The archaeological map of the Sudan: Teil 2 The Area of the South Libyan Desert [Reprint 2022 ed.] 9783112613986, 9783112613979

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SUDAN FRIEDRICH W HINKEL II THE AREA OF THE SOUTH LIBYAN DESERT

AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN DER DDR ZENTRALINSTITUT FÜR ALTE GESCHICHTE UND ARCHÄOLOGIE

AKADEMIE VERLAG BERLIN

ERRATA

I n s t e a d of S.A.S. file No. CA/35-1-5 r e a d : S.A.S. file No. CA/31-1-5 on pp. 88, 90, 91, 93, 96, 99, 102, 117, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 146, 147.

3067/2 P. W. Hinkel, The Archaeological Map of the Sudan, Fase. II.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SUDAN FRIEDRICH W.HINKEL AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN DER DDR ZENTRALINSTITUT FÜR ALTE GESCHICHTE UND ARCHÄOLOGIE

THE AREA OF THE SOUTH LIBYAN DESERT with the Co-operation of Anthony J. Mills and an Introduction by Anthony J.Arkell, M.B.E., M.C., D. Litt., F. S. A.

With 28 Figures in the Text and 26 Maps

AKADEMIE - VERLAG • BERLIN

1979

II

Redaktion: Friedmar Geißler Erschienen im Akademie-Verlag, DDR—108 Berlin, Leipziger Str. 3—4 Lektor: Heidi Lässer ©Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1979 Lizenznummer: 202 • 100/113/79 Herstellung: IV/2/14 VEB Druckerei »Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz«, 445 Gräfenhainichen • 5261 Bestell-Nr.: 753 288 0 (3067/2) • LSV 0225 Printed in GDR DDR 78,- M

PREFACE

This, the Second Fascicle of the Archaeological Map of the Sudan, is the first to appear. I t is accompanied by a short Guide to Its Use and Explanation of Its Principles, under separate cover, which is intended as explanation of the conventions and systems used in this reference work. The Guide will eventually be replaced by Fascicle I which will be a fuller exposition of this material. That the South Libyan Desert, the subject area of this fascicle, has been chosen to appear first has several reasons. I t is an area which is geographically in the north-west corner of the Sudan; the order of fascicles proceeding from west to east and from north to south. I t is also relatively more isolated from other fascicle areas t h a n they are from each other. Apart from a small number of tribal groups who pass in and out of the area, there is no population and this emptiness has tended to accentuate its isolation except as a communications route for such highways as the Darb el Arba'in and the Wadi Howar. The research in the area has been conducted by those particularly interested in deserts and the bibliography tends generally to be isolated from the other fascicles. So the South Libyan Desert is very much of an unconnected entity. This isolation has both presented difficulties to and eased the compilation of t h e references to the area. The fact t h a t relatively few scholars have concerned themselves with the region has resulted in a comparatively small body of information. There is at present little field work being conducted and the area's bibliography is relatively stabilized. However, t h e fact t h a t most of the information has been collected by non-archaeological people has tended to produce incomplete site reports and a disproportionately long list of objects of unknown provenance. Of the total of 280 sites in the fascicle, 65 are outside the borders of the Sudan, in Egypt, Libya, and Chad. Of the total 215 sites inside the Sudan 160, i.e., nearly 75% of the total, have been reasonably well located. Of the remaining 55 sites, the Archaeological Map of the Sudan has been unable to locate them with any certainty within any given 3' grid square. Of the 289 S.N.M. accession numbers which have been given to objects t h a t are recorded as coming from this area, only 186 come from sites for which an exact location is known. At first, and according to the sources and archival material only 124 accession numbers of objects were found to be attributed to located sites. The exact provenance of a further 62 accession numbers could be traced during the work on the manuscript for this fascicle, thus closing some gaps in our records about the area of the South Libyan Desert.

The use of the numbering system applied for registering the sites and all the information connected with them has very much facilitated the work on t h e A.M.S. The system is a very simple and logical tool and has proved excellent since its introduction during the early days of the Nubian Salvage Campaign. For many readers the principles of this system of site numbering will be new but it will take only a short time to get accustomed to it. In some of the site descriptions references are already given to sites and to their numbers which lie within the area of other fascicles in preparation. This brings up the question of an index of sites arranged according to the site numbers in this fascicle. I felt t h a t such a reference was not really needed since the catalogue of sites where one would look for them, follows the system of site numbers. To make it easier to look up sites the first three elements of the site number, i.e., the number of the Unit Map, are printed at the head of each page and so compensate for such an index. For reasons of convenience an arbitrary decision has been made in the usage of country names. References are generally made to the shortened form, thus Egypt, Libya, and Chad. These terms are used in the historical or modern context instead of the official names of the territory or political unit of the countries concerned. This convention appears as well in the text as also on the accompanying maps. In compiling and reading through the references every effort has been made to bring the material up to date. However, one of the publications, announced but not yet published, the work on Rock Art of the Jebel Uweinat (Libyan Sahara), by Fr. Van Noten had unfortunately to be left out because the closing date of the manuscript could not be further postponed. The reader is referred to the Preface of the Guide fascicle for a specific list of acknowledgements to various people without whom the Archaeological Map of the Sudan would not have been possible. Specific practical help in the preparation of the manuscript of this fascicle has come from Dr. G. Strohmaier who provided the Arabic part of the glossary and from Mrs. E. Schiller who prepared the twenty-four Unit Maps. Dr. W.-F. Reineke spent much time on reading the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions for which I am most grateful. I owe especial gratitude to numerous librarians of different institutions, specially to Mrs. H. Glotz of the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, Mrs. G. Lehmann of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Sektion Geographie, Mrs. G. Verwiebe of the Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie, Berlin, and to iii

Friedrieh W. Hinkel Mrs. J. Dick of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, for assistance in tracing many references and bibliographic information. I am also very much indebted to Mrs. Joan Becker who went through the final version of the manuscript to correct the English and to my wife Anneliese who patiently typed and retyped the manuscript. Further typing assistance has come from Mrs. Gromow in Toronto. I also have to thank Mrs. H. Lasser of the Akademie-Verlag and Berlin, May 1976

iv

Dr. F. Geißler of the Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie for their assistance in preparing the manuscript for the printer. Finally, I shall be very glad for notes about any error and omission, so that corrections can be made in future. The compilation of the manuscript ended on 31st March, 1976. Friedrich W. Hinkel

INTRODUCTION

I count it a great honour to have been asked by Friedricii Hinkel to contribute an introduction to the fascicle on the South Libyan Desert of his masterly Archaeological Map of the Sudan. I t was a fortunate day when the Sudan Antiquities Service found Hinkel who—besides his hard work on salvaging the monuments of Sudanese Nubia and supervising the building up of the Sudan National Museum at Khartoum—has spent his spare time collecting material sufficient to make a systematic survey of all the archaeological remains known to us so far which have been found within the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. I also count it a very happy day when in 1922 I arrived at Kutum, the headquarters of the Northern Darfur District, on my appointment to the Sudan Government Service as a District Commissioner, and it was another happy day when a t my home in a Kent village someone found a fine bronze coin of the Roman emperor Claudius which awoke in me a love of archaeology; showing how material remains left by man can be used to reconstruct his past history. I t was indeed a fortunate day when I was posted to Northern Darfur, for t h a t meant it was my responsibility to take an interest in a huge semi-desert area bounded on the north by the Wadi Howar, a dry watercourse of which much information will be found in this fascicle of the Archaeological Ma-p of the Sudan. Beyond the Wadi there was much that was unknown, and it has always been the unknown which has intrigued me. So t h a t it was natural t h a t when I came across Bidi Awdi, who had travelled in the unknown beyond the Wadi Howar, I contributed my first paper to Sir Harold MacMichael's important child, Sudan Notes and Records. Bidi Awdi's account of his journey led my imagination through an area which soon after became the object of a number of explorations and research expeditions. I n 1923 I met Ahmed M. Hassanein Bey, one of the outstanding modern explorers who first traversed the desert from Kufra to El Fasher, and had the pleasure of welcoming him to Darfur. This area, so long unknown to modern exploration by man, is now the subject of this fascicle, which ambitiously surveys and records our present knowledge of human activities in this area. Unfortunately, I personally travelled only a few miles over the edges of the area defined by this fascicle and therefore had always to be on the look-out for more news about the archaeology observed by expeditions in this region in order to compare my own observations made in many years in the Sudan with those reported from this area. I t is therefore a joy to me to introduce this

fascicle of the Archaeological Map of the Sudan and to realize t h a t future generations of archaeologists of the Sudan and Africa generally will have this tool in their hands in which they will find assembled all the information concerning archaeological sites not only for the South Libyan Desert but also in future fascicles for other regions of the Sudan. Such a compilation will certainly facilitate the work of comparing sites and finds in order to arrive at a wider knowledge of cultural connexions and influences. After many years of collecting information about the archaeology of the Wadi Howar and the area north of it, and after participating in the British Ennedi Expedition which studied the western edge of the area covered by this fascicle, a recent item of information from the desert area has aroused my interest. I have learned from Nyame Akuma 5 t h a t the Combined Prehistoric Expedition led by Fred Wendorf has completed its third field season of archaeological and geological excavations in the southwestern desert of Egypt at a playa near Gebel Nabta (prov. A.M.S. number NF-36-E/14-, unfortunately actually in the adjoining fascicle area and therefore to be catalogued in Fascicle III) about 125 km. west of Abu Simbel. This site yielded a Neolithic occupation site with Early Khartoum-like pottery and an underlying and extensive area of Terminal Palaeolithic occupation. Wendorf's team plans to return to the Gebel Nabta area for further work next season and we may expect further information about the extension of the Khartoum Neolithic. Our knowledge of that began with the excavation of an early occupation site brought to light by a trench dug as part of the defences of Khartoum railway station against air raids early in 1941. That trench revealed sherds of an unusual kind of pottery which I described in my Early Khartoum as Wavy Line pottery on which the wavy lines were seen to have been made with combs made from the spines of the catfish Synodontis schall. Early Khartoum pottery has recently been shown to be considerably earlier than the earliest Near Eastern pottery, for the dramatic find of a bone harpoon of the Early Khartoum type in a dated soil pit dug near Shabona (A.M.S. site number ND-36-F/10-F-1 a t approx. 14°40' N, 32°15' 30" E) on the east bank of the White Nile by J . D. Clark in 1973 gave the first radio-carbon date for Early Khartoum as 8370 ±350 B.P. Only 2 km. south of this site I had as early as 1947 collected artefacts and sherds of Dotted Wavy Line ware from an eroded occupation site (ND-36-F/10-K-1) 5 km. north of Naima. Wavy Line pottery similar to t h a t from Early v

Anthony J. Arkell

Khartoum has been found a t Amekni in Hoggar by Professor Gabriel Camps, where it has been dated to 6100 B.C., and I also found sherds of similar pottery on eroded sites around the lake of Great Wanyanga in Borkou. I t is interesting t h a t this very early African pottery is shown by its fishspine decoration to be connected with fishing. The inventors of African pottery must have found pots useful for containing food such as river molluscs, of which large numbers of Ampullaria (Pila) shells were found at Early Khartoum, and soft fruit such as Celtis or hackberry of which many seeds were found at Early Khartoum. Returning to the Archaeological Map of the Sudan and the present fascicle we note in the catalogue of sites t h a t some of this early pottery (S.N.M. 2578) was found not surprisingly in the Wadi Howar (NE-35-N/(l)) where I once reported Ampullaria molluscs aestivating. I t is always a good sign if one is impatient to see the next fascicle of a publication. This is my reaction

vi

when reading the part about the South Libyan Desert, with its surprising number of more t h a n 250 recorded sites. Many thousand more sites will be recorded in the future fascicles of the Archaeological Map of the Sudan. Many of them will be unknown to most scholars, as will presumably be the case with many of the sites included in this fascicle. As more and more evidence is collected the conclusion which we have to draw from them in our work of reconstructing the past will become more definite. Fascicle I I on the area of the South Libyan Desert is the first to appear in the series of fascicles of the Archaeological Map of the Sudan. I t is of its kind and format a new and most useful undertaking specially designed to record and evaluate archaeological evidence. I t is my opinion t h a t Hinkel's Map will very soon become indispensable to all concerned with the corresponding areas. Anthony J . Arkell

TABLE OF CONTENTS

D.

THE AREA OF THE SOUTH LIBYAN DESERT. LIST OF SITES

D.l

Introduction to the Fascicle

D.l.l D.I.2 D.I.3 D.I.4 D.I.5

General Description of the Area . . . A History of the Exploration in the Area of the South Libyan D e s e r t . . . Abbreviations and Signs in the Text . Abbreviations and Signs on the Maps. Glossary

11 21 23 23

D.2

Archaeology

25

D.2.1

Short Survey of the Archaeology of the Area Compiler's Note on the Archaeology of the Area List of Sites Outside the Sudan Border from which there are no S.N.M. Accessions i . . . .

D.2,2 D.2.3

. . . .

1 10 10

25 28

29

D.3

Catalogues

D.3.1

Catalogue of Unlocated Objects and Sites Within the Sudan Catalogue of Sites Outside the Sudan Border from which there are S.N.M. Accessions

34

D.4

Indices

40

D.4.1 D.4.2

Index of Located Sites Index of Unlocated Sites Within the Sudan Border Index of Objects in the S.N.M. Collection Index of Sites Outside the Sudan Border

40

D.3.2

D.4.3 D.4.4

34 34

43 44 49

D.5

References

51

D.5.1 D.5.2 D.5.3

Bibliography List of Maps List of Serials

51 66 67

D.6

Maps of the Area of the Fascicle (See Appendix, Maps Nos. 1 and 2)

E.

UNIT MAPS Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit

Map NF-35-I Map NF-35-J Map NF-35-K Map NF-35-L Map NF-35-M Map NF-35-N Map NF-35-0 Map NF-35-P Map NE-35-A Map NE-35-B Map NE-35-C Map NE-35-D Map NE-35-E Map NE-35-F Map NE-35-G Map NE-35-H Map NE-35-I Map NE-35-J Map NE-35-K Map NE-35-L Map NE-35-M Map NE-35-N Map NE-35-0 Map NE-35-P

77 77 88 90 92 98 99 101 105 106 107 113 115 117 119 123 124 128 130 139 141 143 145 150 154

Appendix with 26 Maps

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE T E X T

Fig. 1

Travellers'Routes before 1799

. . .

12

Fig. 2

Travellers' Routes 1800-1899

. . .

13

Fig. 3

Travellers' Routes 1900^-1919

. . .

14

Fig. 4

Travellers' Routes 1920-1924

. . .

15

Fig. 5

Travellers' Routes 1925r-1929

. . .

Fig. 6

Fig. 9 Map Showing Registered Locations Outside the Sudan from which there are no S.N.M. Accessions

32

16

Fig. 10 Map Showing Locations Outside the Sudan from which there are S.N.M. Accessions

38

Sketch Map Showing Change in Frontiers Connected with Sarra Triangle .

18

Fig. 11 NF-35-I/ Karkur Talh / J. 'Uweinat (Rock Pictures)

78

Fig. 7

Travellers' Routes 1930-1934

. . .

19

Fig. 8

Travellers' Routes 1935^1971

. . .

20

Fig. 12 NF-35-I/ Karkur Talh / J. 'Uweinat (Rock Pictures) . . •

78 vii

List of Figures in the Text Fig. 13 NF-35-I/ Karkur Talh / J . 'Uweinat (Sketch Map)

78

Fig. 22 NE-35-J/6-P-1. Wa'arat el (Rock Pictures)

Gulud

Fig. 14 NF-35-I/5-C-1. Karkur Talh / J . 'Uweinat (Sketch Map)

81

Fig. 23 NE-35-J/6-P-1. Wa'arat (Rock Pictures)

Gulud

Fig. 15 NF-35-I/22-L-1. Yerguehda Hill (Libya) (Rock Pictures)

85

Fig. 16 NF-35-I/22-L-2. Yerguehda Hill (Libya) (Stone Platforms)

Fig. 24 NE-35-0/13-V-2. Umm Tasawir, Qelti (Rock Pictures)

151

85

Fig. 17 NF-35-I/5. Enlarged Part of Map . .

87

Fig. 25 NE-35-0/13-V-2. Umm Tasawir, Qelti (Rock Pictures)

151

Fig. 18 NF-35-L/16-L-2.a. Selima Oasis (Plan of Ruin)

94

Fig. 26 NE-35-0/13-V-2. Umm Tasawir, Qelti (Rock Pictures)

152

95

Fig. 27 NE-35-0/13-V-2. Umm Tasawir, Qelti (Rock Pictures)

152

Fig. 20 NE-35-B/16-X-2.1. Tamr el Qisar (N of) (Rock Pictures) 108

Fig. 28 NE-35-P/18-E-2. Kai, Bir el (Rock Inscriptions and Marks)

156

Fig. 19 NF-35-L/16-L-3. Selima Oasis (Inscriptions and Marks)

Fig. 21 NE-35-J/6-P-1. Wa'arat (Rock Pictures)

el

Gulud '. .

131

el

131 132

D.

THE AREA OF THE SOUTH LIBYAN DESERT LIST OF SITES

The following compilation lists in alphabetic order all sites from within the Sudan border and outside of it which are registered in this fascicle. For short reference purposes an abbreviated characterization of the site is added. Various spellings and names recorded in the Catalogue of Sites are also indexed and cross references are given to certain areas. ABD E L MALIK, WADI ABD EL MELIIi, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) ABD EL MELIIi, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) ABU NAGILA, J E B E L ABU NEGILA ABU TABARI ABU TABARI (ESE oi) ABU TABARI (ESE oi) ABU TABARI (W oi) ADUSA, QELTI EL, J . Tageru ADUSA, QELTI EL, J . Tageru AGIA, E L 'AIN-HAMED 'AMARA, WADI 'AMARA, WADI 'ANAG, WADI EL 'ANAG, WADI EL 'ANAG, WADI EL 'ANAG, WADI EL ANEAT (J. 'Uweinat) ANUAR (J. 'Uweinat) AOUINAT, E L (J. 'Uweinat) ARAK, WADI ARAKA (N oi) ARCHENU, JEBEL (Libya) ARCHENU, JEBEL (Libya) ARCHENU, JEBEL (Libya) ARD EL AKHDAR, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) ARKENU, JEBEL 'ATRUN, BIR, El 'Atrun Oasis ' A T R U N OASIS, E L (or Bir el Malha, Bir Zaghawa, Bir Natrun)

ATTRUN, B l R E L AUDUN, J E B E L AUENAT (J. 'Uweinat) BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAHEIR TAGERU BAKHT, WADI EL, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) BAKHT, WADI EL, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) BAKHT, WADI EL, Gilf Kebir (Egypt)

see

see see

see see

see see see

see see

see see see

ABD E L MELIK, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) NF-35-A/6 (1)

rock pictures

29

NF-35-A/6 (2)

stone artefacts

29

well stone artefacts pottery stone artefact rock well 'Anag graves

141 141 141 140 152 152

well rock pool well rock pictures prehist. occup. rock pictures

155 155 109 109 109 109 77 77 77 132 144 31 31 31 36

KAI, B I R EL, J . Abu Nagila KAI, BIB, EL, J . Abu Nagila NE-85-L/7-P-1 NE-S5-L/7-Y-1 NE-35-L/7-Y-2 NE-35-K/12-T-1 NE-35-0/19-K-1 NE-35-0/19-K-2 LAQIYA ARBA'IN 'EIN, EL NE-35-P/12-D-1 NE-35-P/12-J-I NE-35-B/16-Y-1 NE-35-B/16-Y-3 NE-35-B/17-U-1 NE-35-B/17-U-2 E . l . l in NF-35-I E. 1.1 in NF-35-I E . l . l in NF-35-I NE-35-J/18-I-1 NE-35-M/13 (1) NF-35-E/16 (1) NF-35-E/16 (2) NF-35-E/16 (3) NF-35-B/21-F-1

two pendants stone artefacts, pottery rock pictures pottery stone circles stone artefacts, pottery

ARCHENU, J E B E L (Libya) well NE-36-F/23-C-1 'ATRUN, B I R ; BATTERY W E L L ; GELLABA, 'IDD E L ; MILANI, B I R ; NAKHLA, 'IDD E N 'ATRUN, B I R , El 'Atrun Oasis KAI, B I R EL, J . Abu Nagila E . l . l in NF-35-I

120

77 146 146 147 147 147 147 148 30

NE-35-N/6-X-1 NE-35-N/12-N-1 NE-35-N/12-T-1 NE-35-N/18-M-1 NE-36-N/18-0-1 NE-35-N/18-R-1 NE-35-N/18 (1) NF-35-B/22-A-1

pottery artefacts, pottery stone artefact stone artefacts stone artefact stone artefact two cairn graves stone artefacts

NF-35-B/22-A-2

stone artefacts

36

NF-36-B/22-A-8

stone artefacts, pottery

37

1

Lisi of Sites BAN GEDID, JEBEL EL BARBITA BAT-HA, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab BATTERY WELL, El 'Atrun Oasis BAO, WADI, Dar el Bedayat (Chad) BAO, WADI, Dar el Bedayat (Chad) BEACON POINT (near) BEDAYAT, DAR E L BETANAHASS, J E B E L BIDI, BIR, Wadi Emeiri B R I N S , 'AIN E L BRINZ, 'AIN E L BURG E L T I Y U R BURG ET TUYUR BURG ET TUYUR BUTTA

see

see see see see see

see

CAMP 49 CAMP 49 CARCUR BRAHIM

see

CARCUR BULEGA

see

CARCUR D R I S

see

CARCUR TALAH CHELONIDES, LACUS (PALUS) 'CHEMSI, ECH CHISSU

see see see see

DAKAR EL ARAK DARB EL ARBA'IN DAUA, 'AIN D E R I B E L ARBAYIN DJARHAUDA, D J E B E L DOLEIB, 'IDD ED DÖUA, 'AIN DOUMfi -RAD J A H H DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) DUA, 'EIN (E of), J . 'Uweinat (Libya) DUKERAT, Wadi el Qa'ab DUWA, 'AIN

see see see see see

see

EGUI, AIN E L ÉGUIEH, EL E GUY, AIN E L 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, JEBEL EL 'EIN, JEBEL EL ' E I N AGA ELAU, ED EMEIRI, WADI E M E I R I , WADI ERDI (Chad) ETROUN, E L (El 'Atrun Oasis)

see see see

GAB, WADI E L GAWIT GAZÀL, 'ÀIN E L GELLABA, 'IDD EL, El Atrun Oasis

see see see

2

see see see also see

NE-35-P/18-J-1 MURBEITI, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-D/23-Y-1 NE-35-F/23-I-2 NE-34-P/(l) NE-34-P/(2) NE-35-A/13-F-1 BAO, WADI (Chad) NAHAS, J E B E L B E I T E N NE-35-B/16-Y-2 K A R K U R MURR, J . 'Uweinat K A R K U R MURR, J . 'Uweinat BURG E T TUYUR NF-35-0/3-I-1 NF-35-0/3-I-2 BAT-HA, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab

well

156

well well lip plug stone artefact stone artefacts

115 121 39 39 106

well

109

rock pictures artefacts

101 102

stone artefacts, pottery NF-35-0/14-G-1 burial NF-35-0/I4-G-2 K A R K U R IBRAHIM, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) K A R K U R I D R I S , J . 'Uweinat (Libya) K A R K U R I D R I S , J . 'Uweinat (Libya) K A R K U R TALH, J . 'Uweinat N U K H E I L A OASIS SHEMSI, Wadi el Qa'ab KISSU, J E B E L

102 103

NE-35-D/23-S-1 NE-35-J/(13) DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) D A R B E L ARBA'IN Y E R G U E H D A H I L L (Libya) NE-35-F/23-G-1 DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) D U K E R A T , Wadi el Qa'ab NF-35-I/4-R-1 NF-35-I/4-R-2 NF-35-I/4-R-4 NF-35-I/4-R-3

old well old village sites

115 136

well

121

NE-35-H/6-I-1 DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya)

well

125

wells remains of houses remains of wall iron cross ruin rock pictures

154 154 155 155 157 157

stone artefacts

109

stone artefacts, pottery

33 119

well

121

LAQIYA ARBA'IN LAQIYA ARBA'IN LAQIYA ARBA'IN NE-35-P/10-L-1 NE-35-P/10-L-2 NE-36-P/10-L-3 NE-35-P/10-L-4 NE-35-P/(l) NE-35-P/(2) LAQIYA ARBA'IN ABU TABARI NE-36-B/17-P-1 B I R B I D I ; TAMR E L QISAR NE-34-D/17-R-1 E . l . l in NE-35-F QA'AB, WADI E L QIRWID, Wadi el Qa'ab DUA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) NE-35-F/23-H-1

rock pictures stone artefacts burial rock pictures, artefacts

83 84 84 84

List of Sites GEREINAT, GELTI

see

GHARRA, E L GIÀ, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab GILF K E B I R

see

GILF KEBIR (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (E of) (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (E side) (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (E side) (Egypt) GILF KEBIR (S of) (Egypt) GOJAH, E L GORA'AN, B I R E L GOYAH, fiL GRASSY VALLEY GUEROUED, EL GUROGURO, WADI 'HADJCAR, AM HAFAIR, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab HAMRA, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) HAMRA, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) HASHEIM, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab HAWA, WADI HAWAR, WADI HECHEIME, E L HOFAR, E L HOFRA, E L HOWAR, WADI HO WAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI (Camp 30) HOWAR, WADI (N bank) HOWAR, WADI (N bank) HOWAR, WADI (N of) HOWAR, WADI (S bank) HOWAR, WADI (S of) HUSEIN, WADI HUSSEIN, WADI JARHAUDA, G E B E L JERGUEIDA JIHAF, J E B E L

see also

see see see see

see

see see see see see

see see

MUQEIRINAT, E L QULUT EL, J . Tageru TUNDUBAI NE-35-H/6-S-1 well ABD E L MELIK, WADI (Egypt); ARD E L AKHDAR, WADI (Egypt); BAKHT, WADI E L (Egypt); HAMRA, WADI (Egypt); MAGHARAT E L KANTARA (Egypt); SURA, WADI (Egypt) NF-35-B/15-P-1 stone artefacts NF-35-B/19-0-1 stone artefacts NF-35-B/20-U-1 stone artefacts NF-35-B/16-0-1 stone circles NF-35-B/17-K-1 ancient ascent NF-35-B/17-P-1 occupation site NF-35-F/8-L-1 stone artefacts, pottery TUNDUBAI DOLEIB, 'IDD ED TUNDUBAI NF-35-N/4-A-1 QIRWID, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-I/13 (1) UMM HAGAR, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-H/5-S-1 NF-35-A/6 (3) NF-35-A/6 (4) NE-35-H/6-R-1 HOWAR, WADI HOWAR, WADI HASHEIM, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab HAFAIR, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab HAFAIR, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-J/12-Y-1 NE-35-J/18-H-1 NE-35-J/(l) NE-35-J/(2) NE-35-J/(3) NE-35-J/(4) NE-35-J/(5) NE-35-J/(6) NE-35-J/(7) NE-35-J/(8) NE-35-J/(9) NE-35-J/(10) NE-35-J/(ll) NE-35-J/(12) NE-35-M/16-S-1 NE-35-M/6 (1) NE-35-M/12 (1) NE-35-N/1-G-1 NE-35-N/1 (1) NE-35-J/20-N-1 NE-35-J/18-H-2 NE-35-J/18-H-3 NE-35-J/14-N-1 NE-35-J/18-N-1 NE-35-N/7-S-1 EMEIRI, WADI EMEIRI, WADI YERGUEHDA HILL (Libya) YERGUEHDA HILL (Libya) NE-35-0/1-D-1

cairn grave

126

30 36 36 30 30 35 37

99

rock pictures

128

well rock pictures stone artefacts well

124 29 29

126

mound stone artefacts stone artefact stone artefacts graves cairn graves occupation sites stone artefacts, pottery stone artefact stone artefact stone artefact stone artefacts stone artefacts stone artefacts stone artefacts, pottery occupation sites occupation sites stone artefacts, pottery stone artefacts, pottery pottery 'Anag occupation 'Anag occupation stone artefacts stone artefacts, pottery stone artefact

131 132 133 133 133 134 134 134 136 136 136 136 136 136 143 143 143 145 147 133 132 132 131 133 146

stone artefact

150

3

List of Sites KABABISH, 'IDD E L KAI, BIR EL, J . Abu Nagila KAI, BIB EL, J . Abu Nagila KAI, BIR EL (S of), J . Abu Nagila KAI, BIR EL (S of), J . Abu Nagila KARAMBARU K A R G U R TALH KARKOUM TALH K A R K O U R TALH K A R K U R BUQNAGHA

see

see see see see

KARKUR HAMID, J . 'Uweinat see also K A R K U ß IBRAHIM, J . Uweinat • (Libya) KARKUR IDRIS, J . Uweinat (Libya) KARKUR MURR, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat (Egypt) KARKUR TALH, J . 'Uweinat (Egypt) KARKUR TALH, J . 'Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . 'Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . 'Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TALH, J . Uweinat KARKUR TELH see KHÉRÉDJI, EL see K H I D E I R A , QELTI E L see KHUDEIRA, JEBEL, J . Tageru KHUDEIRA, QELTI EL, J . Tageru KHUDEIRA, QELTI EL (NW of), J . Tageru KILOMETRE 384 (Egypt) KISSU, JEBEL KISSU, JEBEL KOSSOM B E R I T I KUEIB, EL KUEIBI, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab KUEIBI, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab K U R K U R MURR K U R K U R TALH KUSSUM BETEKE LACUS (PALUS) CHELONIDES LA'EIT, E L LAGIA AGAR LAGIA AMRAN LAGIA K E B I R LAGIA OMRAN LAGUYÉH LAQITA ARBA'IN LAQIYA ARBA'IN LAQITA ARBA'IN (N of) LAQITA 'UMRAN LAQITA 'UMRAN LAQITA 'UMRAN (S of) LEGGIJE LEGHEA LEGHEIA 4

see see

see see

see see see see see see see

see see see

MILANI, B I R , El 'Atrun Oasis NE-35-P/18-E-1 NE-35-P/18-E-2 NE-35-P/18-E-3 NE-35-P/18-E-4 NE-35-F/12-P-1 K A R K U R TALH, J . 'Uweinat K A R K U R TALH, J . 'Uweinat K A R K U R TALH, J . 'Uweinat K A R K U R I D R I S , J . 'Uweinat (Libya) NF-35-I/5 (2) K A R K U R I D R I S , J . 'Uweinat (Libya) NF-35-I/4-G-1

old rook wells 155 rock inscriptions, pictures 155 156 burial mound 156 pottery 120 well

rock pictures

83

rock pictures

83

NF-36-E/22-W-1

rock pictures

31

NF-35-I/5-M-1 NF-35-E/23-W-1

rock pictures rock pictures

82 31

NF-36-E/23-W-2 NF-35-I/5-B-1 NF-35-I/5-B-2 NF-35-I/5-C-1 NF-35-I/6-C-2 NF-35-I/5-C-3 NF-35-I/6-C-4 NF-35-I/5-C-5 NF-35-I/6-C-6 NF-35-I/5-G-1 NF-35-I/5-H-1 K A R K U R TALH, j . 'Uweinat BAT-HA, EL, Wadi el Qa'ab K H U D E I R A , QELTI EL, J . Tageru NE-35-0/7-U-2 NE-35-0/7-V-1 NE-35-0/7-U-1

occupation site rock pictures rock pictures rock pictures, objects rock pictures rock pictures rock pictures, objects rock pictures rock pictures rock pictures rock pictures

37 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 82 82

stone artefact rock well ?rock pictures

150 151 150

NG-35-P/(l) NF-35-I/11-W-1 NF-35-I/11 (1) KUSSUM B E T E K E K U E I B I , EL, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-H/6-0-1 NE-35-H/6-0-2 K A R K U R MURR, J . 'Uweinat K A R K U R TALH, J . 'Uweinat NE-35-E/18-G-1

stone artefacts rock pictures stone artefacts

34 83 83

N U K H E I L A OASIS UMMAT LA'IT J E B E L S LAQIYA A R B A ' I N LAQIYA 'UMRAN LAQIYA ARBA'IN LAQIYA 'UMRAN . LAQIYA ARBA'IN NF-35-0/23-P-1 NF-35-0/23-P-2 NF-35-0/23 (1) NE-35-C/5-I-1 NE-35-C/5 (1) NE-35-C/5 (2) LAQIYA A R B A ' I N LAQIYA A R B A ' I N LAQIYA ARBA'IN

well old fort

125 125

camp site

117

stone artefacts medieval artefacts stone circle stone artefacts ?haematite quarry ?ruin

103 103 103 113 114 114

List of Sites LEGIA LÉGUIÉ LÉGUYÉ MAGHARAT EL KANTARA, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) MAGHARAT EL KANT ARA, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) MAGHARBA, 'IDD E L MAHAISIYAT, JEBEL (NW of) MAI, ZALAT EL MALÉHH, B I R (El 'Atrun Oasis) MALHA, B I R E L (El 'Atrun Oasis) MANDA MASSAWARAT, GELTI E L MATASS, E L MATASSI, Wadi el Qa'ab MELANI, B I R MERBITA MERGA (OASIS) MILANI, BIR, El 'Atrun Oasis MIRGA MORRAT, E L MOURDI (N of) (Chad) MUGEIRINAT, QELTI E L

see see see

see

see see see see see see see see see see see

MUKSAM, JEBEL EL, J . Tageru MUKSAM, JEBEL EL (W of), J . Tageru MUQEIRINAT, EL QULUT EL, J . Tageru MUQEIRINAT, EL QULUT EL, J . Tageru MUQEIRINAT, EL QULUT EL, J . Tageru MUQEIRINAT, EL QULUT EL (near) MUQEIRINAT, EL QULUT EL (W of), J . Tageru MURBEITI, Wadi el Qa'ab MURBEITI, Wadi el Qa'ab MURRAT, Wadi el Qa'ab MUSAWWAR, QELTI E L see MUSAWWARAT, QELTI E L

NAHAS, DEBBAT EN (S of) NAHAS, JEBEL BEIT EN NAKHLA, 'IDD EN, El 'Atrun Oasis NARI, J E B E L E N (J.'Uweinat) NATRON, BIR NATROUN, D J i l B E L , (El 'Atrun Oasis) NATRUN, B I R N E K H E I L A OASIS NUKHEILA, Wadi el Qa'ab NUKHEILA OASIS NUKHEILA OASIS NUKHEILA OASIS NUKHEILA OASIS NUKHEILA OASIS NUKHEILA OASIS (NNE of) OUENAT (J.'Uweinat) OUNIANGA OWANA (J. 'Uweinat)

see

see see see see see

see see see

LAQIYA 'UMRAN LAQIYA ARBA'IN LAQIYA A R B A ' I N NF-35-F/2-E-1

rock pictures

31

NF-35-F/2-E-2

stone artefacts, pottery

31

'ATRUN, B I R , El 'Atrun Oasis . NF-35-L/24-P-1 NE-35-IÍ/11-I-1 E . l . l in NE-35-F E . l . l in NE-35-F KUSSUM B E T E K E UMM TASAWIR, QELTI, J . Tageru MATASSI, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-H/6-M-1 MILANI, BIR, El 'Atrun Oasis MURBEITI, Wadi el Qa'ab N U K H E I L A OASIS NE-35-F/23-0-1 N U K H E I L A OASIS MURRAT, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-34-H/(l) MUQEIRINAT, E L QULUT EL, J . Tageru NE-35-N/18-Y-1 NE-35-N/24-E-1 NE-35-N/6-0-1 NE-35-N/6-0-2 NE-35-N/6-0-3

qubba pottery

96 140 119 119

well

125

well

121

stone artefacts pottery tanged iron hoe rock well rock well rock pictures

NE-35-N/6 (1) NE-35-N/6-N-1

pottery

33

147 147 146 146 146 147 145 125 125 124

NE-35-H/6-D-1 NE-35-H/6-D-2 NE-35-H/5-T-1 UMM TASAWIR, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM TASAWIR, QELTI, J . Tageru

stone artefacts, pottery

NE-35-K/8-W-1 NE-35-0/9-D-1 NE-36-F/23-I-1 E . l . l in NF-35-I E . l . l in NE-35-F E . l . l in NE-35-F

stone artefacts pottery well

139 151 121 77 119 119

well well well well rock pictures stone artefacts rock pictures

124 110 110 110 111 111 110

'ATRUN, B I R , El 'Atrun Oasis N U K H E I L A OASIS NE-35-H/5- J - l NE-36-B/22-Q-1 NE-35-B/22-Q-2 NE-35-B/22-V-1 NE-35-B/22-V-2 NE-35-B/22 (1) NE-35-B/22-I-1 E . l . l in NF-35-I WANYANGA (Chad) E . l . l in NF-35-I

well stone artefacts well

77 77

5

List of Sites OWANAT (J. 'Uweinat) OWENAT (J. 'Uweinat) OWINAT (J. 'Uweinat) OYO

see see see see also

P R E N S I , 'AIN PRINCE, 'EIN EL, J . 'Uweinat P R I N Z , 'AIN E L

see also

QA'AB, WADI EL

see

see

E . l . l in NF-35-I E . l . l in NF-35-I E . l . l in NF-35-I NE-35-B/15-T-1 TAMR E L QISAR PRINCE, ' E I N EL, J . 'Uweinat NF-35-I/5-P-1 K A R K U R MURR, J . 'Uweinat

77 77 77 well

rock pictures

108

82

QIRWID, Wadi el Qa'ab

BAT-HA, E L ; D U K E R A T ; GIA, E L ; HAFAIR, E L ; HASHEIM, E L ; K U E I B I , E L ; MATASSI; M U R B E I T I ; MURRAT; NUKHEILA; QIRWID; S E ' E I F I , E S ; SHAQQ, E S H ; SHEMSI; UMM HAGAR; (not named), Wadi el Qa'ab NE-35-D/24-Y-1 well

116

RAHIB, JEBEL (SW end) RAHIB WELLS RAHIB WELLS

NE-35-J/18 (1) NE-35-K/7-V-1 NE-3Ö-K/7-V-2

133 139 139

SAGAUI (El 'Atrun Oasis) SAlFI, E S SAYAL TOTAH SE'EIFI, ES, Wadi el Qa'ab SELlM SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS (NW of) SELIMA OASIS (SSW of) SELtMA SELIME (or SELIMfi, SfiLIMiS, SilLIMEH) SELIMMA, W A D D I E L SELYMA (or SELYMfiH) SHAQQ, ESH, Wadi el Qa'ab SHAU, WADI SHAW, WADI S H E I K H AMBIGOL SHEIKH UMBIGIL, JEBEL SHEMSI, Wadi el Qa'ab SORA, WADI SULTAN, B I R SURA, WADI, Gilf Kebir SURA, WADI, Gilf Kebir SURA, WADI, Gilf 'Kebir SURA, WADI, Gilf Kebir SUWAR, WADI E S

see see

see see see see see see see

see see

(Egypt) (Egypt) (Egypt) (Egypt)

TAGARU TAGERU, JEBEL see also

6

E . l . l in NE-35-F S E ' E I F I , ES, Wadi el Qa'ab NE-36-F/23-D-2 NE-35-H/11-E-1 SELIMA OASIS NF-35-L/16-L-1 NF-35-L/16-L-2 NF-35-L/16-L-3 NF-35-L/16-L-4 NF-35-L/16-L-6 NF-35-L/16 (1) NF-35-L/16 (2) NF-35-L/16 (3) NF-35-L/16-L-5 NF-35-L/21-J-1 SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS SELIMA OASIS NE-35-H/6-H-1 HOWAR, WADI HO WAR, WADI S H E I K H UMBIGIL, J E B E L NF-35-L/4-0-1 NE-35-D/24-X-1 SURA, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt) GELLABA, 'IDD EL, El 'Atrun Oasis NF-35-A/12-P-1 NF-35-A/12-P-2 NF-35-A/12-P-3 NF-35-A/12-P-4 SURA, WADI, Gilf Kebir (Egypt)

stone artefact wells stone artefact

119 iron axe head well well ruin inscriptions rock hewn chambers cairn underground room stone artefacts pottery rock pictures stone artefact

120 126

93 93 95 93 95 96 96 96 95 95

well

125

Sheikh's tomb well

116

rock pictures stone artefacts, pottery rock pictures artefacts

TAGERU, J E B E L pottery NE-35-0/7 (1) ADUSA, QELTI EL ; K H U D E I R A , J E B E L ; K H U D E I R A , QELTI E L ; MUKSAM, J E B E L E L ; MUQEIRINAT, E L QULUT E L ; UMM QUREINAT, Q E L T I ; UMM TASAWIR, QELTI

93

30 30 30 30

153

List of Sites TAGERU, J E B E L (W of) TAGUA (El 'Atrun Oasis) TAMAR E L GUSAR TAMR E L BEDAI TAMR EL QISAR, Wadi Emeiri TAMR EL QISAR, Wadi Emeiri TAMR EL QISAR (N of), Wadi Emeiri TAMR EL QISAR (S of), Wadi Emeiri TAMR E L QUSAR TARFAWI, BIR (Egypt) TARFAWI, BIR (Egypt) TERFATJI TERFAWI, B I R TIBESTI TUNDUBAI TUNDUBI TURA E L BEDAI

see see see see

UENAT (J. 'Uweinat) UM UM GEREINAT, QELTI

see see see

UM LUWEILIWAT UM TASAWIR, GELTI

see see

UMM GEREINAT (near)

see

UMM HAGAR, Wadi el Qa'ab UMM LUEI LUAT UMM QEREINAT UMM QUREIN UMM QUREINAT, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM TASA WIR, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM TASA WIR, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM AT LA'IT J E B E L S UNIANGA 'UWEINAT, JEBEL

B A H E I R TAGERU E . l . l in NE-35-F TAMR E L QISAR, Wadi Emeiri TAMR E L QISAR, Wadi Emeiri NE-35-B/16-X-1 well NE-35-B/16-X-3 stone artefact NE-35-B/16-X-2 rock pictures NE-35-B/22-D-1

see see see see see see

see

see also

'UWEINAT, JEBEL (NE of) (Egypt)

rock pictures

TAMR E L QISAR, Wadi Emeiri NF-35-H/2-H-1 old well NF-36-H/2-H-2 occupation site TARFAWI, B I R (Egypt) TARFAWI, B I R (Egypt) ZOUAR (S. of) (Chad) NE-35-H/7-L-1 well TUNDUBAI NUKHEILA OASIS; TAMR E L QISAR E . l . l in NF-35-I also under UMM UMM QUREINAT, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM LUEI LUAT UMM TASAWIR, QELTI, J . Tageru MUQEIRINAT, E L QULUT E L (near), J . Tageru NE-35-H/6-T-1 NE-35-P/24-V-1 MUQEIRINAT, E L QULUT E L ; UMM QUREINAT, QELTI, J . Tageru NE-35-P/20-P-1 NE-35-0/1-K-1 NE-36-0/13-V-1 NE-35-0/13-V-2 NE-35-N/16 (1) WANYANGA (Chad) NF-35-I/5 (1) DUA, 'EIN (Libya); KARKUR HAMID; KARKUR IBRAHIM (Libya); K A R K U R I D R I S (Libya); KARKUR MURR; KARKUR TALH (Sudan and Egypt); PRINCE, 'EIN E L ; ZUWEIA, 'EIN (Libya) NF-35-E/24-0-1

126

wells rock well rock well rock pictures Venetian beads

157 150 151 152 148

Neol .occupation

83

stone artefact

37

39

YERGUEHDA YERGUEHDA YERGUEHDA YERGUEHDA YERGUEHDA YERHAUDA,

NF-35-I/22-L-1 NF-35-I/22-L-2 NF-35-I/22-L-3 NF-35-I/22-L-4 NF-35-I/22-L-5 YERGUEHDA HILL (Libya)

rock pictures stone platforms stone artefacts stone platforms stone artefacts

E . l . l in NE-35-F E . l . l in NE-35-F E . l . l in NE-35-F

33 33

126

fossil bone fragment

see see see

110

well well

NE-34-B/23 (1) WA'ARAT EL GULUD NE-35-J/6-P-1 WA'ARAT E L GULUD

ZAGAOAY (El 'Atrun Oasis) ZAGAONÉ (El 'Atrun Oasis) ZAGÂOUI (El 'Atrun Oasis)

108 108 108

77

WANYANGA (Chad) WA'AR E L GILUD WA'ARAT EL GULUD WA'RA E L GILUD HILL (Libya) HILL (Libya) HILL (Libya) HILL (Libya) HILL (Libya) JEBEL

119

rock pictures

157

130

85 .85 85 86 86 119 119 119

7

List of Sites ZAGHAOUY (El 'Atrun Oasis) ZAGHAWA (El 'Atrun Oasis) ZAGHAWA, ' I D D EZ ZALAT E L HAMMAD ZOLAT E L HAMAD ZOLAT E L HAMMAD ZOUAR (S of), Tibesti (Chad) ZUEIA, AIN

see see see see see see see

ZUWEIA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya) ZUYA, ' E I N see

(not named) 19°57'30" N, 26°58'10" E (not named) 19°54'55" N, 26°56'10" E (not named) approx. 19°49'15" N, 26°48'50" E (not named) not exactly located (not named) approx. 19°26'10" N, 26°35'50" E (not named) 19°24'15" N, 26°47'45" E (not named) not exactly located (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) 19°53'55" N, 29°19'40" E (not named) 18°51' N, 25°16' E (not named) not exactly located (not named) 18°02' N, 24°48' E (not named) approx. 18°20' N, 25°30' E (not named) not exactly located (not named) 18°12' N, 26°40' E (not named), Wadi el Qa'ab 18°50'40" N, 29°35' E (not named) not exactly located (not named) 17°31' N, 27°42' E (not named) 16°37'15" N, 26°12'05" E (not named) 16°37'20" N, 26°12'10" E (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya)

8

E . l . l in NE-35-F E . l . l in NE-35-F DOLEIB, 'IDD E D WA'ARAT E L GULUD WA'ARAT E L GULUD WA'ARAT E L GULUD NE-33-C/5 (1) ZUWEIA, ' E I N , J . 'Uweinat (Libya) NF-35-I/4-L-1 ZUWEIA, 'EIN, J . 'Uweinat (Libya)

119 119

stone artefacts

39

rock pictures

83

NE-35-B/6-E-1

mound

107

NE-35-B/6-I-1

mound

107

NE-85-B/6-P-1

stone circle

107

NE-35-B/12-A-1

mounds

108

NE-35-B/17-G-1

stone artefact

109

NE-35-B/18-F-1

mound

110

NE-35-B/21-J-l

stone artefact

110

NE-35-B/13 (1) NE-35-B/(l) NE-35-B/(2) NE-35-B/(3) NE-35-B/(4) NE-35-B/(5) NE-35-B/(6) NE-35-D/4-L-1

stone stone stone stone stone stone stone ruins

111 111 111 111 111 111 111 115

NE-35-E/6-K-1

stone artefacts, pottery

117

NE-35-E/22-G-1

stone artefacts, pottery

117

NE-35-E/22-V-1

stone artefacts

118

NE-35-F/13-P-1

stone artefacts

120

NE-35-F/20-W-1

pottery

120

NE-35-F/23-D-1

stone artefacts

120

NE-35-H/5-Q-1

well

124

NE-35-J/2-B-1

pottery

130

NE-35-K/9-T-1

pottery

139

NE-35-N/9-0-1

hafir or well?

146

NE-35-N/9-0-2

hafir or well?

146

NE-35-K/(l) NE-35-N/(2) NE-35/(l) NE-35/(2) NE-35/(3) NE-35/(4) NE-35/(5) NF-34-J/5-N-1 NF-34-K/16-T-1

stone artefact, pottery two wells (?) stone artefacts pottery pottery pottery occupation sites stone artefacts stone artefacts

148 148 34 34 34 34 34 35 35

artefact artefacts artefacts artefacts artefacts artefacts artefacts

List of Sites (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Libya) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) (Egypt) (not named) J . 'Uweinat approx. 21°54' N, 25°07' E (not named) (Libya) 21°42' N, 24°30' E (not named) not exactly located (not named) approx. 21°52' N, 26°11' E (not named) 21°09' N, 26°37'E (not named) not exactly located (not named) 21°14' N, 27°15'E (not named) 21°13' N, 27°36' E (not named) 21°13' N, 27°42'E (not named) 21°16'N, 28°43'E (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) (not named) 20°33' N, 27°36' E (not named) (not named) not exactly located (not named) (?Egypt)

2 Hinke], Fase. II

NF-34-0/18-B-1 NF-34-P/9-T-1 NF-34-P/9-W-1 NF-34-P/9-Y-1 NF-34/(l) NF-34/(2) NF-35-C/2 (1) NF-35-E/12-0-1 JTF-35-E/12-S-1 NF-35-G/13-T-1 1YF-35-G/13-T-2 NF-35-H/9 (1) NF-35-H/22-P-1 NF-35-I/5-M-2

stone artefacts stone artefacts, pottery stone artefact stone artefacts stone artefacts stone artefact stone circles stone circle stone circles pottery stone artefacts stone artefacts stone circles rock pictures

35 35 35 35 35 35 30 30 31 31 37 33 33 82

NF-35-I/9-A-1

stone artefacts

84

NF-35-J/2-U-1

cairn

88

NF-35-J/3-N-1

neol. occupation

88

NF-35-J/23-H-1

stone artefacts

88

NF-35-K/1-F-1

stone artefact

90

NF-35-K/20-A-1

stone artefacts

90

NF-35-K/21-C-1

stone artefacts

90

NF-35-K/21-E-1

stone artefacts

91

NF-85-I/13-T-1

stone artefacts

93

NF-35-L/19 (1) NF-35-N/(l) NF-35-N/(2) NF-3S-N/(3) NF-35-N/(4) NF-35-0/9-K-1

stone stone stone stone stone stone

NF-35-0/(l) NF-35-P/5-T-1

stone circles cairn

NF-86/(l)

stone artefacts

artefact artefacts artefacts artefacts artefacts artefacts

96 99 100 100 100 102 103 105 39

9

D.L

INTRODUCTION TO THE FASCICLE

D. 1.1

General Description

of the, Area

The part of the Sahara known as the South Libyan Desert is the subject of this fascicle of the Archaeological Map of the Sudan. The area of the north-west corner oftheSudaniscontainedintwo map sheetsofthe International Map of the World, 1 : 1,000,000 scale, namely NF-35 and NE-35. The area under consideration lies between 16° N and 22° N and between 24° E and 30° E, except for a small rectangle i n t h e N W . The total area within the Sudanese territory on these map sheets is roughly 390,000 sq. km., being some 640 km. from west to east and 660 km. from north to south. The political boundaries are all astronomically fixed in this region and bear no particular relationship to topographical features or ethnographical areas. The international boundary with Egypt is established along 22° N, from east of 30° E westwards to 25° E, where it meets the eastern boundary of Libya. The international boundary between the Sudan and Libya runs along 25° E southwards between 22° N and 20° N, where it turns westwards to 24° E. At 24° E, the border then turns south to 19°30' N where it meets the Libyan-Chad boundary. From 1919 until 1935 this point had been fixed at 19°30' N, after which a new point was established at 18°45' N. Since the Second World War, however, the point has been re-located at 19°30' N. The international boundary between the Sudan and Chad begins at 19°30' N and runs southward along 24° E to about 15°43' E in the Wadi Howar, south of the area of this fascicle. The basic underlying geological structure of the region is the igneous and metamorphic platform known as the Basement Complex. This is overlaid by the Mesozoid maritime deposits of Nubian sandstone and only isolated outcrops, such as the Jebel 'Uweinat massif, still occur. The area is now mainly denuded to a flat, sandy desert, principally due to wind action. I t descends towards the Nile Valley from over 750 m. above sea level in the west to less than 400 m. a t 30° E. The highest point is just at the N W corner of the Sudan, 1907 m. on Jebel 'Uweinat. There are a few outcrops of lava and one or two other isolated outcrops of the Basement Complex still remaining above the sand surface and there are the plateaus of Jebel Abyad, Jebel Tageru and others of the Nubian deposits. The sand is generally flat, although barchan dunes, running in a NE—SW direction are encountered from place to place. The great Selima Sand Sheet alone covers some 30,000 sq. km. of which nearly half reaches into the Sudan territory. Only along the southern edge of the area covered by this fascicle is viable soil, where the gizu grassland begins. 10

The main geographical features, apart from the geological, are the oases and the great wadis. The oases are those of Selima, nearest the Nile, Nukheila Oasis with the Wadi Emeiri depression and El 'Atrun, the southernmost. Although there are palms at the oases, the dates are not cultivated, and the only real product is the rock salt extracted at Selima and El 'Atrun. Even t h a t is infrequent to-day. There are also a number of smaller water holes. The "lost" oasis of Zerzura has never been found in this area, although the subject of much searching, and probably does not exist. The Wadi Howar enters the area at the SW corner and strikes E N E for about 350 km. before it is lost t o the south of Jebel Rahib. The Wadi el Milk drains north-eastwards across the SW corner of the region. The climate of this area is arid. Occasionally, Jebel 'Uweinat attracts a certain amount of rainwater and irregular patches of grazing occur. The Inter-Tropical Front moves generally as far north as about 16° N in the west of the Sudan in summer, and brings enough rainfall to produce the seasonal grazing land of northern Kordofan, known as the gizu. This latter is virtually the only attraction to the area for man. Kababish tribes circulate into the region of the gizu annually from further south. Otherwise, the whole area is uninhabited and seldom passed through by men. The oases are too small t o support permanent settlement. They have occasionally allowed temporary habitation, but in the past the fear of and the actuality of raids by the Guraan from Erdi generally prevented people from staying long. There are no roads, in the modern sense of the word, in the area. There are traces of some no longer used caravan routes, which link the oases, but only one major one. That is the Darb el Arba'in, the " F o r t y Days' Road", the easternmost of the five great northsouth Saharan traverses. I t s length, from Asyut to El Fasher is about 1,800 km. I t leads from Asyut to Kharga and then south via Bir Murr, Bir Abu el Husein, Bir Kiseiba, and El Shab, for some 360 km. to Selima. I t divides at Selima, one branch going SSE to Mushu near the Third Cataract of the Nile, the other branch striking SSW to Laqiya Arba'in, El 'Atrun Oasis and Kobbe, which is about 55 km. N of El Fasher. The route also seems to have divided at El 'Atrun and a branch Went south via Rahib wells and Tageru to Kordofan. Charles Cuny also mentioned a direct route from Selima to Wara in Wadai. This would have passed Laqiya Arba'in, Nukheila Oasis and then into Ennedi. The Darb el

D.I.2 History of Exploration of the Area Arba'in has not been in general use since the end of the 19th century, although its use probably goes back in history to at least the Egyptian Old Kingdom. So on paper the South Libyan Desert is a lifeless, forbidding area. There is animal life, especially in the southern third, in the form of addax, oryx, ostrich, and a number of other animals that can exist on a minimum of water. That conditions have not always been so will become apparent as one gets aware of the type and diversity of archaeological material there. The following bibliography is a short list of works which deal fully or in part with a variety of aspects of the area of the South Libyan Desert. The A.M.S. being principally a reference work, is only intended to lead the enquirer into the area, not to expose it fully to him. For instruction on a given subject specialist treatment in full is a much more satisfactory method than any general survey.

A History of the Exploration of the South Libyan Desert

1704 On 3rd October the mission of Jean-Jacques Lenoir (c. 1665-1705, known also under the name "Du Roule") stopped at Selima Oasis. Du Roule was accompanied by his French servant Gentil, an interpreter M. Louis Mace, a botanist Agostino Lippi, and M. Bayard, an engraver. There they met two French Franciscan priests, Damien and another, returning through the Sudan most probably from Abyssinia.

1796 W. G. Browne passed Bir el Malha, Laqiya Arba'in and Selima Oasis on his return journey from Darfur to Egypt. in the Area

The following information has been compiled from the references used in the fascicle. Included are the names of travellers, officials and expeditions who took part in the exploration of the area and events connected with it. The information is arranged in a chronological order to give a survey of the events. The list does not pretend to be complete. The reader is referred to the seven maps (figs. 1—5 and 7-8) showing the routes of various travellers. 1698 In October Charles Jacques Poncet ( —1706) passed through Selima Oasis on his way to Sennar and Gondar. He was accompanied by Father Charles François Xavier de Brévedent, missionary of the Jesuits. The same caravan was used by P. Benedetto and two other Franciscan priests. 1700 On 31st December a caravan which Pater Theodoro Krump (c. 1660—1724) joined, stayed at Selima. Together with Krump other missionaries of the Franciscan order and also the French Jesuits Grenier and Paullet made their way southwards. Having started on 2»

1702 On the return journey at the beginning of November Krump followed the Darb el Arba'in from Selima to El Shab west of his previous southbound route, then to Luach (?) and Ahmin on the Nile.

1793 From 23rd to 25th of June the caravan with W. G. Browne (1768-1813) stayed at Selima Oasis. On 30th June Browne reached Laqiya Arba'in and rested there until 2nd of July. Between 8th and 12th of July the caravan with Browne stopped at Bir el Malha (El 'Atrun Oasis) on the way toDarfur. Browne was the first of the few Europeans to travel the whole length of the Darb el Arba'in and the only one to do so by camel.

Almasy, L. E. de, 1939 Bagnold, R. A., 1933, 1935 Barbour, K. M., 1961 Gleichen, A. E. W., ed., 1905 MacMichael, H. A., 1912, 1922 Newbold, D., 1924 Newbold, D., & Shaw, W. B. K., 1928 Sandford, K. S., 1935.a Schiffers, H., 1971/73 Shaw, W. B. K., 1929 Talal Asad, 1970 Tothill, J . D., ed., 1948.

D.1.2

10th December, 1700, at Esna on the Nile, the caravan travelled east of the Darb el Arba'in via Gurgur (Kurkur) Oasis and Dungun (Dunqul) to Selima and arrived on 6th January, 1701, at Mushu.

1803 (1218 A. H.) Mohammed ibn Umar ibn Suleiman el Tunisi (1789-1857) travelled with a caravan along the Darb el Arba'in via Selima, Laqiya Arba'in, and Bir Zaghawa (El 'Atrun Oasis) to Darfur. 1809/10 During an attempt to find a direct route from Wara to Benghazi for Sultan Sabun (Mohammed Abdel Karim) of Wadai, the guide Shehaymah, a Majabri Arab from Jalo, stopped at Jebel en Nari (Jebel 'Uweinat). This seems to be the first historical reference to J . 'Uweinat. 1822 F. Cailliaud (1787-1869) together with P. C. Letorzec undertook his journey from Byr-Daffer, on the Nile opposite Sai Island, to Selima Oasis and back between 25th and 31st of May. He went in search of reported monuments and ruins. 1875/76 J . Fowler's Survey for a railway line traversed the Wadi el Milk. Reports of this work were made by E. S. Purdy and F. Sidney Ensor. 1884 On 25th July, Lieut.-Col. H. E. Colvile and Lieut. E. J . Montague-Stuart-Wortley reached Selima Oasis 11

D.l Introduction to the Fascicle

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES BEFORE 1799

Fig. 1 on their reconnaissance from Asyut. In September a military outpost was established in Selima for a short period of some weeks. During October E. J . MontagueStuart-Wortley went further south along the Darb el Arba'in to the wells of Laqiya Arba'in, the most southern point on his reconnaissance for the Gordon Relief Expedition. From Laqiya Arba'in he travelled eastwards and after crossing the Wadi el Qa'ab reached Dongola on 31st October. 1887 Accompanying a caravan of arms for the Kababish, Karl Neufeld left Wadi Haifa on 1st April, and 12

reached Selima Oasis on the 8th in his attempt to travel to Kordofan to trade in gum Arabic. From Selima they were misled to the Western part of Wadi el Qa'ab where the caravan was captured by Mahdist followers. 1899 In the Anglo-French Declaration of 1899 the border in the South Libyan Desert was fixed between 19°30' N, 24° E and a point at the Tropic of Cancer at 16° E, thus forming part of the southern boundary of the later so much disputed Sarra triangle. This astronomically fixed line of border was confirmed at

D.1.2 History of Exploration of the Area

TRAVELLERS'

Note: Enclosed

area

ROUTES

is the

subject

of

1800-1899

Fascicle

11

Fig. 2 theParis Convention of 8th September 1919 and served as a basis for the work of the demarcation mission in 1922/23 (see fig. 6). 1898-1900 Sarra well was dug by order of Sayed El Mahdi el Senussi of Kufra, after Bir Bishara had been established. 1901 On his journey between 16th and 31st December, Capt. H. Hodgson travelled from Dongola to Laqiya Arba'in and was the first to report the existence of Laqiya 'Umran.

In October James Currie, Director of Education in the Sudan, travelled to Selima Oasis. 1903 Capt. H. Hodgson went on trek to El Natrun (later El 'Atrun) Oasis, visiting en route Matassi, Tundubai, Laqiya Arba'in, and Selima Oasis. 1904 G. B.. Carey surveyed between El 'Ein and Matassi for mineral deposits. Bidi Awdi, a Zaghawa, when on a raid to 'Uweinat to "lift" Fezzan camels, found water (Bir Bidi) about 30 miles (48 km.) N of Nukheila Oasis. 13

D.l Introduction to the Fascicle

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES 1900-1919 2B°

20'

W

BISHARA

_SARRA

20'

,TEKR0

•^FADA

4/ / 20'

.. .

Note: Enclosed

MALHA area

is the

subject

of

Fascicle

II

Fig. 3 1906 Reconnaissance by Lieut. D.C.E. ff. Comyn to the oases and wells of El Shab, Safsaf, Tarfawi, Dibis, and Selima, where there was a newly established Police Post. He then continued his journey westwards and reached the region of Burg et Tuyur. I n returning to Wadi Haifa he passed Laqiya Arba'in and Laqiya 'Uxnran. I n the southern part of the area, Capt. A. J . B. Percival (Sudan Camel Corps) travelled in the region east of Jebel Tageru. 14

1907 A post, with an Egyptian officer and 40 other ranks of the Camel Corps (No. 2 Company), was established a t El 'Atrun Oasis to prevent raids of Bedai Arabs from the west. The post was evacuated on 10th April because of the overdue grain supply. On the return t o Abu Tabari the guide lost his way, and part of the troop met a disastrous end in the desert. 1907/08 Capt. Coningham travelled between Wadi el Milk, E of Jebel Tageru and El 'Atrun Oasis on reconnaissance.

D.1.2 History of Exploration of the Area

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES

1920-1924

Fig. 4 1909 W. Nicholls surveyed the area of the Wadi el Qa'ab. 1909-13 W. J . Harding King made a number of journeys in the desert south and south-west of Dakhla Oasis. 1910 W. Nicholls on trek along the Wadi el Milk. 1915/16 Sultan Ali Dinar of Darfur sent a caravan to Kufra. Led by the guide Bidi Awdi, the caravan left El

Fasher and travelled via Malha, Bir Natrun (later El 'Atrun Oasis), Tamr el Qisar, Bir Bidi, Anuar ('Uweinat) to Kufra and returned by the same route. 1917 First flight across the Libyan Desert in both directions accomplished by the Zeppelin LZ 59 on its way to the German East African colony where its load of weapons and ammunition was consigned to supply the German forces under Lettow-Vorbeck. The flight begun on 21st November at Jambol (Bulgaria) and followed the route: Sea of Marmara—Izmir—Crete— 15

D.l Introduction to the Fascicle

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES

24°

i

MAIHA^^

1925-1929

\ 26°

Note: Enclosed

area

is the

subject

of

Fascicle

II

Fig. 5 Gulf of Salum—Farafra Oasis —Dakhla OaBis (afternoon 22nd November) —Second Cataract to W or SW of Khartoum. Here the Zeppelin was ordered back by wireless because of the discouraging news which the German H. Q. received about the war situation in the East African colony. On 25th November, the Zeppelin ended the flight at the take-off base at Jambol. LZ 59 herewith set up a world record of 6757 km. non-stop-flight which was only suspended in October, 1924, by the first North Atlantic flight.

16

1921-23 Capt. H. C. Maydon crossed the Wadi Howar to the NW of Jebel Teiga, during his shooting trips from El Obeid. 1922 Mr. Scott went on a shooting trip to the NW of Jebel Teiga. 1922/23 Following the Anglo-French agreement of 8th September, 1919, Lieut.-Col. H. D. Pearson and Lieut.-

D.I.2 History of Exploration of the Area

Col. J . H. Grossard led the Anglo-French Boundary Commission in the demarcation of the boundary between Darfur and French Sudan. 1923 Van der Byl went on a shooting trip NW of Jebel Teiga. Mr. Colville travelled between the Teiga Plateau and Wadi Howar. Starting from Kufra Oasis Ahmed Mohammed Hassanein Bey reached Jebel 'Uweinat by camel and stayed there from 29th of April to 3rd of May. He then continued his journey t o El Obeid via Erdi and Ennedi, reaching El Fasher on 18th June. During September and October Douglas Newbold accomplished his well-known "Desert Odyssey" by camel. He travelled from Bara via Hamra Wells to J . Tageru and El 'Atrun and returned via Abu Sufyan. Bruneau de Laborie, in October, passed just to the west of the Sudan en route from Cameroon via Chad, Wadai, and Kufra to Cairo. 1925 Prince Kemal el Din Hussein and Dr. J o h n Ball accompanied by Louis Chapuis travelled in semitrack Citroën cars from Kharga Oasis via Bir Murr, Bir El Shab to Bir Tarfawi from where they attained Jebel 'Uweinat and where they stayed from 19th of J a n u a r y to 3rd February. For the first time an expedition reached Merga (Nukheila) Oasis. Kemal el Din and Ball stayed there from t h e 14th to the 21st February, after striking it from the west on a circular route of exploration from 'Uweinat. Major W. E. Jennings Bramley marked a route for cars with petrol tins from the west bank at Wadi Haifa to Selima Oasis and 100 km. further westwards to E n d Point. Following this route from the Nile in April, T. A. Leach, accompanied by Jennings Bramley, visited Selima Oasis. I n the southern part of the area S. Y. A. Cunningham travelled west of Jebel Tageru. On 6th December the treaty between Egypt and Italy was signed whereby the Bay of Salûm was ceded to Egypt in return for the J a r a b u b Oasis and t h e boundary line was defined between the Cyrenaica and Egypt along 25° E. 1926 Between 12th and 19th J a n u a r y and 2nd and 12th February, Prince Kemal el Din Hussein again visited J . 'Uweinat. This time he was accompanied by Col. de Mascarel and Nicolas Menschikoff. Maj. E. G. Evans travelled east and west of Jebel Tageru, south of Wadi Howar. I n August T. A. Leach again inspected Selima Oasis. An Egyptian caravan bound for Bir Natrun (El 'Atrun Oasis) to collect rock salt was attacked by a Guraan raiding party and only two or three escaped the massacre to make their way on foot back to Selima Oasis.

1927 From October to December, an expedition led by D. Newbold and W. B. K. Shaw crossed the area from south to north-east by camel. The following locations were passed: Hamra el Sheikh (6th-8th N o v . ) - E l 'Atrun Oasis (20th—25th Nov.)—Nukheila Oasis (27th N o v . 4th Dec.)—Wadi Hussein ( 5 t h - 7 t h Dec.)-Burg et Tuyur (12th Dec.)-Selima Oasis (16th-19th Dec.) - S a k i e t el Abd (Abri West, 21st Dec.)-Wadi Haifa. 1927/28 Bir Misaha was dug by H. J . L. Beadnell. 1928 H. J . L. Beadnell visited J . 'Uweinat. 1929 Acting on the suggestion of D. Newbold, Beadnell travelled in J a n u a r y about 100—150 km. SW of Bir Misaha in search of Zerzura Oasis. Count L. E. de Almasy and Prince Ferdinand A. von Liechtenstein started their journey b y car from the west bank at Wadi Haifa on 3rd June. They went to Selima Oasis and then continued along t h e Darb el Arba'in to Kharga Oasis and Asyut. 1930 An expedition led by Maj. R. A. Bagnold travelled from 13th October to 15th November b y car from Cairo via 'Ain Dalla, Ammonite Hill, the eastern side of the Gilf Kebir, Jebel 'Uweinat (Ras el 'Abd, 'Ain Murr) with visits to Karkur Talh and 'Ein Dua, Burg et Tuyur, Selima Oasis, to Wadi Haifa; returning via Selima Oasis, and Kharga Oasis to Asyut. The p a r t y included Messrs. D. Newbold and W. B. K . Shaw, Capt. V. C. Holland, Lieutenants G. L. Prendergast, and D. A. L. Dwyer. Col. B. T. Wilson made a car reconnaissance from Dongola to Laqiya Arba'in and Nukheila Oasis. A British R. A. F. aeroplane crashed at Nukheila Oasis. 1930/31 Italian military campaign during which Kufra Oasis was occupied in January, 1931. 1931 P. A. Clayton at J . 'Uweinat and Gilf Kebir. Hediscovered the first group of the Wadi Sura rock pictures in the Gilf Kebir. Mr. Sandison at El 'Atrun and Nukheila Oasis. March of Motor Gun Battery from El Fasher to El 'Atrun Oasis. Expedition of the Reale Accademia d'ltalia led by A. Desio, director of the Institut of Mineralogy (Milano), arrived at 'Uweinat from Kufra. D. Newbold made a flight reconnaissance N of Nukheila Oasis in search of Zerzura Oasis. 1932 I n the spring L. E. de Almasy made a visit to Jebel 'Uweinat and together with P. A. Clayton, Sir Robert Clayton East Clayton, and H. W. G. J . 17

D . l Introduction to the Fascicle

SKETCH MAP SHOWING CHANGE IN FRONTIERS CONNECTED WITH SARRA TRIANGLE 20

16

25 -24

24TROPIC

OF

DISPUTED

c

CANCER

FRONTIER 1699-1934

SARRA

OF

u>!uj Ui.S I ku olui -j.a: 21$

SUDAN

-22°

a v, SiS

TRIANGLE

§ ¡5 -20

20-

19° 30'

0

50

100

200

300

400

500 km.

18°A5'

I

Fig. 6

Penderel explored the Gilf Kebir with cars and a light aeroplane. An Italian military patrol arrived at 'Ein Dua (J. 'Uweinat), on 8th-9th October, with Maj. Rolle, Lieut. San Severino and Col. Lodi. On 27th September, Maj. R. A. Bagnold's expedition started from Cairo on a desert journey of two months to El Fasher and back. Stations on the route were: Kharga Oasis-Jebel 'Uweinat/J. Kissu (5th-13th Oct., with supply journeys to Selima Oasis)—Sarra Well (15th-16th Oct.)-Tekro (18th-20th Oct.)J . 'Uweinat/J. Kissu (22nd-23rd Oct.)-Beacon Point-Wadi Guroguro-Wadi Howar-Kutum-El Fasher (3rd-7th Nov.)-Malha-Wadi Howar-El 'Atrun Oasis-Nukheila Oasis-Laqiya 'UmranLaqiya Arba'in—Darb el Arba'in route to Selima Oasis (18th Nov.)—Wadi Haifa (19th-22nd Nov.) -Bir Murr-Dakhla Oasis-Bahariya Oasis-Cairo (29th Nov.). The party included Lieut. G. L. Prendergast (up to Wadi Haifa), Lieut. R. N. Harding-Newman, W. B. K. Shaw, Dr. K. S. Sandford (up to Wadi Haifa), Maj. J . E. H. Boustead (up to El Fasher), Capt. V. F. Craig, Lieut. D. R. Paterson, Lieut. A. M. Finlaison (from El Fasher to Wadi Haifa). Bagnold and Shaw were the first explorers to climb to the summit of J . 'Uweinat, on lOth-llth October. 18

H. W. G. J . Penderel flew to Jebel 'Uweinat to meet Maj. R. A. Bagnold's expedition there. 1933 The Italian Geotopographical Mission of O. Marchesi with L. di Caporiacco stayed at 'Ein Dua from February to May. P. A. Clayton, Lady Dorothy Clayton East Clayton and Commander Roundell explored in Gilf Kebir and found Wadi Hamra. In March/April another expedition led by de Almasy and including Ladislas Kadar, Hans Casparius, R. A. Bermann [A. Hoellriegel] and H. W. G. J . Penderel explored the Gilf Kebir and located Wadi Talh. In May the expedition travelled to Jebel 'Uweinat where the pictures at 'Ein Dua Were discovered. From 'Uweinat H. W. G. J . Penderel went alone in May to Nukheila Oasis and returned with difficulties. From October to December an expedition (DIAFE 11) led by L. Frobenius travelled from Cairo through Asyut to Kharga Oasis and then via Bir Tarfawi, Bir Misaha, J . 'Uweinat, Gilf Kebir (Wadi Sura), Selima Oasis, Burg et Tuyur, Wadi Husein (Wadi Emeiri), and Nukheila Oasis to the Wadi Ho war. They returned via Wara'at el Gulud, El 'Atrun Oasis, the Darb el Arba'in to Selima, and Kharga Oasis. Members of the party were Miss. E. Ch. Pauli and H. Rhotert. L. E. de Almasy acted as guide.

D.1.2 History of Exploration of the Area

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES

1930-1934

Fig. 7 War Office reconnaissance convoy traversed the desert between Dongola and Selima, and along the Wadi el Milk. 1933/34 An Italian detachment under Capitano Parola occupied 'Ein Dua for a few months. 1934 A post of the Sudan Defence Force under Capt. F. Arkwright was established at Jebel 'Uweinat (Karkur Murr) following the landing of two R. A.F. aeroplanes.

In the spring Capt. F. Arkwright discovered rock pictures at Jebel Kissu. From 9th February to 7th March an expedition of the Reale Società Geografica Italiana under U. Mònterin stayed at 'Ain Dua (J. 'Uweinat). I n March L. E. de Almàsy and H.-J. von der Esch visited J . 'Uweinat and Yerguehda Hill. The Italo-Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 20th July, 1934, defined the border as from point 22° N and 25° E (J. 'Uweinat) south to 20° N and then west t o 24° E. From here the border turns south to 19°30' N. 19

D.l Introduction to the Fascicle

TRAVELLERS' ROUTES

1935-1971

LUXOR

Note: Enclosed

area

/J is the

subject

of

Fascicle

II

Fig. 8 The effect of this new boundary was to cede the Sarra Triangle to Italy (see fig. 6). In August the agreed border between the AngloEgyptian Sudan and the Italian colony of Cyrenaica was fixed and poles were set along the first part south of J . 'Uweinat at a distance of 1—1.5 km. apart by de Agostini, Masserano and Rolle of the Italian party and Wyatt and Sweeting for the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Government. An expedition organized by Cairo's newspaper "Al Ahram" went to Jebel 'Uweinat and to the Wadi Sura in Gilf Kebir to copy the rock pictures.

20

Lieut. Guy L. Prendergast went to Nukheila Oasis and Burg et Tuyur. 1935 On 7th January, 1935, in an unratified agreement Italy and France agreed that the Chad-Libyan border should meet the Sudan border at 18°45' N, but to-day and according to the Franco-Libyan Treaty of 10th August, 1955, the meeting point of Chad, Libya, and Sudan is fixed again at 19°30' N, 24° E (see fig. 6). W. B. K. Shaw's South Libyan Desert expedition

D.I.3 Abbreviations and Signs in the Text

started on 14th January from Cairo. The expedition followed the route: Asyut—Kharga Oasis-Dakhla Oasis-Gilf Kebir— Bir Misaha—Selima Oasis—Wadi Howar—KutumE1 Fasher-Malha-Wadi Howar-W. of J. TageruAbu Sufyan—Malha-El Fasher-Kutum-Wadi Howar—E of Jebel Rahib—Nukheila Oasis—Selima Oasis—J. 'Uweinat—Siwa Oasis-Mersa Matruh— Cairo (9th April). The party consisted of W. B. K. Shaw, R. N. Harding-Newman, R. E. McEuen, Col. G. A. Strutt (left party at El Fasher after having an accident), Mrs. M. Strutt (left also at El Fasher), and M. H. Mason. L. E. de Almasy travelled together with two other Hungarians in the early spring on a shooting trip along the Darb el Arba'in via Selima—El 'Atrun Oasis-Wadi Howar to El Fasher and back.

October, 1968, and January, 1969, at Jebel 'Uweinat. The mission consisted of J . de Heinzelin deBraucourt, P. Haesaerts, J . Klerkx, J . Leonard, X. Misonne, and F. Van Noten. 1971 "International Reconnaissance Trip" to the Erg Idrisi (between Tekro and J . 'Uweinat) in J a n u a r y February, 1971, by the expedition of Carl-Detlef Cornelius. 1971 "Combined Prehistoric Expedition" headed by F. Wendorf surveyed in the area south of Dakhla Oasis to Sudan border and westwards to the Gilf Kebir. D.1.3

1938 Between February and April the Sir Robert Mond Desert Expedition explored at Gilf Kebir and J. 'Uweinat. The party consisted of Maj. R. A. Bagnold, O. H. Myers, T. Gray, H. A. Winkler, and R. F. Peel.

Abh. Abstr. Ac. A.D.C. AfO. ÄgFo.

1939 P. Hogg, A.D.C., Soderi, travelled around J. Tageru and to the west of it.

A.H.

1940 G. M. Moore, D. C. Northern Darfur, travelled via Ennedi to Nukheila Oasis.

Akad. A.M.S. Ann. anon. ANT Anthr. App. AT. Arch.

1940/41 British patrol at Jebel 'Uweinat. 1941 R. C. Wakefield surveyed between Abu Tabari, Jebel Rahib, El 'Atrun and Nukheila Oases. In May the Sudan Defence Force started the supply route from Wadi Haifa via Selima Oasis and Bir Misaha to Kufra Oasis.

AJA

Bd. (Bde.) BIFAN

1942 Mr. Miskin travelled to Jebel 'Uweinat. 1961 The geological mission of the Italian Oil Company CORI, including E. Bellini, I. Papetti, and S. Arie and accompanied by E. Jany, visited J . 'Uweinat from 13th to 19th April.

BiOr. BIZ Boll. Bot. BRSOI

1962 Expedition by the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in August to J . 'Uweinat.

BSG BSGE

1963

BSGI

W. Y. Adams visited Selima Oasis. 1965 The Belgian trans-Saharan expedition passed J. 'Uweinat. The west to east traverse of the Sahara went from Niger via Zouar, Faya, Wanyanga, and 'Uweinat to Kufra. 1968/69 «'Expedition scientifique beige" worked between

Abbreviations and Signs in the Text

BSRG Bull. C.f.A.

Cyren. cm.

Abhandlung(en) Abstract(s) Academy, Académie, Accademia Assistant District Commissioner Archiv für Orientforschung (Graz) Ägyptologische Forschungen (Glückstadt und Hamburg) (Anno Hegirae) The year of the Hegira (A.D. 622) American Journal of Archaeology (New York, New Haven) Akademie Archaeological Map of the Sudan Annal(s), annales Anonymous, anonym, anonyme, anonimo Antiquity (Cambridge) Anthropology, Anthropologie, etc. Appendix, appendices Arabic Archaeology, archaeological, Archäologie, archéologie, etc. Band (Bände) Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique Noire (Paris), formerly Bulletin de V Institut français d'Afrique Noire (Dakar, Paris) Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden) Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (Berlin) Bollettino Botany, botanical, Botanik, botanique, etc. Bollettino della Reale Società geografica italiana (Roma) Bulletin de la Société de géographie (Paris) Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Égypte (Le Caire) Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (Roma) Bulletin de la Société royale de géographie d'Égypte (Le Caire) Bulletin Commissioner for Archaeology (and Anthropology); since 1973: Director General of Antiquities and National Museums Cyrenaica Centimetre(s)

21

D . i I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e Fascicle C.N.R.S. Col. Congr. Corresp. CR D.C. DIAFE

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Colony, colonial, etc. Congress, Congrès, etc. Correspondence, correspondance Compte R e n d u , Comptes R e n d u s

JSA

Journal (Paris)

1. Lit.

Length Literature, L i t e r a t u r , etc.

m. Mag. MAGW

Metre(s), Meter, mètre(s), metro, etc. Magazine Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien (Wien) Maximum Mémoire(s) Mensuel(le, s, les) Meteorology, meteorological, Meteorologie, meteorologia, etc. Minimum Mineral, mineralogy, Mineralogie, etc. Miscellanea, miscellany Manuscript(s) Museum(s), Musée(s)

diam. Diss. D.R.S. Dyn.

District Commissioner Deutsche inner-afrikanische Forschungsexpedition Diameter, d i a m è t r e Dissertation Democratic Republic of t h e Sudan Dynasty

E E.B. ed. E.E.S. et al.

East Encyclopaedia Britannica E d i t o r , edited, edition, edizione, etc. E g y p t E x p l o r a t i o n Society, London Et alii, a n d others

min. Miner. misc. MS (MSS) Mus.

fig. F r . (fr.) Fs. ft. FuF

Figure F r a n c e , Frankreich, (français(e, es)), etc. Festschrift F o o t , feet Forschungen und Fortschritte (Berlin)

Geog. (géog.)

Geography, geographical, Geographie, géographie, etc. Geology, geological, Geologie, géologie, etc. Gesellschaft Giornale The Geographical Journal (London) Government, gouvernement, governo

N Na. Nat. n.d. NF NGM

Geol. (géol.) Ges. Giom. GJ Gov. h. HAS H.M. hist. i.a. 111. ILN I.M.W. in. Inform. Inst. Int. I.N.T.S.H. Ital. J. J b . (Jbb.) JARCE JAS JE A J g . (Jgg.) JNES Jour. J RAI J RAS JRGS

22

Height Harvard African Studies (Cambridge, Mass.) His (Her) M a j e s t y Historic, historisch, historique, etc. Inter alia, a m o n g other things Illustration(s), illustriert, illustré, etc. The Illustrated London News (London) T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Map of t h e World Inch(es) Information I n s t i t u t e , I n s t i t u t , institution, etc. International I n s t i t u t N a t i o n a l Tchadien p o u r les Sciences H u m a i n e s , N ' D j a m é n a . I t a l y , I t a l i a n , Italien, Italia, italiana, etc. Jebel J a h r b u c h (Jahrbücher) Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (Princeton, N . J . ) Journal of the African Society (London) The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (Lohdon) J a h r g a n g (Jahrgänge) Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago) J o u r n a l , etc. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Journal of the Royal African Society (London) The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (London)

max. Mém. mens. Meteor.

N.H.M. No. Nouv. NS Pet. Erg. Pet. Mitt. Proc. PSBA

de la Société

des

Africanistes

North Nation, national, nazione, etc. Nature, natural, Natur, Natura, naturale No d a t e Neue Folge The National Geographic Magazine (Washington, D.C.) National H i s t o r y Museum Number N o u v e a u , n o u v e l l e , s, les) New Series, nouvelle séries, n u o v a seria Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. Ergänzungsheft (Gotha u n d Leipzig) Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (Gotha u n d Leipzig) Proceedings Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (London)

Q.

Quarterly

RANL

Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti (Roma) Renseignement(s) Review, revue Rivista R o y a l Geographical Society, London Royal, royale

Rens. Rev. Riv. R.G.S. Roy. S S.A.S.

SASMP SASOP sc. Sehr. Or. ser. (sér.) Sh. S.N.M. S.N.P.A. SNR Soc. Sp. Gr. Stud. Suppl.

South Sudan Antiquities Service, K h a r t o u m ; since 1973: Directorate General of Antiquities and National Museums Sudan Antiquities Service Museum Pamphlet ( K h a r t o u m ) Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Paper ( K h a r t o u m ) Science, scientific, scientifique, etc. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients (Berlin) Series, série(s), etc. Sheikh Sudan N a t i o n a l Museum, K h a r t o u m Société National de Pétrole d ' A q u i t a i n e Sudan Notes and Records ( K h a r t o u m ) Society, société, società Specific gravity Studies, studied, Studien, etc. Supplement(s)

D . I . 5 Glossary th. tr.

ZÄS

Trans. trf. Tripol.

Thickness Translation, t r a n s l a t o r , t r a n s l a t e d , traduction, t r a d u i t , etc. Transaction(s) Transferred Tripolitania

Univ.

University, Universität, Université, etc.

o

Verh. Vol.

Verhandlung (en ) Volume(s)

»

w. W Wiss.

Width West Wissenschaft(en)

ZDMG Zs. Ztg.

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Berlin) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Oesellschaft (Wiesbaden) Zeitschrift Zeitung Degree of arc Minute(s) of arc Second(s) of arc N o t checked (reference n o t seen) Provisionally l o c a t e d ; notes a n d inform a t i o n a d d e d b y t h e compiler of A.M.S.

+

[ ]

Other abbreviations used should n o t require explanation.

D.I.4

Abbreviations and Signs on the Maps

•

Sufficiently exactly located site Insufficiently exactly located site Camp Jebel Wadi

•

A

j.

W.

V

J J J

Sand dune B a r c h a n dunes Parallel sand dunes

W a d i or depression

Other abbreviations a n d signs used should n o t require explanation.

D.I. 5

Glossary

W o r d s a n d t e r m s used in t h e glossary were selected a n d compiled f r o m t h e m a i n literature or f r o m t h e official m a p s . T h e w r i t t e n Arabic version is a d d e d t o avoid confusion. 'abri

iSJf

'alama 'anag

arba'in

'atmur 'atrun bahr barchan barqa (pi. barqat or buruq) bir birka burma dahal (dim. duheil, pi. duhul) dar debba

if

o^iJ 1

R o c k shelter Beacon built t o indicate a r o u t e T e r m used b y t h e Arabs of t h e N o r t h e r n Sudan t o describe t h e non-Semitic aborigines Ar., for 40, a n d so Darb el Arba'in t h e 40-days camel route from Kordofan and D a r f u r to Asyut in E g y p t

irf

gelti

see

gizu

jj=r

see

D e s e r t ; also a place in a desert OjJv.

Rock-salt or n a t r o n

A

O t h e r spellings a n d n a m e s : J . B e t a n a h a s s (S.N.M. o b j e c t c a t a l o g u e N o . 2620). Christian pilgrim bottle of red w a r e w a s f o u n d on J e b e l Betanahass b y Sheikh Mohammed W a d T o m and was h a n d e d over t o t h e C.f.A. in 1928 b y D r . Simons. Cf. ND-35-C/10 (1), NE-36-M/11-V-5. Ref.: S.N.M. collection N o . 2620.

NE-35-0/13-Y-1 UMM T A S A W I B , QELTI J. Tageru

16°16'55" N , 27°03'30" E

O t h e r spellings a n d n a m e s : Gelti el M a s s a w a r a t (M. H . Mason, 1936, 151) Gelti U m T a s a w i r (D. N e w b o l d , 1928.d, 273) Qelti el M u s a w w a r (W. B . K . S h a w , 1936, 204) Qelti el M u s a w w a r a t ( P . H o g g , in S.A.S. file N o . CA/ 44-9, 16. 2. 1939). Bock well m a r k e d on t h e m a p . T h e well w a s f i r s t visited b y D . N e w b o l d w h o c a m p e d t h e r e o n his r e t u r n j o u r n e y f r o m E l ' A t r u n f r o m 11th t o 13th O c t o b e r , 1923. H e describes t h e r o c k well as lying in a n a r r o w a n d d e e p r a v i n e . T h i s gorge r u n s b a c k i n t o t h e m o u n t a i n side for a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 3 k m . T h e well is of t h e tamad t y p e , a t t h e f o o t of t h e g r e a t cliff. T h e lip of t h e

No on

After

scale original

D . N e w b o l d , 1 9 2 4 , pl.VII

Fig. 25 151

E . U n i t Map [NE-35-0/13-V-2]

16°16'55" N, 27°03'30" E

UMM TASAWIR, QELTI J . Tageru

NE-35-0/13-V-2

UMM TASAWIR. QELTI

F o r other spellings a n d n a m e s see NE-35-0/13-Y-1. Fine group of rock pictures indicated on t h e m a p . T h e site was first visited b y D . Newbold on 11th October, 1923. The faces of t h e deep ravine a r o u n d t h e well are scored w i t h innumerable pictures even in t h e more inaccessible parts, t h e drawings represent cattle, giraffes, elephants, oryx, a n d other unidentifiable animals, all a b o u t 25—40 cm. long. Representations of camels were n o t observed. There are also a n u m b e r of h u m a n figures, 10—15 cm. high, some of t h e m showing tails, some a r m e d with bows, a few phallic, a n d one steatopygous (see figs. 24—27). Newbold (1928.d, 274) finds here t h e same style as in t h e rock pictures a t W a ' a r a t el Gulud (NE-35-J/ 6 - P - l ) , Nukheila (NE-35-B/22-I-1) a n d J e b e l ' U w e i n a t a n d h e ascribes t h e m t o t h e " E a r l y L i b y a n s " . I n 1935 Shaw's expedition visited this site a n d copied a b o u t 40 of t h e pictures. Shaw records t h a t almost all of t h e pictures are incised a n d only a few are p a i n t ings (1953, 35).

NE-35-0/13-V-2

UMM TASAWIR, QELTI

Evif (?J

No scale on original

After W.B.K. Shaw, 1953, fig.l No scate OR original

Shaw, W . B. K . , 1953, 3 5 - 3 8 , fig. 1, pi. X V a Balfour-Paul, H . G „ 1955, 4, fig. 3b on p. 5 Survey Office, K h a r t o u m , Survey Map NE-35-0 (former 44-0).

After D. Newbold, 1928.d, 273, fig, i

n

*

NE-85-0/19-K-1 No scale on,original

After H.G. Balfour-Paul, 1955, 5 , f i g . 3 b

Fig. 26 T h e site was subsequently visited a n d p h o t o g r a p h e d b y P . Hogg (A.D.C., Soderi) in 1939. Ref.: S.A.S. files No. CA/44-6 (Report on "Archaeology" b y D . Newbold, ?1924) CA/44-9 (Note a b o u t archaeology b y P . Hogg, 16. 2. 1939) S.A.S. dossier " T A G E R U , J E B E L " Newbold, D., 1924, 76, pi. V I I Boule, M., 1925, 192 R o d d , F . J . R., 1925, 233 W h i t e h e a d , G. O., 1926, 5 3 - 5 6 , pi. X V (Gebel Tageru) Newbold, D „ 1928.d, 273-274, fig. 4 Breuil, H . , 1928, 108 Shaw, W . B. K „ 1935, (7. 8. 1935) 1935.a, (photo) 1936, 204 Mason, M. H . , 1936, 145-152, pi. facing p. 108

152

Fig. 27

ADUSA, QELTI EL J . Tageru

16°06'40" N, 27°02'10" E

Other spellings a n d n a m e s : No e n t r y . Bock well m a r k e d on t h e m a p . N o more i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e n a t u r e , age, etc., of t h e site was available. Ref.: Newbold, D „ 1924, 54 Survey Office, K h a r t o u m , Survey Map NE-35-0 (former 44-0).

NE-35-0/19-K-2 ADUSA, QELTI EL J . Tageru

16°06'50" N , 27°00'45" E

F o r other spellings a n d n a m e s see N E - 3 5 - 0 / 1 9 - K - 1 . 'Anag graves m a r k e d on t h e m a p . No more i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e n a t u r e , age, etc., of t h e site was available. Ref.: Monneret de Villard, U., 1935, I , 279 Survey Office, K h a r t o u m , Survey Map NE-35-0 (former 44-0).

NE-36-0 E.3.2

Catalogue of Unbcated

Sites

NE-35-0/7 (1) TAGERU, JEBEL Other spellings and names: Tagaru (H. C. Maydon, 1923, 37, map). E.4

INDICES

E.4.1

Index of Sites

ADUSA, QELTI E I , J . Tageru ADUSA, QELTI EL, J . Tageru JIHAF, JEBEL KHUDEIRA, JEBEL, J . Tageru KHUDEIRA, QELTI EL, J . Tageru KHUDEIRA, QELTI EL (NW of), J . Tageru NAHAS, JEBEL BEIT EN UMM QÜREINAT, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM TASA WIR, QELTI, J . Tageru UMM TASA WIR, QELTI, J . Tageru E.4.2

Index of Unbcated

TAGERU, JEBEL E.4.3

Pottery of old type littered about on the gravel patches among the rocks on top of Jebel Tageru was observed by D. Newbold on his return journey from El 'Atrun in 1923. Ref.: Newbold, D., 1924, 76.

NE-35-0/19-K-1 NE-35-0/19-K-2 NE-35-0/1-D-1 NE-35-0/7-U-2 NE-35-0/7-V-1 NE-85-0/7-U-1 NE-35-0/9-D-1 NE-35-0/1-K-1 NE-35-0/13-V-1 NE-85-0/13-V-2

152 152 150 150 151 150 151 150 151 152

NE-85-0/7 (1)

153

NE-35-0/9-D-1 NE-35-0/7-U-2

151 150

Sites

Index of Objects

S.N.M. collection Nos.

11 Hinkel, Fase. I I

2620 2972

153

Unit Map NE-35-P

E.L

INTRODUCTION

E.L.L

General Description

of the Area

The Survey Map NE-35-P covers tho area between latitude 16°00'N to 17°00' N and between longitude 28°30' E to 30°00' E. The country descends along the Wadi el Milk from nearly 500 m. above sea level in the south-west corner to less than 400 m. in the north-east. Dominant features are the plateau of Jebel El 'Ein and Jebel Nagashush as well as the central part of the run of Wadi el Milk. The southern side of Jebel Nagashush in its whole length of about 100 km. is described by Carey (A. E. W. Gleichen, ed., 1905,1, 210) as "a precipitous escarpment of rugged outline, but extremely uniform in height. El 'Ein is a gorge in this, the northern promontory of which is surmounted by a rock of curious shape and is called El Serg".

E.2

ARCHAEOLOGY

E.2.1

Notes on Archaeology

in the Area

The catalogue lists 15 sites of archaeological interest of which only 2 were not located within the 3' grid square. The sites include a number of wells, rock inscriptions, remains of structures, objects from surface finds, and a burial mound. The most interesting discoveries are several old wells at J . Abu Nagila and the rock inscriptions there. The Old Nubian inscription, several crosses incised on the walls round the rock wells and perhaps the iron cross E.3

CATALOGUES

E.3.1

Catalogue of Sites

NE-85-P/10-L-1 'EIN, EL

found at El 'Ein Wells are signs of the extent of influence of the Christian Kingdoms of the Nile, most probably Makuria, centred at Old Dongola. This influence may have extended along the Wadi el Milk to the south-west and in the direction of Abu Sufyan (in ND-35-C), 'Ain Fara (in ND-35-E), and Zankor (in ND35-K). El 'Ein was certainly an important step on the route. The area has not been the subject of any archaeological survey and the known archaeological remains are only chance discoveries.

NE-85-P/10-L-2 16°36'10" N, 29°19'20" E

Other spellings and names: Ain-Hamed (F. S. Ensor, 1881, 64). Wells marked on the map. The wells at El 'Ein are described by G. R. Carey in 1904 as having good and abundant water. No more information about the nature, age, etc., was available. Ref.: Ensor, F . S., 1881, 64-66 Gleichen, A. E. W„ ed., 1905, I, 210-211 (Report by G. R . Carey) Survey Office, Khartoum, Survey Map NE-35-P (former 44-P).

154

Several wells at the foot of J . Awadun and J . Abu Nagila in the east and near the Wadi el Milk are watering places for the camel-owning tribes of the Kababish (Umm Metto). Of the wells those at El 'Ein are undoubtedly the most important ones. The grazing area seems to be confined to the Wadi el Milk and its banks—especially to the western side of the wadi. E. S. Purdy, F. Sidney Ensor and Fowler's expedition in 1875/76 surveying the country for tho projected railway line to connect Wadi Haifa with El Obeid via Debba, were probably the first Europeans who traversed the country. Other travellers contributing to the topography of the map were Capts. Whittingham in 1906—07 and Coningham in 1908, W. Nicholls in 1910, Maj. E. G. Evans in 1926, and R. C. Wakefield and Mr. Benson in 1931 as well as the War Office Convoy in 1033.

'EIN, EL

Co-ordinates undetermined

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/10-L-1. Ruins oi houses on either side of the gorge opposite the well were reported by G. R. Carey in 1904 who also mentioned the remains of 5 more houses on the south side of a hill some way up the gorge (?cf. NE35-P/(l)). The structures are all described as of similar—approximately round—design. The doorways of most of them face down the valley but a few are on the opposite side. Additional rooms forming segments of circles were attached to many of the structures. The walls are well built of boulder stone of sometimes large size laid in courses without mortar and are about 60 cm. thick. The buildings are described by Carey as being of more substantial structure, "and differ in other respects from those usually seen round ancient mines in the Sudan". From the context it is clear that no indications of any mineral deposits or of mines were found in the vicinity. The houses probably belong to

NE-35-P a habitation site (of. also NE-35-P/10-L-3). Two grinding ("crushing") stones, possibly for grinding grain, were noted. According to the description of the design of the houses there seems to be a connection with similar structures found in Darfur and Northern Kordofan and as far north as the Wadi el Qa'ab. Such a connection of building tradition was noted by A. J . Arkell. The Wadi el Milk was obviously a trade route between Darfur and the Dongola area in ancient times. We know also of a more recent route connecting Bir El 'Ein with Matassi (NE-35-H/6-M-1) and Dakar el Arak (NE-35-D/23-S-1) at the south-western end of the Wadi el Qa'ab continuing to Selima Oasis (NF-35L/16-L-1) as the Sikkat el Kamalab. Cf. NE-35-P/(l); NE-35-P/10-L-3. Réf.: Gleichen, A. E. W., ed., 1905, I, 211 (Report by G. R. Carey). NE-36-P/10-L-8 'EIN, EL

Co-ordinates undetermined

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/10-L-1. Remains ol a 1 defence wall across the entrance to the gorge were reported by G. R. Carey in 1904. The wall runs across the flat space at the entrance to the gorge and a little way up the northern slope. "The stream bed lies in a creek some 15 feet below the level of the ground on which t h e wall stands, and there is no evidence of this waterway ever having been blocked." The structure is described as being built of unhewn stones fairly well coursed in dry-stone masonry with vertical sides. I t was estimated by Carey t h a t the original height of the wall was probably 1.80 m. to 2.40 m. Judging from the general description of the wall it seems to have h a d a more defensive or protecting character and was not intended to be a dam. El 'Ein may have been a place of refuge at certain times. Cf. NE-35-P/10-L-2. Ref.: Gleichen, A. E. W., ed., 1905, I, 211 (Report by G. R. Carey). [NE-36-P/10-L-4] 'EUT, EL

Co-ordinates undetermined

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/10-L-1. Christian iron cross was found amongst Arab graves at Bir El 'Ein and was sent to the C.f.A. by D. C. Northern Kordofan (Bara) in 1950. The object (S.N.M. 7769) measures 1 in. by l V 4 i n . (25 mm. X30 mm.). Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/44-P-1 (Letter of Abdel Wahab for D. C. Northern Kordofan to C.f.A. of 5. 7. 1950) S.N.M. collection No. 7769. NE-35-P/12-D-1 'AMARA, WADI

16°42'05" N, 29°56'15" E

Other spellings and names: No entry. Well about 7.50 m. deep, marked on the map. S. Y. A. Cunningham reported in 1925 t h a t Mr. Evans had 11*

found wells in the lower part of Wadi 'Amara which are said to last throughout the year. No more information about the nature, age, etc., of the wells was available. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/44-9 (Letter of S. Y. A. Cunningham to C.f.A. of 1. 12. 1925) Survey Office, Khartoum, Survey Map NE-35-P (former 44-P). NE-85-P/12-J-1 'AMARA, WADI

Co-ordinates undetermined

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/12-D-1. Rock pool at the head of Wadi 'Amara was reported by S. Y. A. Cunningham in 1925 who states t h a t Mr. Evans observed there a number of small fry in the pool. No more information about t h e site was available. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/44-9 (Letter of S. Y. A. Cunningham to C.f.A. of 1. 12. 1925). [NE-35-P/18-E-1] KAI, BIR EL J . Abu Nagila

Co-ordinates undetermined

Other spellings and names: J . Audun (A. J . Arkell, 1940.d, 8) Abu Negila (ibid.). Old rock wells at the north end of Jebel Abu Nagila range were reported by P. Hogg (A.D.C., Soderi) in 1939. I t is said t h a t early in the rains of 1938 a Mohammed Ali of the ?Kababish found the site by noticing the grooves of ropes in the sandstone of the rock above one well and re-opened it. Hogg described the site as lying half-way up a narrow gorge with sheer sides, 7.50—9 m. high. The gorge runs out to the west. The re-opened well seems to be of the sania type of rock-cut wells and is, according to Hogg, "5 R. deep" (?could this mean five ragul (men) deep, equal to about 8 m., F.W.H.) Cf. NE-35-P/18-E-2. Note on the location: The co-ordinates under which the site is recorded in the S.A.S. are 16°25' N (or 16°27' N) and 30°04' E. However, the context of the description in the file and the geographical situation on t h e maps give two different locations. The co-ordinates are too far to the east. The location given b y the A.M.S. is therefore a correction to a more probable location. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/45-M-4 (Report by P . H o g g of 13.-14. 4. 1939) Arkell, A. J., 1951, 353. [NE-85-P/18-E-2] KAI, BIR EL J . Abu Nagila

Co-ordinates undetermined

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Rock inscriptions, signs, tribal markings, and rock pictures were found covering the sandstone walls of the gorge of the wells (NE-35-P/18-E-1) and reported by P. Hogg (A.D.C., Soderi) in 1939. 155

E . U n i t Map The incisions and scratchings are divided into the following subjects: .a Rock pictures of animals. There are mostly crude camels (see fig. 28) b u t also some better drawn representations of giraffes, elephants, cattle, and ?oryx. .b Old Nubian inscription. About 2 m. u p on the south wall of t h e gorge there is an Old Nubian graffito preceded b y a cross. The inscription was deciphered b y E . Zyhlarz (Hamburg) in 1939, who read the t e x t as: " I Anena f r o m Cush when Aaron was king." Judging f r o m t h e geographical situation of the inscription A. J . Arkell (1951) suggested t h a t King Aaron must have belonged to t h e Kingdom a t Dongola. Zyhlarz underlined t h e importance of the graffito which became t h e f i f t h known example of transcribed Meroitic. •c Christian signs. There are several crosses. Near t h e site of one of the still unopened old wells there are two Maltese crosses on t h e wall of t h e gorge, .d Arabic inscriptions. There are several Arabic inscriptions on t h e south wall of the gorge, one of which, according t o Arkell (1951), m a y prove to be of historical value. .e Geometrical signs. There are a number of geometrical figures incised and scratched on t h e walls of t h e gorge (see fig. 28). KAI, BIR EL

NE-35-P/18-E-2

NE-35-P/18-E-2.0

jCl

f

fY

No s c a l e on o r i g i n a l

CA/45-M-4 (Report b y P . H o g g of 13.-14. 4. 1939; Corresp. between C.f.A. and E . Zyhlarz) S.A.S. dossier " J E B E L A B U N A G I L A " Arkell, A. J . , 1939.C, 8 1951, 353-354, pi. 42 D Shinnie, P. L „ 1954.b, 2 Arkell, A. J . , 1955 (21961, 174, 192) 1959.b, 119. [NE-35-P/18-E-8] KAI, BIR EL (S of) J . Abu Nagila

For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Burial mound, said to be of 'Anag age, was found a b o u t 500 m. south of Bir el K a i b y P. Hogg in 1939. The mound was washed out b y rains, a n d bones showed through t h e sand. A windworn h a n d m a d e sherd of red ware with incised p a t t e r n of dots in lines around the rim (S.N.M. 3023) and 4 fragments of a corroded iron bracelet (S.N.M. 3024) were collected f r o m t h e m o u n d b y Hogg. Another 14 sherds of various thicknesses and of different sorts of clay including a base of a burma were collected f r o m the surface near t h e mound (S.N.M. 3025). For note on the location see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/45-M-4 (Report b y P . H o g g of 13.-14. 4. 1939) S.A.S. dossier " J E B E L A B U N A G I L A " S.N.M. collection Nos. 3023 3024 3025. [NE-35-P/18-E-4]

NE-35-P/1S-E-2.e

" P

O-

-O No s c a l e on original

A f t e r S.A.S. f i l e No. C A / 4 5 - M - 4 (R Hogg f 13.-14.4.1939)

Fig. 28 Cf. others in NF-35-L/16-L-3; fig. 19; D u n b a r , J . H., 1935, 303-307. •I Modern tribal brands. The tribal markings include in order of frequency: Howawir: K h a m a s i n & Fezzarad Howawir: Muwalka Howawir: R u s a b K a b a b i s h : U m m Metto

Co-ordinates

KAI, BIR EL ( S o l ) undetermined J . Abu Nagila For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Sherds f r o m the t o p of a small hill close b y t h e burial mound (NE-35-P/18-E-3) were collected b y P . Hogg (A.D.C., Soderi) in 1939. The collection includes a sherd with p a t t e r n of diamond shaped dots, a rim of a rough h a n d m a d e pot (tburma) a n d pieces with p a t t e r n of dots a n d circles as well as a piece of stone with the m a r k of a rough cross incised on it. All t h e objects are registered in the S.N.M. collection under No. 3026. For note on t h e location see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/45-M-4 (Report b y P. Hogg of 13.-14. 4. 1939) S.A.S. dossier " J E B E L A B U N A G I L A " S.N.M. collection No. 3026.

lit

r x F

For note on t h e location see NE-35-P/18-E-1. Ref.: S.A.S. files No. CA/44-9 (Letter of P . Hogg to C.f.A. of 10. 6. 1939)

156

Co-ordinates undetermined

NE-35-P/18-J-1 BAN GEDID, JEBEL EL

16°25' N , 29°57'25" E

Other spellings a n d n a m e s : No entry. Well marked on t h e m a p . No more information about the nature, age, etc., of t h e site was available. Ref.: Survey Office, K h a r t o u m , Survey Map NE-35-P (former 44-P).

NE-35-P 16°03'40" N, 28°46' E

NE-35-P/20-P-1 UMM QUREIN

Other spellings and names: No entry. Wells marked on the map. The site lies on the south-east bank of the Wadi el Milk. No more information about the nature, age, etc., of the site was available. Ref.: Survey Office, Khartoum, Survey Map NE-35-P (former 44-P).

E.3.2

Catalogue of Unlocated

Sites

NE-35-P/(l) 'EIN, JEBEL EL i Other spellings and names: No entry. Ruin was observed on "photographies" (?air photographs, F.W.H.) "of Jebel el 'Ein on Wadi el Milk valley and Northern Province border" by P. E. T. Allen, quoted in a letter, dated 12. 12. 1959, to the C.f.A. by M. Baumer, Range Management Officer, Kordofan. Note on the location: Air photographs have not been available to the A.M.S., and, therefore, it has been impossible to check whether this reference is to a separate site somewhere in NE-35-P/9 or /10 or whether it is in fact the same site as NE-35-P/10-L-2. Cf. NE-35-P/10-L-2. Ref.: S.A.S. file No. CA/54-G-4 (Letter of M. Baumer to C.f.A. of 12. 12. 1959).

E.4

INDICES

E .4.1

Index of Sites

'AMARA, WADI 'AMARA, WADI BAN GEDID, JEBEL EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL 'EIN, EL K A I , B I ß EL, J. Abu Nagila K A I , BIR EL, J. Abu Nagila K A I , BIR EL (S of), J. Abu Nagila K A I , BIR EL (S of), J. Abu Nagila UMM LUEI LUAT UMM QUREIN

NE-35-P/24-V-1 UMM LUE I LUAT

16°00'50" N, 29°50'55" E

Other spellings and names: Um Luweiliwat (D. Newbold, 1924, map). Well marked on the map. No more information about the nature, age, etc., of the site was available. Cf. ND-35-D/6-G-1; ND-35-D/6-G-2. Ref.: Survey Office, Khartoum, Survey Map NE-35-P (former 44-P).

NE-35-P/(2) 'EIN, JEBEL EL For other spellings and names see NE-35-P/(l). Rock pictures of camels in the area of Jebel el 'Ein were observed by Michel Baumer and published by W. P. E. Resch in 1964. Ref.: Resch, W. F. E „ 1964.a, 120-121.

NE-85-P/12-D-1 NE-35-P/12-J-l NE-35-P/18-J-1 NE-35-P/10-L-1 NE-35-P/10-L-2 NE-35-P/10-L-3 NE-35-P/10-L-4 NE-35-P/18-E-1 NE-35-P/18-E-2 NE-35-P/18-E-3 NE-35-P/18-E-4 NE-35-P/24-V-1 NE-35-P/20-P-1

155 155 156 154 154 155 155 155 155 156 156 157 157

157

E . Unit Map

E.4.2

Index of Unlocated Sites

'EIN, J E B E L E I 'EI1T, J E B E L E L

E.4.3

157 157

NE-35-P/18-E-3 NE-35-P/18-E-3 NE-35-P/18-E-3 NE-35-P/18-E-4 NE-35-P/10-L-4

156 166 156 166 155

Index of Objects

S . N . M . collection NOB.

3023 3024 3025 3026 7769

158

NE-35-P/(l) NE-35-P/(2)

APPENDIX WITH 26 MAPS

SEQUENCE OF THE ENCLOSED 2 6 MAPS OF THE AREA OF THE FASCICLE

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)

NF-35 JEBEL 'UWEINAT (former 34) NE-35 EL 'ATRUN (former 44) NF-35-I J. 'UWEINAT (former 34-1) NF-36-J (not named) (former 34-J) NF-35-K (not named) (fromer 34-K) NF-36-L SELIMA (former 34-L) NF-35-M (not named) (former 34-M) NF-35-N (not named) (former 34-N) NF-36-0 BURG ET TUYUR (former 34-0) NF-35-P J. HADADA (former 34-P) NE-35-A (not named) (former 44-A) NE-35-B NUKHEILA OASIS (former 44-B) NE-35-C LAQIYA 'UMRAN (former 44-C) NE-35-D J. ABYAD (former 44-D) NE-36-E (not named) (former 44-E) NE-36-F E t 'ATRUN (former 44-F) NE-35-G J. ER RUB (former 44-G) NE-35-H MATASSI (former 44-H) NE-35-I (not named) (former 44-1) NE-35-J ZAIAT EL HAMMAD (former 44-J) NE-35-K J. RAHIB (former 44-K) NE-36-L ABU TABARI (former 44-L) NE-35-M WADI HOWAR (former 44-M) NE-35-N EL LAQAYA (former 44-N) NE-35-0 JEBEL TAGERU (former 44-0) NE-35-P J. EL 'EIN (former 44-P)

159

FOR NOTES

160

MAP ILLUSTRATING THE NUMBERING SYSTEM OF 1:250.000 MAPS OF THE SUDAN

20'

16'

12'

FRIEDRICH W. H I N K E L

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SUDAN The „Archaeological Map of the Sudan" will consist of: I. II.

General Guide The Area of the South Libyan Desert

III.

The Area of the Nile Valley North of the Third Cataract and Adjacent Nubian Desert

IV.

The Area of the Nile Valley between Berber and the Third Cataract and Adjacent Desert

V.

The Area of the Nile Valley between Sixth Cataract and Berber and the Adjacent Bayuda and Butana Desert

VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.

The Area of the Red Sea Coast and Northern Ethiopian Frontier The Area of Darfur and Western Kordofan The Area between North-east Kordofan and Kassala, including th.e Confluence of the two Niles The Area from El Obeid Eastward to the Ethiopian Frontier The Area of the Southern Sudan, South of the Twelfth Parallel and supplements.

The General Guide is replaced — for the moment — by A GUIDE TO ITS USE AND EXPLANATION OF ITS PRINCIPLES.

1977, 32 pages, 7 illustrations, 4°, 12,- M Order-No. 753 287 2 (3067/1)

Please give your orders through your

bookseller.

AKADEMIE-VERLAG German Democratic Republic

•

BERLIN

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(10) E.

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(12) E.

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,The Arcliaeological Map of the Sudan II"

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(17) E.

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,The Archaeological Map of the Sudan II"

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(19) E.

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(20) E.

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(22) E.

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,The Archaeological Map of the Sudan I I "

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(23) E.

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,The Archaeological Map of the Sudan II"

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