te a t w h ich t he m in t r eopened.
T h is i s a t l eas t a n e ar l ier d ate
t han w ou ld h ave b een p oss ib le i ft hey h ad b een Egyp t ian a nd d a ted b y Egyp t ian r egna l y ears , b u t i ts t i l l means t ha t t hey d e monstra te t ha t t he S yr ian m in t
% Ag 1 00 9 0 •
8 0
I • •
7 0
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• 4 •
2 1
• • • • •
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6 0
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• •
• *
5 0
" Alexandr ian" s ty le C os V
Cos V Cos V I ( A.D . 1 08-111 ) ( A.D . 12-117 )
( c lub b e fore b us t ) F ig . 1 0.
F ineness o f t e tradrachms o f T ra jan . A .D . 1 08-117.
1 03
d id n o t r educe i t s s tandard a t t he s a me t ime a s Rome , b u t r a ther l a ter . I t i s , t hough , much more r easonable t ha t 'a m in t s hou ld a dhere t o i t s p rev ious s tandard f or r a ther l onger t han w e m igh t e xpect t han t ha t am in t s hou ld i n it ia te a n u pward t rend j ust a t t h is t ime. T he e ar l ies t c onven t iona l t e tradrachms o f S yr ia d ur ing T ra jan 's f i f th c onsu ls h ip h ave a r everse b us t o f Herac les a nd a re d ist ingu ished b y h av ing a c lub u pr igh t b efore t he Emperor 's h ead o n t he o bverse ( Wruck n o. 1 50 , h ere n os. 3 275-3280 ). T hese c o ins a re a l l s truck o n t he s ame s tandard a s t ha t u sed f or t he c o ins o f A .D. 9 8-100. A lso t o t h is p er iod w e must a ss ign t he sma l l g roup o f d idrachms w ith r everse o f a n e ag le w ith a c lub p ro m inen t ly b efore i t( here n o. 3 280 ) s ince i ti s a lso o n t he o ld s tandard a nd c anno t t here fore b e l a ter . On ly a s l ight c hange i nd ica ted t he i n troduct ion o f t he n ew s tandard . The c lub i s moved f ro m i n f ron t o f t o b enea th t he emperor 's h ead ( Wruck 1 51, h ere n os. 3 282-3285 ) b u t s o f ar a s o ur s ma l l s amp les a l low u s t o b e s ure , t h is move c o inc ides e xac t ly w ith t he r educt ion i n s tandard ( f ig . 1 0 ). I t i s v ery s ign if ican t t ha t i ts hou ld h ave b een c ons idered n ecessary t o mark t he d ebasemen t i n s o me way o n t he c o ins , e ven i fi tw as h oped t ha t t he s ign if icance o f i t wou ld o n ly b e k nown t o s ta te o f f ic ia ls. A t t he s ame t ime a s t he d ebase men t o r p erhaps a l i t t le l a ter t wo n ew r everse t ypes were i n troduced , o ne a s ea ted Tyche , wh ich h ad n o t b een u sed s ince t he t ime o f Augustus , t he o ther a s tand ing e ag le. " B oth a re s truck o n t he n ew s tandard . F ina l ly i n t he f i f th c onsu lsh ip d a t ing b y y ears o f T r pw as i n troduced a nd c o ins w ere s truck f or Tr p 1 4 a nd 1 5. I n s u m mary t here fore , w e may s ketch t he f o l low ing t entat i ve c hrono logy f or t he s er ies i fw e a re c orrect i n p lac ing t he A lexandr ian s ty le c o ins a t t he b eg inn ing o f i t :
( a )
L ate 1 07-ear ly 1 08
T etradrachms o f ' Alexandr ian ' s ty le
O ld s tandard
( b )
C . 1 08
T etradrachms o f n orma l s ty le , c lub b efore b us t
O ld s tandard
D idrachms
O ld s tandard
T etradrachms w ith c lub u nder
Reduced
( c )
c . 1 08-109
b us t -H erac les , e ag le a nd Tyche ( d )
1 09-111
T etradrachms d ated t o T r p1 4 a nd 1 5
s tandard Reduced s tandard
T etradrachms w ere s truck i n e normous n u mbers a f ter t he d ebasemen t o f C . 1 08 a nd t he m in t wh ich s truck t he m c on t inued i n p roduct ion u n t i l t he e nd o f t he r e ign .
I ti s s ign if ican t , h owever , t ha t i tw as t he d ebase men t r a ther
t han t he P ar th ian War w h ich s t i mu la ted p roduct ion , f or t he g rea t b u lk o f t he c o inage was s truck i n t he y ears 1 09-112 w ith a c on t inuous d ec l ine f rom t hen u n t i l t he e nd o f t he r e ign . C o inage f or t he l as t y ears , when t he P ar th ian w ar was a t i t s h e igh t , i tc o mparat ive ly s carce.
1 04
T he p roduct ion o ft h is min t c on t inued i n to t he e ar ly y ears o f t he r e ign o f Hadr ian t hough i n f a ir ly sma l l' q uan t it ies. I t c eased e n t ire ly s hor t ly a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c onsu lsh ip ( 1 19 ), a nd t here a re n o c o ins f or t he i mper ia l v is its t o S yr ia , a nd i ndeed n o s ubstan t ive c o inage a ga in f or n ear ly a c en tury.
T he c o inage o f Tra jan a nd Hadr ian f ro m c . 1 08 t o 19 was b y f ar
t he l arges t s o f ar p roduced i n Ro man S yr ia a nd d oub t less r epresen ts a ma jor r eco inage o f e ar l ier a nd f iner c o ins a f ter t he d ebase men t . T he p ro f its t o t he s ta te must h ave b een c ons iderab le , a nd t he n ew c o ins f or med a l mos t t he s o le s i lver c urrency o f t he Or ien t , o ther t han t he d enar ius , f or t he r es t o f t he s econd c entury . T he s tandard u sed f or t h is g rea t c o inage was u n iform f ro m b eg inn ing t o e nd ( nos. 3 282-3344 ), a nd a l though t here i s ag rea t v ar iat ion b etween i nd iv idu a l c o ins t hey p roduce a mean d rach ma c onta in ing a bou t 2 .30 g o f s i lver , t he l owes t c a lcu lated v a lue b e ing 2 .26 a nd t he h ighes t 2 .42. T hus t here i s a n o verva luat ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius o f a bout 1 9% , a nd a s w e h ave p o in ted o u t b efore t h is i s v ery c lose i ndeed t o t ha t o f mos t o f t he o ther e astern c o inages f rom t he p er iod when t he Ro man d enar ius c on ta ins a bou t 2 .85 g o f s i lver .2 1 T here r e ma in t wo o ther sma l l S yr ian c urrenc ies t o b e d ea l t w ith . L aod icea a d Mare , wh ich p roduced a sma l l c o inage u nder N ero , s tr ikes a ga in u nder H adr ian i n i t s y ears 1 69-172 ( A.D . 1 30-134 ). T he s ing le c o in o f t h is i ssue a va ilab le f or a na lys is i s o f v ery h igh s i lver c on ten t c ons ider ing i t s d a te b u t l i t t le s hou ld b e made o f t h is.
Ano ther c o in o f t h is i ssue h as b een
a na lysed a nd i tt oo h ad a s i lver c on ten t o f o ver 8 0%. 2 2
T he i ssue i s c lear ly
v ery sma l l i ndeed w ith o ne o bverse d ie l ast ing f or t he who le o f t he l as t t hree y ears . 2 3 F ina l ly t here i s av ery sma l l i ssue o f t e tradrachms o f Marcus Aure l ius a nd C o m modus a t An t ioch d a ted t o A .D . 1 78-179. I ti s h ard t o s ee t he r eason f or t h is i ssue wh ich a lso s hows a s urpr is ing ly h igh f i neness a nd p roduces a d rach ma c on ta in ing 2 .53 g o f s i lver , c ompared w ith a bou t 2 .56 g f or t he c on te mporary d enar ius .
I tl ooks a s i ft he d rachma i n t h is i ssue was i n tended
t o h ave t he s a me s i lver c on ten t a s t he Ro man d enar ius , a l though n o t t oo much emphas is s hou ld b e p u t o n t h is w hen w e a re d ea l ing w ith s o sma l l ac o inage a nd s o sma l l a s a mp le.
1 05
( ix ) ( a )
Pa lest ine - Arab ia
Na t ive Naba tean c o inage We ight ( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
3 .84
5 8.00
t r
-
BMC p 1 1, 2
2 .85
6 1.00
t r
t r
1 .74
BMC p 1 1, 3
2 .87
6 0.75
t r
-
1 .74
3 352
BMC p 1 2, 1
3 .56
5 9.00
t r
t r
2 .10
3 353
BMC p 1 2, 2
3 .47
3 1.50
-
t r
1 .09
Mean ( 5 c o ins )
3 .32
5 4.05
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .39
No.
Reference
3 349
BMC p 1 1, 1
3 350 3 351
Mean ( exclud ing n o. 3 353 ) ( b )
Pb
s i lver ( g ) 2 .23
1 .78
1 1.33
0 .40
5 9.69
1 .98
Tro jan , T etradrach ms o f COS V , r everse Arab ia ( Sydenha m 1 89 )
3 354
BMC 5 9
1 1.33
9 0.50
-
0 .50
1 0.25
3 355
BMC 6 0 ( obv. d ie a s l ast )10.70
7 4.50
t r
1 .00
7 .97
3 356
Wa lker
1 1.79
8 0.00
-
-
9 .43
3 357
Ba ldw in ( obv. d ie a s l ast )11.03
8 1.00
-
-
8 .93
3 358
BMC 6 1
1 1.47
8 2.00
t r
1 .00
9 .40
1 1.26
8 1.60
9 .19
0 .37
5 .15
0 .75
Mean ( 5 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion Corrected mean we igh t ( 18
1 1.11
9 .07
( t r idrach m )
3 .70
3 .02
( t etradrach m )
2 .78
2 .27
c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
( c )
Tra jan , t etradrach ms o f COS V I
3 359
BMC 7 4 ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
1 0.01
8 1.50
t r
0 .75
8 .16
3 360
BM ( obv. d ie a s l ast )
1 0.73
7 7.00
-
t r
8 .26
3 361
BM ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
9 .37
8 5.00
-
1 .00
7 .96
3 362
BMC 7 5 ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
1 0.54
7 2.00
-
t r
7 .59
3 363
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
1 0.63
7 8.00
-
-
8 .29
3 364
AM ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
1 0.35
7 3.00
t r
t r
7 .56
3 365
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 1 90 )
9 .76
8 0.00
-
-
7 .81
3 366
AM ( Sydenha m 2 19 )
1 0.17
7 8.00
t r
-
7 .93
3 367
BMC 8 5 ( obv. d ie a s
1 0.17
8 3.00
t r
t r
8 .44
3 368
BM
9 .88
8 8.00
-
t r
8 .69
3 369
Wa lker
1 0.17
8 6.00
-
-
8 .75
3 370
BMC 8 9 ( Sydenha m 2 24 )
1 0.10
8 0.00
t r
-
8 .08
3 371
AM ( Sydenha m 2 24 , o bv. 1 0.15
7 5.00
t r
t r
7 .61
l ast )
d ie a s l ast ) 3 372
Ba ldw in ( Sydenha m 2 24 )
1 0.07
7 9.00
-
-
7 .95
3 373
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 24 )
1 0.17
8 5.50
-
-
8 .69
1 06
• We igh t
Weigh t o f
No.
Reference
3 374
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 24 )
1 0.31
8 4.50
3 375
BM ( Sydenha m 2 24 )
1 0.02
8 6.00
1 0.15
8 0.68
8 .18
0 .31
4 .67
0 .40
( g )
Mean ( 17 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion C orrected mean we ight
% s i lver
Au
Pb
t r
s i lver ( g ) 8 .71
1 .00
8 .62
1 0.23
8 .25
( tr idrach m )
3 .41
2 .75
( t etradrach m )
2 .56
2 .06
( 62 c o ins ) We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
( d )
Tra jan , Drach mas w ith r everse Arab ia s tand ing ( Tr p 1 6-18, A . D. 1 12-114 )
3 376
B MC 6 2 ( Tr p 1 6,
3 377
B MC 6 3 ( Tr p 1 6,
3 378
Wa lker ( Tr p 1 6 ,
0 .75
1 .35
2 .63
5 1.25
2 .82
7 1.00
3 .33
6 1.50
3 .22
5 4.00
1 .74
3 .23
6 1.50
1 .99
3 .61
5 5.00
1 .98
3 .27
4 9.50
t r
t r
1 .62
3 .30
4 8.00
t r
t r
1 .58
Mean ( 8 c o ins )
3 .18
5 6.49
1 .78
S tandard d ev iat ion
0 .29
7 .22
0 .24
Corrected mean we igh t
3 .19
( Sydenha m 1 83 ) 2 .00
S ydenha m 1 83 ) t r
t r
2 .05
S ydenha m 1 83 ) 3 379
AM ( Tr p 1 6 , S ydenha m 1 83 )
3 380
Wa lker ( Tr p 1 6 , S ydenha m 1 83 )
3 381
B MC 6 4 ( Tr p 1 7, S ydenha m 1 85 )
3 382
AM ( Tr p 1 7 , S ydenha m 1 85 )
3 383
AM ( Tr p 1 8, S ydenha m 1 89 )
1 .80
( 58 c o ins ) ( e )
Tra jan , Drach mas w ith r everse c a mel ( COS V I )
3 384
AM ( Sydenha m 2 05 )
3 .04
4 7.00
3 385
Wa lker ( Sydenha m 2 05 ,
3 .59
6 8.00
3 386
B MC 6 6 ( Sydenha m 2 05 )
3 .21
6 6.00
3 387
B MC 6 5 ( Sydenham 2 04 )
3 .85
7 0.00
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
3 .42
6 2.75
Correc ted mean we igh t
3 .25
t r
_ 1
1 .43 2 .44
r ev, d ie a s l ast )
1 07
2 .12 0 .75
2 .69 2 .17 2 .04
T hese c o ins a re a l l g rouped t oge ther s ince Me tca l f h as n ow s uccessfu l ly d e mons tra ted t ha t t hey b e long t ogether a nd a re t o b e p laced s o mewhere i n Pa lest ine o r Prov inc ia Arab ia. Two d eno m ina t ions a re i nvo lved , d rachmas w ith r everses o f as tand ing f igure o f Arab ia c op ied f ro m t he Ro man d enar i i a nd o f a wa lk ing c a me l , a nd mu lt ip les, c o m mon ly c a l led t r idrachms , o ne o f wh ich s hares t he s tand ing Arab ia t ype. Metcal f h as c o l lec ted t he h oard e v id ence wh ich c lear ly s hows t ha t t hese c o ins b e long t ogether , 24 b u t t he s i tua t ion i s r a ther more c o mp lex t han w ou ld a ppear t o b e t he c ase a t f i rs t s igh t .
Two
s tandards o f f ineness a re i nvo lved a nd a l mos t c er ta in ly t wo m in ts. I ti s e as ies t t o s tar t where t he e v idence i s c learest .
T here i s l i t t le d oub t
t ha t t he who le p urpose o f t hese i ssues was t o r eco in t he d ebased a nd m iserab le c o inage o f t he N aba taean k ingdo m wh ich h ad b een a nnexed b y T ra jan i n 1 06. One g roup o f d rach mas , w ith r everse Arab ia s tand ing a nd d ated t o 1 12-114 , i s o vers truck o n t hese N aba taean c o ins. F ive c o ins o f t he l as t p er iod o f Naba taean r u le h ave b een a na lysed ( nos. 3 349-3353 ) a nd t hey s how a h igh ly d ebased c o inage , mos t ly a bou t 6 0% f ine, o ne r a ther l ess. The o vers truck i ssue o f T ra jan ( group ( d ), n os. 3 376-83 ) g ives a mean v ery c lose t o t ha t o f t he N aba taean c o ins a l though w ith a v ery much w ider s pread o f f i nenesses , u nders tandab le i fi ti s r e me mbered t hat t he c o ins o verstruck w il l n o t o n ly b e t hose o f t he l ast N abataean k ing , b u t w il l i nc lude e ar l ier i ssues ( f ig. 1) .
% Ag 1 00 •
9 0
• • • • • •
8 0
1 •
•
• • •
• • •
7 0
6 0
1
4 • • I . •
• • •
5 0
•
4 0 •
Naba taean
o vers truck
d rachmas
d rach mas
( reverse c a me l )
F ig . 1.
T etradrach ms C os V
F ineness o f " Arab ia" c o inages.
1 08
Cos V I
Th is g roup o f d rachmas a re o f aq u ite d ist inct a nd c oarse l u mpy f abr ic w ith l arge b us ts , u ndraped o r w ith d rapery o n ly o n t he f ar s hou lder . T he p or tra iture i s d is t inct ly s im i lar t o t ha t o f a much e ar l ier p er iod a t Ro me. T here i s a lso a s econd g roup o f d rachmas , t hose w ith a wa lk ing c a me l , wh ich a re q u ite d i f feren t t o t he f irst i n b o th f abr ic a nd s ty le.
None o f t he m i s o ver-
s truck a nd t he f abr ic i s more e ven w ith g enera l ly n ea ter a nd b roader f l ans. T he s ty le i s much f i ner , w ith a d raped a nd c u irassed o bverse b ust i n f a ir ly h igh r e l ief , v ery s im i lar t o t he c on te mporary c o inage o f Ro me.
T here i s
l i t t le d oub t t ha t t hey a re p roduced a t t he s ame min t a s t he mu lt ip les , wh ich a re l ikew ise i n af ine Ro man s ty le , a nd a re q u ite c lear ly n ot o f t he s ame m in t a s t he s tand ing Arab ia d rach mas.
T he o ne i ssue c anno t s ucceed t he o ther
w ith in t he s a me m in t , w ith t he f i ne wa lk ing c a me l d rachmas s ucceed ing t he c oarse s tand ing Arab ia o nes , s ince t he s tand ing Arab ia d rachmas w ou ld t hen b e c on te mporary w ith t he mu l t ip les ; a nd a ga in t hey a re c lear ly o f aq u ite d i f feren t s ty le a nd f abr ic. T here mus t b e t wo m in ts i nvo lved , t he o ne p roduc ing t he s tand ing Arab ia d rach mas ( t he d ie c u t ter may w e l l h ave moved t o Crete when t he m in t c losed , s ee a bove p .
6 6 )a nd t he o ther t he n on-
o vers truck d rach mas w ith wa lk ing c a me l , a nd a lso t he mul t ip les. However , b o th s er ies o f d rach mas w ere c lear ly s truck o n t he s ame s tanda rd ( f ig . 1), a nd d oub t less t he n on-overstruck o nes w ere p roduced f ro m N aba taean s i lver a s w e l l a s t he o verstruck o nes , w ithout a ny a t te mp t t o p ur if y t he s i lver .
A l l t hree o f o ur s a mp les o f d rachmas , N aba taean , o vers truck
N aba taean a nd wa lk ing c a me l c o ins , a re v ery sma l l b u t t hey a gree e nough f or u s t o s uggest a d rachma c on ta in ing b etween 1 .80 a nd 2 .00 g o f s i lver . I n o ther words t hese c o ins h ave v ery c ons iderab ly l ess s i lver i n t he m t han t he d rach ma o f t he Tyr ian s tandard b e ing s truck s imu l taneous ly b y T ra jan i n t he e as t , wh ich c on ta ined a bou t 2 .30 g o f s i lver o r more. T he ma jor p rob le m w ith t hese c o inages i s t o r ela te t he d rachmas w ith t he mu l t ip les c o m mon ly c a l led t r idrach ms.
F irs t a l l t he w e ight o f t he
‚ t r idrach ms '
i s q u ite c ons iderab ly more t han t he w e igh t o f t hree o f t he d rachmas.
T he
' t r idrachms ' t he mse lves a re s truck o n t wo q u ite d ist inct w e igh t s tandards. T he c o ins d ated COS V , a nd h av ing t he s tand ing Arab ia r everse , w e igh 1.11 g , g iv ing a d rach ma ( i f t he c o ins a re t r idrachms ) o f 3 .70 g .
T he c o ins o f
COS V I a re v ery d ist inc t ly l i gh ter , n ot o ne o f t hose r ecorded h av ing a w e igh t a s h igh a s t he mean o f t he COS V c o ins. Nonethe less t he d rach ma w ou ld s t i l l w e igh t , i ft he c o ins a re t r idrachms , 3 .41 g .
T h is i s o n ly t he s tar t o f
t he t roub le , f or t hey a re a lso s truck o n a n e n t ire ly d i f feren t f i neness t o t he d rachmas a s i s amp ly d e monstra ted b y f ig . 1. T he r esu l t i s t ha t i ft he c o ins a re t r idrach ms t hey c on ta in 3 .02 g o f s i lver p er d rach ma f or t he COS V c o ins a nd 2 .75 g f or t he COS V I c o ins c ompared w ith 1 .80-2.00 g o f s i lver i n t he d rach mas t he mse lves. Y et t hey a re c lear ly r e la ted . T he COS V mu l t ip le , a l though e ar l ier t han t he d rachmas , h as e xact ly t he s a me r everse t ype a s o ne g roup o f t he m wh i le t he o ther g roup o f d rach mas i s u nques t ionab ly f ro m t he s ame m in t a s t he COS V I mu l t ip les. T he c lue may p erhaps l i e i n t he s trange r everse t ypes c hosen f or t he COS V I mu lt ip les. A l l t hree t ypes , c orn e ars , s tandards a nd t e mp le o f D iana o f P erge , a re c lose ly a ssoc ia ted w ith t he c is tophor i o f Prov inc ia As ia s truck a s l a te a s t he s tar t o f Tra jan 's r e ign , a l though t here i s n o t t he s l igh tes t e v idence t hat t he c istophor i e ver a ctua l ly c ircu la ted i n to S yr ia l e t 1 09
a lone P a lest ine.
I n t he c ase o f t he t h ird t ype i ti s p os it ive ly i ncongruous.
Why were s uch t ypes c hosen? N ow t he c istophorus was ( un t i l t he c hange Ih ave s ugges ted u nder Hadr ian ) ac o in d iv ided b oth i n to f our a nd i n to t hree. I tw as w or th t hree d enar i i ( A t t ic/Tyr ian d rachmas ); b u t i t was a lso a c o in o f f our c istophor ic/Rhod ian d rach mas , a l though i n Imper ia l As ia t he c is tophor ic d rach ma was n orma l ly o n ly money o f a ccoun t .
T h is i s s urely t he a nswer .
I fw e l ook a t t he mu l t ip les
o f COS V I ( group ( c ), n os. 3 359-3375 ) w e f i nd t ha t i fw e t rea t t he m a s t e trad rachms t hey i n f ac t c on ta in 2 .06 g o f s i lver t o t he d rachma , w h ich i s v ery n ear i ndeed t o t he s i lver c on ten t w e h ave c a lcu la ted f or t he d rachma c o ins t he mse lves.
I fw e t rea t t he m a s t hree d enar i i t hen w e f ind t hat t hey c on ta in
t he s ame w e igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius , a t 2 .75 g , a s t he a ctua l d enar ius o f Ro me d ur ing t h is p er iod , o r j us t al i t t le l ess. T he f igures f or t he c o ins o f COS V ( group ( b ) n os. 3 354-3358 ) a re , b ecause t he c o ins a re s l igh t ly h eav ier , al i t t le h igher t han t h is , a nd t h is may e xp la in why t he w e igh t w as s ubsequen t ly l owered . Wha t s ee ms t o h ave h appened i s t ha t t he Ro man a dm in istra t ion t ook o ver t he N aba taean c urrency , w h ich was much more d ebased t han t ha t o f t he p rov ince o f S yr ia , a nd t here fore t arr if fed t he d rachma a t o n ly t hree-quar ters o f t he T yr ian/At t ic d rachma ; i ndeed i tc annot h ave p assed a s t he e qua l o f t he T yr ian/ A t t ic d rachma b efore t he Ro man c onquest a nd may h ave a lready p assed a t t h is v a lue b e ing , i n e f fect , t he l as t s urv ivor o f t he o ld ' An t iochene ' s tandard n ow a bandoned w ith in t he p rov ince.
S o me o f t h is N abataean c urrency t he R oman
g overnmen t r eco ined w ithou t a lter ing t he a l loy , e i ther b y s imp le o vers tr ik ing o r b y r eco in ing p roper ly , b u t i n o rder t o f ac il ita te t he a bsorp t ion o f t he Nabataean c urrency-syste m i ta lso s truck mu l t ip le c o ins e qua l t o f our o f t he N aba taean d rachmas o r t hree T yr ian/At t ic d rachmas ( denar i i ). I n o ther words t he N aba taean d rachma w as w or th t he s a me a s t he c istophor ic d rachma a nd t he t e tradrachm was w or th t he s a me a s t he c istophor ic t e tradrachm , t o emp has ise wh ich i tw as g iven t he o therw ise t ota l ly a l ien t ypes o f t he c is tophorus. 2 5
I n s u m mary , t here fore , w e h ave t he f o l low ing s i tua t ion :
Date
I ssue
We ight o f s i lver i n t he d rachma
11
M in t A T etradrach rns ( reverse Arab ia s tand ing )
2 .27
12-114
T etradrachms ( c is tophor ic r everses )
2 .06
14-116
Drachmas ( reverse wa lk ing c a mel )
2 .04
M in t B 12-114
Drach mas ( reverse Arab ia , o vers truck )
10
1 .80
(x)
Mesopotamia Weight (g)
No
Reference
3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405
3.70 BMC 1 3.31 BMC 2 2.63 BM (type as last) BMC 3 (obv. die as last) 2.69 BMC 5 (rev. die as last) 3.19 3.10 BMC 4 6 2.66 BMC 2.40 BMC 7 3.28 BMC 8 Walker (obv. die as last) 3.32 3.51 BMC 9 2.87 AM (type as last) 3.53 BMC (Mannus) 5 2.17 BMC (Mannus) 6 3.03 BMC (Mannus) 7 2.01 BM (obv. die as last) BMC 8 (obv. die as last) 2.89 Walker (obv. and rev. dies 3.13 as last) BMC 9 ( obv. die as last) 2.78
73.00 73.50 71.50 70.50 58.00 74.25 70.00 79.00 71.00 74.00 77.50 76.00 73.50 73.00 84.50 93.00 78.50
2.96 Mean (19 coins) 0.45 Standard deviation Corrected mean weight (27 coins) 2.96
75.75 7.49
3406
% silver
78.00 90.50
Au
tr tr tr
tr
tr
Pb
Weight of silver (g)
0.75 0.50 1.00 0.75 1.25 tr 0.25
2.70 2.43 1.88 1.90 1.85 2.30 1.86 1.90 2.33 2.46 2.72 2.18 2.59 1.58 2.56 1.87 2.27
tr 1.25
2.44 2.51
1.00 1.50 1.25 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.25 1.00 0.75
2.23 0.33 2.24
There is confusion as to whether this small group of coins all belong to Edessa or should be split between Edessa and Carrhae, 26 and in the absence of die links it remains uncertain whether the coins bearing the title of king Mannus on the reverse and imperial heads on the obverse, which are certainly of Edessa, and those which merely celebrate the Roman victory on the reverse belong together. Stylistically and metrologically there does not seem to be any distinction between the two groups and they are considered together here. The connection between these coins and the Parthian war of Lucius Verus would be obvious even if it were not mentioned on the coins. The whole issue probably belongs to the very end of the Parthian war, pe:,:-haps falling entirely in the year 166, if Mannus was restored in that year. Although the standard of the denarius in the reign of Marcus Aureiius is confused the silver content of the denarius does not fall below 2.50 g, so that these coins, with a silver content of 2 .24 g are significantly overvalued if they are valued as denarrii, as presumably they are. They would, however, con tain only slightly less silver than one quarter of the tetradrachm of the great issue of Trajan, which still formed the bulk of the eastern currency, other than denarii, at this time. They would seem to contain slightly more silver than the drachma of the only other major coinage struck in connection with the Parthian war, that of Caesarea (above, pp. 78-9).
( x i )
Cyrene
Tra jan - Drach mas o f COS I I We igh t ( g )
We igh t o f Au
P b
9 3.00
-
0 .50
9 3.50
t r
3 .63
8 5.00
t r
t r
3 .08
3 .55
8 9.00
-
-
3 .15
Mean ( 4 c o ins )
3 .75
9 0.12
Corrected mean we igh t( 16 c o ins )
3 .60
No.
Reference
3 407
BMC 5 4
3 .90
3 408
BMC 5 5
3 .94
3 409
A 24
3 410
1 4 24
% s i lver
s i lver ( g ) 3 .62 3 .68
3 .38 3 .24
Tra jan - He m idrach ms o f COS I I 3 411
BMC 5 6
1 .75
9 2.00
-
-
1 .61
3 412
Wa lker
1 .69
9 0.00
t r
t r
1 .52
3 413
AM ( rev, d ie a s l ast )
1 .88
8 4.00
t r
t r
1 .58
3 414
BMC 5 7
1 .70
8 8.00
-
0 .50
1 .50
3 415
BM
1 .79
9 3.25
-
0 .25
1 .67
Mean ( 5 c o ins )
1 .76
8 9.45
1 .58
S tandard d ev ia t ion
0 .07
3 .26
0 .06
Corrected mean w e igh t( 32 c o ins )
1. 76
1 .58
We igh t o f t heoret ica l d rach ma
3 .52
3 .16
Tra jan - Drach ma 3 416
BM
Corrected mean w e igh t
3 .47
o f COS V I 9 2.00
3 .19
3 .34
3 .07
T h is q u ite p len t ifu l g roup o f d rach mas a nd h em idrach ms h as t rad it iona l ly b een a t tr ibu ted t o Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia , a l though t he r everse t ype o f ah ead o f Am mon h as a lways c aused u nease a s t o t he c orrec tness o f t he a t tr ibut ion , a nd a f ee l ing t ha t t he c o ins wou ld b e long f ar b et ter i n Cyrene.
T hey a re a l mos t
a l l d a ted t o T ra jan 's t h ird c onsu lsh ip ( A. D . 1 00 ) w ith a v ery r are g roup d a ted t o t he s ix th c onsu lsh ip . Tha t t he c o ins a re n o t o f Caesarea c an b e d e mons tra ted o n s ty l is t ic g rounds a lone.
The a ctua l p or tra iture i s c lose ly model led o n t ha t o f Ro me , b u t a l l
t he p rov inc ia l m in ts , Lyc ia , Prov inc ia As ia , Caesarea a nd S yr ia , h ave a u n if orm p or tra it s ty le a t t h is t ime.
More d is t inct ive i s t he s quare s ig ma , w h ich
i s a lways f ound o n t he Cos I I c o ins o f t h is g roup , a nd o n t he m a lone o f t he s i lver c o ins o f t he p er iod , a nd i s n ever u sed a t Caesarea.
Af ur ther n o t ice-
a b le f eature i s t he f abr ic, f or t he f lans a re b road a nd t h in , t he d rach mas h av ing a n o bverse d ia meter wh ich i s c ons iderab ly g rea ter t han t ha t o f Caesarean d rach mas , a nd s o met i mes a s g rea t a s t ha t o f Caesarean d idrach ms. We c an n ow a dd t he metro log ica l e v idence , wh ich r evea ls t hat t h is g roup o f c o ins n o t o n ly h as a d rach ma w ith a c ons iderab le h igher mean we igh t t han t he 1 12
% Ag 1 00 • •
••
9 0
8 0
• •
• • •
• •
• • •
7 0
• • • •
6 0
5 0
F ig . 1 2.
Caesarea
Cyrena ica
Cos I-I I I
Cos I I
F ineness o f c o ins o f Cyrena ica a nd Caesarea , T ra jan , C os
d rach ma o f Caesarea ( 3 .60 a nd 3 .52 g f or t he d rach mas a nd h em idrachms o f t h is g roup a s a ga inst 3 .40 a nd 3 .33 g f or t he d idrachms a nd d rach mas o f Caesarea ) b u t a re a lso s truck o n aq u ite d is t inct s tandard , f ar h igher t han t ha tu sed a t C aesarea , g iv ing a mean % s i lver f or t hese c o ins o f 9 0.12 a nd 8 9.45 a s a ga inst 7 4.12 a nd 7 1.50 f or t he Caesarean c o ins ( f ig. 1 2 ). T he r esu l t i s t ha t t hese c o ins p roduce a d rachma w ith a v ery h igh w e igh t o f s i lver , a nd f ar f ro m b e ing o verva lued t hey s ee m t o i n f act c on ta in r ather more s i lver t han t he Ro man d enar ius o f t he N eron ian s tandard . I n t h is r espect t hey a re v ery c lose t o t he S yr ian s i lver c o inage o f Tra jan 's e ar ly y ears. T hese c o ins a re c lear ly n ot o f Caesarea , a nd e nough e v idence h as n ow a ccumu lated t o make t he a t tr ibu t ion t o Cyrena ica u ndoub ted ly t he c orrect o ne. T ha t t hese s i lver c o ins a nd t he b ronzes o f s im i lar t ype c ircu lated e x tens ive ly i n C yrena ica h as l ong b een r ecogn ised 2 7 b u t i ti s a lso c lear t ha t t hey d id n o t c ircu la te e lsewhere. T he h oards a nd f i nds o f As ia M inor , s outh Russ ia , S yr ia a nd P a lest ine a re e qua l ly b arren o f t he m . O nly t wo f i nd-spo ts o u ts ide Cyrena ica a re k nown , a nd t hey a re b o th e qual ly s ign if ican t . The f irs t i s a g roup o f f i ve c o ins f ro m a r e markab le h oard , ma in ly o f d enar i i, f ro m S akha i n t he Egyp t ian De l ta. 2 8
T he s econd i s f rom Crete , wh ich f ormed a j o in t
p rov ince w ith Cyrene a nd wh ich m igh t b e e xpected t o s hare i t s c urrency . A t l eas t t wo h em idrach ms o f t h is g roup h ave b een f ound i n Crete .29 T he c o mb ina t ion o f s ty le , metro logy a nd c ircu la t ion a rea , t ogether w ith t he o bv ious ly l oca l t ype , makes i tc lear t ha t t hese c o ins a re o f Cyrena ica , a l though i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he d ies w ere p roduced a t Ro me.
I t i s a lso c lear
t ha t t he b ronze c o ins wh ich s hare t he s ame t ypes a nd c ircu lat ion a rea a nd w h ich e x tend d own t o Marcus Aure l ius , mus t a lso b e p laced w ith t hem.
13
CHAPTER 4 ALEXANDR IA
( i )
Marcus Aurel ius , y ears 8 -10 We igh t ( g )
No.
Reference
3 417
Milne 2 579 ( year 8 )
1 5.59
3 418
Milne 2 580 ( year 8 )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
Pb
s i lver ( g )
1 1.00
-
t r
1 .71
1 2.99
8 .00
-
0 .50
1 .04
1 0.50
_
1 .50
1 .19
3 419
Milne 2 591 ( year 9 )
1 1.38
3 420
Milne 2 592 ( year 9 )
1 2.32
8 .50
-
t r
1 .05
3 421
Milne 2 597 ( year 1 0 )
1 2.79
2 2.00
-
t r
2 .81
3 422
Milne 2 598 ( year 1 0 )
1 0.21
9 .50
-
0 .50
0 .96
( t r S n ) 3 423
Mi lne 2 601 ( year 1 0 )
1 3.22
9 .50
-
0 .50
1 .26
3 424
Milne 2 603 ( year 1 0 )
1 3.68
1 4.00
-
t r
1 .91
3 425
Milne 2 604 ( year 1 0 )
1 1.93
1 8.50
_
-
2 .21
1 2.68
1 2.39
1 .57
1 .43
4 .58
0 .60
Mean ( 9 c o ins ) S tandard d ev iat ion ( i i )
Co m modus , y ears 1 7-22
3 426
Milne 2 611 ( year 1 7 )
1 1.69
7 .50
_
1 .00
0 .88
3 427
Milne 2 612 ( year 1 7 )
1 1.63
1 1.50
-
0 .50
1 .33
3 428
Milne 2 621 ( year 2 1)
1 2.63
9 .00
-
0 .50
1 .14
3 429
Milne 2 622 ( year 2 1)
1 2.37
8 .00
-
0 .50
0 .99
3 430
Milne 2 624 ( year 2 1)
1 3.22
9 .00
-
1 .00
1 .19
3 431
Milne -
1 2.12
5 .25
-
0 .50
0 .64
( year 2 1)
( tr S n ) 3 432
Milne 2 626 ( year 2 1 )
1 0.92
4 .75
_
1 .00
0 .52
( 4 .00 S n ) 3 433
Milne 2 625 ( year 2 1)
1 0.81
9 .00
-
0 .25
0 .97
3 434
Milne 2 628 ( year 2 2 )
1 2.86
5 .75
_
0 .50
0 .73
3 435
Milne 2 629 ( year 2 2 )
1 1.59
7 .00
_
_
0 .81
3 436
Milne 2 630 ( year 2 2 )
1 1.03
8 .50
-
0 .25
0 .94
1 1.90
7 .75
0 .92
0 .77
1 .88
0 .23
( 2 .00 S n )
( tr S n ) Mean ( 11 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion
1 14
( i i i )
Co m modus , y ear 4 2 We igh t ( g )
We igh t o f % s i lver
Au
P b
s i lver ( g )
N o.
Reference
3 437
Mi lne 2 703
1.59
7 .25
3 438
Mi lne 2 702
1 2.54
6 .75
0 .50
0 .85
3 439
Mi lne
1 2.81
4 .00
( t r S n ) 0 .75
0 .51
3 440
Mi lne
1 0.77
5 .50
0 .75
0 .59
3 441
M ilne 2 699
1.81
7 .50
( t r S n ) 0 .75
0 .89
0 .25
0 .84
( t r S n )
-
( t r S n )
( t r S n ) Mean ( 5 c o ins ) S tandard d ev ia t ion
1.90
6 .20
0 .74
0 .72
1 .30
0 .15
When t he A lexandr ian t etradrach m w as f ina l ly s tab il ised i n N ero 's f our th r egna l y ear i t was a bou t o ne s ix th f ine , h av ing a mean s i lver c on ten t wh ich v ar ied i n o ur c a lcu la t ions b etween a bou t 1 5% a nd 1 8%.
T h is mean t t ha t i t was a c o in
c on ta in ing a bou t 2 .19 g o f s i lver , a nd s ince t he Neron ian d enar ius c on ta ined a bou t 3 .00 g o f s i lver i t was o verva lued b y a bou t 3 7% ( Metro logy I 1 54 ).
S u f-
f i c ien t a na lyses h ave b een p er for med a lready t o s ugges t t ha t t h is s tandard was ma in ta ined u n t il t he r e ign o f Marcus Aure l ius. 3°
T h is means , o f c ourse , t ha t
t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion a ga ins t t he d enar ius p rogress ive ly d ec l ines ;
t he
t e tradrach m o f A lexandr ia c on t inued t o c on ta in a bou t 2 .19 g o f s i lver , b u t t he d enar ius c on ta ined o n ly 2 .85 g o f s i lver f ro m 1 07 a nd 2 .70 g f ro m 1 48.
The
d egree o f o ver-va lua t ion t herefore d ec l ines t o a bout 2 3% i n 1 07 a nd 1 9% i n 1 48. I n t he r e ign o f Marcus Aure l ius c o inage was c on t inuous u n t i l r egna l y ear 1 0 ( A .D . 1 69-170 ). By t he e nd o f t h is p er iod a t t he l a test t he t etradrach m h ad b egun t o d ec l ine i n f ineness , a nd 9 c o ins o f y ears 8 -10 ( nos. 3 417-3425 ) s how t ha t a l though s o me c o ins a re s t il l s truck a t aq u ite h igh f i neness , o thers a re a s l ow a s 8 % f ine , s o t ha t t he mean f ineness i s o n ly 1 2.39% , g iv ing a c o in w ith o n ly 1 .57 g o f s i lver .
T he s i lver c on ten t o f Marcus ' d enar ius a t Ro me
d ur ing t h is p er iod i s t aken a s b e ing 2 .65 g , s o t hat t he d egree o f o verva luat ion h as i ncreased a ga in t o a bou t 4 1%. T he s tr ik ing o f t etradrach ms s tar ted a ga in i n A .D . 1 76-177 , a nd a g roup o f 1 a na lyses f ro m t hen u n t il 1 81-182 r evea ls t ha t t he o ld s tandard h as n ow b een e n t irely a bandoned .
The mean f ineness o f 7 .75% s ugges ts t ha t t he o ld
s tandard o f o ne s ix th f ine may h ave b een h a lved t o o ne t we lf th f ine ( 1 h em iobo l t o t he d rach ma i nstead o f 1o bo l i n t he d rach ma ).
5a na lyses f ro m t he v ery
e nd o f t he r e ign o f Co m modus may s how a s l igh t d ec l ine f ro m t h is , b u t t h is may o n ly b e d ue t o t he sma l l s ize o f t he s a mp le.
Even i ft here was a d ec l ine
i t was n ot more t han a bou t 1 .50% , a nd i ti s c lear t ha t t he r ea l ly s ign if ican t c hange t ook p lace i n 1 76 when t he m in t r e-opened. Co ins c on t inued t o b e s truck o n t h is n ew s tandard u n t i l t he midd le o f t he t h ird c entury . 15
The r esu l t o f t he c hange was t o v ery d rama t ica l ly i ncrease t he d egree o f o verva luat ion o f t he t e tradrachm a ga ins t t he d enar ius , f or t he d ec l ine i n t he t etradrachm was f ar more t han e nough t o c o mpensa te f or t he d ec l ine i n t he d enar ius. The o verva lua t ion o f t he t e tradrachm a t t he t ime o f t he e stab l ishmen t o f t he n ew s tandard was a bou t 6 4% , s ince t he d enar ius c on ta ined a bout 2 .56 g o f s i lver .
T he r eforms o f Co mmodus r educed t h is d egree o f o ver-
v a luat ion t o 6 0% e ar ly i n t he r e ign a nd 5 8% b efore t he e nd o f t he r e ign , i fw e a ssume t ha t t he t e tradrachm r e ma ined c onstan t t hroughout .
T h is i s s t il l a
v ery c ons iderab le i ncrease f ro m t he p rev ious p er iod a nd t he d ebase men t o f 1 76-77 may w e l l b e c onnec ted w ith t he o ther s igns o f e conom ic d isrup t ion f or wh ich t here i s i ncreas ing e v idence i n Egyp t f ro m t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure l ius o nwards.
16
APPEND IX Correc ted a ttr ibu t ions o f c o ins o f Tra jan g iven t o Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia b y E . A . S ydenha m , Co inage o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia
M in t
S ydenham n u mbers 1 57-172
Caesarea
1 73-175
S yr ia-Phoen ic ia
1 76-178
Cyrene
1 79-181
S yr ia - Phoen ic ia
1 82-185
P a les t ine - Arab ia
1 86-188
Prov inc ia As ia ( ? )
1 89-190
Pa lest ine - Arab ia
1 91-201
Caesarea
2 02
Cyrene
2 03-205
P a les t ine-Arab ia
2 06 ( Cos V )
S yr ia-Phoen ic ia
2 07-218
Caesarea
2 19-220
P a les t ine - Arab ia
2 21-223
Caesarea
2 24-227
P a les t ine-Arab ia
NOTES
1 .
P . V . H il l , T he Da t ing a nd Arrange men t o f t he Unda ted c o ins o f Ro me , 1 970.
2 .
Cass ius D io l xv i i i. 1 5.3.
D io 's r eference i s n ot e xact ly d a ted b u t c o mes
i n X iph il inus im med ia te ly a f ter Tra jan 's r eturn t o Ro me.
I t d oes n o t
s pec if ica l ly men t ion s i lver c o inage. 3 .
T he p apyrus i s P .Bad .37 ( 107-11 ) wh ich s ays t ha t ' t he p r ice o f g o ld h as f a l len f ro m 1 5dr t o 1 1dr ' . Th is i s n o t t he p lace f or d eta i led d iscuss ion , b u t Id o n ot b e l ieve i n Dac ian g o ld f or t he f o l low ing r easons : ( a )
What modern Ro man ian a rchaeo logy h as t augh t u s a bou t p re-Ro man Dac ia d oes n o t s ugges t ac oun try s o r ich i n g o ld a s t o make a s ign if ican t impact o n t he g o ld-supp ly o f t he who le Ro man Emp ire.
( b )
T o c ause a r educt ion i n t he p r ice o f g o ld t he Dac ian g o ld must h ave c o me o n to t he market r ap id ly a nd t h is t he s ta te c ou ld h ave d one o n ly b y r e leas ing i ta s c o in ;
b u t t here i s n o s ign o f a mass ive
i ncrease i n t he g o ld c o inage i n 1 06-111.
1 17
Th is i s av ery d if feren t
s i tua t ion t o o ther a nc ien t o ccas ions when mass ive o utputs o f c o inage a re k nown t o h ave h ad a d is turb ing e f fect ( e .g. A lexander 's P ers ian s i lver , Caesar 's G a l l ic g o ld ).
( e )
I n
b o th c ases t he e f fec t i s d ra mat ica l ly o bv ious i n modern c o in c ab ine ts. The r educt ion i n t he w e igh t o f t he a ureus i n A .D . 9 9 a nd t he t e mporary r educ t ion i n t he f ineness o f t he d enar ius i n 1 04 b o th d e mons tra te t ha t t he c urrency-sys te m w as u nder s o me p ressure b efore t he s econd Dac ian war .
F or a n a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion o f P .Bad .37 s ee L . C . West a nd A . C . J ohnson , Currency i n Ro man a nd Byzan t ine Egyp t , 9 2. 4 .
F or t h is s er ies s ee A . M. Woodward , T he C is tophor ic S er ies a nd i t s p lace i n t he Ro man Co inage , i n Essays p resen ted t o Haro ld Mat t ing ly , 1 59.
It h ink t ha t t he f act t ha t a l l t he c o ins o f T ra jan h ave TR POT o n ly
d oes n o t p rec lude t he s er ies f ro m e x tend ing i n to A .D . 9 9 , b ut i tc ert a in ly e nded b efore t he e nd o f t ha t y ear .
I t w as q u ite v igorous w h i le i t
l asted , b u t o n ly o ne m in t s ee ms t o h ave b een i nvo lved . 5 .
C . H . V . S u ther land , T he C istophor i o f Augustus
6 .
S ee n ow W. E . Metcal f , T he Overs tr ik ing o f H adr ian 's C istophor i , i n Actes d u 8 e me Congrbs I n ternat iona l d e Num is mat ique . , 3 47.
Me tcal f
s ugges ts t ha t t he c is tophor i w ere o verstrUck b ecause t he ir l oss o f w e igh t mean t t ha t t hey wou ld n ot c ircu late -b u t i ti s s i lver c on ten t n ot t o ta l w e igh t t ha t ma ttered a nd o n t ha t g round t hey w ou ld h ave b een h igh ly v a lued.
Me tca l f i s c lear ly r igh t , h owever , t o emphas ise t ha t t he o ver-
s tr ik ing w ou ld h ave b een f or e cono m ic r a ther t han p o l i t ica l r easons , b ut Id o n ot s ee i th as h av ing a n r eference t o ' Hadr ian 's P anhel len ic p rogra m me '. 7 .
J -N. S voronos , Nu m is ma t ique d e l a Crbte Anc ienne , p l. =
CM , 2 3-24.
8 .
W. H . Wadd ing ton , Recue i l G engra l d es Monna ies Grecques d 'As ie M ineure , 6 2f f . T he s tructure o f t he i ssue i s c onfused b y t he f ac t t hat Wadd ing ton m isread a c o in o f An ton inus Caesar , y ear 1 69 , a s b e ing o f An ton inus Augustus , y ear 1 89.
Co mpar ison w ith o ther c o ins o f t he s a me d ies
makes h is e rror c er ta in .
T he i ssue t herefore e nds w ith c o ins o f An ton inus
Caesar ( Feb.-Ju ly 1 38 ). 9 . 1 0.
E . A . S ydenha m , T he c o inage o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia , n os . 1 86-188. O ne c o in , S . N . G . v . Au lock 5 449 , i s g iven a s b ronze , b u t i th as t he s a me r everse d ie a s o ur n o. 3 215 ;
p erhaps i ti s ap ar t icu lar ly d ebased
s pec i men . 1 1.
S ee H . v . Au lock , D ie M t inzprägung d er K i l ik ischen s tad t Mopsos , Archäo log ischer Anze iger , 1 963, 2 31f f.
1 2.
Revue N um is ma t ique , V I I ( 1903 ) p l XV I, 1 8.
1 3.
W. Wrick , D ie S yr ischer Prov inz ia lprägung v on Augustus b is T ra ian.
1 4.
T he t rans it iona l p er iod b e tween Nerva a nd T ra jan h as b een t he s ub ject o f t wo n o tes b y A . R . B e l l inger , ' Greek c o ins f ro m t he Ya le Num is mat ic Co l lect ion ', Ya le C lass ica l S tud ies , X I I , 2 53 ;
1 18
The B oston Co l lege Hoard ,
ANS Museu m N o tes , X , 4 3. Be l l inger b e l ieved t ha t t he e x istence o f c o ins o f Tra jan 's y ear B h ad t o mean t hat t hey were f ro m d ies o f N erva , s ince h e c ou ld n o t a ccep t t ha t t he i ssue e x tended b eyond S ep te mber 9 8.
When
l ater h e f ound a c o in o f y ear A h e s upposed t ha t i t was a n o ld d ie o f Nerva wh ich h ad b een ' dug o u t ' b y t he m in t o f f ic ia ls.
There i s , h owever ,
n o r eason why t he i ssue c ou ld n ot e x tend b eyond S ep t . 9 8 , e ven o verl app ing w i th t he o pen ing o f t he s econd m int . S ep t . 9 6-Sep t . 9 7
N erva y ear A
S ep t. 9 7-Jan. 9 8
N erva y ear B
J an . 9 8-Sep t. 9 8
Tra jan y ear A
S ep t . 9 8-la te 9 8
Tra jan y ear B
T he c hrono logy i s t herefore :
H . Ha mburger , A Hoard f ro m T iber ias , J . I srae l Dep t. o f An t iqu it ies , 2 , 1 40 , was t he f i rs t t o d iscover a c o in o f y ear A , wh ich h e t hough d a ted t o b e tween t he a dop t ion a nd a ccess ion o f Tra jan .
Bu t t h is i s h ard ly
n ecessary . 1 5.
A . R . Be l l inger , T he Excava t ions a t Dura-Europos , p t. V I t he c o ins , n o. 2 066.
1 6.
W. E . Metca l f , ' The T e l l Ka lak h oard ', ANS Museu m n o tes 2 0 , 9 4.
He
h as c o l lected a l l t he h oard e v idence k nown t o h im i n at ab le wh ich makes t he s epara t ion o f t he v ar ious t ypes e asy t o f o l low .
T he r eferences f or
t he v ar ious h oards c an b e f ound i n h is w ork . 1 7.
Bet ter Auct ion C o . L td ., 3 0.8.73 n o. 3 54. t o b e o f l oca l o r ig in .
1 8.
A l most a l l t he c o ins s ee m
The An t ioch c o in i s i n t he ANS c o l lect ion .
E . T . N ewe l l , ' M isce l lanea Nu m is ma t ica ', NN M 8 2 ( 1938 ), 7 5 ;
• A . R .
Be l l inger , 2 2.. c it ., 4 3. 1 9.
For t he E leu theropo l is c o in s ee I . N . S voronos , J IAN X ( 1907 ) p l. V I, 7 .
2 0.
I t s ee ms mos t l ike ly t ha t a l l t hese c o ins a re f ro m t he s a me m in t. Bel l inger was t he f irst t o n o t ice a n o bverse d ie-l ink b etween t he Herac les a nd Tyche r everses , a nd t hey a re i n f act q u ite c o mmon .
He
i s p robab ly r igh t i n t h ink ing t ha t t he e ag le c o ins a re o f t he s a me min t. Cer ta in ly t he metro log ica l e v idence i s n o t a ga ins t t h is.
" Co ins f ro m
An t ioch i n S yr ia ', ANS Museu m n o tes V ( 1952 ), 5 7. 2 1.
These t e tradrachms a re , o f c ourse , o f t he Tyr ian s tandard n o t o f t he An t iochene a nd a re wor th f our d enar i i.
S ee Me tro logy I , 7 Of f .
2 2.
v an Z e ls t , S yr ische Mun tvords t , De G euzen P enn ing , J u ly 1 970 , 3 4.
2 3.
Ih ave e xc luded BMC 5 4 ( year 1 70 ) wh ich c on ta ins t in a nd l ead b u t n o s i lver .
I t i s l igh ter t han a l l t he o ther s pec i mens b y 1 .50 g a nd i s
p robab ly f a lse. 2 4 .
Metca lf , 2 2 .c it . 9 if f .
2 5.
I n teres t ing ly t here a re T a l mud ic r eferences t o t he ' Arab ian d inar ' wh ich S perber s ugges ts r efer t o ' t he Naba taean s tandard ', a nd a lso t o at e trad rach m wor th 3 d enar i i wh ich h e s upposes t o mean t he c is tophorus. I t
1 19
i s u n l ike ly , h owever , t o mean t he r ea l c istophorus. t hese c o ins?
Cou ld t hey b o th mean
D . S perber , Rö man P a les t ine 2 00-400 , Money a nd P r ices ,
2 30 n ote 6 . 2 6.
S ee BMC Mesopota m ia x cv i i ff or d iscuss ion .
2 7.
Ange lo Me l iu , L a C irena ica r o mana e l e monete p rov inc ia l i d i T ra iano , Adr iano e Marco Aure l io , Rasse pa N um is mat ica XXX I I ( 1935 ) 1 82f f .
2 8.
S . H . Weber , An Egyp t ian Hoard o f t he s econd c en tury A . D., NN M 5 4.
2 9.
J . C . Myres , On s o me b ronze c o ins f ro m Crete , NC X IV ( 1894 ) 1 00 ; t he s econd c o in i s i n t he Ash mo lean Museu m .
3 0.
L . C . Wes t a nd A . C . J ohnson , Currency i n Ro man a nd Byzan t ine Egyp t , 1 72, c o l lect t he e v idence , b u t t he ir c a lcu la t ions f or Marcus Aure l ius a re u nre l iab le.
1 20