The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy): Finds and chronology 9781407356471, 9781407355047

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The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro

(Mantua, Italy) Finds and chronology L A U R A PA U

B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 1 1

2020

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Finds and chronology L A U R A PA U

B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 1 1

2020

Published in 2020 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 3011 The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) ISBN  978 1 4073 5647 1 paperback ISBN  978 1 4073 5504 7 e-format doi  https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407356471 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © Laura Pau 2020 Cover image  Bronze and ceramic finds from Casalmoro The Author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. Links to third party websites are provided by BAR Publishing in good faith and for information only. BAR Publishing disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third-party website referenced in this work.

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Ai miei genitori

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Kouklia. Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Tombs at Palaepaphos 1951–1954, Volumes I and II Excavations of the Liverpool City Museum and St Andrews University Expedition to Palaepaphos H. W. Catling BAR International Series 2994

Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2020

Late Bronze Age Social Landscapes of the Southeast Balkans A spatial analysis of local ceramics and site distribution Denitsa Nenova BAR International Series 2936

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L’etá del Bronzo Media e Recente in Liguria (Italia nord occidentale) Percorsi tecnologici e culturali Davide Delfino BAR International Series 2692

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L’età del Ferro a Capua Aspetti distintivi del contesto culturale e suo inquadramento nelle dinamiche di sviluppo dell’Italia protostorica Gianluca Melandri BAR International Series 2265

Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2011

For more information, or to purchase these titles, please visit www.barpublishing.com v

Acknowledgements I would like to gratefully acknowledge many people I met during the years I’ve spent in researching Casalmoro and Final Bronze Age northern Italy. First of all my gratitude goes to Renato Peroni, who gave me the opportunity to investigate what he defined “the most inexplicable mystery of the Italian protohistory”. I will always feel privileged to have known him and his method; this book is also dedicated to his memory.

Guidi, Cristiano Putzolu, Sara de Angelis, Maja Gori and Arianna Bruno; Francesca Ferranti for her help with the association chart since the times of my MA; Giandaniele Castangia and Davide Schirru, for their help with the maps; Giovanni Leonardi and Michele Cupitò, for the days spent talking with me about Final Bronze Age; Francesco Rubat Borel, for our conversations about the Final Bronze Age in west and east northern Italy; also, for their advice, Andrea Cardarelli and Marco Pacciarelli.

Also I would like to extend my gratitude to several people and institutions.

I sincerely thank Don Evely, who proof-read the manuscript and improved the quality of this book.

Alessandro Vanzetti, for co-supervising my research, and being always present with his precious scientific support.

I am also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers, who carefully read the manuscript and gave me precious and important scientific suggestions to improve it.

Elena Maria Menotti, former Director of the National Archaeological Museum of Mantua and officer of the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Lombardia, who always encouraged my research on the Bronze Age of the Mantua territory and the publication of this book: she gave me the opportunity to continue my studies on Casalmoro, and I collaborated with her in many scientific projects during the years with esteem and sincere friendship.

I thank Jane Burkowski, Ruth Fisher and Lisa Eaton of Bar Publishing, for their support during the production of the book. My friends Luca Roveri, who read the first version of the English book and gave me a lot of support and suggestions for the translation; Maurizio Panzironi, who also read part of this book; Giulia Tozzi, for checking the first version of the manuscript, and for always encouraging me in writing, since our cloudy days in Padua; Salvatore Sebis, for our continuous discussions on archaeological matters and for putting our Nuragic papers on hold while I was writing. Finally my most loving gratitude goes to my father, who always supported and encouraged me in every choice, and to my mother, who still supports me. Without them this research would have not been possible, and I dedicate this book to them.

The Superintendents of the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia who came in succession over the years: A. M. Ardovino, E. Roffia, L. Malnati, U. Spigo, E. Calandra, R. Poggiani Keller and F. Gambari. The current Superintendent of the Soprintendenza G. Barucca, and the officer responsible for the Mantua territory L. Lamanna, for their support and their interest in my research. Mino Perini, President of the Archaeological Group of Remedello, for his suggestions and help about the history of the research in Casalmoro; G. Volonghi, former Mayor of Casalmoro; the members of the Archaeological Group of Remedello, who gave me valuable support and information. People and friends in Casalmoro and Remedello, who welcomed and helped me in many ways during the months I’ve spent analysing finds at the Museum of Remedello. M. Tonon, former Director of the Museum of Natural History of Brescia, and P. Schirolli, officer of the same Museum, for welcoming me with kindness and professionality and for their support during my research in Brescia. Friends and colleagues who read parts of the book and gave me precious feedback and suggestions: Alessandro

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Contents List of Figures..................................................................................................................................................................... xi List of Maps ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................................... xvii Abstract ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xix Foreword........................................................................................................................................................................... xxi 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The settlement of Casalmoro..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 History of the research............................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Historical framework and role of the Casalmoro settlement in Final Bronze Age central-eastern/northern Italy.................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Typology of the Finds..................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Bronzes....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Knives............................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Awls................................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Pins.................................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.4 Fibulae............................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Pottery ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Carinated bowls .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Carinated cups................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Bowls transitioning to carinated bowls........................................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Bowls.............................................................................................................................................................. 24 2.2.4.1 Truncated-conical bowls..................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4.2 Bowls with rounded profile................................................................................................................. 24 2.2.4.3 Bowls with angular profile, undecorated............................................................................................ 25 2.2.4.4 Bowls with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim...................... 27 2.2.5 Pots with inverted rim..................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.6 Jars.................................................................................................................................................................. 33 2.2.7 Biconical vessels............................................................................................................................................. 51 2.3 Zoomorphic clay figurines....................................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Glass beads............................................................................................................................................................... 54 2.5 Bone and Antler artefacts ........................................................................................................................................ 54 2.5.1 Hilts................................................................................................................................................................. 54 2.5.2 Antler mattock................................................................................................................................................. 54 2.5.3 Bone ‘Wheels’................................................................................................................................................. 57 3. Chronology................................................................................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 59 3.1.1 Final Bronze Age chronology in Italy............................................................................................................. 59 3.1.2 Final Bronze Age cultural definition in Italy and in northern Italy���������������������������������������������������������������� 60 3.2 Relative chronology................................................................................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Phase 1............................................................................................................................................................ 61 3.2.2 Types common to the phases 1 and 2, or of uncertain chronology between the two phases.......................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.2.3 Phase 2............................................................................................................................................................ 73 3.3 Chronology compared with other chronological sequences.................................................................................... 78 3.3.1 Phase 1............................................................................................................................................................ 78 3.3.2 Types common to the phases 1 and 2, or of uncertain chronology between the two phases������������������������� 80 3.3.3 Phase 2............................................................................................................................................................ 82 4. Conclusions................................................................................................................................................................... 85 4.1 Casalmoro in the framework of the Italian Final Bronze Age................................................................................. 85 4.2 The function of the pits............................................................................................................................................ 90 4.3 Casalmoro and the birth of the proto-urban phenomenon....................................................................................... 91 5. Catalogue of the Finds ................................................................................................................................................ 95 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................... 201 ix

List of Figures Figure 1.1. Plans and sections of pits from Casalmoro......................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2.1. Typology. Knives.............................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 2.2. Typology. Pins.................................................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.3. Typology. Fibulae............................................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 2.4. Typology. Carinated bowls............................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 2.5. Typology. Carinated cups................................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2.6. Typology. Carinated cups; Carinated bowls transitioning to bowls; Truncated-conical bowls........................ 22 Figure 2.7. Typology. Bowls with rounded profile............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 2.8. Typology. Bowls with angular profile.............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 2.9. Typology. Bowls with angular profile; Decorated bowls with angular profile................................................. 28 Figure 2.10. Typology. Decorated bowls with angular profile; Pots with inverted rims.................................................... 30 Figure 2.11. Typology. Pots with inverted rims.................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 2.12. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 2.13. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 2.14. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 2.15. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 2.16. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 2.17. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 42 Figure 2.18. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 2.19. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 2.20. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 2.21. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 49 Figure 2.22. Typology. Jars................................................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 2.23. Typology. Biconical vessels........................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.24. Typology. Biconical vessels........................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 2.25. Typology. Zoomorphic clay figurines; glass beads........................................................................................ 55 Figure 2.26. Typology. Bone and antler artefacts............................................................................................................... 56 Figure 3.1. Chronology, types of Phase 1........................................................................................................................... 63 xi

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Figure 3.2. Chronology, types of Phase 1........................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 3.3. Chronology, types of Phase 1........................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 3.4. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2.......................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Figure 3.5. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. ........................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 3.6. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2.......................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 3.7. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2.......................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 3.8. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2.......................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 3.9. Chronology, types of Phase 2........................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 3.10. Chronology, types of Phase 2......................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 3.11. Chronology, types of Phase 2......................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 3.12. Chronology, types of Phase 2......................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 5.1. Finds from Pit 1–1979; finds from Pit 1–1981................................................................................................. 96 Figure 5.2. Finds from Pit 2; finds from Pit 3..................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 5.3. Finds from Pit 7.............................................................................................................................................. 100 Figure 5.4. Finds from Pit 7.............................................................................................................................................. 102 Figure 5.5. Finds from Pit 7.............................................................................................................................................. 103 Figure 5.6. Finds from Pit 7.............................................................................................................................................. 105 Figure 5.7. Finds from Pit 7.............................................................................................................................................. 106 Figure 5.8. Finds from Pit 8.............................................................................................................................................. 109 Figure 5.9. Finds from Pit 8...............................................................................................................................................111 Figure 5.10. Finds from Pit 10.......................................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 5.11. Finds from Pit 11.......................................................................................................................................... 115 Figure 5.12. Finds from Pit 11.......................................................................................................................................... 117 Figure 5.13. Finds from Pit 13.......................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 5.14. Finds from Pit 1; finds from Pit 14............................................................................................................... 120 Figure 5.15. Finds from Pit B; finds from Pit G............................................................................................................... 122 Figure 5.16. Finds from Pit M.......................................................................................................................................... 124

xii

List of Figures Figure 5.17. Finds from Pit M.......................................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 5.18. Finds from Pit P............................................................................................................................................ 127 Figure 5.19. Finds from Pit P............................................................................................................................................ 129 Figure 5.20. Finds from Pit P............................................................................................................................................ 132 Figure 5.21. Finds from Pit P............................................................................................................................................ 134 Figure 5.22. Finds from Pit P............................................................................................................................................ 136 Figure 5.23. Finds from Pit Q 1........................................................................................................................................ 138 Figure 5.24. Finds from Pit S............................................................................................................................................ 140 Figure 5.25. Finds from Pit S............................................................................................................................................ 143 Figure 5.26. Finds from Pit S............................................................................................................................................ 144 Figure 5.27. Finds from Pit S............................................................................................................................................ 146 Figure 5.28. Finds from Pit S............................................................................................................................................ 148 Figure 5.29. Finds from Pit T............................................................................................................................................ 149 Figure 5.30. Finds from Pit T............................................................................................................................................ 152 Figure 5.31. Finds from Pit X........................................................................................................................................... 153 Figure 5.32. Finds from Pit X........................................................................................................................................... 156 Figure 5.33. Finds from Pit Y........................................................................................................................................... 158 Figure 5.34. Finds from Pit Y........................................................................................................................................... 160 Figure 5.35. Finds from Pit Y............................................................................................................................................ 162 Figure 5.36. Finds from Pit Y........................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 5.37. Finds from Pit Y. .......................................................................................................................................... 165 Figure 5.38. Finds from Pit Y............................................................................................................................................ 166 Figure 5.39. Finds from Pit Y........................................................................................................................................................168 Figure 5.40. Finds from Pit Y............................................................................................................................................ 169 Figure 5.41. Finds from Pit Y............................................................................................................................................ 171 Figure 5.42. Finds from Pit Y........................................................................................................................................... 172 Figure 5.43. Finds from Pit A 320.................................................................................................................................... 174 Figure 5.44. Finds from Pit A 320. .................................................................................................................................. 176 Figure 5.45. Finds from Pit A 340.................................................................................................................................... 178 Figure 5.46. Finds from Pit A 340.................................................................................................................................... 180

xiii

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Figure 5.47. Finds from Pit A 2050.................................................................................................................................. 182 Figure 5.48. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 184 Figure 5.49. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 185 Figure 5.50. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 187 Figure 5.51. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 189 Figure 5.52. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 190 Figure 5.53. Finds from Pit Municipio............................................................................................................................. 192 Figure 5.54. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2.......................................................................................................................................193 Figure 5.55. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2.......................................................................................................................................196 Figure 5.56. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2; finds from Feature F/6; isolated finds from the territory................................. 198

xiv

List of Maps Map 1.1. Localisation of Casalmoro in Italy......................................................................................................................... 2 Map 1.2. The territory of Casalmoro. Main fields in which pits have been excavated or localised with the observation of the crop-marks, and the localities analysed in this study.............................................................................. 3 Map 1.3. Casalmoro and the main sites of the beginning of Final Bronze Age mentioned in the text................................ 6 Map 4.1. Casalmoro and the main sites of of Final Bronze Age in the Po plain mentioned in the text............................. 87 Map 4.2. The main sites of Final Bronze Age having comparisons with Casalmoro......................................................... 87

xv

List of Tables Table 3.1. Late Bronze Age Italian chronology compared with Aegean and Transalpine chronological series................. 59 Chart 3.1. Association chart................................................................................................................................................ 62

xvii

Abstract The Final Bronze Age settlement of Casalmoro is located in north-central Po plain, in Italy.

and bone and deer antler artefacts. An internal division in functional classes was made for every class of material, the most consistent made of bronzes and pottery. The bronzes were divided in the classes of knives, pins and fibulae; the ceramic vessels were divided into the classes of carinated bowls, carinated cups, bowls, pots with inverted rims, jars and biconical vessels. Then internal sub-divisions were made for each functional class, so distinguishing between types, varieties and variants (pertinent both to the range of types and varieties), with some unica for particular shapes.

Situated in the province of Mantua (at the border with the province of Brescia), the settlement lies on the left bank of Chiese river for about 7 km, spreading over a wide area reaching 700 ha. Further evidence of coeval settlement has been found to the north in Carpenedolo and to the south in Asola, for a whole distance of 12 Km. This huge settlement area was founded at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age, immediately after the collapse of the Terramare system. Casalmoro is the biggest settlement area of the Northern Po Plain, and it is part of the new social and economic system that diffused there at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age.

In chapter 3, concerning the chronology of Casalmoro, I briefly introduce the debate on Final Bronze Age in Italy, and then I explain the results of the chronological study of Casalmoro.

The archaeological remains are made up of several different very close to each other and strictly related clusters. The only known evidence at the moment is constituted by groups of pits, placed at a short distance one from another and filled with archaeological materials: pottery, bronze objects, glass beads, bone and antler objects, faunal remains, fragments of burned clay pertinent to earth and dwelling structure. The dwelling structures have not been recovered yet, as the area has been interested by erosive phenomenons and intensive agricultural works, thus the original surface has not been preserved. For this reason the internal organisation of the settlement is not known. It is possible to argue that the dwelling structures were built with the wattle and daub technique, since fragments of burned clay from the walls of the huts were found in some of the excavated features.

I used a traditional methodology, based on statisticalcombinatory analysis of the associations between types and contexts, finalised to the elaboration of a seriation. This was made by elaborating an association chart in which the types and varieties described in chapter 2 were inserted in associations with the contexts, in this case represented by the pits, considered as closed features. The result of the study led to the definition of two main phases for the complex of Casalmoro, one attributable to the Final Bronze Age 1 and the other to the Final Bronze Age 2. In this way the pits taken into account were dated to one or another phase; some evidence of pits of long lasting life is also present, comprising types of both phase 1 and phase 2. Furthermore the new chronology for this site allowed to date several ceramic and bronze types, which are representative of very early Final Bronze Age phases: these are usually very difficult to recognise in other contexts, given the lack of documentation for this period in most of Italy, especially regarding the Final Bronze Age 1; this phase seems to have been a very short one, with a few characteristic types of objects. In the same chapter I take in examination the types having comparisons in contexts of secure dating, in order to better define the single chronological phases I individuated in the association chart.

The first chapter provides an introduction to the settlement and to the wider problem of the Final Bronze Age in the Po Plain, mainly concerning the collapse of the Terramare culture and the reaction to the crisis which invested both north and south Po Plain. In the north of this region the collapse is not total, and some resistance to this crisis can be individuated in several sites, Casalmoro being one of these, and representing the most eastern extensive area of settlement of the central-eastern facies of the Po plain in this period.

In the conclusions, in chapter 4, Casalmoro is described in the wider framework of the northern and peninsular Final Bronze Age, highlighting its importance for the study of this period in Italy.

In this work the finds from several pits from the settlement were analysed in order to obtain a chronological and cultural definition for the settlement. A typological classification of the finds was made, and then used for the elaboration of a chronological sequence. The typological classification is described in chapter 2.

The finds from Casalmoro show many parallels with sites of Venetian area, sharing with these latter the same cultural influences, having its roots in the same Terramare tradition of Recent Bronze Age (as evident in the analysis of the bronze and ceramic style). Notwithstanding these elements of continuity, new shapes appear in this period

The finds from Casalmoro were divided into material classes, made of bronze, pottery, clay figurines, glass beads xix

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) along with a new characteristic style: the material culture of the Final Bronze Age is representative of a style spread in the whole peninsula, especially for what regards the pottery types. On the other hand some characteristics now arise at a local level, and they will become more noticeable in the subsequent Early Iron Age. A more specific problem related to the function of the pits is briefly faced in the same chapter: some hypotheses might be advanced, but it is still difficult to make a precise analysis about these features without precise stratigraphical excavations, which hopefully will be conducted in further research. The last topic concerns the role of Casalmoro in the understanding of the process leading to the birth of the protourban centres at the dawn of the Iron Age. The rise of Casalmoro is connected to the fall of the Terramare system, as it represents one of the new occupations north of the Po founded after the collapse of 1200 BC. The settlement area is part of the new settlement pattern spreading on the territory between eastern Lombardy and Veneto. The birth of such a big settlement, also in the case of several clusters of settlement, in the territory of Casalmoro, might be interpreted as a sort of synechism connecting the population before spread in smaller and distant centres on the territory. The dimensions of the Casalmoro settlement area seems to have been similar and even bigger than those of the Iron Age protourban centres, such as Padua and Este in Veneto. Even if the internal organisation of this huge area settlement is still unknown, the material culture suggests that many craft activities might have been carried on there. Comparing Casalmoro to the other important evidence of settlements of the same period, where contacts and exchanges are testified together with an internal economic and specialised craft organisation (such as Frattesina, Montagnana, Fondo Paviani), it is possible to argue that they represented, although with different modes, the first attempts to organise new social and territorial systems, towards the direction of the protourban organisation that will appear some centuries later. The very short life of Casalmoro, which, according the current state of the research, will not survive the end of the Final Bronze Age 2, is of great interest for the study of the dynamics leading to the future protourban centres, as it reflects the first attempt of this size in Italian protohistory, to build a new organisation which was socially and economically driven towards the protourban phenomenon. The very short life of this huge settlement, its economic and social organisation, the contacts and exchanges with close areas, are all topics needed to be better investigated in future researches and more accurate excavations, in order to better understand this important phase of Italian and European Protohistory. At the end of the book there is an appendix (Chapter 5), in which the studied finds are presented with a catalogue for every pit.

xx

Foreword As Superintendent I naturally welcome very warmly the publication of this book, as it represents a new and important contribution to the archaeological study of the territory of Mantua. As is well known, the area has attracted human settlements since prehistoric times, offering a heterogeneous environment with gentle hills, river terraces, and a fertile plain which was rich in water and covered by substantial and dense forests, which are now lost. The territory of Casalmoro is no exception to this, and many are the human traces dating back to the Neolithic, Bronze, Etruscan and Celtic ages, and on through the Roman and Middle Age: these are evidence of stable human presence, and are of great historical interest. The Casalmoro settlement, particularly, is one of the most important sites in Italy for the study of the Final Bronze Age. As Dr. Pau points out in her work, the population living in this settlement maintained relationships and contacts with both close and distant areas, thus integrating this territory within the broader context of the Italian and European Bronze Age. It is also good to remember that what we know of the archaeological settlement of Casalmoro is the result of the attentive guardianship provided by the Superintendence over the years. The evidence presented in this book is indeed the result of investigations by the former Archaeological Superintendency of Lombardy, often carried out under emergency conditions. This demonstrates how the care and dedication of the Superintendency has been - and still is - invaluable for safeguarding and promoting not only the best structurally preserved archaeological areas, but also the generally more fragile and less visible prehistoric remains. Dr. Pau’s rigorous and painstaking work finally offers to researchers and the public a wealth of archaeological data of the highest importance. Gabriele Barucca Superintendent for Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the provinces of Cremona, Lodi and Mantua

xxi

1 Introduction 1.1 The settlement of Casalmoro

which belong to hearths and to building elements. Several burned clay fragments with imprints of straws indicate the presence of dwelling structures built in the wattle and dub technique.

The settlement of Casalmoro lies on a river terrace, on the left bank of the Chiese river, in the Po plain, within the province of Mantua (MN) (Map 1.1). The area occupied by the archaeological testimony is extraordinarily large, as suggested by the evidence of the crop marks, indicating the presence of hundreds of pits spread over about 700 ha. The archaeological finds dating to the Final Bronze Age1, support the hypothesis of this unusually large area of settlement, as they have been found to extend between the territory of Acquafredda, province of Brescia (BS) and Casalmoro, for a length of about seven km and with an average width of one km (Map 1.2). Furthermore, some finds of the same chronological period were found south of Casalmoro in the territory of Asola (MN), and to the north as far as Carpenedolo (BS), over a whole distance stretching for about 12 km2.

The great majority of the pottery finds is fragmented, but complete vessels are also present. The bronze artefacts are in many cases still well preserved in their original shape, without signs of fragmentation. This extended area of settlement is the biggest one in the Po plain and in Italy for the Final Bronze Age. Other known sites for the same period in eastern Lombardy are Sacca di Goito7 (MN), Mantua Gradaro8 (MN), Ponte San Marco9 (BS), but they are much smaller in their extensions. The necropolis of Fontanella Grazioli10, at Casalromano, is located in the same Mantua territory, south of Casalmoro, and its related settlement is not known.

The only evidence known at the moment are the pits: no traces of any other kind of structures were located, probably due to the intensive erosion of the soil. No traces of postholes, hearths, or dwelling structures were preserved in situ3. The pits, visible even on the surface of the actual fields in the shape of circular crop marks, were filled with anthropic layers of various consistencies and colours, rich in archaeological material. Of two main and different typologies, by their shape and dimensions, it is generally possible to divide them into a larger and shallower type, and a deeper second form whose base actually reaches the water level (Figure 1.1). The original function of these features was hypothesised by R. De Marinis and M. Hummler, who believed the pits were initially used to access a supply of water, then reused as rubbish pits after part of their walls collapsed4. This interpretation seems to be the most feasible, especially when concerning the deeper pits.

The great importance of the site and the incompleteness of the studies about its material culture, led me to study the finds from the first excavations and discoveries at Casalmoro. This research was the subject of my MA dissertation in European Protohistory at the University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, under the guidance of Professors R. Peroni and A. Vanzetti11. For this research I worked on the drawings of all the finds presented in this Catalogue, and studied them from a typological and associative viewpoint, which allowed me to identify two chronological phases for the complex. These phases proved to be comparable with coeval Final Bronze Age Italian sites. My work was carried out both in Brescia, at the Museum of Natural Science and in Remedello (BS), at the Civic Museum, where the main body of the finds is located. Later on, after the MA dissertation, I also investigated some finds from the same pits which were kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Mantua. Here, thanks to the support and to the collaboration of E. M. Menotti, former director of the National Archaeological Museum, and officer responsible for the Archaeological Heritage of Lombardy “Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia”, I continued researching into the Final Bronze Age of the Mantua area, also analysing finds from more recent excavations at Casalmoro and other Final Bronze Age contexts of this area12.

During the course of the years of excavation, the pits have yielded a huge number of finds, all of which belong to the Final Bronze Age5, and in particular assignable to the first phases of this period. Most of the finds are constituted of pottery, but also a good quantity of bronzes, glass beads, bone and deer antler artefacts, faunal remains6, and fragments of burned clay were found: the last of For a definition of Italian Final Bronze Age see ch. 3. De Marinis 1989; 1999, 517. 3  On this point, De Marinis has spoken of the phenomenon of intensive erosion that occurred between the Final Bronze Age and the Roman Age (De Marinis 1999, 516). 4  De Marinis 1999, 516; Carver and Hummler 1980–81. 5  De Marinis 1984; 1986; 1989; 1999; Menotti 2012; Pau 2009; 2012; 2015. 6  For the faunal remains see Clark 1986. 1  2 

Donadel 2013; 2015. Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012. 9  Poggiani Keller 1994. 10  Also known as Fontanella Mantovana in literature. Trerotoli 1951–2; Salzani 1978. 11  The MA thesis was discussed in 2004. 12  Menotti 2012; Menottti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012; Pau 2012; 2015. 7  8 

1

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Map 1.1. Localisation of Casalmoro in Italy. Map by D. Schirru.

2

Introduction

Map 1.2. The territory of Casalmoro. Main fields in which pits have been excavated or localised with the observation of the crop-marks, and the localities analysed in this study. 1. Santa Maria Segreta, Vezzola de Munary Quarry; 2. Fadasider; 3. Municipio.

1.2 History of the research

In this research the finds from 26 pits recovered in the first excavations at Casalmoro were studied; only a minimal part of which had been published by De Marinis (De Marinis 1986; 1989; 1999). The pits were located in the area of S. Maria Segreta to the quarry Vezzola De Munari (pits: 1/1979, 1/1981, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, B, G, F/6, M, P, Q, S, T, X, Y, A320, A340, A2050), in the area of the Fadasider factory (Pit Fadasider 2) and in the area of the new Municipal building, (here called Municipio).

The first evidence for a settlement of the Final Bronze Age in Casalmoro came to light in 1979. Early research concentrated in the first years mostly in the area of S. Maria Segreta – the Vezzola de Munari quarry. Since 1980, rescue excavations in this area were conducted by the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia (Archaeological Heritage of Lombardy), under the directions of R. De Marinis, E. Pia and L. Simone, with 3

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 1.1. Plans and sections of pits from Casalmoro (Carver and Hummler 1980–81).

the help of the ‘Archaeological Group of Remedello’, a group of local amateurs13.

the quarry works had obliterated two-thirds of it before the archaeological excavation could begin. According to the researchers, after the original function of the pit was over, it had been filled with layers of silt and gravel; in the upper part these filling layers were of clay and gravel, and it is here that the anthropic layers with the Final Bronze Age materials were recovered. The F6 feature was first interpreted as a ditch, in which traces of a palisade were found. Here a simple arched twisted bow fibula was found; as the object is burned and distorted, probably from exposure to fire, Hummler hypothesised it as evidence for the presence of a post-cremation offering, as suggested by De Marinis (‘a fibula twisted in a manner usually connected with post-cremation offerings, info Dr. De Marinis’)15.

The first finds in Santa Maria Segreta were found during the extraction of gravel from a quarry; mostly the pits have been opened in rescue excavations, without a real stratigraphical method of excavation being feasible; in some cases even, as for the pits X, 13, M, the finds were only recovered among the filling of the pit after the earthmoving machine had removed this one. The Universities of Birmingham and Oxford carried out jointly two excavation campaigns in Santa Maria Segreta, under the direction of M. O. H. Carver and M. Hummler, in September-October 1980 and in June 1981. The stratigraphical excavations conducted by the British research teams over an area of 612 m led to the identification and excavation of three more pits: F1, F20, F21, and of one feature identified as a ditch: F6. Furthermore, during the same excavation campaigns in the area other archaeological remains came to light, such as Neolithic graves, La Tene graves, and Roman evidence on the area east of the quarry. In the report by Carver and Hummler14, some contexts were analysed in more detail: the pit F1 (according the “Gruppo Archeologico di Remedello” this is also named pit G) was interpreted as a well. This feature could only be partly excavated, because

Excavations in the area of Santa Maria Segreta continued until 1983, always with the support of the ‘Gruppo Archeologico of Remedello’, and under the scientific direction of the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia16. Further excavations were carried out in the centre of Casalmoro, during construction works of the new municipal building in 1985, and subsequently in the localities of the Fadasider factory, Corobiolo – San Faustino, Area 167 and the Cooperativa S. Stefano17. Isolated finds were recovered by the archaeological group of amateurs of Remedello, 15 

13  14 

De Marinis 1999, 516. Carver and Hummler 1980–81.

16  17 

4

Carver and Hummler 1980–81, 47. De Marinis 1999, 516. De Marinis 1999, 517.

Introduction in the area south of the Po river, where there is no evidence of sites from the Recent Bronze Age having survived, except for a few exceptions in the piedmont areas close to the Po plain boundaries26. The northern area of the Po plain is quite similarly marked by large-scale depopulation, but here some resilience to the crisis is indicated in the appearance of new settlement patterns as a response to the collapse27 (Map 1.3). A few sites continued on into the beginnings of the Final Bronze Age, such as Fabbrica dei Soci28 and Fondo Paviani29 in the Valli Grandi Veronesi area, province of Verona (VR) while new foundations appeared at the beginning of the same period as in the cases of Frattesina di Fratta Polesine30 and Mariconda di Melara31, in the Polesine area, province of Rovigo (RO), Montagnana32, province of Padua (PD), and Casalmoro itself. In other cases, such as Sabbionara Veronella (VR)33 and Ponte San Marco (BS), the last one located at the north-west limits of the area, it is possible to talk about a sort of continuity, as they still have evidence of habitation right until the end of the Final Bronze Age or even into the Early Iron Age. Notwithstanding, in these two cases there was a probable break of occupation at the beginning of Final Bronze Age, since there is not evidence related to this chronological phase in both sites. With regard to Frattesina, an earlier phase in the Recent Bronze Age than the main one represented could be suggested by isolated finds attributable to it, but no stratigraphical evidence is yet able confirm this hypothesis34. Campestrin, di Grignano Polesine (RO)35, brings evidence of a Recent Bronze Age 2 and a Final Bronze Age 1 occupation36; this site is nearby Frattesina and related to this latter.

from around the territory of Acquafredda and Casalmoro; moreover, there are notices of other pits being discovered and excavated both to the south in the territory of Asola, Rione Affò, and north in that of Carpenedolo18. These finds, also located alongside Chiese river, could represent outlying points of the same settlement area, or perhaps smaller related sites located at short distances to the south and the north of the core. Finds from these last localities are unpublished. With regard to the publication of these first excavations at Casalmoro extant before I started the study of the finds, some short notes were published in the “Notiziario della Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia” (the Journal of the Archaeological Heritage for Lombardy): they concern very brief preliminary notes (without drawings of the finds) about the excavations of the 1980s19. Excavated finds in the Santa Maria Segreta – Cava Vezzola de Munari area were partly published by De Marinis20, who provided both a general framework of the site and a cultural and chronological interpretation of it, assigning the finds to the first phases of the Final Bronze Age – twelfth to eleventh centuries BC, on the basis of the presence of the asymmetric violin-bow fibulas, and of the simple arched violin bow; the pottery, present in huge amounts at the site, was also sampled by the same author, but the great majority of it remained unstudied. In more recent years, rescue excavations in Casalmoro, including new localities in the area, were carried on by the “Soprintendenza Archeologica della Lombardia” (Archaeological Heritage of Lombardy), and the finds from this further evidence have been in part studied and published21, thus confirming presence of the same cultural and chronological assessments.

Multiple causes for the collapse of the Terramare settlement system have been suggested by different authors: climatic, demographic and economic factors, along with social and political instability have all been cited in different works37.

1.3 Historical framework and role of the Casalmoro settlement in Final Bronze Age central-eastern/ northern Italy

Unlike the area to the south of the Po, where the former Terramare settlements had not been replaced by new sites, in the northern area of the plain several new foundations emerged: these latter were situated across the territory at wider distances between themselves than before, and generally along important river courses. In this phase, settlement choices are undoubtedly different from the ones which had characterised the same area for a long period of earlier time.

The key role of Casalmoro in the study of the Final Bronze Age (twelfth to tenth centuries BC) is down to the extremely extensive area occupied by the settlement22, and by the chronology of the finds, which helps in defining the site as one of the earliest settlements of the Final Bronze Age known. At the transition between the Recent and the Final Bronze Age23, the area of the Po plain, which was densely populated and had been characterised by the presence of the Terramare culture since the Middle Bronze Age24, faced a dramatic depopulation, with the disappearance of most of the sites in the entire territory25. This collapse was exceptionally intense

26  A similar phenomenon of continuity in areas close to the Po plain can be observed in the piedmont areas of Veneto, see Balista and Leonardi 2003; Leonardi 2006; 2009. 27  Bietti Sestieri 1997b; 2008; Cardarelli 2009; Cupitò et al. 2012; 2015; De Marinis 1997; 1999; 2009; Leonardi 2009. 28  Salzani 1977; Bagolan, Levi and Vanzetti 1997. 29  Cupitò et al. 2012; 2015; Fasani and Salzani 1975. 30  For a more detailed overview on Frattesina see Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Giardino 2019, with previous bibliography. 31  Salzani 1973. 32  Bianchin Citton, Gambacurta and Ruta Serafini 1998. 33  Salzani 1990–91a. 34  Bellintani 1992; Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Giardino 2019. 35  Bellintani 2013; Bellintani et al. 2019; Salzani 2009. 36  Bellintani et al. 2019, 50. 37  Bernabò Brea, Cardarelli and Cremaschi 1997b; Cardarelli 2009; Cremaschi 2009.

De Marinis 1999, 517. For this short notes see Perini 1983; 1985. 20  See De Marinis 1986; 1989; 1999. 21  Pau 2015; Menotti and Pau 2012. 22  See section 1.1 and map 1.2. 23  Around 1200 cal BC, see ch. 3.1 for a better explanation of Late Bronze Age chronology in Italy. 24  Middle Bronze Age: 1700–1350 cal BC. For a general overview on the Terramare settlements see Bernabò Brea, Cardarelli and Cremaschi 1997a. 25  Bernabò Brea, Cardarelli and Cremaschi 1997b; Cardarelli 2009. 18  19 

5

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

6 Map 1.3. Casalmoro and the main sites of the beginning of Final Bronze Age mentioned in the text. 1. Casalmoro; 2. Ponte San Marco. 5. Sacca di Goito; 7. Mariconda di Melara 8. Fondo Paviani; 9. Fabbrica dei Soci; 10. Frattesina di Fratta Polesine; 11. Campestrin Grignano Polesine; 12. Montagnana; 13. Sabbionara di Veronella. Map by D. Schirru.

Introduction di Melara45. Concerning Ponte San Marco, located north of Casalmoro, on the same side of the Chiese river, De Marinis suggests that this site does not show connections with the Proto-Venetic area, and can be better related to the Alpine Laugen-Melaun facies46. As the present study demonstrates, Ponte San Marco, whose material culture is very similar to the one of Casalmoro, actually shows many analogies and can be for the most part enfolded in the same facies, although it does also receive strong influences from the Alpine area, to which it is closely connected by the course of the Chiese river, as also pointed out by R. Poggiani Keller47.

The settlements born in this phase are of bigger dimension and present major social and economic complexity, with a clear craft specialization, and in some cases demonstrate contacts with distant areas, as proved by the Aegean-type pottery sherds found in Frattesina, Fondo Paviani and Montagnana38, and by the crafting of Baltic amber and of ivory testified again in Frattesina39 and Campestrin di Grignano Polesine40. In this historical framework, Casalmoro represents a new foundation for eastern Lombardy, which was before occupied by several settlements of the Terramare tradition. These failed in the irreversible crisis, allowing the emergence of new settlement patterns, of which Casalmoro itself represents an emblematic case-study.

In 1995, in a conference held in Pavia titled Il protovillanoviano al di qua e al di là dell’Appennino, G. Leonardi and M. Bagolan included both Casalmoro and Ponte San Marco in their review of the Final Bronze Age in Veneto, pointing out that although they are respectively located in the provinces of Mantua and Brescia, they must be considered as part of the Venetic facies, like Fontanella Mantovana48. Also, they proposed a chronology reaching back to the first phases of the Final Bronze Age, although the finds were not analysed or presented in detail in their study.

The Final Bronze Age 1 seems to have been a short and poorly defined period, and until today only few contexts allow to describe this phase, e.g. the lower level of Mariconda41. The archaeological record of Casalmoro sheds light on unravelling this problem, as it was possible to distinguish two phases (which I will better discuss in chapter 3), the more ancient of these belonging to the Final Bronze Age 1 and the more recent one to the Final Bronze Age 2.

The stylistic analysis of the pottery effectuated in the present study supports a continuity with the previous phase of the Recent Bronze Age: in particular some shapes of the Final Bronze Age 1, as some types of jars with everted rims can be compared with vessels at Recent Bronze Age sites such as Custoza (VR)49 and Sabbionara di Veronella. The social and political changes being undergone on the Po plain involved the same populations as before, which still inhabited the same area north of the Po, although arranged different settlement patterns and with a new socio-economic organization50.

It is worth pointing out that this site experienced a very precocious beginning, perhaps even coinciding with the transition from the Recent to the Final Bronze Age, as is also suggested by the find of a knife of the oldest variety of the Matrei type42, traditionally dated to the end of the Recent Bronze Age43. As the material culture of Casalmoro suggests, it can be considered as part of the Central-Eastern facies of north Italy as defined by Peroni44, and it shows a clear affinity with the coeval sites of Mariconda di Melara, Sabbionara, Fondo Paviani and Frattesina, in Veneto, and Ponte San Marco, Sacca di Goito and Mantua Gradaro in eastern Lombardy.

An important topic in the study of the site is the nature of the site itself: it would be worth knowing if the site represented a huge single settlement spread over such a vast area, or, likelier, if several distinct settlement nuclei existed, located at short distances from each other.

De Marinis highlighted the cultural relationship between Casalmoro and the sites of the Proto-Venetic area, finding similarities with the pottery of such sites as Sacca di Goito, Sermide, Frattesina, Montagnana and Mariconda

Moreover, the actual function of the pits is not clear; they were pits indeed used for disposing of rubbish, but some ritual elements could be present in the life-cycle of the structures, as suggested by the presence of ornaments and other objects such as glass beads, bone and deerantler artefacts, and small entirely preserved vessels. Furthermore, on the basis of the documentation now available, it is not easy to understand whether the pits were set within the boundaries of the settlement or whether they represent extra-site features.

For the Aegean type pottery in northern Italy see Jones et al. 2014. For a more detailed overview for the hoards from Frattesina see Bellintani and Peretto 1972; De Min and Bietti Sestieri 1979; Salzani 1987; 2000; 2003; for the amber see Negroni Catacchio 1972; 1973; Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015; Angelini 2019b; for the glasses, Bellintani 2014; Angelini 2019a; for the bone and deer antler industry see Bellato and Bellintani 1975; for the ivory see Bietti Sestieri and De Grossi Mazzorin 2005. For a general overview about trades in the Po plain and Frattesina see Bellintani 2014; Pearce 2019; Pearce et al. 2020 for an updated general overview on Frattesina see Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Giardino 2019. 40  For the ambers of Campestrin see Bellintani et al. 2015. 41  Salzani 1973. 42  The knife comes from a pit in locality Fadasider. De Marinis 1999, 518, 525, fig. 9.14. 43  Bianco Peroni 1976, 18. 44  Peroni 1996, 324; Peroni et al. 1980, 62. 38  39 

De Marinis 1989; 1999. De Marinis 1999, 519. 47  Poggiani Keller 1994, 103. 48  Bagolan and Leonardi 2000. 49  Salzani 1997. 50  For a different position on this problem see De Marinis 1989, 30; 1999, 514. 45  46 

7

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) The exceptionally wide extent of the archaeological evidence would suggest the presence of sites located at short distances, rather than a single settlement. The core of the complex could be identified in the areas of closer and greater archaeological concentration, as occurred at Santa Maria Segreta. The problems surrounding the interpretation of the site are crucial, especially for the evidence that the site developed in a relatively short span of time, during the first phases of the Final Bronze Age, and that it apparently did not survive into the Final Bronze Age 3. The absence of any subsequent archaeological evidence, at the actual state of the research, would indicate a very fast, indeed a presumably near-instantaneous abandonment of the area. As pointed out by the association chart set out in this study (see chapter 3), some areas of the complex, such as Municipio and Santa Maria Segreta, had been targets of frequentation since the very first attested phase (Final Bronze Age 1), and they both continued to be so until the last phase (Final Bronze Age 2), with some pits attributable exclusively to either one or the other phase, and others of longer duration, which are considered to have been used for the whole life of the settlement. This work represents a beginning for the interpretation of this important complex, where many features are still to be excavated, and whose importance for the settlement dynamics of the central-east of northern Italy has been until now underestimated.

8

2 Typology of the Finds Most artefacts at Casalmoro belong to the bronze and ceramic classes51, but a small part of glass and bone and deer antler objects is also present. They are here separated by material (bronze, glass, bone-antler, ceramic), and then for each class of material several types have been identified. Subsequently, according to their internal variabilities, subtype Varieties have been produced. In some cases a number of other features have been prioritised to make further distinctions, such as Variants and Unica, the first ones indicating some specimens differing from the main groups or sub-group (type or variety), the second ones indicating some very particular specimens unsuitable to be inserted in a specific type or for which there are not comparisons52. The classification is ordered on the basis of the definition of classes proposed by Peroni for Italian Protohistory53; further as concerns the bronze artefacts, the classification already proposed in the Prähistorische Bronzefunde series has also been taken into consideration. The typological classification has been made on the basis of the drawings, but also it kept in mind internal variabilities, surface treatment and fabric of the individual sherds I managed. Indeed the fact that the whole record has been managed by the one and the same author has been beneficial in allowing a knowledge and familiarity to be acquired for all the finds. The pottery being hand-made, some shapes have an internal variability (i.e. the shape or thickness of the rims may vary in the same fragment), and I have taken in account of this factor in making my classification.

the back strongly convex in the centre and concave in the tip, with a hollowed cross-section. The disposition of the rivet holes on the flange is more regular in variety A, while in the variety B the number of the rivet holes can vary between one and four and they are irregularly spaced. Variety A of the type, to which this specimen is ascribable, is dated to an advanced period of the Recent Bronze Age55. (Figure 2.1) –– Pit in locality Fadasider (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.14)56 The knife of Casalmoro has a counterpart in a specimen found in the Piano di Tallone hoard (Manciano, Grosseto, GR)57, and in an isolated find from Torbole, Trent (TN), probably once contained in a hoard58. Type 2 – Tanged knife, Celano type59. The tang is elongated and has a rectangular cross-section. The back of the blade is straight and the cutting edge too, so that together they resemble the shape of a scalene triangle. There is a small segment which forms an oblique step where the tang and the cutting edge join. The type has been assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3 by G. Carancini and R. Peroni60. (Figure 2.1) –– Pit 10 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.11)

2.1 Bronzes

The knife from Pit 10 has a counterpart in an isolated find from the necropolis of Narde61.

2.1.1 Knives Type 1 – Flange-hilted knife, Matrei type54, Variety A. The flange is thin and elongated; the back of the blade is slightly convex, whilst the cutting edge is concave. The first part of the cutting edge is concave close to the hiltflange. In variety A of the type, the blades are thicker with

Type 3 – Fragmentary knife with thickened back. This fragment could be attributed to the flange-hilted Vadena62 and Fontanella63 types or to the tanged Bismantova64 type. The Vadena type is characterised by a long and wavy blade, which makes an oblique junction with the tang. The blade is concave at the sides and convex at the back. V. Bianco Peroni divided this type into different varieties according to the shape of the element at the junction between the

51  The finds analysed in my study were stored in three main places: the Museum of Remedello (BS), the Museum of Natural Sciences of Brescia, and the National Museum of Mantua: initially I analysed finds in the first two museums. When the study opened, most of the finds were still packed in the same bags used at the moment of their discovery; in some cases finds from the same pit had been divided and scattered in these three Museums. First, I grouped the finds from the same pit and then recomposed, where possible, the ceramic shapes. Later I drew diagnostic fragments, and wrote a catalogue for every sherd, including a short description of the fragment, the type of fabric and the surfaces treatment. In this chapter, for every type the image of a representative specimen is presented and the others are listed from the more to the less preserved ones, with reference to the catalogue (ch. 5). 52  For a more detailed explanation of the typological method I followed in this work, see Peroni 1998. 53  Peroni 1994, ch. 2. 54  Bianco Peroni 1976, 16–19, Taf. 2.23; Taf. 3.24–34; Taf. 4.25–37.

Carancini and Peroni 1999, 18; 57; tav. 27.31, tav. 29. This knife comes generically from ʻa Pit in locality Fadasiderʼ (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.11), as I analysed specifically the finds from Pit 2 of Fadasider I did not inserted the knife in the seriation. 57  Bianco Peroni 1976, Taf. 3.26. 58  Bianco Peroni 1976, Taf. 3.32. 59  Bianco Peroni 1976, 56–7, Taf. 30.242–249. 60  Carancini and Peroni 1999, 68, tav. 33.25, tav. 34. 61  Salzani 1989, 27, fig. 5.2. 62  Bianco Peroni 1976, 21–23, Taf. 6.51–59, Taf. 7.60–63. 63  Bianco Peroni 1976, 19–20, Taf. 4.40–43, Taf. 5.44–50. 64  Bianco Peroni 1976, 58–61, Taf. 31.258–260, Taf. 32.261–269, Taf. 33.271–278, Taf. 34.280–284. 55  56 

9

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.1. Typology. Knives, types 1–3; Awl, Unicum 1. Drawings: Type 1: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.14; Type 2: De Marinis 1999, fig. 9.11; Type 3: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.10; Unicum 1: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.9. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2.

blade and the tang, whose cross-section is cylindrical in the Variety A, twisted in the Variety B, and polygonal in the Variety C; the Variety D represents a very large blade, with the maximum convexity of the back lying before its centre-point, a very thickened and convex cross-section to the back, and a very marked junction segment between blade and tang. The type is dated to the Final Bronze Age, except for the Variety D, which belongs to the First Iron

Age65. Peroni dated the Variety C to the middle of the Final Bronze Age66. These knives are present in the Central Alps, in the Brescia district, in the Verona area, and in the Mantua plain.

65  66 

10

Bianco Peroni 1976, 22–23. Peroni 1989, 92, fig. 27.15.

Typology of the Finds A similar specimen has been found in the grave 24 of Fondo Zanotto73; a further comparison is represented by an isolated find from Fontanella Grazioli74.

The fragment here could also be of the Fontanella type, a flange-hilted knife with a thin and long blade, which commonly shows dove-tailed end to the handle. The blade is wavy with generally both cutting edge and back of the blade being in parallel. The cross-section is very concave at the sides, and the top of the back is convex, in some cases with a slightly accentuated median edge. In some cases the back is markedly thickened. Peroni dated this type to the Final Bronze Age 267.

Type 2 – Pin of the Terlago type75. The head is biconical, the neck is decorated with horizontal incisions alternating with zigzag incisions. The pins belonging to this type are quite similar to the above described Torri d’Arcugnano type, and in some cases they have been found in association, as well as in the Torri d’Arcugnano site76. Also this type is reliably to be dated like the Torri d’Arcugnano type.

The Bismantova type could represent yet a further possible match for this specimen; this tanged type presents a thin and markedly wavy blade, a pointed tang, and a segment forming a step between the blade and the tang. V. Bianco Peroni divided the type into two varieties: the Variety A has a tang of quadrangular section, whose junction to the blade is slightly concave in line. The back of the blade is very convex close to the centre and very concave toward the point. The section is markedly thickened in the back with a convex or gabled back section.

Peroni identified the Terlago type as belonging to the Central Transpadan facies77, This type is dated by Carancini to the advanced phase of Final Bronze Age78. Colonna assigned the type to the phase II of her chronology79. (Figure 2.2) –– Pit 3 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.4) –– Pit Q 1 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.5)

The Bismantova type has been dated by Carancini and Peroni as common in the Final Bronze Age 2 and 368. (Figure 2.1)

Several pins of this type come from the settlement of Sacca di Goito80, and other parallels can be found in the necropolis of Fontanella Grazioli81, in the grave 44 of Fondo Zanotto82, in the grave 209 of Narde83, with an isolated find from the Province of Bergamo84, in Monte Titano85, in Romagna, and in Ripa Calbana86, in Marche.

–– Pit 9 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.10) 2.1.2 Awls Type 1 – Bronze awl, tang of quadrangular cross-section and point with circular section. The tang is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. (Figure 2.1) –– Pit 11 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.9)

Type 3 – Pin with a sub-trapezoidal head87; for this type Carancini proposes a chronology spanning the Recent Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, on the basis of the associations of the known pins88. (Figure 2.2)

2.1.3 Pins

–– Pit 8 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.8).

Type 1 – Pin of the Torri d’Arcugnano type69.

This specimen has generic parallels in Peschiera del Garda Boccatura del Mincio89, and in Vadena90.

Pin with a biconical head, distinct from the neck. The upper part of the head is bigger than the lower, the head is generally small, with some exceptions. The neck can be plain or decorated with band of horizontal incisions, although it is possible to find zig-zag or oblique incisions too.

Type 4 – Pin with a nail-shaped head. The neck is decorated with horizontal incisions alternating with fishbone or zigzag incisions. Carancini divided the type into three varieties91, according to the shape of the head.

This type has a widespread distribution in the Italian peninsula, including its southernmost part70. It has been generically dated to the late Final Bronze Age by Carancini71, and subsequently a more specific dating to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2 was proposed by Carancini and Peroni72. (Figure 2.2)

73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80  81 

–– Pit B (Figure 5.15.1)

82  83  84 

Peroni 1989, 92, fig. 27.13. 68  Carancini and Peroni 1999, 62, tav. 30.18; tav. 32. 69  Carancini 1975, 226–27, Taf. 51.1639, Taf. 52.1640–1654. 70  Recent finds of this type have been found in Castellace, Calabria, in south Italy (Pacciarelli 2000). 71  Carancini 1975, 227. 72  Carancini and Peroni 1999, 59, tav. 28.59; tav. 29. 67 

85  86  87  88  89  90  91 

11

De Min 1986b, 162, tav. 6.3. Salzani 1978, 151, fig. 11.12 . Carancini 1975, 228, Taf. 52.1658–1663. Carancini 1975, 226, n. 1639, 228, n. 1662. Peroni et al. 1980, 65. Carancini 1975, 228. Colonna 2006, 489, tav. 265.3. Donadel 2013, 69, tav. 19. 328–338. Carancini 1975, 228, Taf. 52.1660. De Min 1986b,158, tav. 2.6. Salzani 1989, 33, fig. 11.12 Carancini 1975, 228, Taf. 52.1659. Bellintani and Stefan 2008, fig. 1.6.8. La Pilusa and Zanini 2007, 118, fig. 17.27. Carancini 1975, 229, Taf. 52.1666–1670. Carancini 1975, 229. Carancini 1975, 229, Taf. 52.1669, Müller Karpe 1959, fig. 104.78. Carancini 1975, 229, Taf. 52.1670. Carancini 1975, 229–231, Taf. 52.1671–1684.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.2. Typology. Pins, types 1–7. Drawings by L. Pau, except: Type 2: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.5; Type 3: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.8; Type 5: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.7; Type 6: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.13; Type 7: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.13. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2.

12

Typology of the Finds –– Pit 9 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig 9.7), probably belonging to the type: the specimen is broken at the neck and only the horizontal incisions are visible; it is not possible to know if the original decoration also had fish-bone incisions.

Variety B, with an almost imperceptible expansion on the upper part of the pin, slightly convex on the top, is not present at Casalmoro. Peroni assigned the type to the central phase of the Final Bronze Age92, and in a later work Carancini and Peroni redated it to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 293.

Parallels for the type come from Fontanella Grazioli106, from Frattesina107, from the grave 18 of Fondo Zanotto108, from the upper level of Mariconda109, from the settlement of Ponte San Marco110, from the lake-dwelling site of Viverone111.

Variety A – In these specimens the head is convex on the top. (Figure 2.2) –– –– –– ––

Pit 11 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.2) Pit 9 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.6) Pit 3 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.3) Pit B (Figure 5.15.2)

Type 6 – Pin of the Velemszentvid type, vase-headed with a notch and a lower globular element decorated with oblique ribbed incisions on the neck112.

Parallels for this variety can be found in the Po plain area in Sacca di Goito94, Fontanella Grazioli95; other comparisons are in central Italy, from the grave 278 of Pianello di Genga, which is particularly close to the one from pit 396, and in Ripa Calbana97, Monte Titano98 and Gubbio Monte Ingino99.

This type is spread to the north of the Alps, where it has been dated to the Ha A1, a phase which corresponds to the Final Bronze Age 1113, and it is also present in the piledwelling contexts of the Final Bronze Age Western Alps. (Figure 2.2) –– Pit 7 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.13)

Variety C – In these specimens the head is flattened on top and has the shape of a small disc100. (Figure 2.2)

This type has similar counterparts in a specimen from Narde114, and in a specimen from the grave 36 of Fondo Zanotto115, which represents one of the most ancient graves of the chronology of Colonna, probably assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1116. Futher comparisons can be found in central Europe117.

–– Pit B (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.15) –– Pit B (Figure 5.15.3) The three pins from pit B have very close parallels with a specimen from the Poggio Berni hoard, in central Italy101, and with the pins from the US 103 of Sabbionara di Veronella102.

Type 7 – Pin with big flattened globular head, neck decorated with horizontal and oblique incisions.

Type 5 – Pins of the Sover type, with flattened globular head; the neck is decorated with horizontal incisions alternating with fish-bone incisions103. (Figure 2.2)

This specimen has no specific parallels, but it could be considered somehow related to the Sover type, and a similar chronological dating can be hypothesised for both of them. (Figure 2.2)

Carancini divided the type in two varieties: in Variety A the neck has a circular cross-section, in Variety B the neck has a partially or completely faceted cross-section. Here only the first variety is present.

–– Pit 11 (De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.1). 2.1.4 Fibulae

Carancini dated this type generically to the Final Bronze Age104, subsequently Peroni assigned it to the Final Bronze Age 1105.

Type 1 – Strongly asymmetrical twisted violin-bow fibula. According to the classification of von Eles Masi, these brooches can be compared with the type ‘Fibule ad arco di violino asimmetrico ritorto tipo Boccatura del Mincio’118,

–– Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.1) Peroni 1989, 92, fig. 27.11. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 59, tav. 28.60; 29.  94  Donadel 2013, 69, tav. 19.325.  95  Carancini 1975, 230, Taf. 52.1676.  96  Carancini 1975, 230, Taf. 52. 1673; Peroni 1963a, 371, fig. 3.278.  97  La Pilusa and Zanini 2007, 118, fig. 17.25.  98  Bellintani and Stefan 2008, fig. 1.6.  99  Malone and Stoddart 1994, fig. 4.23. 100  Carancini 1975, 229, Taf. 52.1679–1682. 101  Carancini 1975, 230, Taf. 52.1679; Morico 1985. 102  Salzani 1990–91a, 124, fig. 21.3–4 103  Carancini 1975, 242, Taf. 54.1765–1774. 104  Carancini 1975, 242. 105  Peroni 1989, 88, fig. 26.8.  92   93 

106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118 

13

Carancini 1975, 242, Taf. 54.1771. Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015, 430, fig. 1 D.11. De Min 1982, tav. 9.3. Salzani 1973, tav. XIX.6–7. Poggiani Keller 1994, 113, fig. 78.5–8. Rubat Borel, 2006, 437, fig .6.7. Říhovský 1979, 103, Taf. 30.558, 559. Říhovský 1979, 103. Salzani 1989, 26, fig. 4.1. De Min 1986b, tav. 2.3–4. Colonna 2006, fig. 1. Ryhovsky 1979, 103, Taf. 30.558–559; Ryhovsky 1983, 20, Taf. 7.97. Von Eles Masi 1986, 5–6. tav. 2.30–36.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) dated by the author to the twelfth century119; as H. MüllerKarpe suggested they were more recent than the symmetrical violin bow120. The type as identified by von Eles Masi also includes fibulae characterised by a less asymmetrical violin bow, which are generally considered more ancient. This type has a widespread diffusion, in central and northern Italy, Tyrol, and across west and east Alps.

by a bow with a particular convex profile, which is also similar to a simple arched bow. The type identified by von Eles Masi is dated to the Recent Bronze Age, but the particular shape of the fibula from Casalmoro might be indicative of a very first phase of the Final Bronze Age, especially considering that the simple arched-bow fibulae do not appear before the Final Bronze Age 2. It is possible to argue that this type represents a transitional type between late violin-bow fibulae and simple arched fibulae, as also underlined by F. Lo Schiavo137, A. M. Bietti Sestieri138 and C. Pare139. (Figure 2.3)

Carancini and Peroni dated these fibulae at the Final Bronze Age 1121. (Figure 2.3) –– Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8, 1)

–– Pit X (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.2)

Parallels for this accessory can be found in the grave 1987/A of Castions122, in the grave A of Montagnana123, in the grave 16 of Ascona124, in the settlement of Ponte San Marco125, at Monte Croce Guardia126 and in the necropolis of Pianello di Genga127 in Marche, in the Gualdo Tadino hoard, in Umbria128, at Sassi Neri129 and Fossa Nera di Porcari130 in Tuscany.

Some parallels for this type of fibula can be found in Peschiera del Garda140, in Tyrol141, and as far south as Sicily at Milazzo142, from graves 18 and 21, ascribed to the Final Bronze Age 1. Type 4 – Simple arched-bow fibula, with the foot characterised by a concave profile and a quadrangular cross-section.

Type 2 – Strongly asymmetrical violin-bow fibula, with the first segment of the bow twisted and the rest of the bow decorated with parallel incisions.

Two fibulae of this type have been recovered at Casalmoro: only one is well preserved, in which the first segment of the arch presents a quadrangular section. In regard to the find from the F/6 feature, although it is very distorted, it seems to preserve a similar concave profile of the foot. (Figure 2.3)

This fibula can be compared with a find from the so-called Tesoretto hoard of Frattesina131; the fibula from this hoard is included in the classification of von Eles Masi in the type ‘Fibule ad arco di violino asimmetrico decorato ad incisione’132.

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.1) –– Feature F/6, probably belonging (Figure 5.56.4)

Carancini and Peroni dated these fibulae, on the basis of the chronology of the Frattesina hoard, to the Final Bronze Age 2133. (Figure 2.3)

A parallel for this fibula can be found in the Tesoretto134 hoard of Frattesina, and a similar specimen comes from Sacca di Goito as well135. Type 3 – Slightly convex and twisted violin bow fibula.

121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136 

type

Type 5 – Simple arched fibula, with the first segment of the arch twisted and the rest of the arch plain.

This fibula can be compared with the type of von Eles Masi ‘Fibule ad arco di violino ritorto’136, but it is characterised

120 

the

Parallels for the quadrangular cross-section can be found in the Tesoretto hoard of Frattesina143, and in Narde with an isolated find from the necropolis144, while a similar concave profile of the foot can be observed in a specimen from the grave 141 of the same necropolis145; a further parallel could be found in Sacca di Goito, with a fibula with a slightly lower bow146.

–– Feature F 21 (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.3)

119 

to

Other fibulae already identified by von Eles Masi are present in Final Bronze Age, and they are divided into varieties on the basis of their decorative motifs. In Casalmoro, the variety where the arch is undecorated is present.

Von Eles Masi,1986, 6. Müller-Karpe 1959, 90. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 58, tav. 28.54; 29. Corazza and Vitri 1988. Bianchin Citton 1998b, fig. 242.1. Crivelli 1953–54, tav. XXVIII.16 C. Poggiani Keller 1994, 115, fig. 79.1. Lollini 1979, 186, fig. 3 B3. Peroni 1963a, fig. 5C. Peroni 1963b, tav. I.6 5. Negroni Catacchio et al. 1979, 323, fig. 1.1. Andreotti and Zanini 1995–96, fig. 2.4. Bellintani and Peretto 1972, tav. I.8–9. Von Eles Masi 1986, 7–8, tav. 2.39–45. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 19, 59, 61, tav. 28.61; 29. Bellintani and Peretto 1972, tav. I.10. Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20.339. Von Eles Masi 1986, 2–4. tav. 1.6–23

137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146 

14

Lo Schiavo 2010, 94. Bietti Sestieri 1973. Pare 2008, 87. Von Eles Masi 1986, 3, tav. 1.12; Colini 1909, 140, fig. 23. Betzler 1974, 3, Taf. 1.4. Lo Schiavo 2010, 106–107; tav. 12.85B, 85C. Bellintani and Peretto 1972, tav. II.2. Salzani 1989, 28, fig. 6.4. Salzani 1990–91b, 192, fig. 45.3. Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20.345.

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.3. Typology. Fibulae, types 1–8. Drawings: Type 4: L. Pau; Type 1: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.1; Type 2: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.3; Type 3: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.2; Type 5: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.8; Type 6: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.9; Type 7: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.4; Type 8: De Marinis 1999, fig. 8.7. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2.

15

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Peroni dated the generic type of fibulae with the first segment of the arch twisted to the Final Bronze Age 3147. (Figure 2.3)

classification based on the Casalmoro record and not following a previous typology, I worked in autonomous way, differently from what I did for the bronze classes. This different choice is down to the fact that bronzes are more standardised and spreaded in wider areas, while pottery is presumably locally made; and even if similar shapes do exist in a more or less wide area, the local formal and stylistic elements of the single site record should be taken in account as a primary source of understanding of cultural and chronological variations of a single context.

–– Pit B (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.8) –– Pit 101 (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.6) A counterpart for this type can be found in isolated specimens from the necropolises of Narde148 and Fontanella Grazioli149. Type 6 – Twisted simple arched fibula, with two knobs on the bow.

2.2.1 Carinated bowls For distinguishing between the classes of carinated bowls and cups, I used a distinction based on the ratio between the height and the maximum diameter, which is greater in the bowls, and less so in the cups. The point of distinction between the two is at a ratio of height/ diameter of 1:2157.

This type corresponds to von Eles Masi type ‘Fibule ad arco semplice ritorto con due nodi’150, which appears in Italy in the eleventh century BC, with a widespread diffusion in the Balkans, Crete and Anatolia. It also corresponds to the type 44 of the classification of Colonna, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2151. (Figure 2.3)

For the vessels of this classification, the great majority of evidence is fragmentary, and so this metric parameter could only be used on a few specimens: for this reason I decided to adopt the index proposed by C. Belardelli, based on the ratio between the diameter at the point of maximum expansion and the height of the segment between the rim and this maximum expansion158. In this way, I tried to find a significant measurable distinction between bowls and cups. I identified in this manner four types of bowls and two of cups.

–– Pit B (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.9) –– Pit S (Figure 5.24.1) This type has its similar counterparts in specimens from Ceresara, Villa Cappella152, from Sacca di Goito153, and from the grave 79 of the necropolis of Narde154. The grave is assigned to phase I-II of Colonna155. Type 7 – Asymmetrical simple arched-bow fibula, with the foot characterised by a concave profile, and the central part of the arch decorated with parallel incisions, alternating with fish-bone incisions. (Figure 2.3)

The carinated bowls were sub-divided by the maximum diameter, which in one sort only is the same at the carination and at the rim, while in the other three types it is wider at the carination. Other elements I considered were the profile of the walls and the decoration on the vessels.

–– Pit 1/1981 (De Marinis 1999, 524, figure 8.4). This fibula can be compared with a similar specimen from Sacca di Goito156.

Carinated bowls with rim diameter equivalent to carination diameter.

Type 8 – Asymmetrical simple arched fibula with two knobs, with the foot characterised by a concave profile, and decoration between the nodules constituted by parallel incisions alternating with fish-bone incisions. (Figure 2.3)

Type 1 – Carinated bowl with rounded lip, short everted rim, sharp carination; decorated with oblique ribs on the carination and two horizontal incisions over them. The lower part of the vessel has a convex profile. (Figure 2.4)

–– Pit 10 (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig.8.5) –– Pit B (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.7)

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.2)

2.2 Pottery

This type can be compared with a vessel from Mariconda, lower level, dated to the Final Bronze Age 1159.

Ceramic finds were divided in functional classes and classified according to their general shapes; being the 147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156 

Variant α – This sherd differs in the presence of two horizontal incisions both above and under the carination. (Figure 2.4)

Peroni 1989, 97. Salzani 1989, 28, fig. 6.3. Salzani 1978, 152 fig. 12.31. Von Eles Masi 1986, 14, tav. 3.66–67. Colonna 2006, tav. 262.12. Von Eles Masi 1986, tav. 3.67; Colini 1909, 182, fig. 13.3. Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20. 341, 342. Salzani 1989, 35, fig. 13.4. Colonna 2006, 177. Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20.344.

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.3) 157  158  159 

16

Peroni 1994, 107. Belardelli 1994. Salzani 1973, tav. I.6.

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.4. Typology. Carinated bowls, types 1–4; Carinated cups, types 1–3 Variant α. Drawings: L. Pau, except Type 2B: De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.2, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:3.

17

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.5. Typology. Carinated cups, types 4A – 5D. Drawings by L. Pau, except: Type 4 B: De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.4; Type 5 A Variant α: De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.3. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:3.

18

Typology of the Finds Variant β – This fragment differs in the presence of a row of small deep notches impressed with the pseudocord technique on the external face of the lip and on the carination, between which a band of horizontal incisions is found. (Figure 2.4)

Carinated cups with carination diameter greater than rim diameter. Type 1 – Carinated cups with rounded lip, short everted rim, sharp carination and concave upper wall. Undecorated. (Figure 2.4)

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.1)

–– –– –– –– –– ––

Carinated bowls with carination diameter bigger than rim diameter. Type 2 – Carinated bowl with rounded lip, short everted rim, smoothed angular carination, lower wall is short and has a convex profile. Undecorated. (Figure 2.4)

This type can be compared with two isolated finds from Frattesina, dated by Bellintani to the phases 2 and 3 of Frattesina162, and with two specimens from the upper level of Mariconda163.

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.1) Type 3 – Carinated bowls with a shape which tends to be biconical. The lip is distinct, thickened and flat on the top, the wall between the lip and the carination is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions; sharp carination; both upper and lower walls have a straight external profile. (Figure 2.4)

Type 2 – Carinated cups with a general shape very similar to that of type 1, from which it differs in the presence of a ribbed decoration on the carination. Variety A – Rounded lip, moderately everted rim, the upper wall has a straight to slightly concave profile, the carination is sharp. (Figure 2.4)

–– Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.2) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.1) Type 4 – Carinated bowls with distinct and internally bevelled lip, slightly concave-profiled upper wall, prominent carination decorated with a discontinuous row of small dots; the lower wall has a convex profile on the exterior. (Figure 2.4) –– –– –– ––

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit S (Figure 5.24.2) Pit S (Figure 5.24.3) Pit S (Figure 5.24.4) Pit X (Figure 5.31.1)

Variety B – Rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, straight-profiled upper wall, prominent and rounded carination transitioning to a short shoulder. (Figure 2.4) –– –– –– ––

2.2.2 Carinated cups All the vessels belonging to this ceramic class have a greater diameter at the carination point; they have quite similar shapes, with some variabilities in profiles, dimensions and decorations. The parameter of the decorative motifs has been considered as an important element in their definition into types and varieties; other factors such as the profiles of the vessels, the shapes of the rims, the roundness of the carination and the dimensions themselves have also been considered in evolving the classification.

Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.2) Pit X (Figure 5.31.2) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.4) Pit T (Figure 5.29.3)

Variety B has a generic counterpart with a cup from Frattesina165, assigned by Bellintani to the phase 2 of Frattesina. Type 3 – Carinated cup with rounded lip, slightly everted rim, upper wall with concave profile, prominent carination and lower wall with slightly convex profile. Although the 162  163 

161 

Pit Y (Figure 5.33.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.33.2) Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.2) Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 522, fig.6.4) Pit P (Figure 5.18.4) Pit T (Figure 5.29.1) Pit T (Figure 5.29.2) Pit M (Figure 5.16.1)

Variety A has a parallel in a specimen from Mariconda, upper level164, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

A similar vessel with this kind of decoration was found in Fondo Paviani160; some carinated bowls from Fossa Nera di Porcari have a similar decoration with small impressions on similarly sharp carinations161.

160 

Pit P (Figure 5.18.1) Pit P (Figure 5.18.2) Pit 1/1979 (Figure 5.1.1) Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.2) Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.3), probably ascribable to the type. Pit P (Figure 5.18.3), probably ascribable to the type.

Leonardi and Cupitò 2009, 93, fig. 2.8. Andreotti and Zanini 1995–96, 303, fig. 5.1–3.

164  165 

19

Bellintani 1992, 274, tav 2.2, 7. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.2–3. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.1. Bellintani 1992, 274, tav. 2.16.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) general shape is similar to type 2 and 3, it differs in its decoration of horizontal incisions just above the carination. (Figure 2.4)

This variety is characterised by a decoration made up of horizontal incisions over the carination and rows of two or three small dots on the carination. (Figure 2.5)

–– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.3) –– Isolated find (Figure 5.56.8).

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.2) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.3).

Variant α – In this specimen the upper wall is shorter than the norm, the carination is rounded and almost forming a short shoulder, the lower wall has an external convex profile. (Figure 2.4)

This Variety has a close parallel in a cup from Frattesina, which presents a very similar shape and the same decoration on the carination171. It is also comparable with a cup from the grave 86 of Narde172, which slightly differs from the type in the presence of a more accentuated shoulder. Colonna dated this grave to the phase II of her chronological sequence173.

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.33.3) The type has parallels in two isolated finds from Frattesina166 and from the cemetery of Fontanella Grazioli167.

Type 5 – Carinated cups characterised by two or more horizontal incisions above the carination associated to oblique ribs on the carination.

Variant α can be compared with a vessel from the grave 272 of Narde168, dated to the II phase of Colonna’s typochronology169. It must be pointed out that the compared vessels are larger than the type here defined.

Variety A – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim, upper wall with concave external profile, lower wall with convex external profile, both shorter than in the Variety B, rounded carination transitioning to a short rounded shoulder. (Figure 2.5)

Type 4 – Carinated cups whose shape and decoration are similar to those of type 3, but this type is made up of vessels of significantly bigger dimensions.

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.33.4) –– Pit P (Figure 5.18.6) –– Pit P (Figure 5.18.5)

Variety A – Rounded lip, strongly everted rim, slightly concave-profiled external upper wall, prominent carination transitioning to a short and rounded shoulder. Decorated with horizontal incisions just above the carination. (Figure 2.5)

Variety A can be compared with a fragmentary vessel from the settlement of Ponte San Marco174.

–– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.4) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.5)

Variant α – This sherd differs from the Variety by the presence of small notches on the carination. (Figure 2.5)

Variety A has a parallel, both for the general shape and the decoration, in a cup from Fontanella Grazioli170.

–– Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.2). Variety B – The general shape is deeper than that of Variety A. Rounded lip, everted rim, as compared to the Variety A, the upper wall has a less concave external profile, and both upper and lower wall are longer. (Figure 2.5)

Variant α – This sherd differs from the Variety in having a shorter general shape, with less developed walls. (Figure 2.5) –– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.1)

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.33.5) –– Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.3)

Variety B – rounded lip, everted rim, upper wall with concave external profile, prominent carination transitioning to a short and rounded shoulder; decorated with horizontal incisions over the carination and rows of two or three subcircular impressions under them. (Figure 2.5)

Variety B has parallels in an isolated find from Frattesina175, and is included in the type 7A of Bellintani’s classification, dated to the phases 2 and 3 of the site, and in a vessel from the grave 79 of the necropolis of Narde176, considered common to the phases I and II of the chronology of Colonna177.

–– Pit 7 (De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.4) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.2) Variety C – rounded lip, everted rim, the upper wall is concave or slightly concave and the carination is sharp.

171  172 

166  167  168  169  170 

Bellintani 1992, 274, tav. 2.9. Salzani 1978, 160, fig. 20.2. Salzani 1990–91b, 171, fig. 24.1. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1978, 160, fig. 20.2.

173  174  175  176  177 

20

Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015, 430, fig. 1 D.3. Salzani 1990–91b, 188, fig. 41.5. Colonna 2006, 173. Poggiani Keller 1994, 103, fig. 74.1. Bellintani 1992, 274, tav. 2.4. Salzani 1989, 35, fig. 13.1. Colonna 2006, 177.

Typology of the Finds to the Variety A; it presents a more prominent and rounded shoulder. (Figure 2.6)

Variety C – This variety is represented only by fragmentary vessels, all of which are characterised by a very sharp carination, which is not comparable to that of the Varieties A and B. (Figure 2.5)

–– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.3) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.1) –– Pit P (Figure 5.18.7)

Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.1) Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.4) Pit T (Figure 5.29.6) Pit T (Figure 5.29.7)

The sherds belonging to Variety B can be compared with a cup from Montagnana185.

Variety C can be compared with a vessel from the settlement of Ponte San Marco178, and with a find from survey researches at Frattesina, Fondo Casari179.

2.2.3 Bowls transitioning to carinated bowls

Variety D – This Variety is also constituted by fragmentary vessels, characterised by a very short carination transitioning to a short shoulder that is more rounded and more markedly distinguished compared to the previous varieties. (Figure 2.5)

In this transitional class some vessels presenting common characteristics with both bowls and carinated bowls were collected together.

Variety D can be compared with a cup from the upper level of Mariconda180, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, and with a cup from Fondo Paviani181.

Even if the specimens of this group are not so very articulated as the carinated bowls, they do present a more marked concavity of the upper wall, though not a distinct rim. The particular decoration of these vessels, with ribs on the point of maximum diameter and a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. In the specimens of this group, this decoration also influences the shape of the vessels, with the ribs forming a kind of very short carination.

Type 6 – Carinated cups of relatively large dimensions, with everted rim, ribbed carination and wall decorated with horizontal incisions above the carination.

On the basis of these characteristics, which are shared between two classes, this intermediate group has been determined.

Variety A – Rounded lip, everted rim, upper wall with a straight external profile, carination with profile ranging from slightly angular to slightly rounded. Decorated with oblique ribs on the carination, associated with horizontal incisions above the ribs. (Figure 2.6)

Type 1 – Carinated bowls transitioning to bowls with angular profile, inverted rim, decorated with oblique ribs at the maximum expansion point and a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Lip profile ranges from rounded to obliquely bevelled, upper walls have a slightly concave profile, lower walls have a convex profile. (Figure 2.6)

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.33.6) –– Pit A 2050 (Figure 5.47.1) –– Pit P (Figure 5.18.8)

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit 1/1981 (Figure 5.1.8) Pit T (Figure 5.29.4) Pit T (Figure 5.29.5) Pit S (Figure 5.24.5) Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.2) Pit X (Figure 5.31.4) Pit X (Figure 5.31.5), probably belonging to the type. Pit X (Figure 5.31.6), probably belonging to the type.

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Parallels for Variety A can be found in Fondo Paviani182, in Mariconda183 from the upper level of the site, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, and in Ascona184.

Variant α – In this fragment the lip is decorated with oblique incisions. (Figure 2.6)

Variety B – Rounded lip, sharply everted rim forming an internal angle, upper wall with straight profile if compared

178  179  180  181  182  183  184 

Pit 1/1979 (Figure 5.1.2) Pit 2 (De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.6) Pit X (Figure 5.31.15) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.6) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.7) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.8) Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.4)

–– Pit S (Figure 5.24.14) Variant β – This fragment differs from the set in the presence of only two horizontal incisions on the rim above the oblique ribs. (Figure 2.6)

Poggiani Keller 1994, 103, fig.74.2. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 64, fig. 22.4. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.5. Leonardi and Cupitò 2009, 93, fig. 2.5. Leonardi and Cupitò 2009, 93, fig. 2.6. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.6. Crivelli 1953–54 grave 19, tav. XXIX.1.

–– Pit S (Figure 5.24.15)

185 

21

De Min and Bietti Sestieri 1979, 212, fig. 4.1.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.6. Typology. Carinated cups, types 6A – 6B; Carinated bowls transitioning to bowls, types 1, 1 Variant α, 1 Variant β, Unicum 1; Truncated-conical bowls, type 1. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

22

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.7. Typology. Bowls with rounded profile, types 1A – Unicum 2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3

23

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Unicum 1 – This vessel presents a band of horizontal incisions on the rim, but it lacks the oblique ribs on the carination. The shape is more simliar to this intermediate class than to the class of angular bowl. (Figure 2.6)

2.2.4.2 Bowls with rounded profile

–– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.3)

Variety A – Internally bevelled lip, convex external profile, deep basin. (Figure 2.7)

Type 1 – Bowls with rounded profile and slightly inverted rim.

This group can be compared with specimens from the grave 13 of the necropolis of Colombara di Gazzo Veronese186, in the grave 133 of Narde 2187 and from the grave D of Angarano188, in the grave 246 of Desmontà189, and with an isolated find also from Angarano190. These comparisons are however only generic: even if the decoration is similar, the forms of the vessels are deeper and have greater dimensions. A further parallel can be found in Sacca di Goito, but even here the compared specimen differs in that it presents a short and distinct rim191, which is not seen in any of the vessels of this Casalmoro group.

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.5) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.6) Variety B – Rounded lip, convex external profile, presumably deep basin. (Figure 2.7) –– Pit A 2050 (Figure 5.47.2) Type 2 – Bowls with rounded profile and inverted rim; internally bevelled lip, convex external profile, deep basin. (Figure 2.7)

2.2.4 Bowls

–– –– –– ––

The open vessels with a non-articulated shape were classified in this class. They differ from the carinated bowls for having simpler shapes and absence of carination and everted or articulated rims.

The type has parallels in the graves 154192 and 253 of the necropolis of Narde193, assigned by Colonna to the phase II of her chronology194, corresponding to the first part of the Final Bronze Age 2, and again in the site of Sacca di Goito195.

The bowls were divided into three main categories according to their general profile, which can be truncated-conical, rounded or angular. As a second parameter of classification the presence or absence of a decoration was chosen; the great majority of the decorated bowls, almost exclusively angularprofiled, present a band of horizontal incisions on the external face of the rim, while other types of decoration are rare, and appear on vessels with rounded profiles. The bowls are ordered according to their maximum widths, moving with those with a vertical rim to ones with the most inverted rims.

Type 3 – Bowls with inverted rim, rounded lip, deep basin. (Figure 2.7) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.33.8) Unicum 1 – Bowls with rounded lip, inverted rim. The rim is decorated on the upper part with light oblique ribs. (Figure 2.7)

Since the majority of the bowls are represented by fragmentary vessels, a secondary criterion was selected where possible, namely the depth of the basin, which is not always a determinable element. Finally, the degree of convexity or concavity of the walls was considered as a taxonomic principle as well.

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.8) Comparison for this type can be found in vessels from the grave 240 of Narde196 and from the site of Fabbrica dei Soci197.

The first category is only represented by a single bowl, and this shape is not generally very represented in the early phases of Final Bronze Age of this area.

Unicum 2 – Bowls with strongly inverted rim, rounded lip. The rim is decorated with horizontal and oblique linear rows of pseudo-cord incisions. (Figure 2.7)

2.2.4.1 Truncated-conical bowls

–– Pit Q1 (Figure 5.23.6)

Unicum – Flat upper lip, truncated-conical wall with convex profile. (Figure 2.6)

Parallels for the decorative motif executed with a pseudocord technique on bowls comes from Mantua Gradaro198.

–– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.4)

192  186  187  188  189  190  191 

Pit Y (Figure 5.33.7) Pit 14 (Figure 5.14.10) Pit 3 (Figure 5.2.11) Pit P (Figure 5.18.9)

Salzani 2001, 106, fig. 4 A.2. Colonna, Salzani and Tomaello 2010, 342, tav. 27.C.2. Bianchin Citton 1982, 34, n.2. Salzani 2013, 158, tav. 18.8. Bianchin Citton 1982, 50, n. 29. Donadel 2013, 54, tav. 4.74.

193  194  195  196  197  198 

24

Salzani 1990–91b, 174, fig. 27.2. Salzani 1990–91b, 168, fig. 21.5. Colonna 2006, 173. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.1. Salzani 1990–91b, 157, fig. 10.5. Bagolan, Levi and Vanzetti 1997, 359, fig. 197b.17. Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012, 843, fig. 2.21, 22.

Typology of the Finds 2.2.4.3 Bowls with angular profile, undecorated

Type 3 – Bowls with short inverted rim.

Type 1 – Bowls with vertical rim.

Variety A – Thinned lip, short rim with convex profile, walls are thickened at the maximum expansion. (Figure 2.8)

Variety A – Thinned and rounded lip, rim with straight or very slightly convex profile, basin with convex profile; rim is shorter and walls are thicker than in the Variety B. (Figure 2.8)

–– –– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.5) –– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.6) Parallels for Variety A can be found in the grave 453 of Narde199, in Fondo Paviani200, in the lower level of Mariconda201 assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1, and in the site of Sacca di Goito202.

Pit Y (Figure 5.33.9) Pit Y (Figure 5.33.10) Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.2) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.1) Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.8) Pit X (Figure 5.31.7)

Variety A has its counterpart in a vessel from the grave 36 of the necropolis of Fondo Zanotto207, assigned by Colonna to the Final Bronze Age 1208. Variety B – Lip ranges from rounded to flattened, rim is short with a straight or slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.8)

Variant α – in this specimen both rim and walls are thicker, and the basin is less deep than in the Variety. (Figure 2.8) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.7) Variant α has a counterpart in the grave 101 of the necropolis of Narde203.

–– Pit P (Figure 5.18.10) –– Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.1) –– Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.3)

Variant β – Both rim and basin present a clearly convex profile, if compared to the Variety. (Figure 2.8)

Variety B can be compared with a bowl from Fondo Paviani209.

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.5)

Type 4 – Inverted longer rim.

Variant β has a parallel in a vessel from the grave 111 of Narde204, assigned to the phase II of the chronology of Colonna, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2205.

Variety A – Lip varies from rounded to internally bevelled, rim with convex profile, short basin. (Figure 2.8) –– –– –– –– –– ––

Variety B – In these vessels the rim has a straight-to slightly concave profile, and the walls are thinner than in the Variety A. (Figure 2.8) –– Pit G (Figure 5.15.5) –– Pit M (Figure 5.16.2) –– Pit M (Figure 5.16.3)

This variety can be compared with a specimen from the upper level of Mariconda210.

Variety B has a parallel in a vessel from layer 103 of Sabbionara206, assigned by Salzani to a recent phase of the Final Bronze Age.

Variety B – Lip ranges from internally bevelled to rounded, rim with straight to slightly convex profile, basin is deeper than in Variety A. (Figure 2.8)

Type 2 – Bowls with slightly inverted rim; flattened lip, short rim with a slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.8) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.6) –– Pit P (Figure 5.18.11)

199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206 

Pit Y (Figure 5.33.11) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.1) Pit P (Figure 5.18.11) Pit P (Figure 5.18.12) Pit F 6 (Figure 5.56.5) Pit 7 (Figure 5.3.9)

Salzani 1990–91b, 195, fig. 48.8. Fasani and Salzani 1975, tav. I.7. Salzani 1973, tav. I.3. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.29. Salzani 1990–91b, 183, fig. 36.6. Salzani 1990–91b, 193, fig. 46.2. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1990–91a, 120, fig. 17.6.

–– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit Y (Figure 5.34.1) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.7) Pit T (Figure 5.29.9) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.8) Pit X (Figure 5.31.8) Pit X (Figure 5.31.9) Pit S (Figure 5.24.6)

207 

De Min 1986b, tav. 2.2. Colonna 2006, 171. Fasani and Salzani 1975, 260, tav. 1.8. Salzani 1973, tav. VII.5.

208  209  210 

25

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.8. Typology. Bowls with angular profile, types 1A – 4C. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

26

Typology of the Finds bowl from the settlement of Sacca di Goito226, in a scatter find from the necropolis of Fontanella Grazioli227, in a bowl from the site of Campestrin228.

Variety B has its counterparts in specimens from Fondo Paviani211, rom the settlement of Sacca di Goito212 from the grave 251 of Narde213, assigned by Colonna to the Final Bronze Age 2214, in the grave 52 of the same necropolis215, assigned to the phases I and II of Colonna’s chronology216, and in the grave 1 N/W of the necropolis of Garda217, assigned to the second part of the Final Bronze Age 2218.

Variant α – The rim has a slightly concave profile. (Figure 2.9) –– Pit T (Figure 5.29.10)

Variety C – Internally bevelled lip, tall rim ranging from a slightly concave to a concave external profile. (Figure 2.8)

Variant β – Lip is thinned, and the basin has a straight profile. (Figure 2.9)

–– Pit X (Figure 5.31.11) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.5) –– Pit X (Figure 5.31.10)

–– Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.5) 2.2.4.4 Bowls with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim

This Variety has a parallel in the upper level of Mariconda , assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3. 219

Type 1 – Bowls with internally bevelled lip and vertical rim; the vessel from pit 8 is decorated on the lip with small oblique ribs. (Figure 2.9)

Type 5 – Bowls with strongly inverted rim. Variety A – Rounded lip, short rim, wall with a slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.9)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.8) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.6)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.7) –– Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.2)

These bowls have a parallel in the upper level of Mariconda229 and one in Mantua Gradaro230.

This variety has comparisons in the graves 81220 and 224221 of Narde.

Type 2 – Bowls with slightly inverted rim. Variety A – Internally bevelled lip, rim and basin with straight profile, deep basin. (Figure 2.9)

Variety B – Lip varies from rounded to internally bevelled, rim is longer than in Variety A, with a slightly convex or convex profile; the basin presents a profile from slightly convex to convex. (Figure 2.9) –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.11) –– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.12) –– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.13)

Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.4) Pit Y (Figure 5.34.3) Pit X (Figure 5.31.12) Pit S (Figure 5.24.7) Pit P (Figure 5.18.13) Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.3) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.9) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.10) Pit P, probably ascribable to the Variety (Figure 5.18.14)

Variety A has parallels in the upper level of Mariconda231. Variety B – Rounded and thickened lip, convex-profiled rim. (Figure 2.9) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.6) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.1)

Variety B finds comparisons in the graves B/85222, 211223 and 224224 of Narde, in the grave 17 of Angarano225, in a 211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225 

Variety C – Rounded lip, convex-profiled rim. (Figure 2.9) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.7)

Fasani and Salzani 1975, 260, tav. 1.9. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.9. Salzani 1990–91b, 156, fig. 9.2. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1989, 32, fig.10.5. Colonna 2006, 177. Salzani 1984a, 127, fig. 8.2. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1973, tav. VIII.3. Salzani 1990–91b, 158, fig. 11.2. Salzani 1990–91b, 160, fig. 13.2. Salzani 1989, 29, fig. 7.6. Salzani 1990–91b, 200, fig. 53.2. Salzani 1990–91b, 160, fig. 13.2. Bianchin Citton 1982, fig. 2.

This Variety has a counterpart in Frattesina232.

226  227  228  229  230  231  232 

27

Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.8. Salzani 1978, 160, fig. 20.4. Bellintani et al. 2019, 46, fig. 15.12. Salzani 1973, tav. VII.18. Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012, 843, fig. 2.6. Salzani 1973, tav. VIII.1. Bellintani 1992, 273, tav. 1.8.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.9. Typology. Bowls with angular profile, types 5A – 5B Variant β; Decorated bowls with angular profile, types 1 – 2C. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

28

Typology of the Finds Type 4 – Bowls with strongly inverted rim, rounded lip, rim with a clearly convex profile. (Figure 2.10)

Type 3 – Bowls with inverted rim. Variety A – Internally bevelled and thinned lip, the rim is thickened at the maximum diameter angle; external profile from straight to slightly convex. (Figure 2.10) –– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.5) –– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.3) –– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.16)

Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.2) Pit P (Figure 5.18.16) Pit 14 (Figure 5.14.11) Pit B (Figure 5.15.4) Pit P (Figure 5.18.15), probably ascribable to the type.

This type has its counterpart in a bowl from the grave 281 of Narde241. Type 5 – Bowl with strongly inverted rim, internally bevelled lip, rim and basin with a straight profile, medium depth to the basin. (Figure 2.10)

This variety has a counterpart in the grave 36 of the necropolis of Fondo Zanotto233, which represents one of the first graves of the chronology of Colonna, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1234. A further parallel for this variety with a thickened lip, whose shape is very similar to the undecorated type of angular bowls 3, Variety A, comes from the site of Sacca di Goito235.

–– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.3) The bowl can be compared with a specimen from the grave 250 of Narde242, dated to the phase II of Colonna’s chronology243, and with a vessel from the settlement of Sacca di Goito244.

Variety B – Internally bevelled lip, homogeneous thickness of the rim, slightly convex external profile. (Figure 2.10) –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Type 6 – Bowl with strongly inverted rim, internally bevelled lip, short rim, basin is also short and the general profile is markedly convex; presence of omphalos on the base. (Figure 2.10)

Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.14) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.54.15) Pit S (Figure 5.24.8) Pit 11(Figure 5.11.2) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.3) Pit P (Figure 5.19.1) Pit P (Figure 5.19.2) Pit P (Figure 5.19.3) Pit X (Figure 5.31.13) Pit S (Figure 5.24.9) Pit S (Figure 5.24.10) Pit S (Figure 5.24.11) Pit P (Figure 5.19.4)

–– Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.6) The type has parallels in the grave 505 of Narde245, dated to the II phase of Colonna’s chronology246, and in Frattesina247, with specimens included in the type 5B of Bellintani, dated to the phases 2 and 3 of Frattesina, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2. 2.2.5 Pots with inverted rim These vessels have a narrow shape characterised by an inverted rim. They were divided into two groups, according to the general form, which can be carinated or rounded. Factors such as the presence of cordons and different decorations were also taken into account in the classification. This ceramic class is common in the Final Bronze Age, some parallels can be found in peninsular and north-eastern sites.

Variety B has parallels in Mariconda, both from the lower236 and the upper levels237, in Sacca di Goito238, and in Montebello Vicentino239, from a level of Final Bronze Age 1. Variety C – Rounded lip, inverted rim with straight profile; this variety is characterised by the presence of parallel incisions forming a festoon motif under the horizontal incisions over the basin. (Figure 2.10)

Carinated pots with inverted rim Type 1 – Pots with inverted rim and shape tending to the biconical, with the rim being indistinct from the wall; lip is internally bevelled. The specimen presents a cordon with knobs on the carination point. (Figure 2.10)

–– Pit X (Figure 5.31.14) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.34.4) The decoration of the Variety C has a parallel in a bowl from the house A of Ponte San Marco240 found in the levels of the Final Bronze Age. 233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240 

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.9)

De Min 1986, tav. 2.2. Colonna 2006, 171. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.14. Salzani 1973, tav. I.4. Salzani 1973, tav. IX.9. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.13, 17. Bagolan and Leonardi 1999, 239, fig. 5.10. Poggiani Keller 1994, fig. 68.1.

241  242  243  244  245  246  247 

29

Salzani 1990–91b, 161, fig. 14.12. Salzani 1990–91b, 165, fig. 18.13. Colonna 2006, 173. Donadel 2013, 51, tav. 1.18. Salzani 1990–91b, 177, fig. 30.6 Colonna 2006, 173. Bellintani 1992, 273, tav 1.9.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.10. Typology. Decorated bowls with angular profile, types 3A – 6; Pots with inverted rims, types 1–2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

30

Typology of the Finds This vessel has a parallel in Mariconda, upper level248, dating to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, and one in the site of Sacca di Goito249.

Type 3 – Carinated pots with inverted rim and internally bevelled lip, a high shoulder with a rounded internal profile, and two cordons with oblique notches (in one case impressed with the pseudo-cord technique). (Figure 2.11)

Type 2 – Pots with inverted rim and shape tending to the biconical, with an indistinct rim; characterised by the presence of two applied cordons, one over the carination and one in the intermediate zone between the rim and the carination.

–– Pit P (Figure 5.19.8) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.4) The type can be compared with similar vessels from US IV of Frattesina262, which can be assigned to Final Bronze Age 2, and probably also to Final Bronze Age 1. A further parallel can also be found in Montagnana263.

Variety A – Rounded lip, undecorated cordons. (Figure 2.10) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.34.9) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.34.10) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.6), very abraded and fragmentary, probably ascribable to the type.

Type 4 – Carinated pots with inverted rim and internally bevelled lip, a clear and high shoulder, and a plain cordon in the zone between the lip and the shoulder. (Figure 2.11)

This variety is a quite common shape of the Final Bronze Age, and can be compared with a vessel from the upper level of Mariconda250, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, with a find from a survey research at Frattesina, Fondo Merlo251, with two specimens from Sacca di Goito252, and with a pot from Mantua Gradaro253. The type has further parallels in peninsular sites such as Fossa Nera di Porcari254, Talamonaccio255, Monte Titano256 and Ripa Calbana257.

–– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.5) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.6) This type has a parallel in the upper level of Mariconda264, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3. Type 5 – Carinated pot with inverted rim, distinct and flatten lip, decorated with oblique ribs, straight profile; it presents handles on the carination. (Figure 2.11)

Variety B – Internally bevelled lip, twisted cordons. (Figure 2.11)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.48.10)

–– Pit 1/1981 (Figure 5.1.9) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.7)

The fragment has a parallel in the lower level of Mariconda265, dated to the Final Bronze Age 1; the vessel from Mariconda slightly differs in not having the oblique ribs on the lip.

Variety C – Internally bevelled lip and cordons decorated with oblique notches. (Figure 2.11) –– –– –– ––

Pit T (Figure 5.29.11) Pit P (Figure 5.19.6) Pit P (Figure 5.19.7) Pit S (Figure 5.24.16)

Type 6 – Carinated pots with inverted rim, rounded lip, internally decorated with oblique incisions; very prominent carination; two horizontal incisions alternating with a row of small notches are present in the zone between the lip and the carination; just under the carination a row of small notches and incisions forming festoon motifs on the lower part of the pot. (Figure 2.11)

Parallels for Variety B and C can be found in the site of Sacca di Goito258, Frattesina259, Fondo Paviani260, and in Ripa Calbana261.

Salzani 1973, tav. IX.8. Donadel 2013, 53, tav. 3.58. 250  Salzani 1973, tav. X.8. 251  Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 65, fig. 23.7. 252  Donadel 2013, 58, tav. 8.115–116. 253  Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012, 847, fig. 3.16. 254  Andreotti and Zanini 1995–96, 308, fig. 7.6. 255  Fedeli 1993, fig. 8.52. 256  Bronzoni and De Marchi 2008, fig. 10.1–2. 257  La Pilusa and Zanini 2007, 109, fig. 8.4. 258  Donadel 2013, 58, tav. 8.117. 259  Bellintani 1992, 277, tav. 5.7; Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015, 430, fig. 1 D.5. 260  Leonardi and Cupitò 2009, 93, fig. 2.10–11. 261  La Pilusa and Zanini 2007, 114, fig. 13.9; La Pilusa and Zanini 2009, 106, fig. 1 B2d. 248  249 

–– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit P (Figure 5.19.9) Pit P (Figure 5.19.10) Pit P (Figure 5.19.11) Pit S (Figure 5.25.1) Pit S (Figure 5.25.2) Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.7) Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.9) very fragmentary, probably belonging to the type.

262 

Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Saracino 2019, 54, fig. 8.2–3. Bianchin Citton and Panozzo 1998, 315, fig. 184.3. Salzani 1973, tav. X.3. Salzani 1973, tav. II.1.

263  264  265 

31

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.11. Typology. Pots with inverted rims, types 2B – 10B. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

32

Typology of the Finds between the truncated-ovoid and the truncated-conical jars, first because of the fragmentation of many vessels, and second because the hand-made nature of these vessels means that the profile could be slightly different in different sections of the same specimen. Accordingly the decoration, considered as a real and purposeful characteristic, became an important factor of distinction. Within each form, the jars were divided on the basis of the presence/absence of any decorative motif, the presence of a ribbed or notched lip and the presence of a plain or notched/ribbed cordon. A further element of classification is the rim, which can be more or less everted, with or without an internal angle.

Pots with inverted rim with rounded profile Type 7 – Pots with inverted rim and internally bevelled lip, having a rounded profile and deep shape; a notched cordon is applied on the upper part of the pot. (Figure 2.11) –– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.4) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.9) This type has a quite similar parallel in Fossa Nera di Porcari266. Type 8 – Pots with rounded profile, with distinct and thickened lip, internally bevelled, undecorated. (Figure 2.11)

General shape spanning from conical to truncated-ovoid

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.10) –– Pit T (Figure 5.29.12)

Unicum 1 – Jar with a clearly truncated-conical general shape, rounded lip, strongly everted rim forming an internal angle, walls with straight profile. (Figure 2.12)

Type 9 – Pots with rounded profile, with distinct and thickened lip, internally bevelled. (Figure 2.11)

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.1) This jar has its counterpart in a specimen from Fondo Paviani267.

Variety A – Decorated with a band of horizontal incisions just under the lip, from which two bands of oblique incisions spring. (Figure 2.11)

Type 1 – Jars with their general shape tending to be truncated-ovoid, undecorated. The type was divided into varieties according to the rim form.

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.34.11) Variety B – Decorated with a band of horizontal incisions just under the lip; under the horizontal incisions a row of triangles filled with oblique incisions. (Figure 2.11)

Variety A – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim, walls with convex profile. (Figure 2.12) –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit T (Figure 5.29.13) Type 10 – Pots with rounded profile, distinct rounded lip, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip. Though the shape is very similar to a bowl with rounded profile, its thickened and distinct lip puts it in this group. Variety A – Distinct and rounded lip, wall with convex profile decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip. (Figure 2.12)

Pit S (Figure 5.25.4) Pit S (Figure 5.25.5) Pit S (Figure 5.25.6) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.1) Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.6) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.4) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.35.1) Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.10) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.2)

–– Pit 1/1979 (Figure 5.1.3) –– Isolated find (Figure 5.56.7)

Variety A has a parallel in Frattesina, with a type of jars dated to the phases 2 and 3 of the site268, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

Variety B – Distinct and rounded lip, wall with convex profile decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip, and a lower festoon motif with sub-circular impressions on the inside. (Figure 2.11)

Variety B – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim forming an internal angle, walls with convex profile and presence of handles. (Figure 2.12)

–– Pit S (Figure 5.25.3)

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.35.2) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.35.3)

2.2.6 Jars

Variety C – Rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, walls with convex profile. (Figure 2.12)

Jars were distinguished first according to their general shape, from the most open (such as the truncated-ovoid), to the narrowest (such as the cylindrical-ovoid or ovoid). Apropos the first group, it was not possible to make clear distinctions

–– Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.6) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.11) 267 

266 

Andreotti and Zanini 1995–96, 316, fig. 10.15.

268 

33

Fasani and Salzani 1975, 263, tav. III.5. Bellintani 1992, 275, tav. 3.3.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.12. Typology. Jars, types Unicum 1 – 1C Variant α. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

34

Typology of the Finds Variety B – Rounded or externally bevelled lip, decorated with oblique ribs or notches; everted rim forming an internal angle; walls with convex profile. (Figure 2.13)

–– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.12) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.11) Variety C has parallels in Sabbionara, US 34269, a level assigned to the Recent Bronze Age, and in the settlement of Ponte San Marco270.

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Variant α – In this specimen the rim is thickened at the internal angle. (Figure 2.12) –– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.13) Variant β – This fragment is decorated with three horizontal incisions just under the rim. (Figure 2.13) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.12)

Variant α – This sherd is decorated with two horizontal incisions on the wall just under the rim. (Figure 2.14)

Variety D – Externally bevelled lip, strongly everted rim forming an internal angle, convex-profiled walls. (Figure 2.13)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.50.4)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.2) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.3) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.7)

Variant β – In this fragment the rim is more everted and extended than others in the Variety. (Figure 2.14) –– Pit 13 (Figure 5.14.1)

This variety finds a comparison in Campestrin, in a specimen which slightly differs for the presence of a more thickened internal angle271.

Variety B can be compared, in its general shape, with a jar from Sabbionara, US 27274, a layer dated to the Recent Bronze Age, which slightly differs from those with a thickened rim at the internal angle.

Type 2 – Jars with their shape tending to be truncatedovoid, lip decorated with oblique ribs or notches. This type was divided into varieties according to the rim shape.

The Variant β has a parallel in the site of Eppan-Sant Pauls275, a site culturally referred to the Alpine facies of Laugen – Melaun.

Variety A – Rounded lip, decorated with oblique ribs or notches, slightly everted rim, walls with convex profile. (Figure 2.13) –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.6) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.7) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.50.1) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.50.2) Pit 8 (Figure 5.9.1) Pit 8 (Figure 5.9.2) Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.7) Pit 13 (Figure 5.13.8) Pit Y (Figure 5.36.3) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.3) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.4)

Type 3 – Jars characterised by the presence of a cordon applied on the wall.

Pit X (Figure 5.32.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.35.4) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.7) Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.8) Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.14) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.4) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.49.5)

Variety A – General shape varies from truncated-conical to truncated-ovoid, rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle; walls vary from slightly convex to convex; it presents a plain cordon applied on the wall. (Figure 2.14)

Variant α – This vessel is decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions on the wall under the rim. (Figure 2.13)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.50.5) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.50.6) –– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.5)

–– Pit 8 (Figure 5.8.15)

This variety can be compared with jars from Sabbionara, US 117276, and from Custoza, US 25277; both levels were assigned to the Recent Bronze Age. Furthermore, parallels can be found at Eppan-Sant Pauls278 and La Groa di Supramonte279, in the Alpine area of Luco/Laugen

Variant α can be compared, mainly for the decorative motif, with a jar from the grave 52 of Fondo Zanotto272, and with a find from a survey research in Frattesina, Fondo Casari273.

274  269  270  271  272  273 

Salzani 1990–91a, 118, fig. 15.5. Poggiani Keller 1994, 105, fig. 76.1. Bellintani et al. 2019, 44, fig. 14.1. De Min 1986b, tav. 4.1. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 63, fig. 21.9.

275  276  277  278  279 

35

Salzani 1990–91a, 115, fig. 12.1. Leitner 1988, fig. 57.1. Salzani 1990–91a, 123, fig. 20.7. Salzani 1997, tav. II.36. Leitner 1988, fig. 41.37. Marzatico 2001, 385, fig. 14.20.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.13. Typology. Jars, types 1C Variant β – 2B. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

36

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.14. Typology. Jars, types 2B Variant α – 4. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

37

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) influence. It is noticeable that in the parallels from Custoza and Eppan the rim is thickened at the internal angle, a characteristic which is present in only one of the jars of the variety here.

–– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.14) –– Pit P (Figure 5.19.14) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.14) probably of the type. Variety C – Rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, wall with a slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.15)

Variety B – Truncated-conical general shape, rounded lip, everted rim forming a smoothed internal angle, walls with slightly convex profile. A cordon decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions is applied on the wall. (Figure 2.14)

–– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.1)

Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.6) Pit 13 (Figure 5.14.3) Pit 13 (Figure 5.14.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.15) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.1)

Variety C – General shape tends to be truncatedconical, rounded lip decorated with oblique ribs, everted rim with internal rounded angle, walls with slightly convex profile. A ribbed cordon is applied on the wall. (Figure 2.14)

Variant α – This jar differs from the run of the variety in the presence of an accentuated thickness of the wall at the internal angle of the rim. (Figure 2.15)

–– Pit X (Figure 5.32.2) –– Pit S (Figure 5.26.1) –– Pit M (Figure 5.16.5)

Variety D – Rounded lip, very strongly everted rim with internal angular profile, wall with a straight profile. (Figure 2.15)

This variety can be generally compared with a fragment from Sabbionara, US 34280, from a layer dated to the Recent Bronze Age 2; a stricter comparison comes from survey researches in Frattesina, Fondo Casari281.

–– Pit P (Figure 5.19.13)

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.36.1)

Variety D can be compared with two similar specimens from the Laugen-Melaun settlement of Eppan-Sant Pauls282.

Sub-cylindrical jars

Type 6 – Sub-cylindrical jars characterised by the presence of oblique ribbing or notches on the lip.

Type 4 – Sub-cylindrical jars, with flattened lip decorated with oblique ribs; slightly everted rim, almost indistinct from the wall forming an internal angle; walls with slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.14)

Variety A – Rounded lip, decorated with oblique or vertical small notches, short and slightly everted rim, wall with a slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.15)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.2) –– Pit S (Figure 5.26.2)

–– –– –– –– ––

Type 5 – Sub-cylindrical jars with everted rim, undecorated. Variety A – Rounded lip; short and slightly everted rim, forming a smoothed internal angle; wall profile varies from straight to slightly convex. (Figure 5.2.15) –– –– –– ––

Pit 7 (Figure 5.4.8) Pit 13 (Figure 5.14.2) Pit 11 (Figure 5.11.8) Pit 1/1981, probably (Figure 5.1.11)

attributable

to

the

Variety B – Rounded or externally bevelled lip, decorated with oblique ribs or notches, short and strongly everted rim, wall profile varies from straight to slightly convex. (Figure 2.15)

type

Variety B – Rounded and slightly thickened lip, rim is more extended and everted than in the Variety A; wall with slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.15) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.43.13) –– Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.1) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.3) 280  281 

Pit Y (Figure 5.36.2) Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.7) Pit M (Figure 5.16.4) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.4) Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.2)

Salzani 1990–91a, 118, fig. 15.4. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 63, fig. 21.7.

38

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit Y (Figure 5.36.4) Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.3) Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.5) Pit A 2050 (Figure 5.47.3) Pit P (Figure 5.20.1) Pit P (Figure 5.20.2) Pit P (Figure 5.20.3)

282 

Leitner 1988, figs. 44.5, 46.11.

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.15. Typology. Jars, types 5A – 6B Variant β. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

39

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Parallels for variety B have been identified in the site of Sacca di Goito, where some vessels show a very similar shape283, and in Fondo Paviani284.

Variety B – Externally bevelled and ribbed lip, rim varying from everted to strongly everted and forming an internal angular profile, which can be more or less accentuated; the wall has a straight or a slightly convex profile, and presents an applied cordon decorated with sub-circular impressions. (Figure 2.16)

Variant α – This fragment presents a longer rim. (Figure 2.15) –– Pit S (Figure 5.26.3)

–– –– –– ––

Variant β – This fragment presents a row of sub-circular impressions on the wall. (Figure 2.15) –– Pit S (Figure 5.26.3)

The site of Sacca di Goito offers good comparisons for this variety, with some similar specimens from the settlement286; and a further comparandum comes from survey researches at Frattesina, Fondo Casari287.

Type 7 – Sub-cylindrical jars with rounded lip, slightly everted rim, wall with a straight profile presenting a row of sub-circular impressions on the upper part; only one of the two vessels presents a lip decorated with oblique ribs. (Figure 2.16)

Cylindrical-ovoid jars Type 10 – Undecorated cylindrical-ovoid jars

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.36.5) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.5)

Variety A – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim, convexprofiled wall. (Figure 2.17)

Type 8 – Sub-cylindrical jars characterised by the presence of a cordon on the wall.

–– –– –– ––

Variety A – Externally bevelled lip, slightly everted rim, a plain cordon is applied on the wall, which has a slightly convex profile. (Figure 2.16)

Pit Y (Figure 5.36.6) Pit Y (Figure 5.36.7) Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.5) Pit 1/1979 (Figure 5.1.4)

This variety can be compared with a jar from the lower level at Mariconda288, dated to the Final Bronze Age 1.

–– Pit 7 (De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.7); –– Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.1)

Variety B – Rounded lip, rim is slightly everted and shorter than in Variety A, wall presents convex profile. (Figure 2.17)

Variety B – Rounded or externally bevelled lip, rim is shorter and more everted than in Variety A and forms an internal angle; the wall presents a straight profile and a plain applied cordon. (Figure 2.16) –– –– –– ––

Pit G (Figure 5.15.7) Pit A 2050 (Figure 5.47.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.6) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.6)

–– Pit P (Figure 5.20.4) –– Pit P (Figure 5.20.5) –– Pit 1/1979 (Figure 5.1.5)

Pit Fadasider (Figure 5.55.7) Pit Fadasider (Figure 5.55.8) Pit Fadasider (Figure 5.55.9) Pit T (Figure 5.29.14)

This variety can be compared with a jar from Ponte San Marco289.

Type 9 – Sub-cylindrical jars characterised by the presence of an applied cordon and a lip decorated with oblique ribs.

Variant α – This fragment is decorated with two horizontal incisions on the wall. (Figure 2.17)

Variety A – Externally bevelled lip, decorated with oblique ribs, short everted rim, straight profiled walls with a plain applied cordon. (Figure 2.16)

–– Pit A 2050 (Figure 47.8) Variety C – Rounded lip with angular or slightly angular internal profile, convex-profiled wall. (Figure 2.17)

–– Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.55.10) –– Pit 10 (Figure 5.10.2) This variety can be compared with a vessel from Ponte San Marco, US 857285, from contexts in which pottery belonging to the cultural area of Laugen-Melaun facies were found too. 283  284  285 

–– –– –– –– ––

Pit 7 (Figure 5.5.6) Pit Y (Figure 5.37.1) Pit 2 (De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 6.6) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.37.2)

286 

Donadel 2013, 59, tav. 9.133, 135, 136. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 63, fig. 21.2. Salzani 1973, tav. II.5. Poggiani Keller and Ruggiero 2004, fig. 3b.10.

287 

Donadel 2013, 59, tav. 9.143, 144. Cupitò et al. 2015, 365, fig. 8.14. Poggiani Keller 1994, 102, fig. 73.3.

288  289 

40

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.16. Typology. Jars, types 7 – 9B. Drawings by L. Pau Scale 1:3.

41

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.17. Typology. Jars, types 10A – 11A Variant α. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

42

Typology of the Finds –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

–– –– –– ––

Pit Y (Figure 5.37.3) Pit S (Figure 5.26.4) Pit S (Figure 5.26.5) Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.2) Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.6) Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.9) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.56.1)

Pit Y (Figure 5.38.2) Pit Y (Figure 5.38.3) Pit 10 (Figure 5.10.3) Pit Fadasider 2 (Figure 5.56.2)

Variant α – In this specimen the rim is thickened at the internal angle. (Figure 2.18)

Variety C has parallels in Fondo Paviani290, in the grave 445 of Narde291 and in Montebello Vicentino292, from a layer dated at the Final Bronze Age 1; also in the settlement of Sacca di Goito293 and in the site of Campestrin294. The grave 455 of Narde is dated to the phase II of Colonna’s chronology295.

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.37.5)

Variant α – This fragment is decorated with two horizontal incisions and lower oblique incisions forming cross motifs on the wall. (Figure 2.17)

Variety C – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim, convexprofiled wall; this variety presents oblique notches on the lip instead of the oblique ribbing. (Figure 2.18)

–– Pit M (Figure 5.16.6)

–– –– –– –– –– ––

Variety B can be compared with a jar from the grave 41 of Fondo Zanotto298, dated to the phase II of the chronology of Colonna299, and with a specimen from Campestrin300.

Type 11 – This type is characterised by the presence of a notched or ribbed lip. Variety A – Rounded lip decorated with oblique ribbing, rim varies from slightly everted to everted; convexprofiled wall. (Figure 2.17) –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.7) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.8) Pit Y (Figure 5.38.4) Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.4) Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.5) Pit T (Figure 5.30.5)

Type 12 – Cylindrical-ovoid jars characterised by a notched or ribbed lip and one or two horizontal rows of sub-circular impressions on the wall.

Pit P (Figure 5.20.6) Pit P (Figure 5.20.7) Pit Y (Figure 5.37.4) Pit 7 (Figure 5.6.1) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.6) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.7) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.7)

Variety A – Externally bevelled lip, decorated with small notches, short everted rim, convex-profiled wall, thinner than in the Varieties B and C, decorated with a row of subcircular fingertips incisions. (Figure 2.18) –– Pit G (Figure 5.15.6) –– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.45.9)

Variant α – This jar differs from the main run of Variety A in having the wall decorated with a row of sub-oval impressions. (Figure 2.17) –– Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.10)

Variety B – Rounded lip, decorated with oblique ribs, everted rim, convex-profiled wall decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions. (Figure 2.18)

The Variety can be compared with some specimens from Sacca di Goito296, and with a jar from Frattesina297 included in the type 9b of Bellintani’s typology, corresponding to the phases 2 and 3 of Frattesina.

–– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.1) –– Pit P (Figure 5.20.8) Variety C – Rounded lip, decorated with oblique ribs, everted rim, convex-profiled wall decorated with a double row of sub-circular impressions. (Figure 2.18)

Variety B – Rounded and ribbed lip, everted rim, convexprofiled walls. This variety is distinguished from Variety A by the presence of an internal angular profile of the rim. (Figure 2.18)

–– Pit P (Figure 5.20.9) –– Pit P (Figure 5.20.10)

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.37.6) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.38.1)

Variety A has parallels in Sabbionara, US 34301, with a jar whose general shape is very similar to the variety; however this vessel presents two rows of impressions, and

290  Fasani and Salzani 1975, 268, tav. V.17; Leonardi and Cupitò 2009, 93, fig. 2.9. 291  Salzani 1990–91b, 190, fig. 43.1. 292  Bagolan and Leonardi 1999, 237, fig. 4.7. 293  Donadel 2013, 61, tav. 11.176. 294  Bellintani et al. 2019, 46, fig. 15.15. 295  Colonna 2006, 173. 296  Donadel 2013, 59, 60, tav. 9.148–10.159. 297  Bellintani 1992, 275, tav. 3.1.

298  299  300  301 

43

De Min 1982, tav. II.1. Colonna 2006, 173. Bellintani et al. 2019, 44, fig. 14.10. Salzani 1990–91a, 118, fig. 15.7.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.18. Typology. Jars, types 11B – 12C. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

44

Typology of the Finds –– –– –– ––

so it could also be comparable with Variety C; further, it can be compared with a jar from Sacca di Goito302. Variety B can be compared with a jar from the grave 506 of Narde303, with jars from Mariconda, both from the lower304 and from the upper levels305, with a specimen from Campestrin306 and with a jar from Sabbionara, US 120307. The grave 506 of Narde is dated to the phase I of Colonna’s chronology308; the jars from Mariconda are dated to a chronological span from the Final Bronze Age 1 and the Final Bronze Age 3, and the comparison from Sabbionara is dated to the Final Bronze Age.

Pit M (Figure 5.16.7) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.9) Pit P (Figure 5.21.2) Pit P (Figure 5.21.3)

Variety D – Rounded lip, slightly everted rim forming an internal angle, convex wall with an applied cordon decorated with sub-circular impressions. (Figure 2.20) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.39.2) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.39.3)

Type 13 – Cylindrical-ovoid jars characterised by the presence of a cordon applied on the wall.

Ovoid jars

Variety A – Rounded ribbed lip, everted rim forming a smoothed internal angle, convex-profiled wall with a plain applied cordon. (Figure 2.19)

Unicum 2 – Ovoid jar with indistinct inverted rim, with two handles on the shoulder, decorated with bands of oblique and divergent incisions in the area between the rim and the shoulder. (Figure 2.20)

–– –– –– ––

Pit Y (De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.38.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.39.1) Pit 7 (De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.5)

–– Pit N (De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.3) Type 14 – Ovoid jar with rounded and thickened lip, slightly everted rim with concave-profiled external surface, slightly distinct from the wall. (Figure 2.20)

Variant α – In this specimen the cordon is not horizontal, but wavy. (Figure 2.19)

Variety A – Undecorated

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.51.8)

–– Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.2)

Variant β – In this specimen the rim is less everted than in the rest of the Variety. (Figure 2.20)

Variety B – The jar from pit X has the upper part of the lip decorated with parallel vertical incisions, and the wall decorated with horizontal incisions and vertical incisions under them311.

–– Pit S (Figure 5.26.6) The variety A can be compared with a jar from Frattesina309, included in the type 16 A of Bellintani, corresponding to the phase 2 and 3 of Frattesina, and with a pot from Fondo Paviani310.

–– Pit X (Figure 5.32.3) Type 15 – Undecorated ovoid jars; rounded lip, very short and slightly everted rim forming an internal angle. (Figure 2.20)

Variety B – Rounded and ribbed lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, convex-profiled wall with a plain applied cordon. (Figure 2.19)

–– Pit 10 (Figure 5.10.1) –– Pit S (Figure 5.26.8)

–– Pit 8 (Figure 5.9.3) –– Pit 10 (Figure 5.10.4)

Type 16 – Undecorated ovoid jars; rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, convex wall. (Figure 2.21)

Variety C – Rounded and ribbed lip, everted rim, convexprofiled wall presenting an applied cordon decorated with notches or twisted before application. (Figure 2.19)

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

–– Pit S (Figure 5.26.7) –– Pit P (Figure 5.21.1) 302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310 

Donadel 2013, 63, tav. 13.221. Salzani 1990–91b, 190, fig. 43.4. Salzani 1973, tav. III.2. Salzani 1973, tav. XI.7. Bellintani et al. 2019, 46, fig. 15.16. Salzani 1990–91a, 123, fig. 20.10. Colonna 2006, 171. Bellintani 1992, 277, tav. 5.14. Cupitò et al. 2015, 364, fig. 6.2.

Pit Y (Figure 5.39.4) Pit Q 1 (Figure 5.23.11) Pit Q1 (Figure 5.23.12) Pit 8 (Figure 5.9.4) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.8) Pit A 2050 (Figure 5.47.10) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.52.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.39.5)

311  In Pau 2009 the decoration on the lip is missing, here the correct reproduction of the sherd is proposed.

45

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.19. Typology. Jars, types 13A – 13C. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

46

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.20. Typology. Jars, types 13D – 15. Drawings by L. Pau except: Unicum, De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.3, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:3 and 1:4 (Unicum).

47

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) The type has a parallel in a jar from the grave 209 of Narde312, which was dated by Colonna to the phase II of her chronology313; it also has parallels with a jar from Frattesina, included in the type 16 A of Bellintani, dated to the phase 2 and 3 of Frattesina314, with two jars from Fondo Paviani315, and with vessels from the settlement of Sacca di Goito316.

Type 18 – Ovoid jars characterised by the presence of a cordon applied on the wall. Variety A – Rounded lip, everted rim forming an internal angle; it has a plain cordon applied on the wall. (Figure 2.21) –– –– –– –– –– ––

Type 17 – Ovoid jar with notched or ribbed lip. Variety A – Rounded and ribbed lip, everted rim forming an internal angle, which can be more or less accentuated, convex wall. (Figure 2.21) –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit Y (Figure 5.39.6) Pit Y (Figure 5.40.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.40.2) Pit Municipio (Figure 5.52.2) Pit Y (Figure 5.40.3) Pit S, probably ascribable to the type (Figure 5.26.9) Pit M, probably ascribable to the type (Figure 5.16.8)

Variety A has a parallel in Fondo Paviani332. Variant α – In this specimen a more marked and prominent shoulder is present. (Figure 2.22) –– Pit Y ( De Marinis 1999, fig. 5.6) Variety B – Externally bevelled lip, decorated with oblique notches, everted rim forming an internal angle, convex wall with a plain applied cordon. (Figure 2.22)

Variety B – Rounded lip, decorated with small notches, wall profile varies from slightly convex to convex. (Figure 2.21) –– –– –– ––

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.40.5) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.41.1) –– Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.9)

Pit P (Figure 5.21.4) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.4) Pit 1/1981 (Figure 5.1.12) Pit S (Figure 5.27.1)

Variety B can be compared with a jar from Fondo Paviani333.

As a whole, this type has parallels in the grave 485 of Narde317, dated to the phase II of Colonna’s chronology318, in the graves 62319 and 57320 of Desmontà, the second of which is dated to the phase III of Colonna’s chronology321, in Mariconda at the lower level322, dated to the Final Bronze Age 1, in Ponte San Marco323, in Sacca di Goito324, in Campestrin325 and in Fondo Paviani326.

Variety C – Lip varies from externally bevelled to rounded, decorated with oblique ribs or notches, slightly everted rim with not very marked angular internal profile, convex wall with an applied cordon decorated with oblique ribbing or notches. (Figure 2.22) –– –– –– –– ––

Other general comparisons for the type can be found in the grave 485 of Narde327, in the level A of the settlement of Fabbrica dei Soci328, in the lower level of Mariconda329, and in the site of Ponte San Marco330, in Fondo Paviani331. 312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331 

Pit 11 (Figure 5.12.7) Pit M (Figure 5.17.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.40.4) Pit P (Figure 5.21.5) Pit S (Figure 5.27.2) Isolated find (Figure 5.56.9)

Pit M (Figure 5.17.2) Pit M (Figure 5.17.3) Pit P (Figure 5.21.6) Pit S (Figure 5.27.3) Pit S (Figure 5.27.4)

Variant α – In this pot the cordon is not applied, but pinched up. (Figure 2.22)

Salzani 1989, 33, fig 11.10. Colonna 2006, 173. Bellintani 1992, 277, tav. 5.6. Fasani and Salzani 1975, 266, tav. IV.11; 268, tav. V2. Donadel 2013, 61, tav. 11.172. Salzani 1990–91b, 187, fig. 40.5. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1993, 76, fig. XXV.1. Salzani 1993, 75, fig. XXIV.5. Colonna 2006, 175. Salzani 1973, tav. III. 3. Poggiani Keller and Ruggiero 2003, fig. 3.8. Donadel 2013, 61, tav. 11.173; 65, tav. 16.272, 275. Bellintani et al. 2019, 44, fig. 14.4. Cupitò et al. 2015, 365, fig. 8.16, 366; fig. 9.11. Salzani 1990–91b, 187, fig. 40.5. Salzani 1977, fig. 8.3. Salzani 1973, tav. III.1. Poggiani Keller and Ruggiero 1994, fig. 3.8. Cupitò et al. 2015, 365, fig. 8.16, 366; fig. 9.11.

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.52.4) Variety C has parallels with jars from Frattesina334, included in the type 20 of Bellintani’s typology and dated to the phase 2 of Frattesina; also with a jar from Mariconda, upper level335, dated to the FBA 2 and 3, with a jar from Sabbionara336, and with a jar from Fabbrica

332  333  334  335  336 

48

Fasani and Salzani 1975, 268, tav. V.14. Fasani and Salzani 1975, 266, tav. IV.13. Bellintani 1992, 280, tav. 8.4, 5. Salzani 1973, tav. XI.4. Salzani 1990–91a, 120 fig. 17.4.

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.21. Typology. Jars, types 16 – 18A. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

49

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.22. Typology. Jars, types 18B – 18C Variant α. Drawings by L. Pau except: Type 18 B Variant α, De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.6, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:3 and 1:6 (Type 18 B Variant α).

50

Typology of the Finds dei Soci337 which is dated to an advanced phase of the Recent Bronze Age.

a similar decoration was considered to belong too. (Figure 2.23)

2.2.7 Biconical vessels

–– Pit Y (Figure 5.41.3) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.41.4) –– Pit P (Figure 5.22.1)

In this ceramic class, the small number of vessels and their fragmentation did not allow a systematic typology; the classification was achieved by comparing the smaller fragments to the best preserved sherds, which latter could be assimilated to independent types.

A comparison for this type can be individuated in the upper level of Mariconda, with a vessel whose general shape and decoration is similar, although not presenting the oblique ribs on the shoulder340.

The types are therefore rather generic, except for some where both form and decoration are very characteristic and easily recognizable. In type 4, for example, it was possible to include here some double and sharply everted rims with horizontal incisions, which could not be attributed to any other type in the record.

Type 4 – Biconical vessel with the shoulder decorated with a band of oblique ribs and a row of sub-circular impressions inside the horizontal incisions; the same decoration is also present on the upper part of the handles. A fragment of shoulder with a similar decoration was associated to the type. (Figure 2.24)

Type 1 – Some fragments of shoulders of biconical vessels can be assigned to a type that does not have a prominent shoulder, undecorated. (Figure 2.23)

–– Pit Y (De Marinis 1999: 522, fig. 6.1) –– Pit 2 (Figure 5.2.9)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.53.1) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.53.2) –– Pit P (Figure 5.22.4)

Type 5 – Biconical vessels with everted rims forming a double internal angle, with rounded and prominent shoulders. Two bands of horizontal incisions are present at the base of the neck and over the shoulder; the shoulder itself is decorated with bands of vertical incisions alternating with incisions forming X motifs and two rows of four sub-circular impressions. The handles are decorated on the upper side with horizontal incisions and oblique and divergent incisions. (Figure 2.24)

Type 2 – Biconical vessels with prominent and rounded shoulder, characterised by a ribbed shoulder and horizontal incisions above it. The complete specimen presents a round lip and an everted rim forming an internal angle. (Figure 2.24) –– –– –– ––

–– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––

Pit P (De Marinis 1999: 522, fig. 6.7) Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.10) Pit S (Figure 5.27.5) Pit T (Figure 5.30.9), probably ascribable to the type; this specimen is very fragmentary, and it conserves only part of the shoulder and of the lower wall.

This type has parallels in Frattesina338 with the type 19 of Bellintani (assigned to the phase 2 of Frattesina, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2) and in the grave 389 of Narde, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 by Colonna339.

A comparison for the handles can be found in one from Frattesina, typological element 22 of the classification of Bellintani, assigned by him to phases 2 and 3 of Frattesina341. A generic parallel comes from the site of Sacca di Goito, where some biconical vessels present a similar decoration342.

Variant α – This fragment differs in the presence of oblique notches impressed with the pseudo-cord technique on the shoulder, instead of the oblique ribs. (Figure 2.23) –– Pit S (Figure 5.28.1)

Rim type 1 – Undecorated everted rims, probably belonging to undecorated vessels. (Figure 2.24)

Type 3 – This biconical vessel has oblique ribs on the shoulder and a double row of sub-circular impressions over them. Two fragments most likely belonging to the same vessel constitute the type, and a handle with

337  338  339 

Pit Y (De Marinis 1999: 521, fig. 5.1) Pit Y (Figure 5.42.3) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.5) Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.6) Pit P (Figure 5.22.6) Pit P (Figure 5.22.7) Pit 7 (Figure 5.7.5) Pit S (Figure 5.28.3) Pit Y (Figure 5.42.4)

–– Pit 7 (Figure 5.6.2) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.41.2) –– Pit Y (Figure 5.41.5)

Bagolan, Levi and Vanzetti 1997, 359, fig. 197b.14. Bellintani 1992, 278, tav. 6.9. Colonna 2006, 173.

340  341  342 

51

Salzani 1973, tav. XIII.6. Bellintani 1992, 293, tav. 21.1. Donadel 2013, 55, tav. 5D.84–86.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.23. Typology. Biconical vessels, types 1 -3. Drawings by L. Pau, except: type 2, De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.7. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici.

52

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.24. Typology. Biconical vessels, types 4 – 5; Biconical rims, types 1–3. Drawings: L. Pau, except type 4: De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.1; De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.1, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:4 and 1:6 (Types 4–5).

53

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) This kind of objects is frequent in Bronze Age contexts of north Italy, and some examples can be found in the Terramare area352. They have often been interpreted as objects related to the ritual sphere353 and in particular to domestic ritual354. It is to be underlined that four of these objects come from the same pit, the P. (Figure 2.25)

Rim type 2 – Everted rim with bands of oblique and divergent incisions on the internal side. (Figure 2.24) –– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.53.3) Parallels for this rim come from the lower level of Mariconda343, from Frattesina, type 19 of the classification of Bellintani, assigned to the phase 2 of Frattesina344, and from recent surveys also from Frattesina345.

–– –– –– –– ––

Rim type 3 – Rims attributed to the Type 4 biconical vessel (see above): a series of everted rims forming a double internal angle can be assigned to this type, especially since they both share a provenance in the same pits. (Figure 2.24) –– –– –– –– –– ––

2.4 Glass beads Glass beads of circular shape and blue colour have been recovered from the excavations at Casalmoro. Here I presented two specimens from Santa Maria Segreta area. (Figure 2.25)

Pit A 340 (Figure 5.46.7) Pit 7 (Figure 5.6.4) Pit 7 (Figure 5.6.5) Pit Y (Figure 5.42.1) Pit P (Figure 5.22.2) Pit Y (Figure 5.42.2); it can be considered as a Variant, having the lip decorated with oblique ribbing.

–– Pit G (Figure 5.15.8) –– Pit T (Figure 5.30.10) These kind of finds area very common in Final Bronze Age contexts of north Italy, even with different shapes and composition. The specimens from Pit can be compared with finds from Sacca di Goito355, Frattesina356, Narde357.

This kind of rims with a double internal angle are not very frequent in the contexts of Final Bronze Age in centraleast plain of north Italy, but some good parallels can be found in the site of Sacca di Goito346 where they appear on biconical vessels, although they do differ from the rims of Casalmoro as they do not present the decoration with horizontal incisions. A further comparison comes from a survey in Frattesina, where a rim with a double internal angle belonging to a biconical vessel was found, but here too the horizontal incisions are lacking347; in the same Polesine area comparisons with the site of Campestrin, on jars, seem to confirm the presence of this types of rim in very ancient contexts of Final Bronze Age348. Rims with double internal angle are already present in terramare sites, such as those of the Parma area, mainly Casaroldo di Sambuseto349, Castelnuovo Fogliani350, Quingento di San Prospero351; they come from an area confining with the Mantua territory, located south of Casalmoro.

2.5 Bone and Antler artefacts 2.5.1 Hilts Unicum 1 – Bone hilt of a flange-hilted knife, presumably belonging to the Matrei type. The find is fragmented, and it conserves a row of rivet holes, only one of which is functional, whilst the others are decorative; the hilt ends in a broken open ring. (Figure 2.26) –– Pit 10 (De Marinis 1999, 524, figure 8.12) The hilt is very similar to that of a specimen from Pastrengo, in the Verona province358. 2.5.2 Antler mattock

2.3 Zoomorphic clay Figurines

Unicum 1 – Antler mattock with quadrangular section. (Figure 2.26)

This class of material was not divided into types, because of the fragmentary condition of the individual specimens. They are presented as a single group here, even though some recall specific animals, such as horses.

343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351 

Pit A 320 (Figure 5.44.11) Pit P (Figure 5.22.12) Pit P (Figure 5.22.13) Pit P (Figure 5.22.14) Pit P (Figure 5.22.15)

–– Pit Municipio (Figure 5.53.4)

Salzani 1973, tav. II.7. Bellintani 1992, 279, tav. 7.2. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 67, fig. 25.1. Donadel 2013, 57, tav. 7M.107–110. Baldo, Balista and Bellintani 2018, 67, fig. 25.5. Bellintani et al. 2019, 46, fig. 15.18,19. Mutti 1993, 252, fig. 23.5. Mutti 1993, 264, fig. 35.7. Mutti 1993, 331, fig. 102.5,7.

Bianchi and Bernabo Brea 2012. Bettelli 1997. 354  Peroni 1994, 130–132, Bettelli 1997. 355  Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20. 366–368. 356  For a more detailed overview on the glass of Frattesina see Bellintani 2014. 357  Salzani 1989; 1990–91b. 358  Bianco Peroni 1976, tav. 4.36. 352  353 

54

Typology of the Finds

Figure 2.25. Typology. Zoomorphic clay figurines; glass beads. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:2 (figurines), 1:1 (glass beads).

55

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 2.26. Typology. Bone artefacts Unicum 1: De Marinis 1999, fig. 8.12, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici; Bone wheels: De Marinis 1999, fig. 8.10–11, reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici; antler mattock, drawing by L. Pau. Scale 1:2.

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Typology of the Finds 2.5.3 Bone ‘Wheels’ Small bone ‘wheels’ decorated with a row of concentric incisions around the central hole. (Figure 2.26) –– Pit 7 (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.10) –– Isolated find (De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.11) This kind of artefacts has been interpreted as spindle whorls or some decorative objects; they are common in funerary contexts as well as in settlement ones of the Final Bronze Age. With the funerary depositions, it has been stressed that they are usually found in graves belonging to children or to sub-adult individuals359. Similar objects, and more generic comparanda can be find in several sites of the Veneto area, but also in middle peninsular and southern Italy, where they are assignable almost exclusively to the Final Bronze Age, but some slightly more ancient specimens have been found in the Terramare area360. Most similar parallels for this artefact can be found in Frattesina361, in the lower level of Mariconda362, in Sacca di Goito363, in Narde364, in the necropolis of Desmontà365 for what regards the Venetian area.

359  360  361  362  363  364  365 

Vanzetti 2010, 213. Provenzano 1997. Bellato and Bellintani 1975, figs. 1–2. Salzani 1973, tav. 18.13, 14. Donadel 2013, 70, tav. 20.363–365. Salzani 1989, 1990–91b; Salzani and Colonna 2010. Salzani 2013.

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3 Chronology 3.1 Introduction

important contexts of peninsular Italy for every phase. In a work of 1999, Carancini and Peroni presented a seriation of bronzes, mainly built on the analysis of hoards, defining the relative chronology of the Bronze Age metalwork production in Italy370, with the support of statisticalcombinatory charts. The authors stressed that the number of representative types is smaller at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age than in the Recent Bronze Age. Final Bronze Age 1 is, according to them, a very short phase, running in parallel with an advanced phase of the Ancient Urnfield Culture. Final Bronze Age 2 has a wider quantity of representative types, in part shared with the Final Bronze Age 3; both these last phases are considered to have lasted longer than the first one371.

3.1.1 Final Bronze Age Chronology in Italy The last phase of the Italian Bronze Age sees the conclusion of a long development which led from more egalitarian societies to the first evidence of class differentiation and to the birth of the first urban centres at the dawn of the Iron Age. Being the formative moment of the Iron Age urban societies, this period plays a fundamental role for the historical developments of the first millennium. Italian chronological tradition divides the Late Bronze Age into the Recent and Final Bronze, the first of which is subdivided into two phases (Recent Bronze Age 1 and 2), and the second into three phases (Final Bronze Age 1, 2 and 3)366. Both sets of phases can be tied into European and Mediterranean chronological systems.

The absolute chronology for the Final Bronze Age in Italy is still a very debated topic372, especially with regard to the transitions both between Recent Bronze Age/Final Bronze Age and between Final Bronze Age/Early Iron Age.

Simply speaking, the Recent Bronze Age corresponds to the Urnfield Bronze D and to the LH III B-C of the Aegean; the Final Bronze Age finds a correspondence in the Ha A1-B1, and LH IIIC and Protogeometric phases, respectively367 (Table 3.1).

In the last decades, dendrochronology has been used by a part of the scientific community for redefining the established chronology, producing higher dates for the Alpine area, and consequently for the Italian Bronze Age.

As far as Final Bronze Age is concerned, in 1959, MüllerKarpe368 was the first scholar who identified three phases within the Italian Final Bronze Age. In general, this distinction, based on some particular categories of finds, like the fibulae, is still valid. In 1989 and again in 1994 and 1996, Peroni, following the chronological proposal of Pallottino369, proposed a chronology based on some representative objects (pottery, metals, amber beads) for each phase of Final Bronze Age, also identifying the most

In 1994, Peroni presented two chronological charts comparing the classical dates, based on the cross-dating between archaeological data and historical written sources, both epigraphic and literary. His scheme reveals the discrepancy between historical and dendrochronological dates, in particular with some specific periods, such as the Early Bronze Age and the Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age373. As far as Final Bronze Age is concerned, according to the new dendrochronological-based dates, the beginning of this period is moved back by 50 years, and the beginning of the Early Iron Age by about 100 years with respect to the classical chronology.

Table 3.1. Late Bronze Age Italian chronology compared with Aegean and Transalpine chronological series.

Since the publication of Peroni’s chronology, the debate has continued, being animated mainly by the exponents of two different methodologies, one following traditional low chronologies, and the other based on the higher dendrochronological dates374. The second group of Carancini and Peroni 1999. Carancini and Peroni 1999. 372  See Bartoloni and Delpino 2005, and Guidi 2019, for a more recent overview on the debate. 373  Peroni 1994, 210–216, figs. 79–80. 374  See Bartoloni and Delpino 2005 for different positions, for northern Italy, De Marinis 2005, Guidi 2019 for the debate and the different positions in the last 20 years. 370  371 

366  This scheme follows the relative chronology proposed by R. Peroni (1989; 1994;1996) which is generally accepted by most of the Italian scholars, although some follow slightly different chronologies. 367  Peroni 1994; 1996. 368  Müller-Karpe 1959. 369  Pallottino 1965.

59

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) researchers is mainly formed by scholars gravitating around the Roman School of Protohistory, lead by Peroni375. Bietti Sestieri and some other scholars, such as Njiboeir, also support the chronology based on the new calibrated dates376. According to this latter scholars dendrochronology would allow to propose a beginning of the Early Iron Age spanning from 1020 to 1050 BC377.

In 1962, Pallottino proposed a chronological and cultural definition for Italian Bronze and Iron Age. As regard to the Final Bronze Age, he proposed to use the term ʻProtovillanovianoʼ in order to indicate cultural and stylistic elements of the period, and to keep the name ʻBronzo finaleʼ for chronological definition of the same. Again in 1979 the same scholar, analysing the cultural aspects of this period, pinpointed the importance to use the chronological definition instead of the cultural one for naming this period, considering “the more understandable and less binding diction of Final Bronze Age”380.

I followed here a quite high chronology, with a start for the Final Bronze Age at 1200 cal BC, and a beginning for the Early Iron Age at about 1000–975 cal BC. This dates are only indicative and conventional, as we do not have yet a secure and fully accepted absolute dating for these phases in Italy.

In 1996, Peroni defined this period as moment of ‘apparent unity and profound divisions’381, in response to the evidence of the material culture in the Final Bronze Age in Italy. On the one hand, the material culture of this period, especially for what regards the pottery styles, shows some characteristics which can be observed over the whole peninsula, but on the other this is also the phase in which local regionalism begins in earnest, culminating in a more emphasied territorial and cultural set of distinctions in the Early Iron Age, in some cases equatable to the future ʻethnicʼ identities. As we cannot speak about ethnicity until the Iron Age, and we do not know if the local groups of the Bronze Age that we try to identify had any selfconscious feeling of being part of a specific ethnic or cultural group, I prefer not talk about cultures, but facies instead382. This term I employ to label what is defined on a partial archaeological record, limited to those aspects fortuitously preserved, and with many more lost to us383. One requires an amalgam of the material and the immaterial aspects of life of a community before defining its culture: unfortunately most of this is missing in this instance of prehistoric archaeology. For this reason, I would prefer not to use the term ʻProto-Veneticʼ with regard to the Final Bronze Age, since it brings with it an ethnic dimension, which is impossible to define for this period384.

Apropos the internal sub-division of the Final Bronze Age, this is even more difficult to determine in absolute chronology terms, because of the lack of documentation from organic materials in stratigraphical excavations. Hopefully, it would possible, in future excavation at Casalmoro to obtain some new organic samples from this site, to date absolutely the finds from the pits, that are always considered as quite closed contexts. However, as absolute dates are still not available for the site, and no other dendrochronological evidence is given for the Final Bronze Age of the central and eastern areas of the Plain north of the Po, the establishing of a strong relative chronology is more necessary than ever if any further social, economic, and more general historical analysis of this period in this area is to be undertaken. 3.1.2 Final Bronze Age cultural definition in Italy and in northern Italy The Italian Final Bronze Age is also known as ʻProtovillanovanoʼ, named for its importance in the formation of the subsequent Villanovan Iron Age phase. The term is used to cover several facies which have characteristics in common through the whole Peninsula, sharing the same funerary ritual, and a characteristic pottery style with a few exceptions in marginal areas, such as the Trentin-Tyrol facies of Luco, which even so does share some material evidence with the rest of the Italian territory (such as the bronze production)378.

In ordering and defining facies and regional groups in the Final Bronze Age, the most significant contribution in this direction was made in 1980, when a team of scholars led by Peroni identified the main Final Bronze Age metallurgical facies, encompassing the whole record of bronze finds from the Italian peninsula. This work allowed them to define some facies and local groups sharing the same bronze types385. With regard to northern Italy, they identified three main metal-based Transpadan facies: a western, a central and an eastern one. The western facies is subdivided in two groups: Dora-Ticino and Adda-Olona, with the necropolis of Ascona for the first, the necropolis

The term Protovillanovan was firstly introduced in 1930 by G. Patroni, to indicate the cremation necropolises spread across different areas of Italy, but not attributable to the Iron Age cultures of Golasecca, Este and Villanova379. Patroni was also the first scholar to use the term Final Bronze Age for the same phase.

Pallottino 1979, 21. Peroni 1996, chapter 4. 382  For a recent debate on the use of the terms facies and culture and the different positions, see Danckers, Cavazzuti and Cattani 2019. 383  For an analytic definition of the term facies and its use in the Italian Protohistory by Peroni, see Peroni 1994, 22–24; for a more detailed overview and a history of the studies on the definition of Facies and Cultures in Italian prehistory see Guidi 2020. 384  For different positions on this topic, in particular for what regards northern Italy see De Marinis 1999, 512. 385  Peroni et al. 1980. 380  381 

Peroni and Vanzetti 2005. Nijboer et al. 1999–2000, Van der Plicht and Nijboer 2018. 377  See Guidi 2019 for different proposals of both high and low chronologies provided in last years. 378  Peroni 1996, chapter 4. 379  Patroni 1937. 375  376

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Chronology of Ca Morta in the second386. The central facies comprises four groups: Fontanella, Garda, Angarano and Adige. The Adige area is also that of diffusion of the ceramic facies of Luco387. The eastern facies, corresponding to the Veneto plain and the Friuli, is poorly represented by a small number of objects388. The area which extends between the course of the Adige river and the Po river, between eastern Lombardy and Polesine has been considered as a liminal area between the central and the eastern facies, because it has bronze objects shared by both the areas.

In 2006, C. Colonna analysed the necropolises of northern Italy, and produced a relative chronology based on a statistical method, after establishing a typological classification on the whole record of the area. She defined four main phases, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2, Final Bronze Age 3, and Early Iron Age. The Final Bronze Age 1 phase was not well marked out in this work, but the author observed that a probable group of graves belonging to the Final Bronze Age 1 can be singled out in the first 10 graves of her chronological chart395.

In more recent years E. Blake used a social network analysis in order to identify local groups and social interactions389. As what concerns the Final Bronze Age she individuates two main networks in west of the northern Po plain, one in the Garda area, comprising west Lombardy, and one in south-west Veneto, with Frattesina at its center390 .

3.2 Relative chronology In order to define the chronology of the settlement of Casalmoro two distinct but related approaches were followed, the first consists of a seriation of types and contexts at a purely internal level, processing the material classification above illustrated; the second looks for correlations between the chronological sequence defined in this way and the chronology derived from other contexts in the north-east of Italy (section 3.3). The relative chronological sequence was carried out using a statistical-combinatory method, based on the minimum middle duration of the types. The association chart was made using the Seriate application of the package WINBASP (Windows Bonn Archaeological Software Package), which produced a first seriation then improved with subsequent shifting of types and contexts with the use of the Excell application, in order to have a shorter duration of types and contexts. In the chart both types and contexts have been listed, the second set being represented by the pits, which can be considered as closed contexts, filled with archaeological material in a presumably short span of time. Results of this elaboration are shown in the association chart in Chart 3.1.

Until recently some authors have preferred to adopt more ethnically-based definitions for the local groups of the Final Bronze Age, using, for the central-eastern area north of the Po, the term Proto-venetic Culture391. In 1960, F. Rittatore Vonwiller used the term, observing that the culture of Este, Golasecca, Villanova, and Latium can be considered as belonging to a single Protovillanovan culture, and that Este has common roots with the greater part of the Italian Peninsula392. In 1977, a Scientific Meeting of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory was held in Florence, on the theme of the Final Bronze Age in Italy. In this conference, N. Negroni Catacchio, M. L. Nava and M. Chiaravalle presented a contribution about the north-west area of Italy. In this paper, the authors considered the area covered by the Golasecca facies, corresponding to the Piemont, Canton Ticino, Liguria and Lombardy as a whole. The necropolis of Fontanella Grazioli is defined as a part of the Golasecca phenomenon, and the ‘Proto-venetic’ elements are limited to the eastern side of the Garda lake and the Mincio river393. According to the authors, eastern Lombardy should be considered as belonging to the western cultural area of northern Italy. In the same conference, G. Leonardi analysed 26 sites in the Veneto area: in his charts of associations he considered 112 types of objects and decorative or structural elements (such as handles). The author admitted that most of the materials he analysed come from surveys, or sites excavated without a stratigraphical method, or from incompletely published records of excavations. Notwithstanding, he succeeded in elaborating a chronological sequence, with five phases, from the Recent Bronze Age to the Final Bronze Age 2394. 386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394 

Being the chart based on concatenations of types and contexts, in a first instance types appearing in a single context, or types represented by a single artefact, as Variants and Unica were not included. Therefore some elements did not initially appear in the chart. However, at a subsequent stage these singularities were added to the chart, merging varieties and variants where possible, and inserting Unica alongside the phases in which the contexts they belong were pertinent. 3.2.1 Phase 1 (Figures 3.1–3) Bronzes Pins

Peroni et al. 1980, 62. Peroni et al. 1980, 62. Peroni et al. 1980, 62. Blake 2014. Blake 2014, 146. Rittatore Vonwiller 1960; De Marinis 1999. Rittatore Vonwiller 1960. Negroni Catacchio, Nava and Chiaravalle 1979. Leonardi 1979.

Pins exclusive pins to this phase are: the Terlago type with biconical head and neck decorated with horizontal incisions alternating with fish-bone ones (PIN 2: Figure 3.1); the type with small flattened globular head, whose neck 395 

61

Colonna 2006, fig. 1.

PIN 5 JAR 12 A PIR 10 A RBOW UNI 2 CBOW 3 JAR 8 A PIN 7 AWL1 PIN 6 DBOW 5 RBOW 1 A PIR 7 PIR 4 CCUP3 RBOWUNI 1 PIN 2 CCUP 4 ABC DBOWC 3 A ABOW 4A CCUP 1 JAR 10B JAR 6 B CCUP 5D JAR 12 BC PIR 3 JAR 5 B RIM 3 JAR 10 A FIB 1 ABOW 1 AB FIB 4 JAR 16 JAR 11 A JAR 5 A ABOW 3 A CBOW 1 JAR 11 C DBOW 2 AB JAR 1 D PIN 4 AC RBOW 2 PIR 6 BOW/CBOW 1 JAR 10 C BIC 5 JAR 1 AB DBOW 4 JAR 5 C JAR 18 AB JAR1 C CCUP 5 C JAR 2 A DBOW 3 B JAR 14 A B JAR 6 A JAR 9 B CCUP 6 B JAR13 AB BIC 2 PIR 8 JAR 17 B FIB 3 PIN 1 ABOW 2 PIR 1 PIR 5 RBOW 3 PIR 2 A CBOW 2 BIC 3 CCUP 5 AB JAR 7 JAR 17 A JAR 3 A ABOW 3 B DBOW 1 JAR 2 B FIB 6 ABOW 5 A JAR 13 CD JAR18 C JAR 4 BIC 4 PIR 2 C ABOW 5 B FIB 8 FIB 5 BOW/CBOW UNI 1 PIN 3 CCUP 2 B CCUP2 A JAR 8 B ABOW 4 B JAR 8 B JAR 11 B DBOW 3 C KNI 2 JAR 9 A JAR UNI 1 DBOW 6 PIR 10 B ABOW 4 C JAR 3 C CBOW 4 CCUP 6 A JAR 15 PIR 2 B FIB 7

PHASE 1

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Pit 3 X Pit F6 X Pit 14 X Pit G X Pit 9 X Pit 1/1979 X Pit A 2050 Pit Q 1 X X X X Pit 11 X X X Pit A 340 X X X Pit 7 X X X X X X X X X X Pit A 320 X X X X Pit B X Pit P X X Pit Municipio X Pit Y X Pit Fadasider 2 Pit 13 Pit 8 Pit 2 Pit S Pit M Pit X Pit T Pit 10 Pit 1/1981

Chart 3.1. Association chart. X

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Pit 3 Pit F6 Pit 14 Pit G Pit 9 Pit 1/1979 Pit A 2050 Pit Q 1 Pit 11 Pit A 340 Pit 7 Pit A 320 Pit B Pit P Pit Municipio X X X Pit Y X X X X Pit Fadasider 2 Pit 13 X X X Pit 8 X Pit 2 X X X X X Pit S X Pit M X X X X X Pit X X X Pit T X X X X Pit 10 X X X Pit 1/1981 1

1-2

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PIN 5 JAR 12 A PIR 10 A RBOW UNI 2 CBOW 3 JAR 8 A PIN 7 AWL1 PIN 6 DBOW 5 RBOW 1 A PIR 7 PIR 4 CCUP3 RBOWUNI 1 PIN 2 CCUP 4 ABC DBOWC 3 A ABOW 4A CCUP 1 JAR 10B JAR 6 B CCUP 5D JAR 12 BC PIR 3 JAR 5 B RIM 3 JAR 10 A FIB 1 ABOW 1 AB FIB 4 JAR 16 JAR 11 A JAR 5 A ABOW 3 A CBOW 1 JAR 11 C DBOW 2 AB JAR 1 D PIN 4 AC RBOW 2 PIR 6 BOW/CBOW 1 JAR 10 C BIC 5 JAR 1 AB DBOW 4 JAR 5 C JAR 18 AB JAR1 C CCUP 5 C JAR 2 A DBOW 3 B JAR 14 A B JAR 6 A JAR 9 B CCUP 6 B JAR13 AB BIC 2 PIR 8 JAR 17 B FIB 3 PIN 1 ABOW 2 PIR 1 PIR 5 RBOW 3 PIR 2 A CBOW 2 BIC 3 CCUP 5 AB JAR 7 JAR 17 A JAR 3 A ABOW 3 B DBOW 1 JAR 2 B FIB 6 ABOW 5 A JAR 13 CD JAR18 C JAR 4 BIC 4 PIR 2 C ABOW 5 B FIB 8 FIB 5 BOW/CBOW UNI 1 PIN 3 CCUP 2 B CCUP2 A PIR 9 AB ABOW 4 B JAR 8B JAR 11 B DBOW 3 C KNI 2 JAR 9 A JAR UNI 1 DBOW 6 PIR 10 B ABOW 4 C JAR 3 C CBOW 4 CCUP 6 A JAR 15 PIR 2 B FIB 7

Chronology

Figure 3.1. Chronology, types of Phase 1. Drawings by L. Pau, except: PIN 2: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.5; PIN 6: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.13; PIN 7: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.1; PIN 6: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.13; FIB 1: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.1; CCUP 4 B: De Marinis 1999, 523, fig. 7.4. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2 (bronzes), 1:3 (pottery).

63

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) is decorated by horizontal incisions alternating with fishbone (PIN 5: Figure 3.1); the Velemzsentvid type, with vase-shaped head and a ribbed globular element under the head (PIN 6: Figure 3.1); the pin with big globular head flattened on top, and neck decorated with fish-bone incisions (PIN 7: Figure 3.1);

Pots with inverted rim The pots with inverted rims assignable to phase 1 are: the carinated type with notched cordons (PIR 3: Figure 3.2); the carinated type with a high shoulder with cordons applied between the lip and the carination (PIR 4: Figure 3.2); the round-profiled pots with notched cordons (PIR 7: Figure 3.2) or decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip (PIR 10 A: Figure 3.2).

Fibulae The fibula with the strongly asymmetric violin-bow (FIB 1: Figure 3.1) can be assigned to this phase, and it is furthermore present in a context characterised by intermingled types of phase 1 and phase 2.

Jars The jars assignable to phase 1 are represented by only two groups: sub-cylindrical and cylindrical-ovoid jars. The subcylindrical jars exclusive to this phase are: the type with undecorated everted rim, (JAR 5B: Figure 3.2); the type with everted, ribbed or notched rim (JAR 6B: Figure 3.3), and the type with slightly everted rim and a plain cordon applied on the wall (JAR 8 A: Figure 3.3).

Pottery Carinated Bowls In this phase only one type of carinated bowl appears: namely the biconical-shaped type with an upperly flatten and thickened lip, decorated with horizontal incisions on the wall between the lip and the carination (CBOW 3: Figure 3.1).

The cylindrical-ovoid jars of this phase are: the type with slightly everted rim, undecorated (JAR 10 A: Figure 3.3); the type with a short and slightly everted rim, undecorated (JAR 10 B: Figure 3.3), and the type with everted rim which can be notched or ribbed, decorated on the wall with one (JAR 12 A: Figure 3.3) or two rows of sub-circular impressions (JAR 12 B, JAR 12 C: Figure 3.3).

Carinated cups The carinated cups assignable to phase 1 are: the undecorated cup type with everted rim and sharp carination (CCUP1 1: Figure 3.1); the type of a similar shape, decorated with horizontal incisions over the carination (CCUP 3: Figure 3.1); the bigger dimensioned type with a similar decoration and a more marked and rounded carination, which may have sub-circular impressions, and is divided between a variety with a rounded carination (CCUP 4A: Figure 3.1), a variety with a rounded carination and rows of sub-circular impressions (CCUP 4B: Figure 3.1), and a variety with a sharp carination and rows of small sub-circular impressions (CCUP 4 C: Figure 3.2); the type of cups decorated with horizontal incisions above the carination and oblique ribs on it, in a specific variety where this angle is small but prominent (CCUP 5D: Figure 3.2).

Biconical Vessels The rims belonging to biconical vessels assignable to this phase are included in the rim type 3 (RIM 3: Figure 3.3), with a double angle on the internal side of the everted rim, also present on biconical vessels type 5. Contexts The pits assignable to the phase 1 are: 3; F/6; 14; G; 9; 1/1979; A2050; Q1; 11; A 340; 7; A 320. 3.2.2 Types common to the phases 1 and 2, or of uncertain chronology between the two phases

Bowls

Bronzes

The undecorated bowls appearing in this phase are: the round-profiled bowls with slightly inverted rim and with deep basin (RBOW 1A), and the angular-profiled bowls with convex walls (ABOW 4 A: Figure 3.2).

Pins According to the associations chart, the pins included in this chronological position are the Torri d’Arcugnano type with biconical head (PIN 1: Figure 3.4), and the two varieties of the nail-shaped head type, one with a convex and the other with a flattened head (PIN 4 A, PIN 4 C: Figure 3.4), both being decorated with horizontal incisions alternating with zig-zag or fish-bone ones.

Also four types of decorated bowls are present: two types decorated with horizontal incisions on the inverted rim (DBOW 3 A, DBOW 5: Figure 3.2), one of which (DBOW 5: Figure 3.2) is characterised by a more marked angular profile; then two Unica with rounded profiles, one of which (RBOW UNI 1: Figure 3.2) is decorated with oblique ribs on the rim, and the other one with pseudo-cord impressions (RBOW UNI 2: Figure 3.2).

Fibulae The fibulae assigned to this chronological group are the one with a twisted convex violin-bow transitioning to a 64

Chronology

Figure 3.2. Chronology, types of Phase 1. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

65

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.3. Chronology, types of Phase 1. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3, 1:4, (RIM 3).

66

Chronology simple arched bow (FIB 3: Figure 3.4), and the simple arched bow fibula with twisted bow and concave foot of quadrangular cross-section (FIB 4: Figure 3.4).

the undecorated pots with rounded profile, with thickened and obliquely bevelled lip (PIR 8: Figure 3.5). Jars

Pottery

Groups of truncated-conical, sub-cylindrical, cylindricalovoid and ovoid jars are all present in this intermediate group. The truncated-conical jars of this phase are: the jars with undecorated and slightly everted rim (JAR 1 A: Figure 3.5); the jars with undecorated everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 1 C: Figure 3.6); the ones with strongly everted rim and internal angle, also undecorated (JAR 1 D: Figure 3.6); the jars with slightly everted rim decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 2 A: Figure 3.6).

Carinated bowls The types appearing in this intermediate group are the carinated bowls with a sharp angle and round-profiled basin, either undecorated (CBOW 2: Figure 3.4), or decorated with oblique ribs on the carination and horizontal incisions above it (CBOW 1: Figure 3.4). Carinated cups

The sub-cylindrical jars assigned to this chronological group are: the type with an undecorated, slightly everted rim (JAR 5 A: Figure 3.6), or with the everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 5 C: Figure 3.6), or also with a slightly everted rim decorated with notches or oblique ribs (JAR 6 A: Figure 3.6); the type with slightly everted rim and wall decorated with sub-circular impressions (JAR 7: Figure 3.6); the type with very everted ribbed rim forming an internal angle, having a ribbed cordon on the wall (JAR 9 B: Figure 3.6).

The carinated cups common to phases 1 and phase 2 are those whose a decoration comprises horizontal incisions and oblique ribs on the carination, which can have a rounded profile forming a small shoulder (CCUP 5 A, CCUP 5 B: Figure 3.4), or sharp one (CCUP 5 C: Figure 3.4); the cups decorated with horizontal incisions just above a rounded and ribbed carination transitioning to a small shoulder, of bigger dimensions (CCUP 6 B). Bowls transitioning to carinated bowls

The cylindrical-ovoid jars common to phase 1 and phase 2 are: jars with undecorated everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 10 C: Figure 3.7); the type with everted ribbed rim (JAR 11 A: Figure 3.7); and the type with everted rim decorated with oblique notches or ribs and a plain cordon applied on the wall (JAR 13 A, JAR 13 B: Figure 3.7).

The group of the bowls transitioning to carinated bowls decorated with horizontal incisions and oblique ribs on the carination is also present in this position in the chart (BOW/CBOW 1: Figure 3.4). Bowls

Among the ovoid jars we find: the vessels with a rim indistinct from the wall and a thickened lip (JAR 14: Figure 3.7); the jars with everted rims forming an internal angle, undecorated (JAR 16: Figure 3.7); a type of jar with everted rim forming an internal angle and lip decorated with notches (JAR 17 B: Figure 3.7); the type with everted rim forming an internal angle, undecorated, and a plain cordon applied on the wall (JAR 18 A: Figure 3.8); the type with everted rim forming an internal angle, a notched lip and a plain cordon applied on the wall (JAR 18 B: Figure 3.83); finally a type with everted ribbed rim and a notched cordon applied on the wall (JAR 18 C: Figure 3.8).

Bowls common to phases 1 and 2 are: the undecorated types with a rounded profile and inverted rim (RBOW 2: Figure 3.4); the type with rounded profile and strongly inverted rim (RBOW 3: Figure 3.5); the undecorated bowls with an angular profile and slightly inverted rim, either with a shallower basin (ABOW 1 A, ABOW 1 B: Figure 3.4) or with deeper basin (ABOW 2: Figure 3.5); the type with angular profile and inverted rim, with thickened lip (ABOW 3 A: Figure 3.5). Of the decorated bowls, representative of this group are: the type with slightly inverted rim and thinned lip (DBOW 2 A and B: Figure 3.5); the type with inverted rim and straight angular profile (DBOW 3 B: Figure 3.5); the type with inverted rim and thickened rounded lip (DBOW 4: Figure 3.5).

Biconical vessels The biconical vessels common to phases 1 and 2 are: the type decorated with oblique ribs on the shoulder and horizontal incision above (BIC 2: Figure 3.8); the type with everted rim forming a double internal angle, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions just under the neck and over the shoulder, characterised by a prominent and rounded shoulder decorated with bands of vertical incisions alternated with oblique bands of incisions forming X motifs and groups of four sub-circular impressions on a double row formed by two impressions (BIC 5: Figure 3.8).

Pots with inverted rim The pots with inverted rim common to the phases 1 and 2 are the biconical pot with a knobbed cordon on the carination (PIR 1: Figure 3.5); the carinated pots with a plain cordon on the wall and on the carination (PIR 2 A: Figure 3.5); the carinated pots with handles, notched lip and carination (PIR 5: Figure 3.5), and where incisions form a festoon motif on the lower wall (PIR 6: Figure 3.5); 67

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.4. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. Drawings by L. Pau, except PIN 4 A: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.6; FIB 3: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.2. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2 (bronzes), 1:3 (pottery).

68

Chronology

Figure 3.5. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

69

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.6. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

70

Chronology

Figure 3.7. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. Drawing by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

71

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.8. Chronology, types common to Phase 1 and Phase 2 or of uncertain attribution between phase 1 and phase 2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

72

Chronology

The pits assignable to both phases are: Pits B, P, Y, the pit in locality Municipio.

and further decoration of semi-circular incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin (DBOW 3 C: Figure 3.10), and with strongly inverted rim and short convex basin (DBOW 6: Figure 3.10).

3.2.3 Phase 2

Pots with inverted rim

Bronzes

The pots with inverted rims of phase 2 are: a carinated type with twisted applied cordons (PIR 2 B: Figure 3.10), or notched cordons (PIR 2 C: Figure 3.10); the roundprofiled types with a distinct lip decorated with a band of horizontal and oblique incisions under the lip (PIR 9 A and PIR 9 B: Figure 3.10), or with fully incised triangles (PIR 9 B: Figure 3.10); and the type with rounded profile decorated with horizontal incisions and semi-circular incision forming a festoon motif with three sub-circular impressions inside it (PIR 10 B: Figure 3.10).

Contexts

Knives Exclusive to this phase is the fragmentary tang-hilted knife Celano type (KNI 2: Figure 3.9). Pins Only one type of pin is present in this phase, that with sub-trapezoidal head form (PIN 3: Figure 3.34).

Jars

Fibulae

In phase 2, all the four groups of jars are present: the truncated-ovoid, the sub-cylindrical, the cylindrical-ovoid, the ovoid group.

The fibulae are better represented in this phase: several types appear in the chart: from the simple arched fibulae with twisted bow and two knobs (FIB 6: Figure 3.9), to the simple arched fibula with parallel and fish-bone incisions on the bow (FIB 7: Figure 3.9); also the simple arched fibula with parallel and fish-bone incisions on the bow and two knobs (FIB 8: Figure 3.9) appears, as does the simple arched bow fibula with the first part of the bow twisted and the rest of the arch undecorated (FIB 5: Figure 3.9).

Among the truncated-ovoid jars of this phase we find: the Unicum with truncated-ovoid shape and everted rim forming an internal angle, undecorated (JAR UNI 1: Figure 3.10); the type with everted rim decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 2 B: Figure 3.11); the type with undecorated everted rim forming an internal angle, and a plain cordon applied on the wall, (JAR 3 A: Figure 3.11); and the type with everted rim forming an internal angle, decorated with oblique ribs and an applied cordon on the wall also decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 3 C: Figure 3.11).

Pottery Carinated bowls

Carinated cups

The sub-cylindrical jars of this phase are: the type with indistinct rim and lip decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 4: Figure 3.11), and the type with short everted rim decorated with oblique ribs and a plain cordon applied on the wall (JAR 9 A: Figure 3.11).

For the carinated cups, those with oblique ribs on the carination, with a more angular profile (CCUP 2 A: Figure 3.9) or a rounded carination (CCUP 2 B: Figure 3.9) and the cups with oblique ribbing on the carination associated to horizontal incision above it (CCUP 6 A: Figure 3.9) can be assigned to this phase.

The cylindrical-ovoid jars of this phase are the type with strongly everted rim decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 11 B: Figure 3.11), and the type with slightly everted rim decorated with notches or oblique ribs, and an applied cordon on the wall, also decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 13 C: Figure 3.12) or notches (JAR 13 D: Figure 3.12).

Bowls

The ovoid jars of this phase are divided between the types with slightly everted rim forming an internal angle, undecorated (JAR 15: Figure 3.12), the type with everted rim decorated with oblique ribs (JAR 17 A: Figure 3.12), and the type with everted rim decorated with oblique ribs and an applied cordon on the wall, decorated with oblique ribs or notches (JAR 18 C: Figure 3.12).

Only the carinated bowls decorated with a row of dots on the carination are assignable to this phase (CBOW 4: Figure 3.9).

The undecorated bowls assigned to this phase have an angular profile, with slightly inverted rims and a deep basin (ABOW 3 B: Figure 3.9), or with inverted rim and straight or convex profile (ABOW 4 B: Figure 3.34); others present an inverted rim with slightly concave profile (ABOW 4 C: Figure 3.9), or a strongly inverted rim (ABOW 5 A, ABOW 5 B: Figure 3.10). With the decorated bowls, the group of the bowls decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim are represented by the types with angular profile and vertical rim (DBOW 1: Figure 3.10), with inverted rim

Biconical vessels With regard to the biconical vessels, this phase contains the type characterised by a slightly marked shoulder, 73

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.9. Chronology, types of Phase 2. Drawings by L. Pau except: KNI 2: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.11; PIN 3: De Marinis 1999, 525, fig. 9.8; FIB 5: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.8; FIB 6: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.9; FIB 7: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.4; FIB 8: De Marinis 1999, 524, fig. 8.7; CCUP 2B: De Marinis 1999, 521, fig. 5.2. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:2 (bronzes), 1:3 (pottery).

74

Chronology

Figure 3.10. Chronology, types of Phase 2. Drawings L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

75

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 3.11. Chronology, types of Phase 2. Drawings L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

76

Chronology

Figure 3.12. Chronology, types of Phase 2. Drawings L. Pau except BIC 4: De Marinis 1999, 522, fig. 6.1. Reproduced courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici. Scale 1:3 except BIC 4 scale 1:6.

77

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) decorated with a band of horizontal incisions, with a row of sub-circular incision, framed by the horizontal incision and by three groups of vertical incisions (BIC 4: Figure 3.12)

on the site. Peroni confirmed the same chronology for Mariconda, assigning the lower level to the Final Bronze Age 1 and the upper level to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3403.

Contexts

At the site of Sabbionara di Veronella several layers were identified, some corresponding to the Recent Bronze Age, some to the Final Bronze Age. Salzani proposed to assign the layers of the Final Bronze of the sector II (US404 35, 103, 105, 111, 113, 120) to a late phase of the period, due to the presence of certain ceramic vessels and of the nailheaded pins in US 120405. Other authors have dated these pins to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2406: such a dating could argue for a revision of the proposed chronology of at least some layers at Sabbionara. In the site of Custoza, Salzani recognised four chronological phases: phase 1 is assigned to the Recent Bronze Age 1 with elements of Middle Bronze Age, phase 2 assigned to the Recent Bronze Age, phase 3 goes with the late Recent Bronze Age and phase 4 to a period spanning the late Final Bronze to the First Iron Age.

The following pits can be assigned to phase 2: Fadasider 2; 13; 8; 2; S; M; X; T; 1/1981. 3.3 Chronology compared with other chronological sequences In order to correlate the relative chronology obtained for Casalmoro with the sequence of the Italian Final Bronze Age (Final Bronze Age 1, 2, 3), the types of the two Casalmoro phases were compared with some peninsular contexts for which other authors had already proposed a convincing dating. For the bronze types, the chronology proposed by the authors of the Prähistorische Bronzefunde series396, and the chronology proposed by Peroni397, and then Peroni and Carancini398 were considered. Regarding the comparable finds from the north-east Italian area the chronology of Colonna was followed, as the author had assigned the material from the funerary contexts of the whole northern Italy to chronological phases on the basis of a seriation of contexts and types399: some are comparable with the types of Casalmoro.

In Montagnana layers from the initial phase of the Final Bronze Age to the First Iron Age are present, but the most ancient materials are a little part of the published finds407. Regarding the site of Frattesina, a first typological and chronological assessment was proposed by Bellintani, on the basis of the vessels held in the Museum of Rovigo408. He proposed a subdivision of the site into four phases. The first phase, exclusively present in the finds from surface collection, was dated to the Final Bronze Age 1, the second was assignable to the Final Bronze 2, the third to the Final Bronze Age 3/Early Iron Age, the fourth to an advanced phase of the Early Iron Age. The last three phases were visible in the stratigraphy of the site409. In a recent work, Bietti Sestieri, together with other authors, proposed a partially revised chronology for the site. Phase 1 corresponds to the Recent Bronze Age 2 and to the Final Bronze Age 1, Phase 2 to the Final bronze Age 2, and probably to the Final Bronze Age 1, phase 3 to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, phase 4 to Early Iron Age410.

A few contexts in north-central and east Italy were excavated stratigraphically. For the site of Mantua Gradaro, close to Casalmoro area, it was not possible to make a relative series, due to the lack of original stratigraphy: the site has been dated rather by comparison with the ceramic record of Casalmoro or other sites400. As regard to Sacca di Goito401 the author proposed a chronology mainly based on the comparisons with dated finds from other sites. The site of Mariconda di Melara402 has been excavated over a very small portion, attributable to but a single hut of the settlement: a lower and an upper layer are recognised. Salzani assigned the lower level to the first and the upper level to the second phase of the Protovenetic Culture, remarking that in the lower lever some influences belonging to the Recent Bronze Age are still present. Comparing the chronology of Salzani with the chronological sequence of the Italian Bronze Age, the first phase of the Proto-venetic Culture can be identified with the Final Bronze Age 1, and the second to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, on the consideration that the following phase corresponds, according to the chronological sequence used by the author, to the I Atestin Period, which is not present

3.3.1 Phase 1 Bronzes Pins Exclusive pins of this phase are the Terlago type (PIN 2: Figure 3.1), the Sover (PIN 5: Figure 3.1), the Velemszentvid (PIN 6: Figure 3.1) and furthermore, also Peroni 1996. Stratigraphic contexts. 405  Salzani 1990–91a; 1993. 406  Carancini and Peroni 1999, tav. 28.60; tav. 29. 407  Bianchin Citton, Gambacurta and Ruta Serafini 1998. 408  Bellintani 1992; 2000. 409  Bellintani 1992. 410  Bietti Sestieri et al. 2015; Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Saracino 2019. 403 

Bianco Peroni 1976, Carancini 1975; Ryhovski 1979; Lo Schiavo 2010; Von Eles Masi 1986. 397  Peroni 1989. 398  Carancini and Peroni 1999. 399  Colonna 2006. 400  Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012. 401  Donadel 2013; 2015. 402  Salzani 1973. 396 

404 

78

Chronology similar to that of type 1, decorated with horizontal incisions over the carination (CCUP 3 Figure 3.1), has a counterpart in a specimen from Frattesina, classified in the type 7A of the site, assigned by Bellintani to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3421.

attributable to this phase, a pin with a big flattened head and incisions on the neck (PIN 7: Figure 3.1). As mentioned before, the first three types are present in the Prähistorische Bronzefunde classifications: different authors have proposed specific datings for these. The Sover Type is assigned by Peroni to the first phase of Final Bronze Age411. The Terlago type, with its biconical head, can be considered chronologically coeval to the Torri d’Arcugnano type: these are often present in contemporary contexts, as in the name-site site of Torri d’Arcugnano where two pins belonging to these two types had been found in association412. The Torri d’Arcugnano type was first dated by Carancini to a late moment of the Final Bronze Age413, but this dating has been subsequently corrected by the same author togheter with Peroni to the Final Bronze 1 and 2414.

The form similar to the type 3, also decorated with horizontal incisions but represented by vessels of greater dimensions (CCUP 4 A B C: Figures 3.1–2), is present in the chart in three varieties, of which the Variety C can be compared with a carinated cup from the grave 86 of Narde422, assigned by Colonna to the Final Bronze Age 2423. The specimen from Narde represents a rather generic comparison, differing in the presence of a more marked carination, but is important for the decorative scheme which can be considered characteristic of the early phases of the Final Bronze Age. The type with a marked and ribbed carination, with horizontal incisions just over the ribs (CCUP 5 D) can be compared with a specimen from the upper level of Mariconda424, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

The Velemzstenvid pins were classified by J. Říhovský 415, who distinguished two varieties for the type: a vase-headed one, and another with a globular head. The Variety A of his classification can be assigned to the Ha A1 phase; Colonna also proposed a similar dating for these pins, with the type present in the grave 36 of Fondo Zanotto necropolis assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1 as confirmed by her chronology 416.

Bowls The bowls with angular profile, inverted rim and a general convex profile (ABOW 4 A: Figure 3.2), can be compared with a bowl from the upper level of Mariconda, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3425.

Finally, the pin with a big flattened head, decorated on the neck with horizontal and oblique incisions, can be considered a sort of variant of the Sover type, and so it might be assigned to the Final Bronze 1 as well.

The bowls with an angular profile, inverted rim and thinned lip, and decorated with horizontal incisions on the rim (DBOW 3 A: Figure 3.2) have a counterpart in the grave 36 of the necropolis of Fondo Zanotto426, which represents one of the first graves of the chronology of Colonna, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1427.

Fibulae The fibula with the asymmetric violin-bow (FIB 1: Figure 3.1) is assigned to the twelfth century according to von Eles Masi417; Carancini and Peroni have since proposed a chronological placement for the type with strongly asymmetric violin bow ‘ad arco di violino decisamente rialzato’ to the Final Bronze Age 1418. Pottery

The bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and a very angular profile and straight walls (DBOW 5: Figure 3.2) has its counterpart in a specimen from the grave 250 of Narde428, which Colonna assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2429.

Carinated cups

Pots with inverted rim

The carinated cup type with everted rim, sharp carination and concave upper wall (CCUP 1: Figure 3.1) can be compared with the type 7A of Frattesina419, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, and with two similar specimens from the upper lever level of Mariconda420, also assigned to the same chronological phases. The type with a shape

The type with a carinated shape, high shoulder and notched cordons (PIR 3: Figure 3.2) has a counterpart in Frattesina, With some vessels from US IV, dated to Final Bronze Age 2, and probably to Final Bronze Age 1430.

411  412  413  414  415  416  417  418  419  420 

Peroni 1989, 88, fig. 26.8. Carancini 1975, 226, n. 1639, 228, n. 1662. Carancini 1975, 227. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 59, tav. 28.59; tav 29. Rihovsky 1979, 103, fig. 30.558–559. Colonna 2006, 171; 200. Von Eles Masi 1986, 6. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 58, tav. 28.54; tav. 29. Bellintani 1992, 273, tav. 2.2,7. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.2–3.

421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430 

79

Bellintani 1992, 273, tav. 2.9. Salzani 1990–91b, 188, fig. 41.5. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1973, tav VI.5. Salzani 1973, tav VIII.2. De Min 1986b, tav. 2.2. Colonna 2006, 171. Salzani 1990–91b, 165, fig. 18.13. Colonna 2006, 173. Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Saracino 2019, 54, fig. 8.2–3.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) The type with a carinated shape and a very high shoulder, with cordons decorated with knobs (PIR 4: Figure 3.2), has a counterpart in a specimen from the upper level of Mariconda431, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

Mariconda level started probably within the course of the Final Bronze Age 1, and its chronology might be partly reassested, also on the basis of the chronology I propose for the types present in my association chart.

Jars

As to the bronze types from Casalmoro, they must be assigned to a very early phase of the Final Bronze Age as the external comparisons would confirm, supporting the above proposal of correlating the first phase at Casalmoro with the Final Bronze Age 1. Importantly, the chronology obtained for this first phase of Casalmoro allows a redefinition of the Final Bronze Age 1 types of northern Italy, which are for the first time well represented in a site of this period.

The undecorated jars with slightly everted rim (JAR 10 A: Figure 3.3) have a counterpart in a jar from Mariconda, from the lower level, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1432. The jar with a short and everted rim and sub-circular impressions on the wall (JAR 12 A: Figure 3.3) finds a comparison in the US 34 of Sabbionara, assignable to the Recent Bronze Age 2433. The jar with everted rim, belonging to the same type, in its Varieties B and C (JAR 12 A and JAR 12 B: Figure 3.3) can be compared with a vessel from the grave 506 of Narde434, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1 by Colonna435, and with a vessel from Sabbionara, US 120436 (assignable to the Final Bronze Age, probably to the Phase 1 and 2, as suggested by the presence of nail-headed pins in the same layer, as above said at the beginnign of chapter 3.4.); further counterparts can be located in the site of Mariconda, both from the lower437 and upper levels438, chronologically spanning from the Final Bronze Age 1 to the Final Bronze Age 3.

3.3.2 Types common to the phases 1 and 2, or of uncertain chronology between the two phases Bronzes Pins The nail-headed pins, Variety A and Variety C (PIN 4: Figure 3.4), can be considered common to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2, as proposed by Carancini and Peroni440. For the Torri d’Arcugnano type, (PIN 3: Figure 3.4) as mentioned before apropos the similar Terlago type, the same authors proposed a chronology assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2441. A dated parallel for this type comes from the grave 24 of Fondo Zanotto442, which can be considered as one of the most ancient graves of the necropolis, given its presence among the first ten graves of the chronological sequence of Colonna443.

Broadly speaking, in this first phase several comparisons allow one to date the finds at Casalmoro at the very beginning of the Final Bronze Age, belonging to the Final Bronze Age 1 or to the Recent Bronze Age. Some of the other compared finds can be referred to a later phase. The seeming contradiction emerging from the last point can be understood when one recalls the lack of documentation concerning the Final Bronze Age 1 in the area of north Italy, for which only the lower level of Mariconda can be considered wholly representative. In regard to the comparisons between necropolises, most of the evidence begins in the Final Bronze Age 2, as was well pointed out in the study of Colonna too439. It would be realistic to accept that some ceramic types started in the Final Bronze Age 1 and lasted on until the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

Fibulae The simple arched fibulae with twisted bow (FIB 4: Figure 3.4) can be assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and to the Final Bronze Age 3, but a very ancient specimen shows a concave foot with a quadrangular section. These characteristics of the fibula from Casalmoro can be paralleled with the first appearance elsewhere of the simple arched fibulae in the Final Bronze Age 2, as no close comparisons can be found in later contexts.

The lower level of Mariconda does not offer many materials in comparison to the upper level, where bronzes assignable to a phase of Final Bronze Age 1, such as the Sover Type of pin and violin-bow fibulae, are also present: this could be a reason to affirm that not only are the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3 represented in this level, but also that some finds which might even belong to the beginning of the Final Bronze Age. This in turn suggests that the lower 431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438  439 

The violin-bow fibula with a convex bow transitioning to a simple arch (FIB 3: Figure 3.4) is similar to the twisted violin-bow fibulae of the Prähistorische Bronzefunde classification444, dated to the twelfth century, with some generic parallels in Peschiera445, but the convexity of the bow might allow one to assign it to the Final Bronze Age 1. As also pointed out by Lo Schiavo for the fibulae from

Salzani 1973, tav. X.3. Salzani 1973 tav. II.5. Salzani 1990–91a, 118, fig. 15.7. Salzani 1990–1b, 190, fig. 43.4. Colonna 2006, 171. Salzani 1990–91a, 123, fig. 20.10. Salzani 1973, tav. III.2. Salzani 1973, tav. XI.7. Colonna 2006, 173.

440  441  442  443  444  445 

80

Carancini and Peroni 1999, 59, tav. 28. 60; tav. 29. Carancini and Peroni 1999, 59, tav. 28.59; tav. 29. De Min 1986b, tav. 6.3. Colonna 2006, 171. Von Eles Masi 1986, 2–4. Von Elen Masi 1986, 3, n. 12.

Chronology Milazzo446, they might be more recent than the fibulae with the straight violin bow. Other authors also consider this kind as a transitional shape between the most recent violin-bow fibulae and the first simple arched fibulae, and assign it to the Final Bronze Age447. For this specimen parallels can be found in some Southern Italy specimens, as in the fibulae from Milazzo448, also dated to a very early moment of the Final Bronze Age 1 by Lo Schiavo.

can be compared to the ones found in the lower level of Mariconda, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1. The bowls with inverted rim, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions (DBOW 3 B: Figure 3.5), have parallels both in the lower456 and in the upper levels of Mariconda457, with a chronology spanning from the Final Bronze Age 1 to the Final Bronze Age 3, likely indicating their long and successful duration; on the other hand, this is a type beginning in an early moment of the Final Bronze Age, as suggested by a comparison from Montebello Vicentino458, from a level of Final Bronze Age 1.

The presence of the fibula with twisted convex violin-bow type in this intermediate group, from a pit with types of phase 2 as well, can seem contradictory: an explanation may be sought if one accepts its deposition long after its production, remembering that the life of bronze objects can be longer than the life of clay vessels and that valuable objects can be kept for generations before their final deposition.

Pots with inverted rim Three types of this group have parallels with vessels from Mariconda: the pot with biconical shape and a cordon on the carination, decorated with knobs (PIR 1: Figure 3.5), which is comparable with a vessel from the upper level459 of the site, and the carinated pot with two plain cordons (PIR 2 A: Figure 3.5), also having a parallel in the upper level of the site460: both thus being assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3.

Pottery Carinated bowls Both the type with everted rim, concave profile of the upper wall and low basin with round profile, decorated with horizontal incisions over the carination (CBOW 1: Figure 3.4), and the similar undecorated type (CBOW 2: Figure 3.4) find a parallel in the lower level of Mariconda449, dated to the Final Bronze Age 1.

The type with handles and ribbed lip (PIR 5: Figure 3.5) has a counterpart in a specimen from the lower level of Mariconda461, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1; the compared vessel is very similar but it lacks the decoration on the lip.

Carinated cups

Jars

The type with rounded and ribbed carination, with horizontal incisions over the carination (CCUP 5 A: Figure 3.4) has its counterpart in a cup from the grave 79 of Narde450, present in the chronology of Colonna, and assigned by the author to the Final Bronze Age 2451.

The truncated-conical undecorated jars with slightly everted rim (JAR 1A: Figure 3.5) have a parallel in a vessel from Frattesina, assigned to the Final Bronze 2 and 3 by Bellintani462. The Variety C of the same type, characterised by an everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 1 C: Figure 3.6), has a parallel in Sabbionara, US 34463, a layer assigned to the Recent Bronze Age.

Bowls The type with rounded profile and inverted rim (RBOW 2: Figure 3.4), has parallels in the necropolis of Narde, in the graves 154452 and 253453, both assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 of the chronology of Colonna454.

The undecorated cylindrical-ovoid jars with everted rim (JAR 10 C: Figure 3.7) have a counterpart in the grave 445 of the necropolis of Narde464, assigned by Colonna to the Final Bronze Age 2465, and in Montebello Vicentino466, from a layer dated to the Final Bronze Age 1.

The bowls with angular profile and vertical rim, undecorated (ABOW 1 A B: Figure 3.4) have a parallel in the lower level of Mariconda455, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1.

The undecorated ovoid jars with everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 16: Figure 3.7) can be compared to a vessel from the grave 209 of Narde467, assigned by

The type with slightly inverted rim decorated with horizontal incision Variety (DBOW 2 A B: Figure 3.5)

456  457  446  447  448  449  450  451  452  453  454  455 

Lo Schiavo 2010, 107. Pare 2008, 87. Lo Schiavo 2010, 107. Salzani 1973, tav. I.6. Salzani 1989, 35, fig. 13.1. Colonna 2006, 177. Salzani 1990–91b, 174, fig. 27.2. Salzani 1990–91b, 168, fig. 21.5. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1973, tav. I.3.

458  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466  467 

81

Salzani 1973, tav. I.4. Salzani 1973, tav. 8.1. Bagolan and Leonardi 1999, 239, fig. 5.10. Salzani 1973, tav. IX.8. Salzani 1973, tav. X.2. Salzani 1973 tav. II.1. Bellintani 1992, 274, tav. 3.3. Salzani 1990–91a, 118 fig. 15 n. 5 Salzani 1990–91b, 190, fig. 43.1. Colonna 2006, 173. Bagolan and Leonardi 1999, 237, fig. 4.7. Salzani 1989, 33, fig. 11.10.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Colonna to an advanced moment of the Final Bronze Age 2468.

the simple arched fibula with the first part of the arch twisted and the rest of th arch plain (FIB 5: Figure 3.9), all of these can be assigned to this phase, as mentioned before.

The ovoid jars with notched everted rim (JAR 17 B: Figure 3.7) have parallels in the grave 485 of Narde469 and in the grave 57 of Desmontà470, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and Final Bronze Aage 3 by Colonna471; they also find parallels in two jars from the lower level of Mariconda472, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 1.

For the simple arched fibulae with the first segment of the arch twisted, this type is included in the Prähistorische Bronzefunde classification in the type ‘Fibula ad arco semplice con estremità anteriore ritorta’477, which is divided into varieties according to the decoration on the rest of the arch. Peroni478 dated the type, independently from the decoration, to the Final Bronze Age 3. Parallels for the type with an undecorated arch comes from Narde479 and Fontanella Grazioli480, but as this fibulae are isolated finds from the necropolises they naturally did not find a place in the chart of Colonna. It is likely that this variety must be assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2, and the fibulae from Casalmoro could be one of the oldest specimens of the type.

Biconical vessels The type with everted rim and rounded shoulder, decorated with horizontal incisions at the base of the neck and oblique ribbing on the shoulder (BIC 2: Figure 3.8) has a counterpart in a vessel from Frattesina, included in the type 19 of the classification of Bellintani473 and assigned to the phase 2 of the site, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3; it has another counterpart in a vessel from the grave 389 of Narde, assigned to the recent phase of the Final Bronze Age 2 by Colonna474.

The fibulae with twisted simple arch with two knobs have a parallel in the grave 79 of Narde481, assigned by Colonna to the beginning of the Final Bronze Age 2482, an acceptable comparison confirming the presence of the type in this part of the Casalmoro chart. Von Eles emphasises that the fibulae with two knobs can be included among the most ancient simple arched fibulae483, as observed too by Betzler484 and Müller-Karpe485, who dated them to the eleventh century. The type can thus be assigned to an early phase of the Final Bronze Age 2.

3.3.3 Phase 2 (Figures 3.9–12) Bronzes Knives The only knife present in this phase of the chart is the tang-hilted Celano type (KNI 2: Figure 3.9), which has been dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3 by Carancini and Peroni, a date finding in part confirmation in this chronology475.

Pottery Carinated cups

Pins

The type with ribbed carination on vessels with angular profile (CCUP 2 A: Figure 3.9), or round carination transitioning to a short shoulder (CCUP 2 B: Figure 3.9), has parallels in the upper level of Mariconda486, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, and in the type 7b of Frattesina487, assigned by Bellintani to the Final Bronze Age 2.

The type of pins with sub-trapezoidal head (PIN 3: Figure 3.9) is dated by Carancini, on the basis of the associations of the specimens in their contexts of provenance, to a chronological period spanning from the Recent Bronze Age to the First Iron Age476; it can be considered a long lasting type, appearing in the last phase of Casalmoro.

The comparisons are not entirely precise apropos the shapes, but they are significant in regard to the decoration, which should be assigned at least to the Final Bronze Age 2 since earlier parallels are unknown.

Fibulae The twisted simple arched fibulae with two knobs (FIB 6: Figure 3.9), the simple arched fibulae with two knobs and parallel incisions alternating with fish-bone incisions (FIB 7: Figure 3.9), the simple arched fibulae with parallel incisions alternating with fish-bone incisions and two knobs in the central part of the arch (FIB 8: Figure 3.9),

The carinated cup with everted rim, decorated with oblique ribbing on the carination and horizontal incisions above it (CCUP 6 A: Figure 3.9) has a parallel in the upper 477  478 

Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1990–91b, 187, fig. 40.5. 470  Salzani 1993, fig. XXIV.5. 471  Colonna 2006, 173, 175. 472  Salzani 1973, tav. III.1, 3. 473  Bellintani 1992, 278, tav. 6.9. 474  Colonna 2006, 173. 475  Carancini and Peroni 1999, 68, tav. 33.25; tav. 34. 476  Carancini 1975, 229. 468

479 

469 

480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487 

82

Von Eles Masi 1986, 20–25. Peroni 1989, 97, fig. 30.5. Salzani 1989, 28, fig. 6.3. Salzani 1978, 152, fig. 12.31. Salzani 1989, 35, fig. 13.4. Colonna 2006, 177. Von Eles Masi 1984, 14. Betzler 1974, 70. Müller-Karpe 1959, 33. Salzani 1973, tav. VI.1. Bellintani 1992, 273, tav. 2.16.

Chronology also with a jar from Custoza, US 25, a level assigned to the last phase of the Recent Bronze Age502. Both the comparisons are not entirely exact, as the jar from Sabbionara presents a less everted rim, and in the jar from Custoza the rim is thickened in correspondence of the internal angle; they testify to a jar tradition belonging to the same area, which continues in later phases.

level of Mariconda, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3488. Bowls The angular bowl type with inverted rim and straight to convex profile (ABOW 4 B: Figure 3.9) has its counterparts in a specimen from the grave 251 of Narde489, assigned by Colonna to the Final Bronze Age 2490, in the grave 52 of the same necropolis491, assigned at the transition between the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3492, and in the grave 1 N/W of the necropolis of Garda493, assigned to the second part of the Final Bronze Age 2494.

The cylindrical-ovoid jar type with everted rim and notched lip (JAR 11 C: Figure 3.11) can be compared with a jar from the grave 41 of Fondo Zanotto503, which Colonna assigned to the second phase of the Final Bronze Age 2504. The ovoid jar with everted rim and ribbed lip (JAR 17 A: Figure 3.12) has parallels in the grave 485 of Narde505, and in the grave 57 of Desmontà506, assigned to Final Bronze Age 2 and 3 by Colonna507; it also finds a parallel in the lower level of Mariconda508, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 1. This could be a long lasting type, having comparisons both in the first and in the second phase of the Final Bronze Age.

The type with inverted rim with slightly concave to concave profile (ABOW 4 C: Figure 3.9) has a parallel in the upper level of Mariconda495, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3. The type with longer strongly inverted rim (ABOW 5 B: Figure 3.10) has been paralleled with type 10 C of Colonna, which this author dated to the second part of the Final Bronze Age 2.

The ovoid jar with notched lip and everted rim forming an internal angle (JAR 18 C: Figure 3.12) has parallels in the upper level of Mariconda509 (assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3), in the site of Sabbionara, US 103 (a level assigned by Salzani to the Final Bronze 3510 but probably older, given the presence of the nail-headed pins, as seen below), and with two specimens from Frattesina, included in the type 20 of Bellintani’s classification, assigned to the phases 2 and 3 of the site, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3511.

The type with vertical rim decorated with horizontal incisions (DBOW 1: Figure 3.10) has a parallel in a vessel from the upper level of Mariconda, assignable to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3496. The bowl with strongly inverted rim decorated with horizontal incisions, with a short basin (DBOW 6: Figure 3.10) has a precise comparison in the grave 505 of Narde497, assigned by Colonna to the second part of the Final Bronze Age 2498, and in the settlement of Frattesina, with a specimen included in the type 5B of the classification of Bellintani, dated to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3499.

In this phase a few of the comparanda have an older dating, some types show parallels with Final Bronze Age 1 specimens, while in three cases the proposed chronology involves the Recent Bronze Age, indeed the most recent phase of this period. As mentioned before, other types with earlier comparative material are truncated-conical jars (JAR 3 A, JAR 3 C and JAR 2 B), whose shape is not yet quite identical to that of the compared vessels which show some older characteristics, such as the rim with thickened internal angle. With regard to this particular category of vessels, Leonardi argued for a chronological evolution concerning the everted rim forming an internal angle, called ‘a tesa’ rims. This author, on the basis of the stratigraphy of the site of Montebello Vicentino, on the northern border of the Po plain, felt able to define a sequence of the phases between the Recent Bronze Age and the Final Bronze Age512. According to his sequence,

Jars The truncated-ovoid jar with everted rim forming an internal angle, decorated with notches (JAR 2 B: Figure 3.11) has a parallel in the site of Sabbionara, US 27, a level assigned to the Recent Bronze Age500. The undecorated type with everted rim forming an internal angle and an applied cordon on the wall (JAR 3A: Figure 3.11) can be compared with a vessel from Sabbionara, US 25, assigned to the Recent Bronze Age501; 488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497  498  499  500  501 

Salzani 1973, tav. VI.6. Salzani 1990–91b, 156, fig. 9.2. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1989, 32, fig.10.5. Colonna 2006, fig. 1. Salzani 1984a, fig. 8.2. Colonna 2006, fig. 1. Salzani 1973, tav. VIII.3. Salzani 1973 tav. VII.18. Salzani 1990–91b, 177, fig. 30.6. Colonna 2006, 173. Bellintani 1992, 272, tav 1.9. Salzani 1990–91a, 115, fig. 12.1. Salzani 1990–91a, 123, fig. 20.7.

502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512 

83

Salzani 1997, tav. II.36. De Min 1982, tav. II.1. Colonna 2006, 173. Salzani 1990–91b, 187, fig. 40.5. Salzani 1993, fig. XXIV.5. Colonna 2006, 173, 175. Salzani 1973, tav. III.1,3. Salzani 1973, tav. XI, 4. Salzani 1990–91a, 120, fig. 17.4. Bellintani 1992, 280, tav. 8.4–5. Bagolan and Leonardi 1999, Bagolan and Leonardi 2000.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) the everted rims forming an internal angle and whose section is thickened at the angle are older than the rims in which this thickness is absent. The first should be assigned to the Recent Bronze Age 2 and the second to the Final Bronze Age. However, the association of rims of both types in the same contexts of Casalmoro would contradict this theory. Moreover as the thickness of the rim can vary in different sections of the same jar – at least in the case of Casalmoro, it means that this feature cannot always be considered as a totally intentional or controlled one.

As I already pointed out, the very first phase of the Final Bronze Age is not much represented in the area north of the Po: the site of Casalmoro remains the only complex, together with Mariconda, with the closed features which can support the identification of several distinct moments or phases within this period. A few graves from the Frattesina area can do likewise, showing evidence of an ancient phase516. All the other sites which show a very early start can only be so dated by a comparative method, given the absence of closed structures like pits or published stratigraphical levels. In conclusion, on the basis of the comparisons made, it is possible to propose a chronological assessment for Casalmoro: Final Bronze Age 1 for its phase 1, and Final Bronze Age 2 for its phase 2, with an intermediate group of contexts defined either by the presence by types common to both phases or of uncertain chronology between the two.

Even so, it is likely that this particular way of shaping the jar rims did belong to a tradition beginning in the Recent Bronze Age, thus confirming the continuity of the material culture of the same populations moving about in the Po plain between the Recent and Final Bronze Ages. A further parallel can be found in the necropolis of Pianello di Genga, in the Marche, province of Ancona (AN), the central-east part of the Italian peninsula, where a jar-type513 very similar to this type, and to some specimens from Pianello, has been assigned by Peroni to the phases Pianello 2 and 3, corresponding to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3514.

It is possible to affirm that the settlement complex grew during these two phases (at least in that area that concerns this analysis, and including Santa Maria Segreta, which is provenance of most of the pits comprising the association chart). Both phases are testified to here, as well as in the Fadasider pit, which presents types of Casalmoro phase 2, and several types common to Casalmoro phase 1 and phase 2. Finally, the pit in the area Municipio, located away to the south, also provides proof of its long duration. The whole area was the core of an intense occupational activity, from the Final Bronze Age 1 into the Final Bronze Age 2, apparently suddenly ceasing before the beginning of the Final Bronze Age 3.

As for the remaining parallels, the chronology seems to confirm the position of the types in this part of the Casalmoro chart, assigned to the Final Bronze Age 2. Several parallels were placed in the Final Bronze 2 and to the Final Bronze Age 2 and 3, such as the specimens from the upper level of Mariconda, where the two phases are not separated, and where some older elements could be present, as said above in this chapter, testified to by the presence of objects classifiable as Sover type pins, assigned otherwise to the Final Bronze Age 1. Also, the chronology proposed for the comparative material from the graves of Narde seems to indicate a similar timing, as several types were dated to the phase II of the chronology of Colonna, corresponding to the second phase of the Final Bronze Age 2515. All this would suggest that this phase of the Final Bronze Age 2 is also present in Casalmoro. Concluding remarks According to the chronology above discussed, the complex of Casalmoro is confirmed as possessing the fundamental evidence as to what makes up the Final Bronze Age 1, and of the Final Bronze Age 2. Furthermore, clear elements of any later phase are absent in Casalmoro: the typical bronzes or ceramic classes exclusive of the Final Bronze Age 3 (such as further types of simple arched and serpentine fibulae, more recent pin types, or typical pottery present in later contexts) do not appear in any area of the complex, allowing one to rule out habitation there after the Final Bronze Age 2.

A further element of comparative dating for the finds from Casalmoro comes from the research done for my doctoral thesis. Here I analysed, using the same methodology, the finds from all the published contexts of the central and eastern part of the north Po plain (Pau 2018).

516  513  514  515 

Peroni 2010a, 162, fig. 16.61c. Peroni 2010b, 178, fig. 28.7. Colonna 2006, 173.

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4 Conclusions 4.1 Casalmoro in the framework of the Italian Final Bronze Age

stylistic analogies. Furthermore, the material culture of Sacca di Goito would suggest a longer-lived settlement, starting from a second phase of the Recent Bronze Age to the very end Final Bronze Age523.

Northern Italy Casalmoro can be ascribed to the Central-Eastern Traspandan facies, as defined by R. Peroni517, having most of the parallels with sites as Mariconda, Frattesina (and its related necropolises), Fondo Paviani. On the other hand, the site does not represent an isolated case in the east Lombardy area, as many parallels can also be found in such sites as Ponte San Marco, Sacca di Goito, and, to a lesser extent, in Fontanella Grazioli and Mantua Gradaro.

The site of Gradaro524, in the town of Mantua, presents an archaeological record running from the last phase of the Recent Bronze Age to the late Final Bronze Age, with some parallels to the finds from Casalmoro. As the finds of this site come from secondary deposits, and the stratigraphy is not helpful in dating the whole context. The isolated finds from Villacappella, Ceresara (MN)525, found in the same area of the former Terramare site, suggest that a limited and secluded presence in this territory continued after the disappearance of the Middle and Recent Bronze Age settlement. The two fibulae from this site offer precise evidence of a Final Bronze Age presence, and one in particular offers a very similar parallel for the Casalmoro type with twisted simple arch and knobs (FIB 6, Figure 2.3).

Ponte San Marco, at Calcinato (BS)518, on the same bank of the Chiese river and about 20 km north of Casalmoro, represents one of the few sites showing occupation dating from the Recent Bronze Age to the First Iron Age. Between Casalmoro and Ponte San Marco, the site of Carpenedolo519 could represent a further context of the Final Bronze Age, perhaps linked to the same settlement area of Casalmoro, but the finds from this site are unpublished.

One of the closest sites to Casalmoro, the necropolis of Fontanella Grazioli526, at Casalromano (MN), located to the south not far from the left bank of the Oglio river, provides some parallels with Casalmoro, such as some carinated cups and bowls, a biconical vessel, mainly compared for the decoration, and pins of the Terlago, Sover and nailheaded types, these latter found not apparently belonging to specific graves, but generically coming from the area of the necropolis527.

In particular, some ceramic shapes of Casalmoro and Ponte San Marco show striking analogies, such as carinated cups with a quite sharp carination, decorated with oblique ribbing associated with horizontal incisions, types also common in Mariconda; the cylindrical-ovoid jars, with everted rims; some fibulae and pins, in particular the Sover type pin with a small globular head, which have no precise parallels in other sites. The site of Ponte San Marco shows evidence of contacts with the Alpine area, as some Luco A types of pots, dating to the Final Bronze Age 1520, have been recovered during the stratigraphic excavation521. The site of Sacca di Goito522, in the Mantua province, represents another important Final Bronze Age context in the same area. Several parallels with the finds of Casalmoro can be found in the record of this settlement, which has been only partially excavated. Both the bronze types and the pottery shapes show several formal and

Beyond these parallels, most part of the Fontanella record is different. Casalmoro seems to share more elements with the sites of the Veneto area, or the northernmost located site at Ponte San Marco. Probably factors like the functional dissimilarities between the sites, as well as the chronological differences, can help explain the divergences of the material culture in sites in such close proximity. As Fontanella is a necropolis, its ceramic record is more influenced by ritual factors, and moreover, the graves there do not include any material from the Final Bronze Age 1 phase, a further reason why not many finds can

Peroni 1996; Peroni et al. 1980. Poggiani Keller 1994; Poggiani Keller and Ruggiero 2004. 519  The site of Carpendeolo (BS) is located about 5 km north of the area of S. Maria Segreta, and the finds come from pits, see De Marinis 1999, 517. 520  Luco A (or Laugen A) facies can be paralleled with the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2. For a wider overview on this facies see Fugazzola Delpino 1971; 2001; 2020, Marzatico and Tecchiati 2002. 521  Poggiani Keller 1994. 522  Donadel 2013; 2015; for this site see also preliminary reports of Lorenzi 1984; 1986; 1990; 1991.

523  Donadel 2013. Notwithstanding that the author has found comparisons dating both to the Recent Bronze Age and to the Final Bronze Age 3, she dates the sites to the Final Bronze Age 1 and 2 only; in particular, I proposed that the decoration present on some vessels would make it possible to assign the last phase of the site to end of the Final Bronze Age, with comparisons with sites as Gazzo Veronese, and Tuscany sites ascribable to this timeframe (Pau 2018). 524  Menotti, Pau and Tirabassi 2012. 525  Colini 1909, 182, tav. 13.3; Von Eles Masi 1986, 14. 526  Salzani 1978; Trerotoli 1954–55. 527  Salzani 1978.

517  518 

85

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) be compared. Fontanella cemetery seems to have mainly developed between the Final Bronze Age 2 and the Final Bronze Age 3; the whereabouts of the related settlement is not known528.

lower level that is one of the most significant contexts of the Po plain concerning the beginning of the Final Bronze Age: it shares with Casalmoro some types (such as some types of carinated bowls and the pots with inverted rims) confirming the first appearance of these vessels in a very early phase. In the upper level the presence of horizontal incisions over ribbed carinations and several pots with inverted rims constitute good comparative material for the types seen in the second phase at Casalmoro.

Even allowing for the functional differences between necropolises and settlement, the more distant necropolis of Narde yet offers many parallels to the material culture of Casalmoro: it has to be noted that a great quantity of graves of this necropolis has been excavated and published, and also that a group of Final Bronze Age 1 ones is well represented among them529.

In the south-west Venetian area, the site of Fondo Paviani539 offers parallels with Casalmoro, especially for the classes of the carinated cups and bowls, the bowls with inverted rim and the jars. This important site represents one of the few cases where there was successful continuity after the crisis sweeping the Po plain at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age as this site, a former Terramare settlement, was active at least until the beginning of the Final Bronze Age540.

In general, parallels can be best identified in the area of Frattesina530, combining the evidence from both the settlement and the connected cemeteries of Narde531 and Fondo Zanotto532. Comparable vessels can be found in the fine ceramic record, including carinated bowls and cups, and bowls with inverted rim, as well as for the semi-fine and coarse vessels like the jars. Also, for the bronzes parallels can be readily located, in particular the only parallels for the pin of the Velemnszentvid533 sort in this part of the Po plain come from Narde and Fondo Zanotto cemeteries. In Fondo Zanotto and in the first nucleus of Narde some differences can be spotted, as it does not present the same set of characteristics as Narde, e.g. in the complex decorative elements on the jars. But in this case, the disparities are owed more to chronological than cultural variances, as was remarked in the case of Fontanella Grazioli; Fondo Zanotto starts in the Final Bronze Age and continued to be in use until the Early Iron Age534. In more recent years a further area of the cemetery of Narde has been excavated, giving evidence of more recent graves, some of which coeval to the last phase of Fondo Zanotto as well535. The site of Campestrin at Grignano Polesine536, close to Frattesina, and chronologically spanning from the Recent Bronze Age 2 to the Final Bronze Age 1537, also offers good comparisons, especially for jars and rims with a double internal angle.

Also in the Veneto area is Sabbionara541, a site which was first occupied in the Middle Bronze Age, continuing on into the Recent Bronze Age and with further occupation during the Final Bronze Age, probably with a gap in the Final Bronze Age 1. The comparisons from the Recent Bronze Age levels with some pottery types of Casalmoro confirm the continuity in the material-culture tradition between the Recent and the Final Bronze Ages in the area. Parallels from the most recent levels show similarities, especially in bowls and jars and the nail-headed pins. The connected necropolis of Desmontà542, beginning in the Final Bronze Age 2 and continuing into the Final Bronze Age 3, offers very few parallels, probably because of the chronological difference. A few parallels come from other sites in the Veneto area, whose chronology is more recent, and where only generic comparisons can be found: Garda543, Gazzo Veronese544, Villamarzana545 and San Giorgio di Angarano546. At Montagnana547, a few published finds assignable to an early phase of the Final Bronze Age have parallels with Casalmoro, but most of the published material is dated to the Final Bronze 3 and to the First Iron Age548, and so cannot be compared.

Another site displaying many analogies with Casalmoro is Mariconda di Melara538. A very considerable range of comparisons were observed in its upper level, which also provided a better quantity of finds. However, it is the

On the whole, the great majority of the parallels are with settlement contexts, rather than funerary, with the sole exception of the necropolis of Narde, whence a great number of graves were published. Furthermore, the sites

A probable phase of Final Bronze Age 1 could have been present in the necropolis of Fontanella, as some bronze objects from the site would suggest, in particular some Sover and nail-headed type pins would indicate a more ancient frequentation than the one visible in the graves. nevertheless, being these finds generically ascribed to the cemetery and not belonging to specific graves, it is not possible to know if they would represent sporadic frequentation of the area or a first phase of the cemetery. 529  Colonna 2006. 530  For a general overview on Frattesina see Bietti Sestieri, Bellintani and Giardino 2019 with previous bibliography. 531  Salzani 1989; 1990–91b; Colonna and Salzani 2010. 532  De Min 1982; 1986b. 533  This is a central European type, see Rihovsky 1979; 1983. 534  Colonna 2006; Pau 2018. 535  For this area of Narde necropolis see Salzani and Colonna 2010. 536  Bellintani et al. 2019; Salzani 2009; 2011. 537  Bellintani et al. 2019, 52. 538  Salzani 1973. 528 

Fasani and Salzani 1975; for more recent excavations see Cupitò et al. 2015, with previous bibliography. 540  Cupitò et al. 2012; 2015. 541  Salzani 1990–91a; 1993. 542  Salzani 1993; 2013. 543  Salzani 1984a; 1984b. 544  Salzani 2001. 545  For Villamarzana, see Aspes, Bellintani and Fasani 1970; Consonni 2008; Salzani 1976; Salzani and Consonni 2005. 546  Bianchin Citton 1982. 547  Bianchin Citton 1998a. 548  Pau 2018. 539 

86

Conclusions

Map 4.1. The main sites of Final Bronze Age having comparisons with Casalmoro (1)- 2. Ponte San Marco. 3. Fontanella Grazioli. 4. Villacappella; 5. Sacca di Goito; 6. Mantua Gradaro; 7. Mariconda; 8. Fondo Paviani; 9. Fabbrica dei Soci; 10. Frattesina di Fratta Polesine and necropolises of Narde and Fondo Zanotto; 11. Campestrin di Grignano Polesine; 12 Montagnana; 13. Sabbionara and Desmontà; 14. Montebello Vicentino; 15. Angarano; 16. Garda; 22. Eppan St. Pauls; 23. Castions; 24. Ascona; 25. Viverone; 26. Poggio Berni; 27. Ripa Calbana; 28. Monte Titano; 29. Monte Croce Guardia. 30. Pianello di Genga; 31; Gubbio Monte Ingino. 32. Gualdo Tadino; 33. Fossa Nera; 34. Sassi Neri. 35. Talamonaccio. (Map by D. Schirru.)

Map 4.2. Casalmoro (1) and main sites of of Final Bronze Age in the Po plain mentioned in the text. 2. Ponte San Marco. 3. Fontanella Grazioli. 4. Villacappella; 5. Sacca di Goito; 6. Mantua Gradaro; 7. Mariconda; 8. Fondo Paviani; 9. Fabbrica dei Soci; 10. Frattesina di Fratta Polesine and necropolises of Narde and Fondo Zanotto; 11. Campestrin Grignano Polesine; 12 Montagnana; 13. Sabbionara and Desmontà; 14. Montebello Vicentino. 15. Angarano; 16. Garda; 17. Oppeano; 18. Gazzo Veronese; 19. Este, 20. Padua; 21. Villamarzana; in blue the future proto-urban centres of Early Iron Age. (Map by D. Schirru.)

87

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) whose finds include earlier material present a goodly number of parallels, as at Mariconda and, partly, relative to the published corpus, Frattesina.

is one of the most common Luco elements which are found outside the Alpine area, in Veneto, Lombardy and Emilia554. All these elements, together with the discovery of the characteristic pots Luco A from the Alps in Ponte San Marco, might allow to hypothesise that the Chiese river was a route of communication between the eastern Lombardy Po plain and the Alpine area, as was also pointed out for Ponte San Marco by Poggiani Keller555. The Adige river though represented the main route of contact between the Venetian Po plain and the Alps556.

As seen, analogies can be found in the whole centraleastern area north of the Po. The comparisons seem to be more regular in the Veneto area than in east Lombardy, but this can be put down to the relative state of research in the two areas. The Final Bronze Age settlement pattern of the east Lombardy, however, does seem to have been different from the east Veneto, where the sites were more scattered in the territory, and generally smaller but apparently more inter-connected.

While at other Final Bronze Age sites the possible presence of Luco pottery has been investigated with archaeometric analyses557 at Casalmoro, at the moment, it is only possible to talk about probable stylistic influences, as I have already pinpointed558.

As what concerns the North-West, this can be confirmed as an area interested by a quite different evidence of material culture, and just a few comparisons, mainly bronzes, can be found in the sites of the so-called ProtoGolasecca facies549. Sites as Ascona or Viverone offers a few parallels for the finds from Casalmoro. The west and east of north Italy seem to confirm to have been separated entities, at least in the initial phases of Final Bonze Age. This reflects the future differences between the areas of Este in the east and Golasecca in the west, in the future Iron Age550.

The reasons for these contacts with the Alpine region could be explained by commerce in the raw metals which the Alpine area constitutes a primary source for, and Casalmoro, like Frattesina559, might have been another important centre for metal trades of Final Bronze Age. From this point of view, the strategic position of Casalmoro along the river Chiese, might be accounted for not only by its auspicious territory (an area probably with major water resources at the peak of an arid climatic phase), but also by the economic and commercial factors it enjoyed.

Alpine area As well as in Ponte San Marco, some Alpine influences of the Luco – Meluno facies551 can be found also in Casalmoro. Even if the same clear evidence is not witnessed in Casalmoro, certain influences of Luco A material culture can be recognised in some ceramic shapes and decorations there, such as the peculiar strongly everted rims forming an internal angle, especially present in the trucated-conical and sub-cylindrical jars (see in particular types JAR 2 B Variant α, JAR 2 B Variant β, JAR 6 B Variant α, JAR 5D), and some notched decorations, such as the decorative motif present on the pots with inverted rim type PIR 6.

Central Italy For the Italian Final Bronze Age, some parallels can be seen also with sites located further south, especially those of the Pianello560 and Chiusi-Cetona561 facies, such as Ripa Calbana562, Poggio Berni563 and Monte Titano564 in Romagna, Pianello in Marche565, Gubbio Monte Ingino566 and Gualdo Tadino567 in Umbria, Sassi Neri568 and Fossa Nera di Porcari569 in Tuscany. This relationship can be detected mostly in the bronze production, with some types common both to the areas south and north of the Po river, but also in some ceramic shapes, spread abroad in the Peninsula in the same period. The nail-headed, Terlago and Sover types of pin, as well as the asymmetric violin-bow fibulae, are present in Monte Titano, Pianello, Gubbio, and in the Tuscany area, in such sites as Fossa Nera and Sassi Neri. From the same sites, and from Ripa Calbana, also

Such are also present in Luco sites, like Eppan Sant Paul552, placed at the right side of the Adige river. The cordons and the lips of the jars decorated with oblique incisions or very close-set ribs is also a common characteristic of the Luco facies553, which might have had an influence on the pottery of Casalmoro, as in the case of the pots with inverted rim with ribbed lip and decorated with notches and incisions (PIR 6); these last do not have precise parallels in the Veneto area, and seem closer in their decorative approach to items of the Trentin area, even if executed on different shapes. The stilistic element of parallel “waves” incisions

Marzatico 2020, 129, fig. 3. Poggiani Keller 1994. 556  Salzani 1979; Marzatico 2015. 557  Saracino, Maritan and Mazzoli 2018. 558  As I have already stressed in previous papers, at present state of the research it is possible to talk of Alpine influence, not of imports from the Alps.: see Pau 2009; 2015. 559  Pearce et al. 2019. 560  Peroni 1996. 561  Zanini 1993–94; 1997a; 1999; 2000. 562  La Pilusa and Zanini 2007; 2009. 563  Morico 1985. 564  Bottazzi and Bigi 2008. 565  Bianco Peroni, Peroni and Vanzetti 2010. 566  Malone and Stoddart 1994. 567  Peroni 1963b. 568  Negroni Catacchio et al. 1979. 569  Zanini 1997b; Andreotti and Zanini 1995–96. 554  555 

549  For a definition of the Protogolasecca see Gambari 2006; Rittatore Vonwiller 1960. 550  For a definition of the two entitites see also De Marinis 1971; Peroni 1975; Rittatore Vonwiller 1960. 551  For a general overview on the Luco Meluno/Laugen Melaun facies see Fugazzola Delpino 1971; Marzatico 2001; Marzatico 2020; Marzatico and Tecchiati 2002. 552  Leitner 1988. 553  Marzatico 2001; 2015; 2020.

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Conclusions people are capable of explaining the complex connections that arose at the end of the Bronze Age in Italy. The material culture of Casalmoro, having parallels in many different directions, reflects this complexity.

are some ceramic shapes such as the pots with inverted rim, which are typical vessels of the Final Bronze Age. The most ancient fibulae, with violin bow or violin bow transitioning to a simple arched bow, are moreover present in the central peninsula, as well as in very south of Italy, with comparisons seen in the Milazzo and Sicilian types570.

The data for Casalmoro show an extensive occupation of the area along the Chiese river with a major concentration of people from nearby smaller villages of the Terramare facies578. Analysis of the material culture, indicates continuity in metal and pottery production and new shapes evolving from models of the Recent Bronze Age, thus confirming that is not reliable that this new settlement pattern can be ascribed to the arrival of new populations from afar. The material culture seems to find its roots in the Terramare Recent Bronze Age tradition, and is linked to the same territory and to the Terramare material culture: this fact is visible both in the metals (Matrei knives and asymmetric violin bow fibulae are just some of the bronze objects evolving from Recent Bronze Age types) and the ceramic record (such as the jars with everted rim with an internal angular profile, or with a double internal angle, but also in some carinated bowls, such as types CBOW 1 and 2, which recalls more ancient types). New typologies of objects, especially pottery, which evolve from a local tradition, might indeed indicate a change in the social and economic aspects of the communities (the much lesser presence of handles or the major presence of closed shapes, such as the pots with inverted rims might indicate different functional uses), and the new shapes and stylistic models are in fact spread in a similar way throughout the whole peninsula. The stylistic evolution, which operates on local roots of Terramare tradition, might notwithstanding have been influenced by the contacts and moving of people of this crucial period as well. The many parallels with more or less distant areas are witness to this aspect, common to the whole Peninsula between the Recent and the early Final Bronze Age.

This connection between regions south and north of the Po river can be in part explained from the moving of related populations which took place after the collapse of the Terramare culture, as has been well pointed out by Cardarelli571, according to whom some groups of people moved, in different phases, to escape the collapse of the Po plain system, generally heading southwards, and so the influence of the Terramare material culture can be found in several sites of the peninsula. According to F. Iacono, the migratory theory of Cardarelli, although ‘convincing in many aspects, does not explain the special relationship existing between the northern and the southern Adriatic, as witnessed in particular by the evidence from the areas of Salento and of the southwestern boundaries of the Terramare area, that is, the Valli Grandi Veronesi’572. As already emphasised by some authors in the last years, the contacts between the area north of the Po and the so-called Chiusi-Cetona facies573, located in middlecentral Italy (Romagna, Umbria, Marche and Tuscany), are evident in the archaeological record of the two areas, with parallels and influences mediated by the Appennine territory574. This affinity between the northermost part of cental Italy and the Po plain area, showing a partial trend of osmosis is visible already in the preovius phases of the Bronze Age575. The connection will become even stronger again during the last phase of the Final Bronze Age and the First Iron Age, but some important links were present from the beginning of the Final Bronze Age576. The material culture of Casalmoro can help to better appreciate the contacts and influences at play in the Final Bronze Age, as many material classes seen at the site are present in other areas of the peninsula. Casalmoro is witness to the fact that also the central area north of the Po was involved in connections already at the end of the Bronze Age. The roots of these contacts might be sought for in the connections already existing in the previous phase of the Bronze Age, when Italy was involved in the widespread circulation of objects of bronze types including a wide area of Europe and the Mediterranean, the so-called Metallurgic Koinè577. The situation in eastern Lombardy, being at the centre of many routes and in an area traditionally at the border between different regions, demonstrates that only multi-directional movements of

There is not evidence of mass migrations in the new settlement patterns of Final Bronze Age Northern Italy, but a process of social and political evolution, following the changes of the previous Bronze Age phases. Other authors, such as De Marinis, see the arrival of new populations as an explanation to the changes happened at the beginning of Final Bronze Age in eastern Lombardy and Veneto579 and of a “new” culture rising in the eastern area of the Po plain580. Casalmoro is not much distant from the western Terramare area south of the Po, and many terramare sites were spread as well over the territory of the Mantua plain581. If people from the former Recent Bronze Age sites, both from the close territory and south of the Po, would have join this new foundation, as it is reliable, they would have brought a similar Terramare material culture.

Lo Schiavo 2010, 107. Cardarelli 2009. 572  Iacono 2018, 138. 573  For a definition of the Chiusi Cetona facies see Bietti Sestieri 2013; Peroni 1994; Zanini 1999. 574  Zanini 1999; Bietti Sestieri 2008; Peroni 2005. 575  Peroni 2003, 721. 576  Bietti Sestieri 2008; 2013; 2019; Zanini 1999. 577  Bietti Sestieri 1973; Carancini and Peroni 1997. 570  571 

578  579  580  581 

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De Marinis 2009, fig. 8. De Marinis 1989, 30. De Marinis 1989, 28; 1999, 514 . De Marinis 1999, 514, fig. 2.

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) In the light of cultural continuity as above described, it is not feasible to talk about a replacement of population or a break of continuity in the history of people living in northern Po plain. In a similar way the Luco influences on the ceramic of Casalmoro can prove contacts with the Alps more than a migration from the Alpine area. I would argue the new settlement patterns of Final Bronze Age would indicative a reaction to the Terramare crisis, probably happened in a more favourable territory, as the area north of the Po seems to have represented.

century, coincides with a period of climatic change, characterised by a major aridity episode. Archaeological traces of this crisis can also be found in the Terramare village structures. The settlement of Santa Rosa di Poviglio, in the Reggio Emilia province south of the Po river, was occupied up to the last phases of the Recent Bronze Age, at the very border with the Final Bronze Age. In this last phase of the site, some wells had been dug at the edges of the site, in the search for water at a lower depth, a sign of the dramatic scarcity of this resource583. Inside some pits some entire preserved bowls were found, dating to the phase of transition between the Recent Bronze Age and the Final Bronze Age. Cremaschi interpreted the presence of these vessels as ritual depositions made after the abandonment of the site584. This example might help in understanding some aspects of the Casalmoro settlement, suggesting possible hypotheses about the purpose of the pits.

To conclude, it is possible to recognise different areas of influence on the material culture of Casalmoro: the centraleastern northern facies of Final Bronze Age one, of which Casalmoro itself seems to represent a primary context; the Alpine one another, to be sought for in the exchanges with the Trentin area, along the course of the Chiese river; and the region of middle peninsular Italy. These ties need to be investigated in future research so as to understand the role of the eastern Lombardy area within the wider framework of the Italian Final Bronze Age contacts and exchanges.

It is important to emphasise here that Casalmoro was founded just after or at the end of the last Terramare sites, with a great influx of people involved. It is most likely that they come from former Terramare villages, and were before spread out over a bigger area. The river Chiese banks and terraces would have been hospitable territory, and the presence of many pits initially used as wells could be related to combating the arid nature of the period. This hypothesis might be confirmed by further geomorphological studies in the territory, but such a great concentration of population could equally suggest that this was then a more fertile and less arid area than the territory south of the Po had become. Of course, the Chiese river remained a strategic access way to the Alpine metal sources, and this facility must have been a further, and not less important, reason of this settlement choice of placement.

4.2 The function of the pits Pits are common structures at many Bronze Age sites: they can be found inside the settlement or outside its boundaries, as extra-site features. These structures could have been used for obtaining water, as storage-structures (silos), and finally they could be used as rubbish pits. Even though other examples exist in the Po plain, the case of Casalmoro is a most unusual phenomenon in the Italian Bronze Age, given the massive presence of these structures, very close packed, and spread over an area of about 7 km along the course of the Chiese river, apparently without many gaps. In this territory hundreds of pits have been recovered or identified, and, as said before, they represent the only evidence of an otherwise now invisible settlement complex.

If many pits had been excavated with the purpose of securing water for the population and for the related agricultural works, their filling with rubbish from the houses might have occurred only after the collapse of the walls of the pits, that were then available for reuse for this second purpose. What seems peculiar is the presence, among the archaeological rubbish materials in the pits, of some precious objects, such as bronze ornaments, glass beads, small bone wheels, together with the presence of some complete vessels: the presence of this second sort of finds might argue that at least some depositions made in the pits could have had a symbolic or ritual value. As hypothesised in the case of Poviglio, some ritual acts might mark the life-cycle of these pits, connected, say, with their closing and abandonment.

Several of these pits can be interpreted as wells, while others are less deep structures. It is possible to distinguish, as said earlier, at least two kind of pits (Figure 1.1). The excavations conducted after the discovery of the site until very recently that have a stratigraphic approach have recovered dozens of pits in many areas of the overall complex582, and it is probable that further study will shed better light on their function(s). The finds made in the more recently excavated structures do not differ much from those studied in this work: animal bones, ceramic, bronze and bone artefacts have all been found in the other pits from the complex. They also show, to a preliminary analysis, the same chronology, but a great amount of the finds from the most recent excavations is still to be analysed in the detail.

As different scholars have pointed out, pits and wells in Bronze Age Europe are often connected with ritual depositions. Harding describes some pits and wells in Central Europe as being related to cult activities, practised

The birth of the settlement complex of Casalmoro, which can be interpreted as a reaction to the crisis of the twelfth

583  582 

Menotti 2012.

584 

90

Cremaschi, Pizzi and Valsecchi 2006. Pizzi and Cremaschi 2018.

Conclusions the beginning of the Early Iron Age, when the new protourban centres began to rise591.

during the life of these structures, as in the cases of the German sites of Berlin-Lichterfelde and Senftenberg, where items such as bone, pottery and other materials were found. To explain the presence of entire vessels, the author hypothesises that after their first function as wells, these structures silted up and their walls crumbled, at which point some kind of deposition was made, probably connected with ritual actions585. Other cases are known in Bronze Age Europe, like the well-known site of Wroclaw Widrawa, in south-west Poland586, where several pits with pottery depositions were found. According to J. Baron, some of the pottery was ritually deposed, and not only thrown in as rubbish. In southern Nederlrlands some pits were found close to abandoned houses of the Iron Age, and filled with burned artefacts, intere vessels, spindle whorls, loom weights and other objects from the houses. Gerristen suggests that these objects belonged to the houses and they were not considereder as portable objects once the house was abandoned587, as their biography is related to that of the house. These are just a few parallels, and they could give further suggestions for future interpretations, even if quite far from the circumstances at Casalmoro, these evidences can help in explaining the function of the pit.

Interestingly Casalmoro seems to have been wider than sites such as Oppeano, Este and Padua, all of which became important proto-urban centres in the Iron Age592 after their rise at the end of the Final Bronze Age. The proto-urban centre of Oppeano, founded at least in the Final Bronze Age 3593, had reached an area of about 80 ha by the end of the Final Bronze Age594. Even in the phase of its maximum expansion, in the Iron Age (sixth century), Este only occupied an area of 200 ha, while Padua reached an area of about 120 ha,595 still considerably smaller than that hypothesised for Casalmoro. That being so, Casalmoro had reached a size which would have allowed it to match the later proto-urban centres. Even if uncommon in the Italian framework, this extension is not unique in the European Bronze Age, as fortified sites of hundreds of ha are present in Central Europe596, with the biggest evidence of in the site of Cornesti Iarcuri, in Romania, which developed an extension of 1722 ha in its most external perimeter, in Late Bronze Age597. Notwithstanding these peculiarity, the extent of a centre is only one of the characteristics which define a site as proto-urban. The development of strongly specialised craft activities, the presence of commercial contacts (also over a long distance), a more marked division of the work patterns, and the emergence of new social and economic differentiations should all be recognised among the characteristics defining a proto-urban centre598. At the current state of the research, it is not possible to detect any such evidence for the complex of Casalmoro, as at the moment neither the dwelling structures nor the craft activity areas have been found; nonetheless, it is very probable that glass, bone and bronze industries took place in the site, as the presence of many finds of such could suggest. As for the aforementioned mega forts of Late Bronze Age Europe, Harding argued that notwithstanding the huge dimensional evidence, it is still impossible to underline some internal evidence suggesting urban or proto-urban characteristics for these ones599.

The distinction made today between rational and ritual acts should, according to some authors, be considered anachronistic if applied to pre-Enlightenment societies588. For such scholars it would be better simply to point out the selective nature of the depositions589. Further excavations on the complex, and future study on the objects from the pits could help in understanding their real purpose and the change in their function during their lifecycle, thus help explain the selective depositions of particular objects, some of which might well have had a symbolic value for the people living there. 4.3 Casalmoro and the birth of the proto-urban phenomenon Casalmoro represents a key context for understanding the dynamics related to the birth of the first proto-urban centres, given the exceptional area it occupied, spread on the territory for more than 700 ha (see chapter 1). Its dimensions are thus greater by far than those of any other Final Bronze Age site in Italy The most important sites of this phase are much smaller: the extension of Frattesina is about 20 ha (excluding the related funerary sites)590, and that of Montagnana is about 65 ha. All these socalled ‘central places’ of the Final Bronze Age, such as Casalmoro, Frattesina, Montagnana, will not survive after

The extension should not be considered as a unique marker of proto-urbanism, as even in more ancient contexts there are evidences of huge sites without protourbanism: the Tripillya megasites600, in Ukraina, dating to For the proto-urban centres see also Guidi 2006. For a general overview on the Venetic phase of Early Iron Age see Bianchin Citton, Gambacurta and Serafini 1998; Capuis 1993; Gamba et Alii 2013; Ruta Serafini 2002; for the evolution of the territory through the proto-urban centres see Gambacurta and Capuis 2015, with previous bibliography. 593  For the Final Bronze Age phase of Oppeano see Colonna 2008. 594  Guidi 2008. 595  Gambacurta and Capuis 2015, 455. 596  Harding 2017. 597  Szenntmiklosis et al. 2011, 819. 598  Pacciarelli 2000; Peroni 1996, ch. 6. 599  Harding 2018. 600  Müller, Rassmann and Videiko 2016. 591  592 

Harding 2000, 315. Baron 2012. 587  Gerristen 2008, 158. 588  See Bruck 1999; Fontjin 2008. 589  Fontjin 2008. 590  Arenoso Callipo and Bellintani 1996; Baldo, Bellintani and Balista 2018. 585  586 

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The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) the late Neotithic and Copper Age had usually extensions of 250 ha, for which the exceptional possible presence of of proto-urbanism is still a debated matter601.

Casalmoro was probably composed of distinct but related settlement clusters, as was the case of a future protourban centre like Este, or the complex of sites clustering around the area of Frattesina, with its necropolises and the nearby sites of Villamarzana and Grignano Polesine. The chronological seriation produced for this site show that distinct areas of this complex were active since the phase 1 until the phase 2, with pits dating to both, or long-lasting pits (such as in the cases of Pits of Santa Maria Segreta and Municipio areas). A preliminary analysis on finds from more recently excavated pits in other spots of the territory did not present further evidence of chronologically later finds, thus confirming the absence of a Final Bronze Age 3 phase. This may allow to exclude a shifting of the settlement in the course of the period. Until new evidence would contradict this hypothesis, it is impossible to talk about a later occupation for the whole area.

In spite of the lack of extensive surveys and more accurate scientific research, it is anyway plausible to believe that such a large complex as Casalmoro, likely hosting an extremely numerous population, should have had a social and economic structure which would have been more articulated and stratified than that present in much smaller sites of the Recent Bronze Age. Casalmoro should be seen instead in its historical contexts, and related to the increasing social complexity which indeed led to the first proto-urban centres in Veneto, as well as in other areas of central Italy. In this perspective its huge extension cannot be considered just as a peculiar and uncommon feature isolated from the rest of the region, but should be indeed linked to the same process of proto-urbanisation involving the Venetian area at the beginning of the Iron Age: this process began and developed trough the few centuries interesting the Final Bronze Age.

Concerning the Frattesina area, a great difference from Casalmoro is given by the dating of the nuclei forming the complex: these shifted over the time, as Grignano, Frattesina and Villamarzana are not entirely coeval, but seem to be occupied at slightly different and sequential periods, as if the population moved after the exploitation of a territory began to fail, for whatever causes. Also, the birth of the Frattesina complex seems to be related more to economic factors than is the case with other Final Bronze Age sites, with its position being specifically chosen when establishing the commercial and craft specialised site to occupy a strategic between the Adriatic Sea, and the Baltic amber route.

Indeed some of the coeval sites, even when smaller, already show social and economic characteristics which are typical of the processes leading to the birth of protourban centres. This process, begun in the Final Bronze Age and is present in Mariconda, Campestrin, Frattesina and Montagnana, where specialised craft activities for the production of bronze, glass, amber and ivory objects have been identified, along with the presence of longdistance contacts and exchanges602. It is quite possible that similar circumstances prevailed in Casalmoro as well, but no proofs supporting this hypothesis have been produces so far.

In the case of Este, the site achieved its full territorial unity only in the Iron Age, and the dimensions of the complex during the Final Bronze Age are nowhere comparable with those of Casalmoro. The process which led to the birth of the proto-urban centres such as Este, Padua and Oppeano was slower; the social and political organization of the centres had time to evolve, settle and strengthen so to reach the ‘shape’ of a proto-urban pattern. Casalmoro, active for less than two centuries, did not reach such a strong stability, and the organization of its society probably failed to manage the entire territory.

The importance of Casalmoro for the comprehension of the Final Bronze Age dynamics of north central-east Italy cannot be understated: the birth of the complex should be related to the Terramare crisis, and this new foundation would have probably gathered the surviving population which was before spread in several but smaller Terramare villages in the same area, and perhaps also included a part of the population from the villages south of the Po. This huge complex had a very short life, apparently ending before the Final Bronze Age 3, while Frattesina, Montagnana, Sabbionara, Villamarzana and other Final Bronze Age sites of the Veneto area survived into the beginning of the Early Iron Age.

The two examples reviewed above contribute to understand the role of Casalmoro in the Final Bronze Age of central-east Northern Italy: while seeking the origin of the proto-urban phenomenon, it is worth remembering that this was not the result of a simple and linear evolution, but that different reactions and different attempts of dwelling were made after the collapse of the Terramare culture. Casalmoro, with its completely unique characteristics, and without equal in the whole Italian peninsula, would have represented one of those attempts. Even if it is not possible to define it as proto-urban, it yet represented one of the very first and an extremely early case of a pivotal turning point in the direction of a proto-urban society, and some premises to the future developments of the region in this sense can be seen in the reasons of its birth and collapse. The very short life of this huge settlement

The causes of the end of Casalmoro are still unknown, but they might be sought in social and economic factors: it is probable that the resources in such an extensively exploited area began to be insufficient to support such a great population, and that the site faced an economic crisis. Social and political reasons could have contributed to the swift end of the complex. 601  Harding 2018, 322; Müller, Hoffmann and Holrau 2016, 265–267; Müller et al. 2017. 602  See ch. 1.3.

92

Conclusions system, its economic and social organisation, the contacts and exchanges with other area, are all topics which need to be better investigated with future researches and more accurate excavations, for a better understanding of one of this important settlement of the Italian Bronze Age. This research, presenting the finds from Casalmoro, and devising a chronological sequence for the site, offers a starting point for the study of the settlement in this area of the Po plain, in the hope that future work will shed further light on this founding phase of European history.

93

5 Catalogue of the Finds The fabrics were distinguished in three main categories: fine, semifine and coarse.

Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.4

The colour of the surfaces is indicated with the Munsell soil chart codes.

5. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindricalovoid jar, undecorated. Type: JAR 10 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5 YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: about than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.1.5

When a specimen is attributed to a type this is indicate with its abbreviation. Pit 1/1979 Locality S. Maria Segreta 1. Fragment of carination and wall of carinated cup, undecorated. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.1

6. Fragment of slightly everted rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.6

2. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination, and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.1.2

7. Vertical handle with circular cross-section, decorated with oblique incisions on the exterior side. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Figure 5.1.7 PIT 1/1981 Locality Santa Maria Segreta

3. Fragment of shoulder of pot with inverted rim with rounded profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions below the lip. Type: PIR 10 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.3

1. Fragment of everted rim, carination and wall of carinated cup, decorated with oblique ribs on the carination and horizontal incisions over the ribs. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; interior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.1.8

4. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindricalovoid jar, undecorated. Type: JAR 10 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine.

2. Fragment of rim and wall of carinated pot with inverted rim, with twisted cordons on the wall. Type: PIR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 95

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.1. Finds from Pit 1/1979 (1–7); finds from pit 1/1981 (8–12). Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

96

Catalogue of the Finds 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.1.9

10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.2.3

3. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.10

4. Fragment of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim. Type: probably attributable to type ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.2.4

4. Fragment of everted rim of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: Probably attributable to JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.1.11

5. Fragment of inverted rim of angular bowl, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 4 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.5

5. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a notched lip. Type: JAR 17 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.1.12

6. Bowl with angular profile and strongly inverted rim; the rim is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 6 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.2.6

Pit 2

7. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedovoid jar, the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.7

Locality S. Maria Segreta 1. Fragment of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim. Type: ABOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.2.1 2. Fragment of bowl with angular profile and strongly inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.2.2

8. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 6 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.8

3. Fragment of bowl with angular profile and strongly inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface:

9. Fragment of upper wall and sharp shoulder of biconical vessel decorated with a band of horizontal 97

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.2. Finds from Pit 2 (1–10); finds from Pit 3 (11). Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

98

Catalogue of the Finds incisions on the wall and three sub-circular incisions on the shoulder. Type: BIC 4 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.9

3. Fragment of carinated cup, with slightly everted rim and sharp carination, decorated with three horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 3. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.3

10. Fragment of wall decorated with horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.10

4. Fragment of carinated cup, with round carination, decorated with three horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 6/8; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Notes: Fragment 4 and fragment 5 might belong to the same vessel. Figure 5.3.4

Pit 3 Locality S. Maria Segreta 1. Fragment of inverted rim and wall of bowl with round profile. Type: RBOW 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.2.11

5. Fragment of rim and upper wall of carinated cup, with a preserved horizontal incision at the lower edge of the fragment. Type: CCUP 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Notes: Fragment 4 and fragment 5 might belong to the same vessel. Figure 5.3.5

Pit 7

6. Fragment of inverted rim of a round profile bowl. Type: RBOW 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.6

Locality S. Maria Segreta 1. Fragment of rim and upper wall of carinated bowl, with obliquely bevelled lip, and upper wall decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: CBOW 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.1

7. Fragment of vertical rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 1 A, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.7

2. Fragment of slightly everted rim of carinated cup. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5 YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 6/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.2

8. Fragment of inverted rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile; the wall is thickened at the angle. Type: ABOW 3 A

99

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.3. Finds from Pit 7. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

100

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.3.8

the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.4.4

9. Fragment of inverted rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.3.9

14. Fragment of rim and lower wall of carinated pot with inverted rim, with two plain cordons and a knob on the cordon applied on the carination. Type: PIR 4 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.4.5

10. Fragment of inverted rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile, the rim is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.4.1

15. Fragment of rim and lower wall of carinated pot with inverted rim, with two plain applied cordons. Type: PIR 4 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.4.6 16. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 1 D Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly worn, partly preserved; fabric: semifine; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 6/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/1 fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.4.7

11. Fragment of slightly inverted rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile, the rim is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and the wall is thickened at the angle. Type: DBOW 3 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.4.2

17. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.4.8

12. Fragment of strongly inverted rim and lower wall of bowl with angular profile, the rim is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 5 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/0; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: a quarter of the original. Figure 5.4.3

18. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.5.1

13. Fragment of carinated pot with inverted rim, decorated with small oblique notches impressed with the pseudo corde technique. Type: PIR 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of

101

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.4. Finds from Pit 7. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

102

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.5. Finds from Pit 7. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

103

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 19. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar; the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 6 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.5.2

exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.6.1 25. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle and upper wall, probably belonging to a biconical vessel. Type: probably attributable to RIM 1 or RIM 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 6/4colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.6.2

20. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar; the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.5.3

26. Fragment of everted rim and upper wall, belonging to a biconical vessel. Type: RIM 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 5/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.6.3

21. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar; the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.5.4

27. Fragment of everted rim, forming a double internal angle, and upper wall of biconical vessel; at the base of the rim there is a band of horizontal incisions. Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; interior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.6.4

22. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.5.5

28. Fragment of everted rim, forming a double internal angle, and upper wall of biconical vessel; at the base of the rim there is a band of horizontal incisions. Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; interior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.6.5

23. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar; the rim forms an internal angle. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.5.6

29. Fragment of everted rim, probably from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.1

24. Fragment of rim of everted rim of cylindrical-ovoid pot; the lip is decorated with oblique ribs. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the

30. Fragment of slightly everted rim, probably from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 104

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.6. Finds from Pit 7. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

105

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.7. Finds from Pit 7. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

106

Catalogue of the Finds 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.2

4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.8

31. Fragment of a slightly everted rim, probably from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.3

37. Fragment of wall decorated with horizontal and oblique parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.9

32. Fragment of a slightly everted rim, probably from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.4

38. Fragment of wall with holes through it, from a strainer. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 2/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.10 39. Fragment of wall with holes through it, from a strainer. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 2/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.11

33. Fragment of shoulder of biconical vessel, with three preserved vertical incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.5

40. Vertical handle with a central vertical rib, probably belonging to a cup. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR; fabric: fine. Figure 5.7.12

34. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.6

41. Fragment of wall with a large handle with a rectangular cross-section. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Figure 5.7.13

35. Fragment of wall with an applied notched cordon. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.7.7

42. Fragment of foot of vessel. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.7.14

36. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions and a parallel row of small sub-circular impressions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR

43. Fragment of foot of vessel. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR

107

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.7.15

Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.4

44. Disc-shaped spindle-whorl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Wholly preserved specimen. Figure 5.7.16

5. Fragment of inverted rim and lower wall of bowl angular profile, with obliquely bevelled lip, slightly concave profiled rim and sharp carination. Type: ABOW 4 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/1, 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.5

45. Fragment of disc-shaped holder. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: partly 2.5YR 5/2, partly 10YR 6/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about half of the original. Figure 5.7.17 Pit 8

6. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile, decorated with horizontal incisions on the rim, and oblique ribs on the lip. DBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4 – 5/5; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4 – 5/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.6

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of sharp carination and upper wall of carinated cup, decorated with oblique ribs on the carination and horizontal incisions on the wall over the carination. Type: CCUP 5 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.1

7. Fragment of rim of carinated pot with inverted rim, with rounded lip and an applied twisted cordon in the area between the lip and the carination. Type: PIR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.7

2. Fragment of rounded carination and upper wall of carinated cup, decorated with oblique ribs on the carination and horizontal incisions on the wall over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.2

8. Fragment of rim of pot with inverted rim, with rounded lip, and a twisted cordon. Type: PIR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.8

3. Fragment of rim and lower wall of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, decorated with horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: BOW/CBOW UNI 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.3

9. Fragment of rim of pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip, decorated with parallel oblique incisions. Probably belonging to type PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface:

4. Fragment of truncated-conical bowl, with lip flattened on the top and slightly convex wall. Type: TCBOW UNI 1 108

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.8. Finds from Pit 8. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

109

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.9

Type: JAR 2 A Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.15

10. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.10

16. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle and wall of truncated-ovoid jar; the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.9.1

11. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle and wall of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 2.5/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.11

17. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle and wall of truncated-ovoid jar; the lip is decorated with oblique ribbing. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.2

12. Fragment of slightly everted rim forming an internal angle and wall of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.8.12

18. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar; the lip is decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions and the wall presents an applied plain cordon. Type: JAR 13 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.9.3

13. Fragment of slightly everted rim forming an internal angle and wall of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 C, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.13

19. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.9.4

14. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar; the lip is decorated with sub-circular impressions. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.8.14

20. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a bowl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5R 4/4 – 10R 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/3, 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.5

15. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar, both lip and wall are decorated with sub-circular impressions. 110

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.9. Finds from Pit 8. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

111

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 21. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.6

Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.12 28. Fragment of everted rim of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.13

22. Fragment of straight profiled wall, decorated with horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.7

Pit 10 Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of ovoid jar, with a short everted rim forming an internal angle. Type: JAR 15 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.10.1

23. Fragment of everted rim belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.9.8 24. Fragment of everted rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.9

2. Fragment of ribbed rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 9 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.10.2

25. Fragment of slightly everted rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.9.10

3. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle, with a ribbed lip, belonging to a jar. Type: JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6 Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.10.3

26. Fragment of lip and rim, thickened and flattened at top, the rim is decorated with notches just under the lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10R 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.9.11

4. Fragment of rim forming an internal angle and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar; the lip is notched and the wall presents an applied plain cordon. Type: JAR 13 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.10.4

27. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: coarse.

112

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.10. Finds from Pit 10. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

113

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 5. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.10.5

Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.11.3 4. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Notes: This fragment might be part of the same vessel of n. 5. Figure 5.11.4

6. Fragment of rim. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 2.5YR 3/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.10.6

5. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Notes: This fragment might be part of the same vessel of n. 4. Figure 5.11.5

7. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.10.7 pit 11

6. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 1 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.11.6

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 3 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4 – 5/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.11.1

7. Fragment of rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar; the rim is slightly everted and the lip is decorated with oblique notches. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.11.7

2. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.11.2

8. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable.

3. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. 114

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.11. Finds from Pit 11. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

115

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.11.8

2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.12.5

9. Fragment of slightly everted rim of sub-cylindrical jar. Probably belonging to type JAR 1 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10R 4/6, 2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6, 2.5YR 3/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.11.9

15. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.12.6.

10. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar, with a plain horizontal cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 8 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2 – 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.12.1

16. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a plain horizontal cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.12.7

11. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.12.2

17. Fragment of wall decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and below zig-zag incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.12.8

12. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.12.3

Pit 13 Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari 1. Fragment of carinated cup, with a ribbed distinct shoulder decorated with a band of horizontal incisions over the shoulder. Type­: CCUP 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.13.1

13. Fragment of rim of cylindrical-ovoid jar, lip is decorated with oblique notches. Type: JAR 11 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.12.4

2. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 3 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.13.2

14. Fragment of rim of cylindrical-ovoid jar, the lip is decorated with oblique notches. Type: JAR 11 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 116

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.12. Finds from Pit 11. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

117

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.13. Finds from Pit 13. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

118

Catalogue of the Finds 3. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 3 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.13.3

Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.13.8 9. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and everted rim forming an internal angle. Type: JAR 2 B, Variant β. Exterior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.14.1

4. Fragment of strongly inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.13.4

10. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.14.2

5. Bowl with angular profile, with strongly inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 B, Variant β Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly worn, partly preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: wholly preserved find. Figure 5.13.5

11. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 2.5; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.14.3

6. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedovoid jar. Type: probably attributable to JAR 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.13.6

12. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.14.4

7. Fragment of rim of truncated-ovoid jar, with a notched lip. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.13.7

13. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.5

8. Fragment of everted rim of truncated-ovoid jar, with a notched lip. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original.

14. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.6 119

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.14. Finds from Pit 13(1–9); finds from Pit 14 (10–11). Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

120

Catalogue of the Finds 15. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.7

2. Nail-headed pin. Type: PIN 4 A Figure 5.15.2 3. Nail-headed pin. Type: PIN 4 A Figure 5.15.3 4. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.15.4

16. Fragment of ribbed rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10 5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.8 17. Fragment of wall, decorated with horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.9

Pit G Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with slightly inverted rim. Type: ABOW 1 B. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.15.5

Pit 14 Locality: S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with rounded profile. Type: RBOW 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished: fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.14.10

2. Fragment of rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar; the lip is notched and the wall is decorated with a horizontal row of sub-circular impressions. Type: JAR 12 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.15.6

2. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DECBOW 3 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 2. 5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.14.11

3. Fragment of a sub-cylindrical jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle, the lip decorated with oblique ribs, and the wall presents an applied cordon, also decorated with oblique ribs. Type: JAR 9 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 5/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.15.7

Pit B Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Pin Torri d’Arcugnano type. Type: PIN 1 Figure 5.15.1

4. Circular glass bead, blue colour. Wholly preserved find. Figure 5.15.8

121

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.15. Finds from Pit B (1–4); finds from pit G (5–8). Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3 (4–7), 1:2 (1–3), and 1:1 (8).

122

Catalogue of the Finds Pit M

Type: JAR 10 C Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.16.6

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of rim, wall and carination of carinated bowl decorated with oblique ribs on the carination. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.16.1

7. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with a notched lip and a notched cordon on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/8, 7.5YR 3/3 (on rim and cordon); colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/3, 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.16.7

2. Fragment of vertical rim vertical of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 1 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.16.2

8. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with ribbed lip. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.16.8

3. Fragment of vertical rim of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 1 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.16.3

9. Fragment of rim and wall of ovoid jar with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.17.1

4. Fragment of rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar, with notched lip. Type: JAR 6 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.16.4

10. Fragment di slightly everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.17.2

5. Fragment of rim and wall of truncated-conical jar; the lip is ribbed and the wall presents a ribbed cordon. Type: JAR 3 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 10R 4/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.16.5

11. Fragment of ribbed rim and wall and rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4 – 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.17.3

6. Fragment of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with everted rim and wall decorated with two horizontal incisions and oblique incisions forming “X” motifs below the horizontal incisions. 123

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.16. Finds from Pit M. Drawings by L. Pau. scale 1:3.

124

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.17. Finds from Pit M. Drawings by L. Pau. scale 1:3.

125

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 12. Fragment of slightly everted ribbed rim of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.17.4

2. Fragment of sharp carination and wall of carinated cup, undecorated. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1, 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.2

13. Fragment of slightly everted rim of jar with a ribbed lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.17.5

3. Fragment of slightly everted rim of carinated cup. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.3

14. Fragment of everted rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.17.6

4. Fragment of carinated cup with everted rim and ribbed carination. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6, 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6, 5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.4

15. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.17.7

5. Fragment of carination and lower wall of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions above the oblique ribs on the carination. Type: CCUP 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.5

16. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a bowl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4, 7.5YR 3/2, 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8, 5YR 3/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.17.8

6. Fragment of upper wall and ribbed carination of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions above the carination. Type: CCUP 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.6

Pit P Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of carinated cup, with slightly everted rim and sharp carination, with the maximum diameter at the carination. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6, 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.1

7. Fragment of upper wall and ribbed carination of carinated cup, horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 5 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. 126

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.18. Finds from Pit P. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

127

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.7

exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2, 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.13

8. Fragment of upper wall and ribbed carination of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 5 D Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.8

14. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with inverted rim and convex-profiled walls. Type: ABOW 5 B, probable attribution. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.14

9. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl. Type: R BOW 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine; Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.9

15. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.18.15

10. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl. Type:ABOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.10

16. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.16

11. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with inverted rim and convex-profiled walls. Type: A BOW 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine/ semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.11

17. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: probably attributable to DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.1

12. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with inverted rim and convex-profiled walls. Type: A BOW 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1, 5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/4, 5YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.18.12

18. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: probably attributable to DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.2

13. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with inverted rim and convex-profiled walls. Type: A BOW 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the 128

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.19. Finds from Pit P. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

129

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 19. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: probably attibutable to DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.3

the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/3 – 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/3 – 6/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.8 25. Fragment of rim and wall of small pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip, decorated with vertical incisions in the internal side of the lip and oblique notches alternating with horizontal incisions on the upper wall, and oblique incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 6/4. 5YR 5/3, 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.9

20. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: probably attributable to DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: fine/semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.4

26. Fragment of rim and wall of small pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip, decorated with vertical incisions in the internal side of the lip and oblique notches alternating with horizontal incisions on the upper wall, and oblique incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR4/1, 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.10

21. Fragment of rim of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: fine/semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.5 22. Fragment of small pot with inverted rim with an applied notched cordon. Type: PIR 2 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4–4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.6

27. Fragment of rim of pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip decorated with vertical incisions. Type: PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.11

23. Fragment of small pot with inverted rim with an applied notched cordon. Type: PIR 2 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.7

28. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6, 2.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.19.12

24. Fragment of rim and wall of small pot with inverted rim, with thickened and flattened lip, with two notched cordons under the rim and on the carination point. Type: PIR 3 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of

29. Fragment of everted rim forming an internal angle, belonging to a sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 D 130

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/8, 2.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.19.13

35. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/2, 2.5YR 2.5/1, 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.6

30. Fragment of everted rim and ribbed lip of jar. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2, 2.5YR 4/6 (on the rim); colour of the interior surface: 5YR 2.5/1, 5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.20.1

36. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.20.7

31. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.20.2

37. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a horizontal row of sub-circular impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 12 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.8

32. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip of jar. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4, 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.20.3

38. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a double horizontal row of subcircular impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 12 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.9

33. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4 – 3/1, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/3, 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.4

39. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a double horizontal row of subcircular impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 12 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/6, 7.5YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.10

34. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR4/8, 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10R 2.5/1, 5YR5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.20.5

40. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a notched cordon on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C 131

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.20. Finds from Pit P. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

132

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: partly abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.21.1

46. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.7

41. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 7/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.2

47. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.8 48. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/6, 2.5YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.9

42. Fragment of rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR6/4, 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.3

49. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.10

43. Fragment of everted rim with a notched lip and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 17 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4–5/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.21.4

50. Fragment of everted rim with a notched lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR6/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.11

44. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; 2.5 YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.21.5

51. Fragment of everted rim with a notched lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.21.12

45. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.21.6

52. Fragment of shoulder and handle of biconical vessel with a rib and a sub-circular impression over the handle. Type: BIC 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 133

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.21. Finds from Pit P. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

134

Catalogue of the Finds 5/8, 5YR 6/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.1

58. Fragment of shoulder of biconical vessel decorated with parallel oblique and divergent bands of incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR3/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.7

53. Fragment of rim and neck of biconical vessel with a band of horizontal incisions under the rim, which forms a double internal angle. Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/4, 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.2

59. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions and parallel incisions forming a festoon motif. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR4/4, 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3, 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.8

54. Fragment of rim, and neck of biconical vessel with a band of horizontal incisions under the rim, which forms a smoothed internal angle. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.22.3

60. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.9

55. Fragment rounded shoulder of biconical vessel. Type: BIC 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.4

61. Handle decorated with three sub-circular impressions on the upper side. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/8, 2.5YR 3/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Figure 5.22.11 62. Zoomorphic clay figurine. Fabric: fine, surface: abraded Figure 5.22.12

56. Fragment of shoulder of biconical vessel with an applied cordon with a triangular cross-section. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.5

63. Zoomorphic clay figurine. Fabric: fine, surface: abraded Figure 5.22.13 64. Zoomorphic clay figurine. Fabric: fine, surface: abraded Figure 5.22.14 65. Zoomorphic clay figurine. Fabric: fine, surface: abraded Figure 5.22.15

57. Fragment of shoulder of biconical vessel decorated with vertical incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.22.6

Pit Q 1 Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Pin with flattened globular head. Type: PIN 5 Figure 5.23.1 135

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.22. Finds from Pit P. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3 (1–10), 1:2 (11-14).

136

Catalogue of the Finds 2. Carinated bowl, with biconical shape, with thickened and flattened lip, the upper wall is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: CBOW 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.23.2

the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.7 8. Fragment of everted rim of jar with a notched lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/3, 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.8

3. Fragment of slightly everted rim of carinated bowl. Type: CCUP 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.23.3

9. Fragment of rim of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.23.9

4. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.4

10. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar with oblique impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 11 A Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.10

5. Fragment of rim of bowl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.5

11. Fragment of rim of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly worn, preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.23.11

6. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with rounded profile, decorated with lines of impressions executed with the pseudo-cord technique. Type: RBOW UNI 2. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.6

12. Fragment of rim of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.23.12

7. Fragment of carination of small pot with inverted rim, decorated with notches from which a series of oblique incisions start. Type: PIR 6. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of

13. Handle with rectangular cross-section. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the interior surface:10YR 6/4, 5/4.; fabric: fine. Figure 5.23.13

137

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.23. Finds from Pit Q 1. Drawings L. Pau. Scale: 1:2 (1), 1:3 (2–19).

138

Catalogue of the Finds 14. Fragment of notched rim of jar. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.14

2. Fragment of carinated bowl, with thickened and flattened lip, decorated with a row of small dots on the carination. Type: CBOW 4 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.24.2

15. Fragment of rim with a notched lip of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.15

3. Fragment of carinated bowl, decorated with a row of small dots on the carination. Type: CBOW 4 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.3

16. Fragment of small everted rim with a notched lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.16

4. Fragment of carinated bowl, with a row of small dots on the carination. Type: CBOW 4 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/4 – 6/6, 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.4

17. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3; Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.17 18. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.18

5. Fragment of ribbed carination and wall of carinated bowl with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1 – 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1 – 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.5

19. Fragment of wall, decorated with parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.23.19

6. Fragment of inverted rim and basin bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.6

Pit S Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of simple twisted arched fibula with two knobs. Type: FIB 6 Figure 5.24.1

139

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.24. Finds from Pit S. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:2 (1) n 1:3 (2–16).

140

Catalogue of the Finds 12. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: probably of DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.12

7. Fragment inverted rim of bowl. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/2 – 5/3, 7.5YR 5/1(where abraded); colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 35/3; fabric: semifine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.24.7 8. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.8

13. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: probably of BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.13

9. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.9

14. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions; the lip is decorated with oblique incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.14

10. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.10

15. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with two of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW Variant β Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: partly 5YR 5/6, partly 2.5YR 5/8 colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6 – 2.5YR 5/8; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.24.15

11. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.24.11

16. Fragment of rim and wall of small carinated pot with inverted rim, with a notched cordon on the wall. Type: PIR 2 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5Y 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.24.16

141

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 17. Fragment of rim and wall of small pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip, decorated with vertical incisions on the lip, oblique notches alternating with horizontal incisions on the upper wall, and oblique incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5Y 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.25.1

22. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.25.6 23. Fragment of rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle and a notched lip; the wall is decorated with a notched cordon. Type: JAR 3 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6, 2.5YR 3/3 (close to the rim); fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.1

18. Fragment of rim and wall of small pot with inverted rim, with thickened and rounded lip, decorated with vertical incisions on of the lip, oblique notches alternating with horizontal incisions on the upper wall, and oblique incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: PIR 6 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5Y R4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.25.2

24. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 4 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.2

19. Fragment of pot with inverted rim with rounded profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions below the lip and a festoon motif on the wall. Type: PIR 10 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.25.3

25. Fragment of strongly everted rim with ribbed lip, of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6 B, Variant α Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.3

20. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.25.4

26. Fragment of rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/8; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.4

21. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2 – 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.25.5

27. Fragment of rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 142

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.25. Finds from Pit S. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

143

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.26. Finds from Pit S. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

144

Catalogue of the Finds 4/8; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.5

33. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip, of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 17 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.27.1

28. Fragment of rim with a ribbed lip and wall of jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 A, variant β External surface: partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.26.6

34. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8 colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/8 fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.27.2

29. Fragment of everted rim and wall cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.26.7

35. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6, 5YR 4/4, 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2 – 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.27.3

30. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 15 Exterior surface polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.26.8

36. Fragment of rim of slightly everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/4, 2.5YR 3/1 fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.27.4.

31. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, of ovoid jar. Type: probably ascribable to JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.26.9

37. Fragment of shoulder and upper wall of biconical vessel, with a rounded shoulder decorated with oblique ribbing and a band oh horizontal incisions above the shoulder. Type: BIC 2 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: partly 2.5YR 2.5/1, partly 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: partly 7.5YR 5/3, partly 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.27.5

32. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip, of a jar. Type: probably ascribable to JAR 17 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6, 10YR 7/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.26.10

145

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.27. Finds from Pit S. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

146

Catalogue of the Finds Pit T

38. Fragment of shoulder and upper wall of biconical vessel, with the shoulder decorated with a row of notched impressions executed with the pseudo-cord technique and a band of horizontal incisions over the shoulder. Type: BIC 2, Variant α Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.28.1

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated bowl. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1 – 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1 – 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.1

39. Fragment of rim and upper wall of biconical vessel, with everted rim. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.28.2

2. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated bowl. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1 – 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1 – 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.2

40. Handle of biconical vessel, decorated with bands of parallel divergent incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Figure 5.28.3

3. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated bowl. Type: CCUP 2 B Exterior surface: partly abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.3

41. Fragment of neck of biconical vessel, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.28.4

4. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated bowl, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.4

42. Fragment of handle with rectangular cross section and two cross holes. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.28.5

5. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated bowl, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.5

43. Fragment of shoulder of biconical pot, with an applied twisted cordon of semicircular shape, decorated on he upper part with five sub-circular impressions. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved, colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 3/1. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.28.6

147

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.28. Finds from Pit S. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

148

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.29. Finds from Pit T. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

149

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 6. Fragment of wall and ribbed and rounded carination of carinated bowl, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.6

Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8 colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.11 12. Fragment of round-profiled pot with inverted rim, with thickened and obliquely bevelled lip. Type: PIR 8 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.12

7. Fragment of wall and ribbed and rounded carination of carinated bowl, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.7

13. Fragment of round-profiled pot with inverted rim, with thickened and obliquely bevelled lip, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip and a lower row of incisions forming triangles with oblique incisions on the inside. Type: PIR 9 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.13

8. Fragment of carinated bowl, with ribbed carination and horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: probably of CCUP 6 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR3/1; fabric: semi-fine/coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.8

14. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar, with a plain cordon on the wall. Type: JAR 8 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4, 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.29.14

9. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.9

15. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.15

10. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 5 B Variant α Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.29.10

16. Fragment of everted rim of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.1

11. Fragment of small carinated pot with inverted rim, with thickened and obliquely bevelled and notched rim with two notched cordons between the lip and the carination. Type: PIR 2 C 150

Catalogue of the Finds 17. Fragment of everted rim with a ribbed lip, from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.2.

the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.8 24. Fragment of ribbed shoulder and lower wall of biconical vessel. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.9

18. Fragment of everted with a ribbed lip, from a jar. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.3

25. Circular glass bead, blue colour. Wholly preserved find. Figure 5.30.10

19. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip, from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.4

Pit X Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of of carinated bowl, decorated with a row of small dots over the carination. Type: CBOW 4 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.1

20. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip, from a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.5

2. Fragment of rim and ribbed carination of carinated cup. Type: CCUP 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.2

21. Fragment of wall decorated with a band of parallel curvilinear incisions. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10R 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semifine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.6

3. Fragment of wall and carination of carinated bowl, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.3

22. Fragment of wall decorated with parallel incisions. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2, 7.5YR 5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.30.7

4. Fragment of wall and carination of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine.

23. Fragment of rim. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of 151

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.30. Finds from Pit T. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3 (19), 1:2 (-10).

152

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.31. Finds from Pit X. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

153

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.4

10. Fragment inverted rim of of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.10

5. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: probably ascribable to CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.5

11. Fragment of inverted rim and wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.31.11

6. Fragment of wall and ribbed carination of carinated cup, with horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: probably ascribable to CCUP 6 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.6

12. Fragment of inverted rim and wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: A BOW 5 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.31.12

7. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 3 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.7

13. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.13

8. Fragment of inverted rim and wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.8

14. Fragment of inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, with the rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and parallel curvilinear incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: DBOW 3 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2, 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2, 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.31.14

9. Fragment of inverted rim and wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.31.9

15. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1

154

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.31.15

21. Fragment of slightly everted rim and notched lip of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.6

16. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip and wall, of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.32.1

22. Fragment of slightly everted rim of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2 – 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.7

17. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar, with a ribbed lip and a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 3 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.32.2

23. Fragment of slightly everted rim of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2 – 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.8

18. Fragment of ovoid jar, with indistinct rim, thickened lip decorated with vertical incisions, the wall is decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and lower-standing bands of vertical incisions. Type: JAR 14 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.32.3

24. Fragment of neck of biconical vessel decorated with a band of horizontal incisions over the shoulder. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.9 25. Fragment of wall and carination, with a band of horizontal incisions on the wall over the carination and a festoon motif on the carination, executed with the pseudo-cord technique Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.10

19. Fragment of slightly everted rim and notched lip of jar. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.4 20. Fragment of slightly everted rim and notched lip of jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.32.5

26. Fragment of foot, probably belonging to a bowl. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4, 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than 1/2. Figure 5.32.11

155

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.32. Finds from Pit X. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

156

Catalogue of the Finds Pit Y

h orizontal incisions on the upper wall above the carination. Type: CCUP 5 D Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.6

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari. 1. Fragment of carinated cup with slightly everted rim and carination decorated with oblique ribs. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.1

7. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with rounded profile and inverted rim, with deep basin, undecorated. Type: RBOW 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.7

2. Fragment of carinated cup with slightly everted rim and carination decorated with oblique ribs. Type: CCUP 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.2

8. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with rounded profile, with strongly inverted rim, with short basin, undecorated. Type: RBOW 3 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.8

3. Fragment of rim and wall of carinated cup, decorated with three horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 3 A Variant α Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than half of the original. Figure 5.33.3

9. Fragment of rim and wall of bowl with angular profile, with slightly inverted rim and thickened lip. Type: ABOW 3 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.9

4. Fragment of carinated cup with slightly everted rim, ribbed carination and further decoration of two horizontal incisions on the upper wall above the carination. Type: CCUP 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.4

10. Fragment of rim and wall of bowl with angular profile, with slightly inverted rim and thickened lip. Type: ABOW 3 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/8, 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2, 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.10

5. Fragment of carinated cup with slightly everted rim, ribbed carination and further decoration of two horizontal incisions on the upper wall above the carination. Type: CCUP 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than half of the original, restored with integrations. Figure 5.33.5

11. Fragment of slightly inverted rim and wall of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.33.11

6. Fragment of wall and shoulder of carinated cup, with ribbed and prominent carination and 157

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.33. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

158

Catalogue of the Finds 12. Fragment of slightly inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, with straight-profiled rim and slightly convex-profiled basin. Type: ABOW 4 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.34.1

Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.6 18. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.34.7

13. Fragment of slightly inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.2

19. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.8

14. Fragment rim and basin of bowl with angular profile and inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than half of the original. Figure 5.34.3

20. Fragment of carinated pot with inverted rim, with rounded lip and two plain cordons applied on the wall between the lip and the carination. Type: PIR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.9

15. Fragment of rim and basin of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions and parallel incisions forming a festoon motif on the basin. Type: DBOW 3 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.4

21. Fragment of carinated pot with inverted rim, with rounded lip and two plain cordons applied on the wall between the lip and the carination. Type: PIR 2 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6, 5YR 3/1(on the rim); colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.10

16. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.34.5

22. Fragment of small pot with inverted rim with rounded profile, with the lip thickened and obliquely bevelled, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip and below bands of oblique and divergent incisions. Type: PIR 9 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface:

17. Fragment of bowl transitioning to carinated bowl, with a prominent ribbed carination and rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: BOW/CBOW 1

159

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.34. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

160

Catalogue of the Finds 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original.Notes: same pot with fragment n. 23. Figure 5.34.11

28. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar, the rim is strongly everted and forms a smoothed and thickened internal angle. Type: JAR 5 C, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.1

23. Fragment of pot with inverted rim with rounded profile, with the lip thickened and obliquely bevelled, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions under the lip and below bands of oblique and divergent incisions. Type: PIR 9 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Notes: same pot with fragment n. 22. Figure 5.34.12

29. Fragment of slightly everted rim with notched lip and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6 A Exterior surface partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.2

24. Fragment of rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.35.1

30. Fragment of rim and notched lip of truncated-conical jar. Type: probably belonging to JAR 2 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.3

25. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with slightly everted rim and handle over the wall. Type: JAR 1 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1, 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.35.2

31. Fragment of rim with notched lip and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.4

26. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with slightly everted rim and a convex handle over the wall. Type: JAR 1 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.35.3

32. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, with slightly everted rim and wall decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions. Type: JAR 7 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.5

27. Fragment of slightly everted and ribbed rim of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/5; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1 – 3/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.35.4

33. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface:

161

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.35. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

162

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.36. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

163

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.6

5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.5

34. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2, 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.36.7

40. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.6

35. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/4, 2.5YR 5/8 colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1, 2.5YR 5/8 fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.1

41. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5 YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.38.1

36. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.2

42. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/4 – 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.38.2

37. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.3

43. Fragment of everted ribbed rim and wall of cylindricalovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6, 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.38.3

38. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.37.4

44. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.38.4

39. Fragment of rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindricalovoid jar, lip is ribbed, rim is everted and forms an internal thickened angle. Type: JAR 11 B, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface:

45. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 A 164

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.37. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

165

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.38. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:4 (1–2, 4–5), 1:3 (3).

166

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.38.5

51. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2, 2.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.39.6

46. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.39.1

52. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, the lip is ribbed and the rim forms an internal angle. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.40.1

47. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar with a knobbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 D Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.39.2

53. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, the lip is ribbed and the rim and forms an internal angle. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.40.2

48. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar with a knobbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 D Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.39.3

54. Fragment of everted rim and ribbed lip of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.40.3

49. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.39.4

55. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.40.4

50. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/8, 2.5YR 5/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.39.5

56. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, the lip is notched and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.40.5 167

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.39. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

168

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.40. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

169

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 57. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar, with notched lip and and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.41.1

Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.42.1 63. Fragment of biconical vessel, with ribbed lip and everted rim forming a double internal angle, and a band of horizontal incisions on the neck under the rim. Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.42.2

58. Fragment of everted rim and neck of biconical vessel. Type: RIM 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.41.2 59. Fragment of everted rim and neck of biconical vessel. Type: BIC 3 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/8, 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/6, 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Notes: 59 and 60 belong to the same vessel. Figure 5.41.3

64. Fragment shoulder of biconical vessel, with a band of horizontal incisions above the carination, which is decorated with vertical incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: abraded/polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.42.3

60. Fragment of shoulder and upper wall of biconical vessel, with ribbed shoulder and a double row of subcircular impressions on the shoulder. Type: BIC 3 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Notes: 59 and 60 belong to the same vessel. Figure 5.41.4

65. Handle of biconical vessel decorated with parallel incisions. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6, 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Figure 5.42.4 66. Fragment of footed of vessel, probably of a cup. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: about than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.42.5

61. Fragment of short everted rim and neck of biconical vessel. Type: RIM 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/1, 10YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.41.5

67. Fragment of wall, with two plain cordons applied on it. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: about than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.42.6

62. Fragment of biconical vessel, with everted rim forming a double internal angle and a band of horizontal incisions on the neck under the rim.

170

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.41. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

171

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.42. Finds from Pit Y. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

172

Catalogue of the Finds Pit A 320

Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.5

Locality Santa Mara Segreta

6. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.6

1. Fragment of carinated bowl, with notches impressed with the pseudo-cord technique on the lip and on the carination, and a band of horizontal incisions between them. Type: CBOW 2 Variant β Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.1

7. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.7

2. Fragment of carinated cup, conserving three horizontal incisions on the upper wall above the carination and two sub-oval impressions on the carination. Type: CCUP 4 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.2

8. Fragment of inverted rim with round profile, decorated with oblique ribs. Type: RBOW UNI 1 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.8

3. Fragment of wall and carination of carinated cup, with ribbed carination and horizontal incisions on the wall above the carination. Type: CCUP 5C Exterior surface: exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.3

9. Fragment of small pot with inverted rim with thickened lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: PIR 7 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.9

4. Fragment of wall and carination of carinated cup, with ribbed carination and horizontal incisions on the wall above the carination. Type: CCUP 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.43.4

10. Fragment of small pot with inverted rim with round profile, undecorated. Type: PIR 8 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.10

5. Fragment of bowl with rounded profile, with slightly inverted rim. Type: RBOW 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; fabric: semi-fine; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2 fabric: semi-fine.

11. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 C 173

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.43. Finds from Pit A 320. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3

174

Catalogue of the Finds Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.11

Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2, 5YR 5/6 (less preserved surface); colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.1

12. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-ovoid jar, with horizontal incisions under the rim. Type: JAR 1 C, Variant β Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.12

18. Fragment of slightly everted rim of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: probably ascribable generically to JAR 5 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.2

13. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.13

19. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: probably ascribable generically to JAR 5 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.44.3

14. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.14

20. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4 – 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.4

15. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5 YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.15

21. Fragment of everted rim with notched lip and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; 2.5 YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.5

16. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.43.16

22. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar, the lip is ribbed and the wall presents a notched applied cordon. Type: JAR 9 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5Y 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.44.6

17. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar. Type: JAR 5 C

175

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.44. Finds from Pit A 320. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3 (1–10); 1:2 (11).

176

Catalogue of the Finds 23. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip of cylindricalovoid jar. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2, 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.44.7

2. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile. Type: probably ascribable to ABOW 4 B or ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.45.2

24. Fragment of everted rim of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.8

3. Fragment of inverted rim of bowl with angular profile, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 4 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.45.3

25. Fragment of everted rim of ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 B. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the interior surface 2.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 5/6, 2.5YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.44.9

4. Fragment of small pot with everted rim with round profile, with a cordon decorated with oblique notches applied on the wall. Type: PIR 7 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.45.4

26. Fragment of biconical vessel, with ribbed and rounded shoulder and a band of horizontal incisions on the wall above the shoulder. Type: BIC 2 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.44.10.

5. Fragment of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.45.5

27. Zoomorphic clay figurine. Fabric: fine, surface: abraded. Figure 5.44.11

6. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR5/8; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.45.6

Pit A 340 Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari 1. Fragment of carinated cup, with slightly everted rim forming an internal angle, decorated with horizontal incisions just above the carination. Type: CCUP 4A, Variant α Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.45.1

7. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with notched lip. Type: JAR 11 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the

177

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.45. Finds from Pit A 340. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

178

Catalogue of the Finds exterior surface: 10YR 4/3, 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.45.7

Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.46.4

8. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with notched lip. Type: JAR 11 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3 fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.45.8

14. Fragment of distinct rounded shoulder and upper wall of biconical vessel, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the wall above the shoulder, the shoulder is decorated with vertical bands of incisions alternating with oblique incisions forming an X motif. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1–4/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2, 5YR 3/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.46.5

9. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with notched lip, and wall decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions. Type: JAR 12 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2–5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2–5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.45.9

15. Fragment of distinct rounded shoulder and upper wall of biconical vessel, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the wall above the shoulder, the shoulder conserves a vertical band of incisions and a sub-circular impression. Type: BIC 5 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.46.6

10. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with ribbed lip and wall decorated with a row of sub-circular impressions Type: JAR 12 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.46.1

16. Fragment of rim and neck of biconical vessel, with everted rim forming an internal angle, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the wall under the rim. Type: RIM 3 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.46.7

11. Fragment of ovoid jar, with indistinct rim and thickened and flattened lip. Type: JAR 14 A Exterior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; interior surface: partly polished, partly abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.46.2

Pit A 2050

12. Fragment of ovoid jar, with notched everted rim. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.46.3

Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari 1. Fragment of wall and carination of carinated cup, with a round and ribbed carination and horizontal incisions over it. Type: CCUP 5 D Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: fine.

13. Fragment of ovoid jar, with notched everted rim. Type: JAR 17 B 179

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.46. Finds from Pit A 340. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

180

Catalogue of the Finds Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.1

of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; 2.5 YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface: 5YR4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.7

2. Fragment of slightly inverted rim of bowl with rounded profile. Type: RBOW 1 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.2

8. Fragment of rim with ribbed lip. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4, 7.5YR 2.5/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.8

3. Fragment of everted rim of sub-cylindrical jar, with ribbed lip. Type: JAR 6 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.47.3

9. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR4/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.9 10. Fragment of everted rim of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface; partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/1, 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.10

4. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical jar, with a ribbed lip and a cordon decorated with subcircular impressions applied on the wall Type: JAR 9 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 6/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.4

11. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR4/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.11

5. Fragment of rim of cylindrical-ovoid jar, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions on the wall. Type: JAR 10 B Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.47.5

12. Fragment of handle. Exterior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR; fabric: fine. Figure 5.47.12 Pit Municipio

6. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; 2.5 YR 3/3; colour of the interior surface:5YR4/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.47.6

Locality: Municipio, Casalmoro centre 1. Fragment of carinated bowl, with short everted rim with concave external profile and basin with convex profile. Type: CBOW 2 Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: fine.

7. Fragment of rim, probably belonging to a jar. Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour 181

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.47. Finds from Pit A 2050. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

182

Catalogue of the Finds Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.1

7. Fragment of strongly inverted rim and basin of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 5 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/8; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: wholly preserved find. Figure 5.48.7

2. Fragment of rim, wall and carination of carinated cup, with everted rim, decorated with three horizontal incisions on the wall above the carination, and a discontinuous horizontal row of small dots on the carination. Type: CCUP 4 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.2

8. Fragment of vertical rim of bowl with angular profile, with a band of horizontal incisions on the rim. Type: DBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.48.8

3. Fragment of rim, wall and carination of carinated cup, with everted rim, decorated with three horizontal incisions on the wall above the carination, and a discontinuous horizontal row of small dots on the carination. Type: CCUP 4 C Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.3

9. Fragment of carinated pot with inverted rim, with internally bevelled lip and a cordon on the carination, decorated with knobs. Type: PIR 1 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4 – 3/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6, 5YR 3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.9

4. Fragment of ribbed carination and wall of carinated cup. Type: CCUP 2 B Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2, 5YR 4/5; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.48.4

10. Fragment of carinated pot with inverted rim, with flattened and ribbed lip, which conserves a handle on the point of maximum expansion. Type: PIR 5 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 3/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.10

5. Fragment of vertical rim and basin of bowl with convex angular profile. Type: ABOW 1 A Variant β Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/6, 7.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.5

11. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedovoid jar. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/6, 5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.1

6. Fragment of slightly inverted rim of bowl with angular profile. Type: ABOW 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2, 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.48.6

12. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 1 D Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR

183

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.48. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

184

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.49. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau Scale 1:3.

185

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 3/25YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2, 5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.2

Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.50.1

13. Fragment of everted rim and wall truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 1 D Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2–3/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4, 5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.3

19. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/3; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.50.2

14. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 3/4; colour of the interior surface: 2.5YR 4/8, 2.5Y 2.5/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.4

20. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: probably ascribable to JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6, 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6, 2.5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.50.3

15. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2–3/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.49.5

21. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of truncatedconical jar, the lip is decorated with very close small notches, and the wall is decorated with two horizontal incisions. Type: JAR 2 B, Variant α Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: more than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.50.4

16. Fragment of slightly everted rim with notched lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 6/4–6/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.6

22. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-conical jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 3 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/4, 10YR 4/2; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.50.5

17. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.49.7

23. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncated-conical jar, with a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 3 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 77.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse.

18. Fragment of slightly everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of truncated-conical jar. Type: JAR 2 B 186

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.50. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

187

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.50.6

Type: JAR 9 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.51.6.

24. Fragment of everted rim and wall of truncatedovoid pot with a cordon decorated with sub-circular impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/8, 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.51.1

30. Fragment of everted rim with a ribbed lip, and wall, of cylindrical-ovoid pot. Type: JAR 11 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.51.7

25. Fragment of rim and wall of sub-cylindrical pot; the rim is not distinct from the wall and the lip is ribbed. Type: JAR 4 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/6; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.51.2

31. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindricalovoid pot, with ribbed lip and a waved cordon on the wall. Type: JAR 13 A, Variant α Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 5/8; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.51.8

26. Fragment of everted rim and wall of sub-cylindrical pot. Type JAR 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.51.3

32. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid pot, with a ribbed lip and a notched cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/2, 7.5YR 5/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3, 10YR 4/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.51.9

27. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip, of subcylindrical pot. Type: JAR 6 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.51.4

33. Fragment of everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 16 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 2.5/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.1

28. Fragment of slightly everted rim and wall of subcylindrical pot, with ribbed lip and a row of subcircular impressions on the wall. Type: JAR 7 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.51.5

34. Fragment of ribbed everted rim and wall of ovoid jar. Type: JAR 17 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 6/8; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.52.2

29. Fragment of wall of sub-cylindrical pot, the rim is lacking in the upper part, conserves the internal angle, with a plain cordon applied on the wall.

188

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.51. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

189

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.52. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

190

Catalogue of the Finds 35. Fragment of everted rim and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with a ribbed lip and a ribbed cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 13 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/1–4/2; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.3

41. Fragment of wall decorated with two parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/8; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.9 42. Fragment of wall with straight profile, with two parallel incisions. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.10

36. Fragment of ovoid jar, with everted rim, ribbed lip, and a cordon decorated with small vertical notches applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 C, Variant α. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5YR 4/6; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.52.4

43. Fragment of everted rim and neck of biconical vessel, undecorated. Type: BIC 1 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: a quarter of the original. Figure 5.53.1

37. Fragment of rim of biconical vessel, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.5

44. Fragment shoulder of biconical vessel, undecorated. Type: BIC 2 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 6/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: a quarter of the original. Figure 5.53.2

38. Fragment neck of biconical vessel, decorated with a band of horizontal incisions above the shoulder. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.6

45. Fragment of everted rim of biconical vessel, decorated in the inside with oblique incisions. Type: RIM 2 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10 YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10 YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.53.3

39. Fragment of wall, of biconical vessel, decorated with horizontal incisions and oblique incisions on the shoulder. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.7

46. Antler mattock. Figure 5.53.4

40. Fragment of shoulder and wall of biconical vessel, decorated with horizontal incisions on the shoulder and oblique ribs over them. Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 2.5Y 2.5/1; colour of the interior surface: 2.5Y 2.5/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.52.8.

Pit Fadasider 2 Locality Fadasider 1. Simple arched fibula with twisted bow and foot with a concave profile; the specimen is slightly deformed in the bow. Type: FIB 4 Figure 5.54.1 191

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.53. Finds from Pit Municipio. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:4 (1–3), 1:2 (4).

192

Catalogue of the Finds

Figure 5.54. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2. Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:3.

193

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy) 2. Fragment of carinated bowl, with everted rim and ribbed carination, with horizontal incisions above the ribs. Type: CBOW 1 Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: partly worn, partly preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.2

8. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.8

3. Fragment of carinated bowl decorated with horizontal incisions just below and above the carination. Type: CBOW 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/3–4/1; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.3

9. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.9 10. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with strongly inverted rim. Type: ABOW 5 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 3/1; fabric: semifine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.10

4. Fragment of carination, probably belonging to a carinated cup. Type: probably attributable to CCUP 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.4 5. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with vertical rim and short basin. Type: ABOW 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.5

11. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with vertical rim decorated with a band of hotizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserve date; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.11

6. Fragment bowl with angular profile, with vertical rim and short basin. Type: ABOW 1 A Exterior surface: polished; interior surface: polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.6

12. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 5/6; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.12

7. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim. Type: ABOW 4 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2 colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.7

13. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 2 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/2; fabric: fine. 194

Catalogue of the Finds Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.13

5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.3

14. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.14

20. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with everted rim and ribbed lip. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original Figure 5.55.4

15. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 3 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.54.15.

21. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 3 A Exterior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.5

16. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim decorated with a band of horizontal incisions. Type: DBOW 4 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.54.16

22. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle. Type: JAR 5 B, probably ascribable to the type. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: about a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.6

17. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with strongly everted rim which forms an internal angle. Type: JAR UNI 1 Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/8; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.1

23. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 8 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.55.7

18. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with slightly everted rim. Type: JAR 1 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 5/3; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.2

24. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 8 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 10YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.55.8

19. Fragment of truncated-ovoid jar, with everted rim and ribbed lip. Type: JAR 2 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: preserved; colour of the exterior surface: 195

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.55. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2. Drawings by L. Pau. scale 1:3.

196

Catalogue of the Finds 25. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, forming an internal angle and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 8 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: partly abraded, partly polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 6/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.55.9

1. Simple arched fibula with twisted bow, the specimen is very deformed, probably after exposure to fire. Type: FIB 4 Figure 5.56.4 2. Fragment of bowl with angular profile, with inverted rim and slightly convex profile. Type: ABOW 4 A. Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.5

26. Fragment of sub-cylindrical jar, forming an internal angle, with a ribbed lip and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 9 A Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 4/3; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.55.10

Isolated finds 1. Fragment of bowl with rounded profile and slightly inverted rim. Type: RBOW 1 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.6

27. Fragment of cylindrical-ovoid jar, with everted rim forming an internal angle. Type: JAR 10 C Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: partly preserved, partly worn; colour of the exterior surface: 10YR 5/6; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/6; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.1.

2. Fragment of pot with inverted rim with rounded profile, decorated with horizontal incisions below the lip. Type: PIR 10 A Exterior surface: partly polished, partly aabraded; interior surface: polished; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.7

28. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip, and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: probably ascribable to JAR 11 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 4/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.56.2

3. Fragment of carinated cup decorated with a band of horizontal incisions over the carination. Type: CCUP 3 A Exterior surface: partly polished, partly aabraded; interior surface: abraded fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/2; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: semi-fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.8

29. Fragment of everted rim with ribbed lip. and wall of cylindrical-ovoid jar. Type: probably ascribable to JAR 17 B Exterior surface: abraded; interior surface: abraded; fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 7.5YR 3/1; colour of the interior surface: 5YR 4/3; fabric: fine. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Original diameter: not determinable. Figure 5.56.3

4. Fragment of ovoid jar with everted rim and a plain cordon applied on the wall. Type: JAR 18 A Exterior surface: partly polished, partly aabraded; interior surface: abraded fractures: worn; colour of the exterior surface: 5YR 4/4; colour of the interior surface: 7.5YR 5/4; fabric: coarse. Preserved circumference: less than a quarter of the original. Figure 5.56.9

Feature F/6 Locality S. Maria Segreta-Cava Vezzola de Munari.

197

The Final Bronze Age Settlement of Casalmoro (Mantua, Italy)

Figure 5.56. Finds from Pit Fadasider 2 (1–3); finds from Feature F/6 (4–5); isolated finds from the territory (7–9). Drawings by L. Pau. Scale 1:2 (4), 1:3 (1–3; 5–9).

198

Catalogue of the Finds List of abbreviations ABOW = BOWLS WITH ANGULAR PROFILE BIC = BICONICAL VESSELS BOW/CBOW = BOWLS/CARINATED BOWLS CBOW = CARINATED BOWLS CCUP = CARINATED CUPS DBOW = DECORATED BOWLS FIB = FIBULAE JAR = JARS KNI = KNIVES RBOW = BOWLS WITH ROUNDED PROFILE PIN = PINS PIR = POTS WITH INVERTED RIM

199

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Casalmoro lies along the Chiese river in the province of Mantua, in the northern Po Plain, and it represents the biggest known settlement area for Final Bronze Age Italy. This was one of the new settlements founded in the twelfth century BC north of the Po, in the region between eastern Lombardy and Veneto, after the crisis of the Terramare culture. This work provides a typological analysis and a chronological definition of the finds, and presents a significant amount of pottery and bronze artefacts for the first time. It then proposes a framing of Casalmoro in its regional context and in relation to other areas of the Italian Peninsula at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age. The book, this settlement area constitutes an important context both for chronological aspects and to understand the processes leading to the birth of the proto-urban centres at the dawn of the Iron Age.

‘The work offers a very good contribution in advancing our knowledge in the field of Italian and European Protohistory. A good reassessment of the chronology of the beginning of Final Bronze Age in northern Italy is proposed, that will have important consequences also in other Italian regions. Moreover, the results of this research offer important insights for studying the formation of the early proto-urban centres in northern Italy.’ Dr Marco Bettelli, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Laura Pau is a Prehistoric Archaeologist. She graduated from ‘La Sapienza’ University in Rome and earned a PhD at the University of Padua. She is involved in research and excavations in Italy, particularly in the northern regions and in Sardinia. She collaborates with Italian institutions and national museums. Her main interests focus on European and Mediterranean Bronze Age.

Printed in England

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