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English Pages 584 [48] Year 2008
T H E JEWS I N PERSIA
T J t'i f' L
Analecta Gorgiana 66 General Editor George Anton Kiraz Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and short monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Now conveniently published, these essays are not only vital for our understanding of the history of research and ideas, but are also indispensable tools for the continuation and development of on-going research. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utilized by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.
The Jews in Persia Theif Books and Practice
E L K AN N A T H A N A D L E R
GORGIAS P R E S S
2007
First Gorgias Press Edition, 2007 The special contents of this edition are copyright (124 pp.). See B 7, 15, 28, 51. This poem was printed at Jerusalem in 1884. (b) The Poem of Chudaîdât (44 pp.). This was published by Prof. Salemann at St. Peterspans."
Dr. Martin Schreiner has an admirable review of Albîrûni in
t h e Revue des Études Juives ( X I I , 258 seqq.), b u t does n o t s e e m t o h a v e
sufficiently noticed the Jewish side of his Christian references, such as this about the Maccabean saints.
THE PERSIAN JEWS :
I. THEIR BOOKS
589
burg in 1897. See B 16. Headed p*1¥ *n*13 '10 *T*3. (c) HebrewPersian poem headed J>"3 pn*f* '1» *T3 *T3 (12 pp.). In a later hand, (2 pp).
(d) Another poem, beginning DTD J3K
111033
B 12. (a) Canticles with Targum. (b) fD*3 BHri 11D. Daily lectionary from 1st to 13th Nissan, written in i860. B 13. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian Divan, mostly 0*BVB, Bought of Abraham Pinehasuf of Bokhara. Ninety-one poems, beginning as follows:— 1. *n ^N T V ; 2. m*ti> 3. 3*3 b n * ; 4. ^ j i D D*Nb3; 5. *3ji> *n«3; 6. 7. 1113 prn*; 8. -]!>« «3«; 9. ytiD DD; 10. *13N *T b m ; II. 0*310«; 12. *D hot?*; 13. 71 NV; 14. miDN; 15. TIDKTI ; 16. *3itn; 17. net* n*; 18. m~\ W ; 19. *DN3*^ *«; 20. ^NU i^NU; 21. |iai ¡V; 22. vr tut- ; 23. niv ta ii ; ; 24. jkx oj> nn3; 25. *yn * t t ; 26. by pit? ; 26 b (Persian translation of 23). *11X NBl; 27. *njriB>* n v ; 28. i n o * i n ; 29. in jk k i ^ k ; 30. *p*b *nb*; 31. ibxj? *r6*« ; 32. 3^1 h naiD; 33. hp na*; 34. *bn * b n ; 35. jbdjj* 1 3 ; 36. niab> xn^N n*; 37. m r6ina; 38. jmn n*; 39. 11i6 up*; 40. DT-i? 01* ; 41. 3J?3 *3tn«* ; 42. n b "p* ; 43. "Jiiia* C*t3B; 44. *!01* *]TB^; 45. n*a na*; 46 (Persian). 10« ilNS?; 47 (Persian), t i n *nD }U ; 48.1DN ixna ; 49. lit? *n HID ; 50. hill« 01* 01*; 51. 31D.1 T3**; 52. *DK> 3iT1*; 53. WIN «113; 54. n i b a *3**; 55. *3*3D n*; 56. «3 id«*; 57. n*ibn; 58. n n w 01*; 59. «3 m w ; 60. «riMin an*; 61. *mni *1Kai *3^; 62 (Hebrew and Persian). n b s nnX; 63. 1ND .133 «S»31 Oil*; 64. It?** ; 65. N1W HNS?; 66 (Hebrew and Persian), in *n31*; 67. «Hp» «D*«1 «3N1 ND*DD; 68. i l b 0*111 TO; 69. «3 m W ; 70. *D1 *D •¡rib; 71. *n«3 *t«; 72. nip« *33«; 73. nna« 0*1*^3; 74.11*5? 75. 79. nb* 83. *n *1I2>; 87. E>« *3^ ;
D2D *1*1*; 76. 1DK> 111*; 77. *avn ON; 78. i>« ^ n« na*; 80. m m *33; 81. o d i i d ; 82. n*«i Tidd ; 84. *i*i«p n*; 85. w i > D*nn; 86. b n 1X1*; 88. nij?1 89. 3 b m i « ; 90. 91. 0v6 D1* i*Dan, i. e. translation of 40.
*3«; *3«; rib» ijn*
B 14. (a) MS. Hebrew-Persian, Eldad ha Dani. To which succeed, on different paper and in a later hand, JIWDt. D1* . . . 'na 1*1« }*« . . nni3Di rot?. (b) ni^p3. naia b b o o n o by oip^«« n r o n*prn. Cp. T 29. B 15. "The Seven Brothers," a fragment, vide B 7, 11, 28, 51.
590
THE JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
B 16. Miscellany, Dinim, Poems, &c. A Miscellany containing the following matters:— 2 a. niQlD 'y after Maimüni, the end on the preceding page (i b). At the end of I b is the colophon 'lD p D"n 'OW ¡ t m N T Q flSH pN IX"1 DmK> p n s . 2 b. Various memoranda. 3 a. Rules about ntOTlB'. 3 b. Various elucidations. 4 a, 5 a. Blank. 5 b-10 a. Rules about nOTH?, all sorts of Dinim with the superscription i w i K ^ ¡TOV. 10 b-13 a. A Persian poem with the superscription ?]DT,/'D "'DDDID (=Muchammasi), about Adam, Noah, the Patriarchs, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, and Elijah. There are twenty strophes each of five lines, the fifth lines rhyming throughout. In the last strophe the author calls himself Tin"1 fpDT", i.e. " t h e Jew Joseph." 13 a. A Persian poem of ten distiches, ethical apophthegms, with the superscription "1.3D ll'B' HDNJ (Pendn&meh, a didactic poem). 14 a-17 a. Blank. 17 b-18. p D i n ñ u t í , Nachmanides'letter to his son. 19 a-20a. HNJpn -lj?B>. 20 a-21 a. An ethical disquisition in Hebrew about the tongue. With 22 a begins a new book headed by three Persian distiches. 22 b. Various memoranda, inter alia, "IJ? prtN p DiTQK. The same name occurs on the otherwise blank p. 13 b. 23 a. The following reference to the owners of the poem about the Seven Brothers, infra 43 b-84 a : ome> p n s 'id "vyxn nrrr nn
nr ^e» ¡x-rntn 1K 1HJ?.
B 2 4 . Commentary on " C h u l l i n " (caps 4 and 5).
Hebrew-
A fragment
(14 pp. 4to) mentions /7m (also b? ^«3311 n), bvtn, b i t h " 6 n 3 i n i?f and nFi, bi ^ m ^ ' r iDSaÌJN 3 i n .
i u mirf i 3in, o n a x ' i ,
w s n 'n and
From the Genizah at Bokhara.
B 25. Hebrew-Persian Charms. B 2 6 . Fragments of Pentateuch, cp. B 4. Parts of Exodus to Deuteronomy.
Massora in margin.
B 27. Hebrew-Persian translation of Psalms D ^ n n "POD]"!. of Abraham Chaim Pinchasuf. See B 46. B 2 8 . " T h e Seven Brothers." B 29. niNlSI 'D.
Bought
See B 7, 11, 15, 51.
See T 5, 23, 67.
B 30. Maimonides 1 H^DD 'n, H3HN npfnn T to H^D n t t b n inclusive. i2mo. B 31. '•Tn K130. Introduction and beginning of Bechai b. Asher's Commentary to the Pentateuch. Part of Luria's 65*23^ Nifi ID and Kimchi's Michlol D'ÒjiDn p n p n " W [25 capp.] with notes by R. Elia Ashkenazi. B 32. (a) JlpTl for N31 N35JE?in night. The colophon states t h a t the MS. was written in 1724-5 by Solomon ben Muley Abdullah ben Mu,. Tip ben Mu. Elijah ben Mu. I T W y ben Mu. Obadiah ben Mu. Eliezer. (b) JipTI for n i y u c . The extracts include sp naiD tODJ 3Ì51Ì» K3E> H2-Ò *3N "l"D ; and from Pesachim n " l ÙltÒ lb PN 1D1X «""I «"Oil ; and from H31 t m t o : l " n n n"l HNC iTHN. There is another colophon by the same scribe with t h e same genealogy but inserting another ancestor, Moses, between (sic) r w y and Obadiah. Date 27th of Iyar, 1725. Place ÌOK313 i n o i n : b i n , i.e. Bokhara. 1
See Buber's edition in the Graeta Jubelschrift.
THE
PERSIAN
B 3 3 . Kabbala.
JEWS :
I.
THEIR
BOOKS
593
Conjurations and spells.
B 3 4 . Abbreviated DniDfl ^>JD, Gen. and Exod. to DHt3SE>». B 3 5 . (a) Ben Sira. i6mo1.
nDS "IJflO, 1681. Gabirol.
(b) In a smaller hand the Azharot of Ibn
Hebrew and Persian (cp. B 38).
(d) The fB^N Knpn
nnn
by
p
beginning DTliw TliiN n r o n , beginning n t a «
Ipn
beginning "'31X3X3 nSHKI IDIt« 13'lii. bv
rn^ycn
(/)
(h) p n v ^
D'iunn
JINJH nH]>D
d^tinn, PinCC '~b.
i " n p i p s ? monpn. din -vcn p 2
(a)
The scribe
nrroN.
Hebrew-Persian poems, nine
stanzas, of five lines, ejDV 'ID ''DDD1D.
(b) Ditto. "njJD.
(c) Ditto,
also of Moulley Joseph, seventeen stanzas, subscription about W (d) Philtres for a crying baby, an enemy, &c. Persian.
(g) Hebrew-Persian
R. David b. Abraham b. 'JTO. TH
'ID.
(j)
poems by
i>NVlJ? ' n , &c., by
(h) Tikkun for t/'lO and n " l . TH^p.
about Samarkand, 85 pages,
(k)
(m) D M 1 0 ,
lines; many other poems, one headed ;to
S|DV.
(e) 180 lines, Hebrew-
( / ) Hebrew poem on Moses by R. Eleazar Cohen, another
by 3"it3 fD'D '">. pjl'j
nun
(g) Ditto 1 3 D
( j ) Ditto b"t
signs three or four times his name 3 8 . Hebrew-Persian Divan,
t?Tin.
in^N. (i) l/'t
(e) The
iii>n m w .
¡ W
rntas
JlbW p , beginning T » J B 0 ^ 3 3 .
B
(c) TnttStyJ ^ n
beginning . . . T1K N i p « D ^ N
n^vN
(k) Nn*a nb^n t o
i6mo.
Alphabet in Hebrew-Persian, written
,
TNCJ
(») T n ^ p
TlT^p
eighteen
(I) poem
stanzas of six
/lS1t3 'lD "'DDD'iD; another
x ^ n n i y •'Deaio ¡td-io ; another lupjoi?
nw
'10
nm.
MS. written by Simcha b. David K»p \ T t 6 p fUpn T H T n ^ p 1 3 3 "'DIH n " y xbytt
NTD-1D i>s3D ^ n S f N - l ^
^ S t n o 'ID
Sabbath
Hymns, Spy '10 ^ 3 0 'nna PJDV ' l » 1 0 » , &c. and tTVD 'ID DD31D. Owner's autograph : C m C JNpH 1 H JK i T W n Hi. B 3 7 . "lt^n 'D.
Written at Herat (DiOn), the 21st of
1773, by Judah Nissim ben the first six missing.) B 3 8 . 157 leaves.
. Bought at Samarkand.
This is apparently copied from the Venice print. i2mo.
First seven leaves missing.
ixabvu DH-I3N i ITTO (Ulama=teacher). cellanea Poetica.
Shebat,
(220 leaves, Bought of
Written in 1806 ?.
(a) Mis-
Hebrew and Persian D ' W S for weddings, circum-
cisions, &c. Authors: 31D ¡CD, Israel b. Moses, T O C N^NX, Abraham b. Levi.
(6) 54. ^ i W
bl
"VDSn.
Ethics of the Fathers, with Persian
translation,
(c) 109. nVlilTK of Ibn Gabirol, with poetical Persian
translation.
(d) 1 1 2 . n a i y n i s ui? n c c "VDsn n e w ftinnnx nxna
1
Cp. T 37 and 41 b.
2
Cp. B 16.
594
JEWISH QUARTERLY
T H E
EEVIEW
y ^ r n o r n -va s^o 'an - n bmvw -i"n3. HDriN.
Written by
3pi? nry^N
n ^ a e o , i. e. of Cashmere.
'a
(e) 128.
HO^
(k) A
li'E'D IVi.
acrostic Samuel b. Nissim.
P i y u t , THN
'an
p
N e x t comes ( / ) 154. -Tptn n " l
another hand, and in y e t another hand (g) Tiling
t-dsd
n 'k
D^IJ? N 1 U .
N.B. T h e
(i) A
ntwa
mii'pn i n
(h) A P i y u t ,
Piyut,
owner told
me this M S .
c a m e from Meshed. B 3 9 . DWJJJD.
A collection of over fifty stories.
V e n i c e 1599 edition of the n m i n i
P a r t l y from t h e
mtmam n w a n
variants and t h e stories in a different order.
1 U n , but w i t h
P a r t l y from the Midrash
of the T e n Commandments, and p a r t l y from t h e N^S Hti'iy. Gaster Sefer h a M a a s y o t h 18.)
(Vide
W r i t t e n in T3D"ii"IK>, Shahr-i-Subz, i n
t h e hills near Samarkand, b u t in the K h a n a t e of B o k h a r a in Adar, 1866, and bought a t Samarkand. b 40. n " i
rDE> p p T i :
'131 c m i a n s u n
nwan
B 4 1 . (a) A s t r o l o g y , t e n chapters, i m p e r f e c t . ¡ M
'"6
p n QJ?.
"VP —
ynv
(d) 1V)tS)
'•D,
Hebrew
n3"1.
and
nitypa.
See T 56.
Persian,
(e) H y m n s .
(c)
(6) "inK t^B
ran
( / ) B i b l i c a l Mnemonics.
(g) Memoranda. B 4 2 . 9 1 Poems and P i y u t i m . B
4 3 . Miscellanies,
H e b r e w and Persian ( 1 0 2 pp.).
(a) Arranged
chapter
by
chapter,
I.
W S
hi3 - o
o^n
runs 'D, M a i m o n i d e s ; II. EWOT 'D Wa, Maimonides. O ' N Tl3n3 nro s^ia p hi n3i3. 2016 nnat>^=i7o4 ins? *]K3in •»a (6) D i t t o , m w n m t a " n x 3 ' d , w r i t t e n b y m b u n n ^ b -iDp3 n-iE^ JB,
22nd of
Tebet,
1468 = 1708.
Gen. i. x x x i i .
of S o n g of Songs, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther.
(c) T'DSn
(d) A list of
Psalms 3, 5, 11, 15, 19, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 49, 61, 66, 68, 84, 86, 91, 101, 145.
(e) H D 'D ' f i , Maimonides, & c . , & c .
(/)
pD^i?
(0) N3i IWN-O bw
paip^
N3i Vico bw. (g) nw -PDan. (h) Qumrx yit^irr» -vDan. (i) ^PB -|"Dan. (k) biWT 'D N^p. (I) Nlty 'D iOK>p. (m) 'D iWp in) a w n
nm
'D
n:iH3 n u n a t W a a , m u c h longer t h a n (6).
nwp»
Hebrew
and
Persian
months of three calendars. (s) r v x ^ p ^ j n print
at
o w a .
Venice,
(v) Calendar lists. nVJE'en
nnilSB.
1574.
characters,
(p) W (r) A
JN"BV1 " N n B p v i s n (t) n i p H 3 i m a w
(m) C o p y
(u>) p D W
'D
of
W D .
ni3^>n.
(x) (z)
(q) "VDan of
^NITO ^ N I B *
Maimonides'
(y) tCiKA n m j J B 'j?.
DJpnn P - \ i y b n , caps. 19 and 20.
nK>Jft2.
comparison
nnr
Copied DDTlti' fil/Bn
the
"NilD. from ni3^n. b
''B
E x t r a c t s from ' i
"pna
THE
PERSIAN
JEWS :
I.
THEIR
BOOKS
595
B 44. (a) The Persian-Hebrew Dictionary i T ^ i - i l 'D, composed in 1 3 3 9 , of which the fragment in St. Petersburg is described by Professor Bacher in Stade's Zeitschrift fur
W., X V I , (1896), p. 242.
die A.-T.
That fragment is there stated to be unique. NXJMI
r6nan
LB N E W
T>NN D K A
N Y ^ N
comprise almost the entire work. parts of »
and 3 are missing.
The codex begins i>TinX
ISD
its 355 pages
MRO^.
The end of
the whole of
and
(b) A t the beginning are fragments
of another copy of the same work, twenty-four pages, from letters 3, 3, 1, ¡1.
(e) Another copy of the same work, beginning with letter
(Article T T ) till end (pp. 3 a - i 5 4 a).
Bound up with it, as a supple-
ment, are pages from letters N and 1.
A t the end is a colophon
stating that it was written on the 8th of Kislew, 1 4 9 1 , by Moses ben David bar David bar David for (^OBO) Jacob b. Judah b. Joseph. This codex contains after the dictionary (pp. 1 3 5 - 1 7 2 )
responsa
about slaughtering and the dietary laws. B 45. The Haftaroth of the Persian Rite, with the Targum and Hebrew-Persian translation, verse by verse. Chachamuf of Bokhara.
E. g. That for NKTl
24-xviii. 39, instead of xviii. 20-xviii. 39.
4to.
Bought of Abo
begins 1 Kings xvii.
That for second day of
Passover 2 Kings xxii. instead of xxiii, no NlHOnST t.
The rubrics of
the festivals in Aramaic, e.g. for Passover JD'OT HKEnp KDV.
See
B 52. B 40. Proverbs, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes. Mas. Derech Eretz Zutta. rD to 33 b.
Hebrew and Persian in consecutive verses,
'xxx. 1 is translated : anwNini dwijcrofiai.
Hebrew and Persian.
MS. numbered H3 to IDp b. JNItiBBU
tawsai
taw«!.
Wp
(a)
Proverbs,
vii. 4 to end.
JNHp^ 1D1Q 113K ¡X313'D
Cp. Septuagint wavofiai and Theod.
The number of verses is given as T"TO pHH, i. e. 916, not
9 1 5 as in our Massorah.
(b) Canticles, ditto, I D to li> b, 1 1 7 verses as
with us. (c) Ecclesiastes, ditto, li> to £3*9, 2 2 2 verses as with us. n u n p p , ditto, B V to N^p b. to the TWO '"I pID. n^ri
Important variants from and additions
(e) NDH ntO"1 plD, ditto, t6p b to r&p b.
p - © , ditto, n^p b to a n p b.
to IDp wants end.
(d) p"l3
(g) p s
(/)
* r n , ditto, 2 D p b
This P"© begins ^ i V nI? b ^ 5 n TC&n Nine "'D
'131 nDiyo and ends with the Persian translation of n a i l WtDH ^>3 fen m m
''"131D i n N .
4 and 5 of Stilt p K
The last three chapters are like chapters i,
" p i D3DD.
But they are longer, notably cap. 5,
which was hitherto only known from Machzor Yitry. B 47. Divination by Bible. B 4 8 . (a) Maimonides' Erubin r a i B T I ' n titty 'n.
the ilptnn T .
(b) Calendar, 12 pp.
Fragments of
596
THE JEWISH QUARTERLY
REVIEW
B 49. n"nn "VDSH. Vocabulary of difficult words in the Pentateuch with explanations in Persian. tOKI to WîKn. See B 50. B 50. Y ' j n TDan.
Vocabulary of difficult words in the Bible
(Pentateuch, Kings, Ezekiel, Esther, Canticles, Joel). B 51. The Seven Brothers (fragment, 14 pp.). and 28.
Headed N^ID p ^DT1 N^IO '•DU tN
y'sr n"ni?r y " : pnv
See B 7, ix, 15, m
One stanza is headed
Wna
Tmin
yenn I V p
w p
Dim rn. B 52. Haftaroth. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian in consecutive verses. Those for Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus very incomplete. Those for Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Festivals, &c. almost complete. B 53. Divination by the Letters of the High Priest's breastplate D W l ï D'UN. The mythical work attributed to the L X X of the Septuagint. B 54. Divination by letters. B 55. Divination,
nUIBTM f l l h u
DlW.
niinun 'D attributed to Ahitophel, nix
p
-anion bairvnx. B 56. Medical. B 57. 1"IVB>J?D. Charity. B 58.
IWytt.
Prescriptions in Hebrew. Fragments, including
the
pV
N3X 'O about
A collection of stories from the nVtPyon "lUTI.
B 59. (a) JTWyQ. A large collection of stories, mostly printed in the î6b ntriy, but several from the i W i l » HD' n m (6) Miscellaneous. Aphorisms, &c. B 60. Fragments of Siddur. The Evening Prayer (a^yD). B 61. Astrological charms, &c. leaves from the Bokhara Genizah. B 62. Astrological charms.
Love-philtres.
Miscellaneous
B 63. Pentateuch with Hebrew-Persian translation (cp. Catalogue of Bibliothèque Nationale 72 and 73, and Steinschneider's Jewish Literature, p. 123). The first sixteen pages and the last two are in a later hand and on later paper. On the title page and at the end are several family notes with various dates between 1778 and 1849. The title in the later hand is as follows :—trip» DI^D fCCn pTD -into T'DSn j n v
u w
i b iDn
win a -PDari -nana sipioi
Nina nat^a ^ » n a ins nana "a to n v t r a Q^tn
nw
mmn n i » i>a:
niND e>ero c a t a nwzn ro tra rbea vnrh ni*> o n try
133r ^ d i n i jjdo t*yn njxa -am Dja^ D"ltO ruu NT1J3 ¡D.
Bought of Abo Chachamuf.
-ma « ntan' 1 run
THE PERSIAN JEWS : I. THEIR BOOKS
597
B 64. The Cusari of Jehuda ha Levi, in a Persian hand. In the margin a date p"Sib 13pn, i.e. 1395. At the end of the second part owner's signature ¡tap DWS "VDVn '»•J?. Bought of Abo Chachamuf. B 65. Kimchi's D ^ n ^ 'D, being the second part of his Cp. B 31. In the margin of the 16th page a date nntDcb n"DrintOfJ? rUTD "iDDfD HJin, and at end of each of the other books p mm i c n - i m o ruin. B. The Constantinople prints of Taanith and Megillah. I know only one other copy. Unknown to Rabbinowitz. C. Editio princeps of the 13 . D. Fragment of the Machzor Catalonia, Salonica. The following, half print, half MS.:— E. Print, 3py Dyhn 'D belonging to Joseph ben Moses "inj^O, Constantinople, 1560. Last 15 pp. copied in MS. Colophon of copyist: N1N313 TH^O pND v t a b r m iTVlJ p « 3 v^lD VIK ^ JV3b HE'D nsnn r u e a iddh nr ¡riDn »nanai jxab t i n 3 h a b npt«D jnv ' m , i. e. 1724. F. Print, ed. princ. of Ibn Yerga's mUT1 t33E>, chaps. 17 to end, with the supplement. To which are appended two original letters, 'a Hebrew letter of 1782, and another undated, in Persian, to Meshed, signed by a n t ? 11N at IP Yezd, to introduce SOW p jni3 pny and p l a n !t6k> i n ^ x Dan respectively. The following Hebrew-Persian prints, only two of which are mentioned by Salemann:—• G. •'Dins ¡15563 npnyn Dy n i a t a i n a ' d . H. nyrn bv mt2am ^dinq ¡1263 npnyn oy r n a t a 3rt< 'd T'Dan Dy 3K3. Both printed at Jerusalem, 1895, by Zuckermann. Translations by Solomon, called DrDS p ¡N'j N3K3 of Samarcand, from whom I bought them. I. t o t o n •'"aiya . . . ^ 3 3 nn by . . n n h p . . . t n n 'd T3NP 1CD1. Jerusalem, 1889, by Raphael tOniN. K. m i r f Dinn Dy ^WO 'D by Benjamin b. Jochanan ha Cohen of Bokhara, Jerusalem, Luncz, 1885. L. The DTIK nj?3K> of Joseph b. Mai. Isaac and many others. Jerusalem, 1884. VOL. X. S3
598
THE
JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
The following are the MSS. from Persia p r o p e r 1 : — T 1. Kalila va Dimna -IV1DN3 'D1 'D. T 2. Translation of Aboth. HUX rODO TDSn. See B 9, T 25 and B 46. T 3. Divan.
D'OIDIS'I niE'p3.
T 4. Divan. Poems, Problems, NOyO^N. T 5. Hebrew-Persian Medical Dictionary. T 6. Divan of Muley Solomon H D ^ T 7. pnv DTPS? I'Dsn. T 8. Persian-Hebrew Divan. T 9. Persian-Hebrew Midrash. T 10. nitJHT, Homiletics. T 11. n W O 'D1 njn m v 'D 2 . Kislew, 1476.
Written at Shiraz (?), the 27th of
T 12. The Aruch. T 13. Midrash. T 1 4 . Maimonides, Vol. i. nptnn T . T 15. 'n mcni'D. The wars of Joshua with the Philistines. Bible stories in Persian verse (?) by Muley Shahin. Cp. B. M. Or. 4732. T 16. Esther and Divan, (a) iriDN TDSn. (6) tTJinrS. See T 27 («). T 17. Hebrew-Persian Divan. T 18. Barlaam and Josaphat, Shazada Sufi. translation of f W m l^DH p .
Hebrew-Persian
See T 20, 41, 75.
T 19. Sayeb. T 20. Shazada Sufi. T 21. Divan. T 22. Divan. T 23. Medicine. Written at tWJ?pD, 15th of Tebet, 1495. T 24. Maimonides, Vol. ii, Hpinn T . See T 14. 1
Unfortunately many of these MSS. are still on their way to England.
Although they left Teheran by caravan in Dec. 1896, via Shiraz and Bushire, they need not, I am told, be despaired of.
I now (June, 1898)
hear that they had been detained at Bushire, but have at last been released.
In their absence, I have been unable to give fuller descriptions
of these MSS. 2
This is, perhaps, a MS. of the Tur.
THE
PERSIAN
JEWS :
I.
T 25. Hebrew-Persian translation.
THEIR
BOOKS
599
Aboth ¡TON "'pis "VDQn, by
R. Paltiel. T 26. r r w y o . T 27. Hebrew-Persian translation. w
DUini n b »
Esther
and Targum
Sheni
TDan.
T 28. (a) nnj?.
(6) ^nD3 p i "1K>N J3 Hpl^no.
T 29. Hebrew-Persian translation of Ibn Gabirol nnntK "VDBn. Cp. Paris MS. 1356 and supra B 14. T 30. Hebrew-Persian Divan of Israel ben Moses. T 31. Hagadah. t 32. n m
r f p n a , orjpr
mm.
T 33. Hebrew and Hebrew-Persian Divan. t 34. i r o n
pin.
T 35. (a) Hagadah.
(b) TllVn Jlpn.
T 36. DUaiC flpTI. T 37. Ben Sira Alphabet "IH1D1331.
This copy is referred to by
Dr. Neubauer in the Clarendon Press edition of Eeclesiastieus.
To
his list of prints of this Alphabet should be added the Calcutta edition, with a copy of which R. Hezekiah Cohen, the Chacham of Bokhara, presented me. T 38. n r a
pnti m m
t 39. rat?
nrvw.
See T 62, 68.
T 40. Hebrew-Persian Divan. T 41. Sheni.
(a) Shazada Sufi.
(6) Ben Sira Alphabet,
(c) Targum
(d) niT-Df.
T 42. Hebrew-Persian Historical Stories. T 43. Hebrew Prayers. T 4 4 . Persian poems as to the persecution of the Jews under Shah Abbas the Second in the seventeenth century.
Cp. Paris MS. 1 3 5 6 .
T 45. Midrash on Genesis. T 46. Pentateuch.
W r i t t e n at Ispahan in 1571.
t 47. (a) ne>D r i T c a . a? 4 8 . nabo
(6) d t o ^ n r a r r ^ y .
m a y by Rabbi i d v
T 49. Hebrew-Persian.
See T 60.
rutton "unto.
i'NltDti' 13 yB»i>ti ' " b DMUnn D W D .
T 50. Fragments of Pentateuch. T 51-2. Hebrew-Persian Prayers. S S 2
600
THE JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
T 53. Fragments of ail Ancient Massoretic Bible from the Genizah nWJ at Yezd.
Injured by fire.
T 54r-5. Other fragments of the same Bible as 53. T 56-7. m S u 12D. T 58. Hebrew-Persian translation of Prayers and Haftaroth. T 59. ^toty n r w r . T 60. (a) HE'D nT'OS. Dann.
b "VDSn.
(6)
(c) Eldad the Danite
(d) Hagadah. For (c) cp. B. M. Or. 4731. J.Q.R., 1894,
p. 119. T 61. n b m .
Responsa.
T 62. pnN IWBa.
Fragments.
T 63. Divan. T 64. nnniN by I T O -13 ^ r n . 0? 65. Maimonides' nV3P»
W8.
T 66. Hebrew-Persian translation of the Hagadah. T 67. Medical MS. t 68. p n «
m m
T 69. Divan nWOT. T 70. Hagadah incomplete. 0? 71. MB> T 72. Divan. T 73. tOK33 mxr nantiB n^ton. Bokhara. T 74. Divan.
Seventy songs.
The story of the Prince of
From Yezd.
T 75. Shazada Sufi. Translated from Abraham ben Hasdai's p •vnrn ^ c n . T 76. Midrash 31B np^. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
From D^aaro to reran nxn.
T 77. The Story of Youssouf and Zuleikha by Jami, with an illumination. T 78. Nizami's Romance, "Khostaw and Shirin," transliterated with twelve three-quarter page illustrations, highly coloured. The copy of Nizami's " H a f t P a i t a r " in the British Museum (Or. 4730), referred to by Mr. Margoliouth \ is similarly illuminated. Cp. T. 77. T 79. Prayer-boob. Persian Rite. From Shiraz. See my Article on the subject, in which this is one of the MSS. collated. It is ' J. Q. R., loc. cit.
THE PERSIAN JEWS :
II. THEIR RITUAL
6oi
a volume of Saadia's Siddur compiled for the Persian use, and was written in 1564. The volume comprises the prayers for the fast-days, New Year, Atonement, and Tabernacles. Sent me by Azziz Ulla of Teheran through Professor Ross, in Dec. 1897.
II.
THEIB RITUAL.
This Liturgy is of considerable importance, for it is that adopted b y the Babylonian Jews. almost unknown.
Yet it has hitherto been
The Chinese fragments of Kae-fong-foo
contained Persian rubrics, and a couple are dated in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, and one or two are
described
his valuable
as written
by
a mbw.
Dr. Neubauer, in
article on " Jews in China," in Vol. V I I I of
the JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, discusses the meaning of this term n-i>E> or " Messenger."
I t is most unlikely that it
means " Messenger of God " or " Messenger of the Congreg a t i o n " ( = Reader).
It
is probably an itinerant
from abroad, sent to collect contributions. met such a
Rabbi
I have myself
both at Teheran and Bokhara, who had
been sent there from the H o l y Land. to the handwriting
But having regard
of these fragments, and the Persian
words interpolated therein, it is more probable that the Chinese
DTni'ti' were natives of Persia, who had
arrived
v i a the Persian Gulf, India, and Nankin, or of Turkestan who had made the overland journey, along the road soon to be traversed b y the Manchurian Railway.
It was there-
fore not too hazardous a guess that in them was to be found a trace of the Persian Ritual.
A n d this guess, as
will be seen, has turned out to be well founded, although curiously enough these strange Chinese-looking scripts v a r y less from the ordinary and known rituals than does the early Persian Rite of which B 6 is a model codex.
The
strangest part of the matter, however, is that nobody seems to have suspected that this Persian Rite would turn out to be founded on the Siddur of Saadia Gaon, whereas all our European rituals are founded on that of A m r a m
Gaon.
Ó02
THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW
Steinschneider discovered Saadia's Siddur in the Bodleian Library, and has described it at some length in its Catalogue, 2203 seqq., as well as in a privately printed pamphlet. Dr. Neubauer rather anticipated that the Persian Prayerbook would be like that of Yemen, which he expressly emphasizes as not Saadia's. Many of the liturgical fragments which I found in the famous Genizah at Fostat in the Christmas Vacation of 1895 belong to the same ritual, and Dr. Schechter has, of course, many more. An additional proof, if proof were needed, that this Fostat synagogue was the favourite place of worship of the Babylonian and Persian visitors to Egypt. As will be seen, I have three codices, similar in character, the collation of which enables us to reconstitute this long forgotten Liturgy, and the Chinese fragments have also been referred to where their variants were interesting. So far as I can gather, there are no other copies of the Dia "i1TD in any known library. I made diligent inquiry, both in Persia and Turkestan, but it was excessively difficult to find or even hear of the existence of a different prayer-book than that of the printed editions. B 6 was in loose pages and purchased in three fractions. The prints of Leghorn and Warsaw and Vienna have completely replaced the old Minhag, and to-day the Persian Jews are, to all intents and purposes, Sephardim. In Bokhara there seems to have been a curious reason for this, more potent than the uniformity imposed by the printer. Some 150 years ago, they say, a learned man, li. Abraham Mammon, whose descendants are to-day of the élite of the Jews of Central Asia, journeyed from Morocco to distant Bokhara and persuaded his co-religionists that, like himself, they were descended from the Jews exiled from Spain and Portugal, to whose ritual it was therefore their duty to conform! Of the three copies, one, B 6, which I bought in Bokhara, which is nearly complete, I will call A. Another, B 1 (incom-
THE PERSIAN JEWS :
II. THEIR RITUAL
603
plete and with other matters), I bought from the Bokhariots at Jerusalem. It may have been brought there from Samarkand, Tashkend, Khokand or even Mergalan. I call it B. And a third, T 79, from Shiraz (via Teheran) which I have just acquired and call C. A is a beautifully written large octavo of 438 pages, besides a few that are missing. It is evidently written by a Persian scribe, perhaps by •«aiv Halevi (p. 57), and is carefully punctuated up to page 416. There are long and important glosses on pages 56, 57, 89, 1 1 8 , 1 1 8 a , b, 120, 1 2 1 , 122, 123, 125, 139, 209*, 224, 235, as well as several minor interlineations and a few corrections. The gloss on 209 is important as giving a clue to the geographical distribution of the Ritual. The benediction on crossing " t h e s e a " is said to refer to the sea traversed on going to Palestine and Egypt, i.e. not the Caspian sea. Codex B has but little of the prayer-book proper, but contains more Selichot than A, several forms of marriage contract, various notes and " Dinim," a complete calendar from 1 1 8 3 onwards, and, in a later hand, a complete Hebraeo-Persian vocabulary of all the difficult words in the Bible, quoting Rashi, &c. Codex C is a volume of Saadia's Siddur compiled for the Persian use. It covers the fast days, New Year, Atonement, and Tabernacles. The text appears to closely resemble that of the famous Oxford MS. identified by Steinschneider, and described on p. 2210 of his Bodleian Catalogue. It was written in 1564 and is therefore later than B, but probably earlier than A. The Hebrew text is punctuated throughout, the Persian translations, however, are not. It contains several Piyutim, &c., hitherto unknown, but the ordinary prayers are in a less extended form than A, and like the Chinese fragments approximate more closely to our own Liturgy. The variants in A, many of which are given below, are remarkable as evidence of greater individuality than might have been anticipated from such
6O4
THE J E W I S H
QUARTERLY
EEVIEW
conservative people as the Asiatic Jews, and seem to show that Bokhara had a liturgy of its own, though there can be no doubt that, in the main, Saadia is the common guide to all three codices. The Selichot in all three are almost exactly the same, C adds Hosannas, and B completes the few missing pages in A. It is not impossible that the divergence in Bokhara is due to its geographical position, for, till recently, it was much less accessible to foreign influence than Shiraz which is near the Pei-sian Gulf and on a good road. Codex C has 561 leaves, each page of which comprises ] 2 lines written in a bold Persian hand. The MS. begins with the heading:— 'h na-oS> fpv p nnyo'n hip p xnib nonpiD. Then come two Selichot m i y W and riJEN nMN. Then eight Selichot nyNOJ m v n -OK o w n lONO TX. Then two for the 17th of Tammuz, eleven for the 9th of Ab, three for the 3rd of Tishri, two for the 10th of Tebeth, three for " Taanith Purim." Then, p. 187, the service for the New Year, including in the Mussaf the wellknown Spin WIV p31 without any indication of authorship. Then, p. 240, prayers for the Atonement Eve, with no but, after the Ameedah, hymns ^"pj m ] » ^ H mm11 'n viz. i r m inN . , . inSK x h , &c. Next the Service for Atonement Day. On p. 255 a xm mot, on p. 257 the UT^iO pN in the order Taj, px, mi:, •'o. On p. 277 a Piyut maD^ hnm nSnm rat? headed ^"ST 13 W hip p NEW. Probably this Samuel bar Nissi is the author of a Piyut in the Algiers Machzor, beginning l,yiE> njJK'1. Perhaps, too, he is the Nagid of that name mentioned in the Tachkemoni by Alcharisi as his contemporary. On p. 287 there is another Piyut of his (i) beginning iTOB>2 ni'JID 'OIDN, in which the twelve tribes, months and constellations are contrasted. On p. 318 b is the long ^"O by Bechai ha Dayan ben Asher, who lived at Saragossa in 1 2 9 0 ; a HebraeoPersian translation follows the text. On p. 338 is a Confession (Til) by E. Nissin Nahoraini. This is probably Saadia's con1
Vide Dukes, Gime Oxford 62.
THE PERSIAN JEWS :
II. THEIR RITUAL
605
temporary whose adventures are described in the NtOlT oi?1J? 'D On p. 366 comes a prayer ( m j n ^ntnN D ^ i y n }13"i) by 31D. Is this the Gaon Mebasser who died in 926 i Jose ben Jose's 2 rvnUJ "V3TN is also given with a Persian translation (pp. 393 to 416). Then come thirteen Selichot for Shacharit Kippur (416), seven for Mussaf (458), several prayers for Mincha (468), and three Selichot for Neila (512). There is no trace of the ITlCr at the end of the Kippur Service. On p. 515 b begins the Tabernacles Service, Hallel, and notably twenty Hosannoth arranged for the seven days, but several pages are missing, and there seem to have been originally twenty-eight. Many of the less easy hymns and prayers are translated into Persian, and this feature may perhaps be regarded as an indication
of
some
ignorance on
the
part
of
the
congregation for whom they were intended, for there is none
of
the
involved
vocabulary which
composition
distinguishes
the
and
extraordinary
Piyutim
of
Kalir
and his imitators. For the sake of convenience it seems desirable to regard A as the model codex, to describe it rather fully and to note the more important variants from it shown by Codices B and C and the Chinese fragments. Codex A begins with the n3E? r t a p : — A 1. Sabbath Eve Service :—Ps. xcii and xciii followed by Prov. iii. 16; Ps. xci. 1 6 ; viii. 10 and xlii. 9 (r6siDKO ¡TWO DW "piN mm w ) . Texts as to length of days. Then m E > 127 H'HJJtt beginning Ps. xxv. 6 and xx. 9. Then '131 1313 ¡33") and the response TDn Toil 1 W -pi3OT V'i 7 m "1JJ1 D^IJii'. Many minor variants—a very short US'GB'n, viz. 133',3K>n -ans DIW m i D l^by Dnsi 0 1 ^ 1 C T ^ uTeym "v 'ui H133 '•DJ? StJ'il -lOMC. Isa. xxxii. 18 (vide Zunz, 12) ending enpn -vp d ^ w b i i»j? ^ t y by lr^y di^>e> risiD dudh 7113. After n c d come '"jiUETI DV3 DJJH imi^l and U^y INT, terminating with a long H313, which ends JDK nyi D^IJJ^ 760'' SliTI. 1
Vide Neubauer, Anecdota Oxoniensia, II, 79, 80.
a
Vide Steinschneider, loc. cit.
606
THE
JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
Then a Kaddish slightly varying from the Sephardi' but almost identical with the Chinese.
Then the Ameedah, headed K > n l y a
TU (pp. n - 1 7 ) . The Ameedah b e g i n s : — bran i>xn . . . n " x a -)r6nn T V 'si nnsn
NTijrn m a n
HDn i3ir ban njipi
DHDn i>ou ba by bwv
;yK>i> Dnnnx n j n r h Drron ^a^ ^xu x ' a o i n"xa p n
rtsnci "ioid m y
m
nma
tisc
ita
p^y
by n m o i
bxu t i bx p m
ba nux
"jta nanxa 10a1 .nrnax
ND3 /UN T P
xn
FJDID f x BAN T I I O
T U nD2 ejDlO xn
YNNB
A I . . 131 I U J
nnx
5)D1D Txi TU i'DH TTID
spiO
.DB'jn n m o i n n n
ijjtwDi nniDK iTio n^n iny D^in xan . . . o«n babao (B 3) TIN
prnrrax1
nana
r r r a i ^ o r6yoi m i c
HD ISY
lroicx
D"PM
htidi j t o e -jta -]b n m
nninan
n n x JDWI c a n 1
irrro n'xa o m o n v n r 6 u a t a xin
n^vaxb bya
D'onna 5an : D'ncn
DWP
TJi"1^
^"P
1XD:> ^ " P
T13'
^ P
PfP
: c n p n bxn n " x a n^D "]ii>i>rv T o n ov baa D'cnnpi Muny variants, inter alia,
after nKHp nnx
conies nat? n o w ba T r n a t a a m w i Then
'iai
usnp
Ameedah
unno
lrana
to "jTlTna
rwyb...
irnni:m
ainaa
"pa11! till n ^ x n a 2 . XJ
nxn
x"ix.
The
ends as f o l l o w s : —
a n p a rrnayn
acm nyc
Dnbani 3
bxnc"> p y a
irr6x
-v
nxn
n n n u y i nn^srn nnbsn xi> nnui nana
nnru "p^
D^nn
bai
^nbiT p s i
cinn^oi
nnipan
twta
mabo
d i c d ^N Q I ^ i nana
: ^NUI m x
nnx
nw
^
D^mn
?ya
Di»nn
t&o
c r o n m nvna n o m jn D«m n a n x [in gloss
13 " p ^ m x r ^ n n x a
| d n D i t a a mnyi
pan
•ata
nvrinb n w -\b\ iDty p^nx niton n " x a a i o n
npnx nDni jn D"ni n a n s n a i m
nis
D^anei
oni»
nvyn T e n n y i>aai nv ^ m ) s -pani o b i>yi - p o n Don1' ttb ^ 4 omero T o r n
u^y
^n: nita
urax
W O K \ntai w n i w
i>jn [nyi
DT^y^n j n v D ^ h y n b w pan q ^ O T in
^
[ u » y in gloss] 6
nanai] n a m n i t a d ^ by
tmaoni]
T r m i D 7»n!t6so TDJ b y ^
i t m
(mam
nant^i Dcnm cohyn
2
607
T H E I R RITUAL
NDD ^ z b D ^ n n e i
iv Nin nnxii> n o x a " p u a 2
II.
btrwi iv T ^
wy ub
mm
u h n v a n u a n a "p»y l ^ m a x iniwi l m b x iv
s a n o i nmnN niaai n y w
TIN - p a o n
n"Na
jvam ia n o N
: x a n Dhyn «rib
chy
pm^ w
conm
nyi
nnyn
T U nya
» t a w nrn
ohm
2
T h e n yat? pi" somewhat similar to ours, t h e n a t b w t ^ n p (A 19, B 181 p a n bnarr) followed by u n t a a pK . . . ennp p(x) (A 19), till nyio x a 13, t h e n comes h v n»pin¥ "jn t o n t a n . T o n -jb. (A 21.) N e x t comes t h e heading m m n beg. py n a p t ^
HNtt I ^ r o S
n»N»i n n n n n n r w y i p c c i
^TinN,
^ a n n , ending
l n n a a obiyn b^b n»NBn T h e n morning benedictions, a f t e r »an* ba ^ npyt? n " m i"Na comes t h e Talmudic ninaiao n a a n n 'lav The Synagogue service w i t h t h e following r u b r i c : n u a JIX njia txjN p j s i a n n c t a n r ^ a n n n ^ a n , b e g i n s : — (26.) nitDB'n x a ^ i , . . o w n n x n ^ y n n s . . . -p^ria m lanaii DimnTO "lij. T h e n several benedictions W y nay iJODE' i 6 w n c s iJK'y x b v iu. T h e n . . . l r - i i o ^ n ^ . . . pxn ini to pa naSm n " n n a n i?aa piDy^ i"t«a n n a i j a , a n d an extended 1
Codex B 6 inserts nsi DTO1? 'nbsi u r t « 'V. Codex B omits passage in brackets. 3 Codex B substitutes for passage in brackets f o r m "pDn tel chvjn aiTcni 13D» ¡row nnw n n re taa® OTiro'n vn imj^. 4 5 Codex B inserts no«. Codex B inserts -j1) lvip n'JTOra. 2
6o8
THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW
aiym.
Then the usual sacrificial passage from Numbers xxviii
and the priestly benediction, &c., &c. from ilNB, &c.
Then the usual quotation
N e x t . . . NIT B^iyi?, the JJ0B>, then Nin n m "inx
terminating DDIIDI THiaa QK> 131T1 ni'nni nana
by.
1 W KHpDn "jta "]113
N e x t the rubric *tski33 n e w ng>N3 n3ty
followed by a very long alphabetical "lONt!> "]1"13. lxxxiv, then an extended 1133 TP a n l in
i^i
Then Psalm
Psalms cxlv to cl, then
to TrnNan.
(45.) N e x t riDtW (variants D^iyn
e. g. lSTMOIp . . l^N till Q , PN3 naipt
in -J^D), afterwards 1&'13 x h . . . 13TTI3X 1HD3 13.
Then
J W 1 2 &c., Exod. xiv. 30 to xv. 26 "JNS"1 with various biblical verses. (54.) The ri3B> T » n 3 begins with the r W X ¡1313, then "113T T » m and n y P W »"V, then 1313, then
T>NOn, then 1113
then extended and with many variants (e. g. ~iE>N vm^D
on), then jmNeni ny w i i b
4
DTnCE " W
. . . o n r a . . . omns
ob
'131 cnrriB n b i lan-v naiD3 D m n i n a i » niss-ti Dms3 n i 3 i 3 o b i , and is alphabetical from N to b. (A 58) Hii? PIT n3C niEH D^niS . . (B 1)
6
mints n c y s m n a natw n n nns3
piyni?
5
PHpn?
D"3ij> l ? m x a d^3 ne>np. [N.B. In the margin as a gloss occur the Sabbath additions : . . . ¡11N bii and J"I3K> Then ending
isn'1
nit^y: m ^
nniN»n - w
Sepliardic Ritual). Enn "UN.
i>fc6, signed ^ n '•B1V 3J113n 57.] tab
(A 59).
nwb
Sic in B i also,
nniND nspnm (cp. the
There is no mystical Messianic reference to
Then a very long ismnN di>iy 03nN (about 200 words),
ending nyb H3HN3 Dy the ytX>.
-jn3n
n"N3 o h y
^XnE" 10JJ3 m u n
, "N3,
followed by
Then an enlarged nt2N and nblXJ, pp. 62-66.
(67.) The Ameedah and nt?np much as in German Rite, but Codices A and B differ somewhat, ending with rubric "]13',1 "iy3 1
Chinese ii, 18 is similar, but w i t h variants.
These are characteristic
of Saadia not A m r a m , Zunz, 13. 2
B 225.
3
A 54.
This order is followed in Chinese frag, ii, 22.
1
Omitted in Chinese fragment x, w h i c h is much briefer than B 6 and
For the phrase cp. j/'uj T o m J^mn pH.
almost identical w i t h the German Minhag. 5
So A , codex B inserts 2.
6
Codex B omits, but inserts as a gloss.
THE PERSIAN J E W S : mt3BNi nun UN'oa.
iy3
II. THEIR RITUAL
c n p i T3N xn 13x133
609 'cui
in
(69.) Next comes the heading IDT ^ " t t m -»"nt TO© FIDV2 nx •pi'1 no 13x133 m b nbnn
de> -o iv D^yi? a n » nnxi 0 1 ^ 3 i n b ohy^»
rrm -irryio
T'DVoy r 6 s r o t ^
"py uroKi wn^id inu u n Nips i '
n^an t ^
SJD1D p i p DV HWD.
nvim t u c n p inbnn isd3 i n i
Then follows the Ameedah n3B> n:pn, &c.
(sic) as in the German Rite, terminating with the rubric CIIDI nxi T131 Dli>K> D^l.
"¿»Hp (Deut. xxxiii. 29) i m n . . . . i'NIt?'1 " p ' ^
(71.) Then the heading
filC
Rubric as for Mussaf.
Then ¡V2fi> K31 in which, however, Micah vii. 18-19 is substituted for Psalm cix. 142, and there are other variants.
The Ameedah
as in the Sephardic Rite, inserting after CD* m o n Isa. lvi. 2. Next p-W inpnv, transposed and ending 2 It^l • ' V nnx pHli TBSBt3.
Then the rubric 13X133 HDfD ptCl "VIS t^lp and Psalm
cxi, ending '31 !? an d"6ti>11\ (77.) Nest the heading m ®
" f 127 y i l ' Q
of the first day of the week!) Ps. viii.
(i. e. of the eve
Then the rubric Dim N1H1
twin 7>»m ^33 "inDai nnx u^rai ua'aBvi ^ni»"1 i>N3 Sn 'mi 1D15? 1113 btCtW 1 W ity" s h D ^ yi 131 b o iy^ ^NIB'1' my nx.
.13,1 1 EN3E> 1313 13TTIDn
Then Dyn i>3 Nil &c., much as
in the German Rite, to the Ameedah, but amplified and without a final benediction.
Next the rubric 13N133 Tiasi> •»"i"' 113 B^lp
.Y'n '3 nriN }onn nijn ta \3 . . . . pin nnts trnpn i?Nn xn v r b i : nym pin (N.B. No i3ii33in nriN3.) '3 i w y 133D i w b i3yni nno uypa »3 . . . 13 b r&D 'i3i u s ^ n : n W n3ioi }i3n n"N3 nnx n^Di 311201 310 ta 1
The obverse of Chinese fragment xix, and fragments xxii, xxiii, and xxiv have a like ours, following the Ameedah on Kippur as on Sabbath, &c. 2 Vide Machzor Vitry, 180 note. 3 Chinese fragment ix inserts for this after na'a . . . "jirn snip fa rfhan nnwi.
6lO
THE
u^ni
(irnx^p
n"xa
nnx
JEWISH
m
topi
u j w 101
QUARTERLY
in gloss) « n
ij^nu
xin
REVIEW
nx
nb)yo
nnx
m n . . *3
i w :
(82.) . . . W X a i mates to the
w i t h verbal variants.
longer Sephardic form.
, nto
¡yc6 taic»
. . . l^y
utaui
icy
"p3
. , , ypn, common
inserting before the benediction ¡"IJ13 "Jtinp ¡"113
.
^xu
approxiform,
na^CH slightly
transposed and also inserting p i n u y t j n n NJ mpn
nnb
\m
•a*!«
bi
"Paxni
W
noipn
^>x a w t a
jnn
yoan
iw
nnaia^i
-otym
'131
D^ivn
d-o^i
ipyn
mnoa
lma*
rnnm
mx11! n w
yoam
i>toK» " p y
onth
pit
1
rvimmb
nia^i
Drrmxi ^ x i c "
by)
DnnaiD . . .
by) v^v a^w
bi
T^
¡1313 n " X 3 m 3 T
"ltt>X3 D/iy p333
noy
D^IN nnw n " t a w a i
bv, as in t h e G e r m a n K i t e , s u b s t i t u t i n g
r v w
mxrn
^lx
for
by)
'opr.
bi
wb
wnta ••v am JIN H331 1*1133
worn pt»
JVX nN
^3pi
y m
wn^x
^
u^ip
ym>
X3X
pmn
13TQX n p i « n x nyoty i k - x s i3Tipx3 y o n tnpj
dib
cjunni
urtana
r6an
133^0
yew
/X 13
: n^an »v i » x i
¡cx
pro
m m
irn^an
n"xa impart
:t>w c n p tj>np t m b
13b m y n i
ixia11
3x
133^12 w a n yvv) ica
rw
"py^ b
nxi^i
xrHnxm
nctt
nx n^rna
bx r m
npn U3yn
nnxi
* p l > r 6 a n yoiK> n n x
h)b&
"ps? n x
'i3i
i3T6an n x p n a
ctsn a m m
nn
i m n x ^ i r n n ^ in 11 i 3 3 n x
iiai c r i p n n x i '131 o y u 5 T3X133 n » t o
w pxTria
T h e n P s a l m s c x x i and c x x v and the rubric 1 1 3 T X 3 7 H 3 D n y a pD3
pa.
(89.) T h e n comes the heading mH1, y n r 11X T'W n ' j n D T n pi
and the
rubric
and other verses 13^> " W l
^x.
T h e usual benedictions w i t h rubric as to the perfumes, mentioning
inter alia and 1
roses, rosewater, myrrh, sandal-wood, 131DXQ (? mastic)
DJ33 (90). T h e n pal EHp P3 n"DX n " X 3 So in Chinese fragment i, but this, like the other benedictions, is
shorter and more like Sephardi Minhag than the Persian.
THE
w
rayon
PERSIAN
JEWS :
wwn
nwi)
DV
II.
pi
THEIR
d1^
pa ^naen n"N3 h n e i ejina d ^ n m h n a
RITUAL
taiti* nan11
pi
6ll
i c n ^ TIN
u y m ^ino'1 uthjij? :!>ir6 tsnp
A n d the rubric 13X133 PK m m XI p . Then a long prayer for a good week like the Sephardic, ending with a prayer for the sending of Elijah and alphabetical praises of him. (95.) Next comes the heading 'DDI l i b y Dm npSTH yrm
KrPmm
•via
'•nap '•v : i ' x - w ^>xj N r T ^ m m 'eui
r o c 'nxi n3K> ' a laxi .di^c
"x . . . .
by x^> ra d ^ y c n
irmpnv
d^'i
dim
onim
nm
i>a ¡1*1x1 c o i n y n
'131 " i n y i . . . rrflD, antl various responses.
~P£n xim .n^an
b
¡131
Propitiatory prayers
ending with E ^ p , including one beginning un^fD W a x and ending "11331 T1TJ? •n*1 and a form of |1jnn. xn 'iai
dim
xim
TJNIDH ovn t i d
Then the rubric m m Tna n3E> 'ni nn^ '3 n
m p " » x b m a n u r x a xn 'iai i>xu p ^ 13X133 HDTD f X 1J?3 T>ia. Psalm xxiii.
xai
naxiaa
dnc
nnxi
(102.) Then comes the heading 'iai d i m X1H1 r t P D n ¡"THEE! x n '131 T i e r wan
^
t r i p 'iai Nips '•v d ^ ra v
(!) npana : d i ^ d ^ i
tint -a
pet rx ' n 'iai
Taxiaa n m o i
tfatan
d^iyb d i m
nnxi
n m 'iai pin nnx trnpn i>xn ^bv
"^n Tiai nna p c n a m 'iai
tynp 'niai ua^D w a x
(103.) Then follows the heading © i n C N 1
T i m
Rubric
as in daily service, but inserting an extended Xia^ n b v , mentioning T'TDni
Next Hallel, but without the
introductory
benediction or the final (109.) The heading HHP!
fp'ltt
is followed by
the
Ameedah (of which a page is missing), and which ends "JOK* ^331 t?xn ni?nn « T i n s bab fjiDi pp nrn ennn p x i n w nn»Ba a w n
p wby
mpn
•'trxi •'pni niaixn ^ao m r o ^xie" " p i n '•a u T i n r ^
'l31 n"X3 nyap dn^.
Next comes the heading © N i l n i V J
ttTTTT, with rubric
as for Sabbath, inserting ^ n i
T C P
1
N13'I1 ¡"6y\
ttnn E H - f i r a n ? (0 i p i Q f l Like the German Rite, but introducing phraseology above quoted for the week day Mussaf. 1
So in Chinese fragment x.
THE
6l2
JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
(112.) The heading PtDD TH3M3, followed by the rubric "VOt . t n p n -vy d ^ w
't3i3i w y
by) njT 'oui m w n
ijN-iE» i>N3 nH 'oui T o m
int 1 • DiyiEO DniN iNipn -\m trip 3N^ nrn nWi> u y y m
I
nyaiN
nnpni
ii>
: 3 ^N33 n " n .
avn
mini
'rbn
: cnnn
as in the ordinary
¡CD Di"U jnu rrn mm'1 '•) Ni>e> b
niNi? d i n
-\m n"oN n"Nn Dtj w y o ^ . . . " p ^ : D'moi.
on
onay
nyaa n^n t h e n itb nr m y a ' v b noi>n
. . . r"y nniy n^nno :
onroo
w
no on in
n3HB>3 HD
. . . 13"n
Ninn nva '•n ion^ Ninn Din nm t w
Next the
D3n . . . . c m
nr -vnys
nt?y
jnv u w i
pn-id
pn.
2 1333
t i c n nnN &|N ip^ya n a s i . . . n o y t n . . n o
'N3B>
n3b^> n a y
Then the Sephardic
followed by (the answer)
n^> db> ri"n
¡N3 T133
H31 "W3 N1 Din DNJ
rubric -».TO ^pNy "3113 DDT 1313 1313
S>a p i n
paan
tato
n^a n i
yn
ioin
mi
in
bai
: dk>d N'xm 130N1 nowty
onsoo
utiun
nN
Then follows Saadia's long alphabetical
^N31
Piyut 5 ,
Chinese fragments v and xii read . . . . m m nn D'lson
13^3
beiVnM
i«i®H W W N"n>n »n® «in wnsa Nin xn® : noci >n" WIDD^ insitai i nun '32 »>nsi snort nay ps »annnto. So in Chinese v and xii. ' In the margins the omitted passage from itbni to »in "jna is inserted as a gloss. Chinese y and xii insert this passage. 3
So in Chinese v and xii, and the passages in the same order. So in Chinese v and xii, which adds the Persian translation in consecutive verses: -ps >n»®i«D Nmt w o '"v '»in 'a»: nDJ'icw 4
II
THE
PERSIAN
JEWS :
II.
THEIR
RITUAL
613
ginning niwa nnK, and ending vtok nin3B>in n a n mt*ani n^nn '131 lajW . . , ia\*li>K IV p
: D^Kia ^ a ^ D « n B , as in the ordinary
Hagadah.
Then follow directions as to the bitter herbs.
With
the n a n a
the only words
EHpD^ IDT 1 .
Then
comes the rubric "K-U to
'a
said were
n^ati
IN -iia mKna DN'a u n i
*ljni
n-na
13 ' n x o D^a l a w
Tia
Toai T w a
n^an H^n
a^ta n ^ a x
noi
"laaia
rx "ijni
-ijni iaaia
^aia
poip'as
n a i a i Tia ntoai n^a n a n a 2 . ( 1 3 0 . ) The r t D C
" T f t f i begins with similar instructions, as
above, up to ^ n , where the benediction is "1103^ and the closes with an e x t e n d e d 3 T l ^ n \ ending i^inon l ^ n n ^ n waa
nm
-nn N^ai-ioni r 6 y n o n
Kim *)i>» Kin
i^d
tan
rowan
n^iacn -irmen -lKiaon b
troinnn
n"xa nairan
^aa cuvby
'•aa
D I ^ I Tia E-'Hp :JDK -IJ?I tb\yb i i t a . (135.) The Rite.
TOD
is not v e r y different from the German
A f t e r laipna l a n w i
comes b y
P»-»ki on^na by nniE" ^ c a n
DtM i:>ir6 i n a ^ t ?
D'Dus nwbw T'aai' mnntwi jnaa ntoai n^ya o n •jdj? n v i o
•o • ^
;na i t i ' x . . ainaa
jap
11
nac?i nae> b a
la^ai
nnwa
the rubric yiia T
xnjNDa nDa t n n
m i k*i tK»a
N e x t follows the heading
~\t2"\V m ©
Dli>K>l DDK.
on'onn n j n o n s n p .
cana
itasw
, . . 'iai i a i w n i p w i -o
mnm
D n n o r o by n ^ i h o m i a y by
by *aoD
Then follows nnai with
the
usual benediction, but the numberings are all in Aramaic, e . g . j c d \in; ''vbv w a p : ia^y a m .
n y a c pirn tODiya p e v y c n i pya-ix
xai^n
Then comes the rubric i n rnity a c iO nDa ats> i a s i
¡'N '1SJ p i 'TJSDH ISO IN NT NO'N JHE TOW HINT 1 1 1 » niTOI : n3V.il t e d ' i n ]ttoi. The style of this Piyut is interesting and evidently archaic. It closely resembles the Piyut >wn HEN in style. Some strange words occur, e. g. n w o , p^tTi. 1 Even these are omitted in Chinese v and xii. 2 Chinese v and xii concludes the Hagadah with the rest of Hallel and the benedictions before and after wine. Chinese v and xii are identical except that xii is complete and v wants the first leaf (one blank and one headed HDD Wi man), and contains the first two benedictions of Kiddush and Habdalah with Persian rubrics. As in B 6, p. 77 ®"in is called rnu> nr, i. e. the eve of the first day of the week. 3 C 523 ends the Hallel in the short and common form. VOL. X.
T t
614
THE J E W I S H
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
jnm tbw a a h -pay^ x i v i i r a urnna nrn - r n i T r m t at? caio mxDi cpn nnmi one» a^at^io nanxa l^n^x '•v ub ijjid *iuai ^jin nram nau ijm vnp nyim p m u^ram nt?np pai. Then come the headings m ^ V N P ^ and with rubrics that do not call for special remark. There are no Piyutim for the festivals in this Codex, but Codex B (263-298) has the nnnfX for Pentecost by Ibn Gabirol, headed b"p\ mini 12 m-6, followed by a Piyut commencing ftf niNC W and similarly planned, but with many variants. (A 142.) Then comes the heading rP^l?]-! with the text of WJy and a ana for the 9th Ab, both closely like the German Rite (B 231-239). (A 144.) Next comes the heading NmSs n:iz?n (C 187) and the rubric Utfoa nnir6 aitt hlK "H. B 300 has the Dinim as to blowing the Shofar. The three blasts pictorially represented thus | and and n ¡ra
byi t v j > b ^ i t »
bin T»J>
bv
two
by) T'jwn i>yi v^ ^ yh-wv taaty byi ^ n p ay pnx jnr nna npyj man pen as nna nami • -pri^m '•eat? p - w niy ava ntn ovn T^nob r6xm penyi nh nb bi'ae npivi pern m
l^m
ieo^i nbv a a h -payh . . . p n a jn pai • pex nno
c o m rnea -pa ay arunni Tnno b by inon )bb:m t d w 'iai u j n ^ iea p n n u t » a^ai? aney ojani 1 b tid' N~i3j as nna nami w e n . . . 'iai maai in jri pai • rr6y bx ^an nimn n^m nona naTi^ N^an man nna ne>iai • nma jaa xipj Bn npisi • nmon ma n^yin iipyi 1 3
Chinese fragment iii is like our version. Not in Chinese fragment iii.
THE PERSIAN J E W S :
II. THEIR RITUAL
a ^ n ns«pi • nno nso c a n nM3i • ¡rnea rvup mai D-JB Ttion mrm i>3M ID-™ • rwp niyiDb dint H3tn n f e nit • noto n^xn • rpuan nines
nr^ym
nytnn
nttta
psn
ainaa
1133 ^rpr IJ:I 1 1 1 3 3 . . . 'i3i 'vr
D^wh
jo . . . '121 i^pnx
mi
1 W 3 i w r o i3t?n ipyn u : i 0"i>K>W3i jwr m a n i t m "v
ton nnN
ii^ro
^ nonn npui nn^n mam
1 3 3 T O 3 N I N 3 V ''V N 3 ^ 1 IDTWI 1J11 D ^ S ^
31D33 ' 1133
T^P»
:t?npn i t a n naitan i n s n " t o npim t?ipj enipn tam 'i3i uninn nns Practically as in German Eite, to "pDni 1 1 3 f ' f 1 D n ion"1 ^ DB
by\
•QNNN
«J
B
NX
3in3i
( ! ) UM
TDM
nhno noroi nine» n h t a i nDiia Di^tn n s i 3 t ••»*• 'nsi cpyi hnai cm3 pN
. . . . mpj p by : Tpn ^ m b
1
nm
n"K3 -pr^nn T I \
bs p i s s "nsi As with the
usual rite, except that in the quotations from the Hagiographa a fourth passage is added, viz. Psalm cxlvi. 10.
Then cornea DIM
ohy m n , ending n i p i r n v s t a hp.
The " Zichronot" as in the
German Rite, hut after
comes, as in the Sephardic
DTU UDNITI
Rite, t C l nijjj'', and then follows lymxiBil D W p3» liniTB 3 l p icnp» n'3
ffWi
nji3 TT-y jvjfc utoam p x
t d ^ d p p i dj3
n s n s c 1D3 "pain nrc»3 nanta - p ^ anpai n e w o n ohy nneraa HON3 y i l ] } nt5>D
by " p m ^ a U^y-
Then comes Leviticus
xxiii. 23-25, . . . '131 wnpBI T^btD 31 ¡3 J113f3 liM^K W linstl nnsn i3ir.
Then m p l^nurar hp . . dhy m n DIM.
faroth" as in the German Rite omitting
The " Sho-
before 1S1E>3 5?pn,
and conclude 1DJJ njiim hp JJDIK* n " « ! ^nhf fNI ,1J)1"in ptNDl 1
So in Chinese iii. T t %
6l6 1
THE
JEWISH
D-DIVO Dvn
un
i^it
jvntii ^y n ^ j
DNcn m«03i T U t>»ipi y a w i now
REVIEW
The rest is as in the cotamon form.
d ^ follows 7 w iya
QUARTERLY
;nd "IN"1
TKD3 1 1 13313
ywn
nmc-rin
TiTiya
wmsD
smi^ ¡ w n
N1 TUPI
IDIt? m S N n3K> JWH B>N1 1JJ1D
3fann
'n nana m
m
pywi
n y p n i jnd t
a x -p»3 •»n d v i r o i a - n na^a i n no ¡ w n m
-p any
After2
n
'a
|Nia
wan m rn rn
tnipn i ^ n i m
pii
'dui
pmn
uss>Dn "ji^n. ( 1 6 5 . ) N e x t comes the heading 33 Nl' H 5 D
H^tt
bim^!!
CinD1 DEfTl ^31 13313 naiKTI 1123 H^JJD til ¡13 ^ i W
HDH 1 3 J1DN
n^nc
: 133x113
omn
">pn n
i>iis 1313 n^ato i f n
ltswa
snair
pt^
13x1
ma
r r n a n ^ n o n a a t n s n 1313
113
nyND3 i 3 x n s r o 1 1 » nnan h n 13N133 ''in px
yin
n
1a
Ditan ntny
nxns xn
nmcn
lyai
••v 113 t ^ i p i t r x a .
Then comes the '•1111 like the Sephardic, with only six NDn by, hut adding to the D^NDn byi the following: TWyb p ] W riK>yn HB^n, nwy and omitting
TO
and n i 3 1 nn^O.
The 11YI ends
with the rubric 113 TN K*3 1113 dNJJtt l y a i 1313 0 ^ 3 0 ^ 3 3 l y a i i^ania pit? n s in i y a 1113 rayru
xb r 6 x 3 i
(170.)
t i ^ j n^yni a x n a x pity
px .1133.
N e x t comes the heading "llD!)
wi?
110TD
T13 t ^ i p n a p at? jiv '0131 Dim Kim 1^133 i y a 13x133 mtyn "j^nn m i t a i
mx
wTdwu
rwn
k>xi a n y o n
o
;x3iv t i s k '
13^ ; r i n i . tbw an^a -payi? nR (sic) i 3 j r n n i '131 u r n n a n n x
mpn
13'n^N N3N 13X133 "»111 i y a HJIN J13ITI Dim bx ''a SH N1311 n^y . . 131 T u a f x iya 113
pN i y a i
n^y Di^
ow
n^ ' s o n ^ a x S n 'oi3i.
Then h n o n " i n
Dmoi
i^d
n n 'iai b
by
'131.
So in Chinese iii. Chinese iii inserts after the Ameedah a Piyut headed V'si nri'aN S1), beginning ^ n « ^ lmrnp Dnoi» ct'ipQi onin ib e ' t i v o nn D'umpn rwas Qiia. This is quoted in extenso, J. Q. 7?., VIII, 134. 3 This is a novel termination for the penitential days in lieu of nsnn nai®na. 1 !
THE
PERSIAN
Alphabetical
p»T TN T i
, . . 131 bfOB'm p o J13nn.
JEWS :
II.
THEIR
RITUAL
617
}V?I 1H3 fCT 1 3 *|1 1JJ3 Nil,« N3Dm
tij
px junn in i j o
nax33 ¡unn
tinto
A n Aramaic Piyut in four stanzas, greatly extended.
Then
a Hebrew Piyut, nnina "p11 D ^ l t J ^ , followed by the propitiatory prayer from the nnsn I'D]"!, beginning 133^D 13'3N.
T h e n 1 comes
the rubric ¡ND T nrUEl TCDI 3"nj>n U JK13 1313 nNDni T1J S^ip nDN.
The heading
"VIBD
HD1Q
with
rubric, calling for no
comment and referring to the Selichot, and then comes n n D f t "VIED with the rubric
N31
Sjni313 Tiac? '•v s r 6 s n ONi t u (178.)
xw3i
11li> r6iin 'DU1 Dim N1H1
t ^ i p S3 i n v nnxi Sri 'rmi.
p » 'nui xnta
dm
N e x t comes the heading n ^ r w •mn
n^3 iv
rmNn
•wia 13N133
nm
d w u
niyiSs
T i r t F i p 'dui
'V i&ant« T ^
^
n
^
jt«is.
with the rubric N1H1 mi>
r6nn
\ii>Ni "sbo w
'eui
hpb
Dim ru^pn
, , , '131 ^aaij i m r n o u y t n n 5 n ' d u i u n i m n n s . w o n n w a n a . Almost identical w i t h the German R i t e 2 , but omitting from ni"IN DWai> T "V
inu to Unn^D n u m .
A t the end comes the rubric
HB3 p B i 0 3 3S? "ill T U Wring» 1133-35? 1 T 3 DDK 33N1
tM3 '13 131 1313 r 6 l 3 m l y i D 'NV1D 31? }1V 11XH3 3 n j » 1 13K133 TIM .1313. JT125?
Then come the headings H ^ I D T H ' Q , HDID ^ D I Q , rjDITD, with their respective rubrics, but calling
for no special comment. and
nm:n
N e x t come headings HD1D mtZ? (186)
(187, B. 173), with their respective
Dinim.
The D'DOil b]3 has a few small variants from the common form and ends ( 1 9 0 ) 3 :
}p11S1 pDO HCW "J3 D W N l b J',D3 rWj>B> DE>3
:Dnn tro-oa i ^ n
cca
i 3 j m r o D^nnxb nii6a3i nni33i
n w i .
Pages 1 9 2 - 1 9 7 contain various Dinim in Hebrew, written in two, three, or more columns, slanting outwards
and thus
forming
geometrical designs by way of ornament. 1 Chinese fragment xiii gives the Kippur services which are like ours. Chinese xvii precedes the Kaddish before by a Piyut beginning nm Tea 8 The Chinese iii and xiii are like the Persian, but read rfran nn« ba» instead of rtun r w i . 3 Chinese iv, xxiv, and xxx read 130» nil» p D'DJi Dnnj? nncsffi c«n rwn ruis3i r»o rvnim c m
6l8
THE
JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
The Midrashic reason for the lectionary of Chanukah is stated to be that to the descendants of Levi, who had been excluded from the princes' offerings, was due the credit of the expulsion of the Greeks from the Temple. JD^IID 1
(A 194, B 176.)
with its Dinim and benedictions.
Next comes
mtt)
Next n D 2 P I l C with
the Dinim as to fDri "I1JJ3 and the riDS "^yo rP3yn. D*mQ "PtOD m i U as to the eve of the 14th Adar.
Next the Then come
the laws as to the betrothal and marriage services, headed m 2 7 CTnp. pt5TPp3a.
The
first
benediction
ends
n«3
KHpD
The bridegroom says to the bride ^ n t J H ^
HD1 [underneath nptWl] i w i t i n nTO r n n
6
4
i O c m NDD p f U
j^x nnD
«ami
n"N3 nDnx
f D '"ota TI3K
xsd:J JD r o
mn.
(197.) The bridegroom hands the marriage contract to the bride with the words n^DJ 6 ^ n p W l p ^ p l 'OH-a 'avniTD 13D i w w nwo n i n Hns? 133x2 7 ' n u r o m pi^yrn "byv. Then follow the seven marriage benedictions. The sixth ends n"tO D^BTP H3131 ^VS ITOO. With a few unimportant variations, e.g. in the last: o n y j n n r o i o y n n nisin JT^nXD h p . Then follows the form of rains 9 (B 196). 1 I t m a y not be out of place to insert here some particulars of the famous tomb of Mordecai " t h e r i g h t e o u s " and Esther " t h e Q u e e n " at Hamadan, gathered from the transcript of the inscriptions in Sir Robert K e r Porter's Trawls in Georgia, Persia, tic. (London, Longmans, 1822), vol. I I , pp. 109 and seqq., and from my own personal inquiries in Persia and elsewhere. The ancient tomb was destroyed by Tamerlane about 1400 and rebuilt in the fifteenth century. I n 1544 Elijah and Samuel, sons of Israel, repaired the building (jrs). I n 1688 the physician " G a d o l " repaired the Sarcophagi. The so-called " prayer of Esther " is only a part of the sixteenth Psalm, the whole of which, as well as Esther viii. 15, was engraved on a marble slab which has been removed from the Tomb since Porter visited it in 1820.
B 195 ponpa. B ^ p ^a mn ^ mi ':V>d ma mite ton 'b nanipoi ^ nsn«. 4 Alternatives «nan and ¡rn. 5 The underlined words occur also in A as a gloss. B fin. I found a similar form for plighting troth in a fragment from the Fostat Geniza. • So in B and corrected in margin of A from '«jipffi. 7 'rmmb. 8 Ood. B 13 substitutes my. 3 A and B have the same form but B adds the heading I give in Frankel's Monatsschrift, X L I , 424. Three mairo I found at Bokhara, two in the syna2
!
THE PERSIAN JEWS : II. THEIR RITUAL (204.) Then comes the J l ^ Q PHE? (B 227). are n^on b y . . . tan n x '131 n n 3 3 .
btob
The benedictions
n"»K n " i a and iron
The final prayer is for ^tOt^ 1 2 b
619
D^anb....
b]l HNISH NJTlDX
^JOB* f f U l , and is entirely different to ours. (207.) Next follows the m m ^SC with the various benedictions. That on crossing the sea has a marginal note D,n Kim c n v o h ^NIC p«i> 13 DnriW- There are also the benedictions to be said on crossing a river, on entering a Roman or Turkish bath, and on being cupped (vide Berachot, 60). (211.) Next comes grace after meals, nearer the Sephardi than Ashkenazi form, but with very many variants, especially in the latter half. A t the end comes the prayer for the host, with appropriate Bible texts according as his name is Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, or Moses. (221.) ' T h e n we have the
n i i S n . with the service
for mourners, prayers for the dead, Dinim, the mourner's grace, and quoting the TlDI of R. Amram 2 . (229.) Next we have the Dinim for the reading of the Law, giving the Lectionary, and headed
n"Yin m i D .
The
m i N SSjn for Simchat Torah (called 23rd Tishri) heralded by a special benediction. (234.) j e w n n y D'pntra Ni3 n u n 0"cvd -ie'n ivr6x '•so m m
bp
n&o nmn m o
3
is
jru - \ m n"DN n"N3
jmt^ *03Ci
mo
: Dm TTI DINH DDN n c y (236.) After n$?l
pw
•Jli>0'1 'n comes the final benediction
min ^roni pnvn nyn nrroN3 mun h"on n"N3
m i n n jnu n"N3 w a n nwn n* by. The lectionary for Passover is headed " p i ?
NH
gogue and one in the cemetery, all modern, have this heading. In B there follow the forms of the (B 204) poi' niiro nru. (B 205) ca Hen and (B 206) ns^m »10:. 1 Between 220 and 221 a page seems to be missing. 1 B 10 gives the Benediction as follows: fin ddhn vj' -ton n"on n"w -pr® mm ditoo ids rrtr xim p i Din« rrnm p i Din« tabu. B 7 Din,pn'' D'nnn rrrra n"«i avion rmnb DivimpD. 3 Codex B 7 inserts min.
620
THE JEWISH QUAKTEKLY
flDD, that for 3"n 2 1 2 for 3"0).
p y
1
So ¡"OCTI
REVIEW
(B 234-239, Dinim and Prayers That for
p j ? is remark-
able for including in the lectionary the portion Gen. i. i-ii. 4 in the Neilah service (p. 241). ST®
py,
Next come m!i3? p y ,
HDIDn p y
«"DID p j ? ,
(A 242, B).
The heading 113121 b o m i l ? introduces three pages as to the Hebrew Calendar2, to page 245. The rest of the book, pp. 246-434, is occupied by Penitentiary prayers for the fast days, atonement, &c., and is headed ~tCm
nS.
The service begins B>np nE>N '131 'n - p D n
(246, B 17.) A Selicha, beginning nn03N DiTON
DEO.
VP.
(248.)
Then 3 a passage beginning 1JN3 . . . Hp15f3 N^l ni3T3 t 6 l 10113 '131 0^13 T ^ VWI.
i:ytr6 |an '131.
(250, B 19.) Another . . . . iriJION ¡101 DIN ¡ID
(251, B ai.) Texts '131 HDT i>3ni> DIN. b a ^ vta*.
'131.
(254, B 24.) Texts n^wn
(257, B 27.) Selicha
T"inND lJTliyna . . . lrotN. (262, B 32.)
1SK Tnsni». rwtb
D113N3 D^Qil ne>3
The well-known old Selicha4
(263, B 34.) n u j n ^p3 \by c m w o r n .
pir6 i»rn3.
WNi^nn . . . . rnirot* nx
¡inh.
. . . Wma»3Di> D^pl ivb U33B>i>.
np"1¥ '.1 lb
i r a o innri n s t p r r ^ . . . moyn ^
UTlta
"pn
(265, B 35.)
(270, B 41.) pi3t?i ^no worn (274, B 44.) 1:6 nvi no 'n H3f (275, B 46.) Texts n a m
ivn
(282, B 52.) .TN D^il IIDX'1 Ttob
. . . t r w o o Dtrcnen . . . . 13 VDn ms.
(283, B 54.) D T O uvibxi
D W S P UV&N w y psn
(A 285, B 55.) '131 IIV-IIN NVl NT N30m. 'i3i "J3N3 5>s.
nun
(259, B 30.) Selicha 1JD^3J1 W13 MTl^X
mnrxn ton nx wonn.
'131 nni>Di
(253, B 23.) Selicha
b.
(291, B 61.) Texts '•"V
(300, B 69.) Selicha m o x -irx3 "joa» \ynb HtPJ?.
(307, B 76.) As in the German Rite . . pti> Dim iw.
(308, B 77.)
1 In a printed prayer-book at Reshol, Persia, I found the following note written as to the 18th of A b and given as " a tradition from Babylon " : °mn rrtap D'ii3 men ana -wt ru-rara. 2 Codex B 14 and 15 has a diiferent text as to the Calendar, and p. 16 gives men® rra'n. 3 B 17 here interpolates nrr . . w r t ibi: [tij onp]. 4 Codex C 31 adds a Selicha, wid® n m
THE PERSIAN JEWS : As in the German Rite fSJ
D^inn.
II. THEIR RITUAL
. . . D'HCWH V'v . . . "jmOK JJJöb TWS
(311, B 80 to 320.)
A long Selicha arranged
alphabetically, ten phrases to each letter: b
by
621
(321.) Dv6x Vita
11351 h u . . , nhj? s u a . . . . nirv^Dn
. . . KJ5>3DÌÓ . . NJTioi )on w e m .
(330.) w o r n pyj? ioonn
. . . pvriaThen comes the rubric (333) p o T>131 TIKTOI 1HJ pDf "U "»n non 'cui -f? x w m . Next comes the heading v u m p p V o n Q f p D (B 231, headed inan nyjffl "V13X mt?, apparently as to a special fast). (334-) . < • W3N
n^D.
(335.) . . . D^BN 71« fo. (336, Zunz,
23 C.) The well-known Selicha . . . VUN nJIOK TOX. (337.) Few variants from the common form . . . . . 10131 13KOn
btf.
1J*1J?3 TO K>p31 ywsb
'131 n m o n t^x n r w
irinn.
(338.) Selicha Confession
nxr n w m a n , introducing the usual
quotations from Daniel, Ezra, and Psalm ciii. 8—13, ib. xix. 13; Ezek. xxxvi. 25, 26 ; Deut. xxx. 6 ; Jer. 1. 20 and xxxi. 33, and ends '«1 w a n nrara • urwyn nxi wn^an nx pyi «on b aajp bto. Then come two Selichot for the fast of Gedaliah 1 , headed n t r m il n l l - P ^ D ä n W W .
(343, B 162, C 29. The same
as in the Polish Minhag for this fast, a few variants.) T33 n^aN n«n l ^ m .
'd
(344, B 163, c 30)
nano dv n f o w .
Then thirteen for the Day of Atonement, morning servite, headed "Ì1C3 T o n
. . . ycbvi n n m .
(348, C 419.) 'D {>K . . t^iyoo Ttypni? ¡an.
(350, C 421.) TDjn w d nsnp onm i r a onon.
n n n 3 ^ prc.
C 430.) T n c n i
tó
-wyn
(352, C 422.) nnsn
(355, B 82, C 424.) -ivij ^nyi^n
two.
(358, B 85, C 426.) na* w
B 88, C 428.) Q^yn D^nw
(347, C 410.)
M V P ^ D IP n W N I .
pyi
ta injnno
eoa
t^jjnn
DV i m « .
by spisyn öinn. rnDn fo.
Ì>N.
w n (360,
(362, B 90,
(365, B 93, c 432.)
(368, B 95, c
434.) WON
(369, B 97, c 435.) t i n o r a p i y x
w w a n n*3 anpa w w . 1
nun in B.
622 men
THE J E W I S H QUARTERLY an.
(371, B 99, c 436.) * p a
(374, B 101, C 438.) ys?w
REVIEW
nn^Dn u p k
Next the heading "Ylfl^ ^ D I S m i T ^ D V p f t l . 0 4 5 8 b) hna m o n a ^ p n i n ^ n n . nanni n v T ^ -
B
(3 >
as.
'•a m m *]!> n a n « .
C 458) H310N o n ^ y a na3 D ^ a ¡ t o n 82
pmn
(377, B 104,
nas.
(378, B 106,
(380, B 108, C 460.) yisk>k
109, € 4 6 1 . ) m a i
133 u y m i y
dx.
(384, B h i , C 462.) r m y nana t w o o n .
(386, B 113, C 464.)
t r c a n nym n r a t 6 a [ o w n ] o n i x ui> px.
(387, B 114, c 465.)
w n u « vnoa 13 u n w n n x c n t a . Then comes the heading n ^ w
bw ' w h o
'2
(389,
B 116, c 512.) . . , RTAIM vay i o y OV OWN«. C 513.) . . . cry-in
^aaa p n n x .
( 3 9 I , B 117,
(392, B u 9 , C 514.) u n x
. . . nyre> i n y ^ THEN r o r n
* r n r r V o 2.
, . . ny f>K n y a m *npo. ' m m i n i . , . ieya. NEXT M A N ^ . . . Dna ^ o .
rorr^D
(394, B 120 A, c
>
THEN •.• m m W
r
m n ^ D
mnrn.
'JI l i u m i . . . n n i ^
v m
w
«tiun
( 3 9 1 , B 121, c 35.) HN M » M
(399, B 123, C 3 6 . ) . . . meet*
(401, B 125, c 7 7 . ) . . . nnbyia B A . . .
33.)
(396, B 120 b, C 34.) o m ^ a
n.
ova TiN'tai.
-TOTS. (403, B 127, c 10.) v j f e
(405, B 129, C u . )
i r n u x n^mn
fnta.
Next come eleven Selichot for the 9th Ab, headed 12
jiO
(408, B 131, C 12.) . . . EP^TI p i a o n nn (410, B 133, C 13.) . . . yy id vmpw w a n m ^ "»Sa«. (412, B 135, C 1 5 . ) . . . n u a e a ^ y l ^ c t a »a ^ rrtN. (414, B 137 and C 16 insert *B3 which is a gloss in A . Each stanza ends the rhyme with one of Jacob's twelve sons, including Joseph. From the last stanza of this Selicha and onwards Codex A is unpunctuated.) . . . p t a i n n |>D3] -vayo r m « . (417, B 138, C 16.) tisc? t n p n . . . m p n i a n a by nap. (420, B 141, c 18.) 3x33 n i y j e iaan -»at« . . . DDisnai. (422, B 1 4 3 , c 20.) . . . m a n T i s t a -vy m a i m naw. (425, the martyrs, B 146, C 21. From the last stanza of this Selicha Codex B is unpunctuated.) Dn'aa^ nrOO nD13n "1131
THE PERSIAN JEWS : . ..
tfatflp.
(429, B 149, C 23.) . . . n s a
(430, B 151, C 26.) n a n m r D w i (432, B 152, C 27.)
623
II. THEIR RITUAL p-iri"' n o d n
mas.
• n a r 6 a i 3"tp DT ' r n p n .
ayby (!) x a u c o m a p ^ y iw SON.
Codex A has only four stanzas of the
eight in this Selicha.
Codices B and C contain t h e whole eight stanzas of the Selicha, with some interesting variants from Codex A in the first four. After this
Selicha comes t h e heading
(B 154, c 2 8 . ) . . , n r a
una w n
nuna unan.
. . . u a j n n a 3 u n a ^ a RID HT M I S . . . . nraxi
bv
N!J.
. . . U B ^ I WJ7B3 W U * UB^NJ »3. ... M
I^ATYI
. . . nnnm mrjn • nnn. , . . 1313m.
imTN:i
mrri?D
't.
(B 155, C 29.)
(B 156, C 30.) N M n u n
(B 157, C 31.) na n n a j
T«
(B 158, C 32.) TOB USD 1JBO
• -VNI>. ( B 160, C 33.) u i a a n n m WSBK (B 161, C 34.) o m i ^
ir^pn
nixbn
Following these come the Selichot of t h e Fast of
Cedaliah, in A 343 seqq., and pointed again. P a g e s 433, 434 is a f r a g m e n t of Lamentations iv. 9—v. 5 (B 2 1 1 222, called n i ^ p 'D, preceded by verses from Jeremiah), and pages 434 a, b, and 435, 436 comprise portions of a C a l e n d a r 2 for f B ^ t ? i m J W r r o i y m , and for a m n ^ n u i ^ a i pB^fc?, evidently extracts f r o m the ^"VT l H W TBI "Vima, which is given in extenso in Codex B, p. 303 et seqq., from the year 1494 of the TTODK THKri, i. e. 1183. Similar extracts for cycle 281 occur in a Hebrew-Persian MS. bought by the Bodleian in 1896 (Bodl. 31999, Bible, &c.), written at Koum (Dip) in 1485, and containing in addition thereto t h e Pentateuch, H a f t a r o t h , Psalms, Song of Songs and Proverbs in H e b r e w . These are said to be extracted from the ^ipKJ? bit *pi30 TO 1 H W '"I '"ir6 "ON^n Timo i n o n T . This chronologist is unknown to Albiruni, and therefore probably later. The Codex ends with the vocabulary referred to elsewhere.
For convenience of reference I append a corrected list of the Chinese liturgical fragments above referred to. The other numbers are merely extracts from the different Biblical 1
¡run in B. Dr. Gaster, among his valuable Persian Hebrew MSS., has also a copy of this Tiino. 1
624
THE
JEWISH
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
lessons of the week. Two have colophons with dates, Cheshvan 1931 = 1620 and Tebet 1932 = 1621 1 . This will serve also as a supplement to Dr. Neubauer's article in the eighth volume of this R E V I E W (pp. 123 and 362):— Hebrew MSS. from China {Prayers). i. Daily Prayers, in which are included a few prayers for the fast of the 9th of Ab. (Less variations than Persian.) ii. Morning and Sabbath Prayers. iii. Additional prayers for the New Year, followed by a hymn. iv. Prayers for Sabbath and other Festivals, with long list of names2, male and female, many being written in Chinese characters and for the purpose of motM main. v. K-'lTp, Qiwn by, p m w p and Grace after Meals nDE&B> ¡TOrt. vi. Sabbath Morning Prayers, containing the numbers of the week in Syriac (r6n, iOn, rOKO sin), and names of the months in Hebrew. vii. A Fragment of Passover Evening Prayers, with nmj?D. (""•b N1H nDD TON.)
viii. Songs in Syriac and Hebrew for the close of the Sabbath. ix. Week-day Evening Prayers. x. Service for n/A"n n m xi. Now numbered xxxv. BW ntJHD (Gen. xliv. 18 to xlvii. 27). " Given by Joshua ben Joseph DTOS p T niJ = Witness: R. Levi ben Phineas." xii. Prayer for first two nights of Passover, with some hymns, a translation of which is added in Judaeo-Persic. (This is a later copy of no. v, one page being additional.) xiii. Morning Prayer for the Day of Atonement, to which aie added short Prayers for the Feast of Tabernacles. xiv. Players and direction for reading the Law. from Ezra, benedictions as with us.)
(Quotation
xv. Part of the Morning Prayers, in which occurs a curious Chinese looking symbol !_!_ =
Vide the Facsimiles in the Jewish Missionary Intelligencer of October, 1896, 168. a Many of these are Persian names, e.g. n m n , &c. 1
p.
or i"\
THE PERSIAN JEWS : II. THEIR RITUAL
625
xvi. Prayers for Feast of Tabernacles, to which are added some Psalms, and some verses from Nehemiah (viii. 1 Dv"iyE' mns to xvii. Part Morning Prayer for tlie Day of Atonement. xviii. Fragments from TQ.V nnJD, the ^"Hp being headed nnDD really 2 Ameedoth of nrDD. xix. A Fragment, of Prayers for the Day of Atonement, to which is added Psalm ciii. xx. Part of Morning Prayer ; on obverse, part of Hallel. xxi. Parts of Morning Prayer. xxii. Part Prayer for the Day of Atonement, headed HND USD -utoD n m i xxiii. Prayers for the Eve of Sabbath, and Sabbath Psalms, with note in Judaeo-Persic on 5th line of 30th page. (n365> "in UN
-ntcn 11231 -ipiD in.) xxiv. Prayer for the Feast of Purim. T o n finiB nil 13N33 riNDJ rDID inn. After n"p comes the heading spin wnbto px, nitron w , n"p, ncx, Dim, Nini, K>np ^n left to right on folding screen, many variants. xxv. Portions of Prayers for the Musaf of the Day of Atonement. xxvi. Part of Prayers for Feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, and Pentecost, followed by Psalms cxiii, cxiv; cxv. 12, 1 3 ; cxvi. 1 2 - 1 9 ; cxviii. 5-28. xxvii. Part of Prayer for the New Year. xxviii. Evening Prayer for S^'D. xxix. Part of Prayers for Feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, and Pentecost, followed by passages from the Psalms. xxx. Fragment of n3Uni> CDJn b]} and Hallel, with Ps. cxxv. 1 to first word of verse 5. xxxi to lxiv. Thirty-four of the weekly portions of the Pentateuch, like xi.
I have to thank Professor Bacher and my brother, Mr. Marcus N. Adler, for their help in connexion with this article. E . N . ADLER.