The History of India, Vol. 7: As Told by Its Own Historians, the Muhammadan Period (Classic Reprint) [7] 0282331832, 9780282331832

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CORNELL UNIVERSITY

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924 073 036 778

Cornell University Library

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073036778

THE HISTOEY OF

INDIA.

THE

HISTORY OF INDIA, BY

ITS OWJST HISTORIAI^S.

THE MUHAMMADAN PEEIOD. THE POSTHUMOUS PAPEES OP THE LATE

SIR

H. M.

ELLIOT,

K.C.B.,

EDITED AND CONTINUED BY

PROFESSOR JOHN DOWSON,

M.R.A.S,

STAFF COLLEGE, SANDHURST,

YOL. VII.

LONDON: TETJBNER AKD

CO.,

57

and

59,

1877. [All rights

UH

reserved.']

LUDGATE

HILL.

STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PRINTERS, HERTFOnD.

"

PREFACE. The of

present

Volume

contains the history of the reigns

Shah-Jahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah, Jahandar

Shah, and Farrukh-Siyar, of the of Rafi'u-d Daula

hitherto

unknown

reader are here brought to notice.

reign of Shah Jahan of 'Abdu-1

is

The

Shah.

to

the European

The

history of the

derived from the

Hamid and from

Shdh-Jahdn-ndmas.

brief authority

Muhammad

early years of the reign of

Several works

little

and Eafi'u-d Darajat, and of the

BddsMh-ndma

other Bddshdh-ndmas and

special

works relating

to the

reign of Aurangzeb have been examined and the most interesting passages translated; but the history of his

long rule, and of the subsequent times which appear in this of

Yolume, has been derived from the great work

Ehafi Khan, a contemporary history of high and

well-deserved repute.

This important history

known

at second-hand.

All European historians of the

period

which

it

covers have

directly or indirectly,

is

well

been greatly indebted,

to its pages.

Elphinstone and

Grant Duff used it, and they refer to a MS. transby " Major Gordon, of the Madras Army.

lation

It is not

known what has become

of this

MS.

trans-

— PREFACE.

"VI

lation,

for the

no success. vided hy Sir fallen

made

inquiries

Not a H. M.

after it

have met with

line of translation

Elliot; so this

upon the Editor, who

has

had been pro-

heavy labour has provided the 330

pages of print which the work occupies, as well as the long translation from the Bddshdh-ndma.

Ample and very

diversified

matter remains for the

concluding volume.

The

following

is

a

list

of the articles in this volume,

with the names of their respective writers

:

—Padshah-nama of Muiammad Eazwini—Editor. — Badshat-nama of 'Abdu-1 Hamid—Editor. — Shah Jahan-nama 'Inayat Khan— Major Fuller. LXIV. — Badshah-nama Muhammad Varis — Editor. LXV.— 'Amal-i Salih—Editor. LXVI. — Shah Jahan-nama Muhammad Sadit—Editor. H. M. and munshh. LXVII. — Majalisu-s Salatin— LXI. LXII. LXIII.

of

of

of

Sir

LXVIII.— Tarikh-i

Elliot

Mufazzali

LXIX.—Mir-at-i

'Alam

LXX,—Zinatu-t Tawarikh— Sir H. LXXI.

—Lubbu-t Tawarikh-i Hind

„

„ „

M. „

„ Elliot. ,,

LXXII.—'A'lamgir-nama—Sir H. M. EUiot and Editor. LXXIII.—Ma-asir-i'Alamgm— Sir H. M. Elliot and "Lt. Perkins." LXXIV.— Eutuhat-i 'Alamgiri— Sir H. M. EUiot and Editor.

LXXV.—Tarikh-i Mulk-i A'sham

„ „ Ni'amat Khan „ „ LXXVII. Jang-nama of M'amat Khan ,, ,, LXXVIII.— Euka'at-i 'Alamgiri— Sir H. M. ElHot. LXXIX.—Muntakhabu-1 Lubab of Khafi Khan—Article by Sir H.

LXXVI.—Wakai'

—

M.

of

Elliot

LXXX. — Tarikh

—

all

of Iradat

LXXXI. —Tarikh-i

the translation by the Editor. Khan Captain Jonathan Scott.

— —

Bahadur Shah "Lieutenant Anderson." LXXXII.—Tarikh-i Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah— Editor.

LXXXIII.—'Ibrat-nama—Editor.

—

CONTENTS OF VOL. VIL PAGF,,

LXI.

Pddshdh-nAma, of

LXII.

Muhammad Amin Kazwini

Bddshdh-ndma, of 'Abdu-1 Hami'd Lahori

LXIII.

Shdh Jahdn-ndma,

LXIV.

Bddshdh-ndma, of

LXV. LXVI. LXVII.

of 'Inayat

Khan

LXIX.

Mir-dt-i 'Alam,

-

\

[of Bakhtawar

Mir-at-i Jahdn-numd,

LXX. LXXII.

Zinatia-t Tawdr'ilch, of

— '^7«»»^ir-»am«, Ma-dsir-i

LXXIV.

Futwhdt-i

'Azizu-Uah

of

of

-

-

133

-

134

-

141

-

145

-

-

-

of

of Iradat

of the of

Khan

Bahddur ShdM

174

-

Musta'idd

198

Shahabu-d din Talash

199

... -

Emperor Aurangzeb

Khafi Khan -

-

-

-

JjX.XXIl.—TdriM-i Shdh 'Alam Bahddur ShdM 'Ibrat-ndma, of

166 168

181

M'amat Khan

RuUdt-i 'AlamgM,

123

-

Muhammad Ma' sum

M'amat Khan

LXXLX.—Muntakhalu-l Lubdl,

LXXX.— TbVJM,

-

73 121

-

'A'lamffiri, of

Jang-ndma, of

JJX.'X.'Xl.—Tdrikh-i

-

Khan

Muhammad Kazim Muhammad Saki

IjXXV. —Tdrikh-i Mulh-i A'shdm,

LXXVI.— WaMi',

.

-

Bhara Mai

^Alamg'ir'i, of

Khan

LXXXIII.

-

3

)

I/uhlu-t Tawdr'ikh-i Sind, of Rai

LXXIII.

LXXVII. LXXVIII.

-

Khan

1 -

Muhammad "Waris Sdlih, of Muhammad Salih Kambu 'Amal-i Shdh Jahdn-ndma, of Muhammad Sadik Khan Miy'dlisu-s Saldt'm, of Muhammad Sharif Hanafi

li'X.Till.—Tdrihh-i Mu/azzali, of Mufazzal

LXXI.

-

Muhammad Kasim

-

-

-

-

200 202

203 207

-

534

-

565

-

568 -

569

EREATA IN VOL. Page

VII.

31, for " 1241 a.h." read " 1041 a.h."

„

32, for "

„

33, for " 1241 a.h." read " 1041 a.h."

„

463, /oj- "

1240 a.h." read " 1040 a.h."

Muhakkim Singh," read

"

Mohkam

Singh."

HisToniAi^s OF

mmk.

LXI.

Pi^DSHi^H-Ni^MA. OP

MUHAMMAD AMTN KAZWrNr. [The author

of this work in his preface gives

PddsMh-ndma, Sh4h Jahan, it more

hut, is

Hke several other

hut he

is

or Mirza

is

the

title

of

often called Shdh-Jahdn-ndma, and sometimes

specifically Tdrikh-i

of the author

it

histories of the reign of

familiarly

known

Amin4.

He

The

Shdh-Jahdni Dah-sdla.

Muhammad Amin

full

name

Hasan Kazwini,

bin Abu-1

Amindi Kazwini, Aminai Munshi,

as

first who received orders to write Shdh Jahan. The orders were given, the eighth year of Shah Jahan, and he com-

was the

a history of the reign of as he tells us, in

pleted this work, comprising the history of the

of the reign, and dedicated

it

to

Sh4h Jahan

first

in

ten years

the twentieth

year of that Emperor's reign.

The author

in his preface says that

he has divided his work

into an Introduction, containing on account of the Emperor's

life

from his birth to his accession; a Discourse (makdlaj, comprising the history of the

first

ten years of his reign

containing notices of holy poets.

He

also

;

and an Appendix,

and learned men,

physicians

and

mentions his intention of writing a second

volume, bringing down the history to the twentieth year of

Shah Jahan's

reign.

But he does not appear

to

have carried

MUHAMMAB AMIN KAZWfNr.

2

out his design, having probably been prevented by his appoint-

ment

to a

busy

office, for

Muhammad

Scilih, in

a short biography

of the author, says that he was transferred to the Intelligence

Department. This history of Amindi Kazwini has been the model upon

which most of the

histories

of

Shah Jahan have been formed.

'Abdu-1 Hamid, the author of the Bddshdh-ndma, follows

its

arrangement, and although he makes no acknowledgment of the fact,

his

work comprises the same matter, and

differs

from

it

only

in style.

Sir

H. M.

Elliot's

MS.

twenty-one lines each. are

omitted.

Asiatic Society,

1

the

There

is

a small

folio

of

297 pages of

It is fairly written, but all is

the rubrics

a copy in the Library of the Royal

and three

copies in the British

Museum.]

'^

[This article has been taken almost exclusively from Mr. Morley's Catalogue of

MSS.

of the Eoyal Asiatic Society.]

LXII.

B^DSHA'H-Ni^MA OP

'ABDU-L HAMTD LAHORr, [This

a history of the first twenty years of the reign

is

Shdh Jahan, composed by 'Abdu-1 Hatnid Lahori.

known

Muhammad

of the author, but

of

Little is

Salih, in his

'Amal-i Sdlih

Hamid was

celebrated for

(No. LXIY.), informs us that 'Abdu-1

the beauty of his style, and that he died in 1065 a.h. (1654 A.d.)-

Hamid

'Abdu-l

himself says in

who

desired to find an author

his preface, that the

Emperor

could write the memoirs of his

reign in the style of Abu-1 Fazl's

Akbar-ndma

;

and that he,

'Abdu7l Hamid, had studied and greatly admired Abu-1 Fazl's style.

was

He

called

was recommended

to the

His patron

undertake the composition. minister 'Alldmi Sa'du-Ua

The

contents of the

dedicates

Emperor

for the work,

and

from Patna, where he was living in retirement, to

his

work

Emperor's horoscope.

A

mencing with Timur.

Shah Jahdn

the

excellent

Khan.

work

to

was

are

Sh^h

:

A

Preface, in which the author

A

Jahan.

description

of

the

concise account of hi« ancestors, com-

A

brief review of the proceedings

before his accession to the throne.

A

of

detailed

history of the first twenty years of the reign divided into two cycles of ten years each.

The work

tion of the princes of the blood

comprises, also, an enumera-

royal

;,

of the nobles of the

Court, arranged according to their respective ranks, from those

commandino; 9000 to those of 500 horse

:

and an account of the

4

'ABDTJ-L

HAMrD LKROUI.

men, physicians and poets who flourished during

shaikhs, learned

the period embraced by the history.

The Bddshdh-ndma is the great authority for Shah Jahan. Muhammad SaUh, a younger and

reign of

the

rival writer,

Khdn,

speaks of the author in the highest terms, and " Khdfi

the author of the Muntakhabu-l Lubab, has based his history of

the this

twenty years of Shah Jahan's reign almost entirely on

first

work.

The

which

style,

greatest objection to the

work

the author's

is

of that adulterated kind introduced into India

is

apparently by the brothers Abu-1 Fazl and Faizi."

Hamid

he

was, as

himself states,

imitator of Abii-l FazUs style

demanding

subject

professed

eloquence, his style

his

and fulsome as that of

a

and when he

;

dealing with a

as verbose, turgid

is

Happily, however, he

his master.

always in a magniloquent vein, simple language, blurred only

is

'Abdu-1

^

admirer and

is

not

but narrates simple facts in

by

outbreaks of his

occasional

laboured rhetoric.

The work

most voluminous, and forms two bulky volumes of

is

the Bibliotheca Indiea, containing 1662 pages.

most minute

details of all the transactions in

was engaged, the pensions and various

members of the royal

nobles, their changes of

and

it

oflBce,

It

enters into

which the Emperor

conferred

dignities

upon the

family, the titles granted to the

the augmentations of their mansabs,

gives lists of all the various presents given

and received on

public occasions, such as the vernal equinox, the royal birthday,

the royal accession,

etc.

Thus the work

of matter of no interest to

But

of the time.

it

contains a great

amount

any one but the nobles and courtiers

would not be

fair to

much

say that

them

it is filled

with

these

trifles

solid

substratum of historical matter, from which the history of

;

there

this reign has been

M8S.

of the

are extant.

is

far too

drawn by

of

:

but

there

is

a

later writers.

Bddshdh-ndma

are

common, and some

Mr. Morley describes one belonging '

still

[Col. lees, Jour.

E.A.

vol.

iii.

n.s.]

fine copies

to the

Royal

BADSHAH-NAMA.

5

Asiatic Society as " a most excellent specimen of the Oriental art of caligraphy,"

and Ool. Lees says

(Bibliotheca Indica)

Sdlih,

is

" The copy of the second for this

MS. I have ever Kambu, the author of

the finest

Muhammad

written by

:

Bddshdh-ndma which has been used

part of the

Sdlih

edition

seen.

It is

the 'Amal-i

and bears on the margin the autograph of the Emperor

Shah Jahdn." The following Extracts have all been translated by the Editor from the printed text.] '

selected

and

EXTKACTS. [Text, vol.

The Emperor Jahangir^

p. 69.]

i.

died on the

28th Safar, a.h. 1037 (28th October, 1627), at the age of eight years

and one month,

solar reckoning.

from his want of capacity and

intelligence,

,

had got the nickname

of Nd-shudani, " Good-for-nothing," and was commonly

by that and

appellation.

before

He now

Shdh Jahan had

fifty-

Prince Shahriyar,

cast aside all

known

honour and shame,

started (from the Dakhin), he re-

pudiated his allegiance, and went off in hot haste to Lahore to

advance his own interests. of

much

retaining

strife

who had been

Ntir Mahal,

the cause

and contention, now clung to the vain idea of

the reins of government in

her grasp,

as

she had

held them during the reign of the late Emperor.

She wrote

many men

as he could,

to Na-shudani, advising

and hasten to

him

to collect as

her.

Yaminu-d daula

iisaf

Khan and

acted together, determined that, as

from

Agra,

it

Iradat Khan, who always Sbdh Jahan was far away

was necessary to take some steps to prevent

disturbances in the city, and to get possession of the princes

Muhammad Dara Shukoh, Muhammad Shah Shujd', and Muhammad Aurangzeb, who were in the female apartments with Nur Mahal. '

Society,

2

therefore resolved that for

some few days

[This article has been compiled by the Editor from 'Abdu-1 Hamid's preface, Sir

H. M. iii.

They

Elliot's

notes,

and Col. Lees'

Mr. Morley's notice article in

in the Catalogue of the

N.S.]

His

title after

Koyal Asiatic

the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol.

death was " Jannat-maicdni."

HAMrD LAHORr.

'ABDXJ-L

6

they would raise to the throne Bulaki, the son of Khusru, who, by Nrir Mahal's contrivance, had been placed with Na-shudani, but who had been put under

Jahangir when NA-shudani * of

Kh4n by

Lahore from Kashmir.

returned to

So they placed Buldki on horseback, and, with a party

*

men

the charge of Iradat

in

whom

they had

full confidence,

they commenced their

* Nur Mahal. with Nur Mahal, they

march, taking care to keep one day ahead of

As

the young princes were

removed her from the royal under their own charge

;

not safe

palace,

but when

throne, they were placed in charge

Accession of

and took the young princes

BuMki had been of Sadik Khan.

raised to the

Shah Jahdn.

[Text, vol. i. p. 82.] Shah Jahan ascended the throne at Agra on the 18th Jumada-s sanl, 1037 a.h. (6th Feb. 1628),

with the

title

of Abu-1 Muzaffar Shahabu-d din

Muhammad

Sdhib Kirdn-i sani.

Rebellion of Jajhdr Singh.

[Text, vol.

i.

p. 238.]

Jajhar Singh was son of Raj§,

Nar

Singh Deo Bundela, who rose into notice by killing Shaikh Abu-1

when Jahangir was heir apparent. In obedience to orders from the Emperor Akbar, the Shaikh was hastening to Court from the Dakhin Fazl, the celebrated author of the Akhar-ndma, *

with a small

Jahangir was jealous of the Shaikh's de-

escort.

votion to his father, and was apprehensive that his arrival would interfere

Deo

to kill

him

as

minded man, from foot in

*

with his own plans.

So he incited Nar -Singh

he passed through his

territory.

This

lust of gold, placed a large force of horse

ambush, and

fell

Shaikh advised him to

upon the Shaikh.

fly

Nar Singh Deo

through this wicked deed.

The

and escape, but he

the year 1011 a.h. (1602 a.d.). to the throne,

*

evil-

and

followers of the

refused,

and

fell

in

After the accession of Jahangir rose into favour

But

his evil nature

and

distinction

was unable

to

BADSHAH-NAMA.

7

bear his prosperity, and towards the end of the reign of Jahangir

he became

disaffected,

neighbourhood.

*

*

and oppressed

He

all

the zaminddrs in his

died three or four months before

The by his son Jajhar Singh. Nar Singh Deo had amassed without unsettled the mind of his worthless

Jahangir, and was succeeded

wealth and property which labour and without trouble

successor Jajhar, and at the accession of left

*

Shah Jahdn,

*

he

the capital i^gra, and proceeded to U'ndcha, his stronghold,

where he

set

about raising forces, strengthening the

accordingly sent against him, under the

Khan Khan-khdndn.

command

[The Imperial forces

forts, pro-

A

viding munitions of war and closing the roads.

force

of

was

Mahabat

converged upon

ZFndcha, and^ Jajhar Singh, having no hope of escape, waited

upon Khan-klianan and made

his

submission.

time intelligence arrived that 'Abdu-lla fortress of I'rich,^

which had been

in the

Just at

Khdn had

this

taken the

possession of Jajhar

Singh.

Second Year of the Eeign, 1038 a.h. (20xh December, 1628

A.D.).

[Text, vol. i. p. 272.J The anniversary of the accession was on the 1st of Jumada-s sanl. After the death of Jahangir, and before the accession of Shah Jahan, Khdn-Jahan Lodi entered upon a dangerous and disloyal course. * * He formed an alliance

with Nizamu-1 Mulk, and gave up to him the Bdlaghat in the Dakhin,^ the revenue of which amounted to

fifty-five krors of clams.

But Sipahdar Khan, who held Ahmadnagar, bravely and

loyally

Khan-Jahdn summoned

to his

refused to surrender that city.

presence left

all

He who were in those parts. Burhanpur under the command of Sikandar

the Imperial servants

a small force at

who was related to him, while he himself marched with a force to Mandu, with the intention of taking possession of

Dotani, large >

65 miles S.E. of GwUior.

'

Kh&f!

p. 411

;

Kh&n

says the temptation

was six

but see ante Vol. VI. p. 433.

lacs oi pagodas.

—Muntakhabu-l Lubdb,

'ABDU-L

8

HAMrC LAHOEf.

Mdlwa, which province was then under the government of Mir 'Abdu-r Razzdk, who had received the title of Muzaffar Khdn.

Shah Jahan proceeded from Ahmadabad by way of Ajmir to Agra, and there ascended the throne. * * The news of this event awakened Khan-Jah^n and brought

Eaja

and wickedness.

folly

him

to a sense of his

Singh, Raja Jai Singh, and

Graj

who had accompanied him to Mandu, parted from him when they heard of Shah Jahan Thereupon Khan-Jahan wrote a having arrived at Ajmir. other

distinguished

letter

of contrition

Rajputs

and obedience,

in the

hope of obtaining

forgiveness.

A vojal farmctn was

sent in answer, informing

him

that he was

him

confirmed in the governorship of the Dakhin, and directing

He

to return at once to Burhdnpiir.

to it

was reported

to the

his

possession,

appointed Mahdbat

office.

But when

Emperor that the country of Balaghat,

which Khan-Jahan had given in

Malwa

then retired from

Burhanpur, and engaged in the duties of his

to

Niz4mu-1 Mulk,

still

remained

and had not been recovered, the Emperor

Khan

Khdn-Jahan then returned

to the

governorship of the Dakhin.

to Court.

The Emperor paid

little

heed to the reports and observations about his improper conduct,

and

for eight

continued

He

months passed no rebuke upon him.

moody and

discontented,

and ready

still

to listen to the

incitements and suggestions of mischievous men. * •

One night

Lashkari, son of Mukhlis Khan, in a malicious, mischief-making spirit,

told the son of

to be

made

The son

Khdn-Jahan

that he and his father were

prisoners on the following day or the next.

told his father,

*

*

whose apprehensions were instantly

aroused by this malicious report, and he kept close to his quarters

thousand Afghan followers. His Majesty asked Yaminu-d daula Asaf Khdn the reason why Khan-Jahan did

with two

not attend the darhdr, and after inquiry had been made, ascertained that he

had

fears

a letter under the Emperor's signature, forgiving offences,

it

and suspicions, and he begged

and relieving him from

all

liis

fears.

him *

all

*

was for

his

The

BXDSHAH-NA'MA.

9

Emperor graciously acceded to his request, and sent him a kind under his own hand. He then came to Court and paid his respects. But Fortune was aggrieved with him, and so his per-

letter

verse temper prevented

him from appreciating the Emperor's

kindness.

On

the night of Safar 26, the

in the intelligence that

Khan-Jahdn, with

his

and adherents, began his informed of

it,

*

After the

flight.

As

was

closed

them and the

before

ground on the bank of the

Hasan and

*

in

their

*

in great peril

in crossing over, thus

Many

waters of the stream.

it

difficult

[

After many were

He

and

his followers,

fire

horses and *

*

A

wounded

exertion, succeeded

of battle and the

much baggage

fell

into

party gathered to follow

on reaching the bank of the

river, it

was

could not be crossed without boats, and an endea-

vour was made to

when one ^a/iflr was resolved

the

two sons and several

and with great

escaping from the

the hands of the royal forces.

found that

waters of

hazard the passage of the Ohambal, although

the water was running high.

fugitives, but

fugitives

river, and, fearing to perish in the

his

and unwounded,

The

of the avenging sword

*

up the

*

the rugged and

in

they resolved upon battle.

followers, resolved to

the

for

;

fire

and wounded'], Khan-Jahdn, with

waters,

relations

soon as the Emperor was

in the vicinity of Dholpur.'

So they posted themselves

behind.

watch of the

first

nephew Bahddur and other

Unmindful of the smallness of

their road of escape

Ohambal were

hilled

*

and he

flight,

and the numbers of the Afghans, they followed them

force

and overtook them saw

Yaminu-d daula brought

he sent Khwdja Abu-1

pursuit of the fugitive.

own

of

Khdn-Jahan meditated

sent to inform the Emperor. night,

men

collect

some.

Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan came up

of the day remained, and after consultation

to stay there for the night,

had made a long and fatiguing march.

and

rest the horses,

Boats were

it

which

collected,

and

the whole force passed over before noon next day, and recommenced

'

Dholpiir

is

about thirty-five miles from A'gra near the

left

hank of the Chambal.

'ABDU-L

10

But the

the chase.

HAMfD LXHOEr. and

fugitives pressed forward with all haste,

threw themselves into the jungles of Jajhar Singh Bundela.

When

the

(Khan-Jahdn) entered the

traitor

territory

Jajhdr Singh Bundela, that chieftain was absent in the

of

Dakhin

;

but his eldest son Bikramdjit was at home, and sent the rebel If Birkramajit had

out of the territory by unfrequented roads.

not thus favoured his escape, he would have been either taken prisoner or killed.

He

proceeded to Gondwana, and after staying

there some time in disappointment and obscurity, he proceeded

by way

of Birar to the country of

Burhan Nizdmu-1 Mulk.

Thibd Year of the Eeign, 1039 [Text, vol.

i.

On

p. 300. J

the 21st

* * * altogether about

Hasan and

8000

a.h. (1629 a.d.).

Eamazan Khwaja Abu-1 horse, were sent to

the conquest of Nasik and Trimbak^ and Sangamnir. settled that the

the fort of

Sher

Khwdja was

to stay at

some

Alang ^ during the rainy season

Khan from

was

suitable position near

he was joined by

until

the province of Gujarat with his provincial levies.

After the end of the rains he was to march by

way

of Baglana, and,

taking with him some of the zaminddrs of the country,

way

eflfect

It

make

his

The Khwaja marched from Burhanpur, and

to Nasik.

in

eight days reached the village of Dholiya,-^ near the fort of Alang,

*

and there halted until the rains should cease.

*

Sher Khan,

Subadar of Gujarat, joined with 26,000 men, and the Khwdja sent

him

to attack the

fort of

Batora,

Chandor, near Nasik and Trimbak.

in

the

Khan

Sher

yicinity

of

ravaged the

country, and returned with great spoil.

Murder of Jddu Eat. [Text, vol. '

is

This name

is

i.

Jadu Rai, with

p. 308.]

here written

'

^

'^'-jj"

,

but afterwards

his sons, grandsons,

lUUj

Tirambak or Trimbak. It is a little west of N&sik. ' The text here has "Lalang," but afterwards "Alang." ' About half way between Burhinpflr and N&sik.

J.

The

real

name

BADSHAH-NXMA. and other

relations, held altogether

11

from the Imperial Government

mansais amounting to 24,000 (personal), and 15,000 horse.

had suniry Jdgirs

also

in the

Dakhin

and comfort. But he was

in wealth

as tankhwdh, so that

and unfaithful, and went

fickle

But the Nizam

with his sons and relations to join the Nizdm. well

knew

For

this purpose the

He

he lived

and resolved to put him in confinement.

his perfidy,

Nizam arranged with some of his servants to seize Jddd Eai, and he summoned him to his presence. Accordingly Jadii attended the Court with his family. The armed men who were in concealment suddenly attacked them, and killed him, two sons

his

TJjla

His

and Raghu, and his grandson Baswant.

brother Jagdeo Rdi, with Bahadur-ji his son, his wife and the others

who

escaped,

fled

Irom Daulatabad to Sindghar, near

Jalnapur,! in their native country.

Campaign against Nizam Shah and Khdn-Jahdn. [Text, vol.

i.

p.

were over, 'Azam

316.]

When

7th Rabi'u-1 awwal.

Khan and

the great nobles

the rains

who were with him

Dewalganw,^ where they had rested during the rainy season,

left

and marched against the rebel Afghans.

At

*

*

Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan

the conclusion of the rains,

also,

according to orders, marched from the vicinity of the fort of

Alang by way of Bagldna towards Nasik and Trimbak.

When

he reached Baglana, the zammddr of that country, by name Bahar-jl,

met him with four hundred

entered the enemy's country

found that the revenue

by way

officers

and raiyats had

and had retired into the jungles and desolate, corn

was

dear,

want of necessaries. the

hills,

and

*

horse.

and the

The Khwaja

*

of the gh4t of Jarahi.

hills.

left their villages,

So the country was

soldiers of the royal

The Khwaja then

He

army were

in

sent detached forces into

also into the inhabited country,

and they returned

from each raid with abundance of corn and other necessaries,

many

having killed or taken prisoners '

Or J&lna,

east of

Aurang&b&d.

'

of the

About 60 miles

enemy.

S. of Burli&,np)ir.

The

'ABDU-L

12

HAMrD LAHOEt.

now appointed Mahaldar Khan with a party of horse He was also to vex the royal army at night with rockets.

Be-Nizatni

and

foot

and fodder,

directed to attack the parties sent out to gather fuel

and

sailants,

Shah-nawdz

and

he,

making

them and put them

The Khwaja next camp

of the

Ohandor.

At

*

Khan was

a forced

sent against these as-

twenty

of

attacked

kos,

and returned with great plunder.

to flight,

sent

march

Khan-zaman

to attack the enemy's

camp

This force made forced marches, and reached the

Sangamnir.

at

and bullocks whenever he could

to carry off their camels

get a chance.

enemy, who dispersed and

the fort of

to

'fled

*

the close of the rains, the royal

army

left

its

quarters in

Dewalganw, and marched forth against the Niz^m-Shahis and the Afghans. On hearing of this, Mukarrab Khan and the other

rebels left Jalnapur,

season,

where they had passed the rainy

and retreated towards Pathri.^

'Azam Khan, being

informed of their retreat, followed them march by march.

he reached the village of Rdmbhuri, on the Ban-ganga learnt that the

When

river,

he

Niz4m-Shahis had ascended the Balaghat at

Dharur,^ and had taken refuge in the fort of that place, while

Khan-Jahan had not yet

left

his quarters at Bir.'

Khan-Jahan,

having been informed of the movements of the Imperial army, called in a

detachment which he had sent to

collect the

revenues in

the dependencies of Bir, and awaited the arrival of reinforcements

from Mukarrab Khan, who was at Dharur. 'Azam the design of attacking the forces of the rebel reinforcements could reach

Mahganw.

Here

him

;

so he

Khan conceived Khan before the

marched from Rambhuri

he received a message from Saf-shikan

Razwi, commandant of the

fort of Bir,

informing him that

to

Khan Khan-

Jahan was at Rajauri, twenty-four kos from Machhli-ganw, employed in dividing' the spoil which his predatory followers had obtained by plundering the merchants at Kehtin and Kiorai. '

to

"

No

ruler."

This

is

the nickname which the author invariably uses in referring

Niz4m Shah. 2 '

Between the Purna and Godivari rivers, about thirty miles from their junction. Bir and Dhiriir both lie on the road east of Ahmadjiagar.

BADSHAH-NAMA.

13

make

Several detachments which

had been sent out

had rejoined him, and

he had heard of the arrival of the

Imperial

army

as soon as

it

as

at Pdthri,

came nearer

'Azam Khcin Machhll-gdnw

left

he had made up his mind to move

him

Khan-Jahan's

Four gharis of night remained

when he make a demonstration with his

flank, so that

at

quietly while he marched off after

Pipalnir, six hos from Bir,

Saf-shikan KhS,n to

off

to Bir.

night-fall to attack the rebels.

when he reached

collections

detachment in charge of his camp

a

to follow

to

he might think this small

directed force

on

force to

be the whole of the royal army, and refrain from moving away. Saf-shikan

Khan

accordingly drew out his force upon a ridge

about a kos in front of the rebel army, which had taken post at the foot of the hills about four kos from Bir.

'Aziz, son of

Khdn-

Jahan, advanced to attack Saf-shikan with a body of his father's troops,

and at

this juncture

'Azam Khan came up with the main

body of the royal array, and 'Aziz was compelled disorder to his father,

had

first

shown

itself

whom he

was Saf-shikan Khan's

division,

whole of the royal army was coming up with

Khdn-Jahdn, when he found that determined to fight their

way

elephant

it

out.

*

*

to the top of the hill.

litter

with his

women

his troops for a struggle.

He

to fall

retreat

his

But the

and that the

all possible haste.

was cut

sent

to Siu-ganw,^ and

away the

then rallied

nephew Bahadur,

sent his

T-hey dismounted, and,

resolving to sell their lives dearly, they kept

and slew many of the enemy.

two wounds from arrows, one

in

against

of the royal army, who, being

few in number, were very hard pressed.

struggle,

off^

royal troops forced

Khdn-Jahan

whose courage and daring he had great confidence,

Bahadur Khan and some others

back in

informed that the force which

up a desperate

Bahadur Khdn

received

in his face, the other in his side,

and several of his comrades were

slain.^

Narhar Dds

About 40 miles N.E. of Ahmadnagar. " The 2 Or as the author grandiloquently expresses it made dark as night by the clouds of dust, his companions upon the flames of the fire-flashing swords."

and

also

'

:

iield of battle

having been

cast themselves like

moths

HAMfD lAHORr.

'ABDU-L

14

many Edjputs the

on the

hill

Sipahddr

fell.

Khan and

right, seeing the state

others,

who had mounted

of the battle, took shelter

Edja

behind a stone wall, and kept up a discharge of arrows.

Bih^r Singh Bundela now came up from the right wing to support

He joined

BahMur Khan. men were

of his

Raja Jai Singh and other r^jas who were

killed.

on another part of the

Khan next came up At

to advance.

and many

valiantly in the struggle,

'Azam

also joined in the fight.

hill,

in haste,

and ordered a part of the

when many of the Imperial

this time,

wing

left

ofiicers

and the result seemed doubtful, the favour of Heaven

had

fallen,

fell

upon the royal

The

forces.

ill-starred

Bahadur, observing

the successive arrivals of reinforcements for his adversaries, lost heart,

and turned to

fled.

As

flee

harassed by showers

His father

with his Afghans.

the discomfited rebels hurried

and

of arrows

Bahadur Khdn, and he was unable

down

the

hill,

A

also

they were

ball

struck

to continue his flight.

Paras

bullets.

Ram, a servant of Raja Bihar Singh's, came up and despatched him with his dagger then he cut off his head, and sent it with his ring, horse and weapons, to Raja Bihdr Singh, who forwarded them to 'Azam Khdn, The Khan gave the horse to the- man ;

who had

Bahddur, the ring he sent to the Emperor, and

slain

the head he caused to be set up as a warning over the gate of Bir. Tlie royal forces pursued the fugitives for three kos,

many

of

them

to the sword.

But

as the victors

and put

had been

in the

watch in the evening of one day to the third watch of the next day, and had marched more than thirty saddle from the

kos,

men and

further. rest,

and

first

beasts were both worn out, and were unable to go

Azam Khdn

then called a halt, to allow of a

to give stragglers time to

Khan-Jahan and

his followers,

whose horses were

advantage of this to improve their distance sent

Muhammad Dakhni

and the

the victors were in

main

force.

full pursuit,

;

after

fresh,

but 'Azam

tools:

Khdn

were in Bir to

forces that

maintain the pursuit, and he himself, followed with the

little

come up.

a

brief interval,

When Khdn-Jahan

learnt that

he removed his ladies from the

BADSHAH-NAMA. howda in which they had heen

carried

15

by a female

elephant,

and maunting them on horses rode away with them.

Muhammad,

Darwesh

with a party of pursuers, captured the elephant and

made a number of Afghdns and their women prisoners. Khdn-Jah4n's men who escaped were wounded, and in

howda, and

Most

of

their panic they were able to carry off nothing but the clothes they

wore and the horses they rode. ful followers,

Khan-Jahdn, with a few

escaped into the hill-country.

halted at Bir, to give his

army a

faith-

'Azam Khan * Khan-Jahan

* *

little rest.

*

then proceeded from Siti-gdnw to Bizapuri and Bhonsla, in the

Nizam-Shahi

On

territory,

with the design of going to Daulatabad.

hearing of this movement,

'Azam Khan marched from Bir

towards Siu-ganw with 20,000 horse.

At this time, Sahu-ji Bhonsla, son-in-law of Jadu Eai, the Hindu commander of Nizam Shah's army, came in and joined 'Azam Khan. After the murder of Jadu R4i, which has been mentiojied above, Sahu-ji broke oif his connexion with

Shah, and, retiring to the to

Nizdm Puna and Chakna, he wrote

districts of

'Azam Kh4n, proposing to make his submission upon receiving 'Azam Khan wrote to Court, and received

a promise of protection.

orders to accept the proposal.

him with two thousand a khil'at,

a gift

of

horse.

two

lacs

Sahu-ji then came and joined

He

received a mansab of 6000,^

of rupees,

and other presents.

His brother Mina-ji received a robe and a mansab of 3000 personal and 1500 horse. Samaji son of Sahu-ji, also received a robe and a mansab of

2000 personal and 1000 horse.

Several of their relations and dependents also obtained gifts and

marks of

distinction.

Khdn-Jahan and Daryd Khdn, when they heard march of the Imperial

forces towards

and Bhonsla, and went Daulatabad.

to the village of Lasiir,

Nizam Shah also, on being informed

withdrew from Nizamabad, which he had 1

'

of the

Siu-ganw, quitted Bizapur ten

Jcos

from

of this advance,

built outside of the fort

About 25 miles W. of Aurang&bid. " 6000 personal and 5000 horse."— iTAa/i XAdn,

p. 435.

HAMfD LAHOEI.

'ABDU-L

16

and around which his adherents had

of Daulatabad,

houses and

edifices,

and

the

entered into

Jahan and Daryd Khdn, no longer deeming Lasur, went to fr-Kahtala, half a

built various

Khan-

fort itself. it

safe' to remain at

from Daulatabad, and a

Icos

few days later Khdn-Jahan removed his family to Aubash-darra,

Darya Khan, with a thoufrom Ehan-Jah4n, marched towards

a place within cover of Daulatdbdd.

sand Afghans, separated

Chandor, and the ghat of Oh41is-ganw,i with the intention of attacking

Andol and Dharan-gdnw.

This movement being reported to the Emperor, * * he appointed

whom

'Abdu-lla Khan, act against

awwal.

he had summoned from the Balaghat, to

Darya Khan, and

him

sent

off

on the 10th Jumada-1

Darya Khan had ravaged Andol, Dharan-ganw, and

sundry other places of the Payin-ghat of Chdlls-ganw

but on

;

hearing of the approach of 'Abdu-lla Khdn, he turned back to

Want

the Balaghat.

of rain and the ravages of the

Nizam-

Shahis and Afghans, had made provisions very scarce about

Daulatabad in

that

'Azam Khdn did not deem

so

;

direction,

but thought

Mukarrab Khan and Bahlol, who were jogai, in

prudent to advance

it

preferable to

it

march against

Dhdrur and Amba-

at

which plan of operations he was confirmed by a

from Yaminu-d daula, who was towards the ghat by

way

of

at

Ojhar.

Manik-dudh.

So he marched

[After some fighting)

the royal forces ascended the ghat and took the village of

ganw, twenty hos from Ahmadnagar. to Jamkhir,^ in the there,

Nizam-Shahi

had

set

in the course of

it

in order,

territories. * *

and opened

one watch he took

it

by

Daman-

Next day they marched

he next day proceeded to Tilangi.

fort there

letter

The

fire

Leaving a force garrison of the

upon him. * * But

assault, put

many

of the

defenders to the sword, took nearly five hundred prisoners, and

captured

all

the

munitions of the

fort.

When

the royal forces

reached the banks of the Wanjara,^ twelve kos from the fort of 1

" 2

About 25 miles E. of Chtador, and the same N.W. of Aurang&bid. About 30 miles S.E. of Aurang&b&d. Called in the maps " Manjira."

BADSHAH-NAMA.

17

Uhartir, they found that Multarrab Kh^n and his confederates had passed down the pass of Anjan-dudh, and had gone to the

neighbourhood of Bir.

'Azara

Khdn

then sent S4hu-ji Bhonsla

to take possession of the districts around Junir

and Sangamnlr,

whilst he himself, with the main force, went through the pass of

Ailam

town of Bir, and proceeded from thence

to the

on the bank of the river Dudna.

But 'Azam Khan

Daulatdbdd.

The enemy then

to Partiir,

fled

towards

learnt that scarcity of provisions

prevented them from remaining in that vicinity, and that they

had moved

off

towards the Bdlaghat, by

way

of DhSrur.

then determined to intercept and attack them.

He

But he found

that the enemy, having placed their elephants and beggage in the fort of

Dh&rur, had the design of descending the Payin-ghat.

So he went through the pass of Anjan-dudh, and encamped three kos from Dharur.

Capture of the Fort of Mansur-garh. [Text, vol.

i.

In the course of the past year, Bakir

p. 332.]

Khan had proceeded to the pass of Khera-para, two kos from OhhatarThis

dawdr.

is

a very narrow pass, between the

territories of

Kutbu-1 Mulk and Orissa, and a small force of musketeers and archers might hold

it

but when the rains set

upon the

named

fort of

Mansiir,

He

in security. in,

ravaged the country round,

he retired without making any attempt

Mansur-garh, which a slave of Kutbu-1 Mulk's,

had

built about

four

kos

from Khera-para.

After the rains, under the royal orders, he again marched to Khera-

had

Muhammad, and

Sher

para.

collected

other officers of Kutbu-1 Mulk,

about 3000 horse and 10,000

foot,

and having

strengthened the fort with guns, muskets, and other implements of warfare, they

awwal, Bdkir

made ready

Khan

for battle. * *

On the

8th Juraada-1

arrived in the vicinity of Mansur-garh, and

found the enemy drawn up in a plain north-east of the

The enemy forces,

fort.

* *

were unable to withstand the assault of the royal

but broke and

fled.

Flushed with victory, Bakir Khan

'ABDU-L

18

HAMrO LAHOEr. Notwithstanding a heavy

resolved to attack the fort.

fire

of

cannons and muskets, he advanced to the base of the walls, The garrison planted his scaling-ladders, and began to ascend. being dismayed, took grass between their teeth, as

them

own

to

march out

in safety,

is

the manner

Bdkir Khan allowed

of that country, and begged for quarter.

and then placed a garrison of his

in the fort.

Flight of Khdn-Jahdn. [Text, vol.

i.

The

p. 334.]

territories of

Nizamu-1 Mulk, had

suffered severely from the inroads of the Imperial forces in pursuit

of Khan-Jah4n, and mistrust and differences

the

Nizam and Khan-Jahan

Khdn,

his chief adherents,

;

had

arisen between

so the latter, in concert with

Darya

and his remaining sons, resolved to

retire to the

Panjab, in order to seek the means of carrying on his

insurrection

among the

he

by

left

disafiFected

So

Afghans of that country.

Daulatabad and proceeded towards Malwa. The Emperor,

his sagacity

and

foresight,

had anticipated such a movement,

Khan to Mdlwa, in order to chastise Darya Khan. After Darya had returned to the Balaghdt, 'Abdu-

and had sent 'Abdu-alla

11a

Khan was

intelligence of his

and reported the

On

movements, 'Abdu-lla

Saiyid Muzaffar

of him.

Having got

Khan went

after

him,

facts to Court.

the 24th Jumada-1 awwal, the

Khan

Emperor

proceed

*

*

appointed

to support 'Abdu-lla Khan, * * * and on

the 25th Rabi'u-l awwal, he marched towards directed to

and to hasten

directed to wait at the Payin-ghat,

Dary4 Khan, wherever he might hear

after

Malwa.

by way of Bijagarh, and

to

He

was

cross

the

Nerbadda near Mandii. * * If he found 'Abdu-lla Khdn there,

He

he was directed to join him.

marched with

crossed the Nerbadda at Akbarpur.

'Abdu-lla

all

speed,

and

Kh4n having

heard that Khan-Jahan had crossed at Dharampur,i he crossed the river at the same ford, and encamped at Lonlhara. ascertained that on the 28th 1

There he Jumdda-1 awwal, Khdn-Jahan had

S."W.

ofM&udU.

BXDSHAH-NAMA.

moved

He

off.

19

then proceeded to Dip41pur,i where he learnt that

the rebels were plundering the neighbourhood of Ujjain, and

he marched to Nul^hi ^ in search of them.

Fourth Year of the Reign, 1040

a.h. (1630

a.t>:).

Flight of Khdn-Jahdn.

[Text, vol.

i.

On

p. 338.]

the 4th, 'Abdu-lla

NiiMhi, and Saiyid Muzaffar Khdn, having

Mankod on

the 5th, on his

way

left

to Mandisor,

the rebels had turned off to the right.

Eh4n

when he

On

reached

Dip41j)ur, reached learnt that

the 6th, he again

marched, and came to Tal-ganw, and on that day 'Abdu-lla

Khan came up

There they

from the rear and joined him.

heard that the rebels were ten hos distant the day

had moved

On

pursuit.

the 10th they

the

that

tained

that very morning.

off

rebels

encamped

were

before,

and

So they hastened

off in

and

ascer-

Sironj.

The

at Khiljipur,

moving towards

royal forces reached Sironj on the 14th, and found that the rebels

had come

Khwdja B4ba-e

there two days previously.

Aftab got into the city just before their

arrival,

and joining

Khwdja 'Abdu-1 Hadi, who was in the place, beat off the rebels, who only succeeded in carrying off fifty of the royal elephants. KhAn-Jahan and Daryi, Khdn now found the roads closed on all sides

against them.

Every day that came they looked upon

as their last, so in their despair they proceeded on the right from Sironj,

and entered the country of the Bundela, intending

on to Kalpi.

censure because his son Bikramajit had allowed his flight

to

push

Jajhar Singh Bundela had incurred the royal

Khan-Jah4n on

from Agra to pass through his territory and so reach

the Dakhin.

Bikramajit, to atone for his fault, and to remove the

disgrace of his father, went in pursuit of the fugitives, and on

the 17th came up with the rear-guard under attacked

it

intoxication '

2

with great vigour.

Dary4 Khan, and

That doomed

one,

of temerity or of wine, disdained to

Between M&nda and Ujjain. "NoulM" or " Nowlye," 60 miles- N. of M&ndd.

fly,

under the

and

in his

HAMrD LAHOEf.

'ABDU-L

20

A

turn attacked. his son

was

impression

The Bundelas attacked him under the

also killed.

he

that

hastened from the the head of

musket-ball pierced his brainless skull, and

Kh4n-Jahan, but

was

Darya Khdn, and

one

Bikramajit cut off

another direction.

field in

crafty

that

and sent them to Nearly four hundred

also of his son,

Court, thus atoning for his former fault.

Afghans and two hundred Bundelas were

For

slain in the fight.

this service Bikramajit receivedthe title of Jag-raj,

and was ad-

vanced to the dignity of 2000 personal and 2000 horse.

Capture of the Fort of Dhdrur. [Text, vol.

i.

'Azam Khan, having ascended the pass

p. 339.]

He

of Anjan-dudh, encamped three kos from Dhdrur. rected Multafit

of

Dhdrur and

Khan and its petta,

others to

where once a week people from aU

and near, were accustomed

far

The

fort of

Dhdrur was

to

It

and deep

meet

buying and

for

celebrated throughout the

rivers of difficult passage ran

was so secure that any

effort

likely to prove unsuccessful

;

plunder the town and petta, the fortress. * * *

The

in their duty. * *

On

di-

parts,

selling.

Dakhin

for its

It was built upon the top of a

strength and munitions of war. ridge,

then

make an attack upon the town

upon

it

on two

sides of

it.

by the royal army was

Marhamat Khan was directed tc but not to make any attempt upon so

garrison became disheartened, and remiss

Marhamat Khdn made his way in with a party of men, and opened the wicket. 'Azam Khdn then entered with all his officers, and nearly two thousand men scaled the walls and got into the fort. All the the 23rd Jumdda-s sdni

vast munitions, the jewels,

etc.,

became

spoil of war.

Death of Khdn-Jahdn Lodi.

The unhappy Khdn-Jahan was greatly distressed [p. 348.] and dismayed by the death of Darya Khan. Having no hope except in evasion, he fled and sought obscurity

pursued him closely.

On

;

but the royal forces

the 28th Jumada-s sdni, on arrivino' at

—

——

By^DSHAH-JSTAMA.

21

army

the village of Nimi, in the country of Bhinder,i the royal

Khdn-Jahan was about The long march they had made, and who had been wounded in Jag-r4j's-

learned that

forces

from marching very

early,

eight kos from that place.

the

company of many men

action, prevented the royal

but they drew near to the rebel.

Khan-Jah&n, on hearing of their approach, sent that was

left

baggage

little

while he himself, with nearly a thousand horse,

;

prepared to encounter Muzaffar Kh4n. valour was exhibited, and

Jahan was wounded, his followers,-

some of his

off

Afghans, whose horses were knocked up, with the

many

his son

fell

The fight was

on both

Mahmiid was

and further resistance was

sharp, great

Khanmany of

* *

sides.

killed with

useless

so

;

he again

fled.

Being hard pressed, he was every now and then obliged to abandon an elephant, so that before reaching K41injar twenty elephants had fallen into the

hands of the pursuers, and some were caught by

Baja Amar Singh of B4ndher. When Kh5in-JahS.n approached Kalinjar, Saiyid Ahmad, the commandant of that fortress, came out to attack him.

He killed several men, and

took some prisoners.

Hasan, another son of Khdn- Jahan, was made prisoner with him were captured twenty-two of the royal elephants, which Khan-Jahan had taken at Sironj. Khdn-Jahan lost his tugh ;

and banner, and

fled

exertion he travelled

borders

with a

handful of followers.

great

twenty kos that day, and reached the

of Sahenda,^ where he was to

'Abdu-lla

By

end his mortal

Khan Bahddur and Saiyid Muzaffar Khan

life.

pursued him

closely with their forces in array.

Khan-Jahan was much faithful followers.

his followers that

afflicted

he was weary of

end of his career, and

the

at the loss of his sons and

All hope of escape was cut

there

life,

off";

so he told

that he had

reached

was no longer any means

The text has Bindhii. Kh&fi Kh&n (vol. i. p. 40) calls MS. has Bh&nder, which is right. It lies N.E. of Jh^nsf. '

it

" Bh&ndiir," but a

A'in-i Akiari, vol.

i.

p. 605. ^

" The tank of Sindraha." Khdfi Khdn, vol. i. p. 44. as " Sehonda." It lies north of Kilinjar on the Ken.

name

p. 605.

Blochmaun

gives the

Ain-i A/cbari, vol.

i.

HAMfD LXEORT.

'ABDU-L

22

him

of deliverance for

make

should

by him

stand

;

the

to

A

he could.

last,

many

but

few determined to

The

fled.

army under Madhu who was the

advanced

Singh now came up.

forces of the royal

Khan-Jahan, with

man

he desired, therefore, that every

best

as

off

dearest of

his son 'Aziz,

and

all,

Aimal, and the Afghans who remained constant, placed their two remaining elephants in

They made

Khan.

front,

and advanced

meet Muzaffar

to

and when Khan-Jahan found

their charge,

that they were determined to take him, he alighted from his

In the midst of the struggle

horse and fought desperately.

Madhu Singh pierced him Khan could come up the

with a spear, and before Muzaffar brave fellows cut Khan-Jahan, his

About a hundred of

dear son 'Aziz and Aimal, to pieces. adherents

A

fell,

and their heads were cut

grandson of Saiyid Muzaffar

royalists were slain.

The heads

Khan and

Jahan, had

rebels

him

in

Another

in custody to Court.

*

for

*

Court,

named

Jan-i

Khan and Saiyid and received many marks of 'Abdu-lla

him, and then de-

*

were placed over the gate of the

victory,

son,

Sahenda with the mother of

'Abdu-Ua Khan sent

Bahadur Khan. spatched

Aimal

Farid, a son of Khan-Jahan,

in confinement.

and taken refuge

fled

twenty-seven other

of Khan-Jahan, 'Aziz, and

were sent to the Imperial Court.

was taken and placed

his

but a party escaped.

off,

The heads fort.

Muzaffar

bf the

After their

Khan came

to

The former was

favour.

advanced to a man&ab of 6000 and 6000 horse, and he received the

title

Saiyid Muzaffar

Firoz-Jang.

a mansab

of

5000 and 5000

horse.

Khan was promoted

He

received

the

to

title

Khan-Jahan, Attack on Parenda. [Text, vol.

i.

p.

356.]

'Azam Kh&n was

in the

neighbourhood

of Parenda,! intent upon the reduction of that fortress, and the

capture of the elephants and stores which had been sent there. * * '

He

sent

Near the

Eaja Jai Singh with a detachment

S'lna riyer

on the route from Ahmadnagar

sixty miles S."W. of DhCirar.

to ravage the

to Sholapur.

It is

town about

BADSHAH-NAMA.

23

*

and

The Eajd

petta.

a kos distant on the

plundered the petta, which was about

first

broad

the

He

(?).

elephants,

mud (khdm)

wall five gaz high cubits (sih zard')

broke through the

means

by

walls

and the musketeers of the garrison then the

of

ditch

Khan

thick,

then attacked the

and by a ditch of three

town, which was surrounded by a

and three gaz

He

of the fortress.

left

then

The town was

fort.

arrived,

*

*

*

and

fled into

'Azam

plundered.

town,

the

entered

of his

to

the enemy, which had been

secure the elephants belonging to

Seven elephants were and much other booty was secured. * *

taken into the ditch of th« fortress. seized

and brought

Khan

''Azam

up

pressed the siege, and the troops drove zigzags^

to the edge of the ditch

He

up.

it

out,

at the distance of

fortress,

three places, and began to

in

raised a battery exactly opposite the gate

fill

of the

He

an arrow-shot from the moat.

then pushed his zigzags to the very edge of the moat, and there raised a battery, to which the

very It

now became

in the Sher-Haji^ found

had no real power, but that the

years,

strel (kuldwant),

title of Daulat

of the fortress of Bijapur.

after the death of Ibrahim,

it

father,

his tender

government were in originally a min-

Ibrahim

'Adil,

Khdn, and had placed

in

had

com-

This ungrateful infamous fellow,

assumed the

and delivered the government over brahman, named Murarl Pandit.

title

" Khawass Khan,"

to a mischievous

turbulent

This same Daulat put out the

Darwesh Muhammad, the

Khan by

reins of

named Daulat, who had been

and whom the King's

ennobled with the

eyes of

Khan, through

evident that 'Adil

the hands of a slave

mand

men

difficult to reply.

eldest

son of Ibrdhim 'Adil

the daughter of Kutbu-1 Mulk, and

demanded

his

daughter in marriage, thus bringing to infamy the name and

honour of his indulgent patron.

The 'Adil-Khdnis and the

Nizam- Shahis had now made common cause and were united. 1

" Kiicha-e saUmat" ways of

2

This

is

not a proper name.

There was a Sher-HSji

many other places. name of its inventor.

post p. 26), and at

probably bears the

safety.

It is apparently

also at

Kandah&r

(see

an advanced work, and

24

HAUrD LAHOEr.

'ABDtr-X

The

siege

vender had throughout been

on

gone

of Parenda had

difficult

to

grass was to be found within twenty kos.

Pro-

month.

a

for

procure, and now no So 'Azam Khan was

»

obliged to raise the siege, and to go to Dhdrdr.

*

The

*

'^dil-Khdnis retreated before 'Azam Khan, and he encamped on

Next day he captured the town and

the banks of the Wanjira.

which the inhabitants defended in the hope of

fort of Bdlni,

receiving assistance.

After plundering the place, he marched to

Mandu,! and from Mdndii Famine in [Text, vol.

the

Dakhin and Gujarat.

Daring the past year no rain had

p. 362.]

i.

Dhdrur.

to

in the territories of the Balaghat,

ally severe about Daulat4bad.

and the drought had been

In the present year

fallen

especi-

also there

had

been a deficiency in the bordering countries, and a total want in the

Dakhin and

Grujardt.

The inhabitants of these two

reduced to the direst extremity.

none would buy it

;

;

rank was to be sold

the ever-bounteous hand was

food

;

and the

feet

mixed with

flesh,

flour

and

and the

flesh

For a long

and the pounded bones sold.

the sellers were brought to justice.

length reached such a pitch that other,

but none cared for

stretched out to beg for

in search of sustenance.

time dog's flesh was sold for goat's

discovered,

for a cake,

now

which had always trodden the way of content-

ment walked about only of the dead were

countries were

Life- was offered for a loaf," but

men began

When

this

was

Destitution at to

devour each

of a son was preferred to his love.

The

nu-mbers of the dying caused obstructions in the roads, and every

man whose

dire suflerings did not terminate in

retained the power to

move wandered

off

death and

to the

who

towns and

Those lands which had been famous and plenty now retained no trace of produc* * * tiveness. The Emperor in his gracious kindness and bounty directed the ofiioials of Burhanpur, Ahmaddbad, and the villages of other countries.

for their fertility

'

So in the text

*

" Jdne ba ndne."

;

but the maps give no such name between Parenda and Dh&r(ir.

BADSHAH-NAMA.

25

country of Surat, to establish soup kitchens, or alms-houses, such as are called langar in the language of Hindustan, for the

and

benefit of the poor

Every day

destitute.

soup and

sufficient

bread was prepared to satisfy the wants of the hungry. further

ordered that

Burhdnpur

deserving poor

above

Monday,

every

remained at

His Majesty

as

should

be

that

among

distributed

the

day being distinguished

others as the day of the Emperor's accession to the

all

Thus, on twenty Mondays one

throne.

away

long

so

5000 rupees

was

It

Ahmadabad had

in charity.

any other

and

place,

rupees was given

more severely than

His Majesty ordered the

so

distribute 50,000 rupees

lac of

suffered

among

officials

to

Want

the famine-stricken people.

many

of rain and dearness of grain had caused great distress in

So under the directions of the wise and generous

other countries.

Emperor taxes amounting

to nearly seventy lacs of rupees

remitted by the revenue

officers

—a

sum amounting

were

to nearly

eighty krors of dams, and amounting to one-eleventh part of the

When

whole revenue. chequer,

it

may be

such remissions were made from the ex-

conceived

how great were

the reductions

made

by the nobles who held jdgtrs and mansabs. Capture of the Fort of Sitimda. [Text, vol.

i.

370. J

p.

Sipahddr Khan, after obtaining posses-

sion of the fort of

Taltam (by the treachery of the

siege to Sitiinda^

by command of the Emperor, and pressed the

place very hard.

Sidi Jamdl, the governor, offered to surrender

on terms which were agreed to

and the

fort

garrison), laid

;

so he

and

his family

came

out,

passed into the possession of the Imperialists.

Capture of Kandahar. [p. 374. J Nasiri

Khan had

been placed in

command

with instructions to conquer the kingdom of Telingana.

of a force,

He

re-

solved upon reducing the fort of Kandahdr,'' which was exceedingly ' ''

miles N.E. ftom Aurang&bid.

About

fifty

About

seventy-five miles E. of Dhirfir,

and twenty-five S.V. of Nander.

'ABDU-L

26

and the most famous one of that country.

strong,

the

HAMfD LAHOEf.

command

and was

of S4dik, the son of

in full state

On

of preparation.

awwal he encamped one kos from the

by

he was opposed

commanding between the

He

and muskets of the

Khan pushed

Mukarrab KhAn, and

royal

many

army attacked with

of the enemy.

on the siege.

Sarfaraz

Undismayed by

trenches. assailants

this fresh

and although he had

;

and muskets of the

fortress,

and compelled them to

*

*

*

to

him

attack

;

in

enemy, he boldly faced

also to bear the fire of the

his his

guns

he defeated them with considerable fall

back a distance of three

Out of twenty-one mines which had been opened, complete

After

Randaula,

with a united force of '^dil-

others,

Khanis and Nizam-Shahis, came up

loss,

position

with a few followers fled to the Nizam-Shahis.

Nasiri

this

Khdn, the general

was protected also by the guns

The

fortress.

great vigour, and killed a great

Khan

Sarfar4z

Next day he

but before reaching

and the town, and having covered his front with

awaited the attack.

artillery,

;

who had taken up a

in that country, fort

the 23rd Jum4da-1

fortress.

prepared to attack the town of Kandahar the place

was under

It

Tdkut Khuddwand Khan,

hos.

six were

three were charged with powder, and three were kept

^Azam Khan, who had marched

in reserve.

to support Nasiri

Khdn, now approached, and Nasiri Khan went forth to meet him, and to bring him to see the springing of the mines and the assault

mines

upon the

;

one

fortress.

failed,

The match was

the Sher-Haji with half a bastion. discharge

of rockets,

mortars,

storming parties pressed on. till

sunset, but the

levelled,

applied to the three

but the other two brought

wall

stones

The

The

down the

wall of

garrison kept up a

and grenades, but the

conflict

of the fortress

raged from mid-day

was not

and the defenders kept up such a heavy

sufficiently

fire

that the

At night the trenches were carried forward, and preparations were made for firing the other mines. The garrison saw that the place must fall, and * made offers of surrender, which were accepted, and the * * assailants were forced to retire.

BADSHAH-NXMA.

27

Imperial troops took possession of the fortress.

The

*

*

had lasted four months and nineteen days, and the place

siege

fell

on

the 15th Shawwal.

Death of [Text, vol.

eight sons

the 17th Zi-1 ka'da, 1040, died

husband the Emperor. * *

and

Begam.

'AliycL

in the fortieth year of her age, to the great

'

grief of her

On

p. 384.]

i.

Nawab Aliy4 Begam,^

Queen

the

six daughters.

The

*

She had borne him

third child and eldest son was

Muhammad Dar4 Shukoh, the fourth Muhammdd Shah Shuja, the sixth Muhammad Aurangzeb, the tenth Murad Bakhsh. Nizam Shah. [p. 395.]

A

letter

Khdn

informed the Emperor

his release

from confinement by

from Sipahdar

how Fath Khdn, feeling that Nizam Sh^h had been a matter

of necessity, and that he would be

imprisoned again as soon as his master's mind was at ease, he

had resolved

Shah *

*

in confinement, as his father

*

Fath

Khan

daula Asaf Khan,

Shah

then

Malik 'Ainbar had done

addressed a letter

in confinement on account

some mark of

to

favour.

for

of his evil character

which act he hoped

In answer he was told that

if

before.

Yaminu-d

informing him that he had placed

enmity to the Imperial throne,

to

him, and had placed Nizam

to be beforehand with

Nizam and his

to receive

he wished

prove his sincerity, he should rid the world of such a worthless

and wicked being.

On

receiving

this

direction,

Fath Khan

made away with Nizam Shah, but gave out that he had He placed Nizam Shah's son Husain, a a natural death.

secretly

died

lad of ten years old, on the throne as his successor.

He

reported

these facts to the Imperial Court, and was directed to send the

jewels and valuables of the late king,

and

his

own

eldest son

as a hostage. '

vol.

Otherwise called " i.

p. 459.

Mumt&z Mahal."

She died in QbMhuih..—Khdfi Khan,

28

HAMfD LAHORf.

'ABDTT-L

Khan.

Operations against 'A'dil

[Text, vol.

p.

i.

Muhammad

404.]

through youth, inexperience, and slave

'^dil

named Daulat (who had assumed the

had shown himself unfaithful of the allegiance paid

by

title

(of Bijdpur),

and regardless

The Emperor commissioned him from his negligence i^saf Khin was empowered to demand

his father.

his duty,

to arouse

from him a return to obedience and the payment of

he agreed

a

of Khaw4ss Khan),

to the Imperial throne,

Taminu-d daula Ksat Khan and disregard of

Ehan

evil counsellors, especially

he was to be

to these terms,

as possible of his territory

was

left

alone

to be conquered,

;

tribute.^

if not,

and the

as

If

much

rest laid

waste.

Fifth Teab of the Reign, 1041 Campaign against [p. 411. J

A'saf

Khan

Bijdpiir.

proceeded on his expedition, and arrived

where he remained two days.

at Nander,

a.h. (1631 a.d.).

There he

left

the main

part of his army, and proceeded express to the fort of Kandahdr,

One

which he inspected. Bh41ki.^ place,

*

*

*

The

came

to the fort of

Orders were given for the reduction of the

and entrenchments were commenced, but

attempt the capture

to

stage further on he

the

of

place

it

was resolved

by escalade

at

night.

garrison got notice of this, and evacuated the place under

cover of

»

darkness.

*

*

j^saf

Khdn

then

towards Kalanor, a flourishing place belonging to

When

marched

'i^dil

Khdn.

he arrived at Sultanpur, near the city of Kulbarga,

the general in

command had taken

into the fort of Kulbarga,

the principal inhabitants

which was well armed with guns,

muskets, and other instruments of war.

Next day 'Azam Khan,

under the directions of Asaf Khan, made an attack upon the town, and carried it, notwithstanding a heavy fire from the. fort. '

The Shdh-Jahdn-ndma

says that the surrender of the fort of

also required. ^

Twenty-fives miles

N.W.

of Bidr.

Parenda was to be

BADSHAH-NAMA.

The

29

victors plundered whatever they could lay their

and captured many horses

Kh4n

deem

did not

fortress, as

it

cause of delay

;

he

so

undertaking and a

difficult

and encamped near the

retired,

Then he advanced

Nahnurd.

iisaf

expedient to attempt the reduction of the

would have been a

it

hands on,

in the ditch of the fortress,

river

to the vicinity of Bijapur,

and

encamped on the borders of a tank between Nauras-pur^ and Shahpur.

The enemy every day came out

of the ditch into the plain,

and there was a warm interchange of rockets, arrows, and

But although the enemy kept up

musketry.

from the

fortifications,

also

a heavy

fire

they were regularly driven back to the

shelter of the walls. j^Lsaf

Khan

used to take every precaution for the safety of the

detachments which went out every day to

army was

large

but the

collect fodder,

and the animals numerous,

so this

was no easy

matter.

The enemy were

constantly on the alert, and struck whenever *

they got an opportunity.

named Shaikh Dabir, one came out with overtures they were not worthy of

*

*

At

the beginning a

of the confidants of of peace trust,

and

man

Khawass Khan,

offers of tribute

they were rejected.

;

but as

Afterwards

Mustafd Khan, son-in-law of Mulla Muhamma,d Lahorl, kept up a secret correspondence with Asaf Khdn, expressing his devotion and proposing to admit the Imperial troops into the

*

fortress.

much negociation, it was agreed that Mustafd Khan and Khairiyat Khan Habshi, uncle of Bandaula, should come to j^saf Khan and arrange for the transmission of tribute *

*

After

and the settlement of the terms of peace.

came out of 'A'dil

Khdn

Blj^piir,

*

*

*

and

it

Accordingly both

was

finally agreed that

should send tribute to the value of forty

lacs

of

rupees in jewels, valuables, elephants, and money, and that he

should ever after remain faithful to his allegiance. these terms

was accordingly drawn up.

negociators returned '

The

to

Bijdpiir,

*

*

A *

treaty in

The two

and Shaikh 'Abdu-r Eahim

text has " Ntir-Biydr," hut the Index of

Names

corrects

it.

'ABDU-L

30

HAMID LAHOEf.

Khairabddi went in with them to obtain

'iidil

Khan's signature

to the treaty.

On

the third day the Shaikh was sent back with a message

that they would send out their

Next day they came out with

Khan considered

reasonable,

own waMls with the

who was

one of the wakils,

Mustafi Khan,

dropped

a

letter

It

was agreed

a confidant

of his before Asaf

The

without the knowledge of his companion.

Asaf

As they were

that the treaty should be sent out next day.

about to depart,

that

certain propositions

and he accepted them.

treaty.

of

Khan,

letter said that

Khawass Khan was well aware that provender was very scarce in the Imperial army that the fetching of grass and fuel from long ;

distances was a

work of great

consequence

it

would be impossible

maintain

position

its

Khdn had

toil to

man and for the

more than a few days

beast

;

and that in

Imperial

army

longer.

Khawass

therefore resolved to have recourse to artifice

to

and

Asaf Khdn would be

procrastination, in the expectation that

obliged to raise the siege and retire baffled.

The

siege

had lasted twenty days, and during that time no

corn had reached the army, and before laid waste all the

distant places.

were

it

all

rupee per

arrival the

its

enemy had

country round, and carried off the grain to

The

army had brought with

provisions which the

exhausted, and grain had risen to the price of one sir.

Men

and beasts were sinking.

solved, after consultation,

that the royal

So

was

it

re-

army should remove

from Bijapiir into some better supplied part of the enemv's country, that the Imperial territory of the

intention the royal

Gangi

to

country.

'

The

Miraj

h&gh

is

at the

Miraj,''

Wherever they found

and the

recruited,

same time.

army marched along the bank

Rai-bagh and

were sent out to plunder in

"

army might be

enemy be wasted

"With this

of the

Kishan

two of the richest places in that supplies they rested,

all directions.

and

On whatever

parties

road they

Kistn'a or Krishna.

is on the left hank of the Kistna, ahout thirty miles E. of Kolapdr. E&iabout twenty-fiye miles lower to the S.E., and on the other side of the river.

BADSHA'H-NAMA.

31

went they killed and made prisoners, and ravaged and laid waste on both

From

sides.

the time of their entering the territories to

the time of their departure they kept up this devastation and plunder.

The

best part of the country was trodden under,

and

as the forces had recovered strength and the rains were near,

so,

the royal army passed by the the passes into the Imperial

who had

followed

them

Return of [Text, vol.

i.

fort of Sholaptir,

territories.

and descended by

15,000 men

to Sholapur, then turned

the Court

from Burhdnpiir

back to Bijapur.

to

The Emperor being

p, 421. j

of the enemy,

A'gra.

tired of his resi-

dence at Burhanpur, resolved to return to the capital out on the 24th Ramazdn,

* *

so he set

;

and arrived there on the 1st Zi-1

1241 a.h.

hijja,

Affairs in the

Dakhin had not been managed

ought to have been by 'Azam

Khdn

;

so a

so well as

they

mandate was sent

to

Mahabat Khan Khan-kh4n4n, informing him that the government of Khandesh and the Dakhin had been conferred upon him, and he was directed

to

make the necessary

as possible, and start from Dehli instructions.

other nobles

to

preparations as quickly

meet the Emperor and receive

Yaminu-d daula Asaf Khdn, with 'Azam Khan and under his command, were directed to return to

Court.

Capture of the Port of Hiigli. [p.

Under the

434.]

rule of the Bengalis {dar 'ahd

ydn) a party of Frank merchants,

came trading

to

who

i

Bangdli-

are inhabitants of Siindip,

One hos above that place, they occupied bank of the estuary.^ Under the pretence

Satganw.

some ground on the

that a building was necessary for their transactions in buying

and

selling,

they erected several houses in the Bengali

In

style.

course of time, through the ignorance and negligence of the rulers

of Bengal, these. Europeans

increased in

buildings,

which they

erected large '

substantial

The word used

is

number, and fortified

with

hhur, " an estuary," here apparently meaning a tidal river.

32

'ABDU-L

HAMrO LAHOEI.

cannons, muskets, and other implements of war.

a considerable place grew up, which was the Port of Hugli.

On

one side of

other three sides was a ditch

up

ships used to go

The markets villages

and

of

it

to the port,

river,

river.

by

force,

European

The

lost their prosperity.

were on both sides of the

these the Europeans got possession of at a low rent.

the inhabitants

and on the

and a trade was established there.

Satganw declined and

districts of Htigli

known by the name of

was the

from the

filled

In due course,

river,

and

Some

of

and more by hopes of gain, they infected

with their Nazarene teaching, and sent them off in ships to

Europe.

In the hope of an everlasting reward, but in reality of

an exquisite torture, they consoled themselves with the profits of their trade for the loss of rent

the cultivators.

which arose from the removal of

These hateful practices were not confined to the

lands they occupied, but they seized and carried off every one

they could lay their hands upon along the sides of the

river.

These proceedings had come under the notice of the Emperor before his accession, * *

and he resolved to put an end to them

if

ever he ascended the throne, that the coinage might always bear

the stamp

of the glorious dynasty, and the pulpit might be

graced with

hhutl)a.

its

After

his

accession,

he

appointed

Kasim Khan to the government of Bengal, and * * impressed upon him the duty of overthrowing these mischievous people.

He

was ordered, as soon as he attended

to the necessary duties

of his extensive province, to set about the extermination of the

pernicious intruders.

Troops were to be sent both by water and

land, so that this difficult enterprise

might be quickly and

easily

accomplished.

Kasim Khan

set

about making his preparations, and at the

1240 A.H., he sent his son AWkh. Ykv Khan, who was to be the real commander of the army, and several other nobles, to effect the close of the cold season, in Sha'ban,

'In4yatu-ulla with

conquest of Hugli.

He also

sent

Bahadur Kambu, an

telligent servant of his, with the force

active

and

in-

under his command, under

the pretence of taking possession of the Khdlisa lands at Makhsus-

BXDSHAH-NAMA. dbad, but really to join Allah

33

Ydr Khdn

at the proper time.

Under the apprehension that the infidels, upon getting intelligence of the march of the armies, would put their families on board and

ships,

so escape

warriors of Islam, to attack Hijii.

Khdn

from destruction to the disappointment of the

it

was given out that the

Accordingly

When

all

the

a dahna'^ of the Hugli, Allah

Bardwdn

expedition from

Upon

infidels.

the direction of

to proceed in boats from Sripur^ to cut

the retreat of the Firingis. is

in

lies

he received intelligence of Khw4ja Sher and others,

who had been ordered which

were marching

was arranged that Allah Yar

should halt at Bardwan, which

Hijli, until

with

it

forces

flotilla

Yar Khan was

to Hugli,

and

ofif

Mohana, to

march

upon the

fall

Khwaja Sher and his comthe dahna, Allah Yar Khan made a forced

being informed that

panions had arrived at

march from Bardwan, and

in

a night and day reached the village

At

of Haldipur, between Sdtgdnw and Hugli.

he was joined

arrived at

\>j

the same time

Bahadur Kambu, who arrived from Makhstis-

Then he

abad, with 500 horse and a large force of infantry.

hastened to the place where

Khwaja Sher had brought

and between Hugli and the

sea, in a

the boats,

narrow part of the

river,

he

formed a bridge of boats, so that ships could not get down to the sea

;

thus the flight of the enemy was prevented.

On

the

Firingis

An

2nd

Zi-1 hijja,

1241, the attack was made on the

by the boatmen on the

river,

and by the

forces on land.

inhabited place outside of the ditch was taken and plundered,

and the occupants were

Detachments were then ordered

slain.

and places on both

to the villages

sides of the river, so that all

the Christians found there might be sent to

hell.

or captured all the infidels, the warriors carried

who were

their boatmen,

whom

all

Bengalis.

killed

the families of

Four thousand boatmen,

the Bengalis called ghrdhi, then

joined the victorious army.

ofi'

Having

left

the

Firingis

and

This was a great discouragement to

the Christians.

The royal army was engaged '

VOL.

VII.

Serampore.

^

for three

months and a half in

Uy. Bengali dahra, a lake. 3

'ABDU-L

34

HAMrD LAHOEf. Sometimes the

the siege of this strong place.

fought,

infidels

sometimes they made overtures of peace, protracting the time in

With

hopes of succour from their countrymen. pretended to make

they a

lac of

rupees as tribute, while at the same time they ordered

7000 musketeers who were heavy was

it

that

open

in their service to

So

fire.

of the trees of a grove in which a large

many

was posted were stripped of their branches

force of the besiegers

and

base treachery

and sent nearly

proposals of peace,

leaves.

length the besiegers sent their pioneers to work upon the

At

ditch, just

elsewhere.

by the church, where

it

was not so broad and deep as

There they dug channels and drew

the water.

off

Mines were then driven on from the trenches, but two of these

The

were discovered by the enemy and counteracted.

mine was carried under an than

all

the

other

edifice

buildings,

which was

and stronger

loftier

and where a large number of

On

This was charged and tamped.

Firingis were stationed.

centre

the

14th Rabi'u-1 awwal the besieger's forces were drawn up in front of this building, in order to allure

When

and the mine was

many the

enemy

the

a large number were assembled, a heavy

infidels

The

air.

fired.

who had

was opened,

The building was blown

up, and the

collected

around

it

were sent

fl.ying into

Some

warriors of Islam rushed to the assault.

the infidels found their

way

to

Khwaja

Slier

of

by the water, but some

hell

thousands succeeded in making their juncture

that part.

to

fire

way

came up with the

At this many

to the ships. boats,

and

killed

of the fugitives.

These foes of the faith were afraid

lest

one large ship, which

had nearly two thousand men and women and much property on board, should fired the

fall

into the

board the ghrdbs set

towards glirdbs _

hands of the

magazine and blew her up.

hell.

and 200

fire to their

vessels,

Out of the sixty-four jaliyas, one

consequence of some

fire

Muhammadans

Many

others

;

so they

who were on

and turned their

large

faces

dingm, fifty-seven

ghrdh and two jaliyas escaped,

from the burning ships having

in

fallen

'

BADSHAH-NAMA. upon some boats laden with

of the

From

men and women, enemy were

drowned

in

which burnt a way through (the

Whoever escaped from

bridge of boats).

became a prisoner. clusion,

oil,

35

water,

old

killed,

the water and

fire

the beginning of the siege to the con-

and young, altogether nearly 10,000

being either blown up with powder,

Nearly 1000 brave by fire. army obtained the glory of martyrdom.

burnt

or

warriors of the Imperial

4400 Christians of both sexes were taken

prisoners,

and nearly

10,000 inhabitants of the neighbouring country who had been kept in confinement by these tyrants were set at liberty.

Surrender of the Fort of Gdlna. [Text, vol.

i.

442.]

p.

After

Fath Khan, son

commandant and put the it

of the fort of G4Ina,

Malik

of

Mahmud Khdn,

'Ambar, had put Nizam Shdh to death,

repudiated his

the

authority,

fortress in a state of defence, intending to deliver

over to Sahu-jl Bhonsla, who, unmindful of the favours he

had received from the Imperial throne, had strayed from the path of obedience, and had possessed himself of Nasik, Trimbak,

Sangamnir and Junir, had got

into his

as far as the country of the

power one of the

Kokan.

relatives of the late

He

Nizdm

ShAh, who had been confined in one of the strongest fortresses in the

kingdom, and raised the banner of independence.

He

(Mahmud Khan) ^ wished to deliver the fort over to him. Khanzaman, who was acting as deputy of his father in the government of the Dakhin, Birar

Mahmud

commandant of the directed

and Khandesh, when he was informed of

Khdn's proceedings, wrote to Mir Kdsim

him

fort of

to endeavour

Alang, which

by promises

is

Khdn Harawi,

near to Gdlna.

He

of Imperial favour to

win him over, and prevent the surrender of the fortress to Sahu-ji

Mir Kasim communicated with Mahmud Khdn on subject, and the latter invited the Mir to come to him.

Bhonsla. the

After a good deal of talk, 1

Mahmud Khdn

assented to the pro-

This seems to te the sense of the passage, but

it is

obscure.

'ABDU-L

36 position,

and in the hope of a great reward delivered over the

fort to the representatives of

Year

Sixth

[Text, vol.

i.

p.

in the province of

the Emperor.

of the Eeign, 1042 a.h. (1632 449.]

A.D.).

Bhaglrat Bhfl, chief of the disaffected

Malwa, relying on the number of

and the strength of his

his followers

Khatakhiri,i had refused obedience

fort of

He ventured

show

his disaffection

Nusrat Khan, when he was governor, and the

Khdn marched

to the governors of to

HAMrD LAHORf.

Malwa.

The Khan's fame

from Sarangpur to chastise him.

had

its

The

effect.

up

rebel gave

seeking an introduction

to

Zamindar of Kanur, he surrendered

[p. 449.]

It

as a soldier

hope of resistance, and,

Khan through Sangram, his fortress.

Sindu Temples,

had been brought

that during the late reign

all

Nusrat

Destruction of

to

many

to the notice of

idol temples

His Majesty

had been begun, but

remained unfinished, at Benares, the great stronghold of infidelity.

The

were now desirous of completing them.

infidels

the defender of the

throughout

all his

faith,

dominions in every place,

been begun should be cast down. province

of

Allahabad

His Majesty,

gave orders that at Benares, and

that

It

all

temples that had

was now reported from the

seventy-six

temples

had

been

destroyed in the district of Benares. Conquest of Daulatdbdd. [p.

496.]

interest to lie

Fath Kh4n, son of 'Ambar Habshi, conceiving in making submission to the Emperor, had sent

his his

son, 'Abdu-r RusuL, with a suitable offering to the foot of the

Im-

perial throne, professing obedience

The

and prayino-

for favour.

Emperor graciously bestowed upon him some districts which had formerly belonged to him, but had been since given to Sahu-ji Bhonsla. Now, in compliance with the request of Fath Khdn, _'

" Kuntharkera," inMaloolm's

miles N. of Ujjain.

Map of Central India,

on the

KaH

Sind, about thirty

BADSHAH-NAMA. they were restored to him. turbulent

Khdn

induced 'Adil

This gave great offence to the

who went and

S4hu-ji,

37

to place

him

joined the

Bijapurls,

command

in

and

of a force for

wresting the fortress of Daulatabad from the hands of Fath

The

Khdn.

and had no

latter

was much incensed against the Nizam-Sh4his,

them so he wrote to Khdn-khandn Mahabat Kh4n, informing him that Sahu-ji Bhonsla was preparing to bring faith in

;

a force from Bijdpur against him, and that, as the fortress was

was great probability

provisioned, there

Mahdbat Kh&n came

to

his

ill

of its being taken, unless

Khan came

If the

assistance.

quickly, he would surrender the fortress, and would himself pro-

ceed to the Imperial Court.

The Khan-khanAn accordingly

forward his son, Khdn-zamdn, with an advanced himself followed on the 9th Jumdda-s sdni. a covering

The

Bijaptiris were discouraged

to

IKhdn-zamdn

sent

and he defeats

army of Bijdpiir.\ by the chastisement they had

received from the Imperial army, so they

ment

force,

made offers

of an arrange-

Fath Khan.

They offered to leave the fortress in his him three lacs oi pagodas in cash, and to

possession, to give

throw provisions into the

fort. That ill-starred foolish fellow, by these promises, broke his former engagement, and

allured

entered into an alliance with them.

Most

of the animals in the

had died from want of provender, and the Bij4puris now,

fortress

Fath Khan, exerted themselves

at the instance of

provisions.

When

Khan-khdndn, who was

in getting

at Zafarnagar,

was

informed of these proceedings, he wrote to Khan-zaman directing

him

to

for the

make every

exertion for the reduction of the fortress, and

punishment of the

traitor

and the

Bijapiiris.

\_Skirmishes

in the vicinity. J

Khan-khdnan, on marched

froui

being informed

Khan-zamdn,

state

of

affairs,

Next morning he rode out with

his

to reconnoitre the fortress,

and took up his

Nizam Shah

at Nizdniptir, near

residence in a house belonging to

the fortress.

the

Zafarnagar to Daulat4b4d, and reached there on

the last day of Sha'ban. sou,

of

[Disposition of his forces.^

He

placed the artillery

'ABDU-L

38 and

siege material

HAMrD

LKRO'B.r.

under the direction of

ordered that a constant

(his son)

Luhrasp, and

should be kept up" from a high

fire

hill

fortress, and upon which Kaghziw^ra stands. He also ordered Khan-zaman to be constantly on the alert with flOOO cavalry, and ready to render assistance wherever it

which governs the

might be required in the trenches. thus invested the place,

The Imperial army having

and formed trenches, pushed on the

siege,

running zigzags, forming mines and preparing scaling ladders.

Fath Khan placed the son of Niz4m Shkh (black fort),

Kala-kot

in the

He

which was considered impregnable.

himself

took post in the Maha-kot (great fort), and the body of the

were stationed in the outer works called, 'Ambar-kot,

forces

because they had been raised by Malik 'Ambar to protect the place against the advance of the Imperial power.

many of

attempts to victual and relieve the fortress

from

[^Defeat of

without,

and

sorties from within,]

On

the 9th Shawwal a mine which had been formed from the

trenches of

named

Khan-zaman was

for the assault,

before break of day.

charged, and the forces having been

were ordered to assemble in the trenches

The mine was

to be fired at the first

appearance of dawn, and upon the walls being blown down, the stormers were to rush into the fired

fort.

By

mistake the mine was

an hour before dawn, and before the storming parties were

ready.

Twenty-eight gaz of the walls and twelve ga% of the

bastion was blown away, and a wide breach was made.

But the

The

defenders

troops not having arrived, no entry was effected.

rushed to the breach, and kept up such a rain of arrows, bullets,

and rockets, that the storming party was obliged in the trenches.

to

take refuge

Then they exerted themselves

to stop the

The

breach with palisades and planks. Imperial Nasiri

army

desired to dismount

Kh^n urged

that

it

commander of the

and lead the

was against

all

assault,

but

the rules of warfare

a way. He himself would lead the storming party, trusting in God and hoping for for the commander-in-chief to act in such

the favour of the Emperor.

Kh^n-khauan

directed

Mahes D4s

BADSHAH-J!^AMA.

Rathor and others

39

The Imperial

to support him.

troops rushed

to the breach,

and the defenders made a desperate resistance ; but Nasiri Khan, although wounded, forced his way in upon the and E.4ja Bihar Singh and other Hindus upon the

right,

They were

encountered by Khairiyat

fiercely

Khan

Bijapiiri

left.

and

others with sword and dagger, but they at length prevailed, and

drove the defenders into the ditch of the Maha-kot for shelter.

Great numbers of the garrison

Thus

victors.

under the swords of the

fell

the celebrated works of Malik 'Ambar, which

fell

were fourteen gaz in height and ten gaz in thickness, and well furnished with guns and

kinds of defences.

all

commander having thus achieved a great Nasiri

Khan

to inspect the works,

for attacking the

Maha-kot.

the direction of Birdr.

The Imperial

success, proceeded with

and immediately took steps

made hy

[Diversion

enemy in

the

Another attempt hy Randaula and

Sdhii-ji

to relieve the fortress.^

With

great perseverance the besiegers pushed a mine under

the Mahd-kot, and Fath

Khdn was

so

much alarmed

sent his wives and family into the K41a-kot.

He

that he

himself, with

Khairiyat Khan, uncle of Randaula, and some other Bijapuris,

remained in

The

Mah4-kot.

the

depressed by the scarcity

of

food

Bijapuris

and

being

the progress

greatly of the

Imperial arms, sought permission through Malu-ji to be allowed to escape secretly,

and

to go to their master.

Khdn-khanan

sent

a written consent, and by kind words encouraged their drooping spirits.

Nearly two hundred of them

by a ladder fastened for

to

after night-fall

the battlements.

descended

Khdn-khandn

sent

them, and consoled them with kind words and presents.

\_Several

On

more attempts

to relieve the fortress.']

the 25th Zi-1 ka'da, the commander-in-chief visited the

trenches.

,

He

went

to Saiyid 'Alawal,

whose post was near the

mine of the Sher-Haji of the Maha-kot, and determined that the mine should be blown up. in the extremity of his fear

Fath Khan got

notice of this,

and

he sent his wqkil to Kh^n-khanan,

and with great humility represented that he had bound himself

HAMfD LXHOEf.

'ABDU-L

40

by the most solemn compact not

to the 'i^dil-Khanis

peace without their approval.

He

the fort was of provisions,

He

with him

settle

He

wanted

also

make

him know how destitute and how hard it was pressed by the

of his followers to Mur4n' Pandit,

besiegers.

to

therefore wished to send one to, let

Pandit

the

to

send

wakils to

the terms of peace and the surrender of the fort.

mine might be

therefore begged that the explosion of the

deferred for that day, so that there might be time for an answer to

Kh4n-khdnan knew very

come from Murari Pandit.

well

that there was no sincerity in his proposal, and that he only

wanted to gain a day by

Khan

artifice

;

so

he replied that

if

Path

wished to delay the explosion for a day, he must imme-

diately send out his son as a hostage.

When

it

had become evident that Path Khan did not intend

to send his son out, fifteen

A

the mine was exploded.

yards of the wall were blown up.

bastion and

The brave men who

awaited the explosion rushed forward, and heedless of the

from

all

sorts of

arms which

fell

upon them from the top of the

Maha-kot, they made their way

now

fire

in.

The commander-in-chief others *ho held the

Saiyid 'Alawal and

directed that

trenches on the outside of the ditch,

opposite the Sher-Haji,

should go inside and bravely cast up trenches in the interior.

made hy Murari Pandit.

[^Defeat of a demonstration

Surrender

of Nahdti near Gdlna.] Path Khan now woke up from his sleep of heedlessness and

of the fort

He saw

security.

that Daulatabdd could not resist the Imperial

arms and the vigour of the Imperial commander.

To save the

honour of his own and Nizam Shah's women, he sent his eldest son ''Abdu-r conduct

on

Eusiil to

8dhu-ji

Khan-khanan

and

the

[laying the hiame of his

He

'A' dil-Khdnis],

forgiveness and for a week's delay, to enable

him

to

begged

for

remove his

and Nizdm Shah's family from the

fortress,

remained as a hostage

Khdn-khanan granted him safety, and

had compassion on

in

while his

son

Khan-khanan's power.

his fallen condition,

kept his son as a hostage.

Path Khan asked

to be supplied

BADSHAH-NAMA.

41

with the means of carrying out his family and property, and

money

with

for expenses.

Khan-khan4n

elephants and camels and several

him

sent

own

his

ten lacs and fifty

litters, also

thousand rupees in cash, belonging to the State, and demanded the surrender of the fortress.

khdndn, and

set

Fath Khdn sent the keys to Khan-

khanan then placed trusty guards over the

On

The

up.

it

gates.

Khan came

the 19th Zi-1 hijja Fath

and delivered

Khan-

about preparing for his own departure,

out of the fortress

fortress consisted of nine different

works, five upon the low ground, and four upon the top of the

These with the guns and

hill.

*

surrendered.

*

*

and had the khutha read

The

old

name

Dharagar.

is

it

in the

into

Emperor's'name.

upon a rock which towers

measures 5000 legal gas,

round

all

scarped so carefully, from the base of the fort to the level of

Around

it

there

is

is

and a

In the heart of the rock

light is required there in broad daylight.

by

itself,

this road

passage a large

when

and the bottom

and way that the iron

brazier

being kindled in this brazier, progress.

had

its

Khan-khandn

ships

desired to

steps are

an iron gate.

been

By

constructed, it,

the

which,

and a

fire

heat would effectually prevent

The ordinary means

sdbdis, etc., are of no avail against

Khan

by

closed

is

The

fortress is entered.

necessary, could be placed in the middle of

fortress,

difiiculty.

a dark and tortuous passage, like the ascent of a minaret,

cut in the rock It is

with

it

a moat forty legal yards fsara') in width, and

thirty in depth, cut into the solid rock.

there

'

In

to the sky.

and the rock

the water, that a snake or an ant would ascend

all

the fortress,

of the fortress of Daulatabdd was Deo-gir, or

It stands

circumference

the munitions of war were

all

Khan-khandn went

leave

of besieging a fort it.

*

*

by mines,

*

a garrison in the

captured

and to go to Burhanpur, taking Niz4m Sh4h and Fath

The Imperial army had endured many hardand privations during the siege. They had continually to with him.

contend against 20,000 horse of BIjdpur and Nizamu-1 Mulk,

and to struggle hard

for supplies.

Nasiri

Khan (who had

been

created Khan-daur^n) offered to take the left

HAMrD LXHOEf.

'ABDU-L

42

command

him and some other

army

was always ready

to Zafarnagar.

*

of the fortress.

service,

and he

So Khan-khandn

and marched with his

officers in charge,

*

for

After reaching that place, Mur&ri

*

Pandit and the Bijaptiris sent Farhdd, the father of Eandaula, to treat for peace

and

;

but Khan-kh4ndn knew their artfulness and

The

and sent him back again.

perfidy,

recklessness,

now turned back

BIjapuris, in despair

They knew The small.

to Daulatabad.

that provisions were very scarce and the garrison

entrenchments which the besiegers had raised were not thrown

down, so the Bijaptiris took possession of them, invested the fortress

and fought against

it.

Khan-dauran, without waiting

and attacked them repeatedly.

for reinforcements, boldly sallied out

By

kind treatment he had conciliated the raiyats of the neigh-

bourhood, and they supplied him with provisions, so that he was in no want.

As

he marched

for

soon as

Khan-kh4n4n heard of these

Daulatdbdd.

The enemy

proceedings,

finding that they could

accomplish nothing, abandoned the siege as soon as they heard of the approach of Khan-khanan, and then retreated

by Nasik and

Trimbak. Christian Prisoners.

[Text, vol.

i.

p.

534.]

On

the 11th

Muharram, [1043

Kasim Khan and Bahadur Kambii brought male and female, young and

prisoners,

old,

* * *

A.H.J,

400 Christian

with the idols of their

worship, to the presence of the faith-defending Emperor.

ordered that the principles of the

Muhamraadan

He

religion should

be explained to them, and that they should be called upon to adopt it.

A

few appreciated the honour

the faith

:

oflPered to

them and embraced

they experienced the kindness of the Emperor. But

the majority in perversity and wilfulness rejected the proposal.

These were distributed among the

amirs.,

who were

directed to

keep these despicable wretches in rigorous confinement.

any one of them accepted the true to the

faith,

When

a report was to be

Emperor, so that provision might be made

for him.

made Those

"

BADSHAH-NAMA.

43

who

refused were to be kept in continual confinement.

came

to pass that

many

of

them passed from

prison to hell.

So

it

Such

of their idols as were likenesses of the prophets were thrown

Jumna, the

into the

rest

were broken to

Last of [Text, vol.

i.

p.

540.]

the

Nizam

pieces.

Shahs.

Isldm Khan returned

to Court, bringing

with him the captive Nizam Sh4h and Fath Kh^n, khS.ndn Mahdbat at Daulatabad.

Jahan, in the

Khan had

Nizim Shah was

fort of

service,

annum.

placed in the custody of

Gwdlior. * * *

were mercifully pardoned

The crimes

Nizam Shah was

also

Khan-

Kh4n

lacs of

rupees per

was relinquished to him, but that of

confiscated.

Seventh Year of the Reign, 1043

a.h. (1633 a.b.).

The Emperor had never visited Lahore, one of his his accession. He now determined to proceed

[p. 645.]

chief

of Fath

he was admitted into the Imperial

;

and received a khU'at and a grant of two His property

whom Khdn-

sent together with the plunder taken

cities, since

thither,

and

also to

pay a

visit to

the peerless vale of Kashmir.

Accordingly he set out from J^gra on the 3rd Sha'ban, 1043 h. * * * His Majesty's sense of justice and consideration for his subjects induced

him to order that the Bakhshi of the ahadis with

his

archers should take charge of one side of the road, and the Mir-dtish

with his matchlock-men should guard the other, so that the growing crops should not be trampled underfoot by the followers of the royal train.

As, however, damage might be caused, ddroghas,

mushri/s and amins were appointed to examine and report on the extent of the mischief, so that raiyats, and jdgirddrs under 1000,

might be compensated

for the individual loss they

March of Prince Shah Shujd' [Text, vol.

ii.

p. 33.]

The

had sustained.

against Parenda.

fortress of Parenda, belonging to

Nizam Shdh, was formerly besieged by 'Azam Khan,

but, as before

HAMrD LAHOET.

'ABDU-L

44

related, certain obstacles compelled

Khdn

him

'Adil

to raise the siege.

[Jy cajolery and bribery] got the fort into his possession.

The reduction of this fortress had long been a favourite object with Khdn-khandn, and, when Prince Shah Shuja' came near to Burhdnpur with a fine army, * * * Khdn-khduan

* * *

waited upon him, and advised him to undertake the reduction of

Parenda. off

So the Prince, without entering Burhanpur, turned

and marched against that

fortress.

*

Parenda, he encamped on a stream about a

On

*

*

the only water to be found in the vicinity.

Then he

work of constructing the trenches, and

placed

direction of the siege

works

in the

arriving at

distant,

Itos

which

is

allotted the

the

general

hands of Alia Yard! Khan.

[Many conflicts and skirmishes in the neighbourhood.'] The efforts of the besiegers in the construction of mines were The enemy broke into some not attended with much success. and destroyed them, and water burst

by Alia Vardi, Prince himself,

One, constructed

into others.

in front of the Sher-Haji,

was

fired

by the

who went to it by the covered way. It blew up Moreover, make a practicable breach. had sprung up between Khin-khanan and Khan-

a bastion, but did not

great

ill

feeling

dauran, because the

latter

had saved Khan-khanan's All the nobles and

was continually repeating that he life

ofiicers also

\in

and discourtesy of Khan-khanan. got information to

foil

of the

about

one

of

engagements].

the

were aggrieved at the petulance

Through

Khan-khanan's

this the

plans,

enemy

and were

able

them, so that he made no progress in the reduction place.

He

therefore

represented to the

Prince that,

although provisions were abundant, there was no grass or fuel within ten or twelve kos of the camp, so that every foraging party

had

to travel

more than twenty

to the army.

The rainy season

a retreat to Burhdnptir.

As

kos.

also

This was very distressinof

was

at hand.

So he advised

had been ordered to act upon the advice of Khan-khdndn, the army retreated on the 3rd Zi-1 hijja.

the Prince

BADSHAH-NAMA.

45

Death of Khdn-khdndn. [Text, vol.

ii.

p. 59.]

On

the l4tli Jumdda-1

gence arrived of the death of Mah^bat

awwal

intelli-

Khan Khan-khdnan, who

died of fistula, with which he had long been afflicted.

Eighth Tear of the Reign, 1044

a.h. (1634 a.d.).

The Peacock Throne. In the course of years

[p. 62.]

many

valuable

gems had

corae

into the Imperial jewel-house, each one of which might serve as an

ear-drop for Yenus, or would adorn the girdle of the Sun.

the accession of the Emperor,

it

Upon

occurred to his mind that, in the

opinion of far-seeing men, the acquisition of such rare jewels and

the keeping of such wonderful brilliants service, that

of adorning the throne

can only render one

therefore, to be put to such a use, that beholders

and

benefit

by

their splendour,

with increased brilliancy. addition garnets,

200

to

the jewels

and that Majesty might shine that, in

Imperial jewel-house, rubies,

the

diamonds, rich pearls

lacs of rupees,

might share in

was accordingly ordered

It in

They ought

of empire.

and emeralds,

to the value

of

should be brought for the inspection of the

Emperor, and that they, with some exquisite' jewels of great weight, exceeding 50,000 miskdls, and worth eighty-six lacs of rupees, having been carefully selected, should be

handed over to

Be-badal Khan, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department.

pure

There was also to be given to him one

gold,'

equal to 250,000 miskdls in weight and fourteen lacs

of rupees in value.

The throne was

two and a half in breadth, and

to be of

to be

three gaz in length,

five in height,

with the above-mentioned jewels.

was

lac of tolas of

The

and was to be

set

outside of the canopy

enamel work with occasional gems, the inside was

to be thickly set with rubies, garnets,

and other

was to be supported by twelve emerald columns.

jewels,

On

and

it

the top of

46

'ABDU-L

HAMID LAHORf.

each pillar there were to be two peacocks thick set with gems, and

between each two peacocks a tree set with rubies and diamonds, emeralds and pearls. set

with jewels of

The

ascent was to consist of three steps

This throne was completed in the

fine water.

course of seven years at a cost of 100 lacs of rupees. eleven jewelled recesses itakhta) formed around

it

Of the

for cushions,

the middle one, intended for the seat of the Emperor, cost ten lacs of rupees.

worth a

lac

Among

the jewels set in this recess was a ruby

of rupees, which

Shah 'Abbas, the King

of Tran,

who sent it to his when he accomplished

had presented to the late Emperor Jahangir, present Majesty, the Sdhib Kiran-i sdni,

On

the conquest of the Dakhin.

it

were engraved the names of

S^hib-kiran (Timur), Mir Shah Eukh, and Mirz4 Ulugh Beg.

When

it came into the possession of Sh4h name was added and when Jahangir obtained it, he added the name of himself and of his father.^ Now it received the addition of the name of his most gracious Majesty Shah Jahdn. By command of the Emperor, the following masnawi,

in

course of time

'Abbas, his

by Haji

;

Muhammad

Jan, the

final verse

of

which contains the

date,, was

placed upon the inside of the canopy in letters of green

enamel.

*

On the

*

*

his return to .^gra, the

first

time on his throne.

Emperor held *

was promoted to the dignity of Najdhat

Khan

of several forts

a court, and sat for

*

Taminu-d daula Asaf Khan Khdn-khanan. \_Conquest hy

belonging

to

the

zaminddrs of

Srinagar, and his subsequent enforced retreat.^

The following is the aocoimt given of the throne in the Shdh-Jahin-ndmd of 'In&yat " The Nait-roz of the year 1044 fell on the 'Td-ifitr, when His Majesty was to take his seat on the new jewelled throne. This gorgeous structure, with a canopy ^

Eh&Ti

:

supported on twelve pillars, measured three yards and a half in length, two and a half in breadth, and five in height, from the flight of steps to the overhanging dome. On His Majesty's accession to the throne, he had commanded that eighty-six Ims

worth of gems and precious stones, and a diamond worth fourteen lacs, which make a cnre of rupees as money is reckoned in Hindustan, should be used It was completed in seven years, and among the precious stones in its decoration. was a ruby worth a lac of rupees that Sh&h 'AbbSs Safavi had sent to the late Emperor, on which were inscribed the names of the great Timlir Sihib-Kira.n, etc."

together

— BADSHAH-NAMA.

47

RehelUon of Jajhdr Singh Bundela and

his son Bikramdjit.

[Text, vol. ii. p. year of his 94, J His Majesty in the second reign pardoned the misdeeds of this turbulent man, and sent him

on service to the Dakhin. After a while he took leave of Mahdbat

Kh4n Khan-khdnan,

the ruler of the Dakhin, and retired to his

own country, leaving behind him rdj,

On

and his contingent of men.

BIm

Jag-

his son Bikramajit, entitled

reaching home, he attacked

Nardin, Zamindar of Garha, and induced him by a treaty and

promise to surrender the fort of Chaurdgarh.^ Afterwards, in violation of his engagement,

followers to death,

and valuables

it

he put

Blm Nardln and

number of

and took possession of the fort, with

to the

the

all

his

money

BimNardin's son accompanied Khan-

contained.

dauran to Court from Malwa, taking with him an

made known

a

offering,

Emperor what had happened.

and he

Kfarman was BIm

then sent to Jajhar Singh, charging him with having killed

Nardin, and taking possession of Garha, without the authority of the Emperor, and directing officers of

own

him

to surrender the territory to the

the Crown, or else to give up the Jdgirs he held in his

country, and to send to Court ten lacs of rupees in cash out

of the

money which had belonged

of this

farmdn from

Bim

to

Narain.

his wakils before

it

He

got notice

and

arrived,

beino-

resolved to resist, he directed his son Bikramdjit to escape with his troops from the Balaghat, whither he

dauran, and to make

the best of his

had gone with Khan-

way home.

The son acted Malwa by

accordingly, * * but he was attacked at Ashta^ in

Khdn-zaman, NdzUn of the Pdyln-ghdt, when many of were

killed,

* * but he

made

the jungles and

Dhamuni.^

his

men

and he himself was wounded, and narrowly escaped his

way by difficult and unknown

hills,

and joined

[20,000 men

his father in the

SeTenty miles "W. of Jabalpdr.

"

Sixty miles S.

3

In Bundelkhand near

W.

Ain-i Akhari,

of Bhopal. lat. 79°,

pargana of

sent against the rebel under the nominal

command of Prince Aurangzeb.] The different divisions of the Imperial army united 1

;

roads through

long. 24°.

yol.

i.

p. 367.

at

Bhander,

'ABDD-L

48 and prepared

HAMrD LAHOEf. of the fortress of I/ndcha.

for the reduction

On

arriving within three kos of l/ndcha, where the forest territory' of

Jajhar commences, the forces were constantly occupied in cutting

down

and forming

trees

Jajhar had with him in

advance.

10,000 woods.

Every day they made a

roads.

foot,

and was resolved to contest the passage through the

Every day he sent out cavalry and infantry

under the cover of the muskets and arrows. every day, and forced wali, one Aos

little

T/ndcha nearly 5000 horse and

trees,

and

to

annoy the royal

But the Imperial army

way

its

to keep

forces with

some of them

killed

to the .neighbourhood of

Kahmar-

from I/ndcha, where the rebels were determined to fight.

Eaja Debi Singh, with the advanced guard of Khan-daur4n, pressed forward and took the Jajhdr's men. forests,

of

hill

of Kahmar-wali from

Jajhar was alarmed at the advance of the Imperial forces,

and removed his family, his fort

little

Notwithstanding the density and strength of his

Dhamuni, which

cattle

his

and money, from I/ndcha to the

father

had

built.

On

the east,

north and south of this fort there are deep ravines, which prevent

On

the digging of mines or the running of zigzags. side a deep ditch

stretching from ravine to ravine.

Leaving a force to garrison

I/ndcha, he himself, with Bikramajit, and

went

off to

Dhamuni.

sS,ni

[they took TTndcha by escalade],

fled.

After resting one day at I/ndcha, the royal

army

river Satdhara, on which the town stands, and went

On

connexions,

all their

This flight encouraged the royal forces,

and on the 2nd Jum4da-s and the garrison

the west

had been dug twenty imperial yards wide,

crossed the

in pursuit of

was three kos from Dh4muni, when intelligence came in that Jajhar had fled with his family and property to the fort of Chauragarh, on the security of which he

the rebels.

had great round the

body of

the 14th

it

reliance. * * Before leaving fort

of

Dhdmuni, and

left

he blew up the buildings one of his

faithful adherents to garrison the fort. * *

army was engaged two days

in felling trees

and then reached the fortress.

ofiicers

and a

The Imperial

and clearing a passage,

They pushed

their trenches to

EADSHAH-NAMA.

49

The

the edge of the ditch, and pressed the garrison hard.

kept up a heavy

fire till

fort

midnight, when, alarmed at the progress

of the besiegers, they sent to propose a capitulation.

Favoured

by the darkness, the men

way

and hid

in the jungles.

the place, and began to sack the

enemy

still

made

of the garrison * *

The Imperial it.

* *

A

their

out,

forces then entered

cry arose that a party of * * 'Ali

held possession of a bastion.

and the men under him carried the tower

Asghar

but while they were

;

engaged in plundering, a spark from a torch

fell

upon a heap of

gunpowder, which blew up the bastion with eighty yards of the wall on both sides, although

and

his followers

all

who were near

horses

it

was ten yards

'Ali

thick.

Asghar

300 men and 200

perished. * * Nearly

the entrance of the fort were killed. * *

on hearing of the approach of the Imperial

Jajhar,

destroyed the guns of the fortress (of Chaurdgarh), burnt

built within the fort,

and then went

off

the

Bim Nar^in

property he had there, blew up the dwellings which

had

forces, all

with his family and

such goods as he could carry to the Dakhin. * * The Imperial

army then took 4000

A

possession of the fortress.

in information that Jajhar

chaudhari brought

had with him nearly 2000 horse and

He had also sixty elephants, some of which were loaded

foot.

with gold and silver money and gold and silver vessels, others carried the

Gondi

kos, that is,

he had got

and

members of his

He travelled at the rate of four

family.

nearly eight ordinary hos per diem.

fifteen days' start, the

army

Imperial

Although

set out in pursuit,

for fear the rebel should escape with his family

and wealth,

the pursuers hurried on at the rate of ten Gondi kos a day. \_Long

and

When

exciting chase.]

pressed hard by the pursuers,

Jajhar and Bikramdjft put to death several

were

worn

out,

and then turned upon

women whose

their pursuers.

horses *

*

Although they fought desperately, they were beaten, and fled into the woods. * * Intelligence afterwards was brought that Jajhdr

had sent to follow

off his

them

family and treasure towards Golkonda, intending himself.

*

*

The

royal forces

steadily pursued their course to Golkonda. * *

consequently

'ABDV-L

50

At length

HAMrO LKEORT.

the pursuers came in sight of the rebels.

dauran then sent his eldest son, Saiyid

other officers with 500 horse, to advance with

The hot

them. the

rite of

all

speed against

pursuit allowed the rebels no time to perform

Jauhar, which

Hindustan.

Khan-

Muhammad, and some

is

one of the benighted practices of

In their despair they

inflicted

two wounds with a

dagger on Eani Parbati, the chief wife of Eija Nar Singh Deo,

and having stabbed the other women and children with swords and daggers, they were about

up and put many of them arrived,

to

make

ofi",

when the pursuers came Khan-dauran then

to the sword.

many who were endeavouring

and slew

Durgbahan, son of Jajhar, and Durjan were made prisoners.

to

escape.

Sal, son of Bikramajit,

Siyam Dawa, who had fled towards Golkonda, were soon afterwards taken. Under the direction of Khan-dauran, Rani Parbati and the other wounded women were raised from the ground and The royal army then encamped on the carried to Firoz Jang. Udbahan, and

his brother

sons of Jajhar,

edge of a tank. * * While they rested there, information was

brought that Jajhar and Bikramajit, * * after escaping from the bloody

had

conflict,

fled to hide

themselves in the wilds, where

they were killed with great cruelty by the Gronds

who

inhabit

that country. * * Khan-dauran rode forth to seek their bodies,

and having found them, cut Court. * *

When

ofi'

their heads

and sent them

to

they arrived, the Emperor ordered them to

be hung up over the gate of Sehiir.

On

arriving at Chanda, the Imperial

commanders resolved

to

take tribute from Kipa, chief zaminddr of Gondwana, * * and

he consented to pay ment, and one

lac

five

lacs of

rupees as tribute to the govern-

of rupees in cash and goods to the Imperial

commanders. * *

On

the l3th

Jumada-s sani the Emperor proceeded on

his

journey to U'ndcha, and on the 21st inteUigence arrived of the capture of the fort of Jhansi, one of the strongest in the Bundela country.

BADSHAH-NAMA.

51

Ninth Year of the Eeign, 1045 [Text, vol. to 'Adil

that 'Adil in the

Khan officers

khifat, etc.,

was sent

officer

to

Bijdpur

and he was directed to require

should be faithful in his allegiance and regular

payment of

Imperial

An

part 2, p. 125.]

i.

Khan, with a

a.h. (1635 a.d.).

he should surrender to the

his tribute, that

the territories he had taken from

Niz4mu-1

Mulk, and that he should expel the evil-minded Sahu and other

Mulk from

adherents of the Nizamu-1

his dominions.

\_Text of

the farmdn.]

Farmdn \_It stipulates

to

Kuthu-l Mulk {of Golkonda).

for the allegiance of Kuthu-l Mulk

name of

throne, for the khutha being read in the

for the payment of tribute,

to the

Imperial

Emperor, and

the

etc.}

133. J On the 15th Sha'b^n Khan-dauran came from Chanda to wait upon the Emperor. He presented * * the wives [p.

Durgbahan

of the wretched Jajh^r, his

grandson.

By

the

his son,

Emperor's

order

Musalmans by the names of Islam Kuli, and were both placed in the charge of Firoz

and Durjan Sal, they

were

'Ali Kali, and they

Khan

Nazir.

Parbati, being severely wounded, was passed over

women were

made

;

R^nl

the other

sent to attend upon the ladies of the Imperial palace.

Despatch of the Imperial army against 8dhu and other

Nizdm-Shdhis. [p. 135.]

Nizamu-1 Mulk was

in confinement in the fort of

Gw^lior, but the evil-minded Sahii, and other turbulent Niz4mu-1

Mulkis, had found a boy of the Nizam's family, to

gave the

title

of Nizamu-1 Mulk.

some of the Nizam's the

territories,

Imperial government.

They had got

and were acting

Now

that

the

whom

they

possession of

in opposition to

Emperor was near

Daulatab^d, he determined to send Khan-dauran, Khan-zaman,

and Shdyista Khan,

at the

head of three

different divisions, to

52

'ABDU-L

HAMrO LAHOEf.

punish these rebels, and in the event of

'iidil

Khan

failing to co-

operate with them, they were ordered to attack and ravage his * *

territories.

horse,

Khah-dauran's force consisted of about 20,000

and he was sent towards Kandahar and Ndnder, which join

the territories of Golkonda and Bijapur, with directions to ravage the country and to besiege the forts of U'dgir^ and I/sa, two of the strongest forts in those parts. * * Khan-zamdn's force also

He

consisted of about 20,000 men.

was directed to proceed

to

Ahmadnagar, and subdue the native territory of Sahu, which lies Chamar-gonda ^ and Ashti near to Ahmadnagar. After that

in

he was to release the Kokan from the grasp of Sdhii, and upon receipt of instructions he

of 'Adil

Khan. *

*

The

was

to attack

force

and lay waste the country

under Shayista

Khan

consisted of

about 8000 horse, and was sent against the forts of Junir, San-

gamnir,

and Trimbak.

]S[asik

On

Eamazan they were On the 5th Shawwal

the 8th

sent on their respective expeditions.. * *

Shdyista

Khan

reported the capture of the fort of Masij.

Udbihan, the son of Jajhar, and his younger brother, Siyam Dawa,^ who had fled to Golkonda, were made prisoners by Kutbu-1 Mulk, and were sent in custody to the Emperor.

They to be

arrived on the 7th Shawwal.

made

a

The young boy was

ordered

Musulman, and to be placed in charge of Firoz Khan

Ndzir, along with the son of Bikramajlt.

Dawa, who were

Udbihan and Siyam

of full age, were oflered the alternative of Islam

They chose the latter, and were sent to helL now became known that 'Adil Khan, misled by evil

or death. It

and unmindful of his the

commandant

Khairiyat

Khan

allegiance,

of forts U'dgir

had

secretly

and l/sa.

the

He had

with a force to protect those two

commissioned Randaula to support Sahu. acts,

sent

Emperor

to

also sent

forts,

and had

Incensed with these

sent a force of about

Saiyid Khan-jahdn, * * to chastise him.

counsels,

money

10,000

men under

Orders were given that

About fifty miles S. of N&nder on the road to Bidar. About fifty miles S. of Ahmadnagar. The " Chambargoondee " of the Bombay Eoute Map. s These names are here spelt " Udlhan " and " Siy&m Diidi." '

'

BJCDSHAH-NAMA.

53

be and Khdn-dauran and Khan-zaman should march into the Bijaptir territories in three different directions, to prevent

Randaula

from joining Sahu, and to ravage the country from end to end. If Adil Khan should awake from his heedless stupidity, and should

pay proper obedience, they were to hold their hands if not, they were to make every exertion to crush him. On the 11th a letter ;

arrived from

Sh^yista Khin, reporting that Salih Beg, the

Nizamu-1 Mulki commander of the fined all Sahu's

and

its

Mir

men who were

Kher-darak, had con-

fort of

and had surrendered it

in the fort,

dependencies to the Imperial commanders. Abii-I

Hasan and Kazi Abu

whom

.Sa'id,

'A'dil

Khan

of

Bijdpur had sent to the Emperor after being aroused from his negligence by the despatch of the Imperial forces to ravage his

now arrived and presented tribute and presents. Mukarramat Khan, the Imperial envoy, approached Bijaptir, and 'Adil Khan, fearing the conseq^uences of showing disobedience, dominions,

came show

forth from the city five kos to

of

submission and respect.

discovered that, although he strations through fear, he

made

was

and upon his

and ravage as much

When city,

arrival,

*

all

But the envoy soon these outward demon-

really desirous of exciting dis-

turbances and offering opposition. effect,

meet him, and made great *

He made

a report to this

the Imperial order was given to kill

as possible in the Bij4pur territories.

'Abdu-1 Latif, the envoy to Golkonda, approached the

Kutbu-1 Mulk came forth

five kos to receive

ducted him to the city with great honour. * * read aloud in the

name

when the khutha was

of the

read,

Emperor ; he

and bestowed

and he had coins struck

in

the

him, and con-

He hadtheMM^Sa

several times attended

gifts

upon the reader,

Emperor's name, and sent

specimens of them to Court. \_Conqnest of the fort of Chdndor.

Surrender of the

hill

fort

of Anjardi, and of the hill forts of Kdnjna and Mdnjna, Eola, Jola, Ahiinat, Kol, Busrd, Achldgar,

and

Rdjd of Bir after two months' the fort of Bharab to Allah Verdi Khan.]

the fort of the

others. siege.

Conquest of

Surrender of

'

54

'ABDTJ-L

Khan

\_8hdyista

Sdhu.

HAMTD LAHOHr.

Sangamnir and

takes

Junir from

the town of

Sdhu's son attempts the recover]/ of Jmiir.]

Campaign against [Text, vol.

i.

Bijdpiir.

On

part 2, p. 151.J

the 8th Shawwal, a royal

him

order reached Khan-dauran near l/dgir, informing

Khan had

'Kdil

Khan-jahan

tribute;

that

territory

by way of

had been

Sholaptir,

invade his

to

of I'ndapur

;

Khan-daurdn, must march against him by way

he,

of Bidar,

and lay waste his country.

Khan-dauran accordingly

baggage on the banks of the Wanjira, in charge of a

his

party of

New

of

directed

Khan-zamdn by way

and that

left

that

been remiss in his obedience and payment of

men whose

horses were ineffective.

Year's night he set forth, and at

Kalyan, the most

flourishing

place

inhabitants were quite unprepared,

under his attack.

was secured.

Many

in

In the beginning o'clock reached

five

that

The

country.

and near 2000 of them

fell

were taken prisoners, and great booty

\_N'ardinp&r, Bhdlki,

and Makndth,^ taken

in

sicc-

2000 of the enemy defeated near Sidar.] From Bhalki Khan-dauran marched to Deoni, three kos from

cession

T/dgir,

waste

and plundered.

and from thence towards Bijapur, plundering and laying

all

He

the country.

then attacked and sacked the two great

towns of Sultanpur and Hirdpiir. to the river Bhunra.^

A

From Hirdpur he advanced

party of the enemy then drew near

and threatened him, * * but was defeated.

After

this,

dauran marched to Firozabdd, twelve kos from Bijapur.

Khan-

A letter

then arrived from Mukarramat Khan, informing him that the Bijdpiiris all

had broken down the tank of Shahpur, and had taken

the inhabitants of the country round Bijapur into that city,

and that no water or food was

A

letter

to be

found in the country. * *

from the Emperor then reached him, to the

*

effect that

Between P6na and Sholapiir, eighty-four miles from the former. 2 Nar&inpur is " one kos and a half from Kaly&n." Bhilki or B&lki is about equi-distant N. of Kalyta and Bidar. Makn&th is " ten kos from Bh&lki, and two from Bidar." '

3 This

name

often occurs,

and

is

evidently used for the Bhima.

BADSHAH-NAMA.

Khdn had

Adil

sent two envoys to

about the forts of l/sa and l/dglr

;

55

make some

representations

but as these belonged

Nizamu-1 Mulk, the Emperor would not present them

A

report received subsequently from

that 'Adil

Khdn had abandoned

had returned

to

his

to

to him.

Mukarramat Khan

stated

and

his claim to these forts,

Khan-dauran was therefore

obedience.

directed to desist from ravaging the Bijapur territories, and to

On

lay siege to LTsa and U'dgir.

Muharram Khan-

the 23rd

daurdn marched against l/doir.

Campaign of Khdn-Jahdn. [Text,

vol.

i.

part

Dhdrdsiyiin, Kdnti

Beogdnw.

p.

2,

155.]

\_Capture

SarddMn,

of

from Sholdpur, and the town of Bijdpuris, commanded hy Randaula.~\

kos

six

Victories over the

Water and provisions were now diflBcult to obtain, so the royal army fell back to Dharasiyun,^ intending to leave their baggage at Saradhiin,

and passing between U'sa and Naldrug,

to

make

a raid into the flourishing country about Kulbarga, to plunder

and lay waste.

On

the 1st Zi-1 hijja, the

enemy made

his

appearance while the Imperial army was encamped about two kos from U'sa,

and began

to

throw

The

in rockets.

royal forces

issued from their entrenchments and repulsed their assailants.

Next day they attacked

the Imperial

army

as

it

march, * * but were defeated and driven back.

from the

battle-field,

was about

to

After returning

Saiyid Khan-jahan, considering that the

country was devastated, and the rains were at hand, determined to fall

back to Bir, * * and await the Imperial directions as to

where the rainy season should be passed. hijja,

in

On

the 11th Zi-1

about eight kos from Saradhun, the enemy again appeared

the rear [and after a hard fight fell back defeated'].

royal

army then continued

its

march

to

the banks of the Wanjira to Dharur.

'

" Deraseo,"

fifty

Tlie

Saradhun, and along

miles north-east of Shol&pur.

"ABDU-L

56

HAMID LAHOEr.

Campaign of Khdn-zamdn. [Text, vol.

i.

After receiving his orders,

part 2, p. 160.J

Khan-zamdn marched

to

after provisioning

Ahmadnagar, and,

Ahmad-

Six kos from

his force, * * he went on towards Junir.

S4hu had made terms with Minaji Bhonsla, and had obtained from him the fort of Mahuli. Having taken Minaji along with him to Junir, Sahu was about Khan-zaman Parenda. to proceed by way of P^rganw to

nagar, he learnt that the villain

marched

after

him, * * but S4hu passed the river Bhiinra, and

proceeded to Lohganw, a dependency of Piina in the Bijapur territories.

Here Khdn-zamdn

halted, because his orders were

not to follow Sahii into 'Adil Khan's country.

\_Capture of the

On receiving orders fort of Chamdr-gonda hy a detachment.'] from Court, he entered the Bijapur territories, and plundered and

every

destroyed

*

halted.

inhabited

*

came

he

place

Shawwal he reached the pass

the 27th

Ou

to.

of Dudbdi, where

Next morning he ascended the

he

In eight

pass.

days he arrived at Kolapur, and invested the fortress and town. Notwithstanding a brave defence, he quickly took the place. \_8uccessful skirmishes with S&hii

zaman

and

Khan-

the Bijdpuris.]

next marched to Miraj, one of the principal towns in the

Bijdpdr dominions, and plundered

it.

From

thence he made six

days' march to Eai-bdgh, a very ancient town in that country,

where he obtained great booty. he

fell

rear

the

back, and the

enemy had the audacity

and harass him with

out to

enemy attacked

and a

force

this force,

assailants were repulsed

army was farmdn

of a river.

hang upon

and a sharp

and pursued

A

fight

for

Khan-zaman

his

march from Miraj party was sent

was ordered to support

resting on the banks of the river

arrived, directing

to

rockets. Eight days'

army encamped on the bank forage,

After remaining there ten days,

two

ensued

it. ;

While

kos.

The

but the the

Bhunra, an Imperial

to return to

the royal

presence, to receive instructions for the reduction of the fort of

Junir and the punishment of Sahii.

The reason

for this

was

BADSHAH-NAMA.

Khkn had

that 'i^dil

57

submitted, had agreed to pay a tribute

equivalent to twenty lacs in jewels, elephants,

etc.,

and engaged

that if Sdhii returned and surrendered Junir and the other forts in the

Nizdm-Shdhi

he would

territory to the Imperial officers,

take him into his service

;

but

S^hu

if

did not do so, he

would

Imperial forces in reducing the forts and punishing

assist the

Sahii.

Anki and Tanki,

[^Capture hy Klidn-hhdndn of the forts of

Alka and Pdlka,

eighteen

kosfrom

Baiilatdhdd.']

\_Farmdn containing the terms of peace with 'A'dil Khdn, and letter

Letter of homage

of the latter in acknowledgment.

Summary

Kuthu-l Mtilk.

Ddkhin, the first in

of Shah Jahdn's two

his father' s

lifetime, the

from

expeditions to the

second after his own

accession.]

'A'dil

[Text, vol.

Khdn

part 2, p. 202.]

i.

of Bijdpiir.

While the Emperor was

thinking about the reduction of the forts of the Dakhin,

Khan, being disturbed by the prolonged stay Court, wrote a letter to the affairs of that

country were

of the Imperial

Emperor, representing that the

now

all

and that he would

settled,

S4hu and

be answerable for the surrender of the forts held by others.

any

There was therefore no reason

longer,

and

it

still

'i^dil

for the

would be a great favour

to the capital, so that the raiyats

Emperor's staying

if

he would proceed

and people of Bijapiir might

return peacefully to their avocations.

The Emperor

graciously

consented, and resolved to go and spend the rainy season at

Mandu.

'i^dil

was accepted. of Bijdptir

Khan's

tribute, consisting of

The Emperor confirmed

and the

fortress

to

*

*,

arrived,

him the

and

territory

of Parenda, which had formerly

belonged to Nizamu-1 Mulk, but which the commandant had surrendered to

him

all

'iiidil

Khan

formerly held half

of the treaty.]

for a bribe.

He

also confirmed to

Kokan on the sea-shore, which had been by him and half by Nizamu-1 Mulk. \_Copy

the country of

]

58

HAMfD

'ABDir-L

Li^HOEf.

Prince Aurangzeh, Governor of the JDakhin. [Text, vol.

On

part 2, p. 205.]

i.

Emperor appointed Prince Aurangzeb Dakhin.

This country contains sixty -four

which are situated on plain.

the 3rd Zl-1 hijja the

to the

the

hills,

fifty- three

forts,

Daulatabad, with

1.

Ahmadnagar and other districts, which they call the suba the Dakhin. The capital of this province, which belonged Nizamu-1 Mulk, was Daulatdbad.

the Balaghat.i Asir, Asir.

a

4.

hill,

The

for strength

and

Burhanpur, situated four kos from

is

total revenue

of the

the fortresses in that country

all

is

and

on the top of

It is built

The whole

security.

and a part of the fourth or

fortress of this province is

capital of this province is Elichpur,

noted above

is

to

situated in the suba of

is

called Gawil.

fortress is

and

The

Khandes.

capital

Birar.

famous

its

3.

and the

This

of

and afterwards

formerly Ahmadnagar,

Telingana.

2.

of

remaining eleven are in the

divided into four subas.

It is

government of the

in the

of the

third

four provinces

is

province

The Jama',

Payin-ghat.

two arbs of dams,

equivalent to five crores of rupees. \^Treafi/

with Kutbu-l Mulk.

[Khdn-daurdn

besieges

Letter from the

Udgir and

JJsa,

latter.

and both forts are

eventually surrendered^

Tenth Year of the Reign, 1046

a.h. (1636 a.d.).

Conquest of the Fort of Junir and Settlement of the Dakhin. [Text, vol.

i.

part 2, p. 225. J

from the Emperor

to his

When Khan-zaman

entering into the service of 'Adil

Khan, and refused

Junir and the other fortresses to the Imperial

Khan

therefore sent his forces, under the

to co-operate with the Imperial '

The Shdh Jahdn-ndma

fortress Kandah&.r."

adds,

returned

army, he learnt that Sdhu had declined

" The

army

to surrender

officers.

command

'Adil

of Randaula,

in the destruction of Sahii,

capital of

which

is

called If&nder

and the

BADSHAH-NAMA. and the reduction of his *

Junir,

*

*

Khan-zamdn hastened

fortresses.

and invested the

59

Being

fortress.

to

with

satisfied

the arrangements for the siege, he determined to march against

When

Sdhu, who was in the neighbourhood of Puna. the Khorandi, he was detained on

its

heavy rains and the inundations.

As

he crossed the

river,

who was

were three large swollen

seventeen kos distant, then

rivers, the

*

between Khan-zamdn and Sahu.

The Khan

*

The

commander coincided with Khan-zaman's

the pursuit, and the latter began his march.

then fled with great haste by *

the Kokan. the pass of

*

*

opinion

in favour of

*

Sahu

the pass of Kombha,^ and entered

Finding no support there, he returned by

The Imperial

Kombha.

Kokan by the same Sahu then went off

pass, to

forces then entered the

and Randaula

M4huli,

also

*

*

followed.

*

*

*

On

was closing up.

and from thence

the fort of Muranjan,^ situated between the

Khan-zaman

There were

Mol, and the

I'nd&n, the

therefore sent an officer to consult with Randaula.

of that

the

of the fndan,

mountains of Gondhina and Nurand.

into the

Mota,"^

month by

for a

soon as the waters abated,

and encamped on the banks

near Lohganw, and Sahti,

made

banks

he reached

hills

to

and the jungle.

discovering the approach

of his pursuers, Sahii hastily sent off a portion of his baggage,

and abandoned the up, put

many

*

rest.

»

*

The pursuers having come

of the rebels to the sword.

*

*

Being

still

pursued, Sahu went again to Mahuli, hoping to get away by

Trimbak and Tringalwari

;

*

but, fearing lest he should encounter

the royal forces, he halted at Mahuli. his adherents,

men he

who had

He

retained a party of

long followed him, and the rest of his

disbanded, and allowed them to go where they would.

Then, with his son and a portion of his baggage, he went into the fort, resolved to stand a siege.

Indirauee, Moola, and

Moota

of the Maps, near Piina.

1

The

2

In the Ghats, Lat. 18-20. Or " Muroranjan " in the Ghats, Lat. 18'50. A little N. of the Tal Ghat.

s

^

'ABDU-L

60

Khdn-zaman got

HAMTD LAHOEr. when he was twelve

intelligence of this

kos

from Mahtili, and, notwithstanding the difficulties of the road, *

he reached the fort in one day. his trenches

He

* *

and made approaches.

immediately opened

A

*

few days

after,

When

*

*

the

Kandaula came up, and

joined in the siege.

place was hard pressed,

Sahu wrote

repeatedly to Khan-zaman,

offering to surrender the fortress on

condition of being received

into the Imperial service.

to save his "was the

life,

He

was informed that

he must come to terms with

He

Emperor's command.

'KdJA.

he wished

if

Khan,

for such

also advised to be quick

was

from the swords of the

in doing so, if he wished to escape

So he was compelled to make his submission to 'Adil

besiegers.

Khan, and he besought

that a treaty might be

made with him.

After the arrival of the treaty, he made some absurd inadmissible

demands, and withdrew from the agreement he had made. attack drew

the siege was pressed on, and the final

Sahu came hill,

near,

down the

out of the fort and met Eandaula halfway

He

and surrendered himself with the young Nizam.

to enter the service of 'Adil

Khan, and

forts of Junir,

agreed

to surrender the fortress

of Junir and the other forts to the Imperial generals.

Accordingly the

But

when

*

*

*

Trimbak, Tringalwdri, Haris,

Judhan, Jund, and Harsira, were delivered over to Khan-zaman. *

*

Randaula, under the orders of 'Adil Khan,

young Nizam

in the hands of

placed the

Khan-zaman, and then went

to

Bijapur, accompanied by Sahu.

[Khdn-daurdn

takes possession of the forts

Ashta, and besieges

and storms

of Kataljahr, and

the fort of JVdgpur.]

Nizdntu-l Mulk. i. part 2, p. 256.] On the 1st Zi-1 hijja, 1046 a.h Murad Bakhsh, Yaminu-d daula Khdn-daurdn Bahadur

[Text, vol.

Prince

,

Nusrat Jang,i and others went forth to meet Prince Aurangzeb,

who had returned '

He had

to Court

from the Dakhin.

been honoured with

*

*

He

this title for his late victories.

brought

BADSHAH-NAMA.

61

with him the member of Nizamu-1 Mulk's fiimily disaffected of the

Dakhin had made use

purposes, and to

whom

He was

Mulk.

the

of Nizamu-1

Khan-

Saiyid

fort of Gwalior, where there were

—one

Ahmadnagar

the capture of

title

placed under the charge of

two other of the Niz^ms

whom

of for their rebellious

they had given the

Jahan, to be kept in the

^

of

whom was made

prisoner at

in the reign of Jahangir,

and the

other at the downfall of Daulatdbad in the present reign. * *

On the 4th, the news came that Kh4n-zara4n had died at Daulatabad from a complication of diseases of long standing. * * Shayista

Khan was appointed to

succeed him in his command.

The Bundelas. [Text, vol.

had been

The Bundelas

part 2, p. 270. J

i.

slain,

chief,

the rebellious spirits of the tribe had taken no

warning, but had set up a child of his

had been

are a turbulent

Notwithstanding that Jajhar, their

troublesome race.

from the

carried off alive

named

Pirthi R4j,

field of battle,

who

and they had

again broken out in rebellion, * * Khan-dauran Bahadur Nusrat

Jang was ordered

to suppress this insurrection,

Storm [p. 276.]

On

to pro-

at Thatta.

the 23rd Rabi'u-1 awwal letters were received

from Thatta, reporting that rain had six hours in all the

houses and

and then

Malwa.

ceed to his government in

fallen incessantly for thirty-

towns and places near the sea-shore.

buildings were destroyed,

Many

and great numbers of men

and beasts of all kinds were drowned. The wind blew so furiously that huge trees were torn up by their roots, and the waves of the sea cast ships, sea,

numbers of

fishes

on to the shore.

laden and unladen, went down from

and heavy

losses fell

Nearly a thousand the violence of the

upon the ship-owners.

The land

over which the waves were driven, became impregnated with

and

unfit for cultivation. 1

This individual, like

all

the others,

is

sarcastically called

" Be-Niz&m."

also, salt,

HAMrD LAHOEr.

'ABDU-L

62

Conquest of Tibet. [Text, vol,

i.

The

part 2, p. 281.J

Emperor Jahangir long

late

entertained the design of conquering Tihet, and in the course of his reign

Hashim Khdn,

of Kashmir,

under

son of

Kasim Khdn Mir-hahr, governor of the Emperor, invaded the

the orders

country with a large force of horse and foot and local zaminddrs.

But although he entered the country, and did

his best, he

met

with no success, and was obliged to retreat with great loss and

with much

difficulty.

The Imperial order was now given

* *

Khan, governor of Kashmir, should assemble the

Zafar

under his command, and

forces

the conquest of that country.

effect

Accordingly he collected nearly eight thousand horse and

composed of Imperial

men

forces,

of his own,

He marched

marzhdns of his province.

that

foot,

and retainers of the

by the

difficult route of

Karcha-barh, and in the course of one month he reached the

Shkardu, the

of

district

and on

this side

Abdal, the

place

first

of the Nilab

present

of importance

Tibet,

had

summits of two high mountains two strong which was

Tibet,

'Ali Rai, father

(Indus).

Marzbdn of

in

built

forts

of

upon the

— the higher of

Kaharpbucha, and the other Kahchana. Each of them had a road of access " like the neck of a reed, and the called

The road

curve of a talon."

of communication between the two

was on the top of the mountain. fort

of Kaharpbucha.

manager

He

Abdal shut himself up

placed his

minister

in the

and general

the fort of Kahchana, and he sent his family and

in

property to the fort of Shakar, which stands upon a high mountain

on the other

side of the Nilab.

Zafar Khan, after examining the height and strength of the fortresses,

attack

was of opinion that

them

;

it

was inexpedient

to invest

and

but he saw that the military and the peasantry of

much

by the harsh rule of Abdal, and he resolved to win them over by kindness. Then he sent a detachTibet were

ment

to

distressed

subdue the

family of Abdal.

fort of

Shakar, and to

The whole time which

make

prisoners of the

the

army could keep

BXDSHAH-JSTAMA.

63

the field in this country was two months longer,

would he snowed up.

it

sent

Mir Fakhru-d

fort

of Shakar, while

He

Ahddl was.

men

other

It

was

din, * * with four

for if

;

he himself watched the

people of the

who had

entered into the Imperial service, relations with

country, to endeavour by persuasion

promises to gain over the people.

and

in whicli

fort

next sent Hasan, nephew of Abdal, with some

of Tibet,

river Nilcib,

* *

and

Mir Fakhr passed over the

laid siege to the fort.

Daulat, son of Abdal,

He

of about fifteen years of age, was in charge of the fort. sallied out to attack the besiegers, loss. * *

The

he

for this reason that

thousand men, against the

and some saminddrs of Kashmir, who had friendly the

remained

it

* but

*.

besiegers then advanced,

against the gate on the

Shkardu

was driven back with

and opened their trenches

The son

side.

of

Abdal was

so

frightened by these proceedings, that, regardless of his father's

family (in the

fort),

he packed up the gold,

was portable, and escaped

Mir Fakhru-d

He

in the night

silver,

and what

by the Kashghar

gate.

din, being apprised of his flight, entered the fort.

could not restrain his followers from plundering

A

charge of Abdal's family.

force

;

but he took

was sent in pursuit of the

son,

which could not overtake him, but returned with some gold

and

silver

On

he had thrown away on the road.

hearing of this victory, Zafar

Kaharphiicha and Kahchana.

*

Khan

*

pressed on the siege of

The governor and

garrison

of the latter surrendered. * * Abdal, in despair at the progress

made by the

invaders,

and

at the loss of his wives

opened negociations and surrendered the Zafar

Khan was

fort of

and

children, * *

Kaharphucha.

apprehensive that the snow would

fall

and

close

the passes, and that, at the instigation of Abdal, he might be

attacked from the side of Kashmir.

So, without

making any

settlement of the country, and without searching after Abdal's property, he set out on his return, taking with family, and

him Abdal,

some of the leading men of the enemy.

Muhammad Murad,

Abdal's

vakil, in

He

charge of the country.

his left

'ABDU-L

64

HAMrD LAHORr.

Eleventh Tear of the Reign, 1047

a.h. (1637 a.d.).

Capture of Kandahar and other forts} [Text, vol.

The strong

p. 24.]

ii.

fortress of

Kandahar was

annexed to the Imperial dominions in the fortieth year of the

Emperor Akbar. covering

* *

Shah

Prince Shah Jahan was *

Dakhin, to

*

and

after

a

sent to

and the Shah

make an attempt siege

the

arrange

of forty-five

He

place.

invested

Khan, who was

to send

to learn

it,

days reduced the fortress in *

*

After a time,

Mardan Khan was appointed governor of Kandahar, and Shah Jahan, being desirous of recovering the place, Kabul

of the

affairs

of Persia seized the opportunity

the seventeenth year of Jahangir.

his governor of

re-

of the reign of Jahangir,

recover the

to

was desirous of

Safi of Persia,

fifteenth year

In the

it.

'AH *

*

»

directed

an able emissary to 'All Mardan

what he could about the

fortress

and

its

The and to make overtures to 'Ali Mardan Kh4n. envoy was received very graciously, * * and friendly relations * *

garrison,

were established between 'Ali Mardan

Khan

Kabul, * * so that the

desire to surrender the place to

of the Imperial forces, 'Ali fortress,

and gave

it

up

directed to proceed to

to

Khan and

the governor of'

at length wrote, expressing his

Shah Jahan.

* *

On

the approach

Mardan Khan conducted them into the them. * * The governor of Kabul was

Kandahdr, and to present a

lac

of rupees to

Mardan Khan. He was then to take the Khan to Kabul, and to send him under escort to the Imperial Court, with all his family and dependents. * * The Emperor sent 'Ali Mardan

'All

Khan

a hhiVat \_and

many

other fine presents.

Engagement between

Sa'id Khan, governor of Kabul, and the Persians, and defeat of the latter.

Capture by siege of the forts of Bust, Zammddwar,

All the country of Kandahar with

and Girishk.]

its fortresses

l_enumerated in d4tail'\ were re-annexed to the Imperial dominions.

^

The account

of this siege

is

told in great detail.

BADSHAH-NAMA.

Rehellion in

[Text, vol.

On

p. 64.]

ii.

65

KiichSajU.

the north of the country of Bengal

there

are

two countries

which

lies

on the banks of the Brahmaputra, a large

Aos in width,

Ktich - Haju, a cultivated country,

:

river,

two

which flows from the country of j^isham (Assam)

From

into Bengal.

thence to Jah4ngir-nagar (Dacca)

is

one

The other country is Kiich-Bihdr, which is away from the river, and is twenty days' journey from

month's journey. far

These two countries belonged to

Jahangir-nagar.

local rulers

(marzbdn), and at the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Jahangir, the country of Parichhit, and

Kuch-Haju was under

the rule of

Kuch-Bihar under Lachhmi Nardin, brother of In the eighth year of the reign,

the grandfather of Parichhit.

Shdh Jahan gave the government of Bengal to Shaikh 'Alau-d Fathptiri, who had received the title of Islam Khan. Raghunath, Zamindar of Susang, came to him, complaining that

din

Parichhit had tyrannically and violently placed his wives and

His allegations appeared

children in prison.

to

be true.

same time, Lachhmi Nar4in repeatedly represented to the Imperial government,

conquest of Kuch-Haju.

and incited Islam

He

the

Kh4n

to effect the

accordingly sent a force to punish

Parichhit, and to subjugate the country.

When

At

his devotion

\^Long details of the

army reached the river Kajli, some men were sent over first in boats, who in a short time The whole defeated and put to flight the guard of the place. operations.']

force then crossed

the victorious

and destroyed some old

forts.

was then constructed on each side of the Kajli, were placed in them

to check

strong fort

and keep down the turbulent

The army then proceeded

landholders.

A

and * * garrisons

to

Koh-hatah, towards

U'tarkol, between Sri-ghat and the Kajli, there to pass the rains.

Conquest of Bagldna. [Text, vol. nine forts,

ii.

p.

105.]

The

thirty-four parganas,

territory of

Bagldna contains

and one thousand and

one

'ABDU-L

66

HAMID LAHOEr.

It has been a separate jurisdiction (marzbdni)

villages.

thousand four hundred years, and Bharji.

famous

It is

temperate climate,

for its

streams and the abundance of is

it

present ruler

its

trees

its

and

On

Surat and the sea

Mulhir

and

also stands

was sent

the east

*

Salhir

Mtilhir.i

upon a

*

hill.

is

*

is

on the west the port of *

The

placed upon a

When

and

;

strongest of hill.

its

*

subjugate this country.

On the 8th

he sent an army against

it,

*

Prince Aurangzeb

government of the Dakhin, he was directed

to the

to

Sha'ban, 1047 h. (Dec. 1637),

* * which advanced and laid siege to

The trenches were opened and the

Mulhir.

numerous

on the north Sultanpiir and Nandurbar

;

on the south Ndsik and Trimbak. forts are Sdlhir

;

named

In length

fruits.

a hundred hos, and in breadth eighty.

Ch4ndor, a dependency of Daulatab^d

its

for one

is

garrison was pressed

hard that, on the 10th Shawwal, Bharji sent out his mother

so

and

his vakil with the keys of his eight forts, offering to

himself

among

enrol

the servants of the Imperial throne, on condition

of receiving the pargana of Sultdnpur.

*

*

When

this pro-

posal reached the Emperor, he granted Bharji a mansab of three

thousand personal and 2500 horse, and Sultanpiir was conferred

upon him

for his

home.

Year

Tvi^ELFTH

of the Eeign, 1048 a.h. (1638

[Submission of Mamik Rdi, the [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

On

123.]

train reached Lahore,

*

*

Mag Rdjd

a.d.).

of Chdtgdm.]

the 13th Rajab, the Imperial

and 'Ali Mardan Khan, who had

He

come from Kandahar, was received with great ceremony. was presented with [numerous

rich giftsj,

and his mansab was

increased from 5000 to 6000 personal and 6000 horse.

Before the end of the month he

Kashmir, five lacs

1

*

*

was appointed governor of

and shortly afterwards he was presented with

of rupees and ten parcels of the choice fabrics of the

"Mooleer"

Nandui'b^r.

*

*

lies

atout half way, a

little

west, of a line

drawn from Ch4ndor

to

.

BADSHAH-NAMA. looms of Bengal. of paying

him a

from Lahore

to

The Emperor visit

afterwards did hiro the honour \_The Imperial progress

at his house.

Kabul and lack

67

again.']

Little Tibet.

[Text, vol. captivity

ii.

p.

The conquest

159.]

of Little Tibet, the

and the appointment of iidam

of its ruler Abdal,

Kh^n to be governor, have been previously mentioned, i^dam Khan now wrote to 'Ali Mardan Khan, the new governor of Kashmir, informing him that Sangi Bamkhal, the holder of Great Tibet,

*

*

had seized upon Burag

and meditated further aggression. force against

him under

command

the

On

the meeting of the two forces, Sangi's

*

*

He

Husain

of

to flight.

then sued for forgiveness, and offered to pay tribute.

[Text, vol.

ii.

On

163.]

p.

*

arrived at Lahore. *

down from Kashmir.

*

personal and 7000 horse,

Panjab was given

On

Tibet,

sent a * * Beg.

men were put

Thirteenth Tear of the Eeign, 1049

Emperor

in Little

Mardan Khdn

'All

to

him

the 6th Rajab, Islam

a.h. (1639 a.d.).

the 21st Jum&,da-s *

'All

the

sani,

Mardan Khan came

His mansab was increased to 7000 *

*

and the government of the

in addition to that

Khan came

of Kashmir.

according to

*

*

summons from

Bengal, and was appointed to the ofBce of Financial Minister (diwdni-kiill)

'All

[Text, vol.

ii.

p.

Marddn's Lahore Canal.

168.]

'Ali

Mardan Khan

represented to

His Majesty that one of his followers was an adept in the forming of canals,

and would undertake

place where the river

and

to

construct a canal from the*

Ravi descends from the

to conduct the waters to

of the country through

which

hills into the plains,

Lahore, benefiting the cultivation it

should pass.

The Emperor

*

HAMrD LAHORr.

'ABDTJ-L

68 *

gave to the

Khdn

one

a

of rupees,

lac

Khan

experts estimated the expense, and the

sum

which

at

then entrusted

formation to one of his trusted servants.

its

—

Occupa\Advance of an army from Sisidn against Kandahar. tion and abandonment of the fort of Khanshi, near Bust.']

[Great fire at the residence of Prince Shujd' in A'gra. visit to

—Royal

Kashmir.]

In the month of Muharram intelhgence came in that Pirthi *

*

Eaj, son of Jajhar Bundela, had been taken prisoner.

Orders were given for his confinement in the fort of Gwdlior.

FOUKTEENTH TeAB, OF THE ReIGN, 1050 \_Chastisement of the Kolis

Jam

of tribute by the

and Kdthis

in Gujarat.

of Kdthiiodr.]

Fifteenth Yeae of the E.ei&n, 1051

On ii. p. 257.] Khan Khan-khanan,

the 17th

[Text, vol.

*

;

was much

*

(1641

Sha'ban Yaminu-d

His Majesty-

intelligence,

and gave orders that he should be buried on

the west side of the tomb of the late

Emperor Jahdngir, and

that a lofty dome should be raised over his grave.

had

risen to a rank and

had ever

before

Emperor,

his

a.d.).

commander-in-chief, departed

and on receiving the

aifected,

a.h.

Asaf Khan Khdn-hhandn.

Death of

this life

—Payment

Jagat Singh, son of Rdjd Bdsu of Kdngra.]

[_RebeUion of

daula i^saf

A.H, (1640 A.D.).

*

He

*

dignity which no servant of the State

attained.

By

the munificent favour of the

mansab was nine thousand personal and nine thou-

sand horse, do-aspah and sih-aspah, the pay of which amounted to sixteen krors

and twenty

received their pay, a self

*

*

sum

lacs of

dams.

When

of fifty lacs of rupees

these had

was

left for

all

him-

Besides the mansion which he had built in Lahore,

and on which he expended twenty and valuables

to

the

lacs

of rupees, he left

amount of two krors and

fifty

money lacs

of

BADSHAH-NAMA. There were 30

rupees.

42

ashrafis equal to

30

rupees,

lacs

lacs of

69

rupees in jewels, three lacs of

of rupees, one kror and 25 lacs in

gold and silver utensils, and 23

lacs in

lacs in

mis-

cellaneous articles. \_Campaiffn in Jagat Singh's territory.

and other forts.

Capture of Mil, Niirpur,

Surrender of Tdrdgarh, and submission of Jagat

Singh.']

Sixteenth Year of the Reign, 1052

a.h. (1642

Seventeenth Tear of the Reign, 1053

At

p. 376. J

ii.

d.).

a.h. (1643 a.d.).

[Reduction of Pdldmiin, and submission of [Text, vol.

a

its

Rdjd.]

the beginning of Rabi'u-s sani,

it

was made known to the Emperor that Prince Aurangzeb, under the influence of ill-advised, short-sighted companions, had deter-

mined

to

withdraw from worldly occupations, and to pass his days

in retirement.

His Majesty disapproved of

this,

and took from

him from

the Prince his mansab and his Jdgir, and dismissed the

office

to succeed him.

Eighteenth Year of the Reign, 1054 [_'Ali

Marddn Khan Amiru-l Umard

Katghdn of Balkh. [p.

Khan-dauran

of Grovernor-General of the Dakhin.

Bahadur Nusrat Jang was appointed

385.]

On

—

Successful

the 29th

sent to chastise Tardi 'Alt

result.']

Zi-1

appointed Grovernor of Gujarat.

hijja.

*

Prince Aurangzeb was

*

Nineteenth Year of the Reign, 1055 [Affairs of

a.h. (1644 a.d.).

a.h. (1645 a.d.).

Nnzar Muhammad Khdn of Balkh

— Operations in

Kabul.] [p.

411.J

On

the 29th Shawwdl,

Bewam, widow of the

late

1055, died Niir Jahan

Emperor Jahdngir.

After

her

marriage with the Emperor, she obtained such an ascendency over him, and exercised

such absolute control over

civil

and

70

'ABDU-L

revenue matters, that here.

After the

settled

HAMfD LAHOEI.

would be unseemly to

it

upon

dilate

it

Emperor Shah Jahan, he two lacs of rupees upon her.'

accession of the

an annual allowance of

Campaign against Balkh and Badakhshdn. [Text, vol.

ii.

Ever

482.]

p.

since the beginning of his

Emperor's heart had been

reign, the

upon the conquest of

set

Balkh and Badakhshan, which were hereditary

territories of his

house, and were the keys to the acquisition of Samarkand, the

home and

Khan had had

because Nazar

this

the presumption to attack Kabul, from whence he

had been driven back Emperor's

cherished

by various

obstacles

authority of Nazar

in

*

;

*

were shaken, and his authority

Emperor determined

fifty

*

On

*

to send

thousand horse, and ten

thousand musketeers, rocket-men and gunners, to quest of that country.

of the

had been hitherto prevented

but now the foundations of the

Muhammad

Murad Bakhsh with

son

The prosecution

disgrace.

enterprise

in Balkh was precarious. * * So the his

He Muhammad

capital of his great ancestor Timtir Sahib-Kiran.

was more especially intent on

the last day of

effect

the con-

Zi-1 hijja,

1055

Emperor gave his farewell to Prince Murad Bakhsh, to Amiru-l Umara ('Ali Mardan Khan),^ and the other officers sent

H., the

on this service.

Emperor fort of

to

[_Plan of campaign.

Kabul.

—

Details

Kahmard and

Kunduz and Balkh, and of Nazar Muhammad.']

the

*

of.

the

the

flight

Murad Bakhsh

pleasure of the

Progress of the

campaign. — Capture of stronghold of Ghori. — Conquest of of Nazar Muhammad. —Revenues

Twentieth Year of the Reign, 1056 [Prince

*

Emperor

desires

to

retire

a.h. (1646 a.d.).

from Balkh.

expressed in a despatch.

— The

—DisPrince

1 Kh&.fi Khku says that after Jah&ngir's death she wore only white clothes, she never went to parties of amusement of her own accord, but lived in private and in sorrow. She was buried at Lahore in a tomb she had built for herself by the side of Jah&ngir.

^

Who

was of course the real commander.

— bxdshah-Mma.

Many

persists.]

71

of the amirs and mansdbddrs

who were with

the prince concurred in this unreasonable desire.

Natural love

of home, a preference for the ways and customs of Hindustan, a dislike of the people

and the manners of Balkh, and the rigours

of

conduced

the

climate, all

became a cause of

distress

among

desire.

this

to

the soldiery, and of coming into Balkh from all quarters. vacillation,

This resolution

among the raiyats, of despondency hesitation among the men who were Tiie soldiers, seeing this

began to plunder and oppress the people.

when

So,

the Prince's desire was repeatedly expressed, the Emperor's anger

He

was increased. from him his

deprived the prince of his mansab, and took

tuyiil of

Multan. Under these circumstances, to

the confusion in Balkh, the Emperor found there a trustworthy and able manager

Khan,

his prime minister.

;

it

so he selected Sa'du-lla

[Fighting in Badahhshdn.

Khan

ment of Balkh.] 1056 H., having

settled the affairs of Balkh,

and

among

Sa'du-lla

tranquillity

settle

necessary to send

—

Settle-

returned on the 5th Sha'ban,

and restored order

the soldiers and people, and rescued the

He had

country from wretchedness.

most

effectually

carried

out the orders of the Emperor, and was rewarded with a khil'at,

and a thousand increase to his mansab. restored to his

mansab of 12,000.

and Shaburghdn.]

ii.

Much

Murdd Bakhsh

fighting

near Balkh

'

Aurangzeb [Text, vol.

\_Prince

p. 627.]

Emperor bestowed the

sent to Balkh.

On

the 24th Zi-1 hijja, 1056, the

countries of

Balkh and Badakhshdn on

Aurangzeb, and increased his mansab to 15,000 personal and ten thousand horse, eight thousand being do-aspahs or sih-aspahs. * *

He

was directed

to proceed to

spring to march to Balkh, in

Harden Khdn, and Badakhshan

Peshawar, and on the arrival of

company with Aipiru-1 Umara

a body of Eajputs,

in disgust, •

and had come

See supra, Vol. II.

who had to

p. 478.

left

'Ali

Balkh and

Peshdwar, where they

72

'ABDU-L

HAMTD LAHOEr.

were stopped by an Imperial order directing the

officers at

Atak

not to allow them to cross the Indus.

The Emperor proceeds [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

637.]

By

to

Kdbul.

the reports of the commanders in

Balkh and Badakhshdn, the Emperor was informed that 'Abdu-1 'Aziz Khan, governor of Turdn, * * intended to invade Balkh at the beginning of

Aurangzeb soldiers,

and go

to

[Long

On

spring.

was sent on

to

the

15th Muharram Prince

Balkh with a body of Imperial

and the Emperor himself determined to leave Lahore

Kabul details

for the third time.

of fighting in Balkh and Badakhshdn, ending

abruptly with a statement of the errors

made on

the Imperial side.l

73

LXIII,

SHiiCH

JAHi^N-NA'MA OP

'INAYAT KHAN. [Muhammad TAhir, who

received the title of 'Inayat Kh^n, and was poetically named 'Ashna, was son of Zafar Khdn bin

Khwdja Abu-1 Hasan. Zafar Khdn, the author's father, was wazir of In the reign of Shah Jahan, he was at one time ruler and afterwards of Kashmir, during which effected the conquest of Tibet (p.

At

62).

of Thatta.

latter

Jahangir. of Kdbul,

government he

recorded in the foregoing pages

a later period he was appointed to the administration

"

He

was celebrated as a

poet, as a patron of letters,

and as a just and moderate ruler." 'Inayat Khan's maternal grandfather, Saif Kh4n, was governor of Agra,

and when Prince Shujd' was appointed ruler of Bengal,

Khan was

Saif

sent thither to conduct the administration until

the arrival of the prince.

The author, came

appears, was born in the year that

it

to the throne.

he informs us, " a suitable mansab." father in

Shdh Jahan

In the seventh year of his age he received, as

He

was sent to join

his

Kashmir while he was governor there. He was afterwards

daroghd-i ddgh, and subsequently employed in a more congenial oflSce

in

talents

him

the

Imperial Library.

and good

in ability.

qualities,

He

and

is

"

He

inherited his

father's

said even to have surpassed

was witty and of agreeable manners, and

was one of the intimate friends of Shdh Jahdn.

Latterly he

:

'INATAT KH^N.

74 and

retired from office,

1077

(a.d.

reign,

settled in

In addition

1666).

history of

sources of the first part of this

are in entire agreement with the

more simple

(1657-8

year

the

A.D.),

The

style.

Emperor, but of

down

Aurangzeb

which

he takes no

this event

first

are

twenty years

Bddshdh-ndma, but are written

history comes

in

^

Shah Jahdn-ndma

The

by the author.

plainly acknowledged

in a.h.

Shah Jahdn's

he was author of a Diwdn and three Masnawis."

The

in a

Kashmir, where he died

to the

to

1068 a.h.

was

notice.

declared

The author

does not inform us whether he used any other work after the

Bddshdh-ndma

as the basis of his own, or

of the last ten years

The

following

is

is

whether the history

own independent work. own account of his work

his

trans-

the author's

lated from his Preface

" The writer of these wretched lines,

monly known bin Muzaffar attention of

as

Muhammad

Ashna, but bearing the

title

Khdn bin Khwdja Abii-l Hasan, men of intelligence, and acumen

Tahir, com-

of 'luayat

Khan

represents to the

that in Eabi'u-l

awwal, in the

31st year of the reign of the Emperor Shah

Jahan

of

\_six lines

titles

and

1068

phrases'], corresponding to

h.,

he was appointed superintendent of the Eoyal Library, and there he found three 'Abdu-1

series of the

Hamid Lahori and

Bddshdh-ndma, written by Shaikh

others, each series of

the history of ten years of the illustrious reign.

memoirs completed one ham, which thirty years. after

is

which comprised

The whole

of these

an expression signifying

Memoirs of the remaining four years were written

by

his death

others.

The author

desires to observe that

the style of these volumes seemed difficult and difiuse to his

simple mind, and so he reflected that, although Shaikh Abu-1

Fazl was ordered by the Emperor Akbar to write the history of his reign, yet

Khwaja Nizdmu-d

distinct history

Akbar-shdhi.

din

Ahmad Bakhshi

of that reign, which he called the

Jannat-makanI Nuru-d din

imitating the example of his ancestor the 1

Moriey's Catalogue.

Muhammad

wrote a

Tabakdt-i Jahangir,

Emperor Zahiru-d din

;

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

Muhammad

B4bar, himself wrote a history of his own reign

yet Mu'tainad

which

lie

Khan Bakhshi

gave the

Nakshabandi

title

Ghairat

Khan

also brought together the chief events of that reign

examples before him),

it

(With

these

seemed to the writer of these pages

that,

he and his ancestors had been devoted servants of the Imperial

dynasty, of

wrote a history of that reign, to

of Ikbdl-ndma-i Jahdngiri.

which he called Ma-dsir-i Jahdngiri.

in a boolc

as

75

would be well

it

Shah Jahan

for

in a simple

him

and

to write the history of the reign

clear style,

and

to reproduce the

contents of the three volumes of Shaikh 'Abdu-l

language and in a condensed form.

would not be superfluous, but rather a gain. work, and the Almighty gave him

Hamid

in plain

Such a work (he thouglit) So he

set about his

leisure, so that in

a short time

The history from the fourth to the tenth year is based on the Pddshdh-ndma of Muhammad Amin Kazwini, commonly known as Aminai Munshi, which is written in a more simple style. And as only a selection has been made of

he completed

it.

the events recorded, this work

The

title

his work,

is styled Mulakhkhas." Mulakhkhas " Abridgment," which the author gave

to

commonly known

as

was too

indefinite to last,

Shah Jahdn-ndma. MSS. of this work seem has three

borrowed

Museum, and one

copies.

to

and

it is

be common.

Sir

H. M.

There are three in the

A copy

in the Library of the Asiatic Society.

belonging to the Raja of Benares

is

Elliot

British

a handsome quarto of 12

8f, and contains 360 leaves of 19 lines to the page. The whole of this work, from the beginning of the third year of the reign to the accession of Aurangzeb, with which it closes, was

inches

x

translated

by the

close writing,

and

late is

Major

in Sir

Fuller.

H. M.

It

fills

561

Elliot's Library.

ing Extracts are taken from that translation.]

folio

pages of

The

follow-

— 'INATAT KHAK.

76

Extracts.

Twenty-first Year of the Eeign, 1057 a.h. (1647

a.d.)-

In the news from Balkh, which reached the ear of royalty about this time, through the representations of the victorious

Prince

Nazar fort

Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur, was the Muhammad Kh^n, who, after abandoning

Maimanah, had stood fast

both day and night, the

following

:

the siege of

at Nilchiragh,^^ continued watching,

efforts of

Khdn and

'Abdu-1 'Aziz

his

who were gone to oppose the royal army with all the Uzbek forces of Mawardu-n Nahr, Balkh and Badakhshan, anxious

other sons,

to see

what would be the

also had, like himself,

As

result.

soon as he heard that they

become wanderers

in the desert of failure,

owing to the superior prowess and vigour of the his hopes

royalists, finding

everywhere shattered, he despatched an apologizing

letter to the

Prince, expressive of his contrition for

illustrious

past misdeeds, and ardent longing for an

Royal Highness, stating that

lie

interview with His

was desirous of retrieving

his

fallen fortunes, through the intercessions of that ornament of the

The

throne of royalty. in attendance

illustrious

of the farmdn's arrival, and the

Highness had forwarded

As

to

Khan's

letter,

which His Royal

Court in the original, with some

own, was duly submitted to the auspicious

remarks of his perusal.

Prince having kept the envoy

the receipt of an answer, waited in expectation

till

happened, from the commencement of his in-

it

vasion of Balkh, this very design had been buried in the depths of his comprehensive mind, viz. that after clearing the

of

kingdoms

Balkh and Badakhshan from the thorny briers of turbulence

and anarchy, he should restore them

liammad Khan.

The

prudence, hastened to

Nazar Mu-

however, scorning the dictates of

latter,

Tran

in safety to

;

but finding his affairs did not

progress there to his satisfaction, he turned back, and at the

suggestion of the sieged

Kalmaks and other

the fort of '

Maimanah,

in

associates,

order

that

[Also written Pulcliir4gh or BilehirEigh.]

came and

be-

he might seek

,

SHAH shelter within its walls,

JAHiilN-NAMA.

and

so set his

77

mind

In the

at rest.

end, however, after infinite toil and labour, seeing the capture

of the stronghold in question to be beyond his reach, he de-

parted without effecting his object, and moved to Nilchirdgh, whichr-bccurrences have been already fully detailed in their

all

proper place. it

From

the letters of reporters in those dominions,

was further madQ known

to his world-adorning understanding,

that notwithstanding the servants of the crown had manifested

the most laudable zeal and anxiety to console the hearts of the

peasantry in Balkh and Badakhshan by giving them seed, and assisting

them

to

plough and

till

their fields

:

owing

yet,

to the

inroads of the Almdns, most of the grain and crops had been

destroyed, and

the

populous places

commanders of the army, and the to the dearth of provisions

desolated

;

and that the owing

chiefs of the soldiery,

and the

scarcity of grain, were ex-

tremely disgusted, and averse to remaining any longer in the

From

country.

the contents of the Prince's

letter,

moreover, his

unwillingness to stay at that capital was also discerned. all this

into consideration

therefore,

Taking

an edict was issued,

direct-

ing His Royal Highness to deliver up Balkh and Badakhshan

Muhammad Khan,

Nazar

to

provided the latter would come

and have an interview with him, and then

set out

with

all

the

victorious forces for Hindustan, the type of Paradise.

Cession of

Balkh and Badakhshan

to

Nazar Muhammad Khan,

and Retreat of Aurangzeh. *

*

*

On

the 4th of the

month

of

mornine, which was the time selected

Khdn's son

interview,

Muhammad

news came

in that

Ramazan,

early in the

Nazar

Muhammad

for

he had sent his grand-

Kasim, son of Khusrii Sultan,

with Kafsh Kalmyk and several

chiefs,

in

company

and that they had

all

advanced two kos beyond the bridge of Khatab. The Prince, appreciating the gradations of rank, deputed his son, Mu-

hammad

Sultdn,

along with Bahddur

Khan and some

other

'INATAT KHAN.

ffS

nobles,

go and meet him

to

orchard

of

having

royalty

brought the

individual in

and that

;

question

early

fruit

of the

obeyed the command,

dutifully

into

his

noble father's

The Prince, well versed in etiquette, then folded Muhammad Kasim in a fond embrace, and placed him in presence.

an adjoining seat

Khan's

Kafsh Kalmyk delivered the

after which,

;

of apologies for not having

come

in

con-

sequence of an attack of indisposition, and represented

that

letter,

full

the Khan, being

obliged to forego the pleasure of an interview,

Muhammad Kasim

had sent

remove

view to

all

suspicion

as

with

representative,

his

a

having wilfully broken

of his

his promise.

After dismissing

Muhammad Kasim,

the commanders of the

Nazar

Muhammad Khan,

that the latter

Prince addressed

in that country, viz. * * saying,

Balkh and Badakhshan

instructions were, to deliver over

his to

army

the

had only sent

after

the

but now

interview;

his grandson, excusing himself

on the pretended plea of sickness, he could not carry out

measure without a distinct order.

this

into consideration,

He

told

them

winter close at hand, grain scarce, and time short there would be great difficulty in winter, season,

The

to take

however, that the country was desolated, ;

making arrangements

so that for the

kingdom during that inclement and asked them what was their opinion on the subject. and remaining

in the

principal chiefs replied, that the passes of the

Hindu Koh

were just about to be covered by snow, when the road would be blocked up

;

so

he reported the matter, and waited

that, if

the arrival of instructions, the opportunity his hands.

that His forts

As

They

therefore

came

to the

Eoyal Highness should

would sUp through

unanimous conclusion,

recall all

the governors of

and persons in charge of places around Balkh. a vast number of mercenary soldiers, consisting of Uzbeks

and Almans, had crossed the river Jihun, and spread themselves over those regions, and wherever they saw a concourse of

people, took the first

opportunity of assailing them, Rdja

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. Jai Singh was despatched to

The Prince was

Khan Khdn

also

Khdn

off

Bahddur

from Andkhod, and Shad

from Maimanah, so that they might rejoin the army in In the interim, however, a

safety.

Khan, saying, that be

to

Sa'ddat Khdn.

to fetch

on the point of starting

back Rustam

to bring

Turmuz

79

as he

up

delivered

to

letter arrived

from Rustam

had ascertained that the country was

Muhammad Khan,

Nazar

he had set

Andkhod to Maimanah, with the intention of taking ShM Khan from thence in company with him, and proceeding towards Kabul by way of San-charik. The Prince then out from

marched with

the royal forces from the neighbourhood of

all

Faiz4bad, and encamped at Chalkai, which the city of Balkh

lies

contiguous

Muhammad Khan, he delivered up the town and to Muhammad Kasim and Kafsh Kalmak.

citadel

He

Balkh

sented

him

of these, on bidding

the former

jewelled dagger,

a horse

farewell,

mitted to his charge,

five

with a

He

also

com-

the stores contained in the fort

50,000 mans of grain belonging to His Majesty,

city,

which,

among

of

pre-

golden trappings,

caparisoned with

and 60,000 rupees out of the royal treasury. and

to

where, having ceded the country to Nazar

;

estimated by the rate .ruling at that time, was worth

lacs

of rupees

At

other forts.

;

and besides

this

stage,

this,

the granaries of the

all

Mirza Raj^ Jai Singh returned

from Turmuz, accompanied by Sa'adat Khan, and joined the

From

army.

Badakhshan

the

till

ceded to Nazar

the end,

when

those conquered territories were

Muhammad Khan,

there was

expended out

of the State exchequer, in the progress of this

the

sum

of

lacs of the

To

be

two krors of rupees, which

left,

brief.

He

wing;

is

undertaking,

equivalent to seven

tumdns current in Irdk.

On

the 14th of the aforesaid

the Prince started from Chalkai with

Kabul.

Balkh and

beginning of the invasion of

appointed Amiru-1

Umar4

all

of

Ramazan,

the royal forces for

with a party to form the

Mirza Raja Jai Singh with

Bahadur Kh4n the rear-guard;

month

his,

the right;

whilst he sent on

and

Mu'tamad

'INAYAT KHAN.

80

Khan, the Mir-i

dtish,

with the whole of the royal artillerymen,

and Pirthi Raj Rathor, as a vanguard; so that the bands of Uzbeks, ever watching for an opportunity of attack, might not be able to harass and cut off the stragglers in the rear of the

army, whilst winding through the narrow

As

it

was an arduous task

for the

Amiru-1 TJmara,

the entire

till

Highness's order, Bahadur

above pass,

for

He

through.

sake

the

passes.

himself having

waited on the farther side with

safely,

it

and

whole army to cross the pass

victorious Prince

of 'Arbaug in one day, the

marched through

defiles

army was over

Khan of

;

and by His Royal

halted at the

helping the

mouth

of the

camp and baggage

was also in the habit of sending some of the

who went out to fetch One day, when the turn for this duty Shamsher Khan, Khushhal Beg Kashghari, and others

troops every day

to protect the party

grass and firewood.

came

to

of his countrymen,

the Uzbeks, imagining the party to be a

small one, advanced, to the

number of about 5000 horsemen,

and one moiety of them having encompassed Shamsher

Khan

comrades in the midst, the other took up a position on

and

his

the

summit of some eminences.

Bahadur Kh4n, having

received

intimation of this, went to his support, and having maide several of those marauders a prey to the sword of vengeance, put the

remainder to flight;

were wounded.

whilst out of the royal troops

On

the third day of

the halt,

some few

whilst the

army were crossing the pass of 'Arbang, a body of Almans made their appearance whereupon Nazar Bahadur Khan, Kheshji Ratan son of Muhesh Das, and some others, rest of the

;

charged them on one

side,

and on the other Alu'tamad

Khan

with the artillerymen, and a number of the Prince's retainers.

The enemy, unable closely pursued

to

by the

withstand the shock, turned and royalists,

who

killed

fled,

and wounded a few

of them.

The day they had

to

march from Ghori by way of Khwaja had been selected on

Zaid, as the road to the next stage, which

the banks of the Surkhab, was extremely difficult, and there

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. was a great likelihood of an attack Hazdras,

the

Prince

Amiru-l

left

As

and

from the Uzbeks

Umara

there was an interval

Amiru-1 Uraara, BahS,dur Khan, and the

the top of the

at

men who used

aforesaid pass, to protect the

of the army.

81

to follow in rear

of two hos between

wing of the army,

left

a portion of the baggage, whilst threading the road, was plundered

A

by the Hazdras. treasure

vast

body of them

also

firmly held their ground, and the battle was till

fell

upon the

but Zu-1 Kadar Khan, and the rest who were with

;

some part of the night was

spent.

it,

warmly contested

Amiru-1 IJmara, having

been informed of the circumstance, sent a detachment of his

own men

to their assistance

whereupon the enemy retreated

;

After the camp had advanced beyond Shaburghan,

in confusion.

Nek Bihar and

during the march to

to

Chir-chashma, some

injury accrued to the troops, in consequence of the narrowness

and steepness of the road, and the

rolling over of several laden

beasts of burden, which were accidentally led along the top of

the

hill off

the path by some of the people

When

way.

they

Hindu Koh

of the

started

range,

it

who had

was resolved,

follow

and at the expiration of a day Amiru-1 ;

that after

him

;

and

cross the

should

all

His Royal Highness's

estab-

way, a party having gradually crossed

Khdn, who occupied the rear of the The illustrious armv, should follow last of all.

every day, victorious

in this

first

Umara

should come the royal treasure, kdr-khdna

(wardrobe) and artillery, with

lishment

foot

for the greater con-

venience of the troops, that the Prince should pass,

lost their

from Ch^r-chashma for the

Bahadur

Prince, having reached the foot of the pass that day, passed

over the

Hindu Koh on

the next, and though the weather was

not intensely cold, yet as snow there

was a hard

frost,

the

men

had

fallen

previously,

and

got over with considerable

difficulty.

On

the morrow, the Prince reached Grhorband, whence he

marched during the night into Kabul. When Amiru-1 Umara, who followed one day's march in rear, was encamped at the foot

82

'INATAT KHAN.

of the pass, at midnigh.t

it

so without intermission

till

became

fair,

morning

after

;

which the weather

and the Amir having got through the pass with

his force, entered

As

began to snow, and continued doing

Kabul two days

for E,4ja Jai Singh,

after

His Royal Highness.

who, the day the camp marched from

Surkhab, had stayed behind by the Prince's orders at that place,

on account of the narrowness of the road, and the

difficulty of

the defiles that occurred further on, as soon as he passed Char-

chashma, the snow commenced all

and never once ceased

falling,

that day and the next, during which he halted on the road.

After arriving at the pass of the Hindu Koh, it,

till

crossing over

the snow kept falling for three more days and nights

;

and

Kadar Khan, whose duty it was to guard the treasure, seeing, when four kos distant from the Hindu Koh, that a snow-

Zii-l

storm was coming on, started at once in the hope of getting the treasure through the pass, before

up the

road.

It chanced, however,

it

could have time to stop

that the

snow gradually

accumulated to such a depth, that most of the camels tumbled

down, and nearly half of them werfe rendered quite unserviceable, so that the

Khan

in question, despite his

his comrades, both horse

utmost exertions, was

In consequence of the intense cold,

unable to cross that day.

and

got dispersed, and saving a

foot,

few servants of the crown, no one remained with him theless

he stayed on the summit of the ridge,

treasure,

notwithstanding the snow-storm.

having laden a portion of

it

capable of travelling, he started escorted

by some

to

;

never-

guard the

In the morning,

on such of the camels as were it

off in

of the horsemen

;

advance to Ghorband,

whilst he himself with a

few others occupied themselves in guarding the remainder, and spent seven days and nights on the top of the

Hindu Koh

in the

midst of snow and intense cold, and with but a scanty supply of provisions,

waiting for Bah4dur Khan's arrival,

The

fortunes of the latter were as follows.

behind.

as he reached the pass of

Nek

Bihar, which

is

who was As soon

two marches

from the Hindu Koh, and has a very precipitous descent, the

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. snow began

to

fall,

83

and continued coming down

Owing

twelve o'clock next day.

At

this juncture, the malicious

ever

but Bahadur

;

ment on the

of snow, he only

fall

camp and army through with immense camp

for plunder, assaulted the

Khan

more desperately than

and drove them

Hindu Koh pass, and those who had lagged in

the foot of the

he sent on

all

they were

across, set out himself.

summary

chastise-

After reaching

off.

halting there for a day,

the rear, and as soon as

As most

of the people spent

the night on the summit of the pass, on account of the roads,

and the intense coldness of a mountain

by the deep snow and that were first

chilling blasts,

worn out and infirm

commencement

5000 men, and a

difficult

climate, heightened

some of the men and

perished.

cattle

Accordingly, from the

of the army's crossing to the end, about

similar

elephants, camels, oxen,

number of animals, such

etc.,

to the top of the pass,

as horses,

were destroyed, and a vast deal of

property remained buried in the snow.

came

labour.

Hazd,ras, in their eager desire followers

each time inflicted

freebooters,

till

to the difficulties of the pass,

which were greatly enhanced by the heavy got the rest of the

night

all

"When Bahadur Khan

Khan

and Zu-1 Kadar

explained

the state of affairs to him, he halted there, and in company with

Ikhlas Khan, and some other nobles and mansabddrs

stood by him, spent the night on the spot.

having thrown the baggage off

all

who

still

In the morning,

such of his own camels as

he loaded them with the treasure, and distributed

he could

find,

the rest

among the horses and camels belonging

to the troops.

Just as he was on the point of starting, a body of Hazaras

and seeing the paucity of

came up

in the rear,

resolved

upon making an

the treasure.

his detachment,

assault, for the sake of carrying off

Bahadur Khan, however, faced

some of the doomed wretches a prey

about, and

made

to (the crocodile of) his

bloodthirsty sword, and routed the remainder.

He

then set out

with the treasure, and reached Balkh along with his comrades, after

an interval of fourteen days from the time of the Prince's

arrival there.

'INATAT KHAN.

84

Despatch of a Candlestick

Among

the events of this year was the despatch of a cam^e-

stick studded

whom be is

Glorious City.

to the

with gems to the revered tomb of the Prophet, (on

the greatest favours, and blessings

Some time

here given.

!)

previous to this

wMeh

an account of it

was represcHted

that a wonderfully large diamond from a mine in the territcwry

Mulk

of Golkonda had fallen into the hands of Kutbu-1

upon an order was issued, directing to

Court

when

;

lated

its

two

as part of the

amount of and

where-

;

to forward the

same

estimated value would be taken into acco«mt, lacs of

huns (pagodas), which was the stipu-

He

his annual tribute.

diamond in question, which weighed

in its

accordingly sent the

rough state 180

ratis,

His Majesty's own lapidaries had cut away

to

Court

as

much

its

beauties, there remained a rare

;

him

after

of the outer surface as was requisite to disclose all

valued by the jewellers at one a valuable

diamond

as

this

lac

gem

of 100

we%ht,

ratis

and 50,000 rupees.

As

such

had never been brought tc the

threshold, resembling the Elysian abode, since his accessioB

the throne, the pious monarch, the

bulwark of

religion,

the best intention, and the utmost sincerity of purpose,

vow

to send

(on

whom

ma^e a

to the pure sepulchre of the last of the Propliets

it

be peace

!).

Having

therefore selected out

amber candlesticks that he had amongst the largest of

to.

with

them

all,

his

which weighed 700

10,000 rupees, he commanded that a network of gold, ornamented on

it

all

of the

private propierty

tolas,

and was wo.rth

should be covered with sides with flowers,

and

studded with gems, among which that valuable diamond should also be included.

In short, that incomparable candlestick cost two rupees, of which one lac

the worth

and the remaining

lac

together with

original

Sa'id Baharl, to the

the

who had once

two sacred

cities,

lacs

and 50,000

and 50,000 was the price of the diamond^ of all

candlestick.

the

gems and

gold,,

Mir Saiyid Ahmad

before conveyed charitable presents

was then deputed to take charge of this

.

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. precious oflFering

;

anJ an

edict

85

was promulgated to the

effect,

that the revenue collectors of the province of Gujardt should

purchase a

lac

and 60,000 rupees worth of goods

fane,

and deliver

-with

him from

it

over to him, so that he might take

Out

thence.

of this, he

was directed

50,000 rupees worth to the Sharif of Mecca rupees worth,

for the sacred

;

to

it

along

to present sell

60,000

and distribute the proceeds, together with any

might accrue, amongst the indigent of that sacred

profit that

and the remaining 50,000, in like manner, amongst those of the glorious Medina. The above-named Saiyid, who was

«ity

;

only in receipt of a daily stipend, was promoted to a suitable mansah, and having been munificently presented with a dress of

honour and a donation of 12,000 rupees, received his dismissal.

Account of

the

founding of the fort at the Metropolis of

Shah- Jahdndhdd.

The following is an fort in the

exact account of the founding of the splendid

above-named metropolis, with

its

edifices

resembling

Paradise, which was constructed in the environs of the city of

Dehli, on the banks of the river Jumna.

It first occurred to the

omniscient mind that he should select on the banks of the aforesaid river

some pleasant

site,

by

distinguished

where he might found a splendid

fort

its

genial climate,

and delightful

edifices,

agreeably to the promptings of his generous heart, through which

streams of water should be

which should overlook the piece of

made

river.

to flow,

When,

and the

terraces of

after a long search, a

ground outside of the city of Dehli, lying between the

most distant suburlss and Ntirgarh, commonly called Salimgarh,

was fixed upon

for this purpose,

night of Friday, the 25th

by the royal command, on the

of Zi-1 hijja, in the twelfth year

of his auspicious reign, corresponding to

1048

a.h., being the

time appointed by the astrologers, the foundations were marked out with the usual ceremonies, according to the plan devised, in

the august presence.

Active labourers were then employed in

'INATAT KHA'N.

86

digging the foundations, and on the night of Friday, the 9th of

Muharram,

1049 a.H. (1639

of the year coinciding with

a.d.),

Through-

the foundation-stone of that noble structure was laid.

out the Imperial dominions, wherever artificers could be found,

whether plain stone-cutters, ornamental sculptors, masons, or carpenters,

were

by the mandate worthy of implicit obedience, they

all collected

together,

and multitudes of common labourers

were employed in the work.

was ultimately completed on

It

the 24th of Rabi'u-1 awwal,

the twenty-first

in

year of his

reign, corresponding to 1058 a.h., at an outlay of 60 lacs of

rupees, after taking nine years three

months and some days

in

building.

Firoz Shah's Canal.

The

Shdh

canal that Sultan Flroz

made

reigned at Dehli, had in the vicinity of

to

branch

Khilji, during the time he ofi"

from the river Jumna,

pargana Khizrabad, whence he brought

a channel 30 Imperial

kos long

to

it

in

the confines of pargana

which was his hunting-seat, and had only a scanty

Safidun,

supply of water, had, after the Sultan's death, become in the course of time ruinous.

Whilst Shah4bu-d din

Ahmad Khdn

held the government of Dehli, during the reign of the Emperor

Akbar, he put

it

in repair

and

set it flowing again,

fertilize the places in his Jdgir,

Shahab

;

flowing.

and hence

but for want of repairs, however,

At

when the sublime

the time

the building of this fort and palace,

Khizrdbad

aforesaid canal from

to

it

which

also

was thus prolonged,

is

it

was it

attention

with a view to called Nahr-i

again

stopped

was turned

to

was commanded that the

Safidun should be repaired,

and a new channel excavated from the residence,

it

latter spot to the regal

a distance of 30 Imperial kos.

After

was designated the Nahr-i Bihisht.

it

;

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

Twenty-Second Year of the Reign, 1058 Advance

Persians

of the

against

army

On

the 22nd of the

87

a.h. (1648 a.d.).

Kandahar.

—Despatch

of an

thither.

month of Ramazan, when the standards of

prosperity, after their return from Safidun, were planted at

Majesty's private hunting-seat,

it

His

reached the ear of royalty,

through the representations of Uaulat Khan, ruler of Kandahar,

and Purdil Khan, governor of

Shah 'Abbds the

fort Bust,' that

Second, having come to the sacred city of Tus^ (Mashhad-i

Mukaddas), with intent to rescue the kingdom of Kandahdr, had proceeded towards the confines of Khuras4n, with

lockmen

*

and pioneers.

men

despatched

to

all his

match-

It was, besides, reported that

he had

Farah, Sistdn, and other places, to sent on a party in

supplies of grain, and having

collect

advance to

Hirat, was doing his utmost to block up the road on this side

being well aware that, during the winter, owing to the quantity of snow on the ground, the arrival of reinforcements from Hin-

way

dustan by proposed season,

of

Multdn was

Kabul and

advancing in

this

direction

impracticable,

during

that

he

inclement

and had despatched Sh4h Kuli Beg, son of Maksud Beg,

his wasir, as expeditiously as possible, with a letter to Court,

and further that the individual in question had reached Kandahdr, and, without halting more than three days, had resumed his

journey to the august presence.

His Majesty,

after hearing this intelligence,

'Alldmi Sa'du-lla to write

/armaws

their respective set out

with 1

all

Khan

having summoned

from the metropolis, commanded him

to all the nobles estates, jdgirs,

speed for Court.

and mansahddrs who were

and homes, directing them It

at to

was likewise ordered that the

[See supra, Vol. II. p. 575.]

2

[/*. 578.]

2

[The word which Major Fuller

so translates

is

tufangohi.l

— 'INATAT KHAN.

88

moment

astrologers should determine the proper

for the departure

camp from the metropolis

of the world-traversing

to the capitals

Lahore and Kabul.

Appointment of Prince Sa'du-lla

As

soon as

Khan, it

Muhammad Aurangzeb lead the

etc., to

reached the royal

army ear,

Bahadur, 'Alldmi

against

Kandahar.

through Daulat Khan's

Shah had

representations, that on the 10th of Zi-1 hijja, the

arrived outside the fortress of Kandahar, and besieged ever-successful

it,

the

Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur was

Prince

appointed to proceed thither with 'Allami Sa'du-lla Khan, and

some of the chief officers of

State, such as

Bahadur Khan, Mirza

Raja Jai Singh, Eustam Khan, Raja Bithaldas, and Kalich

Khan. Besides

upwards of fifty individuals

these, there were

firom

amongst the nobles, and a vast number of mansabddrs, ahadi archers,

and matchlockmen

the regulation requiring tallies

of fighting

men

— the

them

whole number of whom, under

to bring one-fifth, of their respective

into the field,

would amount to 50,000

horsemen, and according to the rule enforcing a fourth, to 60,000 as well as 10,000 infantry, matchlock

and rocket men,

etc.

It

was ordered that subsidiary grants of money out of the State exchequer should be made to the nobles and mansabddrs holding jdgirs,

who were appointed

rate of

100 rupees

a lac for every hundred

stipends

in

place

to serve

in this expedition, at

for every individual horseman,

of

;

that

holding

advance should be disbursed

made

and

who drew pecuniary

those

three months'

in like

manner

who numbered 5000

ahadis and maitchlockmen,

a similar advance be

;

to

jdgirs,

;

the

which would be

so that they

pay

also to

in

the

horse, should

might not

sufier

any

privations during the campaign from want of funds to meet their

current expenses.

On

the 18th of the month of Muharram, it being a fortumoment, 'Allami was dismissed along with the nobles who were present in His Majesty's fortunate train, and

nate

SUAK JAHAN-NAMA. farmdns were issued to vince of

who were staying

those

K4bul and other

89 the pro-

in

places, to join the royal forces at once.

Various marks of favour and reo-ard were manifested towards

'AUdmi and

his associates,

on their taking

leave,

by the bestowal

of khil'ats, jewelled daggers, and swords, horses, and elephants

He

on them, according to their different grades of rank.

also

forwarded by the hands of 'Allarai for the gallant Prince

— to

whom

him

an order had been issued previous to from Multan and

to start instantly

—a handsome

Bhimbhar

overtake the royal forces at

khil'at. * * * It

was further commanded

army should hasten

that the ever- victorious

this, directing

K4bul m& Bangash-i

to

bdla and Bangash-i payln, as they were the shortest routes, and thence proceed by

way

of Ghazni towards Kandahdr.

Loss of Kandahar.

On

8th of Eabl'u-l awwal, when the victorious camp

the

started from Jahdngirabad, intelligence reached the Court that

the servants of the crown had lost possession of the fortresses of

Kandahar and Bust, and

all

the rest in that country

a detailed

When Shah

account of which events

is

came from Tus

he proceeded from thence

to Hirat,

;

here given.

to

'Abbas

Fardh

;

where, having halted some days, he marched upon Kandahar, having, however, his nobles,

first

Khan

to about

of Bust, and Saz

Khan

8000 horsemen, Baligh with

his

On

head-quarters in the garden

whilst Daulat

etc.,

to besiege the

five or six

sand composed of Kazalbdshis and the troops Naksari,^ to subdue Zaminddwar. fixed

with some of

and an additional number of matchlockmen,

amounting altogether fortress

despatched Mihrdb

of.

thou-

Karki and

reaching that place, he of

Ganj Kuli Khan,

Khan, who had shut himself up

in the fortress,

having committed the interior of the stronghold to the charge appointed

of trusty persons,

men and a

portion of his '

a party of the royal matchlock-

own men

to occupy the

[Variously written and doubtful.]

summit of

'INATAT KHAN.

90

care

of

Kakar Khan,

matchlockmen

;

whom

to

he

sent

also

the

left to

some of the

and the protection of the intrenchments below

the Bashtiri and

Khwdja Khizr

Hasan^ hakhshl of

gates he entrusted to Nuru-1

ahadis, with a

He

serving under him. troops,

defence of the towers he

The

the Kambiil Hill.

body of the

also appointed

latter

who were

some of the household

and a number of matchlockmen belonging to the Kandahar

levies, to garrison

the fortifications of Daulatabad and Mandavi,

and having consigned the superintendence of them

to

Mirak

Husain, hakhshi of Kandahar, came himself from the citadel to the former of these two the intrenchments.

for the

forts,

With

purpose of looking after

a wanton disregard to the dictates

of prudence, however, he did not attend to the defence of the towers, that Kalich

Khan,

had constructed expressly

days of his administration,

in the

for

such an occasion, on the top of

the hill of Chihal-Zinah (forty steps), whence guns and matchlocks could

be fired with effect into the forts of Daulatabad

and Mandavi.

The Kazalbashis,

therefore, seeing those towers

devoid of protection, despatched a number of matchlockmen to take post in them, laid

and open a destructive

At length a number the

little

They

fire.

out intrenchments in two different quarters.

*

*

also

*

of the garrison, from want of spirit, lost

courage they

and Shadi Uzbek having

possessed,

entered into a conspiracy witli the Kazalb&shis, seduced Kipchak

Khan from

his duty.

Though the

latter

was not naturally

inclined at heart to this course of behaviour, yet as his companions

had

through

their families with them,

dread of losing their

wealth, their lives, and their good repute, they would not let follow the bent of his

own

disposition,

so

compelled to ally himself with those unfortunates.

Some

Mughal

too,

mansahddrs, ahadis,

and

him

he was necessarily

matchlockmen

of the

having

sprinkled the dust of treason on the heads of loyalty, entered into a league with them,

and h?iving come

declared that, in consequence of

all

in front of the fort,

the roads being closed, from

the vast quantity of snow on the ground, there was no hope of

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. the early arrival of succour, and that

91

was evident from the

it

untiring efforts of the Kazalbdshis, that they would very shortly

capture the

and

fort,

hy

after its reduction

neither would there be any chance of their

own

to

being spared,

lives

nor of their offspring being saved from captivity.

Daulat Kh4n, who ought instantly

and violence,

force

The wretched

have extinguished the

flames of this sedition with the water of the sword, showed an

want of

utter

in reply.

in question,

so that

spirit,

by contenting himself with

offering advice

made no impression on

the individuals

This, however,

who

got up, and departed to their respective homes,

nought but a scanty force being

the intrenchments,

left in

the Kazalbashis entered the Sher-HAji in several places.

gate,

who

As

on the side of the Babawali

for the party that forced an entrance

some of the household troops and Daulat Khan's

followers,

occupied that quarter, rushed upon them, whereupon several

were killed on both

Meanwhile, the of the fort,

sides.

traitor

who was

Muhammad Beg

Shadi sent a message to the governor

stationed at the above gate, to say that

Baki had come, bearing a

letter

and message

from the Shah, and accompanied by Sharafu-d din Husain, a

mansabddr who was ddrogha of the buildings and magazines this,

despatched Mirak

for the purpose of sending

away Muhammad

Daulat Khan, on

in the fort of Bust.

Husain Bakhshi,

Beg from the gate

;

but as soon as the hahhsM reached the gate of

Veskaran, he noticed Kipchak Khan, Shddi, and a number of the

Mughal mansabddrs,

that they had brought front of them, to

sitting in the gateway,

Muhammad Beg

inside,

and that he had brought four

and perceived

and seated him in

letters,

one addressed

Daulat Khdn, and the other three to Shadi, Nuru-1 Hasan and

Mirak Husain, and was saying that he had besides some verbal messages to deliver. Mirak Husain therefore turned back, and related the circumstances

to

Daulat

Khan

;

whereupon that

worthless wretch deputed his Lashkar-navis (paymaster of the forces)

to

detain

Khan and Shadi

Muhammad Beg to him.

As soon

there,

and send Kipchak

as these ungrateful wretches

'INATAT KHAN.

92

came, acting in conformity with their advice, he adopted the contemptible

resolution

Muhammad

Beg, and

proceeding

of

to

an interview with

and keeping the

receiving

letters

he

effect,

that he

should take warning from what had already befallen

Purdil

The Shah

brought.

also sent a

message to the

Khin, the governor of the

fort of Bust,

neither prolong hostilities

any

and

his comrades,

and

further, nor strive to shed the

blood and sully the fair fame of himself and his comrades

with a view to acquaint the inmates of the

fort

and

;

with the condition

of the garrison of Bust, he despatched along with

Muhammad

Beg the aforesaid Sharafu-d din Husain, whom Mihrdb Khan had started off loaded with chains in advance of himself. To this

Daulat

days hence interval

Khan ;

replied, that

and

it

five

should not be engaged in on either side,

hostilities

Muhammad Beg

he would return an answer

having been stipulated that during this

received his

and returned

dismissal,

to

his

own camp.

On

the 5th day 'Ali Kuli

Khan, brother of Rustam Khan,

the former commander-in-chief, having come to Shadi's intrenchtnent,

and delivered a message, saying that the Shah, had com-

missioned him to ascertain thejr final decision, the pusillanimous

Daulat Khan, with most of the servants of the crown, went to

The

the gate, and invited

him

stated, that as they

had already

a resistance as

it

in.

latter, after

being introduced,

offered as gallant

was possible to make,

it

and stubborn

was now proper that

they should refrain from fighting, and, applying themselves to the preservation of their lives and property, should send an indi-

vidual along with

Daulat

Khan

him

to deliver their reply.

accordingly

despatched

The worthless

'Abdu-1

Latif,

diwdn

of Kandahar, for the purpose of procuring a safe conduct, in

company with the above

individual,

and on the following day he

returned with the written agreement.

The

villain

Shddi, however, without waiting for the governor's

evacuating the

fort,

surrendered the Veskaran gate, which was in

his charge, during the night to the Kazalbashis,

and hastened

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. along with Kipchak the miserable Daulat

on the top of the

93

Kh4n to the Shah's camp. Kh4n exhorted his men to was of no avail

hill, it

;

However much repair to the fort

though had he but

taken shelter there with a detachment, he could have held out the arrival of succour without suflfering any harm.

till

On

the

morrow, when the mansahddrs, ahadk, and matchlockmen, who were engaged in the defence of the gates of the new and old

marched

forts,

out,

after

obtaining a

safe

exception of the citadel where the helpless

A mar

with Kcikar Khan, the base Raja

left

conduct, with

Daulat

the

Khan was

Singh, and some

other mansahddrs, as well as a party of his oWn adherents, every spot was in the possession of the Kazalbdshis.

On

the 9th of Safar, this year,

'AH Kuli Khan came and

that any longer delay could not be permitted disloyal Daulat description,

encamped siege,

Khan

delivered

;

said

whereupon the

up a place of refuge of that

and having marched out with his goods and comrades, at a distance of a

kos.

During the period of the

which extended over two months, nearly 2000 of the

Kazalbash army and 400 of the garrison were Summarily, on the third day evacuation of the

brother Jamshid

Shah had

fort,

'All

after

slain.

Daulat Khan's dastardly

Kuli Khan, fsa' Khan, and his

Khdn, came

to him,

sent for him, as well as for

and intimated that the

some of

his chief officers

The latter replied that it would be better for them to excuse him from this trouble, or, if they were resolved upon taking him there, to manage so that there should be no delay in his getting his dismissal, and to give him a dress of honour, both of which requests were guaranteed by 'All Kuli and

associates.

The ill-fated Daulat Khdn accordingly proceeded with Khan. Kakar Khdn and Niiru-l Hasan, in company with the abovenamed nobles, to wait upon the Sh^h, and having received his dismissal after a few moments, returned to his own camp, and on the 18th of the

and ignominy

The Shdh,

for

month

of Safar set out with a world of

shame

Hindustan.

in consequence of the horses with his

army having

;

'INATAT

94 mostly

perished for want

scarcity of grain

KHAJsT.

of forage,

to which a

addition

in

was experienced, appointed Mihrab Khan, with

about 10,000 Kazalbashis and slaves, armed with matchlocks, to garrison to

KandahAr

guard the

on the 24th of is

and Dost 'AH Uzbek with a detachment

;

and returned himself to Khurasan

fortress of Bust,

this

The account

month.

of the fortress of Bust

as follows. * *

Surrender of Bust.

From

the beginning of the siege, the flames of war and strife

rao-ed furiously for

on both

sides

;

54 days, and many were

insomuch that during

killed

and wounded

period

this

close

upon

600 of the KazalbAshis, and nearly half that number of Purdil Khan's

met

followers,

On

their death.

the 14th Muharram, this

year, the governor having begged for quarter, after entering into

a strict agreement, had an interview with Mihrab Khan. latter,

The

having broken his engagement, put to death out of the 600

men, who had stood by the governor to the

last, several persons,

who, being averse to the surrender, had protracted the struggle

and having made that individual himself a

prisoner, together

with the rest of his adherents, and his family and children,

brought them

all

to the

Shah

at

Kandahar.

In Zamindawar the war was carried on as Saz

Khan

BAligh besieged the

fort,

Bakar, sons of Saiyid Bayazid Bukhari, its

defence, sent

him

As soon

follows.

a message, saying

who were engaged that the fort

dependency of Kandahdr, and without reducing the capture would be of no use

suspend

hostilities

so that blood

;

and

it

until the fate of

might not be shed

as

Saiyid Asadu-lla, and Saiyid

was a

latter, its

would therefore be better

Kandahar was

fruitlessly.

in

to

ascertained,

Saz Khan, con-

curring in the reasonableness of this proposition, refrained from

prosecuting siege operations, and having written to inform the

Shah

of the fact, sat

down

to await intelligence.

from the Shah at length brought to the Saiyids a ing the capture of the fortresses of Bust and

upon they surrendered the

fort.

A

messeno-er

letter, detail-

KandahAr

;

where-

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

Advance of

The

the Imperial

army were

exploits of the royal

'AUami Sa'du-Ua Khan

Army

95

as follows.

for

Kohat.

On

at once in

level the

;

and the whole

His Eoyal Highness's train

reaching that place,

receipt of intelligence regarding the

arrived from Khalil Beg,

that

forces,

having arrived from

Multan, also effected his passage over that river of the forces set out

The day

crossed the Nilab with the royal

Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur

Prince

Kandahar.

to

he halted to await the

snow; and presently a

who had been

letter

sent on in advance to

road and construct bridges, to the

on the

effect that

road through the hill-country along the Kohistdn route the snow

was lying so deep that even

if

no more

the road would not

fell

The

probably be passable for at least a month.

ever-victorious

Prince consequently relinquished his design of proceeding by that route, but started in the direction of

pass of Sendh-Basta, which

is

Peshawar, by way of the

an extremely rugged and

difficult

by the

and without entering that city, pursued his journey regular stages to Kabul. * * *

road,

Sa'du-lla

Khan

having set out with his comrades at

Shahr city,

Safd.

full speed,

camp in the suburbs of Having left Mubdrak Khdn Ni^zi to guard that

came and pitched

during the night

he marched thence, and in three days reached the neigh-

bourhood of Kandahar, on the 12th of Jumada-1 awwal of year

;

whence Kasadah Khwdja, which

fortress,

became the

site

of his camp.

named month was the time he halted next day

fixed

upon

for

half a kos from the

the 14th of the above-

commencing the

siege,

to await the arrival of the victorious Prince,

and the advent of the appointed time in

is

As

this

company with the commanders

for the siege, but rode out

of the royal forces, and

reconnoitring tour round the fortifications.

On

made a

the 14th the

Prince came up from the rear, and having joined the army, fixed his head-quarters half a kos from the fortress.

*

*

*

'INAYAT KHAN.

96

Twenty-third tear of the Reign, 1059

As

was

it

represented that during

a.h. (1649 a.d.).

the

of the

progress

victorious forces towards

Kandahar a great

vation of Ghazni and

dependencies had been trodden under

its

deal of the

culti-

by the army, the merciful monarch, the cherisher of

foot

people, despatched the

sum

2000 gold mohurs,

of

a trusty individual, with directions to inquire into the sustained

by the

agriculturists,

and

distribute it

his

in charge of loss

amongst them

accordingly.

After the fortress of Kandahar had been besieged for three

months and a half, so that grain and fodder were beginning scarce,

servants of the crown, owing to their having with

a siege train of battering guns, nor skilful

them

and as the winter

also

was

tion of the fortress without the aid of

and there was not now he should defer

was

the reduc-

heavy guns was imprac-

sufficient

capture

its

that, as

eflFect

the

For these

close at hand, a farnidn

issued to the illustrious Prince, to the

to arrive in,

neither

artillerymen,

capture of the fortress seemed as distant as ever. reasons,

ticable,

to get

notwithstanding the praiseworthy exertions of the faithful

time remaining for them a more convenient

till

opportunity, and start for Hindustan with the victorious troops.

The Prince Buland Ikbdl Dard Shukoh was some time

tarry of the

at

also

ordered to

Kabul, and directly he heard the news

Kandahar army's

arrival at G-hazni, to set out for the

presence. * *

As

the winter was

now

close at

hand, and forage had become

unattainable, notwithstanding hearing of the death of

Khan, the Mladdr, irom

a

number of

out of the fortress, the Prince did not

any

longer, but, in obedience to the

tion, set out

deem

persons, it

Mihrdb

who came

expedient to delay

mandate worthy of

all

atten-

with the victorious forces from Kandahar on the

8th of the month of

Ramazdn

this year for

Hindustan.

*

*

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

97

Twenty-Fourth Year of the Eeign, 1060 The Emperor excused

As

his

most gracious Majesty had

and prosperity beyond the age of

a.h. (1650 a.d.).

the Fast.

this year

sixty,

advanced in joy

and the divine precepts

sanctioning the non-observance of the fast came into force, the

learned

and

doctors

muftis, according

nances of the Kuran, by vfay of the law,

decreed

that

whose blessed person

it

is

the

to

the

fulfilling

would be lawful

glorious

ordi-

commandments for

the source of the administration of the

world, to expend funds in charity in lieu of observing the

The monarch,

command, every night during the sacred mouth

viands and sittin

fast.

the lover of religion, and worshipper of the divine

law, therefore, lavished 60,000 rupees on the deserving poor at his

of

His Majesty,

all sorts

;

and

divers

of sweetmeats were laid out in the Chihal-

balcony of public audience, with

in front of the

famishing and destitute people appeased their hunger. further resolved that henceforward

which It

was

a similar plan should be

pursued during every month of Ramazan.

Twenty-Fifth Year of the Reign, 1061

a.h. (1650-1 a.d.).

Subjugation of Tibet.

the 23rd Jumada-s

On

entering Kashmir, the

apartments of the

On

sani,

which was the time fixed

Emperor alighted

for

in safety at the royal

fort.

the 4th of Rajab

His Majesty paid a

visit to

the Mosque,

which had been erected in the most exquisite style of art, for the asylum of learning, Mulla Shah Badakhshani, at a cost of 40,000 rupees, the requisite funds 'Aliya, for the

having been

and was surrounded by poor,

20,000 rupees.

provided

by Nawdb

buildings to serve as habitations

which were constructed

at

a further outlay

of

'INATAT KHAN.

98

On

the 12th of this month, i^dam Khan's

Muhammad Murad,

nephew

munsM and

as well as the sons of

his

Salim Beg

Kashghari, who ranked amongst the auxiliaries serving in the province of Kashmir, and had stood security for the two former Tibet, with a

individuals, were appointed to proceed to

of zaminddrs, to exterminate

subdue the

named Mirza Jan, and

a rebel

fort of Shkardii, together

number

with the territory of Tibet,

which had escaped out of the possession of the servants of the crown.

On

the 27th of Sha'bdn

Kiam

good, through

reached the ear replete with

it

Khan's

Mirza Jan had no sooner heard of the than he evacuated the the desert of adversity

fort of ;

that

representations,

the

all

rebel

arrival of the royalists,

Shkardu, and became a wanderer in

whereupon the

fort in question, together

with the territory of Tibet, came anew into the possession of the

The

servants of the crown. aforesaid

Khan

gracious

monarch rewarded the

with an addition to his mansah, and conferred

the country of Tibet in jdgir on the above-named

Murad,

Muhammad

as his fixed abode.

Towards the

close of the spring,

and tremendous

floods, all the

on account of the heavy rain

verdant islands in the middle of

the Dal, as well as the gardens along

its

borders,

the suburbs of the city, were shorn of their grace

The waters

of the

Dal rose

and those

and

in

loveliness.

such a height, that they even

to

poured into the garden below the balcony of public audience,

which became one sheet of water from the rush of the foamin": o tide,

too,

and most of

its trees

were swamped.

Just about this time,

a violent hurricane of wind arose, which tore up

principally poplars

and planes, by the

and hurled down from on high Kashmir.

A

longer

all

roots, in

the

many

trees,

the gardens,

blooming; foliase

of

sojourn in that region was consequently

distasteful to the gracious

mind

;

so,

notwithstanding that the

sky was lowering, he quitted Kashmir on the

and

all

set out for the capital

by way of Shahabad.

1st of

Eamazdn,

'

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

99

Progress to Kabul, and despatch of 'Alldmi 8a'du-lla

an immense army for

On

the night

being the

Monday, the 18th

of

moment

the subjugation of

that had been

Eabi'u-1

of for

fixed

Khan

with

Kandahar.

the

awwal,

auspicious

departure to Kabul, the royal train moved from the capital of

Lahore in that Majesty

At the same chosen

direction.

despatched

'Allarni

with

the

period, too,

multitudinous

His

forces

(resembling the waves of the sea), amounting together with the

army

serving in

Kdbul

to 50,000 cavalry

and 10,000 infantry,

including musketeers, gunners, bombardiers, and rocketmen, for

the purpose of conquering the country and fortress of Kandahar,

He

Bust and Zamindd.war.

was further accompanied by ten

large and ferocious war-elephants, eight heavy and twenty light

guns (four

the latter of which carried two and two and a half

;

and

five lbs.) shot,

and during an engagement used

advanced in front of the army

and

100

;

camels with shuturndls,

in the

He to

Kandahar, and about

*

*

*

Twenty-Sixth Tear of the Reign, 1062

Sa'du-lla

the 3rd of Jum4da-s s^ni, the

victorious Prince

out from

Multan

a.h. (1651-2 a.d.).

Muhammad Aiirangzeb Bahadur and Jamdatu-l Khan at Kandahar, and siege of the fortress.

Arrival of Prince

On

well-replenished

was instructed to

transport of artillery stores,

such as lead, powder and iron shot.

Mulk

a

besides

by way of Kabul and Ghazni

3000 camels were employed

to be

twenty elephants carrying hathndls,

treasury, and other suitable equipments. repair

sir

Muhammad for

who had hastened Eoyal Highness indulgent fdrman.

month

this year, the set

Kandahar, reached his destination. 'AUami,

thither

on

first

Aurangzeb Bahadur, who had

by way

of

K

bul,

having joined His

the above date, delivered the kind and.

As

it

of the fortress should be

had been determined that the

siege

commenced simultaneously with the

;

'INArAT KHAN.

100 arrival

at

Kandahar,

invested the stronghold that very day.

In short,

burned

On

having finished

Prince,

fortunate

the

marking out the positions that the royal

were to occupy,

forces

*

*

*

two months and eight days the flames of war

for

and on both sides numerous

fiercely,

one occasion, when

casualties occurred.

Muhammad Beg TopcM-bdsM (Comman-

dant of the Artillery), and

had

five or six others of the garrison,

named Fath Lashkar, down upon

been destroyed by a shot from the gun

the Kazalbashis sallied out of the fort and poured

the trenches

whereupon a desperate struggle ensued between

;

the adverse hosts.

Another time they

fell

on 'AUami's trenches

but a party of his retainer^ firmly held their ground, and after putting a few of their antagonists to the sword, and wounding

some

others, manfully laid

of succour, the

enemy

down

their lives

;

and on the

retired precipitately within the

arrival

fortifica-

tions.

To be brief, the royalists used the most strenuous

exertions,

and

laboured with unremitting zeal and assiduity in carrying forward the parallels and zigzags of attack, and demolishing the crest of

the parapet and

the bastions.

weapons and efibrts

and

stores required for

an

filled

with

all

the military

effective defence, their

produced no impression, and, owing

shell that

as the fortress

Nevertheless,

possessed immense strength, and was

to the

utmost

storm of shot

poured on them like a shower of rain fi:om the

fort,

they were unable to advance their trenches beyond the spot they

had already brought them

to.

In the interim, out of the seven

guns which had accompanied the royal army, and were the most effectual

implements of attack, two that were mounted in the

Prince's trenches

had cracked from constant

become quite unserviceable. the trenches conducted

As

firing,

for the other five,

and had

which were in

by 'Allami and Kasim Khan Mir-i

diish,

although they continued to be discharged, yet as they were not served by scientific artillerymen, their

fire

was not so

effective as

could be wished.

As

soon as these particulars became

known

to

His Majesty's

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

101

world-adorning understanding, and he was informed that the capture of the fortress was at that period impracticable also reached the royal ear

come

&farmdn was

and

it

and excited tumults, as

into the neighbourhood of Ghazni,

already described,

;

Uzbeks and Almdns had

that the

issued to the illustrious Prince

on the 4th of Sha'bdn, to withdraw his forces from around the fortress,

and,

deferring its capture

take his siege train along with

some other

till

him and

period, to

*

set out for Court.

*

Departure of the Prince Buland Ikhdl Bard Shukoh from Lahore to

As

Kandahdr, and organization of forces with

the Prince Buland Ikb^l, after the return of the army from

Kandahdr, had guaranteed this

artillery, etc.

to

conquer that territory, and with

view the provinces of Kabul and Multdn had been bestowed

upon him. His Eoyal Highness, on reaching the

capital, applied

himself to the task of making the requisite arrangements for the

In the course of three months and some days that

campaign.

he remained at Lahore, he used such profuse exertions, that what could

not

have been otherwise

Among

effected in this short period.

called

Kishwar-kushd

accomplished in a year was the siege train was a gun

(clime-conquering),

and another

Garh-

hhanjan (fort-shattering), each of which carried an iron shot one

man and

eight sirs in weight (96 lbs.)

by the gunners under the There was a shot of a

direction of

;

and they were worked

Kasim Khan.

also another large piece of ordnance that carried

man and

sixteen sirs (1 cwf.),

and was plied under

the management of His Royal Highness's Mir-i dtish, as well as B0,000 cannon-balls, small

5000

and

Imperial weight, and 14,000 rockets. as

many

for the

He

great.

mans of gunpowder, and 2500 of

lead,

Having

grain dealers as were procurable, he

army

also got

likewise collected

made

aj-rangements

commissariat, and the safe arrival of supplies.

then despatched a letter to Court, representing that as the of starting

was fixed

for the

ready

measuring by

He

moment

23rd of Eabi'u-1 awwal, and the pre-

'INATAT KHAN.

102

liminary arrangements for the campaign had been completed, if

the royal forces appointed to

dismissal,

he would

set out for

this

enterprise received their

A

Kandahar.

mandate

Highness to

in the

His Royal

auspicious handwriting was therefore issued, directing

moment by way

start off at the predetermined

of

Multan, on which road provisions and forage were abundant,

[Long

details

of the

siege.]

Twenty-Seventh Yeak of the Reign, 1063

a.h. (1652-3 a.d.)-

Rednction of the Fortress of Bust.

Among of

the stirring incidents that occurred during the siege

Kandahar was the subjugation of the

fortress of

Bust by the

laudable exertions of the servants of the crown, a concise account of which is as follows. * *

Siege of

Kandahar

Ultimately the duration of the

months, the winter began to set

raised.

siege extended in, all

beyond

any forage

cannon-balls were expended, and neither was there left in

Kfarmdn

the meadows, nor provisions with the army.

likewise

was issued

five

the lead, powder, and

to this effect, that as the winter

was

close at

hand, and they had already been long detained in Kandahar,

if

the reduction of the fortress could not be effected just at onee,

they might stay

if

necessary some short time longer

wise return immediately.

from Bust

for

the purpose of sharing in

the

dismantled that fortress, distributed the provisions

and reached Kandahar with artillery stores,

and property

along with him.

or other-

;

Rustam Khan, who had been

his

comrades,

in the

recalled

having

assault,

among

bringing

his

men,

all

Kdr-khdna, that was

the

there,

"With an eye therefore to the safety of the

property mentioned above, he deemed

it

expedient to return, and

not one of the royalist commanders proposed staying any longer.

The Prince Buland Ikbal consequently, on the 15th from Kandahdr for Hindustan.

this year, set out

Zi-1 ka'da

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

103

Twenty-Eighth Yeae of the Eeign, 1064 Appointment of 'Alldmi

On

22nd

the

Zi-1

of demolishing the Fort of

to the task

and

Chitor,

Band.

chastising the

chosen moment,

a

ka'da, at

a.h. (1653-4 a.d.).

the royal

departure from the metropoUs of Shdhjahdnabad to the blessed

On

city of j^jmir took place.

the same date, the

Emperor

de-

spatched 'Allami, with a large number of nobles and inansabddrs

and 1500 musketeers, amounting altogether

to 30,000, for the

purpose of hurrying on in that direction, and demolishing the fort of Chitor, which was one of the gifts i^atdyd) that

by

From the

this Imperial dynasty.

Jahangir,

it

had been

should ever fortify

settled that no one of the

but

it;

Raja Jai Singh, having

Rana Jagat it

obedience, to overrun

it,

had pulled down

up very strongly anew.

Rana

did not tender his

his territory with the

royal forces, and

also directed him, if perchance the

Inflict suitable

Eand's posterity

Singh, the father of

set about repairing

every part that was damaged, and built

He

had been made

time of the late Emperor

The triumphant standards

chastisement on him.

then moved on by the regular marctes in the rear of the ever-

On

victorious troops.

the 2nd of Zi-1

hijja,

when the world-

subduing banners were planted at Khalilpur, the Eana's confidential

vaMls waited on the Prince Buland Ikbal, and begged His

Royal Highness

to

act as

intercessor.

their

mediation, the penitence and humility expressed

When, by his by the Rana was

reported at the threshold of might and majesty, an order was issued that His

son,

his

if,

his Mir-i huyutdt

upon the Rana, and deliver the following message,

to wait

that

Royal Highness should send

viz.

with judicious forethought, he would despatch his eldest

the

Sdhib-i-tika,

people under

the

to

the

presence,

command

stationed in the Dakhin, the

of

same

and a detachment of

one of his relatives were

as formerly, to be

employed

in the royal service, he should be left in security, or otherwise

he should be overwhelmed

in adversity.

'INATAT KHAN.

104

As

the

Edna had

again in these days

address to the Prince Buland his diwdn, in order that he

Ikbdl,

might

humbly forwarded an him to send

requesting

Court

start off his sons to

in company with that individual, His Royal Highness obtained

permission from the Imperial threshold, and despatched Shaikh 'Abdu-1 Karim, his own diwan, to the EanS.. * *

The

exploits of the

On

follows.

army

that accompanied

'AUami were

his arriving within twelve kos of Chitor,

as

which

is

the frontier of the Rana's territory, inasmuch as the latter's negociations

had not yet been

satisfactorily terminated,

he commenced

plundering and devastating, and depasturing his cattle on the

On

crops.

the 6th of Zi-1

hijja, this year,

having reached the

environs of Chitor, he directed working parties with pickaxes

and spades

to overthrow that powerful stronghold.

Accordingly,

in the course of fourteen or fifteen days, they laid its towers

and

battlements in ruins, and having dug up and subverted both the old and the

new

walls, levelled the

whole to the ground. The Rana

having awoke from his sleep of heedlessness at the advent of the prosperous banners at Ajmir, the irresistible force of the royal

arms, the dispersion of the peasantry, territory, sent off a letter containing the

Court, along with his eldest son,

who was

and the ruin

of

in his sixth year,

a number of his principal retainers, in company with

and

Shaikh

'Abdu-1 Karim, the Prince Buland IkbaFs Mir-i huyutdt.

farmdn was then issued

his

humblest apologies to

A

Mulk ('Allami), that since and the Rand had sent off his

to Jaradatu-1

the fort had been demolished,

son to Court, the pen of forgiveness had been drawn through the register of his delinquencies at the Pi-ince tation,

and that he should

victorious

army

Marks of

On

set out himself

Buland Ikb^Fs

solici-

with the whole of the

to the royal presence.

distinction bestowed on

Prince

Bard Shuhoh.

the 8th of Eabi'u-g sani this year, being the expiration of

the sixty-fifth lunar year of His Majesty's age, a festival was

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

105

celebrated with exceeding splendour, and was attended with the

usual

In

ceremonies.

sublime

this

Emperor

assembly the

a handsome

kindly

conferred

hhil'at

with a gold-embroidered vest, studded with valuable

on

Prince Buland

the

diamonds round the

collar

had been sewn, and

pearls

on both

;

it

Ikbal

sleeves,

and the

skirts,

was worth 50,000 rupees

;

also

a sarband composed of a single ruby of the purest water, and

two magnificent

pearls, of the value of a lac

and a donation of thirty

lacs besides.

His Eoyal Highness by the

which had been applied exclusively Majesty's reign chair

and

;

had been placed

the throne for

him

also

distinguished

Shah Buland

Ikbal,

to himself during his

late

since in the days of his Princehood a

at that Emperor's suggestion opposite to

to sit on, he

His Eoyal Highness

He

lofty title of

and 70,000 rupees,

to

now

in like

manner

seat himself on a golden

directed

chair, that

had been placed near the sublime throne.

Twenty- Ninth Yeae of the Reign, 1065 Campaign

Among

a.h. (1654-5 a.d.).

in Sirmor.

the incidents of the past year, the appointment and

despatch of Khalilu-lla

Khan

during the return from Ajmir,

with 8000 men, for the purpose of coercing the Zamindar of Srinagar, and capturing the

The

the historic pen.

When

as follows. forces,

the

Dun, have been already

Khan

in question set out

the Zamindar of Sirmor,

ally himself

who had never

detailed

by

and return are

particulars of his advance

with the royal

felt

disposed to

with the servants of the crown, came under the

guidance of good fortune and joined them. dered conspicuous

among

his compeers

He

was then ren-

by the promulgation of

an edict from the threshold of empire and sovereignty, investing

him with the Sirmor polis,

is

title

of Raj4 Sabhak Prakas.

a mountainous tract to the north of the

new metro-

measuring thirty kos in length, and twenty-five in breadth,

'INATAT KHAN.

106

had

in which ice-houses

private

use

Isfandiar

established

been

;

(February)

abundant supply of

the

till

His Majesty's

for

whence, from the beginning

end of Mihr

month

the

of

of

(September), an

was constantly reaching the metropolis

ice

during the time that the royal standards were planted there.

From

these emporia porters used to carry loads of

snow and

ice

on their backs as far as Dhamras, the name of a place situated

Jumna

on the bank of the river but the road to which

a distance of sixteen hos,

at

extremely

is

There

difficult.

packed in boxes, and sent down the stream on

rafts to

Daryapur,

one of the dependencies of pargana Khizrabad, which sixteen

kos

off

From

Dhamras.

from

that

was

it

point

is

also

it

was

transported to the metropolis on board of boats in the course

and nights.

of three days

Khalilu-lla

Khan,

in

company with the

and some other zaminddrs of those

Dun, which

is

twenty kos

long and

parts,

a strip of country lying five broad,

Raja

aforesaid

having reached the

outside

of Srinagar,

one extremity of

its

length

being bounded by the river Jumna, and the other by the Ganges,

which possesses many flourishing towns in various quarters,

laid

the foundation of a fieldwork close to Kilaghar, and completed it

in the course of a week.

He

then deputed one of the nian-

sabddrs to keep guard there with 200 matchlockmen, and set

out in advance with the whole of his comrades.

Bahadur Khanpur, which lies

between the rivers

is

On

a place belonging to the

Jumna and Ganges,

reaching

Dun, and

in consequence of the

peasantry that dwelt in that neighbourhood having taken refuge

and

and obstinately refusing

in the hills

and

return, he

despatched the ever-triumphant troops from

forests

who succeeded

side to coerce them,

ment.

A number

vengeance, and

threw up a

tlieir allegiance,

and

left

every

by the sword of

fell

taken prisoners

after

which the

and innumerable

herds of

the hands of the soldiery.

fortified post,

to

in inflicting suitable chastise-

of the rebels therefore

many more were

remainder tendered cattle fell into

defiles,

;

Here, likewise, he

a confidential person with

some

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

107

mamabddrs, and 500 infantry and matchlockmen, so that the passage of travellers to

it,

uninterrupted.

Having then

Dun, and halted half-way up the

to garrison

might remain

fro

from thence, he

set out himself

approached the town of Basantpur, which the

and

a dependency of

is also

Opposite the above

hill.

town, he constructed another redoubt, in which he posted one of the

From

mansalddrs with 250 infantry matchlockmen.

moved

thence he

abounding in streams and

to Sahijpur, a place

and clothed with flowers and

fountains,

erected a fort on the top of an

yards in

circumference, and

verdure

where he

;

embankment, measuring 1,000

fifteen

had in

that

height,

in

former times been crowned by a stronghold, inasmuch as some traces of the ancient works were

still

visible

trusty individual to hold the post, backed

On

and he deputed a

;

by 250 musketeers.

reaching the banks of the Ganges, after crossing which one

enters the hill- country, he sent a detachment with the royal artillery

to

the other side of the stream, with a view to their

taking possession of the thdna of Chandi, which dependencies of Srinagar, but

lies

Meanwhile, Bahadur Chand,

is

one of the

Dun of Kilaghar. Zamindar of Kumayun (Kuoutside the

maon), under the guidance of a

fortunate

espoused

destiny,

the royal cause, and came and joined the above-mentioned Khdn.

As soon

as this fact

sitory of

Khan, a

all

was conveyed

to the Imperial ear, the repo-

good, through the representations of Khalilu-lla

conciliatory

farmdn and a

As

forwarded to him.

the

hliiVat set with jewels

season

for

were

prosecuting military

operations in that region and the fitting period for an invasion

had passed away, the

of the hill-country

hand, and the

Dun

was issued to Khalilu-lla Kh4n, hills for

the present

;

and

to defer the

after delivering

the thdna of Chandi to set

out for Court.

by

Nagar Das, the

The Khan

of,

now

at

a mandate

campaign in the

up the

Bhuj, who had expressed an ardent desire for

at rest

being

rains

having been taken possession

Dun

it,

chief of

to

Chatur

and confiding Hardwar,

accordingly, having set his

to

mind

fulfilling these instructions, started for the presence.

'INATAT KHA'N.

108

Mir Jumla

seeks protection.

Anotlier incident was the flying for refuge of Sa'id Ardastani,

surnamed Mir

of mankind, an account of which event individual,

in

is

whose hands was the

Kutbu-1 Mulk's kingdom, had,

Mir Muhammad

Jumla,i to the Court, the asylum

The above

as follows.

entire

administration of

after a severe

struggle with the

Karnatikis, brought under subjection, in addition to a powerful fort,

measuring 150

of country

a tract

kos in length, and

twenty or thirty in breadth, and yielding a revenue of forty It also contained

of rupees.

no one of Kutbu-1 Mulk's ancestors had ever been able possession of

power

it.

Having destroyed

by the Karnatikis, he had brought

forts built

his

any portion of

and in

;

lacs

mines teeming with diamonds, and

this

spite of long-standing usages,

to gain

several strong

country into

he had collected

a considerable force, so that he had 5000 horse in his service.

For these reasons, a faction who were at enmity with him caused Kutbu-1 Mulk to be displeased with him, and strove to

He had

ruin.

and

services,

been active in performing such meritorious

after contending against

Karnatik, had subdued so object he sought

effect his

;

but,

fine

the zaminddrs

on the contrary, reaped disappointment.

Mahammad Aurangzeb Bahadur

So; using Prince

of the

a territory, but he did not gain the

as an inter-

he sought refuge at the Court, the asylum of the world.

cessor,

After this circumstance had been disclosed to the world-adorning

understanding through the representations Prince, a

handsome

hhil'at

of the

illustrious

was forwarded to him by the hand

of one of the courtiers in the middle of this month, together

with an indulgent farmdn sanctioning the bestowal of a maiisab of 5000 on him, and one of

Amin

;

honour

as well as a for

2000 on

his son,

Mir Muhammad

mandate accompanied by a superb dress of

Kutbu-1 Mulk, regarding the not prohibiting him and

his relations

from coming. '

[Afterwards entitled Mu'azzam Kh&n.]

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA.

Account of Prince

Among

Muhammad

109

Aurangzeh's March

to

Golkonda}

the important events that took place towards the close

of this year

was the march of the ever-successful Prince Mu-

hammad Aurangzeb Bahddur

to the territory of Golkonda, for the

sake of coercing Kutbu-1 Mulk, his exaction of a superb tributary

on behalf of His Majesty's private exchequer, and his

offering

uniting in marriage of the latter's daughter with his son,

Muhammad

Sultan, an abridged narrative of which

When Mir Jumla

follows.

own

eldest is

as

sought to ally himself to the

Imperial throne, Kutbu-1 Mulk, the instant he gained intelligence of the matter, imprisoned

Amin, together with

Mir Jumla's

his connexions,

whatever he possessed, both in

him and

live stock

his relatives to Golkonda.

Mir Muhammad

son,

and

having confiscated

and goods, forwarded

This circumstance having

soon reached the ear of the fortunate Prince, through the intervention of news-writers. His Royal Highness despatched a quiet letter to

Kutbu-1 Mulk regarding the release of the prisoners, and

Mir Muhammad Amin's goods and

the restoration of

Having

chattels.

likewise reported the state of the case to the Imperial

Mulk perMir Jumla's son in confinement, he might be march against him in person, and endeavour to

presence, he solicited authority, that in case Kutbu-1 sisted in keeping

permitted to

liberate the captives

;

as supineness in resorting to arms would be

a source of additional lethargy to the opulent lords of the Dakhin.

On

the receipt of his report,

afarmdn was

likewise forwarded with

the utmost expedition to Kutbu-1 Mulk, by the hands of some mace-bearers,

respecting the

surrender

of

Mir Jumla's son

along with his relatives, and the infliction of the consequences of disobedience.

A

mandate was

Prince, instructing

triumphant troops the

to '

[Both.

governor

;

him

to the victorious

and the ever-obeyed commands were issued of MAlwa, and the mansabddrs servino- in

Muhammad Waria

Golkonda in the

also addressed

to set out for his destination with the

and

Muhammad

thirtieth year of the reign.]

SS.lih agree in placing these affairs of

'INATAT KHAN.

110

that province, to proceed and join His Eoyal Highness as quickly as possible.

In short, as Kutbu-1 Mulk, under the influence of the fumes of arrogance, would not heed the contents of the letter, the Prince

Muhammad

despatched his eldest son,

awwal

of Eabi'u-1

mansabddrs and his own followers.

army

that the

Sultan, thither on the 8th

host of nobles and

this year, along with a It

that was returning from

was farther determined

Deogarh should

that vicinity, and unite itself to the illustrious Sultan

he himself should

About

month.

set out afterwards in the

this time, the

and Mir Jumla from the in

its

course of another

mansabddrs in whose charge the

farmdns had been despatched

hhU'ats and

halt in

and that

;

for

brilliant presence, as

Kutbu-1 Mulk

has been related

proper place, came and waited on that ward of the divine

Although

vigilance.

it

was the realm-subduing Prince's opinion

Mulk would

that Kutbu-1

ment previous

release

to the arrival of

Mir Jumla's son from

Muhammad

confine-

Sultan, " the tender

sapling in the garden of prosperity and success," at the frontier

of the Golkonda territory, and that

the campaign

would not

consequently be prolonged to any great extent, yet Kutbu-1 Mulki

from excessive negligence and extreme pride, had not the good sense to adopt this measure, and hold tYiefarmdn in dread and fear.

After the last communication the Prince gave orders,^

directing

Muhammad On

Imperial troops.

Sultan to

Muhammad

alarming intelligence of

head of the royal

forces,

sleep of arrogance

and

along

with

his

enter

receiving the

his territory with

above

and sent

mother and connexions.

letter to Court, intimating this fact,

off

He

his

deep

Mir Jumla's

son,

also forwarded a

his fealty

who had brought

and the

Mir Jumla's son having joined Muhammad Sultdn

farmdn.

safety.

awoke from

and avowing

subservience, in charge of the mace-bearers

twelve

the

Sultan's approach at the

Kutbu-1 Mulk

conceit,

the

farmdn with

lios

from Haidarabad, reposed in the cradle of peace and

Nevertheless as Kutbu-1 Mulk, with grasping avarice, '

[The text here

is

vague and of doubtful meaning.]

still

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. retained the goods and property belonging to son,

and would not

deliver

them

Mir Jumla and

his

up, the illustrious Sultan set

Kutbu-1 Mulk, on learning this

out for the city of Haidardbdd.

news, started

HI

Golkonda, which

off his children to

is

situated at a

distance of three kos from Haidar^bcid, and where, owing to the

impregnability of the position, he was in the habit of depositing

and he followed them shortly after Whatever gems and jewelry, gold and silver articles,

his secret hoards of treasure;

himself.

and cash

he

Golkonda porcelain,

servants,

he likewise removed to the

possessed,

and other property, such as various kinds of

;

etc.,

of

he made over to the chief of his confidential

and deputed him

to contend with the royal forces.

Next morning, corresponding

when Muhammad

year,

fort

carpets,

to the

5th of Rabi'u-s sani this

Sultdn, having arrived at the environs of

Haidardbdd, was just about to encamp on the banks of the Husain Sdjar lake, one of Kutbu-1 Mulk's confidential retainers came

and waited on him with a casket

had forwarded by

made

of jewels that his master

Meanwhile, Kutbu-1 Mulk's forces

his hands.

their appearance,

fall

and assumed a menacing attitude; but the

ever-triumphant troops, having engaged in the deadly right and

left,

tude in the midst of a galling daily-increasing

strife

from

enemy with speed and promptifire, and by the aid of His Majesty's

enveloped the

good fortune, having gained the superiority,

chased the routed fugitives up to the city walls.

enemy were accordingly

killed

Many

of the

and wounded, and the survivors,

from dread of the royalists' assaults, did not stay within the city walls, but fled into the fort.

In short, as such an audacious act

had been perpetrated by Kutbu-1 Mulk, and the bearer of the casket of jewels was indicated as the originator of this hostile

movement, Arrival

of

Muhammad

Sultan gave the order for his execution.

Muhammad

Sultan

at

Golkonda, and Subjugation

of Haidardbdd.

On city

the morrow, of Haidar^b^d,

Muhammad

Sultan took possession of the

and having encamped outside the

walls.

;

'INATAT KHAN.

112

prohibited the soldiery from entering

it,

Mulk's property plundered, and the carried

off.

He

for fear of

having Kutbu-1

of the inhabitants

effects

also despatched a confidential servant of his noble

father to conciliate the residents of that city, so as to dissuade

them from

dispersing,

full

of

and to endeavour to protect their wealth

This day Kutbu-1 Mulk sent 200 more caskets

and property.

gems and jewelled

trinkets,

two

elephants with silver

housings, and four horses with gold trappings, to the

and that

fruitful plant of

Sultan

the gardens of prosperity and good

fortune detained the bearer of these articles in his camp, as a

hostage for the restoration of

Mulk still

Mir Jumla's

persisted in withholding.

goods, which Kutbu-1

Five or six days afterwards,

he sent eleven elephants, sixty horses, and other things belonging

Mir Jumla

and though, apparently having entered

into

amicable relations, he used to send numbers of people to

Mu-

to

hammad

;

Sultan, and

make

professions of loyal obedience, yet

he continued strengthening his

fortifications,

using tremendous

exertions to complete the requisite preparations for standing a siege,

and forwarded repeated

hands of trusty individuals

letters

to

'j^idil

Khan by

the

soliciting aid.

Arrival of the fortunate Prince at QoTkonda.

The

particulars regarding the ever-triumphant Prince's retinue

are as follows.

His Royal Highness having reached Golkonda

from Aurangabad in eighteen days, pitched his camp on the 20th of the aforesaid Eabi'u-s sani a Aos from the fort. off the

He. then went

road for the purpose of marking out the intrenchments,

and reconnoitring the defences of the intelligence of

place,

and having gained

Kutbu-1 Mulk's approach, commanded

Muhammad

Sultan to take post on the left-hand side with his force.

At

this

juncture, five or six thousand cavalry and ten or twelve thousand

infantry came opposite to the army, and kindled the flame of war by discharging rockets and matchlocks, whilst the garrison likewise fired off numerous cannons and rockets from the top of the

SB.XK JAHAN-NAMA.

The

ramparts.

lion-hearted Prince, however, with his habitual

intrepidity, allowed

no apprehensions

strife,

having

charged at

enter his mind, but

to

urged on his riding elephant to the front arena of

113

;

and the heroes of the gallop

full

successive

in

squadrons, and sapped the foundations of their foolish opponents stability

by

their irresistible assaults, victory declared in favour

The ever-triumphant

of the servants of the crown.

Prince, after

returning to camp, crowned with glory and success, despatched the royalists to besiege the

fort,

and the prosecution of the attack

against each front was committed to the vigilant superintendence of

some trusty individual. In short, the friends

Government

of

began

constructing

intrenchments, and carrying forward the approaches

Kutbu-1 Mulk, from weakness of

intellect,

and as

;

had been guilty of

such highly improper behaviour, notwithstanding that he had again sent four more caskets of gems, three elephants with silver

and

housings, and five horses with gold

silver

trappings,

in

charge of an intimate friend, begging that he might he allowed to send his

mother to wait upon His Royal Highness,

purpose of asking pardon for his offences

;

for the

the Prince, in token

of his deep displeasure, would not listen to his request, nor grant his messenger an audience, but exhorted the besiegers to lavish still

greater exertions in carrying on the attack with gallantry

and vigour.

two or three days had elapsed in this

After

manner, a vast force of the Kutbu-1 Mulkis made their appearance on the northern side of the

fort,

of Mirza

the defence of that quarter

when the

their hostile intention,

The renowned and

;

made an

successful

some nobles with his own

and were about

to pour

Khan, who was engaged

down upon the intrenchment

latter,

in

becoming aware of

application for reinforcements.

Prince immediately despatched

artillery to

his

support

;

and these

reinforcements having arrived at full speed, took part at once in

the affray. failing

Under the magic

influence of

good fortune, the enemy took to

His Majesty's neverflight

;

whereupon the

ever-triumphant troops began putting the miscreants to the VOL.

VII.

5

'INATAT KHAN.

11-4

allowed hardly any of them to

sword, and captivity.

death or

escape

After chasing the vain wretches as far as the

fort,

they brought the prisoners, along with an elephant that had fallen into their hands, into

On Jumla

His Royal Highness's presence.

this date a trusty person ;

to go

and fetch Mir

as it reached the Prince's auspicious ear that about

and

thousand cavalry and nearly 20,000 infantry of

six or seven

Kutbu-1

was deputed

who

Mulk, consisting principally of matchlockmen,

had been repeatedly defeated and dispersed in the battles mentioned above, had collected together on the southern face of the fort,

and were standing prepared

mounted and wretches.

set

As

out

in

for action, the illustrious Prince

exterminate the

person to

doomed

soon as he drew near, the miscreants had the

fool-

hardiness to advance, and standing on the brink of a ravine that

ran between them, fanned the flame of discharjre of matchlocks

and rockets

a blaze by the

guns, and rockets beyond number,

of the fort also, cannons,

played upon him

;

strife into

whilst from the battlements

The devoted

incessantly.

heroes, however,

drawing the shield of divine Providence over their heads, pushed rapidly across the ravine

by the most

;

and a detachment of their vanguard,

spirited efforts, drove the villains

to the foot of the ramparts, hurling

Crown perished

of

two or three times

them

number more.

of destruction, and capturing a servants of the

many

in this conflict,

adorned with the cosmetic of wounds

;

into the dust

Several of the

and others were

whilst a

number

Prince's retainers also were either killed or wounded.

of the

His Royal

Highness, deeming an additional force necessary for this quarter, stationed one there, and having taken possession of the com-

manding

points,

and appointed a party of matchlockmen

them, returned at night from the

Next

day,

at

Muhammad

field

of battle to his

Sultan's

to

guard

own

tents.

he

gave

solicitation,

Kutbu-1 Mulk's son-in-law permission to pay his respects,

had come two days tributary

ofl'ering,

before

with some petitions

but had not

refused the jewelry that

and a

gained admittance.

the latter had

brought

for

who

slight

Having him, he

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. deferred its acceptance this

About

the conclusion of negociations.

till

Khdn

time Shdyista

115

joined the

Malwa, whereupon the Prince

army with

the nobles of

altered the previous position of

the trenches, and directed that they should throw

up four, opposite

each front of the fortifications. In these very days, too, an Imperial edict arrived, intimating the despatch of a

handsome khWat, and

a jewelled dagger with phul-katdr, for the illustrious Prince,

and a present of a

fine dress of honour,

with 2000 horse, for

farmdn

By

to

Muhammad

and a mansah of 7000,

Sultan, as well as a benevolent

Kutbu-1 Mulk's address, granting him a

free pardon.

the untiring efforts of the servants of the Crown, however,

affairs

had come

to such a pass, that

Kutbu-1 Mulk was

and every day a number of

annihilated,

all

but

his followers used to

turn the countenance of hope towards this prosperous threshold,

and attain the honour of paying their irresistible superiority of

two of

Alarmed

respects.

at the

the royal troops, moreover, he had sent

his confidential servants with a tributary offering,

tendered his allegiance, consenting to pay tribute,

due

this reign,

for several

settled in addition to

subject of his daughter's marriage with

likewise been broached it

;

and the

it

to himself

Muhammad

Sultan had

him the warrant

of pardon

to orders, ten elephants

For

the noble

letter congratulating

which bore

and

as an instalment of the tribute in arrears, together

with two more elephants and other articles belonging to

Jumla's son.

The

After a lapse of two or three days,

Kutbu-1 Mulk despatched, agreeably

some jewelry,

for the present

the former.

illustrious Prince, consequently,

inexpedient to forward

just now, kept

and

the stipulated

years up to Isfandii,r of the 29th year of

and begging that the amount of that

twelvemonth might be

deeming

all

him on

silver housings,

Muhammad his

Mir

Sultan, too, he sent a

mansah, two elephants, one of

and a horse with gold saddle and

The Prince then directed that they should mount two heavy guns that had been brought from fort U'sa,

jewelled trappings.

on the top of a raent,

mound

situated in Kdtalabi Khan's intrench-

and point them against the

fortress.

'INATAT KHAN.

116

As

Kutbil-1

Mulk had

repeatedly begged permission to send

and

his mother for the purpose of asking pardon for his offences, solicited a safe conduct, it

was ordered that

Muhammad

Sultan

As

and Shayista Khan should despatch the customary passport.

soon as he received that warrant and security, he sent off his

mother

in the

hope of gaining his other objects.

Accordingly,

on the 22nd of Jumada-1 awwal, several of His Royal Highness's intimate

companions went out, at his suggestion, to meet

her,

and brought her from the road

The

latter,

tention,

to Shayista

Khan's camp.

having treated her with the deepest respect and

conducted

her

next day,

agreeably to

orders,

at-

into

the illustrious presence; where she enjoyed an interview with

Muhammad hammad

Sultan,

and presented two

horses.

Sultan represented that she was

As Mu-

* *

anxious to be ad-

mitted to a personal audience, in order to detail her propositions, the Prince

summoned her

That chaste matron

into his presence.

then presented a thousand gold mohurs as nisdr to His Eoyal

Highness as well as * *

.

That ward of divine providence affirmed

Mulk must pay down

and she having consented

etc.,

in reply, that

Kutbu-1

a Icror of rupees in cash, jewelry, elephants, to

obey this mandate, returned

to

the fortress for the purpose of collecting the above sum.

As a vast number of Kutbu-1 Mulk's partisans, under the command of his kotwdl, who had no intimation as yet of the armistice, had

collected together about

two kos from the

fortress

intentions, the Prince despatched several nobles

with hostile

and mansabddrs,

with 200 mounted musketeers, and 600 cavalry out of Shayista Klian's retainers, amounting altogether to 6,000 horse, and a host of matehlockmen, to coerce them.

The royal troops

repaired with

the utmost celerity to the menaced point, and encamped that day close

to

the enemy's

position.

On

the

succeeding

one,

the

miscreants sent off their heavy baggage and property to a distance,

and having formed up action.

in line

themselves, stood prepared for

Although the royahsts several times drove them

off

and dispersed them, yet the shameless wretches kept constantly

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. and renewing

rallying

numerous

their

assaults,

117 which they

in

casualties, until night supervened

;

when the

suflfered

ill-fated

villains,

being incapable of further resistance, took to a precipitate

flight.

A few

wounded

army were

out of the victorious

and the ever-successful troops,

;

also killed

after

and

spending the

night on the ground where the enemy's tents had stood, returned in

triumph on the morrow.

Mir Jumla's coming

to

mail upon the Prince

Muhammad

Aurangzeb Bahadur,

At of

this time, the

news of Mir Jumla's

Golkonda was made known

;

Xhefarmdn and kMl'at that had come hands of the bearer of fact,

came out

it.

The

arrival in the vicinity

so the Prince forwarded to

latter

for

him

him from Court, by the

having been apprised of the

meet the messenger, from his camp, which was

to

pitched four kos the other side of the Husain Sdgar lake, and after observing the usual

and

marks of

respect, received the

from him on the banks of the above-named

khil'at

two days were wanting to the time fixed

farmdn

lake.

the victorious Prince, he returned for the present to his

camp. to

On

fetch

enjoyed at a chosen

and presented

his respects,

descendant of threshold

own

the appointed day, the Prince sent out some nobles

him, and he having

splendour,

As

for his introduction to

nobles

by the

set

out with great

moment

pomp and

the honour of paj'ing

3,000 Ibrdhimis as nisdr.

was recompensed from the

That

munificent

receipt of a superb dress of honour, a jewelled

tarrah and dagger, two horses, one with a gold, the other with a silver saddle,

and an elephant with

by a female one presence.

As

;

silver housings,

and obtained permission

peace had

now been

accompanied

to be seated in the

established on a firm basis,

the fortunate and successful Prince evacuated the trenches en-

circUng the fortress, on the last day of the aforesaid month, and

summoned

the party engaged in the siege to his presence.

'INATAT KHAN.

118

Thirtieth Year of the Eeign, 1066 a.h. (1655-6

a.d.).

Painful Death of Sa'du-lla Khan.

On

'AUami

the 22n(i Jumada-s sani

formably to the sacred text, " arrived, see that

When

Khan,

Sa'du-lla

con-

your time of death has

ye defer not a moment, nor procrastinate,"

returned the response of Labaikd to the herald of God, and

migrated from this transitory sphere to the realms of immortality.

For nearly

months he had been labouring under a

four

and painful attack of

cholic

;

during the

which period, when he was not confined

first

severe

two months of he used to

to his bed,

attend daily in the auspicious presence, and uttered no excla-

mation of pain.

by attending

In

fact,

he was then trying to dispel the disease

Takarrub Khan's medical treatment

to

but after

;

he became confined to his house from the acute agony he was matter was disclosed to the royal ear

suffering, the

;

whereupon

the skilful physicians in attendance at the foot of the sublime

throne were commanded to

efi'ect

time of death, however, had come, effect,

his cure. all their

As

his appointed

remedies produced no

and the disease gradually gaining ground, put an end

his sufierings.

The monarch, the

to

appreciator of worth, expressed

intense regret at the demise of that deserving object of kindness

and consideration, and showered favours on his children and

all

his connexions.

Marriage of

The

As

Muhammad

Sultan with Kuthu-l Mulk's daughter.

sequel to the narrative of Golkonda afiairs

the

nuptials

moment

for

had been

fixed for the

the

celebration of

Bahadur

sent

his

as follows.

Muhammad

Sultan's

morning of the 18th of Jumada-s

Muhammad Muhammad Tdhir,

sani in this happy-omened year. Prince

zeb

is

dhcdn,

Aurangone

day

previously to Kutbu-1 Mulk, together with the ecclesiastics, and

SHAH JAHAN-NAMA. forwarded a in

a

* Next day, the marriage service was read

khil'at. *

moment, and the hymeneal

fortunate

observed.

were duly

rites

After a week's interval, the illustrious Prince again

despatched

own diwdn and

his

the

with a view of

damsel

and commanded several nobles

fortifications,

fetching

bakhshi

royal

fortress, ;

119

that

and accompany her from

outside the

wait

to

the

into

and fortunate

chaste

These obedient

thence.

and

vassals accordingly acted in conformity with his injunctions,

conducted her along

Kutbu-1 Mulk's mother, who had

with

accompanied her, to a pavilion that had been erected near His

Kutbu-1 Mulk sent about ten

Royal Highness's. in

gems and other

by way of dowry.

articles

lacs

of rupees

Next day the

Prince forwarded the farmdn and a superb khiPat, the delivery of

which he had to

deferred, as has been alluded to in its proper place,

Kutbu-1 Mulk, who went out

to

meet them, and received them

with the deepest reverence. {^Return of Prince investiture

Muhammad Aurangzeh from

of Mir Jumla with the

and bestowal of

of MiHazzam Khan,

Khdn-Jahdn on Shdyista Khan.]

that of

Appointment of Prince

title

Golkonda,

Muhammad Aurangzeb

to

conduct the

campaign of Bijdpur, and dismissal of Mu'azzam Khan

[Mir Jumla],

Among

the

the victorious

campaign of

etc.,

from

events

the presence.

year was the

of this

Aurangzeb

Prince

Bahadur

appointment to

conduct

of

the

and the dismissal of Mu'azzam Khan

Bij^piir,

and the other nobles and tnansabddrs from the sublime presence

to share in the

which

is

royalty,

as follows.

above campaign

As

it

;

a concise

had been reported

version

of

at the threshold of

through the representations of the above-named Prince,

that 'Adil

Kh4n had

bid adieu to existence

by a natural death,

and his servants had constituted Majhul Illahi professed to be his offspriiig,

it

his successor,

who

was ordered, on the 18th of Safar,

'INATAT KHAN.

120

that His Royal Highness should hasten thither with the forces,

and bring the campaign

he should deem expedient.

to a conclusion, in such a

An

Dakhin

way

as

ever-obeyed mandate was also

issued to Khan-Jahan, to repair expeditiously to Daulatdbad,

and remain in that

city until the ever-successful Prince's return.

Mu'azzam Khan, Shah Nawaz Khdn Safvi, Mahabat Khdn, Nijabat Khdn, Raj4 Rai Singh, and a number more nobles and mansabddrs, whose total strength amounted to Jamdatu-1 Mulk

20,000 horse, were appointed to serve under that ward of divine providence

;

some being despatched from the auspicious presence,

and others from their respective homes and jdgirs, along with

many musketeers both horse and foot, and rocketmen. those who received their dismissal from the presence, Jaradatu-1 Mulk was presented with a handsome khU'at, etc. * * As Mu'azzam Khan had reported that he had sent several led a great

Among

horses, adorned with diamonds, rubies,

some other

articles,

and precious

stones,

and

that he had taken from the Zaminddr of the

Karnatik, to 'Adil Khan, the Shah Buland Ikbdl despatched by the hands of two confidential slaves a mandate,

agreeably to

orders, to the latter, respecting the forwarding of the aforesaid articles.

As

'Adil

Khan, however, departed

this

life

very

shortly after the receipt of the mandate, his servants forwarded to

Court four out of the whole number of led horses, together

with an epistle from his successor, in

mentioned

slaves.

They were

charge

of the above-

accordingly presented on the 1st

of Rabi'u-s akai this year, and their value was almost a lac of rupees.

121

LXIV.

Bi^DSH^H-N^MA OP

MUHAMMAD [This work of the

is also called

8hdh Jahdn-ndma.

Bddshdh-ndma of Abdu-1 Hamid by '

Muhammad when

WARIS. It is the completion

his pupil

and assistant

Wdris, who was appointed to carry on the work

his friend

and master had become incapacitated by

It embraces the last ten years of

Shah Jahan's

reign,

age.

from the

beginning of the twenty-first to the thirtieth year, in which his actual reign closed.

'Aldu-1

Mulk Tuni,

The work was submitted entitled Fdzil

for revision to

Khan, who became wazir

in

Aurangzeb's days, and the part, of the work subsequent to the

Khdn was

death of 'Allami Sa'du-lla

Muhammad

Kh4n, known of

written by Fazil

under the command of the Emperor himself.

Little

is

Wdris, but the author of the Ma-dsir-i 'Alamgiri

records that "

On

the 10th Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1091 (1680 a.d.),

Wdris Khan, news

reader, the

graceful

author of the third

volume of the Bddshdh-ndma, was killed by a blow of a pen-

mad

knife from a tection,

and who

The work Hamid, and

is

is

student,

whom

he had taken under his pro-

used to sleep at night near his patron."

composed in a style similar to that of 'Abdu-1 of considerable length.

the shaikhs, learned

men and

poets

It closes with

who

a

list

of

flourished during its

decade.

The

history of this period of

fully supplied

Shah Jahan's

reign has been so

by the Extracts from the 8hdh Jahdn-ndma of

'Inayat Khdn, that only one short Extract has been taken from this work.

Sir

H. M.

Elliot's

MS.

is

a poor one.

It

is

an 8vo., twelve

MUHAMMAD

122

by

inches

and a

six

half,

There

lines to the page.

WARIS.

leaves, of nineteen

and contains 357 is

Museum, and

a copy in the British

one in the Library of the Royal

Asiatic Society.]

EXTRACT.

Twenty-second Year of the Reign. ['

When

until

Emperor

the

the Persians,

was

it

when

from Shahjahanabad to chastise

march on and make no stay

he reached K4bul. * * But afterwards judgment, that

his far-reaching

Shah

set off

his intention to

of Persia

grain and

sented that the

are very

forage

Shah

that

in

was very improbable that the

it

would enter upon a campaign in the winter season, difficult

The Emperor's

country (of Kandahar).

enterprise

appeared clear to

it

to procure

upon

of Persia had resolved

infatuation

which

arises

this

evil

from youth and

During the winter he would be busy making

inexperience.

preparations in Khurasan, and in the spring he would operations.

In this way the

Kandahar

in the reign of the

cold

that

in

counsellors also repre-

late

and the heavy snow and

commence

Shah 'Abbas came up

against

The

severe

Emperor Jahangir.

with scarcity of

rain, together

provender for the horses, would be sources of great suffering to the Imperial

army

;

so under all circumstances

it

postpone the march until the Nau-roz. * * So to wait the

arrival

of

Muharram a despatch fortress, to

news from Kandahar. arrived from

the

was it

desirable to

was resolved

On

the

commandant

the effect that on the 10th Zi-1 hijja the

12th

of the

Sh4h

of

Persia had invested the fortress, his evident object being to ac-

complish

when

this,

the

first enterprise

of his reign, before the spring,

the roads would be open for the advance of the Imperial

army. J 1

See supra, p. 87.

123

LXV.

'AMAL-I SALIH OP

MUHAMMAD

SA'LIH KAMBU'.

[This, like the other histories of the reign of Shah Jahan,

sometimes called Shah Jahdn-nama.

Emperor from

reign of that

(1665

doubt that he

his birth to his death in

Salih was is

Mir Muhammad Miiman

'Abdu-lla,

MushMn

fine writer.

the Persian

title

were not only list

mander

kalam, whose

Muhammad

fine writers,

shows him

Salih was

known

to

Mir

have

also

as a poet

but accomplished Hindi singers. Salih

is

by

Both brothers In

put down as com-

of five hundred.

tion in the East.

'Abdu-1

were, he says, sons of

title

Muhammad

The 'Amal-i Salih is a

Hamid

It

Shah Jahan

valuable history, and has a good reputa-

is

not so long as the Bddshdh-ndma of

and- Muhammad Waris, and

The

the same petty details. of

Mir Muhammad

Kashfi and the Hindi Suhhdn.

of mansabddrs,

little

Sdlih he himself mentions in

Salih and

the

1076 a.h.

a fine scribe,^ so there can be

Muhammad

the

of the noted caligraphists of his time.

list

been a

is

a history of the

A.D.).

Muhammad his

It is

latter part of

after his deposition, is

it it,

very

does not enter into

devoted to the brief,

life

and notices

only the tragic deaths of his sons and his own peaceful decease.

The

style is polished,

and often highly wrought and

rhetorical.

At the end of the work the author has added biographical notices of the saiyids, shaikhs,

and a

fine writers

list

of princes, nobles,

their respective ranks.

gentleman,

is

learned men, physicians, poets,

who were contemporary with Shah Jahan. Also

a foUo 13

and commanders, arranged according

A in.

x

9,

containing about 1000 to 1200

pages.] '

to

borrowed MS., belonging to a native

See supra, p.

5.

MUHAMMAD SALIH

124

KAMBU".

extracts.

Year

Thirty-first

Death of \}

of the Eeign.

Marddn Khan.

'All

Umara 'All Mardan Khan, being ill with

Amiru-1

dysentery,

started for Kashmir, the air of which country suited his constitution, but

he died on his way on the 12th

Ibrahim Khan and the buried

it

in the

highest dignity

;

tomb

rupees.

2

* * His sons,

He

of his mother.

was a noble of the

he held a mansah of 7000 with 7000 horse,

5000 do-aspas and dams.

E,ajab.

brought his corpse to Lahore, and

others,

He

sik-aspas.

had an in'dm of one kror of

Altogether his emoluments amounted to thirty

His death caused the Emperor great

Mu'azzam Khan joins Aurangzeh.

fortresses belonging to Bijdpur.

lacs of

grief.]

Capture of several

Defeat of 'A dil

Khans army.

[Mu'azzam Khan departed from Court, and marched with the army under his command to Prince Aurangzeh, whom he joined on the 12th Rabi'u-s sani.

On

the same day the Prince, making

no delay, marched on his enterprise with

and his own

followers.

There he

reached Ohandor. force of

matchlockmen,

and provide Bidar.

supplies.

all

the Imperial forces

In the course of fourteen days he left

Wall Mahaldar Khan with a

keep open the communications

etc., to

Next day he encamped under the

fort of

This fortress was held by Sidi Marjdn, an old servant of

Ibrdhim 'Adil Khdn. for thirty years,

He had

been commander of the fortress

and had kept

it

fully

armed and ready.

had under him nearly 1000 horse and 4000 of musketeers, rocketmen and gunners.

The

and works were carefully looked

after,

paration for sustaining a siege.

As soon

'

See supra, pp. 64, 67.

"^

He

infantry, consisting

bastions

and walls

and he made every preas Prince

See supra, p. 117.

Aurangzeh

'AMAL-I SALIH.

reached the place, he resolved to reduce

was 4500 yards and

it

125 This strong fortress

it.

(dara') in circumference,

and twelve yards high

had three deep ditches twenty-five yards

(gaz) wide,

;

and

yards deep cut in the stone. The Prince went out with Mu'azzam Kh4n and reconnoitered the fort on all sides. He

fifteen

and named the

settled the places for the lines of approach,

which were to maintain them.

kept up from the bastions and the

days Mu'azzam

Khdn and

forces

Notwithstanding the heavy citadel, in

fire

the course of ten

the other brave commanders pushed

their

guns up to the very edge of the ditch and began to

up.

Several times the garrison sallied forth and

made

fill it

fierce

attacks upon the trenches, but each time they were driven back

The

with a great loss in killed and wounded. fire of their

besiegers

by the

guns destroyed two bastions and battered down the

battlements of the wall.

On the 23rd Jumada-s sdni,

Muhammad Murad, sallied

in the thirty-first year of the reign,

with a body of musketeers and other

As

from his trenches to make the assault.

forces,

soon as he

reached the bastion opposite the trench of Mu'azzam Khdn, he planted scaling ladders in several places, and ascended the wall.

Marjan, the commandant, had dug a great hole in the rear of this

bastion,

and

had

grenades (hukka).

filled

With

with gunpowder, rockets and

it

and

his eight sons

followers he stood near this bastion,

and determination endeavoured to through the good fortune which

all his

resist the assault.

at

all

above-mentioned hole, and ignited the gunpowder. explosion followed, which destroyed his sons

escaped the explosion bore

The brave

and raised the

into the

tremendous

of the enemy.

Sidi

Those who

his sons back into the citadel.

assailants took advantage of this accident,

into the fortress on all sides, they resisted,

many

fell

A

were severely burnt.

him and

Just then,

times attends the royal

arms, * * a rocket directed against the besiegers

Marjdn and two of

personal

and with the greatest courage

and pourino-

down all who The commandant of

killed or bore

flag of victory.

*

*

the fortress, with great humility, sued for quarter, and as he was

MUHAMMAD SALIH

126

KAMBIT.

mortally wounded and unable to move, he sent his sons with the fortress. They were graciously received by the who presented them with IchWats, and promised them the

keys of the Prince,

Imperial favour.

On

the day after the giving up the keys, the

Prince entered the city, and proceeding to a mosque which had

been built two hundred years before, in the reign of the Bahmani Sultans, he caused the hhutba to be read in the

Emperor. * * This strong

Twelve

seven days.

lacs of

name

was thus taken

fortress

rupees in money, and eight

rupees in lead, gunpowder, stores, and

of the

in twentylacs

oi

munitions of a

other

were obtained, besides two hundred and thirty guns.

fortress,

Bidar

is

a pleasant, well-built city, and stands on the borders

of Telingana.

It is related in the histories of

Hindustan, that

Bidar was the seat of government of the Rais of the Dakhin, and that the Rals of the Karnatik, Mahratta (country), and Telingana

were subject to the Rai of Bidar.

Daman, the beloved

Nala of Malw4, whose story Shaikh Faizi has told entitled

Bidar.

of

in the

King

poem

Nal o Daman, was daughter of Bhim Sen, the marzbdn of Sultan Muhammad, son of Sultan Tughlik, first sub-

dued the

place.

After that,

Bahmanis, and subsequently Bijapiir.

By

the

it

passed into the hands of the

Kings of

into the possession of the

favour of

God,

it

now forms

part of the

Imperial dominions. Intelligence reached the Prince that large bodies of the forces of

'Km Khan

war.

He

were collecting at Kulbarga, and preparing

consequently sent Mahabat

Khan

with

well-mounted veteran cavalry to chastise these leave one trace of cultivation in that country.

and habitation was

made a

to be

fifteen

forces,

and not

Every

to

buildino-

thrown down, and the land was

dwelling for the owls and kites.

for

thousand

to be

The Khan had not

o-ot

from Bidar, when, in the middle of the next day, two thousand of the enemy's horse, at about three kos from the far

Imperial army, seized a number of bulkcks, belongin"- to the

Banjaras, while they were grazing, and were driving them off to their quarters. Mu'azzam Khdn and * * led a detachment of 'the

'AMALrl SALIH.

Imperial forces after them, to

inflict

took the enemy, killed a great

difficulty,

Such

chastisement upon them, and

Pressing forward with

release the cattle.

the cattle.

of the

and the royal

who had advanced very was paralyzed, and

enemy

many as

speed, they over-

all

of them,

when he heard

fled in consternation in,

Afzal,

of this disaster,

from Kalyani, without

and

fell

back upon his

Mahabat Khan then ravaged Kalydni, and

other forces.

coii-

Every day the black-coated masses of the

tinued his march.

enemy appeared

all

with great

off

The wretched

forces returned.

boldly,

and rescued

escaped made

even waiting for the fugitives to come

On

127

in the distance,

the 8th Rajab, Jan

but they continued to retreat, * *

Muhammad

and Afzal and Eustara,

the son of Randaula, and others of the enemy, with about 20,000 horse,

made

their appearance near the royal

bold and insolent. * * Mahabat

Khan

Subhdn Singh, and marched out

army, and were very

left his

camp

in charge of

The enemy

against them.

began to discharge rockets upon the right wing under the com-

mand

of Diler

was a good all

Khan, and a

soldier

;

battle followed. * *

filled

Khan

with dismay and

and many of the

victors followed in close pursuit,

him from

Diler

enemy with such fled. The

So he charged the

impetuosity that they were

to

Khan and

parts of the field, he saw that Ikhlas

were hard pressed. * *

by

Mahdbat Khdn

and when reports were brought

fugitives fell

their swords.

Aurangzeb, having

left

Mu'azzam Khan and Ikbdl Khan

charge of Bidar, on the 23rd Rajab marched against Kalydni.

in

On

the 29th he reached that place, and on the same day he reconnoitered the fortress and invested

it.

* *

On

the 8th Sha'bdn the

approaches were advanced to the edge of the ditch, and the besieged were hard pressed. over

the

When

enemy.

\_Several actions

The country ravaged.

the ditch was

filled

with

stones

with and victories

Kulharga

and

earth,

occupied.l

and the

and ramparts had been well battered, on the 27th the assailants placed their ladders and mounted a bastion which had

bastions

been

much damaged, and began

to

undermine and throw down

MUHAMMAB SALIH KAMBU.

128

The besieged made a

the wall.

and kept up a

gallant resistance,

heavy discharge of rockets, arrows, and muskets.

and trusses of burning straw were thrown from

naphtha-balls,

But the

the top of the walls. victory was not far

with 2500

men

At

off.

assailants pressed bravely on,

felt

himself in

and on the 29 th wrote a

letter

Most

of the

begging for forgiveness and offering to surrender.

Musulmdns,

and

Dilawar Habshi, who

this juncture

held the place for 'Adil Khan,

great danger of destruction,

garrison were

Grenades,

commandant and

so the

all

his

men

were allowed to march out with their property and their wives

and

On

families.

fortress

the 1st Zi-1 ka'da, 1068, the keys of the

were given up, and the Prince entered and had the

The commandant sought and obtained permission

khutba read.

to go to Bijapur.J

Illness

of the Emperor.

[Suddenly, on the 1st Zi-1 ka'da, 1067 A.H., the Emperor was attacked with serious illness in the form of strangury, constipation

and other sympathetic to worldly affairs.

affections, so that

Physicians tried

all

but in vain, for the disorder increased. the health of the *

valescent,

*

Emperor had and great

Thirty-second

so

he was unable to attend

the remedies of their art, *

*

In Safar, 1068,

improved that he was con-

rejoicings followed.]

Year

of the Reign.

[In the eyes of his father the Emperor, Prince Dara Shukoh

was superior to his brothers both in merit and age.

When

his

other sons departed to their respective governments, the Emperor,

from excessive love and to

go away from him.

and

affection for the

dignity.

*

partiality,

He

also

would not allow Dara Shukoh evinced the greatest partiality

Prince, providing

for

his

honour

and

*

Shah Buland IkbM (Dara Shukoh) took upon himself

to

'AMAL-I SALIE.

the direction of affairs of State, and induced His

interfere in

Majesty to do

many

He

turbances.

129

unwise things which tended to create

dis-

urged that Mur^d Bakhsh had diverged from

the path of rectitude, and had not ceased to act improperly.

was therefore advisable to remove him from the &bad, and to settle upon

him the jdgir

stiba of

It

Ahmad-

If he obeyed

of Birdr.

the Emperor's order and proceeded to Birar, his offences might be forgiven and clemency be extended to him.

and

of foresight

But

if,

from want

he should prove refractory and

intelligence,

disobey the orders, he should be

brought to Court under restraint.

chastised

suitably

and be

Dar4 Shukoh then spoke

of

Prince Aurangzeb, and represented that a party of intriguers

had

artfully led

him

astray,

that he had been worsted

and nolens

by

volens

had persuaded him

the malice and revenge of his

brother (Dara Shukoh), and that he should get the assistance of his brother

He

(Murdd Bakhsh), who had

upon

resolved

rebellion.'

should then march with the splendid army under his com-

mand

to the capital, under the pretence of paying a visit to his

and wherever he passed he should subvert the authority

father,

To

of the Government.

carry out his aims Aurangzeb had set

himself to win over to his side the great nobles of the State,

some of whom he had made ing to

effect

his object

his own,

by

secret

cast off his obedience

that the

reduction

be

Mulk he had

and

the raising of forces,

won over by it

the

his

received

spent without permission in

would not be long before he would

and commence a war.

money which he had it

It

was to be hoped

farmdm

from the Dakhin. 1

Here the MSS.

received as tribute

would be a great danger

would be almost impossible

be done was to send forces

before

army which had been sent by the Emperor for the of Bijdpur, and was now with Aurangzeb, might not

assuredly, if this were so,

which

it

communications

The money which he had

designs should become public. as tribute from Kutbu-1

and that he was endeavour-

to avert.

recalling all

Then a strenuous differ,

and the meaning

The

;

for

to the State, first

thing to

the nobles and their effort is

should be made

not certain.

MUHAMMAD SALIH

130

By

to get possession of the treasure.

KAMB17. these

means the strength

and greatness of the Prince would be diminished, and the and

allies,

the strength of his cause, would

fall

friends

away. * *

Although the Emperor showed no haste in adopting these

He

views, he was quite willing to send the letters. resist

the influence Prince

could not

Dark had obtained over him.

purport above described were sent

letters of the unpleasant

So

ofiF

by

The messengers

the hands of some of the Imperial messengers.

reached Prince Aurangzeb as he was engaged in directing the operations against Bijapur, and he had the place closely invested.

The

arrival of the messengers disturbed the

and greatly incensed the Prince; of the nobles, off to j^gra

so,

much

Mahabat Khan, Rao Sattar

without leave or notice.

was the head and director of

minds of the

Sal,

and

others,

Mu'azzam Khan

went

who

also,

this campaign, acted in a

and respect he owed,

Some

confusion arose.

ungenerous and foolish way, and wanted to go regardless of the duty

soldiers,

very

off to Agra,, quite

to the Prince.

This want of support from his followers, and the anxiety he felt

about the Emperor, led the Prince to accept the proposals of

the people of Bijapur.

Having

marched towards Aurangabad

;

sent messengers in a courteous

him

to

come and have an

to the invitation,

settled this difficult matter, he

and as soon as he arrived

way i

interview.

and acted in a manner unworthy of a great

So the Prince ordered Prince Sultan with

all

arrived,

Muhammad

speed and use every expedient to bring the

When

presence.

there, he

Mu'azzam Khdn, desiring The Khan would not hsten

to

noble.

to set forth

Khan

to his

the directions were carried out, and the

Khan

Aurangzeb immediately provided

and sent him prisoner to the his treasure, elephants

fort of

for his punishment,

Daulatdbad.

He

seized

all

and other property, and gave them into the

charge of the State treasurers.] '

[Az ruh

i

moddrii,

of dissimulation!"]

which may mean either " by way of

coxirtesy

" or " by way

'AMAL-I SALIF.

131

Rdjd Jaswant. [After the defeat of to

Shah

Shuja', and the return of Aurangzeb

Agra, the Emperor sent a force * * to

ment upon Rdja Jaswant. resist, in his

to

The Raja

inflict

salutary punish-

feeling himself unable to

great perplexity and alarm, sent some of his servants

Dara Shukoh, who, previous

had arrived

to the Edja's flight,

Ahmadabad, and, without waiting

at

from his toilsome

to recover

journey through the sandy desert, was busily occupied in gathering forces. * *

Dara Shukoh, having

satisfied

himself by taking

from the promise-breaking Raj4 a covenant which the Rdjd confirmed with the most solemn Hindu pledges^ marched towards

The Emperor was meanwhile moving towards Rajd

his country.

Jas want's territory, and he wrote the Raja a

letter, in

postulations and threats were mingled with kindness.

greatly alarmed the Rajd, so that he departed from

turned

to- his

own

Making use

country.

he wrote a penitent and submissive forgiveness for his offences

;

of

re-

Emperor, begging

and the Emperor

in his clemency

Ahmadabad, and

him afarmdn, bestowing honours and promising

Fate of the Princes

letter

Dara and

Mirza Rajd Jai Singh,

letter to the

forgave him, granted him. the subaddri of

which exThis

sent

favours.]

Sulaimdn Shukoh, Sultan

Muhammad

and Murdd Bakhsh. [The zaminddr of Srinagar, having consented Prince Sulaiman Shukoh, sent him son.

Two

Emperor's

days after his presence,

arrival, the

who

along with Prince Sultan

to surrender

to Court in the custody of his

directed

Prince was brought into the that

Muhammad,

on

the morrow

should be sent to the

of Gwalior, and that both should be fed with kolmdr} * *

sons of

'AH Naki, who had a charge

against

Murad Bakhsh

he, fort

The for

the murder of their father, were sent to Grwalior, with directions, that after a lawful '

judgment had been given, the

retaliation for

[Otherwise called pusU, a slow poison prepared from poppies.]

;

MUHAMMAD SALIH

132

KAMBtT.

When

blood should be exacted from tbe Prince.

they arrived

was made by the Kazi. The Prince was and said, " If the Emperor will accept my

at Gwdlior, an inquiry

resigned to his fate,

my

pledges and spare

but

if

he

no harm

life,

resolved to take

is

to such low fellows as these.

he

On

likes."

will

happen to hia throne

my life, there is no good in listening He has the power, and can do what

the 21st Rabi'u-s sani, 1072, under the orders of

the Kazi, two slaves killed the Prince with two blows of their swords.

He

was buried in the

fort

In the month of

of Gwalior.

Shawwal Prince Sulaiman Shukoh died from the treatment his jailors, in the thirtieth year of his age,

of

and was buried beside

Murad Bakhsh.J

SHAH-JAHXN-NAMAS. [Besides the

Shdh-Jahdn-ndmas noticed

borrowed by Sir H. M. abstract of the lengthy

Lahori.

at length, there are

several others bearing the

Elliot,

Shdh-Jahdn-ndma "

(the

among

same

title.

the 1.

MSS.

"An

Bddshdh-ndma) ot 'Abdu-1 Hamid

This was written in 1225 a.h. (a.d. 1810), by

Muhammad

ZShid.

2.

A

fragment of another and lengthy Shdh-Jahdn-ndma, by Mirz& JalSlu-d din Tab^tabS.. 3.

A short work by Bhagw^n D^

Jah&n, beginning with Adam. This

is

called

4.

which gives brief notices of the ancestors of Sh&li

A

poem by Mirzl Muhammad JSn Mashhadi.

Shdh-Jahdn-ndma, but the

appear to be Zafar-ndma.

hammad Tahya

K&sbl.]

5.

title

given to

it

by the author would rather

Another Shdh-Jahdn-nama in

verse,

by Mir Mu-

133

LXVI.

OP

MUHAMMAD [The author of Sadik, who was Jahan

this history of

Wdki'-navis in

Shah Jah^n was Muhammad attendance upon Prince Shah

campaign against the Ean4 during the hfe of

in hrs

He

Jahangir.

S^DIK KHKN.

afterwards received the

The work embraces

title

SMik Khdn.

of

the reign of Shdh Jahan " from his accession

to the throne unto the termination of the coni5nement into which

he

fell

work

through the stupidity of Dara Shukoh."

in the British

Museum

A

copy of the

ends with the deposition of Shah

Jahan, but the author adds that the deposed monarch lived eight years in captivity.

Sir

H.

Elliot's

MS.

goes on without any

break to the end of the reign of Aurangzeb all

this,

Scldik

Khdn must have

;

bnt to have written

lived over

a century.

The

history of the reign of Aurangzeb turns out to be the same as that of the Muntakhahu-l

Lubdh of Khdfl Khan, with some

slight variations, not greater perhaps

various

The style.

Khafi Jahan. called

MSS. history

of that work.' is

of moderate extent, and

Similarity

Khan

than Col. Lees found in

or identity in

is

many

written in a simple

passages shows that

used the work for his history of the reign of Shdh

There

is

also

among

Sir

H. M. Elliot's MSS. one by the same author.

Tabakdt-i Shdh-Jahdni, written

This consists of notices of the great and distinguished the reign of

Shdh Jahan.

The names

notices are short.] 1

men

of

are numerous, but the

Journal Royal Asiatic Society, n,s. vol.

iii.

p. 473.

134

LXVII. MAJA'LISU-S SALATI'N OP

MUHAMMAD SHARfF HANAFf. The

Majdlisu-s Saldtin, or " Assemblies of the Sultans," was

written by for writing

Muhammad it is,

wade through long

The reason he

Sharif Hanafi.

that no one

had courage enough

histories, especially

assigns

in his time to

mentioning those of Zia

Barni, Kazi 'Ajaz Badshahi, and 'Abdu-1 Kadir, which are each

works of considerable

size,

and he therefore determined, notwith-

standing his constant avocations, to write an abridged history of India.

In the midst of a hundred interruptions, he set himself

to the work, but, short as resolution to complete

was nearly making

it,

it

is,

he was nearly

failing in his

and " a wind arose occasionally which

his pen fly

away

like

and converting his paper into a flying

an ari-ow from a bow,

kite."

At

last

he asked

his spiritual teachers for their aid

and countenance, and through

their encouragement he brought

to

The same

irresoloition

it

a completion.

and want of

leisure

seem to have

deprived us of the account of his travels, which, as will be seen

from one of the following extracts, extended to a distance quite unusual

in his days.

He had

travelled from

Madura

in Southern

India to Kashmir, and had dwelt for some time in the inter-

mediate countries

;

and he

tells

us that

if

he had recorded

wonderful things he had seen, he might have volumes.

He

filled

all

the

a thousand

was employed in some public capacity during the

whole time that he was making these tours, he was a person of no mean consideration.

for

he

signifies that

MAJALISIJ-S SAlATriT.

The work was composed reign, in the year

gram

at the close

135

in the early part of

Shdh Jahdn's

1038 a.h. (1628 a.d.), according to a chronoof the work in which the date is recorded.

The Majdlisu-s Saldtm is not divided following abstract will show the pages dynasties and reigns commence and end.

into chapters, but the

where the

principal

CONTENTS. Preface, pp. 1 to 3.

The Ghaznivides, pp. 4 to 11. The Ghorians and subsequent Dehli

dynasties, pp. 11 to 121.

Babar, pp. 121 to 123.

Humayun, Sher Khan, Akbar, pp. 193

etc.,

pp.

124

to 193.

to 200.

Jahangir, pp. 200 to 206.

Kingdoms of the Dakhin, Kashmir, etc., pp. 207 to 258. Size — 12mo. containing 258 pages, each of 9 lines. The copy from which the following Extracts are taken one of the Royal Libraries at Lucknow.

know

I

is

in

of no other.

[The Extracts were translated by a munshi and corrected by Sir

H. M.

Elliot.J

EXTRACTS. Anecdotes of '

After some time,

Bahrdm Abiya,

Muhammad

intelligence

was

Tughlik.

brought

that

Malik

the adopted brother of Sultan Tughlik Shdh,

in Multan, and put 'Ali Akhti to death, whom Muhammad 'Adil had sent with orders to summon the rebel.

had revolted Sultan

The Sultan, with a view

to subdue the rebellion,

marched from

Daulatabad towards Dehli, and thence reached Multdn by successive marches.

was defeated and

Malik Bahram came out slain.

to oppose him, but

His head was brought

to the Sultan,

who was about to order a general massacre of the inhabitants of Multdn, and make streams of blood flow, when the staff of the '

See supra, Vol. III.

p.

242.

' ;

MUHAMMAD SHAErF HANAFf.

136

Hakk, came bare-headed

world, the most religious Shaikhu-1

to

the King's court, and stood before him soliciting pardon for the

The Sultan

people.

forgave

them

man.

for the sake of that holy

In short, this King called himself

just,

and generally

before

executing persons he certainly did refer the case for the decree of the expounders of the law. of him, that one day, having put on his shoes,

It is said

he

went on

Kamalu-d

of Kazi

to the court

foot

Chief Justice, and told him that Shaikh-zdda

him unjust; he demanded

that he should be

din,

Jam had

the

called

summoned and

required to prove the injustice of which he accused him, and that if he could not prove

it,

he should be punished according Shaikh-zada Jam, when he

the injunctions of the law.

to

The Sultan he had made the assertion. inquired his reason, to which he replied, " When a criminal is arrived, confessed that

brought before you,

it is

him, justly or unjustly his wife

and children

they like with them. If this

is

;

entirely at

to the executioners that

In what religion

not injustice, what

and when he

left

your royal option to punish

but you go further than this, and give

is it?

"

they

is this

may do what

practice lawful ?

The Sultan remained

silent

the court of the Kazi, he ordered the Shaikh-zada

and on his journey to Daulat-

to be imprisoned in an iron cage,

abad he took the prisoner with him on the back of an elephant.

When

he returned

to Dehli,

on passing before the court of the

Kazi, he ordered the Shaikh-z4da to be brought out of the cage

and cut

to pieces.

Hence

He

opposite qualities.

unjust."

There are

it

was

many

may

be learnt that he possessed very

called

similar stories of the atrocities he

Tyranny took the

committed.

that of Islam.

At

to the next world,

last

by the common people " the

place of justice,

and

when he was

in the vicinity of Thatta, on the

21st Muharram, a.h. 752 (20th March, 1351 a.d.). of his reign '

infidelity

he was seized with fever, and departed

The

period

was twenty-seven years.

A few years later we find the

Sultkn Kulf Kutb

Eija of Golkonda imprisoned in an iron cage by

Sh&h.— Briggs' FirMta,

vol.

iii.

p. 374.

MAJALISU-S SALAITN.

Accession of

When

-

Shah Jahdn,}

Muhammad

Niiru-d din

Jah^ngir died,

Lord of the Conjunction, the

rightful heir,

was

in the

Shah Jahan, was

entitled

137

,

Dakhin

the second

Shdh Khurram, who at a distance of three

months' journey from the place where the Emperor Jahangir had died.

It is well

known

to politicians that the throne of royalty

cannot remain vacant for a moment, and therefore the ministers of the government and the principal officers of the Court considered

of the

it

expedient to place Sultdn

Dawar Bakhsh,

Emperor Jah&ngir, upon the throne

the grandson

some days

for

;

and

thus to guard against mutinies and disturbances which might

They

otherwise arise.

defeated Shahriyar, who, through his

The King in Lahore. Emperor Shahabu-d din Muhammad Shah Jahan (may his dominions and reign increase, and may the world be benefited by his bounty and munificence !) also came with a powerful army vain ambition, had proclaimed himself

via Gujarat

and Ajmir, and soon arrived

at Kgr&,

the throne of sovereignty in the fort of i^igra on

7th

Jumada-I

of

Bahman

Akhir,

and distributed

;

May

subjects.

corresponding largesses

with

which was

He mounted

the seat of his and his forefathers' government.

Monday

the

25th

of

the

and rewards among his

the Almighty keep this generous and world-

conquering King under His protection and care

!

Revenues of Hindustan and the Dakhin. entered into the mind of this " most humble slave " to write a short account of the different provinces of

It also

of

God

Hindustan, and make

how much Jalalu-d

din

which

it

is

a portion of this small work, detailing

Muhammad Akbar

Jahdnglr, and into

Be

it

of this country was in possession of the Emperor

how many

and his

siibas it is

now

son

Nuru-d din

divided.

not concealed that the whole country of Hindustan,

known

to form one-fourth of the inhabited world, '

See supra, Vol. VI. p. 435.

and

MUHAMMAD SHARfF HANAFt.

138

reckoned as the largest of

the countries,

all

divided into

is

fourteen sMa^, or provinces. First, the Province of

Dehli

;

revenue upwards of 65,61,00,000

dams. Second, the Province of iigra, which

ment

;

the

Province

;

present revenue, 82,50,00,000 dams. Fourth,

Kabul, including

of

Mms.

25,00,00,000

the seat of govern-

Third, the Province of the

revenue 82,25,00,000 dams.

Panjab, or Lahore

is

Kashmir,

etc.

;

revenue

Province of the Dakhin, or

Fifth, the

Ahmadnagarj revenue 28,35,00,000 «/a«?s. Sixth, the Province of KhandeshandBirar; revenue 87,32,00,000 (faws. Seventh, the Province of

Malwa

revenue 28,00,00,000 dams.

;

Province of Gujarat

revenue 50,64,00,000 dams.

;

Eighth, the Ninth, the

Province of Bihdr, including Patn4 and Jaunpur; Tenth,

31,27,00,000 dams. dependencies

its

dependencies

;

revenue

Oudh with

its

Eleventh, the Pro-

revenue 23,22,00,000 dams.

;

Ajmir with

vince of

Province of

the

revenue 42,05,00,000

dams. Twelfth, the Province of Allahabad; revenue 30,70,00,000

dams.

Thirteenth, the Province of

Thatta and Bhakkar

revenue

;

;

Multan,

dams.

Four-

40,00,00,000

which

teenth, the Province of Bengal,

kingdoms

Sind, including

is

equal to two or three

revenue 50,00,00,000 dams.

The revenue

of

all

the territories under the Emperors of Dehli

amounts, according to the Royal registers, to six arbs and thirty hrors of dams.

One

arh

is

equal to a hundred krors (a kror being

ten millions), and a hundred krors of dams are equivalent to two krors

and

fifty lacs

of rupees.

Each

of the fourteen provinces

above mentioned formed the territory of a powerful king, and

was conquered by the sword of the servants of the Chaghat^is. Nine of these fourteen provinces have been visited by the poor compiler of this book, and the following

The Author

He

was born

years there.

in

s

is

a detail of them.

Travels.

the province of the Dakhin, and lived five

Though

it

is

mentioned as one province, yet the

MAJALISTJ-S SALAirN.

139

whole territory of the Dakhin, through which he travelled with

Ahmadnagar

his father, consists of five provinces. vince, Bijdpur

which

is

another, Golkonda

is

is

a third

a large territory extending as

one pro-

as Setband

far

Khandesh and

eshwar, forms a separate province,

is

the Karnatik,

;

Ram-

Birar, which

are in reality two *pro.vinces, though rated above only as one,

were visited throughout every space of their whole extent by the

who has

writer,

also travelled over the provinces of Gujarat,

Malwd, Ajmdr, Dehli, and Agra, Lahore,

or

By

Multan.

as well as those of the

Panjab

and Sind, which includes Thatta, Bhakkar and the favour of God, he possessed authority in

all

these provinces, and visited them as a person of consideration.

down the wonders and

If he were to mote

curiosities of all the

places he has seen, he would require to blacken paper equal to one

thousand volumes.

He

He

may, however,

has therefore avoided enlarging his work.

of the Karnatik, he arrived in city of Southern

ruler died

when

as well mention, that

company with

Mathura (Madura), where,

and went

to the

in the territory

his father at tlie

after a few days, the

This chief had 700

lowest hell.

wives, and they all threw themselves at the

same time into the

This event was related by the compiler of this book at

fire.

.

Burhdnpur, in the presence of the Nawab Khan-khanan, son of

Bairam Khan; but the Nawab did not

vakil of the

was

believe

also present at the court of the

Nawab

;

and when

were made of him respecting the truth of related the event exactly as the writer

entered

it

my

had done.

inquiries

assertion,

he

So the Nawab

in his note-book.

All the people of this territory are idolaters, and eat wild animals of the forest. there.

The

it.

Eaja of the Karnatik, whose name was Kaner Kai,

Occasionally a

by Nizam Shah, 'Adil all infidels.

There

is

all

the

not a single Musulraan

Musulm^n may visit the country, deputed Shah or Kutb Shah, but the natives are

The Madari malangs and

Sarandip and the

hill-fort of

the impression of

Adam's

jogis go

Ceylon, which

footstep

is

is

preserved.

by

this i-oad to

the place where

MUHAMMAD SHARIF HANAFI.

140

In A,H. 1031 the writer of this book visited the delightful land of Kashmir, when he accompanied the victorious camp of

who had an army

the Emperor

Nuru-d din

Muhammad

as

numerous

as the stars, viz.

Jah&ngir, and was in the immediate

service of the

most exalted and noble Nawab, the Great Khan,

the best of

the descendants of the chosen prophet, the chief

all

of the house of 'All, a

nobleman of high rank and dignity,

Kasim Khan, may God

preserve

him

!

viz.

J

141

LXVIII.

TT^EfKH-I MUFAZZALI' OP

MUFAZZAL KHAN. [This

is

a general history of considerable length, written by Saiyid

Mufazzal Khan. It begins with the Creation, and comes down

1077 A.H. (1666

A

A.D.), the tenth year of the reign of

to

Anrangzeb.

copy of the Table of Contents from another MS. brings the

work down

to the time of

Farrukh Siyar.

into seven makdlas or sections, the sixth

devoted to India.

The work

is

divided

and seventh of which are

In the account of Ndsiru-d din Kubdcha

it

gives an epitome of the Chach-ndma, which was transla.ted into

Persian under his patronage.'-

It is

an extensive work of nearly

a thousand pages, seventeen lines to the page.

The

following

Extracts, apparently translated by a munshi, have been revised

by

Sir

H. M.

Elliot.

EXTRACTS. ^

When Shah

Jahan mounted the throne

at Agra, all

officers of State came to pay their respects to him, but

Jahan Lodi, who was one of the

the

Khan-

greatest officers under the late

Emperor Nnru-d din Muhammad Jahdngir, did not attend the Court on the plea of

illness.

This was Tery displeasing to His

Majesty, and when at last he did attend the Court, he spoke in a very disrespectful tone, which greatly excited His Majesty's anger.

As

a punishment for his insolence, an order was given to level

his house with the ground.

Being informed of page 131.

1

Supia, Vol.

•'

See supri, page

I.

7.

it,

he

fled

imme^

MUFAZZAL

142

KHAjST.

and property, and attempted

diately with his whole family

Ohambal, but was pursued by Raja Bahddur with a

cross the'

Ismat Khan, the son of Khan-Jahan Lodi, a boy

large force.

only twelve years of age, came to an engagement with this

and

to

killed

The

Ismat

of their general,

Khan was

slain,

officer

on the death

him with his own hand. made a vigorous attack upon the enemy. royalists,

but Khan-Jahan himself escaped and crossed

the river.

InA.H. 1040 (1G30 a.d.) the Emperor proceeded to the Dakhin,

and conquered many places

The

there.

which was the capital of the neighbouring

fort

of Daulatabad,

territory,

was taken

by Khan-khanan Muhammad Khan. Such a magnificent and beautiful the banks

of

constructed

by any

the

Jumna,

fort of red stone

that no building like

of the kings

who had ruled

monarch, which was

set

at the

with

all

built on

was ever

it

Besides

in India.

other magnificent works, the Peacock throne was

was prepared

was

made by

kinds of precious stones.

expense of nine krors nine

lacs

tiiis

It

and one

thousand rupees. Sa'du-Ua scholars,

Prince

Khan and Mudabbir Khan, who

were both good

were deservedly appointed ministers to the throne.

Dara Shukoh was married

to the

grand-daughter of

Sultan Parwez, and the nuptial ceremonies were performed with

pomp and splendour as was never witnessed before. The Mosque of Jama' Jahan-numa was built near

such

the fort

under the superintendence of Sa'du-lla Khan, at the expense of ten lacs of rupees.

Prince

Muhammad Murad Bakhsh was

Grovernorship

of

Ahmadabad

in

appointed to the

Gujarat, with

the grant of

an honorary dress and some jewels to the value of rupees

;

and Prince Aurangzeb Bahadur

of the Dakhin,

and a

hliiVat

all

Province

with a sarpcch, a horse, and jewels

to the value of five lacs of rupees,

were

five lacs of

to that of the

was granted to him.

They

ordered to go to their respective provinces, and the

Emperor himself came

to ^gra,

where he remained nine months.

TAnrKH-I MTJFAZZALr.

As he

and then returned to Dehli.

he amused himself on the way with

143

proceeded on his journey,

all

kinds of sports.

His Majesty had been pleased to assure the wife of Asaf

Khan,

his mother-in-law,

in the days of her pregnancy, that if she

brought forth a son, he would make him a mansabddr of 500O horse

and accordingly, when a son was born

;

conferred on the child under the

About the same time

title

and the

entire

Grovernment was placed in his hands.

by The country was

was declared

management of

The charge was

the Prince, but Providence had deter-

accordingly undertaken

mined otherwise.

rank was

Khan Bahddur.

Muhammad Dar4 Shukoh

to be the successor to the throne,

the

to her, the

of Shdyista

destined to be ruled by a

juster and better prince, and every circumstance which occurred in those

On

days combined to

assist

him

in obtaining the throne.

the 7th Zi-1 hijja, 1067 a.h. (Sept. 1657 a.d.), the

Shah Jahan, who in Dehli,

Emperor

shall henceforth be called 'Ala Hazrat, fell sick

and was unable

to attend the duties of the State.

Dara

Shukoh, the eldest Prince, intending to avail himself of the circumstance, so

managed that no news regarding the This gave

transpire.

Murad Bakhsh,

public affairs could

great disturbances in the country.

rise to

the fourth son of the Emperor,

who was

the

Governor of Gujarat, seated himself on the throne and declared himself independent.

Shah

Shuj^',

the second

Prince, also

Bengal and prepared an army.

followed the same course in

Dara Shukoh, being afraid of his brother Aurangzeb, prevailed upon the Emperor during his sickness to recall the forces which were with that Prince, first to

His object

out of his way, and then

He

Aurangzeb.

proceed to the Dakhin against

took His Majesty to Agra in the very height of

force under the

against

to

measure was

Murad Bakhsh,

and sent Raja Jai Singh with a royal army, and his

his illness,

own

in taking this

despatch the two rebel princes, Shuja' and

of his eldest sonSulaiman Shukoh,

He also ordered R4jd Jaswant Singh to army towards Malwa, the threshold of the prevent the enemy from advancing. This Hindi

Shah Shuja\

march with a Dakhin, to

command

large

MtTFAZZAL KHAN.

144

chief was one of the greatest

Rajds of Hindustan, and as he was

very nearly related to the Emperor, he had gained his confidence

and had obtained a few days before the

in a considerable degree,

of Mahardjd. * * *

title

Towards the end of the year 1067 of

Emperor's

the

when, in consequence

a.h.,

disturbances

sickness,

of the country, Bini Narain, Zaminddr of possession of the territory of

empire of Dehli.

by Jai

It

Bijai Singh,

arose in

Kuch

parts

all

Bihar, took

Kamrup, which belonged

to the

was also at the same time encroached upon

Raja of Kskm, who always considered his

To army was despatched by land under

dominions secure from the depredations of the royal army. protect

the

Kamrup,

command

a large

of Khan-khanan, who, considering the service very

important, obtained leave of the

and

left

after

His Majesty's accession

city of

Emperor

to depart immediately,

Khizrpur on the 13th of Rabi'u-l awwal, in the 4th year

Kuch Bihar on

to the throne,

and conquered the

the 27th of the same month.

After the

conquest he changed the name of the city to 'Xlamgimagar,

and on the 28th proceeded ghat.

After

five

to invade

the chief residence of the ruler of

An

6th of Sha'ban.

perty and cash, which the number of

Kskm by way

of Ghora-

months' exertions, the city of Karkalu, which

men

Asam, was taken on the

account of the immense booty, both in profell

killed

into the

hands of the

victors, as also of

on both sides in these

the rarities and wonders of

battles,

Kuch Bihar and Asdm,

and of

together

with a description of the vegetable and mineral products of the country, the manners and customs of the people,

and buildings,

is

and

fully given in the ''A'lamgir-ndma.

Emperor received the

their forts

When

the Kh4n-khanan, the general of the royal army, he

Muhammad Amin KhAn, and

great favour to his son,

him with

the grant of a khil'at in his

also received a

the

report of these important conquests from

farmdn

own

presence.

showed

honoured

The Khan

in approbation of his services,

and was

rewarded with an honorary dress, one kror of dams, and the insignia of the farmdn

and

fiigh.

145

LXIX. MIR-i^T-I 'i^LAM, MIR-i^T-I JAHA'N-NUMA', or

RAKHT^WAR These two

may

histories,

KHA'N.

though circulating under

different

names,

be considered as essentially one and the same.

Dr. Bernhard Dorn, at

the Preface to his " History

p. xv. of

of the Afghdns," describes the Mir-dt-i 'A'lam as a most valuable

by Bakhtawar Khan, who

universal history, written in Persian,

by

travel

and assiduous study had

of an historian.

by

Afghans

qualified himself for the task

Dr. Dorn mentions also that the history of the

which he

Ni'amatu-lla,

translated,

frequently

corresponds, word for word, with that found in the Mir-dt-i 'A'lam.

He

Museum

the British

:

" Section of

of a copy in

gives the following abstract

I.

—History

Lukmdn and

the Apostles

;

Daniel

of the Patriarchs

;

of the

of the Seven Sleepers

Barseesa, Samson, etc.

;

of the Israelite Kings

Hebrew Prophets ;

HI.

—History — History

;

and

of the ancient Sages, as Solon, Pytha-

;

:

after that follows

Persian Monarchs and of the Section II.

of Jesus

of some Saints, as Greorgius,

goras, Socrates, Diogenes, Plato, Aristotle, Pliny,

Ptolemy, Thales, Euclid

;

of

Yemen

Homer, Zeno,

the history of the

Kings.

Muhammad.

of the Khalifs of other Dynasties, as the

Saffdrides, etc.

IV.

—History

of

the

Roman and

the

Turkish

perors, etc. VOL.

VII.

10

Em-

;

:

BAKHTAWAR KHAN.

146

—History of the Sharifs of Mecca and Medina. VI. —^History of the Turkish Khans, YII. — History of Changiz Khan and Dynasties fran, VIII. — History of V.

Section

etc.

his successors.

in

different

Abu

Sultan

Bahddur Khdn.

Sa'id

of India follows, in which there

is

etc.,

After that,

a

after

history

the History of the Kings of

Dehli, from Shahdbu-d din to Ibrdhim Lodi

;

of the Kings of the

Dakhin, of Humayun, Sher Shah, Islam Shah, and 'Adil Shah of the Kings

Hum dy tin's Dow

also

of Bengal,

etc.

of Jaunpur, Kashmir,

;

;

etc.

c6nquest of Kabul." quotes the work as one of his authorities in his

Continuation of Firishta, and in the Preface to his third volume speaks of

man

it

as being

of letters,

who

composed by Nazir Bakhtawar Khan, a led a private

the

near Faridabad, within

life

a few miles of Agra, and states that

contains the history of

it

ten years of Aurangzeb.

first

This latter description corresponds with the Mir-dt-iJahdn-numd usually

author

met with is

in this country

;

and though the name of the

the same in both instances,

evident that Dr. Dorn's

it is

and Colonel Dow's descriptions of the portions devoted history can scarcely refer to the same work. of the several books differ in

many

The

to Indian

contents also

respects, as will be seen from

the following abstract of the Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd, which in India

;

the same in substance, there

Dorn's description

is

found

and a Conclusion.

reason to apprehend that Dr.

is

defective in

The Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd is {A'rdish),

is

but as there can be no doubt that the two works are

some

particulars.

divided into a Preface, seven Books

These are subdivided into several

Sections {namdish and pairdish) and Sub-sections {namud), of

which the following

is

all

a full detail

CONTENTS. Preface.

Introduction

and

— Gives an

earth, their inhabitants

account of the creation of the heaven

—the Jinns,

Iblis, etc.

— ;;

MIE-AT-I -A'LAM.

147

—

Book I. History of the patriarchs, philosophers and kings In who flourished before the dawn of Muhammadanism.

— Chapter

four Chapters.

Ancient Philosophers.

— Section

iii.

3.

The Peshdadians. The Muluku-t Tawaif iv. The

Sections.

—

—

—

2. On On the Patriarchs. On the Kings of Persia. In

1.

Akdsiras.

Book

i.

—

—Chapter History — An account

—

Muhammad,

of

five

The Kai^nians. S4s4nians. v. The ii.

of the dependencies of

4.

II.

—

the

his

Yaman.

exploits,

his

character and miracles, his descendants and wives, his successors

and Im^ms, some of

who expounded

thirteen Chapters.

—

his exploits.

—

— Chapter

Imams.

—

whose

names

The ten

7.

are

6.

The

disciples.

given

followers of

Muhammad

great Imams.

—

read the Kuran.

An

1.

—

—

8.

Friends of

—

—

6.

The

Muhammad

order.

and their dependents.

In

and

His wives.

3.

four Khalifas.

first

alphabetical

in

Muhammad

account of

His character and miracles.

2.

descendants. —

His

4.

and dependents, the learned men

his friends

the religion, the Sufias and Mashaikhs.

—

10.

9.

The

The

four

The seven persons who were appointed to 12. The great expounders of the Kuran, the

11.

—

descent of the holy mantle, the different orders of the sects of

pounders of the Kurdn.

—

— Section

In three Sections.

the Shaikhs.

—

ii.

The

The

great

ex-

—

The different orders and sects of the Shaikhs. Chapter The holy men of Arabia and Persia, the celebrated saints of

iii.

13.

Hindustdn, and the Section

i.

Persia.

—

On ii.

Book III.

Muhammadan

doctors.

the Shaikhs and the holy

The

Muhammadan

celebrated

—

iii.

The

doctors.

Mecca and Medina

Tawdif.

The 'Abbaside

—

ii.

The

;

the

Khalifas.

—

Saffarians.

3.

—

—

the Caesars of Riim

;

Kh4ns

of the Turks

The 'Ummayides. The kings who were con-

In eight Chapters.

temporary with the 'Abbasides. Tdhirians.

of Arabia and

— The 'Ummayides, 'Abbasides, and those kings who

the Sharifs of

Mduku-t

In three Sections.

men

of Hindustan.

Saints

were contemporary with the 'Abbasides

2.

i.

preservation of the holy mantle.

1.

— —

In eleven Sections. iii.

The Samanians.

i.

The

iv.

The

— BAKHTAWAE EHAN.

148

—

Ghaznivides.

The Ghorians.

v.

—

The Buwaihides

vi.

or

—

—

viii. The Khwarizm-shahis. vii. The Saljukians. The Atabaks. x. The Isma'ilians. xi. The Karakhitdis

Dailamis.

—

ix.

— Chapter

of Kirman.

—

—

On

4.

the Kings

—

of

Eum.

In eight

The Kaiasaras, ii. The Saljukians who Sections. iv. The Salikia Kings ruled in Eum. iii. The Danishmandias. who governed in i!^zurbaijan and Eum. v. The Salikia or Mankuchakia Kings who ruled in Azurbdijan and Kamakh. Section

i.

—

—

—

Malatiya and Abulistan. — The Karamans.— The out of respect Khwandgars. — The Ottomans who — Chapter The Sharifs of Mecca and Medina. — The Khans In four of the Turks. —Section History of Turk, rulers of

vii.

vi.

are called

viii.

6.

5.

Sections.

of Yafis

son ii.

—

Niih, and

(Japhet), son of

Tatar and his descendants. iv.

—

i.

iii.

descendants.

his

Moghul and

his descendants.

— Claapter Changiz seven Sections. — Section

Lanjar Ka-an and his descendants.

Khan and

descendants.

his

Changiz Khan.

—

ii.

In

7.

i.

Descendants of Changiz

Khan who

Ulugh-yurat, which was the seat of his government.

who

descendants

Kipchak.

—

iv.

KhAn

obtained the rank of

ruled in

—

iii.

His

in the desert of

His descendants who obtained the same rank

the country of fran.

—

v.

The Khans

of

in

Turan who were the

descendants of Chaghatai Khan, son of Changiz Khan.

—

vi. The The Khans of Kashohar who were the descendants of Chaghatai Khan, son of Changiz Khan. Chapter 8. Muluku-t Tawaif, who reigned in fran after Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan. In five Sections. Section i. The

Shaibania Kings.

Chtibanians.

Ishak

Injii

—

ii.

—

vii.

The

flkanians.

and the Muzaffarides.

—

— iv.

—

iii.

Amir Shaikh

The Kurt Kings.

—

Abii-l v.

The

Sarabdarians.

Book IV. Turan Kings. dants rulers

;

— Tiniur and his descendants who ruled in Tran and

the Kdrd-kuinlu and Ak-kiiinlu rulers

—Chapter

;

^

the Safawiya

Tfmur and his descenwho governed in Tran and Turdn. 2. The Giirgdnian who ruled in trkn and Khurasan. 3. The Kdrd-kuinlii In four Chapters.

1.

— —

'

See supr^, Vol. IV.

p. 299.

MiE-AT-I 'ALAM. Kings.

—

The Safawiyd Kings who

4.

149 occupy the throne of

still

the country of trkn.

Book V. Hindus

—An account of Hindustan

at present the

khutba

An

Emperor.

On

religious notions of the

;

Sultans of Dehli and other parts of Hindustan, where

;

is

name

read and coin struck in the

Introduction and nine Chapters.

of the

—Introduction.

the religious notions of the Hindus, history of some of the

Eais of Hindustan, and the dawn of country.

—Chapter

Kings

1.

— Section

i.

The 'ImM-Shahis.— iv.

— Gujarat. — of Thatta. —

Khanis.

Chiefs of

2.

6.

i.

of

Kings

Princes of Bengal.

F^rdkis of Khandesh.— 8. The Rulers of Kashmir.

Muhammad Babar

Emperor Shah Jahan.

—

9.

— Chapter

The Rulers

—Section

— The Gurganians who ruled in Hindustcin from the

time of Zahiru-d din

Babar.

—

3.

In two Sections.

MilwL—7. The

Eastern Kings of Jaunpur.

Book VI.

—

— Chapter

Rulers of Multdn.

ii.

In

Rulers of the Dakhin.

—

Kutbu-1 Mulkis.

vi.

2.

din

The Bahmanis. ii. The Baridis. iii. The Nizdmu-1 Mulkis.— v. The 'Adil-

4. Chiefs of Sind.

—6.

—

in this

Shahabu-d

from

Dehli

of

Ghorl to Sultdn Ibrahim Lodi. six Sections.

Muhammadanism

In five Chapters.

Humayiin.

—

3.

Akbar.

—

the reign of the

to

—Chapter

1.

Jahangir.

4.

History of

—

5.

Shah-

jahdn.

— Account of Aurangzeb — Chapter His history from the time of

Book VII. Chapters.

qualities

and character

empire

his contemporary rulers, in five Sections.

His character.

—

ii.

;

His

his

—

v.

The

Sections.

—

author's

time.

— Provinces. —

descendants.

empire with a detail of the rulers.

descendants

ancient ministers.

Section

—

ii.

i.

An The

;

iii.

iv.

The extent

i.

of his

Contains four

3.

men

An

—

iii.

of the

Some

account of the

author's ancestors.

Conclusion.

His

His contemporary

celebrated caligraphers. iv.

2.

— Section

account of the learned

—

—

the extent of his

— Chapter

wonderful and marvellous occurrences.

tliree

his minority

years subsequent to his accession.

to the period ten

;

In

'Alanigir.

1.

—On the Poets, including the Author.

—— BAKHTAWAR KHAN.

150 Size

—Small

folio,

an averatje of 20

'Alam

the Mir-dt-i be doubted

if

exclusively to

Bakhtawar Khan

he had really anything to do with

is in fact

this work, to

lines.

be seen that both Dr. Dorn and Colonel

It will

There

comprising 1540 pages, each page containing

its

Dow ;

but

ascribe it

may

composition.

very great confasion attending the authorship of

which ought,

Muhammad Baka

Bakhtawar Khdn.

It

I believe, to be attributed

almost entirely

Saharanpur, an intimate

of

may

friend

of

be as well to consider the claims of

these two, as well as of others, to the authorship. I.

He

Bakhtawar Khan.

was a nobleman of Aurangzeb's

In the tenth year of the reign he was appointed to the

Court.

rank of one thousand,

and in the thirteenth he was made

He

superintendent of the eunuchs.

Emperor, who followed his bier grave.i

The Mir-dt-i 'A'lam,

and which certainly bears

of

his

was a favourite eunuch of the

for

some paces

which he

is

towards the

the presumed author,

name, was comprised in a Preface,

seven A'rdish, two A/zdisk, and a Conclusion, and was written in the year 1078 a.h., the date being represented by the words A'ina-i hahht, " the mirror of fortune," which also seems to con-

firm the

title

He died in

of

Bakhtdwar Khiin

1095 A.H. (1684

the author

was

to the authorship of the work.

The Preface states how fond and how he had long

a.d.).

of historical

studies,

determined upon writing such a work as

this.

Towards the end

how many works he had written and amongst others, which are all ascribed by Muhammad Muhammad Bakd, we find an abridgment of the

of the work, he shows

abridged Shaft'

;

to

Tdrikh-i Alfi and the Akhhdru-l Akhydr.

mistake about the person to

works in

whom

this passage, because the

buildings founded

it

is

to ascribe these

same Chapter mentions the

by the person alluded

amongst them are mentioned the

There can be no

meant

to as the compiler,

villages of

and

Bakhtdwarpur and

Bakhtawarnagar. II.

Muhammad Baka. '

Kewal Kh^n,

His name does not appear in the TazMratu-l TJmard.

in the

—— MIR-AT-I 'ALAM. Preface to the Mir-dt-i written by

Muhammad

'A lam,

Shaff,

151

but in the biography of him,

it is

distinctly stated that

he wrote

the work at the request, and in the name, of his intimate friend

Bakhtawar Kh4n, but

left it

incomplete.

Muhammad Shafi'. He was the son of the sister of Muhammad Bakd, and he tells us in the Preface to the Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd that Muhammad Baka had left several sheets of an III.

work incomplete,

historical

ill-arranged,

and requiring

revision,

and that he was thinking of putting them into shape and rendering it

them

when he was warned

for publication,

fit

was a sacred duty he should

in a

dream that

towards his uncle's memory,

fulfil

that lie readily obeyed this injunction, and after supplying

was

defective in the work,

Prophets,

completed his

Bakhtawar Khdn's death under a

title

This

are given above.

'A

labours ;

in

but after

it,

on the

1095

subject

the year

A.H.,

because he speaks of

is

of

him

The

the history of which the detailed contents loose sheets

he alludes to are evidently the

lam, though he does not expressly say so, even

he mentions that work as one of those composed by

Baka;

what

of the

used only after death, and called his work Mir-dt-i

Jahdn-numd.

Mir-dt-i

especially

when

Muhammad

nevertheless, as the very words of the Mir-dt-i

'Alam

and the Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd are identical in the chapters which relate to the same subjects, there can be no doubt that " the loose sheets " and the Mir-dt-i

'Alam are also the same but why the 'Alam should be so depreciated it is not

credit of the Mir-dt-i

easy to say, except

it

;

was done

for the

purpose of enhancing the

merit of the nephew's labours.

IV.

Muhammad

hammad Baka.

Eiza.

His concern

He in

was younger brother of Muthe work is very incompre-

hensible, unless on the understanding that, according to the usual

Indian

he had a quarrel with his nephew Jahdn-numd from " the loose leaves "

foible,

edited the

hammad Baka, The

;

for left

he

also

by Mu-

without any allusion to the labours of his nephew.

precise date of his compilation is not mentioned, but that he

succeeded

Muhammad

Shafi' in the work,

and must have been

BAKHTAWAK KHAX.

152

aware of what he had done,

is

evident

;

for at the close of the

work, where he gives an account of his ancestors and relations,

he mentions the death of Fathu-lla in 1100 a.h., a date subsequent

years stated

that

to

Fathu-lla was

that

still

does not say he had the sanction of a dream for his

had long wished

taking, but that he

of his brother's history, and

sheets

time appointed by destiny to do standing

the

avocations of his

pearance, and the result

which he gave

title

;

made its apJaMn-numd, a name

duties,

but as the imperfect work written in

name was changed

the

The author says

an account of the Prophets from Niih

the Philosophers, of the Persia, Arabia

Imams,

does not

it

Jahdn-numd, a

into Mir-dt-i

chosen with some reason by his nephew, because

the chronogram of 1095 a.h. prise

official

it

represents

his additions to

He says he ;

Husain Sadru-s Sudur of Oawnpore, are designates the history which

but the

but

it

is

Khadim

deficient at the end.

Muhammad Baka

request of Bakhtaw^ar Khan, as ;

He

wrote at the

Tdrikh-i ''Alamgiri, and not

evident that in this case also the

" dispersed leaves " are those included in the Mir-dt-i 'A' lam. divides his Mir-dt-i

will

have consulted, one in the Moti Mahal

I

Library at Lucknow, and the other in the possession of

'Alam

of

of the Khalifs, of the Saints of

mention more about his own additions in the Conclusion

Mir-dt-i

com-

Muhammad,

and Hindustan, and of the Poets.

two copies which

for the

notwith-

last,

was called Mir-dt-i ''Alam,

his brother's lifetime

why

which at

work, in consequence of the implied wishes

to the

of his brother to that effect

appear

so,

under-

to arrange the dispersed

had only waited

the Mir-dt-i

is

five

Muhammad Shaff had living. Muhammad Eiza

which

in

Jahdn-numd

into a Preface, eleven

He

Ardish,

and a Conclusion, and has subdivided the work in other respects a

little

more minutely than

his predecessor.

For

devoted fourteen namdish to an account of the his predecessor

minute

is

instance, he has

icazirs,

which by

included in one, and he has adopted some other

differences, in order to give

work, and give him a

title to

an

air of originality to his

independent authorship

;

but the

MIE-AT-I 'ALAM.

153

two works called Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd may

be]

considered in

anything to the history of Aurangzeb's reign by

Baka, though he

carries it

down only

to

Muhammad

is

Baka, though he

Muhammad

1078 a.h.

It will be seen, therefore, that the real

works

all

Neither of the editors has added

material respects the same.

author of these various is

the person to

whom

they are least ascribed, in consequence not only of his attributing his

own

editors

His

labours to others, but from the prominence which his

have endeavoured to give to their own names. real

name was Shaikh Muhammad, and

He

was Bakd.

was born

in a.h. 1037.

his poetical title

In his early youth he

applied himself to the study of the Kuran, and in a short space of time learnt the whole of witli

his

father,

he went

it

by

Having read a few books

heart.

to Sirhind,

where he studied several

branches of knowledge under Shaikh 'Abdu-llah, surnamed Midn,

and other learned men.

hammadan

He

acquired acquaintance with

Mu-

under the tuition of Shaikh Niiru-l Hakk,

traditions

son of Shaikh 'Abdu-1

Hakk

of Dehli, and having obtained his

permission to teach this branch of learning, he returned to his native city of Sah^ranptir, and devoted his time to imparting his

Afterwards, by desire of his father, he

knowledge to others.

forswore worldly concerns, and directed his whole attention to

worship and devotion.

When of

his father died, he enrolled himself

Shaikh

Muhammad

of Sirhind, and

made

among

On

considerable progress in spiritual knowledge. to his native place, after,

Iftikhar

had been

he

led, like his ancestors,

Khdn (Bakhtawar Khdn)

an intimate friend

of

but with

much

his friends.

reluctance,

life.

Soon

—who from early youth

Muhammad

Bakd, and had and the

steward (mir-sdrndn) to the Emperor Aurangzeb

him a

time very

again returning

a retired

attained the rank of three thousand horse

Court, and secured for

the disciples

in a short

office

of

—invited him to

respectable rank, which he accepted,

and owing only to the importunities of

This appears to have been in the fourth year of

Aurangzeb's reign.

Although he held a high rank, and had

;

BAKHTAWAE KHAN.

154

public duties to attend to, yet he always led a

notwithstanding which,

we

are told that the

life

of retirement

Emperor was very

favourably disposed towards him.

Besides writing the Mir-dt-i A' lam, he

made

extracts

from the

works of Hakim Sandi, the Mantiku-t Tair of Faridu-d din Attar, and the celebrated masnawi of

Maulana Riimi, " the

most eminent writers on Divine

who unanimously

subjects,

agree

in their religious tenets."

He

also abridged the

composed

Diwdn

of Saib

Riyd^u-l Auliyd,

a

or

and the Sdki-ndma, and

history

of

and a

Saints,

Tazkiratu-s Shu'ard, or biography of Poets, with extracts.

probable that

much

of these two works

is

Mir-dt-i Jahdn-numd, notwithstanding that states the loose sheets left

It is

comprised in the

Muhammad

Riza

Muhammad Baka to have been The Riydzu-l Auliyd is an exceed-

by

deficient in these particulars.

ingly useful but rare work, comprised in 380 pages of 15 lines,

and

its

value

is

greatly enhanced by being arranged alphabetically.

In the preface to this work the author distinctly

states, that in

the Mir-dt-i 'A!lam he had devoted a namdish to an account of

the Saints, but thought proper to write, at a subsequent period, this

more copious work upon the same

He

was

also

subject.

an original poet, and his poetical talents are highly

praised in the Farhatu-n Ndzirin, at the close of Aurangzeb's reign.

Towards the

close of his

life,

Saharanpiir, where he erected

he was appointed sarkdr of

some

useful buildings.

instance of his relations and friends he constructed

At

the

some houses

on the banks of the tank of Raiwala in the suburbs of Saharanpur.

He

also

founded the quarter known as Bakapura, besides con-

structing several mosques and public wells.

(1683

He

died in 1094 a.h.

A.D.).

Muhammad Baki

was descended from a distinguished family.

His ancestor, who first came to Hindustan from Hirdt, was Khwaja Ziau-d din. He arrived during the reign of Firoz Shah in 754 a.h. (1353-4 a.d.). He was received kindly by that

MIE-AT-I 'ALAM.

155

King, was promoted to be Subaddr of Multan, aud received the

Marddn Daulat. He was the adoptive father of Khan, who afterwards became King of Dehli. His own lineal descendants were all men of distinction, in of Malik

title

Saiyid Khizr

their successive generations, until

we come

to the subject of this

article.

The Mir-dt-i ''Alam^ or the monument of his industry and little

JaMn-numd,

is

a

and though there

is

Mir-dt-i ability,

of novelty, except the account of the

Aurangzeb's useful

compilation must

the

yet

reign,

ten years of

first

be considered

The accounts of the Poets and among the best to which reference is doubtful how tar these portions are to be They form, certainly, no portion of the pen.

and comprehensive.

Saints are very copious, and

can be made.

It

attributed to his

Mir-dt-i 'A'lam.

formed on the same model as the

Several works have been

and continuations of the work are

Mir-dt-i Jahdn-nnmd, casionally

inquiry

met with, which add the

respecting

instance, in

original

authorship.

Nawdb

the Library- of

oc-

confusion attending the

to the

There

is,

for

Mulk, ex-minister

Siraju-1

Haidarabad, a large volume styled the Tarikh-i 'A'lamgir-

of

ndma,

down

continued

subdivided in the same

taken from

Muhammad

the reign of

to

way

into A'rdish

the Mir-dt-i Jalvdn-nwmd.

and Namdish,

The

Shah, etc., all

continuation

is

extracted from the Tdrikh-i Chaghatdi.

This work

That of

not

is

common

Muhammad

have seen

is

in

Shafi

in India, at least in

is

the possession of Saiyid

Sadru-s Sudur of 'Aligarh, though It is enriched

person

who

it is

Muhammad

calls

himself

Muhammad bin Museum

Riza,

not uniformly written.

by some marginal notes written

besides the copy in the British

a perfect form.

the least rare, and the best copy I

in a.h.

'Abdu-Uah.

1216 by a In Europe,

mentioned above, there

is

the copy in the Bibliotheque Nationale, fonds Oentil, No. 48, and the.

copy of Sir

Catalogue.

He

W.

Ouseley numbered 305 and 306 in his

observes

that he

never saw another copy.

BAKHTAWAR ZHAN.

156 [There

is

Society,

^

The

a copy in the Library of the Royal Asiatic

also

which Mr. Morley has given a

of

cleanest copy I have seen of this

of Muzaffar Husain

There

is in

is

in the Library

Khan, a landed proprietor in the Lower Do4b.

a very good copy of the work in the possession of Fakir

is

Nuru-d

full account.]

work

din of Lahore,

the Library of

and a good copy of the first half of the work

Nawab

'Ali

Muhammad Khan

of Jhajjar.

EXTRACTS.

Aurangzeh's Charity.

When

it

was reported

His Majesty Aurangzeb, that in the

to

reign of his father every year a

sum

of seventy-nine thousand

rupees was distributed through the Sadru-s Sudur amongst the poor

during

months of the

five

each of the

year,

—

viz.

twelve thousand rupees in

months of Muharram and

E.abi'u-1

awwal,

ten

thousand in

Sha'ban, and thirty

thousand in the sacred month of Ramazan,

— and that during the

thousand in Rajab,

fifteen

remaining seven months no sum was distributed in charity,

— His

Majesty ordered the Sadru-s Sudur and other accountants of the household expenses, that with regard to those

five

months they

should observe the same rule, and in each of the other months also they should give ten thousand rupees to be distributed

the poor

;

so that the annual

sum expended

now made, amounted

the increase which was

among

in charity, including

to one lac

and

forty-nine thousand rupees.

The Habits and Manners of the Emperor Aurangzeb.

Be

it

of the

known

to the readers of this

Almighty

excellent

of this

this

humble

slave

going to describe in a correct manner the

character,

the worthy habits and the refined morals

most virtuous monarch, Abu-1 Muzafiar Muhiu-d din

Muhammad Aurangzeb them with

God by

work that

is

his

own

'Alamgir, according as he has witnessed

The Emperor, a

eyes.

natural propensity, '

is

great worshipper of

remarkable for his rigid attachment

Catalogue, p. 52.

MIE-AT-I -ALAM.

He

to religion.

Hanifa (may five

is

God

157

be pleased with him

!),

doctrines of the Kanz.

fundamental

Imdm Abu

a follower of the doctrines of the

and establishes the

Having made

his

ablutions, he always occupies a great part of his time in adoration

of the Deity,

and says the usual prayers,

first in

the masjid and

then at home, both in congregation and in private, with the most

He

heartfelt devotion.

keeps the appointed fasts on Fridays and

other sacred days, and he reads the Friday prayers in the Jdmi'

masjid with the

common

Muhammadan

people of the

faith.

He

keeps vigils during the whole of the sacred nights, and with the light of the favour of

From

prosperity.

Mosque which

God

illumines the lamps of religion and

his great piety, he passes whole nights in the

in his palace,

is

In privacy he never

devotion.

and keeps company with men of sits

He

on a throne.

gave away

in alms before his accession a portion of his allowance of lawful

food and clothing, and

now

devotes to the same purpose the

income of a few villages in the

district of Dehli,

and the proceeds

of two or three salt-producing tracts, which are appropriated to his

privy purse. the whole

The Princes

month

of

also follow the

Eamazdn he keeps

same example.

fast,

pointed for that month, and reads the holy of religious and learned men, with

during

Kuran he

in the assembly

sits for

that purpose

and sometimes nine hours of the night.

six,

last ten

whom

During

says the prayers ap-

During the

days of the month, he performs worship in the mosque,

and although, on account of several

obstacles,

he

is

unable to

proceed on a pilgrimage to Mecca, yet the care which he takes to

promote

facilities for

pilgrims to that holy place

may

be con-

sidered equivalent to the pilgrimage.

From

the

dawn

of his understanding he has always refrained

from prohibited meats and practices, and from his great holiness has adopted nothing but that which

is

pure and lawful.

Though

he has collected at the foot of his throne those who inspire ravish-

ment

in joyous assemblies of pleasure, in the shape of singers

who

possess lovely voices and clever instrumental performers, and in

the commencement of his reign sometimes used to hear them

BAKHTAWAE KHAN.

158

sing and play, and though he himself understands music well,

yet

now

for several years past,

on account of his great restraint

and self-denial, and observance of the tenets of the great

(may

(Shafi'i),

Grod's

mercy be on him

Imdm

he entirely abstains

!),

any of the singers and musicians

from this amusement.

If

becomes ashamed of his

calling,

he makes an allowance for him or

grants him land for his maintenance.

He

never puts on the clothes prohibited by religion, nor does

he ever use vessels of

In his sacred Court no

silver or gold.

improper conversation, no word of backbiting or falsehood,

His

allowed.

cautioned that

courtiers, if

on

whom

his light is reflected,

is

are

they have to say anything which might injure

the character of an absent man, they should express themselves in

decorous language and at

He

full detail.

appears two or three

times every day in his court of audience with a pleasing counte-

nance and mild look, to dispense justice to complainants who

come

in

numbers without any hindrance, and

them with

great attention, they

make

as he listens to

their representations with-

out any fear or hesitation, and obtain redress from his impartiality.

If any person talks too much, or acts in an improper manner, he is

never displeased, and he never knits his brows.

His

courtiers

have often desired to prohibit people from showing so much boldness, but he remarks that

by hearing

their very words,

and

seeing their gestures, he acquires a habit of forbearance and tolerance.

All bad characters are expelled from the

Dehli, and the same

is

out the whole empire. regularity

among

ordered to be done in

The

duties

all places

of preserving

city

through-

order and

the people are very efficiently attended

throughout the empire, notwithstanding

its

of

to,

and

great extent, nothing

can be done without meeting with the due punishment enjoined by the

Muhammadan

law.

Under the

he never issues orders of death.

dictates of anger

and passion

In consideration of their rank

and merit, he shows much honour and respect to the Saiyids, saints

and learned men, and through his cordial and

exertions, the sublime doctrines of Hanifa

and of our pure

liberal

religion

MIR-AT-I 'ALAM.

159

have obtained such prevalence throughout the wide

Hindustan as they never had

Hindu public

have

writers

offices,

and

all

in the reign of

territories of

any former king.

been entirely excluded from holding

the worshipping places of the infidels and the

great temples of these infamous people have been thrown

down

and-

destroyed in a manner which excites astonishment at the success-

completion of so

ful

invests

them with by

tions are given

His Majesty personally

a task.

difficult

many

infidels

with success, and

khiPats and other favours.

Alms and dona-

teaches the sacred kalima to

this fountain of generosity in such abundance,

that the emperors of past ages did not give even a hundredth part of the amount.

In the sacred month of Ramazan sixty

thousand rupees,^ and in the other months

among the

are distributed

poor.

less

than that amount,

Several eating houses have

been established in the capital and other

which food

cities, at

is

served out to the helpless and poor, and in places where there

were no caravanserais for the lodging of the

have been

by the Emperor.

built

travellers,

they

All the mosques in the

Imams,

empire are repaired at the public expense.

criers to

the

daily prayers, and readers of the khutba, have been appointed to

each of them, so that a large still

sum

of

laid out in these disbursements.

have been given to

all

the

cities

is

and towns

and allowances and lands learned men and professors, and stipends

country

of this extensive

money has been and

In

pensions

have been fixed for scholars

according to

their

abilities

and

qualifications.

As

it

a great object with this Emperor that

is

madans should

all

Muham-

follow the principles of the religion as expounded

by the most competent law

officers

and the

followers

of the

Hanifi persuasion, and as these principleSj in consequence of the different

opinions of the

delivered without clearly learnt, all,

and as

and muftis which have

been

and and as there was no book which embodied them

until '

kdzis

any authority, could not be

many books had been

This

is

collected

double the amount mentioned a

little

distinctly

and a man had above.

BAKHTAWAE

160

KHA'N.

obtained sufficient leisure, means and knowledge of theological

he could not satisfy his inquiries on any disputed point,

subjects,

therefore

that

His Majesty, the protector of the

a body of eminently learned and

should take up the voluminous and

able

faith,

men

determined

of Hindustan

most trustworthy works

which were collected in the royal library, and having made a digest of them, compose a book

canon of the law, and afford to of ascertaining the proper

which might form a standard an easy and available means

all

and authoritative interpretation.

chief conductor of this difficult undertaking

man

members

of the time, Shaikh Niz4m, and all the

society were very

handsomely and

sum

the present time a

The

was the most learned of the

up

liberally paid, so that

to

of about two hundred thousand rupees

has been expended in this valuable compilation, which contains

more than one hundred thousand Grod's

pleasure,

completed,

is

it

When

lines.

the work, with

will be for all the

world the

standard exposition of the law, and render every one independent of

Muhammadan

design

is,

doctors.'^

Another excellence attending

of perfections, Chulpi 'Abdu-llah, son of the great

celebrated

Maulana 'Ahdu-1 Hakim of

pupils have been ordered to translate the

Among this, that all sorts

Slalkot,

work

and the most

and his

the greatest liberalities of this king of the faithful

many

females.

immense sum, and

He from

Government

officers

to

com-

outrages, especially in regard to the exposure of

exempted the Muhammadans from taxes, and public demands, the

certain

exceeded thirty

State,

is

of grain, cloth, and other goods, as well as on tobacco,

prevent the smuggling of which the Government

people

several

into Persian.

he has ordered a remission of the transit duties upon

the duties on which alone amounted to an

mitted

this

that, with a view to afford facility to all, the possessor

lacs

of rupees every year.

income

He

of

all

which

relinquished the

claims against the ancestors of the officers of the

which used

to be paid

by deductions from

their salaries.

This money every year formed a very large income paid into the '

The Fatdwa-i

'A'l

MIE-AT-I 'ALAM.

He

public treasury.

also abolished the practice of confiscating

whom

the estates of deceased persons against

ernment claim, which was very

by

there was no Gov-

by the account-

strictly observed

ants of his predecessors, and which was oppression

161

felt

as a very grievous

The Eoyal

their sorrowful heirs.

orders were also

issued to collect the revenues of each province according to the

Muhammadan

law.

Some account

of the

battles

which

the

Emperor fought

before his accession, as well as after that period, has been given

we

above, and

At

the time

shall

when

now

Khan, with a

'Aziz

and

locusts battle,

write a few instances of his fortitude.

the Eoyal

army

arrived at Balkh, 'Abdu-1

came and arranged

ants,

swarms of

large force which equalled the

and surrounded the Eoyal camp.

his

men

in

While the

order

conflict

of

was

being carried on with great fury, the time of reading the evening

when His Majesty, though dissuaded by some

prayers came on,

worldly etc., in

ofiicers,

alighted from his horse

and

said the prayers,

a congregation, with the utmost indifference and presence

of mind.

'Abdu-1 'Aziz, on hearing of

at the intrepidity of the

this,

was much astonished

Emperor, who was assisted by God, and

put an end to the battle, saying that to fight with such a rnan

is

to destroy oneself.

The Emperor great

is

perfectly acquainted with the commentaries,

He Imkm Muhammad

traditions

and law.

always studies the compilations of the Ghizali (may God's mercy be on him

!),

Yahyd Muniri works of Muhi Shirazi, and

the extracts from the writings of Shaikh Sharaf

(may his tomb be

sanctified

other similar books. virtuous monarch

Though

is,

in his early

!),

One

and the

of the greatest excellences

of this

Kur4n by heart. youth he had committed to memory some that he has learnt the

chapters of that sacred book, yet he learnt the whole by heart

He took great pains and showed much He writes a very perseverance in impressing it upon his mind. elegant Naskh hand, and has acquired perfection in this art. He after

ascending the throne.

has written two copies of the holy book with his own hand, and TOL.

TII.

11

!

]

BAKHTAWAE KHAN.

62

having finished and adorned them with ornaments and marginal lines, at

the expense of seven thousand rupees, he sent them to

the holy cities of

prose,

He

Mecca and Medina,

He

Nasta'lik and Shihastah hand.

God, " Poets deal

from practising

He

it.

an excellent 'in

versification, but agreeably

and has acquired proficiency in

to the words of

also wrote

a very elegant writer

is

he abstains

in falsehoods,"

does not like to hear verses except those

" To please Almighty

which contain a moral. turned his eye towards a

flatterer,

God he

never

nor gave his ear to a poet."

The Emperor has given a very liberal education to his fortuby virtue of his attention and

nate and noble children, who, care,

have reached to the summit of perfection, and made great

advances in rectitude, devotion, and piety, and in learning the

Through

manners and customs of princes and great men.

Book of God by

instruction they have learnt the proficiency

the sciences

in

and

various hands,

in

and

learning

polite

the

his

heart, obtained

literature,

writing the

Turk! and the Persian

languages.

In like manner, the ladies to his orders, religion,

and

of the household also, according

have learnt the fundamental and necessary tenets of all

of the Deity,

devote their time to the adoration and worship

to

reading the

virtuous and pious acts.

The

sacred

Kurdn, and performing

excellence of character

purity of morals of this holy monarch are beyond

As

all

and the

expression.

long as nature nourishes the tree of existence, and keeps the

garden of the world fresh, this preserver

may

the plant of the prosperity of

of the garden of dignity and

honour continue

fruitful

The Distances of certain places in Hindustan— The Provinces

and The length

their Revenues.

of the daily-increasing empire, from the port of

Lahori, province of Thatta, to the thcLna of Bindasal in Bengal, is

994 royal

kos,

1740

common

kos

known

in most

parts

;

MIR-AT-I

is

royal kos measures 5000 yards, and each

Each

of Hindustan.

yard

the breadth of 42 fingers.

common

three and a half

Lahori the distance

163

'iVLAJtf.

is

kos.

Two royal kos From the- capital

437 royal

Multan a kos

;

from Thatta to Bhakkar 31 kos

;

more than 99 kos

little

from Bhakkar to

;

to

^gra 44

kos

Mungir 37 kos^ from Mungir 48 kos

kos

;

:

from Akbarnagar to

;

;

and calculating every stage at twelve

kos, the usual travel-

145 stages, or a

is

journey of four months and twenty-seven days.

province of

The breadth

of

from the frontier of Tibet and the delightful

Kashmir

to

of Shold.pur, which

the fort

prosperous reign of this monarch has been

Khan, a

108

Dacca,

or

from Silhet to Bindasal 30

;

ling distance in Hindustan, the whole length

is

;

from Patna to

Akbarnagar or Raj Mahdl

to

Jahangirnagar,

from Dacca to Silhet 87 kos

the whole empire

from Shdh-

;

from j^gra to Allahabad 107 kos

;

from Allahab&d to Patna 96 kos and a fracticm

kos

;

and 975

lios,

from Multan to Lahore 75

;

from Lahore to Shah- JahanAbad 170 kos

Jahdnabdd

to

In the same manner, from Lahori to Thatta 25

kos.

royal kos

of Dehli

and 764 common kos

kos,

from the same city to thdnd Binddsal 557 royal

common

are equal to

672 royal

distance of

kos, or

the

in

taken from 'Adil

1176 common

kos

;

from

Shah- Jahandbdd, the seat of Empire-, to the boundary of Tibet, is

330 royal

Empire

kos,

or

to Sholaptir,

577 common 342 royal

found by measurement which

kos

kos, or

may

;

from the seat of the

598 common

be thus detailed.

as

was

From

the

kos

;

boundary of Tibet to Little Tibet, 60 royal kos; from Little Tibet to Kashmir, 64 kos

;

from Kashmir to Ldhore 101 kos

from Lahore to Shdh-JahanSbad 105 kos to

Agra 44

kos

;

and from Agra

rate of twelve kos

to

from Shah-Jahan4bad ; Burhanpur 178 kos. At the

a stage, the whole breadth

is

98

stages,

occupying a period of three months and ten days.

Under the management and

care of this virtuous monarch, the

country of Hindustan teems with population and culture.

It is

divided into nineteen provinces, and 4440 parganas, the revenue of which

amounts altogether to nine

arhs, twenty-four

krors

;

BAKHTA-WAE KHAN.

164 seventeen

out of

or 9,24,17,16,082 dams,

16,082 dams,

lacs,

which the hhdlisa, or the sum

paid to the royal treasury, is

1,72,79,81,251 dams, and the assignments oiike jagirddrs, or the remainder, was 7,51,77,34,731 dams.

Details of all the Provinces.

— 285

Shdhjahdndbdd

—230

Agra

— 330 mahdls

;

revenue

;

revenue 63,68,94,882 ddm:S.

—268

Oudh—U9

43,66,88,072 ddms. ddms.

Bihar

—1219 mahdls

mahdls

mahdls

revenue

;

mahdls

52,37,39,110 ddms.

The

— 40 mahdls

Kabul

;

Bengal

—244

mahdls

;

four provinces of the Dakhin,

Mdlwa

—257

Multdn— 98 mahdls

42,54,76,670 ddm^.

;

revenue

Orissa

Kashmir—51

Aurangdhdd, Zafambdd, Birdr, and Khdndesh

revenue 2,96,70,00,000 ddms.

ddms.

;

revenue 32,00,72,193

;

revenue 19,71,00,000 ddms.

;

—235

—200 mahdls

—252 mahdls; reyenne 72,17,97,019 ddms.

revenue 21,30,74,826 ddm^s. viz.

Ahmaddhdd

Allahdbdd

revenue 44,00,83,096 ddms.

Ajmii

ddms.

90,70,16,125

Lahore

ddms.

revenue 1,05,17,09,283

mahdls;

mahdls

revenue 1,16,83,98,269 dams.

mahdls;

;

—552 mahdls

mahdls;

revenue

revenue 24,53,18,575

revenue 15,76,25,380 ddms.

Thatta

—revenue 57,49,86,900 1 ddms.

From

the concluding

Those who have have heard a

Chapter of Wonders and Marvels.

visited the territory of

worm which

exceedingly small.

is

No

the foot, and bites them. able to detach

it,

but

it

a large

rat,

1

'

[This

is

up the

moment

toe, it

is

in bulk and

becomes equal

to

After this

it

foot.

and then swallows up both the

probably a mistake fot 5,74,98,690.] of our maps.

Tbe Lanskar

found

hand or instrument

every

and then swallows the whole

increases to the size of a dog,

hills there is

It adheres to the toes of

force of

increases

length, so that, having swallowed

Jakkar ^ and Ladakli

In these

the following story.

MIE-AT-I 'ALAM.

legs

and up

to the waist or half the

the people beat

it

weapon has any a

lion,

much and

effect

upon

hills,

it,

entirely, goes

and then disappears.

Although

yet no instrument or

In a short time

and having eaten the man

the jungle or the

body of the man.

try to cut it.-

165

it

becomes

like

away towards

166

LXX.

ZrNATU-T TAWi^RrKH or

'AZrZTJ-LLAH. This " Ornament of Histories," by pilation of

'Azizu-llah,

The author informs

no value.

is

a mere com-

us in his preface that

he intended composing a second volume, in order to reconcile the discrepancies which were observable in different histories.

Whether he critical

ever did so does not appear, but there

judgment exercised

in the single

consideration, that the second

is

is

so

little

volume we have under

not worth the search.

In the preface we learn that the work was commeaced

1086 A.H. (1675^6

show that the work

A.D.), is

in

but passages occur at the close which

brought down to 1126 a.h.

It

is

evident,

however, that the original work concluded with the account of

Aurangzeb's children, and that the few last pages, including

mention of Bahadur Sh^h and Jahdnddr Shdh, have been added

by some is

transcriber.

In the

last

volume the date of 1087 a.h.

given, which leads us to conclude that the history occupied

one year in

There

is

its

composition.

nothing worthy of translation, CONTENTS.

Preface, pp. 1-11.

The

Creation.

— Adam. — Prophets. —Muhammad. — Imams,

pp. 12-111.

Persian

Dynasties.

—Greeks. —

Saljuks.

— Osmanlis. — Popes,

pp. 212-294.

'Ummayides and 'Abbasides, pp. 294^-410.

ZrNATU-T TAWARrKH. Tahiris. ides.

—

—

— Ikhshidites. — Ghaznivides. — Buwaih—Saiyids, pp. 410-464. — —^Afghans. — Mughals, 674-816. Tuliinias.

Isma''ilians.

Grhorians.

167

Sharifs.

pp.

Kings of Dehli, from the

earliest

Farrukh Siyar, pp. 816-996. Size. 8vo. 996 pages, of 17

—

This work

know

Hindi period to the time of

lines each.

of only one copy.

Malcolm, in his " History of Persia," quotes a Zinatu-t Tawdrikh respecting the is rare.

I

Ghaznivides, which he describes as a metrical history.

168

LXXI.

LUBBU-T TAWi^RfKH-I HIND OP

BHARA

EA'r The

MAL.

author of this brief history was Bindraban, son of Eai

Bhard Mai, and was himself

also

honoured with the

of

title

We learn from the Conclusion of the Khuldsatu-llnshd that

Rdi,

Ral Bh^ra Mai was the diwdn of Dara Shukoh therefore,

able,

that

knowledge of public

our

author was

affairs.

He

early

;

and

it is

initiated

prob-

into

a

says that the reason of his

entering on this undertaking was that, " after meditating upon the

conquests

made by the Timiirian family in

being

still

more enlarged by 'A'lamgir ( Aurangzeb) up

1101

A.H.,

and upon the

in the possession of the

book which should

this country,

upon their

to the year

fact of their continuing uninterruptedly

same family, he thought of writing a

briefly describe

how, and in what duration of

time, those conquests were achieved, should give the history of

former kings, their origin, and the causes which occasioned their rise or fall, the prises,

and which should more particularly treat of the great

conquests

" It

period of their reign, their abilities and enter-

is

made by 'Alamgir." true,"

he continues, " that former historians have

already written several works regarding the history of ancient kings,

and

especially

Abu-1 Kasim, surnaraed Firishta, whose

compositions are very good as far as regards the language, but defect of that it is

in

many

work

is

that, notwithstanding its being

parts too prolix."

Adverting

the-

an abstract,

also to the fact that

LUBBU-T TAWARrKH-I HIND. his history does not extend

169

beyond the thousandth year of the

Hijra, and hence the important transactions of one hundred years are altogether omitted, he thought

called

He

and compile, with

his

gives as another reason for the superiority of his

others, that

the

expedient to extract

it

own additions, a new work, the Lubhu-t Tawdrikh, or " Marrow of Histories."

essence,

it

Emperor

treats of the extensive 'j^lamgir,-

work

its

to be

oy.er

and resplendent conquests of

whose kingdom extended towards the

East, West, and the South to the seas, and towards the North to the boundaries of

tr&n and Turan, a vast dominion, to the

tenth of which no other kingdom

is

equal.

might enter into competition with " seeing is better than hearingr."

it,

Perhaps

Rum

only

but even in that case

CONTENTS. Preface, pp. 1-3.

Section

I.

—The

hammad Sam

to

Section II.

—

Kings of Dehli, from Mu'izzu-d din Mu-

Aurangzeb, pp. 4-256. The Kings of the Dakhin,

Baridia, or the

viz.

the Bahmani,

Kutb-ShAhi, the 'Imdd-Shdhi and

'i^dil-Shahl, Nizdm-Shiihi,

Kings of Kulbarga, Bijdpur, Ahraadnagar, Gol-

konda, Birkr, and Bidr, pp. 256-32&. Section Section Section

III.— The Kings of Gujarat, pp. 330-352. IV.— The Kings of Malwa, pp. 352-374. The Kings of Khandesh and Biirhdnpur, V.

—

pp. 375-386.

Section

VI.— The

Kings of Bengal, pp. 386-398. Section VII.—The Kings of Jaunpur, 399-403. Section

VIII.— The Kings

Section

IX.— The Kings

Section

X.— The

Size.

—

of Sind, pp. 403-408.

of Multan, pp. 408-410.

Kings of Kashmir, pp. 410-412. 8vo. pp. 412, of 15 lines each.

Major Scott has made great use of the Dakhin," but so brief a work

quotes

no authorities

in

is

his preface

this

of

work

in his

little use.

except

" History

The author

Firishta, but

he

RAr BHARA MAL.

170

mentions also in the body of the work the Akhar-ndma and

Jahdngir-ndma as being so common as to render

unnecessary

it

him to enlarge on the periods of which they The exact year in which the work was composed

treat.

for

It

doubtful.

is

is

somewhat

not quite clear from the preface whether the

date should be rendered 1100 or 1101 A.h.

A

chronogram given

by an early transcriber makes it 1106 and if the title work be intended to form a chronoo;ram, which is nowhere ;

by the author,

1108 a.h. (1696

the date would be

The Luhbu-t Tawdrikh-i Hind have seen

of the best copies I

Hasan

'Ali

also

is

it

[The Sir

(No. 5618).

There

There

is

stated

a.d.).

One

in India.

in the possession of Ifawab

is

1148 a.h.

of Jhajjar, written in

not uncommon.

Museum (G-entil,

Khan

common

very

is

of the

is

also

No. 44), under the incorrect

an

title

In Europe

it

in the British

illegible

copy at Paris

a copy of

oi Muntakhabu-t Tdrikh.

translations of the following Extracts were revised by

H. M. EUiot.J EXTRACTS.

Shah Jahan It

abolishes the

Ceremony of Prostration.

had long been customary with the

prostrate themselves before the

King

subjects of this state to

in grateful return for

any

royal favours conferred ou them, and on the receipt of royal

mandates. throne,

This just King (Shdh Jahan), ou his accession to the

commanded

that the practice should be abolished, and, at

the representation of lished

Mahabat Khan (Khan-khanau), he

instead the practice

of kissing the ground.

estab-

This

also

being afterwards found equally objectionable, the King, actuated

by

his devotion

discontinued

;

and

piety, ordered that

it

likewise should be

and that the usual mode of salutation by bowing

and touching the head should be

restored, with this difference,

that, instead of doing so only once, as before, the act should be

performed three several times. observance of this

practice,

within the royal dominions.

Circular orders, enforcing the

were issued to

all

the Governors

LUBBU-T TAWARTKH-I HIND.

171

Prosperity of the Country during Shah Jahdn's Reign.

The means employed by protect

and nourish

evil-doers

of his

;

knowledge on

his

people

the

his people

his

;

;

King

in these

happy times

all subjects

tending to the welfare

same necessity upon the

impressing the

revenue functionaries, and the appointment of honest and gent

officers in

and

calling for

every district

;

intelli-

his administration of the country,

and examining annual statements of revenue,

order to ascertain what were the resources of the empire

showing his royal displeasure officers

to

to

to punish all kinds of oppressive

affection to

when necessary

the

;

in his

and expressing his

people,

his issuing stringent orders to the

;

appointed to the charge of the crown and assigned lands,

promote the increase and welfare of the tenants

ishing the disobedient,

and constantly directing

;

admon-

his

generous

his

attention towards the improvement of agriculture and the collection of the revenues of the state

;

—

all

these contributed in a

great measure to advance the prosperity of his empire.

The

pargana, the income of which was three Ims of rupees in the reign of this

Akbar (whose

happy

seat

is

in the highest heaven

reign, a revenue of ten lacs

!

The

!),

yielded, in

collections

made

in

some

districts,

The

chakladdrs who, by carefully cultivating their lands, aided

however,

fell

short of this proportionate increase.

in increasing the revenue, received

marked

consideration,

and

vice versd.

Notwithstanding the comparative increase in the expenses of the State during this reign, gratuities for the erection of public edifices

service

and other works

in progress,

and

for the paid military

and establishments, such as those maintained

in

Balkh,

Badakhshan, and Kandahar, amounted, at one disbursement only, to fourteen krors of rupees, edifices

and the advances made on account of

only were two krors and

fifty lacs

single instance of expenditure, an idea

of rupees.

may

the charges must have been under others.

From

this

be formed as to what Besides, in times of

war, large sums were expended, in addition to fixed salaries and

!

EAr BHAEA MAL.

172 ordinary outlay.

In

short, the expenditure of former reigns, in

comparison with that of the one in question, was not even in the proportion of one to four

and yet

;

time, amassed a treasure which

King, in a short space of

this

would have taken several

it

years for his predecessors to accumulate

Shah Jakdn's

Justice..

Notwithstanding the great area of this country, plaints were so few that only

upon

one day

the week, viz;

in;

for the administration of justice

;

Wednesday, was

and

it

then that twenty plaintiffs could be found to prefer

number generally being much more than one

sketch on

fixed

was rarely even the

suits,

The when honoured with an

writer of this historical

less.

occasion,

audience of the King, heard His Majesty chide the ddrogha

many

of the Court that although so

been appointed to invite

was

set apart exclusively

plaintiffs,

had

confidential persons

and a day of the week

with the view of dispensing

justice,

yet even the small number of twenty plaintiffs could but very

seldom be brought into Court. he failed to produce only one

The ddrogha

plaintiff,

replied that

if

he would be worthy of

punishment. In short,

it

was owing

tranquillity, that the

of the national weal

the

and the general

people were restrained from committing

offences against one another if

by

to the great solicitude evinced

King towards the promotion

But

and breaking the public peace.

offenders were discovered, the local authorities used generally

to try

them on the spot where- the

offence

had been committed

according to law, and in concurrence with the law officers

any individual,

dissatisfied with the decision passed

:

and

if

on his

case,

appealed to the Governor or diwdn, or to the kdzi of the

siiba,

the matter was reviewed, and judgment awarded with great care

and discrimination, the

King

lest it

should be mentioned in the presence of

that justice had not been done.

If parties were not

LUBBU-T TAWAETEH-I HIND. satisfied

173

even with these decisions, they appealed to the chief

Mzi on matters inquiries. With all

diwdn, or to the chief instituted further

of law. this

These

care,

what

officers

cases,

except those relating to blood and religion, could become subjects of reference to His Majesty ?

174

LXXII.

'^LAMGfR-Ni^MA OP

MUHAMMAD This work was written 1688 son of

Muhammad

a.d.

KA'ZIM.

by Mirza

ndma, previously noticed as No. LXI. first

Muhammad

It contains a history of the

ten years of the reign of 'Alarogir Aurangzeb.

It

was dedi-

cated to Aurangzeb in the thirty-second year of his reign

being presented, the Emperor forbad

its

another Alexander,

of his

eclicto

prohibition

preferable

the

to

Emperor

that the

not

empire, which

tie

only

of

this

strange

prohibition

the

kept

grapher, but so effectually put a stop to actions, that

events

of inward piety was

of

been

before

but on

professed as the cause

display

discontinued

had

;

continuation, and, like

quis se pingeret, but not for

cultivation

ostentatious

observes

Elphinstone

vehiit

its

The Mughal Emperor

the same reason.

Kazim,

Aniin Munshi, the author of the Padshah-

his

regular

by all

a

achievements. that

annals

the

of the

regular historio-

records of his trans-

from the eleventh year of his reign the course of

can only be traced

through the means of

letters

on

business and of notes taken clandestinely by private individuals.*

This prohibition

is

the more

extraordinary from

its

incon-

sistency with orders previously issued for the preparation of

the 'A'lamgir-ndma,

The Preface

of that

work shows not only

encouragement which the author received in the prosecu-

the

tion of his work, but also the little reliance that can be reposed in the narrative '

when any

subject is mentioned likely to affect

[See more upon this point in the article on the Muntakhabu-l Lubdb of KhSfi

Khin,

post,

No.

LXXIS.]

'ALAMGrE-NAMA.

175

the personal character of the monarch.

with nearly

all

the histories written

much

It is

the same

by contemporaries, which

are filled with the most nauseous -panegyrics, and

With

The

was

historian

scrutiny of the

questions

titles

to

Emperor

blown from

submit his

pages to the interested

and

to be guided in doubtful

himself,

by information

adulation.

graciously given by the

specting what account was

royal listener was not likely to criminate himself,

perpetually in

mind

monarch

re-

As

the

to be rejected or admitted.

that

such

mere

are

histories

we must bear one-sided

accounts, and not to be received with implicit reliance.

After an encomium of the powers of eloquence, the author says that

it

was solely owing to the reputed charms of his style

monarch

that he was introduced to the great after a long obscurity,

to the high situation of

the coronation.

His

His Majesty's munshi

and,

all

in the year of

by the King, he was

style being approved

ordered to collect information about in

'iitlamgir,

was suddenly raised from insignificance

the extraordinary events

which the King had been concerned, and accounts of the

bright conquests which he

had

effected, into

a book

;

and

ac-

cordingly an order was given to the officers in charge of the

Royal Records

to

make over

to the author all such papers as

were received from the news-writers and other high functionaries of the different countries concerning the great events, the monthly

and yearly

registers of all kinds of accidents

and marvels, and

the descriptions of the different subas and countries.

The author was

further instructed, that if there were any such

particulars as were omitted in any of the above papers, or not

witnessed by himself, he should

from such trustworthy

make

inquiries regarding

officers as followed

would relate the exact circumstances

;

and

the royal camp,

if

them

who

there were anything

which particularly required the explanation of His Majesty, the author was graciously permitted the liberty of making inquiry from the King himself

MUHAMMAD

176

He was occasions,

also ordered to

to

KAZIM.

attend on His Ma,jesty on proper

read over whatever he had

collected,

and had

written from the above authorities, and to have His Majesty's

Aurangzeb

It is to be regretted that

corrections incorporated.

whom

did not here again imitate the example of Alexander, of

Lucian gives an anecdote which shows that conqueror to have been less compliant with his flattering historians.

"Aristobulus,

he had written an account of the single combat between

after

Alexander and Porus, showed that monarch a particular part of it,

wherein, the better to get into his good graces, he had inserted

a great deal more than was true:

book and threw

it

(for

when Alexander

on the Hydaspes) directly into the river

you

seized the

they happened at that time to be sailing :

'

Thus,' said he,

ought

'

have been served yourself, for pretending to describe

to

battles,

and

killing half a dozen elephants for

The value

of the Royal Records

me

my

with a spear.' "

may be known from

the narra-

English traveller who visited the Court in a.d. 1609. Captain Hawkins says, " During the time that he drinks his six

tive of an

cups of strong liquor, he says and does

many

idle things

;

yet

whatever he says or does, whether drunk or sober, there are writers

who

in writing

attend

him

in rotation,

who

set

many

so that not a single incident of his

;

things

down

but

is re-

life

corded, even his going to the necessary and his wives.

The purpose

of all this

is

that

when he lies with when he dies all his

and speeches worthy of being recorded

actions

may

be inserted

in the chronicles of his reign."

"As up

the history regarding His Majesty's birth and minority

time of his ascending the throne has already," says our author, " been fully detailed in the book called BddsMhto the

ndma,

it

was

at first resolved that this

book should begin with

the accounts of His Majesty's return from the

Dakhin towards

his capital (which took place in

a.d.),

1068 a.h., 1657

and

it

will

contain an account of the undertakings and conquests achieved

by His Majesty during

the period of eighteen years.

But

the

author subsequently thought of writing, in an Introduction, a

'ALAMGIE-NAMA. brief accoant of the King's minority,

that

period.

It

because

many

with wonderful events, and because during

177

accordingly

was

it

conquests were effected

commences with Ddra

Shukoh's assumption of authority upon the

illness of his father

Shah Jahdn, and the means employed by Aurangzeb off his brothers and obtain the Imperial Crown. [The

which

style in

this

work

is

written

is

;

fulsome in

cut

its flattery,

It

is

abusive

Laudatory epithets are heaped one upon another

in its censure. in praise of

and tedious

-to

quite in accord

with the courtly panegyrical character of the book. strained, verbose,

replete

Aurangzeb

;

while his unfortunate brothers are not

only sneered at and abused, but their very names are perverted.

Dar4 Shukoh and Shuj^'

is

repeatedly called Be-Shukoh, "the undignified;"

is

called Nd-shujd' ,

" the unvaliant."

The work seems

have obtained no great reputation in India. " Subsequent authors," says Colonel Lees " do not express any very decided

to

opinion upon the qualifications of

The author

torian.

him

Muhammad Kdzim

as an author of great erudition

'A'lamgiri has

of his history

;

the author of the Ma-dsiru-l

;

made an abridgment

of his

work the

first

portion

and Kh4fi Khan, the author of the Muntakhabu-l

Luhdb, has made the

a chief authority," though

'A' lamgir-ndma

he occasionally controverts

its

statements.

book has been so well worked up by translation of

as an his-

of the Mir-dtu-l 14.'lam, however, speaks of

it

into English

It

is

well that the

later writers, for a close

would be quite unreadable.

few passages have been translated by

the Editor, but in them

A it

has been necessary to prune away a good deal of the authox's

exuberance of language and metaphor.] history of the conquest of

The

Assam has been

translated

from this work by Mr. Vansittart, in the " Asiatic Miscellany," vol.

i.,

and

in " Asiatic Researches," vol.

ii.

[The whole of the

original work has been printed in the " Bibliotheca Indica," and

occupies

more than 1100 pages.]

12

MUHAMMAD

178

EAZIM.

EXTRACTS.

of Shah Jahdn.

Illness

[On

1067 a.h. (8th September 1657), the Emperor Shah Jahan was seized with illness at Dehli. His illness lasted for a long time, and every day he grew weaker, the 8th Zi-1 hijja,

so that he

was unable to attend to the business of the of all sorts occurred

Irregularities

in the

Hindustan.

great disturbances arose in the wide territories of

The unworthy and

Dara Shukoh considered himself

frivolous

want of

heir-apparent, and notwithstanding his

kingly

ability for the

he endeavoured with the scissors of greediness

office,

shape suited

to cut the robes of the Imperial dignity into a

With

unworthy person. i

for his

State.

administration, and

ambition

this over-weening

constantly in

his

mind, and in pursuit of his vain design,

he never

the

seat of

fell

took

left

When

government.

the Emperor

and was unable to attend to business, Dard, Shukoh

ill

the

opportunity

of

interfered with everything.

seizing

He

the

reins

of

closed the roads

power,

and

against

the

He

spread of news, and seized letters addressed to individuals. forbade the officers of government to write or send any

intelli-

gence to the provinces, and upon the mere suspicion of their

having done

so,

he seized and imprisoned them.

The

men who were

princes, the great nobles,

and

through the provinces and

territories of this great empire,

even of the capital,

officials

the

So great disorders arose

Disaffected and rebellious strife

revenue.

on every

The

scattered

and servants who were employed

had no expectation that the Emperor would

longer.

and

all

side.

men

in

raised

the

aflfairs

their

royal

many

at the

live

much

of the State.

heads in mutiny

Turbulent raiyats refused to pay their

seed of rebellion was sown in

all directions,

and

by degrees the

evil

Murad Bakhsh

took his seat upon the throne, had the khutha

reached to such a height that in Gujardt

read and coins struck in his name, and assumed the '

title

of

[Passages like this frequently occur, but after this tliey have been turned into

plain language in the translation.]

'ALAMGIE-NAMA. King.

Shuja' took the same

179 led an arrny

course in Bengal,

against Patna, and from thence advanced to Benares,]

Heresy of Ddrd Shukoh.

[D^ra Shukoh free-thinking

name

the

in his later

and

days did not restrain himself to the

heretical notions

which he had adopted under

of tasawwuf (Sufiism), but showed an inclination for

the religion and institutions of the Hindus. in the society of

He

was constantly

Brdhmans, Jogis and Sannydsis, and he used

to

regard these worthless teachers of delusions as learned and true

He considered their books which they call Word of God, and revealed from heaven, and he them ancient and excellent books. He was under such

masters of wisdom.

Bed

as being the

called

delusion

about

Sannydsis from

all

he

Bed, that

this

parts

of the

collected

country,

great respect and attention, he employed

He

the Bed.

devoted books.

all

his

spent

all

attention

his to

Brdhmans and

and paying them

them

in translating

time in this unholy work, and the contents of

Instead of the sacred

name

these wretched

of God, he

adopted the

Hindu name Prabhu (lord), which the Hindus consider and he had this name engraved in Hindi letters upon of diamond, ruby,

emerald,

etc.

* *

holy,

rings

Through these perverted

opinions he had given up the prayers, fasting and other obliga-

by the law. * * It became manifest that if Dara Shukoh obtained the throne and established his power, the

tions imposed

foundations of the faith would be in danger and the precepts of

Islam would be changed for the rant of infidelity and Judaism.]

Mir Jumla Mu'azzam Khan, [After the conquest of Zafarabad and Kalyan, and the return of

Aurangzeb from Bijapur, where he had

success,

he

left

failed in obtaining full

through the opposition and malevolence of Dara Shukoh, ^Umdatu-s Sattanatu-l Kdhira Mu'azzam Khdn, with a

part of the Imperial army, in the vicinity of Bijapur, to realize

a

sum

of a hundred lacs of rupees as tribute from 'Adil

Khdn, by

MTJHAMMAD KAZIM.

180

th& promise of whicli the retreat of Aurangzeb had been obtained.

The

intrigues of

Dara Shukoh, who did

his best to defeat this

arrangement, and the mischievous disturbing letters which he sent to 'i^dil

ment

Khan and

his nobles, brought this desirable settle-

His Majesty Shdh Jahan, who

to nought.

took no very active part influenced

in

at that time

of government, was

the affairs

by the urgent representations of that weak-minded

(Dara Shukoh), and summoned Mu'azzam Khan to obedience to this order, the his

command

the capital.

to

Khan marched

In

court.

with the force under

Aurang4bad, intending to proceed from thence

to'

This movement at such a time seemed injurious to

the State, and encouraging to the turbulence of the Dakhinis.

Mu'azzam Khan had no capital

;

policy,

sinister

made him

prisoner and

obtained

malignity and jealousy led all

By

this

in

proceeding to

the

but Aurangzeb, as a matter of prudence and of State

When Dard Shukoh was

object

him

him

detained

in the Dakhin.

information of this arrest, his to persuade the

a trick and conspiracy between the

Emperor

Khan and

that

it

Aurangzeb.

he so worked upon the feelings and fears of the Emperor

that he roused his suspicions against

Muhammad Amin

son of Mu'azzam Khan, who then held the at Court,

office

of

Khan,

Mir Bakhshi

and obtained permission to secure his person.

Ac-

Dara Shukoh summoned Muhammad AmIn to his house and made him prisoner. After he had been in confinement cordingly

three or four days, intelligence of the true state of the case and of the innocence of

Muhammad Amln

reached the Emperor, and

he, being satisfied of the facts, released

Muhammad Amin

from

durance.]

Illness

[On

of the Emperor Aurangzeb.

the night of the 12th Rajab (in the eighth year of his

reign), the

Emperor was suddenly attacked with strangury, and

suffered great pain until the following morning. * *

and attention of

his physicians

days he recovered.]

had

their effect, * *

The

and

skill

in a few

181

LXXIII. MA-i^SIE-I

'iaAMGrRf OF

MUHAMMAD This first

a history of the reign of 'Alamgir (Aurangzeb),

is

ten years

''A'lamgir-ndma A.D.

SAKr MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

1707 is an

is

an abridgment of the work the continuation

last noticed,

The the

till

the death of Aurangzeb in

original composition. It

was written by Muhammad

;

SAki Musta'idd Khan, munshi to 'Inayatu-lla Khan, wazir of

He had

Bahadur ShAh.

He

he records. finished

undertook the work by desire of his patron, and

in a.d.

it

been a constant follower of the Court

and an eye-witness of many of the transactions

for forty years,

1710, only three years after the death of

[Khafi KhAn, in his Mimtakhahii-l Luhdb, informs

Aurangzeb..

us that " after the expiration of ten years (of Aurangzeb's reign)

authors were forbidden from writing the events of that just and righteous Emperor's reign (did so),

;

nevertheless some competent persons

and particularly Musta'idd Khan, who secretly wrote

an abridged account of the campaign

the Dakhin, simply

in

detailing the conquests of the countries and forts, without alluding at all to the misfortunes of the

The Ma-dsir-i 'Alamgiri

campaign."

contains

i]

two Books and a short

Appendix.

Book

1.

—An

history of the

abridgment

first

of

Mirza

Muhammad

Kdzim's

ten years of the Emperor's reign and the

events preceding his accession.

Book

II.

reign, with

— The events of the

last forty years of the

an account of his death. '

[Col. Lees, Journ. R.A.S., n.s. vol.

iii.

p. 473.]

Emperor's

;

SAXr MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

182 Appendix.

— Several

of the Emperor, which could

anecdotes

not be included in the history; and a minute account of the

Royal family.

The

history

written in the form of annals, each year being

is

marked

distinctly

oflF.

Stewart, in his " Descriptive Catalogue," observes of the writer of this work, that " although his style be too concise, I have never

met

in

any other author with the

reign which It is

is

relation of

an event of

differently spoken of

by the author of the "

Essay," who shows a discrimination rarely to critics. The omissions he complains nmch importance to a European reader.

Indian

"

Muhammad

chronicle

this

not recorded in this history."

Saki

Musta'idd

named Ma-dsir-i

rendered his work complete

for

in

of will not appear of

Khan, who

'A'lamgiri, has not ;

Critical

be met with

composed

the

by any means

he has omitted to record several

matters of considerable importance.

Thus, he has not mentioned

honour accorded to Eoyal princes, and

the dignities and

offices of

their successive

appointments to different situations, such as

might best qualify them

Some he has

for

managing the

affairs of

noticed, but he has omitted others.

informed us in what year the illustrious Shah

Shah (now gone

Shah were

to the

abode of

felicity)

and

government.

Neither has he 'iV^lam

Bahadur

Muhammad 'Azam

invested with the high rank of Chihal-hazan (40,000)

and of many other circumstances relating

to these

two

princes,

some are mentioned, and many have been altogether unnoticed. In the same manner also he has treated of other Eoyal princes. " Respecting likewise the chief nobles and their removals from different offices or

appointments and dignities, some are men-

tioned, but several are omitted

thus he has neglected to notice

;

the dates and various circumstances of the appointment otHaflhazarl (7000) of Gh4zl'u-d din

the

Shash-kazari

(6000)

Khan Bahddur Firoz Jang, and Khdn Bahadur Nusrat

of Zulfikar

Jang, two distinguished generals. "

On the

other hand, he relates with minute precision some very

MA-ASIE-I 'ALAMGrRr.

worthy of being recorded

trifling oecnrrences little

and by no means

183

interesting, such

iu history,

particulars concerning

as

chapels or places of prayer, the merits of different preachers and similar topics, which

had been

intimate companions.

On

subjects of discussion

this account his

work

is

among

his

not held in

men who know how

high estimation among those learned

to

appreciate historical compositions."

[This verdict of a native cannot be accepted.

which

is

worthy of

critic is

Muhammad

record, although

it

SAki has a style of his own

not difBcult, and yet has some pretensions to elegance.

The early part of the work is little better than a Court Circular or London Gazette, being occupied almost exclusively with the private matters of the royal family, and the promotions, appoint-

ments, and removals of the

he enters more details of

officers of

Farther on

government.

fiilly into matters of historical record,

and gives

Aurangzeb's campaign in the Dakhin, and his

many

sieges of forts.]

The work was

edited

and translated

into English

by Henry

Vansittart in 1785, and published in a quarto volume.

[The

complete text has been printed in the Bibliotheca Indica, and

541 pages. Said's

own

A

translation

of the last 40

portion of the work, was

"Lieut. Perkins, 71st N.

I.,"

made

years, for Sir

fills

Muhammad H.

Elliot

by

and from that translation the

following Extracts have been taken.]

EXTRACTS.

Earthquake. [Text, p. 73.]

On

the 1st Zi-1

hijja,

1078 a.h. (3rd May,

1668), the intelligence arrived from Thatta that the town of Sam4ji had been destroyed by an earthquake thirty thousand ;

houses were thrown down.

Prohibition of

Hindu Teaching and Worship.

On the 17th Zi-1 ka'da, 1079 (18th April, [Text, p. 81.J 1669), it reached the ear of His Majesty, the protector of the

SAKr MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

184

the provinces of Thatta, Multdn, and Benares, but

faith, that in

Brdhmans were

especially in the latter, foolish

expounding frivolous books

and

Musulmans

learners,

their schools,

in

as well as

in the habit of

and that students

Hindds, went there, even

from long distances, led by a desire to become acquainted with " the wicked sciences they taught. The " Director of the Faith consequently issued orders to

all

the schools and temples of the

destroy with a willing hand infidels

and they were

;

the governors of provinces to

strictly enjoined to

put an entire stop

the teaching and practising of idolatrous forms of worship.

the IStli Rabi'u-1 akhir

was reported

it

to

On

to his religious Majesty,

leader of the unitarians, that, in obedience to order, the Govern-

ment

had destroyed the temple of Bishnith

officers

[Text,

p.

95.] In the

at Benares.

month of Ramazan, 1080 a.h. (December,

1669), in the thirteenth year of the reign, this justice-loving

monarch, the constant enemy of tyrants, commanded the destruction of the

the

name

Hindu temple K^su

falsehood was

was

laid,

The den

Mathura

of

of Dehra

or Mattra,

R4i, and soon that

levelled with

at great expense,

On

the ground.

known by

stronghold of the same spot

the foundation of a vast mosque.

of iniquity thus destroyed

owed

erection to

its

Singh Deo Bundela, an ignorant and depraved man. before he ascended reasons,

much

the

throne,

with

displeased

above-mentioned

Hindu,

in

was at one time, Shaikh

order

to

Jahangir, various

for

Abii-l

Fazl,

and the

compass

the

Shaikh's

As

death, affected great devotion to the Prince.

a reward for

he obtained from the Prince become King per-

his services,

mission to construct the Mattra temple.

expended on

Nar

this

work.

Thirty-three

lacs

were

Glory be to God, who has given us the

faith of Islam, that, in this reign of the destroyer of false gods,

an undertaking so

difficult of

to a successful termination

!

accomplishment

^

has been brought

This vigorous support given

to the

true faith was a severe blow to the arrogance of the Rajas, and, like idols, they turned their faces awe-struck to the wall. '

Alluding to the destruction of the Hindti temple.

The

MA-ASIR-I 'ALAMGIRr.

185

richly-jewelled idols taken from the pagan temples were transferred

Agra, and there placed beneath the steps leading

to

Nawab Begam

to the

ever be

pressed

changed

its

name

Mattra

believers.

Islamabad, and was thus called in

into

all

documents, as well as by the people.

official

[Text, p. 100.] that

Sahib's mosque, in order that they might

under foot by the true

Shah-zada

passions,

In Shawwal information reached the King

Muhammad

Mu'azzam, under the influence of his

and misled by pernicious

and

associates

notwithstanding his excellent understanding,

with a

His Majesty wrote

benevolence.

several

letters

Nawab

natural

his

replete

advice to the Prince, but this alone did not satisfy

had,

imbued

become

Prompted by

of insubordination.

spirit

flatterers,

him

with

—the

Eai, the Prince's mother, was sent for to go to her son,

and lead him back into the right path rebellion should appear in him.

Iftikhar

if

any symptom of

Kh^n Khan-zaman,

a

wise and discreet man, was directed to repair to the Prince,

much

charged with destination,

and

his

head

in

submission.

self

;

He

soon reached his

the King's

messages.

so his only

;

there

answer was

to

wrote to his father letters

Unwilling to ever transgress

expressive of humility and shame.

the obedience due to his

He

was a fountain of candour

was moreover no truth in the report

bow

of

himself

Muhammad Mu'azzam

Prince

advice.

beneficial

delivered

King and to his God, he insured himThe King, slow to anger and

happiness in both worlds.

prompt

to forgive, lavished presents

and kind words on

his son.

Fifteenth Yeak of the Eeign. Outbreak of the Satndmis—aho called Mondihs} It is cause for wonder that a gang of bloody, [Text, p. 114.J carpenters, sweepers, tanners, and goldsmiths, miserable rebels,

other ignoble beings, 1

[Ehafi

Kh&n

braggarts

shortens the

first

and

vowel and

fools

calls

of all

descriptions,

them Mundihs—s^i

post.]

SKKt MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

186

should become so puffed up with vain-glory as to cast themselves

headlong into the to

A

pass.

This

pit of self-destruction.

is

how

came

it

malignant set of people, inhabitants of Mewdt,

from the ground, or

collected suddenly as white ants spring

locusts descend

from the

It is affirmed that these people

skies.

considered themselves immortal; seventy lives was the reward

promised to every one of them who

fell

in action.

A

body

of

about 5000 had collected in the neighbourhood of Narnaul, and

were in open

Tahir

Khan

Cities

rebellion.

and

districts

The King

oppose them, repaired to the presence. exterminate the insurgents. ka'da,

artillery,

Hamid Khdn

horsemen belonging

Yahya Khan son of Diler

to

Saiyid

marched

his father, and

Khan Mewati,

of Firoz

Muhammad ;

and

Akbar, with their own

the destruction of the unbelievers. to the encounter

made good use

The

royal

the insurgents showed a bold

of

what arms they had.

the valour of former rebels whose

history,

should proceed

although totally unprovided with the implements of

front, and,

all

Murtaza Khan,

Khan, Purdil, son

troops, to effect

war,

Khan

with the guards and 500 of the

Riimi, Najib Kh4n, Riimi Khan, Karaalu-d din,

Isfandyar, bakhshi to Prince

forces

to

resolved to

Accordingly, on the 26th of Zi-1

an order was issued that Ka'd-andaz

with his

were plundered.

Faujddr, considering himself not strong enough

and the people of Hind have

They fought

deeds

are

with

recorded in

called this battle

Mahd-

hhdrat, on account of the great slaughter of elephants on that

trying day.

The

heroes of Islam charged with impetuosity, and

crimsoned their sabres with the blood of these desperate men.

The

struggle was terrible. Conspicuous above all were Ea'd-andaz

Khan, Hamid Khan, and Yahya Khan. were slain or wounded.

At

length the

were pursued with great slaughter. their lives

;

commanders

Many

of the Moslims

enemy broke and

Few

fled,

but

indeed escaped with

a complete victory crowned the efforts of the royal

— and those regions were cleansed

the foul unbelievers.

The triumphant

of the presence of

ghdzis, permitted to kiss

the threshold, were rendered proud by the praises of their King.

MA-ASm-I "ALAMGrEr.

The

187

of Shuj4'at Khdn was conferred on Ra'd-andaz, with the rank of 3000 and 2000 horse. title

[Text, p. 170.]

On

the 19th Eabi'u-1 dkhir, 1089 a.h., a

report from Shafi'a

Khdn, diwdn of Bengal, made known that the Amiru-l umard had appropriated one kror and thirty-two lacs

A

of rupees above his yearly salary.

claim

against the

amir was accordingly ordered to be entered.

Twenty-Second Tear of the Eeign, 1090

a.h. (1679 a.d.).

[Text, p. 175.J On the 24th Rabi'u-l akhir, Khan-Jahin Bahadur arrived from Jodhpur, bringing with him several cartloads of idols, taken from the Hindu temples that had been razed. His Majesty gave him great praise. Most of these idols

wer« adorned with precious stones, or made of gold, brass,

copper or stone;

it

was ordered

some

that

of

silver,

them

should be cast away in the out-ofRces, and the remainder placed

beneath the steps of the grand mosque, there to be trampled

under

There they lay a long time,

foot.

vestige of

them was

ents

—Song,

at last, not a

left.

Raja Jaswant Singh had died

[Text, p. 176.]

without male issue

until,

;

at

Kabul

but, after his decease, several faithful adher-

Eagundth Das Bhati, Ranjhur, Durga Das, and sent information to the King of two of the wives

some others

—

of the late

Raja being with

arrival at Lahore,

child.

These

gave each of them birth

ladies,

to a son.

after their

This news

was communicated to the King, with a request that the children should be permitted to succeed to their father's rank and possessions.

him

His Majesty

to be

replied that the children should be sent to

brought up at his Court, and that rank and wealth

should be given to them. [Text,

p.

186.]

On

the 12th Zi-I

hijja,

1090 a.h. (6th

January, 1680), Prince Muhammad 'Kz&m and Khan-Jahan Riihu-llah Bahadur obtained permission to visit Lfdipur.

SAKr MTJSTA'IDD KHAN.

188

Khan and Yakkatdz Khan destruction

also proceeded thither to effect the

of the temples of the

These

idolators.

among

situated in the vicinity of the Rand's palace, were

wonders of the age, and had been erected by the

edifices,

the

infidels to the

ruin of their souls and the loss of their wealth.

It

was here that

some twenty Mdchator Rdjpiits had resolved

to

die for their

One

faith.

them slew many of

of

Another followed, and another,

his death-blow. fallen,

many

his assailants before receiving

until all

had

of the faithful also being despatched before the last

of these fanatics

had gone

The temple was now

to hell.

clear,

and the pioneers destroyed the images. [Text, p. 188.]

On

Muharram, 1091

the 2nd of

a.h. {24th

January, 1680), the King visited the tank of U'disagar, con-

by the Eana. His Majesty ordered all three of the Hindu temples to be levelled with the ground. I^ews was. this day received that Hasan 'AH Khan had emerged from the pass

structed

and attacked the Eand on the 29th of Zi-1

had

fled,

leaving behind

them

their tents

enormous quantity of grain captured

The enemy

hijja.

and baggage.

in this affair

had

The

created

abundance amongst the troops.

On

the 7th

Muharram Hasan

'Ali

Khan made

his appearance

with twenty camels taken from the Rana, and stated that the temple situated near the palace, and one hundred and twenty-two

more

in the neighbouring districts,

chieftain was, title

had been destroyed.

for his distinguished services, invested

This

with the

of Bahadur.

His Majesty proceeded to the

number

Abu

on the 1st of Safar.

Turab, who had been commissioned to

of the idol-temples of

Rajab,

to Chitor

that

Temples

of sixty-three were here demolished.

Amber, reported

threescore

levelled with the ground.

and

six

of

effect

the destruction

in person on the 24th

these

edifices

had been

MA-ASIR-I 'ALAMGriir.

189

Twenty-Fourth Year of the Keign, 1091-2

a.h.

(1680-81 A.D.). [Text,

p.

The Ean4 had now been driven forth from his The victorious ghdzis had struck many a

207.]

country and his home.

blow, and the heroes of Islam had trampled under their chargers' hoofs the land which this reptile of the jungles and his predecessors

He

had possessed for a thousand years.

to fly to the very limit of his territories.

longer, he

saw no

had been forced

IJnable to resist any

safety for himself but in seeking pardon.

cordingly he threw himself on the mercy of Prince

Ac-

Muhammad

'Xzam, and implored his intercession with the King, offering the parganas of Mandil, Pur, and Badhanor

By

this

of the jizya.

in lieu

submission he was enabled to retain possession of his

country and his wealth.

The

Prince, touched with compassion for

the Eana's forlorn state, used his influence with His Majesty, and this merciful

monarch, anxious to please his son, lent a favourable

An

ear to these propositions.

interview took place at the Raj

Sambar tank on the 17th of Jumada-lakhir, between the Prince to whom Diler Khan and. Hasan 'AH Khan had

and the R4nd,

The Eana made an

been deputed.

offering of

500 ashrafis and

eighteen horses with caparisons of gold and silver, and did to the Prince, in return a title

of

of

who

desired

MiFat, a

Eana

him

to sit

on his

sabre, dagger, charger

He

left.

homage received

and elephant.

His

was acknowledged, and the rank of commander

5000 conferred on him,

Twenty-Seventh Year of the Eetgn, 1094-5 (1683-4

a.h.

A.D.).

Caves of Ellora. [Text, p. 238.]

Muhammad Sh^h Malik

Tuo-hlik, selected the fort

to establish the seat of government,

Daulat^bdd.

He

Jun4, son of

of Deogir as a central point whereat

and gave

it

removed the inhabitants of Dehli

the

name of

thither with

SAET MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

190 their wives

and

children,

and many great and good men removed

EUora

thither and -were buried there.

At

from this place. if

only a short distance

is

some very remote period a race of men, as

by magic, excavated caves {nakkdh) high up among the

of the mountains.

Carvings of various designs and of correct execution

of one kos.

the walls and ceilings

adorned

all

tain

perfectly level,

is

{khdna).

defiles

These rooms {khdna) extended over a breadth

From

but the outside of the moun-

;

and there

no sign of any dwelling

is

the long period of time these pagans remained

masters of this territory,

it

historians differ, that to

them

is

reasonable to conclude, although is to

be attributed the construc-

tion of these places.

Thirtieth Year of the Reign, 1097-8 a.h. (1686-7

Muhammad Mu'azzam.

Imprisonment of Prince [Text, p. 293.]

Muhammad

a.d.).

Mu'azzam, although a prince of

great intelligence and penetration, was led

by

pernicious coun-

sellors into opposition to his father's wishes,

and

became the source of much suffering

and displeasure to

the ruler of the State.

to himself

For a long time His Majesty,

such conduct should become known,

During the

Prince's proceedings.

this conduct

loth that

his

eyes to the

siege of Bijapur

some persons

closed

were caught carrying secret messages to Sikandar ('Adil Shah)

men were put

;

Some officers also, suspected of evil intentions, Mumin Khan, commandant of artillery, 'Aziz Afghan, Multifat Khan, second bakhshi, and the cunning Bindrdban, were expelled from the army on the 18th of Shawwal. The Prince's destiny grew dark, and wisdom and foresight quite

these

forsook him.

to death.

During the investment of Haidarabad he allowed

himself to be deluded by some promise of Abu-1 Hasan, and at last

sundry written communications, which passed between the

trenches and the fort of Golkonda,

Jang.

fell

into the

hands of Firoz

Other proofs were also available of the Prince's treachery.

The Khan,

that very

night,

laid these

documents before the

MA-ASIE-I -ALAMGrEr.

191

King, who was now well convinced of the Prince's wilfulness,

whatever doubts he might have entertained before.

Khan,

ddrogJia of the Prince's diwdn-khdna,

Hayat

was sent

for

and

ordered to direct his master to send his troops to oppose Shaikh

Niz^m Haidarabddl, who was about to make a night attack on Ihtini4m Kh^n, it was said, would guard the Prince's

the camp.

tents during the absence of his

own

This order was

people.

obeyed.

The next morning, according and

din,

Muhammad

'Azim,i attended the darbdr. His Majesty,

Khan and Bahramand

taking his seat, told them that Asad

after

Khdn had something

Mu'izzu-d

to order, the Prince,

to

communicate to them

in the chapel.

No

sooner had the Princes entered this place than their arms were

taken from them.

As

removed into

His Majesty withdrew to the

private

it.

and

entrance,

many symptoms years

had

Gruards

ground

placed

Ihtim4m Khan. which, however,

wringing

there,

Mutasaddis seized

was but

command

Release of

with

as

tent, all

a drop

under the orders of

the Prince's

of water

in

property,

the

ocean.

Khan, and

raised

of the Reign, 1102-3 a.h. (1691-2

a.d.).

title

of Sardar

of 1000 to that of 1500.

Tear

Thirty-fifth

by the

and

!

round the

Ihtimam was invested with the from the

seraglio

his hands,

of grief, he exclaimed that the labour of forty

fallen to the

were

soon as a tent could be pitched, they were

Muhammad Mu'azzam from

Confinement.

[Text, p. 341. J Neither the Prince nor his sons had been, first

when

confined, permitted even to unbind the hair of their heads.

This treatment lasted six months.

Khidmat Khan, Ndzir, em-

boldened by his long service under this King and under his father,

remonstrated most vehemently against this severity (no other

dared to speak in the Prince's favour), and His Majesty relented.

As

time wore on, the King's wrath grew 1

[More commonly

called

less, his

Muhammad

'Azam.]

paternal feel-

SAKF MUSTA'IDB KHAN.

192

ings resumed their sway, and he daily

Sardar

Khan

him to be Mercies moved

desiring all

Strange to

relate,

satisfied

with this

by

blessing

his

sent

imprisoned like Jonas,

second Joseph,

to this

much

until the

Father of

his heart to put an end to his sufferings.

one day told the King that His

Khan

Sarddr

Majesty could order the Prince's release when he thought fit so to do. " True," replied the King, " but Providence has made me

The oppressed

ruler of the habitable world.

my

has endured some hardships at

appeals

hands, in expiation of certain

me

worldly offences, but the hour has not yet come for

him

his only hope

;

so that he

may

is

God, for should he do

all

Fate had decreed that the throne

hope in me, nor appeal against

what refuge would be

so,

King,

draw the Prince from the

had been

let his light

and

state in

were gradually made

of confinement

when

the

King marched from

Badri,

grief,

On

less. all

to

"

of all

which he

That

shine on the people.

mind might not bow down under the weight of

me

should adorn

personification

that

virtues, resolved to

kept,

me ?

left to

Muhammad Mu'azzam

wherefore the

;

to release

Let him therefore be hopeful,

God.

in

not lose

me

to

This son of mine

against his oppressor, and expects redress.

his

the rigours

one occasion,

the tents were ordered

to be left standing for the Prince's recreation.

He was

permitted

to wander from one to the other, enjoying the luxuries each different place

and refreshing body and mind.

afforded,

Prince observed to the

officers

who had charge

of

him

The

that he

longed to behold His Majesty, and that the sight of such places could not satisfy that wish.

At

length,

when

the news of the

Prince's mother having died in the capital was received, His

Majesty caused a tent of communication to be pitched between

Mas and

the diirdn-i repaired

in

Begam, and

tent,

where the monarch

person with the virtuous Princess Zinatu-n Nisa offered the usual consolations.

Some time

after this,

had the honour

him

the Prince's

on the 4th of Zi-1 ka'da, Mu'azzam

of paying his respects to the King,

to perform his

mid-day prayers

in his presence.

who

desired

When

His

MA-A'SIE-I 'ALAMGriU.

I93

Majesty went to the mosque on Fridays, the Prince was in the private chapel.

to

pray

Permission was also granted him to

visit

occasionally the baths in the fort;

at other times

he might

wander among the parterres and tanks of the Shahabdd gardens. Thus by degrees was broken the barrier between father and son.

Khwaja Daulat

received orders to fetch the Prince's family from

the capital.'

FiFTY-FiEST

Year

of the Eeign.

Death of Aurangzeb. [Text, p. 519.]

After the conclusion of the holy wars which

rescued the countries of the Dakhin from the dominion of the pagans, the army encamped at Ahmadnagar on the 16th of

Shawwal, in the 50th year of the

reign.

A

year after

this, at

the end of Shawwal, in the 51st year of the reign, the Kinoill,

and consternation spread among people of

all

fell

ranks; but, by

the blessing of Providence, His Majesty recovered his health in a short time,

About

aflPairs.

and once more resumed the administration of

this

time the noble Sh4h ('Alam) was appointed

governor of the province of Mdlwa, and Prince Kani Bakhsh

governor of that of Bijapur.

Only four

or five days

seized with a burning fever,

days.

Still

ordinance

when

had elapsed

the

King was

which continued unabated

for three

after the departure of their royal highnesses,

His Majesty did not relax

of religion was strictly kept.

in his devotions, every

On

the

evening of

Thursday, His Majesty perused a petition from Hdmidu-d din

Khdn, who

stated that he

had devoted the sum of 4000

rupees,

the price of an elephant, as a propitiatory sacrifice, and begged to

be permitted to make over this amount to the Kazi Mull4

Haidar

for distribution.

though weak and

The King granted the request, and, wrote with his own hand on the

sufi'eriug,

1 [From subsequent passages it appears that the Prince was reinstated in his seat on the Emperor's right hand in the thirty-ninth year, and was presented to the government of Kabfil in the forty-second year.]

VOL. yii.

13

!

SAEr MUSTA'IDD KHAN.

194 petition that

it

was his earnest wish that this

sacrifice

should

lead to a speedy dissolution of his mortal frame.

On

the morning of Friday, 28th of Zi-1 ka'da

21st February, 1707 a.d.)j secrated

prayers,

and,

at

their

conclusion,

sleeping apartments, where he remained

returned

the

to

contem-

absorbed in

Faintness came on, and the soul of the

plation of the Deity.

aged monarch hovered on the verge of this

(1118 a.h.

His Majesty performed the con-

eternity.

StUl,

in

dread hour, the force of habit prevailed, and the fingers of

the dying

King continued mechanically

rosary they held. his last,

A

quarter of the

and thus was

fulfilled

Great was the grief among

The

death.

their hopes,

shafts

the corpse in the

Prince

all classes

Friday.

of people for the King's

of adversity had demolished the edifice of

Muhammad

to perform the funeral rites,

sleeping

it is

and kept

apartment pending the arrival of

A'zam, who was away a distance of five-and-

twenty kos from the camp. day, and

King breathed

later the

his wish to die on a

and the night of sorrow darkened the joyful noon-

Holy men prepared

day.

to tell the beads of the

day

The Prince arrived the

following

impossible to describe the grief that was depicted

on his countenance

On Monday he

;

never had anything like

assisted in carrying the corpse

it

been beheld.

through the

of justice, whence the procession went on without him.

none ever experience the anguish he

felt

!

hall

May

People sympathized

with the Prince's sorrow, and shed torrents of tears. so deeply-felt were the lamentations for a

Such and monarch whose genius

only equalled his piety, whose equal the world did not contain,

but whose luminous countenance was

now hidden from

his lovin"

people

According to the will of the deceased King, his mortal remains were deposited in the tomb constructed during his lifetime near the shrine of the holy Shaikh Zainu-d din (on

mercy

!).

whom Grod have " Earth was consigned to earth, but the pure soul sur-

vived." This place of sepulture, is

known by the name

of Khuldabdd,

distant eight kos from Khujista-bunydd (Aurangabad),

and

MA-ASIE-I 'ALAMGIEr.

A

three kos from Daulatabad.

I95

red stone three yards in length,

two in width, and only a few inches in depth, is placed above the tomb. In this stone was hollowed out, in the shape of an amulet, a cavity for the reception of earth and seeds and odori;

ferous herbs there diffuse their fragrance around.

Account of the

God had

[Text, p. 533.] five daughters,

Family,

given unto 'j^lamgir

born of different mothers, and

and worldly matters.

spiritual

of

late King's

and

five sons all

learned in

Mention has already been made

them it now remains to give a short notice of each. The first son was Muhammad Sultan, born of the Nawab ;

Bai,

on the 4th of Eamazan, in the year 1049 a.h. (14th November, 1639 A.D.). His manners were agreeable, he knew the Kuran

by

and was

heart,

well acquainted with the Arabic, Turkish

Persian languages.

His valour was

great.

and

This Prince died in

the 21st year of the reign.

The second son, Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah 'Alam Bahadur, was born of the same Nawdb Bdi, in the end of Rajab, 1053 a.h. (September, 1643 a.d.).

While

still

a boy he acquired a perfect

When

knowledge of the Kuran, and of the science of reading. so engaged, his voice

is

pleasing and melodious.

So great

is

his

knowledge of law and of the traditionary sayings of the Prophet, that he

is

held by

all

men He is

the learned

equalled in this accomplishment.

of the day to be undeeply read in Arabic,

and the fluency and elegance of his

diction are the

the very Kurd,n-readers of Arabia.

He knows many

writing,

is

Prince

careful of his time,

Muhammad

wonder of sorts of

and a protector of the poor.

A'zam, the third son, was born of Dilras

Banti Begam, daughter of Shdh

Nawaz Khan

Safawi, on the 12th

of Sha'bdn, in the year 1063 (28th June, 1653).

guished for his wisdom and excellence.

He

He

was

excelled in

distin-

many

ways, and his innate virtues and sagacity rendered him the indispensable companion of the late King.

His death occurred

SAKt MUSTA'IDD KHA'N.

l96

on the 18th of Rabi'u-1 awwal, only three months and twenty

days

royal parent.

after that of his

It

was marked by deeds

of valour.

The next

Akbar, was born of Begam/ on the 12th

son, Prince

1067 (12th September, 1656

of ZI-1 hijja, in the year fled

from his

father,

48th year of the

and passed

He

He

a.d.).

died in the

but there are two reasons for supposing

reign,

happy

that his end was a

his life in Persia.

In the

one.

first place,

the King

remarked that Prince Akbar had always performed his Friday prayers most devoutly

;

praise

and secondly, his mortal remains

Imam

the area of the tomb of

Riza (on

whom

lie in

be blessings and

!).

Muhammad Kara

Bakhsh, the

fifth

and

last son,

was born on

the 10th of Ramazan, in the year 1077 (25th February, 1667).

His mother was B4i X/dipuri.

word of

Grod,

His father instructed him

and his knowledge of

that of his brothers.

known works

The Turkish language and

He

of writing were familiar to him.

The

all

in the

surpassed

several modes

was brave and generous.

death of this Prince took place two years after that of his

father.

Account of the Daughters,

Zebu-n Nisa Begam was the eldest of the daughters. born of Begam

^

She was

on the 10th of Shawwal, in the year 1048 (5th

Owing

February, 1639).

to the

King's teaching, she became

thoroughly proficient in knowledge of the Kur4n, and received a reward the

sum

of 30,000 ashrafis.

Her

as

learning extended to

Arabic, Persian, to the various modes of writing, and to prose

and poetry.

Many

learned men, poets and writers were era-

ployed by her, and numerous compilations and original works are dedicated to her.

KaUr,

One

of these, a translation of the Tafsir-i

called Zehu-t Tafdsir,

was the work of

MuUa

Ardbeli, attached to the service of this Princess.

occurred in the year 1113 (1701 a.d.). '

The name

is

not given.

Saffu-d din

Her

death

MA-ASIE-I 'ALAMGrEr.

197

The second daughter was Zinatu-n Wisk

She was

Begatn.

born on the 1st Sha'ban, in the year 1053 (9th October, 1643

This Princess

A.D.).

is

remarkable for her great piety and

extreme liberahty.

Badru-n Nisa Begam, the third

Nawdb Bdi on

the

November, 1647

in order,

39th Shaww41,

She knew the Kuran by

a.d.).

Her demise took

pious and virtuous.

year 1057

the

in

was born of the (17th

was

heart,

place on the 27th Zi-l

ka'da in the 13th year of the reign.

The

fourth daughter, Zubdatu-n Nisa

26th Eamazdn,

in the

Her mother was Begam.

This Princess was ever engaged in

worship, prayer, and pious works.

Shukoh, son of Dara Shukoh,

same month as her

Begam, was born on the

year 1061 (1st September, 1651 a.d.).

father,

to

She was wedded She went

whom

to Sipihr

to Paradise in the

her death was not

made

known.

Mihru-n

Nisd

Begam,

the fifth

Aurangabadi Mahal on the 3rd of (13th September,

1661).

daughter, Safar, in

She became

the

was

born

the year

spouse

of

1072

of Tzad

Bakhsh, son of Murad Bakhsh, and lived until the year 1116.

198

LXXIY.

FTTFRAT-I 'A'LAMGrRI' OP

MUHAMMAD

MA'SU'M.

[This book of " the Victories of Aurangzeb " would seem to be

known

Contents

the Preface and of the Table of

From

Elliofs papers.

was

Muhammad is

the Preface

Shuja',

is

among

Sir

He

H. M.

was employed

Aurangzeb's brother,

in

"whose

Having obtained a few

equal to that of the sun."

months' leave of absence, he, with

also

a translation of

appears that the author

it

Ma'stim, son of Salih.

Sultan

the service of generosity

There

Wdki'dt-i 'A'lamgiri.

as

much

hesitation

and diffidence,

determined, as he says, " to write the events of these two or three years, which I have witnessed myself or have heard from

The first The Table of Contents gives 55 Chapters. Shah Jahan's conquest of Balkh and Badakhshan. Chapter 52 " relates the murder of Ddra Shukoh by the orders of Aurangzeb in the garden of Khizrabad, by the hands of Shah

others." relates

to

Nazar Chela, and of the burial of his remains of

Humayun, which

is

"

Shah Shuja

The

history

is

burial-place

and Mu'azzam Khan. not complete, and

author had written only thus

far,

it

is

two or three years,

probably complete.

Brahman

murdered

or whether the scribe had ao

As

a Nagar

the

The translator adds: not known whether the

time to copy further." it is

to Dr. Bird, another

mausoleum

in the

of all

Chapter 55 gives the remaining account

princes of this house.''

of

the

it

professes to be only the history of

work bearing of Gujarat.

of the occurrences he details,

Islam, the son of 'Abdu-1

is,

according

by Sri Das,

" The author was a spectator

and was

in the service of Shaikhu-1

Wahhdb Ahmadabadi.

very rare."i] 1

There

this title written

Bird's Gujardl, p. 89.

This work

is

199

LXXV.

TA'RrKH-I MULK-I A'SHA'M op

SHAHABU-D DfN TALASH. [This

is

an account of the expedition to Assam undertaken

the fourth year of the reign of Aurangzeb, by Mu'azzam

Khdn-kh4n4n. din Talash.

Catalogue.^

M.

It

in

Khan

The author was Maulana Ahmad Shahabu-d is

a small work, and

is

noticed in Stewart's

There are some Extracts of the work among Sir H.

Elliot's papers,

and there

is

a copy in the Library of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal.] '

See Journ. des Savants, 1845, p. 702.

200

LXXVT.

WAK^r OP

N r A M A T K H A' N. [This

the work of the celebrated wit and

is

Muhammad

Ni'amat Khan, whose poetical sobriquet was

His writings are much valued style,

which

is

highly florid

appointed to the is

;

but

it

of news-writer

office

is

'Ali.

very obscure, and

is

The author was

by Aurangzeb, and the

especially devoted to the history of the siege

The Makhzanu-l Gharaib

quest of Golkonda.

Mirza

in India for the excellence of the

more pregnant with metaphor than meaning. Wakdi'

satirist,

states

and conthat his

ancestors were physicians of Shiraz, but that he was brought up

He

in Hindustan.

hakdwaU, with the to his patron

conduct, he

was appointed by Aurangzeb to the mansab of title

and

fell

of Ni'amat

satirized

Khan, but he was ungrateful

At

him.

length, from

excellent, but his satire is pleasant

and pungent."

that he had some knowledge of medicine. tai

title

of

Ddnishmand Khdn

the reign of Bahddur Shah.

and died

at

He

earlier.

It appears

Tdrikh-i Chagha-

in the first year of

afterwards wrote a Shdh-ndma,

Dehli in 1122 a.h. (1710 a.d.), in the 4th year of

Bahadur Shdh, or according passage

The

strong powers of satire, and states that

also speaks of his

he received the

improper

" His verses and ghazals are not

into disgrace.

The author " The

from

is

to another authority,

two years

the person referred to in the following

Critical

Essay "

:

"

Mink Muhammad,

generally called Ni'amat

Khan

who

Danishmand Khdn, and he has recorded

obtained the

title

of

Haji, was an eminent personage,

WAKiKI'.

201

the events of that monarch's (Aurangzeb's) reign as far as the

Although his work

third year.

yet

style,

occasionally

it

is

written in a very pleasing

the

offends

by

delicacy

reader's

indecent jests and coarse witticisms, in which the author was

much

too

accustomed

Jonathan Scott's work,

curious

the

Wakdi'

exhibiting anecdotes

humorous and entertaining style; " I conceive that allusion must be

has been lithographed at author's Ruka'dt.'"

The Editor

1843.

is

but, says Sir

made Lucknow in It

was

Catalogue of

the said

to the

H. M.

Muzhakdt, which

the same volume as the printed at

so,

Bombay

Lucknow

also published at

" the work contains very

difficult

complicated passages not suited to the comprehension of ;

a

Elliot,

in

of this edition, after lauding the author in

the Preface, says that

people

a most

be

to

of private character in

The Wakdi' has been

a volume of 319 pages.

in

In

indulge."

to

library,

and

common

with great pains and diligent research in Persian and

Arabic dictionaries, he has supplied marginal notes, turning the

most

difficult

There

is

papers, but

passages into a smooth and easy style."

an abstract of a portion of it is

this

work among the

a short dry summary of no value, either as a

specimen of the work, or as a contribution to history.^] '

[This article has beea compiled from Sir H. M. Elliot's rough sketch and from

Persian notes and extracts collected by him. ]

202

LXXVII.

JANG-NA'MA OF

NFAMAT KHAN [This " Book of or

War "

is

Danishmand Khan, the

abstract of the

'ALf.

Khdn

another production of Ni'amat writer of the last-noticed work.

work prepared

for Sir

H, M. EUiot shows

that

begins with the war carried on by Auranj^zeb against the of l/dipur, and ends with the accession of Bahadur Sh4h. struggle which followed the death of siderable portion of the work.

work was printed

at

Lucknow

in

A

An it

Hand The

Aurangzeb occupies a con-

lithographed edition of the

1261 a.h. (1845

a.d.)-J

:;

203

LXXVIII.

'A'LAMGmr

RUKA'i^T-I

OP

THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB. These

exhibit the private

letters

life

and sentiments of

Prince, so they should be allowed a place in his history. following

History

account

(p.

given

is

of

them by Elphinstone

Taiyihdt, published

by one of

second, the Rakdim-i

his

letters.

First, the Kalimdt-i

his chief secretaries, 'Inayatu-llah

KardHm by

;

the son of another secretary

'Ami A'gdM collected from all quarters his death. The first two collections pro-

third, the Bastiiru-l

thirty-eight years after fess to

his

The in

673).

" There are three collections of his

and

this

be merely the rough drafts or notes which he wrote with

own hand

for his secretaries.

have the same appearance.

They

Most

of the third collection

are without dates or order,

and are often obscure, from their brevity, and our ignorance of the subjects alluded to."

One

set

was

indifferently translated

many

years ago by Mr.

Eales in Calcutta, and a few Extracts have been published in the Asiatic

Annual Register,

vol.

iii.

Instead of three sets of these

letters, there

appears to be more

than four.

The " Be

it

first

of

known

them has the following passage

to all

learned men, that

this

book

in the Preface na,mQA.

Ruka' dt-i

'JUamgir, and surnamed Kalimdt-i Taiyihdt, has been compiled

from the epistles written by Muhiu-d din Kino- of Hindustdn.

The

expression

Farzand Sa'ddat tawam has been used

Muhammad Aurangzeb,

MuMn

in this

p&r

khildfaf

wa

book for the eldest

EMPEROR AURANGZEB.

204

son of the King, Sult4n 'i^lam.

Muhammad

Mu'azzam, surnamed Shah

Sometimes the expression Sa'ddat tawam has

also been

Muhammad A'zam Shah but only used for the eldest. By the

applied to his second son, Sultdn

the term Farzand-i 'Alt

Jdh

term Birddar-i nd-mihrbdn

is

;

meant the King's

is

The expressions Farzand-zdda-i 'aziz and Farzand-

Dara Shukoh.

zdda hahddur are respectively intended din, the eldest son of

Shah

Muhammad Mu'izzu-d Muhammad Bedar Muhammad A'zam Shah

The words Farzand-zdda

Muhammad

'Azimu-d

for

and

'i^lam,

Bakht Bahadur, the son of Sultdn Muhin-piir.

elder brother,

for

'azimu-l kadr are used for

din, the second son of

Shah 'Alam.

The

Mulk Maddru-l Muhdm and dnfidwi are peculiar to Asad Khan, who was honoured with the title of Amiru-l umard after the death of Shayista Khan. The term Khdn Firoz Jang is the abbreviated title of Ghazi''u-d din Khan Firoz Jang. Nusrat Jang is the title of Zu-1 Fikar Khan. expressions Umdatu-l

Mirzd Bakhshi

is

intended for Mirzd Sadru-d din

Muhammad

Khan Safawi. Mir-dtash for Tarbiyat Khan, and the Hamid for Hamidu-d din Khan." The name

of the compiler

is.

not mentioned.

Taiyibdt has been lithographed at

67 pages, 17

lines to a page.

The Rakdim-i Kardim consists of

It

is

fifteen lines to

by the Emperor

father of the compiler

;

following

is

and contains

demand.

a page.

name

It

com-

Mir 'Abdu-1 Karim

to

and out of compliment

the son called the collection by the

The

This Kalimdt-i

in 8vo.,

in extensive

word

a somewhat smaller collection, and

48 octavo pages of

prises letters written

Khan,

is

Lucknow

single

to him,

of Rakdim-i Kardim.

extracted from the Preface

:

" I Saiyid Ashraf

Khdn Mir Muhammad Husaini do myself the honour of collecting the epistles of the great King 'Alamgir, which were written to my father 'Abdu-1 Karim Amir Khan, and of arranging them in the form of a book, which I denominate by the

Kardim, as that expression

name

of the late 'Abdu-1

most of the Emperor's

is

in a

Karim.

epistles,

title

of Rakdim-i

manner connected with the I

much

regret the loss of

which were either despatched

EUKA'A'T-I 'ALAMGrEr.

to their several addresses without

205

my

being copied in

father's

or were destroyed through the ignorance and carelessness

office,

of his attendants.

However, those which have remained un-

injured are most dear to me."

The

Bastiiru-l

'AmlA'gdhi appears from the following passage

the Introduction to have been compiled under the orders of

in

R^ja

Ayd

" The dependents of the King 'iiilamgir have

Mai.

from that monarch to the

collected the celebrated epistles

princes and nobles, into several pamphlets, without

different

arranging

them

in the

Aya

Mai, one of his learned servants collected the detached

form of a regular book

;

but at the request of Raja

pamphlets into one volume in the Hijra year 1156 (1743

a.d.),

As

the style

of these epistles was rather difficult to be understood

by every

and denominated the work Basturu-l ''Ami A'gdhi.

one, since the

King was very fond

of figurative language, the

compiler takes the opportunity of giving in this Preface the real

meanings of the peculiar expressions used by the King."

Then

follows the explanation given in the Extract from the Kalimdt-i Taiyibdt. It

appears

another

that

made under the same

The

given to that collection.

wa Ishdrahde of which are

left

had

collection

direction,

and

fourth collection

'A'lamgir, and bears the

in the

case of the

"

in ignorance.

'Alamgir appears at

been

name

Dastiiru-l

previously

another .name

that

is

called

is

Bamz

of the compiler,

'Ami wa A'gdhi we

The correspondence

of the

Emperor

first

sight to consist of ordinary epistles,

but in reality they convey the best instruction to kings, and useful kind of information

the most

They may

to nobles

be considered harmless friends to

love retirement or take delight in society.

all,

and

courtiers.

whether they

Originally they did

not form a regular book, but at the instigation of the celebrated

and learned Rdja

Ay4

Mai,

them and formed a book There

is

'A'lamgiri.

another

This

is

Budh Mai, surnamed Ram,

in the year

collection

1151 a.h. (1738

bearing the

name

composed of letters written

collected

a.d.).

of A'ddb-i

by Aurangzeb

EMPEEOE AURANGZEB.

206 to

his

father,

sons,

and

officers.

They were

collected

by

MunsMu-l Mamdlik Shaikh Abu-1 Fath, and were arranged and formed into a book by Sadik, entitled Nd-tamdm, a resident of

Ambala. The work Collection (vol.

work among the British

ii.

Sir

is

noticed in the Catalogue of the Mackenzie

p. 135).

H. M.

Museum.]

[There are several Extracts of this

Elliot's

MSS., and

there

is

a copy in

207

LXXIX.

MUNTAKHABU-L

LFBA'B

OP

MUHAMMAD

HASHIM, KHAFf KHAN.

This work, which the author himself

Muhammad is

Shd/d,

is

styles

Muntakhabu-l Luhdh

frequently called Tdrikh-i Khdfi Khan.

It

a highly esteemed history, commencing with the Invasion of

Babar, a.d. 1519, and concluding with the fourteenth year of the reign of

Muhammad

Shdh.

It contains also an Introduction,

giving an outline of the history of the Mughals and Tartars

from Noah to Babar. entire account of the

It is chiefly valuable for containing

reign of Aurangzeb, of which,

sequence of that Emperor's well-known prohibition, difficult to

obtain a full

and connected history.

to that very prohibition

we

are

It

it

an

in

con-

is

very

however,

is,

indebted for one of the best

and most impartial Histories of Modern India.

Muhammad Hashim, known

man

as an author

also called

Hdshim 'AH Khan,

by the designation Khafi Khan.

is

better

He

was a

of a good family residing at Dehli, and he privately com-

piled a minute register of all the events of this reign, which he

published some years after the monarch's death.

Khwaja Mir, the service

also

an historian, was an

of Murdd Bakhsh

;

officer of

His

father,

high rank in

but after that Prince's confine-

ment and murder, he passed into th£ employment of Aurangzeb. Muhammad Hdshim Khdn was brought up in Aurangzeb's service, and was employed by him in political and mihtary situations.

He

himself gives an interesting account of a mission

on which he was sent by the Viceroy of Gfujardt to the English at Bombay; on which occasion, while commending them in

KHAFr EHA.W

208

other respects, he accuses

them of

levity in laughing

more than

[He

frequently

befitted the solemnity of political intercourse.

speaks in his

own

what he had himself seen or

person, reporting

In the reign of Farrukh Siyar, he was made a diwdn by

heard.

Nizamu-1 Mulk (the

first

Nizams of Haidarabad), and

of the

writes with interest and favour in all that concerns that chief.

For

this reason

His work first

is

he

is

sometimes designated Nizdmu-l MulM.^

a complete history of the House of Timur, giving

a clear and concise account of that dynasty, from the founder

down

to the close of Akbar's reign.

This portion of the work

is

condensed, the events having been so fully detailed by previous

The

writers.

great body of the

work

is

occupied with the

hundred and thirty years that succeeded the death of Akbar, of which period the author

counts of is

observation,

men who had watched

and the verbal ac-

the occurrences of the time.

considered probable that he had composed the

work

before he

was compelled

down

being anxious to bring life,

to stop

was

ascribed

by

all

half of the

by Aurangzeb's

orders, but,

secret.

title

of Khafi

Khan, the word khdfi

This origin of the designation

modern

our English historians

writers, ;

but I

is

the one

and has been fully accredited by

am

disposed to dispute the correct-

ness of this story, and to consider Khafi as a gentilitious

denoting the country whence his family sprung. correctly

Khwaf,

is

own

It is represented that

pleased with the history that he

so

ennobled the author with the

meaning " concealed."

It

first

his history to the close, of his

he continued his labours in

Muhammad Shah

were

states that the last fifty-three years

own personal

written from his

name

Khaf, or more

a district of Khurdsan near Naishdpur, and

by no means unfamiliar to Asiatics. Thus Khwafi so applied we have the famous doctor Shaikh Zainu-d din Khwafi,' Imam Khwdfi, the Khwafi Saiyids, etc., and what is confirmatory of is

this opinion

is

Ghulam 'All Shah style our Khwaja Mir Khwafi, but name as Mir Khwdfi. It is not

that not only does

author Muhammad Hashim

he himself gives his

the son of

^father's 1

[See supra, Vol. IV. p. 288.]

MUNTAKHABU-L lUBAB.

Muhammad Shah may

impossible that

upon the author's in

original

some such phrase

name, and

209

have indulged in a joke

may have

expressed himself

to the effect that the author

was now really

[Mr. Morley, in his Catalogue of the MSS. of the

Khwdfi.

Eoyal Asiatic Society, adopts the former explanation, and says "

From

the fact of the work having been so

{khdfi), its author received the title of

Lees,

Khafi Khan."

on the other hand, arrived independently

H. M.

conclusion as Sir

Khwdfi was one

very

in

He

Elliot.

common

interpretation " concealed " " had

somewhat

its

at

Colonel

the same

shows that the patronymic

and thinks that the

use,

origin in an imperfect

misrepresentation

ludicrous

:

long concealed

of what

Khaff

and

Khan

himself says, to which has consequently been given a sense the

very opposite of says that he kept

was the box of

after the

all

his

reason for Khafi

true

its

'

up

these things locked

memory.'

Khan

Kh4n

Khafi

meaning.

certainly

in a box, but

it

There might have been some

^

concealing his work for a year or two

death of Aurangzeb

but there seems no sound or

;

apparent reason for his concealing his work for nearly thirty years after that event." ^]

The author

of the " Critical Essay," translated and published

for the Oriental Translation

taining a detailed

and

Fund, speaks of

this history as con-

particular statement of various transactions

which the author himself had actually witnessed, regretting at the

same time that he had never seen his History of Hindustan, he

of the tenth

it.

When

Colonel

Dow

wrote

was obliged to conclude at the end

year of Aurangzeb's reign, because there were

no documents calculated to throw light upon the subsequent Mill

period.

also

history of Aurangzeb.

complains

that

we

have

the Honourable Mountstewart Elphinstone, availed himself of Khafi

VOL.

no

complete

This defect has since been remedied by

Khdn's

history,

who has

judiciously

and thus has been

1

[See the passage post, under the Eleyenth Tear of the Eeign.]

2

[Journal Eoyal Asiatic Society, N.s. vol.

y:i.

iii.

p. 471.J

14

KHAPr KHAN.

210 '

enabled to give us a complete narrative of the reign of Aurangzeb and his immediate successors.

Elphinstone confesses himself

indebted to Major A. Gordon, of the Madras

Army,

MS.

for a

Khdfi Kh&n's history down to near the end of

translation of

Jahangir's reign

;

and he expresses

his regret

(Book X. Ch.

I.),

" that this excellent translation has not been carried on to the

end of the history, which comes down to recent times, and affords the only full

which

it

and connected account of the whole period Grant Duff acknowledges the same obliga-

embraces."

and

states

that Mr. Erskine had translated the portion relating to

Shah

tion in his History of the Mahrattas (vol.

for this

MS.

translation of

p. 118),

[Inquiries have

Jahan's transactions with the Dakhin.

made

i.

been

Major Gordon, but without

success.]

[Sir this

H. M.

work.

Elliot had made no provision for the translation of The lengthy translation which follows is entirely

the work of the Editor. the Bibliotheca Indica

;

The Text used

MSS.

but two

is

that published in

containing the history of

Aurangzeb's reign, one belonging to the Library of the East India

Office,

and the other

to

have been occasionally referred has not been sought

MSS.

differ

for,

very much.

Society,

number

of copies

greater

" Copies (of Khafi Khan's history)

numerous

met with

— and I have compared

—are

A

Royal Asiatic

because, according to Colonel Lees, the

are very

;

to,

the

but, strange to say,

no two copies that

five apparently

very good

I

have

MSS.

exactly alike, while some present such dissimilarities as

almost to warrant the supposition that they are distinct works,

some passages being quite accurate, and others again dissimilar.

In the copies

to be

entirely

found of other well-known MSS.,

which have been copied and recopied repeatedly, we find omissions

and a variety of readings, but not such broadcast discrepancies as I have found in

have consulted."]

some of the copies of Khafi

Kh4n which

I

MUNTAKHABU-L

LXJBAB.

211

EXTRACTS.

Europeans at Hugli} [Text, vol. cial

i.

The

p. 468,]

Firingis

had formed a commer-

settlement at Hugli, twenty hos from

Edjmahdl

in Bengal.

In former times they had obtained the grant of a parcel of land •

stowing of their merchandize and for their abode.

for the

they built a strong it

with

they

"church"

also

a place of worship which

built

In course of time they overstepped

(kalisd).

They vexed

the sufferance they had obtained.

the

Musulmans

of the neighbourhood, and they harassed travellers,

exerted themselves continually to strengthen

Of

all their

which they occupied on the

sea-coast,

their rule

;

:

— In

the ports

they offered no injury

or person of either

Hindus who dwelt under

and they

their settlement.

odious practices this was the worst

either to the property

There

with towers and walls, and furnished

They

artillery.

call

fort,

but

Muhammadans

or

one of these in-

if

habitants died, leaving children of tender age, they took both

the children and the property under their charge, and, whether these

young children were

saiyids, or

whether they were hrdh-

mans, they made them Christians and slaves the ports of the

Kokan

wherever they had the custom

in the

forts

and exercised authority,

of that insolent people.

notoriety of this tyrannical practice, all tribes

way

in

unawares,

if

was

livelihood,

They allowed no

there.

mendicant (fakir) to come into their bounds. his

this

But notwithstanding the Musulmans and Hindus of

went into their settlements in pursuit of a

and took up their abode

In

{mamluk).

Dakhin, and on the sea-coast,

When

religious

one found

he were a Hindu he was subjected to

such tortures as made his escape with

life

very doubtful

;

and

if

he

were a Musulman he was imprisoned and worried for some days,

and then

set

When

at liberty.

travellers passed in,

and their

baggage was examined for the custom-duties, no leniency was

shown

if

any tobacco was found, because there are regular 1

See supra, p. 31.

;

KHAFf

212

KHA'N.

and a

licensed sellers of tobacco,

than enough for his own use.

Unlike a Hindu temple, their

was very conspicuous,

place of worship

must not carry more

traveller

for tapers

their vain tenets, they

Mary

had

set

(on our Prophet and on

in wood, paiut

up

them be peace

figures set

up

!),

and other

But

and wax, with great gaudiness.

who are The writer

as idols.

camphor

Lord Jesus aud

figures of the

churches of the English,

of

In accordance with

were kept burning there in the day-time.

figures

the

in

also Christians, there are

no

of these pages has fi-equently

gone into that place, and has conversed with their learned men,

and records what he has observed. Reports of the unseemly practices of these people reached the Emperor, and

when Kasim Khan was

sent to Bengal as

Governor, he received secret orders to suppress them, and to

Kasim Khan accordingly proceeded to it. The detail of his skilful arrange-

take their fortress.

and

Hiigli

laid siege to

ments and strenuous suffice it to

of his

exertions

would be

of

great

length

say that, by the aid of boats, and by the advance

forces

•

both by land and water, he brought down the

pride of those people, and subdued their fortress after a siege of three months.

Nearly 50,000 raiyats of that place came out

and took refuge with Kasim Khan.

Ten thousand

persons,

Firingis and raiyats perished in the course of the siege.

teen hundred Firingis, and a

made

Christians

by

force,

number

of persons

Four-

who had

were taken prisoners.

been

Nearly ten

thousand persons, innocent raiyats and captives of those people,

were

set free.

army

fell

More than

a thousand

Musulmans

of the Imperial

in the course of the sdeg-e.

of Abu-l Muzaffar Muhiu-d din Muhamjiad Atjeangzeb BahAdxie 'AlamgIk Padshah-i GhazI, Eleventh in Descent from AmIr Timur.

Eeign

Aurangzeh. [Text, vol. of the

fifty

ii.

p.

2.]

years' reign

The attempt of this

to

illustrious

write

an epitome

monarch

is

like

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

213

trying to measure the waters of the sea in aiFairs

of the last forty years

ocean,

which authors

thread

of narrative.

in

for

are

particular

pages has resolved that to the best of his

most

the

active

exertion,

to

the

of these

and with

ability,

most

the

after

writer

the

this,

all

the

a boundless

committing

have shrunk from

But

a pitcher;

exhaustive

in-

quiry and complete investigation, he will narrate some events capable

of

which he has heard from the tongues

narration

men advanced in years, which he has inquiries from men in office and from the

of

despatches, and

by the evidence

period of time.

Like plagiarists of no

of his

out of a hundred to his crude

fact

petition to his intelligent critics

verified

fully

own

by

of ofiicial

writers

eyes during this

ability,

he commits one

and

relation,

offers'

his

and well-informed readers, that

from his feeble grasp of the thread of narrative, any discre-

if,

pancies should appear between the earlier and later portions of his work, or if

appear,

any

trifling variations

from other histories should

they will hold him excused, because in trustworthy

books even discrepancies are found arising from varying versions (of the

same

occurrence).

Birth of Aurangzeh. [Text,

vol.

ii.

1028 A.H. (1619 the suha of

p.

3.]

A.D.)

Aurangzeh was born

at Dhud,i which

Ahmaddbdd and Malwa,

is

on

whilst

in

the year

the frontiers of his

father

was

subadar of the Dakhin.

Illness [vol.

1657

ii.

On

p. 4.]

A.D.), (the

'

The " Dohud

the 7th Zi-1 hijja, 1067 a.h. (Sept. 8,

Emperor Sh^h Jahan,

Firdaiis makdni,

seveii

of Shah Jahdn.

was attacked with

called after his

illness,

" of Thornton, " one hundred miles

N.E, of Baroda."

W.

death)

which turned out of TJjjain, and seyenty-

KEKFT KHAX.

214

much derangement

This produced

be st^-angury.

to

government of the country, and

Ddra Shukoh looked upon himself

the

in

the peace of the people.

in

and

as heir to the throne,

even in the time of his father's health he had held the reins

But he had

of government.

fallen

into

ill

having imbibed the heretical tenets of the declared infidelity

repute through Sic/is.

He

had

and Islam to be twin brothers, and had

(/«{//•)

he had also associated himself

written treatises on this subject

;

with Brdhmans and Gosains.

Seizing the opportunity (of his

father's illness),

he took the direction of State

what passed in

council,

Ahmadabad, and the Dakhin

But when the

own

the ministers their pledges not

hands, and having exacted from to publish

affairs into his

he closed the roads of Bengal,

against messengers and travellers.

intelligence of his officious

meddling had spread

abroad through the provinces by the ddk-chauki (post), a strong adverse feeling was shown by the amirs, saminddrs, and raiyats,

and

also

by the unruly

spirits

who sought

for a field of action.

Turbulent men from every corner and quarter, and men eager for a fray, in every province

expectation of

When

and country,

raised their heads in

strife.

intelligence of these proceedings reached

Shuja' in Bengal, and

Muhammad Murad Bakhsh

Muhammad in

Ahmad-

abad, each of them, vying with the other, had coins struck and

own name.

the khutha read in his

Shuja, with a large

force,

marched against Bihar and Patna, and the news of his movements was carried to the very

first

shown great

and generally, son.

Now

capital.

partiality

in all matters,

that he was

ill,

and

Shah Jahan had from the affection for

Dara Shukoh,

had done his best to gratify

was more than ever inclined to gratify Dara and yield to wishes.

his

and no longer master of himself, he his

Dara Shukoh looked with an eye of apprehension upon

the talents of Prince Aurangzeb, and was made uneasy by the vigour and wisdom which he displayed.

So,

by various argu-

ments, he induced his father to recall to Court the nobles and generals

who were engaged with Aurangzeb

in

the

siege of

—

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

When

Bljapiir.

this evil

and completion of the

news became known, the prosecution

siege of Bijapur

made an arrangement with

zeb

and goods

raised the siege of Bijapur,

to

Aurang-

was prevented.

Shah of Bijapur,

Sikan,dar 'Adil

and accepted from him a promise of rupees in cash

215

pay a tribute of a kror

He

the price of peace.

as

and proceeded

then

Khujista-bunyad

to

(Aurangdbad). After this he learned that Dard Shukoh, with the intention of getting possession of the treasure of

had

left

Defeat of [vol.

Shah Jahdn,

Dehli, and had gone to Agra.

ii.

On

p. 5. J

Muhammad

Shuja.

the 4th Eabi^u-l awwal, 1068 a.h. (1st

December, 1657), Dara Shukoh sent Raja Jai Singh, and several other amirs, with an

m4n Shukoh

against

army under the command

Muhammad

(of his son) Sulai-

When the Raja with Muhammad Shuja' prepared

Shuja'.

the vanguard arrived near Benares,^

and having got possession of several boats,

his forces for battle,

he advanced to give battle to the Rdja, and halted a hos and

Next day the Rdja moved from

a half from him. early in the

morning before

his

ground

Muhammad

and while

sunrise,

Shuja' was yet asleep under the influence of wine, the Raja attacked him.

Roused from

careless Prince found that all

his slumber,

was

lost.

the incautious and

He made

a hurried flight

with some of his servants and companions to a boat, and made his escape.

All his camp and treasure,

was plundered, and defeat,

country

fell

Muhammad fell

number

into the

of his

hands of the Raja.

materiel,

After this

Dara Shukoh.

A

servants and companions were taken prisoners, off

by the Raja

them paraded round the

1

and

Shuja did not return to Bengal, and that

into the possession of the officers of

and were carried

to death,

artillery,

city

;

to Agra.

Dara Shukoh had

afterwards he put some of them

and of many others he had a hand amputated.

" At the village of Bah4durp Or, as the author expresses it, golden crown, with his world-conquering sword, rose bright and refulgent from his orient rising-place ; and when the king of the starry host put his head out of the window

of the horizon,"

KHAFf

222 and wounded

on

and seemed about

A desperate

Rustam Khan was

length

came up

altamah,

Rustam Khdn and

right wing, and to oppose

Sipihr Shukoh.

forces

wavered,

when Isldm Khan and others Bahadur. At the same time Shaikh

give way,

with the

others,

Aurangzeb's

both sides. to

brought reinforcements to

Mir and

KHA'N.

support the

to

the forces under

contest was maintained, * * but at

and Sipihr Shukoh also was

defeated,

hurled back.

Dara Shukoh, being informed

of the repulse of Sipihr

and Rustam Khan, led the centre of less

his

Shukoh

army, composed of not

He

than 20,000 horse, against the victorious wing.

ad-

vanced with great bravery and firmness from behind his own

guns against the guns and the advanced force which had won the

He

victory.

was received with such heavy discharges of rockets,

guns and muskets, and with such

fierce

charges from his brave

opponents, that he was compelled to retire.

Dara next made an attack upon Prince Murad Bakhsh, and led a force like the

of battle.

The

waves of the sea against that

conflict

lion of the field

was raging when Khalilu-llah Khan, the

Uzbek The arrows

leader of the enemy's vanguard, led three or four thousand

Murad Bakhsh.

archers against the elephant of

rained

down from both

Murad Bakhsh,

and confusion arose

sides,

so that

back. The elephant away covered with wounds from

fell

in the ranks of

many were overpowered of Murad Bakhsh was arrows, spears,

with fear and about to turn

and

battle-axes,

At man highly renowned among wound a string of costly pearls men clothed in yellow, as bent

but his brave rider ordered a chain to be cast round his legs. this

moment Raja Ram

the

Rajputs for his bravery,

Singh, a

round his head, and with his

upon some desperate

action,

Bakhsh, and crying out

throne with Dara Shukoh

Bakhsh. "

Make

warded

Then he the

charged upon the elephant of

defiantly, ?

cried

What, do you

Murdd

contest the

" hurled his javelin against

Murdd

out fiercely to the elephant-driver,

elephant kneel

off his assault, shot

"

down " !

him

Murad Bakhsh having

in the forehead with

an arrow

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. and

The

killed him.

mostly

made the ground It

is

battle

E^jpiits

dead around the

fell

who

223

followed that daring fellow

feet of the Prince's

elephant, and

as yellow as a field of saffron.

related in the ' A' lamgir-ndma that at this point of the

Aurangzeb came

to repulse the

to the support of his brother,

But the author

enemy.

of this

from his father (who was present in the battle Prince, and remained with

him

to the

and helped

work has heard

in the suite of the

end of the engagement,

although he was severely wounded), and from other trustworthy informants, that the Prince, after repeatedly making inquiries

and learning of the progress of the enemy, was desirous of going to the support of his brother.

and advised him

But Shaikh Mir dissuaded him,

to remain patient

where he was.

Meanwhile

the battle raged fiercely, and deeds of valour and devotion were displayed on

all sides.

The fierce Rajputs, by their energy and desperate fighting, made their way to the centre (which was under the command of Aurangzeb himself). One of them. Raja Riip Singh Rathor, sprang from his horse, and, with the greatest daring, having

washed

his

hands of

life,

cut his

way through

the ranks of his

enemies sword in hand, cast himself under the elephant on which the Prince was riding, and began to cut the girths which secured

the howda.

and

The Prince became aware

of this daring attempt,

in admiration of the man's bravery, desired his followers to

take the rash and fearless fellow alive, but he was cut to pieces.

While

this

was going

on,

Rustam Khan again advanced

against his brave opponents, and the fight grew hotter.

who

Rustam,

was the mainstay of Dara's army, Raja Sattar Sal, and

* * were killed in this conflict.

noble and affected.

heroic

followers

He became

Dar4, seeing so

killed

distracted

and and

many

of his

wounded, was much irresolute,

and

knew

Just at this time a rocket struck the what to do. This alarmed and discouraged him so howda of his elephant. in haste from his elephant, without dismounted much that he

not

even waiting to put on his slippers, and he then without arms

KHAFf KHAN.

224 mounted a

The

horse.

empty howda,

after

sight of this ill-timed alarm,

The men

disheartened the soldiers.

and began to think of

their leader,

and of the

he had changed his elephant for a horse, lost heart in

sympathy with

Just at this time, as

flight.

one of his attendants was girding him with a quiver, a cannonoff the

ball carried

man's right hand and he

fell

dead.

The

sight of this struck terror into the hearts of those around

him

some of them

field.

dispersed,

and others

fled

from the

fatal

;

Dara, beholding the dispersion of his followers, and the repulse of his

army, prizing

away and

fled.

more than the hope of a crown, turned

life

Sipihr

some of his

father with

towards i^gra. exultation

A

followed,

Shukoh

also,

at

this

and they

followers,'

time, joined his

all fled in

great victory was thus gained.

and the young princes

despair

Shouts of

offered their con-

gratulations.

Aurangzeb descended from

his elephant to return thanks for

this signal victory, surpassing all expectation, and, after perform-

ing his devotions, he proceeded to the tent of

Everything had been ransacked except so he took possession of the tent,

honour.

He

this tent

Dara Shukoh.

and the

artillery,

which thus received a new

bestowed presents and praises upon the princes and

his devoted nobles, delighting

them with

his

commendation and

eulogy.

Prince

Murad Bakhsh had

in his face

received

Aurangzeb

and body.

salve of praise and compliment,

first

many arrow wounds applied to

them the

and then had them dressed

To the internal wounds of that weakskilful surgeons. minded ^ Prince he applied the balm of thousands of praises and congratulations upon (his approaching) sovereignty. Then he

by

wiped away the tears and blood from his brother's cheek with the sleeve of condolence.

It is said that the liowda in

Bakhsh rode was stuck

which Murad

as thick with arrows as a porcupine with

' The 'Amal-i Sdlih says they were only thirty or forty in nnmher. The same work gives a long and lahoured account of this battle, but it is not so circumstantial as that of Khifi Khkn.

*

Sddah-lauh, " tabula rasa."

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. ground of

so that the

quills,

was kept

in

curiosity,

and

was not

it

225 This howda

visible.

the store-house in the fort of the capital as a

memorial of the bravery of that descendant of

as a

the house of Timur, and there

Emperor Farrukh

it

remained

the time of the

till

Siyar. * *

Dara Shukoh, with two thousand

horse,

many

without torches.

He

proceeded to his

whom

of

wounded, and without baggage, arrived at Agra

own house, and shame and

remorse for his ruined fortune would not allow him to

The Emperor

father.

were

in the evening

visit his

sent for him, professing a desire to talk

and take counsel with him, but he excused

himself.

In the same

night, after the third watch, he went out of the city towards

proceed to Lahore.

Dehli, intending to

He

took with him

Sipihr Shukoh, his wife and daughter and several attendants.

He

also carried off

on elephants, camels and mules, his jewels,

gold, silver, necessaries,

day's

and whatsoever he could.

march he was joined by nearly 5000

nobles and equipments, which were sent after

In the third

horse,

him by

and some his father.

After resting a while from his victory, Aurangzeb addressed a letter to the

Emperor

himself by referring

Muhammad Amin with

and

many

[recounting what to

all

KhS,n, and

pi-offered their services to

with

gifts of robes

Soon afterwards,

Khdn-Jahdn, son of Asaf Khdn,

who were

other nobles,

had passed], and excusing

the will of God.

the props of the State,

came

Aurangzeb, and he honoured them

and jewels, horses and elephants.

On

the 10th

Eamazan Aurangzeb marched from Samugarh for Agra, and encamped outside the city. There he received from his father a own hand, N'ext day Kudsiya Padshah Begam, by command of her father, came out to her brother, and spake to him some words of kindness and reproach consolatory letter written in his

by way

of advice

and

what she had wished, and she returned.

The Emperor then wrote another admonitory swbrd which bore upon (world-conqueror), VOL.

VII.

he

The answer she

as a proof of affection.

received was contrary to

it

sent

the auspicious it

letter,

and with a

name "Alamcir"

with kind messages by one of 15

KHAFr KHAN.

226

The word "Alamgir"

his personal attendants to Aurangzeb.

immediately attracted notice.

and

Muhammad

was deemed a good omen,

It

called forth congratulations.

Auranszeb then sent Prince

Sultan to restore order in the

city,

to rescue

it

from the violence and oppression of the army and the mob, and

To Khan- Jahan, son of Asaf Khan, many of the other nobles who had come to wait upon him were rewarded with increase of rank and presents of money and jewels. * *

to give peace to the people.

he gave the

title

of Amiru-l umard, * * and

Confinement of Shah Jahdn. [vol.

ii.

The authors

32.]

p.

of the three 'A'lamgir-ndmas

have each described the seclusion of the Emperor Shdh Jahan by the will of Aurangzeb, but 'Akil

Khdn

Khafi, in his Waki'dt-i

'A'lamgiri has entered fully and particularly into matters, and

has described the investment of the fort (of Agra), the confine-

Shdh Jahdn, the

ment

of

dan-i

db),^a,Ta.A.

From

this

it

closing

up of the waters (hand-namii-

the somewhat bitter correspondence which passed.

appears that on the 17th Ramazan,

June, 1658), Aurangzeb directed Prince

go into the

fort of

Muhammad

1068 (8th Sultan

to

Agra, and to place some of his trusty followers

in charge of the gates.

Afterwards he was directed to wait

upon

deliver

his grandfather, to

to

him some

agreeable

and

disagreeable messages respecting his retirement, and to cut off

from him

means of intercourse with the

all

Muhammad He took

outside.

Accord-

Sultan went in and acted according

ingly Prince

to his instructions.

choice in matters of rule

from the Emperor

all

power and

and government, and placed him

in

seclusion.

Muhammad

Ja'far

Kh4n was

sent to secure

formed part of the jdgir of Dara Shukoh. rupees, with to

Mewdt, which

Twenty-six

lacs of

some other requirements of royalty, were presented

Murad Bakhsh. '

On

the 22nd

Probably figuratiTe.

Ramazan Aurangzeb made

Bringing matters to a

crisis.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. his entry into j^gra,

and took up

227

his abode in the house of

Dara

Shukoh. * *

Ddrd Shukoh.

Flight of [vol.

ii.

When Dard Shukoh

p. 33.]

reached the vicinity of

Dehli, the close pursuit of Aurangzeb's forces, and the appre-

hension of being shut up in the

determined him to remain

city,

There he employed himself

outside.

Whatever he found

supplies.

in

in gathering

money and

the royal stores, or in the

He

houses of the amirs, he laid hands upon.

remained some

days awaiting the arrival of Sulaimdn Shukoh, who, after his defeat of Shuj^',

was wandering about

state of perplexity

frightened

that

if

—

for

in

Bihar and Patna in a

the news of the success of Aurangzeb

him from going to

Dkvk, perceiving

join his father.

he remained longer he would

fall

a

prisoner into the

harsh hands of his brother, marched off towards the Panjdb with the new army which had gathered round him, numbering

Every day he wrote

about 10,000 horse.

letters to

and

Shukoh, describing his wretched condition

He

ing arrival at Sirhind and Ldhore. letters to the faujddrs

He

Sulaim^n approach-

also wrote conciliatory

and governors of the Panjab,

mingled promises and threats. father,

his

in

which he

repeatedly wrote to his

lamenting his inability to wait upon him, through his

adverse fortune and the unhappy dissension between the two brothers and their respective adherents.

Aurangzeb to

make

also frequently resolved to

excuses,

and

to

go and see his father,

seek forgiveness

which he had been guilty, by no choice of the divine decrees of fate, and the

favour of

lost all self-control, so

pay the

through

unseemly conduct of his

But he knew that his father's feelings were strongly in Dara Shukoh, and that under the influence of destiny

brother.

he

of the offences of

his own, but

visit.

Instead

Muhammad A'zam apologies.

to go

he determined that of going

it

was better not

to

himself, he directed Prince

and wait upon the Emperor with many

The Prince accordingly presented 500

ashrafis

and

KHAFr KHAN.

228

4000 rupees

and the Emperor, half

;

iu joy, half in anger, took

the Prince to his hosom, and shed tears over him as he embraced

him.

Aurangzeb next turned his attention to the pursuit of Dara

He

Shukoh.

Prince

left

Muhammad

Sultan with

*

*

*

to

Kh^n to be On the 22nd Ramazdn he On his way he learnt that

attend upon the Emperor, and he appointed Isldm *

the Prince's director (atdlik).

*

started in pursuit of his brother.

Ddra had

left

*

Lahore.

Dehli on the 21st Eamazan, and had gone towards

Kasim Barha

He

*

*

sent

command

in

Khan-dauran

to

supersede Saiyid

of the fortress of Allahabad.

If the

Saiyid gave over the fortress, he was to be treated with courtesy

and sent

Aurangzeb

to

;

he refused to yield, Khan-dauran was

if

and

directed to invest the fortress,

to call for reinforcements if

necessary.

Shah Jahan, while Khan, G-overnor " Ddra Shukoh

money

of

is

in confinement,

Kabul [a

proceeding to Lahore.

in Lahore,

there

is

in

which he miof]

:

There, is no want of

abundance of men and horses in

Mahabat Khan

Kabul, and no one equal to generalship.

wrote secretly to Malmbat

long letter,

The Khan ought

in valour

therefore to hasten with his

to Lahore, and, having there joined

march against the two undutiful

and

army

Dara Shukoh, they might

sons, to inflict

upon them the

due reward of their misconduct, and to release the Emperor, the Sahib Kiran-i sani, from prison." * *

Imprisonment [vol.

ii.

qualities

;

p. 37.]

He

two kings cannot be contained in one kingdom.

was deluded by etc

This simple-minded ^ Prince had some good

he had never given heed to the saying of the great

(Sa'di) that

money,

Murdd Bakhsh.

but in the honesty of his heart and trustfulness of his

disposition,

man

{)f

,

'

flattering promises,

which had

The Alamgir-ndma '

and by the presents of

been sent to him, but they were deposits calls

Mm

" stupid and ignorant."

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

On the

or loans rather than gifts. * * *

229

4th Shawwdl, while they

were encamped at Mathura, twenty-five kos from j^gra, Murdd

Bakhsh was made fortune,

and

by

prisoner by a clever trick, which was aided

into the particulars of

Chains were placed upon his

which

needless to enter.

it is

That same night four elephants

feet.

with covered hmcdas were sent off in four different directions, each under two or three sarddrs and an escort.

which was sent

The elephant

to the fort of Salim-garh carried the prisoner

Murad Bakhsh,

This precaution was taken

the Prince should

fall

upon the howda

All the treasure and effects of

in

lest

the partisans of

which he was confined.

Murad Bakhsh,

not one

dam

or

diram of which was plundered, was confiscated.

Bard Shukoh.

Flight of [vol.

Aurangzeb ascends

Dar^ Shukoh,

p. 39.]

ii.

.

the

Throne.

in his progress through the

Panjab, broke up, burnt or sunk the boats where he crossed the rivers. * * It

was reported that upon his

arrival at

Lahore he

had' seized upon nearly a hror of treasure, together with

belonging to the

stores

Government and the royal

all

amirs,

the

and

that he was engaged in enlisting soldiers and collecting munitions of war.

On

hearing this, Aurangzeb, not caring to enter the

fortress of Dehli,

called

encamped in the garden of Aghar-dbad, now

Shaldmar, and he sent on an advanced

dur Khan, in pursuit of Dara.

On

after saying his

(22nd July, 1658

a.d.),

auspicious time, he

took his seat

force,

under Baha-

the 1st Zi-1 ka'da, 1068 a.h. prayers,

and

at

an

on the throne of the Empire of

Hindustan, without even troubling himself about placing his name

on the coinage or having matters as

titles,

it

repeated in the khutha. * * Such

the khutba, the coinage, and the sending of

presents to other sovereigns, were all deferred to his second taking possession of the throne.

Sulaimdn Shukoh. [vol.

ii.

p.

Shukoh had

41. J

Intelligence

crossed the

now

arrived

that Sulaiman

Ganges, and intended to proceed by

—

KHAFr KHAN.

230

way

of Hardwai', to join his father.

were sent ZI-1 ka'da

off to intercept

him by

The Amiru-l umard and

Dara. * * The reporters

now

On

forced marches.

Aurangzeb began his march sent

Ldhore

to

the 7th

in pursuit of

news that when

the

in

*

Sulaiman Shukoh was approaching Hardwar, he heard that a force

had been sent against

off to the

hira,

and he had consequently turned

mountains of Srinagar.

His expectations of assistance

from the samiiiddrs of this country had not been

some of

five

;

so

There remained with him altogether not more

Aurangzeb.

to

than

fulfilled

had parted from him, and were repairing

his adherents

hundred horsemen

;

so,

not deeming

it

prudent to

stop longer there, he went off in the direction of Allahabad.

Before reaching that

his guardian

city

^

(atdlik)

fell

ill,

two hundred now remained with him, so he returned

Zaminddr of Srinagar. the Princess Kudsiya.

and

Not more than

parted from him with more of his. followers.

to the

His road passed through the jdgir of

He

extorted two lacs of rupees from her

manager, plundered his house, carried the

man

off prisoner,

and

The remainder of his men now deserted him, and there remained only Muhammad Shah Koka and a few attendants and servants. The Zaminddr of Srinagar coveted the money and jewels that he had with him, and kept him as afterwards put

him

to death.

a sort of prisoner in his

fort.

After this had been reported,

Amiru-l umard, who had been sent was directed and

to

to send

to intercept

him prisoner

go himself to Agra to Prince

Sulaiman Shukoh,

in charge of

Muhammad

a detachment, Sultan.

Ddrd, Shukoh. [vol.

ii.

p.

42.]

After leaving Lahore,

Dara Shukoh

busied

himself in raising forces, and in winning the hearts of the dwellers in those parts.

He made and

to the zaminddrs

his army.

He

promises and engagements in writing

faiijddrs, to conciliate

them and augment

So he collected nearly twenty thousand horsemen.

wrote to his brother Shuja', and made the most solemn 1

" Bali&dur Kh&n."

'A'lamgir-ndim.

MUNTAKHABa-L LUBAB.

231

promises and oaths, that after bringing the country into subjection

they would divide

These

deceitful

it

between them in a brotherly way.

and treacherous

deceived

letters

Shuja',

and

although he had received kind and assuring letters and promises

from Aurangzeb, the forces,

foolish fellow busied himself in collecting

and marched from Dacca to the assistance of Dara Shukoh,

with a strong army and a large force of

artillery.

Shukoh's desire to celebrate his accession

to the throne at

and

It

was Dar4 Lahore,

have his name placed upon the coins and repeated

to

in the

khufba ; but the power of the sword of Aurangzeb prevented

this.

The zaminddrs and faujddrs of name and station, hearing of the decline of the fortunes of Dara and the rise of the fortunes of Aurangzeb, forsook the former.

Raja Jasnant. [vol.

Eaja Jaswant, when he

p. 42.]

ii.

counter with Aurangzeb, betook

Women,

especially

honour than men ture of

fire

;

from the en-

fled

own

himself to his

country.

Edjput women, have often a higher sense of and

for this reason will rather bear the tor-

than suffer disgrace.

a daughter of Eaja Chattar Sal.

Ecija Jaswant's chief wife was

She strongly condemned her

husband's conduct, and refused to sleep with him.

In conversa-

would express her censure both by words and hints. The Eaja was stung to the quick by her reproaches, so he sent a letter by his mUk to Aurangzeb, asking forgiveness of his

tion she

After his apology was accepted, he proceeded to Court,

offences.

where he was graciously received, presented with many

gifts

and

confirmed in his mansab.

Ddrd Shukoh, [vol.

ii.

p. 44.J

Yikvk Shukoh's newly-raised

army had been

and he was alarmed

at the approach

greatly reduced

by

of Auranezeb

so he fled with three or four thousand horse

;

desertion,

a few guns towards Thatta and Multan.

Khan

to obstruct as

much

He

left

behind

and

Ddud

as possible the passage of the rivers

KUJCFX KHAN.

232

by the army of Aurangzeb, by burning or sinking the

boats. * *

After a while the intelligence arrived that Ddrd Shukoh, after staying at Multan for a short time, had gone off towards kar,

and that

followers were

his

daily decreasing. * *

BhakIn the

beginning of Muharram, 1069 a.h., Aurangzeb (continuing his pursuit of Dara) pitched his

camp on the banks of the Eavi

near Multan. * *

Prince Skuja. [vol.

ii.

p.

Intelligence

45. J

now

Muhammad

arrived that

Shuja' had marched from Bengal with 25,000 horse and a strong force of artillery, zeb.

with the intention of

Aurang-

figliting against

This proceeding changed the plans of Aurangzeb, who

deemed

it

necessary to give up the pursuit of Ddra, and to direct

his energies to the repression of this graceless brother.

12th Muharram, 1069 (30th Sept., 1658 capital. * *

back towards Dehli, the

On

So on the

Aurangzeb

a.d.),

the last day of

fell

Mu-

harram, he started from Lahore, * * and on the 4th Eabfu-l

awwal he reached Dehli.

There he learned that

Muhammad

Ram

Shuji' had advanced as far as Benares, and that

Das, the

commandant, who had been appointed by Dara Shukoh, had sur-

The commandants

of Chitaptir and

also surrendered their fortresses

and joined him.

rendered the fort to Shuja'.

Allahabad had *

*

After exacting three lacs of rupees under the

from the bankers of Benares, march.

He

Muhammad

name

sent a force against Jaunpur, and the

that fortress after

its

of a loan

Shuja' continued his

commander

of

investment surrendered and joined Shuja\

Mir Jumla Mu'azzam Khan. [vol.

ii.

p. 44.]

ing the release

Instructions were sent to the Dakhin, direct-

of

Mu'azzam Khan,

Aurangzeb had deemed Daulatdbdd.i '

it

Mu'azzam Khan now

These few

lines are

alias

Mir Jumla, whom

desirable to leave in confinement at

arrived from the Dakhin,

found four pages earlier in the

text.

— —

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. his

having urged him to make a quick journey.

zeal

brought with him his military matiriel,

him

233

graciously,

army. * *

He

and acted under

and

his son

his advice in

Muhammad

He

Aurangzeb received

managing the

Arain Kh4n, with some

other devoted adherents, were appointed to attend Aurangzeb,

who was with

the centre of the army.

Defeat of Prince Shujd'. [vol.

ii.

The armies

p. 60.]

of Aurangzeb and Shuja'^ were

within half a kos of each other, and both sides prepared for battle. * *

The guns

of Shuja' were so placed as to have an advantage

over those of his opponents

He

;

so

Mu'azzam Khan, who was a good

removed forty guns during the night

tactician,

took no

rest,

to another position.

but busied himself in ordering his army and

encouraging the men. his tent performing his

The Emperor Aurangzeb was engaged in devotions, and praying to God for victory.

Suddenly, about the fourth watch, a great tumult arose.

Eaja

Jaswant Singh,^ the treacherous wretch,^ who marched with the army, had, through one of his confidants, opened communications with Shuja' in the early part of the night, undertaking to make a sudden assault upon the

much

desert, doing as

army

just before daybreak, and to

"the King (Aurangzeb)

said he,

"When

mischief as he could. will

you must then charge sharply upon

come

do this,"

I

in pursuit of

mej

his forces."

About two hours of the night remained, when Jaswant Singh, league

in

with

plundering as

The

them.

their ravages. '

"At

forces

or

^

He had

^

A

set

their

numerous

to

under Prince

No

Muhammad

Sultan suffered

tent, small or great, escaped

All his treasure and effects were plundered. * * Alamgir-ndma. Amal-i Sdlih.

the Tillage of Kora."

Khajwa

leaders,

move off, destroying and cutting down all who opposed and went, they and began

from their attacks.

especially

of

E^jput

other

in motion,

followers

Kachhwa."

'

'

"

Sliuj&.'s

been placed with other E&jas in the right wing.

very faint expression of the abuse heaped upon him.

army

rested

by the tank

—

—

KHAFr KHAN.

234

Then they made towards the royal thing,

quarters, ransacking every-

and not a tent near the royal pavilion remained

them. For some time the cause of

all this

safe

from

unknown.

disorder was

All kinds of erroneous surmises were made, and a panic was spread-

Many men

ing through the whole army.

were so disheartened

that they joined the plunderers, thinking that the best

escaping from the disaster.

One party

fled to the

way

of

open country

;

another approached the enemy's army, and set about ravaging. * *

But

resolution of Aurangzeb. traitor

army, nothing shook the

for all this confusion in the

had moved

off

It

was now reported to him that the

Then Aurangzeb

towards his home.

descended from his elephant, and took his seat in a the panic-stricken

all

men who

and had no intention of

resolute,

litter

that

beheld him might see that he was

He

retreating.

sent orderlies

round to the commanders, directing them to forbid

all riders

of elephants or horses to stir from their places.^ * *

Without

exaggeration, half the

army had gone away

and many had joined the enemy.

to plunder or escape,

was brought of

Intelligence

Jaswant Singh having marched away towards Agra. Aurangzeb's devoted servants now gathered round him from far

He

and near.

then again mounted his elephant, and without a

cloud upon his brow rode forth to arrange his order of battle. * *

Mu'azzam Kh4n received authority to make such alterations he deemed necessary. * * The

in the disposition of the forces as battle

began about the fourth or

cannonade which made

fifth

ghari of the day with a

the earth to tremble, and filled the hearts

of both armies with awe and trembling. * *

the Emperor^s

army reached

the

Zainu-1 'abidin ^ was riding, and although Sultdn,^

it

carried off one leg of

the

leg also of the personal attendant

howda.

'

A

it

which Sultan

did not strike the

elephant-driver,

who was

and one

seated behind the

This circumstance greatly discouraged

More eulogy

cannon-ball from

elephant on

many

of Shuja's

of the Emperor's firmnesB and resolution follows here and after-

wards. ^ " Son of Shuj&'."

'

Alamgir-ndma.

'

"

Or the elephant."

lb.

MUNTAKHABTT-L LUBAB. army. * * Saiyid attack upon the

'jf^lam Bai'ha,

235

with three elephants, made an

of the royal army, and the vigour of his

left

assault spread confusion in the ranks of his opponents,

them took

of

The

to flight.

retreat of the left

Emperor was

centre waver, and the

left

and many

wing made the

with only 2000 horse-

men

to protect him. Greatly encouraged by the sight, the enemy made a bold and fierce attack upon the centre. The Emperor mounted upon an elephant, moved about inspiriting

his

men and

Kiili Khd,n,

bold

shootinj^ arrows against his

of the

charge upen

the

The vigour

who

them

*

*

This gave a severe

many men

lost

killed

and wounded.

Bdrha had abated, but

of the Saiyids of

elephants, each of

made a

enemy, and the Emperor, seeing how

matters stood, joined in the charge.

check to the enemy,

Murtaza

enemies.

wing, with * * several others,

left

their three

da-shing about with his trunk a chain of

two or three mans weight, overthrew and crushed every one who

came

in their

way.

One of them

elephant of the Emperor.

at length charged towards the

Without moving from

his place or

changing countenance, th« Emperor made signs for his guards to shoot the animal's driver. to the ground,

One

of the guards brought the

man

and then one of the royal elephant-drivers got

upon the elephant's neck and

led

him

The

off.

other two ele-

phants then charged the right wing of the royal army, and other forces of the eivemy

The Emperor was

coming up, urg-ed

hotly engaged himself. * *

to

wing

this

move

He

fell

into confusion. * *

to its support,

but he was

sent messages to the officers of

the right wing, urging them to stand fast until he could come to their assistance.

Several of the enemy's leading

and the

the forces opposed to the

efforts of

that he was able to proceed to the

encouraged the men.

Cries of " Kill

men now

Emperor

succour of his right. !

kill

!

"

fell,

relaxed, so

This

were raised on every

and many of the enemy were killed. A general attack was centre, and then several chiefs, who had to support him, came over and joined expedient thought it

side,

made on the enemy's the

Emperor.

Victory declared in favour of the Emperor,

—

KHAFr KHAN.

236

and when the glad news of Shuja's

flight

was brought, shouts of

congratulation and victory arose, and the

drums and trumpets

sounded in triumph.

The

victors fell

plundered

it

;

upon the camp of the enemy and thoroughly

man

every

took what he could lay hands on

114 guns, 115 elephants, and much came

and returning thanks

to

God

praised his nobles for their exertions.

Muhammad

ii.

for his victory,

Then he

he

sent his son

flight. * *

Ddrd Shukoh.

Flight of [vol.

but

;

jewels,

Sultan^ in pursuit of Shuja', with directions to use

every exertion to cut off his

Intelligence

p. 60. J

had arrived

and many

After descending from

Emperor.

into the possession of the

his elephant,

treasure,

at

Bhakkar

thousand horse.

in a

Want

was brought that Dara Shukoh

wretched condition, with only three

of porters, and the desertion of

his adherents, compelled

him

many

baggage under charge of some of his servants at Bhakkar.

of

and

to leave part of his treasure

Dense

thorn-brakes, toilsome marches, and loss of porters, impeded his

progress through the salt desert beside the river of Thatta

with the

loss of baggage,

allowed him no

which

fell

heels,

many

of his

men

died or

Shaikh Mir, his pursuer, kept treading on his

thousand horsemen

left.

After arriving at Siwistdn he determined

Ahmadabad.

force of

Shaikh Mir, the pursuer,

also sufi'ered greatly

from want of water, and the long and rapid march. horses

and

porters,

scattered them. foot.

fell

and, after crossing the desert, he had not more than a

to proceed to

The

this,

Through want of water, the hardships

rest.

of the march, and various diseases,

away from him.

;

into the hands of his pursuers,

On

Most of those who remained had

these facts being reported. Shaikh

to

march on

Mir was

ordered to

return. '

Loss of

added to the other hardships, killed and

" Mu'azzam Kli^a was sent with him."

'Amal-i Sdlih.

MUNTAKHABTT-L LUBA'B.

237

Surrender of Alldhdbdd. [vol.

ii.

On

p. 61. J

ceeded towards

.^gra,

the 1st Jumada-l awwal Aurangzeb pro-

and

at

the second stage he received a

Muhammad

despatch from Prince

Sultan, reporting a second

Saiyid Kdsim, commandant of the fortress

success over Shuja'.

of Alldhabad, left a deputy in charge of the fortress, and accom-

After the defeat, Kdsim

panied Shujd' to battle. to the fortress,

and busied himself in making

made

Shuji' arrived, he

He

place.

Kh^n

returned

secure.

it

plausible excuses for not giving

When up the

went out with alacrity to meet the Prince, made

promises of fidelity, and entertained him, after which he was dis-

When

missed to his post.

he wrote

to

him

Prince

Muhammad

Sult6,u

drew near,

a repentant letter, professing his obedience, and

On

sending to him the keys of the fortress.

Aurangzeb ordered Kh4n-daurau

Khan

Allah4bad, and Kdsim

hearing of this,

to be placed in

command

of

sent courteously to

his

Aurangzeb appointed Amir Khan and

* *

be

to

presence.

Bdja Jaswant. [vol.

ii.

p. 61.J

with ten thousand horse to punish the traitor Raja Jaswant. also joined to this force

Jaswant, who had a family feud with his uncle.

honoured with the were

held out to

title

him

He

E4i Singh Rathor, a nephew of Raja

of raja and

many

This chief was

presents.

Hopes

also

of a grant of Jodpur, his native country.

Ddrd Shukoh. [vol.

ii.

p.

62.]

Directions

were

sent

to

Amir Kh4n,

Governor of Ldhore, that upon the return of Shaikh Mir from the pursuit of Dkvk, he was to remove Prince Mur4d Bakhsh from Salim-garh, and send him under charge of Shaikh Mir to Gwalior.

On

the 18th Jum4da-1 awwal Aurangzeb reached Agra, and on

KHAFr KHAN.

238

He now

the 23rd he again set out.

had passed through Kachh

He had

Ahmaddbad.

Dara Shukoh

learnt that

of

to the borders of the province

round him

collected

three

four

or

After the troops of Aurangzeb had given up

thousand horse.

the pursuit of him, he proceeded leisurely, endeavouring to gain over

ih.Q faujddrs

money and

sents of

and

and zaminddrs, and to jewels he

collect soldiers.

won over the Zaminddr

By

pre-

Kachh,

of

affianced his daughter in marriage to Prince Sipihr Shukoli.

The zaminddr

sent

him on with an

Upon

towards Ahmaddbid.

Khan, the

siibaddr,

escort through his territory

Shah Nawaz

his arriving there,

one of whose daughters was married to

Aurangzeb, and another was in the house of Murad Bakhsh,

meet him, accompanied by Rahmat Khan diwdn, and

went out

to

others.

They presented

silver,

was

in

him near ten

to

and other property belonging

to

lacs

worth of gold,

Murad Bakhsh, which

Dar4 Shukoh then exerted himself in money and men, and in winning adherents by presents

Ahmadabad.

collecting

of robes and jewels, and by promotions in rank and

appointed

officers,

who

Kambayat, Broach, and the of a

He

title.

took possession of the ports of Surat, districts

month and seven days he

around.

collected

In the course

20,000 horse, and he

sent requisitions to the governors of Bijapur and Haidardbdd for

money and men.

He

also

thought over several plans

for

going to the Dakhin, and for joining Raja Jaswant

Singh. * *

On

march with

the 1st Jumada-1 akhir

Dara Shukoh began

a well-appointed army and a large train of obtained thirty or forty guns from Surat.

march, he every day received

false

his

artillery, for

he had

As he pursued

and delusive

letters

Eaja Jaswant, befooling him with promises of coming

his

from

to

his

assistance.

When

Aurangzeb received

marched towards Ajmir.

intelligence of these proceedings,

Mirza

^

Raja Jai Singh had interceded

with him on behalf of Raja Jaswant; so he pardoned his 1

The same

title is

given to

he

him

in the 'Amal-i Sdlih.

offences,

;

MUNTAKHABU-L and wrote

to

him a

same time directed the and send the

Amin Khan, who was

239

conciliatory letter, reinstating

mansab, and restoring to him his

aflFairs,

LTJBAB.

title

B.4ja to write to

in his

He

him about the

at the

state of

Muhammad

swift messengers. * *

by

letter

him

of Maharaja.

had been commissioned to punish the Raja,

Raja Jaswant, who had advanced twenty

recalled.

kos

from Jodpur to meet Dkvk Shukoh, on receiving the Emperor's broke

letter,

with D4ra, and returned to his own

off his alliance

country.

This defection greatly troubled Ddra, who opened a correspondence with the Rdja, and endeavoured to win him over

by promises and

flattery,

but without

effect.

named De Chand

to the R^ja

;

but he artfully replied that he

remained true to his engagement, but that

him

for

to

When Dara came

twenty kos distant from Jodpur, he sent a Hindu

to a place

move just

it

D4r4 Shukoh, he

then.

was not expedient said,

should go to

Ajmir, and open communications with other Rajputs.

If two or

three Rajputs of note joined him, then he, the RAja, would also

come

to his

open, proceeded to

but it

all

Dara Shukoh, having no other course Ajmir, and again sent De Chand to Jaswant

support.

his persuasions

was evident that

The

treacherous.

all

and remonstrances were the Rdja's statements

fact of his

that

false

and and

having received a letter of pardon

from Aurangzeb was also publicly talked about. said

in vain,

were

" Necessity turns lions

into

foxes,"

It has been

and so D4ra

Shukoh, notwithstanding his knowledge of the Rdja's perfidy, sent Sipihr Shulioh to

him

;

but although the Prince flattered

and persuaded, and held out great promises, the listen,

and the Prince,

Deprived of

Shukoh was

all

like

De Chand,

hope of assistance from Raja Jaswant, DAra

at a loss

what course

to pursue.

the near approach of Aurangzeb, and resolved

deeming retire

it

Then he heard of to fight. But not

expedient to fight a regular battle, he determined to

into the hills about

defence.

traitor did not

turned empty away.

Ajmir, and to throw up

Accordingly he moved into the

defiles,

lines

of

blocked up the

EHA'Fr KHAX.

240

roads with barriers of stoue and earth, and stationed his guns

He

and musketeers so as to make his position secure. * *

him-

self took his station with the centre. * * Aurangzeb directed the

commander lines. * *

of his artillery to advance his guns against Dara's

For three days most vigorous attacks were made, but

Dard's position was very strong, and his men fought bravely, so that the assailants sallied

and

and

out,

made no

after

impression.

beasts, returned to their positions.

the assailants

Dara's forces indeed

causing considerable destruction of

The

damaged only the defence works.

night Aurangzeb called around him some servants,

men

artillery practice of

On

the fourth

of his most trusty

and incited them by strong exhortations and promises

undertake an assault. * * Next day Aurangzeb sent Eaja

to

Eajrup, Zaminddr of Jamiin, with his infantry, against the rear of a

hill,

where an assault was not expected, and where the con-

centration of forces was thought to render

But he forced the to

hill.

* *

his way,

The

tion of Shaikh Mir,

shame

so

impossible. * *

and planted his banner on the summit of

success at the beginning of the battle was due

Raja Rajrup; but

who attacked the

it

at last the victory

was owing

to the devo-

and the intrepidity of Diler Khan Afghan,

lines held

by Shah Nawaz Khan.

Pride and

worked upon Shah Nawaz, that he gave up

all

hope of

surviving, and died fighting most courageously.

Dara Shukoh seeing the defeat of his army, and hearing of the Nawaz Khan, seeing also the approach of his

death of Shah victorious

Sipihr his

foes,

lost

all

sense

and

self-control,

and

fled with

Shukoh, Firoz Mewati, and some of the inmates of

and sorrow. Of all his him but the two above named. He save some jewels and money, and with some

harem, in great

consternation

nobles none accompanied

managed of his

to

women,

off

towards

not

known

went on

his

*

*

The

fact

of

his

for certain until three hours after dark,

flight

and

was

fi^htinff

parts of the lines until the flight of the the abandonment of the lines were ascertained. * *

in several

enemy and

and a few attendants, he went

daughter,

Ahmadabad.

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. Raja Jai Singh and Bah&dur were sent in pursuit of

Dar4 Shukoh.

* *

in

241

command

of a force

Aurangzeb made a short stay at

Ajmir, and started from thence for the capital on the 4th Eajab, 1069.

Prince Shujd'. [vol.

ii.

Prince Shuja' fled before the pursuing force

p. 75.]

Muhammad Sultan to Jahangir-uagar (Dacca), Mu'azzam Khan obtained possession of the fort of Mongir.

of Prince

and * *

Shortly afterwards the fort of Ohundr, which Shuj4' had got into his power,

was given up to Aurangzeb.

Second Year of the Reign (1659

The second year

a.d.).

commenced on The Emperor's name and titles were proclaimed in the pulpit as " Abu-1 MuzaiFar Muhiu-d din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahddur 'Alamgir Badshah-i Ghazi." [vol.

ii.

p. 77.]

the 4th Ramazdn,

1069 a.h. *

of the reign

*

In former reigns one side of the coins had been adorned with the

words of the creed and the names of the as coins pass into

of infidels,

changed [vol. official

it

many unworthy

was ordered that

places,

first

four Khallfs

and

fall

p. 79.]

but

under the

feet

this superscription should be

\_for certain couplets containing the ii.

;

Emperor's name'].

Since the reign of the Emperor

Akbar the

year of account and the years of the reign had been

reckoned from the 1st Farwardi, when the Sun enters Aries, to the end of Isfandiyar, and the year and I14hi

;

its

months were

called

but as this resembled the system of the fire-worshippers,

the Emperor, in his zeal for upholding

Muhammadan rule, directed

that the year of the reign should be reckoned

year and months, and

by the Arab lunar

that in the revenue accounts also the lunar

year should be preferred to the solar.

The

festival of the (solar)

new year was entirely abolished. Mathematicians, astronomers, and men who have studied history, know that * * the recurrence of the four seasons, TOL.

Til.

summer, winter, the rainy season of Hindu16

'

KHAFr KHAN.

242 stan, the fruit of

autumn and spring harvests, the ripening of the corn and

each season, the tankhwdh of the jdgirs, and the

of the mansabdars, are all dependent

and cannot be regulated by the lunar

;

upon the still

money

solar reckoning,

his religious

Majesty

was unwilling that the nauroz and the year and months of the

Magi should

gives their

names

the anniversary of his ac-

to

Ddrd Shukoh. [vol.

ii.

The sad circumstances of the remainder of must now be related. On leaving the

p. 80.]

Dara Shukoh's

career

mountains of Ajmir, he proceeded with his wife, daughter, some

money, and a few domestic servants, towards

jewels, a little

The

Ahmaddbdd.

rest of his

treasure,

goods, and necessary

baggage, with some female servants, borne by twelve elephants

and horses, he old,

some new,

behind in charge of servants, some of them

left

in the

company and under the superintendence

some trusty eunuchs, with orders

When

had marched four or

this party

of

to follow as quickly as possible. five kos, all the servants

began to plunder the property, and struggling and fighting with each other, every

man

seized

what he could lay hands

The

on.

baggage was taken from the backs of the elephants and placed on camels, and the off the

women

were stripped of their jewels and taken

camels to be mounted on the elephants

great value,

made

;

then the plun-

and horses laden with money and

derers, with camels

off for

the desert.

articles of

The eunuchs were

to prevent the proceedings of their escort.

In great

unable

distress,

and

in dread of the pursuit of the victorious troops, they were intent

own honour and that of their master so they led off the women on the elephants, and pursuino' all ni^ht the track of Dara through the desert, after a night and a day upon preserving

their

;

they overtook him.

That forlorn 1

fugitive,

in sore distress,

The text says simply " all," but

servants.

it is

clear

without baagage, and

from the contest that

this

means

the

—

MUNTAKHABU-L lUBAB. by

despoiled

In

plunderers, wandered on through the desert.

eight days' time he approached

prevent D4ra from entering.

everywhere awaited

But

Ahmaddbad.

of the city * * proclaimed Aurangzeb, and

fortune

243

The him.

the

officials

took measures to

fugitive perceived that

He

gave up

ill-

hope of

all

getting possession of the city, and went to Kari, two kos from

Ahmadabad.

There he sought assistance from Kdnji Koli,

one of the most notorious rebels and robbers of that country.

Kanji joined him, and conducted him through Grujarat confines of

whom

The zaminddr

fifty

horse and two hundred matchlockmen.

of Kachh,

when Dara

the country, entertained him, treated

and affianced a daughter

to

for assistance

courtesy to

efforts

;

respect,

Dara, in his distress, now looked

but he heeded not, and did not even show

of a visit.

soften

passed through

lately

him with every

in marriage to his son, all in expecta-

of future advantage.

him

the

the

he had made governor of Surat and Broach, and who

brought with' him

tion

to

Here he was joined by Gul Muhammad,

Eachh.

After two days spent in fruitless

the zaminddr,

Dara, with

eyes

tearfiil

and

burning heart, resolved to proceed to Bhakkar.

On

reaching the frontier of Sind, Firoz Mewati,

hitherto accompanied the evil fate still

and went

unfortunate

Prince,

seeing

who had how his

clung to him, abandoned the ill-starred fugitive,

off to Dehll.

Ddra, in a bewildered condition, pro-

ceeded towards the country of Jawiyan;i but the dwellers in the deserts of that country closed the roads with the intention of

making him

prisoner.

With some fighting and trouble he made his way into the country

escaped from these people, and of the Makashis. forth to

•

Mirz4 Makashi, the chief of the

tribe,

came

meet him, took him home with great kindness, and en-

tertained him.

After this he proposed to send him towards Tran,

under an escort which was to conduct him to Kandahar, twelve marches distant from where he was, and he strongly advised the adoption of this course.

But Dara

could not give up his futile

1 "Crossed the Indus, and proceeded to the country of Ch&nd Khka (or J&ndb&n)." 'Jllamglr-ndma, p. 412. The name J&wiy&n is confirmed by both MSS. of Khafl Kh&n.

—

KHXPr KHAN.

244

hopes of recovering his throne and crown, and resolved to go to

Malik Jiwan, zammddr of Dhandar,i who had long been

bound

to

him by

his devotion

and

When Dara

acts of generosity,

and sent

Jiwan came out

like the destroying angel to

Dara remained

his

here,

wife,

tain of trouble thus pressed

Mountain

after

upon the heart of Dard,

moun-

grief was

Without considering the consequences,

equilibrium.

he sent her corpse to Lahore in charge of G-ul

to

that

sorrow to sorrow, so that his mind no longer

grief,

buried there.^

a

and exerted

Nadira Begam, daughter of

Parwez, died of dysentery and vexation.

its

As

meet him.

During the two or three days

himself to entertain him.

retained

of

reached the land of this evil zaminddr, Malik

guest-murdering host he conducted Dara home,

added to

him

to assure

fidelity.

He

him through

thus parted from one

his

darkest troubles.

Muhammad,

who had been

He

to be

faitliful

himself remained,

attended only by a few domestic servants and useless eunuchs.

After performing the ceremonies of mourning,

mined

to set out the next

Jiwan

for fran,

ready to

by way

of

accompany him

solved to forward his

own

some

Kandahar.

fran

to

deter-

;

Jiwan apparently was

but he had inwardly

re-

by trampling under foot all making the wretched fugitive pri-

interests

claims of gratitude,^ and of soner.

Dara

morning under the escort of Malik

So he formed his plan.

He

accompanied his guest

for

Then he represented that

it was necessary for him some further provisions for the journey, which he would collect, and would overtake Dara after A'os.

to return, in order to procure

two or three days' march. Accordingly he went back, leaving

his

brother with a party of the ruffians and robbers of the country Elphinstone has mistaken the name of the man for that of his country. He calls him " the chief of Jun on the eastern frontier of Siud." The A'lamgir-nama calls him " JIalik Jiwan Ajyuh, an AfghSn," and the name of his estate is given as " Dadar " or " Dh&dhar. In the 'Amal-i Sdlih it is " Dh&.war." It is prohahly Dadar in Kachh Gandiva. ' " The deceased had left a -will desiring to he huried in Hinddstkn." 'A'lamgir'

'

ndma, ' The 'Amal-i Sdlih says that "the zamimldr Jiwan was bound D5ra by many kindnesses and iavours."

in gratitude to

MUNTAKHABU-L lUBAB. to attend Dara.

madte

him

Then he

This

man

suddenly

fell

upon

him a chance

him back with

Shukoh and

carried

Sipihr

and kept him under guard

Malik Jiwan wrote an account of

victim and

his

prisoner, without giving

to the perfidious host,

pointed.

245

of resistance.

his companions in the place ap-

this

good service to

Edja Jai Singh and Bahddur Kh&n, who had been sent from Ajmir in pursuit of Dkri, and he also wrote to Bakir Khan, governor of Bhakkar.

Kh4n

Bkkir

Jiwan's letter express to Aurangzeb.

Khan's

Aurangzeb

despatch,

of a letter from of the

month

the arrival of Bakir

communicated the

make

private councillors, but did not

it

fact

Shawwal

it

to

his

public until the arrival

Bahadur Khan confirming the news.

of

Malik

instantly sent off

Upon

At

the end

was published by beat of drum. The

public voice spoke with condemnation and abhorrence of Malik

Jiwan

but a robe and a tncmsab of 1000, with 200 horse, were

;

conferred upon him. It

was now ascertained that Sulaiman Shukoh had sought Rdja Rdjriip was there-

refuge with the zaminddr of Srinagar. fore directed to write to the zaminddr,

own

his

interest

he must

and bring Sulaiman out of

to consult

his territory

;

if not,

suffer the consequences of the royal anger.'^

In the middle of Zi-l

and

and advise him

hijja,

Shukoh

his son Sipihr

Bahadur Khan brought Dara Shukoh Emperor, who gave orders that

to the

both father and son should be carried into the city chained and seated on an elephant, and thus be exposed to the people in

the Chdndni chauk and the hdzdr, after which they were to be carried to

Khan,

Khizrabdd

in old Dehli,

up

and there confined.

Bahddur

his prisoner, received great rewards

and

days afterwards Malik Jiwan, who had received the

title

after giving

marks of favour.

Two

of Bakhtiydr

Khdn, entered the

the streets of the hdzdr.

city,

The

and was passing through

idlers,

Shukoh, the workmen and people of '

The 'Amal-i Sdlih

Aurangzeb.

is

more

explicit,

the partisans of all

sorts,

Dara

inciting each

and says that Sulaim&n was

to be sent to

KHAFr KHAN.

246

mob, and, assailing Jiwan and his com-

other, gathered into a

panions with abuse and imprecations, they pelted them with dirt

and

and clods and

filth,

knocked down and

by

protected

shields held over his head,

way through

his

stones, so that several persons were

and many were wounded.

killed,

and he

the crowd to the palace.

disturbance on this day was so great that

made

say that the

bordered on re-

come forward with

If the kofwdl had not

bellion.

They it

Jiwan was

at length

his policemen,

not one of Malik Jiwan's followers would have escaped with life.

Ashes and pots

of urine and ordure were thrown down

full

from the roofs of the houses upon the heads of the Afghans, and

many

Next day the

of the bystanders were injured.

made an

and

investigation,

it

(guardsman) named Haibat had taken a leading part

He

disturbance.

kotwdl

was ascertained that an ahadi

was condemned by a

in the

and was

legal decision,

executed.

At

the end of Zi-1 hijja, 10691 (gept. 1659), the order was

given foT Dara Shukoh to be put to death under a legal opinion of the lawyers, because he vilified religion,

After he was

round the

and had

slain, his

all

law, had

himself with heresy and

infidelity.

body was placed on a hmcda and

So once

city.^

the eyes of

had apostatized from the

allied

alive

carried

and once dead he was exposed

men, and many wept over his

buried in the tomb of Humdyiin.

Sipihr

fate.

Shukoh was

He

to

was

ordered

to be imprisoned in the fortress of Gwdlior.

Remission of Taxes. [vol.

ii.

p.

87.]

The movements

of large armies through the

country, especially in the eastern and northern parts, during the

two years

make

to

distress,

past,

and scarcity of rain in some

grain dear.

the

To

parts,

had combined

comfort the people and alleviate their

Emperor gave

orders for

the remission of the

" On the 26th &tiy."—'Amal-i Sdlih. " The 'A'lamgir-ixima says nought ahout the legal opinion, or the exposure of the corpse. It simply states that Aurangzeh gave the order for the execution, and that it was promptly carried out by certain officers, whose names are given. '

MTJNTAKHABtJ-L LUBAB. rdhddri frontier

He

which was collected ou eveiy highway (guzar),

(toll)

and

247

ferry,

and brought

in a large

also remitted the pdndari, a

sum

ground or house

to the revenue. cess,

which was

paid throughout the Imperial dominions by every tradesman and dealer,

from the butcher, the

draper, jeweller,

ment according

potter,

and banker.

under this name

to rule

in the market, for every stall

thus derived exceeded

and the greengrocer,

Something was paid

for every bit of

and shop, and the

lacs (of rupees).

Other

to the

to the govern-

ground revenue

total

cesses, lawful

and

unlawful, as the sar-shumdri, biiz-shumdri,^ har-gadi,^ the chardi

(grazing tax) of the Banjdras,

from the

fairs

the

held at the festivals of

tuwd'dna,^ the

Muhammadan

at the jdtras or fairs of the infidels, held near

throughout the country

far

and wide, where

collections saints,

Hindu lacs

of people

assemble once a year, and where buying and selling of goes on. the

The tax on

spirits,

imposts, nearly eighty in

the

stringent

creditors.

These and other

number, which brought in krors of

public treasury, were all abolished throughout

Besides these, the tithe of corn,* which lawfully

brought in twenty-five alleviate the

kinds

and the fourth part of debts recovered

fines, thank-offerings,

rupees to

all

on gambling-houses, on brothels,

by the help of magistrates from

Hindustan.

and

temples,

heavy

orders

lacs of rupees,

To

cost of grain.

were

was remitted in order

to

enforce these remissions,

published everywhere throughout the

provinces by the hands of mace-bearers and soldiers (akadi).

But although

his gracious

and beneficent Majesty remitted

these taxes, and issued strict orders prohibiting their collection,

the avaricious propensities of

men

prevailed, so that, with the

exception of the pdndari, which, being mostly obtained from the capital '

and the chief

A tax on

cities,

The printed

goats.

felt

the force of the abolition, the

text has " bar-shumdri," but the

MSS.

agree in

writing buz.

This does not appear in either two of the MSS. referred to. "Chardi banjdra wa tuwa'dna wa hdsil i ayyam," etc. The tuwadna ought etymologically to mean some voluntary contribution. '•'

^

4

I

.

^

KHAFr KHAN.

248 royal prohibition had no

effect,

and faujddrs and jdgirddrs

in

remote places did not withhold their hands from these exactions. Firstly, because throughout the Imperial dominions in the reign

of Aurangzeb, no fear and dread of punishment remained in the hearts of the jdgirddrs, faujddrs, and zaminddrs.

because the revenue

officers,

Secondly,

through inattention, or want of

what was

consideration, or with an eye to profit, contrary to

intended,

made deductions

(for these cesses)

accounts of the jdgirddrs. that the

amount

from the tankhwdh

So the jdgirddrs, under the pretext

of the cesses was entered in their

papers, continued to collect the rdhddri and

many

other of the

When

abolished imposts, and even increased them.

reached the government of infractions

tankhwdh

of these

reports

orders,

delegation of mace-bearers to their districts.

(the

and the

offenders) were punished with a diminution of mansdb,

The mace-bearers

forbad the collection of the imposts for a few days, and then

After a while, the offenders, through their patrons or

retired.

the management of their agents, got their original

amount.

So the regulation

the imposts had no

for

mamah

restored to

its

the abolition of most of

effect.

The rdhddri in particular is condemned by righteous and men as a most vexatious impost, and oppressive to travellers, but a large sum is raised by it. In most parts of

just

the Imperial territories the faujddrs and jdgirddrs,

tyranny,

now

exact

and necessitous

by

and

force

more than ever from the traders and poor

travellers.

The zaminddrs

also, seeing that

no

inquiries are made, extort more on roads within their boundaries

than

is

collected

on roads under royal

By

officers.

degrees

matters have come to such a pass, that between the time of leaving the factory or port and reaching their destination, goods

and merchandize pay double

their cost price in tolls.

Through

the villainy and oppression of the tuU-collectors and the zaminddrs, the property, the honour,

travellers

and peaceful

and the

wayfarers

are

lives

of thousands of

frittered

Mahrattas, those turbulent people of the

away.

Dakhin

The

(before the

MUNTAKHABU-L

LUBA'B.

249

peace and after the peace which I shall have to write about in the reign

of

Farrukh

Siyar), and

of the rdhddri to such extremes as are

beyond description.

Muhammad

The War with Shuja .^Defection of Prince [vol.

Khan

upon the

other zaminddrs

have carried their violence and oppression in the matter

frontier,

ii.

Muhammad

Prince

p. 90.]

as his

Sultan, with

Sultan.

Mu'azzam

adviser and commander-in-chief, pursued Shuja'

until he reached Dacca,

where Shuja' busied himself in collecting

men and artillery. The command of the Imarmy and the appointment of the amirs rested in a great degree with Mu'azzam Khdn. This was a great annoyance to

munitions of war, perial

the Prince, and Shuja', having got information of the idea of winning the Prince over to bis side.

communications with the Prince, and by

and the

arts

conceived

this,

So he opened

letters

and presents,

which gain the feelings of young, inexperienced

men, he seduced the Prince from the duty he owed father,

and brought him over

the Prince his

to his

own

side.

Soon he

to his offered

daughter in marriage, * * and at length the

Prince was so deluded

as

to

resolve

upon joining

Towards the end of the month Ramazdn,

Shuja'.

at the beginning of

the third year of the' reign, he sent a message to Shuj4', inform-

ing him of his intention, and in the night he embarked in a boat on the Ganges with artillery,

Kasim

in this business,

taking with him

Amir

'All Mir-tuzak,

Kuli, the

who were

commander the

and with some eunuchs and domestic all

the treasure and jewels he could.

Shuja' heard of this step, he referred

it .to

of the

prime movers servants,

When

the favour of God,

and sent his son Buland Akhtar with several boats and porters to conduct the Prince

with his treasure and baggage over the

river.

After the Prince had crossed over, and Shujd's

busy

in

carrying

away

his

treasure

men were

and baggage, the

fact

KHAFr KHAN.

250 of his

became

evasion

Mu'azzam Khan.

The

and

known, desertion

the Imperial army, * * and

was

communicated

to

caused great uneasiness

in

Mu'azzam Khan himself was much

annoyed and troubled, but he would not allow

this to be seen.

He mounted

encouraged

horse,

his

and did

troops,

the

inspected

lines,

he could to counteract the

all

The

untoward proceeding.

the

of this

effects

rainy season had come, * * so, for

the comfort of his troops, he removed thirty kos from Akbarnagar, to a high ground suitable for a camp in the rains. * *

Shujd' passed over to Akbar-nagar by boats, and attacked

Mu'azzam unawares

;

and although the Imperial

made a

forces

splendid resistance, some of their allies were indifferent or disaffected,

so they were overpowered

and compelled

Mu'azzam Khan brought up some

retreat.

to

from his

forces

centre,

and

encouraging the waverers, he renewed the resistance, and charged.

Two

or three of Shuja's chief amirs were

and his attack was eventually repulsed.

wounded,

killed or

There were several

other conflicts with similar results, until the rains and the rising of the river put an end to

all fighting.

and

married Shuj4's daughter,

* *

Muhammad

Sultdn

announced that

was

it

after

spending a few days in nuptial pleasure at Akbar-nagar, the attack on the Imperial

Khan and

it

would be a long story to

movements.

Suffice it to

relate all his bold

Mu'azzam

defeated,

and

and eventually put

which Shuja'

conflicts, in

to flight,

and escaped

war-boats, by means of which he had been enabled his attacks on the

boats were sunk captured. *

*

army

by the

of

Mu'azzam,

fire

* *

Many

of the artillery, and

and also between the war-boats on the Granges

When

many men were

Aurangzeb received the

killed

in the

make

some were streams,

in the vicinity

and wounded.

intelligence

Sultan's going over to Shujd', and of

to

of the war-

Several actions were fought near the

of Tanda, in which

skilful

say that in the course of fifteen to

twenty days there were some sharp

was

* *

army would be renewed.

received reinforcements after the cessation of the rains,

of

^Muhammad

Mu'azzam Khdn's

obstinate

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. he thought

fighting,

it

251

prudent and necessary to go himself to

the seat of war, and on the 5th Eabi'u-1 awwal he set out for the East. *

*

About the middle

arrived that Prince

Muhammad

of Eabi'u-s

Sultan had

sani

intelligence

Shujd',

left

The Prince repented

again joined Mu'azzam Khdn.

and had

of the step

he had taken, * * and communicated to one of the commanders

army

in the royal

some of

that he desired to return. * *

He

escaped with

and jewels and money on board of four

his servants

was pursued by the boats of Shuja'. * *

boats, but he

The

boats were fired upon, and one was sunk, but the Prince escaped.

His return gave great joy to Mu'azzam Khan, who reported the Emperor, under whose orders he was sent to Court

fact to the

\_and

Ms

^

associates to prison].

When

the Prince returned to his father's army, Shuja' medi-

tated flight, but

some hard fighting went

still

At

on.

length

Shuja' despaired of success, and retired leaving Bengal to the

Mu'azzam Khdn.

occupation of

Skdh Jahdn, [vol.

ii.

Many

101. J

p.

letters passed

Shah Jah4n and Aurangzeb, on one

and of

side,

between the Emperor

complaints and reproaches

full of

irritating excuses

on the other.

There

is

no advantage to be gained from recording this correspondence,

and the

copies of the Emperor's letters are not in the author's

possession

;

but two or three ^ letters which Aurangzeb wrote to

his father are here reproduced

Sh4h Jahan's

The

[p. 104.J

Shah Jahan

letters

to

1

be inferred from them.

third letter

is

in

answer to one written by

Aurangzeb, pardoning his

some jewels and been

may

verbatim, and the contents of

clothes, belonging to

offences,

left in his palace.

The 'Amal-i

Sdlih says that the Prince was confined in the fort of Mir-garh, or

in Saltm-garh according to the 'A'lamgir-ndma. 2

and sending

Dara Shukoh, which had

Three are given, but the

last

one only has been translated.

';

KHAFf KHAN.

252

"After discliarging the observances of sented to your most august presence.

you sent

religion, it

repre-

is

gracious letter which

humble statement of your servant

in answer to the

honour upon him at a most auspicious time.

conferred great

The glad

The

and

tidings of the pardon of his faults

sins has filled

him with joy and

gladness.

his fault-forgiving

and excuse-accepting father and master, he

filled

Thanks be

with hope.

Through the gracious kindness

to

God

that

Your Highness,

of is

listen-

ing to the suggestions of equity and merit, has preferred mercy

and has rescued

to revenge,

this

wicked and disgraced sinner

from the abyss of sorrow and misery in both worlds

hope in the mercy of God will proceed

note of

infidel,

!

His firm

!

no unworthy action

God, who knows the

who, according to the belief of the

and according

and falsehoods,

lies

that in future

from this humble servant

secrets of the hearts,

and the

is

and has never been acting

to all religions

He knows

and

that this servant

in opposition to the will

of his august father, as evil-judging

faithful

faiths, takes

men have

is

not

and pleasure

supposed, but that

he has considered himself the deputy of his father, and continues firm in this important service and duty

!

But the due ordering

of the aSairs of the State and of the Faith, and the comfort of

the people, are impossible under the rule of one

deputy.

of the people, he

heart disapproves.

is

acting, for

dawn upon

a few days, in the way which his

!

the country, and the clouds of strife shall be dispelled,

Your Majesty's wishes

shall be gratified to

your heart's desire

This humble one has devoted the best part of his to performing

be satisfied that, for the fleeting

world, the august days of

Your Majesty,

to

He

calls

!

entirely

(to

trifles

God) of the

whose happiness the

and wealth of your children are devoted, should be passed

discomfort, '

life

good service and rendering satisfaction

how then can he life

acts as a

God knows how many regrets he has felt in Please God, the moment that peace shall

this course of action

all

who

So, unwillingly, for the safety of the State and the good

in

and that the people of your palace should be separated

himself murid, "disciple ;" and his father murshid, "spiritual teacher."

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. from you

!

abdd with

humble

253

Shuj^*, not knowing the value of safety,

and

evil intentions,

servant,

though he

up

and hoping

up

came

at ease as regards his

thought of him

all

to Allah-

Your Majesty's

strife.

somewhat

feels

elder brother, has not given his trust in Grod,

stirred

;

but, placing

for the help of the true giver of

He

he marched against him on the 17th instant.

victory,

hopeful that, under the guidance of

God and the

is

help of the

Prophet, and the good wishes of his old paternal protector,' he

and do nothing

will soon be free of this business,

feelings of

Your Majesty.

Almighty bestows

to hurt the

Your Majesty upon one who discharges

It is clear to

his trusts

of cherishing his subjects and protecting the people. fest

and

clear to wise

and that no

men

poor-spirited

that a wolf

man

humble servant from and

is

mani-

for a shepherd,

fit

can perform the great duty of

The Almighty

self-indulgence and libertinism.

faults

the duty

It

Sovereignty signifies protection of the people, not

governing.

Majesty.

not

is

God

that

Your

all

your

will deliver

feeling of remorse as regards

Your

servant, after acknowledging your pardon of his

offences,

and the present

of the jewels of

Dara Shukoh,

returns his thanks for your kindness and forgiveness.'"

The author heard from a trustworthy person, who was formerly superintendent of the jewel-house, that Dard Shukoh left jewels and pearls worth 27 his

harem,

cognizance

in

lacs of rupees,

the jewel- room

of the

Emperor.

the

After his

opportunity of removing them. tention, perquisition

belonging to the inmates of

inside

palace,

defeat

Shah Jahan,

with

the

he found no

after

much

con-

and demanding, sent them to Aurangzeb,

with the letter of forgiveness which nolens volens he had written.

Third Year of the Eeign, 1070

(a.h.,

1660

a.d.).

Disappearance of Prince Shujd'. [vol.

ii.

p.

107.]

The

third year of the reign began on the

24th Eamaz^n. * * Despatches about this time arrived from 1

" Sastgir," the

word used,

is

equivocal, it

means both "patron " and "prisoner."

EHAFr KHAN.

254

Mu'azzam Khdn,

reporting his successive victories and

Rakhang (Arracan),

of Shuja' to the country of

It appeared that there

undefended.

had heen

which Shuja' was invariably defeated, and that loaded two boats with his personal

leaving Bengal

several actions in after the last,

he

of gold and and other appendages of royalty. * *

treasure

silver, jewels,

tlie flight

effects, vessels

His son had been in correspondence with the Edja of Rakhang, (Arracan), * * and

when

friend anywhere

and that those whom he had deemed faithful

left,

Shuja' saw that he

had no

ally or

had deserted him, he conceived the idea of occupying one fortresses on the frontiers of the

the Raja on the subject. * *

of tho

Raja of Rakhang, and addressed

But he was unable

to carry his

design into execution, and at length, in the greatest wretchedness

and

distress,

he

fell

iato the clutches of the treacherous

ruler of that country,

and according

to

no one ascertained what became of

killed, so that

infidel

common rumour he was him.'^

Beginning of the troubles with Sivaji? [vol.

men

ii.

p. 110. J

I

now

and race of the reprobate to the line of the

son by a

all

Ranas

Hindus,

woman

girl {Irmiz), is

of Ghitor. it is

fifty faithful servants,

man

it is said,

lost heart,

origin

the settled opinion, that to have a

But

if in

upon a

slave-

youth, when

should have a son by a strange

into his house

and have him brought

"'WTien Shih Shuj&' was informed of [Sultkn and with some of his Kh^ns and with forty or

he emharked in a boat and proceeded to Makka

that time to the present year, 1081 a.h., no one

knows whether he

is

(X^)

.

From

alive or dead."

Mecca, and this was probably what the copyists understood, but it is more word used by the author had reference to the " Mughs " or inhabitants

likely that the

of Arracan. ^

race about the origin

of a different caste, or to beget one

In the 'Amal-i Sdlih evasion] he

Muhammad's

is

have heard from trusty

In the tribe of the Rajputs,

wrong and censurable.

woman, he should take him

Makka

I

His ancestors owe their

Sivaji.

the passions are strong, a

^

what

Dakhin and of the Mahratta

of the

and among

relate

His name

is

written i_$\^^.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. up among

his confidential

handmaids and

255

But nothing

slaves.

Even

descends to such a son on the death (of the father).

mother of the child

is

of a better stock than the father, she cannot

marry him unless she be of the same

man

the

if

tribe.

If,

woman, and has a

consorts with such a

looked upon with great disdain, he

and can only marry with one

is

through

love,

a

son, the child is

brought up as a bastard,

like himself.

If a

woman

of the

merchant caste goes into the house of a man of lower caste than the daughter of a

herself, or

every child that

is

born

Brahman

consorts with a Khatri,

looked upon as a slave {kaniz o

is

(jhuldm). It is said that one of the ancestors of Sivaji, from

name

received the

He

woman

formed a connexion with a

without marriage.

this disgrace to himself

the

hills in

She bore him a son. and

that position of

tribe,

life

;

so that,

woman

to

him-

Reflecting upon

he kept the child concealed in

which he had determined

There he secretly brought him up.

woman

he

of inferior caste, and,

according to the custom of his tribe, he took the self

whom

of Bhoslah, dwelt in the country of the Eana.

He

for him.

was very devoted

to the

although his father and mother wished him to

marry a woman of

his

own

tribe,

he would not consent.

When

the cup of his affection ran over, and the fact of this maintenance of his child was the

common

talk of friends and strangers, he

secretly took the

boy from the place where he had concealed him,

and carried him

off

along with his mother to the Dakhin.

Al-

woman

of his

gave out that his son was by a

though he

falsely

own

no Eajpllt of pure race would allow of any matri-

tribe,

monial connexion with the boy.

So he was obliged to marry the

lad to a girl of the Mahratta tribe, which also claims to belong to

an obscure

class

of Eajptits.

From

this

good stock, in the

Sahu Bhoslah. The name Bhoslah, according to the commonly-received opinion, is from the Hinduwi word " ghoslah" meaning " place,"i or a very small and narrow place ; and as that man was brought seventh or eighth veneration, was born origin of the

1

The oommonly-received meaning

is

" bird's-nest."

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

257

without a ruler, boldly and wickedly stepped in and seized

left

with the possessions of some other J&girddrs.

it,

This was the be-

ginning of that system of violence which he and his descendants

have spread over the

rest of the

Whenever

the Dakhin.

a district inhabited

took possession of

Kokan and

all

the territory of

he heard of a prosperous fown, or of

by thriving

cultivators,

he plundered

it

and

Before the jdgirddrs in those troublous

it.

times could appeal to Bijapur, he had sent in his own account of the matter, with presents and offerings, charging the jdgirddrs or proprietors with

some

which he had

offence

felt

called

upon to

punish, and offering to pay some advanced amount for the lands

on their being attached

the

to his

Government.

direct to the officials at

Bijapur,

heed of what any one

own jdgir,

He

or to

The country

it.

their revenues to

who

in those disturbed times took little

did.

So when the jdgirddr's complaint

arrived, he obtained no redress, because

of

pay

communicated these matters

of the

no one took any notice

Dakhin was never

motions and outbreaks, and so the

officials,

free

from com-

the raiyats, and

the soldiery, under the influence of surrounding circumstances,

were greedy, stupid, and frivolous

;

thus they applied the axe

own hands, and threw their wealth and The greed of the officials increased, the winds. when the authority of the rulers was those days

to their feet with their

property to especially in

interrupted, or their attention

In accordance with

diverted.

the wishes of this disturber, the reins of authority over that

country

fell

notorious of

He derers,

into his hands, all

and he at length became the most

the rebels.

assembled a large force of Mahratta robbers and plun-

and

set

reduced was that of Chandan.^

some other

The

about reducing fortresses.

fortresses

which were short of

supplies, or

charge of weak and inexperienced commandants.

upon the kingdom 1

fort

first

were in

Evil days

fell

of Bijapur in the time of Sikandar 'Ali 'A'dil

Also called Cliandan-maiidan. See Grant Duff first fort he obtained.

(yoI.

i.

p. 130),

who

Torna was the VOL. TII.

he

After that he got possession of

17

says that

KHAFr KHAN.

258

Khan

the Second, whose legitimacy was questioned, and

who

ruled

when a minor

The

operations of

as the locum tenens of his father.

Aurangzeb against that country when he was a

prince in the reign of his father, brought great evil upon the

country, and

other troubles also arose.

day by day

Sivaji

increased in strength, and reduced all the forts of the country, so that in course of time he

He had drawn Hind and

became a man of power and means.

together a large force, and attacked the Kings of

of Bijapur, and, protected by mountains and jungles

full of trees,

he ravaged and plundered

The

abodes,

and he had secured several islands

inaccessible forts of

Eajgarh

He

which he had formed.

of a fleet

and Chakna were

^

in the sea

well

supplied

all

of which

and munitions of war.

with provisions

Boldly raising his standard of

his

by means

built several forts also in

those parts, so that altogether he had forty forts,

were

and

in all directions far

wide.

rebellion,

he became the most

noted rebel of the Dakhin.

Sivq^i murders

When

Sikandar 'Ali

Afzal Khan Bydpuri.

'A'dil

Khan came

and took the government into his Sivaji,

large

but without

army

effect.

He

to years of discretion,

own hands, he wrote

Khan with a Khan was one of 'Adil

then sent Afzal

to chastise the rebel.

Afzal

Khdn's most distinguished and courageous Sivaji hard.

The

letters to

truculent rebel,

officers,

and he

pressed

knowing that he could

gain

nothing by regular warfare, artfully sent some of his people

to

express his repentance, and to beg forgiveness of his offences.

After some negociation, the deceitful brdhmans made an agreement that Sivaji should come to wait upon Afzal

Khan

at a certain

place under his fortress with only three or four servants and entirely in a

without arms.

pdlM, with four or

place agreed upon under the 1

Khdn

Afzal

five servants, fort.

likewise

was to proceed

and without arms,

to the

After Sivaji had paid

About twenty miles south-west

of Piina.

his

MUNTAKHABU-L

LTJBAB.

259

and verbal agreements had been made, he was

respects,

When

a khil'at and then be dismissed.

to receive

Khan had

Afzal

taken

the proffered tribute and peshkash, Sivaji was to entertain him,

and speed him on his way back attend

him

The designing

he would

by sending various presents and

rascal

by

of the country, and

ated Afzal

to Bij^ptir, or rather

thither in person upon an assurance of reconciliation.

and submission,

his humbleness

Khdn, who

fell

fruits

concili-

into the snare, believing all his false

deceiving statements, and observing none of that caution which

Without arms he mounted the pdlM, and

the wise commend.

proceeded to the place appointed under the all his

He

fortress.

the deceiver came

down on

from the

foot

fort,

and made his

Upon

appearance with manifestations of humility and despair. reaching the foot of the

made a

every three or four steps, he

hill, after

confession of his offences,

abject terms

and begged forgiveness

begged that the armed

men and

companied Afzal Khan's

litter

the

servants

who had

should move farther

called in the language of the

ac-

Sivaji

off.

Dakhin

in

He

and with limbs trembling and crouching.

had a weapon,

left

Then

attendants at the distance of a long arrow-shot.

lichud,^

on the fingers of his hand hidden under his sleeve, so that

He

could not be seen.

among

the trees and rocks

strike,

about the

all

a trumpeter on the steps, to

my enemy

it

had concealed a number of armed men

whom

he

with this murderous weapon

;

hill,

and he had placed

said,

the

"I

intend to

moment you

see

kill

me

do not think about me, but blow your trumpet and give

the signal to

my

He

soldiers."

had given orders to his troops

also that as soon as

they heard the blast of the trumpet, they

should rush out and

fall

upon the men of Afzal Khan, and do

their best to attain success.

Afzal Khan, to that place,

whom

.

the angel of

doom had

approach unarmed and fearing and trembling. ^

led

by the

collar

was confident in his own courage, and saw Sivaji

The primary meaning

of this

wdg-nahh, "tiger's claws."

word

is

"a

scorpion."

He

looked upon

The weapon

Grant Duif gives a drawing of one.

is

also called

KHAFr KHAN.

260 and

his person

much

spirit as

who had accompanied

he directed

alike, so

his litter to

withdraw

all

the

a distance.

to

men The

treacherous foe then approached and threw himself weeping at

the feet of Afzal Khan, place the

who

raised his head,

hand of kindness on

tlien struck the concealed

weapon

and was about

and embrace him.

his back

so fiercely into his

stomach that

According to his orders, the trumpeter

he died without a groan.

Men

blew a blast of triumph to arouse the concealed troops. horse and foot then rushed forth in great numbers on

and

upon the army of Afzal Khan,

fell

destroying.

and joined

his

He

treasure,

and

all

killing, plundering,

Khan

'Adil

army

went on

and

safety to the

obtained possession of the horses, elephants,

He

the baggage and stores.

the soldiers into his service, and gained usual, he

on

all sides,

The bloodthirsty assassin rushed away in own men, whom he ordered to ofier quarter

defeated troops.

to

Sivaji

collecting stores

proposed to take

them

over.

Then,

as

and men.

of Bijaptir, on hearing of this defeat, sent another

against Sivaji, under the

An

his best generals.

action

command

of

Eustam Khan, one

was fought near the

and Eustam Kh^n was defeated. In

fine,

of

fort of Parnala,

Fortune so favoured

this

treacherous worthless man, that his forces increased, and he grew

He

more powerful every day. himself in settling his own

He

Bijapiir. parts,

it

new

forts,

and employed

and in plundering those

of

attacked the caravans which came -from distant

and appropriated

he made

erected

territories,

to himself the

goods and the women. But

a rule that wherever his followers went plundering,

they should do no harm to the mosques, the Book of Grod, or the

women

of

any

into his hands, his

Musulraan

one.

Whenever

he treated followers.

Muharamadan were taken

it

a copy of the sacred

with respect, and gave

When

the

prisoners

by

friend to protect them, he watched over

came with a

suitable

found out that a

ransom

woman was

to

buy

women his

of

Kuran came it

to

some

any Hindu

of or

men, and they had no

them

until their relations

their liberty.

Whenever

he

a slave-girl, he looked upon her as

being the property of her master, and appropriated her to himself.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

He laid down

261

the rule that whenever a place was plundered, the

goods of poor people, pul-siydh (copper money), and vessels of brass and copper, should belong to the

man who found them;

but

other articles, gold and silver, coined or uncoined, gems, valuable stuffs

and

jewels, were not to belong to the finder, but were to be

given up without the smallest deduction

by them paid over

March of Amiru-l umard^ [vol.

ii.

violence,

p.

to

the

and

officers,

to be

to Sivajl's government.

When

119.]

punish Sivaji.

to

Aurangzeb was informed of

Sivajl's

he directed Amiru-l umard who was Subaddr of the

Dakhin, to punish and put him down.

Amiru-l umard marched,

in

accordance with these orders, from Aurangabad at the end

of

Jumada-1 awwal, 1070 (end of January, 1660

marched towards Puna and Chakna, which Sivaji's places of

in

command

at

abode and security.

was

in those days

Mumtaz Khan

left

at the

At

Sivaji.

another direction.

and

left

Jadd Eai there

ordered his followers

to take charge of

to attack

The daring

Amir was informed

in

it,

and

to pro-

freebooter Sivaji

it.

When

•''

of

the

of this, he appointed 4000 horse, under

officers, to

protect the baggage.

in every march, Sivaji's falling

off

and plunder the baggage

Amiru-l u?nard's army wherever they met with

and

time

this

Amiru-l umard took Siipa without opposi-

vide supplies of corn for the army.

experienced

at

town of Supa,^ but upon hearing of Amiru-l

umard's movements, he vacated that place, and went

tion,

were

Aurangabad, and on the 1st Rajab arrived

the village of Seoganw, belonging to Sivaji

He

and

a.d.),

But every day, and

Dakhinis swarmed round the baggage,

suddenly upon

it

like Cossacks,

they carried

off horses,

camels, men, and whatever they could secure, until they became

aware of the approach of 1

the

troops.

The

Sh&yista Khku.

2

About

3

Kahi, "forage, provisions."

forty miles south-east of

Pdna.

Imperial forces

.

KHAFf KHAN.

262

pursued them, and harassed them, so that they lost courage, and

At

giving up fighting for flight, they dispersed.

reached

Puna and

Sivdpur, two places built by that dog (Sivaji).

The Imperial forces took both these Then the royal armies marched after

examining

its

batteries,

and began

The

in that

and held them. Ohakna, and

to the fort of

own

intrenchments round their

up

mines under the

to drive

the place, they used

rains

places

bastions and walls, they opened trenches,

threw

erected position,

invested

length they

their best

country last nearly

Thus having

fort.

to reduce

efiForts

months, and

five

it.

fall

night and day, so that people cannot put their heads out of their houses.

so

The heavy masses

that lamps are

of clouds change day into night,

often needed,

cannot see another one of a party.

were rendered

useless,

without them one man

for

But

for all the

muskets

the powder spoilt, and the bows de-

prived of their strings, the siege was vigorously pressed, and the walla of the fortress were breached by the

The they

of the guns.

fire

garrison were hard pressed and troubled, but in dark nights

and fought with surprising

sallied forth into the trenches

boldness.

Sometimes the

on the outside

forces of the freebooter

combined with those inside

iu

making a simultaneous attack

broad daylight, and placed the trenches in great danger. the siege had lasted

fifty or

mined was blown up, and

which had been

sixty days, a bastion

stones, bricks

in

After

and men

flew into the

air like pigeons.

The brave

and placing their

shields before them, rushed to the assault and

soldiers of Islam, trusting in God,

fought with great determination.

up a

But the

barrier of earth inside the fortress,

ments and places of defence in fighting,

in

many

and

parts.

infidels

had.

had thrown

made

intrench-

All the day passed

and many of the assailants were

killed.

But

the

brave warriors disdained to retreat, and passed the night without food or rest amid the ruins and the blood. rose,

As

soon as the sun

they renewed their attacks, and after putting

many

of the

garrison to the sword, by dint of great exertion and resolution

they carried the place.

The

survivors of the garrison retired into

.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

263

In this assault 300 men of the royal army were

the citadel.

besides sappers and others engaged in the

work of the

siege.

slain,

Six or

seven hundred horse and foot were wounded by stones and bullets,

arrows and swords.

The men in the citadel being reduced to extremity, sent E4o Bhao Singh to make terms, and then surrendered. Next day Amiru-l umard entered and inspected the fortress, and having left Uzbek Khdn in command of it, he marched to

After a time he gave the name of Isldmdbad

after Sivaji.

Ohakna, and

called Ja'far

Khdn from Mdlwa

Amiru-l umard reported that the

to his assistance.

Parenda had been won

fort of

without fighting.!

Sulaimdn Shukoh. [vol.

Sulaimdn Shukoh had

p. 123.]

ii.

refuge in the hills with Pirthi Singh,

Tarbiyat

Khan had

territory.

Jai

some time found

been sent with an army to overrun that

Pirthi Singh

now

wrote, through

Raja Jai Singh, begging forgiveness to give

for

Zaminddr of Srinagar, and

up Sulaiman Shukoh.

Singh, was sent to

Kunwar

fetch

the

for his oflFences,

medium and

Sulaimdn Shukoh,

lenient course,

and ordered him

Grwalior, along with

who

and he

He

brought him to Court on the 11th Jumada-1 awwal. led into the presence of the Emperor,

Raja

E,ai Singh, son of * *

graciously

of

offering

was

took a

to be sent prisoner to the fort of

Muhammaid

Sultdn,

who had been

confined

in Salim-garh.

Season of Scarcity [vol.

ii.

p.

123.]

Unfavourable seasons and want of

rain,

com-

bined with war and movements of armies, had made grain very scarce

and

dear.

Many

of people from all parts

'

by

districts lay entirely waste,

made

their

way

and crowds

to the capital.

Every

" It was surrendered by its commandant named Gh&lib, who had been appointed Mardan Hhkn."—' Alami/ir-ndma, p. 696.

'Ali

KHAEr KHAN.

264

and bazar of the city was choked with poor helpless

street

people, so that

An

it

was

difficult for

the inhabitants to

move

about.

Imperial order was issued, that in addition to the regular

bulghiir-khdnas, where

raw and cooked grain was given away,

ten more langar-hhdnas (free houses of entertainment), should

be opened in the city, and twelve hulghiir-khdnas in the suburbs

and among the tombs, and intend them.

make

men were

careful

appointed to super-

Instructions were also issued for the amirs to

provision for langar distributions, and orders

for the remission of taxes

view of favouring the gathering of

stores.

Fourth Year of the Reign, 1071 [vol.

p.

ii.

Prince

128.]

were given

on (the transport of) grain, with the

a.h. (1661 a.d.).

Muhammad Mu'azzam Rup Singh.

married

(in

1071 A.H.) the daughter of Raja

Campaign of Khdn-khdndn

Muazzam Khdn

{Mir

Jumla)

against Assam. [vol.

ii.

p. 130. J

The country

of

Asham (Assam)

east and north of Bengal between long ranges of

length

is

nearly 100 jaribi kos, and

its

is

hills.

the Its

width from the mountains

on the north to those on the south side It

lies to

is

eight days' journey.

said to be the native land of Piran Waisiya,^ the u-azir of

Afrasiydb, and the Rdja of the country traces his descent from

In the beginning the Rajas were

this Pirdn.

fire- worshippers,

but in course of time they became identified with the idolaters of

Hind. * *

It is

the established practice in that country that

every individual pays

annually one tola of gold-dust to the

government of the Raja. a great earth,

zammddr

and

in

it

dies,

* *

When

the Rdja of that country or

they dig a large tomb or apartment

in the

they place his wives and concubines, as also his

horses and equipage, carpets, vessels of gold and silver, grain, '

See supra. Vol. VI. p. 55i.

MUNTAKHABTJ-L LUBAB. etc., all

265

such things as are used in that country, the jewels worn

by wives and

nobles, perfumes

several days.

These they

the next world, and

upon them. forces of

and

fruit, sufficient

when they

are all collected the door

was in consequence of

It

to last for

the provisions for his journey to

call

closed

is

custom that the

this

Khan-khandn obtained such large sums of money from The country of Kamrup borders upon Assam,

under ground.

and the two countries are

For the

friendly.

twenty years

last

They were

the people of this country had been refractory.

in the habit of attacking the Imperial territories in the province

of Bengal, and of carrying off the ryots and

So great injury was done to

prisoners.

great scandal was cast upon the

Musulmans

as

and property, and

life

Muhammadan

religion.

Islam Khkn, Siibaddr of Bengal, led an army against the country in the reign of Shah Jahan, but he was recalled and appointed to the

office

of wazir before the work was accomplished.

Afterwards Shuja' went to seek refuge with the Zaminddr of Rakhang,

who was one

was never

of the zamindars of those parts, and his fate

ascertained.

After Kh4n-khan4n had settled the

affairs

of Dacca and other parts of Bengal, he resolved upon marching

against Assam, and began to collect

When

campaign. Bihar,

men and

supplies for the

the Raja of Assam and the Zaminddr of

named Bhim Narain, heard

Kuch

of this, they were greatly

alarmed, and wrote penitent letters making submission and seeking forgiveness.

*

*

*

These were forwarded to the Emperor,

but orders were sent to Khan-kh4ndn for the extermination of

both of them. So he marched against that country with provisions for sieges,

and a number of boats, which are [Long

portance for carrying on war in those parts. campaign.'] in the

name

Khan-khdndn had of the Emperor.

the Rdja, and was

the hlmtba read and

He

set aside the

desirous of pursuing

him

season was coming on, and in that country

it

and

* *

rains almost incessantly night

and day.

;

artillery,

of great im-

details

money

of the coined

government of but the rainy

lasts five

months,

Large quantities

of gold and silver were obtained from the places of sepulture.

KHAFr KHAK.

266 *

*

Khdn-khdnan

the commander of his artillery in the

left

conquered fortress of Grhar-gdnw to take charge of his

guns

it,

and

to get

in order, for artillery is all-important in that country.

The Khan then

and a half from Ghar-ganw

retired thirty kos

Mathura-pur, which

is

situated at the foot of a

hill,

and

There he found cantonments in which

liable to inundation.

For seven

pass the rainy season.

to

not

is

to

or eight kos round he stationed

outposts under experienced officers to guard against surprise by

The

the Assamese.

and

nights,

killed

infidels repeatedly

many men and

made

attacks on dark

horses.

Fifth Year of the Reign, coeeesponding to 1072 (1662 [vol.

ii.

The

p. 154.J

Soon

w41.

fifth

year of the reign began 1st Shaw-

after the celebration

Emperor was attacked by fact got noised

a.h.

A.D.).

illness. ^

of the fifth anniversary, the

In the course of a week the

about in the vicinity of the capital, where

it

interrupted the ordinary occupations of the people, and excited

the hopes of the disafiected.

But His Majesty's health

recovered, * * and on the 7th Jamada-1

awwal he

soon

started from

Dehli for Ldhore on his way to Kashmir.

Murder of Prince Murdd Bakhsh. [vol.

ii.

The author

p. 155.]

an account of the killing of pleasure {marzi).

tained

it

I

give

my

Bakhsh

version of

as suited his it

father,

men

who was a

until his services

it

from the of

my

Murdd Bakhsh,

and

of the time, and from the

confidential servant of

own

as I have ascer-

from written records, and as I have heard

evidence of truthful

own

now

of the 'A'lamgir-ndma has given

MurM

mouth

were no longer needed lived at the foot of the

fort (of Gwalior), intent

upon raising a rope-ladder {Itamand) and '

See supra, p. 180.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

267

of rescuing his master, -without even thinking of taking service

When Muhammad Bakhsh

under Aurangzeb.

was sent

to the

a favourite concubine, named Sarsun Bdi, was at his

fortress,

The unfortunate prisoner used to give away half what was allowed him for his support in cooked food to the Mughals and Mughal woman who had followed him to his place of captivity, and lived in poverty at the foot of

request allowed to accompany him.

the fortress.

After

the Mughals

many schemes had been proposed,

contrived a plan for fastening a rope-ladder to the ramparts at a

given time and place.

After the second watch of the night, before

Mur4d Bakhsh communicated

the world was asleep,

his intended

escape to Sarsun Bdi, and promised to do his best to return and

On

rescue her.

out in such a lights

hearing

way

Sarsun Bai began to weep and cry

this,

that the guards heard what she said, and with

and torches searched

for

and discovered the

the plot was communicated to Aurangzeb, he

At

his throne.

the sons of

felt

When

ladder.

some alarm

for

the instigation of some of the Emperor's friends,

'AH Naki, whom Murdd Bakhsh had put to death, The eldest son refused

brought a charge of murder against him. to

demand

his father's

satisfaction for

death, but

complied with the expressed wish, and brought in

Murad Bakhsh.

a court of law against

a'

The

length before the Emperor, and he directed that

submitted to a judge. After

it

the second

charge of murder case it

came

at

should be

had been decided according

to law,

the order was given in Eabi'u-s s^ni, 1072 a.h., for the judge to

CO

alons:

with the heir of the slain

man

to

Murdd Bakhsh

to

pronounce the sentence of the law, upon the murder being proved.

The

date of his death

kmhtand, " Alas and

is

found in the

alas

!

line

Ai

wai ba-har bahdnah

on some pretext they killed him."

His gracious Majesty rewarded the

eldest son for not enforcing

his claim of blood.

The Campaign in Assam. [vol.

khandn

ii.

p. 157.]

in

Assam.

I

now

[Long

revert to the campaign of details

Kh^n-

of the sufferings of the troops

268

KHAFF KHAN.

from

the

constant attacks of the natives, from the rains and from wwnt of food, and from sickness and disease.] The men of the army were reduced to such extremity that some of

floods,

the

after consulting together,

officers,

and leave Kh4n-khanan. measures to prevent

move

to

its

it.

He He

were about to move

got information of

this,

off

and took

gave public orders for the army

position towards that held

by the Raja, but

pri-

vately he prepared for a (backward) march, and comforted his

men with got

When

prospects of peace and return.

intelligence

of the

movement,

they assembled in great

numbers, and showed great insolence. to punish them, prisoners.

'

Diler

and thousands of them were

Khan-khdn4n ordered

the Assamese

Khan slain

resolved

and made

that the prisoners should have

the heads of the slain tied round them, and be thus exposed to the derision of the camp. to be again exposed,

He

then sent them

and afterwards put

He

at length consented to terms of peace.

.to

the outposts

to death. * *

The Raja

agreed to pay 120,000

and to present

fifty

elephants and one of his ugly daughters to the Emperor.

He

tolas

of silver, and

2000

of gold,

tolas

also agreed to present fifteen elephants

and another daughter

Khan-khanan, together with some cash and goods.

It

to

was

further agreed that of the conquered places a few forts and towns in cultivated

districts

near the frontier of Bengal should be *

attached to the Imperial dominions.

In the middle of Jumada-1 awwal,

Khan-khandn began

reign, the

broken down by

disease,

* in the fifth year of the

his return

march with an army

and with many of the

nobles at the point of death.

officers

and

The Khan-khanan himself was

but he strove to the last in the service of his

seriously

ill,

master.

Concealing his own suffering, or making light of

he exerted himself night and day army, until he was overpowered by time of his departure was near.

direct

disease,

He

and comfort

it,

his

and knew that the

appointed certain of his

march against the R^ja of Kiich Bihar, who had Then keeping his engagements and paying tribute.

officers to

failed in

to

MITNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. he spoke a few

269

words of kindly counsel, and died at Khizr-

last

pur, on the frontiers of

Kuck

Bihar, on the 12th Ramazin, at

the beginning of the sixth year of the reign.

Sixth Year of the Reign, 1073 a.h. (1663

a.d.)-

Swaji surprises Shdyista Khan at Puna. [vol.

ii.

p.

The Amiru-l umard

171.]

(Shayista Khan), after

taking several forts and strong places, proceeded to Puna, and

lodged there in a house which had been built by that hell-dog Sivaji.

From

power of

thence he sent out detachments to destroy the

Sivaji,

and

to

make him

prisoner.

A

regulation

had

been made that no person, especially no Mahratta, should be allowed to enter the city or the lines of the army without a pass,

whether armed or unarmed, excepting persons in the Imperial service.

No Mahratta horseman

Sivaji, beaten

and

dispirited,

had

was taken into the

of access, and was continually changing his position.

party of Mahrattas, kotwdl,

and applied

who were

admit 200 Mahrattas, who were

A

accompanying a marriage party.

boy dressed up as a bride-

a party of Mahrattas with drums and

music, entered the town early in the evening.

day another party was allowed that a

number

of the outposts,

of the

One day a

serving as foot-soldiers, went to the

for a pass to

groom, and escorted by

service.

retired into mountains difficult

to enter

On

the same

the town on the report

enemy had been made

prisoners at one

and that another party was bringing them

in

pinioned and bare-headed, holding them by ropes and abusing

and reviling them as they went along. They proceeded to the place agreed upon, where the whole party met and put on arms. At midnight they went to the cook-house, which was near the women's apartments.

Between the two there was a small

window stopped up with mud and way well known to them, and got

month

of the

fast.

Some

bricks.

They proceeded by a

into the kitchen.

It

was the

of the cooks were awake, and busy in

'

;

KHAFr KHAN.

270

The

preparing the vessels for cooking, and others were asleep. assailants approached noiselessly, and, as far as

they were

they attacked and killed unawares those who were awake.

who were

asleep they butchered as they lay.

able,

Those

So no great alarm

They then quickly set to work about opening the closed window in the palace. The noise of their pickaxes and the cries of the slaughtered men awoke a servant who was sleepwas

raised.

He went

ing in a room next to the wall of the cook-house.

to

the Amiru-l umard (Sh^yista Khan), and informed him of what

The Amir scolded him, and said that it was only who had got up to do their work. Some maid-servants then came, one after another, to say that a hole was being made through the wall. The Amir then jumped up in great alarm, and Just then some Mahseized a bow, some arrows, and a spear.

he had heard. the cooks

came up

rattas

but he got up

in front,

to the

and the Amir shot one with an arrow

Amir, and cut off

his

thumb.

Two

Mahrattas

fell into a reservoir of water, and Amiru-l umard brought down another with his spear. In the midst of the confusion two slave-

took Sh4yista Khan, Amiru-l umard, by the hand, and

girls

dragged him from the scene of

number

strife to

A

a place of safety.

of Mahrattas got into the guard-house, and killed every

one they found on his pillow, whether sleeping or awake, and " This is how they keep watch " Some men got into the said !

:

naMr-khdna, and

drums

in the

to be beaten

;

name

of the

Amiru-l umard ordered

so such a din was raised that one

man

the

could

not hear another speak, and the noise made by the assailants o-rew hicher.

They

closed the doors.

Abu-1 Fath Khan, son

of

Shayista Khan, a brave young man, rushed forward and killed

two or three men, but was himself wounded and killed. A man of importance, who had a house behind the palace of the Amiru-l umard, hearing the outcry, and finding the doors shut, endeavoured to escape by a rope-ladder from a window ; but he was old and feeble, and somewhat resembled Shayista

Mahrattas mistook him cut off his

head. They

for the

Amiru-l umard,

also attacked

Khan.

killed

The

him and

two of the Amir's women.

MUNTAKHABU-L One

of

them was

in a basket

LTTEAB.

271

so cut about that her remains were collected

which served

for

her

The

coffin.

other recovered,

The

although she had received thirty or forty wounds. ants gave no thought to plundering, but

the house and went

made

their

assail-

way

out of

off.

In the morning R4ja Jaswant, who was commander of Amiru-l umard's supports, came in to see the Amir, and make his apology

;

but that high-born noble spoke not a word beyond saying,

" I thought the Mahardja was in His Majesty's service

such an

evil befell

When

me."

this occurrence

the Emperor, he passed censure both upon the

Jaswant.

The

Siibaddri of the

to

Amir and R4ja

Dakhin and the command of the

employed against Sivaji was given to Prince

forces

when

was reported

Muhammad

The Amiru-l umard was recalled, but a subsequent Mahdrdja Jaswant order sent him to be Subaddr of Bengal. was continued as before among the auxiliary forces under the

Mu'azzam.

Prince.

Seventh Year of the Reign, 1074 [Text, vol.

Mu'azzam

ii.

Despatches arrived from Prince

177.]

to the effect that Sivaji was growing more and more

daring, and every territories

p.

a.h. (1664 a.d.).

day was attacking and plundering the Imperial

He

and caravans.

had seized the ports of Jiwal,

PabaP and others near Surat, and attacked the vessels of grims bound to Mecca. He had built several forts by the shore,

had

and had

entirely interrupted maritime intercourse.

also struck copper coins {sikka-i put)

Raj-garh.

and huns

Mahdrdja Jaswant had endeavoured

but without avail.

Raja Jai Sing

[_and

many

sent to join the armies fighting against him. *

See

auprS,, p. 256.

pil-

sea-

He

in the fort of

to suppress him,

other nobles] were

272

KHAFf KHAN.

.

Eighth Year of the Reign, 1075

War

a.h. (1665 a.d.).

Surrender of

in the Dakkin.

Sivaji,

Raja Jai Singh proceeded to his command and paid his respects to Prince

Muhammad Mu'azzam

at

Puna, and having arranged the

to

himself proceeded to

of that district, he

forces

under his command

and attack the attaclt

then went

affairs

employed himself in distributing the to ravage the country

He

Aurangabad.

He

enemy.

forts of the

the forts of Purandhar and Rudar

Mal,^ two of the most noted fortresses in the country, which

had formerly belonged close to each other.

advanced

force.

The

forts

were

Khan was sent on in command of the Khan began the siege, and both the

* * Diler

were invested.

forts

The two

Nizamu-1 Mulk.

to

Diler

garrison

vigorous defence. * *

made a

Jai Singh arrived with his son Kesar Singh. * * After a bastion

had been blown up on one foot of the hill.

making

in

their

side,

a panic seized the defenders of the

The besiegers then attacked them and succeeded to the top of the hill, when the defenders

way

which was granted to them by the Raja and The two commandants waited upon Diler Khan, to the Raja, who disarmed the garrison, and took

called for quarter,

Diler

Khdn.

and were sent

possession of the forts.

Eighty men, horsemen, infantry and

and more than a hundred were

sappers, were lost in the siege,

wounded. After the conquest of the two

Khan and

*

*

waste the country which Sivaji had

Great

efforts

Raja Jai Singh

forts,

sent

Daud

with seven thousand horse to plunder and lay

were made on both

won by

sides,

and

force

and

violence.

months

for five

the

Imperial forces never rested from harassing and fighting the

At

enemy. of

Sivapiir,

which was

built

by

Kandana^ and Kanwari-garh, not one The

1

text calls tliem " Pdndliar

miles south-east of Piina, and Efidar vol. '

i.

and Eiid-mal."

M&l was one

of

pp. 204, 207.

Now

Sivaji,

called Singarh, eight miles south of

Puna.

and

at the forts

trace of cultivation was Piirandliar its

outworks.

— Grant Duff,

is

about twenty

See Grant Duff,

toI.

i.

p. 62.

and

left,

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

273

number were taken.

But on the other

cattle out of

hand, the sudden attacks by the enemy, their brilliant successes, their assaults in dark nights, their difficult passes,

and the

and

seizure of the roads

firing of the jungles full of trees, severely

tried the Imperial forces,

and men and beasts in great numbers

But the enemy also had suffered great losses, and took The fort of Rajgarh,i which Sivajl himself held, and the

perished. to flight.

fort of Kandana, in

which were his wife and his maternal

relations,

were both invested, and the besiegers pressed the garrisons hard.

The

roads on

all

were blockaded, and Sivaji knew that,

sides

however much he might

and carry them

desire

it,

he could not rescue his family

He

to a place of safety.

also

knew

that

-if

these

strongholds were taken, his wife and family would be liable to suffer

the consequences of his own evil deeds.

some

intelligent

men

to

Accordingly he sent

Raja Jai Singh, begging forgiveness of

his offences, promising the surrender of several forts

held,

still

and proposing to pay a

which he

But the

the RAja.

visit to

Raja, knowing well his craft and falsehood, gave directions for pressing the attack more vigorously, until the intelligence was

brought that Sivaji had come out of the fidential

Some Brdhmans now came from him, and confirmed fortress.

conhis

expressions of submission and repentance with the most stringent oaths.

The Raja promised him

security for his

life

and honour, upon

condition of his going to wait on the Emperor, and of agreeing to

enter into his service.

He

high mansab, and made

preparations for suitably receiving him.

also

promised him the grant of a

Sivaji then approached with great humility. to receive him,

munshi

and he

provide against treachery. that to

if

The mimsM

Sivaji submitted frankly, gave

show obedience,

by the Emperor. '

also sent

VOL.

carried a

to

and consented

would be granted

If he did not accept these terms, fifteen

sent his

message to say

his forts,

his petition for forgiveness

Three miles S.E. of Toma, and about TII.

up

The Raja

some armed Rajputs

he had better

from Piina.— Grant Duff,

toI.

18

i.

p. 132.

KEXFT KHAN.

274

When

Sivaji received the

message, he said with great humility that he

knew his life and The Baja then

return and prepare to renew the war.

honour were

he made his submission.

safe if

sent a person of higher rank to bring

When

Raja

Sivaji entered, the

him near

clasped his hands

pleasure.

and

and

it is

I will

said,

for

make over

either to pardon or to kill

my

interval of one year,

may

will send

my

hope that

my

son to

after the

to

the

be allowed, like other servants of the State,

who

my

wife

own

services, are required, I will,

The Raja

respects

provinces, to live wdth

in a small fort or two.

duty loyally."

and I

for myself, I

when I have paid

exercise authority in their

and family

me at your

great forts, with the country of

officers,

As

enter the Imperial service.

I

embraced him, and seated

" I have come as a guilty slave to seek

you

the Kokan, to the Emperor's

Emperor,

arose,

in with honour.

Sivaji then, with a thousand signs of shame,

himself.

forgiveness,

him

Whenever and wherever my

on receiving orders, discharge

cheered him up, and sent

him

my

to Diler

Khan. After directions had been given for the cessation of the siege, seven thousand persons, men, of the fort.

women and

children,

All that they could not carry

came out

away became the

property of the Government, and the fort was taken possession of

by the and *

him

forces.

*.

He

Diler

Khdn

presented

Sivaji

with a sword,

then took him back to the Raja,

who

presented

with a robe, * * and renewed his assurances of safety and

honourable treatment.

Sivaji,

with ready

tact,

bound on the

sword in an instant, and promised to render faithful

service.

When

the question about the time Sivaji was to remain under

parole,

and of

his return

home, came under consideration. Raja

Jai Singh wrote to the Emperor, asking forgiveness for Sivaji

and the grant of a robe

to him,

and awaited instructions. * *

A

mace-bearer arrived with the farmdn and a robe, * * and Sivaji

was overjoyed

A

at receiving forgiveness

and honour.

discussion then arose about the forts,

settled that out of the thirty-five forts

and

it

was

finally

which he possessed, the

—

MUNTAKHABU-L

LTJBAE.

275

keys of twenty-three should be given up, with their revenues,

amounting small

with moderate revenues,^ were to remain in the

possession of Sivaji's people.

years old, in whose

Sambhd

name a mansab

his son, a

to proceed to Court with

the Eaja, attended by a suitable retinue.

was

family,

to remain in the hills,

prosperity of his ravaged country.

on Imperial

Sivaji himself, with his

and endeavour to restore the

Whenever he was summoned

On

he was to attend.

service,

boy of eight

5000 had been granted

of

Raja Jai Singh's suggestion, was

at

Twelve

to ten lacs of huns, or forty lacs of rupees.

forts,

to depart, he received a robe, horse, and *

his being allowed

*.

Death of Shah Jahdn. [vol.

ii.

186.]

p.

It

now became known

Kirdn-i sdni (Shah Jahan) was very

drawing to a

close.

mediately sent

Prince

ill,

his

Muhammad Mu'azzam

in haste to visit him, but

off

that the Sahib

and that

life

he received the

intelligence of his (grandfather's) death while on his way.

died

2

He

end of Rajab 1076 a.h. (22nd Jan. 1666), in the

at the

eighth year of the reign of Aurangzeb, his death.

was

was im-

who grieved much over

Shah Jahan reigned thirty-one

years,

and he was

secluded and under restraint nearly eight years .^

[vol.

ii.

p.

188.]

Among

the events of this year was the

subjugation of Sangrdm-nagar and

Chatgam near Arracan.

saminddrs of these places had shaken

TJmmed Khan,

eldest son of Shayista

defeated them. * * 'i^lamgir-nagar, 1

2

The name

The

allegiance;

but

Khan, Amiru-l umard,

of Sangram-nagar was changed to

and that of Chatgam

to Islamabad.

See their names in Grant Dutf, toI. i. p. 209. " On the 26th Eajab, in the fort of Agra, having thus entered the seventy-fifth

solar year of his age." '

off their

'Amal-i Sdlih.

" Seven years five months and eighteen days.

the words

Shah Jahdn hard wafdt."

The

date of his death

— Shah Jahdn-ndma of S&dik Kha.u.

is

found in

EHAPr KHAX.

276

Ninth Year of the Eeign, 1076

a.h. (1666 a.d.).

Sivaji at the Imperial Court.

[Text, vol.

ii.

p.

Raja Jal Singh,

189.J

in

the war with

Bijaptir, to be described presently, had, with the co-operation of

done splendid

Sivaji,

After giving Sivaji every assurance

service.

of a kind and gracious reception, he his safety,

and sent him to Court.

made himself responsible for News of Sivaji's arrival was

brought as the festival of the accession was being celebrated.

was ordered that Kunwar

Ram

It

Singh, son of Raja Jai Singh,

with Mukhlis Khan, should go out to meet and conduct that

On

malicious fellow into A'gra.

and

his son of nine years old,

to the

He made

Emperor.

had the honour of being introduced

an offering of 500 ashrafis and 6000

By the

rupees, altogether 30,000 rupees.

placed in the position oi years,

a,

jjaiiJ-IiazdrL

had privately been made a

of his relations, Sino-li in his

royal

But

^j(7H_/-/w;dri,

who had rendered

command he was

his son, a boy of eight

and Nathuji, one

great service to Rdja Jai

campaign against Bijapur, had been advanced

same dignity,

evil

the 18th Zi-1 ka'da, 1076, Sivaji,

so that Sivaji

had a claim to nothing

to the

less

than

the dignity of a haft-hazdri (7000). Raja Jai Singh had flattered Sivaji with promises

;

but as the Raja

a strong feeling against Sivaji,

known

knew

the

Emperor

to have

he artfully refrained from making

the promises he had held out.

The

istikhdl, or reception

had not been such as he expected. He was annoyed,' before the robe and jewels and elephant, which were

of Sivaji,

and

so,

ready to

for presentation to

Ram

him, could be presented, he complained

Singh that he was disappointed.

pacify him, but without effect.

came little

to the

When

The Kunwar

tried to

his disrespectful bearing

knowledge of the Emperor, he was dismissed with

ceremony, without receiving any mark of the Imperial

bounty, and was taken to a house outside the city near to the

house of Raja Jai Singh, as had been arranged by Kunwar '

Three

lines of the text are

compressed into these three words.

Ram

MUNTAKHABU-L

A letter was

Singh.

what had passed, and

277

Rdja Jai Singh, informing him of

sent to Sivaji

LTJBAB.

was forbidden

to

come

Royal

to the

presence nntil the Raja's answer and advice should arrive.

His

son was ordered to attend the presence in the company of

Ram

Singh.

Campaign against Bijdpur. [Text, vol.

ii.

R&ja Jai Singh, with Diler Khan and

p. 191.J

his other associates, in obedience to orders,

He

pur,

took with him, as guides and assistants, Mulla

Bijapuri, Purdil tions,

marched against Bijd-

who was

Khan,

and

his chief supporter,

5000 had been proposed.

His

force

whom

for

also a

rela-

mansah of

amounted on paper (kalami)

33,000 horse, but he had with him 25,000.

to

Yahya

and Nathuji, one of Sivaji's

Sivaji,

Abii-l Majd,

grandson of Bahlol Khdn, and one of the bravest of the nobles of Bijapur, separated from 'Adil

Singh,

whom

acted in

all

Khdn, and joined Rdja Jai

he assisted in subduing that country.

The R4ja

matters upon hie advice, and he wrote to the Emperor

recommending that a mansah of 5000 and 4000 horse should be settled

upon him, which request was graciously acceded

to.

Forts belonging to Bijapur were taken by storm, or after a few days'

siege,

in

all

Sivaji

directions.

and Nathuji, with two

thousand horse and eight or nine thousand infantry, showed o-reat skill in takinjr forts,

and won much fame.

In the course

of three or four weeks three forts, Mangal-pahra and others, were

taken.

At

[_Se'Bere fighting.]

length, after two months' fighting, the Imperial forces

to five kos distance

from Bijapur.

began the investment of the in, it

city.

On 'Adil

the

came

2nd Rajab they

Kh4n, being now

cltfsed

directed his generals to enter the Imperial territory and lay

waste.

baggage.

Others were sent to oppose the Raja and attack his

The embankments

of the tanks were cut, poisonous

matters and carrion were thrown into the wells, the trees and lofty buildings near the fortress

were destroyed, spikes were fixed

KHAPrKHAN.

278 in the ground,

and the gardens and houses on both

city were so destroyed that not a trace of culture

sides of the

was

left

near

Khwaja Nekn4m, a eunuch, joined Sharza Khan, commander of 'i^dil Khan's army, with a reinforcement of

the city. * * the

6000 horse and 25,000 infantry, from Kutbu-1 Mulk. day there was severe

fighting,

and the men and animals which

went out from the Imperial army

Khdn was

to forage were cut

Diler

off.

present wherever danger was, but to recount

combats which were fought would be long and Sivaji,

Every

all

the

tedious. * *

with Nathuji and several thousand Imperial horse,

had been sent

to reduce the fort of

Parnala

some bold movements, he was obliged

and proceeded

to Khelna,^

; ^

but after making

to relinquish the attempt,

one of his own

Nathuji, who

forts.

had been corrupted by some of the Bijapur

chiefs,

separated

The Raja called At length, by courteously. Sivaji to him, and treated him very the active exertions and clever management of Sivaji, several from

forts

Sivaji,

came

and went

along with them.

In accordance

into the possession of the royal forces.

with Sivaji's own to him,

off

desire,

and

in

performance of the promise made

under the Imperial orders he was sent

his son at the

off express with

end of the month of Ramazan to Court.

After

the departure of Sivaji, the siege of Bijapur was carried on

two months and a half longer, and there were many hard under the

At

* walls. *

the end of Zi-1 ka'da the siege had gone on for eight months,

during which neither cavalry nor infantry had rested.

round Bijapur

was

for

fights

left.

No

for forty or fifty kos

supplies

reduced to great

deemed

it

arrived,

the Imperial

so

armies were

The Raja and Diler Khan

straits.

All

not a trace of grass or fodder

therefore

advisable to remove to the neighbourhood of Dharur,

have their wounded tended, to give rest to their troops, and

to

—

' " Near Kol&pur." Text, vol. marked in the maps as " PanSla."

*

Khelnais now called Vishalgarh.

s.v.

" Vishalgurh."

the

Muhammadans

p. 383.

i.

It lies about twelve miles

—Grant Duff,

It lies in the Ghats, about

took

it,

they gave

it

the

vol.

i.

60 miles

name

to

N-W., and

is

p. 177. See also Thornton,

N.W.

of Sakhralua.

of Kol&ptir.

See post.

When

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. and powder. They

collect lead

and

of fodder

A

corn.

hoped to obtain there supplies

also

despatch to this effect was sent off to the

The Dakhinis

Emperor.

279

inside the fortress,

also,

found their

provisions drawing to an end, and their weapons expended or

damaged.

Both

besiegers

an arrangement. * *

for

and besieged were therefore anxious

When

despatch reached the

the

Emperor, he issued an order directing operations against 'Adil Khdn.

generals

his

to

cease

Eaja Jai Singh was directed

Khan was

proceed to Auraugdbdd, and Diler

to

recalled to Court.

Sivaji's Escape. [vol.

ii.

After Sivaji returned angry and disappointed

p. 198.]

from the royal presence to his house, orders were given to the kotwdl to place guards round

Sivaji,

it.'

reflecting

upon

his

former deeds and his present condition, was sadly troubled by the

He

state of his affairs.

thought of nothing

else

but of delivering

himself by some crafty plan from his perilous position. His subtle

mind was not long

From

in contriving a scheme.

the beginning

he kept up a show of friendship and intimacy with the amirs, and

Kunwar Ram

with

Singh.

He

sent

them presents

Dakhin

of

products, and, by expressing contrition for his past conduct, he

won them

over to advocate the acceptance of his shame and

repentance.

Afterwards he feigned to be

Complaining of pains

aloud.

to his bed, and,

as

if

ill,

and groaned and sighed

in the liver

prostrated with

and

spleen, he took

consumption or

fever,

carried on this artifice.

For some time he At length he made known his recovery.

He

sent

his

the

Brahmans, and presents of grain

he sought remedies from the physicians.

presents

to

Musulmans and Hindus.

doctors

For

and

attendants,

and money

this purpose

food to

to

needy

he had provided

' The Alamglr-ndma, p. 970, says that Sambh6,-ji received a good deal of notice from the Emperor, and that upon a letter of remonstrance arriving from ESja Jai Singh, the guards were removed from Sivaji's dwelling. '

KHAFr KHAN.

280 large

covered with paper.

baskets

sweetmeats of

Two

the abodes of fakirs.

being

These,

with

filled

were sent to the houses of the amirs and

all sorts,

or three swift horses were procured,

and, under the pretence of being presents to Brahmans, they

were sent to a place appointed fourteen kos from the

in

city,

who were privy to his plans. A devoted companion, who resembled him in height and figure,

charge of some of his people,

took his place upon the couch, and Sivaji's gold ring was placed

He

upon his hand.

was directed

to

throw a piece of

fine

muslin over his head, but to display the ring he wore upon his

hand; and wrhen any one came

Sivaji, it

in,

to

feign to be asleep.

with his son, got into two baskets, and were carried out,

being pretended that the baskets contained sweetmeats in-

tended for the brahmans and fakirs of Mathura.

Thus, on the

day of

last

Safar, Sivaji got out of Agra,

proceeded to where his horses were posted.

Thence, in the

course of two watches, he reached Mathura. off his

There he shaved

beard and whiskers, and smeared his own and his son's

face with ashes, and, taking with

went

and

off with

He

fakirs.

some of his crossed the

him some jewels and

confederates,

Jumna

who were

gold, he

also disguised as

at an unfrequented ferry, and

proceeded towards Benares, travelling in the night, and being

guided by some swift Dakhini runners, whose business disguise themselves

they carried

and travel

sufficient

to

It is said that

in all directions.

money and

is

jewels for their wants in hollow

walking-sticks.

On

the following day, at the

fifth

watch, a Dakhini runner,

employed as a spy, brought information that Sivaji had got

and was making

off.

The kotwdl was

directed to

make

fi:ee

inquiry,

but he replied that the guards were at their posts round the house.

Another spy confidently reported went to

see,

The

kotwdl's

men

and they saw as they thought Sivaji asleep under

his thin covering,

reported

his escape.

and

accordingly.

his ring distinctly visible.

A

third

The kotwdl

spy now strongly asseverated

that Sivaji had escaped, and was forty or fifty kos away.

A

;

MUNTAKHABCr-L LUBAB.

281

The

closer investigation revealed the fact of his escape.

and Kunwar

Ram

kotivdl

Singh were censured, and as Earn Singh was

suspected of having prompted the evasion, he was deprived of his

mansab and forbidden

to

come

to Court.

the provincial governors, and to the search for Sivaji, and to seize

who

Rcija Jai Singh,

and

had

arrived

at

Orders were sent to in all directions, to

officials

him and send him

just at this time

had

to the

Emperor.

retired from Bijapur,

Aurangabad, received

orders

to

arrest

Nathiiji before the escape of Sivaji became public, and to send

him

After that he was to watch carefully for the

Court.

to

him

bird escaped from the cage, and not suffer

tO'

re-establish

himself in his old haunts and to gather his followers around

him. * *

It

flight that

no courier could have overtaken him.

is

said that

Sambha, a boy of tender

much from

Sivaji

years,

made such

the rapid motion, that Sivaji

whose

relations

in

connected with Sivaji's father.

left

man

to

Brahman and commended the boy to his part from him until he received a letter in if

act as

he obtained certain intelligence of he deemed

his son

him behind

at

of high repute in

the Dakhin had been

Sivaji placed a

the

and

But

was with him, and he suffered so

All^hdbad, in charge of a Br5,hman, a that place,

expedition in his

sum

of

care.

Sivaji's

closely

money with

He

was not

own hand

Sivaji's death,

he was

to

best.

Siege of

Bydpur

raised.

Raja Jai Singh, in obedience to orders, raised the siege of Bijapur.

that the forts which he had taken could not

Knowing

be held after his departure, through want of provisions on the inside, against the

abandon them.

cany away. set fire

swarms of Dakhinis

He

outside, he resolved to

took out of them such guns as he could

Then he gave the

forts

up

to plunder,

and afterwards

to them, and blew up the strong towers and walls.

he proceeded to Aurangabad.

Information

Then

now reached him

of

the flight of Sivaji, and, in obedience to the Imperial command.

282

KHAFr KHAN.

he arrested Nathiiji and his son, and sent them

On

to Court. * *

arriving there, Nathuji was ordered to be kept under close

surveillance. Seeing no other chance of escape, he expressed a wish to become a Musulmau, which greatly pleased the Emperor.

So he was initiated, and received a mansab of three thousand and two thousand horse, with the title of Muhammad Kuli Khan. After some time, when he returned to the Dakhin with reinforce-

ments

for Diler

Khan, he

recanted,

and seized an opportunity

to

join Sivaji.

Tenth Year of the Reign, 1077 [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

Prince

207.]

a.h. (1667 a.d.).

Muhammad Mu'azzam

was

appointed Subaddr of the Dakhin, * * and intelligence reached the Court of the death of Raja Jai Singh.

Eleventh Year of the Reign, 1078 [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

211. J

a.h. (1668 a.d.).

After the expiration of ten years (of the

reign), authors were forbidden to write the events of this just

and righteous Emperor's

reign.

Nevertheless some competent

persons (did write), and particularly Musta'idd

Khan, who

secretly

wrote an abridged account of the campaign in the Dakhin,

simply detailing the conquests of the countries and alluding at

who

all

to the misfortunes of the

campaign

;

forts,

without

and Bindraban,

wrote an abridged account of the events of some years of

the second and third decades.

But

obtained any history that contains a

I

full

the forty remaining years of the reign.

have neither seen nor

and detailed account

of

Consequently, from the

eleventh to the twenty-first year of the Emperor's reign, I have

not been able to relate the events in the order in which they occurred, giving the

month and year; but

after this year, with

veiy great labour and pains, I collected information from the papers in the public

offices,

and by inquiry made from truthful

persons, the confidential and old servants of the

Emperor and

—

MUNTAKHABU-L old eunuchs.

LtTBAB.

283

This, and whatsoever I myself observed,

after

attaining years of discretion, for thirty or forty years, I laid up in

the strong box (of

my

memory), and that

since I heard that Bindrd.ban

a mutasaddi of

I

Das Bahadur Shdhi, who was long

Shah 'Alam during the time he was a

compiled a history, and had included in

it

it.

it

it,

I

made

great

carefully from beginning to end, in the

might gather the Tich

I

had

Subsequently when, after great trouble, I obtained

a copy, and examined

hope that

prince,

an accoiint of upwards

of thirty years, being exceedingly anxious to see

search for

And

have written.

fruits of his labours, I dis-

covered that his work did not contain one-half of what I had collected

and included

The King day

in

my own

history.'

of happy disposition strove earnestly from day to

to put in force the rules of the

Divine commands and prohibitions.

Law, and

to maintain the

Orders were also issued

prohibiting the collection of the rdhddrk, the pdndari, and other

imposts which brought in

lacs

of rupees to

Pro-

the State.

hibitions were promulgated against intoxicating drinks, against

taverns and brothels, and against the meetings called jdtras or fairs, at

which on certain dates countless numbers of Hindus,

men and women when

lacs

of every tribe, assemble at their idol temples

of rupees

change hands

in

buying

and

and from which large sums accrue to the provincial

The

selling,

treasuries.

minstrels and singers of reputation in the service of the

Court were made ashamed of their occupation, and were advanced to the dignities

prohibiting

number of cries,

of mansahs.

Public proclamations were made

singing and dancing. singers

and having

It is said that

one day a

and minstrels gathered together with great

fitted

up a

round which were grouped

bier with a

good deal of display,

the public wallers, they passed

the Emperor's jharoldia-i darsan, or interview-window.

under

When

he inquired what was intended by the bier and the show, the minstrels said that Music was dead, and they were carrying his

'

See Col. Lees, in Jorn. Soy. As. Soc. n.b. vol.

iii.

p. 471.

EHAPr KHAN.

284 corpse for burial.

Aurangzeb then directed tliem

to place

it

deep in the ground, that no sound or cry might afterwards arise

from

it.

In the reigns of former kings, and up to this year, the jharokha-i darsan had been a regular institution. the

King might be

suffering

to the Jharokha once or twice a

day

Agra and

Dehli, was

at

towards the Jumna.

constructed

to collect

praises.

until

This window,

safe.

on the side looking

Besides the nobles in attendance at the

men and women

Court, hundreds of thousands of

used

and put his

at stated times,

head out of the window to show that he was at

Although

from bodily indisposition, he went

under the Jharokha and

Many Hindus

of all classes

offer their blessings

and

were known by the name of darsani,' for

they had seen the person of the King at the window, they

His

put not a morsel of food into their mouths.

Majesty looked upon he

practices, so

this as

among

left off sitting

in the

assembling of the crowd beneath

window, and forbade the

it.

[Twelfth Yeae of the Reign.] Escape of [Text, vol.

with

him

p.

his

Sivaji.

Sivaji left

217.]

off his

Mathura

beard and

son and forty

youthful

who

'

after

changing

whiskers, carrying

or

fifty

individuals,

smeared their faces

with

and assumed the appearance of Hindu mendicants.

The

servants ashes,

ii.

and shaving

his clothes

religious

the forbidden and unlawful

and dependents,

all

valuable jewels and the gold mohurs and the

with them were concealed in walking hollowed out

with knobs.

for the

purpose, and

Some was sewed up

sticks,

hum

which had been

were covered in

they carried

at the

top

old slippers, and

the

wearers, pretending to be Hindu- mendicants of three different classes,

Bairdgis,

Alldhabad

Gosdins,

to Benares. '

and

Uddsis, proceeded

One very

valuable

by way

of

diamond with some

This does not appear in the text.

;

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. rubies

was encased

in

285

wax, and concealed in the dress of one

of his followers, and other jewels were placed in the mouths of

other attendants.

So they proceeded until they reached a place of which the faiijddr, "All

Kuli Khan, had received private and public notice of

Ths faujdar, knowing

Sivaji's escape.

of the escape of Sivaji, on

hearing of the arrival of these three parties of ordered

them

made.

All these

all to

Hindu

devotees,

be placed in confinement, and an inquiry to be

finement a night

men and some other travellers remained in conand a day. On the second night Sivaji, at the

second watch of the night, proceeded alone to ih.Qfaujddr in private,

and acknowledged that he was

Sivaji.

But, said he, " I have two

gems, a diamond and a ruby of great value, with more than a

you secure me and send me back a

of rupees.

If

you cut

my

off

will be lost to

head and forward

you.

Here am

that, the

and here

I,

keep off thine hand from wretched

me

is

two

my

lac

prisoner, or if priceless jewels

head

;

but

still,

in this dangerous strait."

'All Kuli preferred the ready bribe to the hope of the reward

He

which might afterwards accrue to him. jewels,

and on the following morning,

released all the devotees Sivaji, looking

upon

and

travellers

his escape as a

took the two valuable

making

after

inquiries,

new

lease of

life,

to pursue his journey in the direction of Benares. in rapid travelling

he

from custody. hastened

He

himself

and walking beat even the regular runners

but after reaching Allahdbdd, his young son Sambha,

and worn

who

ac-

Sivaji therefore at

companied him, was foot-sore Benares gave a quantity of jewels and money, and placed his boy in the charge of a Brahman, named Kabkalas,' who was the out.

hereditary family priest of his family, and

time to be at Benack the royal forces, and to

KHXFr KHAN.

300

fall

upon

They

their supplies.

allured several thousand of the

royal forces into the heart of the Rdna's fastnesses.

There they

attacked them, and killed many, hoth horse and foot; but the royal forces at length prevailed and beat them.

ing that the Rdjpiits held

came down occasionally from the forces

by

surprise,

Khdn and

Tal^awwur

chastising the

waste the

down

army fought

bravely,

and

others rendered distinguished service in

They employed themselves

enemy.

laying

in

cutting

and making prisoners of the women and children

fruit-trees,

who had taken

refuge in holes

Orders were also issued to

Muhammad

Ahmadabad,

to take

between

and

and attacked the Prince's

hills,

Prince's

hills,

country, destroying temples and buildings,

of the infidels

of

the

Notwithstand-

the roads through the

all

directing

him

Ahmad&bad and

and ruined

places.

Aniin Khan, Suhaddr

up a position with his

forces

the territories of the Rajputs, and to

march against them wherever

he- heard of them. Khan-Jahan Bahddur Kokaltdsh was re-appointed Subaddr of the Dakhin, and

sent to lay siege to the fort of

which had

Sailir,'

fallen into

the

possession of the enemy.

When

the

Edna was hard

when not a scrap

of grain was

to be found, the

Rana and

to lies

pressed, left,

the

and stratagems. They

Muhammad

RaMor

first

allies

were crippled,

Rajputs had recourse again

addressed themselves to Prince

Mu'azzam, and sought

for their forgiveness, or to persuade

The Prince paid no heed

and his

and not a trace of cultivation was

to

make him an

him

to rebel

to their allurements,

intercessor

and join them.

and Nawab Bai,

the mother of the Prince, being informed of what was passing,

gave good counsel to the Prince, and strongly dissuaded him from yielding an assent

;

and from giving any

She even persuaded him not

cession on behalf of the Rajputs. to allow the vakils of the

Rand

aid, assistance, or inter-

to

approach him.

When

they

despaired of success in this quarter, the Rajputs betook themselves to

Prince '

Muhammad

Akbar, taking advantage of his

Or " Silhir " in the Ghkts of Bagltaa,

see

supra p. 66.

1

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

301

Durga

youth, and the favour of some of his friends. their

spokesman.

and he used

He was

all his arts

noted

and

among them

])4s was

for his plausibility,

wiles to persuade the Prince that

they would supply him with forty thousand

RdjpM

horse,

and

with abundance of treasure.

This so dazzled the Prince that he

was deluded, and several of his

evil

persuasions.

companions artfully used their

So the inexperienced Prince was

led astray from

the path of rectitude, and through his youth and covetousness he fell

into the snares of the Rdjpiits.

Prince

Muhammad

Mu'azzam, when he heard of these doings,

wrote a few words of friendly counsel to the Prince, to

He

he was much attached. informing him that the

also wrote a letter to

whom

Aurangzeb,

and

deceitful infidels were using all

their wiles to mislead the Prince,

and that he must watch against

false

Aurangzeb entertained no suspicions of

being taken unawares.

Muhammad Akbar j but report had cast an evil aspersion on the name of Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam at the time when Aurangzeb was at Hasan AbdSl. The infidels had addressed themselves to Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam in the first instance, and Aurangzeb had received information about

Mu'azzam's

letter

it,

so he

now thought

about his brother Akbar was sheer calumny.

Accordingly he wrote to him, and accused him of making a charge,

and praying that the Almighty would keep him

right course,

that

and preserve him from listening to the

false

in the

evil sugges-

tions of designing people. secret

became

public.

Rajputs under Durga Das

joined

the

Soon afterwards the

spread from tent to tent, and was the talk It

Thirty thousand

The news of young and old.

Prince.

was reported that he had ascended the throne, and that

coins

had been struck

in his

name

;

that

Tahawwur Khan had

been made a haft-hazdri, and had received the

title

of Amir u-

umard ; that Mujahid Khan, and other great servants of the State, who were with the Prince, had received distinguished honours, which some of them had accept.

of

all,

The Prince was doing and was

said to be

felt

his

themselves constrained to

best to win the afiections

marching against Aurangzeb.

KHAFF KHAN.

302

On

the forces being sent

Akbar, against the

number

of

Emperor.

ofiS.cers

A

Prince

Asad Kh4n and a

only

and men were

left in

limited

attendance upon

the

seven

or eight

A

hundred horsemen.

great

upon the royal camp, and wild confusion followed.

fell

letter

under the command of Prince

All his retinue, counting the eunuchs and writers,

did not exceed

panic

infidels,

off,

under the royal signature was sent

Muhammad

off in

army, and with the greatest haste, to Aurangzeb. Prince received join his father.

it,

haste to

Mu'azzam, urging him to come with

all his

When

the

he marched without a moment's delay to

Leaving his ladies and attendants behind under

protection, he set off with all speed, and, pressing nine or ten

days' journey into the space of two or three, he joined his father,

bringing with him Prince Mu'izzu-d din and

When Muhammad

Muhammad

Mu'azzam arrived with

'Azim.

his nine or ten

thousand horse, and they heard the reports about the mighty force of seventy thousand horse with

which Prince

Muhammad

Akbar was approaching to the attack, no man of the army had escape. The expressions of some of Prince Mu-

any hope of

hammad Mu'azzam's

thoughtless companions roused Aurangzeb's

caution and prudence.

thought

it

Suspicion arose in his

and he

advisable to order that his guns should be pointed

ao-ainst the Prince's

army, and he sent a message desiring the

Prince to leave his army, and to come to him in his

heart,

two sons.

all

speed with

The Prince obeyed the summons, and hastened

to

wait upon his father.

The

precautions

taken

by the

Rdjpiits

prevented

gence being obtained of the movements of Prince

Shahabu-d din, son of Kalich Khdn, a brave and

Akbar. intelligent

coming

intelli-

Muhammad

man, was sent out with a

in sight of the Prince's

force to reconnoitre.

On

army, Shahabu-d din's brother,

Mujahid Khan, who was with the Prince, and had found

it

necessary to temporize, but watched for an opportunity to escape,

went

to the Prince,

and said that

if

he were allowed he would

go to his brother, and bring him over to the Prince's

side.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

Khan

Permission being given, Mujdhid valuables he

303 the

money and

brother.

The two

took

could carry, and joined his

all

brothers then went together to the Emperor.

Aurangzeb had been greatly depressed by the adverse news which reached him

;

two brothers,

recovered

he

hearing

but on

his

of the

approach of the

He

spirits.

Shahabu-d din should be addressed with the and he the

also conferred great favours

he

latter

about those necessity.

learnt

the

Khdn,

Prince's

From

army, and

who were acting with him from choice or from Some other men of note now came over, and it

was ascertained that dissensions

state

of

on Muj^hid Khan.

of the

that

directed title

had arisen

after

departure of Mujahid

the

in the Prince's

Khwaja Makarim,

Khan,

army.

adherent of Prince Muhammad Ma'azzam, led an advanced force towards the army of Prince Muhammad Akbar. A skirmish took place. The a

confidential

Khwaja was wounded, and tlie

other side

or three men on Tahawwur Kh4n had

were two

so

but he ascertained that

;

advanced from the Prince's army with a small

escort, intend-

ing to desert the Prince and join Aurangzeb.

On

reported to

the

this being

Emperor, he ordered that Tahawwur

Khan

should take off his arms before being admitted to the presence.

The Kh^n demurred to putting hammad Mu'azzam made a sign was now stated

his pretensions

arms, so Prince

to kill the

Mu-

unhappy man.

It

Tahawwur Khdn had come, Prince Muhanmiad Akbar, to make known

to the

under the orders of

off his

Emperor

and demands.

that

On

hearing this, Aurangzeb's anger

blazed forth, and he placed his hand upon his sword, and ordered that the

Khan

should be allowed to enter with his arms.

But

one of the attendants, in an insulting way, placed his hand upon the Khdn's breast to stop him.

The Khan

struck

him a blow on

the face and retreated, but his foot caught in^ a rope, and he

down. Cries of " Strike

!

slay

upon him, and he was soon After he was dead,

it

!

" arose on

killed,

and

all sides.

his

Numbers

head was cut

was found that he had armour under

fell fell off.

his

KHAFf

304 clothes, but

KHA'N.

were various opinions as to what his real

there

intentions were.

The author

of

this

poraries, in

their

good

in

faith,

his father-in-law, felt

who was a

Prince

Muhammad

dispirited.

In

it

wrote a

craftily

Akbar, and contrived that

into the hands of the Bdjputs.

it

in the Prince's army,

was commonly reported that Aurangzeb

letter to fall

private secretary of

and his character. However

murder caused great divisions

and among his Rajputs, and they were much It

returned in

the order to put off his arms was an

insult to his position, his services, be, his

contem-

several of his

Tahawwur Khkn

old age, that

Aurangzeb, but that he

may

from Khwaja Mak^rim,

heard

consequence of a letter he had received from

Khan,

'Iii4yat

work

Khan, and from

afterwards Jan-nisar

it

should

he praised the Prince

for

having won over the Rajputs as he had been instructed, and that

now he should crown

his service

where they would be under the

by bringing them fire

into a position

of both armies.

was the cause of great divisions among them.

Such

This

have heard, but not from any trustworthy person.

mighty

force

letter

the story I

is

For

which Prince Akbar brought against his

all

the

father, the

sword was not drawn, and no battle was fought, but his army was completely broken. Rajpiits

The Prince was soon informed that

had abandoned him.

Durgd Das, two

or three confidential ofiicers of the Eana, and a

small force of two or three thousand horse. servants and men, these alone remained. self-reliance,

the

There remained with him only

Of

He

all

his

old

lost all couratre,

and hope, and being utterly cast down, he took

to flight. * * Prince

Muhammad Mu'azzam

was ordered

to

pursue him.

Twenty-Thied Year of the Reign, 1090 Affairs of the Dakhin.

[Text, vol.

ii.

p.

270.]

a.h. (1679-80 a.d.).

Death of

Sivaji.

Khdn-Jahdn Bahadur Kokaltash,

after arriving at the Khujista-biimjdd

Aurangdbad, according

to

—

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. order, laid siege to the fort of Sdlir.

many Musulmans

also

He

fell.

805

Many R&jputs were killed, and

pressed the siege for four or five

months, but making no impression, he withdrew to Aurangdb^d.

The

hell-dog Sivaji went forth with an

army on a plundering

Kh4n-Zam^n, the

and while

expedition,

Subaddr,

was

at

Burhdnpur, he entered Khandesh, and plundered the town of Dharan-ganw,^ *

country.

one *

*

most flourishing places

the

of

He

and other parganas.

same year he was attacked with "

death

The

is

infidel

of these pages.

to hell,"

Sivaji left

*

*

illness

found in the words,

went

^^

In the course of the

and

'

had always

lion,

in plundering

two sons, Sambha and

He

to

maintain the

were very

punishment.

name by ino-

into his hands.

strict,

Raja.

Brahman

persevered in a course of rebel-

and was

children of

careful to

Muhammadans

His injunctions upon

this point

and any one who disobeyed them received

But the

collecting

the

caravans, and troubling mankind; but he

honourof the women and

fell

Rdm

maintain the honour of the

entirely abstained from other disgraceful acts,

when they

date of

which was discovered-by the writer

striven

people in his territories.

The

died.'

Kafir ha-jahannam raft,"

The former succeeded him. He made Kahkalas,* who brought him from Allahabdd, his minister. Sivaji

^

then marched against Jalna, a rich

mercantile place in the Balaghdt.^

his

that

in

Afterwards he ravaged and burnt Chopra

son, unlike his father, obtained an evil

round him women of

the honour of the

women

all tribes,

and by

assail-

of the places in which he dwelt.

His father never showed any backwardness

in attacking

and

plundering prosperous places, but he never made any attack

upon Aurangabad and Burhanpur, the provincial

capitals of the

These places lie about 70 miles west of Burh&.np6r. Chopra is the most ^ See suprd, p. 17. See sttprd, p. 16. ' "On the 24th Eabi'u-1 ftkhir, Sivl returned from riding; he was overcome by Ma-dsiru-l 'Mamgiri. the heat, vomited blood, and expired." * Both the MSS. used agree with the printed text in this spelling of the name but Grant Duff, who refers to our author, w»ites the name (see suprd, p. 285) " Kuloosha," and is followed by Elphinstone with "Caksha." >

northerly.

;

VOL. TII.

20

KHAFr KHAN.

306

If any of his counsellors advised an attack

Imperial dynasty.

upon these

places,

we

said he, "if

he very wisely and prudently forbade

it

;

"for,"

attack these places, the honour of Aurangzeb will

God

be wounded, and he will march hither himself, and then,

knows how the

When

Sivaji

!

was dead, his wretched son Sambha desired

He

surpass his father.

raised

20th Muharram,

on the

"

end

strife will

twenty-third

the

in

to

the standard of rebellion, and

year of the

reign, corresponding with 1091 a.h. (15th February, 1680), he

attacked jizya,

Kdkar Khan Afghan, who

acted as

collector

of the

Sambha

under Khan-Zaman, the Subaddr of the Dakhin.

was returning with nearly twenty thousand men from a plundering

He made

expedition in Birar. kos, as

made

a forced march of three or four

was the practice in those days, and early in the morning were entirely ignorant of his

his attack, while his victims

approach.

Thus he

from Burh^npur.

upon Bahddur-pur, one kos and a half

fell

This place was

bankers and merchants in

and there were many

rich,

Jewels, money,

it.

and goods from

surrounded and attacked Hafda-ptira,

this place,

and

town

also another

which was outside of the

fortifications,

all

He

parts of the world were found there in vast abundance.

called

and

his

attack was so sudden and unexpected, especially upon Bahadurpur, that no one

was able

to

save a

Kakar Khan, with towns rising

his

to the sky,

men

dam

or a diram of his

and children.

property, or a single one of his wives

in the city,

saw the smoke of these

but he had not a force sufficient to go out

and attack the plunderers,

so he shut himself

up within the walls

and looked after the security of his gates and defences. teen

other places

of note,

neighbourhood of the

city,

were plundered and burnt. their swords, and, joining

such as all

Hasan-pura,

etc.,

wealthy and flourishing

Many in the

honourable fight,

men

attained

the

places,

girded on

martyrdom.

Others submitted themselves humbly to the will of God.

who were near the

Sevenin

Some

fortress took their wives

and children by the

hand, and fled in distress within the walls.

For three days the

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. plunderers ravaged these towns at their

money

fell

into their hands,

307 Large sums of

will.

much of which had been

buried for

long periods, and sometimes in places unknown even to the

They then

householders. fortress

by

repeatedly attempted to

But the

assault.

officers

carry the

took their stations at the

gates and other points of attack, and with great bravery beat off

the assailants.

Being unable to enter the

carried off with

them the

of value which were portable

had taken they were obliged not carry them.

city,

gold, silver, jewels, ;

but

many

articles

other things which they

to leave behind, because they could

The property which was thrown

of the hdzdrs and burnt exceeded Intelligence of this raid

the plunderers

and other

into the streets

computation.

all

upon the neighbourhood of Burh^npiir

was carried by runners to Aurangabad, to Khan-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltfeh.

He

or four days'

march

iuimdiately took horse, and accomplished three

day and night, and reached the pass of

in one

There

Fardapur, thirty-two kos distant.

it

became necessary to

wait three or four watches to rest the animals, and to provide

means of

for crossing the river.

According to the current reports

some men who took a worldly view of

things,

and had a bad

opinion of Khan-Jahan, some emissaries of Sambhaji came to

him with an immense sum of money, and prevailed upon him

One thing

halt there for four or five watches.

the

enemy were

is

certain.

to

After

repulsed from BurhAnpur, the burden of their

plunder, and the knowledge of Khan-Jahan's pursuit, prevented

them from reaching

their

were obliged to go to the

renowned but distant fort of Salir, in

nearest of their strongholds.

abad or Chopra. for

Under

Khan-Jahin was

bearing towards his

of Mustafa-

leave Fardapur without

delay, and,

hand, to pass through Dharan-g^nw and

tations of Sambhaji's emissaries, he

the

Baglana, which was the

They went by way

Chopra, to intercept the marauders.

When

They

these circumstances the proper course

to

left

contrary to what was

fortresses.

desirable,

enemy heard

this,

But, through the represen-

went towards

and proceeded

his right hand, to

'fdal-abdd.

he made the most of his opportu-

KHAFr KHAN.

308 nity,

and carried

Salir,

which he reached

inhabitants

of

in

Burhanpur wrote

statement

on Fridays.

letter strongly censuring

all

principal

Aurangzeb,

to

on the

the discontinuance

Aurangzeb then wrote a

Khan-Jahan, and announcing

intention of proceeding to the Dakhin.

away from Khan-Jahan

The

loss inflicted

Muhammadans, and

property and honour of prayers

a

enemy, the

all

to the fort of

four or five days.

describing the success of the

of the public

and

ofF all the plunder lie could transport,

by a rapid march, through Chopra,

his prisoners,

In

his anger

his

own

he took

the increased honours and emolu-

ments he had conferred upon him in that year.

Considering the

disorders in the Dakhin, and the flight of Prince

Muhammad

Akbar, he gave orders for his travelling equipage to move towards Burhanpur.

Twenty-fourth Year of the Eeign, 1091

a.h. (1680 a.d.).

Prince Akbar. [Text, vol.

p.

ii.

"When Prince

275.]

Muhammad Akbar

took to flight, not more than three or four hundred

men remained

Some of them were his own old followers, and others were Rajpiits. * * All his property and treasure and guns fell with him.

into the

hands of the royal army, as well as one son, a boy of

tender years,

named Neku

who had The Prince himself was At one time he thought

Siyar,

and two daughters.

One

son,

arrived at years of discretion, remained with the Rajputs.

Ajmir.

distracted,

of going to

Then he proposed

to

and knew not whither

to go.

Dehlland Ldhore by way

go to Persia,

turned, the faujddrs and zaminddrs, under orders from the peror, blocked his way.

orders to pursue

him

;

Prince but the

Muhammad Mu'azzam common

of

Whichever way he

report

is

Em-

received

that he only

made a feint of doing so, and marched leisurely. Akbar proceeded by way of Lahore and Multdn, and under the guidance of the zaminddrs he then passed by difficult roads through the

hills

towards the Dakhin. * *

Orders had been

MUNTAEHABTJ-L LUBAB. repeatedly

sent

to

Dakhin, and to

all

Khan-Jahan

309 Subaddr

of

the

the faujddrs, directing them to stop

him

Bahadur,

wherever he might come, to take him prisoner alive if not,

Under

to kill him.

these orders

the Prince with the intention

came within fourteen or

Khdn-Jahan pursued

making him

of

if possible,

He

prisoner.

of him, but on approaching

fifteen lios

made only a feint of arresting him. The fact was the Emperor by Mir Nuru-llah, who was very

nearer he

reported to

nnceremonious

these

in

A

matters.

was written upon the matter, and

strong letter of censure

strict

directions were

sent

to all the news-writers.

Prince Akbar then proceeded to BaglS,na, to the territory

Eaja Debi Singh, the commandant and faujddr of Malir. Raja Debi sent out a force to take him prisoner; but when of

A

the force followed, the- Prince escaped from Bagl^na. of his

the

Rajputs

Edja.

remained

behind,

off in

who had upon

followers,

that he was the Prince. his

men

were

off to

back

.these

of

the

blood-stained

a

which he

had

thrown

the Raja, under the impression

The Raja

for their stupidity.

his

but

one

overtook

few

taken to

They attacked and wounded

consequence of the heat.

man, and carried him

this

horsemen

belonging t© the Prince,

jacket

"these

Whilst the Raja was making inquiries of

men, another party of his Prince's

and

did not believe

it,

and abused

Prince Akbar, after passing through

the territories of the Firingis, found unquiet refuge for a while in the hills of Baglana.

By means

hill-men to guide

the

him

of a bribe of money, he induced

to Rahiri, belonging to

Sambha.

This chieftain came forth to receive him, gave him a house of his

own

fixed

to dwell in,

an allowance

about three kos from the fort of Rahiri, and

for his support.

Twenty-fifth Year of the Reign, 1092 [Text, vol. for

ii.

p.

a.h.

(1681 a.d.).

278.] After the ""Id-ifitr, Aurangzeb started

the Dakhin, to punish the infidels, and to pursue Prince

KHAFr KHAN.

310

Muhammad

Akbar.

*

On

*

the 14.th Zi-1 ka'da he

Burhdnpur, the Danes surur (abode of joy).

reached

Khdn-Jahdn

Bahadur, the Subaddr, and Aniin Khan, the Diwdn of the four the Dakhin, with the faujddrs and th«

siibas of

Many

nobles there, waited upon him.

great

men

and

officials

of Bijapur, of

the Kutb-Shahi dynasty, and of the Mahrattas, also came to pay their respects.

The infidel inhabitants of the city and the country round made great opposition to the payment of the jizya. There was not a

where the people, with the help of the

district

•

faujddrs and mukaddams,

now

received

orders

suitable force of horse

to

and

collect

foot

fire

A

Burhdnpur.

the jispa in

was appointed to support him, and

who

resisted

payment.

broke out in a house near the citadel and the chauh.

There were several sacks^ of powder blown

and honest man,

excellent

the kotwdl was directed to punish every one

A

disturbances and re-

make

did not

Mir 'Abdu-l Karim, an

sistance.

off,

in the house, the roof

and many men were burnt.

came

It

to

knowledge that there were thirty sacks of gunpowder in a

An investigation was

under his sleeping apartment.

was

Aurangzeb's cellar

made, and

it

appeared that at the very commencement of the reign, when

Aurangzeb

left

powder

this

Burhanpur

there,

were answerable told

and daring

The Emperor

taken out.

He

to proceed to Dehli, the all

if this

left

had never been officials

who

and degraded some of them.

had happened

King would have blown them

that

it

severely censured the

for this neglect,

them that

that time

gunners

in the reign of Jahangir,

all

up with the powder.

Aurangzeb's humanity and kindness was such that the severest

punishment was reduction of dignity, and restored through the intercession and kind

this

even was soon

offices of

men high

in

office.

Aurangzeb passed three or four months very pleasantly

Burhanpur

Mir

;

he then

left for

Aurangabad.

at

Before he departed,

'Abdu-l KarIm, the Amin-i jizya, reported that the jizya

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. of the city of

Burhanpur

311

amounting

for the past year,

26,000

to

had been paid into the public treasury. During the three months that he had been in office, he had settled the sum rupees,

of one lac and 80,000 rupees as the amount payable by half the

towns connected with Burhdnpur.

He now

hoped that he might

be allowed to leave with His Majesty, and that the collection of

they«zy« might be deputed to some one

He

and promoted.

He

else.

•

was applauded

was -allowed to accompany the Emperor, and

his deputies were to collect the tax. * *

After Aurangzeb reached

Aurangabcid, Prince

Muhammad

Mu'azzam was sent to take the forts and punish the infidels of Rdm-darra in the Kokan and Prince Muhammad A'zam ;

was directed

reduce

to

of Salir, near

the fort

the Mahrattas.

the Kokan,

Prince

Muhammad Mu'azzam

penetrated into

inmost recesses, passes

its

Khwaja Abu-1 Makdrim,

sword.

infidels to the

Khan, and campaign

themselves in this

;

others,

greatly distinguished

but the grain and millet and strangers,

vetches of that country were injurious to

was very uncongenial

climate in

Horses were so scarce that there was not one the Prince which was

fit

for the

side.

Life

to carry him.

left in

enemy

became insupportable, and

Prince to remain there.

Men

On

perislied.

the stable of

Most men were obliged to

walk, and no provisions arrived, for the

on every

and the

camels and horses.

to

and quadrupeds beyond compute

great numbers

of

laid the country waste in all directions,

and thick woods, he

afterwards J4n-nisar

fort

some time by

and passing through

and put many

the

for

Malir in Baglana, which had been held

closed the roads

was impossible

it

the facts being reported to

the Emperor, he gave orders for the recall of the army.

Twenty-sixth Yeak oe the Eeign, 1093 .

[Text, vol.

Prince

ii.

p.

281.J

The

Muhammad A'zam had

investment.

It is near the sea,

fort

(1682

a.d.).

of Salir, against which

been sent,

and

a.h.

is

not one capable of

there are so

many

ravines

312

KHAFr

•

EHA'N.

near, that hundreds of thousands of

* *

that lofty fortress.

horsemen could not invest

ITekndm Khdn was commandant

When

Mallr and faujddr of Baglana.

the Prince was ordered

it,

Nekndm opened

negociations with the

of Salir, and

by promises and

presents, * * induced

to conquer

of

commandant him

to sur-

render the fortress. \_Three officers in succession,

Kdsim Khdn,fail

8hahabu-d

to take the fortress

of

din,

Ram

Khdn-Jahdn, and

Sij.'l

Prince Akbar. [vol.

ii.

p.

When

284.]

Prince Akbar went to Eahiri, and

became the guest of the accursed Sambha, he was

at first treated

very kindly and respectfully, and provision was made for the

One day a

necessary expenses of his followers.

kdzt in the

Muhammad Akbar, in a stupid flattering way, said to SambhA, " May all the Maharaja's enemies be trodden under presence of

The Prince heard

foot."

M%i

for his folly.

He

ought not to be spoken

this,

and being angry, reprimanded the

also told

Sambhd

that siich vain words

in his (the Prince's) presence,

Sambha

was

also

also

came that an army had been sent under the

I'tikad

Akbar

unbecoming

Khan to

in

effect

He

it

advisable to

make

his

it

Muhammad

way

as best he

bought two small ships, furnished them with

provisions for forty days, and was about to start.

Khdn

and that

The report command of

them.

the conquest of R^hiri. Prince

therefore thought

could to Persia.

to listen to

Habshi, who scoured the seas

in those parts,

Sidi

Yakut

was

at first

desirous of stopping the progress of the Prince, but he at last

connived at

and forty or his voyage.

it.

The

Prince, with Zidu-d din

fifty persons,

His

Muhammad

Shuja

i

put his trust in God_and embarked on

ships were separated

and endured great

distress,

the account of which would be too long for admission here.

Through

stress of weather,

island belonging to the island

made him

Imam

the Prince's of Maskat.

prisoner and sent

him

to the

ship

fell

upon an

The people of the Imam. This ruler

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

313

one of the great zaminddrs or rulers who are dependent on

13

He

Persia.

respect

affected to treat the Prince with hospitality

Aurangzeb

to

sum

offering to surrender the Prince for the

of two

rupees and for a charter exempting goods carried in the

lacs of

Maskat from the payment

ships of

of duty in the port of Surat.

If Aurangzeb would send one of his

officers,

the

Imam promised

up the Prince.

to give

Upon

receiving this letter, Aurangzeb wrote to the

the port of Surat, directing sition of the

Imdm.

them

officials

of

to act in accord with the propo-

So the people

at Surat sent

old sailor in the royal service, to take Prince

"When

and

but in reality he kept him under surveillance, and wrote

;

H4ji Fazil, an

Akbar

in charge.

intelligence of Prince Akbar's arrival in Maskat,

and the

Imam, became known to the King of Persia, he issued peremptory commands to the Imam, directing him to send the Prince (his guest) to him without delay, or an army would be appointed to deliver him and punish the Imam. So evil designs of the

preforce the

Imam

delivered

up the Prince

to the Shdh's officers.

When

* *

the Prince approached Isfahan, Shah Sulaiman went meet him. * * On the death of Shah Sulaiman, his

forth to

successor

showed the Prince even greater hospitality and

tention, so that the Prince asked for

him

in Hindiistdn.

at-

an army and money

to assist

himself, * *

and the

Shah Husain excused

Prince then asked permission to go to Grarmsir in Khurasan. * *

This was granted, and provision was made for his maintenance. * *

He

retired thither,

and died there towards the

close of the

reign of Aurangzeb.

Twenty-seventh Year of the Heign, 1094 [Text, vol.

ii.

p. 290.]

The author

of this

a.h. (1683 a.d.).

work has not been able

to obtain such satisfactory accounts of these

two or three years

{in

do sih sal), as to be worthy of being committed to writing.

* *

But he has here recorded what he has heard from the mouths

of trustworthy

witnesses

;

also

what he heard from

his

late

KHAFr KHAN.

314 brother,

Muhammad Murad

who was a

Khd.ri,

servant of the

Court, and on whose stavtements he places implicit trust lastly,

what the author himself witnessed in

He

Haidarabad.

has.

;

and

and

his travels

at

compared and considered the information

derived from these various sources, and has reduced

it

to writing.

If there should appear to be any excess or deficiency, the pardon of the reader

is solicited.

Siege of Bdm-darra. [Text, vol.

seventh

year

Ahmadnagar to

In the beginning of the twentyp. 290.J Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam marched from

ii.

to lay siege to the forts of

Sambha, which were

a part of the country never before

in

*

penetrated by an Imperial army.

numbered 20,000

many

numbers of the royal to flight.

On

soldiers

fell

fort in

The in

was the

sea,

side,

They then

and cut

and on two other

which was a cause of great

off

entered the countrj^

The enemy swarmed

the supplies.

sides

The enemy

distress to

acted like poison upon them.

On

one side

were mountains cut

down

man and

had no food but cocoa-nuts, and the grain

beast,

full

of

the grass,

and they

called kiidun,

which

Great numbers of men and horses

Grain was so scarce and dear that wheat flour sometimes

could not be obtained for less than three or four rupees.

men who

felt

as if every breath they

There was not a noble who had a horse

for use.

Those

escaped death dragged on a half existence, and with

crying and groaning last.

of

a very strong position, and the air

poisonous trees and serpents.

died.

fort

showed great bravery,

of the place did not suit the invaders.

around on every

army

of his

Sampganw, the

besiegers

two days. was

It

roll

but the enemy were put

;

reaching the village of

of Eam-darra.

The

*

the march through the narrow

sharp fights with the enemy, in which

that place was invested.

and took the

On

horae. * *

passes, there were

E4m-darra, belonging

When

the wretched state of the royal

drew was

their

in his stable

fit

army became

MTJNTAKHABtr-L LUBA'B.

known

Aurangzeb, he sent an order

to

of Surat, directing

them

board of ships, and send

enemy

to put as it

315

to the officers of the port

much

grain as possible on

to the Prince's succour

by

sea.

Tlie

got intelligence of this, and as the ships had to pass by

their newly-erected fortresses, they stopped

and took most of them.

A

them on

their

way,

few ships escaped the enemy, and

reached their destination; but no amAr got more than two or three

palm

The

of corn.

army, and

it fell

order at length came for the retreat of the

back fighting

all

the

way

to

Ahmadnagar, where

Aurangzeb then was.

Eutbu-l [vol.

ii.

It

292.]

p,

MuIL

now became known

to the

Emperor that

Abu-1 Hasan Kutbu-1 Mulk, Sovereign of Haidarab4d, had en'

trusted the government of his kingdom to Madand. and Akana,

two

who were

infidels,

bitter

enemies to the Musulmans, and

The King

brought great and increased troubles upon them.

himself was given up to luxury, drinking and debauchery. * *

Aurangzeb having turned

his attention to the conquest of Haidar-

abad, and the subjugation of Abii-l Hasan, he

Jahdn Kokalt^sh with his sons and certain adherents of

some

districts

* * with a

sent

first

Khan-

detachment against

Abu-1 Hasan, who had taken possession of

dependent upon Zafar-nagar, on the pretence that

they had formerly formed part of the country of Telingdna.

Their instructions were to chastise these men, and to recover the districts.

After

were sent to

this.

effect the

Prince

Muhammad Mu'azzam

with

*

*

conquest of the country of Telingana.

Aurangzeb now sent Mirzd Muhammad, the superintendent of

Hasan Kutbu-1 Mulk, with a message has come to our hearing that you have two

his ghusl-khdna, to Abti-l to this effect

very

fine

rarities.

to send

his

:

"

It

diamonds of 150 surkhs

We them

in weight, with

sundry other

wish you to ascertain the value of these gems, and

to us for the balance of tribute due."

But he

told

envoy confidentially that he did not send him to obtain the

EHAFf KHAN.

316

two diamonds, which he did not

at

Upon

the

arrival

had reached him. * *

Muhammad, he demanded

Mirza

of

but rather to

want,

all

ascertain the truth of the evil reports which

the

Abu-1 Hasan swore

diamonds, according to his instructions.

that he had no such gems, and that if he had, he would have

been happy to send them without any demand being made for

them. * *

had been

Such stones as his predecessors possessed sent to the late Emperor. * *

Muhammad

Mirzd

returned, and

Abu-1 Hasan learnt that

command

armies had been sent against him under the

Jahdn

and

Prince

Muhammad Mu'azzam.

Ibrahim Khan, otherwise title

of Khalilu-llah

called Husaini,

He

who had

Khdn-

of

then sent

received the

Khdn, and was commander-in-chief, and one

of the chief nobles of HaidardbSd, with *

and a

*,

forCe of thirty

or forty thousand horse, to oppose the armies sent against him.

When

the two armies approached

Bijdpur

of

territories

Mu'azzam was

other,

war by

sent a message ta Khalilu-llah

regret for his offences, and ask forgiveness.

Madana and them

place etc.,

Akana from

the

which had been taken by

the possession of servants restored.

delay.

-Muhammad all

He

force,

affairs,

and

of Siram, Eamgir,

upon unjust grounds, from Imperial throne, must be

of the

made on both

of ;

action

all

the

actions

admit of a detailed

fought by Khan-Jahan

but a short account of one engagement

Khdn-Jah4n had

fs

more than ten

not

thousand horse, and Khalilu-llah thousand. * *

So prepara-

sides.

limits of this brief history will not

Kokaltash this

ofifering

must remove

improper answers, regardless of the Imperial anger.

The

in

The balance of tribute due must be forwarded without The foolish amirs of the Dakhin, in their pride, sent

tions for battle were

account

means

Khan,

management of

The parganas

in confinement.

between the

Abu-1 Hasan must express

on the following terms.

peace,

each

Haidardbad, Prince

desirous of avoiding actual

He

his power.

and

Bah4dur

given. or

Khan had more than

In

eleven thirty

Khdn-Jahan's army was so outnumbered and

MUNTAKHABU-L

LUBA'B.

317

overpowered that

all chance of escape seemed difficult, and, the enemy's forces came on every moment with greater strength. * *

One

of the enemy's chiefs pressed forward, with a loud cry, to

the elephant of Kh4n-Jahan, with the intention of hurling a javelin

"

at

am

I

Khan-Jahan encountered him, shouting

him.

Khan-Jahan drew

javelin,

bow

his

assailant with an arrow, so that he

The

royal

army was

came

stantly

force,

Khan-Jahan was

fell

and pierced his

headlong from his horse.

very hard pressed, intelligence con-

still

and the only course

to retreat.

At

elephant belonging to Raja

Ram

mouth, and made

force. * *

to his ear,

from the front and rear that the enemy were in

in

overwhelming

in its

out,

a nobleman," and, allowing him no time to throw his

it

army

of

this juncture the driver of

an

the

left for

Singh placed a heavy chain

charge 'upon the enemy's advanced

Wherever the elephant

charged, the

of the

noise

chain and the blows of his trunk struck terror into the enemy.

The

horses of two or three officers took fright, and threw their

Thus the army of the enemy was put to flight, and Khan-Jahan celebrated his victory, and pitched his camp on the

riders.

Many

field of battle.

hands. * *

He

horses, elephants,

then sent an

officer

and guns

into his

fell

who wrested the

fort

of

Siram from the hands of the enemy, and placed a garrison therein. * *

The enemy advanced

also against Prince

Mu'azzam, and

some days kept up a deceptive correspondence. and went on

On

it

to

at length

officers,

They determined

where they were, and sent a despatch of the victory for

some time

felt

Prince, and he was displeased with

and

sides.

compelled to retreat.

Khdn-Jahan, and the other Imperial

expedient to pursue them.

The Emperor had

both

was continued with increased

action

and the enemy were

Prince,

deem

Fighting began

three days, with great loss

the fourth day the

violence,

The

for

for

a

to

to

remain

Aurangzeb.

little dissatisfied

Khan-Jahdn

did not

with the

for the licence

debauchery which prevailed in his camp, and which

had repeatedly censured without

efiect.

He

was

also

he

annoyed

KHAFr KHAN.

318

with him for not having pursued and secured Prince Akbar

when

Prince was near his territory. * *

that

Whenever he

wrote to him, he got a saucy answer.

For these and other

reasons Aurangzeb was quite offended with

Khdn-Jahan.

Twenty-eighth Tear of the Reign, lO&S

War

The [Text, vol.

ii.

his satisfaction

Mulk of Haidardbdd.

with Kutbu-l

The despatch

p. 300. J

telligence of the retreat of the

was turned

a.h. (1684 a.d.).

of victory and the in-

enemy reached Aurangzeb; but

into displeasure

the enemy had not been pursued.

.

He

when he

learnt that

wrote an angry letter to

much

Prince Shah 'Alam,' and to Khan-Jahan, and was

the

The

dissatisfied.

dare to venture upon an

roving parties of rockets.

Hasan

generals of Abii-l

did not after this

engagement, but from time to time

them annoyed the Imperial

forces at night with

They sometimes showed themselves in reconnoissances The Prince and Khanfell back upon their camp.

by day, and

Jahan were mained

offended,

and made no attack upon them, and

for four or five

aggrieved Aurangzeb censure with his

months inactive without moving.

still

own hand

re-

This

more, and he wrote a strong letter of to the Prince

and Khan-Jahan.

This

letter greatly incensed the Prince.

The morning

after the receipt of the letter,

he held a council

of war with Khan-Jahan, and the other nobles.

Jahan was opposed

to fighting,

Saiyid 'Abdu-llah

him.

active operations.

the

Khan and two

or three rdjas advised

and next

in private \_urged an attack

Prince Sh^h 'Alam wrote to

Muhammad

restored to the Imperial officers. * * Mu'azzam had

received this

title,

upon

Ibrdhim,

offering terms of peace on

condition of the pargatias of Siram, Kir (or Khir),

Prince

Khan-

and some amirs agreed with

commander of the enemy's army,

^

*

Nothing was decided that day,

day Saiyid 'Abdu-llah Khan the enemy'].

*

Muhammad hy -whieh he

is

etc.,

being

Ibrahim con-

hereafter called.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

319

suited with his officers as to the answer to be given, * * and the

answer given was that they had taken the parganas at the point of the sword and spear, and were ready to fight for them. * *

enemy were at length defeated The Prince pursued them into their camp,

[Fighting recommenced,'\ and the

and put

to flight.

and great consternation

One army to

upon

fell

thera.

of the enemy's generals then sent two

officers to

the royal

represent that the combatants on both sides were Musul-

mans, and therefore the honour and safety of the women should

They asked for a truce of three women to a place of safety, and after

be regarded.

or four hours to

remove the

that they would

be ready to fight again. * * So the fighting and plundering was

The enemy

stayed.

and

at the

side. * *

sent their

women

to a fort which

was near,

end of three ^a^ars the fighting recommenced on every

The enemy kept up the

fight

evening, but then they

till

retreated.

The Prince in battles

sent a message to the enemy, to the effect that

numbers of Musulmans on both

would therefore be better should meet and fight strength, skill

it

if

two or three

out.

and courage, and

Tliis

sides are killed

;

it

from both sides

chiefs

would be a

real

trial

of

would be seen which side had

it

the favour of G-od. * * that

Next day messengers brought the news The the enemy's horse had fled towards Haidar^bad.

Prince marched in pursuit, and came near to Haidardbad.

Madana Pant and

his friends

of Abu-1 Hasan, that

had raised suspicions

Muhammad

of bringing the Prince thither.

in the

mind

Ibrahim had been the means

Abu-1

H asan

was very angry,

and was intent upon seizing Ibrahim, and putting him to death. Muhammad Ibrahim got intelligence of this, and went to offer his services to the Prince, .

When

who

received

intellisence of this desertion

him with

became known

in

great favour.

Haidar^bdd,

Abu-1 Hasan was greatly alarmed, and without consulting with

any of his

nobles, or even caring anything for his property or the

honour of his own women and family, or of others, he few servants by night, with boxes

full of

fled

with a

such valuables as he

KHAFr KHAN.

320

When

could carry, to the fort of Golkonda.

this fact

Abu-1 Hasan were plundered, as

public, the stores of

also

became was the

property of the merchants, worth four or five krors of rupees.

The women

of the soldiers,

and of the inhabitants of the

city,

were subjected to dishonour, and great disorder and destruction

Many

prevailed.

and carry

thousand gentlemen being unable to take horse,

off their property, in

the greatest distress took the

hands of their children and wives, many of whom could not even them, and fled to the

seize a veil or sheet to cover

fortress.

Before Prince Shdh 'Alam got intelligence of what was passing, the ruffians and plunderers of th« city began their work of pillage Nobles, merchants, and poorer men, vied with

and devastation.

each other as to who, by strength of arm, and by expenditure of money, should fortress. city,

and a

for in

get

their

and property

families

the

into

Before break of day, the Imperial forces attacked the frightful scene of plunder

and destruction followed,

every part and road and market there were

of money, stuffs,

carpets, horses,

lacs

upon

lacs

and elephants, belonging to

prisoners, or

Words cannot express how many Musulmans and Hindus were made how many women of high and low degree were

dishonoured.

Carpets of great value, which were too heavy

Abu-1 Hasan and his nobles.

women and

children

of

to carry, were cut to pieces with swords bit

was struggled

for.

(sazdwal) to prevent the plunder, restrain

it,

but in vain.

and daggers, and every

Prince Shah 'Alam appointed

and they did

The hotwal

to go with the Imperial diivdn, with

of the

army

received orders

an escort of four or

dred horse, to take possession of what was

left of

officers

their best to

five

hun-

the property of

Abu-1 Hasan.

Some

persons

now came from Abu-1 Hasan

to the Prince,

most humbly and earnestly begging forgiveness of the sins which he had and had not committed. The Prince thereon strictly enjoined his

officers

to repress the plunderino-,

punish those who were setting places on in

some measure diminished

;

fire.

The

and

to

disorder was

but the plunderers were not really

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. stopped in their work.

321

After a good deal of negociation, the

Prince took pity upon Abu-1 Hasan and the inhabitants of the

He

place.

A

accepted his proposals, upon certain conditions.

tribute of one kror

and twenty

laes of

addition to the usual annual tribute.

rupees was

to be paid, in

Madana and Akand,

two brothers, and the chief causes of the war, imprisoned and deprived of

all

The

authority.

and the pargana of Khir, and other

districts

the

were to be fort of

Siram

which had been

conquered, were to remain in the hands of the Imperialists, and

Abu-1 Hasan was

ask forgiveness

to

of

his

offences

from

Aurangzeb.

While the negociations were pending, of great

influence

Abu-1 Hasan,

the harem,

in

laid a plot for the

* * Whilst the two

*

*

*

some women

without the knowledge

of

murder of Mddana and Akana.

doomed wretches were proceeding from the

darhdr to their own houses, a party of slaves attacked them and killed them.

Eustam Eds

Many

killed.

brdhmans

also,

who had reached

lost their lives

the house, was

and property on that

The heads of the two brothers were cut off, and were sent Shah 'Alam by the hands of a discreet person. * *

day.

to Prince

When

the Prince's despatch reached Aurangzeb, he in public

approved of the terms of peace, and sent * * an the tribute.

Khan-Jahan, and summoned the

War [Text, vol.

march

officer to receive

Privately, however, he censured the Prince and

ii.

p.

latter to his presence.

with Bijdpur.

Aurangzeb determined that he would

316.]

in person to effect the conquest of Bijapur,

and he started

with that intention on the 4th Sha'ban. * * Prince A'zam, with

some experienced nobles and a

On

Bijdpur.

the Dakhin, under the

command

Khan, hovered round him had

fallen VOL.

on the

VII.

suitable force,

was sent

to reduce

approaching the place, he found that the forces of

crops,

of 'Abdu-r

in all directions.

Euf and Sharza

In that year calamity

and grain was very dear.

The Dakhini 21

KHAFr KHAX.

322

forces occupied the country all around,

and prevented

all

supplies

of corn from reaching Bijdpur, so that grain became very scarce

and

and' dear in the (Imperial) army,

* *

loaf.

the

At

length, after

enemy were driven

many

get a

difficult to

severe actions, * * the forces of

back, and convoys of provisions were

Muhammad

brought safely into the camp of Prince he was relieved from the

was

it

A'zam, and

which had beset him. * *

difficulties

Khan

Great favours and honours were bestowed on Ghaziu-d din for the service

The

he had rendered in bringing in the convoy.

protracted duration of the siege of Bijapur, and the infor-

mation he had received of the accompanied Prince

Muhammad

mine to proceed thither

the

disaflfection of

At

the beginning of Sha'ban,

in the twenty-eighth year of the reign, he set out

from Sholapur,

and on the 21st of the month he arrived before the

He

fortress, to

appointed * * several of

his best officers to assist the Prince in carrying on the siege,

They

addressed to them some soul-stirring words. to

up

work constructing

who

A'zam, made Aurangzeb deter-

in person.

the great dismay of the besieged.

allies

lines of approach, driving

and

set heartily

mines and

filling

the ditch. * *

Some

mischief- making

people

reported

to

Aurangzeb that

on a day when an attack was made Shah Kuli was inside the fortress along

'Alam

used

with Sikandar to

come out

;

also that a person

of the

city

interviews in secret with the Prince.

the report of Ruhu-llah

Khan

by

named

night,

Saiyid

and have

This was confirmed by

Jcotical.

ingly given for the arrest of Saiyid 'Alam

Orders were accord-

when he came out

to

Shah 'Alam, and also for the apprehension of Shah Shah Kuli was at length seized and brought before Aurangzeb, who examined him and endeavoured to extract from see Prince

Kull.

him the truth about

his visits to the city.

Nothing but denial

was obtained from the prisoner, so the order was given

for

him and submittins him to the torture. After receiving a few blows, his spirit gave way he divulged the whole secret, and named several others who had been concerned with him.

bindins;

;

MUNTAKHABXT-L LUBAB. Aurangzeb sent

for Prince

Sh4h 'Klam, and

323 in a private inter-

The Prince

view reproached him with these secret negociations.

denied them, and said that Shah Kuli was no servant of his.

Orders were given for the confinement of Saiyid 'Abdu-llah

Kh4n, and army.

Aurangzeb's feelings had been estranged from Prince

Shah 'Alam

now

still

since the transactions at HaidarabA,d,

more offended with him.

in the Prince's

him

from the

for the expulsion of several othei- persons

He made

rank and allowances, or

and he was

no outward change

in the

honours due to

as heir apparent, but his estrangement daily increased.

Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Years- of the Reign, 1096 AND 1097 A.H. (1685-6 A.D.). Conquest of Bijdpicr and Haidardhad. [Text, vol.

Khan

ii.

p.

322.]

By

the exertions of Ghaziu-d din

Firoz Jang, and other renowned warriors, and through

want of

was in great

supplies, the garrison of Bijdptir

and many men and horses had perished.

Sharza

distress,

Khan and

other nobles asked for terms on behalf of Sikandar, and at the

beginning of the thirtieth year of the reign, in Zi-1 ka'da, 1097 (October, 1686), the keys of the fortress were surrendered to

Aurangzeb.

The conquest was

celebrated with great display,

and Sikandar was placed in confinement abad, a suitable provision being

At

the end of

going to pay a

Muhammad

made

for his support.

Muharram Aurangzeb

notified his intention of

tomb of Hazrat Banda-nawaz Saiyid and marched towards Kulbarga. He sent a

visit to

Gisii,

in the fort of Daulat-

the

kind/armdra to Abu-1 Hasan, and another

own

hdjih at Haidarabad, asking for

also wrote privately to Sa'adat

to Sa'adat

payment of the

Khan,

Khan,

tribute.

to the effect that

it

his

He was

march against Haidarabad and conquer but Sa'adat Khan was meanwhile to do his utmost to obtain

his intention shortly to it

;

money from Abu-1 Hasan.

Sa'ddat

Kh4n

flattered

Abu-1

KHAFr KHAN.

33 i

of favours froui Aurangzeb, and exerted him-

Hasan with hopes self to

payment of the

obtain

hope of finding find the

money

Kh4n

safety, told Sa'adat

He

Khan

Sa'adat

went on

him

to

and negocia-

refused to send the eunuch,

some days,

for

therefore asked

and take away the jewels and other

send his young eunuch to select

tions

that he was unable to

but he offered instead the jewels and valuables

;

belonging to his wives and others.

things,

Abii-l Hasan, in the

tribute.

until the intelligence

was brought

that Aurangzeb was at Eulbarga. Abii-l Hasan,

Sa'adat Khan,

and

of jewels

the

in

extremes of fear and hope, sent for

and delivered valuables,

them.

These were sealed up, and

Khdn

should carry them

to

it

his

the next two or three days Abii-l

The value

Sa'adat Khan.

settled,

charge

trays

several

of

was arranged that Sa'adat In the course of

house.

Hasan would do

money, and would send

to obtain the tribute

of

his

into

without even settling the value

it

his best

to the house

of the jewels was then to be

and the whole was to be sent

to

Aurangzeb, with a

letter

from Sa'adat Khdn commending Abu-1 Hasan's willingness and

and praying

obedience,

for merciful consideration.

Abu-1 Hasan

sent some loads of fruit for Aurangzeb, and Sa'adat sent

Khan

also

some baskets with them.

Two

or

Abii-l

intelligence

later

was

brought

that

Kulbarga and had arrived at Golkonda.

left

Everybody now konda.

days

three

Aurangzeb had

that

said

Hasan

his

sent to

object

was

to

conquer Gol-

Sa'adat Khan, saying * * that

he had no longer hope of any consideration from Aurangzeb,

and demanded back the jewels which he had placed charge. to

Sa'adat

Aurangzeb

present of

Khdn

in the baskets

fruit.

A

a guard over Sa'adat Khan's house. * * orders,

and

wishes in sending the jewels.

sow

about to

kill

me.

his

which accompanied Abu-1 Hasan's

great scene followed.

had only obeyed the

in

replied that * * he had sent the jewels

My

Abu-1 Hasan placed

The

latter said that

he

acted in accordance with his

" For this," said he, " you are

master has long desired some pretext

MUNTAKHABU-L for destroying you,

LTIBAB.

325

he cannot have a better one than the. murder

am spared, I can do something to obtain forgiveness for you, and I will exert myself to the utmost.'" * * of his hdjil.

If I

Kh4n had

In some matters Sa'ddat

own

against the designs of his

Hasan

befriended Abu-1

So Abu-1 Hasan, think-

master.

made

ing of what might follow, refrained from injuring him, and

him

presents. * *

When

Aurangzeb drew near

that the time of his

felt

Aurangzeb, renewing his

to

reiterating

his

claims

to

Haidarabad, Abu-1 Hasan

was near; but he sent a

^fall

protestations

forgiveness. * *

to

a reply, the gist of which was as follows of this wicked

man

some

" The evil deeds

pass beyond the bounds of writing

of

con-ception

them

may

and

Aurangzeb wrote :

by mentioning one out of a hundred, and much,

letter

obedience,

of

be

a

but

;

out

little

formed.

of

First,

placing the reins of authority and government in the hands of tyrannical

vile

shaikhs,

infidels

and other holy men

sive debauchery

infidelity

;

day

;

waging obstinate war

;

command which

to that

indulging in drunkenness and

;

making no

and IsI4m, tyranny and

defence

in

between

distinction

and devo-

justice, depravity

commands and

obedience to the Divine

the saiyids,

openly giving himself up to exces-

and depravity

wickedness night and

tion

oppressing and afflicting

;

of infidels

;

want of

prohibitions, especially

forbids assistance to an

enemy's country,

the disregarding of which had cast a censure upon the

Book

in the sight

written,

and had been sent by the hands

attention

That

God and man.

and warning upon these points

advice

known

both of

had been paid

to

them

;

Letters

had

full

been

of discreet

moreover

it

had

Holy

of friendly

repeatedly

men.

lately

No

become

that a lac oi pagodas had been sent to the wicked Sambha. in this

insolence

and intoxication and worthlessness, no

regard had been paid to the infamy of his deeds, and no hope

shown

of deliverance in this world or in the next."

Abii-l Hasan, seeing that there was no longer any hope for

him, sent forth his forces, under the

command

of his best officers,

KHAFr KHAN.

326

meet Aurangzeb, urging them

to

endeavour to make

to

fight

vahantly, and to

On

prisoner. * *

Aurangzeb

24th

the

Eabi'u-1 awwal the royal array took ground at gun-shot distance

from Golkonda, and the work of the siege began. * *

Hasan had

whom

Abii-l

forty or fifty thousand horse outside the walls, with

the royal

army had frequent

encounters, and a sharp

distinguished officers of the lost

on both

management

fire

Some

of guns and -rockets was kept up from the fortifications.

army and many men were

royal

After the arrival of Firoz Jang, the whole

sides.

of the siege

was placed

in his hands.

Prince Shah 'Alam had fallen under the displeasure of his father at the siege of Bijapur;

still,

Golkonda,

at the siege of

But the

the lines on the right side were under his command.

days of his fortune and prosperity had been overshadowed by

some years of trouble and misconduct.

He now

secretly received

messages and presents from Abu-1 Hasan, to secure his services

and the

services of his associates, in obtaining forgiveness of past

The

offences.

Prince's objects were that peace and

war should

be dependent upon his approval as heir apparent, and that as far as possible he should bind

Abu-1 Hasan to his

interests.

never reflected that this course must eventually end in his

He fall

disgrace. Some meddling mischief-making people got information of what was going on, and informed Aurangzeb. * *

and

The manager

of the Prince's equipages

now

reported to

the carriages belonging to his zandna were far tents,

and were open

away from

from the garrison.

to attacks

him

He

that his

accord-

ingly ordered that they should be brought nearer to his tent.

Some

of Prince

Muhammad

A'zam's companions informed

Aurangzeb that Shah 'Alam was about to make city.

On

called

Hayat Khan, and another

hearing

this,

servants, to his presence,

the Prince's intention.

was

to obtain,

by

falling in that, to

liis

way

into the

Aurangzeb was greatly enraged. of

Shah 'Alam's

and questioned them

They

in private as to

replied that the Prince's object

his influence,

do his best

He

confidential

a pardon for Abu-1 Hasan, and,

for the reduction of the fortress.

MUNTAKHABU-1 LUBAB. Of evil

they

Aurangzeb had of

* *

had none.

intentions he

protestations

remove

not

could

But

his son. * *

327

for all their pleas

the

Orders were given for a force

Hay4t Khin

to be sent to bring the Prince before him.

there was no necessity for that. to call the Prince, he

but of obedience.

Muhammad

with

Emperor

If the

would come at once,

for

So on the 18th Eabl'u-s

ninth year of the reign, an

and

which

suspicions

officer

was sent

said

sent an officer

he had no thought

sani, in the

twenty-

to bring the Prince,

'Azlm, his second son, to the royal presence.

The Prince obeyed immediately, and waited on his august father. .* * The Emperor ordered that all the establishments of the Prince should be seized, and his mansahs and Jdgirs confis\_Harsh treatment ofNuru-l Nissa, the Prinoe''s wife, and of

cated.

But here we

her eunuchs.']

unhappy and

from entering upon the

will refrain

details of the Prince's

imprisonment, and his liberation,

will proceed with the account of the conquest of

Day by

Golkonda.

day, and week by week, the approaches were pushed

forward under the direction of Ghdziu-d din Firoz Jang, but

they were encountered with great daring by the besieged under the

command

NizAm, Mustafa Kh&n Lari, otherwise

of Shaikh

called 'Abdu-r Eazz^k,

and many were

The

and others.

killed

on both

fighting

*

sides.

*

was desperate,

After one sharp

encounter, in which a sally of the garrison was driven back with loss,

Shaikh

JVTinhdj,

Shaikh Nizam, and others, deserted Abu-1

Hasan, and came over to the besiegers, when Aurangzeb granted to

them

suitable mansabs

was the

first

and

to quit the

titles.

way

Muhammad

of error,

and to enter Upon the

royal road of rectitude, received a mansab of horse, with the title of

above

all

Nizam

Ibrdhim, who

Mahabat Khan.

He

7000 and 6000 exerted himself

others in endeavouring to reduce the fortress.

6000 and 5000

received a mansab of

of Takarrub

who never

Of

Khdn.

forsook

him

all

Shaikh

horse, with the title

the nobles of Abu-1 Hasan, the one

until the

fall

of the place, and

who

throughout exerted himself in an inconceivable manner, was

Mustafa Khan Ldri,

or, as

he was also called, 'Abdu-r Eazzdk.

EHAFT KHAN.

328

The

siege

was protracted

a long time, and from

for

the

immense stores of ammunition in the fortress, an unintermitting discharge was kept up night and day from the gates, and towers,

and

and other

walls, of cannon-halls, bullets, rockets

The smoke

siles.

distinction of

day and night, and no day passed without the

besiegers sufFerinn; a loss in killed

and wounded. *

exerted themselves vigorously, especially course of a

fiery mis-

removed the

arising from the constant firing

month and some days the

*,

The

assailants

and so in the

were carried up to

lines

the very edge of the ditch, and orders were issued for up.

It

Aurangzeb

said that

is

of purification, sewed the seams of the filled

first

cotton bag to be

High mounds were upon them and pointed

with earth and thrown into the moat.

and heavy guns were placed

raised,

against the fortress.

The

defenders.

Their heavy

scarcity

heartened

;

who then can

harassed the

of wealth were dis-

describe the position of the poor

there was a scarcity of rain ear, so

many men

Throughout the Dakhin

?

greatly

five

and dearness of grain and fodder (within

the city) was extreme, so that

needy

filling it

himself, after observing the rite

when

ilciejowcir

they dried up and perished.

and Mjrd came into

These productions of the

autumn harvest are the main support of the people Dakhin.

Eice

is

and

in the early part of this year

of the

the principal food of the people of Haidar-

abad, and the cultivation of this had been stopped by war and by scarcity of rain.

The Dakbinis and the

Sambhd. had come

to the assistance of Haidarabdd,

round the Imperial

forces,

they cut

off the

Pestilence {wabd) broke out, and carried great

numbers of men were

lost.

forces of the hell-dog

oflF

and hovering

supplies of grain.

Thus

man'y men.

Others, unable to bear the

pangs of hunger and wretchedness, went over to Abii-l Hasan,

and some treacherously rendered aid to the besieged.

When

the siege had been carried on for some time, Aurangzeb

recalled Prince

Muhamaiad A'zam, whom,

unfaithfulness of Prince

Shah

'i^lam, he

country round Ujjain and Akbar^bad, and

in consequence of the

had sent

to settle the

who had got

as far as

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAE. BurhaDpur.

He

329

summoned Euhu-lldh Khdn, an experienced

also

and highly-trusted nobleman, from BIjdpur. Prince's arrival, the dearness of grain passed

the middle of Rajab, * * it

was resolved

surprise at night,

A few brave men

when to

all

Soon

after the

bounds. * * In

the siege had lasted three months,

make an attempt

by means of

to take the place

scaling-ladders

by

and ropes. * *

succeeded in ascending the ramparts, * * but

the barking of a dog gave the alarm, and the defenders rushed

and soon despatched those who had gained the top. They also threw down the ladders, and so made an end of those who were mounting. Others opened fire. When the leaders of to the walls

the storming party gained the summit of the ramparts, one of

Aurangzeb's servants ran

off

to report their success,

waiting to see the result of the receiving his report, ordered the

enterprise.

drums

without

Aurangzeb, on

of victory to be beaten,

ordered out his royal equipage and state dress.

Next day

and

spies

reported that Abu-1 Hasan gave the dog a gold collar, a plated chain,

etc.,

and directed that the dog should be kept chained

near to himself. In the middle of Sha'ban a heavy rain

which was the cause of very great

fell for

three days, * *

distress to the besiegers, * *

and destroyed many of their works. * * The enemy also took courage, and

made a

which they did great

sally in great force, in

damage, * * and killed

many men and

took some prisoners.

Abu-1 Hasan treated his prisoners with hospitality and honour. * *

He

took Sarbarali

Khdn

to his granaries

and magazines

and showed him his stores of corn and heaps of treasure.

He

then wrote a letter to Aurangzeb, reciting * * and offering to present a h'or of rupees, and also to pay a kror of rupees for each

time that Aurangzeb had besieged the place slaughter of

Musulmdns might be

so that

prevented.

were not accepted, he offered to

supply

thousand mans of grain for the troops. were reported to Aurangzeb, he

;

said,

any further

If his proposals

five or six

When

hundred

these proposals

" If Abu-1 Hasan does not

repudiate ray authority, he must come to

me

with clasped hands,

KEKFI KHAN.

330

or he must be brought bound before me.

what consideration

He

show him."

I can

I will then consider then issued orders to

of Birar for the preparation of 50,000 bags of cotton,

the

officials

and

for other materials for carrying

on the siege and

filling

up

the moat. * *

On

the 19th Sha'ban

was reported that a

it

been driven under the bastions of the

fortress,

triple

mine had

and charged with

Orders were then given that a force should be

gunpowder.

the lines as

collected in

if

about to make an attack upon the

undermined work, so that the enemy might observe

men

assemble his

The mines were then

there.

to

this,

be

and

fired.

'Abdu-r Eazzdk Lari and others of the besieged, having observed these proceedings,

commenced countermining. They pushed their

work with

skill

such

and

activity, * * that

they drew the

powder and match from one mine, and poured water into the other two.

The Imperial

raised their cries

proper

moment

;

troops collected for the assault, and

and the gunners watched the ramparts

for firing the mine.

When

for the

the signal was given,

one mine exploded, but as part of the powder had been extracted,

and of the remaining part that which lay nearest to the

fortress

was wet, the blowing up of the bastion did more injury to the besiegers than the besieged. * *

and occupied the trenches, them.

The

killing all

garrison then sallied forth,

whom

After a severe struggle, in which

sides, the trenches

;

but, as

in

heads of the besiegers,

*.

and

small,

the former case, they *

fell

on both

The second mine was

were recovered.

ploded, and thousands of stones, great into the air

they found alive in

many men

ex-

were hurled fell

and great numbers were

upon the killed

and

wounded. * * Great waitings and complaints arose from the troops engaged in the siege. * *

many more

The cannonade recommenced on both

of the besiegers

fell.

*

exerted himself most strenuously, he

the place.

He

The long

called his chiefs

*

sides,

and

Although Firoz Jang

made no impression upon

delay kindled the anger of Aurangzeb.

and

officers together, *

*

and placing him-

MUNTAEHABU-L LUBAB.

331

about a gun-shot distance from the walls,

self at

ordered an

lie

Prodigies of valour made under his own eyes. were exhibited. * * But a storm of wind and rain arose, and assault to be

obstructed the

progress

of the assailants, * * and

forced to fall back drenched with rain.

The

they were

made

garrison again

a sally, took possession of the trenches, spiked the heavy guns,

on the mounting of which immense money and labour had been expended, and carried away out

all

of bags which had been used to

the breaches

made by the

Aurangzeb.

But although

fill it

up, and used

them

to repair

in the presence of

was applied, nothing resulted.

fire

examination as to the cause was instituted, but nothing was

discovered until

was learnt from

it

enemy had

spies that the

cleared out the powder and cut the match. * * Firoz

The command

received two arrow wounds.

given to Prince

Muhammad

of the

Hasan had come over

Aurangzeb, and had received suitable

presents.

Shaikh Minhdj, having heard of

desert, but Abu-l Hasan placed him

in

titles,

this,

Of all his nobles, none remained Hasan but 'Abdu-r Razzak Lari, who had Mustafa Khan, and 'Abdu-llah Hasan's men

Khdn made

still

siege

had

secret overtiires to

was about to

lasted eight months,

At

Abu-l

faithful to

received the title

Khdn Pan! Afghan.

worked indefatigably.

to the

mansabs, and

confinement, and seized

his house.

end of Sha'ban, the

Jang had

army was then

A'zam.

Several of the officers of Abu-1 side of

one

pulled

mines. * * It was afterwards deter-

mined that the third mine should be sprung

An

They

that was portable.

moat the logs of wood, and the many thousands

of the

At

the

and Abii-l

length, 'Abdu-llah

Aurangzeb, and agreed to open

of the gates of the city for the admission of his troops.

Aurangzeb frequently communicated with 'Abdu-r Razz4k Lari,

and promised him a mansab of six thousand, with

thousand horse, and

otlier regal favours.

faithful fellow, taking

But

no heed of his own interest and

most insolent manner exhibited the Emperor's in his bastion,

and

tore

it

to pieces

six

that ungracious life,

in the

letter to the

in their presence,

men

and he

KHAFf

332

by the spy who had brought

sent a message

would

The filled

it

he

to say that

Uke the horsemen who fought with

fight to the death

at KarbalA. * *

Imam Husain

besiegers continued to

on the

KHA'N.

They

siege.

show great

resolution in pushing

cast into the ditches thousands

of bags

with dirt and rubbish, and thousands of carcases of animals

and men who had perished during the operations.

Several

times the valour of the assailants carried them to the top of the walls

;

their efforts

;

fortress

but the watchfiilness of the besieged frustrated

away their lives But the fortune

so they threw

remained untaken.

in vain,

and the

of 'j^lamgir at

length prevailed, and after a siege of eight months and ten days, the place

fell

into his hands

;

but by good fortune, not by force of

sword and spear.

Thirty-first [Text, vol. ka'da, at the

ii.

Year p.

of the Reign, 1098 a.h. (1687

At

361.J

the beginning of the

commencement of the

thirty-first

a.d.).

month

agreeing with 1098 a.h. (Sept. 1687), by the efforts of llah

Zi-1

year of the reign,

Ruhu-

Khan, a negociation was concluded, through Ranmast Khan

Afghdn Pani, with 'Abdu-llah Khan, who was one of the

confi-

Abu-1 Hasan, and had charge of the gate

called

dential oflBcers of

In the last watch of the night Ruhu-llah

the khirM (wicket).

Khan and

*

*,

at a sign from 'Abdu-llah, entered the fortress

means of

ladders.

elephant,

had a large

who had

went

gate,

got in

Prince

Muhammad

by

A'zam, mounted on an

force ready to enter

by the gate.

Those

to the gate, posted their men, opened the

and raised the cry of

victory.

'Abdu-r Razzdk Lari heard

this,

and, springing on a horse

without any saddle, with a sword in one hand and a shield in the other,

and accompanied by ten or twelve

followers,

rushed to the open gate, through which the

Imperial

were

were

pouring

he alone,

like

in.

a

Although drop

his

followers

of water falling

into

the

he

forces

dispersed, sea,

or

an

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

,

atom of dust struggling

the rays of the sun, threw him-

in

upon the advancing

self

333

foe,

and fought with inconceivable

fury and desperation, shouting that he would fight to the death

Abu-1 Hasan.

for

Every

step he advanced, thousands of swords

were aimed at him, and he received so many wounds from swords

and spears that he was covered with wounds from the crown of head

his

to the nails of his feet.

and he fought his way

He

brought down.

and the skin of

One eye was

But

was not yet come,

his time

to the gate of the citadel without being

received twelve wounds upon his face alone,

his forehead

hung down over

his eyes

and nose.

severely wounded, and the cuts upon his body

seemed as numerous as the

His horse

stars.

was covered

also

with wounds, and reeled under his weight, so he gave the reins to the beast,

and by great exertion kept

carried

him

foot of

an old cocoa-nut

On

threw himself off.

men

his seat.

The horse

to a garden called Nagina, near the citadel, to the tree,

where, by the help of the tree, he

the morning of the second day a party of

belonging to Husaini

Beg

passed,

and recognizing him by

his horse and other signs, they took compassion upon him, and

carried

him upon

heard of

this,

a bedstead to a house.

When

his

they came and dressed his wounds.

own men The re-

this brave devoted warrior shall be told

mainder of the story of hereafter.

The shouts and

cries,

and the groans and lamentations, within

and without, made Abu-1 Hasan aware that all was over. He went into his harem to comfort his women, to ask pardon of them, and take leave of them.

Then, though his heart was sad,

he controlled himself, and went

to his reception

room, and took

his seat upon the masnad, and watched for the coming of his

unbidden guests.

When

the time for taking his meal arrived, he

ordered the food to be served up. others arrived, he saluted them his

dignity.

courtesy,

With

and spoke

Abu-1 Hasan

all,

As Euhu-llah Kh4n and for a moment lost

and never

perfect self-control to

he received them with

them with warmth and

called for his horse

elegance. * *

and accompanied the amirs,

KEKFV KHAN.

334

When he was Muhammad A'zam Shdh,

carrying a great wealth of pearls upon his neck. introduced into the presence of Prince

he took in a

and presented

off his necklace of pearls

The Prince took

most graceful way.

hand upon

He

and placing his

he did what he could to console and

his back,

encourage him.

to the Prince

it

it,

then conducted him to the presence of

Aurangzeb, who also received him very courteously.

days the Emperor

sent

him

settled a suitable allowance for providing

and other

'

Officers

necessaries.

of the effects of Abu-1

Abdu-r

him with

were appointed

Hasan and

to the

eyes of Saf-shikan that vile Lari

!

take possession

to

fell

upon him, he cried

cut off his head and

Riihu-llah replied that

to cut

off

hang

it

life

As

house of Ruhu-llah Khan.

Khan

and

food, raiment,

his nobles.

Eazzak,'' senseless, but with a spark of

was carried

After a few

to the fortress of Daulatabad,

remaining, soon as the

out,

" This

is

over the gate."

the head of a dying

man

without orders, when there was no hope of his surviving, was far

from being humane.

A

little

bird

made the matter known

to

Aurangzeb ,who had heard of 'Abdu-r Razzak's daring and courage and loyalty, and he graciously ordered that two surgeons, one a European, the other a Hindu, should be sent to

attend the wounded man,

who were

to

make

daily reports of his

condition to Aurangzeb.

The Emperor sent for Rtihu-llah Khan, and told him that Abu-1 Hasan had possessed only one more servant devoted

if

'Abdu-r Razzdk,

like

subdue the counted

fortress.

nearly

it

would have taken much longer to

The surgeons

seventy wounds,

reported

besides

upon wounds which could not be counted. was not injured, both.

it

They were

the

that

they had

many wounds

Although one eye

was probable that he would lose the sight of directed carefully to attend to his cure.

At

the end of sixteen days, the doctors reported that he had opened 1

In a subsequent page (390) the author says that he lived for some time with This accounts for the long notice he has given of that

'Ahdu-v Eazzik near Kihiri. brave

soldier.

MUNTAKHABCr-L LUBXB,

335

one eye, and spoken a few faltering words expressing a hope of

Aurangzeb sent

recovery.

and desiring him

oifences,

a

message to him, forgiving him his

to send his eldest son 'Abdu-1

Kadir

with his other sons, that they might receive suitable mansabs and honours, and return thanks for the pardon granted to their father,

and

mansabs and other favours.

for the

When

this gracious

message reached that devoted and peerless hero, he gasped out a few words of reverence and gratitude, but he said that there was

hope of his

little

would be he

recover}-.

fit

for service

that no one

felt

If,

however,

him and give him a second

to spare

had thriven on

;

pleased the

eaten the salt of Abu-1 Hasan, and

his bounty, could

On

enter

the service of

His Majesty; but he kindly

he

me know."

quite well, let

Most

said,

"When

of 'Abdu-r Eazzak's

property had been plundered, but such as was to

King

hearing these words, a cloud was seen

to pass over the face of is

Almighty

was not likely that he

but should he ever be capable of service,

who had

'i^lamglr (Aurangzeb).

it

life, it

left

was given over

him.

Some time

'

had got quite to send

him

afterwards

it

was reported that 'Abdu-r Eazzak

and an order was issued

well,

to the royal

to

the Subaddr

'Abdu-r Razzdk tried to

presence.

excuse himself, and expressed a wish to go

with his children

on the pilgrimage to Mecca, on returning from which blessed journey he would devote himself

His Majesty.

to

prayer for the long

life

of

Orders were then given for arresting him and

sending him to Court.

Firoz Jang got

information of this,

and with great sympathy invited 'Abdu-r Razzak to come and stay with him. ness,

and

He

kept him for some time with marked kind-

after the lapse of a year

'Abdu-r Razzak entered the

Imperial service with a mansab of 4000 and 3000 horse.

The property dispersion

of

amounted

and two krors and ^

Abu-1 Hasan which was recovered to eight lacs fifty-three

and

after its

fifty-one thousand hum,'

thousand rupees, altogether six

In the text ten pages intervene before this finish of 'Abdu-r Eazzik's story in. It appears in the thirty-second year of the reign.

brought

is

;

KHAFr EHAN.

336

and ten thousand rupees, besides jewels, inlaid

krors eighty lacs

and

articles

one arb

vessels of gold

and

The

silver.

and a

fifteen krors sixteen lacs

total in

dams was

which was the

fraction,

sura entered on the records.

The mud fort of Golkonda was built by the ancestors of Raja Deo Rai, and it was acquired by the Bahmani Sultans after a good deal of resistance. Upon the fall of the Bahmani dynasty, their territories fell into the hands of a number of petty chiefs but Sultan

Muhammad

Kuli, entitled Kutbu-1 Mulk,

been one of the nobles of Sultan

who had

Muhammad Shah Bahmani,

brought some of the provinces of the Dakhin under his rule.

For the

old

mud

summit of a descents, the

fort of

hill,

Raja Deo Rai, which stood upon the

he substituted one of stone.

kingdom came

the descendants bore the

all

to

Muhammad

name

great pains in repairing the fort of Golkonda.

Bhdgmati, the name was changed

to

took wife

which he

after the death of

Haidarabad; but

it is

for

her request,

fortress, to

Some time

vernacular language of the people

At

fond.

he built a city two kos distant from the gave the name of Bhagnagar.

He He had a

Mulk.

of Kutbu-1

named Bhdgmati, of whom he was very

After some

Kutbu-1 Mulk,

still

the

in

Bhagnagar.

called

That woman 1 had established many brothels and drinking shops in that place,

and to

and the

all sorts

rulers

had always been addicted

of debauchery.

Abu-1 Hasan exceeded

was

for licentiousness.

evil

After the conquest by Aurangzeb,

called the hostile country (ddru-l jihad)

fort of

all his

So the city got an

predecessors in his devotion to pleasure.

name

to pleasure

it

[^Surrender of the

.

Sakar between Haidardldd and Bijdpur.]

Thiety-second

Yeae of the Reign, 1099

[Surrender of the fort of Adhoni

to

A'zam Shdh.^ *

The words

are explicit.

a.h.

Prince

(1688

a.d.).

Muhammad

MUNTAKHABU-L

ITTBAB.

Thirty-third Year of the Eeign, 1100 [Text, vol.

(wabd)

,

p. 372.]

ii.

which had

The plague

and

violence in Bijapur,

when an

a.d.).

and pestilence

(td'im)

Dakhin

as far as

Ahmad4b4d, now broke out with

in the royal camp.

individual was attacked with

and thought only about

(1689

a.h.

for several years been in the

the port of Surat and the city of

that

337

his nursing

it,

It

was so virulent

he gave up

and mourning.

hope,

all

The

black-

pated guest-slayer of the sky sought to pick out the seed of the

human

race from the field of the world, and the cold blast of

destruction tried to cut

and

down the

tree of

remove every shoot and sign of

to

The

world.

visible

life

life

in every living being,

from the surface of the

marks of the plague were swellings as big as

a grape or banana under the arms, behind the ears, and in the groin,

and a redness was perceptible round the pupils of the

as in fever or pestilence (wabd) .

It

eyes,

was the business of heirs to

provide for the interment of the dead, but thousands of obscure

and

friendless

persons of no property died in the towns and

markets, and very few of them had the means of burial. * * It

began in the twenty-seventh year of the reign, and lasted

for

seven or eight years.

Thirty-fourth Year of the Reign, 1101 a.h. (1690 Operations against the Mahrattas.

Capture

a.d.).

and Execution

of Sambhd. [Text, vol.

infidels

ii.

p. 383.]

Prince

Muhammad A'zam Shdh

to punish the

about Eahadur-garh and Gulshandbad.'^

Ffroz Jang,

with another army, was sent to reduce the

bourhood of R^jgarh.

Nizam of

forts in the neigh-

Mukarrab Khan, otherwise

called

Shaikh

Haidar4b4di, was sent against the infidel Sambhd.

Each

them endeavoured

to distinguish* himself in the performance of

the service on which he had been sent. '

VOL.

was

army and some experienced amirs

sent with an

VII.

In

Bagl§i,na, near Junir.

Mukarrab Khdn was

deepest, p. 345.

22

KHAFr KHAN.

338

distinguished above all the nobles of the

He

knowledge and enterprise.

and

who

in his vile

for his military-

laid siege to the fort of

near Kolapur, and sent out his spies in intelligence,

Dakhin

evil course of life

gather

all directions to

Sambha,

especially to get information about

and

Pamela,

was ten times worse than

his father Sivaji. * *

This ill-bred fellow to the fort

of

its

left

of Khelna.

stores,

home

at Rahiri,

and went

and the settlement of the country round, under

guidance of adverse

the

his old

After satisfying himself of the state

fortune,

which

him ignorant

kept

of the approach of the Imperial forces, he went to bathe in the

waters of the Ban-Ganga, on the borders of the

district

Sangamnir,! one day's journey from the sea-shore.

The

was situated in a

a house,

garden kalas,

valley,

surrounded by high mountains of

Here Kabkalas, the

passage.

difficult

of fruit-trees

and his wives, and

dog,

filthy

embellished with paintings, and

full

of

place

had

built

surrounded with a

Sambha, with Kab-

and

flowers.

his

son Sahu, went there, accom-

panied with a force of two or three thousand horse, entirely

unaware of the approach of the

destiny.

of

falcon

bathing, he lingered there, viewing the lofty

hills,

After

the arduous

roads full of ascents and descents, and the thick woods of thorny trees.

Unlike his

father,

he was addicted to wine, and fond of

the society of handsome women, and gave himself up to pleasure.

Messengers brought him intelligence of the active movements of

Mukarrab Khan; but he was absorbed

in the pleasures

many men of might to their ruin. Mukarrab Khan started boldly from his base

which

bring so

was

forty-five

He

resorted.

foot, selected

Icos

distant from the retreat to

men.

The

reports brought to

men without arms might

army by throwing down 1

which

took with him two thousand horse and one thousand

the road was steep and arduous, over high or forty

at Kolapur,

which Sambha had

stones.

Sangameshwar, in the Ghats.

him represented hills,

that

and that thirty

hold the road against a large

But that brave leader heeded See Grant Duff, vol.

i.

p. 359.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

He

none of these objections. * * march, and in the most

went

first

on

set out

difficult places

foot. * *

339 and made a rapid

they came to he himself

pressed on, and approached near

They

the place where the doomed one was staying. It is said that

Sambhd's scouts informed him of the approach

of the royal army, or the "

Mughal army," But the

the language of the Mahrattas. the idea of any

Mughal army

as

it

was called in

heedless fellow scouted

penetrating to

tha,t place.

He

ordered the tongues of the reporters to be cut out, and did not

even take care to have his horses ready, or to prepare any earthworks.

Mukarrab Khdn, with his sons and nephews, ten

or twelve brave

personal attendants, and two or three hundred horsemen,

sword in hand upon the heedless Sambha, who too

late

Kabkalas, his wazir, was well known for his

defending himself. courage and daring.

He

did his best to save him, and, with

At

a party of Mahrattas, advanced to meet the assailants.

commencement

fell

thought of

the

of the fight he received an arrow in the right

He

arm, which rendered the limb useless.

fell

from his horse,

exclaiming that he would remain there.

Sambhd, who was about

to take to flight, sprang from his horse,

and said that he would

stay with him. all

or five Mahrattas were cut down, but

men fled. Kabkalas was taken priSambhd went for refuge into an idol temple, and there himself. The place was surrounded, and he was discovered. the rest of Sambhd's

soner

hid

Four

;

Several of his followers, of no importance, were killed

and

his family, including his son Sahii, a

years of age, were

all

made

All his

prisoners-.

;

but he

boy of seven or eight

men and women,

twenty-six individuals in number, were taken, and also two

women

belonging to Earn Eaja, his younger brother,

kept confined in one of his

forts.

The hands

bound, and they were brought to the

which Mukarrab Khan was brief interval, ashes,

had shaved

and changed his

riding.

ofi^

feet of

whom he them were

the elephant on

Although Sambh4,

his beard,

clothes,

of all of

smeared

in the

his face

with

he was discovered by a necklace

KHAFr KHAN.

340

of pearls under his garments, and

by the gold rings upon the

Mukarrab Khan made him

of his horse.

ride behind

legs

him on the

same elephant, and the other captives were chained and carried off,

some on elephants, some on horses.

A

despatch was sent to His Majesty, but news of the exploit

reached him

through the news-reporters, and was a cause of

first

When

great rejoicing.

Khdn was

the intelligence came that

Mukarrab

approaching with his prisoners, His Majesty ordered

* * a large party to go out

two kos from AkliyV where he was

staying, to give the victor a ceremonious reception.

that during the four or five days

It is said

when Mukarrab Khan was

known to be coming with his prisoners, the great among all classes, from chaste matrons

rejoicings

were so

to miserable

men,

that tbey could not sleep at night, and they went out two kos to

meet the prisoners, and give expression

to their satisfaction.

every town and village on the road or near reached, there was great delight

doors and roofs were rejoicing. * *

full

of

;

it,

In

wherever the news

and wherever they passed, the

men and women, who

looked on

After their arrival, Aurangzeb held a darhdr, and the prisoners were brought

to the

in.

On

seeing them, he descended firom

and made two ruFats as a mark of his gratitude

throne,

his

Kabkalas observed

It is said that

Almighty.

was well versed

in

this.

and every limb was firmly secured so that he could use only eyes and tongue,

when he saw Aurangzeb make

devotion, he looked at this

effect,

"

upon

all his

pomp and

his

these signs of

Sambha, and repeated some Hindi

Edja, at the sight of thee the

(Aurangzeb), for

He

Hindi poetry, and although his head and neck

lines to

King 'Alamgir

dignity, cannot keep his seat

his throne, but has perforce descended

from

it

to do thee

honour." After they had been sent to

some of the 1

is

On

their

councillors of the State

the south of the riyer Ni'ra, about half

the " Aldfis " of Elphinstone's map.

places

of confinement,

advised that their lives

way hetween Bij&pur and

P\ana.

It

MUNTAKHABU-L

LITBAIB.

341

should be spared, and that they should be kept in perpetual confinement,

on condition of surrendering

by the adherents

fortresses held

wretches

knew

But the doomed

of SambhS..

would

that, after all, their heads

scaffold, or that, if

by abject submission and

keys of the

the

fall

upon the

baseness, they escaped

death, they would be kept in confinement deprived of.

pleasures of

life,

and every day of

So both SambhS, and Kabkalas indulged

in abusive language,

uttered the

in

most

remarks

offensive

Emperor's servants.

But

it

was the

and that King Aurangzeb should spend the

work of repressing them and taking

and

the hearing of the

God

will of

that the stock of

this turbulent family should not be rooted out of the

Emperor was

the

all

would be a new death.

life

Dakhin,

rest of his life in the

their

fortresses.

The

in favour of seizing the opportunity of getting rid

of these prime movers of the

strife,

and hoped that with a

He

exertion their fortresses would be reduced.

little

therefore rejected

the advice, and would not consent to spare them on condition of

He

receiving the keys of the fortresses.

gave orders that the

tongues of both should be cut out, so that they might no longer

speak disrespectfully.

After that, their eyes were to be torn out.

Then, with ten or eleven other persons, they were

to be put to

death with a variety of tortures, and lastly he ordered that the skins of the heads of straw,

and exposed

beat of

Sambh4 and Kabkalas should

in all the cities

drum and sound

be stuffed with

and towns of the Dakhin, with

of trumpet.

Such

is

the retribution for

rebellious, violent, oppressive evil-doers.

Sahu, the son of Sambha, a boy of seven years of age, was spared,

and orders were given

of the palace.

for his being

kept within the limits

Suitable teachers were appointed to educate him,

and a niansah of 700 was granted

to him. * *

Some women,

in-

cluding the mother and daughters of Sambha, were sent to the fortress of Daulatabad.

When

the author was staying along with 'Abdu-r Eazzdk

Lari near the

fort of R^hiri,

which Sivaji

built,

he heard from

the people of the neighbourhood that Sivaji, although an infidel

KHAFr KHAN.

342 and a

season water inhabitants.

was

laid

Upon

The country round may be

was a wise man.

rebel,

a specimen of

for it

hell,

hilly

is

very scarce, which

is

Sivajf

a great trouble to the

is

had a well dug near

bench Sivaji would take his

A pavement

his abode.

stone seat was erected.

down round the mouth, and a

this

called

and stony, and in the hot

seat,

and when the women

of the traders and poor people came to draw water, he would give their children fruit, and talk to the women as to his mother

and

When

sisters.

the raj descended to Sambha, he also used

and when the wives and daughters of the raiyats came to draw water, the vile dog would lay one hand upon their pitcher, and another upon their waist, and drag them to sit

upon

to the seat.

this

bench

There he would handle them roughly and indecently,

and detain them herself,

The poor woman, unable

for a while.

to help

would dash the pitcher from her head, but she could not

escape without gross settled

;

by

his father

which was not

Firingis,

At

insul-t.

abandoned far

length the raiyats of the country it,

and

He

off.

fled to the territory of the

received the reward of his

deeds.

Thirty-fifth Year of the Reign, 1102 a.h. (1691 [Text, vol.

ii.

Mukarrab Khan

He of

p.

391.J

Aurangzeb was desirous of rewarding

for his splendid

granted to him an increase

Khan-Zamdn Fath-Jang,

a horse, elephant,

etc., etc.

and unparalleled

.of

1000

five sons

About

and nephews this time it

of

its

him the

title

a present of 50,000 rupees, and of

His son, IkhMs Khdn, who held a

title of

it

Ehan-i 'Alam.

also received titles

increased a

His four

forts

Abu-1 Khair Kbdn was

commandant. * * Before the news of the capture

Sambha reached that neighbourhood, the enemy invested and summoned Abu-1 KhaIr to surrender. Although

place,

or

and marks of favour.

was reported that Rajgarh, one of the

of Sivaji and Sambha, had been taken.

appointed

success. * * *

horse, gave

mansab of 4000 personal and 4000 horse, had thousand, and received the

a.d.).

the

the

MUNTAKHABTJ-L LUBAB. force

under FIroz Jang was near

at

343

hand, Abu-1 Khair was

and was so craven as to surrender on a promise of

frightened,

safety to his

and

his family,

life,

at night with

some of

his

his property.

women

He

and the

in dulis

the place

left

rest

on

foot,

and he had with him several baskets and boxes of clothing,

money, jewels, for

The Mahrattas had gathered round, waiting life and they stripped him of all he had, and left him in etc.

him, and although they had promised security to

property,

miserable plight.

army

In the middle of the night he reached the

of Firoz Jang,

full

He was

of complaints and remorse.

deprived of his mansab and j'dgir, and was sent on the pilgrimage.

Turbulence of the Jdts. [Text, vol.

It

p. 394. J

ii.

when i^ghar Khan came

was now reported from

there under orders from Kabul, a party

of Jats attacked the caravan near Kgca,.

and plundered the

some women

He

fort,

recalled,

An

Khan

His son-in-law was

Kokaltash had formerly strain the Jats,

.^ghar

and

seized the cattle

rear,

and carried

off

pursued them to the

where, after a sharp struggle, he rescued

then boldly invested the

by a musket-ball.

They

which were in the

as prisoners,

neighbourhood of a the women.

carts

j^igra that

fort,

failed in executing a

for this

but he was killed

also killed.

Khan-Jah4n

commission to

re-

and some displeasing actions he was

and Prince Beddr Bakht was appointed on the duty.

order was issued that no

Hindu should

ride in

apdlM

or

on an Arab horse without permission.

Thiety-sixth [Text, vol.

Year

ii.

p.

middle of this year,

of the Reign, 1103 a.h. (1692

397.]

a.d.).

In the beginning or towards the

Aurangzeb moved from Giirgaon

^

and

Shikarptir to BIdr, and after a while from thence to Gulka, one day's march from Bijapiir, where the '

The

camp was

pitched.

preyious march was from AklUj to GdrgSton (Text, p. 393).

The

KHAFr KHAN.

344 evil

and

days of Prince it

Muhammad Mu'azzam now Emperor

pleased the

to a close,

show him kindness. *

to

directed that the shaving of the head discipline should be forbidden,

drew

He

* *

and other rigours of prison

and he held out

to the Prince

hopes of release.

The Hindi names

of

many

places,

end with the

letter h,

there was a tendency to pronounce like alif in such

Malwah, Bangalah, Bagldnah, and Parndlah.

as

* * Orders were

given that such names should be written with an

Bangala, Bagland,

which

names

alif,

Malw4,

as

etc.

Mukhlis Khdn, darogha of the the Mahratta chiefs had taken

some of

artillery, reported that

Edm

Raja, brother of the late

Sambha, out of confinement, and had raised him succession to his father and brother.

to the raj in

They had assembled

robes and presents to the officers

in

command

of his

large

He

forces with the vain intention of besieging fortresses.

own

sent forts,

and, like his father and brother, he appointed different leaders to

plunder the country, and to get possession of

forts.

The Portuguese. [Text, vol. reign of

ii.

p.

400. J

Shah JahS,n

to the ports on

It

was mentioned

in the history of the

that Christian traders had

the sea-shore.

The

officers

come

to India

of the

King

of

Portugal occupied several neighbouring ports, and had erected forts in strong positions

built villages,

and in

and under the protection of

all

hills.

They

matters acted very kindly towards the

They Musulmans who dwelt with over them to settle all matters of

and did not vex them with oppressive taxes.

people,

allotted a separate quarter for the

them, and appointed a kd%i taxes and marriage.

But the

call to

prayer and public devotion

were not permitted in their settlements. to

pass through their possessions, he would meet with no other

trouble

On

If a poor traveller had

;

but he would not be able to say his prayers at his

ease.

the sea, they are not like the English, and do not attack

other ships, except those ships which have not received their pass

MaNTAKHABU-L

LTJBAB.

345

according to rule, or the ships of Arabia or Maskat, with which

two countries they have a long-standing enmity, and they attack each other whenever opportunity port

is

wrecked and

But

their prize.

If a ship from a distant

offers.

falls into their

hands, they look upon

their greatest act of tyranny is this.

subject of these misbelievers dies, leaving

grown-up

son, the children are considered

They take them

many

places,

in their

own

and the pddris, that

fort of

captain there

They have villages.

is

which

to say the

whether the child be a Musuln)4n

faith,

a Hindu brahman.

and famous

and no

wards of the State.

They

make them

also

In the 'Adil-Shahi Kokan, close to the

slaves.

as

If a

the children in the Christian rehgion, and bring

priests, instruct

saiyid or

children,

to their places of worship, their churches,

they have built in

them up

young

it

who also

Besides

Goa, their governor resides

;

serve as

sea, in the fine

and there

is

a

exercises full powers on the part of Portugal.

some other ports and

established this,

flourishing

the Portuguese occupy the country from

fourteen or fifteen kos south of Surat to the boundaries of the fort of

Bombay, which belongs

to the English,

of the territories of the Habshis, which

Shdhi Kokau.

In the rear of the

hills of

these,

by name Daman and

forts,

to the borders

Baglana, and in strong

Gulshanabad, they

positions, difficult of access, near the fort of

have built seven or eight other

and

called the Nizdra-

is

Two

small and great.

Basi, which they obtained

of

by fraud

from Sultan Bahadur of Gujardt, they have made very strong,

and the

around

villages

are

fifty kos

more than a kos or a kos and a half in width. skirts of the hills,

cane, pine-apples,

which they

The

but they are not

They

cultivate the

and grow the best products, such

and

rice

They have made

called ashrafi,

;

;

and cocoa-nut

trees,

as sugar-

and betel-nut

numbers, from which they derive a very large

vines, in vast

revenue.

Their possessions

flourishing.

measure in length about forty or

for use in their districts a silver coin

worth nine anas.

call

They

also use bits of copper

huzurg, and four of these huzurgs pass

orders of the

King

for ^ful-hs.

(of India) are not current there.

When

KB.&FT KHAN.

346

the people there marry, the girl leave the

management

is

given as the dowry, and they

of all affairs, in the house

They have only one

to their wives.

wife,

and out of

and concubinage

is

it,

not

permitted by their religion. * * *

Bdm [Text, vol.

ii.

Emperor

ledge of the

Messengers now brought to the know-

413.]

p.

Rdja,

that the forces of

in various directions to ravage the forts belonging to the

Ram The

Bijapur, and had been captured by the royal

was now taken with

It

and

Rdja's

prisoner.

officers,

It

was

its

Parnala was

fort of

one of the highest and most celebrated of the

Ram

and reduce the

territories

Imperial throne.

deal of difficulty.

Raja had marched

forts

belonging to

forces

with a good

little

exertion by

commandant was wounded and made

also reported that

assistance of the chiefs of Jinji,

Ram

Raja had gone to the

and was busy

collecting

* * This information greatly troubled His Majesty. * *

about to send Bahramand intelligence

Khan

men.

He

was

to lay siege to Parnala,

when

down

before

came that Prince Mu'izzu-d din had

sat

So he resolved to proceed in person to Bairampuri.

it.

Thiety-seventh Ybak of the Reign, 1104 a.h. (1693

a.d.).

The Mahrattas. [Text, vol. piiri,*

the

ii.

name

p. 414.J This year Aurangzeb stayed at Bairamof which was ordered to be changed to Isldmpuri.

* * Forces were sent against the fort of Parnala and other forts in various places.

*

* After the execution of

Sambha, many of

the Mahratta chieftains received instructions from

Ram

Rdja

to

They hovered round the Imperial armies, and were exceedingly daring. * * Among them was Santa Ghor-

ravage the country.

Elphinstone calls it " BirmapGri near Pauderpi5r (Ptodharpiir) on the Bhima." The Survey Map has " Brumhapooree," lower down the river than Pfindharpur, and '

south-west of Shol&pfir.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

347

pura and Dahin4 J4du, two experienced warriors and leaders of from fifteen to twenty thousand horse. Other Mahratta chiefs submitted to their leadership, and great losses were inflicted on the Imperial forces.

Santd more especially distinguished himself in ravaging the

Every

cultivated districts, and in attacking the royal leaders.

who encountered him was either killed or wounded and made prisoner or if any one did escape, it was with his mere one

;

with the

life,

be

loss of his

army and baggage.

Nothing could

done, for wherever the accursed dog went and

threatened

an attack, there was no Imperial amir bold enough to him,

and

every loss he

boldest warriors quake.

inflicted

Ism^'il

on their

Kh^n was

forces

resist

made the

accounted one of the

bravest and most skilful warriors of the Dakhin, but he was defeated in the first action, his self

army was plundered, and he him-

was wounded and made prisoner.

After some months he

obtained his release, on the payment of a large

So

also

tam

Rustam Kh4n,

otherwise called Sharza

sum

of money.

Khan, the Rus-

of the time and as brave as a lion, was defeated

in the district of Sattara,

and

after losing his

by him

baggage and

all

that he had with him, he was taken prisoner, and had to pay a

sum for his ransom. Husaini Beg Haidardbadi, large

with several others.

'Ali

Marddn Khdn,

otherwise called

* * was defeated and

made

prisoner

After a detention of some days, they ob-

tained their release on paying a ransom of two lacs of rupees.

These

evil tidings greatly troubled

Aurangzeb. * * Further,

news came that Santa had fought with Jan-nis4r Khdn and borders of the Karnatik, and had

Tahawwur Khan, on the inflicted

upon them a severe

defeat

and the

loss of their artillery

Khdn was wounded, and escaped with Tahawwur Khan was also wounded, and lay among difficulty. Many other renowned amirs the dead, but was restored to life. and baggage.

Jdn-nisdr

met with similar

defeats.

Aurangzeb was greatly

distressed, but

in public he said that the creature could do nothing, for every-

thing was in the hands of God.

;

KHAPr KHAN.

348

Thirty-eighth Teak of the Eeign, 1105 Arrest of Prince

Siege of Jlryi. [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

Prince

418.]

Kdm

(1694

a.d.).

Bakhsh.

Muhammad Kam

Mulk Asad Khan and

with Jamdatu-1

a.h.

Zul-fikdr

Bakhsh,

Khdn Nusrat

Jang, approached Jinji,^ and encamping about a cannon-shot off the fortress, began to prepare for the siege.

The

Jinji occupies several adjacent hills, on each of

which stands a

fort bearing

and the all

Two

a distinct name.

forts

artillery, provisions,

was impossible to invest

It

of

of these hills are very high,

were well furnished with

necessary stores.

fortress

all

and

the forts,

but the lines were allotted to different commanders, and every

made

exertion was

for digging

mines and erecting

batteries. * *

The garrison also did their best to put the place in order, and make a stout defence. From time to time they fired a gun or two. The zaminddrs far and near of the country round, and the Mahratta forces, surrounded the royal army on all sides, and showed great audacity

Sometimes they

in cutting off supplies.

burst unexpectedly into an intrenchment, doing great

damage

to

the works, and causing great confusion in the besieging force. * *

The

had gone on

siege

for a long time,

and many men

fell

but although the enemy's relieving force day by day increased,

Khan

Zul-fikar

the siege that the

Nusrat Jang and the other generals so pressed

it

army and the

general

management of

in that part of the country were in the

and Nusrat Jang. This gave great

Kam

The command of

went hard with the garrison. civil

and revenue

affairs

hands of Jamdatu-1 Mulk

offence to Prince

Muhammad

Bakhsh, and Jamdatu-1 Mulk and Nusrat Jang had

admonish him, and speak follies.

The Prince was

to

him sharply about some youthful The Prince wished

greatly offended.

that the siege should be carried on in his

acted on increased.

their

The

own

to

authority.

name

;

Day by day

but the generals the

dissensions

besieged were aware of these differences, and

contrived to open communications with the Prince, and to fan the '

Eighty miles south-west of Madras.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

349

flames of his discontent, so that great danger threatened the

army. Intelligence

now came

of the approach of Sant^, and the

enemy's forces so closed round the royal army and shut up the roads, that for some days there were no communications

whatever between the army and His Majesty.

came

He

;

Jamdatu-1 '

so he

was vexed with Jamdatu-1

and no communications arrived from the

opposition,

Emperor

still

from the garrison, exciting his apprehensions,

to the Prince

and holding out allurements. Mulk's

Messages

was on the point of going over

Mulk and Nusrat Jang were

to the

informed of

enemy.

this,

and

they surrounded his tents, and made the Prince prisoner.

When

these troubles and discords were at their height, Santd

came down upon the royal army with twenty-five thousand and reduced

horse,

deemed

it

to

it

such

that the

straits,

materiel to be plundered

by Santa, and

Every one was

for refuge.

to carry off

to retire into the hills

what he

idea was that Sant4 would stop to plunder

retired fighting for

when they

renewed the to report, a

kos,

of

and the left,

and

they reached the shelter of the

till

beat off Santa.

siege,

sum

some

could,

what was

Accordingly the two generals

not follow the retreating force.

hills,

commanders

expedient to leave their baggage and some of their

A

few days afterwards they

and the garrison was hard pressed. According

money reached

the enemy, and they evacuated

the fortress and retired.

When

intelligence of the arrest of Prince

Muhammad Kam

Bakhsh reached Aurangzeb, he apparently acquiesced in it as a The news of the reduction of the fortress matter of necessity. came soon afterwards, and he applauded the

by the two

generals.

services performed

summoned The Prince

In reality, he was offended, and

the Prince with the two generals to his presence.

was brought up under

arrest.

After waiting upon Aurangzeb,

he addressed a few words of admonition

to

Jamdatu-1 Mulk

;

but

afterwards the marks of his displeasure became more apparent.

Orders were given to set the Prince at liberty.

EHAFr KHAN.

350

The English

Capture of a Royal Skip ly the English.

Bombay.

at

[Text, vol. sawdi, than

ii.

The

p. 421.]

royal ship called the Ganj-i

which there was no larger

House

to sail every year for the

in the port of Surat, used

of Grod (at Mecca).

It

was now

bringing back to Surat fifty-two lacs of rupees in silver and gold,

Mocha and Jedda. Khan. * * There were

the produce of the sale of Indian goods at

The

captain of this ship was Ibrahim

eighty guns and four hundred muskets on board, besides other

implements of war.

had come within

It

Surat, when an English ship came

eight or nine days of

much

in sight, of

smaller size,

and not having a third or fourth part of the armament of the Ganj-i it

saiedt.

When

came within gun-shot, a gun was

it

By

from the royal ship.

men were

four

a shot from the

by

killed

enemy

which the safety

gun

its

vessel

burst,

fired at

and three

or

About the same time,

fragments.

struck and

the

of

ill-luck, the

damaged the mainmast, on depends.

perceived this, and being encouraged by

bore

it,

The Englishmen down to attack,

and drawing their swords, jumped on board of their opponent.

The

Christians are not bold in the use of the sword, and there

were so

many weapons on

captain had

But

made any

board the royal vessel that

resistance,

as soon as the English began to board,

down

into the hold.

There were some Turki

bought in Mocha as concubines their heads

and swords

These

fight.

fell

into

into the

ship,

prisoners to their

for himself.

their hands,

Khan ran whom he had

Ibrahim girls

He and

put turbans on

incited

them

to

hands of the enemy, who soon became

perfect masters of the ship.

many

the

if

they must have been defeated.

own

They ship.

transferred the treasure

When

and

they had laden their

they brought the royal ship to shore near one of their

settle-

ments, and busied themselves for a week searching for plunder, stripping the men, and dishonouring the

young.

They then

left

women, both old and

the ship, carrying off the men.

Several

honourable women, when they found an opportunity, threw them-

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

351

selves into the sea, to preserve their chastity, killed themselves with knives

and some others

and daggers.

This loss was reported to Aurangzeb, and the news-writers of the port of Surat sent some rupees which the English had coined at

Bombay, with a

impure King.

who were

name

superscription containing the

of their

Aurangzeb then ordered that the English

residing

factors

Surat for commerce should be seized.

at

Orders were also given to Ttiraad Kh4n, superintendent of the

Ykknt Khdn, to make preparations for The evils arising from the Bombay. Bombay were of long standing. The alarmed at the threatenings. They knew

port of Surat, and Sidi besieging

the fort

of

English occupation of English were not at that Sidi

all

Ydkut was

But they were more walls,

and

offended at some slights he had received. active than usual in building bastions

in blocking

up the

the place quite impregnable. parations,

and came

roads, so that in the end they

I'timad

Khan saw

to the conclusion that there

and that a struggle with the English would heavy

loss to the

customs revenue.

He made

these pre-

all

was no remedy,

result only in a

no serious prepara-

tions for carrying the royal order into execution,

and was not

To

willing that one rupee should be lost to the revenue.

appearances, he kept

and

made

save

English factors in confinement, but

the

privately he endeavoured to effect an arrangement.

After the

way

of reprisal,

confinement of their factors, the English, by seized

upon every Imperial

sea or on shore, and kept

went on

for

officer,

them

So matters

confinement.

a long time.

During these troubles

I,

the writer of this work, had the mis-

fortune of seeing the English of

agent for

wherever they found one, on

all in

Bombay, when

'Abdu-r Raz2ak Khdn

purchased goods to

the value

I

was acting as

at the port of Surat.

of nearly two

lacs

I had

of rupees,

and had to convey them from Surat to 'Abdu-r Razzdk, the faujdar of Edhlri.

My

route was along the sea-shore through

the possessions of the Portuguese and English.

On

arriving

near Bombay, but while I was yet in the Portuguese territory,

KHAFr KHAN.

352 in consequence of a letter

from 'Abdu-r Razzak,

twelve days for the escort

I

waited ten or

Yakut Kh4n.

of Sidi

'Abdu-r

Eazzak had been on friendly terms with an Englishman old Haidarab^d days,

and he had now written

giving assistance to the convoy.

The Englishman

brother of his diwdn, very kindly inviting

Portuguese captain and

my

I,

God, and went to the Englishman. if

sent out the

to visit him.

The

my going my trust in

companions were averse to

there with such valuable property.

that

me

in his

him about

to

however, put

I told the diwdn's brother,

the conversation turned upon the capture of the ship, I

might have

to

say unpleasant things, for I would speak the

truth.

The Englishman's

deemed

right,

When

me

vakil advised

to say freely

what

I

and to speak nothing-but the truth.

I entered the fortress, I observed

that from the gate

there was on each side of the road a line of youths, of twelve or fourteen years of age, well dressed, and having excellent muskets

Every

on their shoulders.

young men with

step I advanced,

sprouting beards, handsome and well clothed, with fine muskets in their hands,

were

visible

on every

As

side.

I

went onwards,

I found Englishmen standing, with long beards, of similar age,

and with the same accoutrements and musketeers {bark-anddz), young

drawn up

in ranks.

men

in

After that I saw

Further on, I saw Englishmen with white

beards, clothed in brocade, with

drawn up

dress.

well dressed and arranged,

muskets on their shoulders,

two ranks, and in perfect array.

Next

I

saw some

English children, handsome, and wearing pearls on the borders of their hats.

In the same way, on both

sides, as far as

the door

of the house where he abode, I found drawn up in ranks on both sides nearly seven for

I then

on a tion

me

thousand musketeers, dressed and accoutred as

a review.

;

went straight up

chair.

He

wished

me

to the place

where he was seated

Good-day, his usual form of saluta-

then he rose from his chair, embraced me, and signed for

to sit

inquiries,

down on a

chair in front of him.

After a few kind

our discourse turned upon different things, pleasant

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. and unpleasant, and friendly his

factors

God and

and sweet

bitter

;

but

all

353

he said was

He

towards 'Abdu-r Eazzdk.

spirit

had been placed

God would

the Prophet of

kind

inquired

why

Knowing

confinement.

in

in a

that

protect me, I answered,

" Although you do not acknowledge that shameful action, worthy of the reprobation of all sensible men, which was perpetrated

your wicked men,

man

this question

should ask where the sun

its

rays."

me

cast

know

He

you have put is

when

all

to

you

factory proof will

establish this ? "

my men ?

How

when the

with

do you

by what

satis-

I replied, " In that ship I

had a number of wealthy acquaintances, and two ones, destitute of all worldly wealth.

is filled

ill-feeling against

for the fault of others.

that this deed was the work of

by

as if a wise

is

the world

replied, " Those who have an

upon me the blame

me

or three poor

I heard from

them

that

ship was plundered, and they were taken prisoners,

some men,

in the dress

and with the looks of Englishmen, and on

whose hands and bodies there were marks, wounds, and said in their

own language,

We

'

scars,

got these scars at the time of

the siege of Sidi Yakut, but to-day the scars have been removed

from our

A person who was with them knew Hindi and

hearts.'

Persian, and he translated their words to

my

friends."

hearing this, he laughed loudly, and said, " It

On may have received soners

said so.

wounds

They

true they

are a party of Englishmen, who, having

in the siege of

Y4kut Khdn, were taken

pri-

by him. Some of them parted from me, joined the HabsM,

and became Musulmdns. time, and then ran to

is

come back

to

me.

Now

the dingmdrs, or sakanas, the sea;

They stayed with Yakut Khdn some But they had not the face

away from him.

they have gone and taken part with

who

lay violent hands on ships upon

and with them they are serving

sovereign's officers do not understand cast the

as pirates.

how they

Your

are acting, but

blame upon me."

I smiling replied,

"What

I

have heard about your readiness of

reply and your wisdom, I have (now) seen. ability for giving off-hand, TOi. VII.

All praise to your

and without consideration, such an 23

"

;

KR&FX KHAN.

354

exculpatory and sensible answer

!

But you must

recall to

that the hereditary Kings of Bijapur and Haidarabad

Sambha have not escaped the hands the island of Bombay a sure refuge?"

good-for-nothing

Aurangzeb. "

What

Is

"

replied,

We

have to send every year a large sum of

profits of

coins of the

King

our commerce, to our country, and the

Hindustan are taken

of

at a loss.

the coins of Hindustan are of short weight, and in this island, in the course of

names on the

coins,

jurisdiction."

A

us,

and part of

Besides,

much debased

buying and

selling them,

Consequently we have placed our own

disputes arise.

great

I added,

!

money, the

and

King

of

a manifest declaration of rebellion you have shown in

coining rupees

He

mind

and the

and have made them current in our own

good deal more conversation passed between

it

seemed to vex him

but he showed himself

;

throughout very thoughtful of 'Abdu-r Eazzak Khan, and mindful of his obligation to protect

over, he proffered

me

him.

When

the interview was

entertainment in their fashion

had resolved from the

fiTst

;

but as I

that I would not depart from the

usual course in the present interview, I accepted only atr and

pan, and was glad to escape.

The

total revenue of

betel-nuts

of rupees.

Bombay, which

is

chiefly derived from

and cocoa-nuts, does not reach to two or three

The

profits of the

according to report, does not exceed twenty lacs of rupees. balance of the

money

settlement

obtained

is

House of God,

lacs

commerce of these misbelievers,

The

required for the maintenance of the English

by plundering the

ships voyaging to the

of which they take one or two every year.

the ships are proceeding to the ports of

When

Mocha and Jedda

laden

with the goods of Hindustan, they do not interfere with them

;

but when they return bringing gold and silver and Ibrdhimi and ridl,^

their spies

have found out which ship bears the richest

burden, and they attack •

it.

" Ek-dollarB."

— Shakespeare's Dictionary.

;

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. The Mahrattas

355

also possess the newly-built forts of Khanderi,

Kalaba, Kasa, and Katora,^ in the sea opposite the island fortress belonging to the SabsMs. forts,

and attack

men

vessels

who

sakanas also,

Their war-ships cruise about these

whenever they get the opportunity.

The

are sometimes called hawdril, a lawless set of

belonging to Surat, in the province of Ahmaddbad, are

notorious for their piracies, and they attack from time to time the

small ships which come from Bandar 'Abbdsi and Maskat,

They

do not venture to attack the large ships which carry the pilgrims.

The

way

reprobate English act in the same

Army

Destruction of a Royal

[Text, vol.

ii.

Among

p. 428.]

the defeat of Easim

Khan and

as the sakanas.

hy the Mahrattas,

the events of this year was

* * *,

who were

sent to Danderi

*

against Santd Ghorpura. * *

One day intelligence was brought K4sim Khan's advanced force had been attacked by a division

that

of the enemy, that

all

and the standing camp this,

their portable goods set

on

fire.

* *

had been plundered,

Kdsim Khan, on hearing

endeavoured to push forward to their assistance

surrounded by the enemy, and fighting went on

They had no

food for

man

* *

*

and

the

fighting

daring,

swarmed on

all

sides. * *

*

Kasim Kh4n was The

islands of

The nobles passed the men with their bridles in

At daybreak, the enemy became more more

severe,

for

the

For three days the royal

matched and surrounded, did but

but he was sunset. * *

or animal.

night upon their elephants, and the their hands.

;

till

Mahrattas

forces, over-

their best to repulse the

enemy

at length compelled to give ground and to

Khanderi or Kenery, Kolaba, and K&nsa near Jinjera.

Katora

has not heen identified.

" the little fort of Dundheri " ; but the * The Tazkira-i Chaghaidi calls it Ma-dsir-i 'Alamgiri says " the little fort of Dirandi," and gives " Dfldheri " as the Scott (vol. ii. p. 95) calls it " Dunplace of Himmat Khin's death {post, p. 357). There is a fort of Dodairee in i. p. 388) " Dodairee." the Survey Map, about 25 miles N.E. of Chftaldrflg, which is the locality fixed upon doore," and Grant Duff (vol.

by Elphinstone.

It is -wrongly written

ing to the T. Ghaghatdi,

marched to

his death.

"Boderi"

Himmat Kh^n was

in Elphinstone's map.

in a place called

AccordBiswSpatan before he

KHAFr KHAN.

356

men

got some

hay and corn from the

Movement

food.

any

in

The

the fort of Danderi,

retire fighting, to the shelter of

direction

fort,

chief

but the soldiers got no

was scarcely

Thus

possible.

they remained for three or four days under the shelter of the walls of the fort, and of the lines

they threw up to protect

themselves from the assaults of the enemy. cattle fell into the

While the

hands of the Mahrattas,

went on, the gates of the

and inhabitants within

let

fort

down

food from the walls and sold

enemy got

the

fifth

half his force to keep

intelligence

a force to the rescue.

Easim Khan's army

with the other marched against

Himmat Khan.

that another force belonging

Ram

Himmat Khan, he

fighting

were kept closed, and the traders

day On the fourth Himmat Khan was coming with or

left

Their camels and

to

that

Santa

invested,

On

it.

and

learning

Eaja would act against

returned to his former position.

Meanwhile matters went

Khan, with a few other

ill

with the royal

forces,

and Kasim

resolved upon taking refuge in

officers,

the fort secretly, without the knowledge of their brethren in

arms. * *

Kasim Khan went

out at night with the ostensible

purpose of making the rounds.

Several reasons

pedient to enter the gate, near which so

were gathered;

so

made

many men and

inex-

officers

he ascended the walls by a rope-ladder.

Euhu-llah Khan, Saf-shikan. Khan, and a crowd of

made

great tumult

it

their

way

in

by the

gate.

soldiers in

Muhammad

Murad Khan

and

example. » " *

month they were besieged within and every day affairs grew worse with them.

the four walls,

In

They were compelled horses,

hearing

others, fine, for

to kill

of

this,

and

eat their

the

baggage and riding

which were themselves nearly starved.

greatest care

followed

a

and economy, the

For

all

the

stores of grain in the fort were

To escape from starvation many men threw themselves from the walls and trusted to the enemy's mercy. * * exhausted. *

*

People brought fruit and sweetmeats from the enemy's bazar to the foot of the walls, and sold them at extravagant prices. * * Eeverses, disease, deficiency of water, and want of grain, reduced

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

357

Kasim Kh4n, according

the garrison to the verge of death.

to

from want of the usual potion

report, poisoned himself, or else died

of opium, for he was overcome with disappointment and rage.

Khan and

Euhu-llah

make

the other officers were compelled to

to settle the terms of the ransom.

elephants and horses, and

with you, I will not take

you thinking

which

would

I

than a

less

this

of!

A

officers

went out

"Besides the

said,

property, which you have

equivalent to

lac of hum,''''

Dakhini

a mere

is

Ruhu-llah

fix for

Santd

money and

three lacs and 50,000 rupees. are

Some

overtures for a capitulation. * *

officer said,

This

trifle.

Khan

is

"

What

a ransom

Finally, seven

alone."

lacs

of rupees was settled as the ransom, the payment of which

was

to be distributed

settled,

among

the

Each

officers.

and he made an engagement

to

pay

it

one's share

as

was

ransom, and to

leave a relation or officer of rank with Santd as bail for payment.

Santd's officers sat officer to

down

at the gate of the fort,

and allowed each

take out his horse and his personal clothing, the others

were allowed to carry out as much as they could bear in their

Everything

arms. etc.,

were

else,

confiscated

money and jewels, Santa. * *

by

horses and elephants,

The government and

personal property lost during this war and siege exceeded fifty or sixty lacs of rupees. * *

Santa was delighted with the terms he had made with the defeated army.

Soon afterwards he heard that Himmat Khan

was approaching by forced marches army.

Santa divided his

to meet him.

command followed.

At

of Santd

in with

divisions,

and marched

Himmat Khan, and

a great battle

fought with great spirit and bravery.

Numberless Mahrattas were

slain,

and many of

his

own army

Santd's forces retreated, and the royal forces were led

against the second army. for the pursuit.

By

Himmat Khdn made arrangements many musketeers had taken

orders of Santa

positions in the thick jungle

advance of

two

the distance of sixteen kos the force under fell

Himmat Khdn

perished.

to the relief of the besieged

forces into

Himmat Khan.

and among the

Some

trees, to

of the best

impede the

marksmen had

KHi^Fr KHAN.

368

among the

climbed the trees, and concealed themselves branches.

When Himmat Khdn

forehead and killed

approached, a ball entered his

All the baggage and

him immediately.

Himmat Khan

elephants and munitions of war belonging to fell

thick

then

bodily into the hands of Santa.

Thirty-ninth Tear of the Eeign, 1106 a.h. (1694-5

a.d.).

The Royal Princes, [Text, vol.

ii.

p. 434.J

Prince

Muhammad A'zam Shah

gone to Kharpa (Kaddapa), to punish the rebels and to affairs.

The

settle

insalubrity of the climate affected his health, and

dropsy supervened. physicians

had

were

He

became so serious that

and experienced

returned to Court,

appointed to his couch

him. * *

attend

His

illness

was placed near the chamber of

who showed his paternal solicitude by administering his medicine, by partaking of food with him, and doing everything he could to restore him to health. Grod at length gave him a perfect cure. Directions were now given for the release of Prince Shah 'A'lam, who had been kept under restraint for seven years. * * the Emperor,

His

release [with the provision

to Prince

Muhammad A'zam

made for

While Prince Shah 'idam was had shown great favour

verj'

annoying

in confinement, the

Emperor

him']

to Prince

Muhammad A'zam

was restored

to full liberty,

Shdh, who

But now that

considered himself to be the heir apparent. elder Prince

was

and his partisans.

and

the

to a greater share

Muhammad A'zam was much One day the King took the hand of Prince Shah 'Alam, and placed him on his right hand. * * Then he took the hand of Prince Muhammad A'zam, and made signs for him to sit down on his left. This greatly annoyed Prince Muof attention than before, Prince

aggrieved. * *

hammad A'zam, and a

time Prince

Shah

'itiara,

an open quarrel was imminent. * * After

Muhammad Mu'azzam, who had

was honoured with the

title

been entitled

Bahadur Shah, and

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. was Bent to

was ordered with

and

to

punish the rebels in

Soon afterwards Prince

Muhammad A'zam

settle the aflfairs of j^gra,

that quarter. * *

359

his sons to Kabul,

and Prince Mu'izzu-d din

to MultS,n.

Death of Santd G/iorpura,

The death

445.]

[p.

of Santd

at this time

was a great

for Aurangzeb. The exact particulars of known but I will relate what I have heard from men of credit who were with the army. Ghaziu-d din Khan Firoz Jang, who had been sent to chastise Santd and

piece of

good fortune

his death are not

;

other robbers, was four or five marches from Bijapur. * *

In-

was brought that Santd Ghorptira, with an army of

telligence

25,000 horse, was

at a distance of eight or nine kos. * *

Jang marched towards Bijapur, and when he was kos distant from the city his scouts brought

Firoz

eight or nine

him word that

was a quarrel between Santa and Dahina Jddti, both of

there

whom

were sendpatis, or generals, * * and they were constantly trying

Santd was very severe in the

to get the better of each other.

punishments he

inflicted

For a

on his followers.

he would cast a man under the

feet of

trifling offence

an elephant.

Many

of

the Mahratta chiefs had ill-blood against him, and they had conspired with

Dahind Jddu, by

Hanumant

get rid of him. instigation Jddti's officers

of

letters

and by messengers, to

Edi, a sarddr of distinction, at the

Dahind Jddu, made an attack

in

Santd's baggage, and several of the principal rdwats of his

went over to Hanumant.

Many

of his

men were

wounded, and he himself, being deprived of his power, hills

and

On

with

concert

army upon Santd. Dahind had also won over the great who were in company with Santa. Tljiey plundered

his

own mdwals,

receipt of orders

and

fled to the

* *

from Aurangzeb, Firoz Jang went

in

Dahina Jddu's army pursued him on the Santd's forces were entirely separated from him and

pursuit of Santd.

other side.

army

killed

KHAFr KHAN.

360

Ndgoji Manai,^ a Mahratta sarddr, had served for

dispersed.

some time in the Imperial army, but subsequently joined

own

Several years before,

under the

feet of

Santa had thrown a brother of Nagoji

an elephant, and

pursuit of Santa.

He

this

had produced a mortal

of his wife, he led a party in

Under the guidance

hatred.

his

This part of the country was his native land.

people.

reached a place where Santd, worn and

weary, and without attendants, was bathing in a stream.

He

He

then

approached him suddenly, and killed him unawares. cut off his head, and, placing

on his horse, and carried the bag

men

fell off,

it

in a bag, fastened

off to

Dahina Jadu.

behind him

it

On

the road

and was picked up by some runners and horse-

belonging to the -army of Firoz Jang,

The head was

of Santa.

who were

in pursuit

recognized, and was carried to Lutfu-

Khdn, commander of Firoz Jang's advanced guard.

llah

Aurangzeb, who gave the bearer of

was

finally sent to

title

of Khush-khabar Khan.

and the head was ordered the

it

army and

The drums

it

the

of joy were beaten,

with ignominy before

to be exposed

Dakhin.

in several places of the

'Ahdu-r

* * It

Razzdk

Ldri.

'Abdu-r Razzak Lari, from the day of entering the

[p. 448.]

royal service, had sought for an excuse for going to his native country. * *

summoned relieved

The

He

was now deprived oi the faiijddri of

to Court.

He

E.4hiri,

did not go, but wrote desiring to be

from his mansab, and to be allowed to go

leave was given, * * but every

him, and

to

avert

and

him from

his

means was taken

design.

to

Mecca.

to satisfy

But he would not

consent, so he received written leave to depart with his family

and property, and with marks of favour.

accompany him, but remained

His three sons did not

at Court.

' The text has Nakon^ Miyin, Nakom& name has been adopted.

Min£i, etc.

Grant Duff's version of the

MUNTAKHABtJ-L LUBAB.

Fortieth Year of the Eeign, 1107

Ram [Text, vol. left

ii.

Raja.

p. 450.]

a.h. (1695-6- a.d.).

Prince Akbar,

R4m

361

Flood.

Raja, brother of Sambh4, having

the fort of Jat, in the district of E.djgarh, went to Jinjl and

other strong places.

He

then proceeded to the

where he remained seven months.

murder of Santa, he sent

for

When

fort of Sattdra,

he was informed of the

Dahin4 Jadu,

him

to consult with

about getting together an army, and recommencing the war. Prince

Husain

army

of an

Hke

Muhammad

Akbar,

after

the

accession

Sultan

of

to the throne of Persia, repeatedly asked for the help to reinstate

him

in

Hindustan.

his predecessor, excused himself. *

*

The new Shah,

The Prince then com-

plained that the climate of Isfahan did not agree with him, and

The

asked permission to reside for a while in Garmsir.

request

was granted, and assignments were made of the revenues of that province for his support.

So the Prince proceeded

thither, with

an appointed escort of 10,000 kazilbdshes.

In the month of Muharram of

this year the river Bhanra,*

near which the royal camp was pitched, rose to a great height,

The amirs had The waters began to overflow at midthe world was asleep. * * The floods carried ofl"

and overflowed, causing enormous destruction. built

many

houses there.

when

night,

all

about ten or twelve thousand men, with the establishments of the King, and the princes and the amirs, horses, bullocks and cattle in countless

numbers, tents and furniture beyond

all

count.

Numberless houses were destroyed, and some were so completely carried

on

all

away

them was The King wrote out

that not a trace of

the army. * *

left.

Great fear

prayers with his

fell

own

hand, and ordered them to be thrown into the water, for the

purpose of causing ^

The Bhlma.

" Bhanbara."

it

to subside. * *

The name

is

written here " Bhanra," but the Index makes it was " BhUnr^" {supra, p. 54).

In the Bddshdh-ndma

it

KHAFr KHAN.

362

YeAE

FORTY-FIEST

\_Attempt to

OF THE ReIGN, 1108 AJI. (1696-7

murder Sidi Yakut Ehdn of Jazira.]

YeAE

FOETY-SECOND

A.D.).

OF THE ReIGN, 1109 A.H. (1697-8

A.D.).

The Mahrattas. [Text, vol.

Earn Eaja,

ii.

with,

to

and attacked and burnt several

he heard that Husain 'All

Thalir,'^

Khan was

to the

villages.

approaching from

he suspended his operations against Nandurbar, and went

Husain Kh4n had only seven or eight hundred

meet him.

horse and two archers

other officers of

an army of eight thousand horse, came

district of ITandurbdr,

When

Niba Sindhia and

457.]

p.

three

or

thousand provincial musketeers and

but he went forth to meet the enemy.

;

They

en-

countered each other at two hos from the town of Thalir, and a fierce

action

enabled

him

of whose

ensued.

*

to surround

men were

*

The number of Sindhia''s forces 'All Khan, about three hundred The day went against Husain 'Ali,

Husain

killed.

and he had received two or three wounds. he threw himself from his elephant for fighting, so

;

Dripping with blood,

but he had no strength

he was surrounded and made prisoner.

left

All his

baggage, his men, and elephants were captured.

In addition to the cash and property which they had got by plunder, the

enemy

fixed two lacs of rupees as the price of the

ransom of the prisoners. After much exertion, nearly one

lac

and

80,000 rupees was raised from ihejagirs, and from the property

which had been

left

balance, the sarrdfs to raise a

in the

town of Thalir.

To make up

and merchants of Nandurb4r were importuned

sum, small or great, by way of loan.

not consent.

The

the

inhabitants of the town of

But they would Nandurbar had

not paid the chauth to the Mahrattas, and being supported by the faujddr, they had closed their gates, which greatly annoyed the

enemy (Mahrattas). Husain 'All Khan 1

also

was greatly incensed

" T&lner," east of Nandurb&r.

MUNTAKHABU-L by

363

so

he took counsel with the enemy,

after a siege of a

day or two, and some exhibition

him ;

their refusal to assist

and agreed that

LtTBAB.

of force, he would open the gates to them.

He made it

a condition

that the raiyats should not be plundered, but that the great and

wealthy men, the sarrdfs, the merchants, and the muhaddams,

might be put to the rack and tortured ransom due

sum

that a

until the balance of the

Mahrattas was discharged.

to the

The

result

was

of one lac and forty thousand rupees was paid to

the Mahrattas instead of eighty thousand, and that Husain 'All

Khdn

When

himself realized nearly thirty thousand rupees.

(the result of the action)

was reported

Aurangzeb, he was very

to

angry, and said that there was no use in fighting when too weak to win.

Forty-third Year of the Reign, 1110

Campaign against [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

the Mahrattas.

459.]

The daring

a.h.

(1698-9

a.d.).

Siege of Sattdra.

inroads of the Mahrattas

brought Aurangzeb to the resolution of waging a holy war against them, and of reducing the fortresses which were their

homes and

defences.

His camp had now remained at Islampiiri

four years, and fine mansions and houses had been built there, so

that a

new

city

had sprung up, and men thought they would

never move far away.

Orders were given for throwing up earth-

works round the

and the

place,

officers

and men worked so well

that in fifteen or twenty days a defence was raised which might

have occupied six or seven months. Zinatu-n Nissa,

mother of

sister of

Muhammad Kam

royal household, were

Mulk Asad Khdn. officers

behind.

Prince

left

Bakhsh, with other

Shdh, and

ladies of the

there under the charge of Jamdatu-1

Orders were also given that

should leave their wives

The

The Nawab Kudsiya

Muhammad A'zam

and

families

all

and

amirs and property

people belonging to the royal establishments were

also to remain.

Strict orders

were also given that no ahadi

should take his wife or children with him,

Great stress was laid

KHAFr KHAN.

364 upon

this order,

but in the marches and campaigns of Hindustan

such orders could not be enforced without resorting to such

punishments as the Princes of the House of Timur held to be

So the order was not

inconsistent with their sense of justice.

obeyed as

it

On

have been.

ought to

awwal the army marched towards the in

twenty days

Prince

it

Muhammad

5th Jumada-1

the

and

fort of Basant-garh,^

There

arrived at Murtaza-abad, or Mirich.

A'zara Shah came, in obedience to summons,

from Bir-g4nw.

Ram

Eaja, brother of the deceased Sambha, had, under the

pressure of the royal armies, abandoned his fortresses and

taking refuge in the hills and places of

difficult

he heard of the royal design upon the

fled,

When

access.

he went

fortresses,

Zaminddr of Deogarh, co>intry,

tance, title

had

fled to the

consequence of disturbances in his

in

and the superior

off

The

towards Birar, ravaging the towns and inhabited places.

force of those

who

disputed the inheri-

Court of Aurangzeb, and had received the

Upon

Musulman.

of Buland-bakht upon his becoming a

hearing of the death of his competitor, he hastened back to

Deogarh without

leave,

and opposed the

appointed to collect the tribute.

plundering the country. should be

He now

Khan

who were

Ram

His Majesty ordered that

changed to Nigun-bakht, and that

Bakht should march against him with a Ruhu-llah

officers

joined

Rdja

his

in

name

Prince Beddr

suitable force. * *

Bakhshi, with Hamidu-d din Kh4n, were sent

plunder the environs of the forts of Parndla and Sattara.

to

When the

the royal

army came near

commander of

artillery,

to

Basant-garh, Tarbiyat Khan,

was ordered

ing the place and throwing up

lines.

to take steps for invest-

* *

The word was given

for

an assault, but the besieged were frightened and surrendered.

Aurangzeb gave

to the place the

name

Kilid-i futkh.

Key

of

Yictory.

At the end Sattara, '

of Jumada-s sdni the royal

army

arrived opposite

and the camp was pitched at the distance of a

Between the Kistn^ and Koeena, about thirty miles south

A'os

of SattSia.

and

— MUNTAKHABU-L LVBKB. a half. side,

Muhammad A'zam Sh^h encamped

Prince

and the amirs and

lines,

the garrison rolled

They

all

both sides a heavy

down

;

the

fire

was kept up, * * and

great stones, which came bounding

and crushed many men and animals. arrival of corn

vied with each other in

digging mines, and in carrying on other siege

On

operations. * *

on another

were posted according to the

oflScers

judgment of Tarbiyat Khdn. throwing up

365

The

down

rain obstructed the

enemy were very daring

in attacking the

convoys, and the country for twenty Jws round the fortress had

been burnt, so that grain and hay became very scarce and dear.

A battery twenty-four yards the

of

carried to the foot of the

high was thrown up in face

(dar'a)

and on the Prince's

hill,

hill.

side also the batteries were

A

hundred and sixty thousand

rupees were paid for the services of the troops and mdwalis of

who

that country,

are very efficient in sieges. * * Matters went

hard with the garrison, and the chance of

musket was no longer in their power * roll down stones from the walls. *

;

firing a

gun or a

they could do was to

all

Stone-masons were employed by the besiegers to cut two vaults in the side of the rock four yards long

which

and ten yards broad,

were to be used as stations for sentinels.

But when they

were found not to answer for this purpose, they were powder. * *

month

On

of the garrison were

£^ir

and

fell

up,

fired.

A

At

The

besiegers,

that time the

portion of the rock above was blown

but instead of falling into the fortress, as was expected,

came down upon the heads of the besiegers destruction,

The

inside the fortress.

blown up and burnt.

on beholding this, pushed boldly forwards. second mine was

with

The rock and the

of the siege, one of these was fired.

wall above it were blown into the

Many

filled

the morning of the 6th Zi-1 ka'da, in the fourth

like

it

a mountain of

and several thousands ^ were buried under

it.

* *

garrison then set about repairing the walls, and they again

opened

fire

When

and rolled down the life-destroying stones.

Aurangzeb was informed of the '

"Nearly two thousand."

disaster,

Ma-dsir-i'Alamgiri.

and of the

— KHAFr KHAN.

366

despondency of his men, he mounted his horse, and went to the scene of action as

if in

He

search of death.

gave orders that the

bodies of the dead should be piled upon each other, and serve as shields against the arrows of calamity

;

made

then with the

ladder of resolution, and the scaling-ropes of boldness, the

When

should rush to the assault.

to

men

he perceived that his words

made no impression on the men, he was desirous to lead the way himself, accompanied by Muhammad A'zam Shah. But the Afterwards he addressed

nobles objected to this rash proposition.

his soldiers in encouraging words * * [and gave fresh orders for the conduct of the siegej.

An Hindu

and

sion),

their friends

The

killed all at once (in the explo-

were unable to seek and bring out their

had

entirely disfigured them,

was not possible to distinguish between Musulman and

it

among

all

which had been raised fire

The

flames of animosity burst forth

the gunners against the

So at night they secretly

fire

A great number of

occurred.

violence of the shock

Hindu, friend and stranger.

the

now

had been

infantry soldiers

bodies.

and

_

extraordinary incident

commander

set fire to the

at great

of the artillery.

defences (marhala),^

trouble and expense against

from above, in the hope and with the design that the

might reach the corpses of the slaughtered Hindus.

conflagration followed,

and

for the space of

bright lamp both for besiegers and besieged.

and Musulra4ns who were

alive in the huts

A great

a week served as a

A number of Hindus were unable to escape,

and were burnt, the living with the dead.

Death of Earn Raja. [Text, vol.

Eam Birar,

p. 468.]

was returning

way he '

ii.

The

news-writers

now

reported that

Raja, after meeting with some reverses in his raid upon to the hills of his

own

territory.

died, leaving three sons of tender years,

" "Which TTere constructed entirely of wood."

On

his

and two wives,

Ma-dsir-i 'JClamgirl, p. 419.

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. Soon afterwards

was announced that the eldest

it

of five years of age,

had died

made Tara Bdi, the

chief wife,

She was a clever

367

intelligent

The

of small-pox.

son, a

boy

chiefs

then

and mother of one son, regent.

woman, and had obtained a repu-

tation during her husband's lifetime for her knowledge of civil

and military matters.

Tara Bal proceeded

to the hills of difficult

approach.

On

receiving this intelligence, the

Emperor ordered the drums

of rejoicing to be beaten, * * and the soldiers congratulated

each other, * * saying that another prime mover in the * *

was removed,

and that

it

would not be

difficult to

They thought

two young children and a helpless woman.

enemy weak, contemptible and helpless wife of

Eam

Edja was

called,

strife

overcome their

but Tara Bai, as the

;

showed great powers of com-

mand and government, and from day

to

day the war spread and

the power of the Mahrattas increased.

Surrender of Sattdra and Capture of Parli.

At

[Text, p. 470.J

Parsa

Ram

was

the death of

diwdn in revenue matters

Ram

for

decease, without consulting with the

came and made also,

Ram

his submission to

named

On

Raja.

commandant

Aurangzeb.

hearing of his of the fort, he

The commandant

being dismayed, sent a proposal of surrender upon terms.

the same time Sobhan, the

commander

R4ja added

to his perplexity.

mandant of

fort

through Prince

Parli,

were rejected.

if

He

of the fortress

and the

The death of

Ram

was at feud with the com-

and he sent a message to Aurangzeb,

Muhammad

honourable terms,

He

At

of Sattdra, was troubled

by the blowing up of the wall on one side burning of a great number of his men.

once,

Raja, a chief

in the fort of Parli,i acting in that country as

A'zam, offering to capitulate on

the proposal of the

was willing

to give

commandant of Parli

up the keys of Sattara

at

and would undertake to place Parli in Aurangzeb's hands '

Six mUea soiith-west pf ^aXtkca..

KHAFr KHAN.

368

unconditionally in a short time, witliout any promise of security.

On

the 16th Zi-1 ka'da he surrendered the keys, and more than

came out

three thousand persons, male and female,

upon promise

Great rejoicings followed.

of safety.

of the fort

Sobhan was

brought, bound hand and neck, to the foot of the throne

but

;

orders were given for the forgiveness of his offences, and for

He

loosening his bonds.

was appointed

to a

man'sab

of five

thousand and two thousand horse, and a horse, an elephant,

etc.,

were presented to him. After the surrender of Sattara, Aurangzeb marched against Parli, the

commandant of that

fort

having been diverted by

advisers from his intention of surrendering. fort

than Sattara, and

• *

On

it

the 10th Zi-1 hijja

many men were

assault, but in a short time the garrison

The

besiegers were greatly

is

a more lofty

state of preparation.

killed in

an attempted

was pressed very hard.

incommoded by the heavy

in this part of the country falls for five

interval

Parli

had been put into a

his

rain,

which

months without an hour's

by night or day, and by lack of

supplies, the convoys

by the enemy who swarmed around. * * The showed great daring in coming suddenly down the hill garrison being cut

ofi"

and attacking the besiegers; but the repeated attacks and the daring of Fathu-llah of capitulation after

the

a siege of

men

length prevailed, and a proposition

At

a month and a

The name

and of Parli

beginning of Muharram, the fortress was taken, and

means of

was changed

of Sattara

to

A'zam-

to Nauras-tara.

Aurangzeb then determined

afl^ected

the half,

of the garrison marched out with their families and their

old clothes. * * tara,

Khdn at

was made.

to

return, but there

was little and the bad climate * * had

carriage, for the rains

the animals, so that those that were alive were nothing

but skin and bone.

Some

of the baggage

and materiel was carried and some was burnt. * * On away, some was reaching the river Kistn4, there was great difiiculty in crossing left in

it.

* *

the

forts,

Some men attempted

to

swim

over, but nine out of ten

were drowned, * * and thousands remained behind and died.

MUNTAKHABTT-L LUBAB.

369

In the middle of Safar the army reached an obscure

which

fort,

and an order was

offered sufficient protection for a few days,

The rains, which had continued and the men of the army found a little

issued for a month's rest there.

now

so far,

ceased,

comfort.

Some

proceedings

Muhammad A'zam

of Prince

pleasing to His Majesty, and his division of the

bad state

so that,

;

were dis-

army was

in

a

although he had shown great diligence and

enterprise in the reduction of the fort of Parnala and other forts,

he was

sent, in order to appease the troops, to be Goverlior of

In the same way, several

the province of Ujjain.

army were

and

Bakht was

to other places in the vicinity.

Prince Bedar

directed to lay siege to the fort of Parnala, and Zu-l

Kh4n and

with the

the

sent to their jdgirs at ten or twelve days' distance,

to Bij^pur,

fikdr

officers of

Kh4n

Tarbiyat

received orders to follow

him

artillery.

As many men had

been lost in the reduction of the fortresses,

were sent to the Siihaddrs of Burhanpiir, Bijipur,

strict orders

Haidarab4d, Ahmadabdd, and other provinces far and near, to

a thousand men,

raise (each)

months' pay

six

them

the royal camp.

to

men

giving his

rest,

well horsed,

of the

out

State

to

revenues,

Aurangzeb, with the intention of

awwal the royal camp was pitched

But here

also the

army was

At

the end of

at that place,

abundance of provisions soon restored the * *

and to send

went to Khawaspur,i a place well supplied

with grass and hay, and fruit- trees and water. Eabi'u-l

advance them

spirits of

and the

the army.

The camp

to suffer hardship.

was pitched by the side of a nala containing only a

little

water,

and, as the rainy season was over, there was no expectation of

a heavy

fall

of rain.

But

rain

which

and distant places sent down a

fell

flood

out of season in the hills of water, which inun-

dated the camp, * * causing confusion and distress which defy description.

The

fort '

VOL.

"

On

TII.

of

Parnala had been (formerly) taken by Prince

the banks of the

Mkn river."—Grant

Duff, toI.

i.

p. 395.

24

—

KHAFr KHAN.

370

Muhammad

A'zam, and had remained

But

royal possession.

enemy regained

some time

in the

year of the reign the

* *

On

the 10th Shawwal the

fort

connected with Parnala.

possession of

it.

army reached Pun-garh, a

(royal)

for

in the thirty-fifth

FOETT-FOUETH YeAR OF THE ReIGN, 1111

A.H.

(1699-1700

A.D.).

[Siege of Parnala J\

rOKTT-FIFTH Teak of the E.EIGN, 1112 A.H. (1700-1

A.D.).

Sieges of Forts. [Text, vol.

ii.

p.

The

489.]

siege (of

Pamdla) had endured

for

two months, and repeated attempts had heen made to carry the escalade. * *

by

place

pressed, the

At

length,

when the

commandant surrendered the

garrison was hard

fort,

having secretly

sum of money from Prince Muhammad Kam Bakhsh and Tarbiyat Khan, with whom he had been in correspondence. received a

At

the end of Zl-1 hijja the keys were given up, and both the

forts

were evacuated.

The

array was about to march,

it

was determined

to

when a

march towards Kahdwan, where there was

plenty of grass and grain.

Fathu-llah

Khan was

force to chastise the plundering Mahrattas,

*

forts. *

He

killed

violent storm came

In the beginning of Muharram, 1113,

on [and did great damage].

many

of the

and

to

enemy near the

sent with a

subdue

their

four forts in

that neighbourhood, * * and, on hearing of his approach, the

enemy abandoned the was sent

along with

fort of Paras-garh.^

Fathu-llah

Khan

Bahramand Khdn against the fort of

Chandan-mandan,^ * * and by the middle of Jumada-1 awwal

all

the four forts were subdued.

On

the

16th Jumdda-l 4khir the royal army moved from

P4nch-g4nw,

to effect the conquest of the fort of Khelna.^

'

Also called Sidik-garh.

'

Chandan and 'Waudan

'

See supra,

'^.

278.

Index

to the Text.

are sister forts a little north of Sattira.

The

MTTNTAKHABTJ-L LUBXB. of the road were

difficulties

great.

Prince Beddr Bakht was ordered to (as-

*

*

Amba-ghdt,i at a

days' march, took twelve days to reach. * *

distance of two

Darak

371

Parn^a was now

back on Bani Shah

fall

called), to

punish the enemy,

were closing the roads in that direction, * * and to prevent being thrown into Khelna from that

supplies

hammad Amin Kh^n was to cut off

any

(juarter.

likewise ordered to the

supplies intended for the

fort,

zeal in these duties

and was

;

any

Mu-

Amb4-ghdt,

and to succour the

convoys of Banjdrm bearing grain for the royal army.

showed no Jack of

who

He

so active in

ravaging and burning the inhabited places, in killing and making prisoners the people,

and

in seizing

name

that any sign of cultivation, or the

was not

The

and carrying

off

the cattle,

or trace of a Mahratta,

to be found. * *

siege

works were pushed on until a mine was carried near

to the gate.

In the raising of the earthworks,^ camel saddles

and baskets innumerable were used, heads of

litter,

advanced so

men and

feet of

far that the garrison

Forty-sixth [Text, vol.

full of

earth and rubbish and

quadrupeds

Yeak of the Eeign, 1113 ii.

p. 499.]

;

and these were

were intimidated.

Fathu-llah

a.h. (1701-2 a.d.).

Khan Bahadur showed

extraordinary zeal and bravery in pushing forward the siege

works

Edm,

and never rested from his labours. * * Paras

(of Khelna),

the

commandant

of the fort, being

much

discouraged, held

communications with Prince Bedar Bakht as to his personal safety,

and the acceptance of his proposals.

were not acceded

to.

Ruhu-llah Khdn,

etc.,

But

his

into the fort to arrange terms, but without result.

according to sent

him

demands

went several times

At

length,

rumour, the Prince and some of the amirs

common sum

secretly a

of money, and a promise of security for

himself and family, on condition of his surrendering. '

In the Ghlts just below Lat. 17.

2

damdama,

lit.

" batteries."

So, a,fter

372

EHJlCFr

six months' siege,

on

tli«

19th Muharram, 1113 (16 June, 1701),

the flags of the Prince and of

Ram,

the fortress by Paras stipulated that no

He

flag.

man

KHAN.

Ruhu-Uah Khan were

hoisted over

who had army should go in with the and through shame he and

the commandant, himself,

of the royal

solicited a night's grace,

went out during the darkness of the night, with

his family

property they could Carry.

remained in the that no one of

A

large

number of the

all

the

garrison

but the Emperor in his mercy ordered

fort,

them should be molested

departed to their native wilds. * *

so they

;

The name

came out and

of .the fort was

altered to Sakhkharalana.

The clemency and long

suffering

and care of the Emperor

were such that, when he ascertained that several fortresses had been long and vigorously besieged by the forces appointed to the duty, and that the garrisons were in difficulty, he paid sums of

money

to the

sion.

It

commandants, and so got the

often

money, neither more nor

The heavy

rains,

forts into his posses-

happened also that he gave the same sum of less, to

the officer conducting the siege.

and the overflow of the

rivers

and streams, had

induced Aurangzeb to defer his march until the end of the rainy

But he was moved by the

season.

of some of his amirs,

who pined

irresolution

for ease,

and the advice

and complained of the

dearness of grain and the insalubrity of the climate, and by the

grumbling of the inexperienced and hard-tried the end of culties,

of one

Muharram he marched

soldiers.

for Bir-ganw.^

So

at

\_Crreat diffi-

losses from rains and floods.] In the course month and seventeen days the fourteen kos between the

dangers and

forts of

Khelna and Parnala were

Eabi'u-1 awwal the

traversed,

camp was pitched under the

and on the 12th latter.

[Further

hardships of the march and great difficulty in crossing the Kistna.]

Seventeen days were occupied in the transit of the but Bahadur-gS,rh

1

was

halted for a month. * * Ss life

at length reached,

At

river, * * *

and there the army

the end of Eajab, though only half

remained in the bodies of the men, the army marched ^

See note, post, p. 383.

to

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. effect

On

the conquest of Kanddna.

fortress \_and the siege

373

the 16th

reached that

it

was at once begun].

Forty-seventh Year of the Rei&n, 1114

a.h. (1702-3 a.d.).

The Mahrattas^ [Text, vol.

gone on killed,

p.

ii.

for three

and the

510.]

After the siege (of Kanddna^) had

months and a

half,

and many men had been

directors of the siege were in difficulty, the fort^

was bought from the commandant

army then marched and remained

sum month

for a

for a

of at

money.

The

Puna, and the

neighbouring villages.^ * * In the middle of Rajab the army

marched against

E.4jgarh, the earliest fortress

the

army

sat

down

and

retreat of the

At the beginning of Sha'ban The circuit of the fort was

restless infidels of this country. * *

before the fort.

so great, twelve kos in measurement, that a complete investment sufficient to prevent the

* *

On

the 15th

Shawwal the royal

gate of the fortress, and to flight. * *

throwing in of supplies was impossible.

many

flag

was planted on the

first

of the garrison were slain or put

But Hainaji, the commander, kept up an

ineffec-

when he asked for terms. that the commander himself

tual resistance for twelve days longer,

They were conceded on should come to the

condition

first gate,

carry the royal flag into the

and evacuate the place on the next day. * * Next dav

fortress,

the garrison marched out with their families, and

all

the property

they could carry. * * The fort received the name of Bani-Shahgarh.

When

E,4m Raja

died, Jeaving only

widows and

infants,

men

thought that the power of the Mahrattas over the Dakhin was at

an end.

But Tdra Bdi, the

elder wife,

made her son

of three

years old successor to his father, and took the reins of govern^

Now Singarh,

^

" The

'

Prince Muhfu-l Mulk, sou of Prince

eight miles south of Piina.

name Bakhshinda-hakhsh was given

Puna was changed

to

Muhf&b&d.

Eto

to it" {see post, p. 382).

Bakhsh, died here,

so

the

name of

KHAFr KHAN.

374

ment

She took vigorous measures

into her o-wn hands.

for

ravaging the Imperial territory, and sent armies to plunder the six siihas of the

Dakhin

as far as Sironj, Mandisor,

and the suha

and

for all the

struggles and schemes, the campaigns and sieges of

Aurangzeb

She won the hearts of her

of Malw4.

up

to the

end of his reign, the power of the Mahrattas increased

By

day by day.

hard fighting, by the expenditure of the vast

by ShahJahan, and by the

treasures accumulated

many

officers,

sacrifice of

thousands of men, he had penetrated into their wretched

country, had subdued their lofty forts, and had driven

from house and home creased,

;

them

the daring of the Mahrattas in-

still

and they penetrated into the old

territories

of the

Imperial throne, plundering and destroying wherever they went.

In imitation of the Emperor, who with his army and enterprising amirs was staying in those distant mountains, the commanders of

Tara Bdi

trated,

cast the anchor of

permanence wherever they pene-

and having appointed kamdish-ddrs (revenue

they passed the years and months to their their wives

beyond

all

and

children, tents

bounds.

Their daring went

and elephants.

They divided

among themselves, and following

all

collectors),

satisfaction, with

the districts {parganas)

the practice of the Imperial rule,

they appointed their subaddrs (provincial governors), kamdishddrs (revenue collectors), and rdhddrs (toll-collectors).

Their principal subaddr

is

commander

of the

army.

When-

ever he hears of a large caravan, he takes six or seven thousand

horse and goes to plunder

where

it.

to collect the chauth,

He

appoints kamdish-ddrs every-

and whenever, from the

the zaminddrs and faujddrs, the kamdish-ddr chauth, he hastens to support him,

towns.

And

is

resistance of

unable to levy the

and besieges and destroys

his

the rdhddr of these evil-doers takes from small

parties of merchants,

who

are anxious to obtain security from

plunder, a toll upon every cart and bullock, three or four times greater than the

ment.

amount imposed by the faujddrs of the govern-

This excess he shares with the corrupt jdgirddrs and

faujddrs, and then leaves the road open. In every suba (province)

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. he builds one or two

375

he makes his strongholds, and

forts, whicli

or head

The muJcaddams,

ravages the country round.

men

of

the villages, with the countenance and co-operation of the infidel siibaddrs,

have

built forts,

and with the aid and assistance of the

Mahrattas they make terms with the royal

payment of

oflBcers

as

to

the

They attack and destroy the country Ahmaddbad and the districts of Mdlwa,

their revenues.

as far as the borders of

and spread their devastations through the provinces of the

Dakhin

They

to the environs of TIjjain.

upon and plunder

fall

large caravans within ten or twelve hos of the Imperial camp,

have even had the hardihood

would be a troublesome and their misdeeds

but

;

it

useless task to

must

commit

suffice to record

eflfect

A force

It

to writing all

some few of the

events which occurred in those days of sieges, which, after

had no

and

to attack the royal treasure.

all,

in suppressing the daring of the Mahrattas.

of the enemy, numbering fifteen or sixteen thousand

horse, proceeded towards the port of Surat, and, after ravaging

several districts, they went to cross the Nerbadda, which runs

Ahmadabad and Surat. The Imperial officers in charge of Ahmadabdd took counsel together, and sent a suitable force against them, under Muhammad Beg Khan, and * * ten or twelve

between

sarddrs, with thirteen or fourteen thousand horse,

eight thousand trained kolis of that country.

Nerbadda,

and encamped upon

bank.

its

and seven or

They crossed the Next morning the

Mahratta army approached within seven or eight

kos.

Two

or

three well-mounted light horsemen appeared on one side, and the

Ahmadabdd army made ready

to receive them.

After a

conflict,

the infidels took flight, and were pursued by the Imperial officers for

two or three

kos,

who captured

several mares, spears,

and

umbrellas, and returned rejoicing.

The men to flight,

their

of the army, delighted at having put the

enemy

had ungirded themselves and taken the saddles from

horses.

Some went to when a

in cooking or eating,

thousand of the

enemy's

sleep,

and some were engaged

picked force of seven or eight

horse

came suddenly upon them

KHArr KHXN.

376

These men had been concealed among the trees

like a flood.

and rocks near the

The

an opportunity.

for

wits,

untried

made

watch

lost their

their horses or girding

They had no experienced officers among them, Dakhinis made their attack, a panic fell upon

and when the

On

the army.

spies to

men of Ahmaddbdd

and found no means of saddling

on their arms.

sea

and had sent out their

river,

one side was the

unfordable,

river,

which the tide from the

and on the other the advancing

tide of

the enemy.

Many men

many threw

themselves into the water, and were drowned. * *

were killed and wounded, and a great

The enemy effected a complete overthrow of the Imperial army. Dahina Jadu, according to the general report of the sarddrs, was a man of the highest peace.

influence.

His proposal was that conciliatory

addressed to

all

proposed terms of letters

vicinity of the royal camp,

When

they had arrived in the

Edja Sahti (son of Sambhaji) was

to be placed in charge of Prince

Muhammad Kam

be sent some four or five kos from the camp,

to

should be

the principal officers of the Eani, inviting them

wait upon Aurangzeb.

to

He now

Mahratta sarddrs might have an interview with him

Bakhsh, and so that the

With

first.

the approval of Rdja Sdhu, the chiefs were then to pay their respects to Prince to the royal camp,

Kdm

Bakhsh, and

to return in his

admission into the royal service.

Orders were accordingly given

for the sending nearly seventy letters to various

But, after felt

all,

custody

where they were to receive the honour of

Mahratta

the plan did not please Aurangzeb,

chiefs.

who prudently

misgivings as to the craftiness of the Mahrattas, and was

apprehensive that

if

they assembled forty or

fifty

thousand

horse near the royal camp, they might by this pretence carry

Eaja Sahu and Prince Kara Bakhsh

off

to their hills of difficult

access.

Sultan Husain was summoned to Court

;

* * but his visit was

countermanded, and he was ordered to go and lay siege to the fort of

Torna.

MUNTAKHABir-L LUBAB.

377

Forty-eighth Year of the Reign, 1115

a.h. (1703-4 a.d.).

[Text, vol. ii. p. After the reduction of the fort of 521.J Edjgarh, the royal army rested for a few days, and at the end of

Shaww^l

it

*

*

Rdjgarh.

by

assault,

moved

On

to the fort of Torna, four Iws distant

the

13th Zi-1 ka'da this

fort

from

was taken

not like the other forts by negociations with the

commandants and promises of material advancement. * *

Siege of Wdkinkera. [p.

Pem

524. J

Ndik, a zaminddr of low

the tribe of Bedar, which

is

origin, belonging to

the Hindi for "fearless," sprang

from the caste of Dhers,. the most impure caste of the Dakhin.

He

was noted

for his turbulent habits.

At

the time of the war

with Haidardbad, he sent his forces to the aid of Abti-l Hasan,

and Pddshdh Khdnzada Khan, son of Euhu-llah Khan, was sent to subdue his fort of Sagar,^

He

retreats.

and

to occupy his fastnesses

and

submitted to the royal array, and came to wait on

the Emperor, but soon hastened back to his home.

Pem Naik had

named ParyA Naik.^ second year of the reign, when Ruhu-llah Khan to reduce Raichor, and when the royal court was a nephew

before the BijApur affair, this

Parya

JSTaik,

In the thirtysenior at

was sent

Ahmaddbad,

having seen the great

power of Aurangzeb, came to his Court, and received a mansdb. Riihu-llah thought he might be of service at RAichor, and took

him

there.

There the good-for-nothing knave took part

and rendered good

fighting,

service.

in the

After the reduction of

Raichor,^ he asked leave to go to Wakinkera,^ his ancestral abode,

promising to levy with a proper

Upon 1

all his

powers there, and to present himself

army wherever he was summoned.

receiving permission, he went to Wdkinkera, which

EMchor

lies

between the Estn^ and Tumbliadra.

is

Sagar and "Wikinkera are

north-west of R&iehor between the Kistn4 and the Bhima, Sagar being fifteen miles north-east of W&kintera. ^

The Ma-asir-i 'Alamgiri

gives as the

names

Pam N&ik

and Pidiyi N&ik.

;

KHAFr KHAN.

378

a village on the top of a

The

Sagar.

place

name

signifies

famed

for

is

hill,

and one of the dependencies of

many

inhabited by

"black-faced infantry," in

their skill

^

Barkanddzes, which

and these people are

archery and missiles.

After

Sagar

had been taken from the hands of Pern Naik, the worthless

Parya Nalk, by family and

craft

and

made

wiles,

Having taken up

children.

it

the

abode of his

his residence at

Wakin-

kera, he showed no signs of moving, but set about strengthen-

ing and adding to the defences, and laying in warlike stores.

Favoured by fortune, he in time

collected nearly fourteen or

He made

thousand infantry of vigour and audacity.

fifteen

his hill a strong fortress, and, collecting in a short time four

or five thousand horse, he ravaged flourishing places far

and

Whenever an army was

sent

and plundered caravans.

near,

against him, the strong force which he had collected around him,

the

of his retreat, the influence of

strength

bribery, a practice

money

spent in

which he well understood, his knowledge of

darhdr proceedings, and his own audacity, carried him through

and bags of money and a variety of presents covered In his letters he made

crepancies in his statements. artful excuses,

of zaminddrs

all

dis-

all sorts

of

and represented himself as one of the most obedient

and punctual of revenue-payers.

Every month and

year he exerted himself in increasing his buildings, strengthening his towe5:s and walls, in gathering forces,

great

and

fort of

small.

At

last his place

Wakinkera, and he became a

and acquiring guns,

became well known as the fast ally of the

Mahrattas,

the disturbers of the Dakhin.

Jagna, son of Pern Ndik, who was the heir to his property,^

came

to

Court, was honoured with a

sanad for the zaminddri. as

agree in this reading.

its

mamab, and

rightful heir.

The Ma-dsir-i 'A'lamgiri

calls

He

received a

went thither

them " Edlah piydda

handulcehi" (p. 376), and they occur frequently. 2 " Pary^ Naik eipeUed Jikiy^, son of Pern NSik, from the lands he had inherited."

—Ma-dsir-i 'A'lamgiri,

vol.

ii.

p. 492.

.

MUNTAKHABU-L with an army, but could not get suffered a

defeat.

Prince

Paryd

sent to punish

and

379

after

some fighting he

Muhammad A'zam

Ndils,

outskirts of his territory.

in,

LTTBAB.

and

But he

He

went to wait upon the Prince.

was afterwards

the royal forces

ravaged the

seized his opportunity,

and

expressed his humility and

repentance, and with subtle artifice promised a tribute of seven lacs

of rupees to the Emperor, and to

to the Prince. officials.

make

a present of two lacs

Besides these, he dispensed gratifications to the

By these means

he rescued himself from the clutches of

the royal anger.

As soon in his old

as the Prince

than before.

army

had returned

way, and fanned the

fires

to

Firoz Jang was afterwards

to repress him,

resumed his old

Court,

of rebellion

sent

he went on

more violently with a large

and pressed him very hard.

artifices,

But he

sent deceptive and alluring messages,

and by a promise of obedience and nine hcs of rupees as he saved his

life

and honour.

against Puna, and lay

When

encamped

the royal

for seven

tribute,

army marched

months and a half

near Junir, two or three unimportant forts were taken.

Every

day fresh news was brought of the insolence and turbulence of

Parya Naik, and in

in consequence

Aurangzeb resolved

to

march

person against Wakinkera.

Forty-ninth Year of the Reign, 1116 a.h. (1704-5

a.d.).

Siege of Wakinkera. [Text, vol.

ii.

p. 527.]

At

the beginning of the forty-ninth

year of the reign, Aurangzeb moved with his army towards

Wakinkera. * * At the end of Shawwal he reached the vicinity of the fort. his officers

His tent was pitched about a kos from the fort, and were ordered to commence operations. Pary& Ndlk

had strengthened

He

his defences

and

called in his scattered forces.

applied to Tara Bai for assistance, and had collected several

thousand horsemen of all classes, especially Musulmdns of bad character. The " black-faced infantry " with rage and clamour.

KHAFr KHAN.

380

and the

artillery

with a shower of fire, boldly resisted the advance

of the Imperial forces.

Cannon-balls from large and small guns

were accompanied by thousands of blazing rockets, which rained

A

night and day, and allowed not a moment's rest.

numbers were

struggle was commenced, and large

fierce

on both

killed

sides. * *

The

reduction of the fort was nearly accomplished, and the

valour of the brave besiegers was about to reap

reward.

its

The approaching fall of the fort was on every one's tongue, when intelligence came in that a large army of Mahrattas was approaching to succour the place. Next day Dahina Jadu and Hindu Rao, with two or three sarddrs, whose wives and families

were in Wakinkera, approached with eight or nine thouDahind, Jadu

sand horse and an innumerable force of infantry.

had been occupied

for a short time in ravaging the country

opposing the royal forces.

and

His present object was to get

his

wives and children and property out of Wdkinkera, which he

had deemed the

safest of all the forts,

On

render assistance to the garrison.

and

at the

same time

to

one side his strong force

pressed severely on the royal army.

At

this juncture,

besiegers, one side,

the

when misfortunes poured

like hail

body drew the royal generals into a

conflict

on one

while on another two or three thousand horse dashed up to

fort,

mounted the women on

swift mares,

and with the aid

of the infantry in the fort they succeeded in carrying * *

upon the

Parya Naik

sent

money and

them

off.

goods, food and drink, to the

Mahrattas, and settled allowances to their sarddrs^ to induce them to

remain and protract the

willing to get

money

siege.

easily,

The Mahrattas were

so they

quite

remained and harassed

Every day their army were killed, and

the besiegers by daily attacks on both sides. forces increased.

Many men

of the royal

a great panic spread amongst them.

[Private negociations.']

Slim Sankar, brother of Paryd Ndik, came out of the a hostage), presented his offering, and paid homage. ceived the honour of a robe, horse, jewels, and a

fort (as

He

re-

mamah, and

MTTNTAKHABTT-L LUBAB.

381

then asTced humbly forgiveness for his brother, and for a truce of

Muhtasham Khan then

a week.

He

formal possession as kildddr).

and messages were sent

to

entered the fortress {io take

was entertained that night,

him assuring him

would see him next day, and then under

When

proceed to pay homage. of the royal fort, in

army were beaten

he went into the joyfully. * *

N4ik intended

women and

The statement was

were precarious.

the drums

fort,

The people

in the

the old

ill

that the fever had

lives

maintained that Parya

still

On

with fever. increased,

IText day

and talking wildly.

it

was

and that he had gone out of the

had gone

The mother

to join the

the third

and that he was

fort,

delirious

and no one knew fort to kill himself,

Mahratta army.

of that crafty one artfully

made

great cries and

She sent a

lamentations, and pretended to be in great distress.

message to Aurangzeb, saying that when she was a for the disappearance of

little

consoled

her son, she would leave the fort

she hoped that her younger son.

was

it

he was quite

said that

whether he had cast himself down from the or whether he

men whose

to visit the kila'ddr, but towards night the excuse

was made that he was

insane,

would

order to satisfy the hildddr, busied themselves in sending

out their useless goods, their

stated

Parya NS,ik

that

his protection

Sum

;

but

Sankar, would receive in-

new zaminddr, and that he would be sent into the Muhtasham Khan, because he would be able to show the

vestiture as the fort to

kila'ddr the various places in

would then leave the children.

fort

which the treasure was buried.

Aurangzeb, not suspecting deception, allowed Siim

Sankar to go into the

army was allowed

fort.

to enter.

* *

Then no one from the Muhtasham Khan with some

persons were kept upder restraint in the to the

She

with her remaining property and

Emperor

fort,

and

it

became

and his associates that they had been

victims of deception

;

royal

other clear

made the

but the Emperor was patient, and acted

cautiously, as the circumstances of the case required.

was now brought that Zu-1 fikdr Khdn Nusrat Jang and others were approaching with the force under his comIntelligence

KHAFr KHAN.

382

mand, and the Emperor issued an order directing him to join soon as possible. * *

Khan

Zii-l fikdr

which the enemy drew their supplies of water felt

;

and the enemy now

the deprivation which the Imperial forces

The approaches were pushed forward

as

seized several wells from

to the

suffered. * *

had

fort,

and on the day

appointed for the assault the Emperor mounted his horse to take part therein, * * and took his position at a cannon-shot distance

from the

fort.

The enemy were overpowered, and some

*

*

positions were captured. * *

Being greatly

dispirited,

they placed

two or three thousand musketeers to hold one of the gates to the

They then took

last.

their wives

and children,

whatever they could carry, and after setting

and other buildings, they went out outlets

which had been prepared

at another gate,

for

way

to the

Mahratta army

The made

conflagration in the fort

the firing

and

temple

and by some

such an occasion, they made

the army.

their

their jewels,

fire to their

They then

in parties.

fled

with

and the cessation of

A

the besiegers aware of their flight.

party

men entered, and found only disabled and wounded persons who were unable to fly. On the 14th Muharram the Imperial forces took possession of the place. * * The name Wakinkera was changed to Eahman-bakhsh. The Imperial army then of

retired to pass the rainy season at

from the Kistna. * *

News

Deo-ganw, three or four kos

arrived that the fort of Bakhshinda-

bakhsh or Kandana had been

lost

through the carelessness of the

commander and the strategy of the Mahrattas. day H4midu-d din

Khan was Illness

The Emperor was his limbs,

sent to retake

On

the same

it.

of the Emperor.

seized with illness,

and had severe pains in

which caused grave apprehension.

But he

exerted

himselfj took his seat in the public hall,

and engaged in business,

thus giving consolation to the people.

But

he had fainting

fits

and

rumours spread abroad, and

camp were

his illness increased,

lost his senses, so that

in great distress.

for ten or

very alarming

twelve days the

But by the mercy

army and

of G-od he grew

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. and occasionally showed himself

better,

The army was

public hall. or

home

;

and

if

China

infidels.

root.^

to the people in the

in an enemy's country, without house

the sad calamity (of the Emperor's death) were

to happen, not one soul

and raging

383

would escape from that land of mountains

Under the

advice of his physician, he took

Three or four times a week he took medicine, and

every day he distributed charity.

After his recovery, he richly

rewarded his physician, and returned thanks to God.

In the

middle of Rajab, he commenced his march for Bahadur-garh,

Khkn behind

otherwise called Bir-gdnw,^ leaving Kalich dar.

as Suba-

Slowly, and with difficulty, he pursued his march, and

reached Bir-ganw at the end of Sha'bdn, and ordered a halt of forty days for giving rest to the

army during

the time of the fast.

Fiftieth Yeae of the Reign, 1117 a.h, (1705-6 Illness

[Text, vol.

ii.

p.

540.]

of the Emperor. After the conclusion of the fast of

Kamazan, the Emperor again turned

He

was brought of

his attention to business*

In the month of Zi-1

then proceeded to Ahmadnagar.

the intelligence

Zii-l fikar

Khan

the fort of Bakhshinda-bakhsh (Kandana).

A'zam Shah was

in the province of

heard of his father's stating as

illness,

a.d.).

he wrote

hijja

having reduced

Prince

Ahmadabad.

Muhammad When he

for leave to visit his father,

an excuse that the climate of Ahmadabdd was very

unfavourable to him.

This displeased the Emperor, who replied

that he had written a letter of exactly the same effect to his father

Shdh Jahdn when he was

ill,

and that he was

answer, that every air (hawd) was suitable to a

fumes {hawd) of ambition.

man

told in

except the

But the Prince wrote repeatedly

to

' Choh-i Chini, " Smilax China." * Bir-g^nw and Bah&dur-garh have not been found in the maps. A passage (Text, Tol. ii. p. 452) states that a woman was carried by a flood " from Bahidurgarh to Isl&mpdri (on the Bhima) in five or six watches," and another passage so perhaps the place was (p. 608) says Bah&dur-garh was nine kos from the KistnS. on the Man river, although that is more than nine kos from the KistnS.. The route of Aurangzeb from Khelna to Bah&dur-garh (Ma-dsir, p. 464) was Malkaptir, Pamela, Bar-g&nw fWar-ginw), the Kistn^, As'ad-nagar, Bah£idur-garh ; so he must have crossed the river near Mirich. ;

KHAFr KHAN.

384 the same

He

and was then appointed to the suha of Malw4.

effect,

did not, however, go to Ujjain, but wrote for leave to visit

A

his father.

made the month.

grudging permission was given, and the Prince

best of his way, so that he arrived at the end of the

The suba

Ahmadab^d, which was taken from him,

of

*

Muhammad Ibrdhim Khan. * When Prince Muhammad A'zam Sh4h

was given to

Court, hia confidence in his pride in the

dbdd,

army and

made him

reached his father's

own courage and

boldness, aiid his

had got together

treasure he

aspire to the royal state

and

at

Ahmad-

treasure.

He

thought nothing about his elder brother, but considered himself the chief in every way.

Muhammad Kam Bakhsh

Prince

he

looked upon as removed from rivalry by incompetence.

But he

had observed the altered temper of his

feelings

were not always in their natural

upon Prince

Muhammad

His

state.

'Azim,!

father,

who was

whose

first

thoughts

fell

at 'Azimabad, or

Patna, in Bihdr, where he had been some time Siibaddr, and had obtained a repute for amassing treasures. to

Therefore he wished

remove him by getting him recalled to Court; and by various

representations,

some

false,

some

true,

he so worked upon the

mind of the Emperor that orders were issued and the Prince proceeded

to wait

for his recall, * *

upon his grandfather.

Confirmation was received, through the Governor of Multan, of the death of Prince of which

Muhammad Akbar

had been current

FiFTT-FiEST

Year

for a

of the Ebign, 1118 a.h. (1706-7

Death of [Text, vol.

own won over

ii.

p.

547.]

courage, and of his

Kam

side

to his

other amirs.

He now

the

but although for 1

a.d.).

Emperor.

Prince A'zam Shah was proud of his army and soldiers. He had, moreover,

Jamdatu-1 Mulk Asad

Khdn and

several

sought a pretext for a quarrel with Prince

The Emperor

Bakhsh.

in G-armsir, the report

year past.

slightly

improved

in

some days he went into the public Or 'Azlmu-sh Shin, son of Mu'azzam.

health; hall

of

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

385

audience and the Court of Justice, he was very weak, and death

was clearly stamped upon his

Kkm

towards Prince

now

Prince A'zam's feelings

face.

Bakhsh, who was a poet and learned man,

displayed themselves in various slights and improper actions

whenever an opportunity

their youngest sons. as the bakhshi of

K&m

offered.

Kdm Bakhsh,

and to him he entrusted the Prince,

was a courageous and

and upon his appointment, the Emperor gave

faithful servant,

of

This bakhshi was Sultan

He

Hasan, otherwise called Mir Malang.

title

Hasan Khdn.

Hasan KhAn deemed

it

In faithful discharge of his duty,

necessary to place his ward under the

protection of special guards, in addition to his these accompanied the Prince

went

servants,

and

armed and accoutred whenever he

the Prince with great vigilance. of this to the

own

For some days and nights they watched over

Court.

to

to his

affection for

So the Emperor appointed a nohleman to act

with instructions to take care of him.

him the

Bakhsh was dear

happens that men have the greatest

father, for it often

Prince A'zam Shdh complained

Emperor, but got no answer.

He

then wrote to

Nawdb Zinatu-n Nissa Begam, his eldest sister, complaining of Hasan Kh4n, who had exceeded his powers.

the insolence of

He

added that there would be no

but that

it

difficulty in chastising

had been forbidden by the Emperor.

was shown to the Emperor, who wrote a

letter

This

him, letter

with his own

hand, saying that he had heard of the suspicions and appre-

Hasan Khan, and would therefore send Kam Bakhsh to some other place. Prince A'zam winced under the censure implied in the letter; but he knew that submission was

hensions shown by

his only resource,

his

and he

felt

great satisfaction at the removal of

younger brother.

The

foresight of the

Emperor

told

him

that his health was

failing,

and he saw that Prince (A'zam's) pretensions increased

daily.

He knew

that if two unchained lions were

after his decease there

disturbances also

among

would be divisions in the army, and great

the people.

worked upon him. VOL. VII.

together,

left

He

sent

His

affection for

Kdm

Kam

Bakhsh with

all

Bakhsh

the signs 25

KHKFT KHAN.

386 and honours of royalty

to BIjapur,

and the drums of the royal

The

naubat-khdna were ordered to play as he departed.

made Prince A'zam writhe

all this

sight of

like a poisonous serpent, but

In two or three days he also received

he could not say a word.

orders to proceed to Mcl,lw4 in charge of strict officers.

After the departure of the two Princes, the Emperor grew

much

worse, and fever increased.

But

for the next four or five

days, notwithstanding the severity of the disease, he attended carefully

Hdmidu-d

din

astrologers,

Kh4n

In

prayers.

the regular

to

presented a letter containing the advice of

recommending the giving away of an elephant and

of a valuable diamond in charity. in reply that the giving

away

To

that the

of an elephant

the Hindus and of star-worshippers

;

On

same

the

letter

Emperor wrote

was the practice

of

but he sent four thousand

rupees to the chief kdzi, for him to distribute serving.

of things

state

this

among

the de-

he wrote, saying, " Carry

this

creature of dust quickly to the first (burial) place,

and consign

him

said that he

to the earth without

any

useless coffin."

It

is

wrote a will dividing his kingdom among his sons, and entrusted it

to

Hamidu-d din Khan.

On

Friday, the 28th Zi-1 ka'da, in the

reign, corresponding with

fifty-first

year of the

1118 A.h. (Feb. 21, 1707

A.D.), after

performing morning prayers and repeating the creed, at about one watch of the day, the Emperor departed this

ninety years and some months old, aud had reigned

two months and a

half.

He

He

life.

fifty

was

years

was buried near Daulatabad by

the tombs of Shaikh Burhdnu-d din and other religious worthies,

and of Shdh Zari Zar-bakhsh, and some

districts of

Burhdnpur

were assigned for the maintenance of his tomb.

Of

all

the sovereigns of the House of

sovereigns of Dehli

— no

Timur

— nay, of

all

the

one, since Sikandar Lodi, has ever been

apparently so distinguished for devotion, austerity, and justice.

In

courage, long-suflFering, and sound judgment, he was unri-

valled.

But from reverence

did not

make use

for the injunctions of the

Law

he

of punishment, and without punishment the

MUNTAKHABtr-L LUBA'B.

387

administration of a country cannot be maintained.

had arisen among

his nobles through rivalry.

project that he formed

came

Although he

object.

not at

all

good

to little

which he undertook was long

;

and every enterprise and

execution,

in

Dissensions

So every plan and

of

failed

its

lived for ninety years, his five senses were

impaired, except his hearing, and that to only so slight

an extent that

humanity.

Shah 'Alam Badshah (Bahadur Shah),

of

Twelfth

in Descent

feom AmIb Timub.

Muhammad A'zam Skdh

Prince

[Text, vol.

often passed

and devotion, and he denied himself many

pleasures, naturally belonging to

Accession

He

was not perceptible to others.

it

his nights in vigils

ii.

Prince

566.]

p.

claims the Crown.

Muhammad A'zam

Shah,

having taken leave of his father, was proceeding to his governorship of

Mdlwd.

He

had

travelled about twenty kos from the

army, when one evening the intelligence of the Emperor's death

On

reached him.

the same day he

left his

baggage and equip-

ments, and with some of the chief nobles and an escort, he set off

with

all

speed for the army.

great tent.

On

arriving there, he entered the

All the nobles came forth to meet him, and to console

and sympathize with him, except Asad

who were attending inside.

to the business of

mourning and watching

After the burial was over, Jamdatu-1

and other nobles and spection was effects.

Khan and Hdmid Khan,

made of the amount

What

Mulk Asad Khan

An

in-

of treasure, jewels, artillery,

and

officers offered their condolences.

was capable of being removed was separated and

placed under the charge of vigilant

officers, to

provide the means

of carriage and the supplies necessary for a journey.

Hindi and

Persian astrologers fixed on the 10th Zi-1 hijjai as the day for ascending the throne.

Prince Beddr Bakht, 1

who had been

left

Ills Hijra, 6th March, 1707.

at

Ahmadabad

in

EHAIPr EHAN.

388

charge of his government, also

Khan

Ibrahim

arrived.

Siibadar

thought of coming, but an order was issued for his going to

He

was

directed not to be precipitate, but to await the arrival of the

new

the frontier of Malwa, there to await further orders.

The author

monarch.

company

work was

of this

at that time in the

Muhammad Murdd Khan, who was

of

and Sawdnih-nigdr of all the province of

Ahmadabad, and was

On

faujddr of the sarkdr of Thanesar and Kudra. hijja

Mur^d Khan

the 9th Zi-1

received a robe, on taking leave of Prince

Bedar Bakht, and went home. Ibrahim

Wdki- -nigdr

Khan Ndzim came

Just

then some servants of

When

summon him.

to

he waited

on Ibrahim Khan, and the latter became aware of his having received a robe from received

any

Bedar Bakht, he asked

intelligence

Murad Khan

the Prince was.

if

the Prince had

from his father, and in what condition

know

replied that he did not

of

any fresh news, and the Prince's health appeared to be as usual.

Ibrahim letter,

Khan

his vakil at

Murad Khan

then placed in the hands of

which he had received

at

Ahmadabad

a

on the 10th from

Ahmadnagar, informing him of the sad event which

had occurred, and

"

said,

You must

Prince with the letter and

offer

Murad Khan went home, changed upon the Prince.

He

very

this

moment go

to the

our condolence." his robe,

and went

to wait

found that the Prince was asleep

;

but

considering the pressing nature of his mission, he told the eunuch

on duty that he must awake the Prince as cautiously as he could.

As

soon as the Prince was aroused, he was told that

was anxious

to see him,

Prince had received information of the Emperor's

asked

if

Murad Khdn

Murad Khan

and had caused him to be awoke.

still

illness,

The

and he

wore the robe which had been pre-

sented to him, and the eunuch replied that he was dressed in a

The

fresh robe of white.

sent for his

Murad Khdn

hand the

letter

Prince's eyes filled with tears, and he

into a private room.

The Kh4n

placed in

which had arrived, and offered his own and

Ibrahim Khan's condolences.

Murad Kh4u, "You know

After that the Prince said to

full well that

the realm of Hindustan

—

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. will

now

fall into

the Emperor.

389

People did not know the value of

anarchy.

Heaven will direct matters as I and that the Empire will be given to my father." Ibrahim Khdn afterwards was in doubt as to what Prince's I only hope that

wish,

name was zuha,

and

before the

to be recited in the hhutha on the

was decided that

day of the 'I'du-z

and news of Aurangzeb's death was spread abroad, the

it

after the rising of the sun,

hhutha should be read in Aurangzeb's name in the ''Tdgdh.

Khan

Ibrdhini

ranged himself among the partisans of A'zam

Shdh, and he resolved that

if,

he

as

expected,

instructions

should conie for him to accompany Prince Bedar Bakht, he

would assemble his

forces

to Agra.

if

In

mistrustful^

fact,

and would hasten with the Prince

Muhammad A'zam Sh^h

and forbidden

helped Prince Beddr Bakht on father-in-law of

had not been

he (Ibrahim Khan) would have

it,

his

Mukhtar Khan,

way.^

He had

Beddr Bakht, was Siibaddr of Agra.

nine krors of rupees, besides ashrafis and presentation {riipiya-i gharth tolas in

nawdz), amounting to as

who had of the

as five

hundred

weight; and he had uncained gold and silver in the

Baki Kh^n,

shape of vessels.

treasure

much

money

the.

commander

of the fortress,

the treasure in his charge, designed to surrender the

and the keys of the

fortress to

kingdom should present himself

whichever of the heirs

(Ibrahim Khan's plan)

was the right and advisable course to pursue

;

but what

God had

ordained came to pass.

Prince [Text, vol.

Bakhsh.

ii.

After

p.

569.]

A

Kam

Bakhsk.

few words now about Prince

leaving his venerable father,

of Parenda, forty or fifty kos distant.

Kam

he went to the

fort

There he received the sad

' " The insinuations of envious people had turned the mind of A'zam Sha.h against BedSj Bakht, and a,farmdn was sent desiring him to go from Ahmadib&d to M&lwS., and to wait at XTjjain for further instructions. The same ill-feeling also prompted Tazkira-i Chaghatdi. the refusal of permission for him to go to Agra."

2

This

is

a somewhat doubtful sentence.

KSK¥I KHAN.

390

news of a

his

Eumber

fathers decease.

Muhammad Amin Kh4n,

with

A'zam Shah,

with-

of persons, went off to wait upon

out the leave or knowledge of

Kam Bakhsh.

army

contention arose in his

Great division and

in consequence of this defection.

Mir Sultdn Hasan, supported by the sympathy and good feeling of many who remained, exerted Ahsan Kh4n, otherwise

called

himself and set off with the intention of taking possession of

On

the fort of Bijapiir.

and

flattering

arriving near the place, he sent a kind

message to Niyaz Khan, the commandant, to

duce him to deliver up the fortress.

Niyaz Khan refused, and Intrenchments were

set about putting the fortifications in order.

Rumours

then throvm up opposite the gate.

Aurangzeb had been

of the death of

Kam

floating in the air before the arrival of

Bakhsh, and were now confirmed.

and through the exertions and

Khdn, the keys of the

fortress

Negociations were opened,

skilfiil

management

of

Ahsan

were given up by Saiyid Niyaz

Khdn, who waited on the Prince and made submission.

At

end of two months the city and environs were brought into a of order.

Ahsan Khan was made bakksM, and the

of wazir was given to

in-

Hakim Muhsin,

with the

title

the

state

portfoho

Takarrub

Khan. * * Other adherents were rewarded with jewels and titles.

in

The Prince then assumed the

the khutba under the

of

title

throne.

Faith), and coins also were issued with this

Prince

Kam

He

was mentioned

Bin-pandh (Asylum of the title.

Bakhsh then assembled some seven or

eight thou-

sand horse, and marched to subdue the fort of Wakinkera. After a

march

Niyaz Khan left his tent standing, and fled Muhammad A'zam Khan. On reaching Kulbarga,

or two, Saiyid

in the night to

the Prince took possession of the fort, and, on the recommendation of Ja'far,

Ahsan Khan,

placed

it

under the command of Saiyid

one of the Saiyids of Barha.

He

then marched on

Wakinkera, which,

since the death of Aurangzeb,

into the hands of

Parya Ndik.

On

had again

to

fallen

arriving there, lines were

formed, and the siege commenced under the direction of Ahsan

Khan.

Paryd Naik defended the place

for fifteen

or twenty

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. when

'days,

An

Kh^n.

it

was placed

in

Ahsan

Khdn and Ahsan Khan.

The former removed Saiyid

from the command of Kulbarga, and appointed another

Ja'far

When Kam Bakhsh

person to the charge.

*

barga, he restored Saiyid Ja'far.

Khan, the Prince sent him

*

returned to Kul-

After pacifying Ahsan

to lay siege to

Karnul, and directed

his youngest son to accompany him as a check

commandant was unwilling tions

of

command, and the army marched

There was a great rivalry hetween

on to further conquests.

Takarrub

mediation

surrendered, through the

officer

391

and

Khan

to surrender, and, after

some negocia-

siege work, he presented three lacs of rupees to

for the use of the

The

(tora).

Ahsan

government, and so induced him to move

away. * *

Prince A'zam Shah. [vol.

ii.

p. 571. J

On

the 10th Zi-1 hijja

ascended the throne, made coins struck in the

name

A'zam Shdh, having Dakhin by

his accession public in the

of

A'zam Shah.

Having

gratified the

old nobles of the State with robes and jewels, augmentations of

mansabs and promises, he set to

encounter Shah 'Alam,

off,

about the middle of Zi-1

accompanied

Amiru-l umard Asad Khan, Zu-1

fikdr

hijja,

by Jamdatu-l Mulk

Khan Bahadur Nusrat

Jang and [many other nobles']. He marched to Khujista-hunydd (Aurangabdd), * * and from thence arrived at Burhanpur. After leaving that place,

Amin Khan, and Chin title

he was abandoned by

Muhammad

Kalich Khan, who had received the

They were offended by the treatment from A'zam Shah, and went off to Aurangabad,

of Khdn-daurdn.

they received

where they took possession of several

districts.

Shdh 'Alam {Bahadur Shdh). [vol.

ii.

ceedings

p.

of

573.]

Shah

An 'A'lam

account must

Bahadur

now be given of the proThe late Emperor

Shah.

had appointed Mun'ira Khan, a very

able

man

of business, to

EHAFr KHAN.

392

He had shown

the management of Kabul.

'iilam, so that the Prince placed in his hands

Shah

fidelity to

great devotion and

the management oihia Jdgirs in the province of Lahore, and had

recommended him

diwdm

for the

who appointed him

of the province to the Emperor,

to that office.

"When Mun'im Khdn Emperor, in

intelligence of the continued illness of the

Shah

fulness to

'i^lam, he busied himself in

in the countries lying

means

received

his faith-

making preparations

between Lahore and Peshdwar, finding

and bullocks, and providing

of transport, collecting camels

things necessary for carrying on a campaign, so as to be ready at the time of need.

On

the 7'th Zi-1 hijja the news of Aurangzeb's death reached

Peshawar, and the Prince immediately prepared to

Next day a

letter

came from Mun'im Khan,

set

out.

offering congratula-

upon the Prince's accession to royalty, and urging him

tions

come quickly.

day the Prince nobles,

Orders were given started,

making no

except Fathu-Uah Khan, a

appointed to Kabul,

who

the

for

delay, accompanied

man

declined to

to

march, and next

by

his

of great bravery lately

accompany him.

Orders

were given that Jan-nisar Khan, who was only second in courage Fathu-llah

to

Khan, should go with

five

or

six

thousand

horse to the neighbourhood of Xgra, to join Prince 'Azimu-sh

Shan. his

Orders also were sent calling Prince Mu'izzu-d din from

government of Thatta, and A'azzu-d din from Multan, where

he was acting as the deputy of his father. adherents were also sent

Sh4h 'Alam proceeded by

Khan came lacs

regular marches to Ldhore.

forth to meet him, paid his

of rupees,

and presented the

ments that he had busied himself heard of the death of Aurangzeb. wazir.

At

encamped Safar,

Other presumed

for.

Mun'im

homage, offered forty

soldiers, artillery

in collecting

and equip-

directly he

had

Shah 'Alam appointed him

the end of Muharram, 1119 (April, 1707), the Prince

at Lahore.

and gave orders

hhntla in his name.

There he remained over the new moon of for the coining of

The

money and reading

the

nobles in his retinue presented their

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. offerings

393

and paid their homage. * * Directions were given that

the

new rupee should be

lacs

were accordingly coined of that weight

ment of tankhwdh, and

increased half a

mdshd

in weight,

and

but as in the pay-

;

in commercial transactions,

it

was received

at only the old rate, the

new rule was discontinued. Prince Muhammad Muizzu-d din and his son A'azzu-d din now arrived. \_Great distribution of honours and mansabs.] A letter

* *

was received from Prince

Muhammad

'Azim, stating that

he had raised more than twenty thousand horse, and was

Agra before Prince Bed4r Bakht. News Agra had been secured, that Mukhtar Khdn

hastening to reach also arrived that

had been placed

mandant of the

in confinement,

fort,

put

off

excuse that he would wait

till

His Majesty

news- writers reported that Baki

Muhammad

humility to Prince

and that Baki Khan, the com-

surrendering the treasure with the

Khdn had

arrived.

Spies and

written with great

A'zam, that although the

and the treasures belonged to both the heirs

would surrender them to whichever arrived not a single person

who doubted

that,

Peshawar with the

difficulties in

the

fort

to the crown,

first.

he

There was

comparing the distance of

way

of

A'zam Shdh, Shah

'Alam would arrive before him.

On Shah 'Alam

arriving at Dehli, * * the

the keys of the fortress with his offering, and

At

their allegiance. for

commandant

many

others

sent

made

the beginning of Kabi'u-1 awwal he started

Agra, and reached the environs of that city about the middle

Muhammad

'Azim,

Karim, the son of Prince 'Azim.

Baki

of the month, where he was

and by

Muhammad

Kh4n gave up which he

met by

his son,

the keys of the fortress, with the treasure, for

received great

favour

and rewards.

According to

one account, there were nine krors of rupees, in rupees and ashrqfis, besides vessels of gold left

and

silver,

which was what was

remaining of the twenty-four krors of rupees amassed by

what had been expended by Aurangzeb during According to principally in his wars in the Dakhin.

Shah Jah^n, his reign,

after

another account, including the presentation money, which con-

EHAFr KHAN.

394 sisted of ashrqfis

and rupees of 100 to 300

tolas',

weight, specially

coined for presents,^ and the ashrafis of twelve mdshds and thirteen

mdshds of the reign of Akbar, the whole amounted

An

krors.

of rupees.

Three

were to be given to each of the royal

lacs

Princes, altogether nine

lacs,

three lacs to

sons, one lac to the Saiyids of

and

In the same

his Miaghals.

and the

to thirteen

order was given for bringing out directly four krors

Khdn-zaman and his lac to Aghar Khdn

Barha, one

way

the officers in his retinue,

old servants, soldiers, [and others, received gratuitous

additions of pay

and

donations'].

Altogether two krors were

dis-

tributed. * *

March of Prince A'zam. [vol.

a

force

ii.

p. 581. J

Prince A'zam Shah, with his

artillery,

and a

of nearly thirty-five thousand horse actually present

(maujudi), which according to military reckoning means an army of more than eighty or ninety thousand men, and with his amirs

and adherents, marched forth

for war. * *

He

endeavoured, by

augmentations of mansabs and promotions in rank, to secure the

good

will of the nobles

but in providing for advances and pay to

;

the army, and in giving assistance and presents of money, he,

through want of treasure, was very sparing. attached nobles spoke to

him on

If

any

of his most

this subject, he, in his proud

and haughty way, gave sharp answers that there was no necessity in his army, but fear of the opposite party.^

he had not money to be the

ill

many

liberal

with

;

real fact,

but his bitter words, and

temper which he occasionally showed, pained and disgusted of his followers.

After he departed from Burhanpur, Chin

Kalich Khan, who had been created Klidn-daiirdn, went several noted

Amin

In

also,

army, and

the hanjdras of the

When

the Prince was told

with

fell

off with

men many Mughals, plundered

and returned to Aurangdbdd.

back to Aurangabad.

Muhammad

See Thomas's " Chronicles of the Path6ii Kings," p. 423. The Taikira-i Chaghatdi adds that the army suffered greatly on the march from the heat of the weather and want of water. '

'

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

395

of such matters, he paid no attention to them, and

change in his conduct.

made no

After crossing the river (Nerbadda) at

Hdndiyd, he arrived at Dordha. Release of Sdhu. [vol.

ii.

p.

He now

interested in his affairs. this

Sahu

friends

able to

Khan Nusrat Jang was

Zu-1 fikar

582.]

very-

with Sdhii, grandson of Sivaji, and had long been

intimate

who were

at liberty, along with several persons

and companions.

Sahti, with fifty or sixty

accompany him, went

off to

bellious zaminddr, in the difficult

Sultanpur,

persuaded A'zam Shah to set

and

Singh, a noted re-

mountain country of Bijagarh,

He

Nandurbar.

Mohan

his

men, who were

supplied

Sahii

some

with

necessary equipments, and S5,hu then went on to a Mahratta

named Ambu, but more famous under the name was an active Sult^npiir,

pur.

He

rebel.

This

man

of

held the fort of Kokarmanda'^ in

and ravaged the whole country from Surat furnished

his native country

Sahu with a body and

that had been reduced

Pand, who

to

to the lofty fortresses,

for the

Many Mahratta

had

joined themselves to the party of

to

fallen into the

hands of the rebels during the days of contention

who through

him

of which several

by Aurangzeb had again

sarddrs,

Burhdn-

of men, and sent

necessity

Empire.

deceitfully

Rani Tkvk Bdi, widow of

now came and joined Raja Sahu. Having collected a large army, Sdhu proceeded

R4m

Bdja,

bourhood of Ahmadnagar, and

to the neigh-

then, according to

a report at

the time, he put off his journey, and went to the place where

He

Aurangzeb

died.

distributed

money and

paid a mourning visit to the place, and food to the poor.

Then, with his large

army, which numbered nearly 20,000 Mahratta horse, he marched with the intention of showing his respect to the tomb of Aurangzeb, near

On

Daulatabad, at a place now called Khuldabdd,^

When

the north bank of the T5.pti. Aurangzeh had treated SihiS, his boy prisoner, with great familiarity and kindness. It was he who gave the child the name of S^hii, which he afterwards preferred andretained. Aurangzeb was called " Khuld-i»ak&.n," hence tl^e name Khuld^bad. •

'

KHAFr

396

his advance party approached

his brothers in his

KHA'N.

Aurangabad, although Sdhu and

company had no

intention of ravaging, the old

men began plundering in the Mansiir Khan and the other officers in

habit prevailed, and some of his vicinity of

Aurangabad.

the city bestirred themselves, put the fortifications in order, and

Raja Sahti

endeavoured to repress these outrages. his

men

to plunder,

and

also forbade

tombs of the great

after visiting the

men, and of Aurangzeb, he went bis way to his

forts.

Defeat and Death of A'zam Shah. [vol.

ii.

p.

683.]

A'zam Shah passed

the Nerbadda, and

There he heard of the arrival at Agra of

arrived at Gwdlior.

Shah 'Alam, and of Prince 'Azlm, with

his powerful army. * *

He

left Amiru-l umard Asad Khan at G-walior with the ladies and unnecessary equipments and jewels and treasure, * * and

money among the soldiers-, he sent Prince Bedar Bakht forward in command of the advanced guard, and he sent with him Zii-l fikdr Khdn and [niany others], * * and the march to Agra began, his force amounting to nearly having distributed a

little

twenty-five thousand horse.

an army of nearly

collected

had

stinted the

profuse

It is

pay of the men

;

and they having heard of the

liberality of the opposing party,

and reputation parted from

Muhammad

many men

him and went over

It is related that

said,

" Of

you four

Prince

to

when

intelligence of Prince

Shah 'Alam, he wrote him a

A'zam 's

own hand all

by

their

respecting the division of the kingdom,

the six

siiias

of the Dakhin, I will surrender

subas, as well as the suba of

these I will present

arrival

letter of expos-

tulation, rehearsing the particulars of the will written

father with his

to

name

of

'Azim and Shdh' Alam.

at Gwdlior reached

and

he had

said that although

thousand horse, want of money

fifty

Ahmadab^d, and

you with one or two other

wish that the blood of Musulradns should be shed,

ought therefore to be content with the

will of

besides

subas, for I do not

your

* *

You

father, accept

MUNTAEHABU-L LUBAB. what

is offered,

and endeavour

397

to prevent strife."^

that he sent a message to the following effect: desist

from unjustly making a greater demand, and

by the

It is also said

" If you will not will not abide

sword should be

will of our father, but desire that the

drawn, and that the matter should be submitted to the arbitra-

ment of courage and

doom a multitude is

better that

is

sword in our quarrel single lives

*

of combat."

field

we should

the necessity that

you and I should stake our

with each other on the letter

what

valour,

to the edge of the

*

*

It

?

and contend

When

this

and message of the elder brother reached the younger,

the latter said, " I suppose

stupid fellow has never read

the

the lines of Sa'di, which say that

'

Two

kings cannot be con-

tained in one country, though ten darweshes can sleep under one blanket.' "2

The

spies of

Sh4h '^lam Bahadur Sh^h brought intelligence A'zam Shah had marched with the

that the advanced guard of

intention of taking possession of the river Ohambal, which

eighteen kos from j^gra.

is

So he gave directions that Khdna-zad

Khan, Saf-shikan Khan the commander of the artillery, with an advanced guard, should go and take possession of the passage, and not allow the enemy to

A'zam Shah's leaving

Agra

was next reported

to be

intention to cross the river at Samu-garh, and

in his rear, to turn

then given for

It

cross.

and give

moving Shah 'Alam's

made for action.] A'zam Sh4h also prepared

battle.

tents to Jajti

Orders were [Dis-

Sarai.''*

position

for battle, and, without

the superior force of his brother, or settling

went boldly forward sheep. * *

like

His leading

a

fierce lion

forces

heeding

any plan of

action,

dashes upon a flock of

made a sudden

attack upon the

The officers and men most advanced camp of Shah 'Alam. some of the assailants, killed and time, in charge resisted for a 1

Ir&dat

Khan

says that

Bahadur Shah proposed an equal

—Scott's Sistory of the Deccan, vol. ii. p. 19. * The Prince has reversed the order of the clauses of Gulistdn. 3

About half way on the road from Agra

to Dholptir.

division of the Empire.

this

proverb from the

KHAFI KHAN.

398 but were put to

camp was

All their baggage was plundered, their

flight.

on

set

fire,

and the commander of the

artillery

was

and carried before Prince A'zam Shah. The He said, " I was commander of Prince asked him who he was.

made

prisoner,

The Prince ordered his release. I am a Saiyid." Muhammad 'Azim, who had ridden forward rashly to

the artillery

Prince

;

what was passing, and with a strong

explore, got intelligence of force hastened into action,

and

fell

upon the advanced

forces of

A'zam Shah. The check which had been received caused great discourasement to the forces of Shah 'Alam. Zii-l fikar Khan and other nobles in attendance upon A'zam Shah advised him that he should proclaim the success he had achieved, order his camp to be pitched

upon the

spot,

and to put

off the general action

to the morrow, because the victory that

had been gained and

men would over many of

strike terror into the

the superior prowess of his

enemy's army, and bring

Many

his opponent's ranks.

certainly desert,

much

be so

counsel of

men from

and the probability was that Shah 'Alam would

discouraged that he would retreat.

and said with warmth and

angry,

the leading

of the half-hearted would

also

women."

A'zam Shah

bitterness,

" This

precise orders were issued to the leading forces,

18th Eabi'u-1 awwal, 1119 a.h. {10th June, 1707 armies joined battle at Jaju, seven

[Long

got the

In short, although a great portion of A'zam

Shah's army was busy in destroying and plundering,

and

is

strict

and on the

a.d.), the

two

or eight kos from Agra.

of the action.]

details

Prince Bedar Bakht, after rendering splendid service, which

shed a halo round him, was killed by a cannon-ball, and many of his followers also killed

by a

fell.

* *

His younger brother Waldjah was

from a zambiirak.

ball

*

*

A

strong wind arose,

which blew straight from the side of Shah 'Alam against the

army

of

wind of

A'zam Shah, fate,

so that every arrow, with the help of the

reached the army of A'zam Sh4h, and pierced

through armour

;

* * but the rockets

and the arrows and the

MTJNTAKHABU-L LUBAB. from his

balls

being resisted by the contrary wind, failed

side,

to reach the ranks of the is

A'zam Shah

shots failed

Khan's

and he

enemy, and

Khan

said that Tarbiyat

array of

399

upon the ground.

fell

It

twice discharged a musket from the

Both

against Prince 'Azimu-sh Shan.

but a musket-ball from the other side reached the

;

breast,

and

same moment an arrow pierced him

at the

died.

Matters now looked

ill

Shah 'Alam

the side of

in every

way

for

killed, * *

were

slain.

Zu-1 fikar

lip.

When

he saw that the day was

and a great number on the

army was pressed

On

fourteen or fifteen nobles of distinction

were

Khan

valiant companions in

* *

A'zam Shah. side of

received a slight

arms were

slain,

wound upon the

many

that

lost,

A'zam Shdh of his

and that A'zam Shah's

hard that there was no hope of deliverance, said, " Your ancestors have had to

so

he went to the Prince and

endure the same kind of reverse, and have been deprived of their armies

;

but they did hot refuse to do what the necessities

The

of the case required.

the

field

best course for

may

perhaps assist you, and you

Shdh your field

flew into a rage, life

and

yd

your reverse."

may

A'zam save

ill-fated

Khan, accompanied by Hdmidu-d

off to Gwdlior.

Prince

now found himself among thousands

three hundred horsemen

a rain of arrows and not

balls.

Shah 'Alam who

with hira in his howda,

and arrows.

left

with only two or

of enemies, and amid

In this extremity he exclaimed, " It

fights against

me

me, and fortune has turned against me."

balls

to leave

Go with your bravery, and is impossible for me to leave

it

;

Zu-1 fikar

takhta).

Khan, then went

The

is

is

fortune

"

said,

wherever you can

retrieve

when

this for princes there is (only th? choice of) a throne or a bier "

:

{takht

din

you now

of battle, and to remove to a distance,

whom

;

God has abandoned

He had

an infant son

he endeavoured to shield from the

That brave young Prince desired

to

valour of his race, but his father forbade him, and tried to protect

elephant,

him.

Two

or three drivers

and the animal

itself

fell

show the

more wounded from the still

was pierced with many wounds,

KHAFr KHAN.

400

Death was threatening, and A'zam Shdh

and became impatient.

feh that his foot was in the stirrup for his last journey

but he

;

bravely got out of the howda, and endeavoured to control the elephant and drive his

life

was near

him

The sun

forward, but he was unable.

setting

its

—an

arrow struck him in the

Rustam

head and ended his existence.

'All

of

fore-

Khan, who had got

near to the elephant, hearing what had happened, mounted the animal, and

He

sword.

head of the Prince with his

cut off the carried

to

it

army

the

Shah

'Alam saw the dog Rustam

of his brother, he looked fiercely at that

gory head

Khan, and burst

pitiless

and the

'A'lam,

When Shah

shouts of victory rose high. * *

'All

of

into tears.

All the four Princes, Khan-khdnan and his sons, and the

The

other amirs, came to congratulate the victor. ashrafis yih\(ih

jewels and

were in the howda of A'zam Shah were plundered; elephants,

guns and equipments were secured.

Shah'Alam caused a small

tent to be pitched, in which he offered

all

else,

up

tents,

He

his thanks for the victory.

Shah brought Bedar-dil and

then had the sons of A'zam

to his presence, the eldest son

Sa'id-bakht.

He

received

and the Princes

them most

kindly,

embraced them, and stroked their heads with paternal gentleness.

He

promised them safety and every attention and

did his best to console and comfort the ladies.

Khdn-khdnan, and avowed that exertions

be

carried

for

He

embraced

the success was owing to his

Lastly, he ordered the corpses of

and devotion.

Shah, Bedar Bakht, and to

all

and he

care,

A'zam

his brother, to be properly tended, and

interment near the tomb of the Emperor

Humayun. Next' day Shah 'Alam went to

visit

Khan-khanan, and

him to the highest rank, with the

title

of

Zafar Jang and Ydr-i wafdddr

him with

Khan-khdndn Bahadur

(faithful friend).

He

presented

a Icror of rupees in cash and goods, a larger bounty

than had ever been bestowed on any individual since the the

House

7000

raised

of

Timur.

His mansab was increased

horse, five thousand being do-aspas

and

to

sih-aspas.

rise of

7000 and

He

also

MUNTAKHABir-I LUBAB. received two krors of office

peshJcash, one

the

Of

of wazir.

of

title

5000

dams as

in' dm,

and he was confirmed in the

the ten lacs of rupees which he offered as

was accepted.

Na'im Khan,

his eldest son, received

Khan-zaman Bahddur, with an

horse,

was entitled increased to

401

increase to

5000 and

and a robe of the third rank.

The younger son Khdna-z^d Khdn Bahadur, and his mansdb was 4000 and 3000 horse. Each of the four royal

Princes had his mansab increased to 30,000 and 20,000 horse.

\_Many other honours and rewards.']

When

the news of the victory and of the death of

A'zam

Shah reached Gwalior, weeping and wailing arose from every tent. Amiru-l umard Asad Khan went to wait upon Zebu-n Nissa Begam, eldest

sister of

and the other

to her

A'zam Shah,

to offer his condolences

In concert with 'In&yatu-llah

ladies.

Khan

diwdn, he placed seals upon the jewels, the treasure and other effects,

and then prepared

A gracious farmdn

Shall.

Bahddur

to set off to the presence of

promising favour and safety arrived,

summoning to the presence Amiru-l umard Asad Khan, Zii-l fikdr Kh4n Nusrat Jang and Hdmidu-d din Khan, who had repaired to Gwdlior (before the

battle),

and they were to bring with them Amlrii-l

the ladies of the late Prince with their establishments.

umard accompanied the

retinue of

Nawab Kudsiya Zebu-n

who was clothed in mourning garments. When Begam did not go through the form of offering in

Nissa,

they arrived, the congratulations,

consequence of her being in mourning, and this vexed the treated her with great kindness and indulgence,

But he

King.

doubled her annual allowance, and gave her the

Begam. great

title

of

Padshah

All the other ladies of A'zam Shah were treated with

sympathy and

Padshah Begam

liberality,

and were ordered

to

accompany

to the capital.

Promotions, Appointments, and other Arrangements. [Text, title

vol.

ii.

p.

599.J

To Asad Kh4n was

Nizdmu-l Mulk Asafu-d

mkil-i mutlak, as the TOl. Til.

office

was

daula. called

He

was

given the also

in former reigns, 26

made and

KEXFT KHAN.

402 the

and removal of waztrs and

appointment

He

used to be in this grandee's hands.

with four

five horses

stallions,

was

other

officials

also presented

with accoutrements,

etc.,

etc.,

and was allowed the privilege of having his drums beaten

Some

the royal presence.

in

envious spirits privately observed that

the Amiru-l umard had been the close friend and trusted adviser of

A'zam Shah

had been

but the Emperor answered that

;

if his

compelled them to join their uncle.

was increased

He

received the

title

Samsdmu-d daula Amiru-l Bahadur Nusrat Jang, and was stated in'his

In short,

office

all

sons

Zu-1 fikar Khan's mansab

7000 and 7000 horse.

to

own

would have

in the Dakhin, the exigencies of the position

of

rein-

oi Mir-bakhsM. [Other promotions and rewards.]

King and

the adherents, great and small, of the

Princes, received lacs of rupees in

in' dm,

fourfold

and

sixfold aug-

mentations of their mansabs, and presents of jewels and elephants.

Although the it

was deemed

office

of wazir had been given to Khan-kh4n4n,

expedient, in

arose,

;

to elevate

To outward appearance he was

position of wazir.

dignity

Khan-khanan

upon Khan-khanan

did not communicate

it

to Asafu-d daula.

to wait

it

On

became incumbent

upon him as other ministers

to obtain his signature to documents; but this

did,

and

was disagreeable

to

Asafu-d daula was desirous of rest, for his continual activity

during the reign of Aurangzeb had allowed him of

raised to this

but whenever any ministerial business of importance

the day that Asafu-d daula acted as diwdn,

him.

Asad K-han Asad Khan to the

order to conciliate

Amiru-l umard and Zu-1 fikar Khan,

So

life.

it

little

enjoyment

was arranged that Samsamu-d daula should

deputy for his father

in the office of minister,

should take charge of

and that

act as

his father

Nawdb Padshah Begam, and repair to the With the exception that the

capital to pass his old age in comfort. seal of

Asafu-d daula was placed upon revenue and

and sanads, he had no part

An

civil

in the administration of the

order was issued that the late

parwdnas

government.

Emperor Aurangzeb should

be styled Kliuld-mahdn.

Kh4n-khanan discharged

his duties as wazir with repute, in-

MUNTAKHABU-L LUBAB.

403

and impartiality, and he exerted himself

tegrity

the performance of his work, that

appointed

officers to see that

so earnestly in

when he took

no petitions or

his seat, he

letters of the

day

before remained unnoticed.

of

beneficial

One of the most acceptable and the measures of Khan-khdnan was the relief he

afforded in that oppressive grievance, the feed of the

To

the mamabddrs. that

the late reign

in

officials

explain this matter briefly,

and

dkhta-hegis

the-

it

cattle of

may

other

be said

rapacious

had so contrived that the responsibility of providing food

for the cattle

had been

fixed on the mansahddrs.

Notwithstand-

ing the mansahddrs, through the smallness of their surplus rents,

had been for a long time in want of a loaf officials),

after great perseverance

and pressure, got something Although a jdgir might

out of the small total of (each), jdgir. be

and

lying waste,

total

its

for supper,^ (the

income

would not

suffice

for

a half or a third of the expense of the animals, and leave a little

to supply the necessaries of

family,

the

life

imprisoned his

officials

and insult demanded contributions

The mkik complained

to the. holder's wife vakils,

and

and with violence

for the food of the

cattle.

of this tyranny to the Emperor, but the

ddrogha of the elephant stables and the dkhta-begi made protestations

which

satisfied

with no redress.

His Majesty, so that the complaints met

This oppression reached such a height that the

mkils resigned their

offices.

In the present reign Khan-khanan

made an arrangement by which tankhwdh to the

mansahddrs oijdgirs.

Money

(cash)

was to be given

sufficient for the

keep of the

animals being deducted from the total rent (of the jdgirs), the balance I'emaining was to be paid in cash.

By

these

means the

grievance of the animal's keep was entirely removed from the

mansahddrs and the

vakils.

Indeed

it

may

be said that an order

was given remitting the contributions for the food of the '

Here comes a pareuthetical sentence

JjtV ISdy^ j\a^

J*