The Jews in Persia: Their Books and Practice 9781463214685

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T H E JEWS I N PERSIA

T J t'i f' L

Analecta Gorgiana 66 General Editor George Anton Kiraz Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and short monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Now conveniently published, these essays are not only vital for our understanding of the history of research and ideas, but are also indispensable tools for the continuation and development of on-going research. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utilized by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The Jews in Persia Theif Books and Practice

E L K AN N A T H A N A D L E R

GORGIAS P R E S S

2007

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2007 The special contents of this edition are copyright (124 pp.). See B 7, 15, 28, 51. This poem was printed at Jerusalem in 1884. (b) The Poem of Chudaîdât (44 pp.). This was published by Prof. Salemann at St. Peterspans."

Dr. Martin Schreiner has an admirable review of Albîrûni in

t h e Revue des Études Juives ( X I I , 258 seqq.), b u t does n o t s e e m t o h a v e

sufficiently noticed the Jewish side of his Christian references, such as this about the Maccabean saints.

THE PERSIAN JEWS :

I. THEIR BOOKS

589

burg in 1897. See B 16. Headed p*1¥ *n*13 '10 *T*3. (c) HebrewPersian poem headed J>"3 pn*f* '1» *T3 *T3 (12 pp.). In a later hand, (2 pp).

(d) Another poem, beginning DTD J3K

111033

B 12. (a) Canticles with Targum. (b) fD*3 BHri 11D. Daily lectionary from 1st to 13th Nissan, written in i860. B 13. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian Divan, mostly 0*BVB, Bought of Abraham Pinehasuf of Bokhara. Ninety-one poems, beginning as follows:— 1. *n ^N T V ; 2. m*ti> 3. 3*3 b n * ; 4. ^ j i D D*Nb3; 5. *3ji> *n«3; 6. 7. 1113 prn*; 8. -]!>« «3«; 9. ytiD DD; 10. *13N *T b m ; II. 0*310«; 12. *D hot?*; 13. 71 NV; 14. miDN; 15. TIDKTI ; 16. *3itn; 17. net* n*; 18. m~\ W ; 19. *DN3*^ *«; 20. ^NU i^NU; 21. |iai ¡V; 22. vr tut- ; 23. niv ta ii ; ; 24. jkx oj> nn3; 25. *yn * t t ; 26. by pit? ; 26 b (Persian translation of 23). *11X NBl; 27. *njriB>* n v ; 28. i n o * i n ; 29. in jk k i ^ k ; 30. *p*b *nb*; 31. ibxj? *r6*« ; 32. 3^1 h naiD; 33. hp na*; 34. *bn * b n ; 35. jbdjj* 1 3 ; 36. niab> xn^N n*; 37. m r6ina; 38. jmn n*; 39. 11i6 up*; 40. DT-i? 01* ; 41. 3J?3 *3tn«* ; 42. n b "p* ; 43. "Jiiia* C*t3B; 44. *!01* *]TB^; 45. n*a na*; 46 (Persian). 10« ilNS?; 47 (Persian), t i n *nD }U ; 48.1DN ixna ; 49. lit? *n HID ; 50. hill« 01* 01*; 51. 31D.1 T3**; 52. *DK> 3iT1*; 53. WIN «113; 54. n i b a *3**; 55. *3*3D n*; 56. «3 id«*; 57. n*ibn; 58. n n w 01*; 59. «3 m w ; 60. «riMin an*; 61. *mni *1Kai *3^; 62 (Hebrew and Persian). n b s nnX; 63. 1ND .133 «S»31 Oil*; 64. It?** ; 65. N1W HNS?; 66 (Hebrew and Persian), in *n31*; 67. «Hp» «D*«1 «3N1 ND*DD; 68. i l b 0*111 TO; 69. «3 m W ; 70. *D1 *D •¡rib; 71. *n«3 *t«; 72. nip« *33«; 73. nna« 0*1*^3; 74.11*5? 75. 79. nb* 83. *n *1I2>; 87. E>« *3^ ;

D2D *1*1*; 76. 1DK> 111*; 77. *avn ON; 78. i>« ^ n« na*; 80. m m *33; 81. o d i i d ; 82. n*«i Tidd ; 84. *i*i«p n*; 85. w i > D*nn; 86. b n 1X1*; 88. nij?1 89. 3 b m i « ; 90. 91. 0v6 D1* i*Dan, i. e. translation of 40.

*3«; *3«; rib» ijn*

B 14. (a) MS. Hebrew-Persian, Eldad ha Dani. To which succeed, on different paper and in a later hand, JIWDt. D1* . . . 'na 1*1« }*« . . nni3Di rot?. (b) ni^p3. naia b b o o n o by oip^«« n r o n*prn. Cp. T 29. B 15. "The Seven Brothers," a fragment, vide B 7, 11, 28, 51.

590

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

B 16. Miscellany, Dinim, Poems, &c. A Miscellany containing the following matters:— 2 a. niQlD 'y after Maimüni, the end on the preceding page (i b). At the end of I b is the colophon 'lD p D"n 'OW ¡ t m N T Q flSH pN IX"1 DmK> p n s . 2 b. Various memoranda. 3 a. Rules about ntOTlB'. 3 b. Various elucidations. 4 a, 5 a. Blank. 5 b-10 a. Rules about nOTH?, all sorts of Dinim with the superscription i w i K ^ ¡TOV. 10 b-13 a. A Persian poem with the superscription ?]DT,/'D "'DDDID (=Muchammasi), about Adam, Noah, the Patriarchs, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, and Elijah. There are twenty strophes each of five lines, the fifth lines rhyming throughout. In the last strophe the author calls himself Tin"1 fpDT", i.e. " t h e Jew Joseph." 13 a. A Persian poem of ten distiches, ethical apophthegms, with the superscription "1.3D ll'B' HDNJ (Pendn&meh, a didactic poem). 14 a-17 a. Blank. 17 b-18. p D i n ñ u t í , Nachmanides'letter to his son. 19 a-20a. HNJpn -lj?B>. 20 a-21 a. An ethical disquisition in Hebrew about the tongue. With 22 a begins a new book headed by three Persian distiches. 22 b. Various memoranda, inter alia, "IJ? prtN p DiTQK. The same name occurs on the otherwise blank p. 13 b. 23 a. The following reference to the owners of the poem about the Seven Brothers, infra 43 b-84 a : ome> p n s 'id "vyxn nrrr nn

nr ^e» ¡x-rntn 1K 1HJ?.

B 2 4 . Commentary on " C h u l l i n " (caps 4 and 5).

Hebrew-

A fragment

(14 pp. 4to) mentions /7m (also b? ^«3311 n), bvtn, b i t h " 6 n 3 i n i?f and nFi, bi ^ m ^ ' r iDSaÌJN 3 i n .

i u mirf i 3in, o n a x ' i ,

w s n 'n and

From the Genizah at Bokhara.

B 25. Hebrew-Persian Charms. B 2 6 . Fragments of Pentateuch, cp. B 4. Parts of Exodus to Deuteronomy.

Massora in margin.

B 27. Hebrew-Persian translation of Psalms D ^ n n "POD]"!. of Abraham Chaim Pinchasuf. See B 46. B 2 8 . " T h e Seven Brothers." B 29. niNlSI 'D.

Bought

See B 7, 11, 15, 51.

See T 5, 23, 67.

B 30. Maimonides 1 H^DD 'n, H3HN npfnn T to H^D n t t b n inclusive. i2mo. B 31. '•Tn K130. Introduction and beginning of Bechai b. Asher's Commentary to the Pentateuch. Part of Luria's 65*23^ Nifi ID and Kimchi's Michlol D'ÒjiDn p n p n " W [25 capp.] with notes by R. Elia Ashkenazi. B 32. (a) JlpTl for N31 N35JE?in night. The colophon states t h a t the MS. was written in 1724-5 by Solomon ben Muley Abdullah ben Mu,. Tip ben Mu. Elijah ben Mu. I T W y ben Mu. Obadiah ben Mu. Eliezer. (b) JipTI for n i y u c . The extracts include sp naiD tODJ 3Ì51Ì» K3E> H2-Ò *3N "l"D ; and from Pesachim n " l ÙltÒ lb PN 1D1X «""I «"Oil ; and from H31 t m t o : l " n n n"l HNC iTHN. There is another colophon by the same scribe with t h e same genealogy but inserting another ancestor, Moses, between (sic) r w y and Obadiah. Date 27th of Iyar, 1725. Place ÌOK313 i n o i n : b i n , i.e. Bokhara. 1

See Buber's edition in the Graeta Jubelschrift.

THE

PERSIAN

B 3 3 . Kabbala.

JEWS :

I.

THEIR

BOOKS

593

Conjurations and spells.

B 3 4 . Abbreviated DniDfl ^>JD, Gen. and Exod. to DHt3SE>». B 3 5 . (a) Ben Sira. i6mo1.

nDS "IJflO, 1681. Gabirol.

(b) In a smaller hand the Azharot of Ibn

Hebrew and Persian (cp. B 38).

(d) The fB^N Knpn

nnn

by

p

beginning DTliw TliiN n r o n , beginning n t a «

Ipn

beginning "'31X3X3 nSHKI IDIt« 13'lii. bv

rn^ycn

(/)

(h) p n v ^

D'iunn

JINJH nH]>D

d^tinn, PinCC '~b.

i " n p i p s ? monpn. din -vcn p 2

(a)

The scribe

nrroN.

Hebrew-Persian poems, nine

stanzas, of five lines, ejDV 'ID ''DDD1D.

(b) Ditto. "njJD.

(c) Ditto,

also of Moulley Joseph, seventeen stanzas, subscription about W (d) Philtres for a crying baby, an enemy, &c. Persian.

(g) Hebrew-Persian

R. David b. Abraham b. 'JTO. TH

'ID.

(j)

poems by

i>NVlJ? ' n , &c., by

(h) Tikkun for t/'lO and n " l . TH^p.

about Samarkand, 85 pages,

(k)

(m) D M 1 0 ,

lines; many other poems, one headed ;to

S|DV.

(e) 180 lines, Hebrew-

( / ) Hebrew poem on Moses by R. Eleazar Cohen, another

by 3"it3 fD'D '">. pjl'j

nun

(g) Ditto 1 3 D

( j ) Ditto b"t

signs three or four times his name 3 8 . Hebrew-Persian Divan,

t?Tin.

in^N. (i) l/'t

(e) The

iii>n m w .

¡ W

rntas

JlbW p , beginning T » J B 0 ^ 3 3 .

B

(c) TnttStyJ ^ n

beginning . . . T1K N i p « D ^ N

n^vN

(k) Nn*a nb^n t o

i6mo.

Alphabet in Hebrew-Persian, written

,

TNCJ

(») T n ^ p

TlT^p

eighteen

(I) poem

stanzas of six

/lS1t3 'lD "'DDD'iD; another

x ^ n n i y •'Deaio ¡td-io ; another lupjoi?

nw

'10

nm.

MS. written by Simcha b. David K»p \ T t 6 p fUpn T H T n ^ p 1 3 3 "'DIH n " y xbytt

NTD-1D i>s3D ^ n S f N - l ^

^ S t n o 'ID

Sabbath

Hymns, Spy '10 ^ 3 0 'nna PJDV ' l » 1 0 » , &c. and tTVD 'ID DD31D. Owner's autograph : C m C JNpH 1 H JK i T W n Hi. B 3 7 . "lt^n 'D.

Written at Herat (DiOn), the 21st of

1773, by Judah Nissim ben the first six missing.) B 3 8 . 157 leaves.

. Bought at Samarkand.

This is apparently copied from the Venice print. i2mo.

First seven leaves missing.

ixabvu DH-I3N i ITTO (Ulama=teacher). cellanea Poetica.

Shebat,

(220 leaves, Bought of

Written in 1806 ?.

(a) Mis-

Hebrew and Persian D ' W S for weddings, circum-

cisions, &c. Authors: 31D ¡CD, Israel b. Moses, T O C N^NX, Abraham b. Levi.

(6) 54. ^ i W

bl

"VDSn.

Ethics of the Fathers, with Persian

translation,

(c) 109. nVlilTK of Ibn Gabirol, with poetical Persian

translation.

(d) 1 1 2 . n a i y n i s ui? n c c "VDsn n e w ftinnnx nxna

1

Cp. T 37 and 41 b.

2

Cp. B 16.

594

JEWISH QUARTERLY

T H E

EEVIEW

y ^ r n o r n -va s^o 'an - n bmvw -i"n3. HDriN.

Written by

3pi? nry^N

n ^ a e o , i. e. of Cashmere.

'a

(e) 128.

HO^

(k) A

li'E'D IVi.

acrostic Samuel b. Nissim.

P i y u t , THN

'an

p

N e x t comes ( / ) 154. -Tptn n " l

another hand, and in y e t another hand (g) Tiling

t-dsd

n 'k

D^IJ? N 1 U .

N.B. T h e

(i) A

ntwa

mii'pn i n

(h) A P i y u t ,

Piyut,

owner told

me this M S .

c a m e from Meshed. B 3 9 . DWJJJD.

A collection of over fifty stories.

V e n i c e 1599 edition of the n m i n i

P a r t l y from t h e

mtmam n w a n

variants and t h e stories in a different order.

1 U n , but w i t h

P a r t l y from the Midrash

of the T e n Commandments, and p a r t l y from t h e N^S Hti'iy. Gaster Sefer h a M a a s y o t h 18.)

(Vide

W r i t t e n in T3D"ii"IK>, Shahr-i-Subz, i n

t h e hills near Samarkand, b u t in the K h a n a t e of B o k h a r a in Adar, 1866, and bought a t Samarkand. b 40. n " i

rDE> p p T i :

'131 c m i a n s u n

nwan

B 4 1 . (a) A s t r o l o g y , t e n chapters, i m p e r f e c t . ¡ M

'"6

p n QJ?.

"VP —

ynv

(d) 1V)tS)

'•D,

Hebrew

n3"1.

and

nitypa.

See T 56.

Persian,

(e) H y m n s .

(c)

(6) "inK t^B

ran

( / ) B i b l i c a l Mnemonics.

(g) Memoranda. B 4 2 . 9 1 Poems and P i y u t i m . B

4 3 . Miscellanies,

H e b r e w and Persian ( 1 0 2 pp.).

(a) Arranged

chapter

by

chapter,

I.

W S

hi3 - o

o^n

runs 'D, M a i m o n i d e s ; II. EWOT 'D Wa, Maimonides. O ' N Tl3n3 nro s^ia p hi n3i3. 2016 nnat>^=i7o4 ins? *]K3in •»a (6) D i t t o , m w n m t a " n x 3 ' d , w r i t t e n b y m b u n n ^ b -iDp3 n-iE^ JB,

22nd of

Tebet,

1468 = 1708.

Gen. i. x x x i i .

of S o n g of Songs, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther.

(c) T'DSn

(d) A list of

Psalms 3, 5, 11, 15, 19, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 49, 61, 66, 68, 84, 86, 91, 101, 145.

(e) H D 'D ' f i , Maimonides, & c . , & c .

(/)

pD^i?

(0) N3i IWN-O bw

paip^

N3i Vico bw. (g) nw -PDan. (h) Qumrx yit^irr» -vDan. (i) ^PB -|"Dan. (k) biWT 'D N^p. (I) Nlty 'D iOK>p. (m) 'D iWp in) a w n

nm

'D

n:iH3 n u n a t W a a , m u c h longer t h a n (6).

nwp»

Hebrew

and

Persian

months of three calendars. (s) r v x ^ p ^ j n print

at

o w a .

Venice,

(v) Calendar lists. nVJE'en

nnilSB.

1574.

characters,

(p) W (r) A

JN"BV1 " N n B p v i s n (t) n i p H 3 i m a w

(m) C o p y

(u>) p D W

'D

of

W D .

ni3^>n.

(x) (z)

(q) "VDan of

^NITO ^ N I B *

Maimonides'

(y) tCiKA n m j J B 'j?.

DJpnn P - \ i y b n , caps. 19 and 20.

nK>Jft2.

comparison

nnr

Copied DDTlti' fil/Bn

the

"NilD. from ni3^n. b

''B

E x t r a c t s from ' i

"pna

THE

PERSIAN

JEWS :

I.

THEIR

BOOKS

595

B 44. (a) The Persian-Hebrew Dictionary i T ^ i - i l 'D, composed in 1 3 3 9 , of which the fragment in St. Petersburg is described by Professor Bacher in Stade's Zeitschrift fur

W., X V I , (1896), p. 242.

die A.-T.

That fragment is there stated to be unique. NXJMI

r6nan

LB N E W

T>NN D K A

N Y ^ N

comprise almost the entire work. parts of »

and 3 are missing.

The codex begins i>TinX

ISD

its 355 pages

MRO^.

The end of

the whole of

and

(b) A t the beginning are fragments

of another copy of the same work, twenty-four pages, from letters 3, 3, 1, ¡1.

(e) Another copy of the same work, beginning with letter

(Article T T ) till end (pp. 3 a - i 5 4 a).

Bound up with it, as a supple-

ment, are pages from letters N and 1.

A t the end is a colophon

stating that it was written on the 8th of Kislew, 1 4 9 1 , by Moses ben David bar David bar David for (^OBO) Jacob b. Judah b. Joseph. This codex contains after the dictionary (pp. 1 3 5 - 1 7 2 )

responsa

about slaughtering and the dietary laws. B 45. The Haftaroth of the Persian Rite, with the Targum and Hebrew-Persian translation, verse by verse. Chachamuf of Bokhara.

E. g. That for NKTl

24-xviii. 39, instead of xviii. 20-xviii. 39.

4to.

Bought of Abo

begins 1 Kings xvii.

That for second day of

Passover 2 Kings xxii. instead of xxiii, no NlHOnST t.

The rubrics of

the festivals in Aramaic, e.g. for Passover JD'OT HKEnp KDV.

See

B 52. B 40. Proverbs, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes. Mas. Derech Eretz Zutta. rD to 33 b.

Hebrew and Persian in consecutive verses,

'xxx. 1 is translated : anwNini dwijcrofiai.

Hebrew and Persian.

MS. numbered H3 to IDp b. JNItiBBU

tawsai

taw«!.

Wp

(a)

Proverbs,

vii. 4 to end.

JNHp^ 1D1Q 113K ¡X313'D

Cp. Septuagint wavofiai and Theod.

The number of verses is given as T"TO pHH, i. e. 916, not

9 1 5 as in our Massorah.

(b) Canticles, ditto, I D to li> b, 1 1 7 verses as

with us. (c) Ecclesiastes, ditto, li> to £3*9, 2 2 2 verses as with us. n u n p p , ditto, B V to N^p b. to the TWO '"I pID. n^ri

Important variants from and additions

(e) NDH ntO"1 plD, ditto, t6p b to r&p b.

p - © , ditto, n^p b to a n p b.

to IDp wants end.

(d) p"l3

(g) p s

(/)

* r n , ditto, 2 D p b

This P"© begins ^ i V nI? b ^ 5 n TC&n Nine "'D

'131 nDiyo and ends with the Persian translation of n a i l WtDH ^>3 fen m m

''"131D i n N .

4 and 5 of Stilt p K

The last three chapters are like chapters i,

" p i D3DD.

But they are longer, notably cap. 5,

which was hitherto only known from Machzor Yitry. B 47. Divination by Bible. B 4 8 . (a) Maimonides' Erubin r a i B T I ' n titty 'n.

the ilptnn T .

(b) Calendar, 12 pp.

Fragments of

596

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY

REVIEW

B 49. n"nn "VDSH. Vocabulary of difficult words in the Pentateuch with explanations in Persian. tOKI to WîKn. See B 50. B 50. Y ' j n TDan.

Vocabulary of difficult words in the Bible

(Pentateuch, Kings, Ezekiel, Esther, Canticles, Joel). B 51. The Seven Brothers (fragment, 14 pp.). and 28.

Headed N^ID p ^DT1 N^IO '•DU tN

y'sr n"ni?r y " : pnv

See B 7, ix, 15, m

One stanza is headed

Wna

Tmin

yenn I V p

w p

Dim rn. B 52. Haftaroth. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian in consecutive verses. Those for Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus very incomplete. Those for Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Festivals, &c. almost complete. B 53. Divination by the Letters of the High Priest's breastplate D W l ï D'UN. The mythical work attributed to the L X X of the Septuagint. B 54. Divination by letters. B 55. Divination,

nUIBTM f l l h u

DlW.

niinun 'D attributed to Ahitophel, nix

p

-anion bairvnx. B 56. Medical. B 57. 1"IVB>J?D. Charity. B 58.

IWytt.

Prescriptions in Hebrew. Fragments, including

the

pV

N3X 'O about

A collection of stories from the nVtPyon "lUTI.

B 59. (a) JTWyQ. A large collection of stories, mostly printed in the î6b ntriy, but several from the i W i l » HD' n m (6) Miscellaneous. Aphorisms, &c. B 60. Fragments of Siddur. The Evening Prayer (a^yD). B 61. Astrological charms, &c. leaves from the Bokhara Genizah. B 62. Astrological charms.

Love-philtres.

Miscellaneous

B 63. Pentateuch with Hebrew-Persian translation (cp. Catalogue of Bibliothèque Nationale 72 and 73, and Steinschneider's Jewish Literature, p. 123). The first sixteen pages and the last two are in a later hand and on later paper. On the title page and at the end are several family notes with various dates between 1778 and 1849. The title in the later hand is as follows :—trip» DI^D fCCn pTD -into T'DSn j n v

u w

i b iDn

win a -PDari -nana sipioi

Nina nat^a ^ » n a ins nana "a to n v t r a Q^tn

nw

mmn n i » i>a:

niND e>ero c a t a nwzn ro tra rbea vnrh ni*> o n try

133r ^ d i n i jjdo t*yn njxa -am Dja^ D"ltO ruu NT1J3 ¡D.

Bought of Abo Chachamuf.

-ma « ntan' 1 run

THE PERSIAN JEWS : I. THEIR BOOKS

597

B 64. The Cusari of Jehuda ha Levi, in a Persian hand. In the margin a date p"Sib 13pn, i.e. 1395. At the end of the second part owner's signature ¡tap DWS "VDVn '»•J?. Bought of Abo Chachamuf. B 65. Kimchi's D ^ n ^ 'D, being the second part of his Cp. B 31. In the margin of the 16th page a date nntDcb n"DrintOfJ? rUTD "iDDfD HJin, and at end of each of the other books p mm i c n - i m o ruin. B. The Constantinople prints of Taanith and Megillah. I know only one other copy. Unknown to Rabbinowitz. C. Editio princeps of the 13 . D. Fragment of the Machzor Catalonia, Salonica. The following, half print, half MS.:— E. Print, 3py Dyhn 'D belonging to Joseph ben Moses "inj^O, Constantinople, 1560. Last 15 pp. copied in MS. Colophon of copyist: N1N313 TH^O pND v t a b r m iTVlJ p « 3 v^lD VIK ^ JV3b HE'D nsnn r u e a iddh nr ¡riDn »nanai jxab t i n 3 h a b npt«D jnv ' m , i. e. 1724. F. Print, ed. princ. of Ibn Yerga's mUT1 t33E>, chaps. 17 to end, with the supplement. To which are appended two original letters, 'a Hebrew letter of 1782, and another undated, in Persian, to Meshed, signed by a n t ? 11N at IP Yezd, to introduce SOW p jni3 pny and p l a n !t6k> i n ^ x Dan respectively. The following Hebrew-Persian prints, only two of which are mentioned by Salemann:—• G. •'Dins ¡15563 npnyn Dy n i a t a i n a ' d . H. nyrn bv mt2am ^dinq ¡1263 npnyn oy r n a t a 3rt< 'd T'Dan Dy 3K3. Both printed at Jerusalem, 1895, by Zuckermann. Translations by Solomon, called DrDS p ¡N'j N3K3 of Samarcand, from whom I bought them. I. t o t o n •'"aiya . . . ^ 3 3 nn by . . n n h p . . . t n n 'd T3NP 1CD1. Jerusalem, 1889, by Raphael tOniN. K. m i r f Dinn Dy ^WO 'D by Benjamin b. Jochanan ha Cohen of Bokhara, Jerusalem, Luncz, 1885. L. The DTIK nj?3K> of Joseph b. Mai. Isaac and many others. Jerusalem, 1884. VOL. X. S3

598

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

The following are the MSS. from Persia p r o p e r 1 : — T 1. Kalila va Dimna -IV1DN3 'D1 'D. T 2. Translation of Aboth. HUX rODO TDSn. See B 9, T 25 and B 46. T 3. Divan.

D'OIDIS'I niE'p3.

T 4. Divan. Poems, Problems, NOyO^N. T 5. Hebrew-Persian Medical Dictionary. T 6. Divan of Muley Solomon H D ^ T 7. pnv DTPS? I'Dsn. T 8. Persian-Hebrew Divan. T 9. Persian-Hebrew Midrash. T 10. nitJHT, Homiletics. T 11. n W O 'D1 njn m v 'D 2 . Kislew, 1476.

Written at Shiraz (?), the 27th of

T 12. The Aruch. T 13. Midrash. T 1 4 . Maimonides, Vol. i. nptnn T . T 15. 'n mcni'D. The wars of Joshua with the Philistines. Bible stories in Persian verse (?) by Muley Shahin. Cp. B. M. Or. 4732. T 16. Esther and Divan, (a) iriDN TDSn. (6) tTJinrS. See T 27 («). T 17. Hebrew-Persian Divan. T 18. Barlaam and Josaphat, Shazada Sufi. translation of f W m l^DH p .

Hebrew-Persian

See T 20, 41, 75.

T 19. Sayeb. T 20. Shazada Sufi. T 21. Divan. T 22. Divan. T 23. Medicine. Written at tWJ?pD, 15th of Tebet, 1495. T 24. Maimonides, Vol. ii, Hpinn T . See T 14. 1

Unfortunately many of these MSS. are still on their way to England.

Although they left Teheran by caravan in Dec. 1896, via Shiraz and Bushire, they need not, I am told, be despaired of.

I now (June, 1898)

hear that they had been detained at Bushire, but have at last been released.

In their absence, I have been unable to give fuller descriptions

of these MSS. 2

This is, perhaps, a MS. of the Tur.

THE

PERSIAN

JEWS :

I.

T 25. Hebrew-Persian translation.

THEIR

BOOKS

599

Aboth ¡TON "'pis "VDQn, by

R. Paltiel. T 26. r r w y o . T 27. Hebrew-Persian translation. w

DUini n b »

Esther

and Targum

Sheni

TDan.

T 28. (a) nnj?.

(6) ^nD3 p i "1K>N J3 Hpl^no.

T 29. Hebrew-Persian translation of Ibn Gabirol nnntK "VDBn. Cp. Paris MS. 1356 and supra B 14. T 30. Hebrew-Persian Divan of Israel ben Moses. T 31. Hagadah. t 32. n m

r f p n a , orjpr

mm.

T 33. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian Divan. t 34. i r o n

pin.

T 35. (a) Hagadah.

(b) TllVn Jlpn.

T 36. DUaiC flpTI. T 37. Ben Sira Alphabet "IH1D1331.

This copy is referred to by

Dr. Neubauer in the Clarendon Press edition of Eeclesiastieus.

To

his list of prints of this Alphabet should be added the Calcutta edition, with a copy of which R. Hezekiah Cohen, the Chacham of Bokhara, presented me. T 38. n r a

pnti m m

t 39. rat?

nrvw.

See T 62, 68.

T 40. Hebrew-Persian Divan. T 41. Sheni.

(a) Shazada Sufi.

(6) Ben Sira Alphabet,

(c) Targum

(d) niT-Df.

T 42. Hebrew-Persian Historical Stories. T 43. Hebrew Prayers. T 4 4 . Persian poems as to the persecution of the Jews under Shah Abbas the Second in the seventeenth century.

Cp. Paris MS. 1 3 5 6 .

T 45. Midrash on Genesis. T 46. Pentateuch.

W r i t t e n at Ispahan in 1571.

t 47. (a) ne>D r i T c a . a? 4 8 . nabo

(6) d t o ^ n r a r r ^ y .

m a y by Rabbi i d v

T 49. Hebrew-Persian.

See T 60.

rutton "unto.

i'NltDti' 13 yB»i>ti ' " b DMUnn D W D .

T 50. Fragments of Pentateuch. T 51-2. Hebrew-Persian Prayers. S S 2

600

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

T 53. Fragments of ail Ancient Massoretic Bible from the Genizah nWJ at Yezd.

Injured by fire.

T 54r-5. Other fragments of the same Bible as 53. T 56-7. m S u 12D. T 58. Hebrew-Persian translation of Prayers and Haftaroth. T 59. ^toty n r w r . T 60. (a) HE'D nT'OS. Dann.

b "VDSn.

(6)

(c) Eldad the Danite

(d) Hagadah. For (c) cp. B. M. Or. 4731. J.Q.R., 1894,

p. 119. T 61. n b m .

Responsa.

T 62. pnN IWBa.

Fragments.

T 63. Divan. T 64. nnniN by I T O -13 ^ r n . 0? 65. Maimonides' nV3P»

W8.

T 66. Hebrew-Persian translation of the Hagadah. T 67. Medical MS. t 68. p n «

m m

T 69. Divan nWOT. T 70. Hagadah incomplete. 0? 71. MB> T 72. Divan. T 73. tOK33 mxr nantiB n^ton. Bokhara. T 74. Divan.

Seventy songs.

The story of the Prince of

From Yezd.

T 75. Shazada Sufi. Translated from Abraham ben Hasdai's p •vnrn ^ c n . T 76. Midrash 31B np^. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

From D^aaro to reran nxn.

T 77. The Story of Youssouf and Zuleikha by Jami, with an illumination. T 78. Nizami's Romance, "Khostaw and Shirin," transliterated with twelve three-quarter page illustrations, highly coloured. The copy of Nizami's " H a f t P a i t a r " in the British Museum (Or. 4730), referred to by Mr. Margoliouth \ is similarly illuminated. Cp. T. 77. T 79. Prayer-boob. Persian Rite. From Shiraz. See my Article on the subject, in which this is one of the MSS. collated. It is ' J. Q. R., loc. cit.

THE PERSIAN JEWS :

II. THEIR RITUAL

6oi

a volume of Saadia's Siddur compiled for the Persian use, and was written in 1564. The volume comprises the prayers for the fast-days, New Year, Atonement, and Tabernacles. Sent me by Azziz Ulla of Teheran through Professor Ross, in Dec. 1897.

II.

THEIB RITUAL.

This Liturgy is of considerable importance, for it is that adopted b y the Babylonian Jews. almost unknown.

Yet it has hitherto been

The Chinese fragments of Kae-fong-foo

contained Persian rubrics, and a couple are dated in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, and one or two are

described

his valuable

as written

by

a mbw.

Dr. Neubauer, in

article on " Jews in China," in Vol. V I I I of

the JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, discusses the meaning of this term n-i>E> or " Messenger."

I t is most unlikely that it

means " Messenger of God " or " Messenger of the Congreg a t i o n " ( = Reader).

It

is probably an itinerant

from abroad, sent to collect contributions. met such a

Rabbi

I have myself

both at Teheran and Bokhara, who had

been sent there from the H o l y Land. to the handwriting

But having regard

of these fragments, and the Persian

words interpolated therein, it is more probable that the Chinese

DTni'ti' were natives of Persia, who had

arrived

v i a the Persian Gulf, India, and Nankin, or of Turkestan who had made the overland journey, along the road soon to be traversed b y the Manchurian Railway.

It was there-

fore not too hazardous a guess that in them was to be found a trace of the Persian Ritual.

A n d this guess, as

will be seen, has turned out to be well founded, although curiously enough these strange Chinese-looking scripts v a r y less from the ordinary and known rituals than does the early Persian Rite of which B 6 is a model codex.

The

strangest part of the matter, however, is that nobody seems to have suspected that this Persian Rite would turn out to be founded on the Siddur of Saadia Gaon, whereas all our European rituals are founded on that of A m r a m

Gaon.

Ó02

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Steinschneider discovered Saadia's Siddur in the Bodleian Library, and has described it at some length in its Catalogue, 2203 seqq., as well as in a privately printed pamphlet. Dr. Neubauer rather anticipated that the Persian Prayerbook would be like that of Yemen, which he expressly emphasizes as not Saadia's. Many of the liturgical fragments which I found in the famous Genizah at Fostat in the Christmas Vacation of 1895 belong to the same ritual, and Dr. Schechter has, of course, many more. An additional proof, if proof were needed, that this Fostat synagogue was the favourite place of worship of the Babylonian and Persian visitors to Egypt. As will be seen, I have three codices, similar in character, the collation of which enables us to reconstitute this long forgotten Liturgy, and the Chinese fragments have also been referred to where their variants were interesting. So far as I can gather, there are no other copies of the Dia "i1TD in any known library. I made diligent inquiry, both in Persia and Turkestan, but it was excessively difficult to find or even hear of the existence of a different prayer-book than that of the printed editions. B 6 was in loose pages and purchased in three fractions. The prints of Leghorn and Warsaw and Vienna have completely replaced the old Minhag, and to-day the Persian Jews are, to all intents and purposes, Sephardim. In Bokhara there seems to have been a curious reason for this, more potent than the uniformity imposed by the printer. Some 150 years ago, they say, a learned man, li. Abraham Mammon, whose descendants are to-day of the élite of the Jews of Central Asia, journeyed from Morocco to distant Bokhara and persuaded his co-religionists that, like himself, they were descended from the Jews exiled from Spain and Portugal, to whose ritual it was therefore their duty to conform! Of the three copies, one, B 6, which I bought in Bokhara, which is nearly complete, I will call A. Another, B 1 (incom-

THE PERSIAN JEWS :

II. THEIR RITUAL

603

plete and with other matters), I bought from the Bokhariots at Jerusalem. It may have been brought there from Samarkand, Tashkend, Khokand or even Mergalan. I call it B. And a third, T 79, from Shiraz (via Teheran) which I have just acquired and call C. A is a beautifully written large octavo of 438 pages, besides a few that are missing. It is evidently written by a Persian scribe, perhaps by •«aiv Halevi (p. 57), and is carefully punctuated up to page 416. There are long and important glosses on pages 56, 57, 89, 1 1 8 , 1 1 8 a , b, 120, 1 2 1 , 122, 123, 125, 139, 209*, 224, 235, as well as several minor interlineations and a few corrections. The gloss on 209 is important as giving a clue to the geographical distribution of the Ritual. The benediction on crossing " t h e s e a " is said to refer to the sea traversed on going to Palestine and Egypt, i.e. not the Caspian sea. Codex B has but little of the prayer-book proper, but contains more Selichot than A, several forms of marriage contract, various notes and " Dinim," a complete calendar from 1 1 8 3 onwards, and, in a later hand, a complete Hebraeo-Persian vocabulary of all the difficult words in the Bible, quoting Rashi, &c. Codex C is a volume of Saadia's Siddur compiled for the Persian use. It covers the fast days, New Year, Atonement, and Tabernacles. The text appears to closely resemble that of the famous Oxford MS. identified by Steinschneider, and described on p. 2210 of his Bodleian Catalogue. It was written in 1564 and is therefore later than B, but probably earlier than A. The Hebrew text is punctuated throughout, the Persian translations, however, are not. It contains several Piyutim, &c., hitherto unknown, but the ordinary prayers are in a less extended form than A, and like the Chinese fragments approximate more closely to our own Liturgy. The variants in A, many of which are given below, are remarkable as evidence of greater individuality than might have been anticipated from such

6O4

THE J E W I S H

QUARTERLY

EEVIEW

conservative people as the Asiatic Jews, and seem to show that Bokhara had a liturgy of its own, though there can be no doubt that, in the main, Saadia is the common guide to all three codices. The Selichot in all three are almost exactly the same, C adds Hosannas, and B completes the few missing pages in A. It is not impossible that the divergence in Bokhara is due to its geographical position, for, till recently, it was much less accessible to foreign influence than Shiraz which is near the Pei-sian Gulf and on a good road. Codex C has 561 leaves, each page of which comprises ] 2 lines written in a bold Persian hand. The MS. begins with the heading:— 'h na-oS> fpv p nnyo'n hip p xnib nonpiD. Then come two Selichot m i y W and riJEN nMN. Then eight Selichot nyNOJ m v n -OK o w n lONO TX. Then two for the 17th of Tammuz, eleven for the 9th of Ab, three for the 3rd of Tishri, two for the 10th of Tebeth, three for " Taanith Purim." Then, p. 187, the service for the New Year, including in the Mussaf the wellknown Spin WIV p31 without any indication of authorship. Then, p. 240, prayers for the Atonement Eve, with no but, after the Ameedah, hymns ^"pj m ] » ^ H mm11 'n viz. i r m inN . , . inSK x h , &c. Next the Service for Atonement Day. On p. 255 a xm mot, on p. 257 the UT^iO pN in the order Taj, px, mi:, •'o. On p. 277 a Piyut maD^ hnm nSnm rat? headed ^"ST 13 W hip p NEW. Probably this Samuel bar Nissi is the author of a Piyut in the Algiers Machzor, beginning l,yiE> njJK'1. Perhaps, too, he is the Nagid of that name mentioned in the Tachkemoni by Alcharisi as his contemporary. On p. 287 there is another Piyut of his (i) beginning iTOB>2 ni'JID 'OIDN, in which the twelve tribes, months and constellations are contrasted. On p. 318 b is the long ^"O by Bechai ha Dayan ben Asher, who lived at Saragossa in 1 2 9 0 ; a HebraeoPersian translation follows the text. On p. 338 is a Confession (Til) by E. Nissin Nahoraini. This is probably Saadia's con1

Vide Dukes, Gime Oxford 62.

THE PERSIAN JEWS :

II. THEIR RITUAL

605

temporary whose adventures are described in the NtOlT oi?1J? 'D On p. 366 comes a prayer ( m j n ^ntnN D ^ i y n }13"i) by 31D. Is this the Gaon Mebasser who died in 926 i Jose ben Jose's 2 rvnUJ "V3TN is also given with a Persian translation (pp. 393 to 416). Then come thirteen Selichot for Shacharit Kippur (416), seven for Mussaf (458), several prayers for Mincha (468), and three Selichot for Neila (512). There is no trace of the ITlCr at the end of the Kippur Service. On p. 515 b begins the Tabernacles Service, Hallel, and notably twenty Hosannoth arranged for the seven days, but several pages are missing, and there seem to have been originally twenty-eight. Many of the less easy hymns and prayers are translated into Persian, and this feature may perhaps be regarded as an indication

of

some

ignorance on

the

part

of

the

congregation for whom they were intended, for there is none

of

the

involved

vocabulary which

composition

distinguishes

the

and

extraordinary

Piyutim

of

Kalir

and his imitators. For the sake of convenience it seems desirable to regard A as the model codex, to describe it rather fully and to note the more important variants from it shown by Codices B and C and the Chinese fragments. Codex A begins with the n3E? r t a p : — A 1. Sabbath Eve Service :—Ps. xcii and xciii followed by Prov. iii. 16; Ps. xci. 1 6 ; viii. 10 and xlii. 9 (r6siDKO ¡TWO DW "piN mm w ) . Texts as to length of days. Then m E > 127 H'HJJtt beginning Ps. xxv. 6 and xx. 9. Then '131 1313 ¡33") and the response TDn Toil 1 W -pi3OT V'i 7 m "1JJ1 D^IJii'. Many minor variants—a very short US'GB'n, viz. 133',3K>n -ans DIW m i D l^by Dnsi 0 1 ^ 1 C T ^ uTeym "v 'ui H133 '•DJ? StJ'il -lOMC. Isa. xxxii. 18 (vide Zunz, 12) ending enpn -vp d ^ w b i i»j? ^ t y by lr^y di^>e> risiD dudh 7113. After n c d come '"jiUETI DV3 DJJH imi^l and U^y INT, terminating with a long H313, which ends JDK nyi D^IJJ^ 760'' SliTI. 1

Vide Neubauer, Anecdota Oxoniensia, II, 79, 80.

a

Vide Steinschneider, loc. cit.

606

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

Then a Kaddish slightly varying from the Sephardi' but almost identical with the Chinese.

Then the Ameedah, headed K > n l y a

TU (pp. n - 1 7 ) . The Ameedah b e g i n s : — bran i>xn . . . n " x a -)r6nn T V 'si nnsn

NTijrn m a n

HDn i3ir ban njipi

DHDn i>ou ba by bwv

;yK>i> Dnnnx n j n r h Drron ^a^ ^xu x ' a o i n"xa p n

rtsnci "ioid m y

m

nma

tisc

ita

p^y

by n m o i

bxu t i bx p m

ba nux

"jta nanxa 10a1 .nrnax

ND3 /UN T P

xn

FJDID f x BAN T I I O

T U nD2 ejDlO xn

YNNB

A I . . 131 I U J

nnx

5)D1D Txi TU i'DH TTID

spiO

.DB'jn n m o i n n n

ijjtwDi nniDK iTio n^n iny D^in xan . . . o«n babao (B 3) TIN

prnrrax1

nana

r r r a i ^ o r6yoi m i c

HD ISY

lroicx

D"PM

htidi j t o e -jta -]b n m

nninan

n n x JDWI c a n 1

irrro n'xa o m o n v n r 6 u a t a xin

n^vaxb bya

D'onna 5an : D'ncn

DWP

TJi"1^

^"P

1XD:> ^ " P

T13'

^ P

PfP

: c n p n bxn n " x a n^D "]ii>i>rv T o n ov baa D'cnnpi Muny variants, inter alia,

after nKHp nnx

conies nat? n o w ba T r n a t a a m w i Then

'iai

usnp

Ameedah

unno

lrana

to "jTlTna

rwyb...

irnni:m

ainaa

"pa11! till n ^ x n a 2 . XJ

nxn

x"ix.

The

ends as f o l l o w s : —

a n p a rrnayn

acm nyc

Dnbani 3

bxnc"> p y a

irr6x

-v

nxn

n n n u y i nn^srn nnbsn xi> nnui nana

nnru "p^

D^nn

bai

^nbiT p s i

cinn^oi

nnipan

twta

mabo

d i c d ^N Q I ^ i nana

: ^NUI m x

nnx

nw

^

D^mn

?ya

Di»nn

t&o

c r o n m nvna n o m jn D«m n a n x [in gloss

13 " p ^ m x r ^ n n x a

| d n D i t a a mnyi

pan

•ata

nvrinb n w -\b\ iDty p^nx niton n " x a a i o n

npnx nDni jn D"ni n a n s n a i m

nis

D^anei

oni»

nvyn T e n n y i>aai nv ^ m ) s -pani o b i>yi - p o n Don1' ttb ^ 4 omero T o r n

u^y

^n: nita

urax

W O K \ntai w n i w

i>jn [nyi

DT^y^n j n v D ^ h y n b w pan q ^ O T in

^

[ u » y in gloss] 6

nanai] n a m n i t a d ^ by

tmaoni]

T r m i D 7»n!t6so TDJ b y ^

i t m

(mam

nant^i Dcnm cohyn

2

607

T H E I R RITUAL

NDD ^ z b D ^ n n e i

iv Nin nnxii> n o x a " p u a 2

II.

btrwi iv T ^

wy ub

mm

u h n v a n u a n a "p»y l ^ m a x iniwi l m b x iv

s a n o i nmnN niaai n y w

TIN - p a o n

n"Na

jvam ia n o N

: x a n Dhyn «rib

chy

pm^ w

conm

nyi

nnyn

T U nya

» t a w nrn

ohm

2

T h e n yat? pi" somewhat similar to ours, t h e n a t b w t ^ n p (A 19, B 181 p a n bnarr) followed by u n t a a pK . . . ennp p(x) (A 19), till nyio x a 13, t h e n comes h v n»pin¥ "jn t o n t a n . T o n -jb. (A 21.) N e x t comes t h e heading m m n beg. py n a p t ^

HNtt I ^ r o S

n»N»i n n n n n n r w y i p c c i

^TinN,

^ a n n , ending

l n n a a obiyn b^b n»NBn T h e n morning benedictions, a f t e r »an* ba ^ npyt? n " m i"Na comes t h e Talmudic ninaiao n a a n n 'lav The Synagogue service w i t h t h e following r u b r i c : n u a JIX njia txjN p j s i a n n c t a n r ^ a n n n ^ a n , b e g i n s : — (26.) nitDB'n x a ^ i , . . o w n n x n ^ y n n s . . . -p^ria m lanaii DimnTO "lij. T h e n several benedictions W y nay iJODE' i 6 w n c s iJK'y x b v iu. T h e n . . . l r - i i o ^ n ^ . . . pxn ini to pa naSm n " n n a n i?aa piDy^ i"t«a n n a i j a , a n d an extended 1

Codex B 6 inserts nsi DTO1? 'nbsi u r t « 'V. Codex B omits passage in brackets. 3 Codex B substitutes for passage in brackets f o r m "pDn tel chvjn aiTcni 13D» ¡row nnw n n re taa® OTiro'n vn imj^. 4 5 Codex B inserts no«. Codex B inserts -j1) lvip n'JTOra. 2

6o8

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

aiym.

Then the usual sacrificial passage from Numbers xxviii

and the priestly benediction, &c., &c. from ilNB, &c.

Then the usual quotation

N e x t . . . NIT B^iyi?, the JJ0B>, then Nin n m "inx

terminating DDIIDI THiaa QK> 131T1 ni'nni nana

by.

1 W KHpDn "jta "]113

N e x t the rubric *tski33 n e w ng>N3 n3ty

followed by a very long alphabetical "lONt!> "]1"13. lxxxiv, then an extended 1133 TP a n l in

i^i

Then Psalm

Psalms cxlv to cl, then

to TrnNan.

(45.) N e x t riDtW (variants D^iyn

e. g. lSTMOIp . . l^N till Q , PN3 naipt

in -J^D), afterwards 1&'13 x h . . . 13TTI3X 1HD3 13.

Then

J W 1 2 &c., Exod. xiv. 30 to xv. 26 "JNS"1 with various biblical verses. (54.) The ri3B> T » n 3 begins with the r W X ¡1313, then "113T T » m and n y P W »"V, then 1313, then

T>NOn, then 1113

then extended and with many variants (e. g. ~iE>N vm^D

on), then jmNeni ny w i i b

4

DTnCE " W

. . . o n r a . . . omns

ob

'131 cnrriB n b i lan-v naiD3 D m n i n a i » niss-ti Dms3 n i 3 i 3 o b i , and is alphabetical from N to b. (A 58) Hii? PIT n3C niEH D^niS . . (B 1)

6

mints n c y s m n a natw n n nns3

piyni?

5

PHpn?

D"3ij> l ? m x a d^3 ne>np. [N.B. In the margin as a gloss occur the Sabbath additions : . . . ¡11N bii and J"I3K> Then ending

isn'1

nit^y: m ^

nniN»n - w

Sepliardic Ritual). Enn "UN.

i>fc6, signed ^ n '•B1V 3J113n 57.] tab

(A 59).

nwb

Sic in B i also,

nniND nspnm (cp. the

There is no mystical Messianic reference to

Then a very long ismnN di>iy 03nN (about 200 words),

ending nyb H3HN3 Dy the ytX>.

-jn3n

n"N3 o h y

^XnE" 10JJ3 m u n

, "N3,

followed by

Then an enlarged nt2N and nblXJ, pp. 62-66.

(67.) The Ameedah and nt?np much as in German Rite, but Codices A and B differ somewhat, ending with rubric "]13',1 "iy3 1

Chinese ii, 18 is similar, but w i t h variants.

These are characteristic

of Saadia not A m r a m , Zunz, 13. 2

B 225.

3

A 54.

This order is followed in Chinese frag, ii, 22.

1

Omitted in Chinese fragment x, w h i c h is much briefer than B 6 and

For the phrase cp. j/'uj T o m J^mn pH.

almost identical w i t h the German Minhag. 5

So A , codex B inserts 2.

6

Codex B omits, but inserts as a gloss.

THE PERSIAN J E W S : mt3BNi nun UN'oa.

iy3

II. THEIR RITUAL

c n p i T3N xn 13x133

609 'cui

in

(69.) Next comes the heading IDT ^ " t t m -»"nt TO© FIDV2 nx •pi'1 no 13x133 m b nbnn

de> -o iv D^yi? a n » nnxi 0 1 ^ 3 i n b ohy^»

rrm -irryio

T'DVoy r 6 s r o t ^

"py uroKi wn^id inu u n Nips i '

n^an t ^

SJD1D p i p DV HWD.

nvim t u c n p inbnn isd3 i n i

Then follows the Ameedah n3B> n:pn, &c.

(sic) as in the German Rite, terminating with the rubric CIIDI nxi T131 Dli>K> D^l.

"¿»Hp (Deut. xxxiii. 29) i m n . . . . i'NIt?'1 " p ' ^

(71.) Then the heading

filC

Rubric as for Mussaf.

Then ¡V2fi> K31 in which, however, Micah vii. 18-19 is substituted for Psalm cix. 142, and there are other variants.

The Ameedah

as in the Sephardic Rite, inserting after CD* m o n Isa. lvi. 2. Next p-W inpnv, transposed and ending 2 It^l • ' V nnx pHli TBSBt3.

Then the rubric 13X133 HDfD ptCl "VIS t^lp and Psalm

cxi, ending '31 !? an d"6ti>11\ (77.) Nest the heading m ®

" f 127 y i l ' Q

of the first day of the week!) Ps. viii.

(i. e. of the eve

Then the rubric Dim N1H1

twin 7>»m ^33 "inDai nnx u^rai ua'aBvi ^ni»"1 i>N3 Sn 'mi 1D15? 1113 btCtW 1 W ity" s h D ^ yi 131 b o iy^ ^NIB'1' my nx.

.13,1 1 EN3E> 1313 13TTIDn

Then Dyn i>3 Nil &c., much as

in the German Rite, to the Ameedah, but amplified and without a final benediction.

Next the rubric 13N133 Tiasi> •»"i"' 113 B^lp

.Y'n '3 nriN }onn nijn ta \3 . . . . pin nnts trnpn i?Nn xn v r b i : nym pin (N.B. No i3ii33in nriN3.) '3 i w y 133D i w b i3yni nno uypa »3 . . . 13 b r&D 'i3i u s ^ n : n W n3ioi }i3n n"N3 nnx n^Di 311201 310 ta 1

The obverse of Chinese fragment xix, and fragments xxii, xxiii, and xxiv have a like ours, following the Ameedah on Kippur as on Sabbath, &c. 2 Vide Machzor Vitry, 180 note. 3 Chinese fragment ix inserts for this after na'a . . . "jirn snip fa rfhan nnwi.

6lO

THE

u^ni

(irnx^p

n"xa

nnx

JEWISH

m

topi

u j w 101

QUARTERLY

in gloss) « n

ij^nu

xin

REVIEW

nx

nb)yo

nnx

m n . . *3

i w :

(82.) . . . W X a i mates to the

w i t h verbal variants.

longer Sephardic form.

, nto

¡yc6 taic»

. . . l^y

utaui

icy

"p3

. , , ypn, common

inserting before the benediction ¡"IJ13 "Jtinp ¡"113

.

^xu

approxiform,

na^CH slightly

transposed and also inserting p i n u y t j n n NJ mpn

nnb

\m

•a*!«

bi

"Paxni

W

noipn

^>x a w t a

jnn

yoan

iw

nnaia^i

-otym

'131

D^ivn

d-o^i

ipyn

mnoa

lma*

rnnm

mx11! n w

yoam

i>toK» " p y

onth

pit

1

rvimmb

nia^i

Drrmxi ^ x i c "

by)

DnnaiD . . .

by) v^v a^w

bi

T^

¡1313 n " X 3 m 3 T

"ltt>X3 D/iy p333

noy

D^IN nnw n " t a w a i

bv, as in t h e G e r m a n K i t e , s u b s t i t u t i n g

r v w

mxrn

^lx

for

by)

'opr.

bi

wb

wnta ••v am JIN H331 1*1133

worn pt»

JVX nN

^3pi

y m

wn^x

^

u^ip

ym>

X3X

pmn

13TQX n p i « n x nyoty i k - x s i3Tipx3 y o n tnpj

dib

cjunni

urtana

r6an

133^0

yew

/X 13

: n^an »v i » x i

¡cx

pro

m m

irn^an

n"xa impart

:t>w c n p tj>np t m b

13b m y n i

ixia11

3x

133^12 w a n yvv) ica

rw

"py^ b

nxi^i

xrHnxm

nctt

nx n^rna

bx r m

npn U3yn

nnxi

* p l > r 6 a n yoiK> n n x

h)b&

"ps? n x

'i3i

i3T6an n x p n a

ctsn a m m

nn

i m n x ^ i r n n ^ in 11 i 3 3 n x

iiai c r i p n n x i '131 o y u 5 T3X133 n » t o

w pxTria

T h e n P s a l m s c x x i and c x x v and the rubric 1 1 3 T X 3 7 H 3 D n y a pD3

pa.

(89.) T h e n comes the heading mH1, y n r 11X T'W n ' j n D T n pi

and the

rubric

and other verses 13^> " W l

^x.

T h e usual benedictions w i t h rubric as to the perfumes, mentioning

inter alia and 1

roses, rosewater, myrrh, sandal-wood, 131DXQ (? mastic)

DJ33 (90). T h e n pal EHp P3 n"DX n " X 3 So in Chinese fragment i, but this, like the other benedictions, is

shorter and more like Sephardi Minhag than the Persian.

THE

w

rayon

PERSIAN

JEWS :

wwn

nwi)

DV

II.

pi

THEIR

d1^

pa ^naen n"N3 h n e i ejina d ^ n m h n a

RITUAL

taiti* nan11

pi

6ll

i c n ^ TIN

u y m ^ino'1 uthjij? :!>ir6 tsnp

A n d the rubric 13X133 PK m m XI p . Then a long prayer for a good week like the Sephardic, ending with a prayer for the sending of Elijah and alphabetical praises of him. (95.) Next comes the heading 'DDI l i b y Dm npSTH yrm

KrPmm

•via

'•nap '•v : i ' x - w ^>xj N r T ^ m m 'eui

r o c 'nxi n3K> ' a laxi .di^c

"x . . . .

by x^> ra d ^ y c n

irmpnv

d^'i

dim

onim

nm

i>a ¡1*1x1 c o i n y n

'131 " i n y i . . . rrflD, antl various responses.

~P£n xim .n^an

b

¡131

Propitiatory prayers

ending with E ^ p , including one beginning un^fD W a x and ending "11331 T1TJ? •n*1 and a form of |1jnn. xn 'iai

dim

xim

TJNIDH ovn t i d

Then the rubric m m Tna n3E> 'ni nn^ '3 n

m p " » x b m a n u r x a xn 'iai i>xu p ^ 13X133 HDTD f X 1J?3 T>ia. Psalm xxiii.

xai

naxiaa

dnc

nnxi

(102.) Then comes the heading 'iai d i m X1H1 r t P D n ¡"THEE! x n '131 T i e r wan

^

t r i p 'iai Nips '•v d ^ ra v

(!) npana : d i ^ d ^ i

tint -a

pet rx ' n 'iai

Taxiaa n m o i

tfatan

d^iyb d i m

nnxi

n m 'iai pin nnx trnpn i>xn ^bv

"^n Tiai nna p c n a m 'iai

tynp 'niai ua^D w a x

(103.) Then follows the heading © i n C N 1

T i m

Rubric

as in daily service, but inserting an extended Xia^ n b v , mentioning T'TDni

Next Hallel, but without the

introductory

benediction or the final (109.) The heading HHP!

fp'ltt

is followed by

the

Ameedah (of which a page is missing), and which ends "JOK* ^331 t?xn ni?nn « T i n s bab fjiDi pp nrn ennn p x i n w nn»Ba a w n

p wby

mpn

•'trxi •'pni niaixn ^ao m r o ^xie" " p i n '•a u T i n r ^

'l31 n"X3 nyap dn^.

Next comes the heading © N i l n i V J

ttTTTT, with rubric

as for Sabbath, inserting ^ n i

T C P

1

N13'I1 ¡"6y\

ttnn E H - f i r a n ? (0 i p i Q f l Like the German Rite, but introducing phraseology above quoted for the week day Mussaf. 1

So in Chinese fragment x.

THE

6l2

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

(112.) The heading PtDD TH3M3, followed by the rubric "VOt . t n p n -vy d ^ w

't3i3i w y

by) njT 'oui m w n

ijN-iE» i>N3 nH 'oui T o m

int 1 • DiyiEO DniN iNipn -\m trip 3N^ nrn nWi> u y y m

I

nyaiN

nnpni

ii>

: 3 ^N33 n " n .

avn

mini

'rbn

: cnnn

as in the ordinary

¡CD Di"U jnu rrn mm'1 '•) Ni>e> b

niNi? d i n

-\m n"oN n"Nn Dtj w y o ^ . . . " p ^ : D'moi.

on

onay

nyaa n^n t h e n itb nr m y a ' v b noi>n

. . . r"y nniy n^nno :

onroo

w

no on in

n3HB>3 HD

. . . 13"n

Ninn nva '•n ion^ Ninn Din nm t w

Next the

D3n . . . . c m

nr -vnys

nt?y

jnv u w i

pn-id

pn.

2 1333

t i c n nnN &|N ip^ya n a s i . . . n o y t n . . n o

'N3B>

n3b^> n a y

Then the Sephardic

followed by (the answer)

n^> db> ri"n

¡N3 T133

H31 "W3 N1 Din DNJ

rubric -».TO ^pNy "3113 DDT 1313 1313

S>a p i n

paan

tato

n^a n i

yn

ioin

mi

in

bai

: dk>d N'xm 130N1 nowty

onsoo

utiun

nN

Then follows Saadia's long alphabetical

^N31

Piyut 5 ,

Chinese fragments v and xii read . . . . m m nn D'lson

13^3

beiVnM

i«i®H W W N"n>n »n® «in wnsa Nin xn® : noci >n" WIDD^ insitai i nun '32 »>nsi snort nay ps »annnto. So in Chinese v and xii. ' In the margins the omitted passage from itbni to »in "jna is inserted as a gloss. Chinese y and xii insert this passage. 3

So in Chinese v and xii, and the passages in the same order. So in Chinese v and xii, which adds the Persian translation in consecutive verses: -ps >n»®i«D Nmt w o '"v '»in 'a»: nDJ'icw 4

II

THE

PERSIAN

JEWS :

II.

THEIR

RITUAL

613

ginning niwa nnK, and ending vtok nin3B>in n a n mt*ani n^nn '131 lajW . . , ia\*li>K IV p

: D^Kia ^ a ^ D « n B , as in the ordinary

Hagadah.

Then follow directions as to the bitter herbs.

With

the n a n a

the only words

EHpD^ IDT 1 .

Then

comes the rubric "K-U to

'a

said were

n^ati

IN -iia mKna DN'a u n i

*ljni

n-na

13 ' n x o D^a l a w

Tia

Toai T w a

n^an H^n

a^ta n ^ a x

noi

"laaia

rx "ijni

-ijni iaaia

^aia

poip'as

n a i a i Tia ntoai n^a n a n a 2 . ( 1 3 0 . ) The r t D C

" T f t f i begins with similar instructions, as

above, up to ^ n , where the benediction is "1103^ and the closes with an e x t e n d e d 3 T l ^ n \ ending i^inon l ^ n n ^ n waa

nm

-nn N^ai-ioni r 6 y n o n

Kim *)i>» Kin

i^d

tan

rowan

n^iacn -irmen -lKiaon b

troinnn

n"xa nairan

^aa cuvby

'•aa

D I ^ I Tia E-'Hp :JDK -IJ?I tb\yb i i t a . (135.) The Rite.

TOD

is not v e r y different from the German

A f t e r laipna l a n w i

comes b y

P»-»ki on^na by nniE" ^ c a n

DtM i:>ir6 i n a ^ t ?

D'Dus nwbw T'aai' mnntwi jnaa ntoai n^ya o n •jdj? n v i o

•o • ^

;na i t i ' x . . ainaa

jap

11

nac?i nae> b a

la^ai

nnwa

the rubric yiia T

xnjNDa nDa t n n

m i k*i tK»a

N e x t follows the heading

~\t2"\V m ©

Dli>K>l DDK.

on'onn n j n o n s n p .

cana

itasw

, . . 'iai i a i w n i p w i -o

mnm

D n n o r o by n ^ i h o m i a y by

by *aoD

Then follows nnai with

the

usual benediction, but the numberings are all in Aramaic, e . g . j c d \in; ''vbv w a p : ia^y a m .

n y a c pirn tODiya p e v y c n i pya-ix

xai^n

Then comes the rubric i n rnity a c iO nDa ats> i a s i

¡'N '1SJ p i 'TJSDH ISO IN NT NO'N JHE TOW HINT 1 1 1 » niTOI : n3V.il t e d ' i n ]ttoi. The style of this Piyut is interesting and evidently archaic. It closely resembles the Piyut >wn HEN in style. Some strange words occur, e. g. n w o , p^tTi. 1 Even these are omitted in Chinese v and xii. 2 Chinese v and xii concludes the Hagadah with the rest of Hallel and the benedictions before and after wine. Chinese v and xii are identical except that xii is complete and v wants the first leaf (one blank and one headed HDD Wi man), and contains the first two benedictions of Kiddush and Habdalah with Persian rubrics. As in B 6, p. 77 ®"in is called rnu> nr, i. e. the eve of the first day of the week. 3 C 523 ends the Hallel in the short and common form. VOL. X.

T t

614

THE J E W I S H

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

jnm tbw a a h -pay^ x i v i i r a urnna nrn - r n i T r m t at? caio mxDi cpn nnmi one» a^at^io nanxa l^n^x '•v ub ijjid *iuai ^jin nram nau ijm vnp nyim p m u^ram nt?np pai. Then come the headings m ^ V N P ^ and with rubrics that do not call for special remark. There are no Piyutim for the festivals in this Codex, but Codex B (263-298) has the nnnfX for Pentecost by Ibn Gabirol, headed b"p\ mini 12 m-6, followed by a Piyut commencing ftf niNC W and similarly planned, but with many variants. (A 142.) Then comes the heading rP^l?]-! with the text of WJy and a ana for the 9th Ab, both closely like the German Rite (B 231-239). (A 144.) Next comes the heading NmSs n:iz?n (C 187) and the rubric Utfoa nnir6 aitt hlK "H. B 300 has the Dinim as to blowing the Shofar. The three blasts pictorially represented thus | and and n ¡ra

byi t v j > b ^ i t »

bin T»J>

bv

two

by) T'jwn i>yi v^ ^ yh-wv taaty byi ^ n p ay pnx jnr nna npyj man pen as nna nami • -pri^m '•eat? p - w niy ava ntn ovn T^nob r6xm penyi nh nb bi'ae npivi pern m

l^m

ieo^i nbv a a h -payh . . . p n a jn pai • pex nno

c o m rnea -pa ay arunni Tnno b by inon )bb:m t d w 'iai u j n ^ iea p n n u t » a^ai? aney ojani 1 b tid' N~i3j as nna nami w e n . . . 'iai maai in jri pai • rr6y bx ^an nimn n^m nona naTi^ N^an man nna ne>iai • nma jaa xipj Bn npisi • nmon ma n^yin iipyi 1 3

Chinese fragment iii is like our version. Not in Chinese fragment iii.

THE PERSIAN J E W S :

II. THEIR RITUAL

a ^ n ns«pi • nno nso c a n nM3i • ¡rnea rvup mai D-JB Ttion mrm i>3M ID-™ • rwp niyiDb dint H3tn n f e nit • noto n^xn • rpuan nines

nr^ym

nytnn

nttta

psn

ainaa

1133 ^rpr IJ:I 1 1 1 3 3 . . . 'i3i 'vr

D^wh

jo . . . '121 i^pnx

mi

1 W 3 i w r o i3t?n ipyn u : i 0"i>K>W3i jwr m a n i t m "v

ton nnN

ii^ro

^ nonn npui nn^n mam

1 3 3 T O 3 N I N 3 V ''V N 3 ^ 1 IDTWI 1J11 D ^ S ^

31D33 ' 1133

T^P»

:t?npn i t a n naitan i n s n " t o npim t?ipj enipn tam 'i3i uninn nns Practically as in German Eite, to "pDni 1 1 3 f ' f 1 D n ion"1 ^ DB

by\

•QNNN

«J

B

NX

3in3i

( ! ) UM

TDM

nhno noroi nine» n h t a i nDiia Di^tn n s i 3 t ••»*• 'nsi cpyi hnai cm3 pN

. . . . mpj p by : Tpn ^ m b

1

nm

n"K3 -pr^nn T I \

bs p i s s "nsi As with the

usual rite, except that in the quotations from the Hagiographa a fourth passage is added, viz. Psalm cxlvi. 10.

Then cornea DIM

ohy m n , ending n i p i r n v s t a hp.

The " Zichronot" as in the

German Rite, hut after

comes, as in the Sephardic

DTU UDNITI

Rite, t C l nijjj'', and then follows lymxiBil D W p3» liniTB 3 l p icnp» n'3

ffWi

nji3 TT-y jvjfc utoam p x

t d ^ d p p i dj3

n s n s c 1D3 "pain nrc»3 nanta - p ^ anpai n e w o n ohy nneraa HON3 y i l ] } nt5>D

by " p m ^ a U^y-

Then comes Leviticus

xxiii. 23-25, . . . '131 wnpBI T^btD 31 ¡3 J113f3 liM^K W linstl nnsn i3ir.

Then m p l^nurar hp . . dhy m n DIM.

faroth" as in the German Rite omitting

The " Sho-

before 1S1E>3 5?pn,

and conclude 1DJJ njiim hp JJDIK* n " « ! ^nhf fNI ,1J)1"in ptNDl 1

So in Chinese iii. T t %

6l6 1

THE

JEWISH

D-DIVO Dvn

un

i^it

jvntii ^y n ^ j

DNcn m«03i T U t>»ipi y a w i now

REVIEW

The rest is as in the cotamon form.

d ^ follows 7 w iya

QUARTERLY

;nd "IN"1

TKD3 1 1 13313

ywn

nmc-rin

TiTiya

wmsD

smi^ ¡ w n

N1 TUPI

IDIt? m S N n3K> JWH B>N1 1JJ1D

3fann

'n nana m

m

pywi

n y p n i jnd t

a x -p»3 •»n d v i r o i a - n na^a i n no ¡ w n m

-p any

After2

n

'a

|Nia

wan m rn rn

tnipn i ^ n i m

pii

'dui

pmn

uss>Dn "ji^n. ( 1 6 5 . ) N e x t comes the heading 33 Nl' H 5 D

H^tt

bim^!!

CinD1 DEfTl ^31 13313 naiKTI 1123 H^JJD til ¡13 ^ i W

HDH 1 3 J1DN

n^nc

: 133x113

omn

">pn n

i>iis 1313 n^ato i f n

ltswa

snair

pt^

13x1

ma

r r n a n ^ n o n a a t n s n 1313

113

nyND3 i 3 x n s r o 1 1 » nnan h n 13N133 ''in px

yin

n

1a

Ditan ntny

nxns xn

nmcn

lyai

••v 113 t ^ i p i t r x a .

Then comes the '•1111 like the Sephardic, with only six NDn by, hut adding to the D^NDn byi the following: TWyb p ] W riK>yn HB^n, nwy and omitting

TO

and n i 3 1 nn^O.

The 11YI ends

with the rubric 113 TN K*3 1113 dNJJtt l y a i 1313 0 ^ 3 0 ^ 3 3 l y a i i^ania pit? n s in i y a 1113 rayru

xb r 6 x 3 i

(170.)

t i ^ j n^yni a x n a x pity

px .1133.

N e x t comes the heading "llD!)

wi?

110TD

T13 t ^ i p n a p at? jiv '0131 Dim Kim 1^133 i y a 13x133 mtyn "j^nn m i t a i

mx

wTdwu

rwn

k>xi a n y o n

o

;x3iv t i s k '

13^ ; r i n i . tbw an^a -payi? nR (sic) i 3 j r n n i '131 u r n n a n n x

mpn

13'n^N N3N 13X133 "»111 i y a HJIN J13ITI Dim bx ''a SH N1311 n^y . . 131 T u a f x iya 113

pN i y a i

n^y Di^

ow

n^ ' s o n ^ a x S n 'oi3i.

Then h n o n " i n

Dmoi

i^d

n n 'iai b

by

'131.

So in Chinese iii. Chinese iii inserts after the Ameedah a Piyut headed V'si nri'aN S1), beginning ^ n « ^ lmrnp Dnoi» ct'ipQi onin ib e ' t i v o nn D'umpn rwas Qiia. This is quoted in extenso, J. Q. 7?., VIII, 134. 3 This is a novel termination for the penitential days in lieu of nsnn nai®na. 1 !

THE

PERSIAN

Alphabetical

p»T TN T i

, . . 131 bfOB'm p o J13nn.

JEWS :

II.

THEIR

RITUAL

617

}V?I 1H3 fCT 1 3 *|1 1JJ3 Nil,« N3Dm

tij

px junn in i j o

nax33 ¡unn

tinto

A n Aramaic Piyut in four stanzas, greatly extended.

Then

a Hebrew Piyut, nnina "p11 D ^ l t J ^ , followed by the propitiatory prayer from the nnsn I'D]"!, beginning 133^D 13'3N.

T h e n 1 comes

the rubric ¡ND T nrUEl TCDI 3"nj>n U JK13 1313 nNDni T1J S^ip nDN.

The heading

"VIBD

HD1Q

with

rubric, calling for no

comment and referring to the Selichot, and then comes n n D f t "VIED with the rubric

N31

Sjni313 Tiac? '•v s r 6 s n ONi t u (178.)

xw3i

11li> r6iin 'DU1 Dim N1H1

t ^ i p S3 i n v nnxi Sri 'rmi.

p » 'nui xnta

dm

N e x t comes the heading n ^ r w •mn

n^3 iv

rmNn

•wia 13N133

nm

d w u

niyiSs

T i r t F i p 'dui

'V i&ant« T ^

^

n

^

jt«is.

with the rubric N1H1 mi>

r6nn

\ii>Ni "sbo w

'eui

hpb

Dim ru^pn

, , , '131 ^aaij i m r n o u y t n n 5 n ' d u i u n i m n n s . w o n n w a n a . Almost identical w i t h the German R i t e 2 , but omitting from ni"IN DWai> T "V

inu to Unn^D n u m .

A t the end comes the rubric

HB3 p B i 0 3 3S? "ill T U Wring» 1133-35? 1 T 3 DDK 33N1

tM3 '13 131 1313 r 6 l 3 m l y i D 'NV1D 31? }1V 11XH3 3 n j » 1 13K133 TIM .1313. JT125?

Then come the headings H ^ I D T H ' Q , HDID ^ D I Q , rjDITD, with their respective rubrics, but calling

for no special comment. and

nm:n

N e x t come headings HD1D mtZ? (186)

(187, B. 173), with their respective

Dinim.

The D'DOil b]3 has a few small variants from the common form and ends ( 1 9 0 ) 3 :

}p11S1 pDO HCW "J3 D W N l b J',D3 rWj>B> DE>3

:Dnn tro-oa i ^ n

cca

i 3 j m r o D^nnxb nii6a3i nni33i

n w i .

Pages 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 contain various Dinim in Hebrew, written in two, three, or more columns, slanting outwards

and thus

forming

geometrical designs by way of ornament. 1 Chinese fragment xiii gives the Kippur services which are like ours. Chinese xvii precedes the Kaddish before by a Piyut beginning nm Tea 8 The Chinese iii and xiii are like the Persian, but read rfran nn« ba» instead of rtun r w i . 3 Chinese iv, xxiv, and xxx read 130» nil» p D'DJi Dnnj? nncsffi c«n rwn ruis3i r»o rvnim c m

6l8

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

The Midrashic reason for the lectionary of Chanukah is stated to be that to the descendants of Levi, who had been excluded from the princes' offerings, was due the credit of the expulsion of the Greeks from the Temple. JD^IID 1

(A 194, B 176.)

with its Dinim and benedictions.

Next comes

mtt)

Next n D 2 P I l C with

the Dinim as to fDri "I1JJ3 and the riDS "^yo rP3yn. D*mQ "PtOD m i U as to the eve of the 14th Adar.

Next the Then come

the laws as to the betrothal and marriage services, headed m 2 7 CTnp. pt5TPp3a.

The

first

benediction

ends

n«3

KHpD

The bridegroom says to the bride ^ n t J H ^

HD1 [underneath nptWl] i w i t i n nTO r n n

6

4

i O c m NDD p f U

j^x nnD

«ami

n"N3 nDnx

f D '"ota TI3K

xsd:J JD r o

mn.

(197.) The bridegroom hands the marriage contract to the bride with the words n^DJ 6 ^ n p W l p ^ p l 'OH-a 'avniTD 13D i w w nwo n i n Hns? 133x2 7 ' n u r o m pi^yrn "byv. Then follow the seven marriage benedictions. The sixth ends n"tO D^BTP H3131 ^VS ITOO. With a few unimportant variations, e.g. in the last: o n y j n n r o i o y n n nisin JT^nXD h p . Then follows the form of rains 9 (B 196). 1 I t m a y not be out of place to insert here some particulars of the famous tomb of Mordecai " t h e r i g h t e o u s " and Esther " t h e Q u e e n " at Hamadan, gathered from the transcript of the inscriptions in Sir Robert K e r Porter's Trawls in Georgia, Persia, tic. (London, Longmans, 1822), vol. I I , pp. 109 and seqq., and from my own personal inquiries in Persia and elsewhere. The ancient tomb was destroyed by Tamerlane about 1400 and rebuilt in the fifteenth century. I n 1544 Elijah and Samuel, sons of Israel, repaired the building (jrs). I n 1688 the physician " G a d o l " repaired the Sarcophagi. The so-called " prayer of Esther " is only a part of the sixteenth Psalm, the whole of which, as well as Esther viii. 15, was engraved on a marble slab which has been removed from the Tomb since Porter visited it in 1820.

B 195 ponpa. B ^ p ^a mn ^ mi ':V>d ma mite ton 'b nanipoi ^ nsn«. 4 Alternatives «nan and ¡rn. 5 The underlined words occur also in A as a gloss. B fin. I found a similar form for plighting troth in a fragment from the Fostat Geniza. • So in B and corrected in margin of A from '«jipffi. 7 'rmmb. 8 Ood. B 13 substitutes my. 3 A and B have the same form but B adds the heading I give in Frankel's Monatsschrift, X L I , 424. Three mairo I found at Bokhara, two in the syna2

!

THE PERSIAN JEWS : II. THEIR RITUAL (204.) Then comes the J l ^ Q PHE? (B 227). are n^on b y . . . tan n x '131 n n 3 3 .

btob

The benedictions

n"»K n " i a and iron

The final prayer is for ^tOt^ 1 2 b

619

D^anb....

b]l HNISH NJTlDX

^JOB* f f U l , and is entirely different to ours. (207.) Next follows the m m ^SC with the various benedictions. That on crossing the sea has a marginal note D,n Kim c n v o h ^NIC p«i> 13 DnriW- There are also the benedictions to be said on crossing a river, on entering a Roman or Turkish bath, and on being cupped (vide Berachot, 60). (211.) Next comes grace after meals, nearer the Sephardi than Ashkenazi form, but with very many variants, especially in the latter half. A t the end comes the prayer for the host, with appropriate Bible texts according as his name is Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, or Moses. (221.) ' T h e n we have the

n i i S n . with the service

for mourners, prayers for the dead, Dinim, the mourner's grace, and quoting the TlDI of R. Amram 2 . (229.) Next we have the Dinim for the reading of the Law, giving the Lectionary, and headed

n"Yin m i D .

The

m i N SSjn for Simchat Torah (called 23rd Tishri) heralded by a special benediction. (234.) j e w n n y D'pntra Ni3 n u n 0"cvd -ie'n ivr6x '•so m m

bp

n&o nmn m o

3

is

jru - \ m n"DN n"N3

jmt^ *03Ci

mo

: Dm TTI DINH DDN n c y (236.) After n$?l

pw

•Jli>0'1 'n comes the final benediction

min ^roni pnvn nyn nrroN3 mun h"on n"N3

m i n n jnu n"N3 w a n nwn n* by. The lectionary for Passover is headed " p i ?

NH

gogue and one in the cemetery, all modern, have this heading. In B there follow the forms of the (B 204) poi' niiro nru. (B 205) ca Hen and (B 206) ns^m »10:. 1 Between 220 and 221 a page seems to be missing. 1 B 10 gives the Benediction as follows: fin ddhn vj' -ton n"on n"w -pr® mm ditoo ids rrtr xim p i Din« rrnm p i Din« tabu. B 7 Din,pn'' D'nnn rrrra n"«i avion rmnb DivimpD. 3 Codex B 7 inserts min.

620

THE JEWISH QUAKTEKLY

flDD, that for 3"n 2 1 2 for 3"0).

p y

1

So ¡"OCTI

REVIEW

(B 234-239, Dinim and Prayers That for

p j ? is remark-

able for including in the lectionary the portion Gen. i. i-ii. 4 in the Neilah service (p. 241). ST®

py,

Next come m!i3? p y ,

HDIDn p y

«"DID p j ? ,

(A 242, B).

The heading 113121 b o m i l ? introduces three pages as to the Hebrew Calendar2, to page 245. The rest of the book, pp. 246-434, is occupied by Penitentiary prayers for the fast days, atonement, &c., and is headed ~tCm

nS.

The service begins B>np nE>N '131 'n - p D n

(246, B 17.) A Selicha, beginning nn03N DiTON

DEO.

VP.

(248.)

Then 3 a passage beginning 1JN3 . . . Hp15f3 N^l ni3T3 t 6 l 10113 '131 0^13 T ^ VWI.

i:ytr6 |an '131.

(250, B 19.) Another . . . . iriJION ¡101 DIN ¡ID

(251, B ai.) Texts '131 HDT i>3ni> DIN. b a ^ vta*.

'131.

(254, B 24.) Texts n^wn

(257, B 27.) Selicha

T"inND lJTliyna . . . lrotN. (262, B 32.)

1SK Tnsni». rwtb

D113N3 D^Qil ne>3

The well-known old Selicha4

(263, B 34.) n u j n ^p3 \by c m w o r n .

pir6 i»rn3.

WNi^nn . . . . rnirot* nx

¡inh.

. . . Wma»3Di> D^pl ivb U33B>i>.

np"1¥ '.1 lb

i r a o innri n s t p r r ^ . . . moyn ^

UTlta

"pn

(265, B 35.)

(270, B 41.) pi3t?i ^no worn (274, B 44.) 1:6 nvi no 'n H3f (275, B 46.) Texts n a m

ivn

(282, B 52.) .TN D^il IIDX'1 Ttob

. . . t r w o o Dtrcnen . . . . 13 VDn ms.

(283, B 54.) D T O uvibxi

D W S P UV&N w y psn

(A 285, B 55.) '131 IIV-IIN NVl NT N30m. 'i3i "J3N3 5>s.

nun

(259, B 30.) Selicha 1JD^3J1 W13 MTl^X

mnrxn ton nx wonn.

'131 nni>Di

(253, B 23.) Selicha

b.

(291, B 61.) Texts '•"V

(300, B 69.) Selicha m o x -irx3 "joa» \ynb HtPJ?.

(307, B 76.) As in the German Rite . . pti> Dim iw.

(308, B 77.)

1 In a printed prayer-book at Reshol, Persia, I found the following note written as to the 18th of A b and given as " a tradition from Babylon " : °mn rrtap D'ii3 men ana -wt ru-rara. 2 Codex B 14 and 15 has a diiferent text as to the Calendar, and p. 16 gives men® rra'n. 3 B 17 here interpolates nrr . . w r t ibi: [tij onp]. 4 Codex C 31 adds a Selicha, wid® n m

THE PERSIAN JEWS : As in the German Rite fSJ

D^inn.

II. THEIR RITUAL

. . . D'HCWH V'v . . . "jmOK JJJöb TWS

(311, B 80 to 320.)

A long Selicha arranged

alphabetically, ten phrases to each letter: b

by

621

(321.) Dv6x Vita

11351 h u . . , nhj? s u a . . . . nirv^Dn

. . . KJ5>3DÌÓ . . NJTioi )on w e m .

(330.) w o r n pyj? ioonn

. . . pvriaThen comes the rubric (333) p o T>131 TIKTOI 1HJ pDf "U "»n non 'cui -f? x w m . Next comes the heading v u m p p V o n Q f p D (B 231, headed inan nyjffl "V13X mt?, apparently as to a special fast). (334-) . < • W3N

n^D.

(335.) . . . D^BN 71« fo. (336, Zunz,

23 C.) The well-known Selicha . . . VUN nJIOK TOX. (337.) Few variants from the common form . . . . . 10131 13KOn

btf.

1J*1J?3 TO K>p31 ywsb

'131 n m o n t^x n r w

irinn.

(338.) Selicha Confession

nxr n w m a n , introducing the usual

quotations from Daniel, Ezra, and Psalm ciii. 8—13, ib. xix. 13; Ezek. xxxvi. 25, 26 ; Deut. xxx. 6 ; Jer. 1. 20 and xxxi. 33, and ends '«1 w a n nrara • urwyn nxi wn^an nx pyi «on b aajp bto. Then come two Selichot for the fast of Gedaliah 1 , headed n t r m il n l l - P ^ D ä n W W .

(343, B 162, C 29. The same

as in the Polish Minhag for this fast, a few variants.) T33 n^aN n«n l ^ m .

'd

(344, B 163, c 30)

nano dv n f o w .

Then thirteen for the Day of Atonement, morning servite, headed "Ì1C3 T o n

. . . ycbvi n n m .

(348, C 419.) 'D {>K . . t^iyoo Ttypni? ¡an.

(350, C 421.) TDjn w d nsnp onm i r a onon.

n n n 3 ^ prc.

C 430.) T n c n i

tó

-wyn

(352, C 422.) nnsn

(355, B 82, C 424.) -ivij ^nyi^n

two.

(358, B 85, C 426.) na* w

B 88, C 428.) Q^yn D^nw

(347, C 410.)

M V P ^ D IP n W N I .

pyi

ta injnno

eoa

t^jjnn

DV i m « .

by spisyn öinn. rnDn fo.

Ì>N.

w n (360,

(362, B 90,

(365, B 93, c 432.)

(368, B 95, c

434.) WON

(369, B 97, c 435.) t i n o r a p i y x

w w a n n*3 anpa w w . 1

nun in B.

622 men

THE J E W I S H QUARTERLY an.

(371, B 99, c 436.) * p a

(374, B 101, C 438.) ys?w

REVIEW

nn^Dn u p k

Next the heading "Ylfl^ ^ D I S m i T ^ D V p f t l . 0 4 5 8 b) hna m o n a ^ p n i n ^ n n . nanni n v T ^ -

B

(3 >

as.

'•a m m *]!> n a n « .

C 458) H310N o n ^ y a na3 D ^ a ¡ t o n 82

pmn

(377, B 104,

nas.

(378, B 106,

(380, B 108, C 460.) yisk>k

109, € 4 6 1 . ) m a i

133 u y m i y

dx.

(384, B h i , C 462.) r m y nana t w o o n .

(386, B 113, C 464.)

t r c a n nym n r a t 6 a [ o w n ] o n i x ui> px.

(387, B 114, c 465.)

w n u « vnoa 13 u n w n n x c n t a . Then comes the heading n ^ w

bw ' w h o

'2

(389,

B 116, c 512.) . . , RTAIM vay i o y OV OWN«. C 513.) . . . cry-in

^aaa p n n x .

( 3 9 I , B 117,

(392, B u 9 , C 514.) u n x

. . . nyre> i n y ^ THEN r o r n

* r n r r V o 2.

, . . ny f>K n y a m *npo. ' m m i n i . , . ieya. NEXT M A N ^ . . . Dna ^ o .

rorr^D

(394, B 120 A, c

>

THEN •.• m m W

r

m n ^ D

mnrn.

'JI l i u m i . . . n n i ^

v m

w

«tiun

( 3 9 1 , B 121, c 35.) HN M » M

(399, B 123, C 3 6 . ) . . . meet*

(401, B 125, c 7 7 . ) . . . nnbyia B A . . .

33.)

(396, B 120 b, C 34.) o m ^ a

n.

ova TiN'tai.

-TOTS. (403, B 127, c 10.) v j f e

(405, B 129, C u . )

i r n u x n^mn

fnta.

Next come eleven Selichot for the 9th Ab, headed 12

jiO

(408, B 131, C 12.) . . . EP^TI p i a o n nn (410, B 133, C 13.) . . . yy id vmpw w a n m ^ "»Sa«. (412, B 135, C 1 5 . ) . . . n u a e a ^ y l ^ c t a »a ^ rrtN. (414, B 137 and C 16 insert *B3 which is a gloss in A . Each stanza ends the rhyme with one of Jacob's twelve sons, including Joseph. From the last stanza of this Selicha and onwards Codex A is unpunctuated.) . . . p t a i n n |>D3] -vayo r m « . (417, B 138, C 16.) tisc? t n p n . . . m p n i a n a by nap. (420, B 141, c 18.) 3x33 n i y j e iaan -»at« . . . DDisnai. (422, B 1 4 3 , c 20.) . . . m a n T i s t a -vy m a i m naw. (425, the martyrs, B 146, C 21. From the last stanza of this Selicha Codex B is unpunctuated.) Dn'aa^ nrOO nD13n "1131

THE PERSIAN JEWS : . ..

tfatflp.

(429, B 149, C 23.) . . . n s a

(430, B 151, C 26.) n a n m r D w i (432, B 152, C 27.)

623

II. THEIR RITUAL p-iri"' n o d n

mas.

• n a r 6 a i 3"tp DT ' r n p n .

ayby (!) x a u c o m a p ^ y iw SON.

Codex A has only four stanzas of the

eight in this Selicha.

Codices B and C contain t h e whole eight stanzas of the Selicha, with some interesting variants from Codex A in the first four. After this

Selicha comes t h e heading

(B 154, c 2 8 . ) . . , n r a

una w n

nuna unan.

. . . u a j n n a 3 u n a ^ a RID HT M I S . . . . nraxi

bv

N!J.

. . . U B ^ I WJ7B3 W U * UB^NJ »3. ... M

I^ATYI

. . . nnnm mrjn • nnn. , . . 1313m.

imTN:i

mrri?D

't.

(B 155, C 29.)

(B 156, C 30.) N M n u n

(B 157, C 31.) na n n a j

T«

(B 158, C 32.) TOB USD 1JBO

• -VNI>. ( B 160, C 33.) u i a a n n m WSBK (B 161, C 34.) o m i ^

ir^pn

nixbn

Following these come the Selichot of t h e Fast of

Cedaliah, in A 343 seqq., and pointed again. P a g e s 433, 434 is a f r a g m e n t of Lamentations iv. 9—v. 5 (B 2 1 1 222, called n i ^ p 'D, preceded by verses from Jeremiah), and pages 434 a, b, and 435, 436 comprise portions of a C a l e n d a r 2 for f B ^ t ? i m J W r r o i y m , and for a m n ^ n u i ^ a i pB^fc?, evidently extracts f r o m the ^"VT l H W TBI "Vima, which is given in extenso in Codex B, p. 303 et seqq., from the year 1494 of the TTODK THKri, i. e. 1183. Similar extracts for cycle 281 occur in a Hebrew-Persian MS. bought by the Bodleian in 1896 (Bodl. 31999, Bible, &c.), written at Koum (Dip) in 1485, and containing in addition thereto t h e Pentateuch, H a f t a r o t h , Psalms, Song of Songs and Proverbs in H e b r e w . These are said to be extracted from the ^ipKJ? bit *pi30 TO 1 H W '"I '"ir6 "ON^n Timo i n o n T . This chronologist is unknown to Albiruni, and therefore probably later. The Codex ends with the vocabulary referred to elsewhere.

For convenience of reference I append a corrected list of the Chinese liturgical fragments above referred to. The other numbers are merely extracts from the different Biblical 1

¡run in B. Dr. Gaster, among his valuable Persian Hebrew MSS., has also a copy of this Tiino. 1

624

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

lessons of the week. Two have colophons with dates, Cheshvan 1931 = 1620 and Tebet 1932 = 1621 1 . This will serve also as a supplement to Dr. Neubauer's article in the eighth volume of this R E V I E W (pp. 123 and 362):— Hebrew MSS. from China {Prayers). i. Daily Prayers, in which are included a few prayers for the fast of the 9th of Ab. (Less variations than Persian.) ii. Morning and Sabbath Prayers. iii. Additional prayers for the New Year, followed by a hymn. iv. Prayers for Sabbath and other Festivals, with long list of names2, male and female, many being written in Chinese characters and for the purpose of motM main. v. K-'lTp, Qiwn by, p m w p and Grace after Meals nDE&B> ¡TOrt. vi. Sabbath Morning Prayers, containing the numbers of the week in Syriac (r6n, iOn, rOKO sin), and names of the months in Hebrew. vii. A Fragment of Passover Evening Prayers, with nmj?D. (""•b N1H nDD TON.)

viii. Songs in Syriac and Hebrew for the close of the Sabbath. ix. Week-day Evening Prayers. x. Service for n/A"n n m xi. Now numbered xxxv. BW ntJHD (Gen. xliv. 18 to xlvii. 27). " Given by Joshua ben Joseph DTOS p T niJ = Witness: R. Levi ben Phineas." xii. Prayer for first two nights of Passover, with some hymns, a translation of which is added in Judaeo-Persic. (This is a later copy of no. v, one page being additional.) xiii. Morning Prayer for the Day of Atonement, to which aie added short Prayers for the Feast of Tabernacles. xiv. Players and direction for reading the Law. from Ezra, benedictions as with us.)

(Quotation

xv. Part of the Morning Prayers, in which occurs a curious Chinese looking symbol !_!_ =

Vide the Facsimiles in the Jewish Missionary Intelligencer of October, 1896, 168. a Many of these are Persian names, e.g. n m n , &c. 1

p.

or i"\

THE PERSIAN JEWS : II. THEIR RITUAL

625

xvi. Prayers for Feast of Tabernacles, to which are added some Psalms, and some verses from Nehemiah (viii. 1 Dv"iyE' mns to xvii. Part Morning Prayer for tlie Day of Atonement. xviii. Fragments from TQ.V nnJD, the ^"Hp being headed nnDD really 2 Ameedoth of nrDD. xix. A Fragment, of Prayers for the Day of Atonement, to which is added Psalm ciii. xx. Part of Morning Prayer ; on obverse, part of Hallel. xxi. Parts of Morning Prayer. xxii. Part Prayer for the Day of Atonement, headed HND USD -utoD n m i xxiii. Prayers for the Eve of Sabbath, and Sabbath Psalms, with note in Judaeo-Persic on 5th line of 30th page. (n365> "in UN

-ntcn 11231 -ipiD in.) xxiv. Prayer for the Feast of Purim. T o n finiB nil 13N33 riNDJ rDID inn. After n"p comes the heading spin wnbto px, nitron w , n"p, ncx, Dim, Nini, K>np ^n left to right on folding screen, many variants. xxv. Portions of Prayers for the Musaf of the Day of Atonement. xxvi. Part of Prayers for Feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, and Pentecost, followed by Psalms cxiii, cxiv; cxv. 12, 1 3 ; cxvi. 1 2 - 1 9 ; cxviii. 5-28. xxvii. Part of Prayer for the New Year. xxviii. Evening Prayer for S^'D. xxix. Part of Prayers for Feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, and Pentecost, followed by passages from the Psalms. xxx. Fragment of n3Uni> CDJn b]} and Hallel, with Ps. cxxv. 1 to first word of verse 5. xxxi to lxiv. Thirty-four of the weekly portions of the Pentateuch, like xi.

I have to thank Professor Bacher and my brother, Mr. Marcus N. Adler, for their help in connexion with this article. E . N . ADLER.