The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons 1887764615, 9781887764612

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THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

THE FORBIDDEN

BOOK

The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons

Abe Ignacio Enrique de la Cruz

Jorge Emmanuel Helen Toribio

Wp, TR by,7

"There is nothing concealed that will not be disclosed or hidden that will not be made known.”

— Luke 12:2 OPENING QUOTATION IN “DisScovERy,’ CHAPTER 55 OF Jose Rizat's Nort ME TANGERE TBolLi

T’ Bout PuB.isHING AND DisTRIBUTION

PUBLISHINGANDDISTRBUTION SAN FRANCISCO 2004

3 1901

04008

DOUGHERTY STATION

2937

3785

Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2023

httos://archive.org/details/forbiddenbookphi0000abel

DEDICATED

To Dr. DANIEL

BOONE

SCHIRMER

Activist Scholar, Mentor, Colleague and Friend

In Memory

OF OUR

BELOVED

HELEN

Co-AUTHOR

AND

CauBALEjJoO TorRIBIO

February 24, 1954 — October 15, 2004

COLLEAGUE

COPYRIGHT ©2004 By Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel and Helen Toribio First Edition

A project of the East Bay Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS)

T’Boli Publishing and Distribution P.O. Box 347147

San Francisco, CA 94134

[email protected]

EDITORIAL CONSULTANT: Rene Ciria-Cruz

PRODUCTION: Eduardo Datangel and Joy Soriano COVER COLLAGE ART AND BOOK DESIGN; Carl Angel LIBRARY

OF CONGRESS

CONTROL

NUMBER:

2004195254

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

1. Philippines--History--Philippine-American War. 2.

Imperialism--History--19th Century.

United States-- Race question. 4. United States--Politics and Government--Caricatures and Cartoons HARDBOUND SOFTBOUND

ISBN: 1-887764-61-5 ISBN: 1-887764-63-1

High-Resolution Flat Bed Scanning and Digital Repair by Scan Livingston Graphics, Inc. 174 G Araneta Avenue

Quezon City, Philippines Printed in Hong Kong 12111098765432

e are grateful to the many individuals and organizations that encouraged and

and friends at PUSOD in Berkeley, California (including

helped us along the way. Firstly, we

Wilner, Ipat Luna, and Howie Severino); Linda Burnham

and Liberation; Paul Bloom, Meg Layese, and Ken Meter of the Philippine Study Group of Minnesota; Minnesota State Capitol Philippine Exhibit Committee; Joe Mazares

of the Women

of UC Santa Barbara; Gary Colmenar of the UC Santa

thank our families for their patience and support: Rudy and Lourdes; Prosy, Corina and Carlo; and Andres, We acknowledge the people who helped in various

aspects of the development, research, and production of the book, including those who had worked with us in related

research projects such as the“ Hidden Histories” exhibit and “Diaspora Filipina” project. In particular, we acknowledge:

Malou Babilonia, Mary Lou Salcedo, David Pollard, David of Color Resource Center in Berkeley;

Jan Faulkner, curator of the “Ethnic Notions” exhibit; Bay Area Black Radical Congress; the Colored Black 'n White Committee of San Diego; John D. Blanco of the University of California at San Diego and Marivi Soliven Blanco; Nancy Magpusao of Cross Cultural Center at UC San Diego; David Pellow and Yen Le Espiritu of UC

Institution.

Some of the cartoons were displayed at the “Yankee Doodles’ exhibit as part of theSangandaan 2003 conference and cultural festival in the Philippines. We are grateful to: Nic Tiongson of the University of the Philippines

Library; Judy Patacsil, Barbara Reyes,

College of Mass Communication; the Cultural Center of

Prosy Abarquez-de la Cruz, Barbara Cort Gaerlan, Helen

Ron Buenaventura, and Christian Trajano of the Filipino

Haye Cort (who gave us access to magazines from her late father Dr. George W. Haye), Rene Ciria-Cruz, Carl Angel, Ed Datangel, Joy Soriano, Marlon Hom, Lorraine Dong, Philip Choy, Pearlie Rose Baluyut, August Espiritu, Dean Jorge Garcia, Russell Leong, Don Nakanishi, Meg Thornton, Anna Gonzalez, Mary Kao, James Sobredo,

American National Historical Society of San Diego; John Panter and Erik Christiansen of the San Diego Historical Society; Sal Flor and San Diego State University; Gil Ontai and Bill Oswald of Springfield College; Felix Tuyay of Southwestern College; Joel San Juan of Operation Samahan; Pureza Bacor and Alicia de Leon Torres of Union of Pan Asian Communities; Mel and Belle Orpilla, Vallejo chapter of the Filipino American National Historical Society; Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum and its director James Kern; Judy Yung and Clifford Yee of UC Santa Cruz; Leni Strobel of Sonoma State University; Frank Samson and Christine Cordero of Stanford University; Skyline College in San Mateo; Estella Manila of the San Francisco Public Library; Vangie Buell and the

Studies at San Francisco State University and City College

the Philippines, especially CCP President Nestor Jardin, Artistic Director Fernando Joseph, and Cultural Resources Director Sid Gomez Hildawa; curator Santiago Albano Pilar and exhibit designer Fatima Lasay; artists Elmer Borlongan, Antipas Delotavo, Imelda Cajipe-Endaya, Brenda Fajardo, Roberto Feleo, Egai Fernandez, Gerry Leonardo, Neil Manalo, Alfredo Manrique, and Norberto Roldan; Francisco Nemenzo, President of the University of the Philippines; Joey Ayala; and the folks at Bistro 70. We also recognize California Newsreel's Larry Adelman and Jean Cheng who used some of the cartoons in their “Race-The Power of an Illusion” documentary; Suzanne Lee of Asian Week; and Ben Pimentel and Kim Komenich of the San Francisco Chronicle. Last but not least, our heartfelt thanks go out to the many volunteers who assisted us including Rudy Ignacio, Lourdes Ignacio, Braulio Agudelo, and Evelie Posch and Mahal, Aimee Suzara, Terry Bautista, Mike Price, Michelle Bautista, Jean Cabonce, Tala Ibabao, Francesca Francia,

of San Francisco; David Kim and others at the University

Rhett Pascual, Ruby Turalba.

Ben Nobida,

Anita

Escandor,

Annalissa

Herbert,

Don

Callanta, Jeanne Batallones, Grace Duenas, and Madge

Kho, We also thank the UC-Berkeley Northern Regional Library Facility for access to their collections. We first organized the political cartoons into major themes for the purpose of creating the exhibit “Colored: Black ‘n White,’ which traveled in California and was

integrated in the Philippine exhibit “Yankee

Doodles.’

San Diego; UCSD

Barbara Library; and Franklin Odo of the Smithsonian

Those themes and the explanatory notes developed for the

East Bay chapter of Filipino American National Historical

exhibits became the basis for the book. The enthusiastic responses to those exhibits as they moved to different public venues inspired us to move forward with the book project. For their support or sponsorship of the exhibits, we would like to thank: the Babilonia-Wilner Foundation

Society;

Oakland

Asian

Cultural

Center;

Philippine

Studies at City College of San Francisco; Asian American

of San Francisco; Minda Hickey of Soul School of Unity

Vv

PROLOGUE

The Forbidden Book + Political Cartooning + How this Cartoon Collection Came About INTRODUCTION

Prelude to Conquest and War + America’s Economic Transformation + A Divinely Ordained Mission +

The Other America + Cuba and the Spanish-American War + Annexation of the Philippines + 1898 in the Philippines + The First Shot + March to Empire + The Anti-Imperialist League + Organization of the Cartoons I. MANIFEST

DESTINY

2. GOVERNMENT 3. HE'S

ONE

OF

4. CONQUEST

THE

AND

5. CIVILIZING 6. THE

BY

THE

WHITE

CONSENT

OR

BIG

NOW

BOYS

MAN'S

BURDEN

CONQUEST

35

D>

65

SAVAGES

AS

23

45

COMMERCE

THE

FILIPINO

AND

A RACIALIZED

OTHER

81

Experiences of the African American Soldier + Hayop (Animal)

7. KILLING NIGGERS’ AND RABBITS

97

War Against the Moro People

8.

MAC

AND

9. THE

115

AGGY

AUNTIES

ARE

131

COMING

153

EPILOGUE

The Decline Towards Historical Amnesia + The Aftermath

158

NOTES REFERENCES LIST

OF

MAJOR INDEX

AND

162

BIBLIOGRAPHY

166

PERIODICALS

HISTORICAL

DATES

AND

EVENTS

167

171

-

ne

aw a

2 - ig mh O) oS

_

;

PROLOGUE

A political cartoon is worth looking at just because it is enjoyable to stick pins into fools and villains, or to watch others

doing it. It also provides important data forstudents of politics. The cartoonist is part ofthat linking process which connects the general public and its political leaders—a give-and-take rough and tumble out ofwhich comes what the pollsters call public opinion.

CHARLES PREss, The Political

THE

Cartoon

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

o the victor goes the privilege of writing history, the glorification

The American people are plainly tired of the Philippine War. The

of its conquests, and the silencing of the conquered. The history of

administration must be aware that the case ofits enemies is not weakened

the Philippine-American War is amassed in volumes of newspaper

nor the confidence of its friends augmented by the daily reading about

accounts, military reports, government documents, autobiographies, biographies,

all this cost and killing.... It cannot be the lack of money. Is it the lack of

and letters by American soldiers. All, however, are part of The Forbidden Book buried in antique collections, libraries, archives, vaults, and private drawers. Forgetting was officially sanctioned so that a war that was at least fifty

troops, supplies, transportation, ammunition, and artillery? Is it the lack

times more costly in human lives than the Spanish-American War could be diminished in American textbooks, in the rare instances of its mention, as only an “insurgency.” For the first three years of the war (1899-1902), news about

How long is this Philippine War going to last? 2

the military campaign in the Philippines graced the front pages of American ~ newspapers almost daily.“The American public eats its breakfast and reads in its newspapers of our doings in the Philippines,’ complained the New York World.! In its first editorial after New Year's Day 1901, the New York Times opined:

of a competent commander? The public simply does not know where the trouble lies. It does know that there is trouble somewhere. Where is it?

The same plaintive complaint would be repeated in the 1960s and 1970s during another seemingly interminable U.S. war in Asia, the Vietnam War,

whose horrors even now are receding from national memory, In the case of the Philippine-American War, collective amnesia began to set in for Americans and

Filipinos alike even as the war continued to rage against the Moro people in

“The Forbidden Book” Chicago Chronicle, also published in The Literary Digest, Vol. XX, No. 4, January 27, 1900, p. 105 [artist: Charles Lederer]

PoLiTICAL CARTOONING

the southern Philippines in the early 1900s. The Philippine-American War went on until

The

the Battle of Bud Bagsak in 1913 and the cessation of armed conflict in May 1914. Soon, Americans

ten-week

would only remember

tradition

of political

cartooning

dates as far back as the invention of printing and engraving.’ The power of the political cartoon, by tradition, derives from three elements thatareemployedby thecartoonist.*

a

war with Spain while a fifteen-

year war in the Philippines would fall off the

First, a picture of reality is presented as

pages of history textbooks.

the essence

of the situation. The second

is a mood, or attitude—which may range

Tue ForRBIDDEN

Book

from amusement

Thus, the true history of the war in the Philippines

became

The

Forbidden

Book

as depicted in a Chicago Chronicle cartoon in January 1900 (see page 1). The cartoon criticized President

William

McKinley

for

allegory. And finally, the artist incorporates

“OUR FLAG. “One grand wave of patriotism answers Uncle Sam's call to arms.” Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, 1898 [artist: Victor Gillam]

concealing the true nature of the war. But McKinley was not alone. Subsequent administrations, historians, publishers,

which

may be very sketchily

implied at times, about what should be done about the situation. Ralph Waldo Emerson

considered the political cartoon as often embodying the “truest history of the time.” But the political cartoonist is much more than just a historian. The cartoonist is an editorialist and propagandist

took part in distorting the truth and eventually erasing it from the consciousness

who seeks to win over viewers to a particular viewpoint and predispose them

of Americans and future generations of Filipinos. Even as the war continued

to a particular action.’ The cartoons in this collection should thus be seen as

especially in the southern Philippines, President Theodore Roosevelt announced

providing more than just documentation for an event or issue. As participants in the debate, the cartoonists offered a distillation of the arguments—the political,

U.S. media lost interest in a war that no longer officially existed. It was time to

ideological, and moral perspectives—invoked by both sides on the Philippine

forget.

question.

This publication is a compilation of political and editorial cartoons that

Many of the cartoons in this collection were originally published in the pages

were published in American media around the period of the annexation of the

of Puck, Judge, and Life magazines, publications which belonged to the genre of “illustrated magazines” because their stories and columns were profusely

Philippines and the war that followed. In compiling this collection into a single

volume we hope to challenge, even if in a limited way, the national amnesia about

conquest in the Philippines, the United States has fought five major wars in Asia:

illustrated with pen-and-ink and watercolor drawings. These publications were among the most influential opinion makers of their day. Puck and Judge used colored front covers and centerfold cartoons. Life did not use color but its artists produced finely detailed black-and-white drawings. Puck and Judge were generally

the very first war that the United States fought in Asia, and to remind us that the lessons from this involvement have yet to be fully learned. Since this war of

THE

a message,

educators, the colonial education system in the Philippines, media, and others

that it was officially over on July 4, 1902. Taking its cues from the president, the

2

to rage—often achieved

through artistic technique, metaphor, and

the Second World War, Korean War, Vietnam War, and wars in Afghanistan

supportive of McKinley and his pursuit of expansion. Judge, in particular, was

and Iraq. While looking over the cartoons in this book, the reader might notice

regarded as the propaganda vehicle for the Republican Party. Life, on the other

that much of the rhetoric to justify the invasion of the Philippines has been used

hand, was one of several publishing voices opposed to the war in the Philippines.

again and again to justify wars in the Middle East and elsewhere.

Its cartoonists drew illustrations critical of the war and supportive of Filipino

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

aspirations for independence and freedom. All three magazines employed some of the best and most respected artists of the time. Cartoon artists, such

The power of caricature and political cartooning was such that politicians, who bore the brunt of the artist's pen, tried to limit its effectiveness. In 1899, as Charles Gibson, Joseph Keppler, Bernard Gillam, and Francis Attwood, who members of the California legislature enacted a law that practically banned were published regularly in Puck, Life, Judge, Harper's Weekly, and Leslie's Weekly, political cartooning in the state.? The law made it illegal for newspapers to sought to capture the character of the opposing ideologies and political positions. print any picture of a living Californian without the person's written consent. Puck and Judge had enormous political influence during the last two decades of | It also prohibited cartoons that reflected negatively upon the “honor, integrity, the 19th century, possibly “greater than all daily newspapers combined.” * As one manhood, virtue, reputation or business or political motives” of any individual. observer noted, the cartoons were “awaited eagerly, were passed from hand to The law was repealed 15 years later. hand, and were the subject of animated comment in all political circles.” 7 Although political cartooning continues in the print media today, its influence How THIs CarRTOON COLLECTION CAME ABOUT in shaping public opinion has largely diminished with the advent of television. Like many of his generation, Abe Ignacio was subjected to racial taunting During the late 1800s, however, the ability of a cartoonist to distill complex while growing up in California. As a consequence, he was so ashamed of his social issues into an eye-catching graphic was a major source of influence that Filipino heritage that he claimed he was Hawaiian and wished he was white. newspaper editors and magazine publishers promoted and exploited. All that began to change in his last year at a San Diego high school when he For example, in 1871, Harpers Weekly, then associated with the Republican took an Asian American history class. His reading of America Is in the Heart'® Party, took on New York's corrupt Democratic Party machine, Tammany Hall, by the Filipino writer Carlos Bulosan gave him an understanding of racial and its leader William M. Tweed. “Boss” Tweed and his machinery stole as much injustice and helped build his flagging self-esteem. As an undergraduate at the as $200 million from the City of New York. Using humor and exaggerated University of California at San Diego in the 1970s, he joined the Katipunan caricatures, the German-born artist Thomas Nast succeeded in portraying ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino (Union of Democratic Filipinos) or KDP, a Tweed as an evil menace, in dozens of exquisitely detailed cartoons that grabbed radical organization opposed to the brutal dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the imagination of the public. In two weeks, the circulation of Harpers Weekly the Philippines and to discrimination in the United States. The KDP and other increased by 125,000 and, within two years, Tweed would be in prison while Asian American groups fostered a sense of ethnic identity and solidarity that allowed him to deal with racism. Harper's Weekly “would become the greatest political power in postbellum Ignacio also studied at the Goddard School in Cambridge, Massachusetts publishing.” * The magazine Puck appeared in 1877, Named after a character in a where he met his mentor and life-long friend, Dr. Daniel Boone Schirmer. Shakespearean play, Puck combined poetry, fiction, and satire with humorous

Professor Schirmer’s seminal book Republic or Empire: American Resistance to

cartoons designed by Joseph Keppler and other talented artists, Puck favored the Democratic Party and within a few years, Puck's circulation rose to 80,000. Puck's main rival was Judge, founded in 1881. Judge sided with the Republicans and featured the British artist Bernhard Gillam as its main cartoonist. In 1883, graduates of the college magazine The Harvard Lampoon created yet another journal called Life. (When Life magazine floundered in 1936, Time, Inc. bought the title and transformed it into the picture-news magazine of today.) Life dealt with burning social issues such as womens suffrage, and in the case of the Philippines served as a counterpoint to the editorial opinions in Puck and Judge.

the Philippine War" and his critical writings on the “special relations” between

the Philippines and the United States opened the eyes ofageneration of Filipino American students and scholars including all the authors of this book. Schirmer’s

extensive

Filipiniana collection

sparked

Ignacio’s fascination

with old books on the Philippines. While combing antiquarian bookstores in the Boston area during the 1970s, he found a book with a section on political cartoons from the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. Since then, Ignacio has been collecting Filipiniana books, prints, and political cartoons dating back to the turn of the previous century. He augmented his collection in

PROLOGUE

3

the 1990s with an assortment of color lithograph cartoons from Puck and Judge. He continues to hunt around old bookstores, libraries, garage sales, and eBay for old newspapers, magazines, and cartoon prints to add to his collection of more than 400 cartoons related to the Philippine-American War. After reading Schirmer’s book, Jorge Emmanuel was also fascinated by the

the Friends of the Filipino People, an organization that Schirmer co-founded to oppose U.S, support for the Marcos regime after the declaration of martial law in

manuscript in the spring of 2004.

1972. As an afhliate of the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Michigan in the 1980s, Emmanuel began searching microfilmed

periodicals for editorial cartoons

commenting on the Philippine-American

War. He used his collection in presentations at seminars in the Midwest before moving to California.

During the centennial of the 1896-1898

Philippine Revolution against

Spain, Ignacio began collaborating with Emmanuel who added his smaller collection of black-and-white editorial cartoons to Ignacio’s growing collection. With the help of Barbara Gaerlan, Annalissa Herbert, Don Callanta, and Helen

Toribio (Ignacio’s wife), they designed educational panels on the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. Their exhibits were displayed in various public libraries in northern California. Helen Toribio invited Ignacio and Emmanuel

to meet with her colleague Professor Lorraine Dong at San

Francisco State University. Dong, along with Philip Choy and Marlon Hom, had published The Coming Man," a book on 19" century anti-Chinese cartoons

from American newspapers and magazines. From that meeting came the idea of a book. They were soon joined by Enrique de la Cruz who had used cartoons

in his ethnic studies courses at the University of California at Los Angeles and California State University at Northridge.

In 2001, Ignacio, Toribio and Emmanuel curated an exhibit entitled“Colored: Black’n White—Filipinos in American Popular Media, 1896-1907.” The exhibit

was first shown at PUSOD, an arts, culture and ecology center in Berkeley, California. The overwhelming response and media interest in the collection

convinced the authors of the importance of publishing this book. While the book was being developed, “Colored: Black 'n White” toured Oakland, Vallejo, Palo Alto, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, San Diego and other cities in California. Artists in the Philippines responded to “Colored: Black’n White” with their own

THE

at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The exhibit was part of Sangandaan 2003, an international conference in the Philippines commemorating 100 years of Philippine-American relations. The cartoon images were featured in the 2003 documentary “Race: the Power of Illusion” produced by California Reel for the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). With the support of Prosy Abarquezde la Cruz, Rene Ciria-Cruz, and others, the team of authors completed the

media coverage of the Philippine-American War. He had met Schirmer through

4

original works which were then displayed in the “Yankee Doodles” exhibition

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

U.S, SOLDIERS IN THE PHILIPPINES, CIRCA 1899 Our Islands and Their People as seen with Camera and Pencil, William S. Bryan, editor, Vol. II, St. Louis:

N.D. Thompson Publishing, 1899, p. 555

PROLOGUE

re

LON

O Pr ac ay een( Ofoe

Rhett okeS ce ESANe

iacaashadeaeh ane rag pebal yu vyi)

WMEMECEET CC —

7 qt we Re PONT DAA

“OUR FLAG.”

3

“ONE GRAND WAVE OF PATRIOTISM ANSWERS UNCLE SAM'S CALL TO ARMS. Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, 1898 [artist: Victor Gillam]

INTRODUCTION One is astonished in the study of history at the recurrence of the idea that evil must be forgotten, distorted, skimmed over.... The difficulty, of course, with this philosophy is that history loses its value as an incentive and example; it paints perfect men and noble nations, but it does not tell the truth. —W.E.B. Du Bois, in Black Reconstruction, 1935

PRELUDE AMERICA’S

ECONOMIC

TO CONQUEST

AND

WAR

TRANSFORMATION

dramatic transformation of the U.S. economy characterized the era

Technology also transformed America after the Civil War. U.S. industrial

between the end of the American Civil War in 1865 and the start of

production grew rapidly such that by 1890 it exceeded the combined total

the Philippine-American War in 1899. West of the Mississippi were

_

production of England and Germany. Coal production in 1898 was eight times

valuable natural resources and vast tracts of lands. The Homestead Act of 1862

that in 1865; crude petroleum production increased 18 times and steel 450

opened millions of hectares of those rich lands to white settlers and the railroad

times in that same period.’ With industrialization came a greater concentration

companies. After the “Indian problem” was solved by forcibly relocating Native

Pacific was complete. Americans had to look beyond their western shores for a

of wealth and power. From the ranks of the middle and upper classes came new captains of industry. Using ruthless methods, industry leaders such as John D. Rockefeller and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie choked off competition to achieve near-monopolies of their industries often with the collaboration of government. [hey became known as the robber barons. In the 1860s and 1870s, companies began pooling together and entrusting the stock of competing companies to boards of trustees. Industry giants and

new frontier.

banks formed interlocking directorates through their boards. Using the legal

Americans to reservations, those lands were soon crisscrossed with railroad

tracks and cattle trails, and dotted with mines, lumber camps, oil wells, and more than four million farms. The massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee

in 1890 marked the last of the Indian Wars. That same year, the Census Bureau declared the end of the frontier; the conquest of nature from the Atlantic to the

INTRODUCTION

a

instrument of the trust, a single entity could run many companies as a single

American capitalists.

organization wielding so much power that it could set prices, drive small

In order to compete with the traditional imperialist countries for overseas

competitors out of business, and engage in corrupt practices. Trusts were formed

markets and resources, U.S. diplomacy took a more aggressive stance. The

in oil, coal, steel, copper, sugar, tobacco and other major industries, and became

Monroe Doctrine of 1823 declared that attempts by European powers to extend

the most effective means of achieving monopolies. It was not long before the

their influence in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a threat to

monopolies held sway over politicians. In 1887, for example, President Grover

U.S. national security. Perceived threats to the Monroe Doctrine by competing

Cleveland vetoed a bill to use $100,000 of the surplus in the treasury to help

world powers were quickly countered by displays of military force. Military

Texas farmers during a drought; instead, he used the surplus to pay off wealthy

interventions to protect American

bondholders to the tune of $45 million.?

half of the 19° century—such

One important consequence of the economic transformation was the need

interests abroad throughout the second

as military incursions, naval bombardments,

and shows of force in Argentina, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Shanghai, Korea, Haiti,

for overseas markets to sell American manufactured goods. Concerned that

and Brazil—helped convince Congress of the advantages of a dominant navy in

the domestic market was not enough to absorb the products of industry and

keeping overseas markets open to U.S. big business.

agriculture, powerful interests lobbied to keep overseas markets open to U.S. business. Senator Albert Beveridge (who would figure prominently during the Philippine-American War) stated in 1897: “American factories are making more

its first test in a small kingdom in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. When a

By the late 1880s, the expansion of the U.S. naval fleet had begun. It got junta of American sugar planters overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893,

than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they

a U.S. cruiser landed marines on the island of Oahu to support the American

can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and

capitalists. The United States then recognized the Republic of Hawai'i and the

shall be ours.’ * For the proponents of overseas expansion, the prize to be plucked

American Sanford B. Dole as its first president. This marked the beginning of overseas conquest. When Hawai'i was annexed in July 1898, six months before

was the huge China market. Like other industrial nations, the United States coveted overseas sources of raw

materials. Recognizing that the leading colonialist powers

Philippine annexation, Senator Richard Pettigrew of South Dakota commented:

such as

“The annexation of Hawai'i was the first big victory won by the business interests

England had extensive merchant fleets and powerful navies, expansionists such

in their campaign to plunder outside of the United States. It was the precedent

as Captain Alfred T. Mahan argued in the 1880s for a strong navy to acquire

that they needed—the precedent that made easy the annexation of Puerto Rico,

overseas colonies for refueling stations and as sources of raw materials. Maritime

the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Treaty, the conquest of the Philippines and

merchants and overseas traders also saw the value of an expanded fleet as an

the other imperialistic infamies....” 4

opportunity to promote new commerce. Although most of U.S. trade relations were with European countries, the United States nonetheless had initiated its own

commercial relations with Asian countries as early as 1784. American

MISSION

Religious and philosophical beliefs were another factor in the move towards

merchants did not limit their search for wealth to the Asian mainland. By 1790,

overseas conquest and expansion. Acquiring colonies was a convenient way for

in addition to their trading companies in China, American merchants were

missionaries to supplant indigenous religions and convert entire populations

already operating in the Philippines. From Manila, they exported Philippine

to the Christian faith. Closely linked to this religious zeal was a philosophy underpinning much of American history and culture. In 1845, John O'Sullivan,

products like sugar, indigo, hemp, and pepper to Boston and New York. Their

THE

A DivingELy ORDAINED

success led to establishing two American trading companies in Manila by the

the influential editor of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review,

beginning of the 19" century. Although these trading companies eventually

justified U.S. expansion as “the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to

closed down several decades later, the wealth they had generated was not lost on

possess the whole continent which Providence has given us for the development

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self government

THe OTHER

AMERICA

entrusted to us (emphasis added).” ° Thus, he gave a name to an ideology that

The march of industrial progress left many behind. To keep the factories

was as old as America itself. Manifest Destiny came to denote America’s “rightful

running, industry needed a supply of workers. Labor for America’s burgeoning industries came from the urban poor: families from the countryside drawn to the cities for work and the large mass of immigrants from other lands. Many who

and divinely ordained mission” to expand westward as an agent of progress, government, and Protestant ideals.

Decades later, Manifest Destiny was popularized by the historian John Fiske via a lecture published by Harper's Magazine. In his talk, Fiske stated that he could envision a time when

labored were children; by 1880, one out of every six workers was a child. The

steady stream of immigrants created a labor surplus that kept wages depressed. Starvation wages and brutal conditions in the workplace convinced

many

workers to join unions. Many strikes were violently suppressed, often with the ...every land on the earth's surface that is not already the seat of an

old civilization shall become English in its language, in its political habits and traditions, and to a predominant extent in the blood of its people. The day is at hand when four fifths of the human race will trace its pedigree

aid of the federal government and the courts.

Along with the uncontrolled growth of industrial capitalism came recessions, depressions, high unemployment, and poverty. The depression of 1893 threw

three million workers out of work. The wide gulf between the very wealthy

to English forefathers... and the world’s business will be transacted by English speaking people to so great an extent that whatever language any man may have learned in his infancy, he will find it necessary sooner or

impoverished families lived in cramped, vermin-infested buildings. Not too far

later to learn to express his thoughts in English.°

away in the Lake Shore area was the Gold Coast where millionaires built their

and the poor was most visible in the cities. In the vast slum neighborhoods of

Chicago called the Sands, hungry children searched garbage bins for food and

extravagant mansions. Social reformers tried to improve the lot of the urban

This speech touched a popular chord among Americans so that after its

poor. Jane Addams, for example, founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 to

publication, Fiske was invited to give the same lecture more than 50 times

provide medical care, education, and other services for the working poor and to

all over the United States. Years later, in a series of speeches commemorating

fight for child-labor laws and worker safety in the factories. Addams, the second

the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, he explained

American to win the Nobel Peace Prize, would later become a vocal opponent of

Manifest

the Philippine-American War.

Destiny

in social Darwinian

terms

as “higher races” preserving

themselves and carrying on progressive work.’ In 1885, Rev. Josiah Strong,

training the Anglo-Saxon race.... Then this race of unequaled energy, with the

Among the poor whites in urban areas of the immigrants who had to struggle to partake in the English-speaking Protestant immigrants of earlier were Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Jews from

majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it—the representative of

Their influx gave rise to a nativist movement that clamored for immigration

a Congregational minister and leading proponent of expansion, argued on

religious grounds; “It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is

East Coast were many recent economic benefits. Unlike the centuries, the new immigrants southern and eastern Europe.

the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization ... will spread

restrictions, English-only instruction in schools, and the outlawing of ethnic

itself over the earth.”

mutual aid associations. The nativist reaction manifested itself in mob violence

The widely held notion of Manifest Destiny — combined with the need for

and mistreatment of immigrant families.* But the ones almost entirely left out of

new markets and raw materials for American industry, the influence of powerful

the post-Civil War economic boom were racial minorities, in particular, blacks,

monopolies and military interests, and growing competition with imperialist

Native Americans, and Asians.

nations —

fueled the drive for overseas expansion and set the stage for a major

imperialist venture in the Philippines.

After the Civil War ended in 1865, slavery was abolished and the situation for many African Americans

began to improve to the point where African

INTRODUCTION

9

Americans elected to Congress and state legislatures were able to push for free public

a handful of buffalo remained and the once

education and other advancements. Progress

depend on government rations, Commissioner

was

of Indian Affairs Francis Walker wanted all

short-lived,

however,

self-sufficient Plains Indians were forced to

as racists revived

legal provisions similar to old slave laws and

Indians to be placed in reservations where

devised ways to prevent blacks from voting. A

these “child-like” creatures could be subjected

campaign to disenfranchise African Americans

to “rigid reformatory discipline’ and brought

succeeded in putting in place an apartheid

along the “white man’s road.’ '° Legislation and

system of racial segregation and subordination

corrupt government agents would deprive most

known as “Jim Crow” (named after a character in a minstrel act). The 1880s and 1890s were periods of intense racial brutality. Hundreds

and Native Americans would soon become a

of African Americans

Indians of what little land was left to them landless people. As more and more Indian Territory was

suspected of offenses

were flogged, mutilated, burned or hanged by

opened

lynch mobs. Lynchings occurred somewhere in

Americans

the United States at a rate of one every three

confinement in reservations. The Apaches fought against their forced concentration in the

or four days. In order to neutralize criticism of these repressive practices, racist whites promoted the view that African Americans

were inferior beings. A popular image of the African

American

as buffoonish,

“PROPHETIC.

BIG INJUN: I SEE YOUR FINISH.

Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, January 12, 1899

(artist: William H. Walker]

ignorant,

Native

or forced

Indian Territory in Arizona until the capture

of their leader Goyathlay (Chief Geronimo) in 1884. Participating in the suppression of the Apaches was Lt. Col. Adna Chaffee who had

gained a reputation as an Indian fighter against the Comanche and Cheyenne.

stage shows, books, and advertisements.’ These racist images became enduring

(As a general, Chaffee would play a leading role in the Philippine-American War.) Chief Geronimo later escaped and was recaptured in 1886 by thenCaptain Henry Lawton who would become a general, fight in the Philippines, and have a street in Manila named after him. Ironically, Lawton would be killed in 1899 by soldiers under the command of Filipino General Licerio Geronimo. Attempts by the U.S. government and gold miners to get the Sioux to relinquish the Black Hills sparked the Sioux War in 1876 during which General George Armstrong Custer was defeated. The war ended with the escape of Tatanka Yotanka (Chief Sitting Bull) to Canada and the capture of Tashunka Witko (Crazy Horse) in 1877. Among the officers taking part in the Sioux War was Lt. Col. Elwell Otis who would later command troops in the Philippine-American War. About a thousand Cheyenne surrendered with Crazy Horse and were sent to the Cheyenne reservation where many died of

profoundly influence how the black community and black soldiers would react to the subjugation of Filipinos during the Philippine-American War. ‘The situation was also dire for another population: Native Americans. Throughout the 1830s, thousands of Native Americans under supervision of the U.S. Army were compelled to leave their homelands and move west of the

Mississippi River. After the Civil War, hundreds of thousands of white settlers took advantage of the Homestead Act, which gave free land in the American

plains to white males willing to farm the land. Conflicts with the Plains Indians immediately arose as white settlers began encroaching on Indian lands. Some

public officials encouraged the wholesale slaughter of buffaloes to destroy Indian livelihood and coerce Native Americans to move into reservations. Soon only

THE

settlers, many

resisted encroachment

immoral, irresponsible, child-like and subhuman was fostered in cartoons, novels, stereotypes for decades to come. The experience of African Americans would

Io

up to white

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

sickness and starvation. The Sioux rose again in 1890. The U.S. Army under General Nelson Miles pursued them, culminating in the massacre at Wounded Knee of some two hundred Sioux, mostly women and children who had already surrendered. (Twelve years later, as army chief of staff, General Miles would visit the Philippines and denounce atrocities committed by American forces there.) The massacre at Wounded Knee ended a sordid chapter in American history."! A decade later, the soldiers who gained fame in the Indian Wars would get a chance to relive their old glories in another war—against Filipino “Injuns’ in the Pacific,

On the western parts of the United States, another sector of the population was facing its own problems. Various treaties between China and the United

States in the 1800s facilitated commerce

and emigration between the two

countries. However, although Americans in China enjoyed many rights and

privileges, Chinese in America were denied basic rights. Despite their work in western gold mines, their crucial role in completing the transcontinental

railroads, and their part in building California's agricultural industry, Chinese workers were relegated to a subservient caste and denied the right to become

citizens. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first law to

ban the entry of immigrants based solely on nationality. Like blacks and Native Americans, Chinese were seen as threats to racial

purity. Campaigns against the “heathen Chinee” and later, the“ Yellow Peril” were intended to create fear and hatred of the Chinese and subsequently of other Asians. Political cartoons depicted Chinese as “cultural inferiors, physically grotesque, morally depraved, and carriers of the deadliest diseases.’ '* In the California Constitutional Convention of 1878, Chinese were described as “the lowest, most vile and degraded of our race, and the result of that amalgamation

[between Chinese and whites] would be a hybrid of the most despicable, a mongrel of the most detestable that has ever afflicted the earth.’ '* Marriage between whites and a “negro, mulatto, or Mongolian” was banned two years

later. The treatment of Chinese and other ethnic minorities would presage the treatment of Filipino immigrants in the United States a few decades later.

CUBA

AND

THE

SPANISH-AMERICAN

WAR

of the sea lanes that connected the Atlantic centers of American capital with the resources in the western Pacific and the Latin American countries in between. Strategic to this vision was the role of Cuba. The largest island in the Caribbean was highly valued by the United States for both its economic resources as well as geographic positioning; for example, Cuba's Guantanamo Bay was in direct

route to what became the Panama Canal (which was built between 1902 and 1914, while the Philippine-American War was still raging). The importance of Cuba prompted some in the American media to call for its annexation as early as 1888. The United States dominated Cuba's foreign trade; Americans invested in the island's agricultural and mineral industries, controlling 90 percent of its sugar production. These investments were threatened in 1895 when a popular Cuban uprising broke out against Spain. The American press and its correspondents in Cuba published reports about the Cuban struggle for freedom and independence which resonated with many Americans. Sympathy for the Cuban revolutionaries, however, was combined with unabashed capitalist sentiments. One newspaper wrote: [he real liberators of Cuba will not be bandits and political adventurers, but merchants and capitalists.’ A year after the uprising, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge said, “A free Cuba would mean a great market for the United States.’ By 1897, there were calls for war preparations against Spain. All that was needed was a spark to ignite the fuse. The explosion on the American ship USS Maine on February 15, 1898 provided that ignition. No proof was ever found that Spain was involved in the explosion. Nonetheless, a “splendid little war” was all the United States needed to pursue its global Manifest Destiny. The SpanishAmerican War would have consequences around the world. Meanwhile, on the other side of the globe, another revolution was on the verge of victory and an incipient republic was about to be realized as the Spanish-American War intruded, A fleet of American gunships commanded by Commodore George Dewey entered Manila Bay routing the Spanish fleet on May 1, 1898. The Spanish-American War lasted less than six months with the loss of 2,446 lives. But the larger battle lay ahead—a war that would cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The promise of Manifest Destiny was about to be achieved and to take on a new name—imperialism.

The position of the United States became relatively secure in the Pacific with

the “acquisition” of Hawai'i in 1893. What was still needed was complete control

INTRODUCTION

Il

ANNEXATION PHILIPPINES

OF THE

When the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on December

10, 1898,

ending the Spanish-American War, they also

altered the course of Philippine history. In addition to ending hostilities between the two countries, the armistice agreement ceded the

Philippines to the United States for the sum of $20 million dollars. How the Philippines was “acquired” by the United States is a story of international collusion, intrigue, and betrayal. It is also the story of how the United States got into a war that it could never fully explain to the American public. The pursuit “SHE IS GETTING TOO FEEBLE TO HOLD THEM.’ of the war in the Philippines to enforce its Puck, Keppler & Schwarzmann, New York, acquisition became the subject of intense November 18, 1896 [artist: John S. Pughe] public debate that continued to be a major preoccupation even after it was officially declared over on July 4, 1902. The irony is that Americans now seem to be afflicted by a national amnesia about this war.'* There is barely a mention of it in history books, and it is often confused with the Spanish-American War. The United States did get involved in the Philippines because of the Spanish-American War, but that war ended before the Philippine-American War got started.

Philippines, declared their independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and were laying siege on the walled section of Old Manila where the remaining Spanish authorities were confined. Rather than storm these fortifications and suffer undue casualties, the Filipinos played a waiting game, expecting the Spanish to surrender as soon as their supplies ran out. But the presence of Americans out in Manila Bay gave the Spanish a face-saving solution. Rather than surrender to their former colonial subjects, they arranged a “mock battle” with the Americans to whom they surrendered the fort. This allowed American troops to gain a beachhead on Philippine soil. For the next few months, Filipinos celebrated their independence, ratified a modern constitution, elected Emilio Aguinaldo as president, and inaugurated the first republic in Southeast Asia.’” Meanwhile, as more U.S. troops arrived, American commanders employed deception and force to push back the Filipino line and expand U.S. control beyond Old Manila. The Treaty of Paris between the United States and Spain, concluded on December 10, 1898, was the basis for claiming the Philippines as U.S. territory, even though by then Spain had lost all control of the Philippines to the Filipino revolutionaries and Americans occupied only a tiny portion of the Manila area. The McKinley proclamation heightened tensions between the Philippine liberation army and the American forces, and on February 4, 1899, a skirmish between U.S. and Filipino soldiers at a bridge outside Manila sparked the Philippine-American War. Some historians believe

A few weeks after the armistice agreement with Spain was concluded, President William McKinley moved to formally annex the Philippines as U.S. territory by presidential proclamation. Using the Treaty of Paris as a fig leaf to hide his colonialist intent, McKinley couched his orders in terms of America’s

benevolent mission to the Philippines; however he also added that now that the United States had “acquired” sovereign rights over the Philippines, it was necessary to extend U.S. rule over the Philippines “with all possible dispatch’ —a code for the use of force if necessary. McKinley's annexation orders ignored

the fact that prior to U.S. involvement in the Philippines, Filipinos had been in active revolt against Spain, and shortly after U.S. warships came to Manila Bay, Filipino’ revolutionary forces had gained control of almost all of the

12

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

“WHICH SIDE ARE YOU PULLING ON?” Journal (Minneapolis), also published in The American Monthly Review ofReviews, Vol. XIX, No. 3, March 1899, p. 286

[artist: “Bart” Charles Bartholomew]

that the American military deliberately provoked the incident at the bridge,

which took place two days before the crucial Senate vote on the annexation of the Philippines. News that Filipinos where shooting at American soldiers helped win the day for the annexationists; the Senate approved the annexation of the Philippines by a one-vote margin on February 6, 1899.

oF

M5,

€ os L

The Senate debate on annexation turned out to be only the beginning

of a public controversy that would preoccupy Americans well into the first decade of the 20" century. As reports of casualties, atrocities, and endless troop deployments intensified, so did the public debate on whether America was a

“republic or empire.’ Pro-expansionists accused critics of the war of being traitors to the flag and loyal instead to Aguinaldo. The critics, on the other hand, believed that U.S. expansionism was unconstitutional and antithetical to American ideals of democracy and self-rule.

The historical events that led the U.S. Congress and the Republican administration to declare war against Spain on April 21, 1898, are well documented

in American

history textbooks. However, there is very little

effort among American historians to examine the Philippine side of 1898, to understand why Filipinos were betrayed by the Treaty of Paris, and why they LEADERS

fought the United States for over a decade thereafter. Since the cartoons in this collection cover the public debate on the U.S. side over America’s annexation

of the Philippines, a brief peek at the Philippine side of 1898 is essential in rounding out the historical context of the cartoons.

OF

THE

PHILIPPINE

REVOLUTION

[From Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines, Edited by Marrion Wilcox, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900, p. 69]

The outbreak of the Spanish-American War introduced a new factor in the Filipino struggle for independence. Soon after the U.S declaration of war

1898 IN THE

PHILIPPINES

against Spain, U.S. consular officials in Hong Kong and Singapore sought out

The Filipino revolution against Spain, which began in August 24, 1896,

and initiated contacts with Aguinaldo and his Hong Kong Junta in an effort to

resulted in a stalemate as 1898 dawned in the Philippines. In the closing months

enlist the Filipinos in the American war effort, fully aware that the Filipinos

of 1897, leaders of the Philippine revolution had agreed to a cease-fire with

were in revolt against Spain at that time. Aguinaldo and the Junta were unsure

Spain. Under the Pact at Biak na Bato, Spain would pay 1.7 million pesos to the

about American intentions in the Philippines. In discussions with the American

Filipinos if the leaders of the revolution would agree to exile in Hong Kong. The

consuls, Aguinaldo requested that guarantees of non-hostile intentions towards

Spanish government hoped that the Agreement of Biak na Bato would provide

the Philippines be put in writing. Such was not forthcoming, however, and there

a political solution to the war in the Philippines. But General Emilio Aguinaldo

are only unofficial accounts of the promises Americans gave in their efforts to

and the other leaders of the revolution saw the agreement as a way to buy

forge an alliance with Filipinos. According to Aguinaldo, he received verbal

time and obtain much-needed weapons as they plotted their next move. They organized themselves into a junta that would function as a Filipino government

assurances

in exile.

took place a few days after Commodore George Dewey's May Ist victory over

that the United States had only honorable and just intentions. However, the minutes of the May 4, 1898, meeting of the Junta, a meeting that

INTRODUCTION

13

the antiquated Spanish Armada in Manila Bay, reflected anxieties over American colonialist

ambitions and the possibility that the United States would become the “new oppressor” of Filipinos.’®

To allay Filipino suspicions about American intentions,

Dewey

undertook

confidence-

building measures. These included providing passage for Aguinaldo and members

could take control over Filipino forces, some had

already

familiar with both races.”

of the

Junta to return to the Philippines so that they of which

common enemy. Aguinaldo has acted independently of the Squadron, but has kept me advised of his progress, which has been wonderful. I have allowed to pass by water recruits, arms and ammunition, and to take such Spanish Arms and ammunition from the [captured Spanish] arsenal as he needed... In my opinion, these people are far more superior in their intelligence and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba, and I am

resumed _ hostilities

against Spain as early as mid-February 1898."”

The United States also facilitated the purchase and shipment of arms for Aguinaldo’s forces, which arrived in Cavite on May 23, 1898. In

But the Filipino dreams of self-government were already being undermined in Washington. On May 19, 1898, barely three weeks after Dewey's destruction of the Spanish Armada, President William McKinley ordered his Secretary of War to “send an army of occupation to the Philippines for the two fold

purpose of completing the reduction of Spanish power in that quarter and of giving order and security to the islands while in the possession of the United States.” *? Without any public debate, President McKinley decided to acquire

assist the Filipino struggle against Spain came

the Philippines as U.S. territory under the cover of the Spanish-American War. What is ironic is that the American public believed the war against Spain to be a war of liberation for Cuba. The logic of McKinley's May 19 orders flies in the face of the actual situation

to an end when Dewey received instructions

in the Philippines. It assumes that the Philippines was still under Spanish

from Washington, in late May and again in mid-June of 1898, directing him to refrain from “entering into any engagements with the insurgents which would render [the U.S.] government to further their cause.” '8 Dewey's response to these instructions from Washington was significant, for it revealed his personal view of Aguinaldo and the Filipinos while officially denying that he had formally committed the United States to the Filipino struggle for independence and self-government. In a June 27, 1898, dispatch to

sovereignty and that therefore, the defeat of Spanish forces in the Philippines gave the United States occupational rights and possession of Spanish

addition, Mauser

“THE CHIEF FEATURES OF ADMIRAL

DEWEY.’

Judge, Judge Compamy, New York, August 19, 1899

Dewey rifles

provided Aguinaldo

from

the

captured

with

Spanish

arsenal in Cavite. However, these efforts to

:

barat

5

;

the Secretary of the Navy, Dewey wrote:

territory—a fiction that McKinley sought to maintain, and in fact asserted in

the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898 (more on this below). American leaders, however, knew that the Filipinos had begun their revolution against Spain in August 1896, Their efforts to contact Aguinaldo and the Junta in Hong Kong prior to Dewey's attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay recognized the Filipino struggle against Spain and the importance of enlisting them in a war against a common enemy. The Filipinos, of course, were unaware of McKinley's May 19 orders and

...1 have had several conferences with Aguinaldo, generally ofapersonal

continued to rid themselves of pockets of Spanish colonial forces throughout

nature. Consistently, I have refrained from assisting him in any way with

the archipelago while establishing institutions that would lay the foundations for self-rule. With fresh weapons purchased with funds obtained from Spain as part of the settlement of Biak na Bato, the revolutionary movement quickly

the force under my command... At the same time, I have given him to

understand that I consider the insurgents as friends, being opposed to a

14

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

gained the upper hand. Garrisons outside Manila quickly fell to the Filipino revolutionaries. On June 2, 1898, General Garcia Pefia, Spanish commander of Cavite province, surrendered to Aguinaldo. A few days later, Spanish General Ricardo Monet ly iy abandoned Pampanga province and_ shortly fy thereafter, most of Luzon was liberated from the f Spanish. An" On June 12, 1898, with most of Philippine soil under their control, Filipinos declared independence from Spain. On that day, thousands of Filipinos cheered as General Emilio Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders displayed the new FILIPINO TROOPS AWAITING THE ARRIVAL OF AGUINALDO, SEPTEMBER 13, 1898 Philippine flag and played the national anthem for [From Harper's History of the War in the Philippines, Edited by Marrion Wilcox, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900, p. 68] the first time. Among the guests at this occasion was an American, Col. L.M. Johnson, then the highest ranking American in the Philippines. Paris, but Washington chose to ignore Agoncillo Ironically, Johnson even signed his name as a witness, one of 98 signatures, in (see cartoon). In Manila, Aguinaldo appointed the Philippine Declaration of Independence. a commission to negotiate with the Americans When American ground troops (sent to the Philippines by McKinley's May to prevent an outbreak of hostilities. McKinley 19th presidential order) began to arrive in the Philippines in late July and early responded by appointing a commission of August, American imperialist intentions became clear to Aguinaldo and his military men to deal with Aguinaldo. As might government. On August 6, Aguinaldo addressed a message to the world powers, be expected, nothing came out of these meetings seeking recognition of Philippine independence and of his government. The except ridicule from the American side, blaming United States ignored this note and instead initiated armistice negotiations with the Filipinos for troubles in Manila.”! Despite the growing tensions, the Filipinos Spain, with the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898, formally ending hostilities set about to bring stability to the country and prior to an eventual treaty. The besieged Spaniards in Old Manila were not establish a constitutional government to replace aware of the Peace Protocol when, on August 13, they made secret arrangements its revolutionary regime. By September, Filipinos with the U.S. military to stage a mock battle before handing over control of had taken effective control of the Bicol region the walled city. In doing so, they denied control of Old Manila to Aguinaldo's and the Visayas. A constitutional convention met encircling forces and provided American troops a toehold on Philippine soil. in Malolos, the capital of the new republic, on Not surprisingly, Filipino and American relations deteriorated quickly after “A GOOD POLICY September 15, 1898. Using the constitutions of the mock battle of Manila. Aguinaldo, however, tried to keep communications IN THE PRESENT CRISIS. Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, open with the Americans. He dispatched an emissary, Felipe Agoncillo, to Washington Post, February 1, 1899 Washington to seek Filipino participation in the negotiations of the Treaty of

and France as models, the convention drafted a

(artist: Clifford Berryman]

INTRODUCTION

IS

Philippine Constitution that created a unicameral

Benevolent Assimilation,’ McKinley's December

legislature (Assembly of Representatives), and the

21 proclamation stated that the mission of the United States was one of benevolent assimilation “substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.’ This declaration was of course kept

executive and judicial branches. The constitution provided for individual rights as well as safeguards

against abuses, By January 1899, the Constitution sident was formed, the president was elected, schools

from the Filipinos, for it was intended primarily for the U.S. Senate, which was preparing to debate the

nationwide were reopened, and ambassadors were

Treaty of Paris.

was approved, the cabinet for the office of the pre-

sent to various

countries

olene8 e

including the United

whe 4

States to seek recognition for the new republic— the first in Southeast Asia. The Philippine Republic

was officially inaugurated on January 23, 1899, on the basis of the new Constitution, with Emilio Aguinaldo as its president. Filipino victories across the archipelago and the

-

[

‘'g

Filipinos

eu

SESSION

DURING

THE

CONGRESS

IN

FIRST

PHILIPPINE

MALOLOS

[From Our Islands and Their People as seen with Camera and Pencil, Edited by William S. Bryan, Volume I], St. Louis: N.D. Thompson Publishing Co., 1899, p. 548]

of

McKinley's

to establish American rule over the Philippines “with all possible dispatch,’ General Elwell Otis, commanding general of American Philippines,

dispatched

two

forces in the

warships

and

two

November 19, 1898, warned: “Situation Critical in the Philippines: Insurgents

infantry regiments to occupy Iloilo, Thinking that he would relieve the Spanish garrison of their duties as occupational forces, the commander of the expedition, General Marcus Miller, brought with him copies of McKinley's December 21 orders calling for the occupation of the Philippines. Instead, Miller found

in Control of Most of the Islands and Uncle Sam Powerless to Protect Foreign

Filipinos already in control of the town and the garrison. The Filipino leaders

of American military leaders in the Philippines, the international community in

Asia, and the media. A front-page story carried by the San Francisco Chronicle on

Residents.’ American

in Iloilo refused landing rights to the Americans. and

Spanish

collusion

over

In a vain attempt to secure the occupation of Iloilo, Miller published McKinley's orders on January 3,

the

Philippines reached egregious heights with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December

10,

1899. Unswayed, the Iloilo leaders sent the central

1898, effectively ending the Spanish-American

government in Malolos a copy of McKinley’s orders.

War. The Treaty handed over control of Cuba and

The proverbial cat was now out of the bag, and both

ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, Spanish possessions

sides began preparing in earnest for a conflict that

in the West Indies, and the Philippines to the

seemed inevitable.”

United

States. (Some

cartoons

include

Hawai'i,

Tue First SHor

Wake Island and eastern Samoa since these were also annexed by the United States between 1898

and 1899.) Having now obtained a “legal” fig leaf for his imperialistic venture in the Philippines, McKinley on December 21 issued a rehash of his

May 19 order. Known today as the “Declaration of

THE

aware

American arrogance. In pursuit of McKinley's order A

subsequent establishment of the Philippine government took place under full view

16

became

declaration only by accident and as a result of

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

American coverage of the incident that triggered AT MALOLOS

the Philippine-American War blamed the Filipinos for initiating the attack. Inquiries into the incident

[From Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines, Edited by Marrion Wilcox, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900, p. 71]

Grayson fired the first shot. Third-party reports

PROCLAMATION

OF

PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE

revealed that an American soldier Private Willie

confirmed

Filipino findings. An English

forced his way into a Filipino town

lawyer, Richard Sheridan, wrote that “it was well known to the residents of Manila, and admitted by the Americans, that the first shot was fired by them, with the result

John Stotsenburg on February 1. Angry Filipino officers retaliated by posting their own sentries, and the situation turned tense. In order not to provoke a war prematurely on February 2, Otis ordered that no sentries be assigned to the post while he completed preparations. He then placed all troops in full alert. On February 4, the day when the leading officers of the Philippine army would be some 25 miles away attending a formal event in Malolos, the seat of the new government, Otis ordered the disputed post to be manned with sentries ready to fire on any trespasser. As General MacArthur

that large numbers of men, women, and children were killed... The fate of the peace

treaty was to be decided on the 6th day of February, and it is said that the conflict commenced for political reasons to insure

the ratification of the American treaty with Spain. 7

Henri Turot, a French journalist writing for Tour du Monde, reported in March

1900 after his stint in the Philippines: “Of course the Americans claimed that the signal started from the lines of Aguinaldo.

and

posted sentries under the command of Col.

“IN THE PHILIPPINES—A BAYONET RUSH” Harper’s Weekly, Harper & Brothers, New York, June 10, 1899 [artist: Frederic Remington]

would testify some years later:

It had to be admitted later that it was an American sentry who fired the first shot; premeditation was moreover certain since all the Americans were ready at their stations while the startled rebels were hardly able to defend themselves.”

Yes, we had a prearranged plan ... and within an instant after the firing at the outpost I received a message from Stotsenburg ... His move

was in

accordance to a prearranged plan.... When I got Colonel Stotsenburg’s report I simply wired all

Some historians would later disclose the existence

of a prearranged plan to attack Filipinos as soon as an incident was provoked. In the weeks prior to February 4, sentries shot at Filipinos on the slightest pretext. One

commanders to carry out our prearranged plan.”

American soldier wrote: “We have to kill one or two

the story of how his eight-man patrol confronted four

Pvt. Willie

Grayson

himself would

later recount

every night.’ During the final three weeks, General Otis

Filipino soldiers in the vicinity of San Juan Bridge:

asked Dewey to move his warships closer to the flanks of Aguinaldo’s army and ordered U.S. soldiers to change

el yelled: Fialt! + + x ¥ asTit+ +. + a pl x ++} + x

Hitt Bs ttt

+

*

“A PROBLEM

FOR

THE

LAWYER:

HOW

TO

GET

AROUND

THESE.

The World (New York), also published in The Literary Digest, Vol. XIX, No. 7, August 12, 1899, p. 182 [artist: Charles Green Bush]

CSROVGAN Fo)

pa

“When Duty whispers low, Thou must, The youth replies, I can! —Ralph Waldo Emerson.” Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, March 27, 1902

40

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

[artist: C. Broughton]

"9

PUCK. =~

= AKO FECH

tee Nias, Aen

ss A

sa

" at

sy, We.

“TT WON'T COME DOWN. Puck, Keppler & Schwarzmann, New York, October 4, 1899 (artist: Louis Dalrymple]

“THE FLAG

MUST STAY PUT. THE AMERICAN FILIPINOS AND THE NATIVE FILIPINOS WILL HAVE TO SUBMIT.’ : Puck, Keppler & Schwarzmann, New York, June 4, 1902 (artist: John S. Pughe]

GOVERNMENT

BY

CONSENT

OR

CONQUEST

41

EME

prine

DERT Ue Aye Are.

} "i ‘) BUEN.

ilt

WL

1278

ie

ps re oi hed

CRESS.

aE

»

MS

>

hes a

So

“THE

PHILIPPINE

WAR

IS

TRANSFERRED

TO

The Brooklyn Eagle, also published in The Literary Digest, Vol.

WASHINGTON..

XXIV, No. 20, May 17, 1902,

p. 667 [artist: unknown}

“MARK: ‘Mac, this log is harder to split than I thought it would be

“Our GIFT OF FREEDOM. 4 The Criterion, G. L. Davidson, New York, January 21, 1899

42

a! THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

[artist: Rob Wagner]

The Kansas City Times, also published in The Literary Digest, Vol. XXI, No. 13, September 29, 1900, p. 363 [artist: unknown]

Xt.

NEW YORK, JANUARY 26, 1899. Entered at the New

an

NUMBER 843.

+ lu WITH

~

1599, byLIFE PUELISHING COMPANY, Copsright,

vy eu | SHOT OW

S

=

M \

York Post OMce ag Seconi-Cluss Mail Matter,

-

=

a

SEF

THE

k=

DAT Teen THE ALBATROSS.

> PUIE

ANCIENT

AWNCIEN

MARINER

J MARINER

:

oar

| ea

ey EON

“WITH MY CROSSBOW I SHOT THE ALBATROSS. The Ancient Mariner”

The World (New

York), also

published in The Literary Digest, Vol. XIX, No. 8, August 19,

1899, p. 212 [artist: Charles Green Bush]

“THE ROOSTER: Why, Sammy,

you

have

outgrown

your trousers! ‘Yes, yes.

I am taking the

same diet as my cousin, the

“UNCLE SAM: Darn the crittur! He doesn’t seem to like this imperial business.’

ostrich. ” Life, Life Publishing Company,

Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, January 26, 1899

New York, March 28, 1901

(artist: William H. Walker]

(artist: William H. Walker]

GOVERNMENT

BY

CONSENT

OR

CONQUEST

43

“HE'S GETTING A BIG BOY NOW.

Sammy—‘I’m a-goin’ to eat them

apples all by myself, an’ there ain't a-goin’ to be any cores.” Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, June 25, 1898 [artist: Victor Gillam]

HE'S ONE OF THE BIG BOYS NOW he acquisition of Spanish colonies was the ticket for U.S. entry into

maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization

the elite fraternity of world powers. Some editorial cartoonists of

by any European powers,’ and that the United States would regard as a threat to

the period interpreted America’s rise as a world power by drawing

its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their rule

Admiral Dewey as the embodiment of U.S. naval power, the United States as an

on any independent state in the Americas. As a final element of this doctrine,

overgrown boy too big to be taken on by the Western powers, Uncle Sam staking

the United States reaffirmed its policy of non-interference in European affairs.

his claim to the Spanish colonies, or Uncle Sam and his English cousin John Bull having the entire world for themselves. One justification used by McKinley and others for seizing the Philippines was to protect the Filipinos from Germany and other impdeal powers. Opponents of U.S. global expansion depicted McKinley as “Emperor Mack” (“Suspended Animation,” The Verdict). Amo ik the major casualties of U.S. expansionist policy was the Monroe

While the Spanish-American War, precipitated by the conflict over Cuba, may be consistent with the Monroe Doctrine, the subsequent acquisition of the Philippines and Puerto Rico as colonies constituted a de-facto abandonment of this policy. By annexing former Spanish colonies, the United States became a

colonizer rather than a guardian of freedom. This was the object of an editorial

nnual message to Congress. Monroe asserted that nation states in the

cartoon (“Goodbye Mr. Monroe”) by the New York Herald on November 28, 1898. Many pro-expansionists, however, welcomed this break from the Monroe doctrine as necessary for growth. Judges Victor Gillam sought to capture this

méricas, “by the free and independent condition which they have assessed and

sentiment by drawing Uncle Sam in various stages of growth from a toddler to

Doctrine, enunciated by President James Monroe on December 2, 1823, as part

of his

HE'S

ONE

OF

THE

BOYS

NOW

45

a wealthy and portly man in “A Lesson For Anti-Expansionists.’ Others simply

atte

ange

ose

dee

an

ES

drew Uncle Sam as very rotund and outgrowing his clothes. The Philippine-American War, however, demonstrated that America’s rise to the status of a world power was a mixed blessing. Puck depicted the United

States as having to join Britain in footing the costs of colonial wars: the Boer

War in South Africa for John Bull, and the war in the Philippines for Uncle Sam. The Republic of St. Louis even gave it a broader context and drew the United States and other imperialist states as sitting on top of various social volcanoes in the colonies. A Life cartoonist, FT. Richards, saw bitter irony and hypocrisy in

U.S. claims of benevolent assimilation by drawing Uncle Sam and John Bull as standing on a pedestal proclaiming “peace on earth, goodwill toward men” amid the death and devastation of the colonial wars they were pursuing.

“A LESSON FOR ANTI-EXPANSIONISTS,.

Common i890 ayJuCcE COMPAlYOFREN YORE,

‘Sacha A Withelms Litho&Pi,Go.RewYork

“Showing how Uncle Sam has been an

46

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

expansionist first, last, and all the time.’

“THE CHIEF FEATURES OF ADMIRAL DEWEY.

Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, 1899 {artist: Victor Gillam]

Judge, Judge Company, New York, August 19, 1899 [artist: Grant Hamilton]

” Geur Mmerths ago Sean and bree,

| Saver nathing fal

£ GOOD WILL # TOWARD MEN. +-4 “THE ONE INHARMONIUOUS ANGEL

OF PEACE:

NOTE.

Come, Uncle Sam, stop chasing

that Filipino boy, and join the choir!’’ The New York American and Journal, also published in

The Literary Digest, Vol. XXIV, No. 24, June 14, 1902, p. 792, [artist: Frederick Opper]

\ \

\

“BEFORE AND AFTER TAKING.’

;

THE HIGHER CIVILIZATION. FOR FULL

“UNCLE SAM FREELY TELLS HIS PHYSICIAN

THAT HIS TREATMENT

BEEN A SUCCESS.

HAS

Le ee a ae ae a

a

BN DET HEBORRS:

rag te

hee

Cartoons of the War of 1898 with Spain, From

Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, June 28, 1900

Leading Foreign and American papers, Charles

(artist: Frederick Thompson Richards]

Nelan, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company,

1898 [artist: Charles Nelan]

HE'S

ONE

OF

THE

BOYS

NOW

47

De

AARASR Qa»

“HANDS ACROSS THE SEA.

JOHN

BULL— Shake, and we will boss the whole world?”

Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, June 11, 1898

48

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

[artist: Victor Gillam]

“HONOR AMONG

THIEVES.

“Both at once: In the name of humanity you should have arbitrated.” Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, July 5, 1900

[artist: Oliver Herford]

“COLUMBIA

IS BY

NO

MEANS

ENTHUSIASTIC

BY

THIS

TRANSACTION,

r1

Life, Life Publishing Company, New York, December 8, 1898

(artist: Francis Gilbert Attwood]

HE'S

ONE

OF

THE

BOYS

NOW

49

VOL.36

NO. 899

JANUARY

7 1899,

PRICE 10 CENTS

VOL. XLIX.

No. rasq

’

PUCK BUILDING, New York, March oth, 1901. Copyright, 1901, by Keppler & Schwarzmann,

PRICE

A

TEN

CENTS.

Entered at N. ¥.P. 0, 98Second-cless Mail Matter

YRQQt COPYMONT

MISERY

(899 BYANKELLPYOL:SNIRG COMMMNY OF WEN YOR

“IT OUGHT TO BE A HAPPY NEW YEAR.

Uncle Sam and his English cousin

have the world between them.” Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, January 7, 1899

5O

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

LOVES

COMPANY;—BUT

THEY

HOPE

SOON

TO

BE

OUT

OF

IT.

Schett 5Willen: Lito 8 Pg CoNew Merk

“MISERY LOVES COMPANY;—-BUT

THEY HOPE SOON TO BE OUT OF IT. ”

Puck, Keppler & Schwarzmann, New York, March 20, 1901 [artist: Victor Gillam]

[artist: Louis Dalrymple]

‘ ‘eee

MO

‘Sackett &Withelov Litho& Ph Co.NewYork

“THE

NEW

GIANT

AMONG

NATIONS.

INTRODUCED

BY

Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, July 9, 1898

HIS

COUSIN,

JOHN

BULL.”

[artist: Victor Gillam]

HE'S

ONE

OF

THE

BOYS

NOW

51

“JOHN BULL: ‘Hold tight, Wilfred, there might be a kidnapper around here” ? The Republic (St. Louis), also published in The Literary Digest, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, July 6, 1901, p. 2 (artist: Ryan Walker]

“UNCLE SAM: ‘Let's look pleasant, gents;

“THE GAME OF GRAB.

Ia

F

tarrh ina in nything

y

5

dicht

UNCLE SAM

in sight,

elite!

A

gentlemen,

saa

(to European powers)

bu

oo

ont

trea

See

—

F ae Pa

b Ae es a

e

n my

ELE

feet:

CE

Judge, Judge Publishing Company, New York, January 20, 1903 [artist:'Zim’ Eugene Zimmerman]

52

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

pe

we are all on the anxious seat.” ie ae

/

‘

The Republic (St. Louis), also published in The

F

‘

:

pany

ato

a

SEZ TE i

p }

Literary Digest, Vol. XIX, No. 2, July 8, 1899, p. 37

j

(artist: Ryan Walker]

ree

Z

Ailes oe, Se ERS % WrResy =

J

A

ZB

4

Nall A

Fe

a are

Zo a % A ;

#73

e oettnne "Vi i,

FOR

CHAPPED

Ps

Wa;

aN S

Charles Press, The Political Cartoon, Associated University

1981, p. 33.

Presses,

* Tbid., pp. 63-78. 5 [bid.

® Stephen Hess and Sandy Northrop, Drawn & Quartered: The History ofAmerican Political Cartoon, Montgomery: p-65.

Elliott & Clark

Publishing,

1996,

” Ibid., p. 66. 8 Thid., p.52.

toon History ofCalifornia Politics, California Journal Press, 1978, p. 41.

" Carlos Bulosan, America Is In The Heart, New

York: Harcourt, 1946, " Daniel B, Schirmer, Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine

War, Cambridge:

Schenkman Publishing Company, 1972. " Philip P. Choy, Lorraine Dong, and Marlon K. Hom, The Coming Man: 19" Century American Perceptions of the Chinese, Seattle: University of Washington Press paperback edition, 1995.

INTRODUCTION ' Paul

Kennedy,

The

Rise and Fall of the Great Powers:

Economic

Change

and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000, London: Fontana Press, 1989, p. 312.

> Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

story ofAmerican public life from 1870 to 1920, Chicago: C.H. Kerr & Company, 1922.

* Attributed to John O'Sullivan in an editorial in U.S. Magazine and Democratic Review, Vol. 17,JulyAugust 1845. ° John Fiske, “Manifest Destiny,” Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. 70, #418 (March, 1885), p. 588.

Taiwanese did not approve oftheir being ceded to Japan by the defeated Manchu imperial authorities in mainland China after the Sino-Japanese War. The Taiwanese declared their independence on May 25, 1895. The independence movement was crushed by Japanese imperial forces by October 21, 1895. '© O.D. Corpuz, Saga and Triumph: the Filipino Revolution Against Spain, University of the Philip-

of the American Anti-Imperialist League,” cited in

Carl Schurz, “The Policy of Imperialism,” Liberty Tract No. 4, Chicago: American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899.

CHAPTER

1 ' Kipling wrote the

pines Press and Cavite Historical Society, 2002, pp.

poem “The White Man's Burden” in 1899 in response to the U.S. annex-

162-163.

" Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino

7 Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building, Minneapo-

People, 8th Edition, Quezon City: Garotech Pub-

lishing, 1990, p. 185.

ation of the Philippines.

lis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980, p. 236. James S. Olson, The Ethnic Dimension in Ameri-

'O.D. Corpuz, Saga and Triumph: the Filipino Revolution Against Spain, p. 166.

The

can History, Second Edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994, pp. 168-171.

first stanza

reads:

“Take

up

the

White

" Tbid., pp. 166-167.

Man's

burden-

9 Tbid., pp. 172-173.

forth the best ye breed-

/ Send

/ Go bind your sons to

in the White Mind, Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley,

*! Samuel K. Tan, The Filipino American War, 1899-1913, Quezon City: University of the Philip-

CA, 2000.

pines Press, 2002, p. 35.

Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993, p. 233.

lution Against Spain, p. 299.

fluttered folk and wild- /

* This American faux-pas in Iloilo is the subject ofafew cartoons where Aguinaldo is depicted as defantly keeping the Americans out ofIloilo.

Your new-caught, sullen peoples, / Half-devil and

* Janette Faulkner, Ethnic Notions: Black Images

° Ed Salzman and Ann Leigh Brown, The Car-

158

3 Tbid., p. 292. * Richard Pettigrew, Imperial Washington: the

" Dee Brown, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee:

An Indian History of theAmerican West, New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1972. Choy et al., The Coming Man: 19th Century

American Perceptions of the Chinese, p. 102. 3 Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Mul-

ticultural America, p. 205. '’ Even President William Clinton betrayed this amnesia during his second inaugural address. In an effort to underscore the importance of Asia to his administration, President Clinton pointed out that the United States fought three wars in Asia in the 20th century. What the President and most Americans did not know was that the United States

had fought four wars in Asia. The very first was the

Philippine-American War, officially, from 1899 to 1902, but lasting well past the first decade of the 20th Century.

'S The first republic in Asia was formed by the people of Taiwan and lasted several months.

The

exile

» Corpuz, Saga and Triumph: the Filipino Revo-

Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawai'i. > Clockwise bottom left are: ippines, Puerto

1900.

** Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, New

1982, pp. 58-62.

Haven:

Yale

University

Press,

*° Leslie's Weekly, June 9, 1898. *? Murat Halstead, The Story of the Philippines, the El Dorado of the Orient, Chicago: Our Possessions Publishing, 1898, pp. 15-17. ** The Congressional Record, United States Senate, January 9, 1900, pp. 704-711. *» Jim Zwick, “The Anti-Imperialist League and the Origins of Filipino-American Oppositional Solidarity,” Amerasia Journal, 24, 1998, p. 65.

* American Anti-Imperialist League, “Platform

serve

your

half-child.” 7 On Uncle Sam's basket are (from left to right): Philippines,

* Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The Filipino Martyrs: A Story of the Crime of February 4, 1899, London and New York: John Lane: The Bodley Head,

1899-1903,

/ To

captives’ need; / To wait in heavy harness, / On

and

from PhilRico

(Porto Rico), Hawai'i, Cuba, and Guam (Ladrone Island). Among those looking up are France, Russia, and Austria on the left, and Germany and Britain on the right.

* The Filipino is shown at the top-right corner holding the American flag. ° The old man seated on the right represents the Monroe Doctrine.

° McKinley is carrying Aguinaldo (left) and the Chinese Dowager Empress (right).

CHAPTER

2

CHAPTER

' Revised declaration reads: “Declaration of Independence-We bought the Filipinos for $20,000,000. Therefore, we hold these lies to be selfevident that all brown men are created unequal; their buyer with certain inalienable wrongs; that among these are death, captivity, and pursuit; thar

to secure

these are

} John

wrongs,

Bull

is holding

Canada, while Uncle Sam has

Cuba,

insti-

tuted among Filipinos, deriving their just powers from the consent of the undersigned. Old daddy Washington is a has-been. We're it.-Me, Mac, and

McKinley.

' Under the Treaty of Paris, which ceded the Philippines to the United States, Spain received $20 million from the U.S. government. * This cartoon compares the quagmire that both the United States and Great Brit ain were in, and the annual expenditures for the Philippine-American War and the Boer War.

that they are endowed by

governments

8

Philippines,

Hawai'i,

and Puerto Rico in the basket.

° Raising the American flag are (left to right): General Nelson Miles in Puerto Rico, General William Shafter in Cuba, and Commodore George Dewey in the Philippines.

became Vice-President and President); and Navy Lieutenant Richmond Hobson. ° Aguinaldo is in the background on the right.

CHAPTER

° Riding the chariot are McKinley, Teddy (Theodore Roosevelt), Uncle Mark (Mark Hanna), and the Trusts. “The Full Dinner Pail” signified prosperity and was the campaign slogan of the Republican

' Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building, Minneapolis: — University of Minnesota Press,

Party.

1980,p.297.

> Letter from A.A. Barnes, Third Artillery; printed in Kingston Evening Post (New York),

' General James Rushling, “Interview with President William McKinley,’ The Christian Advocate, New

May 8, 1899.

3

York, January 22, 1903.

CHAPTER

4 "Schirmer,

Teddy.”

Republic or

Empire: American Resistance

* Lawyer Elihu Root, shown listening to McKinley, was the Secretary of War. Under the flag in the

to the Philippine War, p. 164. > Daniel B. Schirmer and Stephen R. Shalom

background is the Philippines and the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.

(editors),

* Anti-imperialist Senators George Hoar and

The

Philippines

Reader: A History of Colonialism, — Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance, Boston: South End Press, 1987, pp. 21-22.

Carl Schurz are shown in the botton left. On the foreground is Hoar, a Republican who led the fight

against expansionism in the Senate. Behind him is Schurz. * Uncle Sam's manifesto reads in part: “When in the course of human events ... United States of

> “Map of the Orient

America ... conquest ... submit ... under the free flag of the United States.”

showing Manila, P.I. as the geographical centre of the oriental commercial field,”

*Industrialist Mark Hanna is wielding the hammer of the Trusts as he pounds on the wedge of Im-

published by the Republican

National

Committee,

perialism to break up the Constitution. McKinley is

New York; also published in Harper's Weekly, July

shown sitting atop the log of the Constitution and holding the wedge.

28, 1900.

* On the left is Mark Hanna, on the right is

6

* Mabini was paralyzed in the lower limbs due to an illness as a young adult, In the photograph, he is shown in his “invalid chair” after his capture in 1900. 3 Eufronio Alip,

Philippine History, 9th Revised Edition, Manila: Alip & Sons, Inc., 1969,

* The Filipino “savage” is on the right behind Cuba and Puerto Rico. > Hawai'i and Puerto Rico are on the left, Cuba and the Philippines on the right. Various military leaders are mentioned: Generals Elwell Otis, Leonard Wood, William Shafter, and Fitzhugh Lee; Admiral William Sampson; Commodores George Dewey and Winfield Schley; Colonels Frederick Funston and Theodore Roosevelt of the Rough Riders (who then

Sam

a young

Hose

farm

was

worker

lynched in’ Newton, Georgia. He was accused of killing his white employer and raping his employer's wife (which he denied). Hose was chained to a tree, horribly mutilated, doused with oil and finally burned in front of athousand spectators. His remains were cut up and sold as souvenirs. His lynching received international media publicity. * See, for example, Willard B. Gatewood, Jr.,Black Americans and the White Man’s Burden, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1975; Anthony L. Powell, “Through My Grandfather's Eyes: Ties That Bind: The African American Soldier in the Filipino War for Liberation, 1899-1902,’ paper presented at the 1997 National Conference of African American Studies and the National Association of Hispanic and Latino Studies, Houston, Texas, March 1997; Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., “Smoked

Yankees” and the Struggle

for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldier Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, Emmanuel, “African-American Responses ippine-American War,’ paper presented Crossings:

1898-1902, 1971; Jorge to the Phil-

at “Violent

A One-Day Symposium Commemorating

159

(CONTINUED)

NOTES

> The proclamation was written by Apolinario Mabini. The spanish text can be found in Benito J.

or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War,

Smith's order during the “pacification” of Samar after

* Philadelphia Ledger, November 19, 1900. ® Navy Lt. Richmond Hobson was sent to the Philippines to salvage sunken warships. The hand-

the incident at Balangiga.

Legarda, Jr., The Hills of Sampaloc, Makati City: The

° The paper reads: “United States Peace Proc-

Bookmark, Inc., 2001, Appendix D. * On the right are the Anti-Imperialist League

some and popular hero of the Spanish-American War purportedly kissed many women as he travelled across

lamation to the Filipinos: Peace on earth, Goodwill

members George Hoar, William J. Bryan, and Edward

* Zwick, Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire, p. 5. ° On the bed are (from left to right): Emilio Aguinaldo, William Jennings Bryan, Richard Croker, Carl Schurz, and John Altgeld. Unwilling to sleep in the

to men, That means

Atkinson.

the United States before leaving for the Philippines. 7 Uncle Sam is kicking Aguinaldo while keeping a tight leash on the Philippines, Hawai'i, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. 8 The chief cook is General Elwell Otis, commander of U.S. forces in the Philippines. ° The general on the right is Elwell Otis, recognizable by his muttonchops. '0 The cartoon refers to the $20 million that the

George Dewey, Elwell S. Otis, Chas. Denby, Dean C.

*"16 to 1” refers to the demands by McKinley's

Worchester.’ The names listed are members of acommission appointed by McKinley in 1899 to establish

opponents for the free coinage ofsilver at a fixed silver-

United States paid Spain under the Treaty of Paris.

ing General Elwell Otis and the wounded man on the hammock is the Filipino.

the Centennial of the Philippine-American War,’ City College of San Francisco, February 6, 1999,

CHAPTER

7

ton to his brother, May 26, 1900; U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. > San Francisco Call, May 9, 1900.

* William Oliver Trafton, We Thought We Could Them

in Two

edited by William Scott,

Quezon

Weeks,

Henry

City: New

you! ... Jacob Gould Schurman,

a civilian approach to colonialism (with Otis dissenting). The so-called Schurman Commission posted a

to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. > General Elwell Otis, commander of U.S. forces in the Philippines, is shown

administering electro-

proclamation throughout the Philippines promoting the U.S. policy of benevolent assimilation. The Filipi-

shock therapy to Aguinaldo.

nos hat reads: “The Tagal Warrior.’

of Hawai'i was overthrown in 1893 by American capitalists led by Sanford Dole with the support of U.S.

'0 The nurse talking to Uncle Sam is Command-

Coal Strike of 1902. The United Mine Workers struck against the owner of coal mines in eastern Pennsylva-

nia, demanding better wages, safe working conditions, and recognition of their union, Fearing a coal short-

® Queen Lilioukalani of the sovereign Kingdom

marines.

’ Faneuil Hall in Boston was used by the American revolutionaries in the late 18th century and was a popular meeting place of the Boston Anti-Imperialists more than a hundred years later.

CHAPTER

age during the winter, President Roosevelt intervened

to end the strike. A board of arbitration granted a ten percent wage increase and a nine-hour day but no union recognition.

' Jim

Zwick,

Anti-Imperialist

“The

League

and the Origins of Fili-

CHAPTER

pino-American

8

Opposi-

tional Solidarity,’ Amerasta Journal, 24, 1998, p. 2. 2 The

term “copper-

' Katipunan (Association) was short for Kata-

head” referred to mem-

astaasan

bers of the Democratic

Kagalanggalang

Party in the North who

* Letter from Corporal 4 Sam Gillis, San Francisco Call, April 15, 1899. * Jim Zwick (editor), Mark Twain's Weapons of

Anak ng Bayan (Most Ex-

supported slavery in the

alted and Honorable As-

South.

sociation of the Sons and Daughters of the Coun-

uses the letter K of the an-

Satire: Anti-Imperialist

Writings on the Philippine-

try);

the

cient Filipino alphabet, In

War, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,

main

flag consisted

American

1992, p. 174.

° The cartoon shows U.S. soldiers administering

the “water cure” torture on a Filipino captive.

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

na

Katipunan

ng

Katipunan’s

of

the letter K in the ancient Philippine script on a red background,

p- 107.

bed are Grover Cleveland on the left and George Dewey on the right. The German-American Carl Schurz

was a supporter of Abraham Lincoln and had been a Republican senator and Secretary of the Interior. He belonged to the Mugwumps, a group of liberal Republicans who fought for reform and supported Grover Cleveland on the Democratic ticket in 1884. He later became editor of the New York Evening Post. Schurz was a reformer who opposed the domination of Tam-

many Hall boss Richard Croker (shown sleeping with him on the bed) and of powerful business interests in New York. 7 In addition to William Jennings Bryan who

is dancing with Emilio Aguinaldo, other anti-expansionists shown include former President Grover Cleveland,

QY9

mga

Day Publishers, 1990.

160 THE

*“Mauvais Sujet” (French) means “Bad Subject.”

"' The cartoon refers to the five-month Anthracite

' Letter of Pvt. Humble-

Whip

7 “Kill everyone over ten” refers to General Jacob

* The Katipunan flag

several cartoons, the flag is shown with nonsensical figures.

* Schirmer, Republic

Carl Schurz,

Senator

Henry Teller

of Colorado, Congressman William Sulzer of New York, Governor John Altgeld of Illinois, and Democratic party boss Richard Croker. * The idol is Emilio Aguinaldo carrying a golden whistle and a banner that was probably intended to represent the Kapitunan flag. The anti-expansionists shown here include: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan; former Senator Carl Schurz; Senators George Hoar of Massachusetts, George Vest of Missouri, and Eugene Hale of Maine; Congressman

Burke Cockran; Toledo Mayor Samuel Jones; journalists Joseph Pulitzer and E. L. Godkin; and stock-broker William Lloyd Garrison. ° Marching with a “savage” Emilio Aguinaldo

(shown blowing a golden whistle and brandishing a club) are Senator John Morgan of Alabama, presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, Governor John Altgeld, Senator George Hoar, Senator Benjamin

“Pitchfork Ben” Tillman of South Carolina, Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker, and editor E. L. Godkin. ' Uncle Sam is shown signing the Paris Peace Treaty with Spain. The “American Filipinos” are (from

left to right): Senator George Hoar, Senator George

quest ofthe Philippines, 1899-1903, pp. 232 and 238.

Vest, former president Grover Cleveland, Mill, Hill,

* Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 18761916, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. * Eric Breitbart, A World on Display: Photographs

Senator Eugene Hale, Senator William Mason of IIlinois, Tammany

Hall boss Richard Croker, former

Senator Carl Schurz, Senator

Arthur

Gorman

of

Maryland (senate minority leader), Governor John Altgeld, Mayor Samuel Jones, presidential candidate

From the St. Louis World's Fair 1904, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997, p57.

William Jennings Bryan, and steel magnate Andrew

Carnegie. Bryan's club and pendant represent his campaign demand for the free coinage ofsilver. "The copperhead represented the Northern Democrats who supported the South during the Civil War.

° Our Islands and Their People as seen with Camera and Pencil, William S. Bryan, editor, Volume II, St. Louis: N.D. Thompson Publishing, 1899, p. 555.

’ Renato Constantino, The Miseducation of the Filipino, Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1982.

'° Senator George Hoar is portrayed as the Rev-

erend John Jasper, an African-American minister who preached the Ptolemaic view of the sun revolving around the earth as the center of the universe.

EPILOGUE Joan What

Delfattore,

Johnny

Shouldn't Read: Textbook Censorship in America,

Yale

New

Haven:

University

Press,

992%

> See Waller's testimony of April 8, 1902 in Chapter 12 of Joseph L. Schott, The Ordeal of Samar,

Indianapolis:

The

Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1964; see also Chapters 11 and 12 in Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903, 1982. Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Con-

* Americans cultivated a myth that the Philippines was

granted independence in response to popular clamor for independence by Filipinos, It is true that as soon as Filipinos gained a measure of political voice through the creation of a Philippine National Assembly that operated under the auspices of an American Governor General, they began to demand independence from the United States. It is debatable, however, whether the United States would have given in to this demand out of political principle. Notice for example that Puerto Rico continues to be an American protectorate to this day. In the late 1920s, as the U.S. economy fell into hard times, an increasing number of Americans began to see the Philippines as a scapegoat for their economic woes. These groups included tobacco producers, beet-sugar growers, and even dairy and farm lobbies. And it was these groups who now

wanted the United States to be “independent” of the Philippines.

For a more extensive discussion of this

point, see Enrique de la Cruz, “US-Philippine Rela-

tions,’ Encyclopedia for Asian American Studies, Salem Press, 1996.

°'T.H. Etzold and J.L. Gladdis, Editors, Containment:

Documents

on

American

Policy and Strategy,

1945-1950, New York: Columbia 1978, p. 226-228.

University Press,

'” Stephen R. Shalom, The United States and the Philippines: A Study of Neocolonialism, Philadelphia:

ISHI, 1981, pp. 103-104.

“YOUR MOVE, GENERAL OTIS. The Evening Post (San Francisco), also published in The American Monthly Review of

Reviews, The Review of Reviews Company, New York, Vol. XX, No. 2, August 1899, p. 139 [artist: Webster]

161

REFERENCES

AND

Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Malolos: The Crisis of

Rolando O. Borrinaga, The Balangiga Conflict Revisited, Quezon City: New Day Publishers,

Philip Choy, Lorraine Dong, and Marlon Hom, The Coming Man: 19" Century American

2003.

Perceptions of the Chinese, Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co. Ltd., 1994; University of Washington Press paperback edition, 1995.

the Republic, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1997. Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Revolt of the Masses: The

Virginia M. Bouvier (Editor), Whose America? The

Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan, Quezon City:

War of 1898 and the Battles to Defend the Nation, Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2001.

University of the Philippines, 1956. Teodoro Agoncillo and Milagros Guerrero, History

Claude G. Bowers, Beveridge and the Progressive

of the Filipino People, 5 Edition, Quezon City: R.P.

Era, Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Company,

Garcia Publishing Company, 1977.

1932.

Emilio Aguinaldo, Sentiments: Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo’s Response to the Accusations of the Sublime Paralytic, (Translation by Emmanuel Franco Calairo), Dasmarinas: Cavite Historical Society, 2002.

Eufronio Alip, Philippine History: Political, Social, Economic, Ninth Edition, Manila: Alip & Sons, Inc., 1969.

Santiago V. Alvarez, The Katipunan ofthe Revolution: Memoirs ofaGeneral, (Translation by Paula Carolina Malay), Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992. American Anti-Imperialist League, “Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League,’ Text from Carl Schurz, The Policy of Imperialism, Liberty Tract No. 4, Chicago: American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899.

David H. Bain, Sitting in Darkness: Americans in the Philippines, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984.

162

THE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

Renato Constantino, “The Miseducation of the

Walter M. Brasch, Editor, Zim: The Autobiography

of Eugene Zimmerman, London: Associated University Presses, 1988.

Eric Breitbart,

Renato Constantino, The History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975.

A World on Display: Photographs

from the St. Louis World's Fair 1904, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.

Dee Brown, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee: An

Indian History of the American West, New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1972.

William Jennings Bryan et al., Republic or Empire: The Philippine Question, Chicago: The Independence Company, 1899. Carlos Bulosan, America is in the Heart, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973.

Cartoons by Will E. Chapin with an Introduction by L.E. Mosher, Los Angeles: The Times-Mirror Printing and Binding House, 1899.

Cartoons of the War of 1898 with Spain, From Leading Foreign and American papers, Chicago: Belford, Middlebrook and Company, 1898.

Filipino,” Quezon City: The Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1982. Renato Constantino, The Philippines: A Past

Revisited, Quezon City: The Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1975.

O.D. Corpuz, Saga and Triumph: the Filipino Revolution Against Spain, University of the Philippines Press and Cavite Historical Society, 2002. Gilda Cordero-Fernando, Nik Ricio, et al.

(Editors), Turn of the Century, Quezon City: GCF Books, 1990.

O.D, Corpuz, The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Volumes I & II, Quezon City: Aklahi Foundation, 1989.

Enrique de la Cruz, and Pearlie Rose S. Baluyut, editors and curators, Confrontations, Crossings and Convergence: Photographs of the Philippines and the United States, 1898-1998, Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and the UCLA Southeast Asia Program, 1998.

Enrique de la Cruz, Editor, “Essays into American

Empire in the Philippines,’ Amerasia Journal, 24:2

John Morgan Gates, Schoolbooks and Krags: The

and 24:3, Summer & Fall, 1998.

United States Army in the Philippines, 1898-1902, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973.

Enrique de la Cruz,“US-Philippine Relations,”

Willard B. Gatewood, Jr.,Black Americans and the

Encyclopedia forAsian American Studies, Salem Press, 1996.

Press, 1975.

Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of

Indian-Hating and Empire Building, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980. Jorge Emmanuel, “African-American Responses

to the Philippine-American War,’ presented at “Violent Crossings: A One-Day Symposium Commemorating the Centennial of the Philippine-

American War,’ City College of San Francisco, February 6, 1999.

Janette Faulkner, Ethnic Notions: Black Images in the White Mind, Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 2000. Karl Irving Faust, Campaigning in the Philippines,

San Francisco: The Hicks-Judd Company, 1899.

Roger A. Fischer, Them Damned Pictures: Explorations in American Political Cartoon Art, New Haven: Archon Books, 1996.

Luzviminda Francisco, “The First Vietnam: The U.S.-Philippine War 1899-1902,” The Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 5, December 1973; also in Letters in Exile: An Introductory Reader on

the History of Pilipinos in America, Ed. by Jesse Quinsaat, Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American

White Man's Burden, Urbana: University of Illinois

Willard B. Gatewood, Jr.,“Smoked Yankees” and the Struggle forEmpire: Letters from Negro Soldiers 1898-1902, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, IAL: Peter Gordon Gowing, Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipinos 1899-

Maurice Horn, Editor, The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, Volumes 1-6, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1981.

Reynaldo C. Ileto, Filipinos and their Revolution:

Event, Discourse, and Historiography, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998. Reynaldo C. Ileto, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular

Movement in the Philippines, 1840-1910, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979. Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in

1920, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1983.

the Philippines, London: Century, 1990.

Murat Halstead, The Story of the Philippines, the

Jerry Keenan, Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars, Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO Information Series, 2001.

El Dorado ofthe Orient, Chicago: Our Possessions Publishing, 1898. Pierre Hauser, Great Ambitions: From the “Separate But Equal” Doctrine to the Birth ofthe NAACP (1896-1909), New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1995. Stephen Hess and Sandy Northrop, Drawn

& Quartered: The History ofAmerican Political Cartoons, Montgomery: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1996.

Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting forAmerican Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Nelson Kose and Curt Lader, United States History: Since 1865, Hauppauge: Barron's Educational Series, 1994.

Benito J. Legarda, Jr.,The Hills ofSampaloc: The Opening Actions of the Philippine-American War, February 4-5, 1899, Makati City: The Bookmark, Inc., 2001.

Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War 18991902, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1995.

Studies Center, 1976.

163

REFERENCES

AND

Apolinario Mabini, The Philippine Revolution, (Translation by Leon M. Guerrero), 1931; reprinted by the National Historical Commission, Manila, 1969. Cesar A. Majul, Mabini and the Philippine Revolution, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1960.

Cesar A. Majul, The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Constitution, Quezon City:

University of the Philippines Press, 1967.

Ambeth R. Ocampo, Bonifacios Bolo, Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc., 1995. Ambeth R, Ocampo, Mabini’s Ghost, Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc., 1995.

Ambeth R. Ocampo, Rizal Without the Overcoat, Revised Edition, Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc., 1990. Orlino A. Ochosa, “Bandoleros”: Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine-American War 1903-

1907, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1995. James S. Olson, The Ethnic Dimensions in American History, Second Edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.

Glenn May, Battle forBatangas: A Philippine

Anthony L. Powell, “Through My Grandfather's Eyes: Ties That Bind: The African American

Soldier in the Filipino War for Liberation, 18991902,” paper presented at the 1997 National

Daniel B. Schirmer, Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War, Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1972. Daniel B. Schirmer and Stephen R. Shalom

(Editors), The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance, Boston: South End Press, 1987.

William Henry Scott, Ilocano Responses to American Aggression 1900-1901, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1986. Albert Shaw, A Cartoon History of Roosevelt's Career, New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1910.

Angel Velasco Shaw and Luis H. Francia (Editors), Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999, New York: New York University Press, 2002.

Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”:

Conference of African American Studies and the

Bonifacio S. Salamanca, The Filipino Reaction to

The American Conquest ofthe Philippines: 1899-

American Rule, 1901-1913, Quezon City: New

1903, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

National Association of Hispanic and Latino Studies, Houston, Texas, March 1997.

William Murrell, A History ofAmerican Graphic Humor (1865-1938), New York: Whitney Museum

Charles Press, The Political Cartoon, Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981.

Moorefield Storey and Marcial P. Lichauco, The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898-1925, New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926.

of American Art (published by the MacMillan

Company), 1938. Charles Nelan, Cartoons of Our War With Spain, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1898. Ambeth R. Ocampo, Aguinaldo’s Breakfast: And More Looking Back Essays, Manila: Anvil Press, 1996,

THE

(conrTinvueEpD)

Harry P. Mawson and J,W. Buel, Leslie's Official History of the Spanish-American War, Washington, D.C.:; General Marcus J. Wright War Records Office, 1899. Province at War, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

164

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-

1916, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Ed Salzman and Ann Leigh Brown, The Cartoon History of California Politics, Sacramento:

California Journal Press, 1978.

Day Publishers, 1984.

Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Boston: Little, Brown and

Company, 1993.

Samuel K. Tan, The Filipino American War, 18991913, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2002.

William O. Trafton, We Thought We Could Whip Them in Two Weeks, edited by William Henry

Scott, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1990. Benito M. Vergara, Jr., Displaying Filipinos: Photography and Colonialism in the Early 20° Century Philippines, Quezon City: University of the Philippine Press, 1995. Kyle Roy Ward, In the Shadow of Glory: The Thirteenth Minnesota in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, 1898-1899, St. Cloud: North Star Press of St. Cloud, Inc., 2000.

Grant Wright, The Art of Caricature, New York:

The Baker Taylor Company Publishers, 1904. Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn, Garden City: Doubleday, 1961.

Gregorio F. Zaide, Philippine Political and Cultural History, Volume II, Manila: Philippine Education Company, 1957. Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How

Deborah Wei and Rachel Kamel (Editors),

Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.

Resistance in Paradise: Rethinking 100 Years of U.S. Involvement in the Caribbean and the Pacific, Philadelphia: American Friends Service Committee and Office of Curriculum Support

Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1980.

(School District of Philadelphia), 1998. Bernard Weisberger, From Sea to Shining Sea: A History of the United States, Third Edition, New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1982.

Richard E. Welch, Jr., Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.

Jim Zwick (Editor), Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the PhilippineAmerican War, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992.

Jim Zwick, “The Anti-Imperialist League and the Origins of Filipino-American Oppositional

Solidarity,’ Amerasia Journal, 24, 1998.

Marrion Wilcox (Editor), Harper's History of the War in the Philippines, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900.

165

LIST

166

THE

OF

PERIODICALS

The American Monthly Review ofReviews

Journal (Minneapolis)

The Philadelphia Press

The Boston Sunday Globe

Judge

Pioneer Press (St. Paul)

The Brooklyn Eagle

Judge's Library

Puck

Charivari (London)

The Kansas City Times

Punch (London)

Chicago Chronicle

Leslie’s Weekly

The Record (Philadelphia)

The Chicago Inter Ocean

Life

The Republic (St. Louis)

The Chicago Record

The Literary Digest

The Rocky Mountain News (Denver)

The Cleveland Plain Dealer

Louisville Herald

The St. Paul Dispatch

Collier's Weekly

Los Angeles Times

Times-Democrat (New Orleans)

The Criterion

The Minneapolis Times

Tribune (Minneapolis)

Denver Evening Post

The New York American and Journal

The Verdict

The Detroit News

The New York Evening Journal

Washington Post

The Evening Post (San Francisco)

The New York Herald

Washington Times

Harper's Weekly

New York Tribune

Wasp (San Francisco)

The Herald (Boston)

Ohio State Journal (Columbus)

World (New York)

The Herald (Salt Lake City)

Philadelphia Inquirer

Journal (Detroit)

The Philadelphia North American

EORBIDDEN

BOOK

MAJOR JuLy

7,

HISTORICAL

1892

APRIL

Andres Bonifacio and others found the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society seeking independence from Spain

DATES

1898

Aguinaldo negotiates the purchase of arms and ammunition with U.S. Consul Rounseville Wildman in Hong Kong; Wildman delivers less than half of the pre-paid arms shipment

AUGUST 26, 1896 Katipuneros declare the start of armed revolution

APRIL

against Spain with the “Cry of Pugadlawin”

The U.S. Congress declares war on Spain

DECEMBER

30,

1896

Execution by the Spaniards of the brilliant novelist, medical doctor, botanist and patriot Dr. Jose Rizal fans the flames of the revolution

May

22,

1897

Emilio Aguinaldo challenges the leadership of Bonifacio and is declared president of the revolutionary government during a controversial convention

NOVEMBER 18, 1897 A military stalemate results in a truce between Spanish authorities and Filipino leaders who agree to voluntary exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 1.7 million pesos

1,

1898

1898

FEBRUARY

Cuba

1898

AUGUST

13,

1898

Besieged Spanish officials in Manila arrange a mock battle and surrender to American troops thereby giving the U.S. military a toehold on Philippine soil SEPTEMBER

The Malolos Congress is inaugurated and prepares to draft the Constitution

19,

1898

Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines aboard the U.S. cutter McCulloch

EARLY JUNE 1898 Filipinos quickly wrest control of most of the northern Philippine island of Luzon as the revolution spreads to other parts of the country

JUNE

12,

1898

The Declaration of Independence is signed and Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence at

1898

authorities as the Filipino uprising resumes and the American warship Maine explodes in Havana,

12,

The United States and Spain sign a protocol to end all hostilities

fleet in Manila Bay

Kawit, Cavite

Clashes erupt between Filipinos and Spanish

AUGUST

EVENTS

Commodore George Dewey destroys the Spanish

May

MARCH

25,

&

JUNE 15, 1898 Hundreds gather at Faneuil Hall in Boston to

15,

1898

NOVEMBER The New England founded in Boston Governor George

20, 1898 Anti-Imperialist League is with former Massachusetts Boutwell as president

DECEMBER

10,

1898

The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris ceding the Philippines to the United States for $20 million DECEMBER 21, 1898 President William McKinley issues his Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation of the Philippines

denounce U.S, imperialist policies and oppose

JANUARY

annexation of the Philippines

Spanish forces withdraw from Cotabato in

1899

southern Philippines and power is assumed by Moro leader Datu Piang

MAJOR

JANUARY

HISTORICAL

21,

1899

DATES

AUGUST

20,

&

EVENTS

1899

(conrTINUED)

NOVEMBER

1900

The Philippine Constitution is approved and

The Sultan of Jolo signs the Bates Agreement

McKinley defeats Bryan and is elected to a second

promulgated by Aguinaldo

unwittingly accepting U.S. sovereignty

term as president

JANUARY 23, 1899 The Philippine Republic is inaugurated and

OcTOBER 16-17, 1899 More than a hundred delegates from 29 states meet in Chicago to organize the national AntiImperialist League; about 10,000 people attend the public forum

Aguinaldo is proclaimed President of the new republic FEBRUARY

4,

1899

An American soldier shoots Filipinos crossing San

Juan Bridge signaling the start of the PhilippineAmerican War

OCTOBER 27, 1899 McKinley signs the Bates Agreement

DECEMBER

20,

1900

General Arthur MacArthur declares martial law in

the Philippines in response to guerrilla activities JANUARY

1900

U.S. troops occupy Zamboanga, Cotabato, Davao and towns in Mindanao in southern Philippines ApPRIL-MAy

1900

Cagayan, Agusan and Misamis in Mindanao

Deceived by false reports, the U.S. Senate ratifies

OCTOBER 30, 1899 The U.S. Army incorporates the Sulu Archipelago and Palawan into the newly created Military

the Treaty of Paris approving annexation of the

District of Mindanao and Jolo

May

FEBRUARY

6,

1899

Philippines by one vote FEBRUARY-MARCH

1899

U.S. forces achieve quick victories as reinforcements arrive; Aguinaldo evacuates Malolos and moves the capital to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija May

19,

1899

U.S. troops begin to occupy Jolo and other Spanish forts in southern Philippines Jury

1899

The first of 6,000 segregated African American soldiers arrive in the Philippines

NoOvEMBER 13, 1899 Aguinaldo disbands the army and proclaims the beginning of guerrilla warfare NoOvEMBER

17,

1899

African American soldier David Fagen joins Filipino forces and becomes the most famous of American defectors

JuLY I900 William Jennings Bryan is chosen the Democratic Party's presidential candidate and makes “imperialism” the paramount issue of his campaign

Filipino Christian soldiers attack U.S. soldiers in

2, 1900 General Arthur MacArthur replaces General Elwell Otis as commander of U.S. forces and promptly requests for more troops MARCH 23, I9QOI Aguinaldo is captured by Colonel Frederick Funston May

1901

General Franklin Bell reports that one-sixth of the

population of Luzon (i.e., about 616,000) have been killed or died of a war-induced epidemic AUGUST

I, I901

500 American teachers (Thomasites) arrive in Manila aboard the U.S. transport ship Thomas and are assigned to schools in the Philippines

168 THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

SEPTEMBER 14, I9QOI McKinley dies from an assassin’s bullet and is

succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt SEPTEMBER

28, I90OI1 Filipino guerrillas attack an American outpost in Balangiga, Samar; US forces launch a massive retaliation against the island's entire populace NOVEMBER

4,

IQOI

OCTOBER

1903

U.S. troops battle Moro forces under Panglima Hassan in Sulu MARCH

2,

1904

Roosevelt formally abrogates the Bates Agreement MaRCH

MARCH 15, 1902 Start of armed conflict between Americans and Moros in southern Philippines

1904

Moro leader Datu Ali fights U.S. troops in Cotabato APRIL 30, 1904 Start of the St. Louis World's Fair in which hundreds of tribal Filipinos are put on display

OCTOBER 22, 1905 Datu Ali of Cotabato is killed along with hundreds of his followers

May

2,

1902

Battle of Bayan on Lake Lanao in southern

MaRCH

Philippines results in the deaths of hundreds of

600 Moros including women and children are killed at the Battle of Bud Dajo; General Wood estimates 3,000 Moros and 70 Americans have died in three years of fighting in Moro Province

Maranao Wine

Ay

BOOP

Roosevelt declares the end of the PhilippineAmerican War APRIL-May

1903

400 Maranao killed in the Battles of Bacolod and Taraka on Lake Lanao AUGUST 6, 1903 General Leonard Wood becomes the first governor of Moro Province

6-8,

OCTOBER

1906

1909

General John “Black Jack” Pershing becomes Governor of Moro Province DECEMBER

trom,

Tess

Several hundred Moros and 14 Americans are killed

at the Battle of Bud Bagsak in Jolo, the last major battle of the Philippine-American War May

19,

1914

Datu Alamada of Lanao and Cotobato surrenders

The Philippine Commission passes the AntiSedition Law making advocacy of Philippine independence a capital offense

[oxG

IQII

Hostilities break out in Jolo and in Lanao as U.S. authorities order Moros to surrender their weapons

MARCH

22,

1915

The Sultan of Sulu abdicates political power and accepts U.S. sovereignty, thereby ending the war

MARCH

1934

The Tydings-McDuffe Act grants independence to the Philippines after a ten-year period as a U.S.

Commonwealth and restricts Filipino immigration to the United States to 50 persons a year NOVEMBER 15, 1935 The Commonwealth of the Philippines is

inaugurated with Manuel Quezon as president DECEMBER

7,

I94I1

Japan attacks U.S. bases in the Philippines, Guam, and in Pearl Harbor in Hawai'i, and other countries FEBRUARY

I9,

1942

l

Filipinos in the West Coast and Hawai'i form the 1st and 2nd Filipino Battalion; members of the 2nd Filipino Battalion volunteer for secret guerrilla missions in the Philippines

MAJOR

HISTORICAL

OCTOBER 20, 1944 General Douglas MacArthur, son of General Arthur MacArthur, lands in Leyte with U.S. forces

OCTOBER

23,

1944

The Philippine Commonwealth is re-established FEBRUARY 3, 1945 U.S. soldiers enter the city of Manila after massive

“carpet bombing” by U.S. planes APRIL-May 1946 Opposition legislators are ousted from the Philippine Congress thus allowing passage of the Bell Trade Act JULY 2, 1946 The Bell Trade Act is ratified in exchange for U.S.

war-damage compensation for the Philippines; the Act grants economic rights to the United States, pegs the value of the Philippine peso to the U.S. dollar, prohibits tariffs on U.S. imports to the Philippines while imposing quotas on Philippine goods entering the United States JULY 4, 1946 The Philippines is granted nominal independence SEPTEMBER

18,

1946

Bowing to U.S. pressure, the Philippine Congress accepts an amendment to the Constitution to allow the granting of “parity rights” to U.S. corporations

170

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

DATES

&

EVENTS

(conrTiINUED)

MARCH 14, 1947 Military Bases Agreement is signed allowing U.S. bases to remain for 99 years

FEBRUARY

MARCH 21, 1947 Military Assistance Agreement is signed creating a Military Advisory Group to advise the Philippines

JUNE I991 Eruption of Pinatubo volcano forces the closure of Clark Air Base

and prohibiting the Philippines from accepting military aid or advice from any country unless

1986

Ferdinand Marcos is overthrown in a“People Power” revolution

SEPTEMBER

16,

I99Q9I1

approved by the United States

The Philippine Senate rejects the U.S.-R.P.

SEPTEMBER 6, 1955 Laurel-Langley Agreement is signed extending protection to U.S. business interests in all areas of Philippine economy

NOVEMBER 22, 1992 The last ship departs as the U.S. military withdraws from Subic Naval Base ending nearly a

OCTOBER £2, 1959 Bohlen-Serrano Agreement is signed shortening the occupation by U.S. bases from 99 years to 25

FEBRUARY

years, subsequently renewable every five years JANUARY-MARCH 1970 Nationalist movement grows as students conduct massive protests known as the “First Quarter Storm”

SEPTEMBER 21, 1972 President Ferdinand Marcos declares martial law AUGUST

22,

1983

Former Senator Benigno Aguino’s assassination at

Manila International Airport triggers more massive protests

Military Bases Treaty

century of U.S, military occupation I10,

1998

U.S. and Philippine officials sign a Visiting Forces Agreement which is subsequently ratified by the Philippine Senate on May 27, 1999

INDEX Page numbers in color refer to the subject matter in photographs or cartoons

A

B

Addams, Jane 9, 131, 131 Aeta 154, 154 Afghanistan 2

Africa 92 African Americans 9, 10, 11, 64, 81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 86 Agoncillo, Felipe 15, 15, 65, 162 Aguinaldo, Emilio 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 33, 57, 64, 66, 74, 77, 78, 82, 83, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103, 115, 115, 116, 116, 122, 123,

124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 124, 135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 145, 146, 148, 155, 158, 160, 161, 164, 166, 167

Alamada, Datu 99 Alaska 23, 28, 86 Alstaetter, FRW. 83

Altgeld, John 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 160, 161 12, 19, 32,77,

91, 94, 95, 107, 111, 112, 122, 126, 128, 129, 141, 143, 146, 148, 150, 161

annexations 2,6, ll 127135 18; 19, 20; 21,23, 35, 36, DDO

Sly 13215551166, 167

Anthony, Susan 35 Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 111, 160 Anti-Imperialist eague) 20;987 126, 1131, 132; 136, 150, 151, 158, 160, 162, 165, 166, 167

Anti-Sedition Law 168 Atkinson, Edward 119, 132, 150, 160

Attwood, Francis G. 3, 36, 38, 49, 56, 60, 62, 117 Austria 44,51, 158

Balangiga 155, 157, 160, 161, 168 Barnes, A.A. 82, 159 Barnett, Ida Wells 35,131 Barritt, Leon 79, 150

G

Bartholomew, Charles 12, 19, 27, 61,71, 107, 111, 126, 129, 132, 141, 149

Bates, John 98

Bates Treaty 167, 168 Bell, Franklin 153, 167 Bell Trade Act 156, 157, 169 Benevolent Assimilation 16, 107, 158, 161, 164, 166 Bengough, William 36, 40, 121 Berryman, Clifford 15, 103 Beveridge, Albert 8, 19, 19, 35, 35, 98, 103

Ali, Datu 99, 99, 155, 168

American Monthly Review of Reviews

72, 89, 92, 159 Bulosan, Carlos 3,158 Bush, Charles Green 38, 40, 43, 82, 86, 118

Caffery, Donelson 132 Canada 52,92 Canary Islands 95 Carnegie, Andrew 7, 131, 131, 138, 161 Chaffee, Adna 10, 82 Chapin, Will E. 78,91, 162

Charivari (London) 106 Chicago Chronicle 1, 2,61, 94, 98, 100, 153 Chicago Inter Ocean 142 Chicago Record 98, 103

Biak na Bato 13, 14 Blue, E.N. 18

China

25, 33, 51,54, 92

Bonifacio, Andres Boer 47

Chinese Exclusion Act 11

Chinese 4, 10, 11, 64, 81, 158, 162

116, 162, 164, 166

civilization 9, 19, 21, 24,55, 65, 154

Boston Evening Transcript 55 Boston Sunday Globe 65, 66, 80, 81

Civil War

Boutwell, George 132, 166 Bowman, Rowland Claude 122, 128, 146, 148 Boxer Rebellion 142 Brooklyn Eagle 42

Cleveland, Grover

Broughton, C. 39, 40

Cockran, Burke

Bryan, William Jennings 34, 35, 36, 36, 82, 85, 119, 13013283)

13451355, 13

7,9, 10, 161

Clark Air Base 156

7is8 4042,

143, 161, 167

Bud Bagsak, Battle of 2, 99, 168 Bud Dajo, Battle of 99, 99, 168 Bull, John 25, 26, 32, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,

8, 131, 133, 134, 138, 160, 161

Cleveland Plain Dealer 60 Clinton, William 158 Cobb, Burt 90 130, 132, 135, 160

College of Santa Isabel 66 College of San Ignacio 66 Collier's Weekly 99, 104 Constantino, Renato

155, 161, 162

Constitution, California 11 Constitution, Philippine 12, 15, 16, 66, 156, 157,

171

INDEX

(coNTINUED)

Donohey,J.H. 60

166, 167 Constitution, U.S. 13, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42 copperhead 141, 161 Cotabato 98, 99, 155, 166, 167, 168 Crazy Horse 10 Criterion 42 Croker, Richard

132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 160, 161

Cry of Pugadlawin

166

Cnbawliet2 1416, 18522) 25,96,27, 287290 o 1) 33, 45, 52, 59, 64, 70, 73, 74, 79, 91, 114, 158,

159, 160, 166

E Egypt 22 Ehrhart, Samuel 57, 69 Eliot, Charles 132 Elkins, Stephen 55

D

Eskimo

28, 82, 86

Evening Post (San Francisco) 161

Davao

98, 167

Davenport, Homer

102, 122

Declaration of Independence, Philippine 15, 116, 166

Declaration of Independence, U.S. 9, 20, 36, 40, 43, 159 Del Pilar, Pio 97 Democratic Party 3, 132, 160, 16 Denver Evening Post 94

Gillam, Bernard 3 Gillam, Victor 2, 6, 24, 25, 37, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 71, 82, 85, 96, 114, 116, 120, 127, 142 Godkin, E.L. 130, 132, 135, 137, 140, 160

Education Reform Decree 66

Custer, George 10

Dalrymple, Louis 29, 34, 41,50, 64, 117, 123, 125, NAF, AES)

F Fagen, David 82, 83, 167 Faneuil Hall 160, 166

Fiske, John 9, 158 Flohri, Emil 54 Follett, F.M. 107 France 44, 47, 48, 52, 89, 158 Funston, Frederick 73,98, 116, 159, 167

Gomez, Maximo

74

Gompers, Samuel 35, 131, 131 Gorman, Arthur 12, 138, 161 Grayson, Willie 17, 17

Guam (Ladrone Islands) 16, 26, 29, 33, 59, 61, 82, 95, 158

I Hale, Eugene 34, 132, 135, 138, 160, 161 Halstead, Murat

18, 158, 163

Hamilton, Grant 46, 57, 62, 65, 70, 83, 92, 93, 95, 128, 131, 132, 141, 143, 145 Hanna, Marcus 36, 40, 42, 56, 60, 95, 151, 159

Harper's Weekly 3,17, 24,55, 56, 74, 89, 91, 112, 116, 126, 129, 159

Harvard Lampoon 3 Hassan, Panglima 154, 155, 168 Hawatin

8, lly 116522) 24995) 26

7no se

oNoie

33, 39, 52, 61, 64, 73, 74, 79, 84, 92, 114, 157,

G

159, 160 Hearst, William 35, 134

Detroit Journal 24, 30, 33, 36, 39, 91, 94

Galloway, John 82

Detroit News

Gardener, Cornelius 153 Garrison, William 132, 135, 160

Herald (Boston) 61 Herald (Salt Lake City) 126 Herford, Oliver 49

46, 57, 59, 73; 93, 125, 133; 134, 1136, 139,

Germany 7, 21, 24, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 57, 73, 158

Hoar, George 12, 20, 34, 41, 98, 103, 119, 132, 132,

155, 159, 160

Geronimo 10, 154 Gibson, Charles 3

26,79

Dewey, George

Dole, Sanford 8

THE

158

Gillis, Sam 98, 160

Emerson, Ralph 2 England 7, 8, 21, 24, 65, 166

Daggy, A. Smith 76

I72

Dowager Empress of China Dubois, W.E.B. 35

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 17, 18, 24, 24, 45,

135, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151,

159, 160, 161

Hobson, Richmond 73, 86, 86, 115, 160 Homestead Act of 1862 7 Hong Kong Junta 13 Hose, Sam 82, 159 Hyde, W. H. 68

I Iloilo 16, 77, 158 imperialism 11, 20, 23, 24, 132, 167 India 25,51, 92 Indies 61 insurgency 1, 155 Iraq 2, 36 Irish Americans 84 Italy 44, 51,52, 92

J

Judge's Library 76

Los Angeles 4, 131, 155 Los Angeles Times 78,91 Louisville Herald 91 lynching 10, 86

K Kansas City Times 42

Katipunan 3, 116, 119, 121, 132, 160, 162, 166 Katipunan flag 123, 125, 129, 132, 135, 160

M

Keppler, Joseph 3 Keppler, Jr., Joseph 22, 23, 70, 116, 144, 147, 156,

Mabini, Apolinario 65, 65, 155, 160, 164

159 Kingston Evening Post 82, 159 Kipling, Rudyard 21, 23, 24, 158 Korean War 2

Lederer, Charles

Marcos, Ferdinand 3,4, 157 Mason, Patrick 82 Mason, William 161

157

May, Thomas

Leslies Weekly 3, 18, 158

Japan 44,51, 52,89

Levering, Albert 89, 111, 113

Lee, Fitzhugh 73, 136, 159

McCay, Winsor McGee, William

Life 2,3, 11, 24, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 56, 60, 62, 63, 68, 72, 74, 77, 81, 82, 84,

Johnson, L. M. 15

86, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108,

Jones, Samuel 132, 135, 138, 160, 161 Journal (Minneapolis) 12, 19, 27,61, 77, 107,111, 126, 129, 132, 149 Judge 2,3, 6, 14, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 36, 37, 44, 45, 46,

43,50, 51) 52, 54,56, 57, 59,65, 70, 71, 73, HS), FD telah, teks), Say, Sy SIS) Clos, SE), sal} ay, 114, 116, 120, 124, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143, 145

NCONS), a

ISIAA MS

150

Mayer, Henry (Hy) 86

Jim Crow 10

Jolo 167, 168

30, 33, 39, 91

Maybell, Claudius

1,61, 94, 100

James, William 20 Jamaica 61

Jasper, John 145, 161

Manifest Destiny 9, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 158

L Laurel-Langley Agreement Lawton, Henry 10

MacArthur, Arthur 17, 98, 98, 136, 167 Madagascar 92 Mahan, Alfred 8 Malolos 15, 16, 16, 17, 66, 166, 167

52, 60, 61, 72, 79, 84, 86, 91, 94, 100, 102, 106, 108, 110, 118, 122, 125, 126, 142, 146,

149, 150, 153 Literary University of the Philippines 66 Lodge, Henry 11, 12, 35,55

154

McKinley, William

1, 2,6, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,

21, 33, 34, 35, 55, 56, 60, 65, UIQ IAN IS) 121132151

e)

Lilioukalani, Queen 129, 160 Lincoln, Abraham 20, 21, 36, 38, 40 Literary Digest 1, 26, 30, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47,

63, 86, 101

Mexico

36, 38, 39, 40, 70, 86, 93, 95, 115) 116 7 15854 Son

42, 43, 45, 53, 97, 98, 103, 108, ld Sal tO to0: 66nlo7aLoS

51

Miles, Nelson 10,59, 151, 159 militarism 55 Miller, Marcus 16 Mindanao

98, 99, 154, 167

Minneapolis Times 94 missing link 154

173

INDEX

(cONTINUED)

Monroe, James 8, 45, 53 Monroe Doctrine 8, 29, 45, 53, 158 Morgan, John 137, 160, 163 Moros 1, 21, 36, 98, 99, 99, 110, 111, 112, 113, 166, 168 Mugwumps

160

N Nankiveil, Frank A. 89

Nash, Fred C. 94 Nast, Thomas 3 Native Americans

7,9, 10, 11, 11, 28, 64, 81, 82, 84,

96, 124 nativist movement

9

Nelan, Charles 31, 47, 53, 72, 84, 86, 108, 164 New York American and Journal 47 New York Evening Journal 98, 102, 153, 160 New York Herald 45,53, 86, 108, 132

New York Times 1 New York Tribune 79, 150

O

Partridge, Bernard 106 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 156

R

Peace Protocol

reconcentrado pens 154

Record (Philadelphia) 153 Recto, Claro 156 Rehse, George Washington 32, 110 Republic (St. Louis) 52,72

Philadelphia Press 90

Republican Party 2, 3, 36, 115, 132 Rescission Act 156

Philippine-American War

Otis, Elwell 10, 16, 17, 94, 98, 108, 122, 126, 136, 13971535159) 160; 16167

Otis, Harrison Gray 98

1, 4,7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 16,

17, 36, 46, 66, 81, 82, 83, 98, 115, 131, 132,

Richards, Frederick Thompson 46, 47, 60, 68, 95,

153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168

Rizal, Jose 65, 164, 166

Philippine Constitution, See Constitution, Philippine

Philippine Revolution 4 Piang, Datu 166

Pioneer Press (St. Paul) 32, 110 Platt Amendment 8 Plessy vs. Ferguson 82 Policy Planning Staff memorandum 23 156 political cartooning 2,3 Press, Charles

Ohio State Journal (Columbus) 91 Opper, Frederick 47 O'Sullivan, John 8, 158

14, 15

Pershing, John 99, 168 Pettigrew, Richard 8, 158 Philadelphia Inquirer 24, 26, 116, 125, 150 Philadelphia North American 72, 84

158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165

Puck 2,3, 4, 12, 22, 24, 29, 34, 36, 41, 46, 50, 57, 58, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 81, 87, 89, 116, 117, IRE ash IASy Ie NSO. ls disiss aleiey, iS¥e). 140, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151

Puerto Rico 8, 16, 18, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 39, 45, 52, 59, 61, 64, 70, 73, 74, 92, 114, 158, 159, 160, 161 Pughe, John S. 12, 41, 58, 87, 119, 130, 140, 144,

145, 147 Pulitzer, Joseph 34, 130, 132, 134, 135, 140, 160 Punch (London) 106

174

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

109

robber barons 7

Rockefeller, John 7 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 75 Rogers, William A. 56, 74, 112, 126, 129 Roosevelt, Theodore 2, 35, 40, 58, 60, 62, 63, 73, 98, 112) 1215 1367 15151547 1595160) 168

Root, Elihu 36, 40, 153, 159 Russia 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 89, 92, 158

> Sakay, Macario

155

Samar 102, 160, 161 Samoa 16, 82 Sampson, William 73, 159 San Francisco Call 98, 160

Scheuerle, Joe 104, 107 Schirmer, Daniel 3, 4, 158, 159, 160, 164 Schley, Winfield 73, 159 Schurman, Jacob 160 Schurz, Carl 41, 130, 132, 138, 158, 159, 160, 161,

162

Scott, W.H.

35

Shafter, William 59, 73, 159 Sheridan, Richard 17 Sitting Bull 10

Smith, Jacob 82, 98, 153 panel,

12, 12,13,14715, 17, 18, 19) 20, 27,

31, 44, 47, 48, 49, 53, 59, 61, 66, 82, 86, 89, 95; 98,99; 106, 106, 107, 116, 127,133, 134, 135, 155, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167 Spanish-American War 1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 55, 153, IES Steele, George Washington 94 Stevenson, Adlai 130 Stewart, W. B. 33 St. Louis World's Fair 82, 154, 161, 162, 168 Stokes, Ernest 82 Storey, Moorfield 131

Stotsenburg, John 17 St. Paul Dispatch 132, 146

Strong, Josiah 9 Subic Naval Base 156

Sudan 22 Sullivant, T. S. 112 Sultan of Sulu 98,99, 111, 112, 112, 113, 113 Sulu 98, 99, 111,111, 112, 112, 113, 113, 155, 167, 168, 169

Sulzer, William

130, 134, 160

Taft, William Howard 91 Taiwan 158 Tammany Hall 3, 160, 161 Taylor, Horace 20, 121 Teller, Henry 160 Thomasites 167 Tillman, Benjamin 132, 137, 160

USS Maine

11 Uto, Datu 98

V

Times-Democrat (New Orleans) 112 Treaty for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines 99 Treaty of Paris

Van Dyke, Henry 20 Verdict 20, 45, 118,121 Vest, George 12, 34, 135, 132, 138, 160, 161 Vietnam War 1, 2, 163

W 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 159, 160, 166, 167

Tribune (Minneapolis) 122, 128, 141, 146, 148

Wagner, Rob 42

trusts 8, 35, 36, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 112

Wake Island 16 Walker, Francis 10

Turkey 51 Turot, Henri

17

Twain, Mark

20, 35, 99, 132, 132, 149, 160, 165

Tweed, William

Walker, Ryan 52

‘Tydings-McDuffe Act 156

U Uncle Sam

31, 46, 60, 77,

1, 16, 18, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29,

32, 47, 61, 78,

33, 48, 62, 79,

36, 49, 63, 81,

Walker, William H. 11, 31, 32, 38, 43, 56, 63, 72, 77, 84, 100, 108, 149

3

37, 50, 64, 83,

38, 51, 65, 83,

39, 52, 67, 84,

42, 53, 69, 85,

43, 54, 72, 89,

44, 56, 73, 91,

45, 56, 74, 92,

46, 59, 75, 94,

95, 98, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, AT Gail 22103 124A ole 7 i2snla6; 138, 141, 145, 146, 158, 159, 160

U.S.-Mexican War 23 U.S. Constitution. See Constitution, U.S.

United States Armed Forces in the Far East 156 University of Santo Tomas 65, 66

Waller, Littleton 153, 161 Washington, George 36, 39, 40, 129 Washington Post 15,98, 103 Washington Times 33

Wasp (San Francisco) 143 water cure 97,98, 100, 160

Westerman, Harry James 91 West Indies 16 White Man's Burden

21, 23, 24, 159, 163

Wildman, Rounseville 166 William McKinley 159 Winslow, Erving 132, 150

Wood, Leonard 73, 159, 168 Worchester, Dean

155, 160

World (New York) 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 82, 86, 88, 118,

154, 158

175

ABOUT

THE

AUTHORS

Ase Ienacro is an avid collector of Filipiniana materials including books,

World War II 2, 156, 157, 162 Wounded Knee 7, 10, 158, 162

magazines, prints, and political cartoons from the Philippine American War. He received his BA in ethnic studies from the University of California at Berkeley

a

and is a member of the East Bay chapter of the Filipino-American National Yellow Peril 11

z

4

Zamboanga 98, 167 Zimmerman, Eugene 23, 28, 36, 52,59, 73,75, 110,

124, 133, 134, 137, 138, 162, 165 Zulu

Historical Society.

ENRIQUE DE LA Cruz is professor of Asian American studies at California \ |

\4

22,24

State University, Northridge. He received his doctorate in philosophy from the

University of California, Los Angeles, and has written about and has edited studies on U.S.-Philippine relations, including Essays into American Empire in

the Philippines and Confrontations, Crossings, and Convergence: Photographs of the Philippines and the United States, 1898-1998, which is the companion catalog for a photographic exhibit of the same title.

JorGce EMMANUEL is president of a research and consulting firm. He received his Ph.D, in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan where he was also an associate of the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies. He has written on U.S.-Philippine relations and environmental issues and coauthored The Philippine Environment in the 21st Century and other books. He is a member of the Association for Asian Studies and the East Bay chapter of the Filipino-American National Historical Society.

Hexen Torisio is Lecturer in Asian American Studies at City College of San Francisco and San Francisco State University. She received her MPA from

California State University at Hayward and MFA

from University of San

Francisco. She edited Seven Card Stud with Seven Manangs Wild: An Anthology

Front: Helen Toribio; Back (left to right): Carl Angel, Jorge Emmanuel, Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz.

176

THE

FORBIDDEN

BOOK

of Filipino-American Writings and contributed to the anthology Legacy to Liberation and other publications on Asian American studies. She is a member of the Association of Asian American Studies and East Bay chapter of the Filipino-American National Historical Society.

Ase Ienacrio is an avid collector of Filipiniana materials including books, magazines, prints, and political cartoons from the Philippine American War. He received his BA in ethnic studies from the University of California at Berkeley and is a member of the East Bay chapter of the Filipino-American National Historical Society. ENRIQUE DE LA Cruz is professor of Asian American studies at California State University, Northridge. He

received his doctorate in philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles, and has written about and has edited studies on U.S.-Philippine relations, including Essays into American Empire in the Philippines and Confrontations, Crossings, and Convergence: Photographs of the Philippines and the United States, 1898-1998, which is the companion catalog for a photographic exhibit of the same title. JorcEe EMMANUEL is president of a research and consulting firm. He received his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan where

he was also an associate of the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies. He has written on U.S.Philippine relations and environmental issues and co-

authored The Philippine Environment in the 21st Century and other books. He is a member of the Association for Asian Studies and the East Bay chapter of the FilipinoAmerican National Historical Society.

HE EN Torisio is Lecturer in Asian American Studies at City College of San Francisco and San Francisco State University. She received her MPA from California State University at Hayward and MFA from University

of San Francisco. She edited Seven Card Stud with Seven Manangs Wild: An Anthology ofFilipino-American Writings and contributed to the anthology Legacy to Liberation and other publications on Asian American studies. She is a member of the Association of Asian American Studies and the Filipino-American National

Historical Society.

The brutal war waged by the United States 4

the

the century has been shrouded in darkness generations of Americans. THE FORBIDDE.

l episod.

ceale

our history out in the open, with a wonderfi® extraordinary cartoons. The book deserves wide siediation. | - Howard Zin} Professor Emeritus, Boston Universit ont

he

ar

eee” “tm

=

f,

af

Author of A People’s History of the United State

Me}

>

In this extraordinary collection of political cartoons from the period of the Philippine-American War and subsequent colonization, frank visual satire and caricature vibrate with “forgotten” histories from the turn of the 19th century: they link U.S. imperial conquests in the Pacific to those in the Caribbean, refract American perceptions of Filipinos through its devastating treatments of blacks and native peoples, explicitly admit U.S. ambitions to employ not only war, but eduéation and culture, to surpass the reach and power of the European empires by the end of the 20th century. These “forbidden” images are windows onto an earlier moment in the history of American empire, a history in which we still live and struggle today.

- Lisa Lowe Professor of Comparative Literature University of California at San Diego

“Brimming with insights into the beginnings of American imperial policy overseas, this bo

|

|

| |

reconstructs an era that was to shape and refine U.S. intervention in the modern world. Through political cartoons in an era when the colonizer itself worked to hide the truth from the American people about the forgotten war a century ago, this book réstores for the present generation a past marred by misinformation, racism, blind patriotism and outright lies. A thought-provoking education about the miseducation of the American people by

arrogant imperial leaders whose successors Ne&fenyy eWay WOO) IY baLIBRARY A particularly relevant book which makes it eg

of Filipinos and other colonial subjects of the

ation

www.ccclib.org

DOUGHERTY STATION

A ‘

Professor of Development Studies & Public Management and.Vice Chancellar, University of the Philippin¢