The Complete Essays of Montaigne 9780804780773

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rhe Complete Essays of e%Cont(1ignu

7he Complete Cssays of

MONTA IGNE Translated by

DONALD M. FRAME

Stanford University Press Stanford, California

The Frame translation of the complete essays was initially published in 1957 in The Complete Works of Montaigne. The essays were issued separately under the present title in 1958, and as a Stanford paperback in 1965. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California Copyright 1943 by Donald M. Frame. Copyright 1948 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Copyright renewed 1971, 1976 by Donald M. Frame.© 1957, 1958 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Printed in the United States of America Cloth ISBN 0-8047-0485-6 Paper ISBN 0-8047-0486-4 Original printing 1958 Last figure below indicates year of this printing:

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Introduction Montaigne resists simple definitions. He is the first essayist, a skeptic, an acute student of himself and of man, a champion of a man-based morality, a vivid and charming stylist, and many other things besides. No one description tells nearly enough, and indeed it is hard to see which one to place at the center. Yet this very difficulty points to one answer: that the book is the man. Montaigne's principal conscious aim was to make it so. "I have no more made my book than my book has made me," he wrote; 1 "a book consubstantial with its author, concerned with my own self, an integral part of my life." In his concern to present himself exactly as he was, he addressed the reader in his natural, everyday language. "I correct the faults of inadvertence, not those of habit," he once wrote in answer to a hypothetical critic of his style. "Isn't this the way I speak everywhere? Don't I represent myself to the life? Enough, then. I have done what I wanted. Everyone recognizes me in my book, and my book in me" (III: 5, p. 667). His greatest attraction for most readers is that the book reveals a man and that the man becomes a friend and often another self. Rousseau resented the fact that the Essays were not frank enough to suit him; but Montaigne was not writing confessions. When he started his book he had lost a dear friend, Etienne de La Boetie, to whom he had been able to express, as he never could to any one person again, his every thought, view, and feeling. Self-sufficient though he was, he had an imperious need to communicate. The Essays are his means of communication; the reader takes the place of the dead friend. When we talk to a friend we do not constantly confess and plumb the depths of our soul; for to do so is to threaten, by excessive self-concern, the tacit equilibrium that friendship assumes and needs. Rather we talk about our hopes and fears, what has happened to us, what we have seen, heard, or read that has interested us, how we assess our own actions and those of others. And this is what Montaigne does. He has no use for the introvert's anguish over the impenetrability of ultimates, the absurdity of man's place in the universe, or the discrepancy between our ideals and our attainments. The first two of these he accepts without despair as unfathomable data of human life. The third he seeks to resolve by introspective study of human nature and human conduct, over which we have some control. If by this practicality he loses a kind of depth, he gains in friendly communication with the reader; and this is what he wants. 1 Essays II: 18, p. 504. All references to the Essays will be in this form: Book (II), Chapter ( 18), page ( 504).

vi

Introduction

One of the mysteries of the Essays is how the portrait of Michel de Montaigne seems to become that of every man and thus of the reader. No one has explained this. Emerson expressed it when he wrote of his first reading of Montaigne: "It seemed to me as if I had myself written the book, in some former life, so sincerely it spoke to my thought and experience."2 Pascal's comment is intriguing: "It is not in Montaigne, but in myself, that I find all that I see in him."3 A writer with whom we identify ourselves is naturally seen in as many lights as he has readers. We each have our own Montaigne, as we have our own Hamlet and Don Quixote. But this is not the only reason for the diversity of Montaigne's public image. Writing as he did over a period of twenty years, from just under forty until his death, he changed as he wrote, recognized and accepted his change, and made his portrait vary to fit his own variation. "I do not portray being," he wrote {Ill: 2, pp. 610-11); "I portray passing.... My history needs to be adapted to the moment. . . . I may indeed contradict myself now and then; but truth, as Demades said, I do not contradict." Though the evolution of Montaigne's ideas and attitudes is continuous and gradual, there are moments in his thought that have represented different Montaignes to different generations. His readers have seemed, in a sense, to grow older with him. The stoical humanist of the earliest essays was the Montaigne that his contemporaries saw, the one whom Estienne Pasquier called "another Seneca in our language."4 In the seventeenth century the skeptical revolt against human presumption was seen as the center of Montaigne, the "Apology for Raymond Sebond" as the one important chapter, "What do I know?" as the essence of his thought. Descartes used his skepticism to show that we need a fresh start and that we cannot doubt without knowing at least that we are thinking when we do. Others earlier and later in the century-Marston, \Vebster, and probably Shakespeare in England, Pascal in Francefound a source of cosmic despair in Montaigne's eloquent catalogue of human limitations. A century after Pascal, Rousseau was struck by the self-portrait that had become Montaigne's principal aim only after the "Apology." Most modern readers, like Gide, are struck by the sturdy individualism, the faith in self, man, and nature, that emerge so triumphantly in the final Essays. All these attitudes are in Montaigne; none contains him. The style of the Essays is part of the self-portrait. Free, oral, informal, personal, concrete, luxuriant in images, organic and spontaneous in order, ranging from the epigrammatic to the rambling and associative, it communicates the flavor of the man. Abstract notions live and move and breathe under his pen. Here is a sample, on borrowing ideas from others: "The bees plunder the flowers here and there, but afterward 2 Emerson, Representative Men (Houghton Mifflin, 1804 ed.), p. 162. Cf. Bliss Perry, ed., The Heart of Emerson's Journals (Houghton Mifflin, 1926), p. 196. s Pascal, Pensees ( Eve), 449. Notre Dame Ia Grand' (church, Poitiers), 201 Numa, 381,477,539,549 Numidians, 210, 213 0 Occident, 398 Ocean, 455, 572 Octavian (Emperor Augustus), 760 Octavius, Cnaeus (consul in time of !'darius), 89 Octavius, l\farcus, 562-63 Octavius, Sagitta, 658 Oedipus, 84, 236 Olivier, Chancellor, 490, 502 Olus, 757 Olympic games, 117,282,318,481 Olympus, 27 Onesilus, 210 Oppianus, 347 Oppius, Caius, 218, 552, 554, 561 Orange, Prince of: see William II of Orange Orchomenians, 524 Orcus, 405 Oricum, Orician, 205, 555 Orient, Oriental, 48, 398,534, 742 Origen, 416,431,643 Orion, 349 Orlando Furioso, Orlando ( Ariosto), 119, 300,472 Orleans (city), 125, 164, 501,537,602 Orleans, duke of, 526 Orodes, 19 Oromazis, 477 Orpheus, 324 Osorius, bishop, 36 Ostorius, 460 Otanes, 700 Otho, Emperor, 198,207 Otranto, 492 Ottoman, 492, 513 Our Lady of Loreto, 464 Ovid, 130, 168, 171, 298, 568; quoted, 7,37,54,62,69, 74,86,168, 193,217, 265,270,272,293,316-17,347,35657,385,398-400,421,434,437,449, 464-66,473,478,482,510,524,540, 569,609,626,632,639-40,649,657, 663,671,674,677,683,717,742,745, 764, 767, 796, 798, 807, 833, 835-36, 842 p

Pacuvius, Marcus, quoted, 28, 99 Pacuvius Calavius, quoted, 732 Padua.829 Paeonian, 264 Paetus, Cecinna and Thrasea, 564-66

Palestine, 152 Pallas, 119, 398, 405, 644, 769, 850. See also Athene Paluel ( Ludovico Palvalli), 112 Pan,398, 780 Panaetius, 373, 570, 680, 783; quoted, 680 Pantagruel ( Rabelais), 823 Pantaleon, 530 Panthea, 777 Pantheus, 317 Paracelsus, 429, 586 Paradise, 538 Pare, Ambroise, 75 Parians, 243 Paris (city), 26, 40, 75, 127, 165, 212, 229,235,247,354,442,449,475,502, 587, 667, 700, 743, 814 Paris (son of Priam), 119, 312, 348 Parisian, 257 Parmenides,377,382,392,403,405,455 Parmenio, 94, 198 Parthians, 49, 106, 210, 293, 295, 507--8 Pasicles, quoted, 217 Paternoster: see Lord's Prayer Patroclus, 138 Paul, Saint, 380; quoted, 260, 326, 367, 385, 394. See also Colossians; Corinthians; Romans Paulina (wife of Saturninus), 396 Paulina, Pompeia (wife of Seneca), 566-68 Paulinus, bishop of Nola, quoted, 177 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, 42, 60, 223, 387, 473, 723; quoted, 60 Paulus (contemporary of Augustus), 92 Pausanias (assassin of Philip of Macedon), 246 Pausanias (historian), 703 Pausanias (Spartan general), 146,170 Pavia, 47 Paxea,258 Peduceus, 470 Pegu,168,654 Pelagia, Saint, 257 Peletier, Jacques, 71,430 Pella,516 Pelopidas, 4, 148, 263,549,574 Peloponnesian War, 585,631 Peloponnesus, 157,251,760 Penates, 236 Pentadius, Quoted, 255 Pergamus, 520 Periander, tvrant of Corinth, 672, 846 Periander (Greek doctor), 49 Pericles, 90, 148, 221, 597, 631, 843; quoted, 148,597 Perictione. 397 Perigord, Perigordian, Perigordians, 102, 128, 325. 484, 832 Perigueux, 699 Peripatetics, 31, 313, 371, 426, 440, 485, 631,855 Perrette, 782 Perrozet, 815 Perseus, king of Macedonia, 16, 199,825

Index of Proper Names Perseus of Cittium, 383 Persia, 6, 35, 51, 54, 118, 147, 195, 222, 315,387,509,638,700,743 Persians, 30, 87, 104, 124, 167, 170,208, 210,247,419,433,436,438,477,500, 513, 571, 712, 744, 754 Persius, quoted, 102, 117, 120-21, 176, 180,182,192,219,234-35,384,47375,499,503,634,750,785 Peru,355,516,696,698-99 Pescara, 19 Peter ( name ) , 75, 203, 774 Peter, Saint, quoted, 328 Petilius, 265 Petit Pont, 125 Petrarch, quoted, 7, 172, 205, 419, 496 Petreius, 558-59 Petronius, Granius, 562 Petronius Arbiter, 752; quoted, 639, 723, 773 Phaedo (Plato), Phaedo, 260, 642, 661 Phaedrus (Plato), 761 Phaeton, 399 Pharax, 206 Pharnaces II, 558 Pharsalia, 207, 217, 219, 292, 527, 553, 558,560 Phaulius, 661 Pheraulas, 46 Pherecydes, 357, 370, 414; quoted, 370 Pheres, 164, 523 Phidias, 293 Philemon (secretary of Caesar), 314 Philip II, king of Macedonia, 184, 246, 252, 661, 690, 730, 820; quoted, 184, 690 Philip V, king of ~acedonia, 150, 251, 260, 528-29 Philip ( doctor to Alexander), 94 Philip (son-in-law of Emperor Maurice), 528 Philip II Augustus, king of France, 133, 189 Philip VI, king of France, 517 Philip I, king of Castile (Don Philip), 19 Philip II, king of Spain, 11, 697 Philippi, 756 Philippides, 602; quoted, 602--3 Philistas, 181 Philistus, 514 Philo,370 Philopoemen, 90, 200, 206, 486, 528, 531, 830; quoted, 486, 531 Philotas, 266, 856; quoted, 856--57 Philotimus, quoted, 722 Philoxenus, 448, 703; quoted, 448 Phocaea, 18 Phocas,528 Phocion, 183, 543, 549, 618, 724; quoted, 618 Phoebus, 409, 583. See also Apollo Phoenicia, 538 Phrygia, 119,655 Phryne, 810 Phrynis, 86 Phyto, 4

877

Pibrac, Guy du Faur de, quoted, 731 Picardy, Picards, 34,212 Piedmontese, 408 Pierre ( name), 202 Pindar,83,416,505 Piraeus, 366 Pisa, 75, Ill Pisces (constellation), 117 Piso, Cneius, 542 Piso, Lucius (praetor), 547 Piso, Lucius (friend of Augustus ) , 245 Pittacus, 663 Pius II, Pope, 570 Pius V, Pope, 160 Placentia, 168, 557 Plancus, 525 Plantin, Christophe, 828 Plataea, 30, 157 Plato,8,21,27,29-30,39,45, 77-78,84, 100-101, 104, 109, 111-12, 115, 120, 122--24, 128, 146--47, 150, 153, 159, 168,192,194,197,201,204,209-10, 222--24, 230, 233, 236, 248--49, 251, 254,260,264,282,289,291,298,301, 324-25, 328, 330-31, 356, 363, 36970, 373, 375--77, 379-80, 382, 38486, 390, 392-93, 397, 400-405, 40711,414,416--17,419,430-31,437-38, 440,443,455,474,477,483-84,486, 505,511,528,532,542,570,580,58283, 594, 600, 623-24, 627, 639, 64142, 649, 651-52, 654, 656, 666, 66869,674,676,683-85,703,706,708-9, 727, 729-30, 732, 759, 761, 767, 782, 797-98, 808, 810, 816, 822--23, 82.'5, 827-28, 835, 840-41, 843, 846, 84950, 853, 856; quoted, 8, 30, 78, 209, 289-90, 375-76, 400-401, 404, 416, 656, 709, 810 Platonic, Platonist, Platonism, 59, 98, 300,474,666,747,797,823 Plautus, 130, 178, 299; quoted, 190,228, 647, 714, 733 Pleiades, 118 Pliny the Elder, 69, 134, 199, 210, 256, 262,272,302,332,355,391,393,431, 451, 463, 522, 581, 584-85, 596, 669; quoted, 24, 77, 393, 402, 418,459-60, 463, 763 Pliny the Younger, 180-83, 495, 564; quoted, 180 Plombi!'~res, 590 Plotius, 470 Plutarch, 14-15, 76, 89-90, 98, 107, 115, 121, 133, 136, 170-71. 184, 189, 202, 207, 218, 225, 228, 233, 250, 262--63, 277,296,300-303,317-18.330,34041, 350, 352, 354, 367, 376--78, 387, 391,407,417.455,483-84,539,54142, 545--51, 570, 573, 581, 604, 623, 635, 659, 663, 665--66, 685, 699, 702, 723, 761, 779, 782, 785, 795, 814; quoted, 15, 207, 233, 367, 417, 542, 546,549-50,644,723,814,857 Pluto, 270, 384 Poitiers, 162,201,284

878

Index of Proper Names

Poitou,484 Pol, Pierre, 212 Poland, Poles, Polish, 41, 168, 530, 605, 651,743 Polemon, 501, 636, 651 Politics ( Lipsius), 108 Pollio, Asinius, 304, 525, 703; quoted, 703 Pollis, 13 Pollux,813 Poltrot de Mere, 92, 537 Polyaenus, 399 Polybius, 16, 556, 851 Polycrates, 125, 388 Polypercon, 19 Polypus, 228 Pompeius, Sextus, 5, 55, 199, 261 Pompeius, Trogus: see Trogus Pompeius Pompey ( Pompeio Diobono, dancer), H2 Pompey the Great, 37, 53-54, 91, 17172,198-99,204-5,207,210,222,29 1, 349,464,516,527,546,549,551,55 3, 557-59, 562-63, 609--10, 657, 719, 760,763,775,779,857 Poneropolis, 730 Pont Neuf, 688 Pontanus, 69 Pontia Posthumia, 658 Pontus, 520, 558 Popilius, C., quoted, 520 Poppaea,465 Porcius Latro, quoted, 206 Poris, 529 Porsena,40 Portia, 756 Portugal, 35, 175,513-14,828 Portuguese, 36, 48, 155, 258, 349, 419, 514-15, 666 Porus, 339 Posidonius, 37, 361, 405; quoted, 37, 361 Posthumia (wife of Servius Sulpicius), 551 Posthumia, Pontia: see Pontia Posthumia Posthumius, 146 Posthumus, 228 Potidaea, 170, 806 Poulin ( captain), 204 Poyet (lawyer), 26 Praeneste, 5 Praestantius, 790 Praxiteles, 672 Preacher, the: see Ecclesiastes Prester John, 213 Prester Martin, 637 Priam, 54 Priapea, quoted, 657,677 Priapus, 653 Probus, Emperor, 691 Proculus, 649 "Progress in Virtue, Of" (Plutarch), 782 Prometheus, 103, 638 Propertius, quoted, 49, 60,115, 117, 148, 152,181,297,355,465,489--90,53 4, 569,610,638,658,756,804,821

Proserpina, 801 Protagoras, 102,382,392,418,437,441, 443,708 Protasius, Saint, 134 Protestants, Protestantism, 87, 144, 160, 241,274,323,392,562,643,710,73 7, 775, 71:)8. See also Huguenots Protogenes, 164 Provence,31,188,208 Providence, 88, 466, 473, 619 Proximus, Statius: see Statius Proximus Prudentius, quoted, 518-19 Prytaneum, 806 Psalms, quoted, 375, 435, 486, 756, 782 Psammenitus, quoted, 6 Pseudo-Gallus: see Maximianus Ptolemies (dynasty), 201 Ptolemy I, king of Egypt, 632 Ptolemy IV, king of Egypt, 531 Ptolemy XII, king of Egypt, 520 Ptolemy (astronomer), 430 Ptolomaeus (nephew of Antigonus Cyclops), 17 Publilius Syrus, 239; quoted, 44, 172, 239, 266 Punic, 16 Pygmalion, 293, 449 Pyrrha, 730 Pyrrho, 36-37; 361, 371, 374, 428, 510, 533; quoted, 533 Pyrrhonians, Pyrrhonists, Pyrrhonism, 372-76,380,392,422,430,435,44 3, 463; quoted, 373-74 Pyrrhus (son of Achilles), 416 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 16, 150, 172, 196, 207, 342, 350, 546, 605, 844; quoted, 150, 196 Pyrrhus (who owned a dog), 346 Pythagoras, 71, 117-18, 202, 316, 379, 381-82,385,393,403-4,415-17,43 5, 455,604,617,667,721,843,850 Pythagoreans, 24, 235, 573, 850 Pythodorus, 366

Q Quartilla, 833 Quatrains (Pibrac), 731 Quedragan (name), 202 Quintilian, 123, 637, 804; quoted, 127, 178,197,322,380,473,619,665,73 6, 769, 804, 816, 834 Quintus Curtius: see Curtius Rufus, Quintus Quito, 698 R

Rabelais, 298, 601, 823; quoted, 98, 601 Rabirius, Caius, 483, 541 Rachel, 158 Raemond, Florimond de, 285, 787 Raisciac (German captain), 7 Randon,10 Rangone, Guido, 17 Ravenna,206

Index of Proper Names Raymond, count of Tripoli, 538 Razis, 257 Red Sea, 331 Reformation, Reformed religion, 86, 232, 545 Reggio ( Rhegium), 4, 17 Regillus, L. Aemilius, 18 Regulus, M. Attilius, 224, 253, 700 Renaud de M ontauban, 597 Rene, king of Sicily and duke of Lorraine, 172, 496 Renzo, 164 Republic (Plato), 77, 104, 109, 380, 474,486,505,528,706,841 Republic ( Zeno), 376 Reveille-Matin des Frant;:ois, Le, 144 Rhegium: see Reggio Rhine, 557 Rhodes, Rhodos, 222,571,797 Rhodiginus, 75 Rhone,558 Robert I, king of France (Robert the Pious), 163 Robert I, king of Scotland, 10 Romania, 344 Romans, 8, 15-16, 18, 40,49-51, 53, 58, 94, 97-98, 100, 112, 128, 139, 150, 168,172,183,202,204,206,209,211, 214, 216, 218-19, 223-24, 226, 229, 237, 252, 255-56, 259-60, 263, 26567, 277, 294-95, 299-301, 304, 307, 314, 318, 342, 351, 355, 358, 367-68, 388, 408, 459, 461, 464, 476, 506, 513-14, 516-20, 523, 527-28, 530, 546,549-51,553-54,557-58,561-62, 566,569,573,581,585,599,604,608, 651, 653, 662, 690, 694-95, 704, 712, 719, 722-23, 733, 744, 748, 753, 765, 797,803,828,845,851 Romans, Epistle to the (St. Paul), quoted, 146, 326 Rome, 8, 28, 52, 54, 59, 75, 106, 111, 133,148,165,188,199,207,217,222, 256, 259, 262-63, 291-93, 308, 31516, 322, 340-41, 350-51, 354, 359, 388,396,450,459,464,466,473-74, 507, 516, 518-19, 521-23, 526, 530, 551,558,565,567-68,578,604,606, 635,649,652-53,658,664,687,69899, 720, 733, 745, 752, 762-63, 765, 775,788,849,851 Romero, Giuliano, 19 Ronsard, Pierre de, 126, 502; quoted, 381 Rouen,90,159 Rufus, Cornelius, 180 Rufus, Lucius Vibulus, 516 Rufus, P. Sextilius, 470 Russia, Russians, 214, 605 Rusticus, 262-63 Rutilianus: see Fabius, Quintus Maximus Rutilianus Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, quoted, 466 Rutilius Rufus, Publius (consul), 479, 527

879

s Sabaude, Sabonde: see Sebond Sabinus,40 Saint Andrew's cross, 432 Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 562 Saint-Bony, 47 Sainte-Catherine, Mont, 90 Saint-Gelais, Mellin de, quoted, 678 Saint-Martin, Gaptain Armand ( Montaigne' s younger brother), 59 Saint Michael, Order of, 275-76, 285, 434, 765 Saint-Michel, Thomas de ( Montaigne's uncle), 580 Saint-Omer, 163 Saintonge, 475, 484 Saint-Pol, 52 Saint-Quentin, 205 Sals, 150, 431 Salamis, 157, 210, 571 Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, 189 Sallust, 76, 180, 303, 484; quoted, 44, 377,471 Salona, 562 Saluzzo, Francis, marquis of, 27 Salvianus of Massilia, 505 Salvidienus, 91 Samnites, 206, 214 Samos, 125,388,429 Samothrace, 29 San Antonio (suburb of Pavia), 47 Sancho, king of Navarre, 226 San Pietro (fort), 52 Santa Rotonda, 112 Santiago de Compostela, 464 Sappho,424 Saracens, 536 Sarah, 158 Sardinia, 224, 387 Sardis, 215 Sarlat, 144 Sarmatian, 213,649,674 Satan, 235, 655 Saturn,67,331,388,398,477,595 Saturninus, Lucius Antonius: see Antonius Saturninus, Lucius Apuleius (tribune), 308,541 Saturninus, Publius Sempronius, quoted, 759 Saturninus (husband of Paulina), 396 Savoy,Savoyard,116 "Sayings of Kings" (Plutarch), 663 Scaean gates, 398 Scaeva,562 Scaevola, Caius Mucius, 40 Scaevola, P. Mucius, 88 Scacvola, Quintus Mucius, quoted, 399 Scaliger, Julius Caesar ( L'Escale), 833 Scanderbeg, 3, 560 Scarf: see Knights of the Band Scaurus,258,479 Scipio, Publius Cornelius (father of the elder Africanus), 15

880

Index of Proper Names

Scipio, Cnaeus (brother of the preceding), 15 Scipio Africanus the Elder, Publius Cornelius,88,95, 115,188,204,209,238, 265,275,498,507,531,556,741,762, 783,810,851;quoted,265 Scipio Africanus the Younger, Aemilianus, 183, 224, 275, 294-95, 498, 556, 573,840,851;quoted,294 Scipio, Caecilius Metellus (Pompey's father-in-law), 55, 558-59, 562 Sclavonia, 565 Scorpio, 311 Scotland, Scottish, Scots, 10-11, 84, 103, 129, 701 Scribonia, 257 Scribonianus, 565 Scripture, Holy: see Bible Scythia, 75, 466 Scythians, 30, 84, 106, 154-55, 213, 228, 265,338,439,477,659,674,791,829 Sebastian, king of Portugal, 514 Sebond ( Sebonde, Sebeyde, etc.), Raymond, 318-21, 326-28, 402, 418 Sechel, George, 530 Secundus, Johannes, 298; quoted, 645, 657 Seine, 762 Sejanus, 606 Seleucus, king of Syria, 193 ~>elim I, 513, 797 Sempronius Longus, 53 Senate (Rome), 8, 16, 87, 199, 224, 245, 263,265,292,302,520,523,553-54, 604, 608, 702, 719, 765 Seneca, L. Annaeus, 15, 55, 64, 101, 107, 162,182-83,185,190,240,243,25556,297,300-302,361,367,377,406, 457,461,463,484,510,513,522,532, 541, 545, 566-69, 641, 685, 718-19, 734, 759, 795, 804, 828-29; quoted, 8, 13,38,44,55-56,61,65,89, 100,10:3, 111, 113, 123, 125-27, 153, 157, 162, 182-83, 185, 190-91, 195, 240, 244, 252-53, 2.55-56, 307, 316, 330, 356, 365-66, 378, 414-15, 439, 457, 46364, 467, 476, 489, 510-11, 522, 532, 543, 566-69, 57T>, 604, 613, 621, 624, 629,639,642,66~,675,680,685, 707, 718, 725, 727, 754-55, 761, 763, 767, 769, 771-72, 776-78, 780, 787, 79496, 800, 803-5, 816, 832, 835, 841, 843-44,853-54,856 Seneca, M. Annaeus the Elder ( rhetorician), quoted, 125, 379, 458 Serapis, 384, 396, 720 Sertorius, 206, 349, 477 Servilia, 551, 553 Servilii, 92 Servitude V olontaire, La (Voluntary Servitude, Le Contre Un) (La Boetie), 115, 135, 144 Servius ( grammarian ) , 252 Servius Tullius, king of Rome, 237 Seven Sages, 370-71, 709

Severns, Emperor, 167 Sextilia, 258 Sextius, 251, 367, 82'1 Sforza, Francesco, 24 Sforza, Ludovico, 54 Sibyls, 442, 693, 838 Sicilians, 165, 256 Sicily, 54, 106, 150, 157, 164, 199, 209, 215,353,460,482,496,607,628,754, 851 Siculus: see Diodorus Siculus Sicyonian, 141 Sidonius Apollinaris, 218; quoted, 641, 763 Siena, 194 Silanus, L., 633 Silius (lover of Messalina), 664 Silius Italicus, quoted, 62, 167 Silvanus, Granius, 258 Silvanus, Plautius, 460 Silvius (Jacques Dubois, doctor), 246 Simonides, 512 Siramnes, 712 Sirens, 360, 469 Sitalces, 42 Six Hundred (senate of Marseilles), 261 Skeptics, 371 Smyrna, 571 Social War ( Rome) , 206 Socrates, 12, 18, 29-30, 34, 64, 73, 86, 105-6, 110, 114, 116-17, 120, 125, 176,178,201,204,220,222,229,233, 245-46, 249, 273, 275, 307-9, 313, 326, 358, 368, 375-77, 382, 399-400, 402,408,412,417,434,436,439,454, 461,496,510,573,576,604,614,620, 622, 632, 641, 643, 647, 652, 667-68, 672, 680-81, 686, 705, 708, 710-11, 743, 752, 759, 772, 777, 792-94, 805-11, 819, 823-24, 826, 829, 838, 843, 850, 852, 855-56; quoted, 12, 30, 64, 116, 176, 439, 614, 622, 643, 647, 680, 772,777,805-6,810,819,829 Socratic, 684, 850 Soissons, 69, 261, 637 Solomon, 431 Solon, 10,54-55,150,291,433,439,477. 580,650,661,692,730,733, 757,845; quoted, 439, 730 Sophists, 101 Sophocles, 8, 148, 243; quoted, 148, 366 Sophronia, 257 Soram1s, Valerius, quoted, 380 Sorbonne, 851 Spa, 464 Spain, 15, 42, 73, 95, 150-51, 160, 196, 205,213,224,248,260,291,295,349, 448, 464, 527, 558, 637, 697 Spaniards, Spanish, 11, 19, 41, 49, 73, 214-15, 248, 282, 299, 310, 319-20, 342,356,367,408,432,464,547,671, 695-96,698,744,763,827,833 Spanish fly, 265 Spargapises, 258 Sparta, 13, 105-6, 124-25, 188, 204, 221,

Index of Proper Names 276,332,398;403,541,647,814,844. See also Lacedaemon Spartans, 40, 170, 255, 518, 547, 593, 596, 722, 760. See also Lacedaemonians Speusippus, 59, 123, 253, 382, 542; quoted, 2.53 Sphaerus, 652 Spurina, 550, 555 Stains, 235 Statilius, 221 Statitts (poet), quoted, 519,770 Statitts, Anneus (doctor), 567 Statius Proximus, 258 Stella, 642 Stephen, Saint (shrine of), 134 Stheno, 5 Stilpo, 177,249,313, 389; quoted, 389 Stobaeus, quoted, 103, 368, 391 Stoics, Stoical, 4, 6, 31, 111, 139, 141, 105,162,224,244,246,250-51,253, 255, 300, 307-8, 312, 346, 357-58, 361, 371, 373, 378, 393, 406-7, 413, 415, 440, 447-48, 455, 457, 461, 463, 510,568,575,617,619,652,734,745, 780, 783, 804, 820, 824, 838, 855; quoted, 251, 461-62 Strat