The conquest of New Spain, Vol. 3 kw52j840j

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ae THE TRUE HISTORY

1G O | ) BY LHS

Ai . vE OF THE CONQUEST OF NEW SPAIN. We 25

| _ BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, ONE OF ITS CONQUERORS. , From the only exact copy made of the Original Manuscript. EDITED AND PUBLISHED IN MEXICO, BY

GENARO GARCIA.

| | BY |

| Translated into ruglish, with Introduction and Potes,

ALFRED PERCIVAL MAUDSLAY, M.A., HON. PROFESSOR OF ARCHA:OLOGY, NATIONAL MUSEUM, MEXICO.

VOL. III.

: Reproduced, by. permission of the HAKLUYT SOCIETY

! an in 1910

from the edition originally published by the Society

) 1967

KRAUS REPRINT LIMITED

| Nendeln/Liechtenstein

.

WORKS ISSUED BY

The Makluyt Society. THE

CONQUEST OF NEW SPAIN.

VOL. LI. |

SECON] SERIES. No. XXV.

ISSUED FOR I9f0.

OF THE

BY

BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, ONE OF ITS CONQUERORS.

From the only exact copy made of the Original Manuscript.

EDITED AND PUBLISHED IN MEXICO, BY

GENARO GARCIA. Translated into English, with Entroduction and Potes, BY

ALFRED PERCIVAL MAUDSLAY, M.A., HON. PROFESSOR OF ARCHAZOLOGY, NATIONAL MUSEUM, MEXICO.

VOL. III. Reproduced, by permission of the HAKLUYT SOCIETY

from the edition originally published by the Society in 1910 KRAUS REPRINT LIMITED Nendeln/Liechtenstein 1967

Printed in Germany Lessing-Druckerei Wiesbaden

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO

MISS ADELA BRETON AND

PROFESSOR EDUARD SELER. TO THE FORMER, FOR HER ADMIRABLE TRANSCRIPTION AND CAREFUL

STUDY OF THE TWO ANCIENT MAPS OF THE CITY.

TO THE LATTER, FOR THE GENEROUS ASSISTANCE SO UNRESERVEDLY

GIVEN FROM HIS VAST STORE OF KNOWLEDGE OF MEXICAN ANTIQUITIES AND HISTORY.

COUNCIL )

OF

THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.

ALBERT GRAY, K.C., Pressdent. THE RIGHT Hon. THE LORD BELHAVEN AND STENTON, Vice-President. SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S., Vice-President. THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD PECKOVER OF WISBECH, Vice-President. THomAS B. BOWRING, Esq. COLONEL CHARLES FREDERICK CLOSE, C.M.G., R.E. Dr. BOLTON GLANVILL CORNEY, I.S.O.

MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, late R.E., Pres. R.G.S. WILLIAM FOSTER, Esq.

THE RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE, K.C.M.G., D.C.L.,

LL.D., F.R.S. F, H. H. GUILLEMARD, M.D. EDWARD HEAWOOD, Esq., 7 reasurer. JoHN ScoTT KELTIE, LL.D. ADMIRAL SIR ALBERT HASTINGS MARKHAM, K.C.B.

ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY, Esq. ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIK EDWARD HOBART SEYMOUR, G.C.B., O.M. BASIL HARRINGTON SOULSBY, Esq.

H. R. TEDDER, Esq.

; LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, BART., C.LE. BASIL HOME THOMSON, Esq. ROLAND VENABLES VERNON, Esq.

| J. A. J. DE VILLIERS, Esq., Hon. Secretary.

LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS.

Pre-Columbian Plan ofa part of the City of Mexico on Maguey Paper,

to 1562. preserved in the National Museum, Mexico. Photograph of the Maguey Plan, with numbers printed in red..

Transcript from the Modern Plan of the City of Mexico, showing the suggested location of the Maguey Plan. Zo face page 16.

1524 . Mapof the City and Lake o Mexico, published in 1524.

About 1560 . Map of the Valley of Mexico, by Alonzo de Sta. Cruz, preserved in the Library of the University of Upsala.

1608 . Map of the Valley of Mexico, by Enrico Martinez. In the Archivo General de Indias, Seville.

1769 . Plan de la Ville de Mexico, by Chappe d’Auteroche. The Valley of Mexico, from recent surveys.

PREFATORY NOTE.

, Tuts Volume deals only with the Maps and Plans of the Valley and City of Mexico, beginning with

| a Pre-Columbian Plan of part of the City, and ending with a Map of the Valley compiled from the latest surveys.

The hope is entertained that it may be published in time for the Session of the Congress of Americanists, which will be held in the City of

Mexico in September, 1910, and may help to direct attention to the many obscurities in the topography of the Ancient City, some of which can be cleared up by observers on the spot.

The Maps and Plans will also make clearer and add to the interest of the description by Bernal Dias of the operations in the Valley and the siege of the City, which will be published in the following Volume.

adII( Cw WN «Ny beie ORE LEE ®CE BATE OR) a & 7 gy. Se eey —e i NO Os < , is os A 2G) Y VA rom Ke-NN ZOO aN SAY GN ‘a DY s I) >BRITS ACY } AS as bP yp (-EZ I Net

RLS Rea ky, IN IRSA SD Des?

PLAN OF MAGUEY? PAPER, MEASURING 241 CM. BY 163 CM., PRESERVED IN THE NATIONAL

Museum, MEXICco.

SN ee OR some years past I have seen this "a EYSe! L@hace Plan hanging on the walls of the a=: .

X A = (Ce National Museum, and was told that

: a V2-e it was a Plan of the ancient city of

St aS | —~ ioe? & . , :

A f’e_ Mexico, but even a brief examination ~~" ows is sufficient to show that it could not be a Plan of the whole of the ancient City (Tenochtitlan and Tlaltelolco) for the general outline of the principal causeways and streets of the ancient City is well known and does not agree with that of the causeways shown in the Plan. The Plan is evidently the work of a native draughtsman, and the writing in Spanish has been added later.

In 1907 permission was granted to me by Sefior Don

; Genaro Garcfa, the Director of the National Museum, to have the Plan photographed, and an excellent negative was taken by Mr. Waite, of Mexico City, and a process1 Paper made from the fibre of the American Aloe (Agave Americana), probably beaten out in the same way as the Tappa is made in the South Sea Islands from the bark of the paper mul-

berry. Such Maguey paper is still secretly made in out-of-the-way villages in Mexico for the use of the “ brujas” or witches in working magic (see Professor Starr, 4a /ndian Mexico, 1908).

2 THE MAGUEY PLAN. print made from this negative, with numbers printed in red ink, is given as a key-plan. Bromide enlargements were also made in sections from the negative, and from these the outline was traced and transferred to drawing paper. Miss Adela Breton, who left England for Mexico in

April, 1908, very kindly undertook to make a careful examination of the original Plan, and to fill in all the details on the transferred tracing (which is about half the size of the original) and to colour it as exactly as possible after the original Plan. A coloured lithograph of Miss Breton’s copy is now given. EXTRACTS FROM A REPORT ON THE MAGUEY PLAN, BY MISS ADELA BRETON.

Mr. Maudslay asked me to make a copy of this Plan and to procure all the information available from those best qualified to judge from knowledge of Tenochtitlan. I therefore went to Mexico in April, 1908. Sefior Genaro Garcia, Director of the Museo Nacional,

kindly allowed the Plan to be taken down from its place on the wall of the outer room of the Direction, removed

from the heavy frame, and placed in the room of the archeological department, so that for four months I was enabled to study it thoroughly. Two more months might have been spent with profit in trying to make out many names written in faded ink, and in studying them and the picture glyphs with the Nahuatl dictionary. Such work can only be done when eyes and brain are fresh, and when

there is not too much noise and movement going on around one. A good photograph of the Plan had been made by Mr. Waite for Mr. Maudslay, who had also sent me an enlarge-

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 3 ment to about one half the size of the Plan, but in both the details were obscure. By working over them with pen and ink, some knowledge of the main facts was obtained, and then a rough tracing from the enlarged photograph was the foundation of a copy in which I have endeavoured to give every line visible in the original.

The Plan is about 241 cm. high, and 163 cm. wide, painted on sheets of Maguey fibre, the outlines and details in black, the canals blue, the paths a sandy tint, and the chinampa strips of cultivation green. At some time it has been badly fixed on canvas, after being for a long period folded in four, and consequently worn away

at the edges of the folds. It is creased and puckered so that the lines do not come straight, and pieces of the

fibre were hanging loose in many places, but this I remedied with starch paste. On three sides the edges are worn off in jags, and the drawing evidently went beyond the present limits. On the side marked Ponzente the edge has been roughly cut all along, and does not appear to be the original margin. The lower part of the Plan is more finely drawn and carefully finished than the upper, and appears to have had much more colour on the details. Many of the doorposts and lintels of the houses are coloured red, and the owners’ faces orange. The central and upper parts have been much patched, additions made, canals covered over, and some houses added on bits of Spanish paper. The

square space in the centre where Axayacatl sits, was evidently scraped bare in order to introduce his figure, obliterating part of the battlements of the temple just above. The fibre there is scraped smooth, whereas, if the upper layer is merely worn off, the under layer remains rough.

There is a marked difference between the types of the faces to the south of the dividing path or calzada and the

4 THE MAGUEY PLAN. majority of those to the north. Although the former vary sufficiently to make it probable that they were intended for portraits of the house-owners, they conform on the

whole to a type which has a !ong nose, set at a slight angle to a retreating forehead, a protruding mouth, with singularly full lower lip, and a receding chin. The mass of straight hair hangs in a thick fringe over the forehead. At the north end there are bulging foreheads, noses at an angle of 90°, lips tightly pressed together, and pointed chins. The houses are also differently constructed. The portraits of the kings and chiefs also show varieties of type, and the artist’s careful observation extended even to the way they placed their feet. Cortés’ chair is the same as that depicted in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, and the low seats of some of the chiefs are like those in a picture MS. belonging to the Museum, and apparently written in Otomi, though no one could give me any information about it. There is a striking resemblance between some of the personages in it and those at the

north end of the Plan. It is remarkable that no high temple-pyramid is contained in the Plan. This shows that it does not include the centre or principal part of the ancient city.

About 300 persons and houses are represented, and there are six temples, two churches, and a ¢feopan. In addition to the kings and chiefs in the row apart, there are some notable names such as Tlacotzi and Tlilancalqui (the latter as Tlilan), men mentioned at the time of

the conquest among the “principales.” Then there is Tlacochcalcatl, rendered as the “ House of the General,”

and near it is seen that of the standard-bearer, if their

names may be taken literally. A strip seems to be missing in the middle of the east side of the Plan where the figure of the King Tizoc should have come. The workmanship of the Plan is remarkable for the

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 5 swiftness and certainty of the line drawing, equally in the

bold waves of the canals and in the exquisite delicacy of some of the ideograms. There are some little heads

only from 4 to 6 millimetres high. The finest pens procurable were needed to copy these. The careful accuracy of the artist is also shown in the angular dots

| which on the shields of Atzcapotzalco represent the bits of stone and obsidian collected by ants. Portraits of two kings of Atzcapotzalco are given, one an old and toothless man, the other young and with quite a different profile. The elder is perhaps Tezozomoc ; the other may be his son, but as there seems no record of the defeat of the former, why should he be apparently in supplication ? The glyph-names written in Spanish letters are sometimes shortened or strangely spclt, as gchol for quecholl., hocoma for ozumatli, and vitztl for huctzctl. It may be noted that the ink used for them has much faded, whereas the black colour of the Plan itself is still jet black.

HISTORY OF THE PLAN.

Seftor Don Manuel Orozco y Berra, the well-known Mexican Historian, in his Memoria para el Plano de la Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico 1867) gives a list of the known

plans of the city from the earliest date, and commences his list with the Plan here reproduced. His description

| and criticism of the Plan is as follows :— ‘There is inthe National Museum a picture, two metres long by a metre and a-half in width on Maguey paper, in ancient Aztec drawing, giving the Plan of a town according

to the method of the geographers of the Mexican empire.

Some would have this to be the Plan of the primitive Tenochtitlan,! and suppose that Montezuma ordered it to 1 Tenochtitlan—the City of Mexico.

6 THE MAGUEY PLAN. be made as a gift to the Conqueror Don Fernando Cortés.

‘‘In my humble opinion this is in no way correct, with

the exception that the drawing is an ancient drawing representing a town. The shape of the Plan, the little that it accords with what we know of the Mexican Capital,

the chieftains who are painted on the margin as Kings or Caciques of that City, do not in any way authorise us to declare that it belongs to Tenochtitlan. “In addition to this, in the same hand and with the same

painting, one finds a church with a cross, an annotation which the geographers of Montezuma could not have placed

there, and which leads us to believe that the work is not contemporary with but posterior to the conquest.

“TI. In the same National Museum there 1s a modern copy! of this picture, painted upon cloth, in which they have intended to repair the mutilations which disfigure the

original. To this some legends were capriciously added, following the theory that this was a Plan of Mexico. As one can understand, such legends do not fulfil their purpose

and are simply imaginary, but without doubt they have given rise to the carelessness in attribution which we have mentioned above.

‘‘TII. These assertions gained credit not only here but also in Europe. In the voyage to Mexico by Mr. Bullock, in the Atlas Htstorigue avec [explication des planches, Paris, 1831—there is a copy on a small scale from the Plan which we are considering, with this legend :—Plan de l’ancienne ville de Mexico d’aprés le plan original dressé sur les heux

par ordre de Montezume pour Fernand Cortés, et apporté en Angleterre par Mr. Bullock.

‘TV. A lithographic copy of the same Plan has come to light, published in Mexico, on a very small scale, giving an

incomplete idea of the original. If these were what they pretend to be, these four drawings would form a group giving expression to the origin of topographical representation of the City of Mexico, and would be an exemplar of

the geographical knowledge of the Aztecs, a_ beautiful | ‘ This copy cannot now be found.

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 7 acquisition if it were true. But as, to me, this is not certain, we must leave the pictures and drawings in the exclusive position of Archzological memorials.”

A small and very imperfect sketch of the Plan is given

| in the original edition of Bullock’s work, Szx Months’ Residence and Travels in Mextco, by W. Bullock, F.L.S. London, Murray 1824, where it bears the title “ Ancient

Mexico from the original map, made by order of Montezuma for Cortés, brought to England in 1823 by Mr. Bullock.”

The small and partly defaced label,! printed in English, which still adheres to the edge of the Plan, was no doubt placed there by Mr. Bullock, who, on his return to England, exhibited his Mexican collections at the Egyptian Hall, London. The Catalogue of this Exhibition is preserved in the British Museum Library. The following extract is from Mr. Bullock’s Szxr Months’ Residence and Travel in Mexico :—

“The ancient MSS. or pictures done by order of Montezuma by the best artists of his kingdom, and which conveyed intelligence of the movements of the Spaniards, are executed on skins of deer, and some on a species of paper made of the fibre of the great American Aloe. They are articles of much interest, and so much prized by the Government, that though I experienced from the public Authorities the greatest liberality, and every assistance in

: my pursuit for information concerning the ancient state of the country, yet no offers of mine could induce them to part with these MSs. until I had given them an assurance

| that, after they had been copied in England, I would transmit them again to Mexico. 1 “No. 3. A unique map of the Ancient City of Mexico made by order of Montezuma for Cortés to send to the King of Spain. In

this the pu. . . Temples, &c., are accurately...”

8 THE MAGUEY PLAN. “The mutilated map of the original city, in the state in which it was found by Cortés on his first arrival, is believed

to be the only authentic document at present existing that

can convey any idea of the size and regularity of its Plan.

i***

“This map is now unfortunately only a fragment.”

Mr. Bullock also states that the Plan formed part of the collection of the Chevalier Boturini. Boturini, a Milanese by birth, went to Mexico in 1735

and travelled extensively in the country, making large collections of Indian antiquities, manuscripts, maps, and hieroglyphical charts. Owing to disputes with the Mexican Government over

a Bull that he had procured from Rome authorising the coronation of the sacred image at Guadalupe, which had not been sanctioned by the Council of the Indics, he was thrown into prison and his papers and collections were taken from him. Although Boturini was afterwards sent to Spain, where he was restored to favour and appointed “ Historiographer General of the Indies,” his manuscripts and collections were never returned to him, “but were

deposited in apartments in the Viceregal Palace in Mexico so damp that they gradually fell to pieces, and the few remaining were still further diminished by the pilfering of the curious. When Baron Humbolt visited Mexico, not one-eighth of this inestimable treasure was in existence.”?

Presumably Mr. Bullock returned the original map to the Mexican Government, who placed it in the National Museum, where it is still preserved.

In Boturini’s work entitled /dea de una nueva [estorta 1 3ee vOl. i. Note on Boturini in Prescott’s Conquest of Mexico,

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 9 General de la America Septentrional, by El Cavallero Lorenzo Boturini Benduci (Madrid 1746) is found the following entry :

“Index of the contents of this historical Mexican Catalogue. S. VII. Maps. “VII. Maps. No. 15. An original map on Indian paper, as large as a [bed] sheet. Showing the site of the said Imperial City, which (as I suppose) was beautified in

the reign of Izcohuatl with the royal canals, and the details of each district and house. ‘I imagine that in heathen times Mexico was something like Venice in plan. The map is torn in the middle, and it depicts both the heathen kings and the Christian Caciques who governed it [the city].”

Professor E. Seler, of Berlin, to whom Miss Breton’s copy of the map has been submitted, places the date of the last emendations as about 1557-1562, as the last of the

Caciques represented on the eastern margin of the map is Cristébal de Guzman, who was chief during those years.

The difficulty in determining the exact location of the Plan is very great, and may perhaps never be completely overcome. Notwithstanding the remarks above quoted from such an important authority as Orozco y Berra, |

think that the portraits of the rulers of Mexico on the edge of the Plan are presumptive evidence that this Plan refers to the City of Mexico. The orientation is marked in Spanish writing, and although it may be accepted as a general direction it is not likely to have been obtained by actual observation. Further assistance from the Spanish annotation on the Plan is to be gained from two legends, one on the N.W. section of the Plan, which I take to be

Io THE MAGUEY PLAN. “Camino de Atzcopotzalco,” and the other in the South

West Corner, which may be interpreted as “Salto de Alvarado Camino”

There is another Spanish legend, the words “ Sta. Maria” attached to the figure of a Christian Church surmounted by a Cross. This may without doubt be identified as the Church of Sta. Maria la Redonda, founded in 1524, three years after the siege and fall of the City, as a parish church for the Indians, and which still exists.

These three indications alone would suffice for the location of the Plan as a western suburb of the City of Mexico.

The whole of the ground plotted in the map is composed of Chinampas, which, if not actual floating gardens, as that term originally implied, are similar to the numerous Chinampas which can now be seen along the sides of the Viga Canal and in the neighbourhood of Lake Xochimilco, within a short distance of Mexico City, where only sufficient room is left between the long

garden plots for the passage of a narrow dug-out canoe.

In addition to the three well known causeways there were doubtless several smaller paths connecting the City with the Mainland, and indeed six causeways in all are shown in the picture map published in 1524, but that map is clearly very inaccurate. However, it must be borne in mind that the lake was very shallow, only a few feet deep, and that when the channels had to be deepened for canoe traffic, pathways along which bare-footed Indians could

travel might easily be formed by throwing up the mud from the bottom of the lake. Such embanked pathways could as easily be broken down on the approach of an invader, or would become submerged when the water of the lake was high, as there is reason to suppose was the

THE MAGUEY PLAN. II case at the time of the siege! The “Camino de Atzcopotzalco” marked on the Plan was presumably one of such pathways. Beyond the general indication of locality already noted,

nothing can be stated with certaint,., and this is all the

more strange as the greater part of the Plan has the appearance of having been drawn with the greatest care and attention to details. In any attempt to fix the location more accurately, the first question to be answered is whether the main causeway and canal A-B is the Calzada de Tacuba, or some other causeway to the north of it.

I was at first inclined to think, from the size and Importance given to A-B on the Plan, that it must be intended for the Causeway of Tabuca, and when Miss Breton went to Mexico, in 1908, I gave her a memorandum

supporting this view for submission to the Archeological authorities in Mexico. Further study, however, has compelled me to abandon this explanation, and I now venture to suggest that the

canal and causeway A-B is the western portion of the first principal transverse canal and causeway north of the Calle de Tabuca, that is, the canal of which the eastern

part is traceable in the modern city by the names still retained of the former bridges, from the Puente del Carmen to the Puente de Zacate.

There is a remarkable N.W. trend of the Calle de Hidalgo on the modern Plan (1900), at variance from

the rectangular plan of the surrounding streets, and this may very well indicate the western course of the canal after passing the Puente de Zacate. If this sug' Between the years 1520-1524 the waters of the lake receded so considerably that grants were made to Spaniards of land extending to some considerable distance on either side of the Tacuba Causeway.

This shrinkage is not likely to have occurred so rapidly unless the water in the lake had been abnormally high in 1520.

I2 THE MAGUEY PLAN. gestion be accepted, Santa Maria is located in its proper position.

The canal E-F would be the canal shown on the Sta. Cruz map as running S.W. from the tower of Sta. Maria. Portions of this canal are clearly shown in Tomas Lopez's map of the city, drawn in 1776. It passed to the west of

the church of San Juan de Dios, and was possibly the waterway crossing the Tacuba Causeway at Tolteocalli, where the great slaughter took place on the Noche Triste,

and the site was afterwards marked by the erection of the church of San Hipdlito. The canal running from the top of the Plan under the bridge c, and passing through the intersection of A-B and E-F to the bottom of the Plan, would be the canal which

: is still shown on the modern Plan of the city as running N. and S. one block to the west of Sta. Maria. The canal G-H would be the second principal transverse canal north of the Causeway of Tabuca, the eastern part

of which is still marked by the names of the bridges from Puente Blanco to the Puente de Guerras. The transverse canal, still marked on the modern Plan north of the Calle de Hidalgo, would be one of the intermediate canals between A-B and G-H of the Plan. We now come to the canal and path C-D running across the Plan from S.W. to N.E. :— During the siege of the city, in 1521, Cortés divided his

forces into three parts; his own division advanced from the south along the Iztapalapa Causeway, Gonzalo de Sandoval took command of the division advancing from the north along the Tepeacac (Guadalupe) Causeway,

and the division under Pedro de Alvarado had _ its headquarters at Tacuba, and, after an abortive attempt

to reach Tlaltelolco by way of Nonoalco, apparently advanced from Tacuba along the western or Tacuba Causeway. Cortés reached the great Plaza of Mexico

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 13 during the first days of the siege, and the objective of all three divisions then became the great market place

and temple enclosure of Tlaltelolco situated in the northern part of the city. During the first fortnight or three weeks of the siege

| Alvarado returned each evening to camp at Jacuba, but this did not prove a satisfactory method of attack, and to quote Bernal Diaz who was himself a soldier in Alvarado’s division— ‘““When we saw that however many water openings we captured by day—and in doing this many of our soldiers were killed and most of us were wounded-—that the Mexicans returned (by night) and repaired them again, we agreed that we should all go and station ourselves on the causeway, in a small plaza where there were some Idol ‘Towers which

we had already captured and where there was space to place our ‘ ranchos,’ although they were very poor ones, and when it rained we all got wet, and they were fit for nothing but to cover us from the dew.”

This change of headquarters, from Tacuba to the small plaza on the causeway, probably took place between the 17th and 2oth June.

It seems to me that there are two good reasons to suppose that this camp on “the small plaza where there were some Idol Towers” was not situated on the Tacuba Causeway, but on some other causeway leading more directly to Tlaltelolco. The first reason is that no mention

is made of Tolteocalli, the water opening where the Spaniards suffered such fearful slaughter on the Noche Triste, and it is hardly possible that the Spaniards could have again passed by that site without Bernal Diaz making

some allusion to it. The second and more convincing reason is that, had Alvarado continued his advance along the Tacuba Causeway, there can be no doubt that he and Cortés (who had already pushed his way from the great

14 THE MAGUEY PLAN. temple enclosure of Mexico for some distance along the Calle de Tacuba) would have attempted to join hands, but they make no such attempt, and the two divisions never came together until they met in the market-place of Tlal-

telolco on the 28th July, and it was not until the 24th of July, when Alvarado had already fought his way to Tlaltelolco, that Cortés was even able to communicate with Alvarado’s camp through the City. [ therefore suggest that the canal and causeway C-D

coincides with the canal and causeway shown on the Sta. Cruz map, running from the west of San Hipdlito towards Sta. Catalina, and that this was the route followed by Alvarado in reaching Tlaltelolco, and that the Temple

of the “ojo de aqua” (a) marks the site of his encamp-

ment “in a small plaza where there were some Idol Towers.”

This causeway must have branched off from the Tacuba

Causeway at the Salto de Alvarado, but the Spaniards

may have left the Tacuba Causeway at a point still further to the west, and have reached the point c by the pathway of which a portion is shown on the Plan. There would, therefore, have been no reason for Bernal Diaz to have mentioned the sites on the Tacuba Causeway rendered memorable by the horrors of the Noche Triste.

With the exception of the statement already quoted from Bernal Diaz, we are left completely in the dark as to the position of Alvarado’s camp, and no mention whatever

is made of the departure from the main Tacuba Causeway | and the change in direction of the attack; but that the advance in the direction of Tlaltelolco was along a causeway is made quite clear from the description of the fighting given by Bernal Dfaz, and the following quotation shows the condition of the suburb through which they were fighting their way.

THE MAGUEY PLAN. 15 “As soon as we had set up our ranchos where I have stated, from there on ahead we endeavoured at once to (destroy) the houses and suburb and to fill up the water Openings that we captured. We attacked the houses on land and pulled them down, for if we set fire to them they took too long to burn, and one house would not catch fire from another, for as I have already said at other times, each house stood in the water and one could not go from one to

the other without crossing bridges or going in canoes. If we attempted to go in the water by swimming they did us much damage from the Azoteas (flat roofs) so that we were

more secure when we demolished the houses. When we captured some barrier or bridge, or bad pass, where they offered much resistance, we endeavoured to guard it both by day and by night.”’

The irregular crossbar marks on the causeway, extending

from the figures on horseback along the causeway C-D, appear to indicate masonry, and may mark the site of a wall protecting the Chinampas from the wash of the waters of the lake.

On the right-hand side of the Plan the features of the ground are left unplotted, and the space is occupied with the figures of the rulers of Mexico ; but it will be observed

that the last line of Chinampas on the right contains but few houses, and it may be that the land here was exceptionally low and swampy and unfit for buildings. The name “Calle de Chinampas” still attaches to a street three blocks north of the Alameda.

It is noticeable that all the houses to the south of the main causeway have their roofs to the north, and all those

| to the north of the causeway (with the exception of the temple at the “ Ojo de aqua”) have their roofs to the south, and I have ventured to suggest that this may indicate that the land of the people of Tlaltelolco extended to the north

side of the causeway in this western suburb of the city ; and, further, that the position of the figure of Axayacat]

16 THE MAGUEY PLAN. near the temples among these northern Chinampas may be meant to record the fact that he was the conqueror of Tlaltelolco in the war between the two divisions of the City of Mexico, Tlaltelolco and Tenochtitlan. The accompanying transcript from the modern Plan of

the City shows the suggested location of the Maguey Plan.

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Hakhiyt Society Ser I Val_25 TRANSCRIPT

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= pe fas = vig y- . G "é 4

| of ee EEE, EL SY eee | | inner , Sl heSS oa I" a ,, Bes) ——} le | oN mes} SSSpA) = COON OS ESS SS —= \ | Sr S | A ft ooo ed DRAWN BY MISS A. BRETON. | Mam eat ———— :

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Sheet 2, (N.L.) Series 2, Vol. 2g.

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HAKLUYT SOCIETYy.

2.

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Po | DT) CONS ; / bs Y |como aay~~i /a -od: Yo NX J DRAWN BY MISS A. BRETON. LITHOGRAPHED BY THOMAS WAY. .

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HAKLUYT SOCIETY.

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en a rr CN Ads Poy PY ck SOs wee t= : ' 1 6a. gr if. mm OC etn dar de po ariwee — | MAP. of the VALLEY OF MEXICO by ENRICO MARTINEZ, about 1628.

Reproduced from a MEMORI.1 issued in 1902 dv the JUNTA DIRECTIV.AT DET. DESAGUE del VALLE DE MEXICO.

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