The Jewish Bund in Russia: From Its Origins to 1905 9781503634930

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BIBLIOGRAPHIA

BURTONIANA

B U S T OF B U R T O N IN C H R I S T C H U R C H

CATHEDRAL

BIBLIOGRAPHI A BURTONI ANA A STUDY ROBERT T H E

OF BURTON'S

A N A T O M Y

O F

M E L A N C H O L Y

WITH

A BIBLIOGRAPHY

BURTON'S

WRITINGS

»»»)X«Ime By P A U L

JORDAN-SMITH

»>>»)X«C c r i o n « M t u • is r h s , and S v e s t C T • Oh i-.

7 HILOSO ?(j.iLLl

" ïï 1C J J , / , c , HISTORIC M ! vs o

„i.vr> tvr TJ

Y

Dim ocBiTvt

MEDIO OC T.-

IT. I »nr.

With a Satvricall P n i f a e t, condud»2¿i t* ire ftil'wt'^ 'Dtfcnrfe. MA

C

nos.

Omneccura, Nihildij'. j . tAT OXFO intr15 the Dialogues

The

Anatomy,

of Pietro Aretino, in

pp. 68, 6 7 0 , and 7 6 4 .

O n p. 6 9 6 he alludes to

Ado about 'Nothing, and he mentions Shakespeare in the marginal

note first occurring on p. 4 4 3 o f the third edition. 13

H . N . H u d s o n , in an Introduction to The

Rafe

of

Lucrece

( T o r o n t o , 1 9 1 5 ) , doubts the existence o f a 1 6 0 2 edition; but Burton's o w n copy is to be seen at Christ C h u r c h L i b r a r y . 14

A . L . R e e d , in The

16

In Burton's library was also a copy o f Harrington's scandalous

An Anatomie

26

Background

of the Metamorphosed

of Gray's Elegy Ajax,

1596.

( 1 9 2 4 ) , p. 12.

B U R T O N I A N A the Latin version of Caspar Barth 3 Celestinay also in the Latin version of Barth; and Achilles Tatius. Nor should one fail to note the influence of Marcellus Palingenius' The Zodiac of Life that was made English by Barnabe Googe in 1565 j of the satiric romances of John Barclay —Argents ( 1 6 2 1 ) and Ewphormionis Lusinini Satyricon (1605) j Marlowe's Hero and Leander, and . . . . but really there is almost no end to the books from which Burton drew illustrations. I suspect that Burton would have taken huge enjoyment in such a thing as the World A Imanac. Any book that promised to be a compendium of knowledge he eagerly sought and read; such works as Pliny's Natural History, the first great encyclopedia, summing up the scientific and medical lore of the Roman world; and Anthony Zara's Anatomy of Wit (Anatomia Ingeniorum, Venice, 1 6 1 5 ) , another important encyclopedia. Another, Bartholomaeus Anglicus' De Proprietatibus Rerum, written about 1350 (Burton's own copy had been printed at Nuremburg, 1 5 1 9 ) , was during the Middle Ages the greatest work available on natural history; it was divided into nineteen sections, each devoted to a separate department of knowledge—plants, animals, geography, music, psychology, the humors of the body, etc. It was first printed in 1470. Polydore Vergil's On the Invention of Things (1499) was another work of like character; Pierre Charron's De la Sagesse ( 1 6 0 1 ) also showed the cosmic spirit (though Charron plagiarized from his friend Montaigne). Yet another was Guido Pancirollus' History of Many Memorable Things Lost Which Were in Use among the 27

BIBLIOGRAPHIA Ancients

(a sixteenth-century work, edited by Salmuth5

not translated into English until 1 7 1 5 ) . A n d still another, perhaps the most important of all, the Speculum of Vincentius Bellovacensis (Strassburg, 1473)5 tion of this comprehensive encyclopedia, the

Majus one

sec~

Speculum

Naturale, was especially rich in medical and physiological chapters. Burton mentions all of the foregoing, at one time or another, and his own book, within limits, shares the allinclusiveness that informed his predecessors'.

H i s book,

then, was in a familiar line of literary tradition—the same tradition which later was followed in David Person's Varieties ( 1 6 3 5 ) , John Swan's Speculum Mundi and Nathaniel Wanley's Wonders

of the Little

(1635), World

(1678). Certain special categories of works employed by Burton should be dealt with severally. GEOGRAPHY Methinks it would w e l l please any man to look upon a G e o graphical M a p .

His love of maps, travel books, and geography has resulted in some of Burton's most delightful passages, and here again his authorities were the outstanding men of their several fields. Pomponius M e l a , ( 1 4 7 8 ) ; Sebastian Munster, Cosmographie

Cosmographie Universalis

( 1 5 5 9 ) 5 Lodovicus Vertomannus, Journey to Egypt and the Arabian Desert

( 1 5 1 0 ) 5 Sir Anthony Sherley,

lation of His Travels into Persia ( 1 6 1 3 ) 5 the Travels 28

Reof

B U R T O N I A N A Marco

Polo

(London,

1579);

Ferdinand

( " T h e H u n g r y Spaniard"), Memorials Spain

(1610)5

the

Journal

de

Quiros

to the King

of Guillaume

of

Schouten

( 1 6 1 5 - 1 6 1 7 ) } Damianus a Goes, The Legacye

or Em-

basate of Prester John, etc. ( 1 5 3 3 ) } Hakluyt,

Voyages;

Purchas His Pilgrimage;

Sir John Mandeville, Voyages;

Sir Francis Drake, Newes

out of the

Coast

of Spain

( 1 5 8 7 ) 5 Jose de Acosta's accounts of America} Matthew Riccius' account of China; Giovanni Botero's stories of great cities; L e o Afer's (Africanus) stories of Africa; Camden's relations of Great Britain; all these and more, not to mention the great works of Claudius Ptolemaeus (whose

books

Burton

marked

and

annotated

thor-

oughly), 1 8 Ortelius, Strabo, Meteran, Aeneas Sylvius, and H u g h van Linschouten—went to feed the imagination of civilized Europe and were a particular j o y to Burton. LOVE B u t let these cavillers and counterfeit C a t o s k n o w that, as the L o r d J o h n answered the Q u e e n in that Italian G u a z z o , an old g r a v e , discreet m a n is fittest to discourse o f L o v e matters.

T h e section on L o v e , as is natural, is illustrated from a vast literature; but one must note the De Amore

(Ven-

ice, 1564) by Leon the Hebrew, from whose work M o n taigne also drew some interesting illustrations. T h e real name of Hebraeus was Don Judah Abravanel 1530).

Other sources were Petrus Haedus,

1 6 O x f o r d Bibliographical Society, Proceedings Part III, 1925.

(1465-

Anterotica:

and Pafers,

29

Vol. I,

BIBLIOGRAPHIA De Amoribus Generibus (Trevisa, 1492)5 Baptista Platina, De falso ¿if vero bono dialogi contra Amoves (Paris, 1530)5 Benedetto Varchi, Blazon of Jealousie, Tofte's translation ( 1 6 1 5 ) 5 the Love Epistles of Aristaenetus (Paris edition of 1594, edited by J . Mercerus); Petrus Godefridus, Dialogues of Love (Antwerp, 1 5 5 4 ) ; the treatise on "Heroical Love" by Arnold of Villanova (Lyons, ca. 1504)5 Heinrich Kornman (Kornmanus), Outline of Love (Frankfurt, 1 6 1 0 ) ; and Jean Nevizanus, Silva Nuptialis (Paris, 1 5 2 1 ) . But here again one must take account also of a multitude of stories from Biblical and pagan17 sources, gathered from the drama and poetry of all ages. M A G I C

AND

T H E

B L A C K

W h e n all other Engines fail . . . .

A R T S

their last refuge is to

fly to Bawds, Panders, Magical Philters, and Receipts, rather than fail, to the Devil himself.

In the seventeenth century it was not extraordinary to find men of science believing in magic, astrology, or witchcraft j nor were those who wrote of such matters mere fortune-tellers and quacks. Philosophers, naturalists, astronomers, physicians, statesmen, all blessed with skepticism in certain mental areas, still found it possible to believe in theories pretty nearly as incredible as many of our modern works on "psychology." 17

Ovid, as one would expect, is an important source, but it is interesting to note that Sir Thomas Overbury's Remedy of Love ( 1 6 2 0 ) , was in Burton's library.

30

B U R T O N I A N A Among

others, Burton

took

material

from

these

notable men: Albertus Magnus, the celebrated thirteenthcentury author of no less than twenty-one stout folio volumes, many of great scientific and philosophic importance ; Jerome Cardan's astrological works, such as In CI.

Ptole-

maei Pelusiensis IV de Astrorum Judiciis (Basle, 1554)5 Martin Delrio's Disquisition

on Magic (Louvain, 1599)}

Baptista Codronchius, in his De Morbis Veneficis ac Veneficiis (Venice, 1595) ; Cornelius Agrippa's Vanity of the Arts and Sciences and his Occult

Philosophy,

both of

which appeared in 1531 ; the works of Paracelsus; Johannes Trithemius' history of magic—Veterum Sigilla

et Imagines

Sophorum

IVLagicae, which was first published

about 1482, and his Antipalus

Maleficiorum

(1508);

Johann Wier's (Wierus) De Praestigiis Daemonum Incantationibus

(Basle, 1563), and De

Lamiis

et

(Basle,

1 5 7 7 ) ; The Hammer of Witches, by James Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer, under the Latin title of Malleus

Male-

ficarum (Nuremberg, 1 4 9 4 ) ; Roger Bacon's Mirror Alchemy

( 1 5 9 7 ) and Cure of Old Age

Indagine's Chiromancie

of

( 1 5 9 0 ) ; John

( 1 5 5 8 ) , though there were many

earlier editions; Johannes Pierius Valerianus' phics sive de Sacris Aegyptiorum

Hierogly-

(Basle, 1556), to whom

Burton refers as "Pierius," a pupil of Sabellicus, protégé of L e o X , and tutor to Alessandro de Medici; John Nider's Formicarius

(Douay, 1602); the controversies

between the two Johns, Deacon and Darel, on witchcraft (1601-1602); (Frankfurt,

John Godelman's

1584);

many

Tractatus

of the works

Aquinas; Arnoldus de Villanova, again, in

de of

Magis Thomas

Thesaurus

31

BIBLIOGRAPHIA Thesaurorum, Magisterium,

Rosarium Philoso-phorum,

and

Perfectum

all published about 1520, and his De

ficiis (Lyons, 1509)5 John Dee's Monas ( 1 5 6 4 ) and his Testamentum

Male-

Hieroglyfhica

(1568)5 Jean Bodine's work

on demonology (Paris, 1580)5 Cyprianus von Leowitz's (Leovitius) Astrologiae

( 1 5 8 3 ) , his Brevis et

Persficua

Ratio (London, 1558) and, particularly, his Tabulae sitionum

fro

Poli

Elevationibus

(Augsburg,

Po-

1551)3

Johannes Tasnier, the sixteenth-century astrologer and writer on chiromancy, whose complete works were issued at Cologne, 15625 Benedictus Pererius, who wrote of dreams, magic, etc., such as A ¿versus Fallaces et

Sufersti-

tiosas Artes id est de Magia (Lyons, 1592) j Ulrich M o l i tor's De

Lamiis

et Phitonicis

Mulieribus

(Strassburg,

1489). And these mentioned are but a few of many curious books. I have omitted to mention his frequent reference to the Bible, the Apocrypha, and the scores of theological writers who did tracts on demons, witches, and the signs of the heavens. I must not fail to mention Iamblicus, who wrote De Mysteriis

Aegyftiorum

(Venice, 1497)5 also

the body of writings that have come down under the name of Hermes Trismegistus 5 also Picatrix; 18 and the monology

De-

of James I. But even this scant number will

suffice to indicate that Burton was well acquainted with occult literature. 18

A celebrated medieval work on magic, never printed, but w i d e l y

circulated, among " a d e p t s , " in M S . perimental

Science,

32

(See History

by Professor L . T h o r n d i k e . )

of Magic

and

Ex-

B U R T O N I A N A S C I E N C E Whosoever . . . . away . . . .

is overrun

with solitariness,

with vain conceits . . . .

or

carried

or crucified with worldly

care, I can prescribe him no better remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science.

In scientific fields again we find Burton calling on the best-known scholars of Europe. In botany he looked to Leonardus Fuchsius (Leonhard Fuchs, 1 5 0 1 - 1 5 6 6 ) , whose De Historia S tirf turn Commentarii (Basle, 1542) is one of the most beautiful of ancient herbáis; Caspar Bauhinus, whose Pinax Theatri Botanici (Basle, 1596) was first to give a complete and methodical concordance of plants; the Herbal of Rembert Dodoens (first Plan tin edition, Antwerp, 1574) ; Gerarde's Herbal (Burton mentions this in his will) ; William Turner's Newe Herbal ( 1 5 5 1 ) ; Pietro Matthiolus' Compendium de Plantis Omnibus (Venice, 1 5 7 1 ) ; Joannes Ruellius (Jean de la Ruelle), who wrote De Latinis et Graecis Nominibus Arborum (one edition was published at Lyons, 1 5 5 2 ) and De Natura Stirfium (Paris, 1536), the first French botanist to publish the popular names of plants; and, since one must leave off somewhere, Petrus de Crescentius (ca. 1 2 3 5 - 1 3 0 0 ) , who wrote a number of works on botany, agriculture, and medical simples, such as De Agricultura Vulgare, which began to be printed about 1490. In the field of ichthyology one notes Guilemus Rondeletius, the man of whom Rabelais spoke as "Rondibilis." Rondeletius was one of the first scientific zoologists of his time ( 1 5 0 9 - 1 5 6 6 ) and his L'Histoire entière des

33

BIBLIOGRAPHI A poissons appeared at Lyons in 1558. Ulysses Aldrovandi's entire zoological works began to appear at Bologne in 1599. Also there is Conrad Gesner's Historia Animalium (Zurich, 1587). Gesner ( 1 5 1 6 - 1 5 6 5 ) was not only a great naturalist but a brilliant bibliographer, whose Bibliotheca Universalis (Zurich, 1545 and onward), Burton mentions.10 The astronomers he quotes have fared better at the hands of Time, and their names are well enough known at the present day: Kepler, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Albumazar, Galileo, Philip van Lansberge ( 1 5 6 1 - 1 6 3 2 ) , and Johannes Maginus ( 1 5 5 5 - 1 6 1 7 ) , Sacro Bosco (John Holywood), etc. In mathematics, aside from those mentioned above, were such notables as John Napier ( 1 5 5 0 - 1 6 1 7 ) , the inventor of logarithms; Leonard and Thomas Digges, in both mathematics and astronomy; Richard Suiseth (or Suisset), the mid-fourteenth-century Englishman, known in Burton as "the Calculator," whose Calculationesy etc., first appeared at Pavia in 1498; Jordanus Nemorarius, whose Arithmetica appeared at Paris in 1496; Cuthbert Tunstall, that good Bishop who did the first arithmetic to be printed in England—De Arte Suffutandi, Libri Quattuor (London, 1522). In geology we find Georgius Agricola (1494— 1 5 5 5 ) , particularly his De Re Metallica (Basle, 1546) and his De Animantibus Subterraneorum (Basle, 1546). 19

Gesner, under the pseudonym of Euonymus, wrote a book of "secrets" ( D e Remediis Secretis), which was published at Zurich in 1 5 5 2 , and was turned into English by Peter Morwyng, in 1 5 5 9 , under the title of The Treasure of Euonymus. T o this, Burton makes several references.

34

B U R T O N I A N A In meteorology one discovers Antoine Mizauld ( 1 5 1 9 1 5 7 8 ) , physician to Margaret of Navarre, and author of Cometografted (Paris, 1544), Phaenomena ( 1 5 4 6 ) , and Meteorologia ( 1 5 4 7 ) . In optics there are the works of Roger Bacon and J . Baptista Porta—Magiae naturalis ( 1 5 5 8 ) , Magia naturalis ( 1 5 6 9 ) and De refractione ( 1 5 9 3 ) 5 (Porta's name occurs or should do so, under several categories, medical, occult, etc.). On magnetism we note William Gilbert's De Magnete) Magneticisque Cor-poribus et de Magno Magnete Tellure (London, 1 6 0 0 ) ; this work was the first in which was established the magnetic nature of the earth. And also Niccolo Cabeo, whose Philosophia Magnetica (Ferrara, 1629) was the first book in which account was taken of electric repulsion, and in which was the suggestion for mapping the magnetic field by the use of iron filings. There seems no need, in a work of this limited scope, to make mention of the host of theologians, Christian Fathers, and Churchmen from whom Burton has taken, here a sentence, there an illustration; a long line it would be, of reformers, Inquisitionists, Popes, cardinals, etc., whose fame for the most part is still with us: Origen, Augustine (particularly The City of God)y Ambrose, J e rome, Osorius, Piccolomineus, Melancthon, Thomas Aquinas, and a multitude of others, were given to so many scholarly, scientific, and medical interests that the fields would quickly overlap and yield confusion. For the same reason one may pass by the historians and chroniclers. Most of the names here are well known: Suetonius, Herodotus, and others of the classic sort, on 35

BIBLIOGRAPHI A the one hand; and such chroniclers and historians as D a mian de Goes (Burton's "Damianus a G o e s " ) , the sixteenth-century state chronicler and keeper of archives at the Torre do Tombo, and William of Newbury, William Camden, and Thuanus (Jacques Auguste de T h o u ) , on the other. T h e list is brief enough in the light of what Burton read and quoted3 I have indicated but a f e w ; enough, however, to show the universality of the man's interests and to establish the fact that his authorities, neither remote nor quaint, were notable scientists and scholars recognized over the entire civilized world. T h e two Scaligers, now almost forgotten by the reading public, were once names to conjure with; they had edited and annotated most of the classics and had taken a leading part in the cultural development of Europe. Julius Caesar Scaliger made the finest Latin grammar of his century; and in the cloisters it is still debated whether Joseph Scaliger was not as great a scholar as Aristotle. Cardan, too, much quoted of Burton, was a mighty man who has suffered an unfortunate eclipse. His book,

De

Varietate

Rerum,

was one of the

most stimulating scientific works of the sixteenth century, and while he may indeed have taken some of his ideas from an unpublished manuscript of Leonardo da Vinci, nevertheless his book marked a tremendous advance in the study of the development of species and in methodology. H e was notable as physician, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, and scholar. Cardan made the earliest known proposal for the education of deaf mutes,20 and suggested 20

Of era, X, 462.

36

B U R T O N I A N A many of the mechanical inventions that were credited to lesser men of later date. Then there was Roger Bacon, who is just now beginning to emerge as one of the most romantic figures in the history of science. In addition to the works mentioned above, Burton was familiar with Roger Bacon's De Secretis Oferibus Artis et Naturae et de Nullitate

Magiae

(Hamburg,

1618)

(Oxford,

1594).

These "queer," forgotten books were by the choicest thinkers of a too little appreciated age. M E D I C I N E W e l l k n e w he th' olde Esculapius A n d Deiscorides, and eek Rufus, O l d Ypocras, H a l y and G a l i e n ; Serapion, R a z i s and A v i c e n ; Averrois, Damascien, and C o n s t a n t y n ; Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn. —CHAUCER (Prologue, 11. 4 3 1 - 4 3 5 )

W h e n we come to Burton's medical authorities we discover that the man who was, from his own telling, "by inclination a physician" was familiar with practically all of the accredited medical writers from the fifth century down to the seventeenth j and most of the works from which he quoted were in his time regarded as seriously as are nowadays the dicta of Sir William Osier or the surgical feats of the M a y o brothers. There were, for example:

(Hippocrates 21 and Galen

are all too obvious) Alexander of Tralles (sixth century), T w o works attributed to Hippocrates are noteworthy here: De Humoribus (Paris, 1553) and De Vultteribus Cafitis (Paris, 1550). 21

37

BIBLIOGRAPHIA an excellent observer and a concise recorder of what his experience brought to him; his Practica was first printed at Lyons in 1504. Aetius of Amida (sixth century), the Greek physician, said to have been the first to use the magnet in medical practice; his Contractae ex Medicinae

Veteribus

Tetrabiblos (Basle, 1533) was translated from

the Greek by John Cornarius. Janus Damascenus (known as Mesue Senior), of the eighth century, who was head of a great medical school at Bagdad, compiled a standard work of pharmacy, in use for ages; he is also credited with the introduction of the milder laxatives, such as senna, to take the place of more vigorous cathartics. Rhazes was head of a great hospital at Bagdad in the ninth century, and he wrote an encyclopedic history of medicine which was to engage the critical attention of physicians for centuries. His Almansor, quoted frequently in The

Anatomy,

was among the very early printed books. Avicenna was, in the tenth century, called the "Prince of physicians"; his Canon was an authoritative work down to Burton's day. Nicholas Meripsa, of the thirteenth century, was author of a widely read book of pharmacy and, incidentally, was the first to concoct a remedy for halitosis (common salt, mixed with a powder of aromatic herbs).

T o Aurelius

Cornelius Celsus we owe our present knowledge of Roman medicine; he was one of the most important of the medical historians, and his De Medicina (Florence, 1478) was one of the earliest printed books on the subject. A r naldus, of Villanova, was described by Osier as "a great teacher of the greatest medical school of the period" (Montpellier, in the thirteenth century). His Breviarium

38

B U R T O N I A N A Practicae (Milan, 1483) and his commentary on Regimen Sanitatis Salernitum were much quoted of Burton. Raymond Lully, also of the thirteenth century, was the first to introduce alcoholic tinctures into pharmacy. Leonard Fuchs, already mentioned as a botanist, was mentioned often in connection with his Institutiones Medicinae (Leyden, 1560). Andreas Vesalius, of the sixteenth century, was the first modern anatomist, and a most heroic figure. Baptista Porta was a celebrated medical mystic, noted in his practice, and his Magiae Naturalis ( 1 5 5 8 ) contains, among various medical theories, the first allusion to a magnetic telegraph; his curious work, Phytognomonica (Naples, 1588), was frequently referred to in The Anatomy. Daniel Sennertus, or Sennert, in the seventeenth century, was a great authority on agues. Nicholas Piso (Lepois), famous in the sixteenth century, wrote De Cognoscendis et Curandis Praecifue Internis Humani Corf oris Morbis (Frankfurt, 1585), a book which contains important chapters on insanity and melancholy. Petrus de Abano (Petrus Aponensis) was one of the most famous physicians of the thirteenth century; his Conciliator first appeared at Mantua in 1472. Oswald Crollius, in whose Basilica Chemica (1609) appears the first description of calomel, was a follower of Paracelsus, and, like Baptista Porta, taught the doctrine of signatures. Quercetanus (Joseph Du Chesne), a Gascon, born about 1544, was the first to introduce the antinomial remedies of Paracelsus into France. He is by some supposed to have written the great Antidotarium (1609) mentioned by Burton. Antonius Donatus Altomarus was prominent at 39

BIBLIOGRAPHI A Naples about 1550; his De Medendis (Naples, 1 5 5 3 ) was widely read. Jerome Fracastorius invented a celebrated remedy for the plague, called "diascordium"5 he was known as both pharmacist and physician, and his poem on syphilis has been handed down to this day. Rodericus a Fonseca was a teacher of medicine at Pisa, and his case records were highly regarded in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. John Jacob Wecker was professor at Basle and one of the leading writers on pharmacy during the same century5 Burton had a copy of his Medicae Syntaxes (Basle, 1562). Prosper Alpinus, of the same century, was a Venetian, known in medical history as the "father of diagnostic science," and his work on Egyptian medicine, Medicina Aegyptiorum (Venice, 1 5 9 1 ) , was used by Burton. On the diseases of women there are at least two authorities that deserve especial mention: Rodericus a Castro ( 1 5 4 6 - 1 6 2 7 ) wrote De Universa Muliebrium Morborum Medicina (Hamburg, 1604); and Ludovicus Mercado ( 1 5 1 8 - 1 6 1 4 ) , known in Burton as "Mercatus," wrote De Mulierium Affectionibus (Heidelberg, 1587)5 both are quoted. Bernard de Gordon (Gordonius) wrote the " L i l y of Medicine" (Lilium Medicinae), which was first printed in the fifteenth century (first Spanish edition, Seville, 1495), though it had been written in 13075 Gordon was one of the very great teachers at Montpellier about 1285. Antonius Guianerius of Pavia (died in 1440) deals at length with mental diseases in his Practica et Omnia Opera (Venice, 15085 Burton's copy was printed at Lyons in 1 5 1 7 ) . Andrew Boorde was an English physician whose Dyet-

40

B U R T O N I A N A ary of Helth ( 1 5 4 2 ) Burton mentions. Thomas Cogan's Haven of Health (1586) and Sir Thomas Elyot's Castle of Helthe ( 1 5 3 3 ) are also referred to for their dietaries. Helkiah Crooke made a compilation of anatomy, the Mikrocosmogra-phia, which appeared in 1 6 1 5 . Timothy Bright's Treatise on the sufficiency of English Medicines (1580) received mention. The four last-named were all English physicians.22 Musa Antonius Ferrariensis Brassavola ( 1 5 0 0 - 1 5 5 5 ) wrote a book on simples, Examen Omnium Simflicium Medicamentorum (Rome, 1536), which was one of the very early works dealing with syphilis; his book on cathartics is also mentioned. Jean Wier (Wierus, 1515— 1558), aside from his book on demons, wrote a valuable medical work, Medicarum Obseruationum Rararum (Basle, 1 5 6 1 ) . Gabriele Falloppio ( 1 5 2 3 - 1 5 6 2 ) did an anatomical work of importance in Observationes Anatomicae (Venice, 1 5 6 1 ) ; Falloppius was first to make account of the chorda tympani and of the semi-circular canals, and to describe what are now called the Fallopian tubes. Joachimus Camerarius, born in 1534 (son of the great biographer and friend of Melanchthon, Joachim, Sr.), did a book called H ortus Medicus et Philosophicus (Frankfurt, 1588). The English version of The Salernitan Regimen of Health (1607) was probably well known to Burton, though he used an earlier European edition (with the comments of John Curio). The great Platonist, 22

Another English physician whose works were used by Burton was Daniel Johnson (real name John Wood), whose work on mental disorders, De aegritudinibus capitis (London, 1 6 0 2 ) , was in his library.

41

BIBLIOGRAPHIA Marcilius Ficinus, was also a physician, and his De Vita23

Triflici

treats of diet and the prolongation of human life

(one edition was issued at Venice, 1498). Baptista Platina (Bartolommeo de Sacchi, 1 4 2 1 - 1 4 8 1 ) , in addition to his bibliophilic duties (he was librarian at the Vatican in 1475) seems to have found time to do a vast work on cookery and diet, De Honesta

Voluptate

et

Valetudine

(Venice, 1475). One might go on to the mention of more obscure writers in this field, such as Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus, a man who almost defies research until one is lucky enough to stumble upon just the right biographical dictionary. One finally discovers that this much-quoted man was in real life Jerome Accoramboni, an Italian physician, born at Gubbio in 1467, and that he was highly favored by L e o X.

His family were of the petty nobility and did not

relish his practicing medicine; so, to save the family face, he took the name of the spring near his birthplace, and under that name wrote such things as Tractatus de Natura et Usu Lactis (Venice, 1 5 3 6 ) , and the famous case book so often quoted by Burton, Consultationes (Frankfurt,

1609).

Or

Baptista

Medicae24

Codronchius,

curious work on hydrophobia, De Rabie

whose

Hydrophobia,

appeared at Frankfurt in 1610, and whose De

Morbis

Veneficis (one edition at Milan, 1618) dealt at length

23

L o o k i n g into the 1 5 4 1

( B a s l e ) edition o f this work, one

finds

extended references to m e l a n c h o l y — B o o k I, chaps, v and v i ; Book I I I , chaps, ii, xi, x i i , and x x i i . 24

See chaps, x x i i i , x l i v , x l v , l x i x , l x x v i i , l x x x v i i , civ, cvi, and

cxii, f o r Burton's sources.

42

' M E L E N C O L I A , " FROM T H E ENGRAVING BY D Ü R E R

BURTONIANA with poisons and occult medicine. Another such is John Cornarius, the best translator of Aetius, who did a work on diet and longevity that was put into English as Discourse on a Sober and Temperate Life. And one might mention some of Cardan's more obscure medical works, such as Dialéctica, Hyperchen, De Aqua (Basle, 1566) and Contradicentium Medicorum, or refer to Albrecht Dürer's De Symmetria Partium Humanorum Corforum, to which Burton referred (Dürer's work was dear to Burton, and he especially remarks his drawing of the melancholy woman). Nor should one miss Simon é Tover, the Spanish physician who wrote the Methodum novo Examine de compositione Medicamentum (Antwerp, 1586), which Burton admired 5 speaking of writers on simples, Burton called him the greatest of authorities: but the printer obscured the great man by turning Tover into "Eitover"! But I rove3 I have overshot myself: for it is now time to look more particularly into the important sources of Burton's ideas on melancholy itself. MELANCHOLY And Melancholy mark'd him for her own. —GRAY

Here again we must but skim the surface, for to name all would be to repeat a catalogue of medical books coextensive with the Burton library, seeing that nearly all the physicians in those generous days treated of this ailment somewhere in their works. But we must surely mention Galen's De Melancholia, sive Atra Bilis Morbo 43

BIBLIOGRAPHIA (Antwerp, 1540), 26 which was a source for most of the medical men. Caelius Aurelianus (again), the great fifthcentury neurologist, wrote a book called Tardarum

Pas-

sionum (Basle, 1529), dealing with insanity, epilepsy, and melancholy. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a careful anatomist for his time and a painstaking diagnostician, wrote De Caursis et Signis Acutorum

et Diuturnorum

(Venice, 1 5 5 2 ) ,

which gives a very good account of the varieties of madness.

Philip

Melancthon's

De

Anima

Commentarius

(Paris, 1540), has a section on humors from which Burton frequently quoted. Juan Miguel Savonarola's works on diet, baths, simples, and general practice included much on mental pathology and were printed at Venice, beginning in 1485 (this Savonarola was grandfather to Jerome, and lived from 1384 to 1464).

Franciscus Hildesheim

was one of Burton's great authorities.

This German

physician ( 1 5 5 1 - 1 6 1 4 ) wrote De Cerebri et Capitis bis Internis Sficilegia

Mor-

(Frankfurt, 1 6 1 2 ) , to which Burton

often refers as "De S-pic." Hercules de Saxonia's medical works were issued from Padua around 1590, and his posthumous Tractatus de Melancholia quently quoted.

(Venice, 1620) is fre-

Constantinus Africanus of Carthage in

the eleventh century wrote De Melancholia,

which was

issued at Basle in 1536. Matthias Theodorus Melanelius did a compilation, De

Melancholia

. . . .

ex

Galeni,

Ruß, et Aetii Sicamii Collectanea (Antwerp, 1540), which was useful to Burton. Prosper Calano (known to Burtonians as " C a l e n u s " ) , was an Italian physician, native of

26

Galen's De Atra Bile had also appeared in Paris in 1529.

44

B U R T O N I A N A Sarsinia in Umbria; he taught medicine at Rome and was physician to Cardinal Caesius, and his " D e Atra B i l e " and " D e Melancholia" appeared in a work called Paraphrasis in Librum Galeni de Inaequali Intemperie

(Lyons, 1538).

Rodericus a Fonseca (again) had many illustrations of melancholy

symptoms

Thomas Erastus

in

his

General

(1524-1583)

Consultations.

was a Swiss physician

whose real name was Lieber ; in addition to theological and occult works, he did an important work on this subject, Theses de Melancholia

(Heidelberg, 1 5 7 7 ) .

Paracelsus,

a man of vast significance, in spite of his rather curious personality, did a number of valuable medical works, among which the tract, Melancholia

(Basle, 1 5 6 7 ) , should

be mentioned. Jerome Capivaccius was among the early practitioners to distinguish melancholy from mania in his Nova Methodus

Medendi

Valleriola's Observationum

(Frankfurt, 1593). Medicinalium

Francisco

(Lyons, 1605)

was much quoted. Ludovicus Vives, the sixteenth-century Spanish scholar, provided Burton with many illustrations on this topic, particularly in his De Anima (Basle, 1538) ; Vives' complete works were issued at Basle in 1555. curious work on fantasies, De Viribus Imaginations

A

Tracta-

tus (Louvain, 1608) was written by Thomas Fienus (this Fienus must be distinguished from the Joannes Fienus who wrote De Flatibus Humanum

Corpus

Molestantibus,

quoted by Burton, on the last page of Part I I , as authority on

flatulence).

One of the most important men in this

field of mental pathology was Felix Plater, the Elder ( 1 5 3 6 - 1 6 1 4 ) , physician to the Margrave of Baden, and teacher at Basle, whose Observationum in Hominis

45

Affec-

BIBLIOGRAPHIA tibus Plerisque,

Corf ore et Animo

(Basle, 1 6 1 4 ) was

much used by Burton and who was among the pioneers in differentiating the varieties of mental diseases and in proposing mental therapeutics in the treatment of the insane.

And there was Marsilio Ficino

(1433-1499),

who while head of the Platonic Academy at Florence did some tracts on melancholy.

J. von Grafenberg Schenck,

who appears in Burton as "Sckenkius," did an important work in his Observationes Medicae de Capite humano; hoc est Exempla

Capitis Morborum,

Causarum,

Signorum,

etc. (Basle, 1584)5 the 418 case records therein carefully described were good reading for Burton's uses. Levinius Lemnius ( 1 5 0 5 - 1 5 6 8 ) also did two books that enter into this department:

De Habitu

et Constitutione

(Antwerp, 1 5 6 1 ) , and the Touchstone

of

Corporis

Complexions,

which appeared in English in 1576. This last-named book contains a great deal of material on the humors and was often referred to by Burton; Lemnius was a pupil of Conrad Gesner. Among the English works one finds much that is interesting in D r . John Jones' curious book, The Bathe of Bathes Ayde ( 1 5 7 2 ) , where there are " T a b l e s " resembling the "Synopses" in The Anatomy,

also D r .

William Turner's A Booke of the Natures and Properties of the Bathes of Englande

( 1 5 6 2 ) , and the same writ-

er's A New Booke of Spiritual Physick

(1555).

In this

connection one should not fail to mention Bishop John Abernathy's Physicke for the Soule ( 1 6 1 5 ) , particularly referred to in Burton's section on religious melancholy. But, for the sake of breaking this interminable paragraph, let us turn to the six men who seem of primary

46

B U R T O N I A N A importance as source-makers in the realms of diagnosis and treatment of melancholy. This brings us once more to Timothy Bright. Treatise of Melancholie

A

(1586) 2 6 is the principal work.

Bright was the author of five medical works that were widely read in his day; and this of melancholy was not only referred to many times in The Anatomy but, so far as its general outline goes,27 was used as a pattern by Burton in his far more interesting and comprehensive work. But more of Bright later. Then there is Andre du Laurens, to whom Burton so frequently refers (as Laurentius); Laurens was born at Aries (Provence), and died at Paris in 1609.

H e was

graduated in medicine at Montpellier in 1583, was made professor there ( 1 5 8 6 ) , and later Chancellor.

H e was

at one time physician in ordinary to Henry IV, and was appointed medical adviser to Marie de Medici in 1606. H e was one of the most popular savants of his period, a great lecturer, a great anatomist, and an authority on gout and syphilis. His work on melancholy, De Morbis

Melan-

cholia, was done into Latin from the French in 1599 by T . Moundeford and printed in London.

Another of his

books dealing with melancholy, Discours de la conservation de la veue: Des maladies melancholiques, at Tours in 1594.

appeared

Aelianus Montaltus, or rather, Elia

Philotheus Montalto, wrote a much-quoted book, Archi28 T h e r e were two issues of this work in 15 86, one printed by Thomas Vautrolier, and the other by John W i n d e t ; a revised edition was printed by William Stansby in 1 6 1 3 . 27

See page 63 for a comparison of Burton and Bright.

47

BIBLIOGRAPHIA pathologia,

in qua Internarum

Capitis Affectionum

sentia, Causae, Signa, Praesagia, et Curatio

Es-

Accuratissima.

This book was published at Paris in 1614, and was a valuable source-book on the symptoms of melancholy.

Mon-

talto was a Portuguese Jew, born at Castello Branco about 1550, who died at Tours in 1616.

H e was a writer of

considerable note, and was also physician to Marie de Medici (the attendants of the Medicis seem to have been much given to melancholia!). Jan Van Heurne (Heurnius) was a pupil of Sylvius and one of the leading medical men at Leyden during the closing years of the sixteenth century. His De Morbis qui in Singulis Partibus Humani Capitis (Leyden, 1594) was another important source. Jason Pratensis (Jason Van der Velde) was a Dutch medical writer, born in i486, who died in 1559. H e was body-physician to Duke Adolph of Bevern, and is best known to the history of medicine as an authority on obstetrics and gynecology and author of a book on diet, De Tuenda Sanitate (Antwerp, 1 5 3 8 ) ; but his De Cerebri Morbis Liber (Basle, 1549) was Burton's source for many opinions and cases.

And, once more,

Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Minde in Generall ( 1 6 0 1 ) was used frequently, and has " T a b l e s " very like those of Burton. T h e book is dignified by an exceedingly poor encomiastic verse by Ben Jonson. This catalogue should come to an end. But can we afford to pass by such sources as Johannes Arculanus (d'Arcoli), who did such remarkable expositions on the Canon of Avicenna, and whose comments on the ninth book of Rhasis were so often quoted? Nor can we fail to

48

B U R T O N I A N A mention Christophorus à Vega, the Spaniard whose Ars Medicinae appeared in 1564} Johann Craton von Kaftheim (Crato in Burton), whose Consiliorum

Medicinalium

peared in 15915 Victorius Faventinus, whose

ap-

Practicae

Magnae was issued at Venice in 1562; Jean François Fernelius (Fernel, 1 4 9 7 - 1 5 5 8 ) , whose Medicina cum II (Basle, 1554) and Pathologiae

ad

Henri-

Libri vii ( 1 5 6 7 )

were much used in this connection } Peter Forestus (van Foreest), Book

Ten

of whose Medical

Observations

(Lyons, 1 5 9 1 ) contains much on melancholy} Leonartus Jacchinus, whose In Nonum Rhasis Almansorem

(Basle,

1564) was so much mentioned} Johann Baptista Montanus ( D e Monte, 1 4 9 8 - 1 5 5 1 ) , the Veronese physician and poet, whose Consultationes

Medicae

(Basle, 1563) has

two valuable sections dealing with melancholy and hypochondria and who as a source cannot be overestimated} Oribasius the Roman ( 3 2 6 - 4 0 3 ) , physician to Julian the Apostate, who wrote Collectorum

Medicinalium

(Paris,

1555) i Victorius Trincavellius, the Italian physician and scholar, whose Consilia Medicinalia,

and Consilia

Mulie-

bria (Basle, 1586) are frequently mentioned} Valescus de Taranta, the Portuguese physician, who taught at Montpellier, and who wrote Philonium

A ureum, which was

printed first in 1490, and Tractatus de Efidemia

(1473)}

Franciscus Valesius (Valles), physician to Philip I I of Spain, who wrote Commentaria

in Libros

Hiffocratis

( 1 5 6 9 ) , and a book of Controversies to which Burton refers} and Gualter Bruel (alias Brant), who wrote Praxis Medicinae

Theoretica et Em-pirica (Antwerp, 1 5 8 5 ) : but

even of these there must be an end.

49

BIBLIOGRAPHIA APOCRYPHAL

SOURCES

First off, one reads in Lowndes' Bibliographers' ual that Simion Grahame's Anatomie of Humours

Man(1609)

"may probably have suggested the original hint of Burton's Anatomy

of Melancholy

"

T h e editor (R. Jame-

son?) of the Bannatyne Club reprint of this book in 1830 says, " I t has been supposed, and not without probability, that the Anatomie

of Humours

may have suggested to

Burton the first idea of his incomparable Anatomie

of

Melancholy Simion Grahame of Edinburgh

(1570-1614)

was

under the patronage of James V I , and was described by Sir Thomas Urquart as "a great traveller and very good scholar . . . .

but being other ways too licentious" (and

this from the translator of Rabelais!). According to U r quart, Grahame was the author of numerous works, but aside from this only one other has been discovered bearing his name — Minde

The Passionate Spark of a

Relenting

(1604).

The Anatomie

of Humours

may have suggested to

Burton his title, but it is doubtful if it did more, assuming that Burton ever heard of the book. There is in it no proper study of the humors or of the melancholy humor. Its style, however, slightly resembles that of Burton, especially in his use of adjectives. His attitude toward women and his scathing rebukes to mountebanks in the great professions reveal kinship to Burton. As to the resemblance, you shall see: Here are some passages taken from the Bannatyne reprint (p. 28):

50

BURTONIANA Many sorrows, and few pleasures, when we expect joy then comes greefe, every one hath their owne cross, some less, some more. As poverty to an honest heart brings misery, greef of minde, and melancholy, because he conceals his want, and can not practice shameless shifts to perrell honesty, sickness, and many a languishing disease, which is lade before mankinde. Oppression, when thy betters doeth abuse thee, taks thy wealth, & thy lands, puts the widow and the fatherless to begry. Loss of friends, when they who should help thee are gone, & theres nobody to comfort thee in thy destress. Shifwrack when thy substance is lost by sea, & thy life indangered. Banishment, when thou in a strange country becomest a poore stranger, far from thy own soile, thou livest an outcast, and thy enemy enjoys thy riches at home. Prison, when the cross of rancountring misfortunes doth imprison many a man within a Jaill, or casts him in chaines within a Galies, triumpht over with Raskals (and as it were) the very resting place of all wrongs . . . . and when revenge in a gallant breast turns coward; O this earthly hell, which has no other musick, but locking of doores, the noise of irons and chains, the heavy complaint of distressed prisoners, lockt with bonds in misery, consuming in stink and filthiness. O n e m a y turn to Burton's Partition I , Section 2 , M e m ber 4 , and find, under the heading of

"Non-necessary

causes" of melancholy, that here also are stressed " o p r e s s i o n , " " l o s s of f r i e n d s , " " s h i p - w r a c k , " and

"imprison-

m e n t . " B u t little or nothing is p r o v e d by the comparison. B u t perhaps one w o u l d do better to compare Burton's f a m o u s passage on the r e m e d y of l o v e ( V o l . I I , pp. 7 3 7 and 7 3 8 ) with G r a h a m e ' s (pp. 3 1 - 3 2 ) : When some women in a sluttish estate have their bed-chamber like a swines-stie, ill-favoured (and unscoured) Pispot, their combs and brushes full of loose haire and filth, their foule smocks

51

BIBLIOGRAPHIA ill laid-up, their knotty phlegme and spettling on the walls and floore, the black and slaverie circle on their lips, sweating, smoaking, and broathing in their uncleane-sheetes, that if any w o u l d hold their head within the bed, I thinke the strong smell were an excellent preservative against the Pest, and none like it, except it be the jumbling of a Jakes.

Or, again, compare Burton (p. 688) where he gives a list of women's adornments: W h y do they make such glorious shews with their scarfs, feathers, fans, masks, furs, laces, tiffanies, ruffs, falls, cauls, cuffs, damasks, velvets, tinsels, cloth of gold, silver tissue, etc.

with Grahame (p. 3 1 ) where he speaks of "pittiful ladies" with their pomanders, sundry sorts of smelling waters, fannes, hatts, feathers, glasses, combs, brouches, ruffes, falling-bands, red and

white

face-colours, scarves, fardingales, artificiall locks of curled haire, with upstanding-frisadoes, etc.

I have taken small bits for illustration, but I think it safe to say that the resemblance is superficial and that the probability is that rather than Burton out of Grahame, both men out of Rabelais. Another writer whose work has been suggested as a possible source of The Anatomy is Thomas Walkington, whose Oftick

Glasse of Humours

appeared first in 1607.

In the Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. 59, p. 9 1 ) , it is said that "The

Of tic Glasse of Humors

may be re-

garded as the forerunner of Burton's Anatomy of

Melan-

choly."™ 28 Also see note in Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. IV, p. 589.

52

B U R T O N I A N A This little volume is delightfully interesting of itself, whether Burton ever read it or not. Walkington took his B.A. and his M . A . at Cambridge ( 1 5 9 6 and 1600), and his B . D . at Oxford. For a while he held the living of Fulham near London} he died in 1621. H e wrote a book of theological essays, and at least one of his sermons was printed. But this work of his went into at least four editions and was quite popular. The subtitle—"The Touchstone of Golden Temperature: or the Philosophers stone to make a golden temper: wherein the foure Complexions, Sanguine, Cholericke, Phlegmaticke, Melancholicke, are succinctly painted forth, and their externall Intimates laid open to the purblind eye of ignorance i t s e l f " — w i l l serve to show the scope of the little book. A few excerpts taken from the section on melancholy (chapter xii) will show that this is at least a more likely source than Grahame's book could have been.

I quote from the late issue of

1664 (pp- 1 3 0 - 1 3 2 ) : But according to physick, there are T w o kinds o f

Melan-

choly; the one sequestered from all Admixtión, the thickest and driest portion of Bloud, not adust, which is called Natural, and runs in the vessels o f bloud to be an A l i m e n t unto the Parts, which are Melancholickly Qualified, as the Bones, Grisles, sinews, &c. T h e Other . . . .

which is a Combust black Choler, mixed

with Saltish Phlegmatick Humor, or Cholerick, or the worst sanguine. I f you desire to know this Complexion by their Habit and Guise; they are o f a black swarthy visage, dull Pac'd, sad Countenanced, harbouring Hatred long in their Breasts, hardly incensed with A n g e r ;

and if A n g r y , long ere this passion be

appeased and mitigated, crafty Headed, constant in their D e t e r mination, fixing their Eyes usually on the Earth, while a man

53

BIBLIOGR APHI A recites a T a l e unto them, they will pick their Face, bite their T h u m b s ; their Ears will be sojourners But for the first kind of Melancholy, it is ever the worthier and better. T h i s they call the Electuary and Cordial of the Mind, a restorative Conservice of the Memory, the Nurse of Contemplation, the pretious balm of wit and Policy; the enthusiastical breath of Poetry, the foyson of our Phantasies, the sweet sleep of our Senses, the fountain of sage Advice I n W a l k i n g t o n ' s chapter xiii, on the conceits of m e l a n choly, w e find case records quite similar to those recited in Burton's section of symptoms (pp. 3 4 2 - 3 4 3 ) .

The

man who fancied himself dead and the one w h o believed that he was Atlas are recited by both writers, as is also the case of the man who thought himself a l u m p of butter and feared the fire. O n page 4 7 7 of Burton, one w i l l find under the heading of " C u r e by deceit," yet other stories o f melancholy men that are also in W a l k i n g t o n ' s chapter xiii. B u t these two w i l l probably account f o r the notion that B u r t o n derived f r o m W a l k i n g t o n : He is most worthy to be canoniz'd of our memory, that chose rather to die, than to let his urine go: for he assuredly believed that with once making water he should drown all the houses and men in the T o w n where he went: to the taking away of which conceit & to make him vent his bladder, which otherwise would in a short time have caused him to die: they invented this Quirk, to wit, to set an old ruinous House forthwith on fire, the Physicians caused the Bells to be rung backward and intreated a many to run to the fire; presently one of the chief Inhabitants of the T o w n came running post-haste to the sick man, and let understand the whole matter, shewing him the fire: and withal desiring him of all favour very earnestly, and with counterfeit tears, to let go his Urine, and extinguish this great flame, which other-

54

B U R T O N I A N A wise would bring a great endamagement to the whole T o w n , and that it would burn also the House up where he did dwell: who presently not perceiving the guile, and moved by the man's pitiful lament and outcry, sent forth an abundant stream of Urine, and so was recovered of his malady. Divers other pleasant Examples are recited by ancient writers; but our short breathing pen hastens to the race's end. 29

Now Burton: T h e pleasantest dotage that I ever read, saith Laurentius, was of a Gentleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all the town should be drowned; the Physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the T o w n was on fire, whereupon he made water and was immediately cured. 30

To the casual reader, this may seem conclusive proof that Burton took the incident from Walkington, but one must note that Burton refers to his authority, Laurentius (Du Laurens' work on melancholy); and if one turns to the opening of Walkington's chapter, it will be seen that one of his authorities for his instances was the same Laurentius. The similarity again is to be explained by common sources. One might say the same of Nicholas Coeffeteau's ( 1 5 7 4 - 1 6 2 3 ) Tableau des passions humaines (1620). The work of this great priest covered, in many respects, the same ground that was a year later to be more carefully plotted by Burton. And Peter de la Primaudaye, in his French Academie Fully Discoursed (first English 29

The Of tick Glasse of Humours, pp. 1 3 9 - 1 4 0 .

30

The Anatomy of Melancholy, Part. II, Sec. 2, Mem. 6, Sub. 2,

P- MI-

SS

BIBLIOGR APHI A edition, 1586), Book T w o , treats of the humors and complexions in the manner of the time. Coming now to Juan Huarte's Examen

de

Ingenios

which was made English in 159^, we find even a closer resemblance, though here also Burton's debt is questionable, nor does he mention the book. Huarte ( 1 5 3 0 - 1 5 9 1 ? ) wrote his book for the use of parents and school-teachers, and it might at this day receive the high-sounding titl^ of "vocational psychology." A paragraph of his has already been shown to illustrate the kinship in thought between this Spaniard and the two Englishmen, Bright and Burton. 31 T h e case of Jacques Ferrand and his dull book on erotomania32 which appeared in Paris ( 1 6 2 3 ) has been amply dealt with by Professor Bensly in Notes Queries

(Series X , No. 1 1 ) .

and

Some have supposed that

Burton derived much of his section on love melancholy from this book. Burton mentions the work first in his fourth edition (p. 454), and that very slightly.

Fer-

rand's book was translated into English in 1640, the year of Burton's death. Pierre Boaistuau's Theatrum

Mundi

is another book

which is frequently named as an important Burton sourcebook. Both Lowndes and Allibone hint that Burton was indebted to Boaistuau.33 Pierre Boaistuau de Launay was 31

See page 22.

T h i s book, bearing the title, Traité de l'essence l'amour, first appeared at Toulouse in 1 6 1 2 . 32

33 See also Dibdin's edition of More's Utofia page 287.

56

et guérison

(London,

de

1808),

B U R T O N I A N A a French historian in the first half of the sixteenth century. Aside from his historical research he wrote a curious book on monsters, did a translation, Bandello's Novelle, in 1559, a story which afterward, in Shakespeare's hands, became Romeo and Juliet (1597). The Theatrum Mundi (Paris, 1558) appeared in more than twenty editions and was first put into English at London in 1566. Unlike some of the other supposititious sources of Burton's, this book, the Antwerp edition of 1576, is known to have been in Burton's library. I am now conscious that the reader will expect me, after thus preparing the ground, to make some positive statement concerning Burton's indebtedness to the Frenchman's book. But I confess embarrassment. One can find certain parallels, but after all is said, what do they prove? W e l l , nevertheless I shall briefly indicate the resemblances, and let those interested enough to follow up the matter do their own research.34 The editions I have in hand are those of 1574 and 1581, both printed at London. First, one should note that, while Burton's work is in reality a study of melancholy based upon the best medical ideas of his time, Boaistuau's little book is, in the main, but a recital of human miseries. After reading Boaistuau, one will find that the only section of Burton's work that could have been influenced by the Frenchman to any appreciable degree is the introductory "Democritus to the Reader.' 1 In Theatrum Mundi we read of the miseries of the unborn, the miseries of children that are suckled 34 For example, compare Boaistuau (English version of 1 5 7 4 ) , pp. 201—212, with Burton on "Love Melancholy."

57

BIBLIOGR APHI A of nurses (here Boaistuau relates how Caligula's nurse rubbed her breasts with blood, thereby predestining him to a career of cruelty: 36 both books deriving from the same source [ D i o n ] ) , miseries of early education, of mariners, of merchants, of soldiers, courtiers, princes, popes, judges, the miseries and the iniquity of war, the miseries of love, of marriage, and of religious difference. One will see at a glance that of necessity the two men share the same field to a degree, but where Boaistuau but catalogues Burton amplifies and illustrates. Aside from the instance of Caligula's nurse, there is another instance which may occur to the reader of these two works: Burton, speaking of the effects of beauty through the eye, says (p. 6 8 1 ) : " T h e rays, as some think, sent from the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, and that in a moment." Boaistuau says (pp. 2 0 2 - 2 0 3 ) : Other philosophers have said that when we cast our sight upon that which we" desire, sodenly certaine spirits that are engendered of the most perfect part of the bloud, procedeth from the heart of the partie which we do love, and promptly ascendeth even up to the eyes, and afterwards converteth into vapors invisible.

In their essays on the power and extent of love, the evils of jealousy and the curse of war, one finds the two men quite sympathetic 5 one can well imagine that Burton read Boaistuau's little book with some enjoyment: that his own work was indebted thereto for more than a slight suggestion is inconceivable. 35

Boaistuau, pp. 5 6 - 5 7 ; Burton, p. 2 8 3 .

58

B U R T O N I A N A The facts are that Burton's sources are quite obvious, that he was honest in his quotations, except in so far as he quoted from memory (which he often did) or borrowed from second-hand sources.36 In that way the words he took were sometimes twisted ever so slightly: but he took care to give someone credit for the observation. I have deliberately stopped making this catalogue of names and works, for the reason that I have already gone beyond the limits of this little book; but surely the catholicity of Burton's work has been sufficiently shown. It may prove of interest, however, to summarize briefly a few statistics not wholly without bibliographic interest: There are, roughly, nearly one thousand authors mentioned in The Anatomy. Of these, 122 are quoted with such frequency that it may give some ardent Burtonian pleasure to have them listed. It is also worth noting that, among these, fifty are medical writers. Here is the list: Achilles Tatius; Aesop; Aetius; Cornelius Agrippa; St. Ambrose; Apuleius; Johannes Arculanus; Aristaenetus; Ariosto; Aristotle; Arnoldus (of Villanova); Athenaeus; St. Augustine (Austin); Avicenna; Baptista Porta; St. Bernard; Julius Caesar; Thomas Campanella; Joachimus Camerarius; Jerome Cardan; Balthasar Castilio; Cato (the Censor); Catullus; Chaucer; Christophorus a Vega; Cicero; Strozzius Cicogna; Coelius Rhodiginus; Crato (Johann Craton von Kaftheim); Cyprian; Epicte86

A likelier case than any hitherto noted might be made for William Bullein's Bulwarke of Defence ( 1 5 7 9 ) . His style bears many points of resemblance to that of Burton. I leave the suggestion for some spinner of a brain-fagging Doctor's thesis.

59

BIBLIOGRAPHIA tus; Erasmus; Thomas Erastus; Eusebius; Victorius F a ventinus ; Jean François Fernelius ; Marsilio Ficino ; Peter Forestus;

Giralamo

Fracastorius;

Leonardus

Fuschius

(Fuchsius); Claudius Galenus ( G a l e n ) ; Aulus Gellius; Bernard Gomesius; Bernard Gordonius; Antonio Guianerius; Hercules de Saxonia; Johannes Heurnius; Franciscus Hildesheim; Hippocrates; H o m e r ; Horace; L e onartus Jacchinus; Jason Pratensis; St. Jerome;

Job;

Paul us Jovius; Juvenal; Lactantius Firmianus; Laelius à Fonte Eugubinus; Andreas Laurentius; Levinius L e m nius; Justus Lipsius; Lucan; Lucian; Lucretius; Machiavelli;

Macrobius;

Magninus

Med.;

Martial;

Pietro

Matthiolus; Melancthon; Lodovicus Mercatus; Joannes Mesue;

Antonio

Mizaldus;

Elian

Montaltus;

Johan

Baptista Montanus; Sebastian Munster; Nevizanus the Lawyer (Jean N e v i z a n ) ; Origen; Oribasius; O v i d ; Paracelsus;

Pausanius;

Petronius;

Persius;

Philostratus;

Nicholas Piso; Felix Plater; Plato; Plautus; both of the Plinys; Plutarch; Jovianus Pontanus; Prosper Calenus (Calano); Ptolemaeus ( P t o l e m y ) ; Rodericus à Castro; Salustius Salvianus; Julius Caesar and Joseph Scaliger; Sckenkius (J. von Grafenberg Schenck) ; Seneca; Socrates; Solomon; Thomas

Suetonius; Aquinas;

Tacitus;

Victorius

Terence;

Trincavellius;

Tertullian; Alexander

Trallianus; Valescus de Taranta; Franciscus Valesius; Varrò;

Lodovicus

Vertomannus;

Virgil;

Ludovicus

Vives; John Jacob Wecker; Johann Wierus; Xenophon; and Zanchius. 37 87

I am embarrassed to confess that this last man is a p u z z l e ; ac-

cording to Burton, he wrote on witches and heretics; but the

60

only

B U R T O N I A N A But did I not set out, in the beginning of this overgrown catalogue-essay, to prove that Burton's is the book par excellence for a desert island? and did I not say that such a book must needs be catholic, encyclopedic?

Then,

have I not, gentle and long-suffering reader, proved my case? But have I, in the meantime, been so occupied in accounting for some of the sources of Burton's quotations that I have but strengthened the old notion that Anatomy

is a mere hodge-podge of borrowings?

The If so,

I have failed: for what I have meant to show is that no one man or book was responsible for Burton's masterpiece. Rather, his great book is the enduring expression of a widely read scholar, of a clever craftsman, who had the genius to knit together threads from a thousand other looms and thus to make a fine, stout pattern all his own. For there is no book in all the range of our literature that bears more indelibly the stamp of a strong and clearly defined individuality than Robert Burton's The of

Anatomy

Melancholy. L e t , then, the man who intends setting sail for his

secluded island home, where the sound of the motor horn and the whistle of the factory are not heard, take with him this incomparable volume of wit and wisdom, that he may know the delight of following that "fantastic old great man" through his imaginary peregrinations where Zanchius I have been able to find is Hierome Zanchius, a sixteenthcentury theological writer, whose De Origine Animorum appeared in 1597. But Ugolini Zancherius wrote a book, Tractatus de Haereticis (Mantua, 1 5 6 7 ) , which seems more likely to be the one to which Burton was referring. 6l

BIBLIOGRAPHI A he steps from Atlantis into Eden and Eldorado, crosses the Southern Seas into the Unknown Austral Land, walks over China with Marco Polo, sports with hippogriff and mantichore, flies from the callous folk in the island of Choa (where they "Oslerize" the aged), and vaults into the Empyrean. H e will then learn what "a most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in the air . . . . led round about an heath with a Puck in the night." NOTE.—In the foregoing account I have, wherever I could, given the date of the first edition.

W h e r e that has proved i m -

possible, I have set d o w n the place and date o f the earliest edition I could

find.

W h e r e the actual edition Burton used has been

definitely determined, the fact has usually been noted in its place.

62

Ill TIMOTHY &

BRIGHT

BURTON

T

HAT the reader may compare the outlines of Burton with those of Timothy Bright, I have taken the following parallel columns, in which more than half of the forty-one chapter-headings of the Treatise are paralleled by similar section-titles of The Anatomy. For this arrangement I am indebted (after making some slight corrections) to Mr. William J . Carlton's Timothe Bright (London, 1 9 1 1 ) , pp. 52-54, and Dr. Edward Rimbault's article in Notes and Queries, First Series, Vol. I X , pp. 1 9 1 - 1 9 2 . B R I G H T , A TREATISE OF MELANCHOLY (1586)

B U R T O N , THE OF MELANCHOLY

ANATOMY (1621)

1. How diverselie the word Melancholy is taken. 2. T h e causes of naturall melancholie, and of the excesse thereof. 3. Whether good nourishmente breede melancholy, by fault of the bodie turning it into melancholie: and whether such humour is founde in nourishments, or rather is made of them.

Definition of Melancholy: Name difference. T h e causes of melancholy.

Customs of dyet, delight, appetite, necessity: how they cause or hinder.

63

BIBLIOGR APHI A 4. T h e

aunswere

to

objections

D y e t rectified in substance.

made against the breeding o f melancholicke humour out o f nourishment. 6. T h e causes o f the increase and excesse o f melancholicke h u -

Immediate

cause o f

these

pre-

cedent symptomes.

mour. 7. O f

the melancholicke

excre-

O f the matter o f m e l a n c h o l y .

ment. 9. H o w

melancholie

worketh

Symptomes or signes in the m i n d .

f e a r f u l l passions in the m i n d . 10. H o w

the body affecteth the

O f the soul and her faculties.

soule. 1 5 . W h e t h e r perturbations rise o f humour

or

not, w i t h

a

Division o f

perturbations.

di-

vision o f perturbations. 17. How

melancholy

feare,

sadnes,

procureth

despaire,

and

Sorrow, fear, e n v y , hatred, m a l ice, anger, &c. causes.

such other passions. 18. O f the unnatural melancholy

Symptomes o f head melancholy.

rising by adustion; h o w it a f fecteth

us w i t h

diverse

pas-

sions. 1 9 . H o w sickness and yeares seeme to alter the minde, and

the

cause: & h o w the soule hath practise

of

senses

Continent, next

inward,

causes,

antecedent,

and

how

the

body works on the m i n d .

seperated

f r o m the bodie. 20. T h e accidentes w h i c h melancholie

befall

2 1 . H o w melancholie altereth the

Distemperature

of

particular

parts.

qualities o f the bodie. 28. H o w melancholy causeth both w e e p i n g and l a u g h i n g ,

A n heap o f other accidents causi n g melancholy.

persons.

with

Causes o f these symptomes (i.e. bashfulness and b l u s h i n g ) .

the reasons h o w . 29. T h e causes o f blushing

. . . .

3 1 . H o w melancholie altereth the

Symptomes

naturall workes o f the bodie:

abounding

j u i c e and excrement.

body.

32. O f the affliction o f conscience f o r sinne.

64

Guilty

of in

conscience

committed.

melancholy the for

whole offence

BURTONIANA 3 4 . T h e particular difference betwixt melancholie and the afflicted conscience in the same person.

H o w melancholy differ.

and

3 5 . T h e affliction of minde: to what persons it befalleth, and by what meanes.

Passions and perturbations of the mind: how they cause melancholy.

3 7 . T h e cure of melancholie: & how melanckolicke persons are to order themselves in actions of minde, sense, and motion.

Cure of melancholy over all the body.

38. H o w melancholicke persons are to order themselves in their affections.

Perturbations of the mind rectified.

39. H o w melancholicke persons are to order themselves in the rest of their diet, and what choyce they are to make of ayer, meate, and drinke, house and apparell.

Dyet rectified; ayre rectified, &c.

40. T h e cure by medicine meete f o r melancholicke persons. 4 1 . T h e maner of strengthening melancholicke persons after purging: with correction of some of their accidents.

T h e physick which cureth with medicines. Correctors of accidents to procure sleep.

65

despair

IV THE

CASE

THE

AGAINST

BACONIANS

O

NE WHO has read both The Anatomy and the Treatise will require no argument to be convinced that Burton's book is incomparably the greater, and that the mind which conceived the one could never have given birth to the other. Bright's is a dull little book, the product of what we now call a single-track mind. It is bare of illustration, and displays none of the scholarly temper which is characteristic of Burton.

That Burton used the Treatise, quoted from it, he acknowledged freely and frequently. That he followed its plan of analysis, as far as it went, is clear from the comparison of chapter headings we have given above. But that the two works have any essential kinship of spirit could never be suggested by a man in possession of even the slightest critical faculty. The Anatomy abounds in high spirit, humor, imagination, and is the work of a man trained in the methodology of the Academy, one eager to reveal his sources and thus to enable others to track down authority for his statements. Bright's book, on the other hand, is spiritless, the work of an educated but not a scholarly man. In him the preacher and small-town medico are uppermost. 66

B U R T O N I A N A Burton's human interest is never dominated by anything. For that reason The Anatomy is universal and has lived all these three hundred years; whereas the Treatise is both dated and, aside from its interest as a medical curio, dead. Bright was a capable, clever man 5 Burton was a genius. Here and there, however, one encounters people who do not hesitate to declare that the same hand produced the two books. One is tempted to believe that such have read only one of the books, or neither! The claim of common authorship, I believe, comes solely from some of the Baconians, such as Mrs. Elizabeth Wells Gallup, 1 Mr. Ignatius Donnelly,2 and Mr. James Phinney Baxter.3 It would seem that Bacon, taking a day off from the production of Don Quixote, Montaigne's Essays, Shakespeare's poems and plays, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, The Faerie Queene, and other odds and ends of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literature, on both sides of the Channel, not to make account of the works bearing his own name, did first the Treatise (1586), and then, thirty-five years later, enlarged and revised it into The Anatomy of Melancholy.* Revision! What had to be changed was merely the structure of the sentences, the entire tone of the book, in spirit and in scope, and the addition of countless illustra1

The Biliteral Cyfher

2

The Great Cry f to gram (London, 1 8 8 8 ) .

3

The Greatest of Literary Problems (Boston, 1 9 1 5 ) .

4

Baxter's The Greatest of Literary Problems, p. 4 8 8 .

(London, 1 9 0 1 ) .

67

BIBLIOGR APHI A tions and marginal notes. T o accomplish such revision was little short of a miracle. But miracles were nothing to Bacon: for we find that the same hand that made the 1621 edition of The Anatomy, revised and enlarged it by additions, from first to last, in 1624. Then Bacon died in 1626. But—miracle of miracles!—in 1628 the same hand revised and enlarged the book; again in 1632; again in 1638. Then in 1640 Burton died, leaving (so the printer Cripps tells us) some final notes, which the same Cripps added to the next edition of 1651—52. N o more revision was done. But surely Bacon had done enough, to revise four times after his death. A n d perhaps his multitude of secretaries did the work for him in the inimitable style he had chosen for the Burton-Bright work! With Baconians in general I have no quarrel. I am neither of the camp followers nor of those who sit in the seats of the scornful. T h e Baconians are indeed among the world's most extreme romantics, and in that they are rather to be envied. T h e y have produced a large number of most stimulating and entertaining books, have provoked a vast amount of critical research. Their work has been tonic and helpful in relieving the mustiness that seems inevitably to cling about most Elizabethan criticism. And it may be, for all I know to the contrary, that Francis Bacon did verily write the whole of that great Shakespearean output. There is undoubtedly a mystery. There is ample room for doubt in the case of Shakespeare, for the reason that there is so little documentary evidence concerning (a) his life, ( ¿ ) his connection with the publications bearing his name, (c) his scholastic training. 68

I

B U R T O N I A N A am not saying that this is sufficient to prove that Shakespeare did not write the works ordinarily attributed to him: I say that this lack of documentary evidence has afforded opportunity for conjecture. But in the cases of Burton and Bright, what have we? I f we can show evidence that these men were, and are, creditably established, born, bred, trained for their work; that they were known by their contemporaries as authors of the work at present attributed to them, is that not enough for common sense? What, then, is known of Timothy Bright? W e know, first, that he was the son of one William Bright, who spent the last years of his life with Timothy and who was buried at Methley on August 24, 1592; that Timothy was born at Cambridge in 15 5 0 - 5 1 ; that he was matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, M a y 21, 1561, as subsizar, he being then eleven years of age; that his tutor was one Vincent Skinner, M . A . (and later both M . P . and K t . ) ; that on April 18, 1567, he was admitted Scholar at Trinity College, and that in 1568 he was given the degree of B.A. W e know further that he continued in residence at Cambridge until 1570; 5 that in 1572 he was living in Paris, then famous as a medical center; and that on August 24 of that year occurred the St. Bartholomew's Massacre, which drove Bright and young Philip Sidney to take refuge at the house of the British Ambassador, Sir Francis Walsingham, who afterB His name is on the books of the college. For this information and the biographical data I am indebted to Timothe Bright Doctor of Phisicke, A Memoir of "The Father of Modern Shorthand" by William J. Carlton (London, 1 9 1 1 ) .

69

BIBLIOGRAPHI A ward befriended Bright in many ways. In 1574 we find that Timothy Bright was once more in Cambridge; in 1575 he became Licentiate of Medicine, and in 1578—79 was admitted Doctor. Furthermore we know that there are six different works bearing his name as author or editor on the title-page: Hygieina (editions in 1582, 1588, 1598, and 1647); Medicinae Therafeuticae (1583, 1589, 1598, and 1647); a n edition of Scribonius, In Physicam Gtilielmi Scribonii (1584, 1589; and also in Frankfurt and Paris); A Treatise of Melancholie (two different editions in 1586; the first being that printed by Vautrolier and having a page of "Faults," the second printed by John Windet with "faults" corrected, and a revised edition in 1 6 1 3 ) ; Characterie ( 1 5 8 8 ) ; and an abridgment of Fox's Booke of Acts and Monuments (1589). Furthermore his name appeared, as commentator, in an edition of Goclenius, in 1590. Concerning his first book, A Treatise: Wherein Is Declared the Swfficiencie of English Medicines (1580, 1 5 8 1 , and 1 6 1 5 ) , we know that, like many books of the period, it was issued anonymously; but there is abundant evidence, apart from the fact that the dedication was signed " T . B.," pointing to Timothy Bright as its author. For this evidence I direct the reader to the valuable monograph of Mr. William J . Carlton. The important books here listed are the one on melancholy and the one on shorthand, or "characterie"; and, as one might expect, both have been attributed to Francis Bacon.6 But let us continue the summary of the known facts 6

Mrs. C . M . Pott in Baconia, Vol. V I I I , pp. 28 et seq. ( 1 9 0 0 ) .

70

B U R T O N I A N A about Bright.

On September 20, 1584, he was recom-

mended by Sir Francis Walsingham to the Board of Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital as house physician,7 and in February 1585 he was actually elected to the post, which he kept, not altogether faithfully it appears, until September 29, 1591. I say not faithfully for the reason that on the records of the hospital are a number of entries reproving Bright for neglect of his duties. This was probably due to his intense preoccupation with his new invention of a shorthand system and to the fact that he had received appointment as curate of Christ Church in Newgate in February 1589. On June 8, 1591, we find Timothy Bright rector of Methley

in

Yorkshire,

where

he encountered

troubles with his parishioners; and in December

many 1594

he became rector of Barwick-in-Elmet, where, owing to his preoccupation with his own interests, he was likewise not popular for long. H e held the living despite protests until his death in September 1615. His brother, William Bright, was curate of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury, and it was at his home that Timothy died, and by him that he was buried. His will, dated August 9 (and proved at York, November 1 3 ) , has one provision that is of sufficient interest to warrant notice: I do hereby w i l l and bequeath unto my much beloved brother, W i l l i a m B r i g h t , Bachelor o f D i v i n i t i e and publick preacher o f G o d e s w o r d e in the t o w n o f Salop, in the C o u n t y o f Salop, all those my bookes, called or k n o w n e by the name or names o f the H e b r e w B y b l e , the Syriac testament, Josephus Z a r l i n u s in Italian, 7

St. Bartholomew's M S Journal, No. 2, fol. 223.

71

BIBLIOGR

APHIA

in two volumes, and Plato in Greeke and Latine, translated by Marcilius Ficinus, and those my instruments of musick called the Theorbo, with its case, and the Irish harpe, which I most usuallye played upon.

This last item, together with the catalogue of facts about Bright, are recited to show that Timothy was a man of superior education, trained in medicine, theology, and, more than likely, a capable amateur musician. In brief, he was the sort of man from whom we might expect just such books as he is commonly supposed to have written. The books mentioned, with the single exception noted, were entered at the Stationers' Register under his name, and in the case of his work on shorthand he received on July 13, 1588, Queen Elizabeth's patent, which may be seen at the Public Record office in London. Finally Bright was prominently mentioned, along with Sir Walter Mildmay, as one of the founders of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1583-1585). Here, then, is Dr. Timothy Bright, friend of notables, the "father of modern shorthand," a writer much read and approved during his lifetime; a man the outline of whose career is attested by existing church and state records. Certainly he is not the type to be involved in great mystery or uncertainty. And Robert Burton, writing the last lines of The Anatomy8 in December 1620, had showed no hesitation in attributing The Treatise of Melancholy to the man whose name is on the title-page and who had passed away only five short years before. 8

First E d i t i o n , p. 2 2 1 .

72

BURTONIANA T h e defense rests. With Robert Burton we are on yet firmer ground. H e r e we have a man descended from a well-established family that has been traced easily back to James de Burton, 9 "Squire to the body of King Richard the

first,"

that is to say, to the twelfth century; whose father and mother were well known in the county of his birth; who had at least one famous brother, conspicuous enough in his time as scholar and historian; the records of whose baptism, school and college careers are carefully preserved; whose notable library is still treasured at Oxford, with his writing and notes scrawled over page after page; 1 0 whose reputation as a bookman was known not only in Oxford but all over England; and whose name was, by wellknown contemporaries, linked inseparably to The omy of

Anat-

Melancholy.

And here, again, The Anatomy is just the sort of book that we should expect from a man of Burton's temperament and training: the product of one nurtured by the Church, bat not too pious; of a man widely read in medicine, mathematics, and the humanists; of a man untraveled, but who, like old Samuel Purchas, yearned the more for adventure. But what do his contemporaries say? William Burton, in his Description 9

William Burton's Descriftion

of

of Leicestershire

Leicestershire ( 1 6 2 2 ) , page 1 7 7 .

O x f o r d Bibliographical Society, Proceedings and Pafers, Vol. I, Part III. T w o large M S S in Burton's autograph are still in existence: he made two copies of his Philosofhaster, one for himself and one for William. O f these both are now in America. Burton gave to Christ Church and the Bodleian Library 1,054 volumes. 10

73

BIBLIOGR APHI A (London, 1622, p. 179) certainly speaks with assurance: "Robert Burton, Bachelor of Divinity, and student of Christchurch Oxon: Authour of the Anatomy of Melancholy." Thomas Fuller ( 1 6 0 8 - 1 6 6 1 ) in the History the Worthies

of England

ton wrote The Anatomy

of

( 1 6 6 2 ) is confident that Bur(see under Leicestershire, page

1 3 4 ) : " H e wrote an excellent book (commonly called Democritus Junior) of the Anatomy of

Melancholy";

Fuller was thirty-one years of age when Burton died. Nathaniel

Carpenter

(1588-1628)

in his

Geografhie

Deliniated

(Oxford, 1625, Part I I , p. 273) makes an easy

reference to Burton and his book that is unmistakable. Anthony a W o o d ( 1 6 3 2 - 1 6 9 5 ) , an Oxford man who in his childhood must have seen Burton about the streets and who knew many of his friends, has no hesitation in writing him down as the maker of The Anatomy

(Athenae

Oxoniensis,

in

Miracles

1691).

Martin Lluelyn,

M.D.,

Men

(Oxford, 1646, p. 124) did an elegy " O n the

Death of Master R . B.," 1 1 in which his authorship is unquestioned. And, finally, the monument, erected immediately after Burton's death, by his brother William, bears the famous epitaph, 12 which leaves no doubt about his vital relationship to The

Anatomy.

But consider a bit of the internal evidence. I f Bacon, writing under the nomdeplume of Burton, 11

See A p p e n d i x D , N o t e .

12

"Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, hie jacet Democritus Junior,

cui vitam dedit et mortem M e l a n c h o l i a . "

T h i s epitaph is beneath the

bust of Burton, in the north aisle o f Christ C h u r c h C a t h e d r a l ; Frontispiece.

74

see

B U R T O N I A N A were the author of The Anatomy, would it not be curious to find him going out of his way to refer, repeatedly, to Burton's family affairs? 1621,13

And yet in the First Edition,

we find on page 337 that he speaks of Lindley

and of Oldbury H i l l , "at the foot of which H i l l , I was borne"; and on page 333 of the same edition he refers to Sutton Coldfield, "where I was once a gramer Scholler." In his later editions he makes a point of naming his mother, Dorothy; his father, Ralph; and his brothers, William, George, and Ralph; Bishop John Bancroft, " m y quondam tutor"; and Seagrave, "for I am now Incumbent of that Rectory." 1 4 Last of all one notes that in Burton's will, which was made on August 15, 1639,

an< ^

which was proved in M a y

1640 before the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 16 he mentions his book in these words: " I f any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such books as are written with my own hands and half my

Melancholy

Copy [sic] for Crips hath the other half." Here he is, no doubt, referring to his M S S of Philosofhaster some odd copies of The

and to

Anatomy.

Surely no more argument is necessary to convince the 1 3 Burton's name is appended to the last page of the First Edition: "From my Studie in Christ Church Oxon. December 5, 1620. ROBERT

BURTON."

For these references see the 1927 edition, pp. 29, 433, 434, 438, 596, and 950. 14

T h e original will is now at Somerset House, London. A complete transcript is provided in my Robert Burton's "Philosophaster" . . . . with His Other Minor Writings in Prose and Verse (Stanford University Press, 1 9 3 1 ) , pp. 2 7 5 - 2 7 8 . 16

75

BIBLIOGRAPHIA reader that the Baconian contention in this particular is without adequate foundation: but, as a last exhibit, perhaps it would be as well to submit a sample of the method by which some of these enthusiasts have reached their conclusions. The late Mr. Ignatius Donnelly contributed to the entertainment of his fellows two very amusing books which were widely read and which created a deal of discussion. One was his Atlantis, and the other The Great Cryptogram (2 vols., London, 1888). The title and treatment of the first ought to suffice as an indication of Mr. Donnelly's romantic tendencies. In The Great Cryptogram he tells us that there is an air of mystery hanging about The Anatomy, and that from a study of the Baconian cypher he has become convinced that Bacon was the author. And for one instance he points to a passage in Burton, where, to him, the Baconian hand is most evident. It is the paragraph on coffee ("coffa") which occurs on page 593. He then points the deadly parallel, giving us a quite similar passage from Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum in which there is like spelling and where also coffee is described as a berry black as soot. There is no question that the passages are remarkably alike; and I mention this point because it seems to me Mr. Donnelly's best exhibit. But what is proved? The first appearance of that paragraph in Burton was in his Fourth Edition ( 1 6 3 2 , page 397). In Bacon it occurs in the Sylva of 1627. It would be hazardous (as it has often proved) to suggest that similarity of wording necessarily means plagiary. Burton was, perhaps more 76

B U R T O N I A N A than any writer of his time, scrupulous in giving his authorities, and yet there are several instances where he failed to do this. But we do know that he read Bacon and quoted from him many times in a way that belies any charge that he attempted to hide his indebtedness to the L o r d Chancellor. Common sense would suggest that Burton got his information about the effects of coffee from Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum too late for his Third Edition, but that he made a note of it and added it to the Fourth. It is even more likely that both got the description from one of the numerous "broadsides" that were common during the period.

Coffee had excited the Constantinople

ecclesiasts of the mid-sixteenth century, and, curiously enough, the fanatics among Christian nations were a-stew well down into the seventeenth century all over Europe about the wickedness of the coffee berry. Some of these pamphlets must have fallen into the hands of both Bacon and Burton (who made a colossal collection of broadside literature). But having set forth M r . Donnelly's best argument, which proves no more than that Burton probably borrowed, we turn to another which will, once for all, subject his arguments to suspicion. O n page 967 of his second volume M r . Donnelly assumes to make a quotation from Burton, attempting to show that where Burton refers to anything connected with Bacon's life it suggests a mystery. Thus M r . Donnelly: " W e have this curious and inexplicable remark: 'near S. Albans, which must not now be whispered in the ear.' " Here he is speaking of a passage out of "Democritus

77

BIBLIOGRAPHIA to the Reader" (see Fifth Edition, pp. 58-59) where Burton was writing of the desirability of canals: " B . A t water of old, or as some will Henry I. made a channell from Trent to Lincolne, navigable; which now, saith M r . Camden, is decayed, and much mention is made

of

anchors, & such like monuments found about old Verulamium." Burton placed an asterisk at

"Verulamium,"

calling attention to a footnote which read: "near S. A l bans." But what of the other part of the sentence M r . Donnelly pretends to quote? One seeks in vain through all editions. But if one turns to the paragraph following, which is devoted to the neglect and abuses which have deprived England of her trade, one finds this sentence: " I could justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, etc. & many such, quae nunc in aurem susurrare non libet."

There, in the Latin, is the other end

of M r . Donnelly's "quotation"! pen ( ? ) to put the two together?

And how did he hapT h e only explanation

possible is that, in the reprints of The Anatomy,

begin-

ning in 1845, some of the Latin sentences were translated and put among Burton's footnotes. M r . Donnelly welded the two footnotes into one, through either carelessness or dishonesty. Such juggling may amuse the populace, but is hardly worth the consideration of those who have passed the years of adolescence.

78

V A BIBLIOGRAPHY ROBERT

H

OF

BURTON

ERE, I believe, is the first attempt at a complete Burton Bibliography. I believe that it is, in the main, accurate. But I wish to point out the fact

that, in respect to one feature, there may be some confusion. In calling attention to errors of pagination I have been aware that they do not uniformly appear; copies of the same edition differ in this respect, owing, no doubt, to the fact that too many printers spoiled the pagination. Let not the collector rend his garments too soon. I f the title-page is correct, if the signatures and the principal "points" are as I have noted, he may be assured. Neither should the collector be over-mindful respecting the punctuation visible on the engraved title-pages ( 1 6 2 8 - 1 6 7 6 ) : sometimes a comma has lost its tail j often the punctuation mark has been obliterated altogether. T h e bibliographer cannot vouch for too nice an accuracy on this point. L e t the Burtonian remember that each edition of Anatomy

The

down to, and including, the Sixth Edition is,

owing to Burton's numerous corrections, really a First Edition, and then he will realize the importance of this bibliography.

79

BIBLIOGR APHI A In addition to the bibliographical authorities already cited I have consulted Oxford Books, by Professor Falconer Madan (2 vols., Oxford, 1 8 9 5 - 1 9 1 2 ) , the check lists prepared by Mr. Alfred C. Potter of the Harvard University Library (Notes and Queries, January 15, 1898), and that by Mr. Gilbert H . Doane in The American Collector for March 1928.

E D I T I O N S

OF

A P P E A R E D

THE

D U R I N G

B U R T O N ' S 1. F I R S T

ANATOMY

T H A T

R O B E R T

L I F E T I M E

EDITION

The | Anatomy of | Melancholy, | what it is. | W i t h all the Kindes, | Cavses, Symptomes, Vrog-\nostickes, and seve-\rall cvres of it. | In Three Maine Partitions | with their seuerall Sections, Mem-|bers, and Subsec-| tions. | Philosophically, Medici- \ nally, historically, ope-\ned and cvt vp. | By | Democritus Iunior. | With a Satyricall Preface, conducing to | the following Discourse. | Macrob. | Omne meum, Nihil meum. | At Oxford, | Printed by Iohn Lichfield and lames | Short, for Henry Cripps. | Anno Dom. 1621. Quarto, 8 8 0 pages, as follows: T i t l e : verso blank: Dedication: verso blank: "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," 7 6 pages, followed by the "Synopsis" in 8 unnumbered pages: followed by text to page 7 8 3 : quotation from

"Au-

gustin" on verso: followed by "Conclusion of the Author to the Reader," six pages: followed by page of Errata. appears on the last page of (miscalled

80

"72").

Lectori male feriato

"Democritus Iunior to the

Reader"

B U R T O N I A N A The signatures run as follows: a to e in eights5 f in four j A to Z, Aa to Zz, Aaa to Ccc in eights; Ddd in four. The following pages are wrongly numbered: 55 reads 5 1 ; 139 reads 1375 175 reads 1555 180 reads 174; 195 reads 1935 238 reads 1385 424 reads 4285 427 reads 4375 451 reads 4525 453 reads 4635 486 is repeated} 605 reads 635i 643 reads 6455 718 reads 7175 762 reads 752} 763 reads 773} and on page 465 the " 4 " is inverted. The error on page 55 accounts for the fact that there are actually 76 pages in "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," instead of 72. The Dedication of the First Edition differs from that of later editions in that, immediately following "Georgio Berkleio," comes "Baroni De Berkley, Moubrey, Segrave, D° Dc Brrse, e4- Covr." [Gour. or Gower], instead of the later "Militi de Balneo," etc. The "Conclusion of the Author to the Reader," curiously enough, was not reprinted until 1927, in the Dell-Jordan-Smith edition. 2. S E C O N D E D I T I O N (First Folio)

The | Anatomy of | Melancholy: | W h a t it is. | W i t h all the Kindes, Cav-|ses, Symptomes, Prognosticks, | and severall cvres of it. | In Three Maine Partitions, | with their seuerall Sections, Mem-jbers, and Svbsections. | Philosophically, Medici |nally, Historically | opened and cut vp, | By | Democritus Iunior. | With a Satyricall Preface, conducing to | the following Discourse. | The second Edition, corrected and aug-| mented by the Author. | Macrob. | Omne meum, Nihil meum. | (device with shield, three crowns and open 81

BIBLIOGR APHI A book, and the letters A C : O X ) | At Oxford, | Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, | for Henry Cripps. A 0 Dom. 1624. Folio, 652 pages, as follows: Title: verso blank: Dedication: verso blank: followed by "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," 64 pages, with Lectori male jeriato and Errata on page 64: followed by " T h e Synopsis," 4 unnumbered pages: followed by text of 567 pages (exclusive of 4 unnumbered pages of Synopses between pp. 188 and 189, and 2 unnumbered pages of Analysis between 3 3 2 and 3 3 3 ) : on verso of p. " 5 5 7 " begins " T a b l e , " consisting of 7 unnumbered pages.

(This edition was entered to " M . Sparke by consent of H . Cripps, 24 M y . 1 6 2 2 . " ) The signatures run as follows: a to g in fours; h six leaves; A to Z, Aa to Zz, Aaa to Zzz, Aaaa to Dddd in fours. The following pages are wrongly numbered: p. 63 (in Democritus Iunior to the Reader) reads 9 3 ; 3 7 1 reads 3 7 2 ; 380 reads 370 (affecting the text that follows by a loss of ten pages in the numbering); 457 reads 455. 3. T H I R D E D I T I O N

The | Anatomy of | Melancholy | What it is, with all the Kinds, causes, | symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it. | in three Partitions, with their severall | Sections, members & subsections | philosophically, Medicinally, | Historically, opened & cut vp | B y | Democritus Junior | with a Satyricall Preface conducing | to the following Discourse. | The thirde Edition, corrected and | augmented by the Author. | Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit vtile dulci. | Oxford | 82

B U R T O N I A N A Printed for | Henry Cripps | 1628. (Engraved title inclosed in frame here and in subsequent early editions.) Folio, 760 pages, as follows: Le Blon's engraved Title in compartments, with Burton's portrait: verso blank: Dedication: verso blank: followed by "Democritus Iunior ai Librum suum," z pages: followed by " T h e Authors Abstract of Melancholy," 2 pages: followed by "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," 77 pages: verso blank: followed by Lectori male feriato, 1 page: verso blank: followed by 4 pages of Synopsis: followed by Text, 656 pages (including Synopsis of 4 unnumbered pages between pp. 208 and 209; and 2 unnumbered pages of Analysis between pp. 374 and 3 7 5 ) . The Table follows page " 6 4 6 , " and consists of 8 unnumbered pages, followed by page of Errata: verso blank, followed by colophon, with University arms — Oxford, | Printed by Iohn Lichfield, Printer | to the Famous University, for | Henry Cripps. Ann. Dom. | 1628. (device): verso blank.

The signatures run as follows: Argument, Title, and Dedication without signatures: two leaves of introductory matter, ** and ** 1: "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," a to k in fours, k4 containing the Lectori male feriato. Synopsis, ff and ^2, two leaves: Text, A to O0004 in fours: Errata on single leaf of Pppp: Colophon leaf without signature. The Third Edition contains the first appearance of C. (Christian) L e Blon's title.1 The portrait of Burton on the title of this, and of the Fourth Edition, is without a cap, and shows him younger than in the subsequent issues. The verses, "Democritus Junior ad Librum suum" and "The Authors Abstract of Melancholy" appear for 1 Christian Le Blon, a Flemish engraver who settled in Frankfurt, father of Michel, the more famous engraver. (See A. M . Hind, History of Engraving and Etching, Boston, 1 9 2 7 . )

83

BIBLIOGR APHI A the first time; and the Latin motto as given on the titles of the First and Second Editions is here changed. 2 In the collations of M r . Gordon D u f f (Oxford Bibliographical Society, Proceedings

and Pafers,

Vol. I, Part

I I I ) , it is stated that the Third Edition should have 762 pages.

I have not been fortunate enough to see such a

copy. T h e following pages are incorrectly numbered: 37 reads 39; 38 reads 40 (those in "Democritus Iunior to the R e a d e r " ) ; in the text 66 reads 62; 80 reads 78 (and two pages were lost in the count); 96 reads 86; 98 reads 88; 99 reads 89; 101 reads 9 1 ; 188 reads 187; 2 i 4 r e a d s 1 1 4 ; 215 reads 1 1 5 ; 351 reads 2 5 1 ; 358 reads 357; 359 reads 358; 360 reads 259; 361 reads 359; 362 reads 3 6 1 ; 585 reads 583 (two more pages are lost count of at this last point). LI2 and Lis are reversed in some copies (viz., pp. 261 and 263). 4. F O U R T H

EDITION

T h e | Anatomy of | Melancholy | What it is, with all the kinds causes, | symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it. | In three Partitions, with their severall | Sections, members & subsections, | philosophically, Medicinally, | Historically, opened & cut vp. | By | Democritus Junior, | with a Satyricall Preface, conducing | to the following Discourse. | T h e fourth

2

In this edition, page 3 6 4 , Burton says, " L e t ' s drive down care

w i t h a cup o f w i n e : and so say I " : in the First and Second Editions he says " a l e . " A n amusing speculation m i g h t here arise!

84

B U R T O N I A N A edition, corrected a n d

| augmented by the Author.

|

O m n e tulit p u n c t u m , qui miscuit v t i l e d u l c i | O x f o r d | P r i n t e d for | H e n r y Cripps. | 1 6 3 2 . Folio, 822 pages, as follows: Blank leaf on verso of which is " T h e Argument of the Frontispiece": Le Blon's engraved T i t l e : verso blank: Dedication: verso blank: "Democritus Iunior ad Librum suum" 2 pages: " T h e Authors Abstract of Melancholy," 2 pages: "Democritus Iunior to the Reade r , " 78 pages: two unnumbered pages, the first containing Lectori male feriato, and the verso containing the first appearance of the verses "Heraclite fleas," etc.: four pages of "Synopses": T e x t , 728 pages, including four unnumbered pages of Synopses between pages 2 1 8 and 2 1 9 ; following page " 7 2 2 " are 9 pages of " T h e T a b l e , " on last page of which is the Errata note, and on the verso is the Colophon: Oxford, | Printed by Iohn Litchfield, Printer | to the Famous U N I V E R S I T Y , for | Henry Cripps. Ann. Dom. | 1 6 3 2 . ( T h e Colophon differs in design from that of the T h i r d Edition; in the last-named the arms of the University are bordered on the left by the lion and on the right by the unicorn; while in the Fourth Edition, the arms are bordered on the l e f t by the thistle and on the rignt Dy the rose. The type is larger ana c^eajer In .he T h i r d Edition.) T h e s i g n a t u r e s r u n as f o l l o w s : ^ in f o u r l e a v e s ; A to K , ^ 2 l e a v e s ; A to Z , A a to Z z , A a a to Z z z , A a a a to Y y y y in fours. T h i s is t h e first edition to contain " T h e A r g u m e n t o f t h e F r o n t i s p i e c e " : also it is t h e first e d i t i o n to h a v e t h e f i g u r e s o n L e B l o n ' s frontispiece n u m b e r e d to c o r r e s p o n d with

the verses o f the A r g u m e n t .

The

second line

of

s t a n z a 7 o f " A u t h o r s A b s t r a c t o f M e l a n c h o l y " is c h a n g e d f r o m " L e t m e n o t d i e , but l i v e in l o v e " to " S o m a y I e v e r be in l o v e . " numbered:

In

" D e m o c r i t u s I u n i o r to t h e R e a d e r , " 1 8 u s u a l l y r e a d s

The

following

pages

are

wrongly

193

85

BIBLIOGRAPHIA 23 reads 2 1 ; 42 reads 445 in some copies 47 reads 45. In the text: 13 is not numbered; 48 reads 46; 139 reads 137 (losing two pages in numbering) ; 152 is unnumbered; 189 reads 190; 244 reads 246; 309 reads 319 (gaining ten pages in the numbering); 330 reads 533; 353 reads 354; 381 reads 3 1 1 ; sometimes 547 reads 548; 575 reads 5 7 7 ; 691 reads 692; 693 (Ssss) usually reads 692. (There is such variation in the pagination that I do not mention all: in some copies the 4 pages of "Synopsis of the First Partition" precede "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," reversing the order of the early signatures.)

5. F I F T H

EDITION

T h e | Anatomy of | Melancholy | What it is, With all the kinds causes, | symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it. | In three Partitions, with their severall | Sections, members & subsections. | Philosophically, Medicinally, | Historically, opened & cut vp | B y | Democritus Junior | With a Satyricall Preface conducing | to the following Discourse. | T h e

fift[h]

Edition, corrected and | augmented by the Author. | Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit vtile dulci | Oxford | Printed for | H e n r y Cripps | 1638. Folio, 84.0 pages, as f o l l o w s : H a l f - t i t l e , T h e | A n a t o m i e | o f | M e l a n c h o l y . | : on verso is the "Argument

of

the Frontispiece":

Le

Blon's engraved

verso blank: D e d i c a t i o n : verso blank: "Democritus suum,"

title-page:

Junior ad

Librum

2 pages: " T h e Authors Abstract o f M e l a n c h o l y , " 2 pages:

" T h e Synopsis o f the First P a r t i t i o n , " 4 pages, f o l l o w e d by, " D e mocritus Junior

86

to the R e a d e r , "

7 8 pages: the

79th page

(un-

B U R T O N I A N A numbered) contains the Lectori male jeriato: and on the verso is the poem, "Heraclite fleas," with printers' ornaments; followed by Text, 723 + 1 2 pages: verso of page 723 blank, followed by the Table, 9 pages, on the last page of which, is the address to the reader explaining that this edition began to be printed in Edinburgh; it also contains the "Errata": verso blank.

The signatures run as follows: § six leaves: A to K in fours: A to R in fours: S six leaves; T to Z, Aa to H h in fours: Ii six leaves: Kk to Zz, Aaa to Zzz, Aaaa to Eeee in fours: F f f f two leaves: Gggg to Zzzz, and to Aaaaa in fours. L I is usually missing, but does not affect the text.3 In the text are the following errors in pagination: 59 reads 95} 91 reads 89; 92 reads 90; 93 reads 9 1 ; 94 reads 925 98 reads 96: 1 1 9 is not numbered: 1 2 3 reads 1 1 3 : 1 4 1 to 144 not numbered: 145 reads 1 4 1 : 1 5 7 reads 1 5 8 : 189 reads 190: 2 3 1 reads 2 1 3 : 263 reads 2 6 1 : 272 reads 3

The marginal notes on the rare L I leaf differ from those on the retained leaf: the one usually retained, numbered 2 6 1 , has a note on Seagrave, reading: "For I am now Incumbent of that Rectory, presented thereto by my right honorable Patron the Lord Berkly." On the L I leaf the same note reads: " T o the Rectorie of which I was lately presented by my right hon. Patron, the L. Bercley." This change leads to some speculation. I f , as the late Edward Gordon Duff seems to have proved ( T h e Library, Vol. IV, No. 2, 1 9 2 3 ) , the LI preceded the retained leaf and was printed at Edinburgh, the note may be taken to have been written in the summer of 1635 ( a s shown by a letter from Burton to John Smyth, Berkeley's secretary, on August 7, 1 6 3 5 ) . The Seagrave note appears for the first time in the Fifth Edition, and on the LI leaf he says that he was "lately" presented the living: on the retained leaf he says " I am now incumbent." Does not this suggest that Burton's incumbency began much later than 1630, which has been commonly accepted? In the light of the foregoing, 1633—1634 would seem more likely.

87

BIBLIOGRAPHIA 22

7 : 353 reads 3 5 1 : 361 reads 227: 375 reads 348: 380 reads 382: 385 reads 387: 433 reads 4 3 5 : 500 reads 499: 540 reads 539: 544 reads 534. (The errors at pp. 98, 1 4 1 , and 263 account for a loss of eight pages in the numbering.) Copies having the L I leaf contain 842 pages. This edition was printed by R . Young at Edinburgh, L . Litchfield at Oxford, and W . Turner at Oxford, with cancels by M . Flesher at London. Burton had expected that the edition would be printed at Edinburgh, but Cripps would not have it and the work was stopped. So many printers handled the pages that a number of curious errors resulted, and the copies differ slightly in "catchwords" and pagination. For more data concerning this amusing muddle, see Oxford Bibliographical Society, Proceedings and Papers, Vol. I, Part I I I , 1925. (On the title page of this edition the letter " h " seems, on first glance, to have been dropped from " f i f t h , " but a careful examination will show that it was originally there, as in the "sixth" of the following edition.)

POSTHUMOUS

EDITIONS

6. SIXTH EDITION (A)

The | Anatomy of | Melancholy | what it is, with all the kinds causes, | symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it. | In three Partitions, with their severall | Sections, members & subsections, | philosophically, medicinally, | Historically, opened & cut vp | By | Democritus Junior. | with a Satyricall preface, conducing 88

B U R T O N I A N A | to the following Discourse, | T h e S i x t [ h ] Edition, corrected and | augmented by the Author | Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit vtile dulci. | Oxford | Printed for | H e n r y Cripps. | 1 6 5 1 . Folio, 842 pages, as follows: Half-title: T h e | Anatomie | of | Melancholy. | : on verso is the "Argument of the Frontispiece": Le Blon's engraved title-frontispiece: verso blank: Dedication: verso blank: "Democritus Junior ad Librum suum," 2 pages: " T h e Authors Abstract of Melancholy," 2 pages: "Democritus Iunior to the Reader," 78 pages: on page 79 (unnumbered) is Lectori male feriato: on page 80 (unnumbered) is "Heraclite fleas," followed by 4 pages "Synopsis": Text, " 7 2 3 " pages (page 2 1 8 is wrongly numbered 454, and is followed by "Synopsis of Second Part.," 4 pages. "Second Partition" follows, wrongly numbered 2 1 6 , 220, etc.) "Analysis of the T h i r d Partition" (on E e e 3 ) , 3 pages, unnumbered; on verso of last page begins text of " T h i r d Part.," numbered 406. Following page 723 is the " T a b l e , " 9 pages. On the last leaf of the " T a b l e " occurs Henry Cripps Address to the Reader, as follows: " T o the Reader. " B e pleased to know (courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with severall considerable Additions by his own hand; This Copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition; which in order to his command, and the Publike Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression. "H. C." . . . . Below this address is a line, beneath which is the Colophon: Printed by R. W. for Henry Cripps of Oxford, and are to be sold by | Andrew Crook in Pauls Church-yard, and by Henry Cripps | and Lodowick Lloyd in Popes-head Ally. 1 6 5 1 .

T h e signatures run as follows: ( § ) four leaves, and A to K : A (repeated) 6 leaves; B to R in fours; S 6 leaves; 89

BIBLIOGR APHI A T to Z, Aa to H h in fours} Ii 6 leaves} K k to Z z , Aaa to Z z z , Aaaa to Eeee in fours } F f f f in 2 leaves; G g g g to Z z z z to Aaaaa in fours. T h e following pages are wrongly numbered: 98 reads 96} 1 1 2 sometimes reads 122} 123 reads 113} 141 is not numbered} 142 reads 128} pages 143 and 144 (S5) not numbered} 189 reads 190; 218 reads 454} 219 reads 216} 247 and 261 not numbered} 296 reads 292} 311 not numbered} 340 reads 327} 576 not numbered} 577 reads 576} 659 reads 651. In the "Authors Abstract of Melancholy" the line which should read " W h e n I lie waking all alone" was changed (by a blundering printer) to " W h e n I lie walking all alone." [In the Eighth Edition the printer, hoping to correct the error, made the line r e a d — " W h e n I go walking all alone"! ] ( B ) There is a variant of the Sixth Edition (a London imprint). T h e reading on the title-page differs as follows: London | Printed & are to be sould by | H e n : Crips & Lodo: L l o y d at | their shop in Popeshead alley. | 1652. I have seen but one copy of this [signatures exactly as in ( A ) ] , so I give here the collation of the Huth copy: H a l f - t i t l e and engraved title, 2 leaves; dedication, I l e a f ; the Author's verses to his book, 2 leaves; A to K in f o u r s ; A (repeated) 6 leaves; B to R in f o u r s ; S, 6 leaves; T

to H h to Ii in sixes; K k

to Aaaaa in fours.

This variant seems to have been a small issue, and is far "rarer" than the imprint of 1651.

90

B U R T O N I A N A After the Sixth Edition came the reprints without Burton's editorial supervision: they are not of great importance, but I will give the principal ones with brief descriptions. 7. S E V E N T H

EDITION

(folio)

The | Anatomy of | Melancholy. | What it is, with all the kinds causes, | symptomes, prognostickes, & seuerall cures of it, | In three Partitions, with their severall | Sections, members & subsections, | Philosophically, Medicinally, | Historically, opened & cut vp. | By | Democritus Junior. | With a Satyricall preface conducing | to the following Discourse, | The Seventh Edition, corrected and | augmented by the Author. | Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit vtile dulce. | London | Printed for H . Cripps and are to be sold | at his shop in Popes-head Allie j and by E:Wallis at the Horsshoo | in the Old Baley. | 1660. The text contains " 7 2 3 " pages -f- the usual introductory matter and the "Table," 840 pages in all. The colophon reads: Printed for Henry Cripps, and are to bee sold by him in Popes-head A l l y ;

| A n d by E l i s h a W a l l i s , at the Golden Horse-

shooe in the | O l d - B a y l e y .

1660.

Signatures: 4 (§) leaves (plus engraved title) j A to Z, Aa to Zz to Aaa to Zzz in sixes5 Aaaa, in 4 leaves. According to The Bibliotheca Oslerianay p. 418, some copies have a label, "Printed for J . Garway," pasted over the

91

BIBLIOGRAPHIA imprint, some of Cripps's stock having been sold after his death. The text ends on Z z z f . 8. EIGHTH EDITION

The Eighth Edition (folio) appeared in 1676, and was printed in London: Printed F o r Peter Parker at the | signe of the L e g g & Starr in Cornhill | over against ye R o y a l l E x c h a n g e . | 1 6 7 6 .

It is easily distinguished by the fact that it was printed in double columns. Signatures are: 3 leaves (plus the engraved title), B to Z, to Aa, to Zz, to Aaa, to R r r , in fours. The leaf of advertisement, a list of books printed for, and sold by Parker, is preserved in good copies. There are 502 pages, plus the leaf of advertisement, at the end. Cripps's Address to the Reader and also the Dedication page remain in both Seventh and Eighth editions as in the Sixth. ENGLISH

EDITIONS SINCE

OR

REPRINTS

1 800

1800, London: Printed by J . Cundee, Ivy-Lane, for Vernor and Hood, etc., with frontispiece to each volume by Thurston, and a " l i f e " by Stephen Jones: 2 vols., 8vo. This was reprinted in 1 8 0 1 , 1804, and 1806 by Vernor & Hood.

Also, in 1806 there was an edition printed by

Walker, edited by Edward D u Boisj all these are 2 vols., 8vo. In 1 8 1 3 came the edition used by Keats: London: 92

B U R T O N I A N A Printed for J . Walker; R. Lea: J . Cuthell: J . Nunn, etc.; 2 vols., 8vo. (This edition was really printed by S. Hamilton, at Weybridge.) The edition of 1 8 2 1 , 2 vols., 8vo, contains the life sketch by Wood. Other London editions, or rather reprints, followed in 1826 (McLean), 1827 (Longmans), 1829, and 1837—all 2 vols. 8vo. In 1836 (printed by B. Blake), 1838, 1839, and 1840 The Anatomy was issued in a single octavo volume. The lastnamed (1840) was issued by T. Tegg, with a frontispiece engraved by C. Freeman in imitation of that by Le Blon: this was called "The 16th edition," and its existence was in doubt until verified by Sir William Osier. It was reprinted in 1845, edited by "Democritus Minor," with various Latin passages rendered into English, and until 1926 was regarded as Tegg's first edition. This edition was reprinted in 1849, x 854, 1855, 1859, 1861, 1863, 1866, 1867, 1870, 1876, and 1879 (beginning with the 1854 imprint T. Tegg was succeeded by W. Tegg). In 1881 Chatto & Windus issued a single octavo volume, again issued by the same firm in 1887. In 1886 John C. Nimmo's clearly printed set in 3 vols., 8vo, appeared, and in 1891 Chatto & Windus followed suit with 3 vols., 8vo. In 1891 was another single octavo, and in 1893 came another Nimmo edition in 3 volumes. The Shiletto edition, published by Bell & Sons, 3 vols., 8vo, 1893, was the first real* edition since 1845, containing new notes and 4

S h i l l e t o ' s valuable edition seems to have been based on the text

o f the Seventh E d i t i o n , the editor h a v i n g assumed, likely enough, that it was an exact reprint o f the S i x t h ( i f not the veritable Sixth i t s e l f ! ) . But

the

Seventh

Edition,

in

addition

to misprints

not

previously

93

BIBLIOGR

APHIA

translations: it was revised in 1896, was reprinted several times (and is in the "Bohn L i b r a r y " ) , and, in 1899, was issued in large paper. In 1898 was another reprint of the Chatto & Windus edition in 3 volumes. In 1905 Duckworth issued a set in 3 vols., 8vo, and in 1924 there was another single-volume, octavo edition. In 1925 the Nonesuch Press issued a beautifully printed edition in 2 volumes, folio, without notes, omitting some of the front matter, and embellished with curious woodcuts done by E . McKnight Kauffer.

A M E R I C A N

E D I T I O N S

In 1836 appeared the first American edition, which perhaps deserves a more detailed description — Philadelphia: T . Wardle, 15 Minor Street, 1836, 2 vols., 8vo. On the title page it claims to be the "First American, from the thirteenth English edition, corrected." Other Philadelphia editions appeared in 1847,

I^49>

1852,

1853,

1854, 1857, 1859, 1868, 1875, and 1883. From Boston in 1859 came a three-volume set, printed by William Veazie, and reprinted in 1864 and 1865.

From Cam-

bridge, the Riverside Press issued a three-volume edition in 1861, with 75 sets on large paper. Another three-volcorrected, contains f r e q u e n t errors of its o w n , with the result that Shilleto's scholarly blunders!

efforts were

o f t e n wasted

upon

mere

typographical

(See Professor Bensly's criticisms concerning Shilleto's er-

rors in Notes and Queries,

Series I X , Vols. X I and X I I : Series X , Vols.

I, I I , I I I , I V , V , V I , V I I , and X . )

T h e editor w h o ventures back into

the seventeenth century, whatever his scholarship may be, requires the aid o f the bibliographer.

94

B U R T O N I A N A ume edition appeared in New York in 1862. From New York, Armstrong published a three-volume, octavo set in 18895 s i n 1924 the Empire State Book Company published, or, rather, reissued the English single-volume, octavo edition of that same year. In 1927 the old firm of George H . Doran Company published the Dell-JordanSmith edition in two volumes, royal octavo, with all the Latin passages completely Englished, and with a new biographical index. In 1929 this last-named was reissued in one volume, octavo, with a leaf of errata: the pagination, however, remains the same as in the 1927 edition. A B R I D G E D

E D I T I O N S

In 1801 appeared the first abridged edition, with the title: " M e l a n c h o l y ; as it proceeds from the disposition and habit, the passion of love, and the influence of religion. Drawn chiefly from the celebrated work intitled Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy; and in which the Kinds, causes, consequences, and cures of This English Malady " . . . . are t r a c e d f r o m w i t h i n I t s i n m o s t c e n t r e t o its o u t m o s t s k i n . " L o n d o n : Printed by T . M a i d e n , Sherbourne-Lane, &c.

This work was reprinted in 1824 and in 1827, and, under the revised title of Melancholy 5

Sometime

in the '7o's,

from N e w

Anatomized,

York, M i d d l e t o n

was

issued a

three-volume set, octavo, and Appleton is also credited with such a three-volume edition. Both these are cited on the authority of A l f r e d C . Potter of the Harvard Library.

95

BIBLIOGRAPHIA again reprinted by W. Tegg in 1865, 1867, and 1868, and by Chatto & Windus in 1881. The latest edition of this kind was entitled: "Burton the Anatomist. Being extracts from the 'Anatomy of Melancholy' chosen to interest the Psychologist in every Man": Edited by G. C. F. Mead and Rupert C. Clift, with a Preface by W. H . D. Rouse: London: Methuen & Co. 1925. B U R T O N ' S

O T H E R

WORKS

Philosofhaster (Written in 1606; acted at Christ Church, February 16, 1 6 1 7 ) . Not published until long after Burton's death. There are two manuscripts in existence, both of which are now in America. The play in its published form was edited by William Edward Buckley; in the same volume are eighteen of Burton's Latin poems. Philosophaster | comoedia, | Nunc primum in lucem producta. | Poemata, | Antehac sparsim edita, | Nunc in unum collecta. | Auctore | Roberto Burtono, S. Th. B. | "Democrito Juniore," | E x ¿Ede Christi. Oxon. | (device) Hertfordiae: | Typis Stephani Austin. | Mdccclxii. Quarto, 1 5 0 pp. Roxburghe Club, 1862. (Only 65 copies were printed.) Reprinted from the Roxburghe Club volume as Robert Burton's "Philosofhaster" with an English Translation of the Same. Together with His Other Minor Writings in Prose and Verse. The translation, introductions, and notes by Paul Jordan-Smith. Stanford University Press, 1 9 3 1 .

96

ACADEMI/E

OXOKIENSiS

T 1 E T J S E R G A

SERENISSIM V M E T P O T E NTISSIMVM IÄCOBVM ANGLIJE

SCOTJ/B FTyJXCLB Htbernut fidci Jvfcnfo* rem, Bcatißrm.< Elifabcth.t nn~ f*r Regtux IcgitnM er mfyitmijfimt ¡Hcctdeittm, * » * # *

*

*

*

*

0 X 0 Ti

MB,

Excudcbat Ioiephus Barnefius, Almac ¿Ciuiemix

Typographns.

1603.

FACSIMILE OF TITLE-PAGE FOR ACADEMIAE OXONIENSIS, 1603, CONTAINING BURTON'S FIRST PUBLISHED WORK

B U R T O N I A N A Verse : In John Rider's A Dictionary (English and Latin and English),

and Latin,

the edition printed at Oxford

by J. Barnes (8vo), in 1612, and edited by Holyoake, are a Preface and some commendatory verses by Burton.6 These, together with the verses gathered by W . E . Buckley in the volume mentioned above, and the various editions of The Anatomy,

constitute all that is

known of Burton's writings. For the collector who may desire to complete his Burton collection in "Firsts," it should be noted that the verses collected by the late M r . Buckley first appeared in the following Oxford publications : 1. Academiae

Oxoniensis -pietas erga Jacobum Re gem,

4to, Oxford, 1603. 2. Musa hosfitalis, Ecclesiae Christi in adventum Jacobi Regis, 4to, Oxford, 1605. 3. Justa Oxoniensium,

4to, London, 1612.

4. E-pithalamia; sive lusus Palatini,

etc., 4to, Oxford,

1613. 5. Justa Funebria Ptolemaei Oxoniensis Thomae

Bodleii,

Oxford, 1613. 6. Jacobi Ara ceu in Jacobi regis reditum

e Scotia in

Angliam gratulatoria, 4to, Oxford, 1617. 7. Academiae Oxoniensis, Funebria Sacra, etc4to,

Ox-

ford, 1619.

6

Burton's contributions were reprinted in the 1 6 1 7 e d i t i o n ; until

lately the 1 6 1 2 edition was u n k n o w n .

97

BIBLIOGRAPHIA 8. Ultima Linea Savilii, s'we in Obitum Clarissimi Domini Henrici Savilii—equitis aurati—etc., 4to, Oxford, 1622. 9. Carolus redux, etc., 4to, Oxford, 1623. (Two pts.) 10. Camdeni Insignia, 4to, Oxford, 1624. (In honor of W . Camden.) 11. Oxoniensis Academiae Parentalia, etc., 4to, Oxford, 1625. 12. E-pithalamia Oxoniensia. In Caroli, etc., 4to, Oxford, 1625. 13. Britanniae natalis, 4to, Oxford, 1630.

(Celebrating

the birth of Charles II.) 14. So lis Britannici Perigaeum, 4to, Oxford, 1633. 15. Vitis Carolinae Gemma Altera, 4to, Oxford, 1633. 16. Flos Britannicus Veris Novissimi, 4to, Oxford, 1636. (1637?) 17. Coronae Carolinae Quadratura, 4to, Oxford, 1636. 18. Death Re-pealed, Verses on Lord Bayning, 4to, Oxford, 1638.

B I O G R A P H I C A L

AND

C R I T I C A L

C O N C E R N I N G

WILLIAM

BURTON,

Descr'tftion

D A T A

B U R T O N

of

Leicestershire,

1622

and

miTHOMAS FULLER, The

Worthies

D . PAUL FREHERUS, Theatrum Noribergae, 1688 (p. 4 7 8 ) .

98

of England,

1662.

Virorum Eruditione

Clarorum,

B U R T O N I A N A THOMAS HEARNE,

Remains, 1869. (Hearne died in 1 7 3 5 . )

BISHOP W H I T E K E N N E T ,

Register and Chronicle,

1728.

The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (Vols. 3 and 4 ) , 1 7 9 5 — 1 8 1 1 .

J O H N NICHOLS,

A N T H O N Y A WOOD,

Athenae Oxonienses and Fasti

Oxoniensis,

1721. Life of Burton in the so-called Ninth Edition of The Anatomy, 1800.

S T E P H E N JONES,

A General Introduction to Charles Lamb, together with a Special Study of His Relation to Robert Burton, Leipzig, 1903.

BERNARD L A K E ,

JOHN FERRIER,

Illustrations of Sterne, 1798.

Dante in English Literature from Chaucer to Cary, 1909. (See pp. 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 of Vol. 1 . )

PAGET TOYNBEE,

CHARLES WHIBLEY,

Literary Portraits, 1904.

JOHN MIDDLETON M U R R Y , G A M A L I E L BRADFORD,

Countries of the Mind,

1922.

A Naturalist of Souls, New York, 1 9 1 7

(pp. 1 1 7 - 1 3 9 ) . A.

H.

"Introduction" to Shilleto's Edition of 1893.

BULLEN,

Anatomy,

The

article in Cambridge History of 1 9 1 0 (Vol. I V , chapter xiii).

PROFESSOR E D W A R D B E N S L Y ,

English Literature,

Life of Sir William Osier, Oxford, 1925. (Contains many references to Osier's interest in and criticism of Burton.) E R W I N P A N O F S K Y and F R I T Z S A X L , on Dtirer's 'Melencolia. /,' Leipzig, 1923. A . L . R E E D , The Background of Gray's Elegy, a Study in the Taste for Melancholy Poetry, IJOO—1752, New York, 1924. (See particularly chapter i, which deals with Burton's influence and the seventeenth-century theories of melancholy.) HARVEY CUSHING,

J . F I N G E R , The Gist of Burton's "Anatomy of choly," Haldeman-Julius, 1924.

CHARLES

99

Melan-

BIBLIOGRAPHIA OXFORD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, Proceedings

and

Pafers,

Vol. I , Part I I I , 1 9 2 5 . ARTHUR W . FOX, A Book of Bachelors,

Constable, 1 8 9 9 . ( C o n -

tains an Essay on Burton, pp. 3 9 8 — 4 3 6 . ) 7 7

M r . Arthur W . Fox (see A Book of Bachelors, pp. 399 and 400, note 7) has pointed out two possible sources of Burton's own melancholy that have hitherto been given scant attention. H e notes: ( 1 ) that he may have inherited the malady from his mother's people, the Faunts. Concerning this, William Burton (A Description of Leicestershire, edition of 1 6 2 2 , p. 1 0 5 ) , writing of his uncle, Anthony Faunt, said: " H e was chosen Lieutenant generall of all the forces of the Shire; but being crossed in this his resolution by Henry Earle of Huntington, Lord Lieutenant f o r the Countey . . . . f e l l into so great a passion of melancholy, that within a short time after hee dyed in the said yeare 1 5 8 8 . What the force, power, and effect of Melancholy is, I referre the Reader to the Anatomy of Melancholy, penned by my brother, Robert Burton, Bachelor of Divinitie in Christ-Church in Oxford." M r . Fox further notes ( 2 ) the long interval between the time of Burton's entrance to Brasenose College in 1 5 9 3 and his graduation from Christ Church in 1 6 0 2 . H e says: " T h e length of the interval between 1 5 9 3 and 1 5 9 9 (the date he was elected a student of Christ Church) would seem almost irreconcilable with the facts of the case or the custom of the day. It was usual for members of the University to graduate between their fifteenth and nineteenth years. T h e question then arises, What was Burton doing from 1 5 9 3 to 1 5 9 9 ? T h e only possible explanation would seem to be that he was ill, and, perhaps, even not in residence during that period We are driven then upon the supposition that he must have been ill f o r a long period, which would account in part f o r his melancholy."

IOO

APPENDICES

A IN

PRAISE

BURTON'S

OF

A N A T O M Y :

A SHEAF

OF

OPINIONS

Thomas Fuller in The

Worthies

of

England

( 1 6 6 2 , p.

1 3 4 ) » says: H e wrote an excellent Book of the Anatomy of Melancholy . . . . wherein he hath piled up variety of much excellent Learning Scarce any Book of Philology in our land hath in so short a time passed so many impressions. James Boswell in the Life

of Dr. Johnson

( 1 7 9 1 , Vol. I, p.

3 3 9 ) , says (speaking of Dr. Johnson): Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, he said, was the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise. Lord Byron, in his Letters

and Journals

(Edited by Thomas

Moore, 1 8 3 0 , p. 9 8 ) , says that: Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy is the most amusing and instructive medley of quotations and classical anecdotes I ever perused If the reader has patience to go through his volumes, he will be more improved for literary conversation than by the perusal of any twenty other works with which I am acquainted. George Steevens (famous as editor of Shakespeare), wrote on a fly-leaf of his copy of The

Anatomy:

It must have been eminently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish themselves with appropriate

103

BIBLIOGR APHI A scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their enquiries shortened by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns had advanced upon the subject of human passions. A.

H.

Bullen,

in his Introduction

to Shilleto's

Burton

( 1 8 9 3 ) , says: For them that have once fallen under the spell of the Anatomy there can be no disenchantment. T h e marvellous book, that charmed their free fancy in youth, will in manhood keep a bower quiet for them amid the turmoil of work-a-day l i f e ; aye, and it has an art to thaw the frost of age Very f e w , it may be surmised, can claim to have emulated Johnson's example; but how many has the Anatomy kept f r o m their bed o' nights long past the hour when they should close the five ports of knowledge! T h e huntsmen may be up in America, but we cannot lay aside the enchanting folio. T h e y are already past their first sleep in China, but we turn another page, and another, and another. Sir William Osier, writing of The

Anatomy

( Yale

Review,

January, 1 9 1 4 ) , said: No book of any language presents such a stage of moving pictures— kings and queens in their greatness and in their glory, in their madness and in their despair; generals and conquerors with their ambitions and their activities . . . . the great navigators and explorers with whom Burton travelled so much in map and card, and whose stories were his delight; the martyrs and the virgins of all religions, the deluded and fanatic of all theologies . . . . the beauties frail and f a i t h f u l , the Lucretias and the Helens, all are there. T h e lovers, old and young; the fools who were accounted wise, and the wise who were really fools; the madmen of all history, to anatomize whom is the special object of the book; the world itself . . . . the motley procession of humanity sweeps before us on his stage. Says Charles Whibley in Literary

Portraits

(London, 1 9 0 4 ,

p. 2 7 9 ) : The Anatomy is the mirror of an erudite and lively mind, f e d by books as by experience, and still original, in spite of many borrowings. George Saintsbury, in A History

of Elizabethan

Literature

( N e w York, 1 9 2 4 , p. 4 3 3 ) , says: For reading, either continuous or desultory, either grave or gay, at all times of l i f e and in all moods of temper, there are f e w authors who

104

BURTONIANA stand the test of practice so well as the author of The Melancholy. David Masson ( L i f e o f Milton,

Anatomy

of

London, 1 8 5 9 — 8 0 ) wrote:

Burton's place is in that extraordinary class of humorists, of which, in modern times, Rabelais, S w i f t , and Jean Paul are, though with obvious mutual differences, the other best known examples. George Gilfillan ( L i t e r a r y Portraits,

London, 1 8 4 5 ) wrote:

As a writer, Burton ranks, in some points, with Montaigne, and in others with Sir Thomas Browne. H e resembles the first in simplicity, bonhommie, and miscellaneous learning, and the other in rambling manner, quaint phraseology, and fantastic imagination. Arthur Machen ( F a r O f f Things,

London, 1 9 2 2 , p. 1 3 2 ) ,

says: A great refuge . . . . a world of literature in itself.

105

B A LIST

OF B O O K S

INDEBTED T H E

TO

GREATLY BURTON'S

A N A T O M Y

OF

M E L A N C H O L Y

MAJOR

INSTANCES

W i l l i a m Greenwood, A Descriftion

of the Passion of

Love,

London, 1 6 5 7 . Anthony a W o o d says that this author "has unmercifully stolen matter without any acknowledgment." ( A t h e nae Oxoniensis, Vulgar

Errors

Vol. I I , p. 6 2 8 ) .

in Practise

Censured,

London,

1659.

An

anonymous work which, according to Professor Bensly, "shows extensive borrowings." . T h o m a s Amory in John Buncle this

(1756-1766).

medico-mathematico-philosophic,

Here, in

so-called

novel,

wayward and full of a most curious humour, is the undoubted influence of Burton.

It is not a plagiary; but

if there is such a thing as one book's being inspired by another, then Buncle

was born out of the Irish doctor-

theologian, sired by Burton's The 106

Anatomy.

BURTONIANA 4. Lawrence Sterne,

Tristram

In John Ferrier's

Shandy ( 1 7 5 9 — 1 7 6 7 ) . Illustrations of Sterne ( 1 7 9 8 ) , one

finds numerous comparisons, but the following will suffice (pp. 7 6 - 7 7 ) : STERNE

BURTON

"Returning out of Asia, when I sailed f r o m Aegina towards Megara, I began to view the country round about. Aegina was behind me, Megara was before me, Pyraeus on the right hand, Corinth on the l e f t . What flourishing towns now prostrate on the earth! Alas!"

"Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from Aegina towards Megara, I began to view the country round about. Aegina was behind me, Megara before, Pyraeus on the right hand, Corinth on the l e f t ; what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and overwhelmed before mine eyes? I began to think with myself, Alas." (Vol. II, p. 5 3 7 ) 1

(1762, Vol. V, p. 30)

OTHER 1. John Milton's comments

U Allegro of

INSTANCES and

Thomas

II Penseroso,

Wharton,

1633.

See the

1728—1790,

who

pointed out that Milton found his inspiration for these poems in Burton's "Abstract of Melancholy." 2 2. John Ford, in

The Lovers'

Melancholy

(1629).

Much of

A c t I I I was taken directly from Burton's section on love.

1 In the quotations above, I have removed from each a parenthetic reference: Burton gives a reference to Servius Sulpicius; Sterne makes Uncle Toby wonder when this trip took place. Later Sterne refers the whole to Sulpicius.

2

Wharton's edition of Milton's Poems on Several

Occasions,

pp. 93-94. IO7

1785,

B

I

B

L

I

O

G

R

A

P

H

I

A

3. A c c o r d i n g to Bishop T h o m a s H e r r i n g (Letters to Duncombe,

William

1 7 7 7 , pp. 1 4 8 — 1 5 0 ) , Swift and Addison may

have taken some hints from Burton.

The Spectator,

No.

I , bears some resemblance to the first pages of " D e m o c ritus to the R e a d e r . " 4. John Eachard in The Enquiry sions of the

Contemft

into the Grounds

of the

Clergy,

and

Occa-

London,

1714.

T h i s is based on Burton's section, " T h e Misery of Scholars." 5. Samuel Johnson, in his definition o f oats as " A grain, which in E n g l a n d is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people." (Dictionary,

1755.)

I n Burton (p.

1 9 4 ) , w e find: " J o h . M a j o r . . . . contends much for the wholesomeness of oaten bread

Scotland, W a l e s ,

and a third part o f E n g l a n d , did most part use that kind o f bread

A n d yet W e c k e r . . . . calls it horsemeat,

and fitter for juments than men to feed o n . "

Burton got

it from W e c k e r , W e c k e r from G a l e n ; and it is more likely that Johnson got it from his favorite book than anywhere else. 6. John Keats, in Lamia,

gives credit to Burton for the passage

which suggested the poem

( A n a t o m y of

Part. I l l , Sec. 2, M e m . I, Sub. 1 ) .

Melancholy,

Further elaboration

o f this point in H . Buxton Forman's edition of Keats; in Miss A m y L o w e l l ' s John Keats ( V o l . I I , p. 3 0 8 ) , and in M r . F l o y d D e l l ' s interesting article in the

Bookman

for M a r c h , 1 9 2 8 ( V o l . L X V I I , N o . 1, pp. 1 - 1 7 ) . 7. Charles L a m b in " C u r i o u s Fragments, extracted from a Commonplace Book which belonged to Robert B u r t o n , " &c. ( L a m b ' s Works, 1 9 0 3 , pp. 3 1 — 3 6 ) .

edited by E . V . Lucas, London, But one might find the traces of

Burtonian influence in a hundred places, and in some of Lamb's most whimsical passages.

108

B U R T O N I A N A 8. Robert Southey in The

Doctor

(1834-1847).

T h e seven

volumes of this too neglected but extremely amusing w o r k are not only studded with quotations from Burton but are altogether informed by his spirit.

In a lesser degree

the same is true o f his C ommon-'place

Book

9. W i l l i a m M . T h a c k e r a y in The

Virginians,

(1849).

where, as Pro-

fessor Bensly has pointed out, Burton's spirit pervades the last half of the book. See particularly the last paragraph of chapter lvii of The

Virginians.

IO9

c PRINCIPAL

MAGAZINE

REFERENCES BURTON'S

Affleton's, X X I I I , 512 Atlantic Monthly, L I , 475 Atlantic Monthly, X C I I I , 548 Blackwood's, X C , 323 Christian Examiner, L X V I I I , 211 All the Year, L X X , 199 Cornhill Magazine, X L I , 475 Living Age, C C C I X , 589 Dial, L X X X I , 142 New Statesman, X V I , 79 Modern Language Association, Publications, X L I , 545 Nation (London), X X X V I I I , 678 Gentleman's 46

Magazine,

Gentleman's Magazine, 185

IIO

LVII,

TO

A N A T O M Y

Modern Philology, X I , 538 New Review, X I I I , 257 Notes and Queries (Series 9 and 10 contain numerous articles, principally by Professor Bensly) Saturday Review, L X I , 613 Sewanee Review, X I X , 172 Scottish Review, V I I I , 45 Spectator, L I X , 750 Yale Review, III, 251 London Times (Literary Supplement), No. 1, 253, p. 1 Bookman's Journal, X I V , No.

57 Bookman, L X V I I , No. 1, p. 13 Bodleian Quarterly Record, II,

LXIV,

102

D ELEGIE1 ON T H E D E A T H MASTER STUDENT

OF

R. B.

OF C H .

CH.

Couldst thou boast onely yeares, and stead of Arts, Didst count thy Agey and call Threescore good parts, Yet we could mourne thee, as plaines sadly broke, T h e Aged ruines of some Reverend Oake. But Age requir'd least reverence in you, And your white yeares had Antient virtues too. Let not thy learned Ghost imagine we Receive amends f r o m thy large Legacy. N o more then if our Droppe should poise our streame, A n d we loose Sun that we might take a Beame. You give us Bookes, but not your braines quicke light, You leave faire Objects, but you leave no sight: 0 lend these Beauties eyes, and since that you Authours bequeath, bequeath your Judgement too. 1 [By Martin Lluelyn ( 1 6 1 6 - 1 6 8 1 ) from his Men-Miracles, with other Poemes (Oxford, 1 6 4 6 ) , p. 1 2 4 . Lluelyn was elected student of Christ Church in 1 6 3 6 and no doubt was well acquainted with Burton. Anthony a Wood called attention to this poem in Athenae Oxon. in his article on Lluelyn, saying that "Among his Elegies is one upon Rob. Burton." There is another poem in the same volume (p. 90) "On the Author of Love Melancholy," but, despite the comment in "Osleriana," it seems more likely that this last was addressed to J . Ferrand, author

of Erotomania.] Ill

INDEX

INDEX

A Abernathy, John, 46 Abravanel, Don Judah (see Leon Hebraeus) Achilles Tatius, 27, 59 Acosta, Jose de, 29 Aesop, 24, 59 Aetius of Amida, 38, 59 A f e r (Africanus), Leo, 29 Agricola, Georgius, 34 Agrippa, Cornelius, 3 1 , 59 Albertus Magnus, 3 I Albumazar, 34 Aldrovandus (Aldrovandi), Ulysses, 3 4 Alpinus, Prosper, 40 Altomarus, Antonius Donatus, 3 9 Ambrose (St.), 3 5 , 39 Amory, Thomas, his John Buncle influenced by Burton, 1 0 6 Anatomy, Burton's precedents in the use of the word, 2 2 , 23 n. Anatomy of Melancholy, Bibliography of Burton's, 79—100 Apuleius, 24, 59 Aquinas, Thomas, 3 1 , 3 5 , 60 Arculanus, Johannes, 48, 59 Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 44 Ariosto, Ludovico, 26, 59 Aristaenetus, 30, 59 Aristotle, 24, 59 Arnoldus de Villanova, 38—39, 59 Astrologers, 3 1 - 3 2 Astronomers, 34

30,

31,

Athenaeus, 59 Augustine (St.), 24, 3 5 , 59 Avicenna, 38, 59 B Bacon, Francis, 1 3 , 2 5 ; quoted on coffee, 7 6 - 7 7 ; M r . Donnelly's opinions concerning, 76— 7 8 ; regarded as author of Burton's Anatomy and Shakespeare, 66 et seq. Baconians, the contentions o f , concerning Burton, 66—78 Bacon, Roger, 3 1 , 35, 37 Bancroft, Bishop John, Burton's tutor, 75 Barclay, John, 27 Barth, Caspar, 27 Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 27 Bauhinus, Caspar, 33 Baxter, James Phinney, 67 Bensly, Edward, referred to, x, I I , 1 3 n., 56, 94 n., 99, 1 0 6 , no Berkeley, George Lord, 8 Bernard (St.), 59 Boaistuau, Pierre, as a possible Burton source, 56, 57, 58 Boccaccio, 25 Bodine, Jean, 32 Bodleian Library, 1 5 , 73 n. Boethius, 24 Boorde, Andrew, 40 Brahe, T y c h o , 3 4 Brant, Sebastian, 25

115

BIBLIOGR APHI A Brassavola, Musa Antonius, 4 1 Bright, Timothy, 4 1 , 4 7 ; compared to Burton, 6 3 - 6 5 , 6 6 7 8 ; l i f e o f , 69—72; quotations from, 2 1 ; his work on Melancholy, 47—70 Bruel, Gualter (alias Brant), 49 Bullein, William, quoted, 22 n., 59 n. Burton, Cassibilian, 1 2 , 1 4 Burton, Dorothy, 1 3 Burton, George, 1 4 Burton, Ralph (Robert's father), 13 Burton, Ralph (Robert's brother), 14 Burton, Robert: articles concerning him in periodicals, 1 1 0 ; bibliography o f , 7 9 - 1 0 0 ; birthplace o f , 7 ; books about, 98, 99; books in his library, 1 5 , 25 n., 7 3 ; borrowings from, 106-109; clerk at Oxford Market, 1 o—11; death o f , 1 4 , 1 5 ; ecclesiastical preferments, 8 - 9 ; editions of Philosofhaster, 96; education, 7—8; family, 7, 13—14; friendship with Lady Cecil, 9; illness at Oxford, 1 0 0 ; l i f e at Lindley Hall, 1 3 ; life at Oxford, 8, 1 3 ; l i f e at Seagrave, 8; l i f e at Sutton Coldfield, 7, 7 5 ; living at Walesby, 8—9; manuscripts of his Philosofhaster, 73 n., 9 6 ; Philosofhaster written, 9; his poems, 9, 97—98; sources of his ideas (on geography, 28— 29; on love, 29—30; on magic, 30—32; on medicine, 37—43; on melancholy, 43 et seqon

Il6

science, 33—37), 2 8 - 4 3 ; testimony of his contemporaries concerning, 73—74; troubles at Oxford, 1 2 - 1 3 Burton, William, 1 4 ; his letter concerning Robert, 1 2 ; his writings, 73 Byron, Lord George Gordon, his opinion of Burton's book, 1 0 3

c Cabeo, Niccolo, 35 Caelius Aurelianus, 44 Calano (Calenus), Prosper, 44— 45, 60 Camden, William, 25 Campanella, Thomas, 59 Capivaccius, Jerome, 45 Cardan, Jerome, 25, 3 1 , 36, 43, 59 Carlton, W. J . , his work on T i m othy Bright, 63, 69 n. Castilio, Balthasar, 59 Castro, Rodericus a, 40, 60 Cato the Censor, 59 Catullus, 59 Cecil, Lady Frances, Burton'', patroness and friend, 8, 9 Celsus, Cornelius, 38 Charron, Pierre, 27 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 25, 59 Cicero, 60 Cicogna, Strozzius, 59 Codronchius, Baptista, 31 CoefFeteau, Nicholas, 55 Coelius Rhodiginus, 59 " C o f f a " berry, Bacon and Burton on, 76 Constantinus Africanus, 44 Copernicus, 34 Cornarius, John, 38, 43

B U R T O N I A N A Crato, Johann, 49, 59 Crescentius, Petrus de, 33 Crollius, Oswald, 39 Cyprian, 59 D Damascenus, Janus, 3 8 ; see Mesue Daniel, Samuel, 25 Dante, 25 Delrio, Martin, 31 Democritus, use of the name, 23 Digges, Thomas, 34 Dodoens, Rembert, 33 Donnelly, Ignatius, 67, 76, 77, 78 Drayton, Michael, 25 Diirer, Albrecht, 43 E Epictetus, 59 Erasmus, 24, 60 Erastus, Thomas, 60 Eugubinus, Laelius à Fonte, 42, 60 Euonymus, 34 n.; see Gesner, Conrad Eusebius, 60 F Falloppio, Gabriele, 41 Faventinus, Victorius, 49, 60 Ferrand, Jacques, 56 Ferrier, John, 107 Fernelius, Jean François, 49, 60 Ficinus, Marcilius (Marsilio Ficino), 42, 46, 60 Fienus, Thomas, 45 Fonseca, Rodericus à, 40, 45 Ford, John, The Lovers' Melancholy, 107 Forestus, Peter, 49, 60

Fracastorius, Jerome (Girolamo), 40, 60 Fuchsius (Fuchs), Leonardus (Leonhard), 33, 39, 60 Fuller, Thomas, 74, 103 G Galenus, Claudius (Galen), 37, 43, 60 Galileo, 34 Gallup, Elizabeth Wells, 67 Gaselee, Stephen, his work on William Burton, 1 2 Gellius, Aulus, 24, 60 Gerarde, John, 33 Gesner, Conrad, 34 Godefridus, Petrus, 30 Goes, Damian de, 36 Googe, Barnabe, 27 Gordonius, Bernard, 40, 60 Grahame, Simion, 50, 5 1 , 52 Guianerius, Antonio, 40, 60 H Haedus, Petrus, 29—30 Hakluyt's Voyages, 25, 29 Hall, Joseph, 25 n. Hammer of Witches, The, 31 Harrington, Sir John, 26 Hercules de Saxonia, 44, 60 Heurnius, Johannes (Jan Van Heurne), 48, 60 Hildesheim, Franciscus, 44, 60 Hippocrates, 37, 60 Homer, 60 Horace, 60 Huarte, Juan, 2 1 - 2 2 , 56 Humors, viii, 1 9 ; described and defined, 20—21

117

BIBLIOGRAPHIA i Indagine, John, 3 1

J Jacchinus, Leonartus, 49, 60 Jerome (St.), 35, 60 Job, 60 Johnson, Daniel "(John Wood), 41 n. Johnson, Samuel, on Burton's Anatomy, 1 0 3 ; his reference to oats derived from Burton, 108 Jones, John, 46 Jonson, Ben, 9 Jovius, Paulus, 60 Juvenal, 24, 60 K Keats, John, his indebtedness to Burton, 108 Kepler, Johannes, 34 Kornman, Heinrich (Kornmanus), 30 L Lamb, Charles, his imitation of Burton, 108 Lansberge, Philip van, 34 Laurentius, Andreas (Andre du Laurens), his books on melancholy, 47, 55, 60 Lemnius, Levinius, 46, 60 Leon Hebraeus (Abravanel, Don Judah), 29 Leowitz (Leovitius), Cyprianus von, 32 Lindley, Burton's birthplace, 7 Lipsius, Justus, 25, 60 Lluelyn, Martin, his elegy on Burton, 74, 1 1 1 Il8

Love, Burton's reading on, 29—30 Lucan, 60 Lucian, 60 Lucretius, 60 Lully, Raymond, 39 M Machen, Arthur, quoted, 105 Machiavelli, 25, 60 Macrobius, 60 Maginus, Johannes, 34 Magninus Med., 60 (the fourteenth-century author of Regimen sanitatus [Louvain, 1 4 8 2 ] : not to be confused with Johannes Maginus) Mandeville, Sir John, 29 Marco Polo, 29 Marlowe, Christopher, 25, 27 Martial, 24, 60 Mathematicians, 34 Matthiolus, Pietro, 3 3 , 60 Medical Sources, 37—49 Melancholy, defined, 20; kinds of, 2 2 ; origin of Burton's own, 100 n.; sources of Burton's ideas on, 2 1 , 43 et seq. Melancthon, Philip, 35, 44, 60 Melanelius, Matthias Theodorus, +4 Mercado (Mercatus), Lodovicus, 40, 60 Meripsa, Nicholas, 38 Mesue, Joannes, 38, 60 Milton, John, and Burton's Ab107 stract of Melancholy, Mizaldus, Antonio (Antoine M i zauld), 35, 60 Montaigne, Michel de, 25 Montaltus, Aelianus (Elia Philotheus Montalto), 4 7 - 4 8 , 60

B U R T O N I A N A Montanus, J . Baptista, 49, 60 More, Sir Thomas, 25 Munster, Sebastian, 28, 60 N Nemorarius, Jordanus, 34 Nevizanus the Lawyer (Jean Nevizan or Nevizanis), 30, 60 Nider, John, 3 1 O Oribasius, 49, 60 Origen, 35, 60 Ortelius, 39 Osier, Sir William, on Burton, viii, 38, 1 0 4 Ovcrbury, Sir Thomas, his translation of Ovid, 30 n. Ovid, 30 n., 60 Oxford, Burton's life there, 7, 1 3 ; Christ Church, 8, 9, IO; disturbances in, 12—13; Market Clerk at, IO, I I ; Vicar of St. Thomas at, 8; work in, 8 P Palingenius, Marcellus, 27 Pancirollus, Guido, 27 Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 45, 60 Parker, George, his notes in the Anatomy of 1887, 10, 1 1 Pausanius, 60 Persius, 24, 60 Petronius, 60 Philostratus, 60 Piccolomineus (Alessandro Piccolomini), 35 Pierius, Valerianus, 31 Piso, Nicholas, 39, 60 Plater, Felix (the Elder), 45, 60

Platina, Baptista, 30, 42 Plato, 24, 60 Plautus, 60 Pliny (both the Elder and Younger read by Burton), 24, 60 Plutarch, 24, 60 Poggio the Florentine, 25 Polydore Vergil, 27 Pomponius Mela, 28 Pontanus, Jovianus, 60 Porta, Baptista, 35, 39, 59 Pratensis, Jason (Van der Velde), 48, 60 Primaudaye, Peter de la, 55—56 Ptolemy, 60 Purchas, Samuel, His Pilgrimage, 29 Q Quercetanus (Joseph Du Chesne), 39 Quiros (Quir), Ferdinand de ( " T h e Hungry Spaniard"), 29 R Rabelais, François, 25 Rhazes (or Rhasis), 38, 48 Riccius, Matthew, 29 Rondeletius, Guilemus, 33 Rowlands, Samuel, 25 Ruellius, Joannes, 33 S Saintsbury, George, quoted, 1 0 4 Salernitan Regimen of Health, The, 41 Salmuth, Henri (editor of Pancirollus' work on inventions [Ambergae, 1 5 9 9 - 1 6 0 2 ] ) , 28

119

BIBLIOGR APHI A Salvianus, Salustius, 60 Savonarola, Jerome, 44 Savonarola, Juan M i g u e l , 44 Scaliger, Joseph, 24, 36, 60 Scaliger, Julius Caesar, 24, 36, 60 Sckenkius (J. von Grafenberg Schenck, sometimes printed Schenkius), Johannes, 46, 60 Science, Burton's sources in, 33— 37 Seagrave, Burton's church, 8; date of Burton's living at, 87 n. Seneca, 60 Sennertus (Sennert), Daniel, 39 Shakespeare, books o f , in Burton's library, 2 6 ; mystery o f , 6 8 6 9 ; quoted by Burton, 26 Sidney, Sir Philip, 23, 25, 69 Socrates, 60 Southey, Robert, his The Doctor inspired by Burton, 109 Spenser, Edmund, 25 Sterne, Lawrence, borrowing from Burton, 3, 107 Suetonius, 24, 35, 60 Suiseth, Richard, 34 T Tacitus, 60 Taylor, John, 26 Terence, 60 Tertullian, 60 T o f t e , Robert, translator of Varchi's Blazon of Jealousie, 25, 30 Tover, Simon e (Eitover), 43 Trallianus (Alexander o f T r a l les), 60 Trincavellius, Victorius, 49, 60 Trithemius, Johannes, 31

120

Tunstall, Cuthbert, 34 Turner, William, 33, 46 V Valescus de Taranta, 49, 60 Valesius, Franciscus, 49, 60 Valleriola, Francisco, 45 Varchi, Benedetto, T o f t e ' s translation o f , 25, 30 Vega, Christophorus a, 49, 59 Vertomannus, Lodovicus, 28, 60 Vesalius, Andreas, 39 Vincentius Bellovacensis (Vincent of Beauvais), 28 Virgil, 24, 60 Vives, Lodovicus, 45, 60 W Walesby (Lincolnshire), Burton's living at, 8—9 Walkington, Thomas, his Glasse

of

Humours,

Oftick 52,

53,

5+> 55 Wecker, John Jacob, 40, 60 Whibley, Charles, his essay on Burton, 104; quoted, 5 Wierus, Johann (Jean W i e r ) , 31, 4 1 , 60 Wither, George, 25 Wright, Thomas, his Passions of the Minde in Generall, 48 X Xenophon, 60 Z Zanchius, 60, 61 n. Zara, Anthony, his Anatomy Wit, 27

of