The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray 9781503621435

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The Revolution of 1905

Abraham Ascher

THE REVOLU TION OF 1905 Russia in Disarray

*

Stanford University Press Stanford, California

Stanford Universitr Press Stanford, California © 1988 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America Published with the support of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency CIP data appear at the end of the book Original printing 1988 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 03 02 or oo

To My Father JAKOB ASCHER

Acknowledgments

In writing this book I received support and help from many institutions and individuals, and I should like to express my appreciation to them. Financial support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, the Earhart Foundation, and the Research Foundation of the City University of New York made possible research trips to archives in the United States and Europe and enabled me to take time off from teaching. I was cordially received in various archives, all of which readily made available to me documents relevant to my subject: the Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres in Paris, the Public Record Office in London, the Haus-Hof-und-Staatsarchiv in Vienna, the Politisches Archiv des Auswartigen Amts in Bonn, the Hoover Institution, and the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. The National Archives in Washington, D.C., promptly sent me microfilms of diplomatic dispatches I requested. Librarians at Columbia University, the New York Public Library, and the library of the Graduate School of the City University of New York responded graciously to all my requests for books, pamphlets, and newspapers. The four summers I spent at the Slavonic Library of Helsinki University were especially profitable. I appreciate the courteous and efficient help of the staff and am particularly grateful to Ms. Paivi Paloposki, whose efforts in my behalf were beyond the call of duty. I am grateful to all my friends who read the manuscript (or parts of it) and gave me the benefit of their thoughtful criticisms: Julian Franklin, Paula Franklin, John Keep, Guenter Lewy, Allen McConnell, Marc Rae££, and Richard Stites. Reginald E. Zelnik scrutinized the work with remarkable care and saved me from many mistakes and oversimplifications. J. G. Bell, Editor of Stanford University Press, not only encouraged me in this

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Acknowledgments

project from the very beginning of my work, but read the manuscript with his usual discernment; his spirited suggestions helped me to improve the book in many ways. Peter Kahn was in every way an ideal copy editor. He has a fine sense of style and an astute grasp of complicated historiographical issues; his close reading of the manuscript resulted in improvements in form and substance. I especially want to thank my wife, Anna, who over the years supported me in more ways than I can express here. Her patience and encouragement lifted my spirits at moments when I felt overwhelmed by the complexity and scope of the project. Despite her own very busy schedule, she read the manuscript with extraordinary thoroughness and acuity. The final version owes much to her high standards of style and intellectual rigor. I suspect that our children, Deborah, Rachel, and Stephen, were exposed to more details about the Revolution of 1905 than could possibly have interested them, but they were always cheerful and indulgent toward my preoccupation with Russian history. Stephen even did a draft of the manuscript on the word processor before I had learned how to operate the computer, and I am pleased that the experience has had some influence on the direction of his own studies. Although the book has benefited greatly from the help and advice of my family, friends, and editors, I myself am, of course, responsible for its shortcomings. A.A.

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Contents

A Note to the Reader xt

Introduction

I

Part I The Old Regime Under Siege The Fragmented Society War and Political Upheaval 3. Gapon and Bloody Sunday 4· The Government Flounders

Part II

I.

II

2.

43 74 I02

The Assault on Authority . 5. Civil Disorder and Labor Unrest 6. Minorities, Peasants, Soldiers, and Sailors 7· The Failure of Reform

Part III

I 27

52 175

I

Revolution and Reaction 8. The General Strike 9· Concessions Endangered IO. The Days of Liberty I I. Armed Uprising and Counterrevolution Conclusion Notes

349

3 37 Bibliography 383

Index

Twelve pages of illustrations follow p. I44

399

:>.I I

24 3 275 304

A Note to the Reader

In r 90 5 Russia was still using the Julian calendar, which was then thirteen days behind the Gregorian calendar used in the West. I have given all dates in the text according to the Russian calendar; I have also used the Russian date alone in the notes for issues of newspapers and other periodicals, which were often dated in both forms on their covers. Western dates do occasionally occur in dispatches from foreign diplomats stationed in Russia, but I always give the Russian equivalent in parentheses to avoid confusion. The transliteration of Russian names inevitably poses a problem, and I have opted to use the forms most commonly known for the handful of people the reader is likely to be familiar with already: Tsar Nicholas, Count Witte, Kerensky, Trotsky. Otherwise I follow the Library of Congress transliteration system, modified to eliminate soft and hard signs. The list below is designed to define certain terms and offices mentioned in the text. City Governor

Gendarmes Governor GovernorGeneral

the chief authority in larger cities such as St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, and Sevastopol; his powers were equivalent to those of a Governor. members of a special police force under the direct authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. the chief authority in provinces; responsible to the Minister of Internal Affairs. the chief authority in a few important provinces (notably St. Petersburg and Moscow) and in the borderlands; his rank was equivalent to that of a minister, and he had direct access to the Tsar.

XII

A Note to the Reader Guberniia

a provmce.

Kulak (literally, "fist")

a well-to-do peasant who owned a fairly large farm, who could afford to hire some laborers, and who often lent money to other peasants.

Chief Procurator of the Most Holy Synod

the chief administrator of the Russian Orthodox Church, with direct access to the Tsar.

State Council

an appointed body of dignitaries, established m I 8 I o, that advised the Tsar on legislation.

Uezd

a county, including a city or town and several rural districts (volosti).

Volost

a district in rural regions.

0

kilometers 400 0

•Pskov

miles

200

·,_ laroslavl /

;,

F

, _00 Tver • lvanovo- • - cz · Voznesensk • Kovno ' "'-".,. Vitebsk CD •Vilna 1' • Moscow • VI d• ..-··' _,_..,._ ~- • Grodno Smolensk• Podolsk • a Imi~.f • 0• 1 _ Kalugae •Riaian Mmsk \ Mog!lev • Tula ' •Briansk " \ ~~Voronezh) • Belgorod'\1

•Kharkov •roltava Tsaritsyn j

• Pavlograd

PROVINCES

CD Finland a:l Estland

CD Livland ® Kurland

CD Lithuania ® Poland

0 Belorussia ® The Ukraine ® TheCrimea European Russia in

1 90 5

The Revolution of 1905

Introduction

ALTHOUGH the Revolution of 1905 was a turning point in modern Russian history, there is still no scholarly and comprehensive account of the event in any language. This remarkable lacuna in our historiography surely does not stem from a lack of interest in the subject or from a shortage of source material. Even as the upheaval was unfolding, Russian emigres in the West published some official and confidential documents as well as numerous analyses of political trends. After the revolutionary tide receded in I 907, writers representing all shades of the political spectrum vigorously debated the historical significance of the turbulence that had shaken Russia. The Complete Collected Works of V. I. Lenin (the latest edition of which runs to 55 volumes) are filled with references to 1905, many dating back to the time of the revolution. Moreover, since the 192o's, Soviet scholars have explored 1905 more intensively than almost any other period in modern Russian history. The literature on the subject in Russian is already vast and continues to grow at a rapid pace. 1 The Revolution of I 9 I 7 still occupies first place in the Soviet historical consciousness, but the Revolution of 1905 does not lag far behind. In 1920, Lenin referred to 1905 as the "dress rehearsal," by which he meant that without it the "victory of the October Revolution in 1917 would have been impossible." 2 But Lenin's description of 1905 was also meant to suggest the inevitability of I 9 I 7, since a dress rehearsal is always followed by the first performance. Soviet historians invariably quote Lenin's pithy comment on I 90 5, which, they believe, settles the question of why the revolution was a pivotal event in modern history. Although it is debatable whether the Revolution of 1905 was in fact the dress rehearsal for 1917, in one respect the link between the two is indisputable.

2

Introduction

Bolshevism emerged as a distinct political movement during the first revolution. Strictly speaking, the movement originated in I903, but only after the spread of unrest in I904 did Lenin and his followers begin to formulate the strategies and tactics that became the essentials of Bolshevism, distinguishing it fully from other strands of Marxism. Ultimately, .the intense interest in the Revolution of I905 in the Soviet Union must be seen as part of a general concern by the political leadership to enhance the legitimacy of Communism. If it can be demonstrated that Leninist policies were unimpeachable even in I 90 5, when the Bolsheviks suffered a major political and military defeat, the Communist Party's claims to preeminence in Soviet society and in the worldwide struggle for socialism are that much stronger. This concern with legitimacy explains the enormous outpouring of works on I905 for mass circulation, generally written by well-established scholars.,. Over the past two decades or so, Western historians, too, have devoted a great deal of attention to Russia in the years from I 904 to I 907, which constitute the full span of the revolution. No single interpretation predominates, but a major theme that emerges from Western works runs counter to the Soviet view of I 90 5. The revolution is seen not as an event that made any one path of development inevitable, but rather as a critical juncture that opened up several paths. Under intense pressure from below for political and economic change, the autocracy appeared to suffer a loss of nerve. For an entire year, beginning in the fall of I904, the government oscillated between leniency and repression, but neither policy succeeded in ending the unrest. On the contrary, the government's inconsistency was taken as a sign of weakness by the various groups within the opposition, which encouraged them to step up their agitation. In October I905, the pressure from mass movements became so acute that it drove the autocracy to the verge of collapse; it seemed as if Russia would be transformed into a constitutional state on the Western model. Even though that prospect did not materialize, some institutional changes introduced during the period of unrest survived the failure of the revolution. Most notably, Russia retained an elected legislature and political parties speaking for various social and economic interests. The partici''A recent publication nicely illustrates the determination of Soviet authorities to impress upon their citizens the historical importance of 1905 and the wisdom of Lenin even before 1917. It is a 300-page reference book written by noted historians for the general public; the first printing was issued in a run of I 7 5,ooo copies. After recounting the standard Leninist views on 1905, the authors discuss the "echo" of the revolution in five continents, including such countries as Cuba, Uruguay, and Algeria, where interest in Russia was altogether slight at the time. The book contains 99 footnotes, of which 95 are to Lenin's Complete Collected Works. See S. V. Tiutiukin et al., Pervaia Rossiiskaia. Spravochnik o revoliutsiia I905-I907 gg (Moscow, 1985).

Introduction

pants in the revolution failed to achieve their major goal, the dismantling of the autocratic regime, but the old order did not emerge unscathed from the three years of conflict. The autocratic system of rule, for centuries the bedrock of the Russian polity, was undermined. Particularly striking features of the Revolution of 1905 were its scope and intensity. The challenge to the established order came from mass movements representing four different social groups: liberals among the middle class and gentry, industrial workers, peasants, and some of the national minorities. Serious disturbances broke out in various cities, agrarian regions, and outlying areas of the Empire, as well as in many cultural institutions and in the army and the navy. Virtually no social group or geographical region remained unaffected by unrest. The government was only able to survive these disorders because they did not occur simultaneously. But in some regions the onslaughts against the authorities forced T sarist officials to flee, which left the responsibility for local government temporarily in the hands of insurgents. The dynamism of the industrial workers was yet another striking and novel feature of the revolution. For a few weeks late in 1905, this group, a tiny segment of Russia's total population, spearheaded the political campaigns against the autocracy. It took the initiative in launching a general strike that gained the support of other groups and paralyzed the government. Moreover, in St. Petersburg and elsewhere, workers formed an institution (the soviet) that briefly assumed many of the prerogatives of government. The currents of rebellion were so diverse that at times it seemed as though Russia were undergoing not one revolution but a whole series of parallel revolutions. However, since the numerous disturbances were part of a larger pattern of protest against the old regime, we can speak of a single revolution. The upheaval of 1905 was actually a new type of revolution, the first in which a Marxist movement made its mark on an agrarian society, and as such it foreshadowed in some important respects the convulsions that have taken place in developing countries in recent decades. If the events of the first Russian Revolution are in themselves complicated, the ideological disputes among scholars and publicists over how to interpret them only add to the confusion. The original disputes were rooted in political conflicts between the two factions within Russian Marxism, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, who until 1917 competed for supremacy among the industrial workers. Shortly after the revolutionary unrest ended, a group of Menshevik activist-scholars published an impressive study of the upheaval that was both a work of history and a political statement (The Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of

3

4

Introduction

the Twentieth Century). Recoiling from the militancy to which many of them had subscribed in 1905, the Mensheviks now argued that under the economic and social conditions prevailing in Russia early in the twentieth century the country could not have moved beyond the limits of a bourgeois revolution, and that the attempt by workers to overthrow the autocracy by means of an armed uprising was a mistake. They further contended that although the industrial workers had greatly contributed to undermining the old regime, they had not been predominant within the opposition to Tsarism throughout the revolution. To Lenin, and subsequently to Soviet historians, these notions were anathema, since they called into question the essentials of Bolshevism. With increasing fervor, Soviet historians have insisted that there was no alternative in 1905 to armed insurrection and that the industrial workers had indeed exercised "hegemony" over the entire opposition movement throughout the revolution. The doctrine of "the hegemony of the proletariat" has become so deeply embedded in Soviet historiography and Communist ideology that a brief discussion of it is in order. In fact, the doctrine is rather vague and over the years has frequently been redefined. Yet any hint by a scholar that it may not accurately describe the situation in Russia in the years 1904-7 raises a storm in Soviet academic circles, and the skeptics are quickly overwhelmed by an avalanche of rebuttal and denunciation. 3 Russian Marxists first touched on the question of the proletariat's role in the I 88o's and 189o's, while trying to delineate the political importance of industrial workers in a country such as Russia, where the middle class was not yet politically dominant and the proletariat was still weak, numerically and organizationally. The founders of Russian Marxism, G. V. Plekhanov and P. B. Axelrod, held that the industrial workers would be the most determined and consistent opponents of Tsarism and would take the initiative in the struggle against the old order, but without dominating the social classes that joined the struggle. Early in the twentieth century, Lenin defined the doctrine more narrowly, arguing that the Marxist party would be the decisive and dominant force within the opposition. •· Soviet historians have made the doctrine of proletarian hegemony the keystone of their interpretations of the Revolution of I 90 5. At the same time, since the 193o's they have claimed that the Bolshevik party was the only authentic voice of the industrial workers and that it exercised leadership over the entire opposition movement. It allegedly took the initiative in every campaign against Tsarism in 1905. 4 Because Soviet scholars *For more on· the doctrine of the hegemony of the proletariat, see Chapter 7 below.

.

Introduction

rigidly adhere to this interpretive framework, their works contain a large number of fanciful assertions about 1905 and especially about the nonBolshevik and nonproletarian segments of the population, which are assigned secondary and even insignificant roles in the revolution. For the historian of 1905, the Soviet preoccupation with the subject both facilitates and complicates his work. It facilitates it because in their efforts to prove the correctness of the Leninist position, Soviet historians have published a vast number of primary sources that would otherwise not be readily available to Western scholars. For example, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the revolution Soviet historians produced a collection of documents that runs to eighteen volumes and well over 13,ooo pages-and this work constitutes only part of the total documentary output. Innumerable memoirs and monographs have also been published. Although much of the scholarship must be treated with caution, it includes some solid and sophisticated studies that enlarge our knowledge and understanding of r 90 5. I have made use of these works wherever appropriate. On the other hand, the historian's task is made more difficult because he is forced to examine large quantities of polemical scholarship. It is time-consuming and tedious to disentangle fact from fiction and to discriminate between interpretations that are simply exaggerations and those that are made out of whole cloth. Detective work is part of the historian's calling, but anyone studying the Revolution of r 90 5 will have to devote more time than he would like to exploring bizarre claims and charges. A few examples will suffice: that "Comrade Stalin" led a strike of 3o,ooo workers in Baku in December 1904, "the most important event in the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century," and that he was the leader of the soviet in that city. In fact, Stalin spent at best a few days in Baku in 1904 and was not there at all at the time the soviet was formed in r 90 5. During the era of Stalin's rule, Soviet historians also argued without any convincing z46, 314, 34If, 345; powers of, nf, uo, n7; personal traits and attitudes of, I4-I5, I8, I9, 3 I, 4I, II L, I78; and Plehve, I6, 54; and Russo-Japanese War, 45f, sz, I8z-83; and Mirsky, 55, I03; as advocate of repression, 6o, I 7 2, L4 3, 3L7, 330£, 335; and zemstvo movement, 6d, u6-I9; and reform, 70, Io5, u3, 3oz; and Bloody Sunday, 86, 9L, 97, IOL; and Bulygin, I03f; and Ermolov, Io6-7; and Witte, z24, z45, L47, zsz, 3oo; and October Manifesto, zzsf, LL?, z29, L3 1; and ultra-conservatives, II9, z41-42; and pogroms, L59 Nikolaev, L30 Nikolaevskii Station (Moscow), u8 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 9 5, LL?-L8, L46, LS3, 314, 333 Nikolskaia textile mill (St. Petersburg), 140 Nikonov, K. P., z69 Nizhnii-Novgorod, 53, 114, 130£, L77 North German Lloyd Shipping Company, L43 Novaia zhizn, z76, z85 Novgorod, I 3 8 Novocherkassk, 3 z8 Novoe vremia, 46, sz, 54, 113, 1z8, LLI, LL6, L78

Novorossiisk, L9L Novorossiisk Republic, L92

Index Novorossiisk University, r 8 Nowo-Minsk, 134 Obolenskii, A. D., Prince, 227, 244-45, 259 Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie (social movement), 31 Ochakov, 271f October Manifesto, 226-34, 242, 243, 251, 256, 272, 274, 302, 338; Kadets' attitude toward, 236; Octobrists' attitude toward, 237; URP's attitude toward, 241; Tsar's hostility toward, 247; popular opposition to, 253, 255; peasants and, 267£; reaction of soldiers and sailors to, 269, 3 10; Lenin's attitude toward, 289; liberals and, 293-94, 296f, 327, 335f; Moscow strike committee and, 306-7~ significance of, 23 r, 341-42 Octobrists, see Union of October 17 Odessa, 25, 67, 128, 148, r85, 192, 222, 241, 277; Potemkin in, I71-73; October strike in, 21 8; pogroms in, 2 55, 258 Odessa University, 204 Okhrana, 13, 24, 74f, I44, 203, 251; Gapon and, n, 79, 107-8; in St. Petersburg, II I- 12; and October strike movement, 211-12 Old Believers, 122 Orekhov, M.D., 213 Orekhovo-Zuevo, 22 Orel, r62, I64 . Orlov, A.A., 227,331,333 Orphanage of St. Olga, 78 Orsha (Belorussia), 216 Orthodoxy or Orthodox Church, 84, 12223, 159, 205, 240f, 254 Osvobozhdenie, 34 Ozaugueti (Georgia), 154 Pale of Settlement, 41, 4rn, 266 Paris, 6o, 66, 185 Paris Commune, 2 3 2, 319 Partisan tactics, 31 6- I 7 Party for a Legal Order, 3 26 Parvus (A. L. Helfand), 287, 299, 301 Paternalism, 21, 22

Paul Schwiedler company, r87 Pavlov, I. A., 76 Peasantry, 6, 26-27, 71-72, II9, r6r67, 267-69, 343· See also Agrarian unrest Peasants' Union, see All-Russian Peasants' Union Penal Code of 1845, 2I-22 Pereverzev, V. N., 212 Permanent revolution, doctrine of, 191-· 92, 286-88, 290-91 Peshekhonov, A. V., 85 Peterhof, II6, 226f, 302 Petersburg Committee of Bolsheviks, r 8 3 Petersburg Section of the Association for the Encouragement and Development of Russian Trade and Industry, 280 Petersburg Union of Janitors, 291 Petropavlovsk, 50 Petrunkevich, I. 1., 59, II6, 132, 240, 247; and November 1904 zemstvo congress, 6rff, 64; and Witte, 70, 247, 248, 25I, 275, 298; as critic of government, II3; as militant liberal, II9, 151, I76, r8o, 294; on October Manifesto, 230-3 r Physicians' Union, 69 Pilsudski, Josef, r 56 Piotrkow, I 3 5 Pirogov Medical Society, 32; congress, 142 Plehve, V. K., II, 47f, 56, 104, 244, 250, 336; importance of, r6; political views of, r6-I8, 32; and police unions, 24; and Russo-Japanese War, 44; assassination of, 53-55 Plekhanov, G. V., 4, 30, 47£, 98, 286 Pobeda, 51 Pobedonostsev, K. P., 14-15, 95, 178, 244, 248 Podolia, 163-64 Pogroms, 130-31, 253-62 Poland, Polish Kingdom, or Poles, 41, 6o, r 52, I 55n, 196, 288-89; and RussoJapanese War, 53; censorship in, 129, unrest in, 134-35, 150, 155-58,267, 28o, 323f; repression in, r66; autonomy of, r8r, 295£ Police, 13, 79, 223, 263, 266, 291, 318; ineffectiveness of, III, 128, 13off, 133££, 136, 304; and pogroms, 257, 259

407

408

Index Police unions, 2 5. See also Zubatov and Zubatovshchina Polish Socialist Party (PPS), I 56ff, I 8 5, 299 Political funeral, 263 Poltava or Poltava province, 77, 78, Io9f Poltava Seminary, 77 Poltava zemstvo assembly, II4 Polytechnical Institute (Kiev), 203-4 Polytechnical Institute (St. Petersburg), 67, 20I, 203f Polytechnical Institute (Warsaw), I 58 Polytechnicum (Riga), I99 Popov, A. I. (Konovalov), 332 Populism, 36, 39 Port Arthur, 45> 48, 50ff, 58, I83 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, r82-83 Potemkin, I70-74 Pravitelstvennyi vestnik, 2 30 Pravo, 62, II3, I79, 231,235, 28I, 314, 320, 335 Presnia-Khamovniki, 309, 318-2I Printers (Moscow), and origins of October general strike, 2 I r Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, 14, 95, 244f, 259 Prokhorov, N.J., 32I Prokhorov cotton mill (Moscow), 321 Prokopovich, S. N., 76 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 239-40 Pskov, qo, 270 Pugachev rebellion, 267 Punitive expeditions, 3 30-3 6 Putilov plant (St. Petersburg), 8 2, 84, 13 8, 28I

Rabbi's Speech, 239-40 Rachkovskii, P.l., 25, Io6, I44, 229, 328 Railroads, I9, 2I Rataev, L.A., 107-8 Raznochintsy ("people of diverse rank"), 3I Rech, 235 Red Cross, 4 7 Rediger, A. F., General, I67, I78, 226, 243, 272, }II Regulations of I88I, I08 Reichstag, 96 Reinforced Security ( Usilennaia Okhrana), IIO, I48, 268, 284, 334

Rennenkampf, P. K., Lieutenant General, . 3 30ff Rescript of February I8, II3, ll5, I77 Revel (Tallin), I59, 262, 28I Revisionism, 37, 37n

Revoliutsionnaia Rossiia, I 9 I Revolution of 1917, I, 6, 219, 265 Revolutionary tribunal (people's court), 319 Riazan, 13 r Riazan (now Kazan) Railway Station (Moscow), I32 Richter, 0., Captain, 330 Riga, 94, I33, I 59, 293 Riman, A. K., Colonel, 3 3 r Rimsky-Korsakov, N. A., 95 Rodichev, F. I., 240 Rodzianko, M. V., 64 Roosevelt, Theodore, 52, I 8 2 Rostov Grenadier Regiment, 3 I o- II, 3 2 5 Rostov-on-Don, IJI, I4I, 323-24, 328 Rozhdestvensky, Z. P., Admiral, sr Rudniev, I. D., General, 95 Rule of law, I8, 336 Rus, I28, 255 Russian Asia, 15 5 Russian civil law, 140 Russian Monarchist Party, 338 Russian Union of Landowners, I66 Russification, I7, 4I, 48, I 52, I 55, r6o, 240 Russkaia gazeta, 276 Russkie vedomosti, 62, 67, I28f, 2I5, 2I7, 235, 329, 340; on political reform, 57, II3, I8o, 231, 234; critical of authoritie~ 58, I3I, 298, 327 Russkoe bogatstvo, 52 Russo-Japanese War, 42,43-47, 50-53, 74, 129, I56, I82-83, 238 Rutenberg, Petr, 99-IOO Rybinsk, I4I, 281 Rydzevskii, K. N., General, 86 St. Petersburg, 3, 66f, 2I3f, 22.6, 229-30, 270, 29I, 301; workers' movement in, 76, 79-94, 97, 139ff, 322f; terrorists in, III; economic decline in, I}6; Russian Union of Landowners in, I66; students movement in, I98-2o4; October strike in, 215f, 2I9-21; impact of October

Index Manifesto on, 230-3I; fear of pogroms in, 255f; compared to Moscow, 304-5, 3oSf; crackdown in December I905, 32S-29 St. Petersburg Academy, 206 St. Petersburg City Council, 93, 222, 230, 266, 277 St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music, 94-95 St. Petersburg Mining Institute, 200 St. Petersburg Naval School, 270 St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, 2I?, 232, 306, 309; formation and activities of, 2I9-2I, 277-S3; disbanded by government, 29S-3oo St. Petersburg Theological Seminary, 7S St. Petersburg Union of Janitors, 29I St. Petersburg University, 35, 47, I9S204, 2I4, 2I6 Sakhalin Island, IS3 Sakharov, Moscow police officer, JIS-I9 Sakharov, V. V., General-Adjutant, 26S Samara, 3 2n, I 3S San-Galli factory (St. Petersburg), I 3 3 Saratov or Saratov province; unrest in, IoS-Io, I30, I3S, I64, 260, 26S; Russian Union of Landowners in, I66; trade unions in, 277 Saratov City Council, II4, I3I Sazonov, I. N., I47n Schmidt, N. P., 32I Schmidt, P. P., 270-72 Schmidt furniture factory (Moscow), 32I Schwanebach, P. Kh., I?S SDs, see Social Democracy Seasonal workers, 22, 3 5 I Secondary schools, 95, I94-96 Security police, see Okhrana Sedoi, Z. Ia. (Litvin), JIS-I9 Self-defense groups, I30, 266 Semenovskii Regiment, 3 20 Semevskii, V. 1., S5 Sennitskii, V. V., 334 Serfdom, IS, 27f Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 25, II2, I 57, 227-2S, 3I3f Sevastopol, no, I73, 230, 2?0f Shantser, V. L. (Marat), 30S, 3I4 Shchepkin, N. N., 66, I77 Shelgunov, N. V., 270

Shidlovsky, N. V., 9S, II9-2I Shidlovsky Commission, II9-21, I4I Shipov, D. N., I?, 5S, 6I, 63-64, II5I6, 2.35, 24Sf, 2.51, 339 Shmakov, A. S., 2.30 Shtiglits factory (St. Petersburg), S3 Siberia, 2.7, 49, 2.72., 2.9I, 32.3, 330££, 333 Simbirskii, N., worker-activist, 75 Simferopol (Tauride province), 2.57 Sipiagin, D. S., I6, 2.4 Skopin (Riazan province), I95 Slavophilism, 63 Slovo, 12.S Smirnov, S.l., S2. Social Democracy, Russian, or RSDWP or Social Democrats (SDs), 6, 34, 6o, I2.I, I7of, I94, 2.2.5, 2.62.; formation of, 30; doctrines of, 30-3I, 36-3S; split within, 3S-39; Second Congress (I903) of, 3S, IS7, 2.63, 2.S5; compared to SRs, 40; and banquet campaign, 67, 6S-69; and Gapon, So, S4-S5, 9I, 9S; and labor unrest, I37, I50-p; Strength of, IS4-S9, 277; Third Congress (I905) of, IS9; and soviets, 2.2.0-21; and October general strike, 2.32.-33; activities of in Siberia, 2.72., 29I; and Financial Manifesto, 2.99· See also Bolshevism and Menshevism Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), I 56, ISS Social monarchy, 2.4 Socialist Revolutionary Party or SRs, sf, 34, I94, 2.62., 2.76, 2.79, 2.99, 339; formation and doctrines of, 39-40, I9I92., 2.90-9I; and Gapon, 9Sff; and labor unrest, I65; strength of, I90-9I; and student movement, I9S; and St. Petersburg Soviet, 2.I9-2.o; and Moscow uprising, 307, 3I3, 3I6 Society for Promoting Literacy, 3 2.6 Sollogub, V. U., General, 32.S, 333 Solskii, D. M., Count, I79, 2.23-2.4, 2.46 Soslovie (Estate), II?, I I?n Soul tax, 2.S Soviet, 3, 2.So, 306, 309; origins of, I44so; and October general strike, 2.I7, 2.I9-2.2., 2.32.; role of during Days of Liberty, 2.77-S3, 2.9I-92., 2.9S-3oo;

409

410

Index and Moscow uprising, 308-I4, 3I7I9, 32I-22, 325 Soviet of Soldiers' and Cossack Deputies of the RSDWP, 29I Soviet Union, 2, 43, 319 Sovremennyi Rynok, 256 SRs, see Socialist Revolutionary Party Stakhovich, M.A., 249, 294f Stalin, I. V., 5 State Bank, 214 State Council, ?I, I79 Statute of August I4, I88I, IIof Stavropol, 13 I Stockholm, 48, so, 225 Stoessel, A. M., General, 5 I Stolypin, P. A., Io8ff, 250, 260, 373 Straits of Tsushima, 5 I, I I 6, I 22, I 29, I82 Strastnaia Square (Moscow), 132 Strukov, A. P., General-Adjutant, 268-69 Strunino, 3 2 3 Struve, P. B., 34, 47, 56, 65, 72, TIS, I8o, 247 Student movement, 35-36, 94-95, I75, I94-206 Sukharev Square (Moscow), I32 Sukhomlinov, V. A., 334 Sviatopolk-Mirsky, P. D., Prince, 15, 5557, 6off, 64f, 7of, 75, 85, 1o3f, 299 Svirepy, 2 7 I Syn otechestva, 85, I28f, 22I, 253,255, 307 Table of Ranks, 239 Taganka jail, 263 Taganrog, 26o Tagantsev, N. S., 249 Talka River, 147 Tambov, 267, 269 Tashino, I65 Tauride, see Crimea Taxes, imposed on peasants, 26-27 Technical-combat group, I 8 3 Technical School (Moscow), 200, 263 Temernik, 324 Terrorism, 39, II2, I33, I9If, 293, 3I6, 340 Tetiavkin, A. (foreman at Putilov plant), 82 Theater Square (Moscow), 230

The Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, 3-4 The Story of My Life, 99 Theological academies, I94, 205-6 Theological seminaries, I94, 205 Third element, 32, 32n, 67, 329 Tillis, 94, 154, 324 Time of Troubles, IOI Timiriazev, V.I., I22 Togo"Heihachiro, Admiral, 51 Tolstoy, Leo, II, 77 Tomaszow, I 3 5 Tomsk Juridical Society, I I4 Trans-Baikalia, 33 2 Trans-Baikal Railway, 3 3 I Transcaucasia, I54f, I85, 323£ Trans-Siberian Railroad, 44, 46, 52-53, 330 Trepov, D. F., General, 24f, 97, I02, I44, 226, 234, 248, 278, 314; career and personal traits of, I 04-5; preeminent at Court, I05-6; advocate of repression, III, 148, I72, 2I4, 223; and reform, I 78, 228f; and student unrest, I 97, 204, 222; as Commandant of the Court, 24647; and pogroms, 259 Trotsky, Leon (L. D. Bronstein), 5, 220, 280, 285-8?,289, 299 Trubetskoi, E. N., Prince, 296·-98 Trubetskoi, P. N., I8o Trubetskoi, S. N., Prince, 12, 47, 52, 65, 72, II6-I9, 2I2 Tsar or Tsarism, see Autocracy and Nicholas II Tsarskoe Selo, 92, II3, 246£, 298 Tugan-Baranovskii, M. I., 20 Tula, I38 Tumen River, 45 Tver, 222 Tver Boulevard (Moscow), I33, 256 "Two Russias," concept of, I I- r 2 Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, I89 Ukase of December 6, 1905, 335 Ukase of December I2, I904, 70-72, III, 122

Ukase of December I2, 1905, 284 Ukase of February I8, I905, II2-I4, I64 Ukase of November 29, 1905, 284

Index Ukraine, I6o, I7I, 323, 333 Ulyanov, see Lenin Unified ministry, 226-27, 25 3, 340 Union for the Defense of Freedom of the Press, 234 Union for the Equality of Women, I43, I93 Union for Jewish Equality, I43 Union of Academicians, I43 Union of Engineers and Technicians, I43 Union of Lawyers, I42 Union of Liberation, 34, 47, 59, 66, 76, 236 Union of Medical Personnel, I42f, 322 Union of October I7 or Octobrists, 235, 237-39 Union of Office Workers and Accountants, I43 Union of Officers and Military Specialists, 272 Union of Postal and Telegraph Employees, 32I Union of Railway Employees, 143 Union of Secondary School Teachers of St. Petersburg, I96 Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, 26 2 Union of Teachers, 143, 28I Union of the Russian People or URP, 235, 239-42, 2S3 Union of Ticket Collectors of the MoscowBrest-Litovsk Railway, 309 Union of Unions, 69, I43-44 Union of Veterinarians, I43 Union of Zemstvo Activists, I43 United States, 2I, 4S, I3S, 1S5, 2I4 Universities, see Institutions of higher learning Urals, 222 Urusov, N. P., I09 Urusov, S.D., Prince, Io5, 249, 252, 26o U.S. Ambassador to St. Petersburg, see McCormick U.S. Consul in Batum, I32, I36 U.S. Consul in Odessa, 92 Ushakov, M.A., 22S Uspensky Cathedral, I So Uzdaleva, Aleksandra K., 7S-79 Vakulenchuk, G. M., I70, 173

Varnashev, N. M., 76 Vaselev, I. V., 9I Vasilev, A. N., }I2, 314 Vasilev-Iuzhin, M.l., 30S, 379 Vasilii Island, S2f Vestnik Evropy, 52, I IS, I So

Vestnik partii narodnoi svobody, 2 3 5 Vienna, 54 Vilna, I5, 25, 55, 94, IS4, I95f Vinnitsa (Podolia province), 266 Vitebsk, 1S4 Vladikavkaz, 254 Vladimir province, 53,146, I49, 233,323 Vladivostok, 5 I, 270 Voiloshnikov, A. I., 3 I8f Voitinskii, V. S., 279 Volhynia province, 179-80 Volkhovsky, F. V., 4Sf, 232 Volkonskii, G. M., Prince, 294 Volsk (Saratov province), 254 Von der Launits, V. F., 26S Voronezh, 269 Voronitsyn, I. P., 27 I Voronov, P. N., Lieutenant General, 333 Vorwarts, 96 Vpered, 3II Vyborg (Finland), I9S Warsaw city or province, 129, I4S, IS2, 247-4S, 324, 329;economic decline of, 53; unrest in, 55, 94, I 57, IS4; lawlessness in, I34~35, I93 Warsaw University, I 5S Weber, Max, 34I Weekly Intelligence Summary, 74-75 Wenden, 293 What Is to Be Done?, 37-3S White-collar workers, 306 Winter Palace, 75, ssf, 9If, I02, I07 "Without prior permission" (iavochnym

poriadkom), 128 Witte, S. Iu., I6, 44f, 54, 99, Io4, 23 sff, 24I, 26S, 27S; career and personal traits of, IS-I9, 300-302; political views of, I9, 59, 74, 259f, 266, 293f, 296, 29Sf; gives ambiguous advice to Tsar, 70-7I; and Bloody Sunday, Ss, S7, I02-3; and Trepov, IOS, 246; as peace negotiator, I82-S3; on university autonomy, I97; and October general strike, 2I3, 223-

4II

412

Index 28, 233-34; as Prime Minister, 24353, 272-74, 280, 336-44 passim; and Moscow uprising, 314, 3I7, 328; and punitive expeditions, 33 o- 31 Women's Medical Institute (St. Petersburg), ) 67, 20I Women's question, I93-94, 236 Workers or proletariat, 6, 20, 2I-25, 26, 3I, 74, IOO-IOI, I23, 187; and Gapon, 76,78,79,85,93-94,97-98;and Shidlovsky Commission, I I 9- 2 I, and Kokovtsov Commission, I 2I- 22; unrest among, 22-24, 93-94, I36-5I, I75, 2II-24, 276-78, 29I-93, 307-25 Workers' congress, 220 Yalu River, 45f Yellow Sea, 46

Zabaikalskii rabochii, 292 Zasulich, M.G., General, 5 I Zasulich, V. 1., I 98 Zemstvo or zemstvo movement, I3, I5ff,

29, 47, 53, 58-59, I 55, I58, 314; formation and activities of, I8, 3I-32, 66; Mirsky on, 56; Zemstvo Congress (November I904), 6I-65, 66, 93; Lenin on, 69; and Bloody Sunday, 93; Bulygin on, I04; Zemstvo Congress (April 22, I 90 5), I I 5- I 6; and peasant unrest, I64; Zemstvo Bureau, 275. See also Congresses of Zemstvo and City Council Representatives Zemtsy (zemstvo activists), 32, 34, 6If, 6s, 67 Zenzinov, V. M., 307f, 3I3 Zheleznovodsk, I 3 r Zhitomir, I30, I79, 205, 216, 266 Zilliacus, Konni, 48-so, 66 Zionists, 266 Zlatoust (Ufa province), 266 Zolotonoshka (Poltava province), I 54 Zubatov, S. V., 24-25, 79f, I2I Zubatovshchina (police socialism), 24 Zvegnitsev, N. A., 293

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ascher, Abraham, 1928The Revolution of 1905. p. em. Bibliography: p. Includes index. Contents [r] Russia in disarray. [2] Authority restored. r. Soviet Union-History-Revolution of I905. I. Title. DK263.A9 1988 87-26657 947.08'3-dc19 CIP ISBN o-8047-1436-3 (v. I: ci.) ISBN 0-8047-1972-1 (v. 2: ci.) ISBN o-8047-2327-3 (v. I: pb.) ISBN 0-8047-2328-I (v. 2: pb.)