The Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary by Al-Malik Al-AF Al: An Annotated Edition with a Linguistic Introduction and a Lexical Index (Handbook of Oriental ... Studies, 113) (English and Arabic Edition) [Bilingual - Annotated] 9004321462, 9789004321465

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The Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary by al-Malik al-Afḍal

Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one

The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Florian Schwarz (Vienna) Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen)

VOLUME 113

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1

The Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary by al-Malik al-Afḍal An Annotated Edition with a Linguistic Introduction and a Lexical Index

By

Maria Bulakh and Leonid Kogan

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Cover illustration: A fragment from the World Map by al-Idrīsī (12th century).

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-32146-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32182-3 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

To Denis Nosnitsin

∵

Contents Preface ix Abbreviations and References xiii Introduction 1 The Annotated Edition 33 Appendix 1: Summary of the Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary 328 Appendix 2: Arabic Graphemes and the Values Ascribed to Them in the Edition 404 Lexical Index 407 Facsimiles 475

Preface In October 2009, at the fourth meeting of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Semitistik in der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Franz-Christoph Muth presented to the scholarly world what can be legitimately considered one of the most impressive discoveries in the modern history of Ethiopian philology and linguistics: a Glossary of 475 Arabic lexemes translated into several South Ethiopian idioms and put down in Arabic letters in a late-fourteenth century manuscript that forms part of a codex from a private Yemeni collection. After a short while, Professor Muth was able to publish the results of his analysis of the Glossary in a special article. The revolutionary impact of the Glossary on various aspects of the historical grammar and lexicography of Ethiopian Semitic was immediately recognized by Leonid Kogan, who numbered among the participants of the Leipzig meeting. Since the autumn of 2009, the present authors have been working on a comprehensive, book-format edition of the Glossary, accompanied by a detailed analysis of the phonology and morphology of the Ethiopian lexemes and their possible dialectal distribution. The bulk of the work was carried out in joint working sessions that the two authors strove to hold weekly for almost six years, involving no less than three systematic examinations of the manuscript. Initially, the Glossary was read “blind” – right off the screen – with no previous preparation. At this stage, about two-thirds of the entries had been confidently deciphered and interpreted. These were for the most part the least ambiguous. The basic strategy for presenting the material in the final publication was also worked out at this stage. The second reading, which was focused on more problematic, graphically and semantically less transparent cases, required much more time and energy and usually involved a considerable deal of homework. It is Maria Bulakh who deserves credit for most of the new readings at this stage. Something like 85 percent of the entries and their glosses were thus satisfactorily interpreted. By this time, the published results of Professor Muth’s decipherment of the Glossary had become known to us and were systematically incorporated – mostly approvingly, but at times critically – into the final version of our study. The third and definitive session mostly involved a final editorial polishing of the manuscript before its submission to the publisher. Nevertheless, a few interesting new readings and important corrections were made even at this latest stage. Last but not least, the third reading was also used for collecting and analyzing elements relevant to the linguistic introduction.

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Over the last three years, the preliminary results of our decipherment of unidentified elements of the Glossary have been published in a series of articles in the Aethiopica journal. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the editorial board of the journal and its technical staff not only for accepting these articles for publication but for impeccably dealing with the challenges posed by such technically complicated materials. In 2012–2014, the project has been supported by RFH/РГНФ (grant No. 12-0400092a). Within this project, the basic draft of the annotated edition has been prepared. In 2014–2016 we have enjoyed financial support from the Ministry of Science and Education of Russia (project No. 2992), which has been used to finalize the definitive version of the main part of the book and to create the linguistic introduction. Finally, the grant 16-18-10343 from РНФ/RSCF, obtained in 2016, allowed us to prepare the lexical index. At a later stage in the decipherment process, the authors benefited from lively and insightful correspondence with Dan Varisco, who not only provided them with valuable bibliographic suggestions, but also put at their disposal his own preliminary edition of the Glossary, from which were gleaned several very promising identifications in the Arabic column (now duly acknowledged throughout the book). We would like to express our most sincere gratitude to Professor Varisco. The technical editorial work on this book has been carried by Ms. Svetlana Vesnina with her usual patience, skill and devotion. It is a pleasant duty to express to her our admiration and appreciation. Our most sincere thanks are also due to Dr. Nikolai Okhotin, who carried out the difficult task of preparing the lexical index for the volume. Future readers will undoubtedly appreciate his efficient and highly qualified work, performed within a remarkably short timespan. Both authors are greatly indebted to the administration of the Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, RSUH, its teaching and research staff and, of course, to their many students for the excellent academic environment in which the book has been written. The Institute’s director, Dr. Ilya Smirnov, a close colleague and friend of many years, deserves special mention in this context. We are deeply grateful to Mr. Jim Siebold who kindly provided the image of al-Idrīsī’s World Map for the cover illustration. Maria Bulakh would like to use this opportunity to express her deep gratitude to Professor Siegbert Uhlig, under whose tutelage her acquaintance with the fascinating field of Ethiopian studies began. Professor Uhlig agreed to be Bulakh’s supervisor when she applied for a scholarship from the German

Preface

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Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) as a graduate student. This resulted in one year of study at the University of Hamburg, where she had the pleasure both of attending Dr. Uhlig’s exciting lectures on Ethiopian history and philology and of consulting him on her own research. A similarly unique experience was as a participant for four years in his challenging Encyclopaedia Aethiopica project, recently brought to completion by an excellent international team of scholars assembled and directed by him. Bulakh also wishes to thank Dr. Getie Gelaye (University of Hamburg) and Dr. Negussie Kassaye Wolde Michael (Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia), her patient and generous teachers of Amharic as well as kind and loving friends. Dr. Getie was the first to acquaint Maria with this language, and she attended his Amharic courses whenever her working schedule allowed during her many years in Hamburg. After returning to Moscow, she was fortunate to meet Dr. Negussie, who most kindly offered to teach her conversational Amharic. Without Getie and Negussie, Maria would never have acquired the knowledge necessary to cope with the Amharic portion of the Glossary’s material. Maria Bulakh is very grateful to Dr. Jonathan Miran for a fruitful discussion of various aspects of Ethio-Yemeni relations in the Middle Ages. The kind assistance of Ms. Magdalena Krzyzanowska, who provided us with some important materials not available in Moscow, is also gratefully acknowledged. Teddi Dols, Kathy van Vliet and Pieter te Velde, of Brill, have been our patient and efficient advisors during the publishing process, and it is a pleasant duty to express our sincere gratitude to them. At different times and in different circumstances, both authors of this book have become familiar with the fascinating field of Ethiopian studies through the agency of one individual, Dr. Denis Nosnitsin. Kogan’s classmate at the Oriental Department of St. Petersburg State University (African and Arabic studies respectively) between 1991 and 1996, Denis quickly noticed Leonid’s keen interest in Classical Ethiopic and introduced him to his charismatic teacher, the late Professor Sevir Chernetsov, whose classes they jointly attended until graduation. Bulakh’s acquaintance with Denis, which began in 2002, proved no less pivotal in her scholarly career. Denis helped Maria in a multitude of ways during her stay at the University of Hamburg. He introduced her to the field of Ethiopian Studies and for many years generously shared with her his vast knowledge in the realms of Ethiopian philology, history and linguistics. Finally, Maria had the privilege of being among the collaborators and guests of Nosnitsin’s important project “Ethio-SPaRe: Cultural Heritage

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of Christian Ethiopia: Salvation, Preservation, Research,” aimed at the digitalization and cataloging of manuscripts in the monasteries of Northern Ethiopia. Overall, our 15-plus years of intense collaboration on a variety of Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian Semitic subjects has been largely fostered by continuous interaction with Denis. It is to him that we gratefully dedicate this work. M. Bulakh L. Kogan

Abbreviations and References

Abbreviations of Lexicographic Tools

AAD Girma A. Demeke. Amharic-Argobba Dictionary. Trenton, 2013 d’Abbadie A. d’Abbadie. Dictionnaire de la langue Amariñña. Paris, 1881 AED Th.L. Kane. Amharic-English Dictionary. Wiesbaden, 1990 AEFD E.M. Parker, R.J. Hayward. An Afar-English-French Dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English). London, 1985 Appleyard D. Appleyard. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages. Köln, 2006 AYMQ Dästa Täklä Wäld. Addis yamarəñña mäzgäbä ḳalat. Addis Abäba, 1962 A.M. [1970 AD] Badawi–Hinds E.-S. Badawi, M. Hinds. A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. ArabicEnglish. Beirut, 1986 Baeteman J. Baeteman. Dictionnaire amarigna-français suivi d’un vocabulaire français-amarigna. Dire-Daoua, 1929 BDB F. Brown, S.R. Driver, Ch. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907 Behnstedt P. Behnstedt. Die nordjemenitischen Dialekte. II. Glossar. Wiesbaden, 1992–2006 BK A. de Biberstein-Kazimirski. Dictionnaire arabe-français. I–II. Paris, 1860 CDG W. Leslau. Comparative Dictionary of Geʕez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden, 1987 Dozy R.P.A. Dozy. Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes. I–II. Leyde, 1881 DSI F. Agostini, A. Puglielli, Ciise Moxamed Siyaad. Dizionario somalo-italiano, realizzato sotto gli auspici accademici di Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Akademiyada Cilmiga Fanka Iyo Suugaanta. Roma, 1985 EDB H.-J. Sasse. An Etymological Dictionary of Burji. Hamburg, 1982 EDG W. Leslau. Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). III. Etymological Section. Wiesbaden, 1979 EDG I W. Leslau. Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). I. Individual Dictionaries. Wiesbaden, 1979 EDH W. Leslau. Etymological Dictionary of Harari. Berkeley – Los Angeles, 1963

xiv

abbreviations and references

Gankin E.B. Gankin. Amharsko-russkiy slovar’. Moskva, 1969 [Э.Б. Ганкин. Амхарско-русский словарь. Москва, 1969] Gragg G. Gragg. Oromo Dictionary. East Lansing, 1982 Grébaut S. Grébaut. Supplément au Lexicon linguae aethiopicae de August Dillmann (1865) et édition du lexique de Juste d’Urbin (1850–1855). Paris, 1952 Guidi I. Guidi. Vocabolario amarico-italiano. Roma, 1901 HALOT L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Leiden – New York – Köln, 1994–2000 HECD G. Hudson. Highland East Cushitic Dictionary. Hamburg, 1989 al-Iryānī M. al-ʔIryānī. ʔal-muʕǧamu l-yamaniyyu fi l-luġati wa-t-turāṯi. s. l., 2012 KBT  Täsämma Habtä Mikaʔel, Käśśate Bərhan Täsämma. Yäʔamarəñña mäzgäbä ḳalat. Addis Abäba, 1951 A.M. [1958–1959 AD] KWK Kidanä Wäld Kəfle. Mäṣḥafä säwasəw wägəss wä-mäzgäbä ḳalat ḥaddis. Addis Abäba, 1948 A.M. [1955–1956 AD] LA Ibn Manḏ̣ūr. Lisānu l-ʕarabi. I–XV. Beirut, 2003 Landberg C. de Landberg. Glossaire Daṯînois. Leiden, 1920–1942 Lane E.W. Lane. Arabic-English Lexicon. London, 1863–1893 LLA A. Dillmann. Lexicon linguae aethiopicae cum indice latino. Lipsiae, 1865 Ludolf H. Ludolf. Lexicon amharico-latinum, cum indice latino copioso. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1698 Piamenta M. Piamenta. A Dictionary of Post-Classical Yemeni Arabic. Leiden, 1990 RIÉ E. Bernand, A.J. Drewes, R. Schneider. Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite. Tome I. Les documents. Paris, 1991 SAED E.H.M. Gutt, Hussein Mohammed. Silt’e-Amharic-English Dictionary (with Concise Grammar by Ernst-August Gutt). Addis Ababa, 1997 SED I A. Militarev, L. Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. I. Anatomy of Man and Animals. Münster, 2000 SED II A. Militarev, L. Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. II. Animal Names. Münster, 2005 TED Th.L. Kane. Tigrinya-English Dictionary. Springfield, 2000 Vullers I.A. Vullers. Lexicon persico-latinum etymologicum. I–II. Bonn, 1855

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WBS L. Reinisch. Wörterbuch der Beḍauye-Sprache. Wien, 1895 Wehr H. Wehr. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English). Wiesbaden, 1979 WKAS M. Ullmann. Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache. Wiesbaden, 1970– WTS  E. Littmann, M. Höfner. Wörterbuch der Tigrē-Sprache. TigrēDeutsch-English. Wiesbaden, 1962 References I. Al-Selwi. Jemenitische Wörter in den Werken von al-Hamdāni und Našwān und ihre Parallelen in den semitischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1987. D. Appleyard. The Verb ‘To Say’ as a Verb “Recycling Device” in Ethiopian Languages. New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics. Robert Hetzron in Memoriam. Wiesbaden, 2001. Pp. 1–11. R. Basset. Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie (XVIe siècle) par Chihab Eddin Aḥmed ben ʕAbd el-Qāder, surnommé Arab-Faqih (I: Texte arabe; II: Traduction française et notes). Paris, 1897. P. Behnstedt, M. Woidich. Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte. II. Materielle Kultur. Leiden–Boston, 2012. E.L. Berezovich. Yazyk i traditsionnaya kul’tura. Moskva, 2007 [Е.Л. Березович. Язык и традиционная культура. Москва, 2007]. M. Bulakh. Color Terms of Modern South Arabian Languages: a Diachronic Approach. Babel und Bibel 1 (2004):269–282. M. Bulakh. Negative markers *ʔay-, *ʔi- and *ʔal- in Ethio-Semitic. Babel und Bibel 6 (2012):385–420. M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. Arabic Influences on Tigre: a Preliminary Evaluation. BSOAS 74 (2011):1–39. M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. South Ethiopian Pronouns and Verbs in an Arab Grammatical Text Revisited after Seventy Years. JAOS 131 (2011):617–621. M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. More on Genealogical Classification of Ethiopian Semitic. Babel und Bibel 7 (2014):599–608. E. Cerulli. Studi Etiopici. I. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Roma, 1936. E. Cerulli. Studi Etiopici. IV. La lingua caffina. Roma, 1951. M. Cohen. Études d’éthiopien méridional. Paris, 1931. C. Conti Rossini. La langue des Kemant en Abyssinie. Wien, 1912. C. Conti Rossini. Il Libro della Luce del Negus Zar’a Yā‘qob. I–II (CSCO 250, 261; 251, 262 = SAe 47, 51; 48, 52). Louvain, 1964–1965.

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F. Deroche. Islamic Codicology. An Introduction to the Study of Manuscripts in Arabic Script. London, 1427 A.H. [2006 AD]. A.B. Dolgopol’skiy. Sravnitel’no-istoricheskaya fonetika kushitskih yazykov. Moskva, 1973 [А.Б. Долгопольский. Сравнительно-историческая фонетика кушитских языков. Москва, 1973]. E.J. van Donzel. A Yemenite Embassy to Ethiopia. 1647–1649. Stuttgart– Wiesbaden, 1986. R.P.A. Dozy. Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les Arabes. Amsterdam, 1845. F.M. Esteves Pereira. Chronica de Susenyos, rei de Ethiopia. I. Lisboa, 1892. W. Fischer, O. Jastrow. Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden, 1980. Geta[t]chew Haile. Archaic Amharic Forms. Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa 1966. Vol. II. Addis Ababa, 1969–1970. Pp. 61–80. Getatchew Haile. Some Archaic Features of Amharic. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13–16, 1978. Chicago, 1979. Pp. 111–124. Getatchew Haile. Old Amharic Features in a Manuscript from Wollo. Ethiopian Studies Dedicated to Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His Seventy-Fifth Birthday, November 14th, 1981 by Friends and Colleagues. Wiesbaden, 1983. Pp. 157–169. Getatchew Haile. An Archaic Amharic Poem on Condemning Wealth and Glory. Semitic Studies in Honor of Edward Ullendorff. Leiden – Boston, 2005. Pp. 255–275. Girma A. Demeke. Grammatical Changes in Semitic: a Diachronical Grammar of Amharic. Princeton, 2014. P.B. Golden. The King’s Dictionary. The Rasûlid Hexaglot. Fourteenth Century Vocabularies in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek, Armenian and Mongol. Leiden – Boston – Köln, 2000. A. Gori. Qaṭ. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. IV. Wiesbaden, 2010. P. 264. I. Guidi. Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini. ANLR V/2 (1889):53–66. E.-A. Gutt. Concise Grammar of Silt’e. Silt’e-Amharic-English Dictionary (with Concise Grammar by Ernst-August Gutt) by E.H.M. Gutt–Hussein Mohammed. Addis Ababa, 1997. Pp. 895–957. R. Hezron. Ethiopian Semitic. Studies in Classification. Manchester, 1972. R. Hetzron. The Gunnän-Gurage Languages. Napoli, 1977. A. Jahn. Die Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. Wien, 1902. O. Jastrow. Die Dialekte der Arabischen Halbinsel. Handbuch der Arabischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden, 1980. Pp. 103–121.

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S. Kaplan. Betä Ǝsraʔel. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. I. Wiesbaden, 2003. Pp. 552–559. S. Kaplan. Zar. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. IV. Wiesbaden, 2010. Pp. 185–187. L. Kogan. Tigrinya. The Semitic Languages. London, 1997. Pp. 424–445. L. Kogan. Proto-Semitic Lexicon. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin, 2011. Pp. 179–258. L. Kogan. Les noms de plantes akkadiens dans leur contexte sémitique. Language and Nature. Papers Presented to John Huehnergard on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday. Chicago, 2012. Pp. 229–267. L. Kogan. Les termes sémitiques de parenté dans les sources cunéiformes: l’apport de l’étymologie. La famille dans le Proche-Orient ancient: réalités, symbolismes, et images (CRRAI 55). Winona Lake, 2014. Pp. 87–111. M. Kropp. Der siegreiche Feldzug des Königs Amda-Seyon gegen die Muslime in Adal im Jahre 1332 n. Chr. Louvanii, 1994. W. Leslau. Documents Tigrigna (Éthiopien septentrional). Paris, 1941. W. Leslau. Gafat Documents: Records of a South-Ethiopic Language. Grammar, Text and Comparative Vocabulary. New Haven, 1945. W. Leslau. Étude descriptive et comparative du Gafat (éthiopien méridional). Paris, 1956. W. Leslau. The Verb in Harari (South Ethiopic). Berkeley – Los Angeles, 1958. W. Leslau. The Names of the Weekdays in Ethiopic. JSS 6 (1961):62–70. W. Leslau. Arabic Loanwords in Ethiopian Semitic. Wiesbaden, 1990. W. Leslau. Reference Grammar of Amharic. Wiesbaden, 1995. W. Leslau. Ethiopic Documents: Argobba. Grammar and Dictionary. Wiesbaden, 1997. E. Littmann. Die altamharischen Kaiserlieder. Straßburg, 1914. E. Littmann. Altamharisches Glossar. Der Wortschatz in den “Canzoni GeezAmariña”. RSO 20 (1943):473–505. Mekete Belachew. Däga. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. II. Wiesbaden, 2005. Pp. 56–57. R. Meyer. Das Zay. Deskriptive Grammatik einer Ostguragesprache (Äthiosemitisch). Köln, 2005. R. Meyer. Wolane. Descriptive Grammar of an East Gurage Language (Ethiosemitic). Köln, 2006. A. Miller, M. Morris. Plants of Dhofar. Sultanate of Oman, 1988. W. Müller. Review of EDG. ZDMG 131 (1981):396–404. F.-Ch. Muth. Frühe Zeugnisse des Amharischen und der Gurage-Sprachen in einer polyglotten Wortliste von Al-Malik Al-Afḍal (gest. 778/1377). FO 45–46 (2009–2010):87–109.

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D. Nosnitsin. Amharic literature: Beginnings of Amharic written tradition. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. I. Wiesbaden, 2003. Pp. 238–240. R. Pankhurst. A Preliminary History of Ethiopian Measures, Weights and Values. Part 2. JES 7 (1969):99–164. J. Perruchon. Les chroniques de Zar’a Yâʕeqôb et de Baʔeda Mâryâm, rois d’Éthiopie de 1434 à 1478. Paris, 1893. B. Podolsky. Historical Phonetics of Amharic. Tel-Aviv, 1991. F. Praetorius. Die amharische Sprache. Halle, 1879. J. Quirin. Səmen. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Vol. IV. Wiesbaden, 2010. Pp. 611–613. Sh. Raz. Tigre Grammar and Texts. Malibu, 1983. L. Reinisch. Die Bilin-Sprache. II. Wörterbuch der Bilin-Sprache. Wien, 1887. L. Reinisch. Die Kafa-Sprache in Nordost-Afrika. II. Wien, 1888. L. Reinisch. Die Saho-Sprache. II. Wörterbuch der Saho-Sprache. Wien, 1890. G. Schweinfurth. Abyssinische Pflanzennamen. Berlin, 1893. A. Sima. Tiere, Pflanzen, Steine und Metalle in den altsüdarabischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden, 2000. A. Spitaler. Materialen zur Erklärung von Fremdwörtern im Arabischen durch retrograde Ableitung. Corolla Linguistica. Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer zum 80. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden, 1955. Pp. 211–220. P. Stein. Die altsüdarabischen Minuskelinschriften auf Holzstäbchen aus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München. 1–2. Tübingen – Berlin, 2010. R.C. Steiner. Stockmen from Tekoa, Sycomores from Sheba. A Study of Amos’ Occupations. Washington, 2003. S. Strelcyn. Médecine et plantes d’Éthiopie. II. Enquête sur les noms et l’emploi des plantes en Éthiopie. Naples, 1973. D.M. Varisco. Terminology for Plough Cultivation in Yemeni Arabic. JSS 49 (2004):71–129. D.M. Varisco, G.R. Smith. The Manuscript of al-Malik al-Afḍal al-ʕAbbās b. ʕAlī b. Dāʔūd b. Yūsuf b. ʕUmar b. ʕAlī Ibn Rasūl (d. 778/1377). Warminster, 1998. E. Vizirova. The Glottal Stop in Harari. Babel und Bibel 7 (2013):565–595. R. Voigt. The Vowel System of Gəʕz. Ethiopian Studies dedicated to Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden, 1983. Pp. 355–362. E. Wagner. Harari-Texte in Arabischer Schrift mit Übersetzung und Kommentar. Wiesbaden, 1983. E. Wagner. The Negative Imperfect in Ancient and Modern Harari. Ethiopia in Broader Perspective. Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Vol. I. Kyoto, 1997. Pp. 596–600. E. Wagner. Das Verb im alten und modernen Harari. Tempus und Aspekt in den semitischen Sprachen. Wiesbaden, 1999. Pp. 159–169.

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Abbreviations And References

K. Wendt. Das Mashafa Berhan und Mashafa Milad. Orientalia NS 3 (1934):1–30, 147–73, 259–93. K. Wendt. Das Maṣḥafa Milād (Liber Nativitatis) und Maṣḥafa Sellāsē (Liber Trinitatis) des Kaisers Zarʔa Yāʕqob. I, II (CSCO 221, 235; 222, 236 = SAe 41, 43; 42, 44). Louvain, 1962–1963. A. Wetter. Das Argobba: eine deskriptive Grammatik der Varietät von Shonke und T’ollaha (Zentraläthiopien). Köln, 2010. Wolde Michael Kelecha. A Glossary of Ethiopian Plant Names. Addis Ababa, 1980. Zelealem Leyew. The Amharic Dialects Revisited. Akten des 7. internationalen Semitohamitistenkongresses Berlin 2004. Aachen, 2007. Pp. 449–480.

Abbreviations of Languages, Language Groups and Dialects

Akk. Akkadian Amh. Amharic Arb. Arabic Arg. Argobba Bil. Bilin Bur. Burji Čah. Čaha Ǝnd. Ǝndägañ Ǝnm. Ǝnnämor ES Ethio-Semitic Gaf. Gafat Ged. Gedeo Gez. Gəʕəz Gog. Gogot Gur. Gurage Gyt. Gyeto Had. Hadiya Ḫam. Ḫamtanga Har. Harari

Hbr. Hebrew Kaf. Kafa Kam. Kambaata Kem. Kemant Msḳ. Mäsḳan Muḫ. Muḫər NWS North-West Semitic Or. Oromo PHEC Proto-Highland-East-Cushitic PS Proto-Semitic Səl. Səlṭi SES South Ethio-Semitic Sid. Sidamo Sod. Soddo Som. Somali Tgr. Təgre Tna. Təgrəñña Wol. Wolane

Introduction 1 Generalities The “Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary” is a lexical list compiled, according to its heading, by the Yemeni sultan of the Rasulid dynasty al-Malik al-Afḍal al-ʕAbbās in 776 H. (1374/75 AD). The Glossary is a part of a manuscript which originally belonged to the private library of this ruler and contains more than 140 texts, glossaries and tables dealing with various scholarly subjects such as agriculture, medicine, geography, grammar, astrology, astronomy, etc. A faximile of the manuscript has been published by D.M. Varisco and G.R. Smith as The Manuscript of Al-Malik Al-Afḍal al-ʕAbbās b. ʕAlī b. Dāʔūd b. Yūsuf b. ʕUmar b. ʕAlī Ibn Rasūl. A Medieval Arabic Anthology From the Yemen (Warminster, 1998). The present location of the manuscript is not publicly known. The Glossary occupies 3 sheets (1,5 folio), which are numbered as 217, 218 and 219 in the 1998 edition. Each sheet represents a table consisting of twelve paired columns with the headings ʕarabiyy- (‘Arabic’) and ḥabašiyy(‘Ethiopic’). In F.-Ch. Muth’s edition of 2009–2010 (for which see below in this section) each pair of columns is designated with a letter of Latin alphabet (from A to F). Thus, each pair of Arabic and Ethiopic terms can be provided with an identification number, which consists of the page number, the letter of the column, and the number of the line.1 This system has been adopted in the present work as well. References to the Arabic entries of the pairs are accompanied with the word “Arabic”, whereas references to the Ethiopic terms have no special marking. The Arabic lexemes written in the cells of the “Arabic” columns are referred to as “Arabic entries”. Their Ethiopic equivalents, written in Arabic script in the cells of the “Ethiopic” columns, are referred to as “Ethiopic glosses”. From 219 A 9 to 219 A 29, the Arabic entries are written in the column with the heading ḥabašiyy-, and the Ethiopic glosses, in the column with the heading ʕarabiyy-. One Arabic lexeme sometimes corresponds to two or three Ethiopic glosses (v. below, Section 7). Sometimes a separate line is assigned to the second/third gloss (and the accompanying Arabic entry, which usually runs as wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’), or it is written in the margin to the left or above the main gloss, 1  Since some cells are occupied by the headings of the sections (on which see below in this section), the numbers of the glosses are sometimes interrupted: 217 B 24 is followed by 217 B 26, etc.

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2

Introduction

or else one cell of the Ethiopic column contains two different terms (in the latter case, the Arabic entry often contains the remark luġatāni ‘two words’). Second/third glosses written on the margin have the same identification number as the first glosses, but with an additional letter A or B, as, for example, 217 A 1 vs. 217 A 1A. Two terms written in the same cell (and corresponding to one Arabic entry) have the same identification number, but are distinguished by the additional numbers (1) and (2): 217 A 16 (1) vs. 217 A 16 (2). On page 217, two glosses for “woman” are written in the margin over the column A (each of them placed below its Arabic counterpart). Since there is no corresponding gloss with a regular number, the numbers 217 A 0A and 217 A 0B have been assigned to them. The cells with the number 219 D 21 contain two pairs of Arabic and Ethiopic terms, separated from each other with a horizontal line. They have been assigned the numbers 219 D 21A and 219 D 21B. All in all, the Glossary contains 475 Arabic and 525 Ethiopic terms. The entries are grouped thematically. Most sections have headings, such as ʔasmāʔu l-wuḥūši wa-s-sibāʕi ‘Names of wild animals and beasts of prey’. Some Ethiopic terms occur twice, in different thematic groups. They can then correspond to one and the same Arabic term, or to two different terms (v. below, Section 7). In some cases, one or two terms seem to have been copied erroneously: cf. 219 B 10 (presumably a copy of 219 E 28), 219 C 26 (where the Ethiopic gloss is probably copied from 219 C 22), 218 F 25 (where the Ethiopic gloss might be a modification of 218 D 23), 219 F 25 (where the Arabic gloss may be a copy of the Ethiopic gloss in 219 F 24). The principles behind the internal organization of the Glossary are not always easy to detect. From the modern scholarly point of view, its 34 sections can best be presented in the following semantically oriented order: man and human body parts (217 A 0A–217 B 24) terms pertaining to childbirth and related subjects (219 A 27–219 B 11) names of diseases and related terms (219 A 19 (title), 219 A 20–219 A 26) names of wild animals (217 B 25 (title), 217 B 26–217 C 6) names of insects and small animals (218 C 16 (title), 218 C 17–218 D 9) names of edible domestic animals (217 C 7 (title), 217 C 8–217 C 30) names of non-edible animals (domestic and wild) (217 D 1 (title), 217 D 2– 217 D 13) names of cereals (217 D 14 (title), 217 D 15–217 E 3) names of vegetables (217 E 4 (title), 217 E 5–217 E 11) names of wild plants, trees and fruits (217 E 12 (title), 217 E 13–217 F 2)

Introduction

3

names of foodstuffs and traditional dishes (218 F 3 (title), 218 F 4–218 F 14) names of drinks (218 F 15 (title), 218 F 16–218 F 23) terms pertaining to calendar and meteorological phenomena, numerals (217 F 3–6 (title), 217 F 7–218 A 23) names of primary elements (218 A 24 (title), 218 A 25–218 A 29) terms pertaining to fire and stone (218 E 26 (title), 218 E 27–218 F 2) names of metals (218 B 28 (title), 218 B 29–218 C 2) types of dung (219 C 3–219 C 4) types of earth and dust (219 F 11–219 F 15) names of agricultural and other tools (218 C 3 (title), 218 C 4–218 C 15) names of pieces of jewelry (218 D 10 (title), 218 D 11–218 D 17) names of kitchenware (218 D 18 (title), 218 D 19–218 E 25) names of weapons (218 F 24 (title), 218 F 25–219 A 7) names of musical instruments and terms pertaining to leisure and spiritual life (219 F 16–219 F 29) names of textiles and clothes (218 B 1–2 (title), 218 B 3–218 B 27) names of ropes (219 B 25–219 B 26) names of carpentry items (219 B 27–219 C 2) names of pieces of furniture and parts of a house (219 B 19–219 B 24) names of settlements and buildings (219 B 12–219 B 18) designations of people possessing various types of knowledge or practicing sorcery (219 C 10 (title), 219 C 11–219 C 26) designations of craftsmen (219 C 27) names of dignitaries and officials (219 C 28–219 D 3) a list of basic verbs (219 D 4–219 F 10) kinship terms (219 A 8 (title), 219 A 9–219 A 18) color terms (219 C 5–219 C 9) The manuscript is unlikely to represent the original of the Glossary: it was probably copied from the – now lost – original (or even from another copy). Indeed, the writing of some entries (218 A 3, 218 F 5, 219 C 5 Arabic, 219 F 9, etc.) can only be explained in terms of copyist’s errors resulting from misreading of the original manuscript. The first Ethiopianist who turned his attention towards this priceless piece of evidence on the Ethiopian languages of the 14th century has been FranzChristoph Muth. He deciphered a larger part of the Glossary and published

4

Introduction

his results in a special article (Muth 2009–2010). Most elements of Muth’s decipherment of the Glossary are persuasive and betray a keen and penetrating understanding of both the Arabic and Ethiopic facts. Not infrequently, however, Arabic and Ethiopic words qualified as illegible by Muth are, upon a closer inspection, rather well understandable. Furthermore, in many cases alternative readings can be proposed which appear to be superior to Muth’s in terms of both paleography and semantics. In the present work, new2 readings for 163 Ethiopic glosses (31% from the total number of Ethiopic glosses) and for 44 Arabic entries (9% from the total number of Arabic entries) have been proposed. All in all, of the 525 Ethiopic glosses, for 438 glosses reliable interpretations are available. Of the rest, for 83 glosses tentative interpretations (sometimes several concurrent ones) have been offered. 2 Paleography The Glossary is written in a poor and irregular handwriting. The shapes of many letters are distorted and have to be guessed. Letters which are expected to be joined to the preceding graphemes only are sometimes connected with the following ones as well (cf. e.g. 218 A 21 Arabic, 218 C 19 Arabic, 218 E 7 Arabic; cf. van Donzel 1986:76 for a similar phenomenon in another, much more carefully written, Yemeni manuscript). This phenomenon frequently involves the final hāʔ (218 A 21 Arabic, 218 B 22 Arabic, 218 C 19 Arabic, 218 С 26, 218 F 13 Arabic). Another peculiarity of the final hāʔ is that it is sometimes written as a small notch attached to the penultimate grapheme (218 B 19 Arabic, 218 D 20 Arabic, 218 E 10 Arabic). The sheets are covered by numerous blots and scratches which are not always easy to distinguish from regular diacritical dots and vocalization signs. The diacritical dots and vocalization signs are not always present. Moreover, diacritical dots are sometimes misplaced. For instance, final bāʔ is often written with two superscript dots (217 A 1, 217 A 3, 217 A 8, 217 F 13, 218 E 22, 219 E 2, 219 E 4); ḥāʔ can appear with a subscript dot (217 B 23 Arabic, 217 F 1 Arabic, 217 F 25 Arabic, 218 A 11, 218 B 19, 218 C 25, 218 C 28, 218 E 29 Arabic, 218 F 20 Arabic, 218 F 23, 218 F 28, 219 A 8 (title), 219 D 6, 219 D 14, perhaps 218 E 16 Arabic). It is more difficult to tell whether some vocalization signs are misplaced or rather

2  That is, either those absent from Muth 2009–2010 or more attractive than those proposed there.

Introduction

5

represent some hitherto unknown variant with specific vocalization (cf. e.g. 217 A 4 Arabic). Sometimes the diacritical dots and/or vocalization signs are more numerous than the linear graphemes (e. g. 218 E 8). One has to assume, in such cases, that either some of the signs are unintentional blots, or the scribe put dots and vocalization signs in these words at random, wherever he could find free space. In quite a number of glosses, an unusual arrow-like symbol is found (sometimes pointing to the left and sometimes to the right), mostly written above this or that letter (in 217 D 7, 217 D 13, 217 E 14 Arabic, 217 E 15, 218 F 9, 219 E 18 it appears below the letter). Quite often, this sign is seen alongside the regular vocalization signs and, thus, there is no possibility of interpreting it as a distorted vocalization sign (217 A 4, 217 B 19, 217 B 27, 217 C 4, 217 C 9, 217 C 22, 217 C 26, 217 D 8, 217 D 12, 217 D 23, 217 D 24, 217 E 1, 217 E 7, 217 E 20, 217 E 23 Arabic, Ethiopic, 217 F 17, 218 E 12 Arabic, 219 E 27). Similarly, the arrow-like symbol is unlikely to represent a distorted vocalization sign when it is found above the letter expected to be vocalized with kasra (218 A 8 Arabic, 218 A 9 Arabic, 218 A 10 Arabic, 218 B 20 Arabic, 219 E 1 Arabic). Such a distortion, however, cannot be excluded when the arrow-like symbol appears instead of the expected fatḥa (217 A 22 Arabic, 217 A 25 Arabic, 217 B 27 Arabic, 217 C 16, 217 E 26, 217 E 28, 218 E 16 Arabic, 218 E 25 Arabic, 219 A 18, 219 E 9, 219 E 25, etc.), or – much less frequently – ḍamma (217 B 4 Arabic, 219 C 28 Arabic) or sukūn (217 B 22 Arabic, 217 B 28 Arabic, 217 E 13 Arabic, 218 D 3, 218 D 12). Some letters have a subscript dot although they are not expected to have diacritical marks at all. This feature is especially frequent with dāl (both in Arabic and Ethiopic: 217 A 1 Arabic, 217 A 1A, 217 A 12, 217 A 13, 217 A 20, etc.), but also occurs with ṭāʔ (217 A 10, 217 B 11, 217 E 26 Arabic), ʕayn (217 D 16 Arabic, 217 E 21, 218 C 24, 218 E 5 Arabic) and rāʔ (217 E 21 Arabic, 218 B 14). The dot apparently indicates that these letters are indeed dāl, ṭāʔ, ʕayn and rāʔ rather than their homographs with superscript diacritical dots (cf. Deroche 2006:221–222, with fn. 72, especially on the use of this system in Yemen; cf. also van Donzel 1986:76). At least once, this marker is put erroneously: in 218 C 19 we observe a dot beneath ḏ̣āʔ (remarkably, in the Arabic entry, which must have been well understandable to the scribe). In some cases, the letters ṭāʔ (219 A 22, 219 A 26, 219 D 10) and ḥāʔ (219 E 1, 219 F 12) are accompanied with subscript miniature versions of the same letters. This is, apparently, an alternative device to show that ḥāʔ and ṭāʔ are intended, rather than their homographs with diacritical marks (cf. Deroche 2006:221–222). This practice is registered on the third sheet only. The shape of some letters is distorted, either due to the scribe’s negligence or to his misunderstanding of the original manuscript. Thus, the stroke of lām

6

Introduction

is sometimes too short. As a result, the whole letter rather resembles an undotted bāʔ, tāʔ, nūn or yāʔ (217 A 1A Arabic, 217 E 11, 218 F 6 Arabic, 219 A 27 (1), 219 B 9). And vice versa, taʔ and nūn are sometimes written with a lengthened stroke, rather like a lām (217 F 9, 219 A 9 (1)). In 218 F 5, a clearly written lām is visible instead of the expected bāʔ, apparently due to the copyist’s misinterpretation of the original letter with a lengthened stroke. Likewise, in 219 F 9, a dotted nūn is written instead of a lām. 3

The Arabic Language of the Glossary

The Arabic lexemes found in the Glossary are not always identifiable on the basis of Classical Arabic lexicography. Quite a few Arabic entries contain terms absent from standard lexicographical works of Classical Arabic, but found in works on various (primarily, Yemeni) Arabic dialects: 217 C 6, 217 C 24, 217 D 24, 217 D 27, 217 D 29, 217 E 1, 217 E 15, 218 B 24, 218 C 5, 218 C 18, 218 C 19, 218 D 6, 218 D 15, 218 E 1, 218 E 9, 218 E 15, 218 E 17, 218 F 7, 218 F 9, 218 F 21, 219 D 9, 219 D 14, 219 F 14 (cf. also 217 F 28, attested in Lane’s dictionary, but known to be a Yemeni local form). In some other cases, the Arabic lexemes are present in the Glossary with dialectal meaning: 217 C 12, 217 E 22, 218 B 13, 219 A 25. Thus, no less than 5 % of the Arabic lexemes found in the Glossary are of clearly dialectal origin. Besides, of considerable interest are post-Classical lexical items present in Dozy’s compendium, but missing from the standard lexicographic sources (217 E 21, 218 D 21, 218 D 29, 218 E 5, 218 E 10, 218 E 16, 218 F 10, 219 A 3, 219 F 18).3 The shapes of some Arabic words are similar, but not identical with the forms attested in the available dictionaries of Classical or post-Classical Arabic (218 E 16, 218 F 19). Some dialectal features can be observed in the domain of grammar. Thus, in quite a few nominal lexemes, a final sukūn is distinctly written, instead of the expected ḍamma of Classical Arabic (217 A 5, 217 D 16, 217 D 6, 217 D 7, 217 E 16, 217 E 19, 217 E 22, 217 E 23, 217 F 13, 218 B 9, 218 B 20, 218 C 18, 218 C 24, 218 D 14, 218 F 20, 219 A 5, 219 B 17). Final sukūn also appears in a number of verbal forms instead of the expected fatḥa (219 D 29, 219 E 11, 219 E 14, 219 E 19, 219 E 25) or ḍamma (219 F 8). The fall of final short vowels is a well-known trait of Arabic vernaculars (Fischer–Jastrow 1980:41). Several Arabic forms of the Glossary exhibit the post-Classical form of the dual -ayn- (rather than -ān-, Fischer–Jastrow 1980:41): 217 A 11, 217 A 15, 217 B 14. 3  Note also that references to Piamenta’s Yemeni dictionary often involve post-Classical written sources rather than modern ones.

Introduction

7

Note, however, the Classical dual form in 218 A 2, 218 A 12, as well as in the frequent remark luġatāni ‘two words’. The form ‫ ثمان سنين‬ṯamāni sinīna ‘eight years’ in 218 A 8 (instead of the Classical ṯamānī sinīna) may likewise be explained as a dialectism (see Fischer– Jastrow 1980:43 on the shortening of unstressed word-final long vowels). Another dialectism is the form ‫ َغِّنى‬ġannī ‘sing!’ in 219 F 22, which finds parallels in written forms widespread in modern Yemen (but note the correct ‫ اعط‬ʔaʕṭi ‘give!’ in 219 D 4). 4

Presentation of the Material

In the current edition, the material of the Glossary is presented as a sequence of separate entries, each of them dealing with a pair of Arabic and Ethiopic terms (written in the table of the Glossary or on the margin). Each entry of the edition consists of the following sections. (1) Identification number (see Section 1 above). (2) Arabic entry. This label introduces the Arabic term, first in Arabic l­ etters and then in transliteration, accompanied with translation and reference to lexicographical sources. The representation in Arabic letters is intended to be as close as possible to the writing of the Glossary: diacritical dots and vocalization signs are present only if they are discernible on the photo, and extra dots (often with unclear function) are preserved. Presence of other signs, difficult to convey in a printed text, is indicated in the notes (introduced with ※), which may also contain other types of supplementary information about the graphic shape of the entry (presence of blots, unusual shape of some letters, etc.). The transliteration is interpretative: being based on the Arabic writing, it takes into account the lexical identification adopted by the present authors. Thus, it ignores the misplaced dots and reconstructs the missing ones. For example, in 217 B 6 ‫ الصلٮ‬is transliterated as ʔaṣ-ṣulb- ‘back-bone’ in spite of the absence of the dot beneath the last grapheme, whereas in 217 B 23 ‫اللجَيْه‬ is reliably interpreted as ʔal-liḥyat- ‘beard’ in spite of the clearly written dot beneath the fourth grapheme. (3) Ethiopic gloss. This label introduces the Ethiopic term. The principles of representation are the same as for Arabic terms in the preceding section. For example, in 217 A 1 the string ‫ ست‬is transliterated as sb rather than st, following the suggested identification with the ES terms for “man” (such as Tna. säb).

8

Introduction

(4) Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss. This section displays our reconstruction of the phonetic shape standing behind the Arabic representation of the Ethiopic gloss (see below, Section 5). (5) Comparable Ethiopic forms. This section lists the lexemes which could be the source of the Ethiopic gloss or could be related to such a source, as well as their cognates from other Ethiopic languages. Each lexeme is provided with a translation, unless most of the comparable forms share the same meaning (in which case the translation is given for the first cognate only). If the meaning of a term coincides with that of the preceding lexeme, the abbreviation id. is used. After the translation, references to the relevant lexicographic tools are given. For Amharic and Harari, the available sources for the earlier stages of these languages (referred to as “Old Amharic”4 and “Ancient Harari”) have been systematically consulted. The Old Amharic lexemes are represented in transliteration, while the transcription of the Ancient Harari lexemes follows that of the available glossaries (Cerulli 1936 and Wagner 1983). For Argobba, distinction between two main varieties was drawn, following the dictionary by Girma A. Demeke (AAD): one is referred to as the Argobba of Aliyu Amba, which subsumes the Aliyu Amba and Šäwa Robit varieties, and the other, as the Argobba of Ṭollaha, which subsumes the Ṭollaha and Šonke varieties. A simple reference to Argobba indicates that the relevant term is common to both dialects or else that the dialectal affiliation is unspecified. The few lexemes belonging to the (now extinct) South Argobba variety (after Leslau 1997) are noted as such. Most of the adduced lexemes come from Ethio-Semitic languages. Whenever the pertinent ES words are of Cushitic origin, this is indicated in the notes, and comparable Cushitic terms are quoted when possible. If the shape of the Cushitic term(s) is especially close to the gloss, the Cushitic language in question is included among the potential source languages. On the whole, no consistent perusal of either Cushitic or Omotic lexicographic tools has been undertaken. (6) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss. This section enumerates possible source languages for a given gloss, which means that the shape of the respective cognate term(s) is close or identical to the one reconstructed for the Glossary (v. below, Section 6.2). (7) References. The sign → introduces bibliographic references. This involves the article by Muth (2009–2010) as well as the Semitic Etymological 4  Our main sources for Old Amharic are Littmann 1943 and Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970. Lexemes recorded in Ludolf’s Lexicon amharico-latinum are marked as “Old Amharic” only if their spelling deviates from that of modern Amharic.

Introduction

9

Dictionary (SED I and II) where the etymological background of some of the pertinent ES terms can be found. References to Muth 2009–2010 are given without comments when his identification of the Ethiopic gloss is in agreement with ours, but provided with brief annotations when serious discrepancies are in evidence.5 These seven positions need not always be filled. Thus, some Arabic entries or (much more often) Ethiopic glosses are marked as “uncertain” or “unknown”. The former means that the interpretation proposed in the present work is tentative (in many of such cases, several alternative interpretations are at hand). The latter means that no interpretation at all could be proposed. Appendix 1 presents the results of our analysis in a condensed form: for each pair of cells, the Arabic term with transcription and translation and the Ethiopic term with transliteration and reconstruction are adduced. 5

Reconstructed Ethiopic Forms

The reconstructions are based on the Arabic writing and on the etymological data, which generally supplement each other. The reconstruction of vowels is based on the assumption that the vocalization signs were correctly copied and faithfully reflect the vowels of the source lexeme. This is apparently true for many glosses, but, most probably, not for each and every one. The uncertainty remains whenever the reconstruction based on the vocalization of the Glossary contradicts the data of modern ES languages: there is always a possibility that the Glossary reflects an early variant of the relevant lexeme which was eventually lost or is not recorded in the available lexicographic tools. Thus, in 217 B 12 the form compatible with *ʔangər of the Glossary could have existed in some SES idioms at the time of the creation of the Glossary, but is not actually attested in any extant lexicographic work.6 Whenever the vocalization signs contradict the etymological data, an alternative form is given in the annotations. See, for instance, 218 B 24:

5  As far as the Arabic entries are concerned, Muth’s readings are usually identical with ours so that no special reference to his article is given. In less trivial cases, however, the divergent interpretations proposed by Muth and the present authors are briefly discussed. 6  Since Argobba, the most likely source language in this case, is still poorly described from the lexicographic point of view, it is not to be excluded that such a variant exists until now, being simply missing from the available dictionaries.

10

Introduction

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِْلمد‬limd Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləmd ※ The comparative data rather suggest the reconstruction *lämd/ *ləmad. Since SES languages are the most prominent in the Glossary (v. Section 6.2), the vowels are usually reconstructed as elements of the proto-SES vowel system (except for one case when the source language is Təgre). In neutral contexts, fatḥa is usually interpreted as ä (< Proto-ES *a), whereas ʔalif is thought to represent a (< Proto-ES *ā).7 Before a word-final hāʔ, fatḥa is usually interpreted as a (ä is reconstructed only if supported by the etymological data). Besides, the influence of gutturals on the choice between a and ä, best known from Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña, is taken into account (thus, fatḥa after a guttural is interpreted as a). Kasra is analyzed as ə (or i, if supported by the etymological data), and yāʔ as i (the reconstruction of e is adopted only if supported by the etymological data; in one gloss – 219 E 3 – yāʔ seems to be used as a hamza carrier and, thus, corresponds to ʔ in the reconstruction). The phonetic values of these elements are, needless to say, far from certain. The fact that long vowels of Arabic are typically chosen to represent the historically long vowels of ES makes one wonder whether length was to some extent preserved in 14th-century SES. As a matter of fact, vocalic length is a distinctive feature in some SES languages (yet the synchronically attested long vowels of SES do not always have etymological value). Nevertheless, both long and short vowels of SES are rendered as short in the reconstruction. It also ignores the phonetic difference between ə (< *ə) and its equivalent i (< *ə) in Harari/East Gurage: both are rendered as *ə. If the comparative data suggest a final *a, but the Ethiopic gloss lacks a final ʔalif or hāʔ, the reconstruction does not reflect the final vowel. If, however, some of the cognates have a final *ä rather than *a (which is only to be expected since the shift of a final a to ä is known as a regular phonological process in some SES languages, v. Section 6.1.11), the final vowel is reconstructed as *ä (the same reconstruction is proposed when the Ethiopic gloss has a fatḥa above the final grapheme). The situation with the gutturals is more complicated. Among the ES languages, ʕ and ʔ are distinguished in Gəʕəz (of the Aksumite period), Təgre, Təgrəñña and the Argobba of Ṭollaha. The historical *h, *ḥ and *ḫ are preserved as distinct phonemes in early Gəʕəz. In Təgre, Təgrəñña and the Argobba of 7  If the SES cognate lexeme exhibit the Inlaut a, but no ʔalif is present in the gloss (as in 217 C 2, 217 C 15, 217 D 21, 219 B 17, 219 B 22), the vowel ä is reconstructed, and a note on the discrepancy between the reconstruction and the comparative data is given (cf. also 218 C 9, 218 E 13).

Introduction

11

Ṭollaha, *ḥ and *ḫ have merged into ḥ, which is opposed to h. In the rest of ES, there is no distinction between the reflexes of *h, *ḥ and *ḫ. Thus, there is no evidence of *ḫ being preserved as a distinct phoneme in any ES language by the time of the creation of the Glossary.8 Conversely, the distinction between the historical *h and *ḥ/*ḫ on the one hand and *ʔ and *ʕ on the other is expected to be carried out in the Glossary. At the same time, since some obvious cases of *ʔ > ʕ and *h > ḥ are observed in the Argobba of Ṭollaha, the writing of the Glossary, even if contradicting the etymological data, may actually reflect the true pronunciation of the source lexeme at the moment of the creation of the Glossary (v. below, Section 6.1.1, part c). In view of these considerations, our reconstructions render ʕayn as ʕ, hāʔ as h, and ḥāʔ as ḥ. The reflex of ES *ḫ is reconstructed as ḥ (even in 218 A 15, where the Arabic grapheme is explicitly marked with an upper dot).9 Initial ʔalif is reconstructed as ʔ, whereas word-internal ʔalif is thought to render either the glottal stop ʔ or the vowel a (which often marks the loss of a guttural phoneme in SES). If the Ethiopic cognates contain phonemes which cannot be adequately transmitted in the Arabic writing (such as the ejective affricates ṣ and č̣, absent from the Arabic phonological inventory), the reconstruction relies more heavily on the etymological data. Thus, in 217 A 15 ‫  ِحْنط‬ǧinṭ is reconstructed as *gənč̣ because no form with final ṭ is found among the ES cognates. Since the Arabic alphabet has no special letter for č̣, one can well suppose that ṭāʔ is used here to render Ethiopic č̣. Similarly, since there is no Arabic grapheme which would exactly correspond to the ES ejective affricate ṣ (the Arabic ṣād stands for a pharyngalized sibilant), one cannot exclude that ṭāʔ (as well as ṣād) could be used to render ES ṣ (cf. 218 B 6). Sometimes the compiler apparently uses combinations of graphemes to represent non-Arabic sounds. Thus, the combination nūn + yāʔ often appears to represent ñ (v. Section 6.1.3, part d). A few cases of qāf corresponding to ES č̣ or ṣ are in evidence: 217 F 22, 219 C 6, 219 D 27, 219 F 28 and, possibly, 218 B 7. For most examples, it seems reasonable to assume a back-formation from palatal č̣ (v. 217 D 2 on ḳ > č̣, as well as 217 D 9 where an actually attested example of such a back-formation in ES is mentioned). However, this solution cannot be applied to 219 F 28, where the 8  As the perusal of “Royal Songs” shows, in Old Amharic the grapheme ḫ is used indiscriminately for proto-ES *ḫ and *ḥ (the etymologically correct spelling prevails in terms which have cognates in Gəʕəz). 9  In the rest of the relevant glosses (217 F 21, 218 A 5, 219 A 11, 219 D 14, 219 E 10) the grapheme in question has no diacritical dots above and, therefore, can be read as ḥāʔ. This is, however, not a solid piece of evidence since the absence of diacritical dots is common in the Glossary and, as a result, ḥāʔ and ḫāʔ are typically indistinguishable.

12

Introduction

ES cognates display ṣ. Thus, one has to assume that qāf could be chosen to represent ṣ and č̣, most probably because no glottalized affricate corresponding to either of the two phonemes is present in the phonemic inventory of Arabic. The combinations fatḥa + wāw and fatḥa + yāʔ are thought to represent o and e respectively, whenever this is supported by the etymological data (cf. 217 A 6, 217 C 17, 217 C 23, 219 C 15, 219 C 19, 219 C 22). The difference between sīn and šīn does not always correspond to the etymological data. If the diacritical dots are absent, it has been assumed that the intended grapheme could be either sīn or šīn (for the frequent absence of diacritical dots in the Glossary v. above, Section 2), and the reconstruction has been based on the etymological data. Conversely, the explicitly marked three dots have been regarded as a token of šīn, even if such a reading is not supported by the etymological data. In most of such cases, the Glossary likely reflects an otherwise unattested form with palatalization s > š. The discrepancy between the Glossary and the actually attested cognates has been acknowledged in the notes. A fairly frequent feature of the Glossary is the correspondence between the final tāʔ of the Ethiopic gloss to a final vowel (mostly a or ä) of the ES cognates. The reliable examples are 217 A 16 (1), 217 B 16, 217 F 28, 218 C 8, 218 C 27, 218 E 2 (2), 218 F 26. Since the rationale behind this practice remains to be established, it has been decided to preserve the t in our reconstructions. The use of the Arabic graphemes in the Glossary is summarized in Appendix 2, which contains all reliable interpretations for each grapheme, provided with references to the relevant glosses. 6

The Source Languages

The lexical items introduced under the heading “Ethiopic” cannot belong to one single language. This conclusion derives from two facts. On the one hand, the forms reconstructed as the source lexemes are not homogeneous in what concerns their characteristic phonological features. On the other hand, the distribution of the attested cognates points towards different source languages. 6.1 The Source Languages: Phonological Evidence 6.1.1 The Gutturals The guttural phonemes *ʔ, *ʕ, *h, *ḥ, *ḫ are preserved in Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña,10 but lost in most of SES, their only trace being the special quality of 10  In the latter two languages, *ḥ and*ḫ have merged into *ḥ.

Introduction

13

the adjacent vowel. The SES languages which do preserve some of the gutturals are Old Amharic, Argobba and Harari, to some extent also West Gurage. In the Argobba of Ṭollaha, the phonological distinction between the gutturals is the same as in Təgre and Təgrəñña (Wetter 2010:29). In Harari, the gutturals are reduced in number (*ʔ and *ʕ > ʔ; *ḫ, *ḥ and *h > ḥ), but still usually preserved (EDH 7).11 In some West Gurage idioms (certainly in Ǝndägañ and Ǝnnämor), ʔ going back to *ʔ or *ʕ is preserved intervocalically (EDG lxvi). Apart from being lost, a guttural may change its quality, which involves weakening of pronunciation (*ʕ > ʔ, *ḫ > ḥ, *ḥ > h) or other alternations (*ʔ > ʕ, *h > ḥ, *ʔ > ḥ, *ʕ > ḥ). Finally, a diachronically secondary guttural may emerge in certain positions. a Preservation of Gutturals The etymologically expected pharyngeals *ʕ and *ḥ are widely represented in the Glossary. *ʕ: 217 A 20, 217 A 23, 217 C 9, 217 C 26, 217 E 22, 217 F 28, 218 A 1–10, 218 A 14, 218 A 17, 218 A 20, 218 A 21, 218 A 22, etc. *ḥ: 217 A 16 (1), 217 B 14, 217 B 18, 217 C 4, 217 E 6, 217 E 11, 217 F 10, 217 F 11, 217 F 12, 217 F 22, etc.12 The etymologically correct representation of the laryngeal spirant *h (a rare phoneme in the comparative Semitic perspective) is safely attested only once (217 D 28).13 The preservation of *ʔ in the Glossary cannot be securely established since the letter ʔalif may represent the consonant ʔ or the vowel a. As a result, a form with the consonantal ʔ preserved is expected to be spelled in the same way as a form where the vowel a is the only reflex of the lost ʔ (such is the case with 218 C 15, 219 D 21B, 219 E 14, 219 E 19, 219 E 20).14 In the same way, the final yāʔ may indicate a vocalic Auslaut or rather a word-final iʔ (as in 219 F 24). While most modern SES idioms are characterized by the loss of the gutturals, the data of the Glossary point to their wider preservation. In principle, most of the glosses with explicitly indicated etymologically correct gutturals

11  For the phonemic status of the glottal stop in modern Harari v. Vizirova 2013. 12  The guttural ḥ is also preserved in 219 D 14, where it is a reflex of *ḫ. 13  It remains unclear whether *h is preserved in 217 C 8. 14  Similarly, in the case of the etymological *ʕ, one cannot decide whether the spelling reflects its ultimate loss or a shift to ʔ (presumably preceding this loss). Such is the case of 217 C 13 and 219 E 22.

14

Introduction

can derive from Təgre, Təgrəñña or Gəʕəz, but at least one gloss (219 F 11) with an etymologically correct ḥ must go back to an early Amharic lexeme (whose modern continuant has lost the guttural). Less convincing are a few further cases, where Amharic is likely the source lexeme, but the etymological correctness of the guttural cannot be confirmed. This involves two cases with ʕ (217 D 13, 217 E 21) and one with ḥ (219 A 23). There is also one case with final ʕ (etymologically uncertain) likely originating from Amharic or Gafat (219 D 15). Besides, the Glossary contains some further examples of gutturals not confirmed by modern cognates (but some of them corroborated by the spelling of the Old Amharic, as in 217 E 14).15 All in all, it is reasonable to believe that the loss of gutturals in the 14th century was restricted to fewer languages than today and in some of them did not involve all the guttural phonemes. This is why, in the present work, the preservation of a guttural in a gloss is not considered an argument against including into its potential sources those SES languages which have lost these phonemes on the modern stage of their development. b Loss of Gutturals The loss of gutturals as reflected in the Glossary is an important piece of evidence for dating this process in SES. Below, the evidence for the loss of each of the Proto-ES gutturals is presented, with a discussion of the conclusions that can be drawn from it.16

Loss of *ʔ: 217 B 2, 217 C 1, 219 B 7, 219 B 21, 219 D 18, 219 D 19, 219 D 23

In 219 B 21 we apparently deal with elision of ʔ in Harari (note that the variant with ʔ is preserved as a by-form up to now). In the rest of the glosses, the list of cognate lexemes is quite extensive, but it is noteworthy that Amharic can be regarded as the source language for each of them. Indeed, in Amharic the etymological *ʔ might have been lost by the 14th century: pertinent examples are found in the ninth of the “Royal Songs”, dedicated to Emperor ʕAmdä Ṣəyon, such as yəzära ‘he sows’ (IX:1.8, Guidi 1889:63),17 going back to Proto-ES 15  At the same time, the spelling of the Glossary is not always compatible with that of Old Amharic. Thus, in 217 C 15 the Old Amharic form displays an ʕ after g, which is not supported either by the etymological evidence (ʕ is absent from both the Təgre and Təgrəñña cognates) or by the spelling of the Glossary. 16  Not all of the pertinent Ethiopic glosses exhibit gutturals safely reconstructed for Proto-ES. The spelling of the Glossary was treated in this section as etymologically correct unless contradicted by comparative data or any special arguments. 17  The rhyme in -ra confirms that we deal with the original pronunciation of the song.

Introduction

15

*zrʔ (CDG 642). Reliable examples are found in other “Royal songs” as well, e.g. the first and second one, dedicated to Emperor Yəsḥaḳ (15th century): siwäṣ ‘while he goes out’ (I:21, Guidi 1889:54), going back to Proto-ES *wṣ̂ʔ (CDG 605), or gäzzəwaččo ‘heresp. submitted them’ (II:96, Guidi 1889:57) and ʔalgäzzawaččom ‘heresp. did not submit them’ (II:97, Guidi 1889:57) going back to *gzʔ (CDG 210).18

Loss of *ʕ: 217 A 21, 217 D 24, 218 C 27



Loss of *h: 218 C 20, 219 E 15 (1), (2), 219 F 2–3



Loss of *ḥ: 217 E 8, 219 E 26 (1)

In all these cases, Soddo is present among the potential sources, and it is the only potential source language for the last gloss. Thus, one can postulate the loss of *ʕ in the 14th century forerunner of this idiom. There are four examples (217 B 27, 217 C 13, 218 C 8 and 219 E 22) in which *ʕ has lost is original quality, either shifting to ʔ or being dropped (v. under a above in this section). Since the fourth case (219 E 22) apparently originates from Amharic, it may be considered a piece of evidence for *ʕ disappearing from the phonological inventory of this language at the moment of the creation of the Glossary. One of the lexemes in question, present in the glosses 219 E 15 (1), (2) and 219 F 2–3, is the reflex of proto-ES *bhl ‘to say’, well known for its unique development throughout ES: in the reflexes of this root, the loss of h is observed in both North and South ES languages. For the second one (218 C 20), the potential source languages include Amharic, Argobba, Gafat and most of the GunnänGurage languages. Obviously, no solid conclusions on the distribution of this phenomenon on the 14th century linguistic map of Ethiopia can be drawn from this piece of evidence. Of interest is the second case, where the possible sources are Amharic, Wolane and Səlṭi. For Amharic, there is substantial evidence in favor of the preservation 18  According to Girma Demeke 2014:30, ʔ is consistently preserved in Old Amharic in wordmedial and word-final positions. Yet among the examples quoted by him, a great deal of spellings may be explained by the influence of the Gəʕəz orthography, whereas in one example (zäʔagä ‘it rusted’) *ʔ is not etymological, but rather weakened from *ʕ (cf. Tna. zäʕagä ‘to be, become damp, moist; to fall (dew, hoar frost)’, TED 2015). The only reliable example of an etymological *ʔ preserved in Old Amharic is tämättaʔ ‘he was hit’ (for the etymology v. 219 D 29). All in all, the data presented by Girma Demeke do not contradict the assumption that the loss of *ʔ could have started by the 14th century.

16

Introduction

of *ḥ in this early period (Girma Demeke 2014:24–27). It is noteworthy that many of Girma Demeke’s examples have no direct correspondence in Gəʕəz, so that influence from the traditional Gəʕəz orthography can be safely excluded. Moreover, one example of *ḥ preserved in a lexeme of likely Amharic origin is found in the Glossary (219 F 11). At the same time, examples of omitted *ḥ are also found in the earliest samples of Old Amharic, such as ʔəndisära ‘so as to make’ (< *srḥ, CDG 513) in the eighth of the “Royal songs”, dedicated to ʕAmdä Ṣəyon (VIII:21, Guidi 1889:62; cf. also Girma Demeke 2014:24). One has to conclude that the loss of *ḥ in early Amharic was at best sporadic. While Amharic cannot be completely excluded from the source languages for the lexeme in question, the Wolane and Səlṭi cognates appear to be more likely candidates. If the source lexeme indeed belongs to one of these languages, we deal with the first documentation of the loss of *ḥ in East Gurage.19 A less certain case of a lost *ḥ is 218 D 8, where the historical presence of the guttural is suggested by the ancient spelling in Amharic and the Harari cognate (with metathesis). It remains unclear which language was the source of this Ethiopic gloss.

Loss of *ḫ: 217 E 26

This example is not informative since the potential source languages (Amharic, Argobba, East Gurage, Gafat, Soddo) are scattered over all SES branches. c Changing of the Quality of Gutturals Whenever the etymological *ḫ is involved, it has been interpreted as having shifted to ḥ (v. the discussion above, Section 5): 217 F 21, 218 A 5, 218 A 15, 219 A 11, 219 D 14, 219 E 10 Other changes of quality among the gutturals are sporadic: – one case of non-etymological h instead of the expected ḥ (219 C 9) – one case of non-etymological medial ḥ instead of the expected h (218 E 12) – three cases of non-etymological ʕ instead of the expected ʔ (218 C 21, 219 C 24, 219 D 29)20

19  Note that the only other 14-century source on East Gurage – Abū Ḥayyān’s paradigm of an “Ethiopian” verb ‘to strike’ – preserves ḥ: ‫ َمَحط‬maḥaṭ ‘he beat’, etc. (Bulakh–Kogan 2011). 20  Note also 217 D 8, where ʕ of the Glossary corresponds to ʔ in Təgrəñña (unless the Təgrəñña lexeme is an Amharism) and to ḥ in Argobba.

Introduction

17

These spellings likely reflect the confusion of guttural phonemes in the source language(s). Sporadic weakening of the original ḥ to h is known in modern Təgrəñña (ḥeǧǧi/ḥezi/hezi ‘now’, TED 289; ḥanäṣä/hanäṣä ‘to build’, ibid. 35) and the Argobba of Ṭollaha (harräd ‘schlachten’, Wetter 2010:84, AAD 274 < *ḥrd, cf. 219 D 6). In fact, such a process might have preceded the total loss of gutturals in most SES languages. Strengthening of h into ḥ is regular in Harari (EDH 7), but is also sporadically found in Argobba (bärräḥ ‘leuchten’ < *brh, Wetter 2010:87, CDG 103–104). Strengthening of the original ʔ into ʕ is also found in modern ES languages. In Təgre, free variation between ʕ and ʔ is observed in roots containing ejectives (Raz 1983:5). In the Argobba of Ṭollaha, ʕ is sometimes found instead of the etymological *ʔ: ʕassär ‘binden’ (Wetter 2010:84) < PS *ʔsr (CDG 44). In fact, all glosses with non-etymological gutturals quoted above have parallels in modern ES. In 219 C 9, h instead of the expected ḥ is supported by the cognate in Argobba. In 218 E 12, ḥ instead of the expected h is also in agreement with the Argobba cognate. In 218 C 21, the form with ʕ instead of ʔ is attested in Təgre; in 219 C 24, the non-etymological ʕ is present in the Təgre, Təgrəñña and Argobba cognates; in 219 D 29, the non-etymological ʕ is present in the Argobba cognate. All in all, most glosses displaying irregular reflexes of *h, *ḥ and *ʕ in the Glossary have exact correspondences in Argobba, and one is tempted to interpret the corresponding lexemes as originating from this language. In 218 C 21, the non-etymological ʕ of the Glossary finds a precedent only in Təgre, which, however, is not a likely source language.21 Rather, one is inclined to assume that a similar strengthening occurred in a SES source language, but the pertinent form has not survived into modern times or is accidentally missing from the lexicographic sources. d Innovative Gutturals Non-etymological initial gutturals (h or ḥ) are sometimes found in SES languages, such as Səlṭi (harat/arat ‘four’, EDG III lxiv; ālč̣it/hālč̣it ‘leech’, SAED 586), Argobba (ḥarʕətt ‘four’, Wetter 2010:269; also henṭ ‘mouse’ in 218 C 25, hangät ‘neck’ in 217 A 17), Old Amharic (ḥayṣ ‘mouse’ in 218 C 25, ḥangät ‘neck’ in 217 A 17, as well as ḥənd-/ʔənd- ‘while, as’, Littmann 1943:483, cf. modern Amh. əndä-, AED 1236). This process is best interpreted as the insertion of a consonantal onset before a vowel (V- > HV-) rather than the shift of the original *ʔ or *ʕ to h/ḥ. Such an approach is confirmed by the fact that initial h/ḥ may 21  The only reliable case where Təgre does appear as the source language in the Glossary is 219 F 6.

18

Introduction

appear before a prosthetic vowel – thus, in a position where no *ʔ has ever existed: Arg. ḥərguz = Amh. rəguz/ərguz ‘pregnant, gravid’ (AAD 313, AED 417), thought to be related to Gez. rgz ‘to pierce’ (CDG 465). As far as the evidence of the Glossary is concerned, there is one reliable case of an innovative initial guttural, which, however, is ʕ: ʕafr ‘mouse’ in 218 C 24 (cognates with prosthetic vowel are found in ES, but not in languages where ʕ is a distinct phoneme).22 To the best of our knowledge, secondary ʕ before the initial vowel is not attested anywhere else in ES. In 217 D 7 (ḥurkum) the guttural ḥ (supported by Old Amharic spelling) is to be considered innovative if one accepts Leslau’s analysis of Amh. ərkum, rəkum as a borrowing from Arb. raḫam- ‘Egyptian vulture’. In 218 C 25 (ḥayṭ/ḥanṭ ‘mouse’), the initial ḥ of the Glossary is confirmed by the cognates in the Argobba of Ṭollaha and Old Amharic (the – ultimately – innovative character of the guttural in this case is suggested by the forms with initial *ʔ in North ES). In 218 C 26 (ḥanṭwah), we deal with a cognate to 218 C 25, also demonstrating initial secondary ḥ, but no convincing candidate for the source lexeme is at hand. In the following two examples, the initial ḥ may be due to a similar secondary insertion, albeit there is no reliable evidence for its non-etymological character: 217 A 30 (the spelling of the Glossary is supported by the cognates in the Argobba of Ṭollaha and Old Amharic), 218 F 28 (the spelling of the Glossary is supported by the Argobba cognate). We may conclude that, alongside with numerous reliable examples of preservation of the gutturals, the Glossary displays several clear cases of their loss and confusion, as well as a few lexemes with innovative word-initial gutturals. All alternations involving gutturals find precedents in the Argobba of Ṭollaha, which is, therefore, a likely source for the corresponding glosses. Word-initial innovative gutturals apparently point to (Old) Amharic or Argobba as the potential source languages. Preservation of gutturals in the Glossary suggests that in the 14th century these phonemes were still present in a number of SES languages, from which they disappeared on a later stage. There is, notably, one reliable case of *ḥ preserved in Amharic. At the same time, one gloss points towards *ʕ changed to ʔ (or lost) in a lexeme taken from Amharic. One is tempted to assume that while ḥ was still an independent phoneme in early Old Amharic, ʕ was already on its way towards disappearance.23

22  The ES lexemes likely go back to PS *paʔr- (SED II No. 170), but the etymological wordmiddle *ʔ can hardly have any bearing on the issue under discussion. 23  On gradual “delaryngalization” in ES v. Voigt 1983:360–361.

Introduction

19

6.1.2 The Fate of *rn The shift *rn > nd is evidenced by the following glosses: 217 A 12, 217 D 15, 217 A 13, 217 A 20, 219 C 2. The shift is well attested in Amharic (Podolsky 1991:51, cf. already Praetorius 1879:78–79, Cohen 1931:380–381), while some examples are found also in Argobba and Gafat. Among the pertinent lexemes found in the Glossary, only one case (217 A 12) can be safely attributed to Amharic. In 217 A 8 and 217 A 21, the sequence *rn shifts to r, which points to Harari or Gurage origin. 6.1.3 Palatalization Palatalization of dental-alveolars and velars is widespread in SES. Palatalization of dental-alveolars is, to a certain extent, attested also in Təgrəñña and Təgre. All types of palatalization are well represented in the Glossary. Sometimes palatalization is found in lexemes whose attested ES cognates display nonpalatalized counterparts. a

Palatalization of Dentals t>č supported by ES cognates: 219 B 9 (-ti > -č in the plural ending) not supported by ES cognates: 217 A 0B d>ǧ 217 A 22, 218 D 19, 218 D 25, 218 E 3, 219 A 12, 219 B 9, possibly 219 C 9 (all supported by ES cognates)24 ṭ > č̣ supported by ES cognates: 217 A 10A not supported by ES cognates: 218 C 9

b

Palatalization of Dental-Alveolar Sibilants and the Affricate ṣ ṣ > č̣ 217 A 16 (1), 217 E 8, 218 C 11, 218 C 29, 218 E 27, 219 A 4 (all supported by ES cognates)

24  Cf. also 218 C 8 (not supported by ES cognates), where the source of palatal ǧ is either d or z.

20

Introduction

Since diacritical dots are sometimes put erroneously in the Glossary, there is no fully reliable evidence for palatalization s > š. Potential cases (none supported by etymological data) include 217 F 7, 218 E 16 and 219 C 14. For palatalization z > ž/ǧ v. fn. 24. c Palatalization of Velars Palatalization k > č is well attested in SES (Podolsky 1991:46). The Glossary contains one reliable case illustrating this process (217 B 10, supported by the ES cognates). In one case (217 E 16), the palatalized consonant in the gloss has no precedent among the attested ES cognates (which all display a non-palatalized k instead). In one gloss (217 E 10), the Arabic kāf corresponds to č in most of the attested cognates. Still another similar case (218 E 2) is less certain since the Təgre cognate does display a non-palatalized variant. There is one instance of palatalization ḳ > č̣: 217 D 2 (supported by the ES cognates). d Palatalization of Dental-Alveolar Nasal n The Glossary contains several examples of the sequence nūn + yāʔ corresponding to ñ in the ES cognates (217 C 27, 217 F 27, 219 C 27, 219 D 16 (1), 219 E 24, 219 F 4, 219 F 5). In one case (218 D 8), it is the reverse letter sequence (yāʔ + nūn) that corresponds to ES ñ.25 The simplest assumption is that these combinations render the palatal nasal ñ, absent from the Arabic consonantal inventory. One can, alternatively, interpret such sequences at face value (that is, as rendering biphonemic combinations ny or yn): palatalization n > ñ does usually take place in the vicinity of the front vowel i or the consonant y, and the Glossary may reflect the situation before the palatalization took place. e Palatalization l > y The Glossary contains two reliable examples of l palatalized into y (both supported by ES cognates): 219 C 7 and 218 F 21. The shift is restricted to SES. f Palatalization g > gʸ In 218 F 12, the combination ǧīm + yāʔ can be interpreted as the palatal gʸ. The palatal velars are peculiar of Gurage (EDG xxvi). For an alternative analysis v. fn. 25. 25  Another example may be found in 218 F 12, but here yāʔ can be alternatively interpreted as marking the palatalized pronunciation of the preceding consonant (v. in part f in this section).

Introduction

21

6.1.4 Spirantization of k Spirantization of postvocalic k is an obligatory feature of Təgrəñña and a frequent phenomenon of SES. As far as other positions are concerned, in modern ES languages spirantization of k is sporadic. In the Glossary, spirantization k > ḫ is attested in all positions, being especially prominent word-initially. This is compatible with the Old Amharic evidence, which suggests that spirantization of k was more widespread at an earlier stage of the development of this language, and perhaps of its SES siblings (Podolsky 1991:30–33). The shift k > ḫ is attested in the following glosses. Word-initial supported by ES cognates: 217 A 20, 217 A 21, 217 A 27, 217 A 27A, 218 A 2, 218 A 12, 218 A 22, 219 C 3, 219 F 9, 219 F 16 not supported by ES cognates: 217 A 11, 217 B 20, 217 E 17, 218 D 26, 218 E 29, 219 B 13, 219 C 21, 219 F 19 Intervocalic supported by ES cognates: 217 B 13, 217 D 19, 218 D 2, 218 F 19 not supported by ES cognates: 217 C 28, 219 C 14 Word-final (?) postvocalic 219 F 3, 219 F 4 (supported by ES cognates)26 Post-consonantal 218 D 23 (not supported by ES cognates)27 6.1.5 Weakening of b into w Spirantization b > ḇ is widespread in Təgrəñña (Kogan 1997:425), Amharic (Leslau 1995:17) and Gurage (Ǝnnämor and Gyeto: EDG xxix). A further change into w (sometimes with subsequent monophthongization) is a frequent feature in SES (v. Wetter 2010:58 for the Argobba of Ṭollaha). In the Glossary, only two attestations of this phenomenon are found: 217 A 0B and 217 A 27 (in the

26  The vocalization of the Glossary suggests that we deal with word-final postvocalic position (v. Section 8.2 on further arguments in favor of this reconstruction). However, since the vocalization signs in the Glossary are not quite reliable, alternative interpretations cannot be ruled out (CkV in 219 F 3, VkV in 219 F 4). 27  On rare examples of post-consonantal spirantization of k in ES v. EDG xxxvii.

22

Introduction

latter case, monophthongization may also be involved). Elsewhere, postvocalic b remains unchanged (217 D 18, 217 E 13, 217 E 23, etc.). 6.1.6 Intervocalic Sonorant Alternations a ll > n(n) The intervocalic ll shifting to n(n) is a well-known phenomenon of GunnänGurage (except Soddo), v. Hetzron 1977:40. In the Glossary, two safe examples are 217 C 24 and 219 E 3. b rr > n(n) The intervocalic shift rr > n(n) is well known for West Gurage (Hetzron 1977:40). It is once attested in the Glossary (219 D 26). 6.1.7 De-ejectivization In the Gunnän-Gurage languages, loss of ejectivity is a fairly frequent phenomenon (EDG lxxiii). It also sporadically occurs in Amharic (Leslau 1995:20). In the Glossary, we find the shift ṭ > t in 217 F 9 and 218 D 20. In both cases, Amh. ṭəḳit/təḳit ‘little, few, some; small amount’ is involved. 6.1.8 Alternation ñ ~ y The alternation between ñ and y is well attested in Amharic (Podolsky 1991:44; cf. also Zelealem Leyew 2007:451, 454) and Gurage (EDG lxiii). In the Glossary, there is one reliable attestation of yāʔ in the Ethiopic gloss corresponding to ñ in the attested ES cognates (218 A 19). 6.1.9 The Shift m > w in the Prefix mV- with Roots Containing Labials The Glossary contains the following examples of the shift m > w in the prefix with roots containing labials, a well-known phenomenon attested throughout SES (Leslau 1995:228, EDG xxxiii): 217 A 10A, 218 E 10, 218 E 24.28 In the lexemes with no labial in the stem, the prefix mV- is preserved intact: 217 F 8, 218 B 12, 218 C 11, 218 D 25, 218 E 3, 218 E 16, 218 E 17, 218 E 25. In a few cases, m in the prefix is preserved in spite of the presence of a labial in the root: 218 C 15, 218 E 12, 219 C 11, 219 F 26. For all these lexemes, cognates resisting the sound change under scrutiny are widely attested in SES. In nearly every case, a borrowing from Gəʕəz is certain or probable, which likely accounts for the absence of the m > w shift.

28  The same feature presumably underlies the forms listed under 218 D 23, but since their derivational source is obscure, they are best to be omitted from the present discussion.

Introduction

23

6.1.10 The Shift y > ǧ In one gloss, the shift y > ǧ, peculiar for Gafat, seems to be attested (217 C 23; cf. Leslau 1956:9). There is, however, an alternative reading which does not involve any palatalized consonants at all. 6.1.11 Shortening of the Final Vowel Some of the Ethiopic glosses exhibit a final sukūn contrasting with the final vowel in all or most of the attested ES cognates. In a few other cases, the final a of the ES cognates is not marked in the Ethiopic gloss (that is, neither ʔalif nor hāʔ are written word-finally). While the vocalization signs are not a reliable feature in the Glossary (v. above, Section 2), the absence of an overt marker of a is more disturbing and suggests that we are faced with the shortening of final vowels.29 On the one hand, this phenomenon is well known for East Gurage, where final ā shifts to ä (v. Meyer 2005:54–55 for Zay, 2006:36–37 for Wolane).30 The diachronic shift (*ā >) *a > ä can be observed word-finally in some Gunnän-Gurage languages,31 although its distribution and degree of regularity remain to be clarified. On the other hand, sporadic omission of final vowels is attested in Old Amharic poetic compositions: säkkär instead of säkkärä ‘he was drunken’, wäräwwär instead of wäräwwärä ‘he threw’, täkkʷär instead of täkkʷärä ‘he was always cautious’ (XI:12.13.14, Guidi 1889:65). It is also known from early Gəʕəz: sobe gafʕan (instead of gafʕa(n)na) waḳatal (instead of waḳatala) nagādi. ‘when he oppressed us and killed a trading caravan’ (RIÉ 188:7). In 3 sg. m. of the perfect paradigm, the Argobba of Ṭollaha regularly exhibits loss of the personal marker in word-final position (Wetter 2010:173). The pertinent examples from the Glossary are listed below (including those in which the shortened form of the Glossary finds parallels in East Gurage languages).

29  Absence of final wāw or hāʔ expected to render ES o (as in 217 A 6 or 217 C 28) could also be explained by the same phenomenon. 30  The analysis adopted in Meyer’s Wolane grammar (2006) does not involve the rule of final vocalic shortening, but his Wolane evidence is not very much different from that of Zay. In fact, Meyer (2006:37) mentions the possibility of treating the final ä of nouns as a positional variant of ā, as well as the shortening of final ā or a to ä in loanwords. One may add that in biradical verbs the final ā also shifts to ä: bälä ‘he ate’ vs. bälā-t ‘she ate’ (cf. Meyer 2006:52–53, with a different analysis). 31  Cf. Gez. dammanā, Sod. dämmäna vs. Ǝnd. dawänä ‘cloud’ (CDG 134, EDG 209) or Čah. Eža Msḳ žanža, Ǝnm. Gyt. žānža vs. Ǝnd. žānžä, Muḫ. Gog. žanžä ‘inner part of the trunk of the äsät’ (EDG 722–723).

24 a

Introduction

In Nouns 217 B 2, 217 C 22, 217 D 4, 217 B 27,32 217 C 3, 217 D 8, 218 C 19, 218 E 3 (final sukūn against a/ä in ES) 218 C 23, 219 B 17, 219 B 23 (final sukūn vs. ES a) 217 D 9, 218 D 9 (sukūn against final ä in the ES cognates) 217 C 9 (absence of final ʔalif/hāʔ vs. final a/ay found in most ES cognates) 217 D 10, 218 D 16 (absence of final ʔalif/hāʔ vs. final a in the cognates), 217 E 24, 219 A 22, 219 B 29, 219 C 4, 219 F 13 (absence of final ʔalif/hāʔ vs. final a/ä in the cognates) 218 F 28 (sukūn against final e) 217 E 1, 218 E 14, 218 E 16 (sukūn vs. final e/i) 217 B 24 (sukūn vs. final o)

b In Verbs, 3 sg. m. of the Perfect Several Arabic entries represent 3 sg. m. of the perfect, and it is reasonable to expect the corresponding Ethiopic glosses to have the same form.33 Some of these forms exhibit final sukūn instead of the expected fatḥa: 219 D 29, 219 E 4, 219 E 21, 219 E 17, 219 F 7 Remarkably, not all of these forms can be traced back to Argobba – the only ES language where the loss of the final vowel is a regular feature of 3 sg. m. of the perfect. c In the Imperfect In the gloss 219 B 3, the final sukūn appears instead of the expected a in 3 sg. f. of the imperfect. The closest parallels are apparently found in Wolane, where the corresponding forms likewise lack the final vowel (Meyer 2006:53). Cf. also the corresponding verbal type in Zay, which has the final ə in the imperfect (Meyer 2005:109). d In the Imperative In 219 D 23 and 219 D 18, the Ethiopic glosses exhibit final sukūn, whereas most of the ES cognates suggest final a. The closest forms are likely found in 32  The spelling of the Glossary may be influenced by the Arabic cognate (ʕanbas- ‘lion’). 33  One should keep in mind, admittedly, that the Glossary does contain several obvious cases where the grammatical forms of the Arabic entry and the corresponding Ethiopic gloss do not correlate (such as 219 E 3).

Introduction

25

Zay, where the corresponding verbal type either has a consonantal Auslaut or a final ə in the imperative (Meyer 2005:110). The imperative forms with final ä in Wolane are also compatible with the Ethiopic glosses under scrutiny (Meyer 2006:53). 6.2

The Source Languages: The Evidence of Lexicographic Data

The data presented below are based on the contents of the sections “Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss” in the entries of the edition, for which see above, Section 4 under (6). Each section lists the languages in which one finds cognate lexemes whose semantics and phonological shape are compatible with the corresponding Ethiopic glosses. Both semantic and phonological compatibility have been understood rather loosely. To begin with, the vocalic correspondences have been generally ignored because of the low degree of their reliability (v. above, Section 2). The absence of gutturals in ES cognates has not been considered a serious obstacle for comparison since, by the time of the creation of the Glossary, the gutturals could still persist in the potential source languages. Likewise, ḫāʔ in the Ethiopic gloss has been often admitted as equivalent to k in the living languages; the correspondence of šīn to s (and, vice versa, sīn to š) has been allowed, as well as the correspondence of ṭāʔ to ṣ or č̣, and ṣād to ṣ or ṭ (v. Section 5). Due to the intensive interaction between the ES languages after their split, lexical borrowings between various ES languages are quite common. Loanwords have not been discarded as potential source lexemes for Ethiopic glosses. Only Amharisms in Gəʕəz have been usually left out of consideration in view of the fact that Gəʕəz is, in any case, not a probable source language for the Glossary (see below in this section). If one or several terms among the cognate lexemes appear more promising as the source word(s) for a given Ethiopic gloss than the remaining ones, this fact has been acknowledged in the annotations. In some cases, there is no concrete ES idiom which could be considered a possible origin of the gloss: the reconstruction neither coincides with any attested lexeme nor can be regarded as a direct predecessor of any attested form (217 A 0B, 218 C 26, 218 D 8, 218 F 12, 219 A 9 (2), etc.).34 34  On some occasions, the attested ES lexemes are clearly related to the gloss, yet cannot be compared to it directly (e. g. a verb vs. a noun, as in 217 F 14). In such cases, too, no source language has been indicated.

26

Introduction

Most Ethiopic glosses cannot be attributed with certainty to one single language due to the similarity in phonological shape between the cognates attested in two or more idioms. It is worthwhile, therefore, to list the ES subbranches from which the Ethiopic glosses may originate, leaving out those which can be attributed to any particular subbranch within ES, as well as those whose origin is either ES or non-Semitic. There are only 11 lexemes supposed to originate from Gəʕəz, Təgre or Təgrəñña: 217 A 3, 217 B 24, 217 E 6, 218 A 9, 218 A 20, 218 B 10, 218 B 18, 218 C 9, 218 F 23, 218 F 27, 219 F 6. 195 glosses reflect lexemes of SES origin. Among these, the origin of 85 glosses cannot be further specified. 80 glosses go back to Transversal SES;35 23 represent the vocabulary of Peripheral SES. Furthermore, seven glosses must belong to the Gurage cluster, a more specific attribution being impossible. With 48 glosses reliably attributed to it, the Amharic-Argobba branch is the best represented in the Glossary. 18 glosses have their sources in the Harari-East Gurage branch. Of these, six glosses represent the specifically East Gurage vocabulary. Of the 23 glosses going back to Peripheral SES, two represent Gafat lexemes, and 19 are Gunnän-Gurage lexemes. Of these, five are specifically West Gurage. For a number of glosses only one possible source lexeme has been found in the available dictionaries. These glosses are as follows. South Ethio-Semitic 26 glosses from (Old) Amharic (217 A 12, 217 A 19 (2), 217 B 15, 217 C 6, 217 D 7, 217 D 13, 217 D 16, 217 E 21, 217 F 9, 218 A 27, 218 B 6, 218 B 7, 218 B 14, 218 B 19, 218 C 1, 218 D 16, 218 D 20, 218 E 18, 218 F 20, 218 F 26, 219 A 10, 219 A 23, 219 A 27 (2), 219 D 8, 219 E 22, 219 F 11) three glosses from Argobba (217 C 10, 218 F 14, 218 F 28) six glosses from Harari (217 C 27, 217 D 4, 219 A 4, 219 B 4, 219 B 21, 219 E 15 (1)) one gloss from Səlṭi (219 C 1) one gloss from Wolane (217 D 17) two glosses from Zay (217 A 10, 219 D 27) two glosses from Gafat (217 D 9, 219 C 27) two glosses from Soddo (218 C 27, 219 A 27 (1)) one gloss from Muḫər (219 A 25)

35  The term “Transversal SES” is used here as a cover designation for Amharic, Argobba, Harari and East Gurage (Wolane, Səlṭi, Zay), which constitute a linguistic area rather than a genealogical unity (Bulakh–Kogan 2014:604–606).

Introduction

27

North Ethio-Semitic four glosses from Təgrəñña (217 E 6, 218 B 10, 218 B 18, 219 E 15 (2)) two glosses from Gəʕəz (218 C 9, 218 F 27) one gloss from Təgre (219 F 6) Cushitic (Highland East Cushitic) one gloss from Hadiya (217 E 2) Omotic (North-Omotic) one gloss from Kafa (217 D 25) For several reasons, the above data are to be taken with a great deal of caution. First and foremost, many ES languages remain poorly described from the lexicographic point of view. This means that the potential source lexemes may be found in more languages than the dictionaries suggest. Thus, albeit Gəʕəz has been conventionally indicated as the source language for two lexemes, such a label certainly does not reflect the true state of affairs since Gəʕəz was no more spoken at the time of the compilation of the Glossary. Instead, we must be faced either with Geezisms in modern ES or with common ES lexemes presumably attested not only in Gəʕəz, but also in some contemporary language(s), yet absent from the dictionaries. This is especially likely in the case of 218 F 27, where the pertinent Gəʕəz lexeme, attested in post-Aksumite period only, is itself likely a borrowing from a contemporary language. Similarly, a semantic divergence between the Ethiopic gloss and its cognate in a modern language, preventing one from considering this cognate a source lexeme, may result from the limitedness of the available lexicographic tools, which do not always register all the meanings of a given lexeme. Last but not least, it is only Amharic that has a relatively old written tradition, with some of the texts datable to the 14th century36 and thus roughly contemporary with the Glossary. For the majority of the living ES languages, we possess data on the modern stage only, and one can well assume that some of the phonological processes characteristic of these idioms were not in force at the time of the creation of the Glossary. It is only to be expected that the shape recorded in the Glossary is not always identical with the forms actually attested in the languages of Ethiopia. To some extent these considerations have been taken into account while listing the potential source languages, but

36  This is the dating of some of the “Royal songs” (v. Nosnitsin 2003:238). Note, however, that these texts are preserved in younger manuscripts only.

28

Introduction

in fact the semantic and phonetic discrepancy between the actually attested lexemes and their 14th century forerunners may be greater that we surmise. While the above list is not to be always taken at face value, coupled with the evidence presented under 6.1 it makes patent the linguistic diversity of the Ethiopic material presented in the Glossary. Its sources include Təgrəñña, Təgre and all major subbranches of SES. At least two terms go back to nonSemitic languages of Ethiopia: one to Hadiya (Highland East Cushitic) and one to Kafa (Omotic). The SES languages are in a clear majority as the source languages, and among these, the Amharic-Argobba branch is apparently the principal source. 7

Multiple Glosses and Related Features

The Glossary contains 48 Arabic lexemes which are rendered by more than one Ethiopic gloss. 44 lexemes are rendered by two glosses, and in four cases three glosses correspond to one Arabic entry. One can discern at least three types of motivation behind the multiple representation of Ethiopic material in such cases. 1.

By far the most prominent strategy is to adduce lexemes from different Ethiopic languages. Reliable cases, where clear-cut exclusive dialectal distribution of the ES source lexemes is at hand, are 217 A 10–217 A 10A, 217 A 19 (1–2), 217 A 29–217 A 30, 217 B 15–217 B 16, 217 D 9–217 D 10, 217 D 16–217 D 17, 217 E 2–217 E 3, 217 F 22–217 F 23, 218 A 19–218 A 20, 218 B 9–218 B 10, 218 C 24–218 C 25, 218 E 2 (1–2), 219 A 27 (1–2), 219 E 7 (1–2), 219 E 15 (1–2). In a number of cases, the lists of the potential sources for the two glosses overlap, but the probability of two different origins is still high. 2. At least once, the compiler seems to have rendered the Arabic entry with two quasi-synonymous words: in 219 D 13 (1), the gloss to Arabic ʔakala ‘he ate’ is blʕ, the well-known pan-ES basic exponent of the meaning ‘to eat’, whereas the gloss (2), ǧrs, is identified with Amh. gʷärräsä ‘to take a mouthful’ and its cognates with similar semantics. 3. Finally, in 219 E 26 (1–2) the two Ethiopic glosses appear to render two different meanings of the Arabic verb ʔaslama: ‘to deliver’ and ‘to submit oneself’. The Glossary contains several pairs of Ethiopic glosses which are either identical or very close in shape, probably representing one and the same source

Introduction

29

lexeme or two source lexemes cognate to each other. Sometimes they render different Arabic entries (which likely means that the relevant ES terms were polysemic): 217 B 12 ʔanǧir and 217 B 22 ʔanǧur (= ʔal-qadam- ‘foot’ and ʔar-riǧl- ‘leg’) 217 D 13 ʔanǧāǧaʕal and 218 D 6 ʔnšāš ḥlh (= ʔummu ḥubaynin ‘chameleon’ and ʔal-baram- ‘lizard’) 218 D 25 mādǧǧh and 218 E 3 mdāǧ (= ʔal-kūr- ‘a blacksmith’s fireplace’ and ʔal-kānūn- ‘a fire-place’) 218 F 17 ṭǧǧ and 219 F 29 ṭǧ (= ʔan-nabīḏu l-ʕasaliyyu ‘mead’ and ʔal-ḫamr- ‘wine’) 219 B 11 wazan and 219 F 27 wzn (= ʔan-nafs- ‘soul’ and ʔal-qalb- ‘heart’) In the following two pairs of glosses, the semantic discrepancy is more conspicuous: 217 A 4 ṭiǧr and 218 B 3 ṭaǧūr (= ʔaš-šiʕr- ‘hair’ and ʔal-muḫmal- ‘a garment having nap on its surface’; cf. also 217 B 21 (a)) 217 A 11 ḫanfar and 217 B 20 ḫanfar (= ʔaš-šafatayni ‘lips’ and ʔal-farǧ- ‘pudendum’) In two cases, both the Arabic and Ethiopic elements coincide (fully or partly): 218 A 26 and 219 F 15 (ʕafar = ʔat-turāb- ‘dust, earth’) 219 E 19 ṭafā and 219 E 20 ṭaffā (the Arabic entries are harab ‘he fled’ and hirāb ‘escape (noun)’)37 Some pairs represent derivatives from the same root: 217 A 10 nafiṭ and 217 A 10A wfnǧah, both from *nfṭ ‘to blow one’s nose’ (SED I No. 48v) 219 D 16 (1) ʔinyaʕ and 219 E 24 ʔltnyaʕ, basic stem and t-stem of the SES verb *ʔəññaʕa ‘to sleep’

37  One is tempted to suspect here one more example of a quasi-paradigm (v. below, Section 8), but the interpretation of ṭaffā as a kind of verbal noun or infinitive finds no support in the comparative data (unless one ventures a direct comparison to the Gəʕəz infinitive ṭafiʔ).

30

Introduction

Of more interest are pairs of glosses which represent reflexes of the same Proto-ES or Proto-SES lexeme, but with different shapes (and sometimes with certain semantic discrepancies), presumably due to different source languages within ES. These include the reflexes of Proto-ES *kʷərnāʕ ‘elbow; forearm’ (217 A 20 ‘upper arm’ vs. 217 A 21 ‘elbow’); *ḳərnəb ‘eyelash; eyelid; eyebrow’ (217 A 8 ‘eyebrow’ vs. 217 A 13 ‘eyelids’); *nṣḥ ‘to be white’ (217 E 8 and 219 C 6); *ʔanṣawā ‘mouse’ (218 C 25 and 218 C 26). Cf. also the common ES names of aerophone musical instruments ʕəndər/ʕənzirā (218 C 8 ‘trumpet’ vs. 219 F 18 ‘flute’).38 Finally, the Glossary contains two identical Arabic entries (corresponding to different Ethiopic glosses): 218 F 4 and 218 F 12 for ʔal-ḫubz- ‘bread’. 8

Morphological and Syntactic Features in the Glossary

While the compiler of the Glossary must have been primarily interested in lexical items, the presence of different, quasi-paradigmatic forms for one and the same lexeme in a handful of cases can be taken as an attempt to catch a glimpse of the Ethiopian Semitic grammar as well. Besides, what can be labeled “the verbal section” is not uniform as far as the form of the glosses is concerned: it can be 2 sg. m. imperative, 3 sg. m. perfect or, rarely, 1 sg. perfect and 3 sg. m. imperfect. In one case, the Ethiopic noun (as well as its Arabic counterpart) is marked for the plural, and there are two examples of nouns with the 1 sg. possessive pronominal suffix. All in all, the following information on the morphology and syntax of the ES source language(s) can be gleaned from the Glossary. 8.1. The plural suffix -ač is found in 219 B 9. In modern ES, the suffix -ač is found in Argobba and Harari. Besides, it is well attested in Old Amharic, yet absent from Gəʕəz, Təgre, and Təgrəñña. It must be considered, therefore, a strong argument for the predominantly SES nature of the Glossary. 8.2. The Glossary contains two Ethiopic glosses (bāluḫ in 219 F 3 and ʔaǧanyuḫ in 219 F 4), which are best identified with the Zay forms of 1 sg. of the perfect: while the ending -uḫ finds exact correspondences in Zay (Meyer 2005:94) and Wolane (Meyer 2006:108), the lexical root of the 219 F 4 gloss lacks a cognate in Wolane, and thus, Zay remains the most likely candidate for the source language. One has to admit that this identification is based on the vocalization of the Glossary, which, on the whole, is rather unreliable (v. above, Section 2). At the same time, it is supported by the fact that the verb “to say”

38  Cf. also 217 B 14 ‘the two testicles’ vs. 218 F 14 ‘egg’, both reflexes of a Proto-ES designation of “egg” (v. SED I Nos. 170 and 171).

Introduction

31

in 219 F 3 employs the stem *bāl, which is rarely attested outside East Gurage (only in Gafat and Soddo). 8.3. The Glossary contains one example of the 2 sg. m. ending ‑ḫ of the perfect (219 E 3). This form is common to SES. 8.4. The only example of a 3 sg. f. perfect ending is found in 219 F 6 (not matching the grammatical form of the Arabic entry). The recorded ending -at is apparently a North ES feature, which is corroborated by the fact that the gloss under scrutiny finds an exact phonological and semantic parallel only in Təgre. 8.5. The Glossary contains four verbal forms which are best interpreted as the (simple) imperfect forms: 3 sg. m. yḥāy (219 E 28), 3 sg. f. tāṭb (219 B 3), 1 sg. ʔsʕim (219 B 8) and ʔmḥaṭ (219 E 1).39 The use of simple imperfect forms as citation forms (and the concomitant absence of compound imperfect forms) is noteworthy, especially since the first gloss is clearly of Amharic or Argobba origin. As is well known, in Amharic, Argobba, Harari and East Gurage the simple imperfect has been replaced by the compound imperfect (simple imperfect + conjugated auxiliary *hallawa) in the main clauses. As claimed by R. Hezron (1972:38–40), this feature is a shared innovation of the languages indicated above and, thus, an argument in favor of their genealogical unity. However, there is enough evidence to believe that this isogloss has no subgrouping significance, having spread, at a later period, across several SES branches (Wagner 1999:166–167, Bulakh–Kogan 2014:604–606).40 8.6. In one gloss (219 D 24), we find a reliable example of *ʔas- as the causative prefix. In modern ES, this is a nearly exclusive feature of Amharic and Argobba. 8.7. The Glossary contains two examples of compound verbs: 219 E 15 (1) and 219 E 15 (2), both glosses to Arb. sakata ‘to be silent’. Compound verbs are present in all ES languages (but only sparsely in Gəʕəz). 8.8. In 219 A 9 (1) and 219 A 10, the final yāʔ likely reflects the 1 sg. possessive suffix, being compatible with the form -e attested in Transversal SES. 8.9. The 1 sg. object suffix is found in ʕawiqiny ‘he knew me’ in 219 F 5. Although the graphic evidence does not exclude the possibility of the reconstruction *-ni, compatible with the North ES forms, it has been identified with SES -ñ in view of the lexical distribution (the root ʕwḳ is not attested in either Təgre or Təgrəñña). 8.10. The Glossary contains two examples of negative verbal forms: one in the 3 sg. m. perfect (219 E 24) and one in 1 sg. imperfect (219 F 9). In the first 39  The interpretation of the 219 E 1 gloss as an imperfect form is not certain. 40  One may add that the evidence of the Glossary corroborates the contemporary notes on “Ethiopic” (East Gurage) verbal conjugation by Abū Ḥayyān (Bulakh–Kogan 2011).

32

Introduction

case, the negative marker *ʔal- can be safely reconstructed. The negated form in the imperfect is less transparent, but the reconstruction of the element *ʔal- is not improbable. Both in the negated forms of the perfect and the 1 sg. imperfect, the element *ʔal- is a pan-SES feature. These glosses are thus compatible with the SES nature of the Glossary as far as the prefixed elements are concerned. At the same time, they lack the postfixal element -m, obligatory in modern SES, nor do they show -n, its functional equivalent in modern Təgrəñña (Bulakh 2012). 8.11. The Glossary contains four examples of fossilized genitive constructions (217 B 24, 217 D 22, 219 B 13, 219 C 2). The first gloss is identified with a Gəʕəz collocation, and preserves the Gəʕəz word order “head + dependent”. The third gloss represents a Gəʕəz borrowing attested throughout ES, and it is only to be expected that the Gəʕəz word order is preserved here as well. The second and the fourth glosses have no Gəʕəz prototypes (the fourth gloss is, in fact, of clearly SES origin), but the word order is again “head + dependent”. Moreover, in the last gloss the head noun has apparently the ending -ä, best compatible with the Gəʕəz marker of the head of genitive construction (-a). In all modern ES languages, “dependent + head” is the basic word order of genitive constructions.41 Genitive constructions with the SES word order (“dependent + head”, but no genitive marker) are to be surmised for 217 B 6 and 218 B 25, yet the identifications are not certain. The same word order is apparently found in 219 B 21 (as well as in its Harari source). 8.12. In 217 E 8 and 218 D 19, we find the word order “modifier – modified” (adjective – noun), typical of all modern ES languages. The same word order can be suspected in 217 F 25–217 F 27, albeit the syntactic analysis of these collocations is rather uncertain. 8.13. In 218 A 2–218 A 10, 218 A 22 and 218 A 23 the constructions with numerals consistently employ the word order “numeral – counted noun”, typical of modern ES languages.

41  Still, the element -ä does sometimes mark the first element in the fossilized genitive constructions in Amharic (Leslau 1995:248).

The Annotated Edition

∵

‫ وٯد سٮٯ الٯلم عليه ٯى حط الٮراحم ٯلٮطلٮ ٯٮه‬٧٧٦ ‫ٮالٮڡ العٮاس ٮں علی عفا الله عٮه‬ taʔlīfu l-ʕabbāsi bni ʕaliyyin ʕafā llāhu ʕanhu 776 wa-qad sabaqa l-qalamu ʕalayhi fī ḫaṭṭi t-tarāǧimi fa-l-yuṭlab fīhi ? ‘Composed by al-ʕAbbās b. ʕAlī – May God absolve him – in the year 776. And the pen had previously dwelt upon him in biographical scripts, (so) may one look it up (there)’



217 A 0A (written on the upper margin above 217 A 1)

Arabic entry:  ‫  المْراه‬ʔal-marʔat- ‘woman’ (Lane 2703) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اٮسٮ‬ʔnst Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔanəst/*ʔansət Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔanəst ‘woman, wife, female’ (CDG 32, LLA 771), Tgr. ʔəssit (pl. ʔanəs) ‘woman’ (WTS 371), Tna. ʔanəsti ‘womenfolk’, ʔanəstäyti ‘female, feminine, of the feminine gender’ (TED 1476–1477) Amh. anəst ‘woman, female’ (AED 1213), Arg. of Aliyu Amba nišča = Amh. set ‘woman’ (AAD 153), Arg. of Ṭollaha ənəšča ‘female, woman’ (Leslau 1997:192, AAD 153), əšča (ibid.) Har. ənəsti ‘female (of animals)’ (EDH 29; Ancient Har. inisti, ʕinisti ‘donna’, Cerulli 1936:408), Wol. ənəst, Səl. Zay ənnəst ‘female’ (EDG 74) Gaf. ansətä ‘femme’ (Leslau 1956:180), Gog. Sod. ənəst, Gyt. anst, Muḫ. Msḳ. ansət, Ǝnd. ast, Ǝnm. Gyt. ãst, Čah. Eža Gyt. arəst, Eža arsət ‘female’ (EDG 74)

※ The reconstructed form *ʔanəst is identical to the Gəʕəz form (which might reflect the proto-ES picture). The alternative reconstruction *ʔansət is closer to Gaf. ansətä.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Gog., Sod., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ.

※ The cognates in Harari and Gafat are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. Gəʕəz and Təgrəñña are less likely because ʔanəst and ʔanəsti have collective rather than singular meaning. In Gurage, the meaning of the pertinent lexemes is “female, one belonging to the female sex” rather than “woman”. Amh. anəst, with all probability borrowed from Gəʕəz, has a rather restricted usage. → In Muth 2009–2010:98, the Arabic entry is read as marrāʔ ‘Speiseröhre’, supposedly belonging to 217 B (no identification of the Ethiopic gloss is proposed).

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004321823_003

36

Annotated Edition

217 A 0B (written on the upper margin above 217 A 1 and 217 A 0A)

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮقال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’ ※ The second gloss to 217 A 0A (‘woman’).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  سوْيح‬swyǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säwäyč Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. säbäyti, säyti ‘woman, wife, matron; female’ (TED 699) Amh. set ‘woman, lady, female’ (AED 530) Zay set ‘woman’ (EDG 565) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ None of the attested lexemes can fully account for the form adduced in the Glossary. It appears to be an early SES cognate of Tna. säbäyti, displaying spirantization of the inter­ vocalic b and palatalization of t in the vicinity of y. However plausible, such a form can scarcely underlie the attested Amharic and Zay lexemes since these forms preserve the unpalatalized t.



217 A 1

Arabic entry:  ‫مي‬‫الاڊ‬ َ   ʔal-ʔādamiyy- ‘human being’ (Lane 37) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ست‬sb

※ In view of the reliable ES etymology, the last letter is certainly intended to render b rather than t despite the two dots above it (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2). The black spot beginning from the presumed right dot above the last grapheme might be a šadda, but this is very hard to ascertain (an unintentional ink spot is not improbable in this segment of the manuscript).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säb

※ Geminated b should be reconstructed if the reading of šadda above the last letter is accepted.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. sabʔ ‘persons, men, people, mankind’ (CDG 482), Tgr. sab ‘men, people’ (WTS 182), Tna. säb ‘man (individual or generic), human being; anyone’ (TED 695), säbʔ ‘man’ (ibid. 707, borrowed from Gəʕəz) Amh. säw ‘man’ (AED 567; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:487), säb (ibid. 513, borrowed from Gəʕəz), Arg. of Aliyu Amba su ‘man, person’ (Leslau 1997:218, AAD 145), Arg. of Ṭollaha säw id. (Leslau 1997:220, AAD 145) Har. usuʔ ‘man, mankind, somebody’ (EDH 33; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:409), suʔu(m) (in aḥad suʔum ‘whoever’) (EDH 136), Səl. Zay Wol. säb ‘man, person, human being’ (EDG 531)

37

217 A 1a

Gaf. säwwä ‘homme’ (Leslau 1956:233), säb-wä, sab-uwä, säb-u (Leslau 1945:170), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. säb, Ǝnm. Gyt. säḇ, Ǝnd. säw ‘man, person, human being’ (EDG 531) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Səl., Zay, Wol., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 1A (written on the left margin in front of 217 A 1)

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال للشاب‬wa-yuqālu li-š-šābbi ‘and it is said for “young man” ’ (Lane 1494) ※ The second lām in ‫ للشاب‬is shorter than the first one, but the reading is certain in view of reliable graphic parallels (v. Introduction, Section 2).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْنڊ‬wand

※ The shape of the wāw is close to rāʔ; the fatḥa above is displaced leftwards (located above the nūn).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wänd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wald ‘son, child, boy’ (CDG 613), Tgr. wad (wald- before suffixes) ‘son, young man; child’ (WTS 430), Tna. wäddi ‘son, boy’ (TED 1782) Amh. wänd ‘male, man, boy’ (AED 1545; Old Amh. wäld ‘Sohn’, wändočč(ä) ‘Mannen’, Littmann 1943:494), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wänd ‘brave’, gender specifier for males (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 353) Har. wäldi ‘son, child’ (EDH 159; also in Ancient Har.: waldi, Cerulli 1936:435), Səl. wäld, Wol. weǧ ‘child, boy, son, male’ (EDG 652) Sod. wäld, Muḫ. yəǧǧ wäld, Čah. yärč wärd, yärč wärdiyä, Gyt. äʔärč wärd, Ǝnm. äʔäč wärd, Ǝnd. äʔäč wäld ‘child, boy, son, male’ (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

217 A 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَرجل‬ʔar-raǧul- ‘man’ (Lane 1045)

※ The dot belonging to the ǧīm is displaced leftwards, almost under the lām. There is an ink-spot over the lower part of the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجَلاْس‬ǧalās Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain A tentative reconstruction *gälas can be proposed on the basis of Tna. gʷälmasa ‘robust, big and tall, giant’ (TED 2210), Amh. gʷälmassa ‘one

38

Annotated Edition

who has reached the age of young manhood’ (AED 1884), Muḫ. gulmasa, Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gulmassa, Ǝnd. gurmāssä, Muḫ. gʷärämsa ‘young man in his prime’ (EDG 274). Absence of mīm and lack of the final vowel in the gloss are difficult to explain.

※ Cf. also the following Agaw terms which Appleyard considers to be Amharisms (although in fact the direction of the borrowing is unclear): Ḫam. guläša, Kem. golämsa, Awngi goremsi ‘young man’ (Appleyard 151). The Ḫamtanga term comes remarkably close to the Ethiopic gloss.



217 A 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  فلان‬fulān- ‘such a one, such a man, such a woman’ (Lane 2444) ※ The fāʔ is almost entirely covered by the blot and, therefore, somewhat uncertain.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحلا ست‬ǧalā sb

※ While the sīn is hardly visible and there are two clear dots above the last letter, the second element can be plausibly interpreted in the same way as ‫ ست‬sb in 217 A 1, where the bāʔ, plainly suggested by the context, also displays two upper dots.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäla säb Comparable Ethiopic forms: The Ethiopic gloss consists of two elements: (1) Gez. ʔəgale (masc.), ʔəgalit (fem.) ‘so-and-so, such-and-such, certain’ (CDG 11), Tgr. ʔəgale, ʔəgaletāy (masc.), ʔəgaletat (fem.), gale (WTS 386), Tna. ʔəgälä, ʔəgäla (TED 1537), gälä (ibid. 2202) Amh. əgäle (AED 1320), Arg. äkäle (Leslau 1997:190) Sod. ägäle, Muḫ. akäle (EDG 25) (2) The second element is identical with the gloss 217 A 1 (*säb ‘man’). The literal meaning of the gloss is “some man, a certain man”, directly attested in Tna. gälä säb ‘somebody, someone’ (TED 2202). Reading *ḫäla instead of *gäla is not to be excluded in view of the forms with k in Argobba and Muḫər. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna. ※ It is only in Təgre and Təgrəñña that forms of the first element without initial ʔə are attested (although their earlier existence elsewhere in ES cannot be ruled out). The final a is found only in Təgrəñña.

39

217 A 4



217 A 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِشعر‬ʔaš-šiʕr- ‘hair’

※ The Arabic word is heavily covered with blots. There may be a dot below the ʕayn. The rāʔ is not quite clear, with a notch in the middle. The kasra below is quite clear and forces one to reconstruct a non-classical vocalization šiʕr- (as against the normal šaʕr-, Lane 1560), so far not detected in the available dialectal dictionaries.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِطْحْر‬ṭiǧr

※ An arrow-like sign appears between the two sukūns.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəgr/*č̣əgr/*ṣəgr or *ṭəgʷr/*č̣əgʷr/*ṣəgʷr Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣagʷr ‘hair’ (CDG 550), Tgr. č̣əgar (WTS 630), ṣagar ‘herd of cows of the same color’ (WTS 648), Tna. ṣägʷri (TED 2616), č̣ägʷəri (TED 2530) Amh. ṭägʷər, ṭägur (AED 2181), č̣əgär ‘body hair’ (AED 2239, Ludolf 95), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣əgär (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 468) Har. č̣igär (EDH 50; Ancient Har. ṭigar, Cerulli 1936:434), Zay ṭəgär, Səl. ṭigär, Wol. č̣əgär (EDG 733) Gaf. ṣəgärä (Leslau 1956:234), ṣägurä, ṣägur (Leslau 1945:172), Sod. č̣əgär, Čah. Eža Ǝnd. Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. dəgär (EDG 733) ※ Cf. also 218 B 3.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Zay, Səl., Wol., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 5

Arabic entry:  ‫الراْس‬ َ   ʔar-raʔs- ‘head’ (Lane 995)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِدْمْح‬dimḥ

※ A dot with unclear function below the ligature of the mīm and ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dəmḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dəmāḥ ‘head’ (CDG 134, LLA 1085) Arg. dəmah (Leslau 1997:198, AAD 126), Arg. of Ṭollaha dəmaḥ (ibid.) Səl. dum, Wol. dumi (EDG 207) Gaf. dəmʷä (Leslau 1956:196), dəmo, dəmuwä, dämoa (Leslau 1945:152)

※ Cf. also Amh. dəmah ‘top of the head’ (AED 1720), probably borrowed from Gəʕəz with a semantic narrowing. Clearly borrowed from Arb. dimāġ- ‘brain’ is Tgr. dəmḳat ‘crown of the head, skull, roof’ (WTS 515; cf. Bulakh–Kogan 2011:20, fn. 89). Cf. also Gez. dəmdəmā

40

Annotated Edition ‘hair of head, long locks, head, top of head’ (CDG 133, LLA 1091), compared by Leslau to Amh. dämäddämä ‘to let the hair grow, have an Afro’ (AED 1727).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Arg., Səl., Wol., Gaf.

※ Absence of medial ʔalif is not an obstacle for comparison of the Ethiopic gloss with the Gəʕəz and Argobba forms (for a medial a not marked with an ʔalif cf. Introduction, fn. 7), yet the terms in Səlṭi, Wolane and Gafat are closer to the Ethiopic gloss. → SED I No. 53 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاذن‬ʔal-ʔuḏn- ‘ear’ (Lane 43) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزْور‬zawr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *žoro

※ For fatḥa + wāw probably rendering o v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ǧoro, žoro ‘ear’ (AED 1858), Arg. of Aliyu Amba žoro (Leslau 1997:227, AAD 392) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

※ Argobba is less likely as a source language: it has preserved the archaic əzən (South Arg. izin) as the basic designation of “ear” (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 423, cf. also AAD 392), whereas žoro is probably a recent Amharism. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَوجه‬ʔal-waǧh- ‘face’ (LA XIII 687)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِفيْت‬fīt

※ The sukūn is to the right of the tāʔ, almost above the yāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fit Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. fit ‘face’ (TED 2688) Amh. fit (AED 2305; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:499), Arg. fit (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 497), Arg. of Aliyu Amba fid (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 497) Har. fīt (EDH 65; Ancient Har. fiʕit, Cerulli 1936:415, Wagner 1983:283), Zay əfit, Səl. Wol. uft (EDG 22)

41

217 A 8

Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ift, Muḫ. əft, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Muḫ. Gog. Sod. yəft, yift (EDG 22) ※ Cf. also Gez. fe in la-fe ‘to this side’ (CDG 154).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har.

※ Təgrəñña, where fit is not the basic word for “face”, is a less likely candidate as the source language. → SED I No. 204 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحاِحب‬ʔal-ḥāǧib- ‘eyebrow’ (Lane 516)

※ No dots below the ǧīm, although what is taken here for kasra may be alternatively seen as the diacritical dot of ǧīm.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِقْرت‬qirb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳərb

※ The last letter is to be read as bāʔ despite the two dots above it (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2). The alternative reconstruction *ḳərnəb, compatible with the majority of the attested ES forms, cannot be easily reconciled with the traces of the gloss, whose final element can scarcely be taken for a combination of nūn and bāʔ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳərnəb, ḳarnəb, ḳarnab ‘eyelash, eyelid’ (CDG 442), Tna. ḳərnib, ḳärnab, ḳərnəb, ḳəränəb ‘eyelash’ (TED 944) Amh. ḳərnəb ‘eyebrow, eyelid’ (AED 735; Old Amh. ḳärant, ḳäranəbt, Littmann 1943:488), ḳəndəb ‘eyebrow, eyelash(s)’ (AED 793), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳəndəb ‘eyelash’ (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 198) Səl. Wol. ḳərb ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ (EDG 496) Gaf. ḳəndəbä ‘sourcil’ (Leslau 1956:224), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳərrəb, Čah. ḳənəb, Ǝnm. Gyt. ḳənəḇ, Eža ḳənnəb, Ǝnd. ḳənəw ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ (EDG 496)

※ Cf. also Tgr. ḳərnəb ‘stalk, awn’ (WTS 243), Tna. ḳändib ‘awn, beard of wheat’ (TED 1002), each going back to the original meaning ‘eyelash’ (both meanings synchronically co-exist in Gez. ḳərnəb and Tna. ḳərnib). The same lexeme is reflected in the Ethiopic gloss of 217 A 13.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Səl., Wol., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98

42

Annotated Edition

217 A 9

Arabic entry:  ‫الحبيں‬ َ   ʔal-ǧabīn- ‘forehead’ (Lane 377)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقَفْت‬qafat

※ The diacritical dots are heavily displaced: one of the dots belonging to the qāf is placed above the fāʔ, whereas the dot belonging to the fāʔ stands very close to the right dot of the tāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäfät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. ḳafat ‘forehead’ (EDH 122; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:428), Səl. Wol. Zay ḳäfät (EDG 473) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الأنف‬ʔal-ʔanf- ‘nose’ (Lane 116) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َنِفط‬nafiṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näfəṭ ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *nəfiṭ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nafaṭa ‘to blow the nose’ (CDG 390, absent from LLA), Tgr. naffaṭa ‘to snuff’, nəffāṭ ‘nasal mucus’ (WTS 348), Tna. näffäṭä ‘to have a cold; to secrete mucus (nose); to clean the nose’ (TED 1405) Amh. nəfṭ (occ. näfṭ) ‘mucus, snot’ (AED 1088), Arg. of Aliyu Amba nəfṭ ‘nasal mucus’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 265) Har. ənfīṭ ‘nasal mucus’ (EDH 28), Zay nəfiṭ ‘nose’ (EDG 452) Muḫ. tänaffäṭä, Gog. täneffäṭä, Sod. täniffäṭä, Eža täraffäṭä ‘to blow the nose’ (ibid.) ※ Cf. also the forms for “nose” in Təgrəñña, Amharic and Argobba quoted under 217 A 10A.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Zay → SED I No. 48v Muth 2009–2010:98

217 A 10a



43

217 A 10A (written on the left margin in front of 217 A 10)

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال للانڡ‬wa-yuqālu li-l-ʔanfi ‘and it is said for “nose” ’

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  وفنَجه‬wfnǧah

※ The dots above the fāʔ and nūn may belong to the yāʔ of the Arabic entry. The vertical stroke of the nūn is too high, like an ʔalif or lām. In fact, an ʔalif (not linked to the subsequent grapheme) is more likely in paleographic terms, albeit less fitting for the suggested reconstruction.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäfənč̣a Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔafənč̣a ‘nose’ (TED 1550) Amh. afənč̣a id. (AED 1358, Ludolf 64; Old Amh. ʔamfəč̣a, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:72), Arg. of Aliyu Amba afənč̣a (Leslau 1997:189, AAD 311) Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ə̃fač̣ä, Čah. Eža əmfač̣ä, Čah. ənfač̣ä, Ǝnd. ə̃feʔä ‘nasal mucus’ (EDG 452) ※ The underlying form is probably to be reconstructed as *ma-fnaṭ-iyā, a metathesis from *ma-nfaṭ-iyā (a form underlying the Old Amh. ʔamfəč̣a), a nomen instrumenti from *nfṭ ‘to blow one’s nose’ adduced above under 217 A 10.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

※ The shift m > w in the prefix *ma- when attached to roots containing a labial (v. Introduction, Section 6.1.9) is unknown in Təgrəñña (which otherwise could have been the third potential source language). → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشفتيں‬ʔaš-šafatayni ‘lips’ (Lane 1574) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْنَفْر‬ḫanfar

※ An (apparently unintentional) slanted line below the rāʔ, almost unseparated from it.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫänfär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. kanfar ‘lip’ (CDG 287), Tgr. kanfar (WTS 418), Tna. känfär (TED 1658) Amh. känfär (AED 1446), Arg. of Aliyu Amba känfär (Leslau 1997:208, AAD 331), känafər (ibid.) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. känfär, Ǝnd. käfär (EDG 345) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 146 Muth 2009–2010:98

44

Annotated Edition

217 A 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  اللَسان‬ʔal-lisān- ‘tongue’ (WKAS L 598)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َبت‬‫   ْانڊ‬ʔndbat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔandäbät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. andäbät ‘tongue’ (AED 1239), South Arg. arada (Leslau 1997:193) Har. arrāt (EDH 32; also in Ancient Har.: arrāt, Cerulli 1936:409, Wagner 1983:273, ʕarrāt, Cerulli 1936:411), Səl. Wol. Zay arämät (EDG 89) Muḫ. Msḳ. allämät, Sod. alämät, Gog. alemät, Čah. anäbät, Gyt. anäḇät, Eža annäbät, Ǝnm. anäḇäd, Ǝnd. anǟd (ibid.) ※ Cf. also Tna. ʔandäbät ‘language, tongue’ (TED 1494), borrowed from Amharic with a semantic shift. All ES forms are Cushitic loanwords. For the Cushitic etymology see EDB 28, where the Proto-East Cushitic prototypes are reconstructed as *ʔarrab-, *ʕarrab-, *ʔanrab-. The form *ʔanrab- (with metathesis *ʔarnab-) is the most likely source for Amh. andäbät < *arnäbät.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الأجفان‬ʔal-ʔaǧfān- ‘eyelids’ (Lane 434)

※ What is seen above the lām may be a hamza belonging to the second ʔalif or a sukūn belonging to the ǧīm.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ب‬‫  َقنڊ‬qandb

※ There is a dot above the dāl, which may also be considered a smaller shape of a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳändäb Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 217 A 8 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ No meaning “eyelid” is attested for any of the phonologically comparable forms (Amh. ḳəndəb, Arg. ḳəndəb, Gaf. ḳəndəbä). The cognate forms which do mean ‘eyelid’ (Gez. ḳərnəb, ḳarnəb, ḳarnab, Amh. ḳərnəb) display rn rather than nd. → Muth 2009–2010:98

45

217 A 14



217 A 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الضرس‬ʔaḍ-ḍirs- ‘tooth; molar’ (Lane 1785)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫رْس‬‫  ط‬ṭrs

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭərs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣ̂ərs ‘molar tooth’ (CDG 153, LLA 1328), ṭərs ‘molar tooth’ (CDG 597, LLA 1219) Amh. ṭərs ‘tusk, tooth’ (AED 2115) Har. ṭirsi ‘molar tooth’ (EDH 156; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:434) ※ Since Gez. ṣ̂ərs displays the etymologically correct ṣ̂, it stands to reason that the by-form ṭərs is a late Amharizing modification (cf. also the variants ṣ̂arsa/ṭarsa below). In a few ES languages, denominative verbs with the meaning ‘to break off, to break a tooth’ are found: Amh. ṭärräsä ‘to have chipped or broken teeth; to nick the edge of a blade, become dull (edge)’ (AED 2115), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ṭänäsä, Eža ṭännäsä ‘break off a piece’ (EDG 625), Tna. ṭärsämä, ṭäršämä ‘to break, chip a tooth’ (TED 2426). Cf. also Gez. ṭarsa ‘to have dull teeth, to be set on edge (teeth)’ (CDG 597, LLA 1219, a variant of ṣ̂arsa in all passages quoted). Tna. ṭərsi ‘tooth’ is mentioned in CDG 153, but absent from TED.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Har. → SED I No. 275 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  اللحييں‬ʔal-laḥyayni ‘cheeks’ (Lane 3009)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِحْنط‬ǧinṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gənč̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gunč̣i, gʷənč̣i ‘cheek’ (TED 2327, probably an Amharism) Amh. gʷənč̣, gunč̣ (AED 2017), Arg. gunč̣ ‘cheek, chin’ (Leslau 1997:202), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gumbəč̣ (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 440), Arg. of Ṭollaha gunč̣e (ibid.) Har. gunč̣i, gumč̣i (EDH 73), Səl. gūnč̣ä ‘chin’ (EDG 282) Gaf. gunč̣, mägunč̣ (Leslau 1945:157) Čah. Eža gʷinč̣ä ‘chin’, Ǝnm. gʷīnč̣ä id., Muḫ. gʷənč̣ä id., Msḳ. Gog. gunč̣a id., Sod. gunč̣a ‘chin, cheek’ (EDG 282) ※ Cf. also Ancient Har. gumuṭ gumuṭ bāya ‘sciacquarsi la bocca’ (Cerulli 1936:416).

46

Annotated Edition Likely related is the verb *gmṣ ‘to bite, to nibble’: Gez. gamaṣa ‘to gnaw, to nibble, to tear off a chunk with the teeth’ (CDG 196), Tna. gʷämṭäṭä ‘to tear up, to uproot, to tear off; to nibble’ (TED 2249), gʷämč̣äč̣ä ‘to cut unevenly (grass, hair)’ (ibid. 2250), Amh. gämmäṭa ‘to take a bite of dabbo- or ənǧära-bread, to tear off a chunk with the teeth, to rend with the teeth’ (AED 1920), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gämmäṭa ‘to pluck off, to chew off’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 428), Arg. of Ṭollaha gämmäṭ id. (ibid.), Səl. gämäṭä ‘to chew off, to gnaw, to nibble’ (EDG 279), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. gämäṭä, Eža Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gämmäṭä id. (ibid.). Cf. also Tgr. gamāṭ ‘beater’ (WTS 570), gamāč̣ā ‘to pinch a little’ (ibid. 571). Note that č̣ in the anatomic term (as opposed to ṭ in the related verbs) may result from the influence of the old dual marker *-e (SED I lxxxiii, Podolsky 1991:41). Comparable terms are also attested in Cushitic: Sid. gač̣čọ ‘chin, jaw’ (HECD 364), Bur. gač-óo ‘molar, jaw’ (EDB 75), cf. PHEC *gaange ‘molar, molar teeth’ (HECD 100–101, 410).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The Təgrəñña term, probably an Amharism, is less likely as the source lexeme. → In Muth 2009–2010:98 the Arabic entry is interpreted as ‘Hals’ (ʔal-ǧīd-) and the Ethiopic gloss, as ḥän[g]ät (sic!, with t instead of the actual ṭ). Both readings are paleographically unconvincing.



217 A 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدٯں ڡٮه ٮٯال‬ʔaḏ-ḏaqanu fīhi yuqālu ‘ “chin, beard” – it is called’ (Lane 967–968) ※ The writing of fīhi yuqālu is very clumsy (note in particular that the vertical line of the lām in yuqālu is very short, so the letter looks more like nūn or rāʔ).

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ْححمْت‬ǧḥmt

※ The mīm is somewhat difficult to discern. The final letter is crossed by the upper part of the kāf of the Ethiopic gloss (2). Besides, a certain sign (a kasra or two dots merged into a short stroke) is visible below the final letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣əḥmät

※ The final t, absent from all attested forms, likely corresponds to a vocalic ending (which is found in the Argobba of Ṭollaha only). For similar cases v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣəḥm ‘beard’ (CDG 552), Tgr. ṣəḥəm ‘beard’ (WTS 633), č̣əḥəm ‘beard’ (ibid. 622), Tna. č̣əḥmi ‘beard, mustache’ (TED 2498), ṣəḥmi ‘beard’ (ibid. 2549) Amh. ṭim ‘beard on the chin and around the lips’ (AED 2097), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭim ‘beard’ (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 470), Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣əḫama (ibid.)

47

217 A 17

※ Also in Bilin: šəkúm ‘chin, beard’ (Appleyard 44), šekúm, c̣ehúm ‘das Kinn’ (Reinisch 1887:319), apparently re-borrowed into Təgre as šakam ‘beard’ (WTS 222).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Arg.

※ The form in Argobba is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss because of the final vowel.

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ وحكمت‬٢  2 wǧkmt/wḫkmt

※ There is one or several strokes above the two dots of the tāʔ, which may belong to the Ethiopic gloss (1).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain (a) Comparison to Bil. wəǧhəm ‘chin’ (Appleyard 44), likely related to the ES designations of “beard” listed above under 217 A 16 (1), seems an attractive solution, suggesting the reconstruction *wəǧkəmt. This reconstruction is faced with two obstacles: the absence of final t in Bilin (for a similar, also rather uncertain, case cf. 217 B 11), and Bilin h presumably rendered by kāf. (b) An alternative comparison is Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫuḫumt ‘Kinn’ (Wetter 2010:41). Within this approach, the initial wāw is to be treated as the Arabic conjunction ‘and’ (a similar interpretation is not excluded for 218 C 12), or else the combination wāw + ḫāʔ is attempted to render a labiovelar *ḫw.

217 A 17

Arabic entry:  ‫الرٯَبه‬ َ   ʔar-raqabat- ‘neck’ (Lane 1133)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫عٮجْت‬ َ   ʕnǧat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕangät

※ The presence of ʕ is neither confirmed nor disproved by the attested ES forms: since Tna. ʔangät is likely borrowed from Amharic, it cannot bear on the historical background of the guttural, whereas other languages where cognate terms are extant do not preserve *ʕ. For the external evidence supporting the etymological correctness of ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss cf. Arb. ʕunǧūǧ- ‘long-necked (horse, camel)’ (Lane 2170).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔangät ‘neck’ (TED 1496, probably an Amharism) Amh. angät (AED 1247; Old Amh. ḥangät, ʔangät, Littmann 1943:484, 492, ḥangät, Ludolf 6), Arg. of Aliyu Amba angäd (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 291), Arg. of Ṭollaha hangät (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 291), ḫəngət (ibid. 291) Har. angät (EDH 28), Səl. Wol. Zay angät (EDG 63) Gaf. angät (Leslau 1956:179), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. angät (EDG 63), Ǝnd. Ǝnm. angäd (ibid.)

48

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 15 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحلق‬ʔal-ḥalq- ‘throat’ (Lane 629)

※ The ʔalif is not separated from the ḥāʔ, the lām is written above the ḥāʔ and is somewhat blurred in the middle.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُجَرُره‬ǧuraruh

※ There seems to be an extra dot above the ǧīm to the left of the ḍamma.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gʷäräro/*guräro/*goräro Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gʷərʕe ‘throat’ (CDG 200), Tgr. gərəʕ (WTS 576), Tna. gʷäräro, gʷärəro, gʷäroro (TED 2259) Amh. gurorro, gʷərorro, gurärro (AED 1931), Arg. of Aliyu Amba guroro (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 439), Arg. of Ṭollaha gororo (ibid.) Gaf. gurarä, mägʷərər (Leslau 1945:157), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gʷärärä (EDG 295) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ Gafat and Gunnän-Gurage are less likely candidates since there are no secure examples of a final hāʔ rendering ä in the Glossary. → SED I No. 102 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكيڡ ٯٮه ٮٯال‬ʔal-katifu fīhi yuqālu ‘ “shoulder-blade” – it is called’ (Lane 2998)

※ The reading ʔal-katifu, suggested by D.M. Varisco in personal communication, is not unproblematic graphically: the final letter rather resembles a ṣād, and the two dots appear below (rather than above) the fourth grapheme. Still, it is the only suitable possibility in semantic terms, even if the meaning overlap is not complete: while the Arabic lexeme designates “shoulder, shoulder-blade”, the Ethiopic glosses are essentially applied to “lower part of the neck” (albeit the meaning “shoulder” is also attested for the gloss (1)).

49

217 A 20

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمَمْر‬mamar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mämär/*mämmär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. mər(əm)mar ‘shoulder of the ox where the yoke rests’ (AED 177) Har. märmär ‘shoulder’ (EDH 111), Zay marmara ‘hump of animal’ (EDG 422) Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. mämär, Eža Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mämmär ‘nape of neck’ (EDG 406)

※ The Ethiopian terms are likely borrowed from Cushitic: Or. morma ‘neck’ (Gragg 291), Bur. marmári ‘neck’ (EDB 141, HECD 104), Som. marmar ‘nuca’ (DSI 419).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The Amharic and Harari terms, semantically closer to the Arabic entry, are structurally more remote from the graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss.

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ دمَدس‬٢  2 dmdas

※ There may be a trace of a heavily erased fatḥa over the first letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dämdäss Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. dändäss ‘thick neck, back of the neck and the shoulders; backbone; edge, cliff edge’ (AED 1804)

※ Cf. also Tna. dändäs ‘bank, embankment, shore; edge, brink (of a cliff), end, border’ (TED 2130). The etymological relationship between the Təgrəñña and Amharic forms is probable in view of the semantic shift “neck” > “shore, bank” attested elsewhere in Semitic, cf. Akk. kišādu and Arb. ṣawr- (SED I Nos. 147 and 258). The presence of m in the Ethiopic gloss suggests that n in the attested Amharic form is secondary (md > nd).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.



217 A 20

Arabic entry:  ‫العضڊ‬ َ   ʔal-ʕaḍd- ‘upper arm from the elbow to the shoulder-blade’ (Lane 2072)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْع‬‫  َحْن َڊ‬ḫandaʕ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫändaʕ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. kʷərnāʕ ‘elbow, forearm’ (CDG 293), Tna. kʷərnaʕ ‘elbow’ (TED 1599) Amh. kənd ‘cubit; arm, forearm’ (AED 1445), kərn ‘elbow; point of the elbow’ (ibid. 1393), Arg. of Aliyu Amba kərra ‘arm, elbow’ (Leslau 1997:208, AAD

50

Annotated Edition

336), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫəraʔe (AAD 336; cf. also ḫerräʕ ‘nach Ellen messen’, Wetter 2010:96), Arg. kərn ‘elbow’ (Leslau 1997:208) Har. kuruʔ ‘cubit, arm below the elbow’ (EDH 93), Səl. kəre, Wol. həri, Zay hərə ‘arm, cubit, arm below the elbow’ (EDG 347) Gaf. kəndä ‘bras’ (Leslau 1956:209), kərn (Leslau 1945:160), Gog. Sod. kərrä, Muḫ. Msḳ. xərrä, Čah. xənä, Eža xənnä, Ǝnm. Gyt. xənʔä, Msḳ. hənnä, Ǝnd. xətnä, hətnä ‘arm, cubit, arm below the elbow’ (EDG 347) ※ Cf. also 217 A 21.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Gaf. → SED I No. 157 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  المرفق‬ʔal-marfiq-/ʔal-mirfaq- ‘elbow’ (Lane 1127)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َخْر‬ḫar

※ A dot with unclear function above and to the right of the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫär/*ḫärr

※ The ES form can be reconstructed with gemination (as in Argobba, Gogot, Soddo, Muḫər, Mäsḳan) or without it (as in East Gurage). The comparative data suggest a final vowel (a, ä, e, i, or ə).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 217 A 20 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Səl., Wol., Zay, Gog., Sod., Muḫ., Msḳ. → SED I No. 157 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الساعڊ‬ʔas-sāʕid- ‘forearm’ (Lane 1362) ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِاْنج‬ʔinǧ

※ The nūn is written as a vertical stroke above the ǧīm, the dot is not located immediately above it, but rather to the left.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənǧ/*ʔəǧ

※ The dot above the ligature of nūn and ǧīm supports the reconstruction with n, but cf. 217 C 5, where a separate ǧīm (without nūn) is written in the same way. Cf. also 217 D 9.

51

217 A 23

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəd ‘hand, arm’ (CDG 7), Tgr. ʔəde (WTS 383), Tna. ʔid (TED 1526) Amh. əǧǧ (AED 1313; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:493), Arg. ənǧ (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 318) Har. iǧi (EDH 22; Ancient Har. iǧ, Cerulli 1936:407), Wol. ənǧ, Səl. ənǧe, Zay ənǧi (EDG 28) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. äǧ (ibid.)

※ It is noteworthy that the Ethiopic gloss, whose cognates invariably function as the main designations of “hand” in the respective languages, is not equated to Arb. yad- ‘hand’, but rather to sāʕid- ‘forearm’. The reason for this is probably the semantic difference between the ES and Arabic terms: the ES cognates quoted above are applied both to hand and arm, whereas Arb. yad- was likely reserved for “hand” only.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 291 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاْصبع‬ʔal-ʔiṣbaʕ- ‘finger’ (Lane 1646–1647) ※ The sukūn above the ṣād rather resembles a dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِاْصَبعْت‬ʔiṣbaʕt

※ There is a clearly written fatḥa above the bāʔ and a small dot below this fatḥa. Attribution of these two signs is uncertain, but the most likely possibility is to take the dot for a sukūn belonging to the ṣād, but markedly displaced to the left. As for the fatḥa, it may belong to either the bāʔ or the ʕayn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəṣbaʕt Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔaṣbāʕ(ə)t ‘finger’ (CDG 45), Tgr. č̣əbʕət (WTS 627), Tna. ʔaṣabəʕ, ʔaṣbaʕti (TED 1545), ṣäbaʕti (ibid. 2580) Amh. ṭat, ṣat, əṭat (AED 2152, 2253, 1338; Old Amh. ṣ̂äʕat/ṣ̂äʔat, Littmann 1943:499), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭad, ṭawt (Leslau 1997:223, 224, AAD 472), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭaʕut (AAD 472) Har. aṭābiñña (EDH 36; Ancient Har. pl. aṭābin, Cerulli 1936:409), Wol. ənṭabit, Səl. Zay ənṭābit (EDG 108) Gaf. ṣatä ‘main’ (Leslau 1956:237), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. aṭebät, Sod. aṭabät, Gyt. aṭayḇä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. aṭeyä, Ǝnd. aṭe, Čah. Eža Muḫ. atebät, Čah. Eža atebä (EDG 108, EDG I 159, 282, 546, 642, 764, 853)

52

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh.

※ Gez. ʔaṣbāʕ(ə)t and Tna. ʔaṣbaʕti are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, if one ignores the kasra below the ʔalif, better compatible with Amh. əṭat (< *ʔəṣbaʕt). The same vowel is also present in the East Gurage cognates, but these are unlikely to be the source lexemes for this gloss because of the inserted n. → SED I No. 256 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الظفر‬ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ufr-/ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ifr- ‘(finger-)nail’ (Lane 1912) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِطْفر‬ṭifr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəfr/*ṣəfr/*č̣əfr Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣəfr ‘fingernail’ (CDG 549), Tgr. ṣəfər (WTS 650), Tna. ṣəfri (TED 2627) Amh. ṭəfər (AED 2195), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣əfər (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 476), ṭəfər (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣ufər (ibid.), South Arg. ṭəfər (Leslau 1997:197, 223) Har. ṭifir (EDH 152; also in Ancient Har.: ṭifir, ṭifri, Cerulli 1936:434), Səl. ṭifər, Wol. Zay ṭəfər (EDG 614) Gaf. ṣəfrä (Leslau 1956:234), č̣əfrä (Leslau 1945:150), Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭəfər, Gog. ṭäfər, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. ʔə̃fər (EDG 614) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gurage, Gaf., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 285 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 25

Arabic entry:  ‫ر‬‫  الصڊ‬ʔaṣ-ṣadr- ‘chest’ (Lane 1661) ※ An arrow-like sign above the ṣād.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَحْبٮ‬ǧaǧabt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäggäbt

※ The etymological data suggest the reconstruction *gäggäbät.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gäggäbät, Čah. Gyt. gäkäbät, Ǝnm. gäkäḇäd, Ǝnd. gäkkä̃d ‘chest of an animal’ (EDG 268)

217 A 25a

53

※ Cf. also Amh. gogobəš ‘cut of meat from the chest’ (AED 2058), Arg. gängad ‘animal chest’ (Leslau 1997:202), compared to the Gurage forms in EDG 268.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 25A (written on the left margin in front of 217 A 25)

Arabic entry:  ‫ر‬‫  ويٯال للصڊ‬wa-yuqālu li-ṣ-ṣadri ‘and it is said for “chest” ’ ※ An arrow-like sign above the ṣād.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  دَرت‬drat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *därät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. därät ‘chest’ (TED 2085) Amh. därät (AED 1750), Arg. of Ṭollaha därät (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 405) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. därät (EDG 222) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 58 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 26

Arabic entry:  ‫ي‬‫  الثڊ‬ʔaṯ-ṯady- ‘breast’ (Lane 333)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِطّب‬ṭibb

※ The sign above the bāʔ looks like šadda (cf. a virtually identical diacritic in 217 A 28), but given the fact that gemination of b in this lexeme is not supported by etymological evidence, it can also be taken for a fatḥa (or a distorted sukūn?).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəbb

※ The gemination of b, if real (cf. above), is not confirmed by the comparative data.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭəb (pl. ʔaṭbāt) ‘breast’ (CDG 587), Tgr. ṭəb (pl. ʔaṭbāy) ‘breast, teat’ (WTS 616), Tna. ṭub (pl. ʔaṭbāt) ‘breast, teat, bosom, dug’ (TED 2458) Amh. ṭut ‘breast, nipple, teat, bosom’ (AED 2139), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭut ‘breast’ (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 470), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭəw id. (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 470) Har. ṭōt ‘breast, bosom, udder’ (EDH 156), Səl. Wol. Zay ṭub ‘breast’ (EDG 607)

54

Annotated Edition

Gaf. ṭǔwwä ‘sein’ (Leslau 1956:242), ṭəbwä, ṭəbuwä, ṭəbo (Leslau 1945:176), Msḳ. ṭəb, Gog. Sod. ṭəbuyyä, Eža Ǝnd. ṭəw, Muḫ. ṭəwəyyä, Gog. ṭəwuyyä, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ṭu ‘breast’ (EDG 607) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Gaf., East Gur., Msḳ. → SED I No. 277



217 A 27

Arabic entry:  ‫ں‬‫البط‬ َ   ʔal-baṭn- ‘belly’ (Lane 220)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْود‬ḫawd

※ A blurred dot below the letter, perhaps unintentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫod/*ḫäwd

※ The combination of fatḥa, wāw and sukūn may reflect the vowel o, absent from the Arabic graphic inventory. However, the reading ḫäwd, with wāw rendering a spirantized ḇ, cannot be ruled out (which would reflect the stage before the monophtongization of äw took place).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. kabd ‘liver, stomach, belly’ (CDG 273), Tgr. kabəd ‘belly, heart, interior’ (WTS 412), Tna. käbdi ‘stomach, belly, tummy, liver, abdomen’ (TED 1635) Amh. hod ‘stomach, belly, abdomen’ (AED 29; Old Amh. ḵod, Ludolf 69, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:72), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hod (AAD 45) Har. kūd ‘liver’ (EDH 90; Ancient Har. kud, Wagner 1983:293), Səl. käbd, Wol. häbd id. (EDG 333) Muḫ. Msḳ. häbəd, Eža xäbəd, Čah. xäpt id. (ibid.), Ǝnm. Gyt. xärt, Ǝnd. härt id. (ibid.) ※ Cf. also Gaf. hodammä ‘qui a un grand ventre’ (Leslau 1956:207).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

※ It is only the Amharic and Argobba lexemes that are fully compatible with the gloss both phonetically (reflex of spirantized b) and semantically (“belly” rather than “liver”). The cognate in Argobba is likely an Amharism (for the autochthonous word cf. 217 A 27A). → SED I No. 141 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 27A (written on the left margin in front of 217 A 27)

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال ڡٮه‬wa-yuqālu fīhi ‘and it is said for it’

※ The second gloss to 217 A 27 (‘belly’). wa-yuqālu is written above the end of 217 A 27, fīhi is written vertically on the margin, the Ethiopic gloss below fīhi.

55

217 A 28

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  خرس‬ḫrs Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫärs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. karŝ ‘belly, stomach, womb’ (CDG 294), Tgr. karəs ‘inside’, karšat ‘belly, stomach, interior’ (WTS 399), Tna. kärsi ‘belly, stomach, abdomen’ (TED 1592) Amh. kärs id. (AED 1387, borrowed from Gəʕəz), Arg. of Aliyu Amba kärs (Leslau 1997:209, AAD 45), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫärs, kärs (AAD 45), Arg. käss, härs ‘abdomen, belly’ (Leslau 1997:209) Har. kärsi id. (EDH 94; also in Ancient Har.: karsi, Cerulli 1936:422) Gaf. ərsä id. (Leslau 1956:182; 1945:145), Sod. kärs, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. käs ‘abdomen, belly, stomach’ (EDG 351) ※ Amh. kärsam ‘glutton, greedy person; big-bellied’ (AED 1388) is derived from the Gəʕəz loanword kärs. Səl. kärsām ‘one who has a big belly’ (EDG 351), Gog. Msḳ. kärsam ‘one who has a big belly, big eater’ (ibid.) are likely borrowed from Amharic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Sod. → SED I No. 151



217 A 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٯلٮ‬ʔal-qalb- ‘heart’ (Lane 2553)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِلّْٮ‬libb

※ The sukūn is on the border between the lām and the bāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləbb Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ləbb ‘heart’ (CDG 304), Tgr. ləbb (WTS 39), Tna. ləbbi (TED 99) Amh. ləbb (AED 71), Arg. ləbb (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 63) Gaf. ləb, ləbu, ləbo (Leslau 1945:160), Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ləbb (EDG 373)

※ Cf. Wol. lubam, Səl. lubām ‘careful, cautious’, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ləbbam ‘careful, cautious’, Gyt. nəpām̱ , Ǝnm. Gyt. nəpāḇ, Ǝnd. nəppaw ‘skillful; local physician’ (EDG 373). At least some of these adjectives may be borrowed from Amharic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → SED I No. 174 Muth 2009–2010:98

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Annotated Edition

217 A 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الامعال‬ʔal-ʔamʕāʔ- ‘intestines’ (Lane 3022)

※ The mīm is somewhat unclear. The last letter is a clearly written lām, instead of the expected hamza (perhaps under the influence of yuqālu in the next line?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْرْج‬marǧ

※ The sukūn above the rāʔ rather resembles a dot. Both diacritical signs belonging to the ǧīm are placed with the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *märč̣

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *märäč̣.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. märäč̣i ‘bowels, intestines’ (EDH 110), Zay märäč̣, Səl. Wol. märäč̣čẹ ‘intestine’ (EDG 419)

※ Leslau (EDG 419) quotes Or. märäč̣, absent from Gragg’s dictionary. Cf. Or. marʔumaan ‘intestines’ (Gragg 278), Ged. mad’uma id. (HECD 84).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 A 30

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is called’ ※ The second gloss to 217 A 29 (‘intestines’).

Ethiopic gloss  ‫  َح َنزْت‬ḥanzat

※ The dot belonging to the zayn is very close to the dot of the preceding nūn; the fatḥa above and to the right of the zayn is rather above the nūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥanžät/*ḥanzät

※ The Arabic zayn can render either ž (cf. 217 A 6) or z (cf. 218 A 19), in the present case both supported by parallels from various ES languages.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. anǧät, anžät ‘intestine(s), bowels’ (AED 1244; Old Amh. ḥanžət/ʔanžət, Littmann 1943:484), Arg. of Aliyu Amba anžäd (Leslau 1997:192, AAD 291), hanǧəd (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥanǧät (ibid.) Gaf. anzätä (Leslau 1956:181; 1945:144), Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. anzäd, Sod. anžät (EDG 78) ※ Note the initial ḥ in Old Amharic and in Argobba of Ṭollaha.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 B 1



217 B 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  المعده‬ʔal-maʕidat-/ʔal-miʕdat- ‘stomach’ (Lane 2723)

※ Most likely, no diacritics at all: several dots above the letters are mere blots. Note a peculiar notch between the ʕayn and the dāl.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َق َجقْح‬qaǧqaǧ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäč̣ḳäč̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. ḳäč̣ḳäč̣, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ḳäč̣ḳäč̣čạ̈ , Gyt. ḳäṭḳäč̣ä ‘small stomach of ruminants’ (EDG 472) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرٮه‬ʔar-riʔat- ‘lungs’ (Lane 1001)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫سامْب‬ ِ   sāmib

※ A hardly visible dot above the sīn, most probably unintentional. The shape of the mīm is not very distinct, a nūn is equally probable (in which case the hardly visible dot above the letter can be meaningful).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *saməb

※ A reconstruction *sanəb (cf. the alternative graphic analysis above) cannot be excluded in view of parallels with n in modern ES. The comparative data suggest the vocalization *sambä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. sanbuʔ, sanbuʕ ‘lung’ (CDG 505), Tgr. sambuʔ, sanbuʔ (WTS 173), Tna. sanbuʔ, šambuʔ (TED 723) Amh. samba (AED 472), sänba (ibid. 538) Səl. Zay sāmba, Wol. sambä (EDG 546) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. sambʷa, Ǝnm. Muḫ. Gog. sambʷä, Ǝnd. sambä, Sod. sambo (ibid. 546) ※ Cf. Dolgopol’skiy 1973:94 for comparable forms in Cushitic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., East Gur., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The East Gurage and Ǝndägañ forms appear to be the closest to the Ethiopic gloss as they display etymologically short vowels in Auslaut (the etymologically long vowels and/or

58

Annotated Edition labialization of b elsewhere in SES are more difficult to reconcile with the sukūn above the bāʔ in the gloss). → SED I No. 235 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  الابط‬ʔal-ʔibṭ- ‘armpit’ (Lane 7)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتْحَتْخ‬taḥtaḫ (?)

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The immediate reading of the gloss is not compatible with any of the designations of “armpit” in the attested ES languages. Yet, if one admits that the diacritical dots were misplaced in the gloss, two alternative interpretations suggest themselves. (a) *baḥbäčč. Cf. Amh. bəbbəčča ‘armpit’ (AED 910, cf. also Amh. bəbbət), Arg. of Ṭollaha bəbbəčča id. (AAD 220). The presence of *ḥ in the diachronic prototype of the Amharic lexeme finds support in the Old Amharic form bäḥat ‘muscle’ (Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:69), to which both bəbbəčča (< *bəḥbəḥta) and bəbbət (< *bəḥbəḥt) can be traced back (for the semantic shift cf. Russian podmyška ‘armpit’ < pod ‘under’ + myštsa ‘byceps’). (b) If the first and the third graphemes are interpreted as shortened lāms (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2), the gloss can be read as *läḫläḫ, comparable to Zay ləklək ‘armpit’ (EDG 377). → Muth (2009–2010:98) identifies the Ethiopic gloss with Amh. təkäšša ‘shoulder (AED 991), which is paleographically difficult.



217 B 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  السَره‬ʔas-surrat- ‘navel’ (Lane 1338) ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجْنَبرْت‬ḥanbart/ǧanbart Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥanbärt/*gänbärt

※ The dot below the first letter favors the reading ǧanbart and, consequently, a reconstruction *gänbärt. However, since comparable ES forms lack the final t, one has to interpret the tāʔ in the gloss as corresponding to a vocalic ending (v. Introduction, Section 5). At the same time, clear cases of ḥāʔ written with a dot below are attested elsewhere in the

59

217 B 5

Glossary (v. Introduction, Section 2), which allows the reading ḥanbart and comparison to much more broadly attested terms for “navel” with the initial *ḥ and final t.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The two possible reconstructions correspond to the following two sets of ES forms. (a) Gez. ḥənbərt ‘navel’ (CDG 236), Tgr. ḥənbər(t), ḥənbərrā, ḥəmbər, ḥəmbərrā (WTS 83), Tna. ḥəmbərti (TED 176) Amh. əmbərt, ənbərt (AED 1129), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əmbərt, həmbərt (Leslau 1997:190, AAD 312), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥəmbərt, ḥənbərt (ibid.) Har. ḥəmbūrṭi (EDH 83), Zay əmbərbiṭ (EDG 45) (b) Amh. gumbəra ‘navel’ (AED 1912), Gaf. gumbərä (Leslau 1956:202), gumbəra (Leslau 1945:156)

※ According to Leslau (CDG 236, Leslau 1956:202), both types of forms are related to each other and go back to a single Cushitic prototype (cf. Kem. gʷəmbəra, Appleyard 104).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf.

※ Forms with n (rather than m) are, in principle, preferable as potential source words, although the assimilation nb > mb may be comparatively recent. → SED I No. 110 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الطهر‬ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ahr- ‘back’ (Lane 1927)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِجْٮَج‬ǧinǧa

※ The sukūn above the nūn may alternatively be interpreted as a thick diacritical dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gənǧä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba gunž ‘back of the body’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 422), Arg. of Ṭollaha gəǧo (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 422), ʕuǧo (ibid.), Arg. ʔuǧo (Leslau 1997:202) Eža Muḫ. gyənžä, Sod. gyinžä, ginžä, Gog. Msḳ. gyinǧä, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. gyišä ‘back of body’ (EDG 310)

※ Cf. also Kam. guǧǧo ‘back’ (HECD 23). An alternative, somewhat less likely, reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss is *ḥənč̣ä, derived from Har. ḥač̣i ‘back of body’ (EDH 79), Səl. anč̣ä ‘back of body’ (EDG 56), Msḳ. anḳyä ‘back of body’ (ibid. 72), ultimately from PS *ḥiḳw- ‘small of the back’ (SED I No. 113). None of the ES cognates underlying this reconstruction supports the vowel ə in the first

60

Annotated Edition syllable, clearly presupposed by the kasra in the gloss. Also the dot beneath the first grapheme has to be ignored.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Eža, Muḫ., Sod., Gog., Msḳ.

217 B 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصلٮ‬ʔaṣ-ṣulb- ‘back-bone (particularly the lumbar part); loins’ (Lane 1712)

※ A ḍamma or šadda above the ṣād. There is a small stroke below the bāʔ, either a distorted diacritical dot or unintentional.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقَط َّاجْه‬qaṭāǧǧah

※ The sign above the ṭāʔ can be alternatively read as a šadda.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain It seems rather likely that the Ethiopic word begins with the element ḳVṭ-, comparable to Amh. ḳiṭ ‘buttocks, anus’ (AED 826), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳiṭ ‘buttocks’ (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 194), ḳäṭ (ibid.), Gog. ḳyəṭṭəññä, Sod. ḳiṭṭəññä ‘buttocks, anus, base’ (EDG 519), in turn possibly related to either Gez. ḳʷəyṣ, ḳʷəṣ ‘leg, shin, shinbone, thigh’ (CDG 457) or Tgr. ḳən(ṭ) ‘vulva; lower or back part’ (WTS 252). As for the rest of the gloss, the only solution found so far implies the reading of the final letter as dāl rather than hāʔ (cf. similar, likewise uncertain, readings in 217 B 8 (b) and 217 D 12). This allows a reconstruction of a compound anatomic term *ḳäṭ ʔaggäd with the literal meaning “stem of the buttocks” on the basis of Gez. ʔagadā ‘thighbone, shinbone, tibia, leg, large bone of the leg, shoulder of animal’ (CDG 11), Amh. agäda ‘stalk (of sugar cane, sorgum, maize, etc.); stem (of a plant), leg (of a man), hind leg (of a cow)’ (AED 1331; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:492–493), Arg. of Aliyu Amba agäda ‘cane of maize’ (Leslau 1997:189, AAD 304), Səl. agäda, Wol. agädä, Zay agäda ‘cane of edible plants that have knots, cane of maize, millet, sugar cane’ (EDG 24), Gunnän-Gur. agäda, agädä, agada id. (ibid.). Note that the meaning “leg” is actually attested in the Gəʕəz and Amharic cognates.

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217 B 7



217 B 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  العجر‬ʔal-ʕaǧuz- ‘hinder parts, posteriors, buttock’ (Lane 1960) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمْرط‬mirṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mərṭ

※ The vowel u in all SES forms, not reflected in the gloss, is likely to emerge secondarily under the influence of m.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. murṭ ‘anus; bottom, butt (Bägemdər); penis (Shoa)’ (AED 199), Arg. of Aliyu Amba murṭ ‘anus, bottom’ (Leslau 1997:213, AAD 96) Sod. murṭ ‘genital organs, root of the äsät’ (EDG 425) ※ Leslau (EDG 425) compares the SES lexemes with Tna. məṭri ‘vagina’ (TED 521).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

217 B 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفخد‬ʔal-fah̬ iḏ- ‘thigh’ (Lane 2349)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َشْمرْه‬šamrh

※ Two signs above the rāʔ: one looks like a ḍamma or a fatḥa, the other has an arrow-like shape. What is read as mīm can also be a bāʔ with a thick dot merged with the letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain No satisfactory match for the Ethiopic gloss has been detected; none of the hypothetic options listed below is persuasive. Three of them have b rather than m as the second radical. This implies either that the second grapheme is to be read as bāʔ rather than mīm (cf. above) or that an alternation between m and b (not infrequent in ES) took place. (a) Tgr. šamar ‘penis’ (WTS 209). Phonetically acceptable, but rather difficult semantically. (b) Amh. säbrada ‘muscle, flesh of the hip near the thigh (of an ox)’ (AED 519). Semantically attractive, but difficult graphically (the last letter is considerably more similar to hāʔ than to dāl, but cf. 217 B 6; for b instead of m cf. above). (c) Amh. šäbbäd ‘area of the hip around the hipbone where the top of the thigh adjoins the abdomen’ (AED 638). For b instead of m cf. above. The reading of the third letter as dāl rather than rāʔ is feasible.

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Annotated Edition

(d) Tgr. šəbər ‘hind-quarter and tail-piece of a slaughtered animal’ (WTS 216). Semantically rather problematic. For b instead of m cf. above. ※ The reading sanxära (that is, Eža sanxära ‘lower part of the leg’, EDG 541) proposed in Muth 2009–2010:98 is difficult paleographically.



217 B 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الركبه‬ʔar-rukbat- ‘knee’ (Lane 1143)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َحْلَبْت‬ǧalbat

※ There is a blurred dot above the ǧīm, probably unintentional. The two dots of the tāʔ are displaced to the right and are located immediately below the fatḥa belonging to the bāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gälbät

※ The shape of the diacritic above the first letter suggests *gälbät rather than *gulbät, which would be expected on etymological grounds.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. gələb ‘knee-pan (with men), bone with flesh (with animals)’ (WTS 562), Tna. gʷəlbät ‘strength’ (TED 2214) Amh. gʷəlbät ‘knee’ (AED 1890), Arg. gulbät (Leslau 1997:201), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gulb (AAD 439), Arg. of Ṭollaha gulot (AAD 439, Leslau 1997:201), South Arg. gulet (Leslau 1997:201) Har. gəlib (EDH 71), Zay gulbät (EDG 272) Gaf. gulbät (Leslau 1956:202), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gulbät, Muḫ. gəlbät, gəlbʷät, Čah. Eža gʷərbät, Gyt. gʷərm̠ ä̃d, Ǝnd. gunōd (EDG 272) ※ The Təgrəñña term is likely borrowed from Amharic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Zay, Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَساق‬ʔas-sāq- ‘shank; leg’ (Lane 1471) Ethiopic gloss  ‫  ُوْرج‬wurǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wärč

※ The ḍamma in the gloss reflects the labialized pronunciation of ä in the vicinity of w.

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217 B 11

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. warkat ‘side, hip’ (WTS 434), Tna. wäräḵät ‘the sacrum or rump of a butchered animal’ (TED 1730), wärči ‘arm, foreleg of a quadruped’ (ibid. 1729, likely a borrowing from Amharic) Amh. wärč ‘foreleg of an animal’ (AED 1507) Čah. Eža Gyt. Gog. Sod. wärčä, Muḫ. Msḳ. wärəččä, Ǝnm. wäčä, Ǝnd. wäččä ‘front leg of cattle, upper part of front leg of cattle’ (EDG 662) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Gog., Sod., Muḫ., Msḳ. ※ The Təgrəñña term with palatalization k > č, apparently an Amharism, is less likely as the source lexeme. → SED I No. 288 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الساٯ اٮًضا‬ʔas-sāqu ʔayḍan ‘ “shank, leg” also’

※ No dots either above the qāf or below the yāʔ. A blurred spot above the ḍād.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫َمْت‬‫ َط‬َ‫  ط‬ṭaṭamat

※ The mīm is rather indistinct (a hāʔ cannot be excluded).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Comparison to the widespread ES designation of “lower leg” is very tempting: Tgr. ḳəlč̣əm ‘wrist; bone of the lower part of the leg (of animals)’ (WTS 235), Tna. ḳəlṣəm ‘forearm, arm, bone of the arm, leg or any long bone’ (TED 906), Amh. ḳəlṭəm ‘shinbone, foreleg’ (AED 694), South Arg. ḳəlṭəm ‘leg’ (Leslau 1997:216), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳəlṭəm (AAD 196), Har. ḳulṭum id. (EDH 125), Wol. Zay ḳəlṭəm ‘marrow’ (EDG 479). Since a straightforward phonetic shift from *ḳəlṭəm to *ṭäṭämät (or even *č̣äṭämät) is hard to imagine, a graphic distortion is probably to be surmised: an original ‫ *قلطمت‬was misunderstood by the copyist who took the sequence ‫ قل‬for ‫ط‬. The absence of final at in the extant ES lexemes is noteworthy (for a possibly similar case cf. 217 A 16 (2a)). → Muth 2009–2010:98

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Annotated Edition

217 B 12

Arabic entry:  ‫م‬‫  القڊ‬ʔal-qadam- ‘foot’ (Lane 2985)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاْنِجْر‬ʔanǧir

※ A ligature of nūn with the following ǧīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔangər

※ The comparative data suggest initial ʔə rather than ʔa.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəgr ‘foot’ (CDG 11), Tgr. ʔəgər (WTS 386), Tna. ʔəgri (TED 1539) Amh. əgər (AED 1325; Old Amh. ʔəgər, Littmann 1943:493), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ingər (AAD 319), Arg. of Ṭollaha əngər (ibid.), Arg. ingir, ʔägər, äḇgər (Leslau 1997:191), əgər (AAD 319) Har. igir, ingir (EDH 21, 28; Ancient Har. igir, Cerulli 1936:407, Wagner 1983:269), Zay Wol. Səl. əngər (EDG 62) Gaf. əgʷrä, əgʷri (Leslau 1956:173), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ägər (EDG 26) ※ For most lexemes, the meaning “leg” is also recorded (cf. 217 B 22).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har., East Gur.

※ None of the attested ES forms can be considered an exact match of the Ethiopic gloss, which displays a combination of inserted n and a or ä in the first syllable. The most plausible candidate is Argobba, where both features are found (even if not simultaneously). Note that the shift of word-initial ə into ä is well attested in this language (Leslau 1997:9). → SED I No. 7 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَعِقب‬ʔal-ʕaqib- ‘heel’ (Lane 2100)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َسَحْن‬saḫan Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säḫän

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. sakʷanā, sakonā ‘sole of foot, forefoot, hoof, heel’ (CDG 496), Tgr. šəknā ‘foot’ (WTS 223), Tna. säḵona, šäḵʷäna ‘hoof (horse, mule), sole of the foot, shoe; bone of the leg’ (TED 751) Amh. säkʷäna, šäkʷäna ‘foot, hoof, pastern (of a horse)’ (AED 566) Har. säxana ‘shin of leg’ (EDH 139), Səl. sahana, Wol. sahanä ‘lower part of front leg, shin of leg, leg of man’ (EDG 539)

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217 B 14

Gaf. (mä-)skoni ‘foot of the beast’ (Leslau 1945:170), Sod. säxana, Ǝnm. sãxãra, Muḫ. sanxäna, Čah. Gyt. sanxara, Eža sanxära, Gog. Sod. sahana, Ǝnd. sahanä, Msḳ. sahäna ‘lower part of front leg, shin of leg, leg of man’ (EDG 541) ※ Cf. Dolgopol’skiy 1973:99 for comparable forms in Cushitic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Har., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Sod., Gog., Ǝnd., Msḳ. ※ Note that the meaning “heel” is registered in Gəʕəz only. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاٮٮٮٮں‬ʔal-ʔunṯayayni ‘the two testicles’ (Lane 112) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُقْلْح‬qulḥ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳulḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ḳʷəla ‘testicles, male genitals’ (AED 675), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳula ‘testicle’ (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 193) Ǝnd. Gyt. ḳura, Ǝnd. ḳurʔä ‘penis’ (EDG 70) ※ Cf. also Gez. ḳʷəlḥ ‘testicle’ (CDG 428, according to Leslau, “a reconstructed form of Amh. ḳʷəla”; not in LLA). Likely related are the terms for “egg” quoted under 218 F 14. For the possible Cushitic sources of the ES words v. Cerulli 1951:488.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

※ The Ethiopic gloss reflects the etymological guttural, for which cf. “old Amh. ḳwəlha”, adduced in CDG 428 without reference. → SED I No. 170, 171 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الذكر‬ʔaḏ-ḏakar- ‘penis’ (Lane 969–970)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجالَا‬ǧalā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ǧälla Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ǧälla ‘penis’ (AED 1852)

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Annotated Edition ※ Cf. perhaps Ǝnm. Gyt. gara ‘loin’ (EDG 288), identified by Leslau with Or. garaa ‘stomach, lap, bosom’ (‘stomach; heart, mind’ in Gragg 167). Cf. also Kem. xʷäla ‘penis’ (Appleyard 110). An ultimate connection between Amh. ǧälla and Amh. gäla ‘body’ (AED 1877), Sod. gäla id. (EDG 271) is not to be excluded (for the semantic connection cf. Čah. mǝsyä ‘body’, yägämyä mǝsyä ‘penis of adult’, EDG I 80; Wol. ḳam ‘body’, yabač ḳam ‘penis’, lit. “body of a male”, EDG 479, 731; Amh. säwǝnnät ‘body; penis (dialectal (Shoan) euphemism)’, AED 568).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوللذكر ايًضا‬wa-li-ḏ-ḏakari ʔayḍan ‘and for “penis” also’ ※ Writing very crowded, the reading of the tanwīn is tentative. The second gloss to 217 B 15 (‘penis’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْوْت‬ǧawt

※ The sign above the ǧīm can be alternatively read as ḍamma. Below the ǧīm, two indistinct dots can be seen.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ǧäwt

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ǧuwä/*ǧəwä/*ǧuwwä/*ǧəwwä. For the final t corresponding to a vocalic ending in the comparable ES terms v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Səl. ǧuwä ‘tail; penis of adult’ (EDG 319) Čah. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ǧəwä, Eža ǧəwwä, Ǝnm. Gyt. ǧə̃wä, Muḫ. ǧuwä, Ǝnd. ǧũwä (EDG 319) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Səl., Čah., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوله ايًضا‬wa-lahu ʔayḍan ‘and for it also’ ※ A third gloss to 217 B 15 (‘penis’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َرَر ْات‬zarāt

※ There is a thick horizontal stroke between the upper end of the zayn and the fatḥa (a blurred dot of the zayn?).

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217 B 18

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zärat/*žärat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ǧərat, ǧärat, žärat ‘comet’, ǧəratam id. (TED 2187–2188, likely an Amharism) Amh. zərat ‘tail’ (AED 1626), ǧərat, žərat (ibid. 1860), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ǧərat (AAD 423) Wol. zärat, Səl. zärāt, Zay zərat (EDG 715)

※ Cf. also Sod. (bä)zarrat ‘afterwards, later on’ (EDG 715), compared by Leslau to the Amharic and East Gurage terms for “tail”. In view of the broad attestation of the semantic shift “tail” > “penis” both within and outside ES (Greek κέρκος, Latin cauda and penis, German Schwanz, Polish kita; cf. also 217 B 16 for the same shift in Gunnän-Gurage and Səlṭi), the proposed reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss appears quite feasible, in spite of the fact that for the terms under scrutiny this semantic development is not attested.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur.

※ The Wolane and Səlṭi cognates, with ä in the first syllable, are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.



217 B 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَفْرج‬ʔal-farǧ- ‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’ (Lane 2359–2360) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِحْمص‬ḥimṣ ※ An arrow-like sign above the ṣād.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥəms

※ The use of ṣād to render ES s is also attested in 217 C 26.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥǝmŝ, ḥǝms ‘uterus, womb, pubes’ (CDG 234), Tgr. ḥǝmǝs ‘pubes, abdomen (of men and women)’ (WTS 61) Amh. əms ‘vulva, vagina’ (AED 1126), Arg. of Ṭollaha həms id. (AAD 312) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. ※ The Gəʕəz and Təgre cognates are less suitable for semantic reasons. → SED I No. 122 Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 B 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوَله اٮًصا‬wa-lahu ʔayḍan ‘and for it also’ ※ The second gloss to 217 B 18 (‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِقْنِطْر‬qinṭir

※ There is an obscure arrow-like sign above the rāʔ, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳənṭər Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ḳanṭirat ‘clitoris’ (WTS 254) Amh. ḳinṭǝr ‘clitoris, vagina’ (AED 797) Har. ḳǝnṭǝr ‘male organ’ (EDH 127), Səl. Wol. ḳǝnṭǝr ‘clitoris, female genital organs’ (EDG 490) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. ḳǝnṭǝr ‘clitoris, female genital organs’ (ibid.) ※ Also in Cushitic, v. EDG 490.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl., Wol., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ. → SED I No. 163 Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوَله ايًصا‬wa-lahu ʔayḍan ‘and for it also’ ※ The third gloss to 217 B 18 (‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َخْنَفْر‬ḫanfar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫänfär

※ No corresponding lexemes designating female genitalia have been detected in ES, but there is no reason to doubt that the Ethiopic gloss is identical with *ḫänfär ‘lip’ in 217 A 11. The underlying semantic shift is well attested: Latin labia, Russian (sramnye) guby.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

217 B 21

Arabic entry:  ‫العاَنه‬ َ   ʔal-ʕānat- ‘hair that grows above the anterior pudendum’ (Lane 2204) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُطُحْر‬ṭuǧur

※ A dot (unintentional?) above the rāʔ to the right of the sukūn. There is also a dot in the lower part of the cell, which may belong to the ǧīm.

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217 B 22

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Comparable Ethiopic forms: (a) In the framework of the reading presented above, the Ethiopic gloss is reconstructed as *ṭugur/*č̣ugur/*ṣugur (and identical with 217 A 4), whose general meaning “hair” does not quite coincide with the rather specific meaning of the Arabic lexeme. (b) If the last letter of the Ethiopic gloss is alternatively read as nūn (which is not unlikely, especially in view of the upper dot; cf. 217 B 26 below), Amh. č̣əgguň ‘hair of the armpit or the pubic area’ (AED 2240) becomes a promising alternative. → Muth 2009–2010:98 (identification with Amh. ṭägur)



217 B 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرجل‬ʔar-riǧl- ‘leg’ (Lane 1044)

※ A somewhat obscure arrow-like sign between the rāʔ and the ǧīm.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َا ْنـُجْر‬ʔanǧur

※ Two thick dots above rāʔ; one of them must be a sukūn, the function of the other is obscure.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔangwər Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 217 B 12 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har., East Gur.

※ The variants in 217 B 12 and 217 B 22 display different vocalization. In the former case, kasra clearly points to ə (as in the majority of the extant ES forms), whereas in the latter one we may be faced with ḍamma rendering a labialized vowel (cf. Gaf. əgʷrä, əgʷri). No forms which would combine insertion of n and the labialized consonant (or vowel) are attested, however. If the vocalic sign above the ǧīm is read as fatḥa rather than ḍamma (which is not to be excluded), the Ethiopic gloss is to be reconstructed as *ʔangär, which likewise does not correspond to any of the attested ES forms. Here, only cognates with the inserted n have been considered as possible sources for the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 23

Arabic entry:  ‫اللجيْه‬ َ   ʔal-liḥyat- ‘beard’ (WKAS L 408)

※ A horizontal stroke above the two lāms, whose function is unclear. For the dot below the ḥāʔ v. Introduction, Section 2).

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Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسَنْحَبْت‬šanaǧbat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šänägbät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *šängʷäbat.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. šängʷäbät ‘chin, chinbeard’ (AED 658) Wol. šongobät ‘beard and whiskers, moustache’ (EDG 582) Gaf. šängʷåbät ‘barbe et moustaches’ (Leslau 1956:239), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. šängʷäbät ‘beard and whiskers, moustache’ (EDG 582)

※ Cf. perhaps Tgr. šagbat (WTS 430), attested as a name of a hole in the game called wad ʔarbāʕ (side by side with raʔas ‘head’ and səgād ‘neck’). Kem. šangobat ‘menton’ (Conti Rossini 1912:252; cf. also Appleyard 44) is likely borrowed from Amharic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصلع‬ʔaḍ-ḍil(a)ʕ- ‘rib’ (Lane 1800)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعْصَجْب‬ʕaṣǧab

※ There is a small dot of uncertain function above the ṣād, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕaṣgäb

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕaṣmä gäbo.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The Ethiopic gloss is likely identical with Gez. ʕaṣ̂ma gabo ‘rib’ (CDG 58), whose literal meaning is ‘the bone of the flank’. Both components of this nominal phrase have cognates outside Gəʕəz. (1) Gez. ʕaṣ̂m, ʕaṣm ‘bone’ (CDG 58), Tgr. ʕaṣəm, ʕač̣əm (WTS 491), Tna. ʕaṣmi (TED 1942) Amh. aṭənt (AED 1339; Old Amh. ʕaṣənt, Ludolf 76), Arg. of Aliyu Amba aṭənt (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 308), Arg. of Ṭollaha haṭəm (ibid., Leslau 1997:207) Har. āṭ (EDH 36; Ancient Har. ʕāṭ, Cerulli 1936:411), Wol. Zay aṭəm, Səl. aṭm, aṭəm (EDG 108) Gaf. aṣmʷä (Leslau 1956:184), aṣənt (Leslau 1945:146), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. aṭəm, Gyt. aṭəm̠ , Ǝnm. aʔə̃m̠, Ǝnd. aʔə̃w (EDG 108) ※ Cf. also Amh. aṭəm ‘bone(s), skeleton’ (AED 1334), aṣəm ‘bone, skeleton, remains (body)’ (AED 1345), likely borrowed from Gəʕəz.

(2) Gez. gabo ‘side, flank, rib, loins’ (CDG 176), Tgr. gabo ‘side’ (WTS 582), Tna. gobo, gʷäbo ‘slope, hillside; side, flank’ (TED 2289)

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217 B 26

This comparison, quite appealing in view of the striking structural and semantic similarity, is somewhat problematic insofar as the combination ʕaṣ̂ma gabo is not attested outside Gəʕəz (moreover, its second element is entirely missing from SES). Also the absence of the expected mīm (hardly any trace of it in the Arabic rendering) is disturbing (note, however, the absence of m in the Harari cognate). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna. → SED I No. 25 (*ʕaṯm ̣ (-at)- ‘bone’), No. 85 (*ganb- ‘side and back of torso’)

‫اْسماء الوحوس والسباع‬ ※



ʔasmāʔu l-wuḥūši wa-s-sibāʕi ‘Names of wild animals and beasts of prey’

In the last word, there is an obscure dot above the sīn and another one below the ʕayn.

217 B 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفيل‬ʔal-fīl- ‘elephant’ (Lane 2474)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ َزْحن‬/ ‫  َزُحن‬zaḫn/zaḫun

※ The sukūn above the ḫāʔ can also be taken for a ḍamma or for the diacritical dot of the ḫāʔ. The reading with ḍamma is better compatible with the etymological data. The dot above the nūn can be a sukūn. The left side of the letter is considerably lower than that of a normal nūn and makes it resemble a rāʔ or a wāw.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zaḫn/*žaḫn/*zäḫon/*žäḫon ※ The comparative data support the reconstruction *zäḫon/*žäḫon.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. zəhon, zähon ‘elephant’ (AED 1602), Arg. of Ṭollaha zähon (Leslau 1997:227, AAD 386), Arg. zəhon (ibid.) Gaf. zäḵoni (Leslau 1945:181), Msḳ. žäxʷänä, Muḫ. žäxonä, Ǝnd. Msḳ. Gog. žähonä, Sod. zähon, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. žäxʷärä (EDG 721)

※ The ES terms are borrowed from Cushitic, cf. Bil. Kem. ǧana (Appleyard 60–61), Kam. zanee(čču) (HECD 56). The same is true of the designations of “elephant” with the initial d in Harari and East Gurage: Har. doxon (EDH 55), Səl. dähano, Wol. dähäno (EDG 721), cf. Saho dakā́nō (Reinisch 1890:105), Had. daaneččo, Sid. daaniččo (HECD 56). For d and z as reflexes of Proto-Cushitic * see Dolgopol’skiy 1973:105–107.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Msḳ., Muḫ., Ǝnd., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 B 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاسڊ‬ʔal-ʔasad- ‘lion’ (Lane 57) ※ There is an arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َا َنبْس‬ʔanbas

※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔanbäs

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final vowel a or ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕanbasā ‘lion’ (CDG 64), Tna. ʔanbäsa (TED 1479) Amh. anbässa (AED 1220; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:492), Arg. of Aliyu Amba anbässa, hambässa (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 289), hanbässa (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥambässa, ḥanbässa (ibid.) Gog. Sod. anbässa, Msḳ. Sod. ambässa, Ǝnd. ambassä (EDG 56) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Gog., Sod., Msḳ., Ǝnd.

※ Note the absence of ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss, whose presence in early ES is suggested by Gez. ʕanbasā and especially its only external cognate, Arb. ʕanbas- ‘lion’ (Lane 2168). The presence of m instead of n in the cognates in Məsḳan, Soddo and Ǝndägañ can hardly be an obstacle for considering them as potential source languages. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 B 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  النمر‬ʔan-namir- ‘leopard’ (Lane 2853) ※ An uncertain arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮْبر‬nabr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näbr Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. namr ‘leopard’ (CDG 398), Tgr. nabri ‘leopard’ (WTS 330, borrowed from Təgrəñña), Tna. näbri ‘leopard, panther’ (TED 1329), nämri id. (ibid. 1306) Amh. näbər ‘lynx’ (AED 1035, ‘leopard’ according to Gankin 446), nämr ‘lynx’ (AED 1018), Arg. of Aliyu Amba näbər ‘leopard’ (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 242), Arg. of Ṭollaha näwər id. (ibid., Leslau 1997:215) Səl. näwər, Wol. näwr ‘leopard, tiger’ (EDG 465) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg. ※ The Təgre term, borrowed from Təgrəñña, is less likely as the source lexeme. → SED II No. 164 Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 B 29



217 B 29

Arabic entry:  ‫ْهڊ‬‫الف‬ َ   ʔal-fahd- ‘lynx; lupus cervarius’ (Lane 2452)

※ The fāʔ is very indistinct, probably merged with the dot above it. The function of the dot below the fāʔ is unclear.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  روجار‬zūǧār Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zogara/*zogarä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Ǝnm. Gyt. zagʷära, Čah. Ezǎ Sod. zägʷara, Ǝnd. zagorä, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. zogara ‘leopard, tiger’ (EDG 704) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Ǝnm., Gyt., Čah., Ezǎ, Sod., Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 C 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الذْٮب‬ʔaḏ-ḏiʔb- ‘wolf’ (Lane 949)

※ There is a sign below the ḏāl, probably an unintentional stroke (but can also be a somewhat lengthy kasra). There is also a stroke above the ḏāl, resembling a fatḥa. The obscure dot below the yāʔ must be unintentional. The same is true of the thick stroke below the bāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِزْب‬zib

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *žǝb/*zeb

※ The etymological data suggest the final i for the second variant.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zǝʔb ‘hyena’ (CDG 630, LLA 1056), zǝbʔ (CDG 630, absent from LLA), Tgr. zǝbʔi id. (WTS 499, borrowed from Təgrəñña) Tna. zəbʔi (TED 1991) Amh. ǧǝb, žǝb (AED 1863; Old Amh. žənb, žäb, Littmann 1943:495), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ǧǝw, žǝb (Leslau 1997:203, 227, AAD 423), South Arg. ǧu (Leslau 1997:203), Arg. of Ṭollaha ǧəw (AAD 423) Gaf. zebi (Leslau 1945:180) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf. → SED II No. 72 Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 C 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَضبع‬ʔaḍ-ḍab(u)ʕ- ‘hyena’ (Lane 1766) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َجِرى‬ǧarī ※ The upper part of the yāʔ looks rather like a separate stroke.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ǧäri

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ǧari.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ǧari ‘Viverra abyssinica’ (Guidi 699, with a question mark; Gankin 721; absent from AED) Kaf. járō ‘die Moschuskatze, viverra abessinica’ (Reinisch 1888:349)

※ The semantic difference between the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss is noteworthy, but hardly a serious obstacle for the present comparison. The alternative identification with Tgr. karāy ‘hyena’ (WTS 404) is semantically more attractive, but encounters a number of formal difficulties: one is forced to ignore the underscript dot under the first grapheme (for similar cases cf. Introduction, Section 2) and both vocalization signs, as well as to admit the absence of ʔalif rendering the etymologically long vowel. The latter difficulty also applies if the gloss is identified with Amh. ǧari (for similar cases v. Introduction, fn. 7).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Kaf.

217 C 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَكْلب‬ʔal-kalb- ‘dog’ (Lane 2625)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِوْش‬wiš

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wǝš

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *wǝššä or *wǝšša.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wǝšša ‘dog’ (AED 1526), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wǝšša (Leslau 1997:226, AAD 368), wäšša (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha wešša (ibid.) Gaf. wǝššä, wǔššä (Leslau 1956:245), Sod. wǝssa (EDG 667) ※ The SES terms for “dog” are borrowings from Cushitic (cf. PHEC *waša ‘dog’, HECD 52).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf.

※ The final short vowel of the Gafat term is more likely to be rendered by the sukūn in the Ethiopic gloss than a found in Amharic and Argobba. → Muth 2009–2010:98

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217 C 4



217 C 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحنرير‬ʔal-ḫinzīr- ‘swine, hog, pig’ (Lane 732)

※ There is only one dot placed above the sequence of the ḫāʔ, nūn and zayn, and it is not quite clear to which of them it belongs (most likely, to the nūn).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِحَرْه‬ḥirah

※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ (below the fatḥa).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥǝra

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḥǝriya/*ḥəräyä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥarāwǝyā, ḥarawyā, ḥarawiyā ‘pig, wild boar’ (CDG 244), Tgr. ḥarawyā ‘boar’ (WTS 69) Amh. ǝrriya, ǝrrǝya ‘wild boar’ (AED 1155; Old Amh. ḥərriya, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:76) Har. ḥariyya ‘wild pig’ (EDH 87; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:420), Səl. iräyä ‘domestic pig’ (EDG 94) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Amh., Har., Səl.

※ None of the attested forms matches exactly the Ethiopic gloss, in which y is absent. Of interest is Saho hárā ‘Wildschwein’ (Reinisch 1890:486, German–Saho, absent in Saho–German).



217 C 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِسَنْور‬ʔas-sinnawr- ‘cat’ (Lane 1445) ※ The sign above the nūn is not quite clear (šadda or fatḥa?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَحاْج‬ʕaǧāǧ

※ Ligature of the ʕayn with the ǧīm; the shape of the ʕayn is somewhat indistinct. A vertical stroke is attached to the middle of the upper part of the final ǧīm; the ensuing graphic shape is similar to the final symbol in the Ethiopic glosses of 217 A 22 and 217 D 9. However, in 217 A 22 the presence of the diacritical dot suggests a ligature of ǧīm and nūn, which is compatible with some of the cognates in ES. In the present case, the hypothetic reading nǧ is not supported by any diacritical symbol, nor does it fit the phonological shape of the extant ES cognates. There is an (unintentional?) stroke above and to the right of the final letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕagač/*ʕaggač ※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final a or ä.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. angača, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. angačča, Ǝnd. angaččä ‘cat’ (EDG 61) ※ See Appleyard 41 for related lexemes in Southern Cushitic (Awngi angučča) and Omotic (Yemsa aŋačà, Šakačo agà:ǧǧe, Anfilo agaco). The Gurage and Awngi forms are probably borrowed from Omotic. Cf. also Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕanguya (AAD 417). All ES cognates display n before the first g, absent from the gloss. The underlying ES form is thus probably to be reconstructed with geminated gg < ng. Alternatively, the Omotic forms with non-geminated g may be compared, in which case the reconstruction *ʕagaǧ is not to be excluded.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:98



217 C 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  العكاش‬ʔal-ʕukkāš Cf. ʕakaš = ḥayawānun barriyyun mina l-faṣīlati as-sinnawriyyati laʕallahu aḍ-ḍaribānu ʔaw min faṣīlatihi qawāʔimuhu qaṣīratun ḥattā ʔinnahu fī ʕadwihi yabdū kamā law kāna yansābu nsiyāban wa-lākin bi-surʕatin š­adīdatin kamā šāhadtu wa-raʔsuhu ʔaswadu maʕa ḫaṭṭin ʔaswada ʔayḍan yamtaddu bi-ṭūli ḏ̣ahrihi wa-sāʔiruhu ʔaġbaru ʔilā bayāḍin wa-huwa ḥayawānun yatasallalu ʔila l-manāzili wa-yaqtulu d-daǧāǧa wa-yaftarisu baʕḍahā wa-būluhu muntinun karīhun wa-ʔiḏā qataltahu wa-saḥabtahu min ḏaylihi wa-talawwaṯat yaduka bi-šayʔin minhu wa-ʔinna ṣ-ṣābūna lā yuzīluhā wa-taḏ̣allu r-rāʔiḥatu ṭūla l-yawmi ‘A land animal from the feline family, perhaps honey badger or one from its family. Its legs are short so that when it walks, it seems as if it were crawling, but in a high speed, as I personally observed it. And its head is black, and there is a black stripe stretching along its back, while the rest of it is dust-colored, almost white. And it is an animal that steals into houses, kills chicken or tears some of them. And its urine is stinking, unpleasant. And if you kill it and draw it by its tail, your hand becomes smeared with something [exhuded] from it. No detergent can remove it, so that the smell remains the whole day’ (al-Iryānī 773). ※ Three dots (unintentional?) below the kāf. Al-Iryānī’s description fits admirably the identification of ʕakaš- with the honey badger (Mellivora capensis), as against the rather imprecise ‘large fox’ in Piamenta 336 and Behnstedt 854. At the same time, the form ʕukkāš quoted in the latter two sources is an exact formal match of the present Arabic entry.

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217 C 8

Since nearly all extant ES designations of “spider” go back to the prototype represented by Gez. ŝāret (CDG 535, with cognates), the identification of the Arabic entry with the Classical ʔal-ʕukkāš- ‘spider’ (LA 6 384) can be safely abandoned (contra Muth 2009–2010:98).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ت‬‫  َفاڊ‬fādt

※ Above the first letter, only one dot is clear enough to be taken as certain, although a double dot (not compatible with the present interpretation) is not to be ruled out completely. The final letter is read as tāʔ, with two thick dots (one of them resembling the loop of a fāʔ) and one smaller unintentional dot above it. There is a stroke resembling a kasra under the last letter (functionally unclear).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fadät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. fadät ‘small weasel-like animal which emits a bad odor like a skunk does’ (AED 2333, AYMQ 969) Sod. faǧä ‘skunk’ (EDG 229)

※ Note especially the explanation of the Amharic term in AYMQ 969: gəmatam kərfatam awre mälkä ṭərəñ žəratä gofla hulätaññam ḳäfo səllämmidäfa arraǧ yəbballal ‘a stinking bad-smelling animal resembling a civet cat, with a disheveled tail. It is also called arraǧ [butcher], because it overturns beehives’. In d’Abbadie’s dictionary, the translations ‘blaireau’ and ‘sorte de fouine, animal sauvage’ are adduced (d’Abbadie 1011).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

‫اْسَماء الانعام وما ٮوكل من الحيواں‬ ʔasmāʔu l-ʔanʕāmi wa-mā yuʔkalu mina l-ḥayawāni ‘Names of household animals and edible animals’



217 C 8

Arabic entry:  ‫البَقره‬ َ   ʔal-baqarat- ‘ox, bull, cow’ (Lane 234) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َلاهْم‬/‫  َلاْم‬lāhm/lām

※ The mīm is hardly discernible, looks rather like an almost horizontal stroke directly continuing the hāʔ. One cannot exclude that what we conventionally read as hāʔ should rather be interpreted as the “horizontal” segment of the mīm, cf. especially 217 D 13 for a similar form of mīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *lahm/*lam Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. lāhm ‘cow’ (CDG 309), Tna. lahmi (TED 610)

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Amh. lam (AED 43; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:484), Arg. of Ṭollaha lam (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 59) Har. lām (EDH 100; also in Ancient Har.: lam, Wagner 1983:298), Wol. Zay lam, Səl. lām (EDG 379) Gaf. älamwä (Leslau 1956:175), lam-uway (Leslau 1945:161), Sod. älam, Čah. Eža Msḳ. äram, Gyt. äram, Ǝnm. arãm, Muḫ. Gog. ənnam, Ǝnd. anaw (EDG 379) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur. ※ The guttural is attested only in Gəʕəz and Təgrəñña, but it could well be still preserved in early SES. Alternatively, a SES form with h already lost can be postulated. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الثور‬ʔaṯ-ṯawr- ‘a bull; a cow’ (Lane 364)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮَعر‬baʕar

※ There is a dot (unintentional?) above the ʕayn to the right of the fatḥa and a stroke (unintentional or a misplaced dot of the bāʔ?) looking like a small kasra below the ʕayn. There is a sign above the rāʔ looking like a fatḥa or a sukūn and an arrow-like symbol above and to the right of this sign, very close to it.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bäʕar/*bäʕarä

※ The final rāʔ is left unvocalized in the gloss, whereas the comparative data display a remarkable diversity as far as the word-final position is concerned: it may be that there is no final vowel at all, or that the final vowel is ä, e or a. Yet the absence of a final hāʔ or ʔalif in the Ethiopic gloss rather suggests a consonantal Auslaut or a final short ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bəʕər, bəʕərā, bəʕrāwi, bəʕrāy ‘ox, bull’ (CDG 84), Tgr. bəʕrāy (WTS 292), Tna. bəʕray, bäʕray (TED 1182) Amh. bäre (AED 874–875; Old Amh. bəʕray, Littmann 1943:489, bəʔare, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:70), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bara (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 209), Arg. of Ṭollaha bäʕara (AAD 209), Arg. baʔra (Leslau 1997:195) Har. bāra (EDH 44), baʔara (EDH 39; Ancient Har. baʕar, Cerulli 1936:411, baʕara, Wagner 1983:276), Wol. barä, Zay būrä (EDG 150) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. bora, Gyt. bawra, Ǝnd. bawrä, Ǝnm. bawəra (ibid.)

79

217 C 10

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Zay, Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED II No. 53 Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  العحل‬ʔal-ʕiǧl- ‘calf’ (Lane 1964) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِطناج‬ṭināǧ

※ There is an obscure dot above the ṭāʔ, very close to the vertical stroke (unintentional?). The dot belonging to the ǧīm looks like three dots or an arrow. The kasra belonging to the ṭāʔ is somewhat misplaced to the left.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭənag/*ṭənaǧ

※ The comparative data suggest a word-final rather than a word-medial a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭəǧǧa ‘calf (bovine)’ (AED 2179), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭəǧǧa (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 476), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭangi (AAD 476; cf. Leslau 1997:223) Har. ṭəǧa, ṭiǧa (EDH 152) Gaf. ṣägʷä (Leslau 1956:234), ṣäguyät (Leslau 1945:172), Sod. ṭägg, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. dägg, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. däk, Ǝnd. däkk ‘calf bigger than mʷässa’ (EDG 615) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg.

※ Direct comparison with the Argobba form is appealing because of the n, although one has to admit that, from the structural point of view, the two forms are quite divergent. The origin of ā in the Ethiopic gloss is obscure: was it indeed present in the source lexeme or are we faced with some kind of scribal confusion? For similar examples of a secondary *ā in an originally monovocalic lexeme cf. Har. ḥināč̣ ‘arrow’ (EDH 84), clearly cognate to Gez. ḥaṣṣ (CDG 247), and Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ləmad, Čah. Eža nəmad, Ǝnm. Gyt. nəm̠ ā̃d, Ǝnd. nəwād ‘warrior’s garment made of skin’ (EDG 380), cognates to Amh. lämd (AED 50; cf. 218 B 24). → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكبش‬ʔal-kabš- ‘ram’ (Lane 2588) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫اي‬َ‫  ط‬ṭāy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭay

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭali ‘goat, kid’ (CDG 590), Tgr. ṭalit ‘goat’ (WTS 608), Tna. ṭel id. (TED 2398) Arg. ṭay id. (Leslau 1997:224), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭel id. (AAD 500), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭaʔi, ṭaya id. (ibid.) Har. ṭāy ‘sheep’ (EDH 157), Səl. Wol. Zay ṭay id. (EDG 638) Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Sod. ṭay, Sod. äṭay, Muḫ. Msḳ. ṭe, Čah. ṭä̢, Msḳ. Gog. äṭe id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Sod. → SED II No. 232 Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  العٮم‬ʔal-ġanam- ‘goats’ (Behnstedt 914) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َفيْق‬fayq Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *feḳ/*fiḳ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. feḳo ‘a kind of gazelle’ (AED 2298) Wol. feḳ, Səl. fēḳ, Zay fīḳ, Wol. feʔ ‘goat’ (EDG 238) Gaf. fiḳu-š, faḳu-š ‘gazelle’ (Leslau 1945:154), Čah. Msḳ. feḳ, Gyt. fēḳ, Eža fəyäḳ, Muḫ. fäññäḳ, Ǝnm. fäñäʔ, Gog. fäññäʔ, Ǝnd. foññäʔ ‘goat’ (EDG 253)

※ These SES lexemes may be borrowed from Cushitic (for the possible Cushitic source words v. EDG 253). The meaning of the ES parallels matches exactly that of Arb. ġanamin the dialects of Yemen (‘goats’) as opposed to ‘sheep (and goats)’ in Classical Arabic.

Possible source of the the Ethiopic gloss: East Gur., Čah., Msḳ., Gyt., Eža → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الضان‬ʔaḍ-ḍaʔn- ‘sheep’ (Lane 1760)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َبّجا‬baǧǧā ※ Ligature of bāʔ and ǧīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bägga/*bäggaʔ

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217 C 14

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. baggəʕ ‘sheep’ (CDG 88), Tgr. bəgguʕ, bəggəʕt (WTS 299), Tna. bäggiʕ, bäggəʕ (TED 1205) Amh. bäg (AED 940), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bägi (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 214) Gaf. bäg (Leslau 1956:188) Bil. bäga, Ḫam. biga, Kem. bäga (Appleyard 121)

※ Noteworthy is Bil. baggā́ recorded in Reinisch 1887:71, as only this form is an exact match for the Ethiopic gloss.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Bil., Ḫam., Kem.

※ Since ʕ is absent from the gloss, Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña can be excluded as possible source words. The Agaw terms are the best candidates because of the final a. Alternatively, we may deal with an early SES form in which the historical *ʕ – eventually lost in the modern languages – is still reflected as the final a or ʔ.



217 C 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  التيس‬ʔat-tays- ‘he-goat’ (Lane 324)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َڡَّيل‬fayyal Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fäyyäl

※ The comparative data suggest ə in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. fəyyäl ‘goat’ (AED 2331; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:500), Arg. of Aliyu Amba fəyyäl (Leslau 1997:200, AAD 500) Gaf. fəǧǧälä (Leslau 1956:198), fəǧäl (Leslau 1945:153), pl. fəyäloč (ibid. 155), Sod. fəyyäl (EDG 252) ※ These SES lexemes may be borrowed from Cushitic (cf. EDG 252).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Sod.

※ The Gafat form with the medial y, probably an Amharism, is less likely as the source lexeme. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَوِعل‬ʔal-waʕil- ‘a mountain-goat’ (Lane 3056)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َاَجَرْں‬ʔaǧazan

※ The dot of the zayn is perhaps visible, but almost fully merged with the upper part of the ǧīm.

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Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔagäzän

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔagazän.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔagāzan, ʔagāzen ‘antelope’ (CDG 12, LLA 805), Tgr. ʔagāzen (WTS 387), Tna. ʔagazen (TED 1543), ʕagazen, ʕagaǧän (ibid. 1935) Amh. agazän (AED 1330; Old Amh. ʔagʕazän, ʔagʕazon, ʔagazon, Littmann 1943:493), Arg. agazän (AAD 304) Msḳ. agazän (EDG 28) ※ The semantic difference between the Arabic and ES terms is not very significant.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Msḳ. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَطْبى‬ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣aby- ‘gazelle’ (Lane 1908)

※ A kasra-like sign below the ḏ̣āʔ. The sukūn above and to the right of the bāʔ rather resembles a ḍamma.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحمْه‬ǧamh

※ An obscure dot above the ǧīm, probably unintentional. An arrow-like sign above the mīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäma

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *guma or *goma.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. guma ‘goat, sheep or ox lacking horns or having horns that are pendent and movable’ (TED 2235) Amh. goma ‘hornless cow, female antelope (which has no horns)’ (AED 1907; Old Amh. goma ‘Antilope’, Littmann 1943:497) ※ An alternative solution, more attractive from the semantic point of view but more problematic in terms of paleography, is to connect the Ethiopic gloss with Msḳ. gimbe ‘kind of antelope, kind of gazelle’ (EDG 276), Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. gʸimbä, Čah. Msḳ. gʸimbe, Eža Muḫ. gʸəmbe, Msḳ. gimbe id. (ibid. 308), possibly borrowed from Cushitic. Gaf. gunbälu, corresponding to “deer” or “gazelle” in the translation of the Canticle (Leslau 1945:116), is likely related to these terms.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.

※ The Amharic term is semantically more fitting as the potential source of the ES gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:99

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217 C 17



217 C 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدَحاج‬ʔad-daǧāǧ- ‘cock, hen’ (Lane 852)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْوُره‬َ‫  ڊ‬dawruh

※ The ḍamma above the rāʔ is very similar to sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *doro/*doroho

※ For fatḥa + wāw rendering o v. Introduction, Section 5. The final hāʔ may reflect a guttural (in which case the reconstruction *doroho would be expected, cf. the Gəʕəz and Saho parallels) or mark the vocalic ending (cf. 217 A 18).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dorho, doroho ‘chicken, hen’ (CDG 142), Tgr. derho (WTS 517), Tna. därho (TED 2075) Amh. doro (AED 1734), Arg. doro (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 420)

※ All ES lexemes are obviously borrowed from various mutually related Cushitic terms. For Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña, the most likely source of borrowing is Saho dōrohṓ, dōrhṓ, dīrhṓ ‘das hun, die henne’ (Reinisch 1890:114). The Amharic and Argobba forms are likely borrowed from Agaw (cf. Proto-Agaw *dirwa, Appleyard 43).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Arg.



217 C 18

Arabic entry:  ‫يك‬‫  الڊ‬ʔad-dīk- ‘domestic cock’ (Lane 942) ※ A thick dot (unintentional?) above the yāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫رَنْق‬ْ ‫  َڊ‬darnaq Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *därnäḳ

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *dərnəḳ or *dərnäḳ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dərnəḳ, dərnāḳ ‘quail’ (CDG 143) Amh. dərnəḳ (AED 1750)

※ The semantic difference between the Arabic term and the comparable ES lexemes is conspicuous.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh.

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Annotated Edition

217 C 19

Arabic entry:  ‫الڡروج‬ ّ   ʔal-farrūǧ- ‘chicken’ (Lane 2360)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْي‬‫ْوط‬‫  ط‬ṭwṭy

※ The dot above and to the right of the first ṭāʔ may be a distorted fatḥa. The sukūns above the wāw and the yāʔ rather resemble simple dots.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣äwč̣əy/*č̣uč̣əy

※ Both the labial element in the first syllable and the absence of a vowel after y find support in the etymological data, albeit none of the cognates combines these two features.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. č̣ač̣ut ‘chick’ (TED 2532), č̣aǩ�ʷ̣ it (TED 2511) Amh. č̣ač̣əy (AED 2242), č̣ač̣ut, č̣əč̣ət (AED 2241), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣ač̣e (AAD 485), Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣ač̣ut (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 485) Har. č̣āč̣u (EDH 50), Səl. č̣əwč̣əwä, Wol. č̣uč̣iyye, Zay ənč̣ač̣ut (EDG 191) Gyt. č̣əwač̣wəyä, Ǝnm. č̣uwač̣wuyä, Eža č̣əwač̣uyä, Čah. č̣wač̣uyä, č̣wač̣unyä, č̣uč̣u, Msḳ. č̣əč̣əwä, Msḳ. Gog. Sod. č̣uč̣iyyä, Muḫ. č̣uč̣əyyä, Eža č̣uč̣uyä (ibid.) ※ For related Cushitic terms v. EDG 191 and Appleyard 43.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Wol., Eža, Čah., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 20

Arabic entry:  ‫الحمام‬ َ   ʔal-ḥamām- ‘pigeon’ (Lane 636)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُزْرْت‬zurt

※ The straightforward reading does not allow any convincing reconstruction. The interpretation of the first symbol as dāl is not to be excluded. The second symbol can be alternatively interpreted as zayn or dāl.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The reading ruzb (and the reconstruction *ružb) allows one to compare the Ethiopic gloss with the main designation of “dove” in several ES languages: Gez. rəgb ‘pigeon, dove’ (CDG 464), Tgr. ʔərgəb (WTS 361), Tna. rəgbi, rəgəb (TED 603), Amh. rəgəb, ərgəb (AED 415), Arg. of Ṭollaha ərgəb (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 131), Gaf. rəgəb, rəgwi, rəgwa (Leslau 1945:169). Yet, this comparison is faced with a number of serious difficulties. On the graphic level, it presupposes that the dot of the zayn was misplaced, whereas the final bāʔ was written with two dots above (which is not so

85

217 C 21

improbable, cf. 217 A 1). In terms of phonology, unmotivated palatalization g > ž, with no precedent among the extant ES cognates, has to be postulated. Outside this comparison, the graphic evidence is more or less compatible with several marginally attested bird names in a variety of ES languages: Amh. zorit, zorite ‘a kind of bird which has a white breast, black dorsal plumage and red wings’ (AED 1667), Amh. dudute ‘a kind of bird’ (AED 1826), Amh. wäräbe ‘a small bird with yellow plumage, probably the weaver’ (AED 1507), Gog. Sod. Muḫ. Msḳ. wawat ‘crow’ (EDG 673). All these comparisons are dubious and scarcely provide serious alternatives to the first one.

217 C 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮقال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 C 20 (‘pigeon’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ْوحَنْش‬wḥnaš

※ There is a dot above the wāw (perhaps a distorted fatḥa) and a thick dot of unclear function below the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *waḥnäš Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wanos, wanäs (AED 1542), Arg. wänäse (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 313) Gaf. wanos (Leslau 1945:178) ※ Cf. also Gez. wānos ‘dove’ (CDG 615), yonās (ibid. 627), both absent from LLA.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf.

※ The šīn in the Ethiopic gloss is best compatible with the final se in Argobba. → SED II No. 252 (the presence of ḥ in the Ethiopic gloss undermines the connection between Amh. wanos and NWS forms like Hbr. yōnā, tentatively assumed by the authors of SED)



217 C 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَححل‬ʔal-ḥaǧal- ‘partridge’ (Lane 520)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزَحْر‬zaǧar

※ An obscure symbol (resembling an arrow) above and to the left of the ǧīm. An obscure dot below and to the left of the ǧīm (perhaps the diacritical dot of the ǧīm).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zägär/*žägär

※ The comparative data support neither the vowel ä before r nor the consonantal Auslaut.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zəgrā, zagrā ‘guinea fowl’ (CDG 633), Tgr. zāgrā (WTS 505), ǧāgrā (ibid. 558), Tna. zagra (TED 2022) Amh. zəgra (AED 1677), ǧəgra, žəgra (ibid. 1872, Ludolf 80), Arg. žəgra (Leslau 1997:227), ǧəgra (AAD 423) Har. zikra (EDH 105; zigrā according to Cerulli 1936:280), Səl. zəgra (EDG 704), Wol. žəgrä (ibid. 721) Ǝnm. zəgəra, Ǝnd. zəgre, sigre (ibid. 704), Čah. Eža Gyt. Msḳ. žəgra, Gog. Sod. žəgrä, Muḫ. žəgyəra (ibid. 721) ※ For the related terms in Cushitic cf. Appleyard 78. Some of them – notably, Kem. zəgra (ibid.) and Saho zagrā́ ‘perlhun’ (Reinisch 1890:315) – could in principle be considered as source lexemes of the Ethiopic gloss.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  العرنوق‬ʔal-ġurnūq- ‘stork; crane’ (Lane 2253) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َق َوقْج‬qawqaǧ/qawqaḥ

※ The reading with a final ḥāʔ is suggested by most comparable forms (on ḥāʔ with a subscript dot v. Introduction, Section 2).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳoḳäǧ/*ḳoḳaḥ ※ For fatḥa + wāw rendering o v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳoḳāh, ḳoḳəh, ḳoḳāḥ, ḳoḳəḥ ‘francolin’ (CDG 438), Tgr. ḳoḳāḥ ‘francolin partridge’ (WTS 248), Tna. ḳoǩ�ạ ḥ, ḳoǩ�ʷ̣ aḥ ‘kind of partridge’ (TED 972) Amh. ḳoḳ ‘partridge (Perdrix erckelii)’ (AED 761), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳoḳ ‘partridge’ (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 202), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳoḳha ‘pigeon’ (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 313) Səl. ḳōḳe, Wol. ḳuḳi ‘partridge’ (EDG 492) Gaf. ḳuḳʷaǧǧi ‘francolin’ (Leslau 1956:224), Čah. Eža ḳoḳ, Muḫ. Msḳ. ḳoḳa, Sod. ḳuḳä, Muḫ. Gog. ḳoʔa, Ǝnm. Gyt. ḳoḳʷañä, Ǝnd. ḳoḳāññä ‘partridge’ (EDG 492) ※ On the Cushitic words with the same meaning and similar phonetic shape see SED II No. 126, where the possibility of ES-Cushitic interborrowing is discussed.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Arg., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Sod.

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※ As long as the dot within the last letter of the gloss is taken at face value, the Gafat parallel is the only one directly compatible with the graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss. If this feature is disregarded, an alternative reconstruction *ḳoḳaḥ, compatible with a broader scope of attested ES forms, can be proposed.



217 C 24

Arabic entry:  ‫الجولَبه‬ ُ   ʔal-ǧōlabah ‘wild dove’ (Piamenta 79, Landberg 294, Behnstedt 221) ※ The ḍamma above the ǧīm rather resembles a fatḥa and may be re-interpreted accordingly.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُبِٮيْت‬buniyt

※ There may be a dot above the nūn almost completely merged with its upper element. The notch of the yāʔ is hard to discern (almost merged with the next letter), but the two dots below the letter clearly point to yāʔ. There may be a dot (likely unintentional) below the tāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bunnəyät/*bunyät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. bullal ‘dove’ (AED 862) Wol. bullal (EDG 141) Gaf. bulal (Leslau 1945:148), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. bullal, Muḫ. bulle, Ǝnm. Gyt. bunār, Ǝnd. bunnarä, Čah. Gyt. bunyät, Eža bunnəyät, Gyt. bunwät, Ǝnm. bunəyäd (EDG 141) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Gyt., Eža → SED II No. 60 Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 25

Arabic entry:  ‫العصڡور‬ ْ   ʔal-ʕuṣfūr- ‘sparrow’ (Lane 2064) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعْوْف‬ʕawf

※ The fatḥa above the ʕayn somewhat resembles a ḍamma.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕof

※ For fatḥa + wāw rendering o v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕof ‘fowl, bird’ (CDG 78), Tgr. ʕof (WTS 478), Tna. ʕuf, ʕof, ʕif (TED 1949) Amh. wäf, wof (AED 1598), Arg. of Aliyu Amba of, wof (Leslau 1997:189, 224, AAD 361), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕof (ibid.), Arg. uf (Leslau 1997:189)

88

Annotated Edition

Har. ūf (EDH 20; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:407), Zay ũf, Səl. ūf, Wol. ũfʷ (EDG 20) Gaf. yəfʷä (Leslau 1956:248), Sod. of, wof, Muḫ. õf, Čah. Eža Msḳ. Gog. ãfʷ, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ã̄f ʷ (EDG 20) ※ While the Ethiopic gloss clearly represents a generic designation of “bird”, the meaning of the Arabic lexeme is probably narrower (“sparrow”, “a small bird”).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Sod., Muḫ., Čah., Eža, Msḳ., Gog., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt. ※ The SES forms with the initial w are somewhat less attractive as potential sources. → SED II No. 48 Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  السمك‬ʔas-samak- ‘fish’ (Lane 1430)

※ The sign appearing instead of the expected fatḥa above the sīn is very unusual, resembling a thick dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِعَصا‬ʕiṣā

※ An arrow-like sign above the ṣād (below the fatḥa).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕəsa

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕasa.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕāŝā ‘fish’ (CDG 73), Tgr. ʕāsā (WTS 463), Tna. ʕasa (TED 1857) Amh. asa (AED 1162; Old Amh. ʕaŝa, Littmann 1943:491), Arg. of Aliyu Amba asa (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 278), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕasaʔa (ibid.) Wol. asä (EDG 94) Gaf. asä (Leslau 1956:183; 1945:145), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. asa, Ǝnd. asä (EDG 94)

※ All ES forms are borrowed from Cushitic, and it is likely that the borrowing took place already into Proto-ES. For the comparable Agaw forms v. Appleyard 68.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Wol., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd.

※ Wolane, Gafat and Ǝndägañ are less likely candidates because of the final ä, not expected to be rendered by ʔalif. → Muth 2009–2010:99

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217 C 27



217 C 27

Arabic entry:  ‫النعاَمه‬ َ   ʔan-naʕāmat- ‘ostrich’ (Lane 3035) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َخَرنياْت‬ǧaranyāt

※ The dot above the ǧīm below the fatḥa is to be ignored. The fatḥa above and to the left of the rāʔ may, in principle, belong to the nūn or even to the yāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäräñat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *guräññit.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. guräññit ‘ostrich’ (EDH 75)

※ As pointed out by Leslau, the Harari word is borrowed from Cushitic, cf. Som. goray ‘struzzo maschio’ (DSI 274), Saho gåryā́, gårāý ‘der vogel strauss’ (Reinisch 1890:165).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَوْبر‬ʔal-wabr- ‘hyrax Syriacus’ (Lane 2915)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُا ُشكْخ‬ʔuškuḫ

※ The three dots above the šīn, almost fully merged into one thick dot, can also be interpreted as a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔuškoḫ

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔaškoḫo.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. aškokko ‘rock hyrax’ (AED 1182) Səl. askāko id. (SAED 430) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl.

※ The šīn and second ḍamma in the Ethiopic gloss are easier to reconcile with the Amharic cognate, whereas the spirantization of k is more likely to have taken place if it was nongeminated as in the Səlṭi form. → SED I No. 193 Muth 2009–2010:99

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Annotated Edition

217 C 29

Arabic entry:  ‫الثعلب‬ َ   ʔaṯ-ṯaʕlab- ‘fox’ (Lane 338)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫الجْه‬ َ ‫  َو‬wālǧah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *walga Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wālgā ‘kind of jackal’ (CDG 614) Amh. wälge ‘jackal’ (AED 1494) Səl. Wol. wälängäyä ‘fox, jackal’ (EDG 652) Ǝnd. wälangiyä, wälänge id. (ibid.)

※ The ES terms are borrowed from Cushitic, cf. Had. wengerella, Kam. wingerella (pl.) ‘foxes’ (HECD 68), Or. wāngō (Gragg 394), Awngi wugli (Appleyard 88). See further Dolgopol’skiy 1973:189–190.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh. ※ The Gəʕəz form is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 C 30

Arabic entry:  ‫  الارنب‬ʔal-ʔarnab- ‘hare’ (Lane 1164) ※ The dots above the nūn and below the bāʔ are hardly visible.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َصنحْل‬ṣanǧl

※ The dot above the nūn can also be a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṣänčəl

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ṣənčäl.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭənčäl ‘hare’ (AED 2162; Old Amh. ṣənčäl, Ludolf 95), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭənčäl (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 476) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. ※ The Old Amharic form (with ṣ) is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:99

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217 D 2

‫الحيواناٮ الٮي لا ٮوكل‬ َ ‫اسم‬ ʔismu l-ḥayawānāti l-latī lā tuʔkalu ‘Name (sic!) of non-edible animals’

※ The reading of the first word is clear and the expected plural ʔasmāʔu can be safely excluded.



217 D 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَبْغل‬ʔal-baġl- ‘mule’ (Lane 230)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َٮَّحْل‬baǧǧal Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bäč̣čạ̈ l Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. baḳl ‘mule’ (CDG 101), Tgr. baḳal (WTS 285), Tna. bäḳľ i, bəḳʷ̌ li (TED 1146) Amh. bäḳlo (AED 907; Old Amh. baḳʷlo, Littmann 1943:489), Arg. bäḳlo (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 211), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bäglo (ibid.) Har. bäḳäl (EDH 43), Səl. Wol. boḳlo, Zay boḳolu, Wol. boʔlo (EDG 148) Gaf. bəč̣əlä (Leslau 1956:187; 1945:147), Gog. Sod. bəč̣əl, Msḳ. bʷäḳla, Gog. bʷäʔla, Čah. Muḫ. bəḳʷrä, Eža buḳʷrä, Ǝnm. Gyt. buḳurä, Ǝnd. baḳurä, Muḫ. bəʔurä, buʔurä, bəʔuwä (EDG 131, 148) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Gaf., Gog., Sod.

※ None of the ES cognates combines the two features suggested by the Ethiopic gloss: the vocalization -ä-ä- and the affricate as the second radical consonant. The possible source languages quoted above are characterized by the presence of an affricate. The form bäglo in the Argobba of Aliyu Amba is less likely as a source lexeme because of the final vowel. → SED I No. 55 Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 3

Arabic entry:  ‫الحَمار‬ ِ   ʔal-ḥimār- ‘ass’ (Lane 641)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاِخّيا‬ʔaḥiyyā

※ There is a dot of unclear function below the first ʔalif. The reading of the second grapheme as ḫāʔ is not supported by the comparative data.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔaḥəyya Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ahəyya ‘donkey, ass’ (AED 1092, Ludolf 59), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ahəyya ‘donkey’ (Leslau 1997:234, AAD 266)

92

Annotated Edition ※ It is not clear whether these forms are further related to Arg. of Aliyu Amba hasiya, Arg. of Ṭollaha hansiya, hansiʔa ‘donkey’ (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 266) and/or Gaf. anšəlä ‘âne’ (Leslau 1956:180; 1945:144).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 4

Arabic entry:  ‫الصعير‬ َ ‫فو‬‫الع‬ َ   ʔal-ʕafwu ṣ-ṣaġīru ‘young ass’ (Lane 2094) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْنَطْر‬wanṭar

※ A small sign, probably a dot, above the rāʔ, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wänč̣är

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final a or ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. wərənč̣a ‘ass’s foal of about three years’ (TED 1729) Amh. wərənč̣a ‘ass’s foal’, wərənč̣əlla ‘ass’s foal, colt’ (AED 1507), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wərənč̣əlla id. (AAD 367) Har. wåč̣ära ‘donkey’ (EDH 157), Zay wərinč̣ä ‘the young of a donkey’ (EDG 663) ※ Cf. also Tna. wanč̣əl, wač̣əl ‘young of apes and monkeys’ (TED 1763), probably borrowed from the same or related source.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har.

※ The Harari form is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, albeit it lacks the n.



217 D 5

Arabic entry:  ‫اه‬‫الحڊ‬ َ   ʔal-ḥidaʔat- ‘kite’ (Lane 526)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَجْت‬waǧat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäǧät/*wäǧǧät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gyt. wanžät, Čah. Eža Muḫ. wänžät ‘hawk’ (EDG 658), Ǝnd. wanǧod id. (ibid. 656) ※ All ES cognates have n before ž/ǧ, absent from the gloss, hence our tentative reconstruction with gemination (nǧ > ǧǧ). Alternatively, n in Gunnän-Gurage can be a secondary insertion (cf. EDG lvi).

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217 D 6

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gyt., Čah., Eža, Muḫ.

※ The cognates in Čaha, Eža and Muḫər are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, which differs from them only by the absence of n (whereas ǧ and ž are interchangeable in most ES languages). The Gyeto form is also quite similar, although one would expect an ʔalif to render a in the first syllable.



217 D 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الغراْب‬ʔal-ġurāb- ‘corvus, or crow’ (Lane 2243)

※ The dot above the ġayn is very obscure. Another dot, with unclear function, appears above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُقَره‬qurah

※ The joint between the qāf and the rāʔ looks like an extra notch (hardly intentional).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳura/*ḳurä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ḳʷəra ‘crow’ (AED 718, Ludolf 33; Old Amh. ḳur, Littmann 1943:487, ḳuraʕ, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:69), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳura (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 193) Səl. ḳure, Wol. ḳuri (EDG 495) Gaf. ḳurä (Leslau 1956:224), ḳura (Leslau 1945:168), Sod. ḳurä, Ǝnd. hēḳurä (EDG 495)

※ Probably related terms with non-ejective k include Har. kurra ‘crow’ (EDH 93), Čah. Eža Ǝnd. Gyt. kʷərä, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. kurä id. (EDG 495; on the alternation between ḳ and k see ibid. lxxiii). Gez. ḳāḳer ‘crow’ (CDG 439, LLA 434) may also be related. With all probability, all these lexemes are borrowed from Cushitic (cf. SED II No. 89).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Sod.

※ The Səlṭi and Wolane terms are less likely candidates because of their final vowels. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 7

Arabic entry:  ‫الصْقْر‬ َ   ʔaṣ-ṣaqr- ‘hawk’ (Lane 1705)

※ There are three dots potentially related to qāf, the first one located above the ṣād, directly under the fatḥa. One of them (either the first or the second, which is less clear than the other two) is unintentional. The final sukūn rather resembles a dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُح ُركْم‬ḥurkum

※ There is an arrow-like sign below the ḥāʔ.

94

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥurkum

※ The first ḍamma in the gloss may also reflect a shwa, rounded due to assimilation to the second vowel.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ərkum/rəkum ‘stork; pelican’ (AED 1154, 399), ‘Buceros cristatus, buceros abyssinicus’ (Guidi 436–437; Old Amh. ḥərkum, Guidi 436–437, cf. also LLA 434 under ḳaḳanon)

※ Notwithstanding the semantic discrepancy, identification of the Amharic term with the Ethiopic gloss is supported by the ancient spelling ḥərkum. According to Leslau (1990:33), the Amharic lexeme is borrowed from Arb. raḫam- ‘Egyptian vulture’ (cf. 217 D 8). It may be that the original semantics of ərkum/rəkum/ḥərkum was closer to its Arabic source and, incidentally, to the Arabic entry of the Glossary.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 8

Arabic entry:  ‫الرخَمه‬ َ   ʔar-raḫamat- ‘vultur percnopterus, white carrionvulture’ (Lane 1059)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَمْر‬ʕamar

※ An unclear arrow-like sign above the rāʔ to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕamär

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamära/*ʕamärä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔamora ‘eagle, bird of prey’, ʔamora bädni ‘large vulture which eats corpses’ (TED 1425) Amh. amora ‘large bird’ (cf. also ǧofe amora ‘vulture’, zämač amora ‘vulture which follows the army in order to feast on the dead’, AED 1124; Old Amh. ʔamora ‘Geier’, Littmann 1943:491), Arg. of Aliyu Amba amora ‘bird of prey’ (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 273), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥamora (ibid.) Har. amära id. (EDH 26; Ancient Har. ʕamura ‘avvoltoio’, Cerulli 1936:410), Səl. amära, Wol. amärä, Zay amara ‘bird of prey’ (EDG 50) Čah. Eža Msḳ. amära, Gyt. am̠ ära, Ǝnm. am̠ ä̃rã, Muḫ. Gog. amʷära, Sod. amora, Ǝnd. awänä id. (ibid.) ※ The meaning of the attested ES terms (“bird of prey”) is usually broader than that of the Ethiopic gloss, but this may be a recent development: note the meaning “vulture” in Old Amharic and Ancient Harari. There is no confirmation for the etymological ʕ in this wide-

95

217 D 9

spread lexeme (unless the spelling with ʕ in Ancient Harari is taken at face value).1 The presence of ʔ in Təgrəñña may speak against it, but the possibility of an Amharism is not to be discarded.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Msḳ., Gyt., Ǝnm., Muḫ., Gog., Sod.

※ Among the comparable ES terms, those with the vowel ä in the second syllable (Harari, East Gurage, Gunnän-Gurage) are the most plausible sources for the Ethiopic gloss. Among these, the Wolane term appears to be the closest match, since the final sukūn is more likely to correspond to ä than to a. The Təgrəñña lexeme is the least probable candidate in view of the possibility of a borrowing. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  النْسناْس‬ʔan-nasnās- ‘singe’ (BK II 1253, LA VI 279) ※ The diacritics (most probably, sukūns) above both sīns are rather obscure.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوٮْج‬wanǧ

※ A ligature nūn + ǧīm, similar to what we find in 217 A 22. The dot of the nūn is missing in the present case, so the final symbol can in principle be a simple ǧīm (cf. 217 C 5). Such a possibility is, in fact, not to be ruled out, since n is missing in some of the related ES forms.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wänč̣

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gaf. wənč̣ä ‘singe’ (Leslau 1956:244), Ǝnd. wanḳʸä, Gyt. wänḳʸä, Ǝnd. wēnḳä, Sod. wäḳəyä, Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. wänkʸä, Gog. wäʔəyä ‘monkey, ape’ (EDG 657)

※ According to Leslau (EDG 657), the ES lexemes are borrowed from Cushitic, the source lexeme being similar to Sid. weene ‘colobus monkey’ (HECD 400) or Bur. woynee ‘Colobus monkey’ (EDB 191) with the Cushitic singulative suffix -iččo (č borrowed as č̣ and later hypercorrected to ḳʸ). In principle, an alternative set of ES and Cushitic lexemes could be seen as related to the source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr. waʕagā ‘guenon; Cercopithecus’ (WTS 444), Tna. wəʕag, wäʕag ‘small and very graceful long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus sabeus or griscoviridis)’ (TED 1774), Bil. wäʕaga ‘monkey’ (Appleyard 100), Beja wuʔā́ga ‘Meerkatze’ (WBS 237), Saho waʕā́gā, weʕā́gā ‘die graugrüne meerkatze’ (Reinisch 1890:364). However, this

1  One has to admit that, generally, the Ancient Harari spelling is unreliable as far as the notation of the gutturals is concerned (cf. fiʕit ‘face’ with a clearly secondary ʕ under 217 A 7).

96

Annotated Edition comparison is less convincing since loss of ʕ is uncommon in the Glossary (v. Introduction, Section 6.1.1, parts a and b).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gaf.

※ The Gafat cognate with č̣ is best compatible with the Ethiopic gloss, which speaks in favor of the reconstruction *wänč̣(ä) rather than *wäč̣(ä), prompted by the alternative reading of the final symbol as ǧīm without nūn (cf. above). → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 9 (‘monkey’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  طْوط‬ṭwṭ

※ There is an obscure symbol above and to the right of the first ṭāʔ, similar to a thick dot (perhaps an unintential blot).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭoṭ

※ The absence of a final hāʔ or ʔalif in the Ethiopic gloss rather implies a consonantal Auslaut, although the comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ṭoṭa. Should one suspect a form like *ṭoṭä?

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭoṭa ‘vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)’ (AED 2188, Ludolf 94), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭoṭa ‘monkey’ (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 477), ṭuṭiš id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭoṭəša id. (ibid.) ※ Borrowed from Central Cushitic, cf. Ḫam. č̣äč̣wa, Kem. šəšäwa ‘monkey’ (Appleyard 100).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرَٮاح‬ʔar-rabāḥ- ‘a certain small animal, resembling the cat’ (Lane 1009), ‘Affe’ (Behnstedt 423) Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain Two alternative readings and interpretations are at hand.

(a) The reading ‫ ُرْٮَجْر‬zunǧar (with the zayn rather resembling an ʔalif, straight and almost vertical) allows the reconstruction *zunǧär/*zungär/ *zungʸär/*žunǧär and comparison with the well-known ES terms for ‘baboon’:

97

217 D 12

Amh. zənǧäro ‘anubis baboon (Papio anubis)’ (AED 1656; Old Amh. žənǧəro, Ludolf 80), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ǧinǧäro (Leslau 1997:203, AAD 388), ǧänǧaro, ǧənǧäro (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ǧänǧäro (ibid.), Arg. žanžäro (Leslau 1997:203) Har. zāgäru (EDH 165), Wol. zanǧero, Səl. zānǧēro (EDG 711) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. zangʸärä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. zāngʸärä, Msḳ. zanǧärä (ibid.) ※ Borrowed from Central Cushitic: Bil. ǧäggira, ǧäggura, Ḫam. zäǧra, Kem. ǧägəra, Awngi zagri ‘baboon’ (cf. Appleyard 26, Dolgopol’skiy 1973:107–108, EDG 711). → Muth 2009–2010:99

(b) Alternatively, the dot below the third grapheme can be considered unintentional, and the last grapheme can be interpreted as wāw with a hardly discernible loop (for a similar case cf. 217 E 8). This yields the read-

ing ‫ ُاْٮَجْو‬ʔunḫaw, with the reconstruction *ʔunḫo, comparable to Amh. anko ‘general term for baboon’ (AED 1223) and Har. anko ‘monkey’ (EDH 29). According to Leslau (EDH 29), the ES lexemes are borrowed from Or. anko (absent from Gragg’s dictionary). The first alternative seems to be preferable in view of the cumulative evidence in its favor: broader attestation of the pertinent ES lexemes; lack of spirantization k > ḫ in the attested forms of the anko-type (but cf. 218 D 23); the shape of the last letter being closer to rāʔ than to wāw; the possible Oromo origin of the forms of the anko-type. The only argument against it is the unusual shape of the first letter (for a similar, rather certain, case cf. 219 F 23).



217 D 12

Arabic entry:  ‫   وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 11 (‘ape’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُٯَرْه‬qurah/furah

※ The straightforward reading does not yield any convincing reconstruction. The final letter could be tentatively read as a dāl, perhaps miscopied by the scribe (cf. 217 B 6, 217 B 8 (b) for similar cases). What is read here as a ḍamma can in principle be taken for the dots belonging to the first letter (thus, to the qāf ). There are three signs above the rāʔ, very unclear and difficult to interpret. One of them, slightly to the right of the letter, is an arrow-like sign. The remaining two are placed higher and to the left of the arrow-like symbol. One of them is probably unintentional, the other one is tentatively read here as fatḥa.

98

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the final hāʔ is a miscopied dāl, the form can be read as qurd and identified with an ES designation of “monkey” borrowed from Arabic qird- ‘ape; monkey; baboon’ (Lane 2512), cf. Gez. ḳərd ‘monkey’ (CDG 440, Grébaut 419), Amh. ḳərd ‘ape’ (AED 738, AYMQ 1104). Admittedly, these borrowed terms are of limited use in both Gəʕəz (only one attestation in LLA 429) and Amharic (absent from the dictionaries by Ludolf, Guidi, Gankin).

217 D 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  اُّم ُحَٮين‬ʔummu ḥubaynin ‘a certain small beast or reptile, well-known’ (Lane 507), ‘chaméléon’ (BK I 372)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاْنَح َاجَعْل‬ʔanǧāǧaʕal

※ There is an obscure arrow-like symbol below the ʕayn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔančačaʕal/*ʔanšašaʕal ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔənšašəʕəllit.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ənšašəllit ‘chameleon’ (AED 1214, Guidi 461)

※ The Amharic term is explained by Kane as a variant of ənšəlalit ‘a kind of small lizard’ (AED 1214, Guidi 461, Ludolf 20). It is the latter form that has parallels elsewhere in ES: Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənšərarit (AAD 315), Muḫ. ənšəlalit, Čah. ənšərənet, ənšərənyəyät, Eža ənšərənnät, ənšərənnəyät, Čah. ənšənet, Ǝnm. wəšəñä, Ǝnm. ũšəñä, Ǝnd. ušəññä ‘lizard’ (EDG 75). Cf. further 218 D 6. It is not clear whether ǧīm is exceptionally used here to render š (no other instances are found in the Glossary) or whether one should assume an alternation š/č in the source lexeme. Such alternations are attested in modern Amharic, cf. täčäggärä/täšäggärä ‘to be hard-pressed’ (AED 660, 1014), čəfal/šəfal ‘eyebrow’ (ibid. 666, 1015). For the same alternation in Gurage v. EDG lxii. The nature of the ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss remains unclear: it may reflect the original phonetic shape of the present lexeme, but can also be considered a sporadic variant of ḥ, actually attested in the potential Təgre cognate. A rather intriguing, even if somewhat uncertain, alternative match to the Ethiopic gloss is Kaf. engángilō ‘die Eidechse’ (Reinisch 1888:261).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

99

217 D 15

‫اسما الحٮوٮ‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ḥubūbi ‘Names of cereals’

217 D 15

Arabic entry:  ‫البّر‬ ُ   ʔal-burr- ‘wheat’ (Lane 176) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ى‬‫  َسَنڊ‬sanadī Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sänäde ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sənde.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ŝərnāy, sərnāy ‘wheat’ (CDG 534), Tgr. šərnāy (WTS 212), Tna. sərnay (TED 677) Amh. sənde (AED 551; cf. Old Amh. sərnay ‘Weizenbrot’, Littmann 1943:486), Arg. of Ṭollaha sərray (Leslau 1997:220, AAD 156) Har. sərri ‘thick bread made of wheat’ (EDH 142), Səl. Wol. Zay səre, Wol. səray (EDG 558–559) Gaf. səndä (Leslau 1956:231), sənde ‘barley’ (Leslau 1945:171), Gog. Muḫ. Msḳ. sərre, Sod. sərri, Čah. səną̈, Eža Msḳ. sənne, Gyt. sənay, Ǝnd. səneʔ, Ǝnm. Gyt. səneʔä, Eža səlle (EDG 558–559) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 16

Arabic entry:  ‫لْس‬‫الع‬ َ   ʔal-ʕalas- ‘a certain kind of wheat’ (Lane 2130), ‘Getreidesorte; Emmer’ (Behnstedt 857) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَحْه‬ʕaǧah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕaǧa/*ʕaǧǧa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔaǧa ‘rye, semolina’ (TED 1535) Amh. aǧǧa ‘oats, rye (Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum, or Triticum farrum)’ (AED 1313)

※ The Təgrəñña word may be an Amharism. If it is not, ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss is non-etymological. It is uncertain whether these terms are related to Wol. aygonno ‘kind of cereal’ (EDG 116) on the one hand and Gez. ʕage ‘linen cloth, flax’ (CDG 58, LLA 1013) on the other.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:99

100

Annotated Edition

217 D 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 16 (‘emmer wheat’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُا َنباْر‬ʔunbār

※ The sign above the first ʔalif can be also a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔunbar Comparable Ethiopic forms: Wol. əmbor ‘kind of cereal’ (EDG 45), Səl. umbarīye, unbarīye ‘oats’ (SAED 570)

※ According to Leslau, the Wolane term is borrowed from Or. omborī (‘oats’, Gragg 305), which weakens the present identification insofar as Oromo loanwords must have started to penetrate the SES languages at a relatively late date.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Wol.

※ The cognate in Səlṭi is rather difficult to reconcile with the shape of the gloss. Absence of a variant with n and the vocalic deviations in Wolane are less problematic.



217 D 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشعير‬ʔaš-šaʕīr- ‘barley’ (Lane 1561) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجْٮْس‬ǧabs

※ The dot below is placed between the ǧīm and the bāʔ and may alternatively belong to the bāʔ. The sukūn above the sīn is unclear.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäbs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gabs ‘barley’ (CDG 179, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism) Amh. gäbs ‘barley (Hordeum vulgare)’ (AED 1979), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gäbs (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 431), Arg. of Ṭollaha gäbs, gos (AAD 431), Arg. gäws (Leslau 1997:201) Har. gūs (EDH 76), Zay gäbəs (EDG 258) Gaf. gäbsä (Leslau 1956:200), gäbsuwan (Leslau 1945:155), Gog. Sod. gäbs (EDG 258) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Zay, Gaf., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:99

101

217 D 19



217 D 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 18 (‘barley’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاْحْل‬ʔaḫl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔaḫl

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔəḫl/*ʔəḫəl.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəkl ‘food, bread, corn, grain’ (CDG 15), Tgr. ʔəkəl ‘corn’ (WTS 376), Tna. ʔəḵli ‘grain, cereal(s)’ (TED 1503) Amh. əhəl ‘grain, food, cereal(s), crop(s)’ (AED 1091; Old Amh. ʔəḵəl ‘Speise’, Littmann 1943:493), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əhəl ‘cereal’ (Leslau 1997:190, AAD 311), əḫäl id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha əḫəl id. (ibid.) Har. əxi ‘cereal, sorghum’ (EDH 22), Wol. Zay əhəl, Səl. əkl, əkəl ‘cereal, barley’ (EDG 33) Sod. äkəl, ähəl, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. äxər, Ǝnd. Msḳ. ähər, Muḫ. äxi, Gog. ähi id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Wol., Zay, Sod. ※ The Soddo form is the closest one to the Ethiopic gloss because of the initial ä. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 20

Arabic entry:  ‫س‬‫العڊ‬ َ   ʔal-ʕadas- ‘lentils’ (Lane 1972)

※ There is an unclear sign above the sīn, resembling three dots or an arrow-like symbol or a sukūn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْسْر‬masr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäsr/*mäšr

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *məssər/*məšr.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. məssər ‘lentil’ (CDG 367; borrowed from Amharic, cf. LLA 177) Amh. məssər (AED 208, Ludolf 12), Arg. of Aliyu Amba məssər (Leslau 1997:213, AAD 106) Har. missir (EDH 113), Səl. məšr, Zay məšər, Wol. məššər (EDG 430) Gaf. məssər (Leslau 1956:217), Sod. məššərä, Ǝnd. məssər (EDG 430)

※ Cf. also Tna. məsər in gəbṣi məsər ‘dish made of compressed lentils’ (TED 390). Also in Cushitic (cf. EDG 430): Or. misira ‘lentil’ (Gragg 288), Ged. misira, Had. Kam. mišira ‘lentil’ (HECD 91).

102

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Ǝnd., Sod. ※ None of the cognate forms corresponds exactly to the Ethiopic gloss. Some of them (Gez., Amh., Arg., Har., Gaf., Ǝnd.) display geminated second consonant, others have š instead of s (Səl., Zay, Sod.), the remaining ones combine the two features. None of these obstacles is crucial: while gemination need not be reflected in the gloss, the second letter may well be interpreted as šīn without diacritical dots. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 20 (‘lentils’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ِٮقلَا‬bqilā

※ There are three dots above the bāʔ and the qāf, one of them may be unintentional (or perhaps it represents a very small fatḥa).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bäḳela

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *baḳela.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bāḳelā, baḳʷlā, baḳelā ‘bean’ (CDG 101; borrowed from Amharic, cf. LLA 513), Tgr. bāḳelā (WTS 285) Amh. baḳela (AED 907, Ludolf 41), Arg. baḳela (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 217) Har. bāḳēla (EDH 43), Zay baḳela, Wol. baḳellä, baʔellä, Səl. bāḳēllä (EDG 148) Gog. baʔella, Msḳ. baḳella, baʔilla, Ǝnd. bāḳelä (ibid.) ※ The ES lexemes are borrowed from Arb. bāqillā, bāqilāʔ- ‘beans’ (Lane 236).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Msḳ., Ǝnd.

※ The terms in Wolane, Səlṭi and Ǝndägañ are somewhat less likely candidates because of the final ä. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮاقلا‬ʔal-bāqilāʔ- ‘beans’ (Lane 236) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَتر بَحار‬ʕatar bḥār ※ Litature of the bāʔ with the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕatär bäḥar

103

217 D 23

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. (1) Gez. ʕatar ‘pea’ (CDG 76), ‘faba, (pisum)’ (LLA 988), Tgr. ʕatar ‘pea; Lathyrus sativus’ (WTS 471), Tna. ʕatär ‘chick-pea’ (TED 1881) Amh. atär ‘pea (Pisum sativum)’ (AED 1207; Old Amh. ʕatär ‘faba’, Ludolf 75), Arg. of Aliyu Amba atär ‘pea’ (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 285) Har. atär ‘kind of beans’ (EDH 36), Səl. atär, Zay antärä ‘bean, pea’ (EDG 106) Gaf. atärä ‘pois’ (Leslau 1956:185), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. atärä ‘bean, pea’ (EDG 106) (2) Gez. bāḥr ‘sea’ (CDG 91), Tgr. baḥar (WTS 274), Tna. baḥri (TED 1103) Amh. bahər (AED 855; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:488), also bähar (colloquial for bahər) (AED 855), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bähar (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 215), bar, bahər (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha bäḥar (ibid.) Har. bäḥar (EDH 40; Ancient Har. baḥar, Cerulli 1936:412), Səl. bahər (EDG 135) Ǝnd. bähar ‘abroad’, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. bäxar id. (ibid.), Msḳ. Sod. bahər, Čah. Eža Muḫ. Gog. Sod. bar, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. bār (ibid.)

※ Most of the terms for “sea” quoted under (2) are also attested in botanic terms where they render the meaning “foreign”, “coming from overseas”, “unusual”, often in opposition to “simple” terms which designate local cultures (for this type of composite botanic designations see Berezovich 2007:435): Tna. mašäla baḥri ‘maize, i. e., foreign sorghum’ (TED 1103), Amh. bahər zaf ‘eucalyptus’ [i. e. ‘foreign tree’], yäbahər mašəlla ‘maize’ (AED 856), yäbahər adängʷarre ‘domestic bean’ (ibid. 1308), bähar zaf ‘eucalyptus’ (ibid. 855), Arg. bahər zaf ‘eucalyptus’ (Leslau 1997:195), bähar zaf id. (AAD 215), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bähar ḳäli ‘gourd’ [i. e. ‘foreign gourd’] (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 215), Har. bäḥar zāf id. (EDH 40), Zay barzaf id. (EDG 135), Gog. bähar zaf id. (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. ※ The forms with ə in the second syllable of the second element are hardly compatible with the Ethiopic gloss.



217 D 23

Arabic entry:  ‫اللْوبَيا‬ ُ   ʔal-lūbiyā ‘dolichos lubia; a species of kidneybean’ (Lane 2677) ※ The sukūn (?) above the wāw is rather unexpected.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ُادنـُجَرا‬ʔadunǧurā

※ The first ʔalif is written above the rest of the word, in the middle (above the ǧīm). Ligature of the nūn with the ǧīm. There is an arrow-like sign to the left of the ǧīm, close to the rāʔ.

104

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔadungura/*ʔadungʷəra Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ʔadungʷərā ‘sorte de haricot’, ʔadangal ‘bean(s)’ (WTS 384), Tna. ʔadagʷəra ‘bean(s), soybean’, däḳiḳ̌ ʔadagʷəra ‘haricot bean’ (TED 1535) Amh. adängʷarre ‘small green bean having a tough integument and long, fringed pods (Phaseolus vulgaris)’ (AED 1308), Arg. of Aliyu Amba adungure, Arg. of Ṭollaha adängore id. (AAD 301), South Arg. adungure ‘bean’ (Leslau 1997:189) Zay adangura id. (EDG 17) Gaf. adängʷarä ‘fève’ (Leslau 1956:172), Muḫ. adängʷarre ‘bean’ (EDG 17) ※ The ES lexemes are probably borrowed from Cushitic, cf. Bil. ʔadängʷäl, Ḫam. adägʷər ‘beans’ (Appleyard 29); cf. also Or. otongora ‘beans’ (Gragg 307).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Zay, Gaf., Muḫ.

※ The Təgre form, with u in the second syllable and a final ā, is the closest one to the Ethiopic gloss. The Gafat term, with a final ä, is a less attractive candidate.



217 D 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِحلف‬ʔal-ḥilf ‘die Samen von Lepidium sativum L., Gartenkresse’ (Behnstedt 279); cf. also ḥalfa, ḥalf, ḥilf ‘Lepidium sativum L., pepper grass, pepperwort, Indian cress, nasturtium; Eleusone flocif., grass growing in large valleys, used for covering roofs and rope making’ (Piamenta 104) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ ِسٮْف‬/ ‫  ِسْف‬šinf/šif

※ An arrow-like sign above the šīn. The notch of the nūn is hardly visible and may be disregarded.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šənf/*šəf/*šip

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstructions *šəfu (cf. Har. šufu) and *šipo (cf. Kaf. šipo) for the last two variants.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. sənfəʔ ‘a plant; Lepidium sativum’ (WTS 190), šənfaʔ/šənfaʕ ‘Lepidium Sativum L.’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:64, 180), Tna. šəmfaʕ ‘cress (Lepidium sativum)’ (TED 820) Har. šufu ‘Lepidium Sativum L.’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:64, 212; not in EDH), Səl. šūnf ‘garden cress (Lepidium sativum)’ (SAED 174) Sod. šənfa ‘Lepidium sativum L.’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:64, 196; not in EDG I, EDG) Or. (in the Kefa Administrative Region) šimfa, (in the Bale Administrative Region) šumfa id. (ibid. 64), šəmfi id. (ibid. 160; not in Gragg’s dictionary)

105

217 D 25

Had. šunf id. (ibid. 64, 200) Kaf. šippō ‘erba aromatica usata come medicina (detta in Amarico fēṭo, Semen abscylli [sic!])’ (Cerulli 1951:500), šipo ‘Lepidium Sativum L.’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:64, 192), šúmfō ‘die Gartenkresse, lepidium sativum’ (Reinisch 1888:331) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., Səl., Sod., Or., Had., Kaf. → The identification with Amh. suf  ‘safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)’ (AED 595) proposed in Muth 2009–2010:99 is hardly convincing for semantic reasons.



217 D 25

Arabic entry:  ‫الحلَبه‬ ُ   ʔal-ḥulbat- ‘fenugreek’ (Lane 624, Piamenta 103) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِجراْر‬ǧirār ※ Dots with unclear function above both rāʔs.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *girar

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final o.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Kaf. girāro ‘pianta aromatica (detta in Amarico abĭš)’ (Cerulli 1951:448), graro ‘Trigonella foenum-graecum’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:191) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Kaf.

217 D 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  ا َلحردل‬ʔal-ḫardal- ‘mustard-seed’ (Lane 721)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َشَن ِافْح‬šanāfiǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šänafəč̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. sänafəč̣, sänafič̣, šänafəč̣č̣i ‘mustard (Brassica nigra)’ (TED 742) Amh. sänafəč̣č̣ (AED 560) Səl. sināfič̣čẹ (SAED 158)

※ Cf. also Gez. sənāppe, sanāppe ‘mustard’ (CDG 507), Har. sänābi ‘mustard’ (EDH 141).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Səl.

※ The Təgrəñña form is the closest one to the Ethiopic gloss because of š in one of its variants. → Muth 2009–2010:99

106

Annotated Edition

217 D 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  المومه‬ʔal-mūma ‘Leinsamen’ (Sima 2000:216, al-Iryānī 987)

※ This lexeme, undoubtedly an old substratum word in Yemeni Arabic, is well attested in Sabaic (Sima 2000:216, Stein 2010:727).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِتْلَبه‬tilbah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *təlba/*təlbä

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *tälba/*tälbä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. təlabe, talabe, təlābe, talbe ‘flax, linseed’ (CDG 574, LLA 550) Amh. tälba (AED 957), Arg. tälba (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 222) Səl. Zay tälba, Wol. tälbä (EDG 597) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. tälba, Ǝnd. Gyt. talba, Ǝnd. talbä, Čah. Eža tärba (ibid.) ※ Cf. also Tgr. talbāgər ‘linen’ (WTS 303).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd., Gyt.



217 D 28

Arabic entry:  ‫الحلحلان‬ ُ   ʔal-ǧulǧulān- ‘Sesam’ (Sima 2000:208, BK I 312) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُنُهوْج‬nuhūǧ

※ The two ḍammas are displaced to the left, the second one, very blurred, is exactly above the wāw.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *nuhug Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nəḥigʷ, nəhigʷ ‘leguminous plant that has oily black seeds’ (CDG 394), Tgr. nəhig ‘a plant; Guizotia abyssinica’ (WTS 323), Tna. nihug, nəhigʷ ‘a bush with yellow flowers the seeds of which provide an oil used in cooking during fasts (Guizotia abyssinica)’ (TED 1303) Amh. nug ‘leguminous plant which has small, oily, banana-shaped black seeds (Guizotia abyssinica)’ (AED 1059), Arg. of Aliyu Amba nuwg, Arg. of Ṭollaha nigo id. (AAD 255) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:99

107

217 D 29



217 D 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدره‬ʔaḏ-ḏurah ‘Hirse’ (Behnstedt 414)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َماِشَله‬māšilah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mašəla Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. māšelā, māšel ‘Durra (Andropogon sorghum Brot.)’ (WTS 121), Tna. mašäla, məšäla, mäšälla ‘sorghum (Andropogon sorgum); durrah’ (TED 405) Amh. mašəlla ‘white sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), millet’ (AED 226), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mašəlla ‘millet’ (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 100) Wol. mašəllä, Zay mašulla, Səl. mašulla ‘kind of millet’ (EDG 433) Gaf. mäšələ-š ‘maize’ (Leslau 1945:164), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mašəlla, Čah. mʷãšəna, Ǝnd. mašətnä, Ǝnm. mʷašənʔa, Gyt. mašənʔa ‘kind of millet’ (EDG 433) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 D 30

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال لها‬wa-yuqālu lahā ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 D 29 (‘millet’).

Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain No fully satisfactory interpretation of the Ethiopic gloss is at hand, primarily because of the ambiguity of its graphic shape. Each of the first two letters look like rāʔ, but dāl is also well conceivable. The third letter is most probably tāʔ, but a few other possibilities mentioned below cannot be excluded. On the basis of this graphic analysis, two alternative interpretations can be suggested. (a) Amh. dura ‘durra, a kind of sorghum’ (AED 1732). Within this interpetation, one has to assume that the Ethiopic gloss broadly coincides with its Arabic equivalent (the Amharic word is almost certainly an Arabism). The presence of -t in the Ethiopic gloss, absent from the actually attested Amharic form, is disturbing, but cf. similar cases in 218 C 8, 217 F 28, etc.

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(b) Gez. dorār ‘millet’ (CDG 143), Tna. dorar ‘a variety of sorghum’ (TED 1736), Har. därāra ‘grain boiled in water (made especially for gatherings)’ (EDH 59), perhaps also Tgr. dariro ‘a kind of grain; Eleusine multiflora’ (WTS 518). Within this interpretation, the last letter has to be read as rāʔ rather than tāʔ, which is graphically somewhat far-fetched. Another obstacle is the absence of ʔalif to mark the vowel a (but cf. 219 B 22 for a similar case). → In Muth 2009–2010:99, the Ethiopic gloss is read as rirat.



217 E 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفلفل‬ʔal-filfil- ‘schwarzer Pfeffer’ (Behnstedt 953) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َبْرَىْر‬barbar

※ An unclear arrow-like sign above the first rāʔ, below the sukūn. The final rāʔ has two symbols above it. Each of them can be interpreted as a distorted sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bärbär

※ The comparative data suggest the presence of a final vowel (e or i).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. barbarre ‘pepper’ (CDG 102, LLA 504), Tgr. barbare (WTS 277), Tna. ­bärbärä (TED 1121) Amh. bärbärre (AED 882; Old Amh. bärbäräy, Littmann 1943:489), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bärbäre (Leslau 1997:196, AAD 209) Har. bärbäri (EDH 44), Səl. Wol. bärbäre, Zay bärbäri (EDG 151) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. bärbäre (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The final sukūn in the Ethiopic gloss makes the Təgrəñña form with the final ä the most likely candidate. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكربَره‬ʔal-kuzbarat-, ʔal-kuzburat- ‘coriander-seed; coriander-plant’ (Lane 2608)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ورَدام‬wrdām

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wärdam

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *wärdimama.

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217 E 3

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Had. wärdimama ‘Coriandrum sativum’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:200) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Had.

217 E 3

Arabic entry:  ‫   َويقال لَها‬wa-yuqālu lahā ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 E 2 (‘coriander’). There are three dots with unclear function below the lām in yuqālu.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ِدْم ِبلَال‬dim bilāl

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dəm bəlal Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. dəmbəlāl ‘seed of coriander’ (WTS 516) Amh. dənbəlal ‘coriander (coriandrum sativum)’ (AED 1798, Guidi 676; cf. Strelcyn 1973:159), dəmbəlal (Guidi 651, Ludolf 81) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:99

‫اليهـا‬ َ ‫اسما الٮٯول َوما‬

ʔasmāʔu l-buqūli wa-mā ʔilayhā ‘Names of vegetables and what is related to them’

217 E 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الُفْجل‬ʔal-fuǧl- ‘radish’ (Lane 2342) ※ The dots above the fāʔ and below the ǧīm are hardly visible.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َشَٮايه‬šabāyh/šatāyh/šanāyh/šayāyh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain No convincing cognates fitting the graphic shape proposed above have been detected. If the last notch before the ʔalif (and the fatḥa-like symbol above it) is unintentional, the term may be compared to Or. šaayee ‘potato’ (Gragg 367). One may wonder whether the sīn-like symbol is actually the second rather than the first letter of the Ethiopic gloss. Within this approach, it could perhaps be compared with Har. bisāya ‘fruit’ (EDH 47, from *bsl ‘to be ripe’), although this identification is not unproblematic: the three dots

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above the sīn-like symbol have to be ignored, and semantic narrowing has to be postulated.

217 E 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَلْفت‬ʔal-laft- ‘turnip’ (LA II 96, Wehr 1023)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْمل‬ḥaml Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥaml Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥaml ‘vegetation, vegetables, herbs, shrubs’ (CDG 233), Tgr. ḥamle ‘vegetables, herbs, grass’ (WTS 59), Tna. ḥamli ‘edible herbs, vegetables, cabbage or mustard greens’ (TED 169), ‘brassica campestris var. rapa, B. carinata’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:18, 173), ‘Brassica Rapa L.’ (Schweinfurth 1893:34, 56) Arg. of Aliyu Amba haməl ‘cabbage’ (Leslau 1997:205, AAD 447), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥaməl id. (ibid.) Har. ḥūl id. (EDH 82), Zay Wol. aməl, Səl. aml id. (EDG 48) Gaf. aml id. (Leslau 1956:177) Sod. ambəl, Msḳ. Eža Čah. Gyt. Ǝnm. ambər, Gog. Muḫ. ambi id. (EDG 48)

※ Cf. also Amh. haməl ‘various kinds of leaves; vegetables’ (AED 7), a borrowing from Gəʕəz.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna.

※ The Təgrəñña term, as registered in Schweinfurth 1893 and Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980, denotes turnip rather than cabbage, being thus fully identical to the Arabic entry from the semantic point of view. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  الخس‬ʔal-h̬ ass- ‘lettuce’ (Lane 736)

※ A lot of various signs, most likely unintentional, above the letters.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  عَبْر َبْر َعَبْر‬ʕbar bar ʕabar

※ An arrow-like sign to the left of the final rāʔ, to the left of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain No exact cognate satisfying the graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss as reconstructed above has been found. However, of interest is Gez. ʔabarbarā, ʔabarbari ‘nettle’ (CDG 5, LLA 504), Amh. abärbara, abärbaro ‘a kind of nettle’ (AED 1195). This comparion, semantically rather attractive, would

111

217 E 8

presuppose a non-etymological ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss (note, however, that the Gəʕəz word is likely an Amharism). From the structural point of view, the attested forms are to be explained by haplology. One wonders whether Wol. abarafe, Gog. abaräfəyä ‘kind of cabbage’ (EDG 9) are further related to the Gəʕəz and Amharic lexemes (and, eventually, to the Ethiopic gloss under scrutiny).

217 E 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الُفوم‬ʔal-fūm- ‘garlic’ (Lane 2463)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َٮَجْو شنجرت‬naǧaw šnḫrt/naǧaw šnǧrt

※ The wāw rather resembles a rāʔ. The sukūn above the wāw is unaccomplished. The nūn in the second element is hardly discernible, its dot may also be interpreted as a diacritical sign related to the following letter (perhaps a ḍamma?). The dot below the sixth grapheme may be a diacritical dot belonging to the ǧīm. Still, an alternative reading of this grapheme as ḫāʔ, despite the dot, is not to be excluded.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näč̣o šənḫurt/*näč̣o šəngurt Comparable Ethiopic forms: This is a composite term. The second element, to be reconstructed as *šənḫurt or *šəngurt, is obviously the designation of “onion” (cf. 217 E 9). The first one is to be identified with the colour term “white”: Gez. naṣḥa ‘to be pure, clean, purified’ (CDG 405, LLA 698), Tna. näṣḥe, näṣhe ‘to be white, polished; to be pure, clean’ (TED 1387) Amh. näč̣č̣ ‘white’ (AED 1070; Old Amh. näč̣əḥ, näč̣č̣, Ludolf 53) Har. näč̣īḥ id. (EDH 117; Ancient Har. naṭīḥ, Cerulli 1936:427), Səl. nuṭi ‘clean, tidy, orderly, neat’ (EDG 463) Gaf. nəṣwä ‘blanc’ (Leslau 1956:220), Čah. Gyt. näč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. näč̣čạ̈ ‘white’, Ǝnm. néʔä id. (EDG 449, 445), Sod. Gog. Msḳ. nəṭu, Muḫ. nəṭux, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. nəṭuh ‘clean, tidy, orderly, neat’ (ibid. 463)

※ Cf. also Tgr. laṣḥa ‘to be clean, pure’ (WTS 50), often compared to this root with a supposed sporadic change n > l. The form *näč̣o in the Glossary appears to be a hybrid between forms with a labial element and a non-palatalized second radical and forms with palatalization which lack the labial element. The fatḥa above the nūn supports the reconstruction of ä, which occurs in forms with palatalization (which likely follow the pattern *C1aC2iC3), but not in forms with the labial element (which likely follow the pattern *C1əC2uC3). Composite designations of “garlic” as “white onion” are well known throughout ES. In Təgrəñña, the first element is ṣaʕda, which is the basic term for “white” in this language:

112

Annotated Edition ṣaʕda šəgʷərti ‘garlic’ (TED 781). In Argobba, zah šunkurt (Arg. of Ṭollaha zaḥi šənkurt), lit. “white onion” (Leslau 1997:221, AAD 251), exists alongside näč̣ šənkurt (for which see below). The following terms are equivalent to the Ethiopic gloss both in shape and meaning: Amh. näč̣ šənkʷərt (AED 645), Arg. näč̣ šənkurt (Leslau 1997:214; likely a borrowing from Amharic since näč̣ ‘white’ is not recorded in Argobba apart from this collocation), Gaf. nəṣwä šunkurt (Leslau 1956:220).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog.

※ The collocation in Argobba, apparently taken over from Amharic, is less likely as the source for the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَبصل‬ʔal-baṣal- ‘onion’ (Lane 212)

※ The final notch of the ṣād is very tiny; note also a small dot (a distorted fatḥa?) above the letter.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  شنخرْت‬šnḫrt/šnǧrt

※ The three dots above the šīn are rather difficult to discern (may also be interpreted as a fatḥa or a ḍamma).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šənḫurt/*šəngurt

※ The paleography supports the reconstruction *šənḫurt, which implies post-consonantal spirantization k > ḫ. Such examples, admittedly rare, are not entirely unknown in modern ES languages (EDG xxxvii–xxxviii). Moreover, a clear case of post-consonantal k reflected as ḫ is recorded in the Glossary (cf. 218 D 23). Still, an alternative interpretation of the third letter of the gloss as ǧīm rather than ḫāʔ is not to be excluded (for a similar case cf. 217 C 27). This reading would be well compatible with a series of structurally and semantically similar terms throughout ES. The presence of a dot below the third letter in 217 E 8 also supports the reading with ǧīm.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: (a) *šənḫurt: Amh. šənkʷərt ‘shallot; onion’ (AED 645; Old Amh. šənkʷərt/šənkurt, Littmann 1943:487), Arg. of Ṭollaha šunkurt (Leslau 1997:221, AAD 175), šənkurt (ibid.) Har. šənkurta (EDH 146), Səl. sunkurt, Zay sunkurta, Wol. šunkurt (EDG 582) Gaf. šunkurt (Leslau 1956:239), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. šənkʷərt, Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. šənkurt (EDG 582)

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217 E 10

(b) *šəngurt: Gez. səgʷərd, sagʷərd, sagʷarad, səgʷrad ‘leek, scallion’ (CDG 492), Tgr. səgər ‘leek’, sigurt ‘oignon’ (WTS 198), Tna. səgʷərti, šugurti ‘onion, garlic, shallot’ (TED 781) Old Amh. šəngʷərt, šəngurt ‘Zwiebel’ (Littmann 1943:487) ※ All ES forms go back to a borrowing from Greek σκόρδον, σκόροδον ‘garlic’ (CDG 492).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَجرر‬ʔal-ǧazar- ‘carrot’ (Lane 418–419) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ّنِـك‬َ‫  ڊ‬dannik Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dännək ※ The comparative data suggest ə rather than ä in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. dənnəš ‘potato’ (TED 2122) Amh. dənnəčč (AED 1801), Arg. dənnəč (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 418) Har. dinničča (EDH 57), Səl. Zay dənnəčča, Wol. dənnəččä (EDG 212) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. dənnəčča, Eža dənničča, Čah. dəniča, Gyt. dīnča, Ǝnd. dinčä, Ǝnm. dīňča (ibid.)

※ All ES forms display word-final č (Tna. š), which can well result from palatalization of k. Apart from potato (Solanum tuberosum), the Amharic term is also used to denote the plant Coleus edulis (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:31, 94). It is apparently this plant which is meant in the Glossary, which was compiled before potato became known in Ethiopia. Since Coleus edulis is endemic to Ethiopia, no exact semantic correspondence with the Arabic entry is expected.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Eža, Čah., Gyt., Ǝnd., Ǝnm.

217 E 11

Arabic entry:  ‫الملوخَية‬ ُ   ʔal-malūh̬ iyyat- ‘Corchorus olitorius, or Jews’ mallow’ (Lane 2734) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِلَحْت‬liḥat

※ The lām is rather short and could be easily mistaken for bāʔ, tāʔ, nūn or yāʔ (for similar cases cf. 219 B 9, 219 A 27 (1)). The fatḥa above the ǧīm can also be a ḍamma.

114

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləḥat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ləḥt.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ləḥtit ‘mallow’ (WTS 32), Tna. ləḥti ‘mallow; medicinal plant used for sores (Malva verticillata)’ (TED 70) Amh. lət ‘mallow, plant which grows on ash heaps or middens and has a sticky sap which softens scabs (Malva verticillata, I., Malva parviflora)’ (AED 84), ‘Dichrocephala integrifolia, Malva parviflora’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:120), lutt ‘Malva verticillata L.’ (Schweinfurth 1893:39) ※ Cf. also an Amharism in Gəʕəz: lət ‘plant that grows on ash heaps and has a sticky sap that softens scabs’ (CDG 319, absent from LLA).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:99

‫اسما الىاٯی الاشحار وثمارها‬

ʔasmāʔu l-bāqī l-ʔašǧāri wa-ṯimārihā ‘Names of the remaining trees and their fruits’

※ The exact reading of the title is faced with difficulties. In the second word, what we read as bāʔ displays two notches instead of one and has no dot below, thus looking more like a sīn. Besides, the resulting construction is both ungrammatical (two definite articles in a construct chain) and not very meaningful (what has been listed above are other kinds of plants, neither trees nor fruits). Shall one read ʔasmāʔu l-bāqī: ʔal-ʔašǧāru wa-ṯimāruhā ‘Names of the remaining [plants]: the trees and their fruits’? In Muth 2009–2010:99 the paleographically more straightforward reading sāqī is proposed, but Muth’s rendering ‘Baumstengel’, presumably based on sāq- ‘trunk of a tree’, is hard to accept. A derivation from s-q-y ‘to water, to irrigate’ would not yield any plausible sense at first sight, but note the terminological meaning ‘watered land, agricultural land in need of artificial irrigation’ registered in Yemeni Arabic (Piamenta 226, al-Iryānī 563, 699). Shall one read ʔasmāʔu s-sāqī: ʔal-ʔašǧāru wa-ṯimāruhā ‘Names of [plants] which need artificial irrigation: [garden] trees and their fruit’?



217 E 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَٮلس‬ʔal-balas- ‘Feigen’ (Behnstedt 106, LA VI 36, Steiner 2003:53) ※ An obscure arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َسْبَلْه‬sablah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säbla/*säblä/*šäbla/*šäblä

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217 E 14

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. šola ‘a large tree of the Ficus family (Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Ficus riparia, Ficus sur, Ficus sycomorus) which produces an edible, fig-like fruit’ (AED 603), Arg. šola (Leslau 1997:221, AAD 177) Har. sōbla (EDH 136), Wol. soblä, Səl. sōble, Zay sūblä (EDG 532) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sobla, Čah. Eža šäbra, Gyt. šäḇra, Ǝnm. šäḇə̃ra, Muḫ. šäbəya, Ǝnd. šäwrä (ibid.) ※ Cf. also Tgr. šəlā ‘a sort of fig-tree’ (WTS 203).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

→ Muth’s (2009–2010:99) reading of the Arabic entry as laban ‘Milch, Harz’ is unconvincing both paleographically and semantically.



217 E 14

Arabic entry:  ‫العرٮي‬ َ ‫َباء‬‫  الڊ‬ʔad-dubbāʔu l-ʕarabiyyu ‘Arabic gourd’ (dubbāʔ- ‘gourd’, Lane 850)

※ An unclear arrow-like sign below the ʕayn in the second word. The interpretation of the second word as ʔal-ʕarabiyy- has been suggested by D.M. Varisco in personal communication. No such collocation seems to be attested in the lexicographic sources available to us, but note dubäʔ turkī ‘squash’ in Piamenta 143 (presumably in opposition to “normal” dubäʔ ‘pumpkin’ ibid.). The second element of the alternative reading ʔad-dubbāʔ- ʔal-ʕrf- proposed in Muth 2009–2010:99 can be interpreted as ʔal-ʕarf- ‘ordour’ (Lane 2014). However, the hypothetic *dubbāʔu l-ʕarfi ‘fragrant gourd’ does not seem to be attested; furthermore, the collocation ʔad-dubbāʔ- ʔal-ʕarf- is ungrammatical.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ِقْلع‬qilʕ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳəlʕ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ḳəl ‘gourd (Lagenaria siceraria sp.)’ (AED 673; Old Amh. ḳəlʕ, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:69), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳäli ‘bowl, gourd’ (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 196) Har. ḳuluʔ ‘gourd, bowl’ (EDH 123), Səl. ḳula, ḳila, Wol. ḳuli ‘gourd, bowl made from a gourd’ (EDG 474) Sod. ḳəl id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Wol., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:99

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Annotated Edition

217 E 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الّليم‬ʔal-līm- ‘Zitronen’ (Behnstedt 1134) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِليم بحاله‬līm bḥālh ※ An obscure arrow-like sign below the ʔalif.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain While the first element of the Ethiopic gloss is clearly identical with the Arabic word līm, there is no fully persuasive interpretation for the second one. Perhaps the most suitable reading is Arabic bi-ḥālihi ‘as it is’, the intended meaning being “it is the same in Ethiopic” (for a few comparable expressions involving ḥāl- cf. Wehr 252). The only ES terms that can be considered as source lexemes for the first element of the Ethiopic gloss are found in the Argobba of Ṭollaha: lemo, lem = Amh. lomi (AAD 66), undoubtely borrowed from Arabic. Further etymologically related terms are widespread throughout ES, but their shape is quite different from līm, namely (1) Gez. lomi ‘lemon’ (CDG 315), Amh. lomi ‘lime (Citrus medica), orange, citrus fruit (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus var. pusilla)’ (AED 44),2 Arg. of Aliya Amba lomi id. (AAD 66), Msḳ. lomi ‘lemon’ (EDG 379), Səl. lōmme ‘lime, lemon’ (SAED 44) and (2) Tna. lämin, lämun, lemun ‘lemon, lemon tree (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus medica)’ (TED 79), Arg. of Aliya Amba läymun, laymän (= Amh. lomi) (AAD 66). As rightly observed in Müller 1981:400–401, only lemun (and similar) can be convincingly traced back to Arb. laymūn- (Behnstedt 1134), whereas for the remaining forms a different source of borrowing should be postulated. The similarity between the Ethiopic gloss and Afar limḥaali ‘orange’ (AEFD 156, likely < Arb. līm ḥālī ‘sweet lemon’)3 is rather striking, but fails to explain the presence of b in the Ethiopic gloss (admittedly, not very clearly written). Cf. perhaps Tna. bäḵwri lämun, bäḵwrä lämin ‘orange’ (TED 79), Amh. bäkʷərä lomi, bäkräw lomi, bäträw lomi ‘orange, citrus fruit’ (AED 44).

217 E 16

Arabic entry:  ‫الاجاْص‬ َ   ʔal-ʔiǧǧāṣ- ‘plum’ (Lane 24)

※ The presumed fatḥa is rather uncertain, looking more like a dot or a small circle.

2  Recorded quite early, cf. Littmann 1943:484, Ludolf 2. 3  Also in Mehri: līmhâli (= lîm + ḥâlī) ‘Orange’ (Jahn 1902:209).

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217 E 17

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ِا ِٮحْه‬ʔinǧih Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənči Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ənkoy ‘a large tree which produces a tasty, yellow fruit (Ximenia americana)’ (AED 1227; Old Amh. ʔənkay, Ludolf 61), ‘Ximenia americana’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:116), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənkoy id. (AAD 316) Gaf. ənkʷa, ənkoy ‘apple’ (Leslau 1945:144), note the translation ‘plum’ ibid. 114 ※ The present identification is nearly certain in view of the plum-like appearance and taste of Ximenia americana (note that Gankin 542 translates ənkoy as ‘kind of wild plum’).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ None of the attested terms exhibit the palatalization of k into č, which is implied by the reconstruction (and indeed quite likely in the vicinity of y). Alternatively, the third letter could be read as ḫ (which would presuppose spirantization of postconsonantal k, cf. 218 D 23).



217 E 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  المشمش‬ʔal-mišmiš- ‘apricot’ (Lane 2716)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُخ َوسْم‬ḫūšam

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫošäm

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḫošəm.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. košəm ‘tree or thorny bush of the temperate highlands which bears a fruit that puckers up the mouth (Dovyalis abyssinica)’ (AED 1412), ‘Dovyalis abyssinica’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:119) Wol. košəm, Səl. kōšəm ‘kind of tree’ (EDG 355) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Səl.



217 E 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  التوٮ‬ʔat-tūt- ‘mulberry’ (Lane 321)

※ The dots above the first tāʔ are very obscure. A fatḥa-like symbol above it is apparently unintentional (a ḍamma?). There is a dot or two dots below the final tāʔ (unintentional?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَحاْم‬ʕaǧām

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕagam

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ʕagām ‘a plant; Carissa edulis, ein Busch mit schwarzen Beeren’ (WTS 487), Tna. ʕagam ‘evergreen thornbush having very fragrant clusters of florets and edible black berries (Carissa edulis)’ (TED 1930) Amh. agam ‘a thorny bush that bears edible fruit (Carissa edulis)’ (AED 1321), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḫagam, Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕagam id. (AAD 304) Har. agām ‘kind of berry’ (EDH 21), Wol. agam, Səl. agām ‘kind of tree’ (EDG 25) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. agam id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Səl., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

217 E 19

Arabic entry:  ‫العَنْب‬ ِ   ʔal-ʕinab- ‘grapes’ (Lane 2167) ※ The notch of the nūn is hardly visible.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْين‬wayn Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäyn Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wayn ‘vine, wine, grape’ (CDG 623), Tna. wäyni ‘wine, vine’ (TED 1780) Amh. wäyn ‘grape, grapevine (Vitis vinifera)’ (AED 1560) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَتمر‬ʔat-tamr- ‘dates’ (Lane 317) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِبِمْر‬timir ※ Despite the dot below, the first letter is to be interpreted as tāʔ. The form of the mīm is very unusual, rather like a notch of bāʔ etc. There is a sign resembling a sukūn above the mīm, and an arrow-like sign above the rāʔ, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *təmər

※ The graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss is very uncertain and rather hard to reconcile with the proposed reconstruction, which, nevertheless, seems to be the only feasible possibility at hand.

119

217 E 21

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. tamr ‘date, date palm’ (CDG 576), Tgr. tamar ‘date (fruit)’ (WTS 306), Tna. tämri ‘date (palm or fruit)’ (TED 1230) Amh. tämər, temər ‘date or date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)’ (AED 960), Arg. təmər ‘palm tree’ (Leslau 1997:222), tämər id. (AAD 232) Har. timir ‘palm tree’ (EDH 150), Səl. tämr ‘date palm (Phoenix abyssinica), date (fruit)’ (SAED 296) Gog. tämər ‘palm, date tree’ (EDG 599) ※ The ES terms may be borrowed from Arabic, cf. Leslau 1990:368.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Gog.

※ From the point of view of the vocalic shape, the most probable candidates are Argobba and Harari. → Muth 2009–2010:99



217 E 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  حشيش الدينار‬ḥašīšu d-dīnāri ‘hop’ (Dozy I 288)

※ The writing of the second word is very crowded, yet the second ʔalif is quite distinct, which makes improbable the reading ḥašīšu l-ġarb proposed in Muth 2009–2010:99.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ر‬َ‫  ِسْنع‬sinʕar

※ The notch of the nūn is hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sinʕar Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. sinar ‘a kind of oat (Avena abyssinica) used as horse fodder which grows among barley’ (AED 535) ※ Cf. Strelcyn 1973:175–176 for its use in preparation of ṭälla (local beer).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

217 E 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَعُجوْر‬ʔal-ʕaǧūr ‘Hirsestengel, von denen der Fruchtkolben und der Wurzelstock abgetrennt sind; Futter’ (Behnstedt 804, Piamenta 316) ※ An dot with uncertain function above the wāw.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َبْرَع‬barʕa

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Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bärʕa

※ The comparative data suggest a consonantal Auslaut.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bərʕ ‘reed, reed pen, branch of a chandelier, stalk, stem of fruit, stubble’ (CDG 101, LLA 506), Tna. bərʕi ‘pen (for writing); stubble of wheat or barley’ (TED 1132) Amh. bər ‘stubble, stalks of wheat or barley, stalks of grass used for thatch; pen, reed pen’ (AED 875)

※ The following terms, for which only the meaning “writing pen” is registered, are likely borrowed from Gəʕəz: Tgr. bərəʕ ‘pen (for writing)’ (WTS 278), Amh. bərə ‘traditional pen made of reed or quill’ (AED 885), bəʔər ‘pen, fountain pen’ (ibid. 923). Perhaps related are Muḫ. brä̢ ‘straw that remains on the ground after it has been mowed’ (EDG 151), Kam. buraʔa ‘straw’, Had. buraʔa ‘hay’ (HECD 144).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh.

→ The Arabic entry is translated as ‘grüne Melonenart’ in Muth 2009–2010:99, with no comparable Ethiopic term adduced.



217 E 23

Arabic entry:  ‫الشَجْر‬ َ   ʔaš-šaǧar- ‘trees’ (Lane 1507) ※ An unclear arrow-like sign between the ǧīm and the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ىْر‬ ِ‫  د‬dibir

※ An unclear arrow-like sign above the rāʔ to the left of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dəbər Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. dur ‘wood, forest’ (AED 1732; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:496, Ludolf 92) Gaf. dəbrä (Leslau 1956:195), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. dəbər, Ǝnm. Gyt. dəḇər, Ǝnd. də̄r (EDG 197) ※ In Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña, the root is attested with the meaning “mountain” (hence also “monastery”) rather than “forest”: Gez. dabr ‘mountain, region where there is a monastery, convent, monastery’ (CDG 121), Tgr. dabər ‘mountain’ (WTS 527), Tna. däbri ‘mountain; sanctuary, convent’ (TED 2114), borrowed into Amharic as däbr ‘main church’ (AED 1779; also in Old Amh., Ludolf 83, Littmann 1943:496).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt.

121

217 E 24



217 E 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الطول من الشحر‬ʔaṭ-ṭūlu mina š-šaǧari ‘the highest of the trees’ Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِرْجٮ‬ziǧb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zəgbä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zagbā ‘podocarpus’ (CDG 633: “renders the biblical cedar, cypress”, LLA 1067), Tna. zägba ‘zegba tree (Podocarpus gracilior)’ (TED 2023) Amh. zəgba, zägba ‘Podocarpus gracilior, a large tree resembling the cedar’ (AED 1678), Arg. zəgba id. (AAD 388) Səl. zəgba, Wol. zəgbä ‘kind of tree’ (EDG 704) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. zəgba, Ǝnm. Gyt. zəgəḇa, Ǝnd. zəgəwa id. (ibid.) ※ Cf. Strelcyn 1973:242, No. 298.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Səl., Wol., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt.

※ The form in Wolane, with ə in the first syllable and ä (rather than a) in the second one, is the closest to the vocalic shape of the Ethiopic gloss.



217 E 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  الأثل‬ʔal-ʔaṯal- ‘tamarisk’ (Lane 21)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطْجْٮ‬ṭaǧb/ṭaǧt

※ An obscure spot (strongly resembling a small ṭāʔ; cf. for similar cases 219 A 22, 219 D 10) below and to the right of the ṭāʔ. The sukūn above the final letter could also be interpreted as two dots.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain There are three alternative possibilities to explain the Ethiopic gloss, none of which is entirely convincing. Each of them ignores the dot below the second grapheme, which is then read as ḥāʔ. (a) If the third letter is read as bāʔ, one may tentatively compare Amh. č̣äbba ‘kind of tree used in making charcoal’ (ibid.), č̣ob(b)e ‘a kind of tree the burned bark of which is used for curing warts’ (AED 2223), Wol. ṭebb, Səl. ṭebbe ‘kind of tree’ (EDG 608), Gog. ṭebbä, Msḳ. ṭobbe ‘kind of tree’ (ibid.). The main difficulty with this interpretation is that the phonetic shape of the attested ES forms presupposes a final rather than a medial guttural

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in the prototype. It is, furthermore, rather uncertain from the botanical point of view. Note that according to EDG 608 the Gurage terms are borrowed from Kam. ṭēpu-ta (the Amharic form is not considered as cognate by Leslau). (b) If the third letter is read as tāʔ, the Ethiopic gloss may be identical with Tgr. ṣaḥat ‘ein Baum, Terminalia Brownei (wird zum Räuchern und als Heilmittel gebraucht)’ (WTS 634), Tna. č̣əḥat (č̣əḥot) ḥamät ‘a very attractive shrub or bush the leaves of which are used to make a kind of infusion (Rhynchosia erythraeae)’ (TED 2498). This identification is also uncertain botanically (although the use of tamarisk wood in protective fumigation is widely attested in the Ancient Near East, Kogan 2012:242–243). (c) Within the same reading, one may venture to identify the Ethiopic gloss with Gez. ṣəḫd and its cognates treated in the next entry below. This comparsion would imply a phonetic irregularity (t instead of d), perhaps explainable as devoicing (some kind of dissimilative effect from the first ṭ is not to be ruled out either). Semantic vacillation between “tamarisk” and “juniper”, likely conditioned by the notorious external similarity between the two species, is well attested for PS *ʕarʕar-, cf. Jibbali ʕarʕeyr ‘Tamarix aphylla’ (Miller-Morris 1988:282) vs. Arabic ʕarʕar- ‘juniper’ (LA IV 644, Lane 1990), see further Kogan 2012:242–244.

217 E 26

Arabic entry:  ‫راں‬‫  عود القط‬ʕūdu l-qaṭrāni ‘the wood of the tar’ (cf. qaṭirān-, qaṭrān- ‘tar or liquid pitch; what exudes from the juniper’, Lane 2543) ※ The last two graphemes are written above the rāʔ. An obscure arrow-like sign below the nūn above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  ِطڊ‬ṭid Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəd/*č̣əd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣəḫd, ṣəḫʷd ‘juniper, cedar’ (CDG 554), Tgr. ṣəḥdi ‘a plant; Juniperus procera’ (WTS 634), Tna. ṣəḥdi ‘thuya or juniper (similar to cypress and has red wood)’ (TED 2551) Amh. ṭəd ‘juniper ( Juniperus procera)’ (AED 2177, Guidi 829: ṭəd, ancient orthography ṣəḥd), Arg. of Alyu Amba ṭəd id. (AAD 476) Zay ṭə̄dä, Wol. ṭid, Səl. ṭīd id. (EDG 612)

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217 E 27

Gaf. č̣ədä id. (Leslau 1956:192), Sod. ṭädä, Muḫ. däd, Eža Msḳ. Gog. dädd id. (EDG 612) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Sod. ※ The cognate in Soddo is less probable as a source lexeme because of the different vowel.



217 E 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  المْرَعي‬ʔal-marʕā ‘pasturage, place of pasture’ (Lane 1110) ※ Note two dots below the yāʔ, against the expected ʔalif maqṣūra.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫الميَداں‬ ِ   ʔlmīdān Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔalmedan Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. mēdān ‘plain’ (EDH 103)

※ The diachronic background of the Harari lexeme remains to be elucidated. As recognized by Leslau, the Harari word looks an obvious borrowing from Arb. maydān-, mīdān- (Lane 2746), but the only meaning attested in Classical Arabic seems to be “race ground, hippodrome”. Although Dozy II 635 gives ‘plaine en général’ for some post-Classical sources, one may wonder whether the general meaning ‘plain’ in Harari mēdān might have arised by contamination with a (non-attested) term related to Tna. meda ‘plain, meadow, field’ (TED 504), Amh. meda ‘plain, field’ (AED 320), Arg. meda ‘plain’ (Leslau 1997:211, AAD 104), Wol. medä ‘plain, field, meadow’ (EDG 390), Sod. mida, meda, Čah. Eža Muḫ. mida ‘plain, field, meadow’ (EDG 390). The Arabic article, clear in the Ethiopic gloss, is missing from the attested Harari form (for another possible case of secondary introduction of the Arabic article into an Ethiopic gloss v. 218 C 14).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har.



217 E 28

Arabic entry:  ‫ر‬‫  السڊ‬ʔas-sadr- ‘the species of lote-tree called rhamnus spina Christi’ (Lane 1331), sidr ‘Zyzyphus spina Christi’ (Behnstedt 546), ‘Zyzyphus spina Christi L., Viola arborea’ (Piamenta 218) ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َيه‬ِ‫  َٮط‬uncertain ※ An unclear sign (perhaps a šadda) above the yāʔ, below the fatḥa. The first grapheme lacks diacritical dots and thus, allows various interpretations. Based on the etymological evidence, the reading baṭiyah can be offered.

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Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The gloss can be compared to Muḫ. biṭoyä ‘kind of tree’ (EDG 166) and reconstructed, accordingly, as *bäṭəyyä. In view of the isolated nature of the Muḫər term and lack of exact botanic identification, this comparison is rather tentative.

217 E 29

Arabic entry:  uncertain The only reading relatively well matching the graphic shape of the Arabic entry is ‫البـ َعـار‬ َ  ʔal-baʕār-, but no semantically suitable lexeme could be spotted in the available dictionaries of Classical and dialectal Arabic. Of some interest may be bahār ‘ox-eye (plant)’ (Piamenta 42, Dozy I 121). Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain The straightforward reading would be ‫ َقاَجه‬qāǧah. Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Correct interpretation of the Ethiopic gloss is precluded by its graphic ambiguity coupled with the unidentified Arabic equivalent. Two possible, albeit very tentative, hypotheses can be mentioned. (a) Tna. ḳaga, ḳäga ‘wild, thorny rose that has fruit (Rosa abyssinica, Rosa schimperiana)’ (TED 1043), Amh. ḳäga ‘wild, throny rose (Rosa abyssinica, Rosa schimperiana)’ (AED 824). Likely borrowed from Amharic is Gez. ḳagā ‘thorny rose’ (CDG 425). Well compatible with the graphic evidence (qāǧah = *ḳaga). (b) Amh. ḳač̣čạ ‘fiber (sisal, jute or sansevieria); cord, line’ (AED 843), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳač̣čạ ‘fiber’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 196), Har. ḳač̣čạ id. (EDH 121), Wol. ḳanč̣ä, Səl. ḳānč̣a ‘fiber of the äsät’ (EDG 486), Sod. ḳäč̣čẹ ‘long whip of fiber’ (ibid. 471), Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳanč̣a, Ǝnd. keʔä, Ǝnm. kʸẽʔä ‘fiber of the äsät’ (ibid. 486). This interpretation would fit well the graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss (qāǧah = *ḳač̣a) and is not to be excluded for semantic reasons as the present segment of the list is not restricted to plant names themselves but also includes miscellaneous plant-related realia.

→ The reading baqqār ‘Kuhtreiber’, proposed for the Arabic entry in Muth 2009–2010:99 without any Ethiopic equivalent, is inconvincing both semantically and paleographically.

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217 F 1



217 F 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الـِجَّبا‬ʔal-ḥinnā(ʔ-) ‘Lawsonia inermis’ (Lane 654) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫انسْسله‬ ُ   ʔnsuslh

※ The dot of the nūn and the ḍamma are hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənsosla/*ʔənšošla

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔənsosəlla/*ʔənšošəlla.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. sasulla ‘bulbous plant with red roots, henna (Impatiens tinctoria)’ (TED 687) Amh. ənsosəlla ‘henna (Impatiens tinctoria)’ (AED 1213; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:492) Muḫ. Sod. ənšošəlla ‘red fruit similar to potatoes’ (EDG 75), ‘Impatiens tinctoria’ (Wolde Michael Kelecha 1980:59) ※ Cf. also the description of the Amh. ənsosəlla in Strelcyn 1973:62, 170.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Muḫ., Sod.



217 F 2

Arabic entry:  ‫ن‬‫القط‬ ُ   ʔal-quṭn- ‘cotton’ (Wehr 911, LA XIII 421)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  طط‬ṭṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəṭ/*ṭuṭ/*ṭəṭä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭəṭ, ṭuṭ ‘cotton’ (CDG 598), Tgr. ṭuṭ ‘sinew, chord’ (WTS 620), Tna. ṭuṭ (TED 2481) Amh. ṭəṭ (AED 2187, Ludolf 82), Arg. ṭəṭ (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 476) Har. ṭūṭ (EDH 156), Səl. Wol. Zay ṭəṭ (EDG 636) Gaf. ṭəṭä (Leslau 1956:242), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭəṭ, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. ṭəṭa, Eža Ǝnd. ṭəṭä (EDG 636) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Eža, Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:99

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Annotated Edition

‫اسما للاٮام والسهور والاعوام والاعٮاد والٯلٮل والكٮٮر والمطر والاودىه‬ ʔasmāʔun li-l-ʔayyāmi wa-š-šuhūri wa-l-ʔaʕwāmi wa-l-ʔaʕyādi wa-l-qalīli wa-l-kaṯīri wa-l-maṭari wa-l-ʔawdiyati ‘Names of days and months and years and feasts and few and numerous and rain and streams’



217 F 7

Arabic entry:  ‫العْيڊ‬ ِ   ʔal-ʕīd- ‘feast-day’ (Lane 2190)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫فاشَحْه‬ ِ   fāšiḫah/fāšiǧah ※ The dot above the fāʔ is hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fašiḫa/*fašiga

※ Even if the comparative data suggest the reconstruction *fasiḫa/*fasiga, the šīn in the Ethiopic gloss may be accounted for by palatalization s > š before a front vowel.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. fāsikā, fāsəkā ‘Easter, Passover’ (CDG 168), Tna. fasika/fasiga/fasəga ‘Easter’ (TED 2679) Amh. fasika ‘Easter; feast, merriment, gaiety’ (AED 2296)

※ The semantic generalization (“Easter” > “feast”) in the Ethiopic gloss finds a neat parallel in Amharic. Interestingly, in the Rasūlid Hexaglot (sheet 192, B3) the Arabic entry ʔal-ʕīd‘the feast’ corresponds to terms for Easter in the Greek and Armenian sections, whereas the Persian and Turkic sections give exact translations (Golden 2000:132).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 8

Arabic entry:  ‫ الٮاٯوس‬‫  عيڊ‬ʕīdu n-nāqūsi ‘feast of the church bell’ (cf. Lane 2839) ※ An obscure symbol above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمْسَقْل‬misqal

※ There are two hardly visible pairs of dot above the qāf, one to the right and one to the left of it, whose function is uncertain. The sukūn belonging to the lām is placed to the right of the letter, rather above the qāf.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məsḳäl

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *mäsḳäl.

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217 F 9

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. masḳal ‘cross’, baʕāla masḳal ‘Feast of the Finding of the True Cross’ (CDG 509), Tgr. masḳal ‘cross; Festival of the Cross’ (WTS 181), Tna. mäsḳäl, mäsḳäli ‘crucifix, cross, festival celebration on 17 Mäskäräm and on 10 Mäggabit’ (TED 691) Amh. mäsḳäl ‘cross, the Feast of the Cross’ (AED 212, 506; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:406, Ludolf 25), Arg. mäsḳäl id. (AAD 78) Har. mäsḳäl ‘cross’ (EDH 113), Səl. Wol. Zay mäsḳäl ‘cross, festival of the Cross’ (EDG 429) Gaf. mäsḳäli ‘Fête de la Croix’ (Leslau 1956:217), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mäsḳäl, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. mäsḳär ‘cross, festival of the Cross’ (EDG 429) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 9

Arabic entry  ‫  القليل‬ʔal-qalīl- ‘few; small, little in number’ (Lane 2992) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتِقيْت‬taqīt

※ The shape of the first tāʔ rather resembles a lām. An obscure symbol (a blot?) below the second tāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *täḳit

※ The comparative data suggest ə in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭəḳit ‘little, few, some; small amount’ (AED 2137; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:498, Ludolf 93), təḳit ‘little, few’ (AED 975) Har. ṭəḳḳaššo ‘small, little, few, a little bit, a little while’ (EDH 155) ※ According to Leslau, the ES words are borrowed from Or. ṭiḳḳā ‘little’ (Gragg 385).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

※ Amharic is the only language for which the form with non-ejective t is recorded (as a free variant of ṭəḳit). According to M. Cohen (apud AED), the shift ṭ > t is due to analogy with tənnəš ‘small’. Another possibility is the dissimilation of ṭ in the vicinity of ḳ. Note the same spelling for this word in 218 D 20. → Muth 2009–2010:100

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Annotated Edition

217 F 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكثير‬ʔal-kaṯīr- ‘much; many; numerous’ (Lane 2593–2594) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاَحمْد‬ʔaḥamd ※ A dot below and to the right of the ḥāʔ (rather between the ḥāʔ and the mīm), with uncertain function.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔaḥamäd

※ The comparative data does not support the initial ʔalif.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. amäd ‘ash, ashes; fig. large quantity’ (AED 1137) Səl. amād ‘plenty, prosperity, abundance; abundant, profuse, plentiful’ (SAED 402) Ǝnd. Gyt. amād, Ǝnd. hamād ‘abundant, much, many’, Muḫ. amad ‘time of abundance’ (EDG 47)

※ The initial ʔalif in the Ethiopic gloss is hard to explain, unless it is due to hypercorrection under the influence of Yemeni Arabic (cf. Jastrow 1980:109 on the shift aHC > HaC in the Bedouin dialects of the Arabic Peninsula).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ.

※ The identification with Amh. əǧǧəg ‘much, very’ (AED 1310) in Muth 2009–2010:100 is paleographically difficult.



217 F 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصبح‬ʔaṣ-ṣubḥ- ‘daybreak, dawn’ (Lane 1641)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َبْح‬‫طـ‬ َ   ṭabaḥ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṣäbaḥ/*ṭäbaḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣəbāḥ ‘morning’ (CDG 545), Tgr. ṣəbəḥ, ṣəbḥat (WTS 639), Tna. ṣəbbaḥ (TED 2575) Amh. ṭäbat, ṭəbat, ṭʷat (AED 2140), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭəwwah (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 477), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭəwwaḫ (ibid.) Zay ṭəb (EDG 608) Gaf. ṣäbbä ‘faire jour’ (Leslau 1956:233), Muḫ. Gog. ṭəbä, Muḫ. ṭəbena, Sod. ṭäbṭät, ṭäṭbät (EDG 608)

129

217 F 12

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Zay, Muḫ., Gog.

※ None of the recorded forms is strictly identical to the Ethiopic gloss. The vowel ä in the first syllable is found in one of the Amharic cognates, which, however, is not a suitable source lexeme because of the final t. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’ ※ The second gloss to 217 F 11 (‘daybreak, dawn’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  رانح‬zānḥ

※ The thick dot above the nūn may also be a sukūn. A ligature of nūn and ḥāʔ. The fatḥa above the last letter is hard to explain.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zanḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba zañña ‘to dawn’ (Leslau 1997:227, AAD 249), Arg. of Ṭollaha zaññ id. (ibid.), Arg. zañ ‘light (vs. dark)’ (Leslau 1997:227) Har. zāña ‘to dawn’, ziñāt ‘dawn’ (EDH 167; Ancient Har. ziñat, Wagner 1983:318), Zay zāñat ‘dawn, early morning, daylight’ (EDG 712) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. zaññät id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ? ※ None of the comparable ES forms displays the final guttural implied by the gloss. However, a trace of it may be seen in the palatalized ñ, which could have emerged as a consequence of the loss of the guttural (Podolsky 1991:38–39). More problematic is the ending -at/-ät found in all nouns with the meaning “dawn”. Arg. zañ is structurally suitable, but lacks the semantics of “dawn”.



217 F 13

Arabic entry:  ‫ْر‬‫المط‬ َ   ʔal-maṭar- ‘rain’ (Lane 2722) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َرَنات‬zanāb

※ The last letter is to be read as bāʔ, despite the two dots (for similar cases cf. 217 A 1, 217 A 3, 217 A 8, etc.).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zänab

※ The comparative data suggest ə in the first syllable (but cf. Arg. of Aliyu Amba).

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zənām ‘rain’ (CDG 641), Tgr. zəlām (WTS 494), Tna. zənam, zənab (TED 1995, 1996) Amh. zənab, zənam (AED 1651), Arg. zənab (Leslau 1997:227), Arg. of Aliyu Amba zänäw (AAD 388), Arg. of Ṭollaha zənaw (ibid., Leslau 1997:227), South Arg. zənaw (ibid.) Har. zənāb (EDH 166), Zay zənab, Wol. zəlam, Səl. zilām (EDG 710) Gaf. zənab, zənabʷä (Leslau 1956:250), zənaw, zənab-wä, zənabu (Leslau 1945:181), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. zənab, Čah. Eža zərab, Gyt. zəram̠ (EDG 710) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Zay, Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 14

Arabic entry:  ‫الرْعڊ‬ َ   ʔar-raʕd- ‘thunder’ (Lane 1105)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُرُجْمَحاْم‬ruǧumǧām

※ The ḍammas above the rāʔ and the ǧīm are very small, hardly discernible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *rugumgam Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. tärgʷämäggʷämä ‘to grumble, to mutter complainingly, to rumble (e. g. thunder)’ (AED 413)

※ Phonetically similar designations of “thunder” are attested elsewhere in SES: Arg. gurmumta (Leslau 1997:203), Zay gəmgəmāt (EDG 277), Sod. əngəbgəbät, Gog. əngəbgabät, Msḳ. əngəbgabit (ibid. 256). The morphological pattern of the Ethiopic gloss corresponds exactly to the shape *C1VC2aC3C2āC3, so familiar for nouns derived from reduplicated quadriradical roots in Gəʕəz (partly also in modern ES).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?



217 F 15

Arabic entry: almost entirely blurred. Faint traces of ‫ النهر‬ʔan-nahr- ‘channel, river’ (Lane 2858) may still be present.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْٮ‬‫  َو َڊ‬wadab Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wädäb

131

217 F 16

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. wädäb ‘port, harbor’ (TED 1790) Amh. wädäb (AED 1567), Arg. wädäb (AAD 356) Gaf. wådäbʷä ‘rivière’ (Leslau 1956:243), wädäboa, wädäw(ä) (Leslau 1945:177) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf. ※ The general meaning “river”, attested only in Gafat, is more expected in the present context than “port, harbor”.



217 F 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮقال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is called’ ※ The second gloss to 217 F 15 (‘channel, river (?)’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  عَواش‬ʕwāš Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕawaš Comparable Ethiopic forms: In the absence of other comparable forms, the Ethiopic gloss can be plausibly identified with the well-known river-name Awaš (south-eastern Ethiopia, AED 1269), although there is no evidence that this term has ever been used with the general meaning “river” in any ES language. Note that the name of this river appears as ʕawāš in Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, a well-known 16th century composition in Arabic on Muslim conquests in Ethiopia under the leadership of Aḥmad Grañ (v. Basset 1897:24 [text] = 53, with fn. 1 [translation], etc.). In Ethiopic chronicles the name of the river is spelled with the initial ḥ (ḥawāši, ḥawāš in Kropp 1994:5, 24 [text] = 9, 28 [translation]; ḥawāš in Perruchon 1893:63, with fn. 2). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

217 F 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحليح‬ʔal-ḫalīǧ- ‘canal’ (Lane 783)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْر‬‫  َطْر َط‬ṭarṭar

※ An obscure arrow-like sign above the first rāʔ, below the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣ärč̣är

※ The comparative data suggest the vocalic pattern -ə-ə-.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. č̣ərč̣ər(ə)yä, Čah. Msḳ. č̣ərč̣əryät, Muḫ. ənč̣ərč̣ər, Čah. Eža ənč̣ərč̣əryät, Ǝnm. ənč̣ərč̣əryäd ‘small stream of water, source’ (EDG 188) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt.

※ None of the attested forms exhibits precise correspondence to the Ethiopic gloss. The forms which lack the prefix ən- and suffix -ät/-äd have been considered the most probable source lexemes.



217 F 18

Arabic entry:  ‫السحاب‬ َ   ʔas-saḥāb- ‘clouds’ (Lane 1314)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َدَبْن‬daban

※ Above the dot belonging to the nūn, below the sukūn, there is a second dot with unclear function.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *däbän

※ The comparative data suggests a final vowel a or ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dammanā ‘cloud’ (CDG 134), Tgr. dabnā (WTS 528), Tna. dämmäna (TED 2066) Amh. dämmäna (AED 1726, Ludolf 82), Arg. dammäna (Leslau 1997:198), dona (AAD 401), South Arg. dabäna (Leslau 1997:198) Har. dāna (EDH 57), Səl. däbäna, Wol. dabänä, Zay dābänä (EDG 209) Gaf. dämmänä (Leslau 1956:197), Sod. dämmäna, Gyt. dam̠ ära, Ǝnm. dam̠ ä̃ra, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. dabäna, Čah. Eža dabära, Ǝnd. dawänä (EDG 209) ※ The ES lexemes are borrowed from Agaw (cf. Appleyard 46, Dolgopol’skiy 1973:51 for the relevant Agaw terms and their possible cognates elsewhere in Cushitic).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Arg., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The forms in Təgre and Səlṭi are best compatible with the Ethiopic gloss because of the vowel of the first syllable. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’ ※ The second gloss to 217 F 18 (‘clouds’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُحْم‬ǧum

133

217 F 20

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gum Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gime ‘fog, cloud, dampness, mist, vapor’ (CDG 193, LLA 1194–1195), gum id. (CDG 193), Tgr. gim ‘fog, cloud(s)’ (WTS 566), Tna. gəmä, gime, gimä ‘fog, mist’ (TED 2236) Amh. gum ‘dense fog’ (AED 1906), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gəmo ‘fog’ (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 439), Arg. of Ṭollaha gumo id. (ibid.) Ǝnd. Gyt. gũwä, Ǝnm. gõwä ‘fog’ (EDG 302) ※ Also in Cushitic, e. g. Kam. Sid. goma ‘cloud’ (HECD 42, Dolgopol’skiy 1973:218).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg.

※ The Amharic form is the closest one to the Ethiopic gloss in terms of vocalic shape.



217 F 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَٮْجم‬ʔan-naǧm- ‘star’ (Lane 3028)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  كوكب‬kwkb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *kokäb/*kokkäb/*kokobä/*kʷäkʷäb Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. kokab ‘star’ (CDG 280), Tgr. kokab (WTS 420), Tna. ḵʷäḵob, koḵob (TED 1661) Amh. kokäb (AED 1449; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:494, Ludolf 67), Arg. of Aliyu Amba kokäb (Leslau 1997:207, AAD 339) Zay kokkäb (EDG 340) Gaf. kokobä (Leslau 1956:209), kokab (Leslau 1945:159), Gog. kʷäkʷäb, Sod. kokäb, Čah. Eža Muḫ. xʷäxʷäb, Gyt. xoxä̃m̠, Ǝnm. xoxowä, Ǝnm. xoxo, Ǝnd. hoho (EDG 340) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Zay, Gaf., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَقَمر‬ʔal-qamar- ‘moon’ (Lane 2562) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَرْح‬waraḥ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäraḥ

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *wärḥ/*wärəḥ/*wärḥi. On the etymological *ḫ presumably reflected as ḥ in the Glossary cf. Introduction, Section 5.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. warḫ ‘moon, month’ (CDG 617), Tgr. warəḥ id. (WTS 433), Tna. wärḥi id. (TED 1723) Amh. wär ‘month’ (AED 1499; Old Amh. wärḫ, Littmann 1943:494, Ludolf 71), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wärəh ‘month’ (Leslau 1997:226, AAD 347), Arg. of Ṭollaha wärəḥ id. (ibid.) Har. wårḥi ‘month’ (EDH 161; also in Ancient Har.: warḥi, Cerulli 1936:436, wärḥi, Wagner 1983:316), Səl. Wol. wäri ‘moon’, Wol. wärri ‘month’ (EDG 660), Zay wär id. (ibid.) Muḫ. Gog. Sod. wärä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Səl., Wol. ※ The meaning “moon” is lost in SES except for Selṭi and Wolane. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشمس‬ʔaš-šams- ‘sun’ (Lane 1597) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٯحيٮ‬quḥayt َُ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣uḥayt/*č̣uḥet/*ṣuḥayt

※ For the qāf corresponding to ṣ or č̣ in ES cf. 219 D 27, 219 F 28. In the present case, the cognate forms structurally comparable to the Ethiopic gloss – exhibiting the final t – all point towards the initial č̣, hence the reconstruction *ṣuḥayt is less attractive.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣ̂aḥāy ‘sun’ (CDG 149), Tgr. ṣaḥāy (WTS 634), Tna. ṣäḥay (TED 2550) Amh. ṭäy (AED 2172), ṣähay (ibid. 2249, from Gəʕəz; Ludolf 98), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭähay, č̣ähed, č̣əhid, č̣əhed, Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣əḥet, č̣uḥet (AAD 489, 422) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. č̣et, Gyt. č̣ayt (EDG 190) ※ Cf. also Arg. čuho ‘star’ (Leslau 1997:197), čuko id. (AAD 339), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣əḫo, ǧähay id. (ibid.), South Arg. ǧähay id. (Leslau 1997:203).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Gyt. ※ The Argobba cognate č̣uḥet is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 217 F 22 (‘sun’).

135

217 F 24

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجْٮَبْر‬ǧanbar

※ The fatḥa above the bāʔ rather resembles a ḍamma.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ǧänbär

※ The comparable ES terms exhibit m before b, which may result from assimilation of the original n. Alternatively, the Ethiopic gloss may be due to hypercorrection.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ǧämbär ‘sun, sun disk’ (TED 2185) Amh. ǧämbär, žämbär ‘the disc of the sun, sun (fem.)’ (AED 1856, Ludolf 85) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَسبت‬ʔas-sabt- ‘sabbath, Saturday’ (Lane 1287)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسْنَبْت‬sanbat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sänbät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. sanbat ‘Sabbath, Sunday, week’ (CDG 505), Tgr. sambat ‘sabbath’ (WTS 173), Tna. sänbät ‘Sunday, Sabbath, seventh day’ (TED 722) Amh. sänbät ‘Sabbath, Sunday’ (AED 540), Arg. of Aliyu Amba sänbäd, Arg. of Ṭollaha sänbät = Amh. əhud ‘Sunday’ (AAD 144, 311) East Gur. sänbät, sämbät ‘Saturday, Sabbath, saints’ day, holiday’ (EDG 550) Gaf. wǔr sämbättä ‘dimanche’, m. à m. ‘samedi principal’ (Leslau 1956:244), Gunnän-Gur. sänbät, sämbät ‘Saturday, Sabbath, saints’ day, holiday’ (EDG 550) ※ Cf. Leslau 1961:62–63.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., East Gur., Gaf., Gunnän-Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:100



217 F 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاَجد‬ʔal-ʔaḥad- ‘Sunday’ (Lane 28) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقَدا َس َنبْٮ‬qadā sanbat

※ The fatḥa belonging to the sīn is in placed to the left, in fact above the nūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäda sänbät

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is obviously identical with the gloss 217 F 24 (it is noteworthy that the cognates in Argobba denote “Sunday”). The first one likely goes back to the numeral *ḳadāmi ‘first’ (< *ḳadama ‘to precede’): Gez. ḳadāmi, ḳadām ‘first’ (CDG 421), Tgr. ḳadām ‘former’ (WTS 259), Tna. ḳäddami ‘old, ancient; one who precedes, leads’, ḳäddamay ‘first, foremost, premier, prime’ (TED 1033–1035), Amh. ḳädami ‘one who is first or foremost, one who overtakes; primary’ (AED 818–819). Indeed, the combinations of this numeral with the substantive sanbat (or, sometimes, the numeral alone) are widely attested as designations of a day of the week throughout ES. However, unlike the Ethiopic gloss, such terms are always applied to Saturday rather than Sunday (Leslau 1961:63): Gez. ḳadāmit sanbat ‘Saturday’, ḳadām ‘first, Saturday’ (CDG 421), Tna. ḳädam ‘Sabbath, (Jewish) Saturday’ (TED 1034) Amh. ḳädami ‘one who is first or foremost, one who overtakes; Sabbath; primary’ (AED 819; Old Amh. ḳädam sänbät ‘Sabbatum Judaeorum’, Ludolf 36) Gaf. ḳədamä ‘samedi’ (Leslau 1956:222), Muḫ. Msḳ. ḳädam sänbät, ḳädan sänbät, Gog. Sod. ḳədan sänbät, Eža ḳäṭan sänbät, Gyt. ḳäṭat sänbät, Čah. Ǝnm. ḳäta sänbät ‘Saturday’ (EDG 473) Two explanations are at hand. Either “the first Saturday” means here “the first day after Saturday” = “Sunday” or the combination is in reality the second gloss to 217 F 24, which was erroneously placed into the next cell. Both explanations can be used to explain the glosses 217 F 26 and 217 F 27. Within the first hypothesis, “Monday” is likewise understood as “the second Saturday” (= “the second day after Saturday”) and “Tuesday” as “the first Monday” (= “the first day after Monday”). Within the second explanation, the misplacement of the second gloss to “Saturday” caused further shifts in the Glossary: the gloss to “Sunday” was moved to “Monday”, and the gloss to “Monday”, to “Tuesday”. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Ǝnm.

※ The cognates in Čaha and Ǝnnämor, with the loss of the final m, come the closest to the Ethiopic gloss (despite the devoicing of d into t). A similar loss is attested in East Gurage in prepositions derived from the same root: Səl. Wol. Zay ḳädä ‘forward, in front of, before’ (EDG 472).

137

217 F 26



217 F 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاثٮيں‬ʔal-ʔiṯnayni ‘Monday’ (Lane 360) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫حَما َسٮٮْت‬ْ ‫  َڊ‬daǧmā sanbt

※ The two words are written one above the other. There is an uncertain sign (similar to bāʔ without diacritics) below the ǧīm. The mīm is highly uncertain, rather looking like a bāʔ without dots. The fatḥa above the sīn is rather uncertain, similar to sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dägma sänbät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *dagəm/*dagmay/*dagma for the first element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 217 F 24. The first one derives from the root *dgm ‘to repeat’: Gez. dagama ‘to repeat’, dāgəm ‘second, other, further’ (CDG 126), Tgr. dagma ‘to repeat’ (WTS 542, for the meaning “second” cf. wad dāgəm ‘second son’, ibid.), Tna. dägämä ‘to repeat an act, to do something again, to rehearse’, dagmay ‘second’ (TED 2159–2161) Amh. däggämä ‘to repeat, do again, hit again’, dagma ‘second’ (AED 1829– 1830), Arg. of Aliyu Amba dägäma, Arg. of Ṭollaha dägäm ‘to repeat’ (AAD 412), Arg. of Ṭollaha dəgami ‘second’ (ibid. 416) Har. dagän aša ‘to review a lesson’ (EDH 55) ※ For the structure of the Ethiopic gloss see above (217 F 25). It is noteworthy that no names of the days of the week derived from *dgm are found in ES.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg.

※ The shape of the Amharic derivative with the meaning “second” appears to be the best compatible with the Ethiopic gloss.



217 F 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الثلثا‬ʔaṯ-ṯulāṯāʔ- ‘Tuesday’ (Lane 348) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قدا سٮُيه‬qdā snyuh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäda säñño Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss comprises two elements. The first one is identical with the gloss 217 F 25. The second element represents a designation of “Monday”, which in some ES languages derives from the otherwise unattested root *sny (< PS *ṯin-ā ‘two’, Leslau 1961:64):

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Annotated Edition

Gez. sanuy ‘the second day of the week or month’ (CDG 509), Tgr. sano ‘Monday’ (WTS 186), Tna. sänuy, sonuy id. (TED 735) Amh. säñño id. (AED 561, Ludolf 25) Gaf. säñä ‘lundi’ (Leslau 1956:232)

※ The term for “Tuesday” is thus structurally close to the terms for “Sunday” (cf. 217 F 25) and “Monday” (cf. 217 F 26). If the element ḳäda is understood as meaning “on the first day after” (cf. 217 F 25), structural parallels can be found in some ES languages (cf. Leslau 1961:64, 67; EDG 673): Amh. maksäñño (AED 297), magsäñño (ibid. 341), cf. magəst ‘the following day’ (ibid. 340); Muḫ. Gog. Sod. wəṭät männag, Msḳ. wəṭät männaga, Čah. Eža wəṭät märäga, Gyt. wəṭät mä̃räga (EDG 673), cf. East Gur., Gunnän-Gur. wəṭät ‘Monday’ (ibid.), Čah. Eža (bä)märäga, Gyt. bäm̠ ä̃räga-ta, Ǝnm. bäm̠ ä̃rä̃ga ‘the next day, on the morrow’ (EDG 420). Leslau (1961:64) mentions also Tgr. talāy sano (missing from WTS), cf. talā ‘to follow’ (WTS 304). Alternatively, the term can be understood as a misplaced designation of “Monday” (called “the first Monday”), cf. also 217 F 25.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Gaf.

※ The Amharic form säñño is best compatible with the Ethiopic gloss.



217 F 28

Arabic entry:  ‫الربوع‬ َ   ʔar-rabūʕ- ‘Wednesday’ (Lane 1020)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اربعْت‬ َ   ʔrbʕat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔarbaʕat/*ʔarbəʕat

※ The final t in the Ethiopic gloss corresponds to a vowel in the ES cognates (cf. Introduction, Section 5).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ʔararbəʕā ‘wednesday’ (WTS 358) Arg. of Aliyu Amba arbiʕa (AAD 313), arbiya (AAD 313, Leslau 1997:193) Har. arbaʔa (EDH 31), Wol. arbəyä (EDG 85), Səl. arbe, arṗe (SAED 414)

※ Cf. Leslau 1961:66. These terms are borrowed from Arb. ʔal-ʔarbiʕāʔ- ‘Wednesday’ (Lane 1020) and it is certainly not by chance that they are present in languages spoken by Muslim peoples. The autochthonous ES designations of Wednesday go back to the protoform *rabuʕ ‘the fourth’ (Leslau 1961:64–65): Gez. rabuʕ (CDG 460), Tna. räbuʕ (TED 566), Amh. räbu, rob, räbuʔ (AED 390, 392, 395), Zay ərōb (EDG 84), Gaf. ribʷä (Leslau 1956:227), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ärob, Ǝnd. arbe, Səl. harṗe, Eža äräw, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. äro (EDG 84). Note that the postclassical Yemeni form ʔar-rabūʕ in the Arabic column likely goes to the same areal source (cf. Landberg 1923:1089).

139

217 F 29

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har., Wol.

※ The Harari and Argobba terms, preserving the intervocalic guttural, come the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.



217 F 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحميس‬ʔal-ḫamīs- ‘Thursday’ (Lane 811)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َروَس َنبْت‬rawsanbat

※ The fatḥa above the rāʔ resembles a dot (in fact, the letter could be read as zayn rather than rāʔ).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The most straightforward reconstruction is *räw sänbät. The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 217 F 24. The interpretation of the first element is uncertain. If tentatively read as räw, it can be identified with *rabuʕ ‘Wednesday’ analyzed above in 217 F 28 (cf. especially Eža äräw, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. äro). Such an interpretation does not fit the meaning of the Arabic equivalent and rather suggests that we are faced with a misplaced second gloss to 217 F 28 ‘Wednesday’. This interpretation has interesting implications for the reading of the next entry. Another deficiency of this interpretation is that the above mentioned terms for “Wednesday” are not attested in combination with Amh. sänbät and its cognates. Semantically, such a combination is only plausible if the element *sänbät is understood as ‘week’. However, this meaning is poorly attested in ES, most ES cognates rather designating “Saturday”. The Ethiopic gloss comes quite close to such collocations as Gaf. wǔr sämbättä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Gog. Sod. wǔr sänbät, Msḳ. ur sänbät ‘main Sabbath’, i. e. ‘Sunday’ (Leslau 1961:64), especially since rāʔ and wāw in the Glossary are sometimes written very similar to each other. However, the semantic discrepancy in this case would remain unexplained.



217 F 30

Arabic entry:  ‫  الجْمَعه‬ʔal-ǧumʕat- ‘Friday’ (Lane 457) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِقَناي‬qināy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two alternative tentative interpretations may be proposed.

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(a) It is tempting to reconstruct the Ethiopic gloss as *ḳənay and to connect it with the following terms designating “day” or “week”: Gez. ḳannaya ‘spend a certain time’ (CDG 437), Tna. ḳənä, ḳəne ‘week; several days, time’ (TED 999–1000) Amh. ḳän ‘day, daytime’ (AED 780), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳäna ‘day’ (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 188), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳänəʕ id. (ibid.) Gaf. ḳänä ‘jour’ (Leslau 1956:224) Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ḳänä, Ǝnd. ḳätnä, Ǝnm. ḳä̃rä, Muḫ. Msḳ. känä, Čah. Eža Gyt. kärä ‘day, day (in daylight), time, period of time, the appropriate time’ (EDG 484), Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ḳənan, Muḫ. kənan, Msḳ. kənanä ‘day (in daylight)’ (ibid. 484) However, the meaning “Friday” is not attested for any of the above terms. The morphological shape *ḳənay is not not directly attested either, although some of the forms come remarkably close to it. (b) Within an alternative approach, one may venture to compare Awngi ǧanay ‘Thursday’ (Appleyard 138), which would imply misplacement of the Ethiopic gloss (not improbable if the preceding one is also misplaced). The rendering of the Awngi ǧ with Arabic qāf is, however, rather unlikely.

218 A 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الّسَنه‬ʔas-sanat- ‘year’ (Lane 1449)

※ The šadda can also be read as a fatḥa. There is an uncertain symbol below the šadda, resembling a dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَماْٮ‬ʕamāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕām ‘year’, ʕāmat ‘year, epoch’ (CDG 62), Tgr. ʕāmat (WTS 456), Tna. ʕamät (TED 1837), ʕami ‘last year’ (ibid. 1831) Amh. amät (AED 1132; Old Amh. ʕamät, Ludolf 74), Arg. amäd (Leslau 1997:190), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hamät, hamäd (AAD 270), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕamät (ibid.) Har. amät (EDH 27) Muḫ. Gog. Sod. amät (EDG 53) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100

141

218 A 2



218 A 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  َسَٮتاں‬sanatāni ‘two years’

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َحَلْٮ عمات‬ḫalat ʕmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫälät ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element. As for the first element, the combination of vowels -ä-ä- is not supported by the comparative data. Yet, ä in the first syllable occurs in the Argobba of Ṭollaha, and ä in the second syllable is found in the Amharic cognates.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “two” (cf. also 218 A 12): Gez. kəlʔe ‘two’, kəlʔettu (CDG 282), Tgr. kəlʔot (WTS 392), Tna. kələttä, kəltä (TED 1564) Amh. hulätt (AED 4; Old Amh. hʷəlät, Littmann 1943:483, ḫʷəlät, Ludolf 47), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ket (Leslau 1997:209, AAD 42), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫäʔet (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 42), ḫoʔet (ibid.), Arg. haʔet (Leslau 1997:209) Har. koʔot, kōt (EDH 90), Wol. Zay hoyt (EDG 356) Gaf. ələttä (Leslau 1956:175), Gog. kʷett, hʷett, Sod. kitt, Čah. Gyt. Msḳ. xʷet, Eža Muḫ. xʷett, Msḳ. hʷet, Sod. hitt, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. wərʔet, Ǝnd. hurʔet (EDG 356) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٮلٮ سٮين‬ṯalāṯu sinīna ‘three years’ Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سوست عمان‬swst ʕmāt

※ The two words are written one beneath the other. The final letter, reliably interpreted as tāʔ, has the shape of a nūn and only one dot above.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sost ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “three” (cf. also 218 A 13): Gez. ŝalastu ‘three’ (CDG 529), Tgr. salas (WTS 168), Tna. sälästä (TED 625)

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Amh. sost (AED 502, Ludolf 24), Arg. of Aliyu Amba suʔst (AAD 157, Leslau 1997:220), sost (AAD 157), Arg. of Ṭollaha soʔost (Leslau 1997:219, Wetter 2010:269, AAD 157) Har. šiʔišti, šīšti (EDH 144), Wol. Zay šešt, Səl. šēšt (EDG 564) Gaf. sʷostä (Leslau 1956:233), Čah. Eža Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sost, Muḫ. so̢st, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. soʔost (EDG 564) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gog., Sod., Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  ارٮع سنين‬ʔarbaʕu sinīna ‘four years’ ※ An obscure symbol above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ارٮعت عماٮ‬ʔrbʕt ʕmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔarbaʕt ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “four” (cf. also 218 A 14): Gez. ʔarbāʕəttu ‘four’ (CDG 460), Tgr. ʔarbāʕ (WTS 153), Tna. ʔarbaʕtä (TED 567) Amh. aratt (AED 1151, Ludolf 57), Arg. arbit (Leslau 1997:193), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥarʕətt (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 276) Har. ḥarat (EDH 87; Ancient Har. ḥarʕat, Wagner 1983:290), Səl. Wol. arat, Zay arət (EDG 92) Gaf. arbattä (Leslau 1956:182), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. arbät, Ǝnm. arḇʔat, Gyt. arḇʔät, Ǝnd. arwəʔat, Sod. arätt (EDG 85) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Arg., Muḫ., Gog. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  حمس سنيں‬ḫamsu sinīna ‘five years’ Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  حمسٮ عماٮ‬ḥmst ʕmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥamməst ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

143

218 A 6

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “five” (cf. also 218 A 15): Gez. ḫamməstu ‘five’ (CDG 262), Tgr. ḥaməs (WTS 61), Tna. ḥammuštä, ḥamməštä, ḫammištä (TED 173) Amh. amməst (AED 1125; Old Amh. ḫamməst, Ludolf 47), Arg. of Aliyu Amba amməst, hamməst (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 272), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥamməst (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 272) Har. ḥammisti (EDH 84), Səl. Wol. Zay amməst (EDG 52) Gaf. amməst (Leslau 1956:177), Čah. Eža aməst, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. amməst, ̃ əst, ā̃st (EDG 52) Ǝnm. amʔəst, Gyt. am̠ ʔəst, Ǝnd. āw Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  ست سنين‬sittu sinīna ‘six years’ Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سدسٮ عماٮ‬sdst ʕmāt ※ The two words are written one beneath the other.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *səddəst ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “six” (cf. also 218 A 16): Gez. səddəstu ‘six’ (EDC 486), Tgr. sadās, səs (WTS 196), Tna. šəddəštä (TED 771) Amh. səddəst (AED 575, Ludolf 27), Arg. səddəst (Leslau 1997:219, Wetter 2010:269, AAD 157) Har. siddisti (EDH 137), Səl. Wol. Zay səddəst (EDG 536) Gaf. səddəstä (Leslau 1956:229), Čah. Eža Gyt. sədəst, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. səddəst (EDG 536) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100

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218 A 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  َسبع سنيں‬sabʕu sinīna ‘seven years’ Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سٮعٮ عماٮ‬sbʕt ʕmāt

※ The two words are written one beneath the other.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säbʕat ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “seven” (cf. also 218 A 17): Gez. sabʕattu, sabāʕtu ‘seven’ (CDG 482), Tgr. sabuʕ (WTS 185), Tna. šobʕattä, säbʕattä, šäwʕattä (TED 710) Amh. säbatt (AED 524; Old Amh. säbʕat, Ludolf 25), Arg. of Aliyu Amba saʔint (Leslau 1997:219, AAD 141), Arg. of Ṭollaha saʕəmt (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 141) Har. sātti (EDH 143; Ancient Har. saʕati, saʕti, saʕatti, satti, Wagner 1983:308, saʕti, sāʕti, Cerulli 1936:430), Wol. sabt, Zay sābət, Səl. saʔabt (EDG 534) Gaf. säbattä (Leslau 1956:229), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Sod. säbat, Muḫ. Msḳ. säbät, Gog. säbätt, Gyt. säḇʔat, Ǝnm. saḇʔat, Ǝnd. säwʔat (EDG 534) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  ثمان سنين‬ṯamāni sinīna ‘eight years’ ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسِمٮِت عمات‬saminit ʕmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sämmənət ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sämmänt ʕamät/*səmmənt ʕamät.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “eight” (cf. also 218 A 18): Gez. sammantu, samānitu ‘eight’ (CDG 502), Tgr. samān (WTS 173), Tna. šommontä, šämmontä (TED 816)

145

218 A 9

Amh. səmmənt (AED 473, Ludolf 23), Arg. səmmənt (Leslau 1997:220, Wetter 2010:269, AAD 155) Har. sūt (EDH 143; also in Ancient Har.: sūt, Cerulli 1936:431, sut, Wagner 1983:310), Səl. Zay səmmut, Wol. summut (EDG 547) Gaf. səmməntä (Leslau 1956:230), Sod. səmmənt, Čah. səmʷət, Eža səmut, Ǝnd. sumt, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. səmmut, Čah. Ǝnd. sunt, suwə̃t, Ǝnd. sū̃t (EDG 547) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  تسع سنيں‬tisʕu sinīna ‘nine years’ ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٮسعٮ عماٮ‬tsʕt ʕmāt

※ Two hardly visible dots above the first tāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *təsʕat ʕamat/*täsʕat ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “nine” (cf. also 218 A 20): Gez. tasʕattu, təsʕattu, tasāʕəttu ‘nine’ (EDC 580), Tgr. səʕ (WTS 311), Tna. təšəʕattä, täsʕattä (TED 1254) Amh. täsiyat, täsəyat ‘noon, midday’ (AED 974; Old Amh. täsat ‘die neunte Stunde’, Littmann 1943:489) ※ The Amharic forms are borrowed from Gəʕəz. Cf. also Har. tisʕīn ‘ninety’ (EDH 151), borrowed from Arabic.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  عشر سنين‬ʕašru sinīna ‘ten years’ ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعِشر عمات‬ʕašir ʕmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕaššər ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕassər ʕamät.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “ten” (cf. also 218 A 21): Gez. ʕaŝŝartu (fem. ʕaŝru) ‘ten’ (CDG 73), Tgr. ʕasr (WTS 464), Tna. ʕassärtä (TED 1859) Amh. assər (AED 1165; Old Amh. ʕasər, Ludolf 74), Arg. of Aliyu Amba assər (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 278), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕassər (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 278) Har. assir (EDH 34; Ancient Har. ʕassir, Cerulli 1936:411), Səl. Wol. Zay assər (EDG 97) Gaf. asra (Leslau 1956:183), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. asər, Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. assər (EDG 97) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 11

Arabic entry:  ‫الواحڊ‬ َ   ʔal-wāḥid- ‘one’ (Lane 2928) Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َجنڊ‬ḥand

※ Despite the subscript dot, the first grapheme is to be read as ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥand Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔaḥadu ‘one’ (CDG 12), Tgr. ḥatte (f.) (WTS 81), ḥəd ‘one another’ (ibid. 94), Tna. ḥadä, f. ḥanti (TED 278) Amh. and (f. andit) (AED 1229; Old Amh. ḥand, Getatchew Haile 1979:122), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hand (f. handit) (Leslau 1997:205, AAD 291), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥand (Wetter 2010:269, AAD 291) Har. aḥad (EDH 22; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:407, Wagner 1983:269, alongside ahatta, aḥandi, ḥandi, aḥatta, aḥaddi, cf. Cerulli 1936:407, Wagner 1983:290), Səl. Zay had, Zay ad, Wol. add (EDG 322) Gaf. əǧǧä (Leslau 1956:173), Čah. Ǝnm. at, Gyt. āt, Eža Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. att (EDG 322) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har. → Muth 2009–2010:100

147

218 A 12



218 A 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاثنان‬ʔal-ʔiṯnāni ‘two’ (Lane 359) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُخَلْت‬ḫulat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫulätt Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 2 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮلثه‬ʔaṯ-ṯalāṯat- ‘three’ (Lane 348) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سوسٮ‬swst Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sost Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 3 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الارَبَعه‬ʔal-ʔarbaʕat- ‘four’ (Lane 1019)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاْرَبَعْت‬ʔarbaʕat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔarbaʕat Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 4 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Ǝnm., Gyt. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 15

Arabic entry:  ‫الحْمسه‬ َ   ʔal-ḫamsat- ‘five’ (Lane 810) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َخْمَسْت‬ḥamsat

※ The dot above the initial grapheme is ignored here (most likely inserted by the scribe who identified the “Ethiopic” lexeme with Arabic ḫamsat-), cf. Introduction, Section 5.

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Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥamsät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḥaməst/*ḥamməst.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 5 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  الّسته‬ʔas-sittat- ‘six’ (Lane 1304)

※ The šadda above the sīn (or belonging to the tāʔ?) is hardly discernible, perhaps rather an unintentional dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسَدْسْت‬sadast

※ The fatḥa above the first sīn looks rather like a dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sädäst

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sədəst/*səddəst.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 6 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 17

Arabic entry:  ‫السبعه‬ َ   ʔas-sabʕat- ‘seven’ (Lane 1297) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسبعت‬sabʕt ※ An obscure symbol below the ʕayn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säbʕat Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 7 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Sod., Msḳ., Gog., Gyt., Ǝnm. → Muth 2009–2010:100

149

218 A 18



218 A 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮمانيه‬ʔaṯ-ṯamāniyat- ‘eight’ (Lane 355)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سمَنت‬smnat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sämmänät/*səmmənät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sämmänt/*səmmənt. The former reconstruction does not radically contradict the shape of the gloss since the fatḥa above the nūn may belong to the preceding letter.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 8 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮسعه‬ʔat-tisʕat- ‘nine’ (Lane 306)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِزْحِطْى‬ziḥṭiy

※ An uncertain symbol below the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zəḥṭəy

※ The comparative data suggest ä in the second syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. zäṭäññ ‘nine’ (AED 1681), Arg. žähṭʷäññ (Leslau 1997:227), Arg. of Aliyu Amba žəḥṭäñ (AAD 383), Arg. of Ṭollaha yəḥṭäñ (Wetter 2010:269), yäḫäṭäñ, yəḫuṭäñ (AAD 383) Har. zəḥṭäñ (EDH 165; Ancient Har. ziḥṭan, Cerulli 1936:437), Zay zäṭṭäñ, Wol. ziṭṭäñ, Səl. ziṭṭäññe (EDG 717) Gaf. zäṭäññä (Leslau 1956:251), Sod. zäṭäñ, Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. žäṭä, Ǝnd. žiʔä, Ǝnm. žĩʔã (EDG 717, EDG I 388) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Sod., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog. ※ The Harari, Wolane and Səlṭi forms, whose first vowel is compatible with kasra, come the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. While the alternation between ñ and y is a well-known phenomenon (Podolsky 1991:44; cf. also Zelealem Leyew 2007:451, 454), the final y is not attested explicitly anywhere in SES. One wonders, nevertheless, whether the GunnänGurage forms like žäṭä might go back to a prototype with a final y (eventually going back to ñ). → Muth 2009–2010:100

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Annotated Edition

218 A 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال لها‬wa-yuqālu lahā ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 A 19 (‘nine’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِٮِسَعْت‬tisiʕat

※ A small dot with unclear function above the sīn. The two dots above the final tāʔ are hardly distinguishable.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *təsəʕat/*təšəʕat Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 9 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 21

Arabic entry:  ‫العشَره‬ َ   ʔal-ʕašarat- ‘ten’ (Lane 2052)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ِسْر‬‫   َع‬ʕasir

※ An uncertain symbol above the sīn (three dots are not excluded, which would imply the reading š, cf. 218 A 10). Above the rāʔ, near the sukūn, another sukūn-like symbol is seen.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕasər/*ʕassər Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 10 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  المايه‬ʔal-miʔat- ‘hundred’ (Wehr 1043, LA XV 313) ※ A dot with uncertain function (a fatḥa or a hamza?) above the yāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حيا َعَمات‬ḫyā ʕamāt

※ The three dots above and to the right of the first letter are likely unintentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫaya ʕamat

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “twenty”: Amh. haya, həya ‘twenty’ (AED 24), Arg. of Aliyu Amba kiya (Leslau 1997:209, AAD 41), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫäyʔa (Wetter 2010:269), ḫeʕa (AAD 41), Arg. hayʔa (Leslau 1997:207)

151

218 A 23

Har. kuya (EDH 96; Ancient Har. kuyā, kuyaʕ, Cerulli 1936:422), Zay huya, Wol. kʷəyä, Səl. kuyä (EDG 359) Gaf. hayä (Leslau 1956:207), Sod. kʷəya, Gog. kʷiya, Msḳ. huya, Ǝnd. huʔyä, Msḳ. xuya, Čah. Muḫ. xʷəya, Eža xʷəyya, Gyt. xʷəyʔa, Ǝnm. xʷiyʔa (EDG 359)

※ The reconstruction implies that the Ethiopic gloss means ‘20 years’, that is, it is erroneously placed to render Arabic “hundred”. The suggested reading is confirmed by a similar discrepancy in 218 A 23.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  الالف‬ʔal-ʔalf- ‘a thousand’ (Lane 80) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  بٯل َعمات‬bql ʕamāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bəḳəl ʕamat/*bäḳəl ʕamat/*bäḳlä ʕamat/*bäḳḳəl ʕamat ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕamät for the second element.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements. The second one is identical with the gloss 218 A 1. The first one is to be identified with the numeral “hundred”: Arg. of Aliyu Amba bəḳəl ‘hundred’ (AAD 81), Arg. of Ṭollaha bäḳəl (AAD 81, Leslau 1997:195, Wetter 2010:269) Har. bäḳlä (EDH 43; Ancient Har. baḳla, baḳlān, Cerulli 1936:412), Zay bäḳəl, Səl. Wol. bäḳḳəl (EDG 147) Gaf. bäḳlä (Leslau 1956:189), bäḳäl (Leslau 1945:148), Sod. bäḳəl, Msḳ. Gog. bäḳḳəl, Čah. Eža Gyt. bäḳər, Muḫ. bäḳi, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. bäʔär (EDG 147) ※ The reconstruction implies that the Ethiopic gloss means ‘100 years’. For the semantic discrepancy cf. 218 A 22.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har., Gog., Sod.

※ The reading bäʕal ʕamät ‘Jahresfesttag’ proposed in Muth 2009–2010:100 is inferior both paleographically and semantically.

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Annotated Edition

‫اسما الاسٯسات والعناصر‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔusqussāti wa-l-ʕanāṣiri ‘Names of the primary elements of the nature’

※ The first element of the title must be identical to ʔusṭuqussāt (Dozy I 22), yet there is certainly no ṭāʔ (with all probability, nor even tāʔ) in the manuscript, so one is forced to assume either a scribal error or a simiplified pronunciation.



218 A 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرٮاح‬ʔar-riyāḥ- ‘winds’ (Lane 1181)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  نٯاْس‬nfās

※ The sukūn above the sīn rather resembles a dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näfas/*nəfas Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nafās ‘wind’ (CDG 389), Tna. nəfas (TED 1400) Amh. näfas, nəfas (AED 1083, Ludolf 54), Arg. of Ṭollaha nəfas (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 265) Zay Wol. nəfas, Səl. nəfās (EDG 452) Gaf. nəfas (Leslau 1956:219), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. nəfas, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. nəfās (EDG 452) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  التراب‬ʔat-turāb- ‘dust, earth’ (Lane 301)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَفْر‬ʕafar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕafär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔafar ‘dust, soil’ (CDG 10), Tgr. ʕafar ‘dust, desert’ (WTS 492) Amh. afär ‘earth, dirt, dust’ (AED 1353; Old Amh. ʔafär, Littmann 1943:493), Arg. afär ‘earth, soil’ (Leslau 1997:189), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḥafär id. (AAD 309), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕafär id. (ibid.)

153

218 A 27

Har. afär ‘clay, soil, earth’ (EDH 20; also in Ancient Har.: afär, Wagner 1983:269, afar, Cerulli 1936:407), East Gur. afär ‘earth, soil, ground, country’ (EDG 21) Gaf. afärä ‘poussière, terre’ (Leslau 1956:172; 1945:141), Gunnän-Gur. afär ‘earth, soil, ground, country’ (EDG 21)

※ The impact of the Ethiopic gloss on our understanding of the etymological background of the ES forms is ambiguous. One might assume that it reflects an etymological *ʕ, which makes them directly compatible with PS *ʕapar-, attested in the majority of other Semitic languages (Kogan 2011:189). This hypothesis is in agreement with the morphological shape of the ES cognates and need not be contradicted by the poorly attested Gəʕəz form with ʔ, perhaps borrowed from Amharic (as already assumed by Dillmann in LLA 808). Besides the clear-cut ʕ in the Təgre form above, the Proto-ES reconstruction *ʕapar- may be further corroborated by Tgr. ʕāfrā ‘foam’, ʕafra ‘to foam’ (WTS 492), Tna. ʕafärä ‘to produce foam, froth, spray’ (TED 1949) if the meaning “foam” goes back to “dust” (Bulakh 2004:275). Within an alternative approach, ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss might be thought to have emerged secondarily under the influence of the Arabic cognate Arb. ʕafar- ‘dust’ (Lane 2090). In any case, Hbr. ʔēpär ‘ashes’ (BDB 68) can hardly be regarded as a serious argument in favor of the priority of ʔ in ES because of the structural and semantic difference.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Gunnän-Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الما‬ʔal-mā(ʔ)- ‘water’ (Lane 3025) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  وحا‬wḫā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wəḫa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wəha ‘water’ (AED 1469; also in Old. Amh.: wäḵä, Littmann 1943:494, wäḵa, Ludolf 72), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ähʷa (Leslau 1997:189, AAD 365), əḫuwa id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha iḫwa, əḫwa id. (ibid.) Gaf. ägä (Leslau 1956:173), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. əxa, Ǝnd. əxä, Gyt. ixa, Ǝnd. əhä, Eža Muḫ. əga, Msḳ. Gog. äga, Sod. yiga (EDG 36) ※ Borrowed from Cushitic (Appleyard 144).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100

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Annotated Edition

218 A 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  النار‬ʔan-nār- ‘fire’ (Lane 2865) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اساٮ‬ʔsāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəsat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəsāt ‘fire’ (CDG 44), Tgr. ʔəsāt (WTS 363), Tna. ʔəsat (TED 1450) Amh. əsat (AED 1171; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:491, Ludolf 58), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əsad (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 313), isat (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha əsat (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 313), sat (ibid.) Har. əsāt, isāt (EDH 34; also in Ancient Har.: isat, Wagner 1983:274, isāt, isat, Cerulli 1936:409) Gaf. əsatä (Leslau 1956:184), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. əsat, Sod. äsat, Gyt. əsāt, isāt, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. əsād (EDG 98) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Gyt. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 A 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الأرض‬ʔal-ʔarḍ- ‘earth’ (Lane 48) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫ر‬‫  ِمْڊ‬midr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mədr Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. mədr ‘earth, ground, soil’ (CDG 330), Tgr. mədər ‘land, earth, ground’ (WTS 140), Tna. mədri ‘ground, land, soil, earth’ (TED 506) Amh. mədər ‘earth, the Earth, land, region, soil, ground’ (AED 323; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:486, Ludolf 17), Arg. mədər ‘earth’ (Leslau 1997:211, AAD 108) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mädär ‘place, a particular area’ (EDG 392), Sod. mədər ‘earth, soil, ground, region’ (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100

155

218 B 3

‫اسما اللٮوس من الٮٮاب والفرش‬

ʔasmāʔu l-lubūsi mina ṯ-ṯiyābi wa-l-furuši ‘Names of clothes, from among garments and carpets’

※ The reading min (paleographically more convincing than wa- in Muth 2009–2010:100) has been suggested by D.M. Varisco (p. c.).



218 B 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  المخَمل‬ʔal-muḫmal- ‘a garment having nap on its surface’ (Lane 813) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطُجوْر‬ṭaǧūr ※ An uncertain symbol above the ḍamma belonging to the ǧīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭägur/*ṣägur/*ṭägwr/*ṣägwr The Ethiopic gloss is to be identified with the terms for “hair, fur” discussed under 217 A 4 (even if the two glosses are not identical in their graphic shape). Note in particular the meaning “wool” registered for Amh. ṭägʷər, ṭägur (AED 2181). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 B 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 B 3 (‘a garment having nap on its surface’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِبَزْت‬bizat

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bəzät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *bəzzət/*bäzät/*bäzto.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bəzzət ‘linen, wool’ (CDG 118, LLA 532), Tna. bäzto ‘carded wool or cotton’ (TED 1190) Amh. bäzät ‘fluffed cotton’, bəzzət ‘cotton or wool which has been fluffed’ (AED 931)

※ Cf. also Gez. bazzata ‘to fluff up cotton for carding’ (CDG 118), Tgr. bazzata ‘carda (le cotton)’ (WTS 294), Tna. bäzzätä ‘to eviscerate, to untangle, card and loosen wool or cotton’ (TED 1189), Amh. bazzätä ‘to gin cotton, to break open cotton bolls, to loosen, to fluff up cotton for carding’ (AED 931).

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Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh.

※ The Ethiopic gloss seems to be a hybrid between bəzzət and bäzät, both present in Amharic. → The reading běranna ‘[Kalbs]pergament’ in Muth 2009–2010:100 appears to be inferior both paleographically and semantically.



218 B 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الثوٮ الرٯٮع‬ʔaṯ-ṯawbu r-rafīʕu ‘fine, thin garment’ (Lane 1124) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  شَّمه‬šmmah ※ The final hāʔ rather resembles a dāl.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šämma Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. šämma, šamma ‘the toga-like dress of traditional Ethiopia’ (TED 812) Amh. šämma (AED 609, Ludolf 29), Arg. of Aliyu Amba šämma (AAD 160) Har. šämma (EDH 146) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 B 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفوطه القرطاسى‬ʔal-fūṭatu . . ., cf. fūṭat- ‘cloths that are brought from Es-Sind, thick, or coarse, and short, used as waist-wrappers’ (Lane 2459, Dozy 1845:339–343)

※ The interpretation of the second element is uncertain. The reading ʔal-qirṭāsiyy- is not improbable (although the penultimate letter looks more like mīm than like sīn), but its relationship to the first word is hard to establish. Lane 2518 refers to qirṭās- ‘a kind of burd- of the fabric of Egypt’, but this is not identical to qirṭāsiyy-. Given the fact that fūṭatis feminine, an attributive collocation (*ʔal-fūṭatu l-qirṭāsiyyu) is scarcely possible. One wonders, therefore, whether some kind of scribal mistake could underlie the present collocation: note that the beginning of the second element (conventionally read as ‫القرطا‬ above) is very similar to ‫ الفوطه‬in its graphic shape and even the placement of its parts (‫طه‬/‫ طا‬written above and slightly to the left of ‫القر‬/‫)الفو‬.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  افقَرط‬ʔfqraṭ

※ The dot above the fāʔ is scarcely visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔafäḳäräṣ

157

218 B 7

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. afä ḳäräṣ ‘a kind of garment’ (AED 1348, KBT 632, Guidi 515, Ludolf 63) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

218 B 7

Arabic entry:  ‫العَماَمه‬ ِ   ʔal-ʕimāmat- ‘turban’ (Lane 2149)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ْقنِبْل‬qnbil Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳänbəl/*č̣änbəl Comparable Ethiopic forms: There is no immediate correspondence in ES. However, a connection with Amh. ḳonäbbälä ‘to turn or fold over the edge in order to form a rim or lip’ (AED 786) seems likely. Cf. also Amh. č̣əmbəl ‘veil; headband, headcloth’, č̣anbəla ‘headband’ (AED 2231), which is compared by Leslau with Gez. ṣ̂anbəl, ṣanbil ‘ornament for the forehead, diadem, black silk’ (CDG 151, LLA 1333). For qāf in the Ethiopic gloss used to render č̣ cf. 219 D 27. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.



218 B 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال لها‬wa-yuqālu lahā ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 B 7 (‘turban’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اي‬‫  َٯڊ‬qadāy

※ The dots below the dāl and the yāʔ are hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Perhaps related to Amh. täḳädaǧǧä ‘to put on the crown (monarch), to put on the diadem of a ras (noble), to have something placed on the head, e.g. wreath’ (AED 823). On the change ǧ > y v. Podolsky 1991:44.



218 B 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  القميْص‬ʔal-qamīṣ- ‘shirt’ (Lane 2564) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قمِٮ ّيسِـە‬qmbīssih

ْ

※ The reading of mīm and bāʔ is rather uncertain (their combination rather looks like a ṣād; for a similar, less certain case cf. 218 D 15).

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Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳämbissi

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḳämbisa/*ḳambissa.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳamis ‘shirt’ (CDG 432, LLA 420), Tgr. ḳamiš (WTS 237), Tna. ḳämis, ḳämiš (TED 915) Amh. ḳämis (AED 703, Ludolf 32), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳämis (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 182) Har. ḳämīs (EDH 126), Wol. ḳämbis, Səl. ḳämbisa ‘woman’s dress, shirt’ (EDG 480, 482), Wol. ḳämis id. (EDG 482) Čah. Eža ḳambis, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. Gog. ḳambisa, Ǝnd. ḳambisä, Eža Muḫ. ḳambissa id. (ibid. 480, 482), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳämis id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Wol., Səl., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Gog., Ǝnd., Muḫ.

218 B 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  َويٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 B 9 (‘shirt’).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫عت‬‫  محڊ‬mǧdʕt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məgəddaʕat ※ The comparative data do not support the final at.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gədʕi ‘kind of vest or blouse of black cloth with white sleeves which women wear, esp. when doing household chores’, məgəddaʕ ‘girding about the waist’ (TED 2369) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna.

218 B 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَسراِويل‬ʔas-sarāwīl(Lane 1354)

‘drawers,

※ An unclear sign (rather like a sukūn) above the yāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ِسْرِفْل‬sirfil

※ An unclear sign (rather like a sukūn) above the sīn.

trousers,

breeches’

159

218 B 12

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sərfil

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sərafil. It is not unlikely that *sərfil is an ad hoc back-formation from the plural-like form *sərafil (on comparable phenomena in Arabic v. extensively Spitaler 1955).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. sanāfil ‘ankle-length trousers’ (CDG 506), Tgr. šanāfil (WTS 221), Tna. sänafil ‘a kind of girdle’ (TED 742) Amh. sänafil (AED 559, Guidi 184), Arg. sänafil (Leslau 1997:220) Muḫ. sänafil, Ǝnd. sänāfər, Gyt. särafər, Ǝnm. särāfər, Eža särefər, Čah. särą̈fər ‘kind of breeches, dress below the waist’ (EDG 552) ※ The ES forms are borrowed from Arabic sarāwīl- (Leslau 1990:16 et passim).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ The phonetic shape of the Ethiopic gloss (r-l) does not directly coincide with any of the attested ES forms and may reflect an early shape of this loanword still unaffected by the sporadic shift r > n. The regular shift n > r as reflected in some of the Gurage forms is unlikely to be involved here, as in such a case the concomitant word-final development l > r would be expected to occur, too. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 B 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِتَكه‬ʔat-tikkat- ‘the band of the drawers, or trousers’ (Lane 310) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِم َقناْت‬miqnāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məḳnat ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *mäḳnät/*mäḳännät.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. maḳnat, maḳannat, maḳnati, maḳannati ‘belt’ (CDG 435, absent from LLA), Tna. mäḳ̌ännät ‘belt or girdle of cloth that goes around the waist several times’ (TED 993) Amh. mäḳännät ‘belt, girdle’ (AED 788, Guidi 283) ※ Cf. also Gez. ḳənāt ‘girdle, sash, belt’ (CDG 435, LLA 444), Tgr. ḳənāt (WTS 252), Tna. ḳənat (TED 993), Amh. ḳənat (AED 788, Guidi 283, Ludolf 35).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100

160

Annotated Edition

218 B 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  المقرَمه‬ʔal-miqramat- ‘a coverlet for a bed; a thin curtain’ (Lane 2987), magramah ‘Kopftuch der Frauen’ (Behnstedt 990), maqramah ‘colourful cotton or silken shawl thrown over a ‫ مصر‬on an urban woman’s head, with red and white decorations on a blue background, wrapping the head and completely hiding her hair and covering her back, worn outdoors’ (Piamenta 395) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َم َنحَرْب‬manḥarab ※ The diacritical sign above the ḥāʔ can also be a ḍamma. There is a blot in the upper part of the rāʔ, which, because of it, can easily be taken for a wāw. A vertical stroke above the bāʔ is tentatively read as a distorted fatḥa, but looks more like a lām (or an unusually tall bāʔ without dots). The signs below the bāʔ look like a kasra and two dots.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mänḥarräb

※ The comparative data do not support the presence of n, but insertion of non-­etymological n is a well-known phenomenon in ES (Podolsky 1991:51–52, EDG lvi).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. maḥaramat ‘handkerchief’ (WTS 111), Tna. mäharräb (TED 316) Amh. mäharräb (AED 136; cf. also mäharräm, KBT 73) Səl. Wol. mäharräb (EDG 397) Eža mähalläb, Sod. Gog. Muḫ. Msḳ. Čah. Gyt. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. mäharräb (ibid.)

※ The ES terms are borrowed from Arb. maḥramat- ‘mouchoir’ (Dozy I 279, Leslau 1990:16 et passim).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Səl., Wol., Sod., Gog., Muḫ., Msḳ., Čah., Gyt., Ǝnm., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:100 reads the Ethiopic gloss as manṭolāʕt ‘Vorhang’, which is hardly acceptable paleographically (note also that ǧīm for Ethiopic ṭ is not attested elsewhere in the Glossary).



218 B 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  البْرد‬ʔal-burd- ‘a kind of a striped garment’ (Lane 2576) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْڔِوى‬marwī Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *märwe Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. märäwi, märwe ‘machine-made cotton sheeting having a printed pattern of stripes, percale’ (AED 190, märäwi, KBT 80, Guidi 57; attested

161

218 B 15

as märwe in the Chronicle of Zarʔa Yaʕḳob, XV cent., cf. Perruchon 1893:20–21)

※ Perhaps related to Gez. marawa ‘place cross-pieces in building a house wall’ (CDG 361, absent from LLA), Tna. märäwä ‘to make a trellis, a latticework (for a ceiling, a partition)’ (TED 373).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

218 B 15

Arabic entry:  ‫ الحرير‬. . .  . . . ʔal-ḥarīr-, uncertain

※ The Arabic entry consists of two lexemes, of which the second one is clearly ʔal-ḥarīr‘silk’ (Lane 539). The first lexeme could be tentatively read as ‫الضله‬, corresponding to Yemeni Arabic ḏ̣ullah ‘straw hat; small cap made of straw worn by a woman above her two head coverings, the ‫ مصعب‬and the ‫ ;مقرمه‬broad conical umbrella made of straw or loose texture for ventillation. It protects the head, face and neck from the scorching sun of Tihamah’ (Piamenta 313, cf. also Behnstedt 751). The meaning of the Arabic lexeme is broadly compatible with those of the surrounding terms (note ġiṭā(ʔu) r-raʔsi ‘head cover’ below as well as maqramah ‘shawl on a woman’s head’ above). This is, at first sight, not so easy to reconcile with the meaning “handkerchief” of the ES cognates below, but note a similar semantic correspondence in 218 B 13 (and note the meaning “female headdress” attested for Gəʕəz mandil).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ل‬‫  َمْي َڊ‬mandal

※ The mīm is highly uncertain, rather resembles the beginning of ṣād (for a similar shape of mīm cf. 218 B 9, 218 D 15). The two dots below the second grapheme point towards yāʔ rather than nūn, yet the only semantically feasible identification forces one to consider them unintentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mändäl Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. mandil ‘sacerdotal vestment; female headdress, handkerchief, garment’ (CDG 348, LLA 194–195), Tgr. mandil ‘handkerchief’ (WTS 129), Tna. mändil id. (TED 441) Amh. mändil id. (AED 278) Har. mändīl id. (EDH 108)

※ The ES terms are borrowed from Arb. mindīl- ‘essuie-main, serviette longue qu’on met devant les convives’ (BK II 1228), cf. Leslau 1990:16 et passim. The vocalic difference between the Ethiopic gloss and the attested Ethiopic (and Arabic) lexemes is noteworthy.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Har.

162

Annotated Edition

218 B 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  عطا الراس‬ġiṭā(ʔu) r-raʔsi ‘head cover’ (Lane 2272)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسِلَقْى‬saliqay Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain There is no satisfactory explanation for the straightforward reading of the Ethiopic gloss. Several tentative interpretations can be proposed, none of them fully convincing. (a) The tentative reading ‫ َمِلَقْب‬maliqab implies a comparison to Som. malqabad (malkhabad, malkhamad) ‘foulard o scialle femminile molto velato di seta’ (DSI 411, apparently from Arb. ʔal-maqramat-, ʔalmiqramat-, for which v. 218 B 13). (b) A distorted form (with rāʔ misspelt as lām, and without nūn) of Gaf. särnäḳi ‘voile’ (Leslau 1956:232; 1945:172) cannot be excluded, in view of the semantic proximity. (c) If the first grapheme is read as a prolongated bāʔ, a comparison to Tna. balliḳḳa ‘plate of silver or other metal hung on the forehead of a horse as a decoration’ (TED 1092) can be considered (semantically somewhat remote, but not altogether improbable). (d) If the second grapheme is read as a bāʔ with an abnormally high notch (for similar cases, v. Introduction, Section 2), one may compare Har. säbbōḳa ‘blanket’ (EDH 136), somewhat remote semantically.



218 B 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الملحَفه‬ʔal-milḥafat- ‘pièce d’étoffe dont on s’enveloppe tout le corps’ (BK II 975, Lane 3008, Dozy 1845:401–403, Piamenta 446) Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain Two alternative readings and interpretations can be proposed.

(a) The Ethiopic gloss can be tentatively read as ‫ َبْفَتْح‬baftaḥ (possible if the second dot below the first symbol is ignored). Such a reading allows a tentative comparision with the ES terms borrowed from Arb. bafta ‘toile de coton blanc des Indes’ (BK I 148): Tgr. baftā, pl. bafatit ‘white calico’ (WTS 301), Tna. bäfta, bofta ‘very fine muslin; calico, percale’ (TED 1216), Amh. bäfta ‘calico; seamless bolt of cloth 35 cubits long and made of 300 spindles of cotton’ (AED 953, KBT 512, Guidi 534, Ludolf 44).

163

218 B 18

The identification seems acceptable on both paleographic and semantic reasons, yet the final ḥ in the Ethiopic gloss is disturbing as it finds no support in the attested forms. (b) If the blot following the first grapheme is interpreted as the dots of šīn, and the two dots above the penultimate grapheme are ignored, one can propose the reading ‫ َيْشَٮْح‬yašyaḥ, to be reconstructed as *yäšyaḥ

(or, if the second fatḥa is ignored, as *yäšiḥ), well compatible with the Old Amharic terms yäši (Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:77–78), yäʔeši, yäšəḥ (LLA 47), yäšəḥ ‘toile, linge’ (d’Abbadie 738). These terms are semantic equivalents of Gez. lanṣ, rendered as ‘linteum’ (cloth, napkin, towel) in LLA 47. Interestingly, in the 17 cent. manuscript analyzed by Getatchew Haile (1969–1970:77), the Gəʕəz word lanṣ is rendered with Amh. mätaṭṭäḳiya ‘girdle’, which is perhaps even closer to the meaning of the Arabic entry in the present case.



218 B 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَثوب الخام‬ʔaṯ-ṯawbu l-ḫāmu ‘unbleached cloth’ (Lane 837) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقِطْن‬qaṭin Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäṭin/*ḳäč̣č̣in Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳaṭṭant ‘fine linen, soft clothing’ (CDG 453, LLA 470), Tna. ḳäč̣č̣ən, ḳäč̣č̣in ‘gauze, fine, soft (cloth), muslin, fine thread, clothing made of fine thread’ (TED 1049).

※ These terms are to be separated from the widespread designations of silk and cotton, borrowed from Arb. quṭn-: Gez. ḳʷəṭ(ə)n ‘silk, silk garment, cotton’ (CDG 454, LLA 470), Amh. ḳʷəṭən ‘silk, silk thread’ (AED 840). An eventual contamination between the two sets of forms is not to be ruled out, however.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna.

218 B 19

Arabic entry:  ‫الشمله‬ َ   ʔaš-šamlat- ‘a garment with which one wraps himself’ (Lane 1600) ※ There is a longer horizontal stroke above the fatḥa, of unclear function.

164

Annotated Edition

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمجْق‬maḥq

※ The second grapheme is to be read as ḥāʔ, despite the subscript dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *maḥaḳ/*maḥḳ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. maḳ ‘kind of cloak of gray wool, black rough homespun coarse covering’ (TED 412) Amh. maḳ ‘a dark (usually black) woolen cloth of local manufacture, a black burnoose made of this cloth’ (AED 233, KBT 145), maḳ (ancient orthography maḥaḳ) ‘stoffa di lana, spesso di color nero; si fabbrica in Abissinia’ (Guidi 80; Old Amh. maḥḳ ‘a long outer garment’, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:66) ※ The Ethiopic gloss corresponds exactly to the ancient Amharic form as recorded in Guidi 80 (with no reference) and in Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:66. The Təgrəñña term, showing no guttural, is apparently an Amharism.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

218 B 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحصيْر‬ʔal-ḥaṣīr- ‘a mat woven of reeds or of palmleaves; a garment, or piece of gloth, ornamented and variegated’ (Lane 583) ※ An arrow-like sign above the ṣād.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُمَشا‬mušā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *muša Comparable Ethiopic forms: ̃ ‘womČah. mʷeša, Muḫ. mešša, mʷešša, Eža mʷešä, Gyt. mēšä, Ǝnm. mʷī�šä an’s dress made of leather’ (EDG 433) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Muḫ., Eža, Gyt., Ǝnm.

218 B 21

Arabic entry: uncertain

※ The Arabic entry consists of two elements. The second one appears to be rather clearly written as ‫السلموراٮى‬, but no suitable interpretation for this term (perhaps a nisbah) can be proposed. The first one is very difficult to read, especially in the beginning, but a certain similarity to ‫ الَشمله‬ʔaš-šamlat- ‘a garment to wrap oneself’ (218 B 19) is conspicuous.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َبُشوٮي‬bašūtī/bašūbī/bašūnī

165

218 B 22

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The straightforward reading does not yield any suitable reconstruction. Cf. perhaps Amh. buš(šə)t ‘blanket or cloak made of wool; strong raincoat of olden times’ (AED 903, Ludolf 41), borrowed from Arb. bušt, bišt ‘étoffe de laine brune’ (Dozy I 88; v. Leslau 1990:36). Note that Arb. bušt goes back to Persian pušt ‘shoulder’ and must represent an abbreviation of a compound nominal term like pušt bast ‘pannus in quo hortulani res recondunt et dorso gestant’ (Vullers I 362–363). This comparison is rather appealing semantically (especially if the reading ‫ الَشمله‬is accepted for the first element of the Arabic entry), but somewhat problematic paleographically (both the wāw and the yāʔ are difficult to explain, even if for the former a graphic metathesis from * ‫ بوشـٮي‬can be surmised).

218 B 22

Arabic entry:  ‫الحبره الحرير‬ َ   ʔal-ḥibaratu l-ḥarīru ‘silk garments of the kind called burd-’ (Lane 499), ‘Prachtgewand’ (al-Selwi 1987:66)

※ The fatḥa above the bāʔ rather resembles a sukūn. Syntactically, the Arabic entry is to be analysed as an apposition, which makes irrelevant the gender discrepancy.

Ethiopic entry: uncertain Two alternative, rather tentative interpretations are at hand. (a) A comparison to the Gəʕəz and Amharic terms for silk cloth (Gez. garzen ‘fine linen cloth, silk cloth’, CDG 204, LLA 1157; Amh. gärzen ‘calico or silk cloth; very fine muslin’, AED 1939, KBT 1173) suggests the reading ‫ حرزاي‬ǧrzāy. This interpretation is not without problems: the notch between the ǧīm and the rāʔ, looking as an independent letter, has to be ignored, whereas the expected final n is absent (due to palatalization n > ň > y?).4 (b) Paleographically more suitable would be a comparison to the element ḥanzaray attested in Tna. ḥanzäḥanzäray, ḥanzar ḥanzaray ‘multicolored (cloth, etc.)’ (TED 243).

4  On the alternation between ñ and y v. Podolsky 1991:44, Zelealem Leyew 2007:451, 454. On a similar case in the Glossary cf. 218 A 19.

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Annotated Edition

218 B 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشمط‬ʔas-simṭ- ‘thong, strap’ (Lane 1427) ※ Despite the three dots, the first letter is to be interpreted as sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُطْقْر‬ṭufr

※ Despite the two dots, the second grapheme is to be interpreted as fāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭufr/*ṣufr

※ While the comparative data suggest the reconstruction with ä rather than u, the ḍamma may be easily explained by the labializing effect of the adjacent f.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭafr ‘rawhide, leather strip’ (CDG 588, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism), Tgr. ṣafər ‘pack-rope, leather-strap’ (WTS 650) Amh. ṭäfər ‘rawhide or leather strip, thong or strap’ (AED 2194, Guidi 837), Arg. ṭäfər ‘strap’ (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 470) East Gur., Gunnän-Gur. ṭäfər ‘strap of leather; skin of the leg of the animal’ (EDG 614) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gunnän-Gur.

218 B 24

Arabic entry:  ‫الوحَفه‬ َ   ʔal-waḥfa = ǧildun min ǧulūdi ḍ-ḍaʔni yudbaġu wa-yunzaʕu ṣūfuhu wa-tufrašu taḥta ṭ-ṭifli ṣ-ṣaġīri li-taqiya firāšahu mina l-balali (al-Iryānī 2012:1081) ※ A thick dot below the fāʔ, likely unintentional.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِلْمد‬limd Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləmd

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *lämd/*ləmad.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. lamd ‘sheepskin cloak, ornate ceremonial garment’ (CDG 315, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism) Amh. lämd ‘sheepskin cloak or ornate ceremonial garment of velvet and gold brocade which may also have a lion’s mane or panther skin attached to the shoulders and which is worn by persons of status; leather or hide backpack for carrying a baby’ (AED 50, Guidi 18, KBT 9), Arg. of Aliyu Amba lämd id. (AAD 49), Arg. of Ṭollaha lämd = Amh. ḳoda ‘leather’ (ibid. 203) Wol. lämd, Səl. länd ‘warrior’s garment made of skin or of colorful material, war cap, hide (of sheep or goat) used as a garment, dress’ (EDG 380)

167

218 B 25

Čah. Eža Ǝnd. Muḫ. lämd, Sod. lända, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ləmad, Čah. Eža nəmad, Ǝnm. Gyt. nəm̠ ā̃d, Ǝnd. nəwād id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Wol., Čah., Eža, Ǝnd., Muḫ. ※ The cognates in Amharic and Argobba are semantically the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.



218 B 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويڡال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’

※ The second gloss to 218 B 24 ‘tanned leather spread under a small child to protect its bed from wetness’.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  طو فرش‬ṭw frš Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The Ethiopic gloss appears to consist of two elements. The second one, frš, can be identified with the ES designations of mattress, carpet, borrowed from Arb. firāš- id. (Lane 2371, Leslau 1990:335): Tgr. fərāš ‘mat, carpet’ (WTS 657), Amh. fəraš ‘mattress, upholstery’ (AED 2280), Arg. fəraš ‘mattress’ (Leslau 1997:200, AAD 499), Har. fərāš id. (EDH 64), Sod. fraš id. (EDG 244), cf. Tna. fərraš ‘padded, stuffed’ (TED 2662). In view of the precise meaning “piece of skin put under a baby to protect its bed from wetness” established for Arabic ʔal-waḥfa (v. 218 B 24), this identification appears rather attractive from the semantic point of view. More troublesome is the first element, ṭw, best to be identified with the ES designations of “breast” dealt with above under 217 A 26, most notably, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ṭu (EDG 607). The ensuing semantic combination is far from clear, unless “breast” is used metonymically for “baby” (or else a hitherto unattested designation of “baby” derived from the related verbal root *ṭbw ‘to suck (breast)’ is involved, for which cf. 219 B 3). Alternatively, instead of the single grapheme ‫ط‬, one can read the sequence ‫( حل‬paleographically not improbable), which results in the reading ‫ حلو‬ǧlw,5 to be identified with Ǝnd. Sod. č̣ūlo, Wol. č̣əlo ‘baby, child’ (EDG 179), borrowed from Cushitic (ibid.), cf. Had. Kam. č̣īla ‘baby’ (HECD 273, 313).

5  Still another option is to regard the grapheme ‫ ط‬as miscopied from the sequence ‫ٯل‬. For a similar case cf. 217 B 11. For qāf corresponding to č̣ in Ethiopic cf. 219 D 27, 217 F 22, etc.

168

Annotated Edition

218 B 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدرع‬ʔad-dirʕ- ‘a coat of mail; a garment, or piece of cloth, in the middle of which a woman cuts an opening for the head to be put through, and to which she puts arms, and the two openings of which she sews up; a woman’s garment which is worn above the qamīṣ-’ (Lane 871–872) ※ Another word (of part of it) seems to have been inscribed in the same case, but the extant traces cannot be identified (could it be ʔad-dirʕ- copied a second time?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮَررْٮ‬uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The straightforward reading does not yield any plausible interpretation. If the second grapheme is read as dāl and the final grapheme, as yāʔ (whose upper part looks like a sukūn), one can venture a comparison to Har. bädri ‘kind of woman’s black dress worn over the ordinary dress’ (EDH 40), remarkably similar semantically.



218 B 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  المداس‬ʔal-madās- ‘a shoe, sandal’ (Lane 933) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  شماَمه‬šmāmah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The rather clearly written šmāmah could perhaps be compared with EthioSemitic and Cushitic designations of “shoe, boot”: Tgr. č̣āmā ‘shoes’ (WTS 623), Tna. č̣amma ‘shoes, sandals’ (TED 2499), Amh. č̣amma ‘shoe, foot’ (AED 2204; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:498, Ludolf 86), Arg. č̣amma ‘boot, wooden sandal’ (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 485), Gaf. č̣ama ‘sole of the foot’ (Leslau 1945:150), Wol. č̣ammä ‘boot, shoe, sandal’ (EDG 181), Čah. Eža Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. č̣amma, Ǝnd. č̣āpmä, Muḫ. mäč̣čạ̈ mmä id. (ibid.), Bil. šanfi, Ḫam. ṣabb, Kem. č̣amma, Awngi čam (Appleyard 2005:122). This identification fails to explain the second m in the Ethiopic gloss. As far as the first letter is concerned, the correspondence of šīn to ES č̣ is rather unlikely, hence one has to assume that the Ethiopic gloss renders a form with š like Bil. šanfi. → Muth 2009–2010:100 reconstructs the Ethiopic gloss as č̣amāma, with no comments on the paleographic and morphological difficulties.

169

218 B 29

‫اسماء المعادن‬

ʔasmāʔu l-maʕādini ‘Names of metals’

218 B 29

Arabic entry:  ‫ٮڊ‬‫  الَح ِڊ‬ʔal-ḥadīd- ‘iron’ (Lane 526)

※ Thick dots with uncertain meaning (unintentional?) below the first dāl (and its dot) and above the yāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  برت‬brt

※ There is a somewhat unclear dot above the rāʔ (a distorted fatḥa?).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bərät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bərat ‘iron’ (CDG 108, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism), Tna. bərät (TED 1121) Amh. bərät (AED 884, Ludolf 39; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:489), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bəräd (AAD 219), Arg. of Ṭollaha bərät (Leslau 1997:196, AAD 219) Har. brät (EDH 46), Səl. Wol. Zay brät (EDG 157) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. brät, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. bräd, bəräd (EDG 157) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 C 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮحاس‬ʔan-nuḥās- ‘copper’ (Lane 2775) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سنٮال‬sntāl ※ The dot above the nūn is hardly visible and may be unintentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säntal

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *säntäl.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. säntäl ‘metal, us. copper or brass’ (AED 544, Guidi 177) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

170

Annotated Edition

218 C 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَّرَصاْص‬ʔar-raṣāṣ- ‘lead’ (Lane 1092) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَرْر‬ʕarar ※ There is an unclear dot below the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕarär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕarar ‘lead’ (CDG 71, LLA 960–961), Tgr. ʕarar ‘lead (metal), bullet’ (WTS 458), Tna. ʕarär ‘lead, tin, rifle ball, bullet, lead shot’ (TED 1843) Amh. arär ‘lead portion of a bullet, ball, lead; pewter, tin’ (AED 1145, Guidi 431; Old Amh. ʕarär, Ludolf 74) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:100 reads ěrsěs, which is not acceptable paleographically.

‫اسماء الالاٮ ؟؟؟ مں المعادں‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔālāti . . . mina l-maʕādini ‘Names of tools . . . of metals’

※ The reading of the last two words is due to D. M. Varisco (p. c.). The third word could not be deciphered. Most probably, it is feminine attribute (a passive participle?) modifying al-ʔālāt (al-munaǧǧaratu ‘carved’ = ‘made, manufactured’?).



218 C 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِحفر‬ʔal-ḥifr- ‘plow, spade’ (cf. miḥfar- ‘spade’, Lane 601)

※ In view of the general context and a transparent graphic shape, the semantic identification of the Arabic lexeme appears quite certain even if no exact structural match seems to be attested in either classical or dialectal Arabic.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ْشنَكْه‬šnkah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain For the straighforward reading šnkah, no suitable ES cognates could be found. Taking the second letter for a tāʔ and the third for a lām, and assuming that the upper tail of the hypothetic kāf is in fact an elongated fatḥa above the lām, one could achieve the reading ‫ شْتَلْه‬štlah, perhaps comparable to Amh. šotäl ‘curved sword; straight sword; two-edged sword’ (AED 639), sotäl id. (ibid. 531). In view of the considerable semantic difference, this comparison is not very appealing. As an alternative, cf. perhaps Kaf. šikkō ‘pugnale’, ḳoč̣čẹ šikkô ‘coltello da ensete (coltello di forma speciale per tagliare l’ensete)’ (Cerulli 1951:496).

171

218 C 5



218 C 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَسحب للحفر‬ʔas-saḥbu li-l-ḥifri ‘ploughshare’ (cf. saḥb ‘ploughshare’, Piamenta 216, Behnstedt 539, Varisco 2004:96; for ḥifr- cf. 218 C 4) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫ْجر‬‫   َڊ‬daǧr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dägr ※ Most of the comparative data rather suggest *dəgr/*dəgrä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dəgʷr, dagʷr ‘plough beam’ (CDG 127, LLA 1132), Tna. dugri, dəgʷri ‘earshaped or spatulate pieces of wood into which a plowshare is fitted; short, thick cudgel’ (TED 2162) Amh. dəgər ‘a pair of wooden fittings, usually made of acacia wood, which are held by pins to the shaft of the plow above the plowshare for use in regulating the angle of the plowshare’ (AED 1831, KBT 1139), Arg. of Ṭollaha dəgər id. (AAD 419) Wol. dəgrä ‘the two pieces of wood on either side of the plough’ (EDG 203) Msḳ. dəgər, Gog. dəgrä, Sod. dəgərä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Wol., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 C 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  سحب الحرث‬saḥbu l-ḥarṯi ‘ploughshare’ ‘ploughshare’, Lane 542 and, for saḥb, under 218 C 5)

(cf.

ḥarṯ-

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُعُرف‬ʕuruf

※ The vocalization sign above the ʕayn can also be read as a fatḥa; the vocalization sign above the rāʔ may also be a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕuruf

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʕərf (cf. also above on the uncertainty of the interpretation of the diacritics).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕərf ‘spoon, handle of a plough, plough’ (EDG 70, LLA 972), Tna. ʕərfi ‘plow handle into which a plowshare is inserted’ (TED 1856) Amh. ərf ‘plow beam and handle of the plow’ (AED 1162, Guidi 441), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ərf, Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕərf id. (AAD 313)

172

Annotated Edition

Səl. Wol. ərf, Zay ərəf ‘forked digging pick, handle of the forked digging pick, wooden handle of the plough’ (EDG 87) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 C 7

Arabic entry:  ‫المراٲه‬ َ   ʔal-mirāʔat- ‘mirror’ (cf. mirāyat-, Lane 1002) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمْٮَحْتَوْتٮه‬minḥatwatyh

※ The wāw looks rather like a rāʔ. The final hāʔ is very small; it is not to be excluded that instead of the final three graphemes one should read only one, viz. a final tāʔ with an additional (hardly visible) notch in the middle and a thickened final part.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The Ethiopic gloss is likely to reflect a form comparable to the SES terms for “mirror”: Amh. mästäwät ‘mirror, glass, pane of glass, window’ (AED 214; Old Amh. mästäyayot, Ludolf 12, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:66, mästäḥayät, Ludolf 12), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mästawät ‘mirror’ (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 78), Arg. of Ṭollaha məstawät id. (AAD 78), Səl. mästawät id. (EDG 431), Eža Gyt. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mästawät, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. mästawäd, Sod. mästayət id. (ibid.). Tna. mästiyat, mästəyat ‘mirror, glass’ (TED 396) must be an Amharism. The graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss does not directly correspond to any of the attested forms, nor to their possible early prototypes, which suggests some sort of scribal corruption. If the final three graphemes are read as one grapheme tāʔ, the source lexeme can be reconstructed as *məsḥatwät, comparable to the Old Amharic form mästäḥayät (with etymological ḥ; for the root *ḥzy ‘to see’ v. EDG 123), but showing metathesis of t and ḥ as well as w instead of y (the latter feature is abundantly attested elsewhere among the modern SES forms). → Muth 2009–2010:100 reads the Ethiopic gloss as mäṣḥet (cf. Gez. maṣḥet ‘mirror’, CDG 553; Amh. mäṣhet ‘journal, magazine; mirror’ (Gəʕəz only), AED 369), which is rather difficult paleographically.

173

218 C 8



218 C 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  البقير‬ʔan-nafīr- ‘trumpet’ (BK II 1309, Wehr 1155, Piamenta 492) ※ The present reading implies that the diacritical signs were wrongly copied or inserted by the copyist: the nūn is marked as bāʔ, whereas the fāʔ is marked as qāf. The reading with qāf is not completely excluded, cf. naqīr- ‘сor, trompette’ in BK II 1324.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِاْٮحْرت‬ʔinǧrt

※ The sukūn above the nūn may also be a dot; the sukūn above the rāʔ may also be a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənǧərt

※ While none of the ES cognates displays ǧ or ž, palatalization of z or d before i is easy to imagine. The comparative data suggest the final a. For the final tāʔ corresponding to a vocalic ending in the comparable ES terms v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕənzirā, ʔənzirā ‘musical instrument (flute, lyre, pipe)’ (CDG 65, LLA 992), ʕəndər, ʕəndar ‘musical instrument (flute)’ (CDG 64, not in LLA), Tgr. ʕəndər ‘flute’ (WTS 474), Tna. ʕanzar ‘chatterbox, windbag’ (TED 1890), ʕəndur, ʕəndər ‘a shepherd’s flute made from tree bark rolled into a tube and having three to five holes’ (TED 1893) Amh. andur, əndir, əndər ‘a kind of flute having 3–5 holes, a hollow cane or tube through which one blows when trying to kindle a fire’ (AED 1238), ənzira ‘harp, accordion, pieces of leather on the bridge of a bägäna-harp’ (ibid. 1228) Wol. andur ‘flute’ (EDG 59) Gog. Sod. andər id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Wol., Gog., Sod. ※ Gəʕəz is safely excluded as palatalization is not typical for this language. The Amharic cognates are the most plausible sources since the potential trigger of palatalization i is overtly present in them. → Muth 2009–2010:100 reads the Arabic entry as naqīr ‘Trog’. This interpretation is difficult to accept insofar as the Ethiopic gloss has been left uninterpreted by Muth.



218 C 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮوٯ الطوٮل الكٮير‬ʔal-būqu ṭ-ṭawīlu l-kabīru ‘a long big trumpet’ (Lane 276) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجْرَطْح‬ǧarṭaǧ ※ There seems to be an unintentional blot looking like a sukūn above the first letter.

174

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gärṭäč̣

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *gərṭaṭ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gərṭāṭ ‘a musical instrument’ (LLA 1158)

※ Strikingly enough, the text quoted in LLA mentions gərṭāṭ side by side with gantā, for which see the next entry. The word is adduced with a final t in CDG 204 (gərṭāt), which is probably a misprint.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez.

→ In Muth 2009–2010:100 the Arabic entry is read as al-būn aṭ-ṭawīl ‘langer Zeltpflock’. This reading is unconvincing as long as the Ethiopic gloss is left without interpretation.



218 C 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮوٯ الاعوح‬ʔal-būqu l-ʔaʕwaǧu ‘a curved trumpet’ (Lane 276, 2188) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحاَنَتْه‬ǧānatah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ganäta ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *gänta.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gantā ‘small trumpet, flute’ (CDG 199, LLA 1176) Amh. gänta ‘large drum, flute, trumpet, horn, megaphone, bullhorn’ (AED 2005, Guidi 754)

※ Cf. also Ancient Har. gänti, gänta, for which the meaning ‘Trompete’ is not excluded (Wagner 1983:286).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh.

→ Muth 2009–2010:100 reads the Arabic entry as al-būn al-aʕwaǧ ‘krummer Zeltpflock’. This reading is hard to accept in the absence of a convincing explanation for the Ethiopic gloss.



218 C 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  المحش‬ʔal-miḥašš- ‘an instrument with which dry herbage is cut; a reaping-hook’ (Lane 574), ‘Sichel’ (Behnstedt 258)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْعَجد‬maʕǧad

※ The dot belonging to the ǧīm is misplaced to the left of the letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *maʕč̣äd

175

218 C 12

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. māʕəṣ̂ad, māʕəṣ̂əd ‘sickle, scythe, pruning hook’ (CDG 58), Tgr. maʕaṣad ‘scythe’ (WTS 491), Tna. maʕṣid, maʕṣädi, maʕṣəd ‘sickle’ (TED 1946) Amh. mač̣əd id. (AED 368), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mač̣əd id. (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 308) Gaf. mač̣ədä id. (Leslau 1956:213) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:100



218 C 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويقال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 C 11 (‘a reaping-hook’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْمحْش‬wamḥš

※ The mīm can also be read as nūn. There is an unclear sign below the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The Ethiopic gloss comes remarkably close to a combination of wa- + the Arabic entry in the preceding line (218 C 11). Several explanations for this resemblance can be proposed. (a) The copyst inserted the Arabic lexeme by mistake instead of the intended Ethiopic gloss. (b) The ES prototype is a lexeme borrowed from Arb. miḥašš-, but absent from the attested ES languages. (c) The Ethiopic gloss was slightly changed under the influence of the Arabic entry of 218 C 11. In this case, the most probable reading is ‫ َوْٮحْى‬wanǧy (the final yāʔ miscopied as šīn), whose prototype can be reconstructed as *wänč̣äy, cf. Arg. mänč̣a ‘sickle’ (Leslau 1997:212), Har. mänč̣a ‘sickle’ (EDH 117).

※ The final y is well compatible with the etymological data since the above-mentioned terms for “sickle” go back to the Proto-ES verbal root *nṣy ‘to pluck out’: Gez. naṣaya (CDG 406, LLA 703), Tgr. nač̣čạ (WTS 344), Tna. näṣäyä (TED 1392), Amh. näč̣čạ̈ (AED 1077), Arg. of Aliyu Amba näč̣čạ (Leslau 1997:212, AAD 252), neč̣čạ (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha näč̣č̣ (ibid.), Har. näč̣a (EDH 117), Səl. Wol. näč̣e, Zay näč̣ī (EDG 449), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. näč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. näč̣čạ̈ (ibid.). Admittedly, none of these verbs is attested with the meaning “to reap”. It is worth observing that this meaning is registered for the Gurage verb anṭä (Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt.), annäṭä (Eža), which Leslau traces back to *ḥrd ‘to slaughter’ (EDG 76). In view of the remarkable phonological and semantic proximity between anṭä ‘to reap’ and mänč̣a ‘sickle’ one may wonder whether anṭä might have resulted from some

176

Annotated Edition

kind of contamination between the reflexes of *nṣy and *ḥrd. The initial wä- is unproblematic since it is the regular reflex of the prefix *ma- throughout Gurage (EDG xxxiii). → Muth 2009–2010:100 identifies the Ethiopic gloss with Gez. maḫwaŝəŝ ‘meat hook’ (CDG 266), which is difficult both paleographically and semantically.



218 C 13

Arabic entry:  ‫الفَلْس‬ َ   ʔal-qals- ‘grosse corde tressée de feuilles de palmier ou de fibres de noix de coco; câble de vaisseau’ (BK II 801, LA VI 218)

※ The present interpretation fits well the general context of the entry (cf. qayd- ‘shackle, fetter’ in 218 C 14), but is not without difficulties: only one dot is visible above the third grapheme, whereas a fatḥa is clearly seen above the lām. In the absence of a convnining ES identification compatible with ʔal-qals-, one may venture to assume that we are faced with the copyist’s wrong reading of the original ‫ الفٲس‬ʔal-faʔs- ‘axe; hoe, pickaxe’ (Lane 2325).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  )?( َجِكْن‬ǧakin (?)

※ The last letter can also be interpreted as a zayn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the reading ʔal-faʔs- ‘axe; hoe, pickaxe’ is accepted for the Arabic entry, the Ethiopic gloss can be tentatively read as ‫ َجِنْز‬ǧaniz and reconstructed as *gänəz on the basis of Səl. gīzo ‘big axe’ (EDG 285), Čah. Eža genzo, Gyt. gēnzo, Ǝnd. gīnzo, Ǝnd. Gyt. gīnzoʔa, Msḳ. gezo id. (ibid.). This interpretation is not free of graphic difficulties: the second letter, at first sight looking like a kāf with a kasra, has to be interpreted as a nūn with no dot and a strange (unintentional?) fatḥa-like stroke above.

218 C 14

Arabic entry:  ‫القْيڊ‬ َ   ʔal-qayd- ‘a shackle, fetter’ (Lane 2576) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  الاسر‬ʔalʔasr ※ Two arrow-like signs: one above the sīn and another above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The verbal root *ʔsr ‘to tie, to bind, to fetter’ is well attested throughout ES: Gez. ʔasara ‘tie, tie up, bind, fetter’ (CDG 44, LLA 747–748), Tgr. ʔasra ‘to bind, to fetter’ (WTS 362), Tna. ʔasärä ‘to tie, to bind’ (TED 1447), Amh. assärä ‘to tie, to bind, to attach; to fetter, to enchain, to put in irons, to imprison’ (AED 1164, Guidi 442, Ludolf 58), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hasära, Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕasär, ḥasär (AAD 276). A nominal derivative with the

177

218 C 15

meaning “fetter, shackle” is not difficult to imagine, even if one has to admit that no direct semantic equivalent is attested anywhere in ES, cf. Gez. ʔasar ‘fastening, band, tie’ (CDG 44, LLA 747–748), Amh. əsər ‘knot; bundle, package’ (AED 1164). The first two letters almost certainly have to be identified with the Arabic definite article (for a possible precedent cf. 217 E 27).

218 C 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الابره‬ʔal-ʔibrat- ‘needle’ (Lane 5)

※ There is an uncertain dot (perhaps intended for a fatḥa?) above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْرفا‬marfā

※ There is a dot (likely unintentional) above and to the left of the mīm.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *märfa/*märfaʔ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. mərfāʔ ‘needle’ (CDG 463), Tgr. meraf ‘wooden needle for sewing palmmate; nose-ring’, marfe ‘aiguille’ (WTS 117), Tna. märfəʔ (TED 614) Amh. märfe (AED 199), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wärfa, Arg. of Ṭollaha wärfäʔa (AAD 74) Har. märfi (EDH 110), Səl. Wol. märfe, Zay märfi (EDG 420) Gaf. mirfä (Leslau 1956:216), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Sod. märf, Msḳ. märəf, Gog. märfe id. (EDG 420) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Gaf.

※ The final ʔalif likely reflects final a or ʔ (or, less likely, ä), which excludes forms with final e, i or f. → Muth 2009–2010:100

‫اسما الحسراٮ‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ḥašarāti ‘Names of small creeping creatures’

218 C 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الذباب‬ʔaḏ-ḏubāb- ‘fly’ (Lane 952)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزَنْب‬zanab Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zänäb

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *zənbi/*zənb.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zənb ‘fly’ (CDG 640, KWK 425, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism), Tna. zənbi ‘fly’ (TED 1998) Amh. zəmb, zənb (AED 1616, Guidi 621), Arg. zəmb (AAD 387) Har. zəmbi (EDH 166), East Gur. zəmb (EDG 708) Gaf. zəmbä (Leslau 1956:249), Gunnän-Gur. zəmb (EDG 708) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Gunnän-Gur.

※ The Təgrəñña and Amharic terms with n are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. At the same time, variation between nb and mb is an extremely widespread phenomenon in ES and may have affected the rest of the cognates as well (the pertinent variants being accidentally missing from the standard lexicographic sources). → SED II No. 73 Muth 2009–2010:101



218 C 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  القعموْص‬ʔal-qaʕmūṣ ‘large, black ant’ (Piamenta 407, cf. Behnstedt 1013) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ات‬‫اط‬‫  ط‬ṭāṭāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṣaṣat/*č̣ač̣at/*ṭač̣at Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣāṣut, ṣāṣot, ṣāṣet ‘gnat, stinging insect, red ant’ (CDG 564, LLA 1319), Tna. ṣaṣä ‘ant, crawling insect’ (TED 2624) Amh. č̣əč̣at ‘swarm of ants or bugs; kind of small ant’ (AED 2241, Ludolf 87), Arg. ṭuč̣e ‘ant’ (Leslau 1997:223) Har. č̣ūč̣ ‘small black ant’ (EDH 50)

※ These forms may be further related to Tgr. č̣ənč̣ā ‘fly’ (WTS 628), Wol. č̣unč̣e, Səl. č̣ūnč̣e ‘gnat’ (EDG 183), with the inserted n and semantically distinct from the remaining ES forms.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh.

※ None of the ES cognates directly corresponds to the Ethiopic gloss: a in the first syllable is supported by the cognates in Gəʕəz and Təgrəñña, but not in Amharic; conversely, only Amharic exhibits a in the second syllable.

179

218 C 19



218 C 19

Arabic entry:  ‫وه‬‫  الشط‬ʔaš-šaḏ̣wat- = ḍarbun mina n-namli l-ʔaswadi (al-Iryānī 618) ※ Note the dot under the ḏ̣āʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َجْوَنڊ‬ǧawnad Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gʷänäd/*gonäd

※ The comparative data suggest reconstruction *gʷändä/*gondä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. gundan, gʷəndan ‘a kind of black ant which inflicts a painful bite’ (AED 2013, Ludolf 89), gʷande ‘very small red ant which eats grain’ (AED 2011), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gundan ‘ant’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 440) Wol. gʷändä, Səl. gōndä ‘kind of ant’ (EDG 282) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Sod. gʷända, Gog. gʷändä, Gyt. Msḳ. gonda, Ǝnm. gōnda, Ǝnd. gōndä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Səl., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Sod., Gog., Gyt., Ǝnm., Ǝnd. ※ Amh. gʷande is less likely as the source of the gloss because of a in the first syllable. Amh. gundan/gʷəndan and Arg. gundan are safely excluded because of the final n. → SED II No. 80 Muth 2009–2010:101



218 C 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَنْحل‬ʔan-naḥl- ‘les abeilles’ (LA XI 773, BK II 1216)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُنْب‬nub

※ The dot of the nūn is heavily displaced to the left.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *nub

※ The ḍamma above the nūn may reflect the realization of ə as u in the vicinity of a labial.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nəhb ‘bee’ (CDG 393, LLA 631), Tgr. nəhb (WTS 323), Tna. nəhbi (TED 1302) Amh. nəb (AED 1032, Guidi 385), Arg. of Aliyu Amba nəb (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 259), Arg. of Ṭollaha nəw (ibid.) Gaf. nəbʷä (Leslau 1956:219), nəbu-wan (Leslau 1945:165), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. nəb, Ǝnm. Gyt. nəḇ, Ǝnm. nəm̠ , Ǝnd. nəw (EDG 447) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt. → SED II No. 156 Muth 2009–2010:101

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Annotated Edition

218 C 21

Arabic entry:  ‫الجراڊ‬ َ   ʔal-ǧarād- ‘locusts’ (Lane 406)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعْنَبَطْه‬ʕanbaṭah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕanbäṭa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔanbaṭā ‘locust, grass-hopper’ (CDG 27, LLA 659), Tgr. ʔanbaṭā, ʔambāṭā, ʕabamṭā, ʕambaṭā (WTS 372, 456), Tna. ʔanbäṭa (TED 1479) Amh. anbäṭṭa (AED 1220, Guidi 465), Arg. of Aliyu Amba anbäṭa (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 289), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥanbäṭa (ibid.) Gaf. anbäṭa (Leslau 1956:178), anbäṭ (Leslau 1945:143), Sod. ambäṭa, Gog. ambäṭṭa, Ǝnd. ambaṭṭä (EDG 46) ※ The cognates in Gəʕəz and Təgrəñña point towards the etymological *ʔ, but the Təgre form with ʕ (resulting from *ʔ in the neighbourhood of an emphatic, cf. Raz 1983:5) seems to justify the ʕayn in the Ethiopic gloss.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Sod., Gog., Ǝnd.

※ The cognates in Soddo, Gogot and Ǝndägañ exhibit m instead of the expected n; yet, free variation between m and n before b is common in ES. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 C 22

Arabic entry:  ‫وڊ‬‫الڊ‬ ُ   ʔad-dūd- ‘worms, grubs, maggots’ (Lane 929) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتَلْع‬talaʕ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *tälaʕ

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *təlʕ/*tuluʕ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. təl ‘worm’ (AED 955; Old Amh. təlʕ, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:71), Arg. of Aliyu Amba tuli (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 232), təl (ibid.) Har. tuluʔ (EDH 149), Zay tul, Səl. Wol. tuli (EDG 597) Sod. təlä, Gog. čəlä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Msḳ. čərä, Muḫ. čəyä, Ǝnd. č̣ərʔä (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Sod. → SED II No. 230 Muth 2009–2010:101

181

218 C 23



218 C 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  بنت َورَداں‬bintu wardāna ‘a certain insect, well known, like the beetle, of a red colour, mostly found in baths and in privies’ (Lane 2936), ‘cockroach’ (Wehr 1243) ※ The fatḥa above the wāw is displaced to the right, rather above the tāʔ. The final nūn has no dot above, but rather a dot below.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَرْٮ‬warab Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäräb ※ The comparative data suggest the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Eža Muḫ. wäräba, Ǝnm. Gyt. wäräḇa, Sod. woräba ‘kind of cockroach’ (EDG 661) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Ǝnm., Gyt., Sod.

218 C 24

Arabic entry:  ‫الفاْر‬ َ   ʔal-faʔr- ‘mouse’ (Lane 2324) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫فْر‬‫   َع‬ʕafr ※ The dot above the fāʔ may also be a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕafr

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ʔufr/*ʔufur.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. fūr ‘mouse, rat’ (EDH 63), Səl. ufr, Wol. Zay ufur (EDG 21) Gaf. ũfʷərä (Leslau 1956:172), forä (Leslau 1945:154), Gog. Sod. äfur, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. fuʔur, Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. fur (EDG 226)

※ The initial ʕayn in the Ethiopic gloss likely corresponds to the prosthetic vowels in forms like Gaf. ũfʷərä or Gog. Sod. äfur, being thus non-etymological (v. Introduction, Section 6.1.1, part d).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: East Gur., Gaf., Gog., Sod. → SED II No. 170



218 C 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 C 24 (‘mouse’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجْٮط‬ḥayṭ/ḥanṭ

※ Despite the dot below the first grapheme, it is undoubtedly to be read as ḥāʔ. The second grapheme, in the absence of diacritical dots, can be read as either nūn or yāʔ as the

182

Annotated Edition comparative data allow both readings. If, however, the thick dot above the second grapheme is interpreted as the diacritic of nūn rather than a sukūn, the reading ḥanṭ can be taken for certain.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥayṭ/*ḥayṣ/*ḥanṭ

※ For the third variant, the comparative data rather suggest the reconstruction *ḥenṭ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔanṣawā, ʔanṣewā, ʔanṣowā ‘mouse, weasel’ (CDG 32), Tgr. ʕanṣāy, ʔanṣāy ‘mouse’ (WTS 476), Tna. ʔanč̣əwa ‘mouse, rat’ (TED 1497) Amh. ayṭ ‘mouse, rat’ (AED 1296, Guidi 491, note the ancient orthography ḥayṣ), Arg. of Aliyu Amba henṭ ‘mouse, rat’ (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 299), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥeṭ id. (ibid.), Arg. heṭ, hayṭ ‘rat’ (Leslau 1997:206) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → SED II No. 26 Muth 2009–2010:101



218 C 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له ايضا‬wa-yuqālu lahu ʔayḍan ‘and it is also said for it’ ※ The third gloss to 218 C 24 (‘mouse’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ْحنطَوه‬ḥnṭwah

※ The notch of the nūn is hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥanṣəwa/*ḥanč̣əwa Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 C 25 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ The Ethiopic gloss is certainly related to the designations of “mouse” listed under 218 C 24, yet does not correspond exactly to any of them: it shares the final w-extension with the Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña cognates, but displays a word-initial ḥ which is attested only in SES (where the w-extension is, conversely, lacking).



218 C 27

Arabic entry:  uncertain

※ The attested graphic shape seems to be ‫ الحطاٮ‬ʔal-ḥaṭṭāb- (?), but no comparable insect designation is attested in the Arabic lexica. It is not too difficult to imagine, however, that a kind of wood-fretter could be designated as “wood-cutter” (cf. ḥaṭṭāb- ‘collector of firewood’, Lane 594).

183

218 C 28

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اَت‬‫وط‬ َ   wṭāta

※ There is an uncertain sign (sukūn, ḍamma or fatḥa?) above the wāw as well as a small blot (or a diacritical sign?) in the upper part of the ʔalif.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wəč̣atä

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *wəč̣ä. For final tāʔ corresponding to a vocalic ending in ES cognates v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕəṣ̂e ‘vermin, worm, moth, caterpillar’ (CDG 57), Tna. ʕəṣä ‘nits, eggs of lice, larva of bees’ (TED 1941) Amh. əс̣̌ ‘larva (of the bee, wasp or beetle)’ (AED 1342), Arg. of Ṭollaha əč̣, ʕəč̣u id. (AAD 319) Sod. wəс̌ạ̈ ‘young of the bee’ (EDG 642) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Sod. ※ Among the attested cognates, the Soddo form comes the closest to the Ethiopic gloss because of the initial w, although there are no secure cases of final ä rendered with ʔalif in the Glossary. → SED II No. 46



218 C 28

Arabic entry:  uncertain

※ The straightforward reading ‫ الرحوح‬ʔar-raḥūḥ- (?) finds no suitable lexeme in the available Arabic dictionaries.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  جنِزيز‬ḥnzīz

※ Despite the dot below the first grapheme, it is undoubtedly to be read as ḥāʔ (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2). Alternatively, the sign below the ḥāʔ may be a distorted kasra.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥənziz Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥənzəz ‘beetle’ (CDG 239, absent from LLA), Tna. ḥənǧəǧ ‘kind of greenish-black beetle, scarab, cockchafer’ (TED 245), ḥənziz ‘scarab beetle’ (ibid. 244) Amh. ənziz, ənzəz ‘a black and green beetle, dung beetle, a beetle which secretes small globules of honey in bamboo’, hanziz, hənziz id. (AED 1228, 16, Guidi 7, 468) Wol. zizo, Səl. zīzo ‘May bug’ (EDG 78) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ənzəz, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ənzizza id. (ibid.)

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Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

→ SED II No. 112 The reading zenǧor[o] (apparently identical with the terms for ‘baboon’ in 217 D 11 (a)) proposed in Muth 2009–2010:101 is not acceptable if only for semantic reasons (but, in fact, quite difficult also paleographically).



218 C 29

Arabic entry:  ‫البرغوث‬ ْ   ʔal-burġūṯ- ‘flea’ (Lane 189) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قناج‬qnāǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳənač̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳʷənṣ ‘flea’ (CDG 435, LLA 450), Tgr. ḳaṣ, ḳač̣ (WTS 264), Tna. ḳʷənč̣i (TED 1009) Amh. ḳʷənəč̣čạ (AED 801), Arg. ḳunəč̣čạ (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 194) Har. ḳunāč̣ (EDH 126), Səl. ḳənāč̣o, Wol. ḳənač̣čọ , Zay ḳənāč̣u (EDG 486) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳənač̣, Ǝnd. ḳənāč̣, Čah. Eža ḳərač̣, Gyt. Ǝnm. ḳərā̃č̣ (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd. → Cf. SED II No. 131



218 D 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  القمل‬ʔal-qaml- ‘louse’ (LA XI 676–677, Wehr 925) ※ The second dot of the qāf is hardly discernible.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٯمال‬qmāl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳəmal Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳʷəmāl ‘louse’ (CDG 432, LLA 417), Tgr. ḳamlat (pl. ḳəmal) (WTS 237), Tna. ḳumal, ḳʷəmal (TED 912) Amh. ḳəmal (AED 700, Ludolf 32), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳəmal (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 196), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳumil, ḳumal (ibid.) Har. ḳumāy (EDH 126), Səl. Wol. ḳumal, Zay ḳəmāy (EDG 481) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳəmal, Čah. Eža ḳəmar, Gyt. ḳəm̠ ār, Muḫ. ḳəme, Ǝnm. ʔə̃m̠ār, Ǝnd. ʔəwān (ibid.)

185

218 D 2

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → SED II No. 130 Muth 2009–2010:101



218 D 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكٮان‬ʔal-kuttān- ‘bug’ (WKAS K 55) ※ The notch of the tāʔ (without dots) is hardly discernible.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٮحان‬tḫān

※ The dot above the nūn is hardly discernible. A similarly unclear dot is seen below the ḫāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *təḫan Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. təkʷān ‘bedbug’ (CDG 573, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism), Tgr. təkān (WTS 317), Tna. təḵʷan (TED 1279) Amh. təkʷan, təhʷan (AED 992; Old Amh. təḵʷan, Ludolf 45, təkʷan, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:71), Arg. tuhan (Leslau 1997:222), Arg. of Ṭollaha təḫuwan (AAD 234) Har. tuxān (EDH 149; also in Ancient Har.: tuḫan, Wagner 1983:312), Wol. Zay tuhan, Səl. tuhān (EDG 594) Msḳ. Sod. təhan, Ǝnd. tuhān (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Msḳ., Sod., Ǝnd. → SED II No. 122



218 D 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكراس‬ʔal-kurrāš- ‘kind of tick’ (WKAS K 130) ※ A small dot above the final letter instead of the expected three dots.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مزَجر‬mzǧar ※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäzgär/*mäžgär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. mäzgär, mäžgär ‘tick’ (AED 316, Ludolf 16), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mäžgär (AAD 90), Arg. of Ṭollaha məžgär (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 90) Eža məžgər, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. məšḳər (EDG 444) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Eža

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Annotated Edition

218 D 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  العقرٮ‬ʔal-ʕaqrab- ‘scorpion’ (Lane 2111)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َاْنسجى‬ʔansǧy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two tentative comparisons may be proposed, none of which is fully satisfactory in terms of either meaning (‘a kind of lizard’) or paleography. (a) Within the first reading, one has to ignore the dot below the ǧīm. The resulting form ʔansḥy may yield reconstruction *ʔansəḥəya (or similar), comparable to Har. ašḥiya, ašḥiyya ‘lizard’ (EDH 35), Zay asiyya id. (EDG 99).6 The inserted n renders the form close to Čah. ənšənet ‘lizard’ (EDG 75), which, however, displays a final n rather than y (cf. other Gunnän-Gurage terms with final n, likely related to the terms for “lizard” in Harari and Zay: Ǝnm. wəšəñä, ũšəñä, Ǝnd. ušəññä, EDG 75, EDH 35). (b) The second possibility is to ignore the scarcely visible notches following nūn and to read the final letter as rāʔ rather than yāʔ. The ensuing graphic shape ʔanǧr may be compared to Tna. ʕagʷära, ʕagorya ‘a kind of earthworm’ (TED 1931), Amh. agara ‘a newt-like animal, a kind of large lizard’ (AED 1324, Guidi 502), Səl. ogōrīt ‘lizard’ (EDG 63), Gog. angəre, angrəyä, Sod. angərayä, Muḫ. angrą̈ id. (ibid. 62). The Ethiopic gloss would come rather close to the Gurage terms with n before g.



218 D 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الوزع‬ʔal-wazaġ- ‘gecko’ (Lane 3052, Behnstedt 1295)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  الَحاش‬ʔlḥāš

※ The shape of the hypothetic ḥāʔ is rather unusual (the combination of the ḥāʔ and the fatḥa above it rather looks as a distorted kāf). There are two sets of three dots above the šīn, the function of the second set is unclear.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔalḥaš

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *laḥaš.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. läḥasito, laḥəšto ‘a kind of lizard’ (TED 69)

6  One wonders whether these terms are related to Tna. ʔashalät ‘mythical creature of immense size, like a crocodile in appearance; python’ (TED 1446), Tgr. ʔashalat ‘dragon’ (WTS 361).

187

218 D 6

Amh. laš ‘small lizard believed to cause baldness by licking a sleeping person’s head’, lašit, lašita id. (AED 55, Guidi 22), Arg. of Aliyu Amba laš id. (AAD 60) ※ The absence of initial ʔ in the ES cognates, coupled with the graphic uncertainty of the ḥāʔ, weakens the present identification.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

218 D 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  البرم‬ʔal-baram-, cf. barameh ‘eine Eidechsenart’ (Behnstedt 78) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  انشاس حله‬ʔnšāš ḥlh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənšaš ḥəla ※ The term is written as two separate words. The comparative data suggest final -it.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ənšašəllit ‘chameleon’, var. of ənšəlalit ‘a kind of small lizard’ (AED 1214), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənšərarit id. (AAD 315) Muḫ. ənšəlalit, Čah. ənšərənet, ənšərənyəyät, Eža ənšərənnät, ənšərənnəyät ‘lizard’ (EDG 75) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ Amh. ənšašəllit is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, which, however, lacks the final -it. This term is in all probability also the source of the Ethiopic gloss in 217 D 13 (‘chameleon’), where a different transliteration (ǧ for š) is employed but, remarkably, there is also a guttural (ʕ ) before l. Note possible cognates with actually attested gutturals: Tgr. šəlləḥetat ‘a kind of lizards; Seps chalcydica’ (WTS 204), Arg. of Ṭollaha šälolahat ‘a kind of small lizard’ (AAD 315).



218 D 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحنس‬ʔal-ḥanaš- ‘serpent’ (Lane 656)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُحَباْٮ‬ḥubāb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥubab Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. əbab ‘snake, serpent’ (AED 1198, Guidi 453–454; Old Amh. ḥəbab, ḫəbab, Ludolf 6, 48, Guidi 453–454), Arg. of Aliyu Amba həwaw (AAD 315) Har. ḥubāb (EDH 79), Wol. əmbab, Zay əmbāb, Səl. imbab (EDG 6)

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Annotated Edition

Gaf. əḇaḇʷä (Leslau 1956:170), əwawi (Leslau 1945:146), Muḫ. Gog. əbab, Sod. äbab, Ǝnd. äwāw (EDG 6) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Har., Gaf., Muḫ., Gog., Sod.

218 D 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحّيه‬ʔal-ḥayyat- ‘a serpent’ (Lane 681)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٯْيَنه‬faynah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fäñña

※ The combination yn may well stand for palatalized ň.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. fuňňət, fəňňət ‘viper’ (AED 2327), əffuňňət (ibid. 1358), fəňňət, əffuňňət (ancient orthography fəḥňət) (Guidi 889) Har. ḥiffiň (EDH 80), Wol. umfäňňe, Zay ūmfiňňi, Səl. imfeňňa (EDG 47) Muḫ. äfą̈yą̈, äfą̈ (ibid. 23) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ? ※ The Amharic cognate seems the closest to the gloss, which, however, lacks the final t. → SED II No. 10 Muth 2009–2010:101



218 D 9

Arabic entry:  ‫ع‬‫  الضفڊ‬ʔaḍ-ḍifdiʕ- ‘frog, water-toad’ (Lane 1795) ※ There are three dots in the lower part of the cell, with unclear function.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقْلْح‬qalǧ

※ There are three dots in the lower part of the cell, with unclear function (similar to those in the Arabic entry).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳälč̣ ※ The comparative data suggest the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ḳʷäläč̣ä ‘frog’ (EDG 476), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ḳʷänč̣ä, Ǝnd. ḳōnč̣ä (ibid. 486), Eža Msḳ. ḳʷäč̣ä (ibid. 471) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Muḫ., Gog., Sod.

189

218 D 11

‫اسما المصاع والحِلى‬ ʔasmāʔu l-maṣāġi wa-l-ḥulyi ‘Names of goldsmithery and jewel’



218 D 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  السوار‬ʔas-siwār- ‘bracelet’ (Lane 1465)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزنَجا‬zanǧā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zänga

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *zongäya.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Wol. zongäya, Səl. zōngäya ‘bracelet, armband’ (EDG 711) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Wol., Səl.



218 D 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 D 11 (‘bracelet’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َا َنبار‬ʔanbār ※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔanbar Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔambār ‘anklet, bracelet’ (CDG 23, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism), Tna. ʔambar ‘spiral silver bracelet’ (TED 1427) Amh. ambar ‘metal bracelet’ (AED 1129, Guidi 424), anbar (AYMQ 835), Arg. ambar ‘armband’ (Leslau 1997:190, AAD 273) Wol. ambar ‘bracelet, armband’ (EDG 45), Səl. ambār, anbār ‘broad silver bracelet’ (SAED 405) Msḳ. ambar ‘bracelet, armband’ (EDG 45) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Wol., Səl., Msḳ.

※ Amh. anbar and Səl. anbār look the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, yet the assimilation nb > mb is common in ES. → Muth 2009–2010:101

190

Annotated Edition

218 D 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الخاٮم‬ʔal-ḫātim- ‘signet; signet-ring’ (Lane 703)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َا َنجَلْه‬ʔanǧalah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the reading ʔanḫalah is accepted (which would mean that the dot below the ǧīm is to be ignored), the gloss may be tentatively compared to Tgr. ʕankel ‘wooden ring on the šeḳdā’7 (WTS 473), Tna. ʕankel ‘hoop, circle, cycle, ring, wreath’ (TED 1888), Amh. ankel ‘garland of flowers; twisted, hooked’ (AED 1224). This comparison is not free of problems: the semantic difference is considerable, and the expected ʕ is missing from the Ethiopic gloss.



218 D 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحرْص‬ʔal-ḫirṣ-, ʔal-ḫurṣ- ‘ring; earring’ (Lane 723)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِتْنِتْل‬tintil Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The only extant ES term coming close to the Ethiopic gloss both phonetically (with alternation n/l, cf. Podolsky 1991:48) and semantically is Amh. tälättälä ‘to cut the ear or the nostril (for ear- or noseplugs)’ (AED 958, KBT 550). However, even in this case the semantic connection is far from evident. Semantically closer is Tgr. tallāl ‘ear-ring made of gold or of silver with oblate ends’ (WTS 302). An alternative comparison implies a different reading of the Ethiopic gloss. If the diacritical signs are ignored, the letters can be read as binbil and identified with semantically quite fitting ES terms: Har. bilbila in uzun bilbila ‘earring’ (EDH 41), Amh. bilbilla ‘small bell tied to the neck of a horse or mule’ (AED 865, Guidi 314; note perhaps also bəllul ‘kind of earring; ear ornament worn by a king’, AED 862, Guidi 313). Also in Oromo: bilbila ‘small bell on neck of animal, child’ (Gragg 47).

7  A kind of vessel (WTS 215).

191

218 D 15



218 D 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  مربط‬marbaṭ- ‘kind of silver jewellery’ (Piamenta 173) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َصايب‬ṣāyb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the first consonant of the Ethiopic gloss is read as mīm (rather than ṣād; cf. 218 B 9 for a similar case) and the two dots below the penultimate grapheme are ignored, one may venture to read the Ethiopic gloss as mātab and to compare it to Gez. māʕətab ‘seal, sign of the cross; cord worn by Christian around the neck, bracelet’ (CDG 76), Tgr. maʕatab ‘scapulary (die blaue Schnurr . . . die die Christen um den Hals tragen)’ (WTS 472), Tna. maʕtäb ‘thin cord of blue silk which Ethiopian Christians of both sexes used to wear around the neck’ (TED 1882), Amh. matäb ‘a necklet or cord, usually of blue silk, worn round the neck by Ethiopian Coptic Christians of both sexes’ (AED 249), Arg. of Aliyu Amba matäb, Arg. of Ṭollaha matäbä id. (AAD 101), Wol. matäb, Səl. mātäb ‘thread of silk worn around the neck or the arm, kind of necklace’ (EDG 435), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. matäb, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. mātäb id. (ibid.). → Muth 2009–2010:101: matäb



218 D 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  المسكه‬ʔal-masakat- ‘a bracelet or anklet’ (Lane 3020)

※ The unclear sign above the sīn is difficult to interpret: three dots or rather a ḍamma?

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُبور‬būr

※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bor ※ The comparative data suggest the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. yäʔəǧǧ bora, as a gloss to anbar ‘bracelet’ in AYMQ 835 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

218 D 17

Arabic entry:  uncertain The Arabic entry is undoubtedly connected with ḥiǧl- ‘anklet’ (Lane 520), but exact morphological identification is difficult. Differently from most

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Annotated Edition

of the Arabic entries in the Glossary, the present entry has no definite article; instead, we find what looks like mā ‘what’. A periphrastic verbal expression like ‫ ما ٮححل‬mā yuḥǧalu ‘what can be worn as an anklet’ readily suggests itself, although one has to admit that the verb ḥaǧala is not attested with the meaning ‘to wear an anklet’ in the available lexicogrpaphic sources. Or shall one still suspect a distorted ʔal-ḥiǧl- (ʔalif with an extension to the right below and a shortened slanted lām, cf. Muth 2009–2010:101)? Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجونَدر‬ǧawndar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gondär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. gʷändär, Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gʷändära ‘armband of metal worn by a nobleman or chief, bracelet worn above the elbow, kind of necklace’ (EDG 283) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

‫اسما ألأواني‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔawānī ‘Names of vessels’

218 D 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحٯٮه الكٮير‬ʔal-ǧafnatu l-kabīru ‘a big bowl’ (ǧafnat- ‘a bowl of the kind called qaṣʕat-’, Lane 434)

※ The final hāʔ (= tāʔ marbūṭa) is incompatible with the masculine form of the adjective. The reading al-ḥuqqa (?) al-kabīr ‘grosses Gefäss’ in Muth 2009–2010:101 is less appealing for both paleographic and semantic reasons.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َاِحج ِج َبتْه‬ʔaǧiǧ ǧibtah

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔäǧǧəg gəbäta

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction of the second element as *gäbäta.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements, the first one (ʔaǧǧəg) is the adjective ‘big’, the second one (gəbäta) is a designation of a bowl. (1) Amh. əǧǧəg ‘much, very, exceedingly, enormously, excessively, a lot’ (AED 1310, Ludolf 64), Arg. of Aliyu Amba äǧǧəg ‘abundantly, much, very’ (Leslau 1997:189, AAD 319), Arg. of Ṭollaha əngəd (ibid.), Arg. ändəg ‘many’ (Leslau 1997:191)

193

218 D 20

Gaf. əǧəgu ‘very’ (Leslau 1945:142)

※ The adjective is derived from the verb with the meaning ‘to grow’: Amh. addägä ‘to grow (vi.); to increase (in number, in height or length)’ (AED 1309), Arg. of Aliyu Amba haddäga ‘to grow’ (Leslau 1997:204, AAD 301), addäga id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha addäg, eddäg id. (ibid.). The attested ES terms have the meaning “much, many” rather than “big”, but interestingly, in a medieval Arabic-Gəʕəz-Amharic glossary treated by Getatchew Haile (1969– 1970:76), Amharic əǧǧəg is rendered by Gəʕəz ʕabiy ‘big, huge, great’. Thus, the original meaning “big” can well be reconstructed at least for the Amharic cognate.

(2) Gez. gabatā ‘pan, platter, plate’ (CDG 179, LLA 1168) Amh. gäbäta ‘large, flat-bottomed wooden bowl having outward flaring sides and a narrow center strip dividing the inside area into equal parts’ (AED 1980), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gäbäta id. (AAD 430) Har. gäbäta ‘eating bowl serving for one member of the family or for the whole family’ (EDH 67), Wol. gäbäta, Səl. gäbäta ‘plate made of wood, bowl made of wood’ (EDG 258) Msḳ. Sod. gäbäta, Gog. gäbäte, Ǝnd. gabate id., Gog. gäbäta ‘feeding trough’ (ibid.)

※ This lexeme is not directly attested in Təgre and Təgrəñña, but Tgr. gabatā ‘a corn-measure’ (WTS 584) and Tna. gäbäta ‘measure for grain’ (TED 2299) are clearly connected with it. Note that in most ES languages the word also designates a table: Tna. gäbäta ‘table’ (TED 2299), Amh. gäbäta ‘table of woven bamboo strips and drum-like “feet” of the same material’ (AED 1980, Ludolf 88), Arg. gäbäta ‘table’ (Leslau 1997:201), Zay gäbäta ‘circular table used for eating (it is made of bamboo)’ (EDG 258), Gyt. Msḳ. Gog. gäbäta, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. gäbäte, Ǝnd. gabatä id. (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

218 D 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحفٮه الصغير‬ʔal-ǧafnatu ṣ-ṣaġīru ‘a small bowl’ ※ Cf. 218 D 19.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮِڡيْت‬taqīt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *täḳit Identical with 217 F 9 ‘few; small, little in number’. The lexeme renders Arabic ṣaġīr- in opposition to kabīr- = *ʔäǧǧəg ‘big’ in 218 D 19. The name of the vessel is omitted, presumably indicating that the same *gəbäta is meant. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

194

Annotated Edition

218 D 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  خونجه‬ḫawanǧah ‘petite table sur laquelle on pose des plats, plateau de bois ou de métal, sur lequel on met ou présente les plats, les coupes, etc.’ (Dozy I 414)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْلَتْم‬waltam

※ The fatḥa above the wāw rather looks like a small dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wältäm Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. wältäm ‘a kind of trestle on which a lemat basket is placed for offering food to those invited to a meal’ (TED 1707) Amh. wältäm ‘wide, wooden plaque; kneading trough’ (AED 1486) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.



218 D 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصحن‬ʔaṣ-ṣaḥn- ‘a bowl, drinking cup, plate, dish’ (Lane 1656) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَجْحْت‬waǧaḥt

※ The dot below the ǧīm is very unclear. The right dot above the tāʔ is elongated (or perhaps merged with an extra fatḥa).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäč̣aḥt

※ The comparative data rather suggest the reconstruction *wäč̣əḥt.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wäč̣ət ‘large, round-bottomed metal or crockery bowl, basin’ (AED 1597, KBT 961, Guidi 601) Səl. Wol. wäč̣it ‘bowl made of clay for hashed meat’ (EDG 642) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. wäč̣ät id. (ibid.)

※ Tentatively compared in EDG 642 with Gez. waṣḥa ‘to pour out, to drip, to be sifted’, moṣāḥ, moṣāḥt ‘pouring vessel, container used for libation (bowl, saucer)’ (CDG 621; cf. also Praetorius 1879:84, Guidi 601). This implies that the ḥ in the Ethiopic gloss is etymological.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl., Wol., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

218 D 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  المكّبه‬ʔal-mikabbat- ‘Deckel, Decke’ (WKAS K 16)

※ Note especially ṣaḥnun wa-mikabbatun ‘a bowl and (its) lid’ in several passages from Arabian Nights adduced by Ullmann (cf. ʔaṣ-ṣaḥn- in 218 D 22).

195

218 D 24

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫حنبيْه‬ َ ‫  َوْس‬wasḫnbyah

※ The sukūn above the sīn is unusual and may rather look as a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäsḫänbiya

※ The ḫāʔ, corresponding to k in the ES cognates, testifies to postconsonantal spirantization – a rare, but not totally unknown phenomenon in ES (cf. EDG xxxvii). Possible other examples in the Glossary are somewhat less transparent, cf. 217 E 9 and 217 D 11 (b).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. wäskämbiya, wäskänbiya ‘cover for a sauce pot or əngēra-bread tray’ (TED 1745, likely an Amharism) Amh. wäskämbiya, wäskänbay ‘lid (for a lemat-basket or mäsob-basket), lid for a pan’ (AED 1522, KBT 936), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wäskämbiya, wäskombay, Arg. of Ṭollaha wäskomba id. (AAD 349) Har. wåskämbāy ‘kind of basket’ (EDH 1020) Sod. wäskomba ‘lid of the basket used for eating’ (EDG 667) ※ Cf. also Səl. wäsgänba, wäsgämba ‘lid of an “injera” basket’ (SAED 663).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har.

※ The Amharic and Argobba forms wäskämbiya, with a vowel after y, seem to be the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. The Təgrəñña term, likely an Amharic borrowing, is less likely as the source lexeme.



218 D 24

Arabic entry:   ‫ه‬‫  المايڊ‬ʔal-māʔidat- ‘a table with food upon it’ (Lane 2746) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ليمات‬līmāt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *lemat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. lemāt ‘large basket made of palm-leaves’ (WTS 34), Tna. lemat ‘large straw platter on which əngēra-bread is served’ (TED 78) Amh. lemat ‘a round basket with a tight-fitting domed lid which is used for keeping or transporting ənǧära-bread’ (AED 46, Ludolf 1, Guidi 16), Arg. of Aliyu Amba lemat, Arg. of Ṭollaha lemät id. (AAD 62) Har. lēmāt ‘large basket’ (EDH 100), Wol. Zay lemat ‘low wicker basket used for eating’ (EDG 380), Səl. lēmāt ‘large round basket with a lid’ (SAED 38) Gaf. lemätä ‘panier à pain’ (Leslau 1956:212), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. lemat, Ǝnd. lēmāt ‘low wicker basket used for eating’ (EDG 380) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd.

196

Annotated Edition

218 D 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكور‬ʔal-kūr- ‘a blacksmith’s fireplace’ (Lane 2637)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مادّجه‬mādǧǧh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *madəǧǧa/*madəčča

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *mədəǧǧa/*mədaǧǧa/*mədača. Could the ʔalif be misplaced?

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. məgdā, mədgā ‘camp-fire, fire’ (WTS 143), Tna. mədəǧǧa ‘hearth, brazier’ (TED 511) Amh. mədəǧǧa ‘hearth, fireplace, stove, brasier, firepan; furnace’ (AED 332), Arg. əmdəǧǧa id. (Leslau 1997:190, AAD 109), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mədəǧǧa id. (ibid. 109) Səl. mədaǧǧa, Wol. muǧaǧǧä ‘fireplace’ (EDG 391) Sod. midaǧǧa, Ǝnm. Gyt. mədača, Ǝnd. midaččä, Eža Muḫ. məǧaǧǧa, Sod. miǧaǧǧa, Muḫ. muǧaǧǧa, Msḳ. Gog. mʷəǧaǧǧa, Čah. məǧača id. (ibid.) ※ Traced by Leslau back to Gez. məndād ‘fireplace, furnace, oven, kitchen’ (CDG 385), Tgr. mandadi ‘fire-place, furnace’ (WTS 340), Tna. mändäd ‘fireplace, hearth, fire, live coals’ (TED 1364)̨. Further compared by Leslau to Har. afdīǧa ‘fireplace, kitchen’ (EDH 20).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd. ※ The reading of the Arabic entry as kūz ‘kleine Kanne’ (Muth 2009–2010:101) is difficult to accept in the absence of a compatible Ethiopic lexeme.



218 D 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحّره‬ʔal-ǧarrat- ‘a jar’ (Lane 400) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُحَره‬ḫurah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫora Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. korā ‘cup, bowl, jar’ (CDG 289, LLA 861), Tna. kurro, kʷərro ‘pot or small woven grass basket, for milking cows; container in which milk or butter is kept’ (TED 1587) Amh. kora ‘sorte de vase plu petit que le gan’ (Guidi 523, not in AED) Wol. kuro ‘small jar for butter of (sic!) milk’ (EDG 348) Sod. kuro id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Wol., Sod.

197

218 D 27



218 D 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٯٯه‬ʔal-quffat- ‘basket’ (Lane 2991) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ِمنقل‬minql Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mənḳäl ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *mänḳäl.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. mänḳäl ‘small footed jug with a narrow neck, gourd container having a long neck which is constricted slightly at the base’ (AED 1027, Guidi 383), Arg. of Ṭollaha mänḳäl id. (AAD 85) Gaf. mänḳäl, mänḳäli ‘vessel’ (Leslau 1945:166) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf.

218 D 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’

※ The second gloss to 218 D 27 (‘basket’). Note the connection between the ʔalif and the lām.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َحباْر‬ḥbār

※ The unclear sign above the first letter be a sukūn or a ḍamma.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain (a) If the first letter is read as a ǧīm without dots, the gloss may be compared to Tgr. gabbārā ‘wooden plate with a deepening for kneading dough’ (WTS 584), Tna. gäbbära ‘a very large wooden bowl made from a tree trunk, kneading trough’ (TED 2298), Amh. gəbbar ‘measure (for milk)’ (AED 1974), gäbäršo ‘very deep crockery basin for keeping yeast or a bit of fermented dough as a starter, kneading trough’ (ibid. 1978). (b) Within an alternative approach, the first letter would stand for a spirantized k and the gloss could be compared to Gez. kabaro ‘woven basket’ (CDG 274). The Gəʕəz lexeme is not attested in the text sources and seems rather unreliable. However, one can also venture to compare the Ethiopic gloss to the widespread designation of drum: Gez. kabaro (CDG 274, LLA 847), Tgr. kabaro (WTS 410), Tna. käbäro, koboro, kobäro (TED 1629), Amh. käbäro (AED 1418, Ludolf 66), Arg. of Aliyu Amba käbäro (Leslau 1997:207, AAD 327), Wol. käbäro (EDG 334), Gaf. käbäro (Leslau 1956:208), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. käbäro (EDG 334). For the metathetic root k-r-b with the same meaning v. 219 F 16. Note that in the cognates with metathesis both meanings are present: Gez. karabo ‘woven basket’ (CDG 290) vs. Amh. käräbo ‘drum’ (ibid. 1389). Cf. also 218 E 6 (a).

198

Annotated Edition

218 D 29

Arabic entry:  ‫المرَطَبان‬ ْ   ʔal-marṭabān- ‘vase de porcelaine’ (Dozy II 590; cf. Piamenta 463: ‘big jar’) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٮحرله‬uncertain

※ The first grapheme, with no dots, can be bāʔ, tāʔ, nūn or yāʔ, the second one is ḥāʔ (or ǧīm or ḫāʔ without dots), the third grapheme resembles rāʔ, but can also be a wāw with a very small loop. The two final graphemes appear to be lām and hāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Any connection with Ěža Muḫ. täkkalla, Čah. täkara ‘bowl of pipe’ (EDG 594, compares Haruro tekkāle ‘vase’)?

218 E 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدوح‬ʔad-dūḥ ‘grosses Wassergefäß’ (Behnstedt 392, Piamenta 159) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجوَجله‬ǧawǧalh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the dot below the third letter is ignored, the readiest match is Har. ǧaḥla ‘pot made of clay serving for water’ (EDH 77), itself borrowed from Arb. ǧaḥl- ‘grande outre à l’eau’ (BK I 257). This comparison does not account for the clear of wāw in the Ethiopic gloss, but full semantic identity with the Arabic lexeme makes it rather appealing. ※ The reading of the Arabic entry as durǧ ‘Schachtel’ (Muth 2009–2010:101) is less acceptable paleographically, while no compatible interpretation of the Ethiopic gloss has been proposed.



218 E 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٯدره ٯٮها لعتان‬ʔal-qidratu fīhā luġatāni ‘a cooking-pot; it has two words’

※ The feminine ending is unexpected insofar as this noun is usually attested as qidr- in both Classical and dialectal dictionaries (Lane 2496 and elsewhere). Note, however, qidrat‘une chaudière, une marmite en cuivre’ (BK II 686), qidra ‘urn-shaped metal or earthenware vessel’ (Badawi–Hinds 688), qudra ‘petite marmite en terre cuite’ (Landberg 2465).

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمنكيت‬minkyt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mənket

199

218 E 3

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. manket ‘pot en terre’ (WTS 129) Amh. mənčät, mənčet ‘a small earthenware pot used for heating water or making gänfo-pudding’ (AED 271, Ludolf 14), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mənčät id. (AAD 108) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg. ※ The Təgre cognate, with k as the third consonant, seems to be the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. Admittely, the Arabic kāf can correspond to ES č in the Glossary (cf. 217 E 10).

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ ٮٮكيت‬٢  2 tnkyt

※ The second dot below the yāʔ is hardly visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *tənkiyät

※ For the final tāʔ in the Glossary corresponding to a vocalic ending in the ES cognates v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. tənkiyä, Ǝnd. Gog. təkkiyä, Sod. təkkiyyä ‘kind of jar, pot of clay’ (EDG 600) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog.

218 E 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكاٮون‬ʔal-kānūn- ‘a fire-place’ (Lane 3004) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اْح‬‫مڊ‬ َ   mdāǧ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mədaǧ(ǧ)/*mədač(č)

※ The comparative data suggest a final a or ä (the latter is better compatible with the final sukūn).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 D 25 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Səl., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 E 4

Arabic entry:  ‫الربَعه‬ َ   ʔar-rabʕat- ‘a small round basket, covered with leather, in which perfumes are kept’ (Lane 1017, BK I 809–810, Behnstedt 426), rubʕah ‘samn-Töpfchen’ (Behnstedt 427) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ححَفان‬uncertain

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Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the gloss is read as ǧḥfān, the most suitable comparison would be Gez. gaḥaft ‘basket’ (CDG 187), which leaves unexplained the ending -ān. The same reading allows an alternative comparison to Tgr. č̣aḥafat ‘nuptial gift; wooden bowl’ (WTS 623), Tna. č̣aḥfät ‘a small wooden bowl or cup’ (TED 2499), perhaps Zay č̣oftu ‘kind of jar’ (EDG 178), which faces the same obstacle. Shall one surmise an original final tāʔ miscopied as nūn (a reliable example of such a mistake is found in 218 A 3 Arabic)?

218 E 5

Arabic entry:  ‫المحمع‬ َ   ʔal-maǧmaʕ- ‘espèce de boîte, distribuée en plusieurs compartiments, pour y mettre séparément différents objets’ (Dozy I 217, Piamenta 73) ※ There is one more dot to the left of the ʕayn, likely unintentional.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اي‬‫  ِش ْجٮط‬uncertain

※ The third symbol, without diacritical dots, may be read as bāʔ, tāʔ, nūn or yāʔ. The sukūn above this grapheme is rather uncertain. There is also an uncertain symbol (unintentional?) above and to the right of the same letter, looking like two dots placed one above the other.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: unknown



218 E 6

Arabic entry:  ‫الصعير‬ َ ‫  المكيال‬ʔal-mikyālu ṣ-ṣaġīru ‘small measuring vessel’ (Lane 3005) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْز‬‫  َحْيَڊ‬ḥaydaz Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain A number of tentative identifications can be offered. (a) Har. ḥayzär ‘kind of drum’ (EDG 89). While the graphic correspondance is exact, it is not unlikely that a term for drum could also be employed as a designation of a vessel or basket – and, hence, of a measuring vessel. The semantic relationship between “basket” and “drum” is conceivable (cf. 218 D 28 (b)). (b) Amh. gorad ‘a capacity measure’ (Pankhurst 1969:132, not attested in lexicographical sources) is suitable semantically, but does not exactly fit the graphic shape: the second grapheme is yāʔ (which would suggest

201

218 E 7

gäyrad rather than gorad), whereas the third grapheme is closer to dāl than to rāʔ. (c) The term gundo, attested in a number of ES and Cushitic languages as a designation of a kind of measure or vessel, is perhaps worth considering: Tna. maḳʷlo gundo ‘a type of griddle’ (TED 2324), Amh. gʷəndo ‘a measure of four qunnas for honey which is made of horn, wood or pottery and used for measuring the tribute in honey brought to the royal court by gäbbar-serfs’ (AED 2011, absent from other sources), Har. gundo ‘kind of small basket’ (EDH 73), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. gundo, Eža Sod. gʸindo ‘food container made of glass, basket serving as a measure’ (EDG 283); cf. also Or. gundoo ‘flat basket for bread; winnowing instrument’ (Gragg 187). Within this hypothesis, the second grapheme of the Ethiopic gloss is to be read as nūn (which is unproblematic) and the final grapheme, as wāw (much more questionable).

218 E 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 E 6 (‘small measuring vessel’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُرُحنك‬uncertain

※ The final grapheme could also be a lām.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: unknown

218 E 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  المكٮال الكٮير‬ʔal-mikyālu l-kabīru ‘big measuring vessel’ (Lane 3005) ※ There is a small dot (sukūn?) above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُتْوِنْيَـْه‬tuwniyah

※ The symbol above and to the left of the yāʔ may be unintentional (or an extra fatḥa?). An obscure blot is seen below the final hāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Identification with Ǝnm. Ǝnd. nuʔiyä ‘big, great, large’ (EDG 446) is not to be excluded, which would imply a partial translation of the Arabic entry (cf. 218 D 20 for a similar strategy). This would lead to the reconstruction *nuʔiyä (the first letter read as nūn, and the third one, as yāʔ with a hamza above it). The West Gurage terms are derived from the verb

202

Annotated Edition

nāʔä ‘to be superior, to exceed, to surpass, to grow up’, going back to the well-known ES root *lhḳ ‘to be old’ (cf. EDG 445, 381).

218 E 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  المشنه‬ʔal-mašanna ‘sieve’ (Piamenta 267, Behnstedt 676, al-Iryānī 645)

※ This reading is appealing insofar as mašanna ‘sieve’ appears to be a sufficiently prominent, specifically Yemeni lexical item (furthermore, it is relatively well compatible with the next two entries dealing with grinding and pounding). It is met, however, with considerable paleographic difficulties: the straightforward reading would rather be ‫( المنينه‬with no suitable identification in the extant lexica). One has thus to ignore the two dots below the two notches in the middle and treat the first upper dot (rather thick) as a distorted combination of three dots of the hypothetic šīn. Note that in Classical Arabic mišannat- is attested with the meaning ‘a thing like the miktal-’ (Lane 1603), whereas miktal- is ‘Dattelkorb aus Palmblätter von 15 ṣāʕ Inhalt’ (WKAS K 50). This meaning would also fit the contents of this section.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْرَحْح‬uncertain

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the third grapheme is read as mīm rather than ḥāʔ, the final grapheme may be interpreted as ǧīm, which offers two alternative possibilities of interpretation. (a) Har. märmāǧ ‘basket or plate put under the grinding stone so that the ground flour falls into it’ (EDH 111). Since the subsequent gloss (218 E 10) denotes a grinding slab, this comparison is rather attractive in semantic terms. (b) Amh. marmäǧa ‘seasoning into which ənǧära-bread is pressed’ (AED 377), derived from the verbal root *rmd ‘to trample, to press, to insert’: Gez. ʔarmada ‘to stamp the ground’ (CDG 470), Tgr. ramdada ‘to walk rapidly without stopping, to hasten’ (WTS 149), Tna. täramdä ‘to march, to advance’ (TED 550), Amh. rämmädä ‘to trample’, arämmädä ‘to season ənǧära-bread by pressing it into bärbärre-pepper powder or paste’ (AED 375), Arg. (ər)rammäda ‘to take a step, to tread’ (Leslau 1997:218), Har. rämäda ‘to line up in a row small piles of spices or grain’ (EDH 135), Gog. (a)rämmädä ‘to dip bread in pepper’ (EDG 525). This equation is appealing in view of Yemeni Arabic ʔal-mašann ‘perforated pen like a sieve used for sprinkling salt on meat to make it ritually fit for eating’ (Piamenta 267).

203

218 E 10

(c) If the reading of the third grapheme as a ǧīm without dot is maintained, cf. perhaps Tgr. margaṣi ‘wine-press’ (WTS 165), Tna. märgäṣi ‘threshing floor; means for crushing (tool or machinery)’ (TED 608), derived from the verbal root *rgṣ ‘to stamp, to trample’: Gez. ragaṣ̂a (CDG 464), Tgr. ragṣa (WTS 164), Tna. rägäṣä (TED 606), Amh. räggäṭä (AED 419), Arg. of Aliyu Amba räggäṭa (Leslau 1997:218, AAD 123), reggäṭa (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha reggäṭ (ibid.), Har. rägäṭa (EDH 133), Səl. Wol. Zay rägäṭä (EDG 523), Gaf. riggäṭä (Leslau 1956:227), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. räggäṭä, Sod. äräggäṭä, Gog. räḳḳäṭä, Muh. äräḳḳäṭä, Čah. Gyt. näḳäṭä, Eža näḳḳäṭä, Enm. näkäʔä, End. näkkäʔä (EDG 523). The reconstruction *märgäč̣ would then imply palatalization ṣ/ṭ > č̣, well attested in the ES names of instruments. The indentification is compatible with the general context of the entry (grinding etc.), but not with the meanings attested for Arb. mašann(a).

218 E 10

Arabic entry:  ‫المرهكه‬ ْ   ʔal-murhaka ‘moulin à bras qui sert à broyer le grain’ (Dozy I 563), cf. marhak ‘Mahlstein (leicht gekrümmt)’ (Behnstedt 468) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوفط‬wafṭ ※ There is an obscure blot (unintentional? a distorted kasra?) below the fāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäfč̣ä/*wäfč̣o/*wäfč̣e/*wäfč̣i Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wäfč̣o ‘grinding slab’ (AED 2346), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wofč̣o ‘mill’ (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 361), Arg. of Ṭollaha wäfč̣e id. (ibid.) Har. wofč̣i ‘the lower grinding stone’ (EDH 158), Səl. Wol. wäfč̣e, Zay wäfč̣i ‘lower grindstone’ (EDG 644) Gaf. wåfč̣ä ‘pierre servant de moulin’ (Leslau 1956:243), Čah. Gyt. Gog. Sod. wäfč̣ä, Ǝnm. wä̃fč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. wäfəč̣čạ̈ , Ǝnd. wä̃fiʔä ‘lower grindstone’ (EDG 644)

※ Cf. also Gez. mafṣəḥ, mafṣəḥt ‘hammer, axe, wedge, blow of a chisel, stonecutter’ (CDG 169), Tna. mäfṣəḥi ‘means for splitting something; large mortar for pounding grain’ (TED 2736).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Gyt., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ. → Muth 2009–2010:101

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Annotated Edition

218 E 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الملكڊ‬ʔal-milkad- ‘a thing resembling pestle, with which one bruises, brays or pounds’ (Lane 2671, al-Iryānī 954) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َمَششريه‬mašašryh

※ What is tentatively read here as triple dots above both šīns rather look like single dots or sukūns. There is an arrow-like sign above the rāʔ. The two dots belonging to the yāʔ are displaced to the left.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Identification with Wol. mäsarit ‘spatula made of a thin stick of wood with two wooden crosspieces on one end for stirring liquids’ (EDG 430) seems rather attractive. The semantic difference between the Wolane and Arabic terms does not seem a serious obstacle (cf. Or. irbaa ‘stirring stick; pestle’, Gragg 226).

→ The reading of the Arabic entry as miʔkad- ‘Dreschflegel’ in Muth 2009–2010:101 is difficult paleographically (the supposed ʔalif is clearly linked to the following kāf ).



218 E 12

Arabic entry:  ‫السَراح‬ ِ   ʔas-sirāǧ- ‘a lamp, a lighted wick’ (Lane 1344) ※ An unclear arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْب َرحْت‬mabrḥat

※ The shape of the sukūn above the bāʔ is unusual. There is an obscure symbol below the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäbrəḥat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. mabrəh ‘that which gives light, lamp, candlestick’ (CDG 104), Tgr. mabrəhi ‘lighting-utensil’ (WTS 275), Tna. mäbrahti ‘light, illumination, candle, lamp, torch’ (TED 1113) Amh. mäbrat ‘lamp, light’ (AED 874; Old Amh. mäbrat, mäbraht, Ludolf 39), Arg. mäbrat ‘light, candle’ (Leslau 1997:210) Gaf. mabrätä ‘chandelle’ (Leslau 1956:213) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mäbrat, Ǝnd. mabrāt, Ǝnm. mabrad ‘lamp, light’ (EDG 387) ※ The ḥ in the Ethiopic gloss is non-etymological. Note that non-etymological ḥ is found in the cognate root in the Argobba of Ṭollaha: bärräḥ ‘leuchten’ (Wetter 2010:245).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:101

205

218 E 13



218 E 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  المغَرفه‬ʔal-miġrafat- ‘ladle’ (Lane 2250)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمْنَكه‬mankah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mänka Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. mankā, mānkā ‘spoon’ (CDG 350, LLA 190), Tgr. mankā (makkā) (WTS 128), Tna. manka, mänka (TED 436) Amh. manka, mankiya (AED 1044), Arg. of Aliyu Amba manka (Leslau 1997:212, AAD 102) Har. manka (EDH 108), Səl. mānka (EDG 409) Gaf. manka (Leslau 1956:215), Čah. Eža manka, Ǝnm. Gyt. mānka, Čah. mankiya (EDG 409) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Gaf., Eža., Ǝnm., Gyt., Čah.

※ The cognates in Gəʕəz, Təgre and Təgrəñña displaying the reflexes of short *a in the first syllable come the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 E 14

Arabic entry:  ‫َقه‬َ‫  الملع‬ʔal-milʕaqat- ‘a spoon’ (Lane 3011) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِقْرْش‬qirš Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳərš

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḳärši/*ḳärše.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Zay ḳärši, Səl. Wol. ḳärše ‘locally made spoon’ (EDG 501)

※ Leslau suggests a Cushitic origin, cf. Had. ḳašša ‘spoon’ (HECD 140–141).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: East Gur.



218 E 15

Arabic entry:  ‫ه‬‫المقعڊ‬ َ   ʔal-maqʕada ‘large blade fitted horizontally in a wide handle from edge to edge. The handle is fixed on the ground, and the meat is held in both hands and pushed through the blade to be cut’ (Piamenta 406) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْرَيْه‬َ‫  وق‬wqaryah ※ The function of the dot below the qāf is unclear.

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Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäḳärya

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *wäḳera.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wäḳera ‘slaughter knife’ (AED 1533) Čah. Eža Gyt. wäḳara, Muḫ. wäḳala, wäʔala ‘knife with wooden handle’ (EDG 659) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Čah., Eža, Gyt.

※ The Amharic term is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss: e may well correspond to yāʔ (albeit in a wrong position). → Muth’s identification of the Arabic entry with muqʕada ‘Korb aus Palmblättern’ (2009– 2010:101) is to be rejected for semantic reasons.



218 E 16

Arabic entry:  ‫المْجرك‬ ُ   ʔal-muḥrak- (?), cf. miḥrāk ‘utensile de cuisine servant à remuer le mets qu’on prépare dans un pot’ (Dozy I 277), ‘bâtonnet ou cuiller pour remuer les fèves de café’ (Landberg 407, Piamenta 91)

※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ. This reading is attractive insofar as it fits relatively well the meaning of the Ethiopic gloss, but the absence of ʔalif after the rāʔ is difficult to explain.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َمَشْت‬mašat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäšät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *mäste/*mästi/*mäsäti.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. maste ‘drinking vessel’ (CDG 518) Amh. mäste ‘ladle (for ladling water, beer, etc.), vessel for pouring batter on the griddle; small chalice; oil can’ (AED 213), mäsäti ‘small gourd vessel used for pouring batter on the griddle’ (ibid.) Har. mästi ‘gourd with an opening in the large end serving to scoop up fluids’ (EDH 113; also in Ancient Har., Wagner 1983:303) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Har.

218 E 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الملحه‬ʔal-malaḥḥa ‘flache Backform, ortsfest über einer Feuerstelle angebracht, in der man Pfannkuchen zubereitet’ (Behnstedt 1107), malaḥḥeh ‘flache Tonschüssel zum Pfannkuchenbacken’ (ibid.), ‘pierre ronde et mince pour cuire le pain’ (Landberg 2619) ※ See further a detailed description in al-Iryānī 2012:936.

207

218 E 18

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْڊ‬َ‫ع‬‫  ِمط‬miṭʕad Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məṭʕad Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. məṣʕad ‘hearthstones, griddle’ (CDG 542, not in LLA) Amh. məṭad ‘griddle (usually a disc of metal or pottery on which ənǧärabread is baked)’ (AED 360, Guidi 829), Arg. məṭad (Leslau 1997:214), Arg. of Ṭollaha məṭʔad (AAD 109) Har. məṭad (EDH 115), Wol. Zay məṭad, Səl. məṭād (EDG 437) Sod. məṭad, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. məṭād, Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. mədad, Gyt. mədād (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Sod., Ǝnm., Ǝnd.

→ Muth’s interpretation of the Arabic entry as milḥa (from mimlaḥa) ‘Salzstreuer’ (2009– 2010:101), problematic both morphologically and semantically, is to be abandoned.



218 E 18

Arabic entry:  ‫العَراَره‬ ِ   ʔal-ġirārat- ‘a sack’ (Lane 2240), ‘grand sac pour les grains, la farine; nom d’une mesure’ (Dozy II 204), ‘large bag, sack; sack for cereals; dry measure’ (Piamenta 353) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َن َارْت‬nārat ※ An uncertain sign resembling a sukūn (unintentional?) above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *narät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. narät ‘grande outre faite d’une peau de vache entière’ (Baeteman 233), ‘a measurement based on a large sack made, according to Baeteman, from the entire skin of a cow’ (Pankhurst 1969:133), ‘large waterskin made from the entire hide of a cow; large measure made of tanned hide’ (AED 1019) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

218 E 19

Arabic entry:  ‫الجراب‬ َ   ʔal-ǧirāb- ‘a provision-bag for travellers’ (Lane 403) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َمْشَڡْٮْٮ‬mašqant Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Cf. perhaps Amh. mäsḳənt ‘covering for a mount, horse-blanket’ (AED 213). The Amharic term does not exactly correspond to the Arabic entry in its

208

Annotated Edition

meaning, but the semantic difference is not drastic: one can surmise that the Amharic term could designate not only a blanket, but also a kind of load-pack arranged on a mount’s back.

218 E 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحلڊ‬ʔal-ǧild- ‘skin’ (Lane 442), ‘outre’ (Dozy I 206) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقْرَبْت‬qarbat

※ The fatḥa above and to the left of the qāf is rather blurred. The fatḥa above the bāʔ rather resembles a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳärbät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ḳarbat ‘dressed skin; skin (for milk, water, honey)’ (WTS 242), Tna. ḳorbät ‘skin, hide, bark, rind, skin or peel (of fruit, etc.); skin container’ (TED 941) Amh. ḳorbät ‘skin, hide’ (AED 734, Guidi 261, Ludolf 33) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh.

→ In Muth 2009–2010:101, the Ethiopic gloss is interpreted as kěrětit (sic!) ‘Sack’, presumably = Amh. käräṭit (AED 1399), Sod. käräṭīt (EDG 351, with further ES cognates), paleographically improbable.



218 E 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  المنَسڡ‬ʔal-minsaf- ‘a vessel in which dates [and grain] are shaken to remove the dust’ (Lane 3032), mansaf ‘sieve’ (Landberg 2767, Piamenta 484) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َونڡرِقَيه‬wanfrqiyah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The form *wänfärḳiya can be tentatively reconstructed as a nomen instrumenti. While neither *ʔanfäräḳḳa, nor any other verb which could directly produce such a noun is registered in ES, it can well be considered a development of the well-known root *frḳ ‘to divide, to split’: Tgr. farḳa ‘to pierce, to perforate’ (WTS 657), Tna. färräḳä ‘to divide, to split something through the middle’ (TED 2663), Amh. färräḳä ‘to separate, to divide, to break up’ (AED 2281), Səl. firäḳa, Wol. fräḳa ‘to split, to tear off a branch at the joint’ (EDG 243), Čah. fəräḳa, Gyt. fəräḳā, Ǝnm. fərä̃ḳā, Eža Muḫ. Sod. fəräḳḳa, Gyt. fräḳʸä, Ǝnm. frä̃ḳʸä, Ǝnd. fəneḳḳä, Čah. Gyt. fräkʸä, Eža fräkkʸä, Ǝnm. frä̃kʸä, Muḫ. fənäkkʸä id. (ibid.). The following reflexes of this root come rather close to the meaning “to winnow”: Gyt. fraḳʸä,

209

218 E 22

Ǝnm. frä̃ḳʸä ‘to separate grain from the stalk, to break the shell, to extract seeds from cotton by hand’ (EDG 244).

218 E 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  َوٮقال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 218 E 21 (‘sieve’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْرَجْت‬warǧab

※ If the last letter is read as bāʔ (ignoring the two dots, v. Introduction, Section 2), the Ethiopic gloss can be plausibly reconstructed as a derivative of the root rgb.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wärgäb Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔarragäbä ‘to blow on, make use of a bellows (in lighting a fire); to fan (ṭaf in order to remove chaff)’ (TED 602) Amh. arraggäbä ‘to use a fan, to fan’ (AED 415), Arg. arraggäba ‘to fan the fire’ (Leslau 1997:218) ※ No structural equivalent of the Ethiopic gloss has been registered in the lexica, but a substantive with wä-prefixation (on which see Leslau 1995:228) and the meaning “winnow” (or similar) can be plausibly reconstructed, cf. the following nomina instrumenti derived from the same root: Tna. märragäbi ‘fan, means for fanning’ (TED 602), Amh. margäbiya ‘means of or instrument or place for winnowing, winnowing fan’ (AED 415).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

218 E 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  التوره‬ʔat-tawra ‘large basket or chest; basket for bread; large decorated wicker tub-shaped basket’ (Piamenta 54, Behnstedt 144), cf. tawr- ‘a vessel, a certain well-known vessel, a small vessel, from which one drinks; a vessel of brass, or of stone’ (Lane 322) Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َڊَجڊ‬daǧad Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dägäd ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *dägud.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. dagud ‘milking vessel, a tightly woven straw basket made waterproof with euphorbia sap’ (TED 2165) Saho dagūtḗ ‘milchgefäss, aus palmenblättern wasserdicht geflochtener korb’, Afar dagūdḗ id. (Reinisch 1890:103) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Afar

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218 E 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  المنَحل‬ʔal-munḫal- ‘tamis’ (BK II 1223, LA XI 777, cf. Lane 3029) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َڡه‬َ‫   َوْٮط‬wanṭafah ※ The shape of the last fatḥa is somewhat unusual.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wänṭäfa ※ The comparative data do not support the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. manṭaft, manṭaf ‘strainer, sieve, filter’ (CDG 408, LLA 698), Tgr. manṭafi as nomen instrumenti from naṭfa ‘to filter beer’ (WTS 344) Amh. wänṭäf ‘filter for ṭälla-beer’ (AED 1548), wänṭäft ‘strainer used in making ṭälla-beer which is fashioned from coiled straw and horsehair’ (ibid.) Səl. wänṭäfčāt ‘filter for beer’ (EDG 463) Čah. Eža anṭəf, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. anṭəft ‘sieve’ (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Čah., Eža ※ The Amharic form is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Identification with Amh. wänfit ‘sieve’ (AED 1550) in Muth 2009–2010:101 is difficult paleographically.



218 E 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  المكنسه‬ʔal-miknasat- ‘broom’ (Lane 2634) ※ An uncertain arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َمْطَرْج‬maṭraǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäṭräg/*mäṣräg Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. mäṣrägi ‘serving for or referring to leveling, cleaning, duster, broom’ (TED 2569) Amh. mäṭrägiya ‘means for cleaning, sweeping, e. g. broom, sweeper, vacuum’ (AED 2124, Guidi 807), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mäṭrägəya ‘broom’ (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 458), Arg. of Ṭollaha mäṭräga id. (ibid.) Har. mäṭräg id. (EDH 156) Gaf. mäṣrägiyä id. (Leslau 1956:218), Sod. mäṭrägo id. (EDG 631) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Arg., Har., Sod. ※ The Harari cognate, with a consonantal Auslaut, is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:101

211

218 E 27

‫اسما حمادات اخر‬

ʔasmāʔu ǧamādātin ʔāḫaru ‘Other names of inorganic things’

※ For ǧamād- (pl. ǧamādāt-) ‘a thing that does not grow, an inorganic thing, as a mineral and the like’ v. Lane 451, BK I 324, Wehr 158. The reading ʔāḫar- is paleographically certain, even if ungrammatical (instead of the expected ʔuḫrā). The whole fits very well the contents of the section below.



218 E 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحطب‬ʔal-ḥaṭab- ‘firewood’ (Lane 593)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َعٮج‬ʕanǧ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕanč̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕəṣ̂ ‘tree, shrub, bush, wood, stick, staff (of spear)’ (CDG 57), Tgr. ʕəč̣čạ̄ y ‘wood’ (WTS 490), Tna. ʕəč̣č̣ ‘wood, firewood’ (TED 1940), ʕənṣäyti ‘wood, stick, lumber, timber’ (ibid. 1897) Amh. ənč̣ät ‘wood, timber, tree’ (AED 1252, Ludolf 62), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hənč̣ət ‘wood’ (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 317), ənč̣et (AAD 317), Arg. of Ṭollaha hənč̣et (ibid.), Arg. ənč̣ed (Leslau 1997:191) Har. ənč̣i ‘wood’ (EDH 28), Səl. Wol. ənč̣e, Səl. ənṭ, hənṭ, Zay ənṭet ‘tree, wood, firewood’ (EDG 12) Gaf. ənč̣a ‘bois, arbre’ (Leslau 1956:179), Čah. Gyt. äč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. äč̣čạ̈ , Sod. ənč̣ä, Ǝnm. eʔä, Ǝnd. yeʔä ‘tree, wood, firewood’ (EDG 12) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Sod. ※ The a-vocalism of the gloss does not match most of the attested ES forms, whereas those cognates which do display it have no n. Therefore, strictly speaking, none of the extant cognates is a fully exact match of the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 E 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدخان‬ʔad-duḫān- ‘smoke’ (Lane 861) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫يْس‬‫ط‬ ْ   ṭys Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭays/*č̣ays ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ṭis/*č̣is.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭis ‘smoke’ (CDG 601, LLA 1245), Tgr. ṭiš ‘fumée’ (WTS 619), Tna. ṭiš, ṭəš ‘fume, fumigation women do to purify themselves’ (TED 2478) Amh. ṭis ‘smoke, fumes, steam or vapor; habitation, house, domicile’, č̣əs, č̣is ‘smoke’ (AED 2173, 2219; Old Amh. č̣əs, č̣əš, Ludolf 94), Arg. č̣is ‘smoke’ (Leslau 1997:198) Gaf. ṭis ‘smoke’ (Leslau 1945:176) ※ In the Gurage languages, the term is attested only in its secondary meaning “household”: Čah. Eža Muḫ. č̣əs ‘compound of several houses belonging to the same family’ (EDG 190).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 E 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَڡجم‬ʔal-faḥm- ‘charcoal’ (Lane 2347) ※ The (obviously superfluous) dot below the ḥāʔ is quite clear.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَسْل‬ḫasal Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫäsäl Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. käsäl ‘charcoal, coal’ (TED 1611) Amh. käsäl (AED 1404, Ludolf 66), Arg. of Aliyu Amba käsäl, kəsäl, Arg. of Ṭollaha kəsäl (AAD 326) Har. käsäl (EDH 95), Səl. Wol. käsäl, Zay sähäl (EDG 353) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. käsäl, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. käsär, Muḫ. käse (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Wol., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحجر‬ʔal-ḥaǧar- ‘stone’ (Lane 517) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫ىح‬‫   َد‬danǧ 2 ※ The dot below and the fatḥa above the dāl are not very clear. There may also be a dot below the ǧīm, very obscure. The numeral 2, following the Ethiopic word, is presumably erroneous (perhaps under the influence of 218 F 2) as no second Ethiopic gloss is present (unless it is behind the illegible traces on the upper margin).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *dängə/*dänǧ

※ For the second variant, the comparative data suggest the final a.

213

218 F 2

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. dongolla, dängʷålla ‘boulder, rock’ (TED 2132) Amh. dənǧa ‘stone’ (AED 1805), dəngay, dängiya, dängay, dängiyay ‘rock, stone’ (ibid. 1809; Old Amh. dängəya, dängiya, dägäy, Littmann 1943:496, dängäya, Ludolf 84) Gaf. dänǧa ‘pierre’ (Leslau 1956:197), dängə-š, dənǧi-š (Leslau 1945:152–153), Gog. Sod. dəngʸäla, Msḳ. dəngʸäla əmən, Gog. dəngʸäla əmmaññä ‘large and solid stone’ (EDG 213) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Gaf. ※ The Gafat cognates are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss in terms of vocalization. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحٮل لعتاں‬ʔal-ǧabal- ‘mountain’ (Lane 376); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫ل‬‫  حد‬ǧdl 2 Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gädäl Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gädäl ‘cliff, precipice, escarpment; gorge, ravine’ (TED 2359) Amh. gädäl (AED 2037), Arg. gädäl (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 435) Gaf. gädälä (Leslau 1956:201), gadä, gädä (Leslau 1945:155), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gädäl (EDG 263) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  دٮٮر‬dnbr Comparable Ethiopic forms: uncertain (a) Forms exactly matching the shape of the gloss mean “frontier, border”: Tgr. danbar, dambar ‘wing; boundary’ (WTS 531), Amh. dənbär, dänbär, dämbär ‘border, boundary, frontier, limit, borderline, unplowed strip marking the boundary between two fields’ (AED 1799), dənbər ‘fixed or delimited border, bank (of earth)’ (ibid.), Sod. dəmbär ‘frontier, border, limit, a stone delimiting the boundary’ (EDG 208), cf. also Gez. dābər, dabr ‘territory, city, village’ (CDG 121). To some extent acceptable semantically is only Amh. dənbər, which can be used in the descriptions of mountain landscape, as in bädənbər yätädäggäfu ḳaṭanawočč ‘terraces supported by banks of earth’ (AED 1799).8 8  The semantic link between “mountain” and “frontier” is usually thought to be represented by Hbr. gəbūl (HALOT 171) vs. Arb. ǧabal- (Lane 376).

214

Annotated Edition

(b) Another option is to compare the Ethiopic gloss to the well-known ES terms for “mountain”, none of which, however, exhibits n before b: Gez. dabr (CDG 121), Tgr. dabər (WTS 527), Tna. däbri (TED 2114), Old Amh. ʔadbar ‘Berge’ (Littmann 1943:496, most probably from Gəʕəz), Gaf. dəbrä (Leslau 1945:151). Furthermore, all the etymologically related lexemes in SES mean “forest, wood” rather than “mountain” (cf. 217 E 23). → In Muth 2009–2010:101, the Arabic entry is read as ḥalaqāt (‘rings’, cf. Lane 629), which is nearly impossible paleographically. Muth’s reading of the Ethiopic gloss as děms is unclear to us.

‫اسما الماكولات‬

ʔasmāʔu l-maʔkūlāti ‘Names of foodstuffs’

218 F 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحبز‬ʔal-ḫubz- ‘bread’ (Lane 697)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِاْنِحَرْه‬ʔinǧirah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənǧera/*ʔəngera Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. ʔəngerā ‘bread’ (WTS 374), Tna. ʔəngera ‘bread (actually a large, flat, pankcake-like comestible made of batter)’ (TED 1495) Amh. ənǧära ‘a large, moist, slightly sour pan-cake-like bread of ṭef flour which is baked on a covered griddle’ (AED 1243; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:492, Ludolf 62), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənǧera id. (AAD 317) Səl. ənǧēra ‘bread made of millet’ (EDG 65) Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. ənǧära, Msḳ. ənǧera, Gog. änǧära, Ǝnm. ənǧǟrʔa, Ǝnd. ənǧērʔä, ənǧǟrʔä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog. → Muth 2009–2010:101

215

218 F 5



218 F 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرفاق‬ʔar-ruqāq- ‘thin bread’ (Lane 1131), rugāg ‘ungesäuerter Weizenfladen’ (Behnstedt 544, Piamenta 186) ※ Only one dot above the first qāf is visible (the second one may have merged with the ʔalif).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫ْلَتْه‬َ‫  ط‬ṭabtah

※ The dot below the ṭāʔ may in reality belong to the next grapheme. In this case, it had once belonged to the original bāʔ, reinterpreted as lām by the copyist (see below).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäbta

※ The comparative data point to a in the first syllabe, b as the second consonant, and to a vowel (i or e) after it. A very distinctly written lām is likely due to the copyist’s error: presumably, a somewhat longer stroke of bāʔ was taken for a shorter stroke of lām. For similar cases cf. Introduction, Section 2.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ṭabita ‘əngēra-bread smaller than the regular əngēra’ (TED 2458) Amh. ṭabita ‘large pancake-like bread made from fermented batter similar to ənǧära-bread’ (AED 2149, Guidi 819) Zay ṭabeta, Wol. ṭabitä, Səl. ṭābīt ‘bread made of millet’ (EDG 611) Msḳ. Gog. ṭabita, Sod. ṭabeta id. (ibid.)

※ According to EDG 611, the ES lexemes are borrowed from Cushitic, cf. Or. c’aabitaa ‘thick ́ ‘brod aus feinem mel’ (Reinisch 1890:360). injera-bread’ (Gragg 75), Saho ṭabī�tā

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., East Gur., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

※ The Səlṭi cognate, with a consonantal Auslaut, is a somewhat less likely candidate. → Muth’s reading ṭaita (2009–2010:101) is unclear to us in the absence of any comparable lexeme adduced.



218 F 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَلحم‬ʔal-laḥm- ‘meat, flesh’ (WKAS L 348)

※ An uncertain symbol below the ḥāʔ (unintentional?). The second lām is very short.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسَجا‬saǧā

※ An uncertain sign above the ʔalif (a blot?).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säga

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *səga.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ŝəgā ‘flesh, meat’ (CDG 526), Tgr. səgā (WTS 197), Tna. səga (TED 775) Amh. səga (AED 579; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:487, Ludolf 20)

216

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحفوش‬ʔal-ḫafūš ‘dhura cake’ (Piamenta 133) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َواِحبه‬wāḥibh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Identification with Har. uxāt ‘flat bread’ (EDH 24), Zay əhat ‘bread made from wheat’ (EDG 32, compared to Tgr. ʔukat ‘nourishment, meal’, WTS 379), very attractive for semantic reasons, is not to be excluded, even if it is rather difficult to reconcile with the graphic shape of the gloss: while the reading of tāʔ instead of bāʔ is unproblematic, one is also forced to admit that ʔalif was erroneously inserted before (rather than after) ḫāʔ. Also the final hāʔ would find no explanation within this reading.

218 F 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الملح لعٮاں‬ʔal-milḥ- ‘salt’ (Lane 2732); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  ِحِٮَسْت‬uncertain ※ An uncertain sign below the first grapheme, to the right of the kasra. The two dots presumably belonging to the final letter are hardly visible and are rather located above the preceding grapheme.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain In the absence of other solutions, one could suggest that the term is a variant of the gloss (2), with ḥ instead of ʕ and an inserted n: *ḥənəsäb. No such forms are attested in the available lexicographic sources. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعشٮ‬ʕašb ※ The three dots above the šīn rather look like one bigger dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕašäbo/*ʕašəbo Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ašäbo, ašəbo ‘crushed or ground and purified salt for table use’ (AED 1180), Arg. of Ṭollaha ašäbo ‘salt’ (AAD 483) Səl. Wol. asäbo, Zay asobu ‘salt’ (EDG 95) Sod. assäbo, Gyt. asäwä, Muḫ. assäwä, Čah. aso, Eža Msḳ. Gog. asso id. (ibid.) ※ Compared by Leslau to Har. ässu ‘pepper prepared with other spices’ (EDH 32), cf. Ancient Har. ussu, assu, rendered as ‘sale’ in Cerulli 1936:409. Also in Cushitic: Or. aššaboo ‘salt’

217

218 F 8a

(Gragg 20), Som. ʕusbo ‘sale’ (DSI 110), etc. Note that the Somali cognate confirms the initial ʕ.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Sod. ※ The Gurage terms, with s instead of š, are less likely as source lexemes.



218 F 8A (written on the left margin in front of 218 F 8)

Arabic entry:  ‫  وفيه لغه ايضا‬wa-fīhi luġatun ʔayḍan ‘and there is also a word for it’ ※ The third gloss to 218 F 8 (‘salt’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطوْه‬ṭawh

※ There is an uncertain symbol looking like an isolated ʕayn or mīm to the left of the word (perhaps a distorted numeral ٣).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣äwä/*č̣äwa/*č̣o

※ The final hāʔ rather suggests the variants with a vocalic Auslaut.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣew ‘salt’ (CDG 565), Tgr. č̣ewā (WTS 628), Tna. č̣äw (TED 2524) Amh. č̣äw (AED 2236, Ludolf 95), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣o, č̣äw (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 483) Gaf. č̣åwä (Leslau 1956:194) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf. ※ The cognates in Gəʕəz, Təgrəñña and Amharic are less likely candidates because of the consonantal Auslaut, although the final äw can easily shift into o. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشواف‬ʔaš-šwāf (pl. of šwāfi ‘a loaf of bread’), recorded for the Arabic dialect of Oman (Khābūra) in Behnstedt–Woidich 2012:243 Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحِمره‬ḥamizh (?) ※ An arrow-like sign below the ḥāʔ. The kasra below the mīm rather resembles a dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Comparison with Amh. amizza, aməzza ‘a kind of layered bread made by pouring batter on newly baked ənǧära and rebaking it’ (AED 1136) and Tna. hanza ‘a layered bread made by pouring batter on top of newly baked əngēra’ (TED 31–32) is not to be excluded. This would suggest either a non-etymological ḥ instead of h (cf. 218 E 12) or a reconstruction *ḥamizza/*ḫamizza, with *ḥ/*ḫ lost in Amharic and shifting to h in

218

Annotated Edition

Təgrəñña. Such a development is not implausible; moreover, an ultimate connection of both terms with the well-known root *ḫbz ‘to bake’ is not to be excluded (the shift b > m within this root is attested in Gez. məḫəmmāz ‘oven’, CDG 263, LLA 584).

218 F 10

Arabic entry:  ‫السنبوَسك‬ ُ   ʔas-sanbūsak ‘small triangular pie’ (Piamenta 234, Dozy I 690) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حاحَٮه‬ǧāǧbah ※ The fatḥa above the fourth letter rather looks like a dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gʷaguba/*gʷagubba Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gʷaguba ‘a kind of wheaten bread larger than the ḥəbəsti’ (TED 2378) Amh. gʷagubba ‘a kind of bread cooked by steam heat in which strips of wood are placed over a vessel of boiling water, sheets of dough placed on them and these sheets then covered with leaves’ (AED 2058, Guidi 782) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.

218 F 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرغيف الكبير‬ʔar-raġīfu l-kabīru ‘a big round cake of bread’ (Lane 1113) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫احلْس‬ َ   ʔḥls

※ The lām is somewhat abruptly inserted between the ḥāʔ and the sīn so that, in principle, a reading ʔḥlms is conceivable (not supported by any Ethiopic parallel).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Rather attractive is comparison with Tna. ḥaläšo ‘bread made of a mixture of barley and dagussa flour’ (TED 152), further related to Amh. halläšo ‘a dish made of many ingredients mixed together’ (AED 4). For the superfluous (hypercorrect?) initial ʔalif cf. 217 F 10.

218 F 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحبر‬ʔal-ḫubz- ‘bread’ (Lane 697)

※ The repetition of ʔal-ḫubz- ‘bread’ (cf. 218 F 4), quite certain on paleographic and semantic grounds, is noteworthy.

219

218 F 13

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  جينَحر‬ǧynǧar

※ There are two dots with uncertain function: one below the nūn and another above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gʸənǧär/*gʸəñǧär/*gʸəñgʸär

※ The most probable interpretation of ǧīm + yāʔ in this gloss is the palatalized gʸ (attested in the Gyeto and Ǝnnämor cognates). Alternatively, yāʔ + nūn may render ñ (for a similar case cf. 218 D 8).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. ganǧir ‘bread’ (Leslau 1997:202), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ganǧära (AAD 317), Arg. of Ṭollaha ganǧär (ibid.) Gaf. gənǧärä, gənǧär ‘bread’ (Leslau 1945:157), Gyt. gʸāñgʸära, Ǝnm. gʸāñǧära, Sod. ganǧir ‘bread made of barley, bread made of the äsät with some kind of wheat’ (EDG 284) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ? ※ None of the attested cognates fully coincides with the Ethiopic gloss. Palatalized gʸ in Gyeto and Ǝnnämor matches the initial ǧīm + yāʔ,9 but the Ethiopic gloss has no traces of the vowels a in the first syllable and in the Auslaut. The cognate in Gafat, which supports the reconstruction with *ə in the first syllable, lacks palatalization. → In Muth 2009–2010:101, the reading ǧubn = gěběnät is proposed, very unlikely both paleographically and semantically.



218 F 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَعِص َيدْه‬ʔal-ʕaṣīdat- ‘a sort of thick gruel consisting of wheat-flour moistened and stirred about with clarified butter, and cooked’ (Lane 2060) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حمقوا‬ǧmfwʔ ※ In spite of the clearly written two dots above the third letter, it is to be read as fāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gämfo

※ The final combination of wāw and ʔalif can be plausibly thought to represent an o (supported by the etymological data).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. gänfo, gämfo ‘porridge made of the boiled flour of wheat, barley and ṭef which is usually given to parturient women’ (AED 2018), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gənfo ‘porridge’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 433), ginfo (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha gänfaʔo (ibid.)

9  If the interpretation of yāʔ + nūn as ñ is preferred, Gyeto and Ǝnnämor remain the only languages which match this feature.

220

Annotated Edition

Gaf. gänfʷä ‘bouillie épaisse de farine’ (Leslau 1956:203), Gog. gänfʷä, Sod. gänfo ‘flour boiled in water, porridge’ (EDG 283) ※ Cf. also Gez. ganfo ‘porridge’ (CDG 197, not in LLA), probably an Amharism.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Gog., Sod.

※ The Amharic cognate with m appears the closest to the Ethiopic gloss, even if the assimilation nf > mf is a widespread process in ES. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَبْيض‬ʔal-bayḍ- ‘egg’ (Lane 282) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٯلالح‬qlālḥ ※ There is a dot (unintentional?) below the first lām.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳälalaḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔənḳulaliḥ ‘egg’ (TED 1477) Amh. ənḳʷəlal (AED 1215), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənḳulal (Leslau 1997:192, AAD 315), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳälalaḥ (ibid.) Ǝnd. ənḳulä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. ənḳura (EDG 70) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg. → SED I Nos. 170, 171

‫اسما المشروب‬

ʔasmāʔu l-mašrūbi ‘Names of drinks’

218 F 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  العسل‬ʔal-ʕasal- ‘honey’ (Lane 2046) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  معار‬mʕār Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *maʕar Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. maʕār, maʕar ‘honey’ (CDG 326), Tgr. maʕar (WTS 135), Tna. mäʕar, maʕar (TED 477) Amh. mar (AED 173; Old Amh. maʕar, Ludolf 16) Har. mār ‘earwax’ (EDH 110)

221

218 F 17

Gaf. mar-iš (Leslau 1945:163), Ǝnm. Ǝnd. maʔar, Čah. Gyt. mar, Gog. mʷär ‘beeswax’ (EDG 386) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 17

Arabic entry:  ‫العَسِلي‬ َ ‫  النبيذ‬ʔan-nabīḏu l-ʕasaliyyu ‘mead’ (Lane 2757)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  طّج‬ṭǧǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäǧǧ/*ṣäǧǧ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭäǧǧ ‘mead made of a mixture of honey and water which is flavored with gešo-plant twigs and leaves and allowed to ferment’ (AED 2178; Old Amh. ṣäǧǧ, Ludolf 98), Arg. ṭäǧǧ id. (AAD 468) Har. ṭäǧǧi ‘mead’ (EDH 152), Wol. ṭəgay, Səl. ṭəge, Zay ṭäge ‘honey, honeyed water, mead, hydromel, wine of grapes’ (EDG 615), Səl. Wol. ṭäǧ ‘mead, hydromel’ (ibid.) Gaf. ṣäǧ ‘hydromel’ (Leslau 1945:172), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. dägʸä ‘honey, honeyed water, mead, hydromel, wine of grapes’ (ibid.), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ṭäǧ, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭäǧǧ ‘mead, hydromel’ (ibid.) ※ Cf. also 219 F 29.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  نبيذ الشعير‬nabīḏu š-šaʕīri ‘beverage of barley’ (Lane 2757) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  طله‬ṭlh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭälla/*ṭällä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭälla ‘Ethiopian beer made of sorghum, barley and wheat sprouts and seasoned with the dried and triturated leaves and twigs of the gešo plant’ (AED 2083–2084; Old Amh. ṣälla, Ludolf 96) Səl. ṭälla, Wol. ṭällä ‘native beer’ (EDG 616) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ṭälla, Ǝnd. ṭällä id. (ibid.)

222

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl., Wol., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:101



218 F 19

Arabic entry:  ‫المزره‬ ِ   ʔal-mizrat-, cf. mizr- ‘a kind of beverage made of a kind of millet’ (Lane 2711) ※ No variant lexeme with the feminine ending could be detected in the available dictionaries of Arabic dialects.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسَخْر‬saḫar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *säḫär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Zay səxär ‘native beer made without the gʸiša-plant, hydromel’ (EDG 540), Səl. sihär ‘drink made of honey and water’ (SAED 150) Sod. səkär, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. säxär, Msḳ. Gog. Sod. səhär ‘native beer without the gešo-plant’ (EDG 539) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Zay, Səl., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

※ The cognates in Čaha, Eža, Ǝnnämor, Ǝndägan̄ , Gyeto, Muḫər are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss as far as the vocalization is concerned. → The reading murawwaḥ (?) ‘aromatisches Getränk’ for the Arabic entry in Muth 2009– 2010:101 is improbable both paleographically (h instead of ḥ) and semantically (cf. murawwaḥ- ‘perfumed; applied to oil and to ʔiṯmid- (collyrium)’, Lane 1183).



218 F 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَجِليْب‬ʔal-ḥalīb- ‘milk’ (Lane 624) ※ Note the dot below the ḥāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  وتوت‬wtwt

※ The first wāw displays a rather long stroke to the right (a mistake for a sīn?).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wätot Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. watwat ‘milk’ (CDG 622, not in LLA; an obvious Amharism) Amh. wätät ‘milk (cow or human)’ (AED 1538; Old Amh. wätot, Ludolf 72, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:76) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. ※ Note the exact correspondence between the Ethiopic gloss and the Old Amharic form. → Muth 2009–2010:101

223

218 F 21



218 F 21

Arabic entry:  ‫القِطيب‬ َ   ʔal-qaṭīb ‘Dickmilch’ (Behnstedt 1005, Piamenta 404) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْيب‬ḥayb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥayb/*ḥeb Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥalib ‘milk, curds’ (CDG 229), Tgr. ḥalib ‘milk’ (WTS 54–55), Tna. ḥalib ‘milk, anything made of milk, cheese, curd, butter’ (TED 154) Amh. ayəb ‘a kind of cottage cheese, curds’ (AED 1289; Old Amh. ḥayb, Ludolf 8), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ayb ‘cheese’ (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 298), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥayb id. (ibid.), Arg. hayu ‘milk’ (Leslau 1997:207, AAD 298), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥayu id. (ibid.) Har. ḥay ‘milk’ (EDH 89; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:420, Wagner 1983:291), Səl. Wol. ayb, Zay ayəb ‘milk’ (EDG 116) Gaf. ayb ‘fromage’ (Leslau 1956:186), Čah. Eža eb, Ǝnm. Gyt. ayəm̠ , Ǝnd. aññu ‘milk’ (EDG 38) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža ※ The Gurage cognates, with the meaning “milk”, are less likely candidates. → Muth’s reading of the Arabic entry as muṭayyab ‘gesüßt, gewürzt’ (2009–2010:101) is to be rejected for semantic reasons.



218 F 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَر ِايْٮ‬ʔar-rāʔib- ‘thick, coagulated (milk)’ (Lane 1176)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحجاٮ‬ḥaǧāt

※ There is an unclear sign below the tāʔ, likely unintentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥaggat/*ḥaggʷat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. hag(g)ʷāt ‘whey’ (CDG 216, LLA 21, an Amharism), Tna. ḥanga ‘residue of butter which sticks to the vessel or skin in which it was churned; thick yogurt scraped from the churn’ (TED 245) Amh. aggʷat ‘whey’ (AED 1328, Guidi 504) Wol. uggat, Səl. uggāt ‘whey’ (EDG 60) ※ Compared by Leslau to Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. anguba, Čah. Eža Gyt. angəwa, Ǝnd. angəwä, Ǝnm. anguwa ‘whey’ (EDG 60), albeit the presence of the final b/w is difficult to explain.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Wol., Səl.

※ The Təgrəñña cognate is semantically the closest to the Arabic entry, but lacks the final t present in the SES cognates.

224

Annotated Edition

218 F 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  السويق‬ʔas-sawīq- ‘meal of parched barley or wheat; a kind of gruel, or thick ptisan, being moistened with water, or clarified butter’ (Lane 1472) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  طجْن‬ṭḥn ※ The second grapheme is to be read as ḥāʔ, despite the subscript dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭəḥn Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭəḥn ‘fine flour, parched corn’ (CDG 590, LLA 1217), Tna. ṭəḥni ‘roasted barley flour (ordinarily carried on trips when it is mixed with water and eaten uncooked with a little salt)’ (TED 2413)

※ A derivative from *ṭḥn ‘to grind’: Gez. ṭaḥana (CDG 590), Tgr. ṭaḥana (WTS 609), Tna. ṭäḥanä (TED 2412), Har. ṭēḥana ‘to be fine (flour)’ (EDH 152).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna.

‫اسما السلاح‬

ʔasmāʔu s-silāḥi ‘Names of weapons’

218 F 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  السكين والجنبية‬ʔas-sikkīnu wa-l-ǧanbiyyatu ‘a knife and a large bent dagger’ (Lane 1304, Piamenta 74)

※ The interpretation of the second part of the Arabic entry is difficult. The reading wa-lǧanbiyyatu, suggested by D. M. Varisco (p. c.), fits well the graphic shape of the second word and refers to a very common element of the Yemeni weaponry; it also helps explain the large sign between the two words looking best as a wāw. Its main deficiency is that nowhere else in the Glossary we find an Arabic entry consisiting of two words corresponding to one Ethiopian lexeme. Within an alternative approach, one could venture to read the second word as ‫ الحبشية‬ʔal-ḥabašiyyatu ‘Abyssinian’, thus yielding the adjectival phrase ‘an Abyssinian knife’. This interpretation is free of the aforementioned difficulty, but leaves unexplained the wāw-like sign between the two lexemes. A convincing interpretation of the Ethiopic gloss pending, the choice between the two possibilities remains difficult.

225

218 F 26

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْسَحْنَبْل‬wasḥanbal Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The Ethiopic gloss is strikingly similar to the designations of (lid of) basket dealt with above under 218 D 23. One is tempted to suspect some sort of scribal confusion in this case, whose motivation, however, could not be elicited. → Muth (2009–2010:102) reads the second part of the Arabic entry as wa-l-madya/mudya/ midya ‘und Schlachtmesser’, which is paleographically difficult.



218 F 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الخنَجر‬ʔal-ḫanǧar- ‘a knife; a dagger’ (Lane 815)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َط ُالوَقٮ‬ṭālūqat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭaluḳät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ṭəlləḳḳo. For the final tāʔ in the Glossary corresponding to a vocalic ending in the ES cognates v. Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭəlləḳḳo ‘small sharp ax, narrow-bladed spear’ (AED 2002, KBT 1260, AYMQ 557) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.



218 F 27

Arabic entry:  ‫السْيْف‬ َ   ʔas-sayf- ‘a sword’ (Lane 1485)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  وْرَمْت‬ warmat َ

※ A thick dot (rather resembling a sukūn; unintentional?) above the mīm and to the right of its fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wärmät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. warmat ‘spear’ (CDG 617) Har. wåräm ‘spear, war’ (EDH 161; also in Ancient Har.: wäräm, Wagner 1983:316)

※ The Gəʕəz word is missing from LLA, but well attested in post-Aksumite texts, such as the Chronicle of ʕAmda Ṣəyon (Kropp 1994 I 34). It is reasonable to assume that the term penetrated Gəʕəz from contemporary living ES languages.

226

Annotated Edition According to Leslau (CDG 617, EDH 161), the Gəʕəz and Harari terms are Cushitisms, cf. Awngi werém, waràm, woramī ‘spear’ (Appleyard 127), Som. waran ‘lancia’ (DSI 607). Cf. also Amh. wärana ‘spear’ (AED 1507), a borrowing from Oromo (waraanaa ‘lance, weapon’, Gragg 400).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez.

218 F 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الدبوْس‬ʔad-dabbūs- ‘a mace of iron or other material’ (Lane 849) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُجْرُجْم‬ḥurǧum ※ The first grapheme is to be read as a ḥāʔ, despite the subscript dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥurč̣um

※ The comparative data suggest the recontruction *ḥarč̣umme/*ḥaräč̣ume.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. arč̣umme ‘switch, thin, flexible branch or wand used as a lash’ (AED 1160), Arg. of Aliyu Amba arč̣umme ‘rod’ (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 276), Arg. of Ṭollaha haräč̣ume id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg.

218 F 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرمح‬ʔar-rumḥ- ‘a spear, or lance’ (Lane 1153)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحْرْب‬ḥarb

※ There is an uncertain sign (unintentional?) below the ḥaʔ and another one above the bāʔ, to the right of the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥarb Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥarb ‘war’ (CDG 241, not in LLA) Amh. harb ‘spear’ (Gəʕəz only) (AED 10, AYMQ 527; Old Amh. ḥarb ‘Krieg’, Littmann 1943:483; cf. bäʔalä harb ‘sorte d’officier de la maison royale’, Guidi 6), Arg. of Aliyu Amba harb ‘spear, battle, war’ (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 477), Arg. of Ṭollaha harb, ḥarb id. (ibid.) Har. ḥarbi ‘battle, war’ (EDH 85), Səl. Wol. arb, arəb ‘battle, war; spear’ (EDG 727) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. arb, arəb, Ǝnm. Gyt. arəḇ, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. arəw ‘battle, war’ (ibid.), Gyt. aräb ‘sharp sword’ (EDG I 636)

227

219 A 1

※ The ES lexemes are likely borrowed from Arb. ḥarb- ‘war’ (Leslau 1990:342). The semantic link between “war” and “spear” is found elsewhere in ES: Tna. kʷinat ‘lance, spear; war, warfare, hostilities’ (TED 1649), Amh. ṭor ‘spear, lance, javelin; army, war’ (AED 2113).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol., Gyt. ※ In the rest of the languages, only the meaning “battle, war” is attested.



219 A 1

Arabic entry: uncertain

※ The straightforward reading may be ‫ الصَباحى‬ʔaṣ-ṣbāḥī, albeit the third and the fourth graphemes are very unclear. Cf. perhaps ʔasinnatun ṣubāḥiyyatun ‘wide spear-heads’ (Lane 1643, BK I 1304).

Comparable Ethiopic forms:  ‫  َرَحَڔْه‬uncertain

※ The absence of diacritical dots (except for the one under the third letter, presumably to indicate rāʔ rather than zayn) allows numerous reading possibilities: the first letter may be rāʔ or zayn, the second one may be ǧīm, ḥāʔ, or ḫāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain In view of the uncertainty of the Arabic entry, the Ethiopic gloss is difficult to interpret, but Gez. zagar ‘long spear’ (CDG 633), Tgr. zagar ‘broad lance’ (WTS 505), Amh. zägär ‘long lance formerly carried by the monarch’ (AED 1677) is a suitable possibility (admittedly leaving the final hāʔ unexplained).

219 A 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٯوس‬ʔal-qaws- ‘a bow’ (Lane 2574–2575)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقَسْت‬qasat

※ The loop of the qāf is very small, it rather resembles the stroke of a bāʔ. The two dots above the qāf and the tāʔ are hardly visible. There is a thick dot to the left of the qāf, with uncertain function.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäsät/*ḳäšät

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *ḳäst. Most of cognates support s as the second radical, but comparison to Soddo allows a reconstruction with š as well.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳast ‘bow’ (CDG 447), Tgr. ḳaš dabnā ‘rainbow’ (WTS 247), ḳarəs ‘arc en ciel’ (ibid. 240), Tna. ḳästi ‘bow’ (TED 967)

228

Annotated Edition

Amh. ḳäst ‘bow, arrow’ (AED 756; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:488, Ludolf 34), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳäst ‘arrow, bow’ (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 185) Səl. Wol. ḳäst ‘bow’ (EDG 505) Gaf. ḳästä dämmänä ‘arc-en-ciel’ (Leslau 1956:225), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Msḳ. Gog. ḳäst, Sod. ḳəst, ḳäšt ‘bow’ (EDG 505) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  التركاس‬ʔat-tarkāš ‘carquois’ (Dozy I 145) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِف َلاَطْه‬filāṭah

※ There are two signs above the ṭāʔ, one of them undoubtedly a fatḥa, the other of unclear function. There is also a sign with uncertain function (a dot?) below the letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fəlaṣa/*fəlaṭa/*fəlaṣṣa/*fəlaṭṭa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. fəlaṣa ‘arrow (for a bow)’ (TED 2648) Amh. fəlaṣa ‘arrow, projectile’ (AED 2271, Guidi 870), fəlaṣṣa/fəlaṭṭa id. (Gankin 863) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.

※ The semantic overlap between the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss is not complete, but the identification appears to be reasonably certain.



219 A 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮشاب‬ʔan-nuššāb- ‘arrows’ (Lane 2792) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حناط‬ḥnāṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥinač̣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥaṣṣ ‘arrow, dart’ (CDG 247), Tgr. ḥaṣ ‘sting’ (WTS 103) Amh. haṣ ‘arrow’ (Gəʕəz only) (AED 35) Har. ḥināč̣ ‘arrow’ (EDH 84)

※ The (Harari?) term for “arrow” might be the source of a designation of a military unit: hənnač̣ ‘name of a body of troops commanded by Ras Səʕəlä Krəstos (XVII Century)’ (AED 16; Esteves Pereira 1892:254, 276, 277, 283, 323: ḥənāč̣).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har.

229

219 A 5



219 A 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  الترْس الكبير‬ʔat-tursu l-kabīru ‘a big shield’ (Lane 302) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعْحِره‬ʕaǧrih

※ The shape of the rāʔ is very similar to a dāl.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕagri

※ The initial ʕ cannot be supported by the comparable Ethiopic forms insofar as none of the pertinent languages preserves the etymological ʕ (the Gəʕəz term being likely an Amharism).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔagre ‘large shield’ (CDG 11, absent from LLA and likely an Amharism) Amh. aggəre, aggər ‘large shield which protects the entire body’ (AED 1324) Har. agri ‘shield’ (EDH 21), Səl. agre, Zay agri id. (EDG 27)

※ The ES terms are treated by Leslau as Cushitic borrowings (EDG 27), cf. Had. agira ‘shield’ (HECD 269).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Har., Səl., Zay, Had.



219 A 6

Arabic entry:  unknown

※ The straightforward reading is ‫ الشطر‬ʔaš-šaṭr-, with a dot above and to the left of the ṭāʔ. No comparable lexemes have been found in the available lexicographic sources.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫رٮحْر‬ َ ‫  َج‬ǧarnǧar

※ There is a sign (most likely unintentional) resembling a dot or a sukūn above the first rāʔ, merged with the preceding letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gärängär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. gʷärängʷära ‘scabbard’, gʷärängʷäre, gʷərangʷəre ‘quiver; spear case; case for carrying sharp instruments’ (AED 1937, Guidi 727; attested in Esteves Pereira 1892:225) Wol. gärängäre ‘shield’ (EDG 295) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. gärängär, Sod. gärängäre id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The forms in Muḫər, Mäsḳan and Gogot, with consonantal Auslaut, are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.

230

Annotated Edition

219 A 7

Arabic entry: uncertain The most straightforward interpretation of the Arabic entry would be ‫الَبرشم‬, with rāʔ unexpectedly bound to the left (which, by the scribal habits of the Glossary, would not be totally unconceivable), but such a reading does not yield any suitable semantic identification. The big zigzag in the middle being clearly reminiscent of a middle hāʔ, one is tempted to interpret the entry as a distorted ‫ السهم‬ʔas-sahm- ‘arrow’ (Lane 1454), even if the exact path of the graphic confusion is hard to retrieve (what one actually sees is ‫الهسم‬, with hāʔ preceded by a notch with two dots, one above and one below it). Semantically, this identification is compatible with the Ethiopic gloss as tentatively interpreted below. Note also that sahm-, the most widespread designation of “arrow” in Arabic, would otherwise be missing from the section dealing with weapons. Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ررٮٮه‬uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The gloss can be tentatively read as drbyh (the first letter being interpreted as dāl rather than rāʔ), to be connected with Gez. darbaya ‘to throw (a weapon), to hurl, to hit hard’ (CDG 141), Tgr. darbā ‘to throw, to shoot’ (WTS 521), Tna. därbäyä ‘to throw, to throw away, to throw down; to toss (away), to discard, to cast away, to chuck, to shed (clothes), to unload, to ejaculate (utter)’ (TED 2084), Amh. däräbba ‘to cause to collapse or fall in’ (AED 1748). A semantically fitting nominal derivative (provided the Arabic term designates an arrow) is found in Amh. därbo ‘multicolored sharp stick children use for fighting or hunting’ (AED 1749).

‫والصاجب‬ َ ‫اسما الاٮا والاٮٮا والٮٮاٮ والعماٮ والحالاٮ وامتال دلك والجار‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔābāʔi wa-l-ʔabnāʔi wa-l-banāti wa-l-ʕammāti wa-l-ḫālāti wa-ʔamṯāli? ḏālika? wa-l-ǧāri wa-ṣ-ṣāḥibi ‘Names of fathers, and sons, and daughters, and paternal aunts, and maternal aunts, and similar? to that?, and the neighbor and the friend’

※ The reading wa-ʔamṯāli ḏālika, taken from Muth 2009–2010:102, is rather uncertain. From 219 A 9 to 219 A 29, the Arabic entries are written in the column with the heading ḥabašiyy-, and the Ethiopic glosses in the column with the heading ʕarabiyy-.

231

219 A 9



219 A 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الام لعتاں‬ʔal-ʔumm- ‘mother’ (Lane 89); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  اٮاٮى‬ʔnātī 2

※ Both the nūn and the tāʔ rather resemble a lām in shape; in the first case, absence of ligature with the ʔalif makes it clear that lām was not intended. For a similar case (a lengthened bāʔ) cf. 218 F 5.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔənnate Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔənnat (TED 1480, apparently a borrowing from Amharic) Amh. ənnat ‘mother’ (AED 1221; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:492, Ludolf 60) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.

※ The Təgrəñña term, apparently an Amharic borrowing of marginal usage, is less likely as the source lexeme. Neither the Amharic nor the Təgrəñña form display a final i or e, so the ending of the Ethiopic gloss must be explained as the 1 sg. pronominal suffix (cf. Amh. ənnate ‘my mother’). Cf. also 219 A 10.

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اٮدوٮ‬ʔndwt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəndot Comparable Ethiopic forms: Səl. Wol. əndät ‘mother’ (EDG 18) Čah. Eža Muḫ. adot, Gyt. adōt, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. adōd (ibid.) ※ Cf. perhaps Tna. ʔaddä (TED 1529).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ None of the ES cognates fully correspond to the gloss (the East Gurage lexemes lack the labial vowel, whereas the Gunnän-Gurage terms have no n).



219 A 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاب‬ʔal-ʔab- ‘father’ (Lane 10) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ّاباتي‬ʔbbātī Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔabbate Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔab ‘father’ (CDG 2), Tgr. ʔab (WTS 365), Tna. ʔabbo (TED 1459) Amh. abbat (AED 1199), Arg. of Ṭollaha aw (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 285), Arg. of Aliyu Amba abba (ibid.)

232

Annotated Edition

Har. āw (EDH 37; also in Ancient Har.: aw, Cerulli 1936:409, Wagner 1983:275), Zay ābu, Səl. abot, Wol. abbä, aḇot (EDG 4) Gaf. abʷä (Leslau 1956:170), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ab, Ǝnm. Gyt. aḇ, Sod. aḇi, Čah. Eža Ǝnd. aw (EDG 4)

※ The final i or e in the Ethiopic gloss likely reflects the 1 sg. pronominal suffix (cf. Amh. abbate ‘my father’), as in 219 A 9 (1).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاح‬ʔal-ʔaḫ- ‘brother’ (Lane 33)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِاْح‬ʔiḥ

※ There is an unclear symbol below and to the right of the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəḥ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəḫəw, ʔəḫʷ ‘brother’ (CDG 13, LLA 765), Tgr. ḥu (WTS 51), Tna. ḥaw (TED 257) Arg. äh (Leslau 1997:189), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əh (AAD 353), Arg. of Ṭollaha əḥ (ibid.) Har. əḥ ‘younger brother, junior’ (EDH 22; Ancient Har. iḥ, Cerulli 1936:407) Gaf. alä (Leslau 1956:175) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Arg., Har. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  الابن‬ʔal-ʔibn- ‘a son’ (Lane 262)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  لَّج‬lǧǧa

※ The small dot to the right of the ǧīm is likely accidental.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləǧǧä

※ The comparative data support neither the gemination of ǧ nor the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ləd ‘son, child’ (CDG 613, LLA 887) Amh. ləǧ ‘child, boy, son’ (AED 1491; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:494, Ludolf 4), Arg. ləǧ ‘child, boy’ (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 65)

233

219 A 13

Har. liǧi ‘boy, son’ (EDH 99; also in Ancient Har.: liǧ ‘servo, garzone’, Cerulli 1936:423, liǧi ‘Sohn’, Wagner 1983:298), Səl. Wol. liǧi ‘child, boy’ (EDG 376)

※ Cf. also Tna. ləǧ ‘title, usually given the son of a ras or other high noble’ (< Amh.) (TED 134).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Wol. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  البنت‬ʔal-bint- ‘daughter’ (Lane 262)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجَرْد‬ǧarad Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäräd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. gäräd ‘maid, female servant’, ləǧagäräd ‘young girl’ (AED 1939), Arg. of Ṭollaha gäräd ‘girl, maid’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 65) East Gur. gäräd ‘daughter, girl’ (EDG 290) Gunnän-Gur. gäräd id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gunnän-Gur.

※ The Amharic term is less likely as a direct source of the Ethiopic gloss because of the semantic deviation. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَحد‬ʔal-ǧadd- ‘grandfather’ (Lane 385)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُاِمْح‬ʔumiḥ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔumməḥ

※ None of the comparable forms corresponds exactly to the Ethiopic gloss, as all the potential cognates suggest some extension after ḥ. As for the ḍamma above the ʔalif, it likely reflects the influence of m upon the preceding vowel.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəmməḥew ‘ancestor, grandfather’ (CDG 23, LLA 727)

※ Cf. Arg. of Ṭollaha məhat ‘grandfather’ (Leslau 1997:211, AAD 298), Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. mēt ‘grandfather, grandmother’ (EDG 435). Cf. also Arg. of Aliyu Amba əmmahal ‘paternal grandfather’ (Leslau 1997:191, AAD 298), ammuhal id. (ibid.).

234

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ The Gəʕəz cognate is close to the Ethiopic gloss, yet the final -ew is left unexpressed in the gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحده‬ʔal-ǧaddat- ‘grandmother’ (Lane 385) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُاّمِـَحْت‬ʔummiḥat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔumməḥat

※ The ḍamma above the ʔalif likely reflects the influence of m upon the preceding vowel.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəmməḥewt ‘grandmother’ (CDG 23, LLA 727) Amh. əmmahut (AED 1119), Arg. əmməhad (Leslau 1997:190), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əmmahad (AAD 298), Arg. of Ṭollaha əmməhat (ibid.) ※ Cf. also Gaf. əmʷitätä ‘grand-mère’ (Leslau 1956:178), likely a contamination with əmʷit ‘mère’ (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  العم‬ʔal-ʕamm- ‘paternal uncle’ (Lane 2149) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َرْمح‬uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The graphic shape of the Ethiopic gloss points to a reconstruction *rämḥ/*rämǧ/*rämḫ, for which no immediate parallels have been found. The first grapheme can be read as zayn (paleographically unproblematic) or ʔalif (more difficult in terms of paleography, but allowing a semantically appealing comparison). (a) The reading ‫ َاْمح‬ʔamḥ implies that the original ʔalif has been mistaken

by the copyist for a rāʔ (cf. 219 F 23 where the reverse miscopying – ʔalif instead of the original zayn – took place). This allows comparison to Arg. of Ṭollaha əmḥäy ‘Mutterbruder’ (Wetter 2010:50), undoubtedly related to the terms for “grandfather” mentioned in 219 A 14 (for the semantic relationship between “uncle” and “grandfather” v. Kogan 2014:97–98). Note

235

219 A 17

also Arg. of Aliyu Amba əmməhəd ‘maternal aunt’ (Leslau 1997:229, AAD 293), Gyt. əmakʷät, Ǝnm. əmakʷäd id. (EDG 48). (b) The reading zamǧ (and reconstruction *zämǧ) is based on the comparison with the ES terms for “relative”: Gez. zamad (CDG 638, LLA 1043), Tgr. zamad (WTS 495), Tna. zämäd (TED 1969), Amh. zämäd (AED 1621, Ludolf 77), Gaf. zämäd (Leslau 1956:250), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. zämäd (EDG 708). This comparison implies palatalization of the final d > ǧ, not implausible per se, but unattested for this lexeme anywhere in ES.

219 A 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  العرٮٮ لعٮاں‬ʔal-ġarīb- ‘stranger, foreigner’ (Lane 2243); luġatāni ‘two words’

※ Rather uncertain, even if the semantic alternative to ʔal-ǧār- ‘neighbour’ in 219 A 18 makes this reading rather plausible. An alternative reading ʔal-ʕarabiyy- has been suggested in personal communication by D. M. Varisco.

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  ڡرزاں‬frzān (?) 2 Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two tentative identifications can be proposed. (a) One could venture a comparison with the terms for “horseman” in SES: Har. färäzäñña (EDH 65), Zay färäzäñä, Səl. färäzäññä, Wol. färäzäññe (EDG 244), Ǝnm. Gyt. färäzäñä, Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. färäzäññä, Čah. färäzänä, Eža färäzännä (ibid.). The meaning “horseman” is admittedly rather remote from “stranger”, but one can imagine that, eventually, both are intended to mean a horseback warrior of a foreign army. (b) Another possibility is to identify the Ethiopic gloss with the term färzänäy which occurs in one of the Old Amharic “Royal Songs”, dedicated to Emperor Zärʔa Yaʕəḳob of the 15th cent. (X:20, cf. Guidi 1889:63: gəbṣ yäwäṣṣä färzänäy yäkämrubbät dängey). The term is understood by E. Littmann as a proper name, apparently referring to an enemy (‘Farnazai [Sic!], der aus Egypten kam, den man steinigen wollte’, Littmann 1914:29). (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ٮٮٮلاٮ‬tnblāt (?) Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two alternative interpretations are at hand. (a) The graphic shape of the gloss is well compatible with Gez. tanbalāt, pl. of tanbal ‘Muslim’ (CDG 576), Amh. tänbalat ‘Muslims’ (AED 981). The Amharic term is clearly borrowed from Gəʕəz. (b) Within an alternative approach, the Ethiopic gloss can be read as salāb and interpreted as a cognate to *sälabi ‘robber, a [foreign] soldier who

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takes spoils (inter alia, who emasculates the soldiers of the defeated army)’, a nomen agentis from the common ES root *slb: Gez. salaba ‘to take off, to strip off, to take away, to remove, to deprive, to take spoils, to plunder’ (CDG 498), Tgr. salba ‘to castrate’, sālaba ‘to rob, to snatch away; to take off, to receive (weapons, ornament from a friend)’ (WTS 168), Tna. säläbä ‘to mutilate, to evirate, to emasculate; to pillage, to plunder, to sack (an enemy)’ (TED 628), sälabi ‘evirator, one who emasculates, disarms’ (TED 628), Amh. sälläbä ‘to castrate, to evirate, to rob, to plunder, to strip, divest’ (AED 451), sälabi ‘one who evirates; one who steals grain’ (AED 452), Arg. of Aliyu Amba sälläba ‘to castrate’ (Leslau 1997:219, AAD 133), selläba id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha sälläb id. (ibid.), Har. säläba id. (EDH 139), Səl. Wol. säläbä ‘to castrate a man’ (EDG 542), Ǝnd. säläbä, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sälläbä id. (ibid.), Sod. sälabi ‘cheater’ (ibid. 542).

→ Muth’s tentative reading of the Arabic entry as ʕuzlā ‘Witwe’ (2009–2010:102) is difficult to accept for paleographic reasons.



219 A 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الجار‬ʔal-ǧār- ‘a neighbour’ (Lane 483) ※ There is an uncertain symbol (sukūn?) above the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫قريٮْه‬ َ   qrībah (?) ※ An uncertain sign above the qāf – either an arrow-like symbol or a sukūn. Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäriba While there is no direct candidate for the ES source lexeme, it can probably be reconstructed as a derivative from the well-attested verbal root *ḳrb ‘to be near, to approach’: Gez. ḳarba, ḳaraba ‘to draw near, to be near’ (CDG 440), Tgr. ḳarba ‘to come near, to be near, to enter into friendship’ (WTS 241), Tna. ḳäräbä ‘to approach, to come close, to come near, to be neighboring’ (TED 936) Amh. ḳärräbä ‘to approach, to draw near’ (AED 729), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳäräba ‘to be near’ (Leslau 1997:217, AAD 183), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳäräw id. (ibid.) Har. ḳäräba ‘to be presented’ (EDH 128), Səl. Wol. Zay ḳäräbä ‘to approach, to be near, to be close’ (EDG 496) Gaf. ḳärräbä ‘être près’ (Leslau 1956:224), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. ḳärräbä, Sod. täḳirräbä, Čah. täḳʸänäbä, Gyt. täḳʸänäḇä, Eža täḳʸännäbä, Ǝnm. täʔenäḇä, Ǝnd. täʔennäwä, täʔennǟ ‘to approach, to be near, to be close’ (EDG 496)

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The plausibility of this reconstruction is bolstered by the existence of semantically compatible nominal lexemes produced from this root throughout ES: Tgr. ḳərub ‘near; relative, friend, neighbour’ (WTS 242), Tna. ḳärabi ‘friendly; approaching, neighboring’ (TED 937), Amh. aḳärräb ‘close friend’ (AED 731), yäḳərb ‘close, intimate (friend, relationship)’ (ibid. 730), Wol. aʔarabi däbo ‘close relatives’ (EDG 496), Čah. Gyt. atḳʸänäwačä, Eža atḳʸännäwaččä, Muḫ. atḳʸärräwä, Msḳ. aḳärabi zämäd ‘close relatives’ (ibid.), Sod. aḳrabbiya ‘neighborhood, about, approximately’ (ibid.). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ? ※ No direct sources of the Ethiopic gloss have been registered. → Muth 2009–2010:102 reconstructs the Ethiopic form as gʷäräbet, rather difficult paleographically.

‫ والحٮوٮ‬. . . ‫ومن اسما‬ ‫الاحسام والاعما والاصم والاٮكم‬ َ ‫والحراح ڡى‬

wa-min ʔasmāʔi . . . wa-l-ḥubūbi wa-l-ǧirāḥi fi l-ʔaǧsāmi wa-l-ʔaʕmā wa-l-ʔaṣammi wa-l-ʔabkami ‘And from the names of . . . and pustules and wounds of the bodies, and the blind, and the deaf, and the dumb’10

※ For ḥabb- ‘pimples, or small pustules’ v. Lane 496. Muth’s reading ʔaǧḏam (2009–2010:102) appears to be considerably inferior to ʔabkam- for paleographic reasons.



219 A 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحراح في الحْسم‬ʔal-ǧirāḥu fī l-ǧismi ‘wounds on the body’ (Lane 405) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ِصْلع‬ṣilʕ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṣəlʕ

10  The reading of the first elements of this heading is uncertain. In principle, ʔāfāt ‘blight, disease, evil affection’ (Lane 125) would be acceptable, but the attested graphic shape rather points to *ʕāfāt-. An alternative possibility is ḥāfat- ‘hardness, difficulty of life’ (Lane 672). Muth’s reading ʕilal- (2009–2010:102) is practically excluded for paleographic reasons.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣalʕ, ṣəlʕ ‘abscess, wound, ulcer, sore’ (CDG 554, LLA 1262), Tgr. ṣaləʕ, ṣalʕat ‘wound’ (WTS 633), Tna. ṣälaʕlaʕ bälä ‘to itch, to burn, to cause a burning (mustard plaster)’ (TED 2547) Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭəlʕ ‘wound’ (AAD 202) Har. ṭuluʔ id. (EDH 153), Səl. Wol. ṭuli, Zay ṭūl ‘wound, sore’ (EDG 616) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Arg., Har., East Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 21

Arabic entry:  ‫َمال‬‫  الد‬dimāl (pl. of damla ‘ulcère, tumeur, abcès’, Dozy I 462), cf. dummal ‘a kind of purulent pustule’ (Lane 915) ※ An uncertain symbol ( fatḥa or ḍamma) above the dāl.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮْجَنْح‬uncertain

Several tentative interpretations can be proposed, each of them implying wrong application of diacritical signs in the gloss. (a) The most probable identification is suggested by Gez. bāḫʷbəḫʷa ‘to decay, to become putrid, to be worm-eaten, to rot, to stink, to perish, to be destroyed’ (CDG 93, 517), bəḫbāḫe ‘putrefaction’ (CDG 93, LLA 518). The apparently related terms in Təgrəñña and Amharic (which display reflexes of *k rather than *ḫ) can likewise be considered as source lexemes for the present gloss: Tna. boḵboḵä, bäḵʷbäkʷä ‘to be rotten, decayed on the inside (wood, tree)’, bəḵʷbäḵʷ ‘dust, decay’ (TED 1173), Amh. bokäbbokä ‘to rot, to become rotten (wood)’ (AED 925). (b) Another possible candidate is Amh. bägbəg ‘wound which is slow to heal’ (AED 943, AYMQ 151). (c) Of some interest is, finally, Tna. tägtäg bälä ‘to burst (pimples)’, togtog bälä ‘to swell up, to form many blisters (body, arm, leg)’ (TED 1292).



219 A 22

Arabic entry:  ‫ري‬‫  الحد‬ʔal-ǧadariyy-/ʔal-ǧudariyy- ‘small-pox’ (Lane 390) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ڡبطاط‬fnṭāṭ ※ The second grapheme is clearly to be read as nūn, despite the subscript dot. A miniature ṭāʔ appears below each of the two ṭāʔ graphemes.

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219 A 23

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fänṭaṭä/*fänṣaṣä/*fənṭaṭä/*fənṣaṣä

※ Most of the comparative data suggest the final a. The only cognate with the final ä (in Ǝndägañ) does not exactly correspond to the Ethiopic gloss since it has a in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. fanṣāṣā, fənṣāṣā ‘smallpox’ (CDG 163, LLA 1372), Tna. fənṭaṭa ‘syphilis, the pox’ (TED 2709) Amh. fänṭaṭa ‘smallpox’ (AED 2326, Guidi 889) Səl. fänṭaṭṭa id. (EDG 237) Čah. Gyt. Gog. fänṭaṭa, Ǝnm. fanṭaṭa, Ǝnd. fanṭaṭä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. fänṭaṭṭa id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Səl., Čah., Gyt., Gog., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 A 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحَصَبه‬ʔal-ḥaṣabat- ‘measles’ (Lane 582) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اٮكلحْس‬ʔnklḥs Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔankälḥis Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ankälis ‘measles’ (AED 1224, Guidi 467, Ludolf 60) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

219 A 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاصم‬ʔal-ʔaṣamm- ‘deaf’ (Lane 1724)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َدْوَنَقه‬dawnaqah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *donäḳa ※ None of the cognates support the ä after the n.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dənḳəw ‘deaf, hard of hearing’ (CDG 138, LLA 1116) Har. dōnḳa (EDH 58), Wol. donḳä, Səl. dōnḳa (EDG 214) Gaf. dänḳu-š (Leslau 1945:153), Ǝnd. dənuʔ (EDG 214) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., Wol., Səl., Gaf.

→ The reading dänqoro proposed in Muth 2009–2010:102 is paleographically difficult.

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219 A 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاجذم‬ʔal-ʔaǧḏam- ‘having his arm, or hand, cut off, or amputated’ (Lane 398), ʔaǧḏam ‘leper’ (Piamenta 63), ǧaḏam ‘Lepra’ (Behnstedt 177) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َيه‬َ‫  ند‬ndayah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *nädäyä ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *näde. For final -ayah of the Glossary corresponding to -e in ES cf. 219 C 20.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Muḫ. näde ‘leper whose extremities are cut’ (EDG 450, EDG I 912)

※ In East Gurage, the cognate term näday is attested with the meaning “leprosy”: Wol. Zay näday (EDG 450, EDG I 1167). According to Leslau (EDG 450), the Gurage terms are borrowings from Kafa (cf. Kaf. nadaō, nadawō, nadayō ‘lebbroso’, Cerulli 1951:478) or Sidaama. Interestingly, the meaning “leper” is also registered for the Amharic cognate of Gez. ndy ‘to be poor’ (CDG 386–387): Amh. näday ‘poor, needy, destitute person, leper (euphemism)’ (AED 1056, Ludolf 52, Guidi 394), which may be likewise a result of the influence of the terms for “leprosy”.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Muḫ.



219 A 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  المرض‬ʔal-maraḍ- ‘disease’ (Lane 2708) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مطاط‬mṭāṭ ※ The first ṭāʔ has a miniature ṭāʔ below.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məṭaṭ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba məṭaṭ ‘sickness’ (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 210) Sod. məṭäṭ ‘sickness, ache, pain, stinging pain in the side or in the heart or in the head’ (EDG 439).

※ Cf. also Tgr. maṣṣa ‘to be ill, to suffer pain’ (WTS 145), Gaf. (a)mäṣṣäṣä ‘être malade’ (Leslau 1956:218).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Sod.

※ The Argobba cognate, with a in the second syllable, is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:102

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219 A 27

‫وما هو ٮٮسٮ فى الحٮل والولادة والحيض والرواجه والرصاع والمليح والڡبيح‬

wa-mā huwa yansibu? fī ?l-ḥabali wa-l-wilādati wa-l-ḥayḍi wa-z-ziwāǧati wa-r-riḍāʕi wa-l-malīḥi wa-l-qabīḥi ‘What is related to conception and birth and menstruation and marriage and suckling and the beautiful and the ugly’

※ The heading is written on the margin. The reading yansibu is not quite certain, all the more since the traces after it are left unexplained. For ziwāǧa ‘marriage’ in the Arabic dialects of Yemen v. Behnstedt 516, Piamenta 204 (Muth’s emendation to zauǧa is unwarranted). While the proposed reading of the initial part of the title is rather tentative (note in particular that nsb does not govern fī, but rather ʔilā), Muth’s wa-mā huwa [a]smāʔ min al-ḥabal (2009–2010:102) is very tenuous both paleographically and grammatically.



219 A 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحامل لعتان‬ʔal-ḥāmil- ‘pregnant’ (Lane 649); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  لقَبه‬lqbah 2 ※ The stroke of the lām is very short, rather like that of a bāʔ (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2). There seems to be an obscure dot below the bāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *läḳḳäba Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gaf. läḳḳäbay ‘enceinte’ (Leslau 1956:212; 1945:161) Sod. läḳḳäba ‘pregnant’ (EDG 382) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Sod. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوْرُحره‬warǧuzh

※ There is a second sign (rather like another sukūn), with unclear function, above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wärguza

※ The ES cognates support neither the initial wä nor the final a. If the fatḥa above the wāw is ignored, the first syllable can be reconstructed as *ur, with a prosthetic vowel perhaps assimilated to the vowel of the second syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. rəguz/ərguz ‘pregnant, gravid’ (AED 417), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥərguz id. (AAD 313) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:102

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219 A 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الولاده‬ʔal-wilādat- ‘naissance; enfantement, accouchement, parturition’ (BK II 1603) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَراْس‬ḥarās Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥaras Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḫarās ‘who is with child or with young’ (CDG 264, LLA 588), Tgr. ḥarās ‘woman in childbed, female animal with young’ (WTS 67), Tna. ḥaras ‘woman in confinement, parturient woman’ (TED 188) Amh. aras ‘woman in childbed’ (AED 1146), Arg. of Aliyu Amba haras id. (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 275), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥaras id. (ibid.) Har. ḥarās id. (EDH 87), Səl. arās, Wol. Zay aras id. (EDG 91) Gaf. aras id. (Leslau 1956:182) ※ All ES terms, structurally compatible with the Arabic entry, denote a woman in childbed rather than birth as a process.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf.

219 A 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحيض‬ʔal-ḥayḍ- ‘menstrual blood’ (Lane 687)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزُعْج‬zaʕuǧ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The only identification one can tentatively propose is Tna. zäʕagä ‘to be, become damp, moist; to fall (dew, hoar frost)’, zaʕgi ‘dampness, humidity, dew’, zəʕug ‘damp place, what is damp, moist; liquid that seeps, penetrates’ (TED 2015). A word for “damp, moist” as a euphemism for menses is not improbable.

219 B 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الروحه‬ʔaz-zawǧat- ‘wife’ (Lane 1267)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمْست‬mist Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mist/*məst/*məšt/*mišt/*mišti Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. məsti ‘wife’ (TED 394, apparently an Amharism)

243

219 B 2

Amh. mist, məšt ‘wife, spouse’ (AED 213, 230; also in Old Amh.: məšt, Littmann 1943:485, Ludolf 13), Arg. of Aliyu Amba məst (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 96), Arg. of Ṭollaha məst, mis (AAD 96), Arg. məšt (Leslau 1997:214) Har. mišti (EDH 114; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:426), Zay məst, Səl. Wol. məšt ‘woman, wife’ (EDG 434) Gaf. mištet (Leslau 1945:164), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. məšt, Ǝnd. mišt ‘woman, wife’ (EDG 434) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd. ※ The Təgrəñña term, a borrowing from Amharic and, apparently, of marginal usage, is less likely as the source lexeme. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  العرس‬ʔal-ʕirs- ‘wife’ (Lane 1999)

※ In view of the meaning of the Ethiopic gloss, the expected shape of the Arabic entry would be ʔal-ʕarūs- ‘bride, newly wed girl’. No such meaning is registered for ʕirs- in the available Classical and dialectal dictionaries.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مْشر‬mšr

※ The sukūn may also belong to the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mušru/*mušrə

※ Since the final rāʔ is unvocalized, the reconstruction of the final vowel is problematic. Those cognates which support the sukūn above the šīn mostly have the final a, which is difficult to reconcile with the absence of a final ʔalif or hāʔ. The reconstruction proposed here is based on the cognates in Zay and Gafat.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. mušərra ‘newlywed, bride, bridegroom’ (AED 228) Zay mušru ‘bride, bridegroom’ (EDG 434) Gaf. mušrə-š ‘betrothed’ (Leslau 1945:164), Čah. Eža Msḳ. məšra, Ǝnm. Gyt. məšəra, Ǝnd. miširä, Muḫ. Msḳ. mušra, Gog. Sod. mušərra ‘bride, bridegroom’ (EDG 434) ※ Cf. also Or. misirro ‘bride’ (Gragg 288).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Zay, Gaf., Čah., Eža, Msḳ., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The cognates in Zay and Gafat, lacking final a, are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. Ǝnd. miširä is less likely since it does not support the sukūn above the šīn.

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Annotated Edition

219 B 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  الرضاع‬ʔar-riḍāʕ- ‘sucking’ (Lane 1097) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫تاطب‬ ْ   tāṭb

※ There are two obscure symbols above the ṭāʔ: one is a dot, the other, above it, resembles a fatḥa. There are two dots with unclear function above the bāʔ, below the sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *taṭäb

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *taṭäba.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The Ethiopic gloss must be related to the common ES root *ṭbw ‘to suck (breast)’: Gez. ṭabawa (CDG 587), Tgr. ṭabā (WTS 616), Tna. ṭäbäwä (TED 2458), Amh. ṭäbba (AED 2139), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭäbba (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 463), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭäw (ibid.), Har. ṭäba (EDH 151), Səl. Wol. ṭobe, Zay ṭobū (EDG 607), Gaf. ṭäba (Leslau 1945:176), Eža. Muḫ. ṭäbbʷä, Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭobbä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ṭäpʷä, Ǝnd. ṭoppä (EDG 607). In most languages the causative verb “to suckle” is also derived from this root: Gez. ʔaṭbawa (CDG 587), Tgr. ʔaṭbā (WTS 616), Tna. ʔaṭbäwät (TED 2458), Amh. aṭäbba (AED 2139), Arg. of Aliyu Amba aṭäbbäd (AAD 463), Arg. of Ṭollaha aṭäwäčč (ibid.), Ancient Har. aṭaba (Cerulli 1936:433), Səl. Wol. aṭobe (EDG 607, EDG I 1021, 1183), Eža Muḫ. aṭäbbʷä, Gog. Sod. aṭobbä, Ǝnd. aṭoppä (EDG 607, EDG I 605, 1106). The form adduced in the Glossary can hardly correspond to a nominal lexeme; rather, a feminine verbal of the causative form (*taṭäba ‘she suckles’) is to be surmised. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Wol., Eža, Muḫ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd.

219 B 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحارىه‬ʔal-ǧāriyat- ‘a girl or young woman; a female slave’ (Lane 416) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حافه‬ǧāfh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gafa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. gāfa ‘slave’ (EDH 69; also in Ancient Har.: gāfā, gāfi, Cerulli 1936:416, gafi, Wagner 1983:286)

※ The semantic discrepancy between the Arabic entry (“female slave”) and the hypothetic Harari source word (with the general meaning “slave”) is not a serious obstacle for the present comparison.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har.

245

219 B 5



219 B 5

Arabic entry:  ‫القحَبه‬ َ   ʔal-qaḥbat- ‘prostitute’ (Lane 2488)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫زامْه‬ َّ   zāmmah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zamma

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *zämma.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zammā ‘harlot, prostitute, adulteress’ (CDG 640, LLA 1042), Tna. zämma ‘sexually dissolute, promiscuous, prostitute’ (TED 1968) Amh. zämma ‘prostitute, harlot’ (AED 1612), zämmawi ‘fornicator, dissolute’ (AED 1612, Ludolf 77) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  المليح‬ʔal-malīḥ- ‘beautiful’ (Lane 2733) Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Several alternative readings and interpretations can be proposed, none of them matching exactly the paleographic and/or semantic requirements. In paleographic terms, taking the initial grapheme for a lām with a short stroke (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2) allows one to read the

Ethiopic gloss as ‫ َلَّحام‬laḥḥām or laḫḫām (two dots below the second and third graphemes being ignored). Such a reading prompts the following two comparisons. (a) In Amharic, mälkam ‘beautiful, pleasant, nice, good’ (AED 89; cf. also Arg. of Ṭollaha mälkam, AAD 70; Zay mälkämma, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mälkamma, Ǝnd. mälkāmä, Čah. Gyt. märkama, Ǝnm. markama, Eža märkamma ‘beautiful, pretty’, EDG 403) is a good semantic match, but the initial m is hard to reconcile with the shape of the gloss. One can venture a reconstruction of an adjective *läkkam derived from the same verbal root läkka ‘to measure (length, volume); to evaluate, to appraise’ (AED 87), perhaps via an intermediary meaning “precise, exact” (cf. ləkk ‘exact, correct, moderate, precise, right (correct); fitting’, AED 87). In Muth 2009–2010:102 the Ethiopic gloss is directly equated with mälkam with no mention of the missing m.

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Annotated Edition

(b) The gloss might represent a derivative from the widely attested ES root *lḥm ‘to be fine, soft, tender’: Gez. ləḥma ‘to be tender, soft, to be reduced to powder’ (CDG 311), Tna. ləḥum ‘soldered, welded’ (TED 68), Amh. lamä ‘to be or become powedered, ground fine, reduced to a fine powder; to become docile or tame (person or animal originally spirited or untamed)’ (AED 43), Arg. lähim ‘soft’ (Leslau 1997:210), Har. liḥim ‘soft (skin, cloth), tender (meat)’ (EDH 99; Ancient Har. liḥim ‘leicht’, Wagner 1983:298), Zay lāmä ‘be soft, be smooth’ (EDG 379). The semantic shift “soft” > “good” > “beautiful” is not improbable, but no structural parallels to the Ethiopic gloss have been detected among the attested derivatives of *lḥm in ES. Two further comparisons imply the reading of the first grapheme as nūn or bāʔ respectively, and are thus somewhat more attractive paleographically. (c) Arg. of Aliyu Amba näham ‘big’ (Leslau 1997:210, 215, AAD 232). The Argobba lexeme is rather remote from the meaning of the Arabic entry. Still, an eventual connection between the meanings “big” and “beautiful” (via the intermediate meaning “good”) is conceivable. ※ Arg. näham is a variant of the (apparently, more common) läham, lahəm (Leslau 1997:210, 215, AAD 232). Cf. also Arg. of Ṭollaha leḥam, läḥam id. (ibid.).

(d) Amh. bäggo ‘good; well; in good health’ (AED 941, Ludolf 43); cf. also Gez. baggəʕu ‘just, righteous, good’ (CDG 88, not in LLA), Tna. bägʷənnät ‘goodness, goodwill, generosity’ (TED 1205, an Amharism). This comparison, more attractive semantically, implies a hypothetical derivative with the adjectival suffix -am, as in (a).

219 B 7

Arabic entry:  ‫القبيح‬ َ   ʔal-qabīḥ- ‘bad, evil, ugly, hideous’ (Lane 2480) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِبيْس‬bīs

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bis Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. bis ‘miser, miserly’ (AED 895; Old Amh. bis ‘malus’, Ludolf 40), Arg. bis ‘avaricious’ (Leslau 1997:196, AAD 215) Wol. bəs, Səl. biss ‘avaricious, greedy, stingy, miserly’ (EDG 158) Gog. Sod. bəs, bis ‘bad’ (ibid.), Msḳ. Gog. bəs ‘avaricious, greedy, stingy, miserly’ (ibid.) ※ These adjectives go back to the broadly attested verbal root *bʔs ‘to be bad’: Gez. bəʔsa ‘to be bad, to become worse, to be vicious’ (CDG 83), Tgr. bəʔsa ‘to be angry’ (WTS 289), Tna. bäʔasä ‘to grow worse, to deteriorate; to be evil, wicked, horrible’ (TED 1167), Amh. basä ‘to be bad, to be, become worse, to worsen’ (AED 895; Old Amh. bäʔasä, Littmann 1943:489,

247

219 B 8

Ludolf 42), Səl. bāsä ‘to become worse, to be bad’ (EDG 129), Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. baʔasä, Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. basä id. (ibid.). The meaning “bad” (= malus) registered for Amh. bis by Ludolf appears to be an archaic feature exactly fitting the semantics of bis in the Glossary (the same meaning appears in the Gogot and Soddo cognates).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Wol., Səl., Gog., Sod., Msḳ.

※ Semantically, the Gogot and Soddo terms (as well as early Amharic, cf. above) are the most fitting. Phonologically, the forms with i are the closest (Amh., Arg., Səl., Gog., Sod.). → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  القبله‬ʔal-qublat- ‘kiss’ (Wehr 868) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اسعْم‬ ِ   ʔsʕim Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəsəʕəm Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. saʕama ‘to kiss’ (CDG 481), Tgr. saʕama (WTS 194), Tna. säʕamä (TED 761) Amh. samä (AED 465; Old Amh. säʕamä, Ludolf 27), Arg. of Aliyu Amba sähama (Leslau 1997:219, AAD 151), sahama (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha säʕam (ibid.) Wol. samä, Səl. Zay sāmä (EDG 530) Gaf. samä (Leslau 1956:230) Ǝnd. saʔamä, Gyt. saʔam̠ a, Ǝnm. sãʔām̠ ä, Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. samä (EDG 530)

※ The structure of the Ethiopic gloss does not match the attested substantives derived from *sʕm and rather suggests a verbal form (such as 1 sg. of the imperfect: *ʔəsəʕəm ‘I kiss’). The substantive sěʕmät ‘kiss’ reconstructed in Muth 2009:2010:102 is paleographically improbable.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Ǝnd., Gyt., Ǝnm., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصٮياں‬ʔaṣ-ṣibyān- ‘male children’ (Lane 1650) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  لحاج‬lǧāǧ ※ The stroke of the lām is short (for similar cases cf. 217 E 11, 219 A 27 (1)).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ləǧač

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ləǧ ‘child, boy, son’ (AED 1491), Arg. ləǧ ‘child, boy’ (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 65) Har. liǧi ‘boy, son’ (EDH 99; also in Ancient Har.: liǧi, Wagner 1983:298, liǧ, Cerulli 1936:423)

※ Other ES cognates (for which v. 219 A 12) cannot be seen as direct prototypes of the gloss since the plural suffix -ač is not used in the respective languages. In modern Amharic the plural ending is -očč, but the plural marker -ač(č), as well as the very form ləǧač(č), are attested in Old Amharic texts (cf. Getatchew Haile 1983:162; 2005:264, line 304).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 10

Arabic entry:  uncertain Ethiopic gloss:  uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The most probable solution is to analyse this gloss as a copy of 219 E 28: ‫ ُيْبصر‬yubṣiru ‘he sees’ = ‫ ٮحاى‬yḥāy. It is ill-fitted for the present section, but the graphic similarity between the two word-pairs is so striking that some sort of mistaken placement (repetition) is easy to admit.

219 B 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الٮڡس‬ʔan-nafs- ‘soul’ (Lane 2827)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَرْن‬wazan Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäzän Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. wåzäna ‘chest, courage’ (EDH 163), Wol. wäzän, Səl. Zay wäzänä ‘heart, chest’ (EDG 675) ※ Cf. also Amh. wäzäna ‘glossy appearance of the face, attractive appearance’ (AED 1555).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur.

249

219 B 12

‫الٮٮوٮ والمساحد والمدارس والٮلاد والاصطٮلاٮ والاسواٯ‬

ʔal-buyūtu wa-l-masāǧidu wa-l-madārisu wa-l-bilādu wa-l-ʔiṣṭablātu wa-l-ʔaswāqu ‘Houses, places of worship, places of study, cities, stables and markets’

※ This heading is written on the margin. There is a sign (most probably, a sukūn) above the tāʔ in the fifth lexeme.



219 B 12

Arabic entry:  ‫البلد‬ َ   ʔal-balad- ‘country, land; town, village’ (Lane 247) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َحيارس‬uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain It is difficult to refrain from reading the initial letter as ǧīm, comparing the initial ǧī with the well-known designations of land in ES: Gez. ge ‘territory’ (CDG 174), Old Amh. ge id. (Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:78, rendered by Arb. balad-),11 Arg. of Aliyu Amba ge ‘country’ (Leslau 1997:200, AAD 303), gäy id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha gäye id. (ibid.), South Arg. ge ‘village’ (Leslau 1997:200), Har. gē ‘the city of Harar, city, side of’ (EDH 66), Wol. ge, Səl. gē ‘country, land, village’ (EDG 354). The second element of the hypothetical collocation remains difficult to interpret. The lexeme behind ʔ-r-s- can be Amh. əras (alongside ras) (AED 381; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:491) or Har. urūs (EDH 32), descendants of PS *raʔš- ‘head’ (SED I No. 225; other ES cognates lack the initial ʔalif: Gez. rəʔs, CDG 459; Tgr. raʔas, WTS 155; Tna. rəʔsi, raʔsi, TED 572). The Ethiopic gloss can then be tentatively interpreted as ‘the head of the country’, that is, ‘capital city’.

219 B 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  المسحد‬ʔal-masǧid- ‘mosque, house of prayer’ (Lane 1308) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ٮٮٮ حسٮاں‬byt ḫstān/byt ḫsyān Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *betä ḫəstan/*betäḫsiyan

11  In modern Amharic, ge is preserved only as an element of some compound terms and as a suffix with locative meaning (AED 1876). Leslau (1956:151, 200) further compares this element to Gaf. gä ‘à, chez’.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. beta krəstiyān ‘church’ (CDG 294), Tgr. bet kəstān (WTS 294), Tna. betä krəstiyan (TED 1154) Amh. beta krəstiyan, betäksiyan, betäskiyat (AED 912), Arg. of Aliyu Amba betäskan (AAD 218) Har. bētäskān (EDH 48) Gog. betä krəstyan, Čah. betäskyan, Ǝnd. betäskān, Eža bätäskyan, Gyt. bätäskyān, Muḫ. Msḳ. bätästan, Gog. Sod. bätestan, Sod. bäsestan (EDG 162) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

219 B 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  المدرسه‬ʔal-madrasat- ‘a place of reading, or study’ (Lane 871) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قرمان‬qrmān Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain It is tempting to identify the Ethiopic gloss with the terms for the Koran in view of the well-known designations of “school” as “a place where Koran is studied”: Tgr. bet ḳərʔān (WTS 243), Arg. ḳorange (Leslau 1997:217), Har. ḳurān gē (EDH 128). However, the clear mīm in the middle of the word is difficult to explain within this interpretation.

219 B 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاصطٮل‬ʔal-ʔiṣṭabl- ‘stable’ (Lane 64) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  داْس‬dās Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *das Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dās ‘hut, cabin, shed, shelter’ (CDG 144, LLA 1097), Tgr. dās ‘square nuptial hut made of branches and leaves; shed’ (WTS 524), Tna. das ‘a kind of pavilion originally made with fresh green branches laid over a framework of poles planted in the ground’ (TED 2099) Amh. das ‘a framework of poles originally covered with leafy branches but now usually with canvas sheets to form a tentlike structure or pavilion to shelter guests for a wedding reception, a wake or the like’ (AED 1761, Guidi 663), Arg. das id. (AAD 415)

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219 B 16

Har. dās ‘shelter consisting of a roof only’ (EDH 59), Zay das ‘cattle pen outside the house’ (EDG I 1207, EDG 222), Wol. das, Səl. dās ‘hut, booth’ (ibid. 222) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. das, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. dās id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt. ※ The meaning in Zay is the closest one to the Arabic entry. → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 16

Arabic entry:  ‫كه‬‫  الد‬ʔad-dakkat- ‘an elevated place, a flat-topped structure upon which one sits’ (Lane 899), ‘Sitzbank (in Wohnung)’ (Behnstedt 384) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مرحَبه‬mrḥbah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain In Muth 2009–2010:102, the Ethiopic gloss is compared to Amh. bärč̣umma, barč̣umma ‘three-legged stool, usually carved from a single block of wood’ (AED 894), Arg. bärč̣umma ‘stool’ (Leslau 1997:196, AAD 209), Səl. borč̣əmma, Wol. borč̣əmmä ‘stool with three legs’ (EDG 152), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. bʷärč̣əma, Eža Muḫ. bʷärč̣əmma, Muḫ. borč̣umma, Msḳ. Gog. bärč̣umma, Ǝnd. bärč̣ummä id. (ibid.). According to EDG 152, the ES terms are borrowed from Cushitic: Or. barc’uma, marc’uma ‘three-legged stool; chair’ (Gragg 40), Bur. barc’umma, barc’umaa, Ged. barc’umma, Kam. bar(i)c’uma, Sid. barc’um(m)a, barc’ima ‘stool of wood’ (HECD 144). The Ethiopic gloss is then to be read as mrǧbah and reconstructed as *märč̣uba. This is not fully identical to any of the registered ES terms, but can be easily explained by metathesis or, more likely, by sporadic variation between b and m (note the variant with the initial m in Oromo). → Muth 2009–2010:102



219 B 17

Arabic entry:  ‫اْر‬‫الحد‬ َ   ʔal-ǧidār- ‘wall’ (Lane 389) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حوْل‬ǧwl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gwäl

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *gʷalla.

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Čah. Eža gʷalla ‘outside part of the wall’ (EDG 271) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža

219 B 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الُسوق‬ʔas-sūq- ‘a market, mart or fair, a place in which commerce is carried on’ (Lane 1472) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  جيَيه‬ǧbyah ※ The second letter is to be read as bāʔ despite the second dot. The two dots below the yāʔ are placed vertically one under the other.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäbäya Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. gäbäya ‘market, marketplace’ (AED 1985, Ludolf 89), Arg. gäbäya (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 430) Səl. Zay gäbäya, Wol. gäbəyä (EDG 259) Gaf. gäbəy-š (Leslau 1945:155), Gog. Sod. gäbäya, Gyt. gäḇäya, Ǝnm. gäḇäyä, Muḫ. gäbäyä, Čah. Eža gäbəya, Msḳ. gäbe, Muḫ. gäbą̈, Eža gäya, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. gǟyä (EDG 259) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Gog., Sod., Gyt., Ǝnm., Muḫ., Čah., Eža → Muth 2009–2010:102

‫الحام وما الٮه‬

ʔal-ḫāmu wa-mā ʔilayhi ‘The tent? and what is related to it’

※ Written in the cell 219 B 19, above the Arabic and Ethiopic forms. On the word ḫāmcf. 219 B 19.



219 B 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  الخام‬ʔal-ḫām- ‘a tent’

※ While there is hardly any doubt that the Arabic word is related to the well-known ḫaymat‘tent’ (Lane 837), no structurally similar match could be found anywhere in Classical or dialectal Arabic. The normalizing reading ḫiyām in Muth 2009–2010:102 cannot be

253

219 B 20

reconciled with the graphic evidence as the notch of yāʔ is not visible and there is hardly any space for it (note that in 219 B 22 Muth does not hesitate to read ḫām). Furthermore, the plural ḫiyām- is not in agreement with the 3 sg. m. suffix in ʾilayhi above in the title.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِكرِشم‬kiršim

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: unсertain If the second grapheme is read as wāw rather than rāʔ, one can attempt a comparison to several ES terms with the consonantal set k-s-m. (a) Tna. kasma ‘tent peg’ (TED 1611), Amh. kasma ‘tent peg, stake’ (< Arb. ḥizāma) (AED 1405); cf. also Gez. kāsmā ‘stake’ (CDG 296, not in LLA). One has to admit that these ES terms, semantically compatible with the Arabic entry, have neither vocalic nor consonantal elements which could have been rendered by wāw. (b) The Təgrəñña term kʷəsmi ‘altarpiece (hung above or behind the mänbärä tabot)’ (TED 1611) is structurally closer to the Ethiopic gloss, but more remote semantically (although it is not unconceivable that the designations of a tent and a piece of cloth hung above the altar can be related to each other).



219 B 20

Arabic entry:  uncertain

※ The straightforward reading is ‫المارٮر‬, the exact nature of the final three letters is uncertain (the whole may be read as ʔal-mārīr-, ʔal-māzīr-, ʔal-māzbr or similar). Perhaps related to the verbal root ʔzr ‘to wrap’ (Piamenta 7), cf. mayzar ‘curtain’ (ibid.).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫دبترْه‬ َ   dbtrah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *däbtära Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dabtarā ‘tabernacle, (royal) tent, hut, pavilion, sanctuary’ (CDG 122, LLA 1106) Amh. däbtära ‘tent’ (AED 1786, borrowed from Gəʕəz) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh. ※ According to Kane, the Amharic term is an unadapted Gəʕəz loanword (“Geez only”), which makes unexpected its appearance in the Glossary.

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Annotated Edition

219 B 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  الِصَوان‬ʔaṣ-ṣiwān- ‘a repository for a garment’ (Lane 1750) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫لالموت‬‫  ط‬ṭlālmwt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣əlal mot Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. č̣əlāl moʔot ‘kind of basket used as decoration of the house’ (EDH 51)

※ The Harari word is a complex term consisting of moʔot/mōt ‘wicker basket’ (EDH 102, 114) and č̣əlāl, undoubtedly related to ES lexemes for “shadow; screen”: Gez. ṣəlālot ‘shadow, shade, protection, darkness, roof, shelter, tabernacle’ (CDG 555, LLA 1257), Tgr. ṣəlāl ‘shadow, darkness; parasol’ (WTS 632), Tna. ṣəlal ‘parasol, umbrella; awning, canopy’ (TED 2539), Amh. ṭəlal ‘shadow cast by a tree or mountain’ (AED 2088), Arg. ṭəla ‘shade’ (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 454), Har. č̣āya ‘shade, shadow, luxury’ (EDH 52), Wol. č̣al, Səl. č̣āl, Zay č̣āya ‘shade, shadow of a person’ (EDG 618), Gaf. č̣əlayä ‘ombre’ (Leslau 1956:193; 1945:150), ṣələ-š ‘shadow’ (Leslau 1945:172), Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ṭəlal, Msḳ. ṭələl, Muḫ. ṭəle, Čah. Eža Gyt. ṭərar, Ǝnd. ṭərār, Ǝnm. ṭərā̃r ‘shade, shadow of a person’ (EDG 618).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har.

219 B 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  عود الخام‬ʕūdu l-ḫāmi ‘the stalk of a tent’ (Lane 2190) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َو َلتْه‬waltah

※ There is a sign above the tāʔ, to the right of the fatḥa, which is either unintentional or can be interpreted as a sukūn belonging to the lām.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wälta

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *walta.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. wāltā ‘round piece on the top of a round hut’ (WTS 429) Amh. walta ‘a round, flat wooden plaque of sycamore, zəgba or wanza wood which is placed at the top of the central pillar and against the underside of the roof in a traditional round Ethiopian house’ (AED 1486), Arg. walta id. (AAD 362) ※ Probably related to Gez. waltā ‘shield’ (CDG 614, LLA 883–884), Tgr. wāltā ‘round buckler’ (WTS 429), Tna. walta ‘shield of elephant or hippopotamus hide’ (TED 1707). Cf. also Gyt. wañät, Ǝnm. wañäd, Ǝnd. waññod ‘central pillar of the house’ (EDG 658).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg.

255

219 B 23



219 B 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  المَحّده‬ʔal-miḫaddat- ‘a pillow or cushion’ (Lane 706)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُي ُركْم‬burkum

※ The first letter is to be read as bāʔ, despite the second dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *burkum

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *burkumma.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. bərkʷəmma ‘wooden headrest’ (AED 886), Arg. of Ṭollaha burkumma id. (AAD 215) Wol. borkimma, Zay burkumma ‘headrest of wood’ (EDG 154)

※ From Cushitic (cf. EDG 154), cf. Had. barkumma ‘head-support’ (HECD 271), Kam. borkaanu id. (ibid. 311), Sid. barko ‘head-support of wood’ (ibid. 352), Bur. bórk-e ‘headrest’ (EDB 40, with further Cushitic cognates).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Wol., Zay, Had.



219 B 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفراس‬ʔal-firāš- ‘a thing that is spread for one to sit or lie upon; a bed’ (Lane 2371) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫طيطْح‬ َ   ṭyṭaḥ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Comparable Ethiopic forms: There are three alternative possibilities of interpreting the Ethiopic gloss. (a) Tna. ṭəṭṭuḥ ‘leveled, smoothed, placed on a level, well-made or -arranged place, cozy, convenient, comfortable, commodious’ (TED 2482), ṣəṭuḥ ‘hung out, spread out’ (ibid. 2623) (b) Zay č̣īč̣i ‘mat of grass tied with a rope and used for sleeping or sitting’ (EDG 177) (c) Səl. ṭäṭe ‘section of the house to the right or left of the fireplace (reserved for sleeping or sitting)’ (ibid. 635) ※ The etymological relationship between these three terms is uncertain. According to Leslau, the Təgrəñña and Zay lexemes are related to each other, whereas the Səlṭi word is borrowed from Oromo.

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Annotated Edition

‫الحٮال والحٮوط‬

ʔal-ḥibālu wa-l-ḫuyūṭu ‘Ropes and threads’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic forms in the cell 219 B 25. Muth’s reading al-ǧibāl wal-ḫuṭūṭ (2009–2010:103, with no translation for the second word) is to be rejected.



219 B 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  حبال الحرق‬ḥibālu l-ḥazqi ‘ropes for binding’

※ For ḥzq (verbal noun ḥazq-) ‘to tie, to bind’ v. Lane 560. See further ḥzq ‘packen, festbinden, eng schnüren’ (Behnstedt 253, al-Iryānī 266).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  وڡعت‬wqʕt/wfʕt

※ The left side of the tāʔ is elongated upwards and resembles an ʔalif.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Cf. perhaps Čah. məḳʷät ‘thread of fiber’ (EDG 416).

→ Muth (2009–2010:103) reads the Arabic entry ǧibāl al-ḥarṯ ‘bebaubare Hügel’, which is hard to accept for semantic reasons (that the whole section deals with ropes is clear from both the heading and the next entry).



219 B 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحبال مطلقا لغتان‬ʔal-ḥibālu muṭlaqan ‘ropes in general’; luġatāni ‘two words’ ※ For ḥabl- ‘rope’ v. Lane 504.

(1) Ethiopic gloss: ٢ ‫  ودر‬wdr 2 Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wädärä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. wädäro ‘a thick rope of fiber’ (AED 1564) Səl. Wol. wädäro ‘rope, vein of a special leaf of the äsät when used as a rope, measure of land’ (EDG 644) Gaf. wådärä ‘corde’ (Leslau 1956:243), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. wädärä ‘rope, vein of a special leaf of the äsät when used as a rope, measure of land’ (EDG 644) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The terms with the final ä in Gafat and Gunnän-Gurage are most likely as the sources.

257

219 B 27

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حمد‬ǧmd Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gämäd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gämäd ‘hempen rope, cord, hawser, rigging’ (TED 2244) Amh. gämäd ‘rope’ (AED 1915, Ludolf 86), Arg. gämäd id. (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 427) ※ Cf. also Gez. gamad ‘cord, rope’ (CDG 193, absent from LLA).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg.

→ Muth’s reading of the Arabic entry as al-ǧibāl muṭlaqan ‘Berge an sich’ (2009–2010:103) is to be rejected for semantic reasons.

‫اسما ما ٮعمله الٮحار‬

ʔasmāʔu mā yaʕmaluhu n-nağğāru ‘Names of what the carpenter makes’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 B 27.



219 B 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  المضمد‬ʔal-miḍmad ‘yoke’ (Piamenta 296, Behnstedt 754), cf. miḍmadat- (Lane 1803) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫قنبْر‬ َ   qnbar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳänbär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ḳämbär ‘yoke’ (TED 917) Amh. ḳänbär, ḳämbär (AED 786; Ludolf 32: ḳämbär), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳämbär (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 183) Wol. ḳämbärrä (EDG 480) Gaf. ḳämbärä (Leslau 1956:223), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Sod. ḳämbär, Gog. Sod. ḳämbärrä (EDG 480) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Wol., Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Muḫ., Sod., Gog.

219 B 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  القعاده‬ʔal-qaʕāda ‘seat or couch’ (Piamenta 406), cf. also Behnstedt 1011, Lane 2547

258

Annotated Edition

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َعزْش‬ʕarš

※ The second grapheme is to be read as rāʔ, despite the diacritical dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕarš Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba arš = Amh. alga ‘bed, throne, loft’ (AAD 269) Har. arši ‘throne’ (EDH 32; Ancient Har. ʕarši, Cerulli 1936:410) ※ A borrowing from Arabic ʕarš- ‘throne’ (Lane 2000).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har.

219 B 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الَباب‬ʔal-bāb- ‘door’ (Lane 272) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َساِٮق‬sāniq Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sanəḳ/*sanəḳä

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sanḳa/*sanḳä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. sanḳa ‘board, plank, lumber, leaf of a door, door’ (AED 536; Ludolf 25: ‘clausura’), Arg. of Aliyu Amba sanḳa id. (AAD 152) Wol. sanḳa, Səl. sānḳa ‘door of wood’ (EDG 553) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sanḳa, Ǝnm. Gyt. sānḳa, Ǝnd. sānḳä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Wol., Səl., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd.

219 B 30 (below the table)

Arabic entry:  ‫  ويڡال‬wa-yuqālu ‘and it is said’ ※ The second gloss to 219 B 29 (‘door’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قيسكه‬qyskh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If fāʔ is read instead of qāf, and nūn instead of yāʔ + sīn, the gloss can be tentatively compared to Arg. afonča ‘threshold, passage’ (Leslau 1997:189), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. wäfänča, Sod. wäfänčit, Ǝnm. Gyt. ə̃f ʷäča, Ǝnd. ə̃f ʷäččä ‘side doorframe, doorway, entrance gate’ (EDG 645). In the latter forms, č must be interpreted as a result of palatalization of k (cf. 217 E 10).

259

219 C 1



219 C 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  باب الّسر‬bābu s-sirri ‘a secret door’ (Lane 272, 1338) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِشرط‬širṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šərṭ ※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *sərṭ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Səl. sirṭ ‘small side gateway’ (SAED 154)

※ Undoubtedly related is Amh. sərṭ ‘steep, narrow path, usually in the mountains which only a man can climb, which is too steep for pack animals’ (AED 498, KBT 295).12 The Amharic noun goes back to the verb särräṭa ‘to penetrate, to seep into; to go up a hill, to pass, to travel over a narrow, steep path’ (AED 498; Old Amh. ŝärräṣ̂a ‘durchkommen, passieren (Licht durch das Fenster)’, Littmann 1943:486) whose cognates include Tna. säräṣä ‘to seep, to penetrate into (water: into a wall)’ (TED 685), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. särräṭa, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. sänṭä, Eža sännäṭa ‘to make something penetrate’, Muḫ. täsrarräṭä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. täränäṭä, Čah. täsränṭa, Eža täsrännäṭä, Ǝnd. täsrannäṭä ‘to slip through, to pass through an opening’ (EDG 562). Cf. also Gez. ŝarṣa ‘to germinate, to blossom’ (CDG 535).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Səl.

219 C 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  العاج‬ʔal-ʕāǧ- ‘ivory, elephant’s bone’ (Lane 2187) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقْٮَد ُرحْں‬qanda zḫun

※ The two dots of the qāf are displaced to the left and located above the notch of the nūn. The ḍamma above the ḫāʔ is very thick and resembles a sukūn. There is an uncertain symbol to the left of the ḍamma.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳändä zəḫon Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss consists of two elements: *ḳänd ‘horn’ and *zəḫon ‘elephant’, which form a possessive construction *ḳändä zəḫon ‘elephant’s horn’ = ‘ivory’. It is noteworthy that the constituent elements follow the Gəʕəz word order (head – dependent noun) and, moreover, the first noun seems to be provided with the Gəʕəz construct state ending -ä. (1) For *zəḫon ‘elephant’ cf. 217 B 26. (2) *ḳänd ‘horn’ corresponds to some of the reflexes of PS *ḳarn-: 12  For the semantic development “door” > “mountain passage” cf. Amh. bärr ‘gate, entrance, door(way), portal; point of access or transit through a natural obstacle, e. g. mountain pass, straits, ford’ (AED 875).

260

Annotated Edition

Gez. ḳarn (CDG 442), Tgr. ḳar (WTS 242), Tna. ḳärni (TED 942) Amh. ḳänd (AED 791; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:488, Ludolf 36), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳänd (Leslau 1997:216, AAD 188) Har. ḳär (EDH 128), Səl. Wol. Zay ḳär (EDG 494) Gaf. ḳändä (Leslau 1956:224; 1945:168: ḳändi) Muḫ. Gog. Sod. ḳär, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ḳän, Eža Msḳ. ḳänn (EDG 494) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf.

※ The word-combination attested in the gloss has no exact match in any known ES language. Structural parallels are attested in Gez. ḳarna nage (CDG 442) and Tna. ḳärni ḥarmaz (TED 943). → Muth 2009–2010:103

‫ارٮاٮ الدواّٮ‬

ʔaryāṯu d-dawābbi ‘Dung of household animals’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 C 3. The plural form with y (from rawṯ- ‘dung’) is peculiar. Muth’s reading ʔarbāb ad-dawābb (Muth 2009–2010:102) is semantically unconvincing.



219 C 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  روٮ الٮعير‬rawṯu l-baʕīri ‘dung of a camel’ (Lane 226, 1177)

※ The two final letters are written vertically and in a rather obscure shape; the notch of the yāʔ is scarcely visible and only one of its dots is clear (the other one seems to be blended with the left edge of the bāʔ of the first word).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ُحَبْٮ‬ḫubat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫubät Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. kəbo ‘dry cow’s dung’ (CDG 272, not in LLA), Tgr. kəbo, kəbotat, kebo ‘dry excrements of animals’ (WTS 409), Tna. kubo ‘dried cake of cow dung, used as fuel where wood is scarce’ (TED 1623) Amh. kubät, kəbot ‘dry cow’s dung used as fuel’ (AED 1421), Arg. of Aliyu Amba kubät ‘dry dung’ (Leslau 1997:207, AAD 334), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫot id. (ibid.)

261

219 C 4

Wol. kəbot, Səl. kəbōt, Zay hubut ‘dry dung’ (EDG 335) Gaf. kubät ‘excréments secs’ (Leslau 1956:208), Gog. kubäta, Sod. kəbota, Muḫ. Msḳ. xubäta, Čah. Eža Gyt. xəwäta, Muḫ. xuwäta, Ǝnm. xəwäda, Ǝnd. həwäd ‘dry dung’ (EDG 335) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Gog., Sod., Muḫ., Msḳ. ※ The terms in East Gurage lack exact identity with the Ethiopic gloss as far as the vocalization of the second syllable is concerned.



219 C 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  روث الخٮل والبغال والحمير‬rawṯu l-ḫayli wa-l-biġāli wa-lḥamīri ‘dung of horses, mules and donkeys’ (Lane 230, 641, 835, 1177) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْى‬‫  فاند‬fāndy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fandəy/*fandiy ※ The comparative data suggest the final vowel a or ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. fandəyā ‘manure of horses’ (WTS 668), Tna. fandəya, fandiya ‘equine manure’ (TED 2706) Amh. fandiyya ‘dung, manure of equines’ (AED 2320), fando ‘equine dung (wet or dry)’ (ibid.), Arg. fandiyya ‘dung of donkey or horse or mule’ (Leslau 1997:200), fanädiyya id. (AAD 498) Wol. fando, Zay fāndo, Səl. fīndo ‘excrement of a donkey or horse or mule’ (EDG 234) Gog. fandiyya, Ǝnd. fāndiya, Čah. Eža fendiyä, Muḫ. fendəyä, Ǝnm. findiyä, Čah. Eža Muḫ. fenduwä, Ǝnm. finduwä, Gyt. fīnduwä, Sod. fando, Msḳ. fandu id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gog., Ǝnd., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Ǝnm.

※ The terms with the final ä in Čaha, Eža, Muḫər, Ǝnnämor are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss with the final sukūn. → Muth 2009–2010:103

262

Annotated Edition

‫الالوان‬

ʔal-ʔalwānu ‘The colors’

※ Written above the Arabic entry in the cell 219 C 5.



219 C 5

Arabic entry:  uncertain

※ The graphic shape of the Arabic term is best compatible with ‫ الاصفر‬ʔal-ʔaṣfar- ‘yellow’ (Lane 1699), yet it is hard to believe that this was the original intention of the compiler: in such a case, 1. the very basic concept “red” would be altogether missing from the Glossary; 2. the list of colors would begin with a relatively peripheral concept “yellow”; 3. the Ethiopic gloss would be more difficult to reconcile with the Arabic lexeme. In such conditions, it is almost compelling to assume that the extant shape of the Arabic word is due to misreading of an original ‫ الاحمر‬ʔal-ʔaḥmar- ‘red’ (Lane 641–642), quite conceivable in paleographic terms.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َقْيح‬qayḥ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳäyḥ/*ḳeḥ

※ The reconstruction *ḳeḥ is based on the Harari cognate (for fatḥa + yāʔ rendering e see Introduction, Section 5).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳayyəḥ, ḳayyiḥ ‘red’ (CDG 456), Tgr. ḳayəḥ (WTS 258), Tna. ḳäyyəḥ (TED 1025) Amh. ḳäyy (AED 813; Old Amh. ḳäyḥ, Ludolf 36), Arg. ḳäyyəh, ḳäy (Leslau 1997:217), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳäyyəḥ = Amh. ḳäyy (AAD 190), ḳäyyəḥ ‘hell’ (Wetter 2010:265) Har. ḳēḥ (EDH 122), East Gur. ḳäy ‘light-colored (man)’ (EDG 512) Gaf. ḳäyä (Leslau 1956:227), Gunnän-Gur. ḳäy ‘light-colored (man)’ (EDG 512) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Gaf., Gunnän-Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاٮيض‬ʔal-ʔabyaḍ- ‘white’ (Lane 283)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َنِقْح‬naqiḥ

※ There is a second, rather obscure (perhaps unintentional?) dot above the nūn.

263

219 C 7

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näč̣iḥ/*näṣiḥ

※ The qāf apparently stands for č̣ (cf. 217 F 22 and 219 D 27) or ṣ (219 F 28).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. naṣḥa ‘to be pure, clean, purified’, nəṣuḥ ‘pure, clean’ (CDG 405), Tna. näṣḥe, näṣhe ‘to be white, polished; to be pure; to be clean’, näṣiḥ ‘pure, pure of heart’, nəṣuḥ ‘clean, cleaned, clear; pure’ (TED 1387) Amh. näč̣č̣ ‘white’ (AED 1070; Old Amh. näč̣əḥ, Ludolf 53) Har. näč̣īḥ ‘white’ (EDH 117; Ancient Har. naṭīḥ, Cerulli 1936:427), Səl. nuṭi ‘clean, tidy, orderly, neat’ (EDG 463) Gaf. nəṣwä ‘blanc’ (Leslau 1956:220; 1945:166: nəṣu ‘pure, white’), Čah. Gyt. näč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. näč̣čạ̈ , Ǝnm. néʔä ‘white’ (EDG 449), Sod. Gog. Muḫ. Eža näṭṭa, Čah. näṭa, Gyt. Ǝnm. näṭā, Ǝnd. näṭṭā ‘to be white’ (ibid. 462), Sod. Gog. Msḳ. nəṭu, Muḫ. nəṭux, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. nəṭuh ‘clean, tidy, orderly, neat’ (ibid. 463) ※ Cf. 217 E 8, where apparently the same ES term is transcribed in a different way. It remains unclear whether the Ethiopic gloss and the ES cognates are related to Tgr. naḳḥa ‘to be pure, bright’ (WTS 327).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Har., Čah., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

※ The cognates in Təgrəñña, Amharic and Harari are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss as far as the vocalism is concerned. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاحضر‬ʔal-ʔaḫḍar- ‘green, verdant; of a dark or an ashy, dust-colour; applied to a man: tawny, or brownish, black, black-complexioned’ (Lane 756)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ّيم‬َ‫  ط‬ṭayym Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäyyəm Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣallim ‘black’ (CDG 556), Tgr. ṣallim id. (WTS 632), Tna. ṣällim id. (TED 2541) Amh. ṭäyyämä ‘to be dark of complexion, dark brown of skin (between ḳäy [light brown] and ṭəḳur [black])’, ṭäyyəm, ṭäyyəma ‘dark brown of complexion, color of a mule’s coat’ (AED 2172), Arg. č̣elläma ‘to be dark’ (Leslau 1997:197), ṭäyyəm = Amh. ṭäyyəm (AAD 467) Har. ṭäy ‘black’ (EDH 157; also in Ancient Har.: ṭay, Wagner 1983:314), Səl. ṭēm, Wol. ṭem ‘black (man, cattle, object)’ (EDG 619), Səl. Wol. ṭəläme ‘be dark, be black’ (ibid. 618), Zay č̣īlämä, Səl. č̣ēlämä, Wol. č̣elämä ‘be dark, be black’ (ibid. 180)

264

Annotated Edition

Gaf. ṣälläma ‘noir’ (Leslau 1956:235), Sod. č̣illämä, Gog. Muḫ. Msḳ. č̣ällämä, Ǝnm. č̣änäm̠ ä ‘to be dark, to be black’ (EDG 180) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Səl., Wol.

※ Both semantically and phonetically, Amh. ṭäyyəm is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. In view of the semantics of the comparable ES terms, Arabic ʔal-ʔaḫḍar- is likely intended here as a designation of skin colour (“dark, black”) rather than in its primary meaning “green”. This makes Amharic ṭäyyəm, ṭäyyəma the most likely candidate as the source word: it is not a basic colour term for “black” (as its cognates in Gəʕəz, Təgre, Təgrəñña, Harari, Səlṭi, Wolane, Gafat are), but rather displays the restricted meaning “dark (of complexion)”. The same is true of Arg. ṭäyyəm (unless an Amharism). The cognates in Səlṭi and Wolane are the least likely since the šadda in the Ethiopic gloss speaks against the monophthongal reading of the combination of the fatḥa and yāʔ.



219 C 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  الاسود‬ʔal-ʔaswad- ‘black’ (Lane 1463)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُطّڡِـْر‬ṭuqqir

※ The šadda above the qāf may be alternatively treated as an unintentional stroke, or as two dots belonging to the qāf.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭuḳḳər

※ The ḍamma above the ṭāʔ and kasra below the qāf are not supported by the comparative data. Shall one surmise that the vocalic signs have been confused by the scribe

(‫ ُطّٯر‬ṭuqqir instead of the correct * ‫ ِطُٯر‬ṭiqqur)? ّ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ṭäḳḳar ‘smoky, sooty (house), dirty; black, dark-skinned’, ṭäḳ̌äray ‘ox that has a dark brown coat’ (TED 2445) Amh. ṭəḳʷər ‘black’ (AED 2134), ṭäḳḳʷärä ‘to be or become black, to turn black or dark, to darken; to tan; to get all sooty, to become blackened with soot; to be tattooed (gums)’ (ibid. 2133), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭəḳur ‘black’ (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 475), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭäḳʷar id. (AAD 461, Wetter 2010:265) Gaf. ṭəḳurä ‘noir’ (Leslau 1956:242), ṭəḳuray ‘black’ (Leslau 1945:176), Sod. Gog. Muḫ. Msḳ. Eža Čah. Gyt. ṭəḳur, Sod. Gog. Muḫ. ṭəʔur, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. dəʔur ‘black (person, object)’, Čah. Gyt. ṭäḳʷärä, Gog. Muḫ. Msḳ. Eža ṭäḳḳʷärä, Sod. ṭäḳḳärä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. doʔorä ‘to be black’ (EDG 628) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Sod., Gog., Muḫ., Msḳ., Eža, Čah., Gyt. ※ The Təgrəñña cognate is the least likely source because of its meaning (not a basic colour term) and vocalization. → Muth 2009–2010:103

265

219 C 9



219 C 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحدٮد‬ʔal-ǧadīd- ‘new’ (Lane 387) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َهحْس‬haǧǧs ّ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *haǧǧəs/*haggəs

※ The form *haggəs is based on the cognate in the Argobba of Ṭollaha, which, however, lacks gemination of the second radical.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥaddis ‘new, recent, junior’ (CDG 225), Tgr. ḥaddis (WTS 94), Tna. ḥaddis, ḥaddiš, ḥaddəš, ḥadduš (TED 285) Amh. addis (haddis, aǧǧis) (AED 1306, 1317; Old Amh. ḥaǧəs, Ludolf 8, ḥaddasa ‘neue Kraft gewinnen’, Littmann 1943:484), Arg. of Aliyu Amba haǧəs (Leslau 1997:204, AAD 300), Arg. of Ṭollaha hagəs (Leslau 1997:204, AAD 300) Har. ḥaǧīs (EDH 81), Wol. aǧis, Səl. haǧis (EDG 18) Gaf. addäsä ‘être neuf’ (Leslau 1956:172), hadis (Leslau 1945:158), Gog. addis, Sod. aǧǧis (EDG 18) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Səl., Sod. ※ The non-etymological h is supported by the cognate in the Argobba of Ṭollaha which, as a result, appears to be the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.

‫اسماء الڡڡهاء والكٮٮ والٮهودى والكداٮ والسيطاں والحن والساحر والٮاحر‬

ʔasmāʔu l-fuqahāʔi wa-l-kutubi wa-l-yahūdiyyi wa-l-kaḏḏābi wa-š-šayṭāni wa-l-ğinni wa-s-sāḥiri wa-t-tāğiri ‘Names of the legists, the books, the Jew, the liar, the Devil, the evil spirit, the sorcerer and the trader’

※ Muth’s reading saiyidāt instead of šayṭān (2009–2010:103) is inconvincing both paleographically and semantically.



219 C 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكٮاب‬ʔal-kitāb- ‘a book’ (Lane 2590) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِمْطَحْڡ‬miṭḥaf Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *məṭḥaf/*məṣḥaf ※ The comparative data suggest ä in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. maṣḥaf ‘book’ (CDG 552), Tna. mäṣḥaf (TED 2553) Amh. mäṭaf (AED 2193), mäṣhaf (AED 369, Ludolf 18), mäṣaf (AED 2258), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mäṭhaf (AAD 489)

266

Annotated Edition

Ǝnm. Muḫ. Sod. mäṭaf (EDG 437)

※ This noun is derived from the verbal root *ṣḥf ‘to write’: Gez. ṣaḥafa (CDG 552), Tgr. ṣaḥfa (WTS 634), Tna. ṣäḥafä (TED 2552), Amh. ṭafä (AED 2192), ṣafä (ibid. 2258), Arg. ṭaʔafa (Leslau 1997:222–223), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭähafa (ibid., AAD 489), Səl. Zay ṭāfä (EDG 613), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭafä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ṭāfä (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Ǝnm., Muḫ., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  المعلم‬ʔal-muʕallim- ‘teacher’ (Lane 2141) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َد ْاعَونْه‬dāʕwanh

※ The sign above the dāl may also be a dot. The sign above the ʕayn may also be a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Truly persuasive interpretation pending, one can tentatively compare the Ethiopic gloss with the following terms for “prayer”: Arg. duʔa (Leslau 1997:198), duʕa (AAD 488), Har. duwā, duwāʔ (EDH 60; Ancient Har. dawa, Wagner 1983:283), Səl. duwä, Wol. duʔä, Səl. dawät, Wol. duwat (EDG 223), Msḳ. duwa, Gyt. duwʔa, Ǝnm. Gyt. duʔa, Ǝnd. duʔä (ibid.). These lexemes are borrowed from Arb. duʕāʔ- ‘prayer, supplication’ (Lane 885). A designation of a religious teacher derived from such a term is, in principle, quite conceivable. The Ethiopic gloss is then to be reconstructed as *daʕwäñña (or similar), whose last element is a nominal derivational suffix, most likely ‑(V)(ñ)ña, well attested in SES: Amharic (Leslau 1995:237), Argobba (Wetter 2010:240–241), Harari (Cerulli 1936:141), Zay (Meyer 2005:245), Wolane (Meyer 2006:142), Səlṭi (SAED 963), Gafat (Leslau 1956:36); cf. also -äyna or -añña in Təgrəñña (Leslau 1941:20). The vocalic shape of the base would be better compatible with Har. daʔwa ‘legal case’ (EDH 52) < Arb. daʕwā (Lane 884), but this comparison is much weaker semantically.

219 C 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  الفقيه‬ʔal-faqīh- ‘one posessing knowledge’ (Lane 2429) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قيْس‬qys Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳes

※ The Təgrəñña cognate ḳäyši can in principle be regarded as the source lexeme for the Ethiopic gloss (in this case reconstructed as *ḳäyš). However, the majority of cognates support the reconstruction *ḳes.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḳasis ‘presbyter, priest’ (CDG 447), Tgr. ḳaš, ḳašši (WTS 247), Tna. ḳäšši, ḳäyši, ḳes (TED 963) Amh. ḳes (AED 753, Ludolf 34), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳes (AAD 196) Har. ḳēs (EDH 130), Wol. ḳes, Səl. ḳēs (EDG 504) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳes, Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. ḳʸäs, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. ḳʸēs (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Səl., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Eža, Gyt., Muḫ., Ǝnm., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  الصالح‬ʔaṣ-ṣāliḥ- ‘good, incorrupt, right, just, righteous, virtuous, honest’ (Lane 1715)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ُم َلاِحْش‬mulāḫiš Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *molaḫʷəš

※ The comparative data suggest ä rather than a in the second syllable. None of the comparable forms has š as the final consonant, but the possibility of palatalization se > š is not to be discarded.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. manakos ‘monk’ (CDG 350), Tna. mänäkʷås ‘monk, religious, anchorite’ (TED 437) Amh. mäläkse, mäläkuse, mäläkʷəse, moläkʷəse, moläkuse, moläkse ‘monk’ (AED 156), mänäkʷse, mäläkuse, mänokse, monäkʷəse, mänäkse, monäkuse, monäkse id. (ibid. 274) Wol. Səl. molokse id. (EDG 403) Ǝnd. Msḳ. mäläkʷse id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Səl., Ǝnd., Msḳ.



219 C 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  الساحر‬ʔas-sāḥir- ‘an enchanter’ (Lane 1317) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫اَلى‬‫  َح َد‬ǧadālay Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gädale

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *gʷədale/*gudale. For fatḥa + yāʔ rendering e see Introduction, Section 5.

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Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gʷədāle, gudāle ‘evil spirit, man possessed by an evil spirit’ (CDG 182) Amh. gudale, gʷədale ‘demon; illness which renders one mentally deficient; pagan idol’ (AED 2038)

※ As far as the semantic difference between the Arabic term and the Ethiopic gloss is concerned, it is noteworthy that gʷədale is mentioned in Emperor Zärʔa Yaʕḳob’s writings (15th cent.) among names of pagan deities and their priests, cf. Wendt 1962–1963 I 42, 66 (text), 37, 58 (tr.), II 95 (text), 83–84 (tr.), Conti Rossini 1964–1965 I 23, 24, 114, 115 (text), 13, 14, 67, 68 (tr.). Remarkably, the meaning “priest of a pagan deity” (best compatible with the Arabic entry of the Glossary) is present at least in some contexts, cf. Wendt 1962–1963 I 37 (tr., with fn. 3) as well as Wendt 1934:161, where the term is understood as referring to a “Zauberer”.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh.

219 C 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  اليهودي‬ʔal-yahūdiyy- ‘Jew’ (Piamenta 538) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُدْحِعَيه‬duǧʕiyah

※ The sign above the dāl may also be read as a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain One can hypothesize that the Ethiopic gloss refers to an ethnic and/or social group traditionally adhering to Judaism (Betä ʔəsraʔel, cf. Kaplan 2003), to toponyms associated with such a group, or to skills and qualities ascribed to them by the Christian and/or Muslim population of Ethiopia. Within this approach, one could venture a comparison (paleographically quite attractive) with the designation of one of the climatic zones of Ethiopia, däga (2000 m–3000 m A. S. L., cf. Mekete Belachew 2005): Gez. dagʕ, dagʕā, dagʷʕā ‘highland’ (CDG 1250, not in LLA and probably an Amharism), Tna. dägʷʕi ‘upland, tableland, high plateau and region next to Tigray’ (TED 2165), Amh. däga ‘highland’ (AED 1827), Arg. däga ‘highland’ (Leslau 1997:198, AAD 412), Gaf. dägʷi, dägi, däga ‘plateau’ (Leslau 1945:151). Tgr. dogʕa ‘terre basse et chaude’ (WTS 543), displaying the opposite meaning, can only be compared if the translation is thought to be wrong. The source lexeme could then be reconstructed as a derivate with the suffix -ñña (as Amh. dägäñña ‘highlander’, AED 1827) or -ay (cf. Tna. dägʷʕawi, dogʕawi ‘highlander’, TED 2165). While one cannot claim that däga is the settlement area par excellence of the Jewish population of Ethiopia, it is

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certainly true that some of the däga regions (notably Səmen) used to be mostly inhabited by Betä ʔəsraʔel (Quirin 2010:611).

219 C 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكذاب‬ʔal-kaḏḏāb- ‘liar’ (Lane 2600) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫    ّخش ْاج‬ḫššāǧ ※ The sign above the šīn may also be read as a fatḥa.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two interpretations are at hand. (a) The most appealing solution is to compare the Ethiopic gloss with Arg. of Aliyu Amba kässäta ‘to lie’ (Leslau 1997:209, AAD 363), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḫässät id. (ibid.), from which an agent noun *ḫässač, compatible with the form *ḫäššač suggested by the Ethiopic gloss, can be easily derived (unattested in Leslau’s and Girma Demeke’s glossaries). (b) An alternative comparison proposed in Muth 2009–2010:103 would involve the widespread ES verbal root *ḥsw ‘to lie’: Gez. ḥassawa ‘to lie, to tell a lie’ (CDG 245), Tgr. ḥassā ‘to lie’ (WTS 74), Tna. ḥassäwä ‘to lie, to accuse falsely’ (TED 207), Amh. waššä ‘to tell a lie, a falsehood’ (AED 1526), hassät ‘falsehood, lie’ (ibid. 11), Sod. hassät ‘lie’ (EDG 329). A weak point of this interpretation is the lack of structurally fitting nominal derivate. → Muth 2009–2010:103 (ḥässät)



219 C 18

Arabic entry: uncertain (luġatāni ‘two words’) ※ The most plausible reading seems to be ‫ الٮهاٮ‬ʔal-nahhāb- ‘Räuber’ (Behnstedt 1236), which does not quite fit the meaning of the Ethiopic glosses as reconstructed below (“sponger, parasite”).

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  َلّماج‬lammāǧ 2

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain In view of the relatively reliable reconstruction of the second gloss (“sponger, parasite”), the following alternative interpretations of the first gloss can be ventured. (a) Amh. lämmañ ‘beggar, mendicant’ (AED 47), Gaf. lamaiñ-iš ‘beggar’ (Leslau 1945:161), Gog. lämmañ ‘beggar’ (EDG 380), cf. also Tna. lämmani ‘beggar’ (TED 78). The terms are nomina agentis from the verbal root *lmn, attested in Tna. lämmänä ‘to beg’ (TED 78), Amh. lämmänä id. (AED 47),

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Arg. of Aliyu Amba lemmäna ‘to beg, to implore’ (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 47), lämmäna id. (ibid.), cf. also Gez. lammana ‘to beg’ (CDG 315, LLA 35, without text reference), Tgr. ləmāno ‘the begging for alms; beggar’ (WTS 34). This is a good match in semantic terms and also fits well the morphological structure of the gloss, yet the final ñ rendered by ǧīm is hard to explain. The development n̄ > y > ǧ could, theoretically, have taken place in Gafat, but the actually attested Gafat form with ñ speaks against this explanation. (b) A nomen agentis from *lmd ‘to get used, accustomed’: Gez. lamada ‘to be accustomed to’ (CDG 315), Tgr. lamda ‘to get accustomed, to learn, to become tame’ (WTS 35), Tna. lämädä ‘to get or become accustomed’ (TED 80), Amh. lämmädä ‘to be or become accustomed; to learn, to study’ (AED 49), Arg. of Aliyu Amba lämmäda ‘to be accustomed’ (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 48), Arg. of Ṭollaha lämmäd id. (ibid.), Har. lämädä ‘to study, to learn’ (EDH 100), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. nämädä, Eža Ǝnd. nämmädä ‘to love’ (EDG 457). Within this approach, the shape of the source word is identical to Amh. lämaǧ ‘one who gets used to s. th. quickly, learner’ (AED 49). The meaning can be tentatively reconstructed as “a familiar guest, someone who comes regularly (to sponge)”. (c) A nomen agentis from *lmṣ ‘to be smooth’: Gez. lamaṣa ‘to be smooth, soft’, lammaṣa ‘to make slippery’ (CDG 316, LLA 36), Tgr. lamṣa ‘to be smooth, moist’ (WTS 35), Tna. lämäṣä ‘to be smooth, not rough’ (TED 83), lämmäṣä ‘to paint or plaster a wall with lime, mud; to daub, to bedaub, to anoint’ (TED 83), Amh. lämmäṭä ‘to stroke, to caress; to smooth, to smear, to grease, to daub’ (AED 51), Səl. Wol. aslamäṭä ‘to ask in a polite and humble way so as not to be refused’ (EDG 381), Ǝnd. aslamäṭä, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. aslammäṭä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. asramäṭä, Eža asrammäṭä, Muḫ. tälmamäṭä, Čah. Ǝnm. tärmamäṭä, Gyt. armʷamʷäṭä, Eža tärmammäṭä id. (ibid.). The meaning of the Gurage verbs comes rather close to that of the second gloss below, but their form (the as-stem) is incompatible with the Ethiopic gloss. Still, one can imagine a similar semantic shift (‘to make smooth’ > ‘to coax, to ask in a humble way’) for any B type verb in SES, reconstructing a derived noun *lämmač̣ ‘one who coaxes, one who asks in a humble way’. Structurally similar (even if semantically rather remote) parallels are indeed attested in Təgrəñña and Amharic: Tna. lämmäč̣ ‘sycophant; glib, oily (of speech), demagogue’ (TED 82), Amh. lämmač̣ ‘one who bows, bends; one who daubs; arrogant, conceited, who walks with a rolling gait’ (AED 51).

219 C 18

271

Since Tna. lämmäṣä is also attested with the meaning ‘to despoil someone of something (by theft)’, still another possibility of semantic reconstruction is at hand, viz. *lämmač̣ ‘despoiler’. This identification is attractive in view of the meaning of the Arabic entry, but difficult to reconcile with the second Ethiopic gloss. (d) Finally, one can read a distorted ǧīm instead of mīm. This assumption, rather difficult paleographically, allows a comparison to the Amharic root lgṭ, whose semantics include the meaning “to sponge”, identical with the meaning of the second gloss: Amh. allaggäṭṭä ‘to mock, to deride, to jeer (at); to go from house to house sponging, cadging food’ (AED 120). Admittedly, it is rather undesirable to consider the nomen agentis derived from this verb, allagač̣ ‘one who jokes, banters, who mocks or derides’ (AED 120), as the direct source of the Ethiopic gloss, both for paleographic and semantic reasons. At the same time, neither the nomen agentis *lägač̣ ‘sponger’, suggested by the Ethiopic gloss, nor the basic stem *läggäṭä ‘to sponge’, which could be the source for such a nomen agentis, are registered in Amharic lexicographic sources. Still, their existence once in the history of Amharic is not improbable. The cognate root in Təgrəñña does occur in the basic stem, albeit only with the meaning “to mock”: Tna. läggäṣä ‘to make sport of’ (TED 142), lagäṣä ‘to be quick to mock’ (ibid.). The derivatives structurally identical to the above-mentioned Amharic lexemes are also present in Təgrəñña: ʔallagäṣä ‘to mock, to ridicule; to flatter, to deceive with flattery, to swindle, to defraud’ (TED 143), ʔallagaṣi ‘mocker, teaser, banterer’ (TED 143). (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  الڡلاوح‬ʔlqlāwǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain A rather attractive reconstruction is *ʔanḳälawäč̣, assuming that lām has been erroneously written or copied instead of the correct nūn. Since similar cases are known (v. Introduction, Section 2), such a possibility is quite feasible (in this case, a confusion with the ʔalif-lām sequence of the Arabic definite article could also have played its role). Within this approach, the Ethiopic gloss becomes comparable to Tna. ʔanḳälawaṭi ‘chiseler’ (TED 898). The Təgrəñña word is a nomen agentis from ʔanḳälawäṭä ‘to sponge, to eat by sponging, by going to someone’s house when they are eating’ (TED 898). Both the noun and the verb have cognates in SES, whose shape, however, does not exactly match the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. ḳälawač̣ ‘sponger, parasite, scrounger’, ḳälawäṭä ‘to eat at the expense of others; to go uninvited from house to house, sponging food and drink’ (AED 689), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḳälawač̣ = Amh. ḳälawač̣, ḳalawäṭä

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= Amh. ḳälawäṭä (AAD 181), Wol. ḳoläṭä, Səl. ḳōläṭä ‘to crave food, to come for food without being invited’ (EDG 478), Gog. ḳʷälač̣ ‘one who craves food without being invited’, Gog. ḳʷälläṭä, ḳolläṭä, Ǝnd. ḳoläṭä ‘to crave food, to come for food without being invited’ (ibid.).

219 C 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  السارق‬ʔas-sāriq- ‘thief’ (Lane 1352)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َلْيَبه‬laybah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *leba

※ For fatḥa + yāʔ rendering e see Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. leba ‘thief’ (TED 95) Amh. leba (AED 70), Arg. leba (Leslau 1997:210, AAD 62) Zay leba (EDG 373) Gaf. liba (Leslau 1956:211), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. leba, Čah. Eža neba, Ǝnd. ̃ (EDG 373) nī�wä Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Zay, Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The Gafat cognate is less likely as the source lexeme because of the i in the first syllable. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  التاجر‬ʔat-tāǧir- ‘a merchant’ (Lane 297)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ٮجادَٮْه‬ َ   nǧādayah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *nägadäyä

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *näggade (for the final -ayah of the Glossary corresponding to -e in modern ES cf. 219 A 25), even if in some of the cognates an overt y is present. An alternative reconstruction *nägadäñña (with the nominal suffix -(V)(ñ)ña) is less likely since no formally comparable nouns are attested in ES.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nagādi ‘traveller, trader, merchant, pilgrim’ (CDG 391), Tgr. nāgdāy ‘trader, merchant’ (WTS 343), Tna. nägadi, nägaday ‘merchant, trader, businessman, pilgrim’ (TED 1374)

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219 C 21

Amh. näggade ‘merchant, businessman, dealer, trader’ (AED 1068, Ludolf 53), Arg. of Aliyu Amba näggade ‘merchant’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 249), Arg. nägäde (ibid.) Har. nigdi āša ‘to trade’ (EDH 118), Wol. Zay näggade, Səl. näggāde ‘trader’ (EDG 453) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. näggade, Ǝnd. näggāde id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 21

Arabic entry:  ْ‫  الَسِعيد‬ʔas-saʕīd- ‘prosperous, fortunate, happy’ (Lane 1362) ※ There is a thick dot above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حبر‬ḫbr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫəbər Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba kəbər ‘rich’ (Leslau 1997:207, AAD 40)

※ The meaning “rich” as equivalent to “lucky” in the Arabic entry becomes especially attractive in view of 219 C 22, where “unfortunate” in Arabic is rendered with an Ethiopic term for “poor”. The Argobba term is considered by Leslau to be an Arabic borrowing, together with semantically similar lexemes elsewhere in ES: Amh. käbbärä ‘to get rich, to become wellto-do, wealthy’ (AED 1416), käbari ‘one who prospers, gets rich, who has the chance of becoming prosperous’, käbbärte ‘wealthy person’ (AED 1417), Sod. käbbärä ‘to become rich’ (EDG 334); cf. also Səl. käbärä ‘to be/become rich’ (SAED 628). This is, however, far from evident: the meaning “to be rich” is not prominent for kbr in Arabic but, incidentally, can well be derived from “to be honored, famous”, normal for this root in ES: Gez. kəbur ‘honored, honorable, glorious, magnificent, famous, illustrious, noble, precious’ (CDG 274), Tgr. kābər ‘honoured, noble’ (WTS 409), Tna. kəbur ‘honorable, honored; respectable, reputable, eminent, venerable, noble, dignified, impressive, stately’ (TED 1628), Amh. kəbur ‘honored, respected’ (AED 1417).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg.

※ The Argobba cognate, semantically best compatible with the Ethiopic gloss, is the most probable source lexeme.

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219 C 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  المحارف‬ʔal-muḥāraf- ‘prevented from obtaining goods; withheld from good fortune’ (Lane 551), cf. ḥirāf ‘famine, poverty, need’, ḥirfān ‘penniless, poor’ (Piamenta 90) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزْٮَجْه‬zayǧah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zega ※ For fatḥa + yāʔ rendering e see Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zegā ‘poor, subject, client’ (CDG 646, LLA 1065), Tna. zega ‘citizen, national, subject; tributary’ (TED 2020) Amh. zega ‘national, subject, citizen; poor person’ (AED 1675; Ludolf 79: ‘pauper’) Har. zēga ‘poor’ (EDH 165), Wol. zegä, Səl. zēgä id. (EDG 718) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. zega, Gyt. zēga, Ǝnm. zīga, Ǝnd. zīgä id. (ibid.) ※ For the semantic compatibility, cf. 219 C 21.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Har., Wol., Səl., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Gyt., Ǝnm., Ǝnd.

※ The cognates in Ǝnnämor and Ǝndägañ are less likely as source lexemes because of the ī (rather than e) in the first syllable.



219 C 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  الحن‬ʔal-ǧinn- ‘the genii’ (Lane 402) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزاْر‬zār Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zar Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. zār ‘evil spirit’ (WTS 495), Tna. zar (TED 1970) Amh. zar (AED 1624), Arg. of Aliyu Amba zar (AAD 384) Har. zār (EDH 167), Wol. Zay zar, Səl. zār (EDG 713) Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. zar, Ǝnd. zār (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:103, Kaplan 2010

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219 C 24



219 C 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  المحنوں‬ʔal-maǧnūn- ‘possessed by a devil, or demon’ (Lane 464) Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َعْيد‬ʕabd

※ The second letter is to be read as bāʔ, despite the two dots. The shape of the dāl rather resembles a kāf. There is a fatḥa-like symbol (unintentional?) above the dāl.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕabd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔabd ‘fool, foolish, stupid, mad’ (CDG 3, LLA 761), Tgr. ʔəbd ‘fool-hardy’ (WTS 369), ʕabda ‘to become crazy’ (WTS 471), Tna. ʕəbud ‘crazy, mad, insane, lunatic’ (TED 1879) Amh. əbd ‘mad, crazy, lunatic, insane’ (AED 1204, Ludolf 59), Arg. əbd ‘mad’ (Leslau 1997:188), Arg. of Ṭollaha ʕəbd id. (AAD 284) Gaf. əbd ‘fou’ (Leslau 1956:170) ※ The presence of ʕ in the Ethiopic gloss (at the first sight, non-etymological)13 is remarkable in view of the same feature in Təgre, Təgrəñña and the Argobba of Ṭollaha.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf.

※ The cognate in Gəʕəz, with a-vocalism, is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss (yet note ʔ instead of the expected ʕ). → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 C 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  العاشق‬ʔal-ʕāšiq- ‘loving excessively’ (Lane 2054), ‘ver­ liebt, Liebhaber’ (Behnstedt 832) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَسالل‬ʕasāll ※ The fatḥa above the ʕayn may also be a ḍamma. There is a dot with unclear function above the sīn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain One could tentatively compare the Gurage verb with the meaning ‘to mount (male on female), to have intercourse’: Səl. asälä (EDG 96, EDG I 970), Wol. asälä (EDG 96, EDG I 1132), Sod. assälä (EDG 96, EDG I 1045), Čah. asärä, azärä, Ǝnm. Gyt. asärä, Eža azzärä, Msḳ. assälä, Muḫ. asseą̈ (EDG I 21, 25, 279, 414, 638, 763, 849, EDG 96), Gog. asseä (EDG I 544, EDG 96). 13  The ES terms for “mad, crazy” are usually connected to PS *ʔbd ‘to get lost, to perish’, otherwise represented by Hbr. ʔbd ‘to become lost, to go astray’ (HALOT 2) and Arb. ʔbd ‘to become unsocial, shy like a wild animal’ (Lane 4). See further CDG 3.

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This meaning goes back to the more primary “to climb, to ascend”: Har. asäla (EDH 33; also in Ancient Har.: asälä, Wagner 1983:274), Muḫ. asseą̈ (EDG I 849, EDG 96), Čah. asärä (EDG I 21, EDG 96), Eža azzärä (EDG I 414, EDG 96).

219 C 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  السيد‬ʔas-sayyid- ‘a chief, lord, or master’ (Lane 1462)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َرْيَجْه‬rayǧah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the first letter is read as dāl, a comparison to Amh. dänǧi ‘lawmaker, legislator; person chosen by elders to mediate the settlement of a quarrel or dispute’ (AED 1805) can be tentatively proposed. A more likely solution implies the copyist’s mistake: the shape of the gloss looks suspiciously similar to 219 C 22 a few lines before, with the exception of a few diacritics. It is not to be excluded that the copyist has erroneously written the same gloss twice.

‫اسما ارٮاٮ الصٮاعات‬

ʔasmāʔu ʔarbābi ṣ-ṣināʕāti ‘Names of the owners of the crafts’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 C 27. The present reading of the final word, suggested in Muth 2009–2010:103, is appealing semantically, but far from certain in paleographic terms.



219 C 27

Arabic entry:  ‫الحداد‬ َ   ʔal-ḥaddād- ‘a black-smith; a worker in iron’ (Lane 526) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َبْر ِتْنَيْه‬ bar tinyah

※ One of the dots above the tāʔ is rather unclear. The dot of the nūn is displaced to the left, those of the yāʔ are displaced to the right. It is hard to say whether the clearly visible gap between the two elements of the gloss is intentional.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bärtəñña

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *bərätəñña.

277

219 C 28

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gaf. bereteñis ‘blacksmith’ (Leslau 1945:149)

※ A derivative from *bərät ‘iron’, for which cf. 218 B 29. The expected form is *bərätəñña.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gaf.

‫اسما ارٮاٮ السلطنه‬

ʔasmāʔu ʔarbābi s-salṭanati ‘Names of the owners of the power’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 C 28.



219 C 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  السلطان‬ʔas-sulṭān- ‘a ruler, or governor, or king’ (Lane 1406) ※ An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ُنْحْس‬nuǧs

※ The shape of the second sukūn is unusual.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *nugs/*nugʷs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nəguŝ ‘king’ (CDG 392, LLA 687), Tgr. nəgus (WTS 342), Tna. nəgus (TED 1371) Amh. nəgus (AED 1066; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:490, Ludolf 53), Arg. of Ṭollaha nəgus (AAD 248) Ancient Har. nugus (Wagner 1983:305, Cerulli 1936:426), Səl. Wol. Zay nəgus (EDG 454) Gaf. nəgusä (Leslau 1956:219), nəgus, nəgusi (Leslau 1945:166), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. nəgus, Čah. Gyt. Muḫ. nəgʷs, Eža nəgʷəs, Ǝnd. nugs, Ǝnm. nugʷs (EDG 454) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Gyt., Muḫ., Eža, Ǝnd., Ǝnm. ※ The terms in Harari, Ǝnnämor and Ǝndägañ, with u in the first syllable, are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:103

278

Annotated Edition

219 C 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الوزير‬ʔal-wazīr- ‘vizier’ (Lane 2939)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قاط‬qāṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḳaṭ/*ḳaṣ Comparable Ethiopic forms: The term is well attested in the Arabic sources on Ethiopia (qāṭ) as well as in Ethiopian chronicles written in Gəʕəz (ḳāṣ), v. Gori 2010, Muth 2009–2010:103. In modern Ethiopian languages, cf. perhaps the composite abäḳaṭ (ab ‘father, owner’ + ḳaṭ) in Gunnän-Gurage: Čah. Eža Muḫ. abäḳaṭ, Ǝnd. abäḳāṭ, Ǝnm. Gyt. aḇäḳāṭ, Muḫ. abäʔat ‘master of the house, husband’ (EDG 8). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ? ※ The distribution of the term in ES is unclear since it is absent from the standard lexicographic tools. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 D 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  الامير‬ʔal-ʔamīr- ‘a commander, a governor; a prince, or a king’ (Lane 97) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اٮزه‬uncertain Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: unknown

219 D 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  النقيب‬ʔan-naqīb- ‘the intendant, superintendant, overseer’ (Lane 2834) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُجوْيَىه‬ǧūytah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *goyta Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gʷäyta, goyta ‘lord, master, sir’ (TED 2353) Amh. geta (AED 1991; Old Amh. gʷeta, geta ‘Bote, Gesandter eines Königs’, Littmann 1943:497), Arg. geta (Leslau 1997:203) Har. gōyta ‘Lord’ (EDH 76), Wol. goytä, getä, Zay gʷoyta, Səl. gēta (EDG 300) Gaf. gʷitä (Leslau 1956:205), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. gʷeta, Ǝnd. gʷetä, Eža gäta, Msḳ. geta, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. gʸäta, Ǝnd. gʸätä, Gog. Sod. gʸeta (EDG 300)

279

219 D 3

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Har., Wol., Zay, Gaf., Čah., Eža, Ǝnm., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Ǝnd. ※ The Old Amharic cognate with the meaning “a king’s messenger” appears to be the most suitable as a potential source lexeme.



219 D 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  العسكر‬ʔal-ʕaskar- ‘an army’ (Lane 2045) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َزْيْر‬zayr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain A rather promising candidate is Amh. ǧir, ǧər ‘followers or army of a major or minor chief’ (AED 1857). According to Kane, the first meaning of the Amharic lexeme is “small, little”, but in view of Tna. ǧər ‘relatives, tribe’ (TED 2186) one may conclude that the meaning “group of people” or similar is rather well established in ES. In Old Amharic, the word is recorded in the “Royal songs” (Littmann 1943:495: žər (?), ǧər, rendered by Litmann as ‘Affenherde’) and, notably, as a part of a name of a military unit, ʔaḳet žär (Littmann 1943:495, 492). Within this approach, the Ethiopic gloss should be reconstructed as *zayr or *žär (or, if the vocalization is ignored, as *žər).

‫اسما الاڡعاْل‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔafʕāli ‘Names of verbs’

※ Written above the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss in the cell 219 D 4. The loop of the fāʔ is not visible, the letter looks rather like a bāʔ without dots.



219 D 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  اعط‬ʔaʕṭi ‘give!’ (Lane 2084) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  سط‬sṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *səṭ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. tasaṭwa ‘to accept, to receive, to take’ (CDG 519, LLA 402) Amh. säṭṭä ‘to give, to grant’ (AED 588, Ludolf 28) Har. säṭa ‘to give’ (EDH 143; also in Ancient Har.: säṭa, Wagner 1983:310, saṭ nome verbale ‘dare, essere generoso’, Cerulli 1936:431)

280

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Har. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 D 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٮاولني‬nāwilnī ‘give me!’ (Lane 3039) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اسلٯ‬ʔslq ※ Only two notches of the sīn are visible.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain (a) The final qāf can be alternatively read as fāʔ, which allows comparison to Amh. asalläfä ‘to serve (food or drink), to distribute (food or drink); to act as an usher or waiter’ (AED 1115), a causative stem to alläfä ‘to pass’; cf. also Arg. of Aliyu Amba asallefa, asalläfa, causative to alläfa (AAD 268). The expected reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss would then be *ʔasalləf ‘offer me!’ A weak point of this comparison is the absence of ʔalif after the sīn (but cf. 219 B 22, where a in ES is not reflected in the Ethiopic gloss). (b) If a nūn is read instead of the lām (v. Introduction, Section 2), the gloss can be reconstructed as *ʔasnəḳ ‘prepare provisions!’ The following comparable forms with the meaning “to prepare provisions” are attested: Gez. ʔaŝnaḳa (CDG 531), Tgr. ʔasnaḳa (WTS 187), Tna. ʔasnäḳ̌ä (TED 719), Amh. assannaḳa (AED 536). These verbs are causatives to the basic stem with the meaning “to take provisions, to prepare provisions for a journey” (Gez. ŝanaḳa, CDG 531; Tgr. sanḳa, WTS 187; Tna. sänäḳ̌ä, TED 719; Amh. sännäḳä, AED 536; Arg. of Aliyu Amba sennäḳa, AAD 142), itself apparently derived from *ŝənḳ ‘provisions’: Gez. ŝənḳ (CDG 531), Tgr. sənḳ (WTS 187), Tna. sənḳi (TED 719), Amh. sənḳ (AED 536), Arg. of Aliyu Amba sənḳ (AAD 142), Har. sənḳi (EDH 141), Ǝnd. Gog. Sod. sənḳ (EDG 553).

219 D 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  ادبح‬ʔiḏbaḥ ‘slaughter!’ (Lane 953) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َجّـِزد‬ḥarrid

※ The first grapheme is to be read as ḥāʔ, and the second one as rāʔ, despite the diacritical dots.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥarrəd

※ The vocalization of the Ethiopic gloss implies an imperative of the B-type (*ḥarrəd). However, all the attested ES cognates belong to the A-type, the expected form of the imperative being *ḥəräd.

281

219 D 7

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥarada ‘to slaughter, to sever, to cut the throat’ (CDG 241), Tgr. ḥarda (WTS 70), Tna. ḥarädä (TED 195) Amh. arrädä (AED 1155; Old Amh. ḥarädä, Littmann 1943:483), Arg. of Aliyu Amba harräda (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 274), Arg. of Ṭollaha harrad (ibid.) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. arrädä, Muḫ. arräṭä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. anṭä, Eža annäṭä (EDG 86) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 D 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  عد‬ʕuddu ‘count!’ (Lane 1969) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  فقد‬fqd Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *fəḳäd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. faḳada ‘to take care of; to survey, to review; to muster; to number, to enumerate’ (CDG 163, LLA 1360), Tna. fäḳ̌ädä ‘to count, to number’ (TED 2685) Amh. fäḳḳädä ‘to count, to check on livestock that have been taken to pasture’ (AED 2300) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:103



219 D 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  اعجن‬ʔiʕǧin ‘knead!’ (Lane 1968) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   ِاليْط‬ʔlīṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔaliṭ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. aleṭä ‘to coat with batter’ (AED 123, AYMQ 715)

※ The semantics of the Amharic verb, albeit not identical with that of the Arabic entry, is rather close to it as both designate a stage of producing bread typical for the area. The Amharic verb is denominative from liṭ ‘fermented batter (for making ənǧära-bread), dough’ (AED 121, Ludolf 4). Cf. also Tna. liṭ ‘batter (for əngēra-bread)’, marked as an Amharism in TED 143.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:104

282

Annotated Edition

219 D 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  َاخلْص‬ʔaḫliṣ ‘flay!’ (Piamenta 134, Behnstedt 337–338)

※ An alternative interpretation suggested by D. M. Varisco in personal communication is ʔaḫliṣ ‘finish!’, but the meaning “to finish” seems to be reserved for the II stem in both Classical and dialectal Arabic (Lane 785, Badawi–Hinds 260, Piamenta 134). In any case, no suitable Ethiopian equivalent for the meaning “to finish” could be found.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتَلْت‬talat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain If the dots above the first grapheme are ignored, cf. perhaps Amh. bällätä ‘to cut meat into various cuts (butcher), to cut up a slaughtered animal’ (AED 865), in spite of the semantic difference. The Amharic verb is further related to Har. isbälāt ‘different, separate’ (EDH 42), Sod. bəllət ‘cut of meat; sexual organ’ (EDG 142). Gez. ballata ‘to separate, to cut meat into pieces’ (CDG 97, not in LLA) is likely an Amharism.

219 D 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  اقبض‬ʔiqbaḍ ‘grasp!’ (Lane 2481) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطَبْط‬ṭabaṭ

※ There is a miniature ṭāʔ below the first and the second ṭāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäbbäṭ/*č̣äbbäṭ/*ṣäbbäṭ

※ The cognates in Təgrəñña and SES belong to the B type. The expected imperative form has ə rather than ä in the second syllable. The cognates in Gəʕəz and Təgre suggest ə in the first syllable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣ̂abaṭa ‘to grasp, to take hold of, to lay hands on’ (CDG 148), Tgr. ṣabṭa ‘to seize, to catch, to hold fast’ (WTS 640), Tna. ṣäbbäṭä ‘to squeeze, to compress into a ball (mud, dough, etc.), to make bread balls (for a journey)’ (TED 2581), č̣äbbäṭä ‘to grasp, to grip, to hold on to, to hold tight, to clutch; to press, to compress, to squeeze, to squeeze əngēra-bread into a ball with the hands’ (TED 2514) Amh. č̣äbbäṭä B ‘to grasp, to seize, to lay hands on; to compress ənǧärabread’ (AED 2225, 2226), Arg. of Aliyu Amba č̣ebbäṭa ‘to squeeze, to seize’ (Leslau 1997:197, AAD 482), Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣ebbäṭ id. (ibid.) Gaf. ṣäbbäṭä ‘tenir, saisir’ (Leslau 1956:234; 1945:172), Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. ṭäbäṭä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭäbbäṭä, Gog. č̣äbbäṭä ‘to hold, to seize, to grasp, to take into possession’ (EDG 611)

283

219 D 11

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Gaf., Čah., Ǝnm., Ǝnd., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

※ Note the meaning “to make balls of ənǧära-bread (as provisions for a journey)” in Təgrəñña and Amharic. It might explain the inclusion of this gloss into the present section of the Glossary, which tends to list verbs connected with food preparation. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 11

Arabic entry:   ‫  احبز‬ʔiḫbaz ‘make bread!’ (Lane 697) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫   َج ِاجْر‬ǧāǧir Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gagər/*gaggər Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gagärä ‘to bake əngēra-bread’ (TED 2378) Amh. gaggärä ‘to bake bread’ (AED 2057), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gaggära ‘to bake, to cook’ (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 442), geggära id. (AAD 442), Arg. of Ṭollaha gaggär id. (AAD 442) Har. gāgära ‘to bake’ (EDH 70), Wol. gagärä, Səl. gāgärä id. (EDG 268) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Səl.

219 D 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  اخلع‬ʔiḫlaʕ ‘take off, remove!’ (Lane 789–790) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ُجڡْر‬ǧufr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gufär

※ The presence of u instead of the expected ə may be due to the influence of the labial.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. gäfära ‘to let go, to release, to loosen, to send a thing’ (EDH 69), Səl. Wol. Zay gäfärä (EDG 266) Gaf. gäf ( f )ärä (Leslau 1956:201), gäfärä ‘to send, to put’ (Leslau 1945:156), Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. gäfärä, Eža Ǝnd. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gäffärä (EDG 266) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Ǝnd., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

284

Annotated Edition

219 D 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  اكل لعٮاں‬ʔakala ‘he ate’ (Lane 71); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  بلع‬blʕ 2 Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *bälaʕa/*bällaʕa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. balʕa ‘to eat’ (CDG 94), Tgr. balʕa (WTS 272), Tna. bälʕe (TED 1094) Amh. bälla (AED 857; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:488, Ludolf 37), Arg. of Aliyu Amba bälla (Leslau 1997:195, AAD 207), bälläʕa (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha bällaʕ, wällaʕ (ibid.) Har. bälaʔa (EDH 41; Ancient Har. balaʕa, Cerulli 1936:412, Wagner 1983:277), Səl. bäla, Wol. Zay bälä (EDG 138) Gaf. bällä (Leslau 1956:188), bäla (Leslau 1945:148), Sod. bälla, Čah. bäna, Ǝnd. bätna, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. bänna, Ǝnm. Gyt. bänʔa (EDG 138) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حرس‬ǧrs Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *goräsä/*gʷäräsä/*gorräsä/*gʷärräsä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. gʷåräsä ‘to tear əngēra-bread with the teeth, to take a bite of əngēra or other bread’ (TED 2259) Amh. gʷärräsä ‘to take a mouthful, to take a bit or morsel of something’ (AED 1931), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gʷärräsa ‘to take a mouthful’ (Leslau 1997:203, AAD 448) Har. agōräsa ‘to put a mouthful into the mouth of someone else’ (EDH 75), Zay gōräsä ‘to take a mouthful, take a morsel’ (EDG 296) Muḫ. gʷärräsä id. (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Zay, Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:104 reads the Ethiopic gloss as ḫrs, without providing any underlying Ethiopic term.



219 D 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  امرط‬ʔumruṭ ‘swallow!’ (Piamenta 463, Landberg 2688)

Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َوَجط‬waḥaṭ

※ The second grapheme is to be read as ḥāʔ, despite the subscript dot.

285

219 D 15

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäḥaṭ

※ The comparative data mostly suggest the final vowel ä (but note the cognate in the Argobba of Ṭollaha).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wəḫṭa, waḫaṭa ‘to gulp down, to devour, to swallow’ (CDG 611), Tgr. waḥaṭa (WTS 433), Tna. wäḥaṭä (TED 1721) Amh. waṭä (AED 1592; Old Amh. wäḫṭä, Ludolf 72), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wähaṭa (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 364), Arg. of Ṭollaha wähaṭ, wäḥaṭ (ibid.) Har. wäḥaṭa (EDH 159; also in Ancient Har.: inf. wiḥāṭōt, Cerulli 1936:435), Wol. waṭä, Səl. Zay wāṭä (EDG 672) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. waṭä, Gyt. wāṭä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. wāʔä (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Gyt.

219 D 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  اشرب‬ʔišrab ‘drink!’ (Lane 1525)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطَطْع‬ṭaṭaʕ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäṭṭaʕ

※ The reconstructed form *ṭäṭṭaʕa would best agree with the common view on the early SES forerunner of this form.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ṭäṭṭa ‘to drink’ (AED 2185; Old Amh. ṭäṭṭä, Ludolf 94, ṭäṭṭa, Littmann 1943:498) Gaf. ṭiṭṭä (Leslau 1956:242), ṭeṭa (Leslau 1945:176) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Gaf. ※ The Amharic cognate, with ä in the first syllable, is closer to the Ethiopic gloss.



219 D 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  ارڡد لعٮاں‬ʔurqud ‘sleep!’ (Lane 1135, Behnstedt 456, Piamenta 186); luġatāni ‘two words’

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  ِاْنَيْع‬ʔinyaʕ 2

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəñaʕ/*ʔəññaʕ

※ Diachronically the most probable reconstruction would be *ʔəñaʕa/*ʔəññaʕa (but note the consonantal Auslaut in the Argobba of Ṭollaha cognate).

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Annotated Edition

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. täñña ‘to sleep’ (AED 985, Ludolf 45; Old Amh. taññaʕ, *ʔəñña, cf. ʔəñallähu ‘I sleep’ etc., Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:71), Arg. of Aliyu Amba teñña, əñä (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 227), Arg. of Ṭollaha əññeʕ, (ə)ñeh (ibid.) Har. ñēʔa (EDH 120; also in Ancient Har.: ñeʔa, Wagner 1983:306), Wol. əññe, Səl. əñe, Zay iñī (EDG 466) Čah. nəya, Eža nəyyä, Ǝnd. ñäʔä, Gyt. ñiʔä, Ǝnm. neʔä, Sod. əññä (ibid.) ※ Leslau compares these SES verbs to Gez. nəhya ‘to recover, to repose, to feel relieved, to find consolation, to find peace’ (CDG 394), Tna. nähawä ‘to recover from a straitened condition, to improve’ (TED 1302–1303). This etymology is not supported by the Ethiopic gloss. In Amharic and the Argobba of Aliyu Amba, the present verb is used with the tä-prefix, alongside the basic stem (presumably more ancient). Interestingly, the augmented variant is also recorded in the Glossary (219 E 24).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., East Gur., Sod. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  دقس‬dqs

※ The second gloss is written almost vertically (from bottom to top), parallel to the left ruling of the cell.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *däḳḳəs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. daḳḳasa ‘to be sleepy, to fall asleep, to slumber’ (CDG 140), Tna. däḳḳäsä ‘to sleep, to slumber’ (TED 2105) Amh. däḳḳäsä ‘to lie down (to sleep), to go to sleep’ (Gəʕəz) (AED 1767, AYMQ 381) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh. ※ Only the Təgrəñña verb functions as the basic exponent of the meaning “to sleep”.



219 D 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  اطحن‬ʔiṭḥan ‘grind!’ (Lane 1831)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َاَٯج‬ʔafaǧ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔafäč̣

※ The initial ʔalif in the Ethiopic gloss is difficult to explain as none of the attested ES verbs belongs to the causative stem. Shall one surmise that both the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss represent 1 sg. imperfect forms (ʔaṭḥanu and *ʔəfäč̣ respectively)? For similar cases cf. 219 B 8, 219 E 1.

287

219 D 18

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. fäč̣čạ̈ ‘to grind grain’ (AED 2346, Ludolf 102), Arg. of Aliyu Amba fäč̣čạ (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 496), Arg. of Ṭollaha fäč̣č̣ (ibid.) Har. fäč̣a (EDH 60), Səl. Wol. fäč̣e, Zay fäč̣ī (EDG 227) Čah. Gyt. fäč̣ä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. fäč̣čạ̈ , Ǝnm. Ǝnd. feʔä (ibid.)

※ Compared by Leslau to Gez. faṣḥa ‘to cut, to break with a hammer, to split with a wedge’ (CDG 169), Tgr. fənṣaḥat gaʔa ‘to break to pieces (intr.), to fall’ (WTS 670), Tna. fäṣḥe ‘to split’ (TED 2736). Cf. also Tgr. fač̣fač̣a ‘to crush, to smash’ (WTS 677), Tna. fäč̣fäč̣ä ‘to crush, pound, to break to bits’ (TED 2736).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

219 D 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٯم‬qum ‘stand up!’ (Lane 2995) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتنْس‬tans ※ The dot above the nūn rather resembles a sukūn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *tänäs ※ The comparative data suggest the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. tanŝəʔa ‘to rise up’ (CDG 578), Tgr. tanassəʔa ‘to be lifted up, to be wafted’ (WTS 326), Tna. tänsəʔe ‘to rise, to arise, to get up’ (TED 1259) Amh. tänässa ‘to rise, to arise, to get up; to stand up’ (AED 1020; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:490, Ludolf 50), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ənnässa ‘to rise, to get up, to wake up’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 239), ənnessa (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ənnessaʕ, ənnässaʔ (ibid.) Gaf. tänässä ‘ressusciter’ (Leslau 1945:220), tänäsa (Leslau 1945:166), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. tänässa, Ǝnd. tänässaʔa, Čah. Gyt. täräsa, Eža tärässa, Ǝnm. tärä̃sa ‘to wake up, to rise, to get up’ (EDG 461) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Gaf., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  ارٯع‬ʔirfaʕ ‘raise!’ (Lane 1121)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َنَسْه‬nasah

※ There is an (unintentional?) dot above the sīn, below the fatḥa.

288

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näsa ※ The expected form of the imperative is *nəsa.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. naŝʔa ‘to take, to partake, to receive’ (CDG 404), Tgr. nasʔa ‘to take, to take away, to take up’ (WTS 326), Tna. näsʔe ‘to raise, to lift (up), to pick up, to take up’ (TED 1309) Amh. nässa ‘to take’ (AED 1019), anässa ‘to raise, to lift up’ (AED 1020, Ludolf 50), Arg. anässa ‘to carry, to lift’ (Leslau 1997:215), Arg. of Aliyu Amba nässa id., Arg. of Ṭollaha nässaʔ id. (AAD 239) Har. näsaʔa ‘to take, to take away’ (EDH 119; also in Ancient Har., Wagner 1983:305) Gaf. *anässä ‘lever’ (Leslau 1956:220), anesa ‘to lift’ (Leslau 1945:166), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. nässa, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. näsa, Ǝnd. nässaʔa ‘to rouse, to wake up’ (EDG 461) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  اقعد‬ʔiqʕad ‘sit!’ (Lane 2544) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتَقَمط‬taqamaṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *täḳämäṭ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. taḳammaṭa ‘to sit down, to remain’ (CDG 433, LLA 419), Tna. täḳ̌ämmäṭä (TED 920) Amh. täḳämmäṭä (AED 706, Ludolf 32), Arg. täḳäm(m)äṭa (Leslau 1997:216), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əḳḳemmäṭa, Arg. of Ṭollaha əḳḳemmäṭ (AAD 182) Har. aḳämäṭa ‘to rest on a base’ (EDH 126) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 21

This cell contains two glosses, separated by a horizontal line (a unique case in the Glossary). The first one (219 D 21A) is the second gloss of 219 D 20 (‘sit!’); wa-yuqālu lahu is written in the right (“Ethiopian”) column, ʔrǧz is written in

219 D 21a

289

the left (“Arabic”) column. The second one (219 D 21B) is an independent gloss of its own (‘enter!’).

219 D 21A

Arabic entry:  ‫  وٮٯال له‬wa-yuqālu lahu ‘and it is said for it’ ※ The second gloss to 219 D 20 (‘sit!’).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ارحر‬ʔrǧz Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔargəz Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba aräggäza ‘to sit down, to stay, to ride’ (Leslau 1997:218, AAD 182) Har. arägäza ‘to settle (lees), to settle down, to be settled down’ (EDH 133; also in Ancient Har., Wagner 1983:306) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Har.

219 D 21B

Arabic entry:  ‫  ادحل‬ʔudḫul ‘enter!’ (Lane 858)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ُجَبا‬ǧubā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *guba/*gubaʔ

※ The vowel u instead of the expected ə is likely due to the influence of the neighbouring labial. The final ʔalif may reflect a consonantal (ʔ) or vocalic (a) Auslaut.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. gabʔa ‘to return, to come back; to enter’ (CDG 176, LLA 1168), Tgr. gabʔa ‘to be, to happen, to become’ (WTS 585), Tna. gäbʔe ‘to turn, to return, to come back, to draw back’ (TED 2300) Amh. gäbba ‘to enter, to go inside, to come in’ (AED 1964; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:497, Ludolf 87), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gäbba ‘to enter, to set (sun)’ (Leslau 1997:200, AAD 431), gebba id. (ibid.) Har. gäbaʔa ‘to return home, to live, to reside’ (EDH 67; Ancient Har. gäbaʕa, Wagner 1983:285, gabʕa ‘arrivare, giungere’, Cerulli 1936:415), Səl. gäba, Zay gäbā, Wol. gäbä ‘to enter, to come in’ (EDG 255) Gaf. gäbbä ‘entrer, se coucher (soleil)’ (Leslau 1956:200, cf. geba ‘to enter’, Leslau 1945:155), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gäbba, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. gäpa, Ǝnd. gäppaʔa ‘to enter, to come in’ (EDG 255)

290

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  وصل‬waṣala ‘he arrived’ (Lane 3054) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  درس‬drs Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *därräsä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. därräsä ‘to arrive, to reach a place, to come to (a place)’ (AED 1736; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:496, Ludolf 82), Arg. of Aliyu Amba därräsa ‘to arrive’ (Leslau 1997:199, AAD 403), derräsa (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha därräs (ibid.) Gaf. däräsä ‘trouver, rencontrer’ (Leslau 1956:198; 1945:153) ※ Cf. also Tna. däräsä ‘to arrive at one’s destination (from Amh.)’ (TED 2078). Tgr. darsa ‘to rest, to lie down (cows)’ (WTS 519) may also be related.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  اخرج‬ʔuḫruǧ ‘go out!’ (Lane 718)

Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫  َوط‬waṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäṭ/*wäṣ

※ The comparative data suggest ə rather than ä. Most of the comparable forms suggest the final a.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. waṣ̂ʔa ‘to go out’ (CDG 605), Tna. wäṣä (TED 1812) Amh. wäṭṭa (AED 1583; Old Amh. wäṣ̂ṣ̂a, Littmann 1943:495, Ludolf 74, wäṣṣa, Littmann 1943:495), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wäṭṭa (Leslau 1997:226, AAD 359), wäṭṭäha (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha wäṭṭ, əṭṭ (ibid.) Har. wåṭaʔa (Leslau 1963:162; also in Ancient Har.: wäṭaʔa, Wagner 1983:317, waṭā, Cerulli 1936:436), Səl. wäṭa, Zay wäṭā, Wol. wäṭä (EDG 671) Čah. Gyt. wäṭa, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. wäṭṭa, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. waʔa (ibid.)

291

219 D 24

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

※ The final sukūn is best compatible with imperative forms of the corresponding types in Zay (consonantal Auslaut or final ə, cf. Meyer 2005:110) and Wolane (final ä, Meyer 2006:53).



219 D 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  حط‬ḥuṭṭ ‘put!’ (Lane 592, Behnstedt 264) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  اسقمط‬ʔsqmṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔasḳämməṭ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. asḳämmäṭä ‘to cause to sit down; to store, to keep something, to place in reserve, to preserve (keep)’ (AED 706–707, Ludolf 33), Arg. of Aliyu Amba asḳemmäṭa, Arg. of Ṭollaha asḳemmäṭ (AAD 182) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 D 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  اٮزل‬ʔanzil ‘bring down!’ (Wehr 1123) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫ اورد‬ʔwrd ※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔawrəd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔawrada ‘to make go down, to lower, to bring down’ (CDG 617), Tgr. ʔawrada ‘to cause to descend, to lead to the watering-place’ (WTS 436), Tna. ʔawrädä ‘to cause to come down’ (TED 1734) Amh. awärrädä ‘to put down, to take down’ (AED 1511), Arg. of Aliyu Amba awärräda, awerräda id. (AAD 345), Arg. of Ṭollaha awärräd id. (ibid.) Har. āräda ‘to put down, to place, to deposit, to purge’ (EDH 161; Ancient Har. aräda ‘hinabbringen’, Wagner 1983:316), Səl. Wol. Zay awärädä, Wol. arädä ‘to bring down, to lower’ (EDG 662) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. awärrädä, Muḫ. ǫrrädä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. awändä, Eža wandä, wannädä, Čah. andä, ǫndä id. (ibid.)

※ The form underlying the gloss is a causative to *wrd ‘to go down’, omnipresent in ES: Gez. warada (CDG 617), Tgr. warda (WTS 435), Tna. wärädä (TED 1733), Amh. wärrädä (AED

292

Annotated Edition 1510, Ludolf 71), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wärräda (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 345), werräda (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ərrad, wärräd (ibid.), Har. wåräda (EDH 161; also in Ancient Har.: wäräda, Wagner 1983:316, warada, Cerulli 1936:436), Səl. Wol. Zay wärädä (EDG 662), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. wärrädä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. wändä, Čah. wänädä, Eža wännädä (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., East Gur., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

219 D 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  اركب‬ʔirkab ‘ride!’ (Lane 1142) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ِسنْر‬sinr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sənär Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. särärä ‘to climb, to mount a horse, to ride (an equine)’ (TED 617) Amh. särrärä ‘to cover, to serve (of a male animal); to mount an animal, to ride (on horseback)’ (AED 485, Ludolf 24) Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. sänärä, Eža sännärä ‘to get on tiptoe and stretch to get on a horse, to stretch upward to get something from a high place’ (EDG 553)

※ Cognate verbs are attested with the meanings “to jump, to leap” (Gez. sarara, CDG 514; Tgr. sarra, WTS 176; Tna. särärä, TED 617; Səl. Wol. särärä, EDG 561; Msḳ. särrärä, ibid.) and “to cover, to mount (male on female)” (Tna. särärä, TED 671; Amh. särrärä, AED 485; Arg. of Aliyu Amba särrära, Leslau 1997:220, AAD 136; Har. särära, EDH 142).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža

※ The phonological shape of the Ethiopic gloss is only compatible with the West Gurage terms (the semantic deviation does not seem a serious obstacle).



219 D 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٮاع‬bāʕa ‘he sold’ (Lane 284) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قجر‬qǧr ※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣igärä ※ For qāf rendering č̣ see Introduction, Section 5.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Zay č̣īgärä ‘to sell’ (EDG 179, 615) Sod. ṭiggärä id. (EDG 615)

※ Cf. also an explanation in the Amharic dictionary by Dästa Täklä Wäld: ṭäggärän šeṭä malät yägʷərage ḳʷanḳʷa näw ‘ṭäggärä means “to sell” in the Gurage language’ (AYMQ 541).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Zay

293

219 D 28



219 D 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  استرا‬ʔištarā ‘he bought’ (Lane 1544) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َواَح‬wāǧa Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *waǧǧä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. waǧǧä ‘to purchase, to buy in the market’ (AED 1572, Ludolf 73) Sod. waǧǧä ‘to buy’ (EDG 648)

※ According to EDG 648, these verbs are derived from a term for “price”: Tna. waga ‘price (of a purchase, a sale)’ (TED 1803), Amh. waga ‘cost, price, rate’ (AED 1577, Ludolf 73), Arg. of Ṭollaha waga ‘cost, price’ (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 364), Gaf. waga ‘prix’ (Leslau 1956:243), Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. waga, Ǝnd. wagä ‘money, price, cattle, property, wealth, domestic animals, cattle’ (EDG 646).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Sod.

219 D 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  َضَرْٮ‬ḍarab ‘he beat, struck’ (cf. ḍaraba, Lane 1777) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َمَتْع‬mataʕ

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mättaʕ

※ The reconstruction of the proto-SES verbal system suggests the reconstructed form *mättaʕa (but note the consonantal Auslaut in the Argobba of Ṭollaha cognate).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. mätta ‘to beat, to hit’ (AED 241, Ludolf 13; cf. Old Amh. tämättaʔ ‘wurde geschlagen’, Littmann 1943:484), Arg. of Aliyu Amba mätta (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 81), Arg. of Ṭollaḥa mättäʕ (ibid., Wetter 2010:34) ※ Cf. also Tgr. mač ʔabala ‘to beat’ (WTS 126), Muḫ. mätta ‘to hit with the məčč-disease’ (EDG 435). Note that the ʕayn in the Ethiopic gloss agrees with the cognate verb in the Argobba of Ṭollaḥa, but not with the probable etymological parallel in Arabic (mataʔa ‘to beat’, Lane 2688).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

219 E 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  اْضرب‬ʔiḍrib ‘strike!’ (Lane 1777) ※ An unclear arrow-like sign about the rāʔ.

Ethiopic gloss:  ْ‫امحط‬ َ   ʔmḥaṭ

※ There is a miniature ḥāʔ beneath the ḥāʔ.

294

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔəmḥaṭ/*ʔəmḥaṣ

※ As in 219 D 17, the initial ʔalif is difficult to explain. Here again, the 1 sg. imperfect interpretation is possible both for the Arabic form (ʔaḍribu) and the Ethiopic gloss. The Ethiopic gloss (slightly different from the expected forms *ʔəməḥəṭ/*ʔəməḥəṣ or *ʔəmäḥəṭ/*ʔəmäḥəṣ) would thus become fully identical with the form adduced in Abū Ḥayyān’s contemporary grammatical treatise (v. Bulakh–Kogan 2011, with further references and a discussion of the relevant grammatical issues).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. maḥaṣa ‘to smite, to cut, to pierce through’ (CDG 337), Tgr. maḥaṣa ‘to shake (milk), to make butter; to travail’ (WTS 111), Tna. mäḥaṣä ‘to break, to split (wood)’ (TED 353) Arg. of Aliyu Amba mähaṭa ‘to hit’ (Leslau 1997:211, AAD 81) Har. mäḥaṭa ‘to hit, to beat, to strike, to knock, to shoot’ (EDH 105), Zay māṭä ‘to hit, to beat, to strike, to drive cattle’ (EDG 437) Gaf. maṣä ‘frapper’ (Leslau 1956:218; 1945:164), Ǝnm. tämāʔä ‘to struggle, to wrestle’ (EDG 437)

※ In Amharic, only the derived meaning “to travail, to suffer in childbirth” is attested: Amh. maṭä ‘to be in distress, in pain, to groan’ (AED 352; Old Amh. mäḥaṣ̂ä, Ludolf 10). The same meaning is attested in various derived stems: Amh. amaṭä ‘to suffer physical agony, to be in violent pain’ (AED 352), Wol. amaṭ-ti, Zay tāməṭə-nāt ‘to feel labor pains’ (EDG 436), ̃ Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. amäṭä-čč, Gyt. am̠ ā̃ṭä-č, Ǝnd. amāʔä-čč, Ǝnm. am̠ ǟ�ʔä-čə id. (ibid.). For this meaning among the reflexes of PS *mḫṣ̂ see further SED I No. 40v, with additions in SED II, p. 346.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Arg., Har., Zay, Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  شتم‬šatama ‘he reviled, defamed’ (Lane 1503) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ت‬َ‫  َسد‬sadab

※ The last grapheme is to be read as bāʔ, despite the two dots (cf. Introduction, Section 2).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sädäbä/*säddäbä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. sädäbä ‘to insult’ (TED 771) Amh. säddäbä (AED 576; cf. also Ludolf 27), Arg. sädäw-a (Leslau 1997:219), Arg. of Aliyu Amba seddäba (AAD 146), säddäba (Leslau 1997:219, AAD 146), Arg. of Ṭollaha säddäw (ibid.) Har. sädäba (EDH 137), Səl. Wol. Zay sädäbä (EDG 535)

295

219 E 3

Gaf. sədəb-way ‘insult (noun)’ (Leslau 1945:170), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. säddäbä, Čah. sätäbä, Ǝnm. Gyt. sätäḇä, Ǝnd. sättǟ (EDG 535) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  تحيْى‬taǧīʔ ‘you come’ (Lane 492)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسْنَيْخ‬sanyaḫ

※ There may be two dots (rather than one) above the nūn, the second one less distinct, placed to the right of the first one.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sänʔaḫ

※ The Ethiopic gloss must be interpreted as 2 sg. m. of the perfect (‘you came’) and is thus not fully identical to the Arabic entry (‘you come’). The yāʔ is apparently used as the hamza carrier, instead the expected ʔalif.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gaf. sällä ‘venir’ (Leslau 1956:229), sälä (Leslau 1945:171), Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sälla, Čah. säna, Eža sänna, Ǝnd. sätna, Ǝnm. Gyt. sänʔa ‘to arrive, to reach, to be ready’ (EDG 542) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Eža, Ǝnd., Ǝnm., Gyt.

※ The cognates in Ǝndägañ, Ǝnnämor and Gyeto are phonologically the closest to the Ethiopic gloss.



219 E 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  شبع‬šabiʕa ‘he was, or became, satiated’ (Lane 1496) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطَحْت‬ṭaǧab

※ The last grapheme is to be read as bāʔ, despite the two dots (v. Introduction, Section 2).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭägäb/*ṣägäb/*ṭäggäb/*ṣäggäb ※ The comparative data suggest the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣagba ‘to be satiated, to be satisfied’ (CDG 549), Tgr. ṣagba ‘to be (or become) satisfied, rich’ (WTS 648), Tna. ṣägäbä ‘to become sated, full, to be satiated’ (TED 2617)

296

Annotated Edition

Amh. ṭäggäbä ‘to be satiated, sated, to be full (from eating), to be satisfied (hunger)’ (AED 2182), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭäggäba ‘to be satiated’ (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 468) ※ Cf. also Muḫ. ṭəgabäññä ‘rude’ (EDG 615).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg.

※ The cognates in Təgrəñña, Amharic and Argobba are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  َحَرى‬ǧarā ‘he ran’ (Lane 415) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  ْرَوط‬rwaṭ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *rwäṭ/*rwäṣ

※ The comparative data suggest the reconstruction *roṣä/*roṭä/*räwäṭä/*räwwäṭä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. roṣa ‘to run’ (CDG 477) Amh. roṭä (AED 403; Old Amh. roṣä, Littmann 1943:486, Ludolf 21), Arg. of Aliyu Amba roṭa (Leslau 1997:218, AAD 131), Arg. of Ṭollaha roṭ (ibid.) Har. rōṭa (EDH 135), Wol. räwäṭä, Səl. räwwäṭä (EDG 528) Gaf. räṣä (Leslau 1956:228; 1945:169), Msḳ. roṭä, Msḳ. Gog. äroṭä, Muḫ. ärǫṭä, Sod. äräwwäṭä, Čah. Eža täroṭä, Muḫ. tärǫṭä, Gyt. tärawäṭä, Ǝnm. tärãwä̃ʔä̃, Čah. Eža noṭä, Ǝnd. näwwäʔä (EDG 528) ※ Cf. also Tgr. roṣa ‘marcher’ (WTS 159).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Arg., Har., Wol., Səl., Msḳ. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  َمشى‬mašā ‘he went’ (Lane 3020), ‘to rove, to wander’ (Piamenta 467) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َدَلْج‬dalaǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain (a) A reconstruction *dällaḥ is not to be excluded, on the basis of Amh. dälla ‘to go, to go off, to go away, to flee (from), to dash off’ (AED 1704; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:496), Tgr. dalḥa ‘to reject, to drive away’ (WTS 511), likely related to Gez. tadəḥla ‘to withdraw, to retreat, to retire, to flee’ (CDG 127, LLA 1088). Cf. perhaps also Har. däläḥa ‘to sin, to err; to go astray, to miss the way’ (EDH 56; Ancient Har. dalḥa ‘peccare’, Cerulli

297

219 E 7

1936:414, dilḥi ‘peccato, colpa’, Cerulli 1936:414, Wagner 1983:282), Wol. Zay dälä, Səl. tädālä, tädādālä ‘to make a mistake, to be mistaken, to err, to lose the way, to miss the way’ (EDG 205), Msḳ. Gog. dälla, Gyt. tädanā, Ǝnd. tädannā id. (ibid.), presumably with the underlying semantic shift ‘to wander’ > ‘to err’. Note, however, that Amharic dälla and Gez. tadəḥla can alternatively be compared to Tgr. dalha ‘to repair (to a place), to visit’ (WTS 510) and Tna. dähalä ‘to discourage, to dismay; to put to flight’, tädähalä ‘to flee in fright’ (TED 2039), which implies the shape *dlh, incompatible with the spelling of the Ethiopic gloss. (b) Comparison with the Harari verb for “to come” (Har. dīǧa, EDH 55; also in Ancient Har.: dīǧa, Cerulli 1936:414, diǧa, Wagner 1983:281; further related are Wol. ǧeǧe, Səl. ǧēǧe, Zay ǧīǧī ‘to arrive, to reach, to be ready (food)’, EDG 315) is rather attractive in terms of paleography: what has been read as lām can be taken for an elongated vertical element of the separate shape of the ǧīm (cf. 217 C 5). It remains to be explained, however, how the Ethiopic verb with the meaning “to come” came to be used as a gloss for the Arabic verb with the meaning “to go, to walk”. (c) Comparison to Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. žanägä, Eža žannägä ‘to go, to leave, to go away’ (EDG 724; related to Muḫ. Sod. žarrägä and further compared by Leslau to Amh. tänzäräggägä ‘to drag along, to walk slowly, to lag behind’, AED 1632), is very attractive semantically. The medial lām can be read as a lengthened nūn (cf. 219 A 9 (1)), but the initial dāl in the Ethiopic gloss remains to be explained: either it is a miscopied zayn, or a hypercorrection of ž (in most Ethiopic languages interchangeable with ǧ) to non-palatalized d.

219 E 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٮال لعٮاں‬bāla ‘to urine’ (Lane 276); luġatāni ‘two words’ (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  سمحاٮ‬smḥāt 2 Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *səmḥatä/*šəmḥatä/*šumḥatä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Aliyu Amba šämmäha, šemmäha, Arg. of Ṭollaha šämməḥ, šännäḫ, šəmḥat gaʕar ‘to urinate’ (AAD 166) Səl. šumānä, Wol. šumanä, Zay šumänä, Səl. šumātä id. (EDG 579) Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. səmatä, Gyt. səm̠ ā̃tä, Ǝnm. səmā̃dä, Ǝnd. səwā̃dä id. (ibid. 548)

※ The verbs in Səlṭi and Gunnän-Gurage may go back to the underlying forms *səmḥatä/*šumḥatä, in turn derived from *səmḥat/*šəmḥat ‘urine’: South Arg. šimad (Leslau 1997:221), Arg. of Aliyu Amba šämäd, šəmad, šimad, Arg. of Ṭollaha šəmḥat, šämad

298

Annotated Edition (AAD 166), Har. šäḥat (EDH 145), Səl. šumān, Wol. Zay šuman, Səl. šumāt (EDG 579), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. səmat, Gyt. səmā̃t, Ǝnm. səm̠ ā̃d, Ǝnd. səwā̃d (EDG 548). In view of the second gloss, it is not to be excluded that a term for “urine” (rather than a verb “to urinate”) is intended also here. Note that Arg. of Ṭollaha šəmḥat gaʕar ‘to urinate’ is a composite verb that involves the noun šəmḥat ‘urine’ and the verb gaʕar ‘to do’.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Arg., Səl., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Gyt. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  شٮت‬šnt Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šənt Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ŝənt ‘urine’ (CDG 540), Tgr. šən(t) (WTS 227), Tna. šənti (TED 866) Amh. šənt (AED 641, Ludolf 30)

※ In view of the meaning of the Arabic entry, a verb “to urinate” would be expected. Although a denominative verb *šännätä can well be imagined, in all known ES languages only primary verbs (incompatible with the shape of the present gloss) are attested with this meaning: Gez. ŝena (CDG 540), Tgr. šena (WTS 227), Tna. šänä, šenä (TED 866), Amh. šänna, šännä, šennä (AED 640, Ludolf 30), Arg. šäñña (Leslau 1997:221). It appears more probable that the Ethiopic gloss, unlike the Arabic entry, is a designation of “urine” rather than a verb for “to urinate”.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh. → SED I No. 77v



219 E 8

Arabic entry:  ‫  سقط‬saqaṭa ‘he fell’ (Lane 1379) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ودق‬wdq ※ The shape of the wāw is very much like a rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wädḳä/*wädäḳä/*wäddäḳä/*wäddäḳ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wadḳa, wadaḳa ‘to fall, to fall down’ (CDG 604), Tgr. wadḳa (WTS 445), Tna. wädäḳ̌ä (TED 1787) Amh. wäddäḳä (AED 1565, Ludolf 73), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wäddäḳa, əddäḳa (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 355), Arg. of Ṭollaha wäddäḳ, əddäḳ (ibid.) Har. wådäḳa (EDH 158), Səl. Wol. Zay wädäḳä (EDG 644) Sod. wäddäḳä, Gog. wäddäʔä, Ǝnm. wätäʔä, Ǝnd. wättäʔä, Čah. Gyt. wäṭäḳä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. wäṭṭäḳä, Muḫ. wäṭṭäʔä (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104

299

219 E 9



219 E 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  تكسر‬takassara ‘it broke, became broken’ (Lane 2611) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮَسّٮر‬tasabbr ※ An arrow-like sign above the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *täsäbbärä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. tasabra ‘to be broken’ (CDG 485), Tgr. təsabbara (WTS 183), Tna. täsäbärä, täsäbrä (TED 702) Amh. täsäbbärä (AED 516), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əssebbära (AAD 140) Səl. täsäbärä (SAED 302) Gaf. täsäbärämän (Leslau 1945:170)

※ The gloss reflects a passive stem from the root *sbr ‘to break’: Gez. sabara (CDG 485), Tgr. sabra (WTS 183), Tna. säbärä (TED 702), Amh. säbbärä (AED 515; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:486), Arg. of Aliyu Amba säbbära (Leslau 1997:219, AAD 139), sebbära (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha säbbär (ibid.), Har. säbära (EDH 136), Səl. Wol. Zay säbärä (EDG 532), Gaf. säbärä (Leslau 1945:170), Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. säbbärä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. säpärä, Ǝnd. sappärä (EDG 532).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Səl., Gaf.

※ The cognates in Təgre and Amharic are best compatible with the šadda in the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 10

Arabic entry:  ‫تغسَل‬ َّ   taġassala ‘to bathe oneself; to be washed’ (Piamenta 356, Behnstedt 902)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ٮ‬‫   َتحط‬taḥṭb Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *taḥaṭbä/*taḥaṣbä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. taḫaṣ̂ba ‘to bathe, to wash oneself’ (CDG 259), Tgr. taḥaṣṣaba (WTS 102), Tna. täḥaṣäbä, täḥaṣbä (TED 302) Amh. taṭṭäbä (AED 1336) Har. täḥāṭäba (EDH 88) Čah. taṭäbä, Eža Msḳ. Gog. Sod. taṭṭäbä, Gyt. tāṭäḇä (EDG 108)

※ The Ethiopic gloss represents a passive stem of the root *ḫṣ̂b ‘to wash’: Gez. ḫaṣ̂aba, ḥaṣaba (CDG 259), Tgr. ḥaṣba (WTS 102), Tna. ḥaṣäbä (TED 302), Amh. aṭṭäbä (AED 1336; Old Amh. ḥaṣ̂äbä, Ludolf 8), Arg. of Aliyu Amba aṭṭäba (Leslau 1997:194, AAD 306), haṭṭäba (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 306), Arg. of Ṭollaha haṭṭäw, ḥaṭṭäw (AAD 306), Arg. haṭäw-a (Leslau

300

Annotated Edition 1997:206), Har. ḥaṭäba (EDH 88; also in Ancient Har.: ḥiṭābōt (inf.), Wagner 1983:291, Cerulli 1936:420), Səl. Wol. aṭäbä (EDG 108), Gaf. aṣṣäbä (Leslau 1956:184), Čah. aṭäbä, Gyt. aṭäḇä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. aṭṭäbä, Ǝnm. aʔäḇä, Ǝnd. aʔäwä (EDG 108).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Har., Čah., Eža, Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Gyt.

219 E 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  َعَٮْر‬ʕabar ‘he crossed; he died’ (cf. ʕabara, Lane 1936) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوَدْق‬wadaq Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The Ethiopic gloss looks identical to 219 E 8, which may be explained as the copyist’s mistake. Otherwise, one might suspect that both the Arabic and the Ethiopic terms are used here with their figurative meaning “to die”. Among the ES reflexes of *wdḳ ‘to fall down’ this meaning is attested in Təgrəñña and Amharic: Tna. wädäḳ̌ä ‘to fall in combat’ (TED 1787), Amh. wäddäḳä ‘to fall in battle’ (AED 1565). → The Arabic entry is read as ġayyara ‘to change, to alter’ in Muth 2009–2010:104.



219 E 12

Arabic entry:  ‫  َتَعال‬taʕāla ‘come here!’ (Lane 2143)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َنْع‬naʕ

※ In the first letter, the diacritical dot is displaced to the left, and the fatḥa, to the right.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *naʕ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. naʕa, naʕā, nəʕā ‘come!’ (CDG 382), Tgr. naʕā (WTS 335), Tna. näʕa, nəʕa (TED 1350) Amh. na (AED 1017; Old Amh. naʕ, Ludolf 52, na, Littmann 1943:490), Arg. of Aliyu Amba na (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 255), Arg. of Ṭollaha naʕa (ibid.) Har. naʔ (Cerulli 1936:264), Səl. Zay na (EDG 445), Wol. nähä (ibid. 454, 456) Gaf. nanä (Leslau 1956:123), nanem (Leslau 1945:166), Gog. Sod. nähä, Msḳ. nehä (EDG 454), Muḫ. näxä, Čah. Eža nexä, Gog. Sod. nähä, Msḳ. nehä (ibid. 456) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Zay → Muth 2009–2010:104

301

219 E 13



219 E 13

Arabic entry:  ‫  شُّم‬šammu ‘smell’ (Lane 1593)

※ The ḍamma is rather uncertain. Given the fact that the nominal interpretation of the Arabic entry is not very likely, the vocalization sign may be taken for an incomplete sukūn, which would yield the (dialectal) 3 sg. m. of the perfect: šam(m) ‘he smelt’ (cf. šamma, Lane 1593).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َست‬šat Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šätä/*šättä

※ The comparative data suggest the final a (the cognates with final ä exhibit other deviations from the Ethiopic gloss).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. šättätä ‘to smell (intransitive), to give off an odor’ (TED 844) Amh. šättätä (AED 639, Ludolf 30), Arg. of Aliyu Amba šättäta (Leslau 1997:221, AAD 164) Gaf. šičä (Leslau 1956:238), Čah. šäta, Ǝnm. Gyt. šätā, Eža Muḫ. šätta, Ǝnd. šettaʔa (EDG 587)

※ The meaning of the ES cognates is not identical to that of the Arabic entry: whereas Arabic šamma is a transitive verb (‘to smell, to perceive a smell’), the ES lexemes are intransitive (‘to smell, to emit an odor’). The identification is likely based on the well-attested impersonal use of the ES verbs: Amh. šättätä-w ‘he smelled’ (AED 639 = “it smelled to him”), Gaf. šičä-y ‘je sens’ (Leslau 1956:238 = “it smelled to me”), etc. Alternatively, one can interpret the Ethiopic gloss as a noun with the meaning “smell, odor”: Tna. šətta (TED 844), Amh. šətta (AED 640), Arg. šətta (Leslau 1997:221), Arg. of Aliyu Amba šätta (AAD 164), Arg. of Ṭollaha šätat (ibid.), Čah. Muḫ. Sod. šətto, šəttu, Gyt. šətnät, Čah. šətənät, Eža šətənnät, Ǝnm. šətənäd, Ǝnd. šəttiʔnäd, Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sutənnät (EDG 587). For a similar strategy cf. 219 E 7 (2). A number of apparently related verbs with o-vocalism are attested (in Argobba and East Gurage, with n-insertion): South Arg. asonče ‘to smell’, ašunče id. (Leslau 1997:220), Arg. of Ṭollaha šonč, šänč id. (AAD 164), Har. sōča ‘to smell good, to have fragrance, to smell (transitive)’ (EDH 137; also in Ancient Har.: soča ‘duften’, Wagner 1983:308), Wol. sonče, Səl. sōnče, Zay sūnčī ‘to smell (intransitive), to smell good’ (EDG 587), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. sotta id. (ibid. 565), Muḫ. səwätta ‘to smell good’ (ibid. 569). In these verbs, č is most likely a palatalized variant of t, but note that the corresponding nouns have k rather than t (hypercorrection?): Səl. sūnke, sūnkənä, Zay sūnkunä, Wol. sunčənä ‘good smell, odor’ (ibid. 587).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:104

302

Annotated Edition

219 E 14

Arabic entry:  ‫  َطَعْن‬ṭaʕan ‘he pierced’ (cf. ṭaʕana, Lane 1855) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َوحا‬waǧǧā/waḫḫā

ّ

※ The fatḥa is written to the right of the šadda.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wägga/*wäggaʔa/*wäkkaʔa

※ If ʔ is etymological,14 the form *wäggaʔa can be reconstructed for Proto-SES. The reconstruction *wäkkaʔa presupposes the cognate in Ǝndägañ to be the direct source lexeme, which is not improbable.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. wagʔa, wagʕa ‘to pierce’ (CDG 607), Tgr. wogʕa ‘combattre’ (WTS 448), Tna. wägʔe (TED 1799) Amh. wägga (AED 1574, Ludolf 73; Old Amh. wägʕa, Littmann 1943:495), Arg. of Aliyu Amba wägga (Leslau 1997:225, AAD 358), wegga (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥagg, hagg (ibid.) Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. wägga, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. wäka, Ǝnd. wäkkaʔa (EDG 646) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Arg., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Ǝnd. ※ The cognates in Gəʕəz and Təgrəñña are less likely sources since they do not support the šadda in the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  اسكت لعتان‬ʔuskut ‘be silent’ (Lane 1389); luġatāni ‘two words’ Both Ethiopic glosses are composite verbs whose second part is to be reconstructed as *bäl, imperative of the common ES verb *bhl ‘to say’ (for which see 219 F 2). On composite verbs with the reflexes of *bhl as their declinable part in ES see, e. g., Appleyard 2001. (1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  سْٮَٮْل‬snbal 2 ※ The sign above the nūn, tentatively read here as sukūn, may also be a dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *sän bäl

※ The comparative data suggest *säm bäl, but n instead of m in the gloss can be explained as dissimilation or hypercorrection.

14  Possible cognates vacillate between *ʔ and*ʕ (CDG 607).

303

219 E 16

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Har. säm bāya ‘to be quiet, to be silent (person)’ (EDH 140; also in Ancient Har.: ṣam bāya ‘tacere’, Cerulli 1936:432)

※ The Harari verb is likely related to Amh. zəmm alä ‘to be quiet, to keep quiet, to hold still, to remain silent’ (AED 1613), Arg. zəmm ala ‘to be quiet’ (Leslau 1997:227). Semantically more remote (but still probably related) are Tgr. šam ʔabala ‘to close (the eyes)’ (WTS 208) and Tna. säm bälä ‘to be closed (eyes), to close one’s eyes’ (TED 650).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har. (2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  سقٮل‬sqbl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *suḳ bäl Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. suḳ̌ bälä ‘to be quiet, silent, not to answer’ (TED 689)

※ Likely related to Səl. Wol. šəḳḳ balä, Zay siḳ-ən hāno ‘to move aside, to move away, to withdraw oneself’ (EDG 583), Čah. Ǝnd. Gyt. šəḳ balä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. šəḳḳ balä, Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. šəḳəḳ balä id. (ibid.). Cf. also Amh. šəḳḳ alä ‘to die at once, to be killed at once (large number of people or animals)’ (AED 628).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna.

219 E 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  اوقد‬ʔawqada ‘he lighted the fire’ (Lane 2959) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫د‬‫  اند‬ʔndd Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔandädä/*ʔanäddädä/*ʔanädädä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔandada ‘to burn (transitive), to light a fire, to kindle a fire’ (CDG 385), Tgr. ʔandada (WTS 340), Tna. ʔandädä (TED 1364) Amh. anäddädä (AED 1056, Ludolf 52), Arg. anäddäda (Leslau 1997:214), Arg. of Ṭollaha anäddäd (AAD 245) Har. anädäda (EDH 117), Səl. Zay anädädä (EDG 450) Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. anäddädä, Čah. arädädä, Eža aräddädä (ibid.)

※ The Ethiopic gloss represents a causative stem from the widespread ES root *ndd ‘to burn (intransitive)’: Gez. nadda, nadada (CDG 385), Tgr. nadda (WTS 340), Tna. nädädä (TED 1363), Amh. näddädä (AED 1056), Arg. of Aliyu Amba näddäda (Leslau 1997:214, AAD 245), Arg. of Ṭollaha näddäd (ibid.), Har. nädäda (EDH 117; Ancient Har. nadda, Cerulli 1936:426), Səl. Wol. Zay nädäda (EDG 450), Čah. nädädä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. näddädä, Ǝnm. Gyt. nätädä, Ǝnd. nättädä (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Zay, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104

304

Annotated Edition

219 E 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  َسافر‬sāfara ‘he journeyed’ (Lane 1370)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  نَّجْد‬nǧǧad Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *näggäd ※ The comparative data mostly suggest the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. nagada ‘to go on a journey; to trade’ (CDG 390), Tgr. nagda ‘to go on a pilgrimage; to trade’ (WTS 342), Tna. nägädä ‘to go on a jouney or trip; to trade’ (TED 1374) Amh. näggädä ‘to travel about from district to district; to trade in, to deal in’ (AED 1068; cf. Ludolf 53), Arg. of Aliyu Amba neggäda ‘to trade’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 248), Arg. of Ṭollaha näggäd, neggäd (ibid.) Har. nigdi āša ‘to trade’ (EDH 118), nugda ‘guest, customer’ (ibid.; also in Ancient Har., Cerulli 1936:426), Səl. Wol. Zay nägädä ‘to trade’ (EDG 453) Eža Muḫ. Gog. Sod. näggädä, Msḳ. neggädä id. (ibid.) ※ Throughout ES, the meaning ‘to travel’ for this root develops into ‘to trade’, which becomes widespread in the modern languages.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh.

※ The cognate in Amharic is the closest to the Ethiopic gloss since it supports the šadda.



219 E 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  َطَبخ‬ṭabaḫa ‘he cooked’ (Lane 1821) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َسَحْم‬šaḥam

※ An arrow-like sign below the ḥāʔ. A šadda-like symbol (unintentional?) above the ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šaḥam Comparable Ethiopic forms: Arg. of Ṭollaha šəḥmo ‘gekochtes Getreide’ (Wetter 2010:245) Har. šuḥum ‘grain boiled in water’ (EDH 145), Zay šūmu ‘boiled grain’ (EDG I 1225, EDG 578) Sod. šəmo id. (EDG I 1102, EDG 578)

※ This term is further related by Wetter (2010:245, with fns. 38, 39) to əššeḥam ‘klären (intr.)’, used only in connection with clarification of butter (cf. also ašḥam ‘(Butter) klären’, ibid. 123). In such a context, both the noun and the verb are indeed likely to derive from the same root šḥm ‘to boil, to heat (tr.)’. The Harari term is further compared by Leslau to Arg. šəmmo ‘mashed peas’ (Leslau 1997:221), Gaf. šəmonä ‘polenta’ (Leslau 1956:239), Səl. šūmmo ‘roasted barley for the preparation of beer’ (EDG I 1018, EDG 578), Wol. šəmon id.

305

219 E 19

(EDG I 1181, EDG 578), Čah. šämʷä id. (EDG I 107, EDG 578), Eža šämʷä id. (EDG I 498, EDG 578), Muḫ. šämʷä id. (EDG I 933, EDG 578), Msḳ. šämʷä id. (EDG I 815, EDG 578), Ǝnm. ̃ ä id. (EDG I 367, EDG 578), Gyt. šäw ̃ ä id. (EDG I 726, EDG 578), Ǝnd. šõwä id. (EDG I šäw 237, EDG 578), which appears rather problematic both phonologically and semantically.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ Since none of the attested cognates can be considered the source lexeme of the gloss for structural and semantic reasons, the identification of its source is not feasible.



219 E 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  َهَرْب‬harab ‘he fled’ (cf. haraba, Lane 2889) Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َطَفا‬ṭafā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäfa/*ṭäffa/*ṭäfaʔa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭaf ʔa ‘to be extinguished (light); to be lost, to perish, to disappear’ (CDG 587), Tgr. ṭaf ʔa (WTS 621), Tna. ṭäf ʔe (TED 2488) Amh. ṭäffa (AED 2189; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:498, Ludolf 94), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭäffa (Leslau 1997:223, AAD 469) Har. ṭäfaʔa ‘to be extinguished (fire); to be spoiled morally’ (EDH 152; Ancient Har. ṭaf ʔa, Cerulli 1936:434, ṭäfaʕa, Wagner 1983:313), Səl. ṭäfa, Zay ṭäfā, Wol. ṭäfä (EDG 613) Gaf. *ṭefa in aṭefa ‘to destroy’ (Leslau 1945:176), Čah. Gyt. ṭäfa, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭäffa, Ǝnm. ʔäffa, Ǝnd. ʔäffaʔa (EDG 613) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  هراٮ‬hirāb ‘escape (noun)’ (Piamenta 507)

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  َطَّفا‬ṭaffā Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäffa/*ṭäffaʔa Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 219 E 19 Given the fact that the Arabic entry seems to represent a verbal noun of hrb ‘to flee’ dealt with in the preceding entry, the Ethiopic gloss is also expected to be a nominal form from *ṭf ʔ. However, no fitting candidate could be found in the dictionaries. In its shape, the Ethiopic gloss is identical to 219 E 19, the only difference consisting in the šadda above the fāʔ.

306

Annotated Edition

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ The cognates in Amharic, Argobba, Eža, Muḫər, Mäsḳan, Gogot, Soddo are closer to the Ethiopic gloss since they support the šadda. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 21

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٮعب‬taʕiba ‘he was, or became tired’ (Lane 307) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َدَكْم‬dakam

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *däkäm/*däkkäm ※ The comparative data suggest the final vowel ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. dakma ‘to become weak, weary, to be tired’ (CDG 130), Tgr. dakma ‘to grow weak, tired’ (WTS 535), Tna. däḵämä ‘to get tired, to be worn-out’ (TED 2139) Amh. däkkämä ‘to be or get tired’ (AED 1815, Ludolf 84), Arg. of Aliyu Amba däkkäma id. (AAD 411), däkkama ‘weak, tired’ (Leslau 1997:198, AAD 411) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg. ※ The cognates in Gəʕəz and Təgre exhibit vocalization slightly different from that of the Ethiopic gloss (do not support the fatḥa after the kāf). → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  رصى‬raḍiya ‘he was pleased’ (Lane 1099) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  تاَرٯ‬tāraq Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *tarräḳä/*täʔarräḳä

※ The reconstruction *täʔarräḳä presupposes a stage before the total loss of the guttural (cf. Introduction, Section 6.1.1, part b).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. taʕaraḳa ‘to be reconciled, to reconcile oneself’ (CDG 71), Tgr. taʕarraḳa (WTS 459), Tna. täʕaräḳ̌ä, täʕarḳä (TED 1845) Amh. tarräḳä (AED 1147), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əherräḳa, Arg. of Ṭollaha əherräḳ (AAD 274)

307

219 E 23

Gog. tarräʔä (EDG 90)

※ The Ethiopic gloss represents a passive stem from the widespread ES root *ʕrḳ ‘to reconcile’: Gez. ʕarḳa, ʕaraḳa (CDG 71), Tna. ʕaräḳ̌ä (TED 1845), Amh. arräḳä (AED 1147), Arg. of Aliyu Amba harräḳa, Arg. of Ṭollaha herräḳ (AAD 274); cf. also Tgr. ʔattaʕāraḳa ‘réconcilia’ (WTS 459), Muḫ. Sod. atarräḳä, Ǝnd. astāräḳä, Gog. atarräʔä ‘to reconcile’ (EDG 90).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

219 E 23

Arabic entry:  ‫  عاٮٯ‬ʕānaqa ‘he embraced him, putting his arms upon his neck’ (Lane 2175) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حقف‬ḥqf Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥaḳäfä/*ḥaḳḳäfä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥaḳafa ‘to hug, to embrace’ (CDG 239), Tgr. ḥaḳfa (WTS 77), Tna. ḥaḳ̌ʷåfä (TED 216) Amh. aḳḳäfä (AED 1187; Old Amh. ḥaḳäfä, Ludolf 6), Arg. of Aliyu Amba haḳḳäfa (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 281), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥaḳḳäf (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  َسِهر‬sahira ‘he waked, was sleepless’ (Lane 1451)

※ In view of the two dots written above the first two letters, alternative reading tasahhara might be considered, although the V stem is not common for this root either in Classical or in Yemeni dialectal Arabic (but cf. BK I 1156, Badawi–Hinds 437).

Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  التٮَيع‬ʔltnyaʕ

※ The shape of the nūn (without dots) rather resembles a fāʔ or a qāf. The diacritical signs of the tāʔ are displaced to the left; the diacritical signs of the yāʔ are displaced to the right.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔaltäññaʕa Comparable Ethiopic forms: The Ethiopic gloss likely represents a negative form of the verb *täññaʕa ‘to sleep’ and consists of two elements. (1) The common SES negative element *ʔal- (Bulakh 2012). Note the absence of the postfix -m, which accompanies the negative particle *ʔal- in main verb forms throughout modern SES.

308

Annotated Edition

(2) The verb *täññaʕa ‘to sleep’: Amh. täñña (AED 985, Ludolf 45; Old Amh. taññaʕ, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969– 1970), Arg. of Aliyu Amba teñña (Leslau 1997:222, AAD 227)

※ For the more widespread in ES (and, apparently, more ancient) variant without *tä- v. 219 D 16.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg.

219 E 25

Arabic entry:  ‫ْٮ‬‫تاد‬ َّ   taʔaddab ‘he was well-disciplined, well-bred’ (cf. taʔaddaba, Lane 34) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َتعَجس‬taʕǧas

※ The fatḥa above the ǧīm may also be a šadda. An arrow-like sign above the sīn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *taʕaggäsä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. taʕaggaŝa ‘to bear patiently’ (CDG 59), Tna. täʕaggäsä (TED 1931) Amh. taggäsä (AED 999; Old Amh. täʕaggäŝä, taggäŝä, Ludolf 76), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ətteggäsa (Leslau 1997:189, AAD 232), Arg. of Ṭollaha ətteggäs (ibid.) Gaf. tiggäsä (Leslau 1956:173), Sod. taggäsä (EDG 593)

※ The semantic discrepancy between the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss is noteworthy, but hardly a serious obstacle for the present identification.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tna., Amh., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 E 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  ِاْسَلم لعتان‬ʔaslama ‘he gave, delivered; he resigned, or submitted, himself’ (Lane 1412–1413); luġatāni ‘two words’

※ The Arabic entry is rather clearly written as ʔislam (the imperative of the basic stem), but such a writing should be attributed to the copyist’s misreading of the correct *ʔaslama (the perfect of the causative stem). The Arabic verb ʔaslama displays two different meanings, the transitive “to hand over, to deliver” and the intransitive “to be submissive, to resign”. While the first Ethiopian gloss more or less directly corresponds to the first, transitive meaning (“to hand over” > “to lend”), the second gloss is less transparent in this sense: the meaning “to be submissive” in Ancient Harari and Səlṭi is a nearly exact match of the

219 E 26

309

intransitive meaning of the Arabic verb, whereas the meaning “to pay taxes”, attested in the majority of modern ES, is compatible with both “to hand over, to deliver” and “to submit oneself (to a state authority)”.

(1) Ethiopic gloss:  ٢ ‫  َلّٯا‬laqqā 2

※ The stroke of the lām is rather short (for a similar case cf. 219 A 27 (1)).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *läḳḳa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. laḳḳəḥa ‘to lend’ (CDG 317, LLA 38–39), Tgr. ləḳḳaḥ ‘borrowing’ (WTS 36), Tna. täläḳḳəḥe, täläḳḳäḥe ‘to borrow, to receive as a loan’ (TED 89) Amh. läḳḳa ‘to lend money’ (AED 59–60) Har. alēḳäḥa ‘to lend’ (EDH 101), Wol. leḳä, Səl. lēḳä, Zay a-līḳä ‘to lend money’ (EDG 382) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Wol., Səl. ※ Wol. leḳä and Səl. lēḳä are less likely as source lexemes since they lack gemination and have final ä, rather unlikely to be rendered with ʔalif.

(2) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحبر‬ǧabr Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gäbärä/*gäbbärä Comparable Ethiopic forms: The source lexeme is likely related to one of the derivatives of the common ES root *gbr: (a) Ancient Har. gäbära ‘unterwürfig sein’ (Wagner 1983:285; cf. Modern Har. agäbära ‘to tame’, EDH 67), Səl. gäbärä ‘to be tamed, to be broken in, to be subdued, to be subjugated (of an animal or a human)’ (SAED 773) (b) Gez. gabbara ‘to cultivate land, to till land; to pay taxes’ (CDG 178, not in LLA), Tgr. gabbara ‘to pay taxes’ (WTS 583), Tna. gäbbärä (TED 2297) Amh. gäbbärä (AED 1973; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:497), Arg. of Aliyu Amba gebbära (Leslau 1997:201, AAD 430), Arg. of Ṭollaha gebbär (ibid.) Zay gäbärä, Wol. gebärä, Səl. gēbärä (EDG 257) Ǝnd. Gog. gebbärä, Sod. gibbärä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. gʸäbärä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. gʸäbbärä (ibid.)

※ The verbs with the meaning “to pay tribute or tax” are apparently denominative from *gəbr ‘tax, tribute’: Gez. gəbr (CDG 178, LLA 1164), Tgr. gəbər (WTS 584), Tna. gəbri (TED 2297), Amh. gəbər (AED 1974, Ludolf 38), Arg. gəbər (AAD 430), Har. gəbər käfäla ‘to pay taxes’ (EDH 67), Səl. Wol. gəbər (EDG 257), Ǝnd. Muḫ. Sod. gəbər, Msḳ. Gog. gəbbər, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. gʸəbər, Eža Muḫ. gʸəbbər (ibid.).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gog., Sod., Gyt., Muḫ., Msḳ., Eža, Čah., Ǝnm., Ǝnd.

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Annotated Edition

219 E 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  ِهَبه‬hibat- ‘gift’ (Lane 2969), ‘gift, present, donation, grant’ (Wehr 1291) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َشَقَط‬šaqaṭa ※ An arrow-like sign above and to the left of the ṭāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *šäḳäṭä

※ The vocalic Auslaut suggested by the diacritics of the Ethiopic gloss is not confirmed by the extant cognates.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. säḳäṭ, šäḳäṭ ‘goods, merchandise, thing sold at retail’ (AED 511, 632), Arg. šäḳäṭ id. (AAD 163) Har. šäḳäṭ ‘grocery’ (EDH 146) Muḫ. šäḳäṭ, šäʔäṭ ‘small items of merchandise’ (EDG 583)

※ Cf. also Tgr. sāḳṭat ‘merchants’ (WTS 182) and Tna. šäḳäṭ ‘retail business, trade, traffic (trade); grog shop’ (TED 836). The semantic discrepancy between the Arabic entry and the Ethiopic gloss is considerable, but probably not crucial in view of the semantic link between “to give” and “to sell” (cf. Russian prodat’ ‘to sell’, derived from dat’ ‘to give’).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., Muḫ.

219 E 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  ُيْبصر‬yubṣiru ‘he sees’ (Lane 210)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ٮحاى‬yḥāy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *yaḥay/*yaḥayy Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. ayyä ‘to see, to look’ (AED 1282; Old Amh. ḥayyä, Littmann 1943:484, Ludolf 7, Geta[t]chew Haile 1969–1970:66, ʔayyä, Littmann 1943:484), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hanǧa (Leslau 1997:205, AAD 297), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥay, ḥenǧ (ibid.) Har. ḥēǧa (EDH 81; also in Ancient Har.: ḥeǧa, Wagner 1983:289, inf. ḥēǧōt, Cerulli 1936:419), Səl. Wol. anže (EDG 123) Gaf. aǧǧä (Leslau 1956:173), aǧä (Leslau 1945:142), Čah. ažä, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ažžä, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ašä, Ǝnd. aššä (EDG 123) ※ Likely connected to Tgr. ḥazā ‘to seek, to try; to wish, to like’ (WTS 92).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg. → Muth 2009–2010:104

311

219 E 29



219 E 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  احرث‬ʔuḥruṯ ‘plough!’ (Lane 541) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  حرس‬ḥrs Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥəräs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥarasa ‘to plow, to cultivate land’ (CDG 243), Tgr. ḥarsa (WTS 67), Tna. ḥaräsä (TED 187) Amh. arräsä (AED 1145; Old Amh. ḥarräsä, Ludolf 5), Arg. of Aliyu Amba harräsa (Leslau 1997:206, AAD 274), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥarräs (ibid.) Har. ḥaräsa (EDH 87; also in Ancient Har.: ḥaräsa, Wagner 1983:291, ḥirāsōt (inf.), Cerulli 1936:419), Səl. Wol. Zay aräsä (EDG 91) Gaf. arräsä (Leslau 1956:182), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. arräsä (EDG 91) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod.

219 F 1

Arabic entry:  ‫  ِزد‬zid ‘add!’ (Lane 1275)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َٮل‬َ‫  د‬dabal Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *däbälä/*däbbälä

※ The ES form is 3 sg. m. perfect, not the imperative as in the Arabic entry (the expected form of the imperative would be *däbbəl).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. däbbälä ‘to add’ (AED 1774) Har. däbäla (EDH 52; also in Ancient Har.: däbäla, Wagner 1983:281, dabala, Cerulli 1936:414), Səl. Wol. Zay däbälä (EDG 195) Gaf. däbbäla ‘répeter’ (Leslau 1956:195), däbälä ‘to mingle’ (Leslau 1945:151), Sod. däbbälä, Eža Msḳ. däbbärä, Gog. däbbeä, Muḫ. däbbeą̈, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. däpärä, Ǝnd. dappärä (EDG 195) ※ Cf. also Gez. tadābala ‘to come together, to assemble’ (CDG 120, LLA 1101), Tgr. dabbala ‘to stick together’ (WTS 526).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104

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Annotated Edition

219 F 2

Arabic entry:  ‫  ٯال‬qāla ‘he said’ (Lane 2994) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َٮال‬bāl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *balä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. bəhla ‘to say’ (CDG 89), Tgr. bela (WTS 267), Tna. bälä (TED 1074) Amh. alä (AED 1094; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:491, Ludolf 55), Arg. ala (Leslau 1997:190, AAD 266), hala (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha al, hal (ibid.) Har. bāya (EDH 49; also in Ancient Har.: bāya, Cerulli 1936:413, baya, Wagner 1983:279), Wol. balä, Səl. Zay bālä (EDG 138) Gaf. balä (Leslau 1956:189), bälä (Leslau 1945:147), Sod. balä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Msḳ. barä, Muḫ. beą̈, Gog. bea (EDG 138) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., East Gur., Gaf., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 3

Arabic entry:  ‫  قلت‬qultu ‘I said’ Ethiopic gloss:   ‫  باُلْح‬bāluḫ

※ The diacritical signs below the bāʔ as well as above the lām and ḫāʔ are rather indistinct.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *baluḫ Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 219 F 2 The present gloss is a 1 sg. perfect form of the verb *balä ‘to say’. Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., East Gur., Gaf., Sod.

※ The ending -uḫ (< Proto-ES *-ku) is best compatible with the forms attested in Wolane and Zay: Zay näḳäluḫ ‘I took’ (Meyer 2005:94) and cf. Meyer 2006:108 for the word-final ending ‑wḫ in Wolane.



219 F 4

Arabic entry:  ‫  لقيه‬laqiyahu ‘he met him’ (Lane 3012)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاَحْٮُيْخ‬ʔaǧanyuḫ

※ An unknown symbol below the second grapheme (hardly the diacritical dot of the ǧīm).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔagäññuḫ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. ʔagnäyä, ʔagnəyä ‘to find, to encounter, to meet with, to obtain’ (TED 2322)

313

219 F 5

Amh. agäññä ‘to find, to discover, to come across’ (AED 2021, Ludolf 89; cf. also tägäññä ‘to be found’, AED 2021; also in Old Amharic, Ludolf 89, Littmann 1943:498), Arg. of Aliyu Amba agäñña ‘to find, to earn’ (Leslau 1997:202, AAD 303) Har. agäña ‘to find, to get, to obtain, to meet’ (EDH 73; also in Ancient Har.: agäña, Wagner 1983:287, agana, Cerulli 1936:407), Zay agäñi ‘to find, to meet, to earn’ (EDG 286) Gaf. agänä ‘to find’ (Leslau 1945:157), Muḫ. Gog. Sod. agäññä ‘to find, to meet, to earn’ (EDG 286) ※ Note the semantic discrepancy between the Arabic entry (‘he met him’) and the Ethiopic gloss (‘I met’). It is not to be excluded that the final hāʔ in the Arabic entry is the copyist’s error instead of the expected tāʔ (*laqītu ‘I met’, cf. 218 C 7 for the possibility of confusion between the final tāʔ and hāʔ). For the 1 sg. perfect ending -uḫ cf. 219 F 3.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Zay, Muḫ., Gog., Sod. ※ Zay is the best candidate for the source language because of the ending -uḫ. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 5

Arabic entry:  ‫  عرڡٮى‬ʕarafanī ‘he knew me’ (Lane 2013)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ِوِقْٮى‬‫   َع‬ʕawiqiny

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕawəḳəñ/*ʕawəḳiñ

※ The expected form of 3 sg. m. perfect + 1 sg. pronominal suffix would be *ʕawäḳäñ/*ʕawwäḳäñ.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʕoḳa ‘to know’ (CDG 79, LLA 996) Amh. awwäḳä (AED 1269; Old Amh. ʕawwäḳä, Ludolf 75, ʔawwäḳä, Littmann 1943:493), Arg. of Aliyu Amba oḳa (Leslau 1997:193, AAD 294), wänḳa (ibid.), wonḳa, onḳa (Leslau 1997:192, AAD 294), Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥoḳ (Wetter 2010:82), hawäḳ (AAD 294) Har. āḳa (EDH 30; also in Ancient Har.: aḳa, Wagner 1983:270, ʕāḳa, ʕōḳa, inf. ʕuḳōt, Cerulli 1936:411)

※ Cf. also Gog. awaḳi, awaʔi ‘clever, wise’ (EDG 113), borrowed from Amharic. The common ES verb *ʕwḳ is a Cushitic (Agaw) loanword: Bil. ʔärʔ-, Ḫam. arq-, Kem. ax-, Awngi aq-/yaq- (Appleyard 89–90).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Amh., Arg., Har.

※ Amh. awwäḳä with the overt w is the most likely source for the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:104

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Annotated Edition

219 F 6

Arabic entry:  ‫  َذ َكر‬ḏakara ‘he remembered’ (Lane 968)

※ There are two symbols above the rāʔ, one of which must be a sukūn (as often in the end of the perfect verbal forms in this segment of the Glossary, v. Introduction, Section 3). The fatḥa belonging to the ḏāl is written to the right of its diacritical dot.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َف َقدْت‬faqdat

※ One of the two dots belonging to the qāf is displaced to the right and located above the fāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *faḳdat Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. faḳda ‘to remember, to meditate, to remember someone with a gift’ (WTS 664) ※ The feminine singular ending has no match in the Arabic entry.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr.

219 F 7

Arabic entry:  ‫  رجع‬raǧaʕa ‘he returned, he went/came back’ (Lane 1037–1038) ※ There is a kind of blot above the first letter.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ٮملْس‬ َ   tmlas

※ There is an unclear symbol (resembling a dot) above and to the right of the sīn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *tämälläs ※ Most of the comparative data suggest the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. tämäläsä, tämälsä, tämläsä ‘to return (intransitive)’ (TED 322) Amh. tämälläsä (AED 147; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:485, Ludolf 9), Arg. of Aliyu Amba əmmelläsa (Leslau 1997:212, AAD 68), Arg. of Ṭollaha əmmelläs (ibid.) ※ The gloss represents the passive stem of *malasa ‘to return (transitive), to bring back’: Tgr. balsa ‘to turn, to turn over’ (WTS 269), Tna. mäläsä ‘to put back, to replace, to give back’ (TED 322), Amh. mälläsä ‘to return (transitive), to bring back’ (AED 146; also in Old Amh., Littmann 1943:485, Ludolf 9), Arg. of Aliyu Amba melläsa ‘to return (transitive), to answer’ (Leslau 1997:212, AAD 68), mälläsa id. (ibid.), Arg. of Ṭollaha melläs id. (ibid.). Cf. also Gez. tamalālasa ‘to go to and fro’ (CDG 345, LLA 146, likely an Amharism), Səl. Wol. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. mäls ‘answer’ (EDG 404).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:104

315

219 F 8



219 F 8

Arabic entry:  ْ‫  ُاريد‬ʔurīd ‘I will, wish, desire’ (cf. Lane 1184)

※ There is an unclear symbol above the yāʔ. The final sukūn apparently renders the dialectal pronunciation (cf. Introduction, Section 3).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َانش‬ʔanš Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The presence of the nūn in the gloss is difficult to explain. It is can be taken for a distorted ḫāʔ (which would yield *ʔaḫäšä) or simply ignored (which would suggest *ʔašä). In both cases the extant spelling is likely due to the copyist’s error, presumably under the influence of the gloss 219 F 9. Alternatively, it can be viewed as a secondary phonetic insertion of n before a sibilant (cf. Podolsky 1991:51–52, EDG lvi), with the ensuing reconstruction *ʔanšä. These alternative reconstructions are supported by the following etymological interpretations. (a) The reconstruction *ʔašä or *ʔanšä implies a comparison with the verb *ša ‘to want’: Amh. ša ‘to want, to wish’ (AED 601, Ludolf 29), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ša id. (AAD 170) Čah. Eža Msḳ. Gog. Sod. šä, Muḫ. šą̈, Gyt. šäʔä, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. seʔä ‘to search, to look for, to want, to desire’ (EDG 570) (b) The reconstruction *ʔaḫäšä implies a comparison with the verb *käša ‘to want’. This is supported by the evident presence of *käša in 219 F 9: one would expect that the positive and negative forms of a verb with the same meaning would have been produced from one and the same lexeme. Har. xaša ‘to desire, to like, to want, to wish’ (EDH 97; also in Ancient Har.: ḫašā, Cerulli 1936:421, ḫäša, Wagner 1983:293), Səl. Wol. käše ‘to search, to seek, to look for, to want, to desire’ (EDG 355) Gaf. waššä ‘désirer’ (Leslau 1956:245), wašä (Leslau 1945:178) ※ According to Leslau (CDG 266), these verbs are related to Gez. ḫaŝaŝa ‘to seek, to look for, to search’ (CDG 266), Tgr. ḥassa ‘to watch, to pay attention’ (WTS 72), Tna. ḫasäsä ‘to look for something very carefully’ (TED 203).



219 F 9

Arabic entry:  ‫  لا ارٮد‬lā ʔurīd ‘I do not wish’ (cf. Lane 1184) ※ Cf. the form ʔurīd in 219 F 8.

316

Annotated Edition

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َاْنحْش‬ʔalḫš

※ The second letter is to be read as lām, although it has the shape of a nūn (for similar cases v. Introduction, Section 2). Note that in 219 E 24 the negative marker ʔal- appears with a clearly written lām.15

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʔalḫäš ※ The comparative data suggest a final vowel a or ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: The gloss reflects a negative form of the verb with the meaning “to want” and consists of two elements. (1) The common SES negative marker *ʔal- (Bulakh 2012). For the absence of the postfix -m cf. 219 E 24. (2) The verb *käša (> *ḫäša) ‘to want’ (for which see 219 F 8 (b)). Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., Səl., Wol.

219 F 10

Arabic entry:  ‫  كش‬kasa ‘he swept’ (Lane 2633)

※ The nūn cannot be discerned, but the lexical identification is virtually certain in view of the Ethiopic gloss. The three dots above the last grapheme are clearly superfluous.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  طرح‬ṭrǧ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭärrägä/*ṣärgä/*ṣärägä Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṣaraga ‘to sweep, to cut, to tear off (a piece of bread to eat)’ (CDG 563, not in LLA), Tgr. ṣarga ‘to lay a road, to clean (the road), to wipe off’ (WTS 638), Tna. ṣärägä ‘to clear a field (removing brush, stones); to clean a place, to sweep or wipe clean’ (TED 2568) Amh. ṭärrägä ‘to sweep, to sweep clean, to sweep away’ (AED 2123; Old Amh. ṣärrägä, Ludolf 97), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ṭärräga ‘to sweep’ (Leslau 1997:224, AAD 458), Arg. of Ṭollaha ṭärräg id. (ibid.)

15  It would be tempting to compare the 1 sg. imperfect negative marker *ʔan- with the element an- in Modern Harari: an-sibär ‘I do not break’, restricted to subordinate clauses (Leslau 1958:23, 25); cf. also negative simple imperfect an-säbri ‘I do not break’, which, admittedly, appears to be an artificial form not used in the spoken language (Leslau 1958:22, 24). However, n instead of the etymological *l in this position appears to be a recent innovation: in Ancient Harari, it was ʔal- that was used in the 1 sg. negative imperfect (Wagner 1983:127).

317

219 F 11

Har. ṭäräga id. (EDH 156), Səl. Wol. ṭärägä id. (EDG 631) Gaf. ṣärrägä id. (Leslau 1956:237), Gog. Sod. ṭärrägä id. (EDG 631) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., Səl., Wol., Gaf., Gog., Sod.

‫اسما الكٮاساٮ والرماد‬

ʔasmāʔu l-kunāsāti wa-r-ramādi ‘Names of sweepings and ashes’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 F 11.



219 F 11

Arabic entry:  ‫  الكٮاَسه‬ʔal-kunāsat- ‘sweepings’ (Lane 2634) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَسْس‬ḥasas

※ The sign above the first sīn resembles a sukūn, but is likely a distorted fatḥa. The second sīn rather resembles a collocation of bāʔ and nūn. Apart from the sukūn, there is also a dot below and a fatḥa above the letter.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥasäs Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. asäs ‘sweepings from the threshing floor’ (AED 1167), əšəš ‘sweepings (from the griddle), dust’ (ibid. 1180)

※ Derived from assäsä ‘to scout, to sweep, to scan or search out, to examine; to clean, to grease the griddle for baking’ (AED 1167). Further ES cognates include Tgr. ḥasasa ‘to wipe off’ (WTS 72), Tna. ḥassäsä ‘to clean, to dust (furniture, etc.) by passing a rag or brush over it’ (TED 203), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hassäsa, Arg. of Ṭollaha ḥassäs (AAD 277), Səl. Wol. Zay ansäsä ‘to sweep’ (EDG 98), Čah. Ǝnm. Ǝnd. Gyt. asäsä, Eža Msḳ. assäsä id. (ibid.). Leslau (CDG 266) further compares Gez. ḫwaŝaŝa, ḫoŝaŝa ‘to sweep’ (not in LLA) and maḫwaŝəŝ, maḫwəŝaŝ ‘broom, meat hook, tongs, fork’ (CDG 266; no meaning ‘broom’ is recorded in LLA 586), but this is hard to accept.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh.

219 F 12

Arabic entry:  ‫الرَماد‬ َ   ʔar-ramād- ‘ashes’ (Lane 1154) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَمْد‬ḥamad

※ A miniature ḥāʔ is written below the ḥāʔ.

318

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḥamäd Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ḥamad ‘ashes, dust’ (CDG 231), Tgr. ḥamad (WTS 63–64), Tna. ḥamäd ‘earth, soil, ground, dirt’ (TED 181) Amh. amäd (AED 1137; Old Amh. ḥamäd, Ludolf 5), Arg. of Aliyu Amba hamäd (Leslau 1997:205, AAD 271), Arg. of Ṭollaha hamäd, ḥamäd (AAD 271) Har. ḥamäd (EDH 83), Səl. Wol. Zay amäd (EDG 47) Gaf. əmädaǧ (Leslau 1956:176), Čah. Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. amäd, Ǝnm. Gyt. am̠ ä̃d, Ǝnd. awä̃d (EDG 47) ※ Cf. also 217 F 10.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Čah., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod., Ǝnm., Gyt. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 13

Arabic entry:  ‫ين‬‫  الط‬ʔaṭ-ṭīn- ‘clay, earth, mould, soil, mud’ (Lane 1906)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫َق‬‫   َط‬ṭaqa Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *č̣äḳä

※ The etymological data suggest the vocalic shape -ə-a or -ə-ä. Absence of ʔalif in the gloss favors the variant with the final ä.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. č̣əḳḳa ‘mud, mire’ (TED 2512) Amh. č̣əḳa (AED 2221, Ludolf 94), Arg. of Ṭollaha č̣əḳa (AAD 486, Leslau 1997:197) Səl. č̣əḳa (EDG 186) Gaf. č̣əḳä (Leslau 1956:194) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Səl., Gaf. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 14

Arabic entry:  ‫وح‬‫  القاط‬ʔal-qāṭūḥ (al-Iryānī 864) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َطَٯْز‬ṭaqar

=

sināǧu n-nāri wa-duḫānihā

※ The final letter is to be read as rāʔ despite the diacritical dot.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäḳär

319

219 F 15

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭaḳar ‘soot’ (CDG 596, LLA 1223), Tgr. ṭaḳaro (WTS 614), Tna. ṭäḳ̌är (TED 2445) Amh. ṭäḳära (AED 2133), ṭəḳärša (AED 2135, Ludolf 93: ṭäḳärša) Har. ṭiḳär (EDH 155), Səl. Wol. ṭəḳär (EDG 628) Sod. Muḫ. Msḳ. Eža Čah. Gyt. ṭäḳär, Gog. ṭäʔär, ṭäʔärša, Ǝnm. Ǝnd. däʔär (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Har., Səl., Wol., Sod., Muḫ., Msḳ., Eža, Čah., Gyt.

219 F 15

Arabic entry:  ‫  التراب‬ʔat-turāb- ‘dust, earth’ (Lane 301)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َعَفْر‬ʕafar Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕafär Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 A 26 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Gunnän-Gur. → Muth 2009–2010:104

‫الاٮ اللهو وارٮابها‬

ʔālātu l-lahwi wa-ʔarbābuhā ‘Instruments of leisure and their players’

※ Written above the Arabic and Ethiopic glosses in the cell 219 F 16.



219 F 16

Arabic entry:  ‫  الطبل‬ʔaṭ-ṭabl- ‘a drum’ (Lane 1828)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َحَر ُنٮْه‬ḫaranbuh Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫäränbo/*ḫäränbu

※ The nūn in the Ethiopic gloss has no parallels in the attested ES lexemes. It is either to be ignored as an accidental stroke, or considered a secondary n-insertion (not improbable, cf. Podolsky 1991:51–52, EDG lvi).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Amh. käräbo ‘drum’ (AED 1389), Arg. of Aliyu Amba käräbo (Leslau 1997:208, AAD 327)

320

Annotated Edition

Har. käräbu (EDH 93; also in Ancient Har., Wagner 1983:294), Səl. Wol. käräbo, Zay haräbu (EDG 334) Gaf. käräbo (Leslau 1956:209), Msḳ. Gog. Sod. käräbo (EDG 334) ※ For metathetic forms like Gez. kabaro see 218 D 28 (b).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. ※ None of these terms exhibits exact correspondence with the Ethiopic gloss (for the sporadic insertion of n in ES see above in this entry).



219 F 17

Arabic entry:  ‫  المزمار‬ʔal-mizmār- ‘a flute’ (Lane 1251) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِقبح‬qibḥ Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain Two alternative possibilities suggest themselves. (a) If the dot below the second grapheme belongs to the third grapheme, the reading ‫ ِقٮج‬qinǧ can be proposed, with the underlying reconstruction *ḳənč̣. Comparable terms in Təgre and Təgrəñña mean “stalk”, from which a name of an aerophone instrument can plausibly be derived: Tgr. ḳānč̣i ‘halm of the durra’ (WTS 254), Tna. ḳanč̣a ‘cane, stem or stalk of maize or sorghum’ (TED 1009). Note, however, that the related SES cognates display the meaning “fiber”, which is less compatible with the Arabic entry: Amh. ḳač̣čạ ‘fiber (sisal, jute or sanseveria)’ (AED 843), Arg. of Aliyu Amba ḳač̣čạ ‘fiber’ (Leslau 1997:215, AAD 196), Har. ḳač̣čạ id. (EDH 121), Wol. ḳanč̣ä, Səl. ḳānč̣a ‘fiber of the äsät’ (EDG 486), Čah. Eža Gyt. Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ḳanč̣a, Ǝnd. keʔä, Ǝnm. kʸẽʔä id. (ibid.). (b) If the two dots above the first grapheme are ignored and the dot below the second grapheme is thought to belong to the third grapheme, the whole can be tentatively read as fīǧ with the underlying reconstruction *fič̣, comparable to the following verbs with the meaning “to whistle”: Gez. faṣaya, fāṣaya, faṣawa (CDG 169, LLA 1319), Tgr. faṣā (WTS 677), Tna. faṣäyä (TED 2739), Amh. afʷač̣čạ̈ (AED 2347), Arg. afoč̣čạ (Leslau 1997:199), Arg. of Ṭollaha afuwač̣č̣ id. (AAD 311), Har. afēč̣a, fīč̣ āša (EDH 61), Sod. afʷač̣čạ̈ (EDG 227). → Comparison with Amh. fiška in Muth 2009–2010:104 must be rejected: on the one hand, it is not compatible with the grafic evidence (no šīn can be discerned); on the other hand, it is an obvious late borrowing from Italian fischio (AED 2297).

321

219 F 18



219 F 18

Arabic entry:  ‫  الشٮابه‬ʔaš-šabbābat- ‘espèce de flûte’ (Dozy I 718) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ْر‬‫  َعْٮ ُد‬ʕandur

※ There is a small dot, likely unintentional, above and to the left of the rāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ʕandur Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 C 8 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Wol., Gog., Sod.

※ In terms of vocalism, the cognates in Amharic and Wolane are the closest to the Ethiopic gloss. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 19

Arabic entry:  ‫  الطنُبور‬ʔaṭ-ṭunbūr- ‘a mandoline’ (Lane 1885) ※ There is an unclear diacritical sign above the rāʔ (a ḍamma or a sukūn?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِحَر َاره‬ḫirārah

※ There is an uncertain symbol above the hāʔ (looking like tanwīn fatḥa).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ḫərara

※ The final a, suggested by the spelling of the gloss, is not attested in any of the comparable forms.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tna. kərar ‘a six-stringed lyre’ (TED 1591) Amh. krar (AED 1387), Arg. kərar (Leslau 1997:209, AAD 336) Har. kirār (EDH 94; also in Ancient Har.: kirar, Wagner 1983:294), Wol. Zay kərar, Səl. kərār (EDG 350) Muḫ. Gog. Sod. kərar (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Muḫ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 20

Arabic entry:  ‫  الُمَغِنى‬ʔal-muġannī ‘a singer’ (Lane 2303)

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  كِلَٮِىْى‬uncertain

※ The absence of diacritical dots on the third and fourth graphemes makes the reading difficult. There is a sukūn-like sign above the fourth letter.

322

Annotated Edition

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain The gloss is likely related to Amh. kälälte ‘däbtära-cantor or singer who has a fine voice, whose voice can be heard from afar’ (AED 1366). This identification presupposes the reading klilatī, on the assumption that the third grapheme is a lām written with a very short stroke (in fact, rather resembling a notch; on a lām with a short stroke v. Introduction, Section 2).

219 F 21

Arabic entry:  ‫المْسَخَره‬ َ   ʔal-masḫarat- ‘one who mocks at, scoffs at’ (Lane 1324), ‘bouffon, baladin, farceur’ (Dozy I 638) ※ There is an uncertain symbol above the final grapheme (a sukūn or a ḍamma?).

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  َو َاطْه‬wāṭah Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *waṭa Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. wāṭāy ‘singer’ (WTS 449), Tna. waṭa ‘kind of minstrel’ (TED 1805, 1809) Amh. waṭa ‘ballad singer, minstrel’ (AED 1594, Guidi 600) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tna., Amh.

→ Muth 2009–2010:104 (Muth’s reading of the Arabic entry as mustaǧidda ‘die Neue’ can be safely rejected for both paleographic and semantic reasons)



219 F 22

Arabic entry:  ‫  َغِّنى‬ġannī ‘sing!’ (Lane 2302) ※ The nature of the thick dot above and to the left of the nūn is unclear (a sukūn?). The final yāʔ in the imperative is against the Classical orthographic norm, but common in the (semi-)popular Yemeni writing up to now.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ِرْس‬‫   َد‬daris

※ There is a dot (unintentional?) to the right of the sukūn above the sīn.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *därrəs

※ The reconstruction *därrəs, best compatible with the diacritics of the gloss, implies that the source lexeme was a B type verb. However, all the extant comparable forms belong to the A type (where the expected form of the imperative is *dəräs).

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Tgr. darsa ‘to sing, to recite, to read’ (WTS 519), Tna. däräsä ‘to sing someone’s praises (as do the men who earn their living by going from house to house or to banquets)’ (TED 2078)

323

219 F 23

Wol. däräsä ‘to sing and dance’ (EDG 221) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. därräsä, Čah. Gyt. dänäsä, Eža dännäsä id. (ibid.), Muḫ. därräsä ‘to sing and dance; to praise in song’ (EDG I 874, EDG 221)

※ Related to Gez. darasa ‘to compose a religious treatise, a book; to discuss, to interpret’ (CDG 143, LLA 1093–1094), borrowed in Tna. däräsä ‘to write, to compose a homily, a book of hymns’ (TED 2078) and Amh. därräsä ‘to write, to compose’ (AED 1742).

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Tgr., Tna., Wol., Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 23

Arabic entry:  ‫   ْارُقْص‬ʔurquṣ ‘dance!’ (Lane 1136) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  ِرِفْن‬zifin ※ The elongated, almost vertical zayn resembles an ʔalif.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *zəfən ※ The expected form of the imperative is *zəfän.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. zafana ‘to dance’ (CDG 632, LLA 1069), Tgr. zafna ‘to dance the funeral dance (woman), to dance’ (WTS 506), Tna. zäfänä ‘to sing, to perform shoulder-shrugging in time to music’ (TED 2027) Amh. zäffänä ‘to sing, to dance and sing’ (AED 1684, Ludolf 79), Arg. zäffäna ‘to dance, to sing’ (Leslau 1997:227), Arg. of Ṭollaha zäffän (AAD 383) Gaf. zäfänä ‘to dance’ (Leslau 1945:180) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh., Gaf.

219 F 24

Arabic entry:  ‫  الله‬ʔallāh- ‘God’ (Lane 83) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  جزى‬ǧzy Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *gəzi/*gəziʔ Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ʔəgziʔ ‘master, lord, owner, ruler, chief’ (CDG 210), Tgr. ʔəgziʔ ‘master’, ʔəgziʔo ‘oh Lord!’ (WTS 595) Amh. əgziʔ ‘lord, master’ (AED 1330, borrowed from Gəʕəz)

※ The absence of the prosthetic ʔ in the Ethiopic gloss does not seem a problem. The term is derived from the verbal root *gzʔ ‘to govern; to acquire’: Gez. gazʔa ‘to dominate, to master’ (CDG 210), Tgr. gazʔa ‘to rule, to possess’ (WTS 595), Tna. gäzʔe ‘to buy, to purchase,

324

Annotated Edition to acquire the control; to conquer, to subject, to subdue, to govern, to rule with an iron hand; to reign, to lord it over someone’ (TED 2346), Amh. gäzza ‘to buy, to purchase; to own, to possess; to govern, to rule over’ (AED 2024, Ludolf 90), Arg. gäzza ‘to possess’ (Leslau 1997:203, AAD 434), Har. gäzaʔa ‘to govern, to own, to possess’ (EDH 77; also in Ancient Har.: gäzaʔa, Wagner 1983:288, inf. gizaʔōt, Cerulli 1936:416,), Səl. gäza, Zay gäzā, Wol. gäzä ‘to own, to possess, to administer, to govern, to rule’ (EDG 304), Gaf. gäzzä ‘acheter, gouverner’ (Leslau 1956:205), Ǝnm. Gyt. gäza, Eža Muḫ. Msḳ. Gog. Sod. gäzza, Ǝnd. gäzzaʔa, Čah. Ǝnm. gäsa ‘to own, to possess, to administer, to govern, to rule’ (EDG 304). While the nominal derivative ʔəgziʔ is practically restricted to Gəʕəz, this religiously important term must have been broadly known throughout Christian Ethiopia.

Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Amh. → Muth 2009–2010:104



219 F 25

Arabic entry:  ‫  حرى‬ǧarā ‘he ran’ (Lane 415)

※ This entry is scarcely compatible with the semantic scope of the present segment of the Glossary. At the same time, it is striking that the shape of the Arabic entry is identical with that of the Ethiopic gloss in 219 F 24. It is not to be excluded that we deal with an erroneous repetition of the form recorded in 219 F 24.

Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  رعص‬rʕṣ

※ The shape of the ṣād is distorted (unfinished left side).

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: uncertain As long as the Arabic entry is read as ǧarā ‘to run’, the Ethiopic gloss can be seen as an alternative representation of *rwṣ ‘to run’, clearly attested in 219 E 5. The weak point of this comparison is the non-etymological ʕ, very difficult to explain.

219 F 26

Arabic entry:  ‫  الروح‬ʔar-rūḥ- ‘the soul, spirit’ (Lane 1180) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  مٯش‬mfs

※ The loop of the fāʔ is hardly visible, so the grapheme rather resembles a vertically stretched yāʔ (note also two dots beneath the letter, of unclear function). The three dots above the last letter are clearly superfluous.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *mäffäs

※ The comparative data mostly suggest the reconstruction *mänfäs. The spelling of the gloss reminds a form with the assimilation nf > ff, actually attested in Epigraphic Gəʕəz

325

219 F 27

(mfs in RIE 191:7, 192:1, to be reconstructed as *maffas), but it is hardly probable that such a form stands behind the Ethiopic gloss. It may be wise, accordingly, to reconstruct the standard form *mänfäs, assuming a graphic mistake by the scribe: the notch may have been intended for the nūn, and the fāʔ was omitted.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. manfas ‘spirit’ (CDG 389), Tgr. manfas ‘ghost, spectre’ (WTS 347), Tna. mänfäs ‘spirit, soul’ (TED 1401) Amh. mänfäs ‘spirit, demon’ (AED 1058, Ludolf 54) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Gez., Tgr., Tna., Amh. ※ None of the cognates exhibits exact correspondence with the Ethiopic gloss (but cf. above).



219 F 27

Arabic entry:  ‫  القلب‬ʔal-qalb- ‘heart’ (Lane 2553) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  وزن‬wzn Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *wäzän Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 219 B 11 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Har., East Gur.

219 F 28

Arabic entry:  ‫  الطاهر‬ʔaṭ-ṭāhir- ‘clean, pure’ (Lane 1887) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫  قال‬qāl Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṣall

※ For qāf rendering Ethiopic ṣ or č̣ cf. 217 F 22 and 219 C 6. Since no actual form with palatalization of ṭ into č̣ has been registered among the reflexes of ES *ṣll, the reconstruction with ṣ is more attractive.

Comparable Ethiopic forms: Gez. ṭalla, ṭalala ‘to be pure’, ṭəlul ‘pure’ (CDG 591, not in LLA and probably an Amharism), Tna. ʔaṣlälä ‘to filter or strain beer’ (TED 2539) Amh. ṭällälä ‘to be or become pure, clean’, ṭälala ‘clear or filtered liquid, filtrate’ (AED 2088) Har. ṭalīla ‘filtered, limpid, pure’ (EDH 153), Səl. Wol. Zay ṭälälä ‘to be filtered, to be purified’ (EDG 617), Zay ṭälālu, Səl. Wol. ṭull ‘filtered, purified, liquid, clear (liquid), light-colored (object)’ (ibid.) Msḳ. Gog. Sod. ṭällälä, Muḫ. ṭälleą̈, Čah. Ǝnm. Gyt. ṭänärä, Eža Ǝnd. ṭännärä ‘to be filtered, purified’ (ibid.), Muḫ. ṭälälä, Msḳ. ṭalil, Msḳ. Gog. Sod.

326

Annotated Edition

yä-ṭällälä, Čah. Eža Ǝnm. Gyt. ṭärärä, Ǝnd. ṭurur, ṭororä ‘filtered, purified, liquid, clear (liquid), light-colored (object)’ (ibid.) Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: ?

※ There are no structurally comparable cognates in ES, but the source lexeme was most likely connected to the terms adduced above.



219 F 29

Arabic entry:  ‫  الخمر‬ʔal-ḫamr- ‘wine’ (Lane 808) Ethiopic gloss:  ‫ج‬‫   ط‬ṭǧ ※ The ṭāʔ, written above the ǧīm, rather resembles a ḥāʔ.

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss: *ṭäǧǧ/*ṣäǧǧ Comparable Ethiopic forms: see under 218 F 17 Possible source of the Ethiopic gloss: Amh., Arg., Har., East Gur., Gaf., Čah., Ǝnm., Gyt., Eža, Muḫ., Msḳ., Gog., Sod. → Muth 2009–2010:104

Appendix 1

Summary of the Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary No.

217 A 0A 217 A 0B

217 A 1 217 A 1A

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا ل�م ْرا ه‬

‫ق‬ ‫و ٮ�����ا ل‬ َ �‫ڊ مي‬ ‫الا‬ ‫��ق���ا ل �ل� ش‬ �‫�ل����ا ب‬ ‫و �ي‬

217 A 3

َ ‫ا �لر ج��ل‬ ‫ف ن‬ � ‫��لا‬

217 A 4

‫ش‬ ‫ل����عر‬ ِ�‫ا‬

217 A 2

217 A 5 217 A 6 217 A 7 217 A 8 217 A 9 217 A 10 217 A 10A

ْ َ ‫ا �لرا ��س‬ ‫�ذ ن‬ � ‫الا‬ ‫ا �ل َو ج��ه‬

‫ا �ل‬ �ِ ‫ح�ا‬ � ‫ح��ب‬ َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫ح ب����یں‬ ‫أ �ن ف‬ ��� �‫ال‬

‫�ن‬ ‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�لا ��ڡ‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-marʔat-

‘woman’

wa-yuqālu

‘and it is said’ (the second gloss to 217 A 0A ‘woman’)

ʔal-ʔādamiyy-

‘human being’

wa-yuqālu li-š-šābbi

‘and it is said for “young man” ’

ʔar-raǧul-

‘man’

fulān-

‘such a one, such a man, such a woman’

ʔaš-šiʕr-

‘hair’

ʔar-raʔs-

‘head’

ʔal-ʔuḏn-

‘ear’

ʔal-waǧh-

‘face’

ʔal-ḥāǧib-

‘eyebrow’

ʔal-ǧabīn-

‘forehead’

ʔal-ʔanf-

‘nose’

wa-yuqālu li-l-ʔanfi

‘and it is said for “nose” ’

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004321823_004

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

‫ا ٮ����س�ٮ‬ ْ �‫��سوی‬ ‫ح‬ ‫����س��ت‬

ْ ‫�ڊ‬ �‫َو ن‬

ْ ََ ‫ج��لا ��س‬

َ ‫ح�لا ����س��ت‬

ْ ْ‫ح‬ ��‫ِط‬ ‫�ر‬ ْ‫ْم‬ ‫دِ ح‬ ْ َ‫�ز‬ ‫ور‬ ْ‫� �ت‬ ���‫فِي‬ ‫�قْ ت‬ � ‫ِر‬ ْ‫َق فَ �ت‬ ������

َ ‫��ط‬ ��ِ‫ �ن��ف‬ َ ‫ف‬ ‫و� ن�����ج��ھ‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʔnst

*ʔanəst/*ʔansət

swyǧ

*säwäyč

sb

*säb

wand

*wänd

ǧalās

uncertain

ǧalā sb

*gäla säb

ṭiǧr

*ṭəgr/*č̣əgr/*ṣəgr or *ṭəgʷr/*č̣əgʷr/*ṣəgʷr

dimḥ

*dəmḥ

zawr

*žoro

fīt

*fit

qirb

*ḳərb

qafat

*ḳäfät

nafiṭ

*näfəṭ

wfnǧah

*wäfənč̣a

329

330

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 A 11 217 A 12 217 A 13 217 A 14 217 A 15

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ش فت‬ ‫ا �ل���������یں‬ ‫َ ن‬ � ‫ا �ل��ل��س�ا‬ ‫أ ف ن‬ � ‫ال� �ج������ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا �ل����ر��س‬

���‫ا �ل��ل‬ ‫حی����یں‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔaš-šafatayni

‘lips’

ʔal-lisān-

‘tongue’

ʔal-ʔaǧfān-

‘eyelids’

ʔaḍ-ḍirs-

‘tooth; molar’

ʔal-laḥyayni

‘cheeks’

217 A 16

‫ا �ل�د �ٯ�ں �ڡ�ٮ�ه ٮ��ٯ�ا ل‬

ʔaḏ-ḏaqanu fīhi yuqālu

‘ “chin, beard” – it is called’

217 A 17

َ ‫ا �لر�ٯبَ���ه‬

ʔar-raqabat-

‘neck’

ʔal-ḥalq-

‘throat’

217 A 18

‫�ق‬ ‫ا �ل‬ �‫ح��ل‬

217 A 19

� ‫ا �ل‬ ‫�ك�يڡ �ٯ�ٮ�ه ٮ��ٯ�ا ل‬

ʔal-katifu fīhi yuqālu

‘ “shoulder-blade” – it is called’

217 A 20

َ ‫�ڊ‬ ����‫ا �ل�ع ض‬

ʔal-ʕaḍd-

217 A 21

‫فق‬ ��‫ا ل�مر‬

‘upper arm from the elbow to the shoulder-blade’

ʔal-marfiq-/ʔal-mirfaq-

‘elbow’

ʔas-sāʕid-

‘forearm’

ʔal-ʔiṣbaʕ-

‘finger’

ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ufr-/ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ifr-

‘(finger-)nail’

217 A 22 217 A 23 217 A 24

‫�ڊ‬ ‫ا �ل��س�ا ع‬ ْ ��‫الا ��ص ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ ف‬ ‫ا �ل�������ر‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َ ْ َ‫� نْف‬ ‫ح����ر‬ ‫ ا نْ��ڊ َ��ت‬ ‫ �ب‬ ‫َق‬ �‫�ڊ ب‬ ��‫� ن‬ ْ ‫طر��س‬ ْ �ِ ‫ح ن����ط‬ ْ‫�ْ �ت‬ ‫�ح‬ �‫ح���م‬

‫�م��ت‬ ‫ وح �ك‬٢ َ ْ‫� �ت‬ � ‫�ع�ٮ���ج‬

ُ ُ ‫�ج�َر ر ه‬ َْ َ ‫م�مر‬ َ ‫ د �م�د ��س‬٢ ْ َ ْ‫َ ن‬ � ‫ح���ڊ‬ ‫ع‬ ْ َ‫�خ‬ ‫�ر‬ ْ‫ن‬ �‫ِا�ج‬ ْ‫ْ َ �ت‬ �‫ِا ��ص ب���ع‬ ْ‫ف‬ ‫طِ ����ر‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ḫanfar

*ḫänfär

ʔndbat

*ʔandäbät

qandb

*ḳändäb

ṭrs

*ṭərs

ǧinṭ

*gənč̣

ǧḥmt

*č̣əḥmät

2 wǧkmt/wḫkmt

uncertain

ʕnǧat

*ʕangät

ǧuraruh

*gʷäräro/*guräro/*goräro

mamar

*mämär/*mämmär

2 dmdas

*dämdäss

ḫandaʕ

*ḫändaʕ

ḫar

*ḫär/*ḫärr

ʔinǧ

*ʔənǧ/*ʔəǧ

ʔiṣbaʕt

*ʔəṣbaʕt

ṭifr

*ṭəfr/*ṣəfr/*č̣əfr

331

332

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 A 25 217 A 25A 217 A 26 217 A 27

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

‫�ڊ ر‬ ‫ا �ل���ص‬

ʔaṣ-ṣadr-

‘chest’

wa-yuqālu li-ṣ-ṣadri

‘and it is said for “chest” ’

ʔaṯ-ṯady-

‘breast’

ʔal-baṭn-

‘belly’

‫�ڊ ر‬ ‫و �ی��ٯ�ا ل �ل��ل���ص‬

‫ث‬ �‫�ڊ �ي‬ �‫ا ��ل‬ َ ‫��ط�ں‬ �‫ا ��لب‬

217 A 27A

‫و �ی��ق���ا ل �ڡ�ٮ�ه‬

wa-yuqālu fīhi

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 A 27 ‘belly’)

217 A 28

‫ا �ل��ٯ�ل�ٮ‬

ʔal-qalb-

‘heart’

217 A 29

‫الا �م�ع�ا ل‬

ʔal-ʔamʕāʔ-

‘intestines’

wa-yuqālu

‘and it is called’ (the second gloss to 217 A 29 ‘intestines’)

217 A 30

‫ق‬ ‫و �ی�����ا ل‬

217 B 1

‫ا ل��م�ع�د ه‬

ʔal-maʕidat-/ʔal-miʕdat- ‘stomach’

217 B 2

‫ا �لرٮ�ه‬

ʔar-riʔat-

‘lungs’

ʔal-ʔibṭ-

‘armpit’

ʔas-surrat-

‘navel’

ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣ahr-

‘back’

217 B 3 217 B 4 217 B 5

‫الا ب���ط‬ ‫ا �ل��سَره‬

‫ا �ل���ط�ھر‬

217 B 6

‫ا �ل���ص�ل�ٮ‬

ʔaṣ-ṣulb-

‘back-bone (particularly the lumbar part); loins’

217 B 7

‫ا �ل�ع���ج�ر‬

ʔal-ʕaǧuz-

217 B 8

‫ا �ل��ف�����خ��د‬

‘hinder parts, posteriors, buttock’

ʔal-fah̬ iḏ-

‘thigh’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َْ�َ ‫ ح‬ � ‫ح ب���ٮ‬ ‫دَ ت‬ � ‫ر‬ ّ ‫طِ ��ب‬ َ � ‫ح ْود‬

‫�خ‬ ‫�ر��س‬ ّْ ‫ِ�ل�ٮ‬ ْ َْ ‫�م‬ �‫ر ج‬ ْ‫َ ن�زَ ت‬ ��‫ح‬ � ْ َ‫َ�ق ق‬ ������� ‫�ج ح‬ ْ � ‫��س�ا مِ ��ب‬ ْ‫تَ�ْتَ�خ‬ � ����‫ح‬

َ ْ‫� نَْ ت‬ � ‫�ج �� ب��ر‬

َْ ‫�جِ��ٮ���ج‬ َّ َ ‫َق‬ ْ‫��ه‬ ‫���ط�ا ج‬ ‫ِ�م ْرط‬ ْ ْ َ�‫�ش‬ ‫��مره‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ǧaǧabt

*gäggäbt

drat

*därät

ṭibb

*ṭəbb

ḫawd

*ḫod/*ḫäwd

ḫrs

*ḫärs

libb

*ləbb

marǧ

*märč̣

ḥanzat

*ḥanžät/*ḥanzät

qaǧqaǧ

*ḳäč̣ḳäč̣

sāmib

*saməb

taḥtaḫ (?)

uncertain

ḥanbart/ǧanbart

*ḥanbärt/*gänbärt

ǧinǧa

*gənǧä

qaṭāǧǧah

uncertain

mirṭ

*mərṭ

šamrh

uncertain

333

334

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 B 9 217 B 10 217 B 11 217 B 12 217 B 13 217 B 14 217 B 15 217 B 16 217 B 17

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

‫���ھ‬ ‫ا �لر�كب‬

ʔar-rukbat-

‘knee’

ʔas-sāq-

‘shank; leg’

ʔas-sāqu ʔayḍan

‘ “shank, leg” also’

ʔal-qadam-

‘foot’

ʔal-ʕaqib-

‘heel’

ʔal-ʔunṯayayni

‘the two testicles’

ʔaḏ-ḏakar-

‘penis’

wa-li-ḏ-ḏakari ʔayḍan

‘and for “penis” also’

wa-lahu ʔayḍan

‘and for it also’ (a third gloss to 217 B 15 ‘penis’)

‫َ ق‬ � ‫ا �ل��س�ا‬ ً ‫ا �ل��س�ا ٯ ا ضٮ�����ا‬ ‫ا �ل��ق���ڊ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا �ل�َع��ق‬ � �� ‫ِ �ب‬

‫الا ٮ�ٮٮ�ٮں‬ ‫�ذ‬ ‫ا �ل� ك‬ ‫�ر‬ ً ‫�ذ‬ ‫�ر ا �ی ض�����ا‬ ‫َو �ل�ل� ك‬ ً ‫َو �ل�ھ ا �ی ض�����ا‬

ʔal-farǧ-

‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’

217 B 19

ْ َ‫ا �ل��ف‬ �‫��ر ج‬ ً َ ‫َو �ل�ھ ا ٮ���ص�ا‬

wa-lahu ʔayḍan

217 B 20

ً َ ‫َو �ل�ھ ا �ی���ص�ا‬

‘and for it also’ (the second gloss to 217 B 18 ‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’)

wa-lahu ʔayḍan

217 B 21

ََ ‫ا �ل�ع�ا ن��ھ‬

‘and for it also’ (the third gloss to 217 B 18 ‘pudendum, vulva, vagina’)

ʔal-ʕānat-

‘hair that grows above the anterior pudendum’

ʔar-riǧl-

‘leg’

ʔal-liḥyat-

‘beard’

ʔaḍ-ḍil(a)ʕ-

‘rib’

217 B 18

217 B 22 217 B 23 217 B 24

‫ا �لر ج��ل‬ ْ‫ا �ل��ل��� َ���ھ‬ ‫�ج ی‬

‫ا �ل�� ص��ل‬ ‫�ع‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ‫َ َْ�ت‬ ���‫ح��ل ب‬

ُْ �‫و ر ج‬ ْ‫َ َ َ �ت‬ �‫�ط��م‬‫�ط‬ ْ ْ �‫ اَ ن‬ ‫�جِر‬ َ َ�� ْ‫ح��ن‬ ‫س‬ �

ْ ْ ‫ُق‬ ��‫���ل‬ ‫ح‬ َ َ ‫ ج��لا‬ َ ْ‫� ْ ت‬ � ‫حو‬ ْ‫َ َ ت‬ ‫ررا‬ � ْ ‫ح‬ � ‫�م‬ �� ‫ ِ ص‬ ْ ْ‫قن‬ ‫ ِ��� ِ��طر‬ ْ َ‫�خَ نْف‬ ‫�����ر‬ ُ ُ ْ‫ح‬ ��‫ط‬ ‫�ر‬

ْ ُ ْ‫َ�ن‬ ‫ا �ـ��ج�ر‬ ْ ََ ْ‫�َ �ت‬ ���‫����سن����ح ب‬ َ ْ َ ْ � ‫�ع���ص���ج ��ب‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ǧalbat

*gälbät

wurǧ

*wärč

ṭaṭamat

uncertain

ʔanǧir

*ʔangər

saḫan

*säḫän

qulḥ

*ḳulḥ

ǧalā

*ǧälla

ǧawt

*ǧäwt

zarāt

*zärat/*žärat

ḥimṣ

*ḥəms

qinṭir

*ḳənṭər

ḫanfar

*ḫänfär

ṭuǧur

uncertain

ʔanǧur

*ʔangwər

šanaǧbat

*šänägbät

ʕaṣǧab

*ʕaṣgäb

335

336

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 B 25

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

� ‫ا �ْ ء ا �ل‬ ‫ح �� ا �ل����س���ا‬ ‫�سما و و س و ب ع‬

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔasmāʔu l-wuḥūši wa-s-sibāʕi ‘Names of wild animals and beasts of prey’ 217 B 26 217 B 27 217 B 28 217 B 29 217 C 1 217 C 2 217 C 3 217 C 4 217 C 5 217 C 6 217 C 7

217 C 8 217 C 9 217 C 10 217 C 11

‫ف‬ ‫ا �ل����ی���ل‬

‫�ڊ‬ ‫الا ��س‬ ‫�ن‬ ‫ا ل��مر‬

َْ ‫�ڊ‬ ‫����ھ‬‫ا �ل��ف‬ ْ ‫�ذ‬ ‫ا �ل� ٮ��ب‬ َ �����‫ا �ل�ض‬ ‫� بع‬ َْ �‫ا �ل ك‬ ‫���ل��ب‬

‫�ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح��ری�ر‬ ْ َ‫ا � ن‬ ‫ل����س��و ر‬ ِ ‫ا �ل�ع ك� ش‬ ��� ‫��ا‬

ʔal-fīl-

‘elephant’

ʔal-ʔasad-

‘lion’

ʔan-namir-

‘leopard’

ʔal-fahd-

‘lynx; lupus cervarius’

ʔaḏ-ḏiʔb-

‘wolf’

ʔaḍ-ḍab(u)ʕ-

‘hyena’

ʔal-kalb-

‘dog’

ʔal-ḫinzīr-

‘swine, hog, pig’

ʔas-sinnawr-

‘cat’

ʔal-ʕukkāš

‘honey badger’

‫�َْ ال ن‬ ‫ك �م��ن ا �ل‬ � � ‫ٮ‬ ‫ا‬ � ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ � ‫ع‬ � � ‫ا �سما ء ا‬ � ‫ح��یوا ں‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔanʕāmi wa-mā yuʔkalu mina l-ḥayawāni ‘Names of household animals and edible animals’

ََ ‫ا ��لب�ق��ره‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا ��ل�و ر‬

���‫ا �ل�ع‬ ‫ح�ل‬

‫ا �ل �ك ش‬ ����‫��ب‬

ʔal-baqarat-

‘ox, bull, cow’

ʔaṯ-ṯawr-

‘a bull; a cow’

ʔal-ʕiǧl-

‘calf’

ʔal-kabš-

‘ram’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ َ‫�زَ ُ �ن �ز‬ � �‫ح‬ ْ َ‫َ ن‬ ‫ا �ب���س‬ َْ ‫ٮب��ر‬ � / ‫ح��ن‬

‫ر و ج��ا ر‬ ْ �‫�زِ ب‬ َ ‫�ج�ِر �ى‬ ْ‫ش‬ ���‫ِو‬ َْ ‫�ره‬ ‫ِح‬ ْ َ‫�َع‬ � ‫ح�ا‬ �‫ج‬ ‫ف�َ�ا ڊ ت‬ � 

ْ‫ لاَ �ھ‬/ ْ َ‫لا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ََ ‫ ٮ�عر‬

‫ن���ا‬ �‫طِ ج‬ َ �‫ط�ا �ي‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

zaḫn/zaḫun

*zaḫn/*žaḫn/*zäḫon/*žäḫon

ʔanbas

*ʔanbäs

nabr

*näbr

zūǧār

*zogara/*zogarä

zib

*žǝb/*zeb

ǧarī

*ǧäri

wiš

*wǝš

ḥirah

*ḥǝra

ʕaǧāǧ

*ʕagač/*ʕaggač

fādt

*fadät

lāhm/lām

*lahm/*lam

baʕar

*bäʕar/*bäʕarä

ṭināǧ

*ṭənag /*ṭənaǧ

ṭāy

*ṭay

337

338

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 C 12 217 C 13 217 C 14 217 C 15 217 C 16 217 C 17 217 C 18 217 C 19 217 C 20 217 C 21 217 C 22 217 C 23 217 C 24 217 C 25 217 C 26 217 C 27 217 C 28 217 C 29

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا �ل�عٮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض ن‬ � ‫ا �ل�����ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا ��ل���ی��س‬

َ ‫ا �لوِع�ل‬ َْ ‫ا �ل��ط�بى‬ َ ‫ا �ل�دح�ا�ج‬ ‫�ڊ ی��ك‬ ‫ا �ل‬

ّ ��‫ا �ل‬ �‫�ڡر و ج‬ َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫ح���م�ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و ٮ��ق���ا ل �ل�ھ‬ َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ���‫ح‬ ‫ح�ل‬ ‫�ن ق‬ � ‫ا �ل�عر و‬ ُ� ‫ا �جل‬ ‫�و��لبَ��ھ‬ ْ ‫ا �ل�ع���ص�ڡو ر‬ ‫ا �ل��سم�ك‬ ََ ‫ا ��لن��ع�ا �م�ھ‬

َْ ‫ا �لو ب�ر‬

َ‫ث‬ ‫ا ��ل��ع�ل��ب‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-ġanam-

‘goats’

ʔaḍ-ḍaʔn-

‘sheep’

ʔat-tays-

‘he-goat’

ʔal-waʕil-

‘a mountain-goat’

ʔaḏ̣-ḏ̣aby-

‘gazelle’

ʔad-daǧāǧ-

‘cock, hen’

ʔad-dīk-

‘domestic cock’

ʔal-farrūǧ-

‘chicken’

ʔal-ḥamām-

‘pigeon’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’

ʔal-ḥaǧal-

‘partridge’

ʔal-ġurnūq-

‘stork; crane’

ʔal-ǧōlabah

‘wild dove’

ʔal-ʕuṣfūr-

‘sparrow’

ʔas-samak-

‘fish’

ʔan-naʕāmat-

‘ostrich’

ʔal-wabr-

‘hyrax Syriacus’

ʔaṯ-ṯaʕlab-

‘fox’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ‫ف�َ ق‬ �‫��ي‬ َ �‫ب�ج‬ ‫��ا‬ َ � ‫ٯي���ل‬ ْ ََ َ ‫ا �ج�ر ں‬ ْ‫َح�م�ھ‬ ُ َ ‫ڊ ْو ر ه‬ ْ‫َ ْ �نَ ق‬ � ‫ڊ ر‬ ْ ْ �‫طي‬ ‫طو‬ ْ‫�زُ ْ ت‬ � ‫ر‬ ْ ‫ْنَ ش‬ �����‫وح‬ َ َ‫�ز‬ ْ‫ح‬ ‫�ر‬ ْ‫َق َق‬ � ‫�و�ج‬

ْ‫ُ �ت‬ ���‫ب��ي‬ ِ‫ٮ‬ ْ‫َ ْ ف‬ ��‫�عو‬ َ ‫ِ�ع���ص�ا‬ ْ‫�خَ َ �ن ت‬ ‫�ر�ی��ا‬ � ْ‫ُ ش ُ�خ‬ ‫ا ��� ك‬ ���

ْ‫�َ�ھ‬ ‫َوا ��جل‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

fayq

*feḳ/*fiḳ

baǧǧā

*bägga/*bäggaʔ

fayyal

*fäyyäl

ʔaǧazan

*ʔagäzän

ǧamh

*gäma

dawruh

*doro/*doroho

darnaq

*därnäḳ

ṭwṭy

*č̣äwč̣əy/*č̣uč̣əy

zurt

uncertain

wḥnaš

*waḥnäš

zaǧar

*zägär/*žägär

qawqaǧ/qawqaḥ

*ḳoḳäǧ/*ḳoḳaḥ

buniyt

*bunnəyät/*bunyät

ʕawf

*ʕof

ʕiṣā

*ʕəsa

ǧaranyāt

*gäräñat

ʔuškuḫ

*ʔuškoḫ

wālǧah

*walga

339

340

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 C 30 217 D 1

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫�ن‬ ‫الا ر ��ب‬

217 D 9

ْ ‫نْن‬ ‫ا �ل������س���ا ��س‬

217 D 4 217 D 5 217 D 6 217 D 7

217 D 10

217 D 11 217 D 12

217 D 13

ʔal-ʔarnab-

‘hare’

ʔismu l-ḥayawānāti l-latī lā tuʔkalu ‘Name (sic!) of non-edible animals’

217 D 8

217 D 3

Translation of the Arabic entry

َ ��‫ح‬ ‫ا ��س ا �ل‬ � � ‫یوا ن�ا ٮ ا ��لٮ� لا ٮو‬ ‫كل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫َ �غ‬ ‫ا ��لب���ل‬ َ� ‫�ل‬ ‫ح���م�ا ر‬ ِ ‫ا‬ َ ‫َف‬ ‫�ع����و ا �ل���ص�عی��ر‬ ‫ا �ل‬ َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫�ڊ ا ه‬ ‫ح‬ ْ �‫ا � �غل�را ب‬ ْ ْ‫َ ق‬ ‫ا �ل���ص��ر‬ َ ‫َ�خ‬ ‫ا �لر �م�ھ‬

217 D 2

Arabic entry in transliteration

‫َو ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬ َ ‫ا �ل ا‬ ‫رٮ� ح‬

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬ ُ ُ ‫حَ�ٮ��ي�ن‬ � ّ‫ا‬ ‫م‬

ʔal-baġl-

‘mule’

ʔal-ḥimār-

‘ass’

ʔal-ʕafwu ṣ-ṣaġīru

‘young ass’

ʔal-ḥidaʔat-

‘kite’

ʔal-ġurāb-

‘corvus, or crow’

ʔaṣ-ṣaqr-

‘hawk’

ʔar-raḫamat-

‘vultur percnopterus, white carrion-vulture’

ʔan-nasnās-

‘monkey’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 9 ‘monkey’)

ʔar-rabāḥ-

‘ape’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 11 ‘ape’)

ʔummu ḥubaynin

‘chameleon’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ ‫َن‬ �����‫��ص‬ ‫ح�ل‬

ْ َّ َ ‫ٮ‬ � ‫ح�ل‬ َ ‫ا �خِ�یّ���ا‬ ْ َْ‫َ ن‬ ‫ و ���طر‬ َ ْ‫� �ت‬ � ‫َو�ج‬ َُ ‫�قره‬ ُْ ُ ‫�رك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ْ ََ� ‫ع�مر‬ ْ َ ‫و ٮ�ج‬

‫ط‬ ‫ط ْو‬

uncertain

ْ َ ُ� ‫ٯره‬

ْ َ َ َْ‫َ ن‬ �‫ا‬ � ‫ح�ا ��ج��ع�ل‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ṣanǧl

*ṣänčəl

baǧǧal

*bäč̣čạ̈ l

ʔaḥiyyā

*ʔaḥəyya

wanṭar

*wänč̣är

waǧat

*wäǧät/*wäǧǧät

qurah

*ḳura/*ḳurä

ḥurkum

*ḥurkum

ʕamar

*ʕamär

wanǧ

*wänč̣

ṭwṭ

*ṭoṭ

uncertain

uncertain

qurah/furah

uncertain

ʔanǧāǧaʕal

*ʔančačaʕal /*ʔanšašaʕal

341

342

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 D 14

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-burr-

‘wheat’

ʔal-ʕalas-

‘emmer wheat’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 16 ‘emmer wheat’)

ʔaš-šaʕīr-

‘barley’

‫ا ��سما ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�ٮوٮ‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ḥubūbi ‘Names of cereals’

217 D 17

ُّ ‫ا �لب��ر‬ ْ َ ‫�ع��ل��س‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ‫و �ی��ق���ا ل �ل�ھ‬

217 D 18

‫ش‬ ‫ا �ل����عی��ر‬

217 D 15 217 D 16

217 D 19

‫و �ی��ق���ا ل �ل�ھ‬

wa-yuqālu lahu

217 D 20

َ ‫�ڊ ��س‬ ‫ا �ل�ع‬

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 18 ‘barley’)

ʔal-ʕadas-

‘lentils’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 20 ‘lentils’)

ʔal-bāqilāʔ-

‘beans’

ʔal-lūbiyā

‘dolichos lubia; a species of kidney-bean’

ʔal-ḥilf

‘garden cress’

ʔal-ḥulbat-

‘fenugreek’

ʔal-ḫardal-

‘mustard-seed’

ʔal-mūma

‘flax’

217 D 21

217 D 22 217 D 23

217 D 24 217 D 25 217 D 26 217 D 27

‫َو ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬ ‫ا ��لٮ�ا ق��لا‬ ُ ‫ا �ل��ل ْو�ب�یَ��ا‬ ‫�ف‬ ‫�ل‬ �‫ح��ل‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ُ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫ح��لبَ��ھ‬ َ� �‫ا ل‬ ‫حرد ل‬ ‫ا لمو�م�ھ‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َ‫َ ن‬ ‫�ڊ �ى‬ ��‫����س‬ َ ْ‫حَ�ھ‬ ‫�ع‬ � ْ َ ‫ُ �ن‬ ‫ا �ب��ا ر‬

ْ َْ ‫ج��ٮ��س‬ ْْ َ ‫ا ح�ل‬ ْْ َ ‫�م��سر‬ َ ‫ق‬ ‫ٮ��ِ���لا‬ َ َ‫َت‬ �‫ع��ر ب‬ � ‫ح�ا ر‬ ُ‫ُ ن‬ ‫ا د �ج� َرا‬ ْ‫ف‬ ْ‫ف‬ �‫ �ِ�س‬/ �‫ِ����س�ٮ‬ ْ ‫�جِ�را ر‬ ْ ِ‫َ َ ف‬ � ‫ش�����ن���ا‬ ‫ح‬ َْ ‫تِ���لب��ھ‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

sanadī

*sänäde

ʕaǧah

*ʕaǧa/*ʕaǧǧa

ʔunbār

*ʔunbar

ǧabs

*gäbs

ʔaḫl

*ʔaḫl

masr

*mäsr /*mäšr

bqilā

*bäḳela

ʕatar bḥār

*ʕatär bäḥar

ʔadunǧurā

*ʔadungura/*ʔadungʷəra

šinf/šif

*šənf/*šəf/*šip

ǧirār

*girar

šanāfiǧ

*šänafəč̣

tilbah

*təlba/*təlbä

343

344

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

217 D 28

‫� ُ� ن‬ ��‫ا �لح��ل‬ � ‫ح�لا‬

ʔal-ǧulǧulān-

‘sesame’

217 D 29

‫ا �ل�د ر ه‬

ʔaḏ-ḏurah

‘millet’

217 D 30

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل ��ل�ه�ا‬

wa-yuqālu lahā

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 D 29 ‘millet’)

ʔal-filfil-

‘black pepper’

ʔal-kuzbarat-, ʔal-kuzburat-

‘coriander-seed; coriander-plant’

wa-yuqālu lahā

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 E 2 ‘coriander’)

217 E 2

‫ف ف‬ ‫ا �ل������ل���ل‬ َ ‫�ر ب�ره‬ �‫ا �ل ك‬

217 E 3

َ ‫َو �ی��ق���ا ل ��ل�ه�ا‬

217 E 4

َ ‫ا ��سما ا ��لٮ�ٯو ل َو�م�ا ا ��لی���ھ�ـ�ا‬

217 E 5

ْ ُ‫ف‬ ‫ا �ل�������ج��ل‬

ʔal-fuǧl-

‘radish’

217 E 6

ْ ‫ا �ل��لَف����ت‬

ʔal-laft-

‘turnip’

ʔal-h̬ ass-

‘lettuce’

ʔal-fūm-

‘garlic’

ʔal-baṣal-

‘onion’

ʔal-ǧazar-

‘carrot’

ʔal-malūh̬ iyyat-

‘Corchorus olitorius, or Jews’ mallow’

217 E 1

217 E 7 217 E 8 217 E 9 217 E 10 217 E 11

ʔasmāʔu l-buqūli wa-mā ʔilayhā ‘Names of vegetables and what is related to them’

‫�ل�خ‬ ‫ا ���س‬ ُ ��‫ا �ل��ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ َ ‫ا ��لب����ص�ل‬ َ ‫ا �ج�ل�ر ر‬ ‫ا لم��لُ �خ� َ����ة‬ ‫و ی‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ْ ُ ‫ُن‬ ‫��ھ‬ �‫� و ج‬ َ َ ‫�م�ا �شِ���ل�ھ‬

nuhūǧ

*nuhug

māšilah

*mašəla

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

barbar

*bärbär

wrdām

*wärdam

dim bilāl

*dəm bəlal

šabāyh/šatāyh/šanāyh/ šayāyh

uncertain

ḥaml

*ḥaml

ʕbar bar ʕabar

uncertain

naǧaw šnḫrt/naǧaw šnǧrt

*näč̣o šənḫurt /*näč̣o šəngurt

šnḫrt/šnǧrt

*šənḫurt/*šəngurt

dannik

*dännək

liḥat

*ləḥat

ََْْ ‫ب�ر ىر‬ َ ‫و رد ا‬ ‫م‬ َ ْ ‫دِ م بِ�لا ل‬

َ ‫ش�����َ�ٮ�ا ی��ھ‬ َْ ‫ح‬ � ‫�مل‬ ْ ََ ْ َ ْ َ ‫عب��ر ب�ر عب��ر‬

َ ‫�َ ْ ش�����ن����� ت‬ � ‫�جٮو �ج ر‬

ْ‫ش ن �خ� ت‬ � ‫��������� ر‬ ّ‫َ �ن‬ ‫ڊ ِ�ـ�ك‬ ْ‫�َ �ت‬ �‫ِ�لح‬

345

346

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 E 12

217 E 13 217 E 14

217 E 15 217 E 16 217 E 17 217 E 18 217 E 19 217 E 20

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

���‫ا ��سما ا ��لى�ا ڡ�ی الا ش‬ � ‫ح�ا ر و �ثم�ا ر �ھ�ا‬

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔasmāʔu l-bāqī l-ʔašǧāri wa-ṯimārihā ‘Names of the remaining trees and their fruits’

َ ‫ا ��لٮ��ل��س‬ َ َ �‫�ڊ ب�ا ء ا �ل�عر ٮي‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ّ ‫ا �ل��ل‬ ‫�یم‬ ْ َ ‫الا ج��ا �ص‬ ‫ش ش‬ ���‫ا لم������م‬

‫ا ��لت�وٮ‬ ْ َ‫� ن‬ ‫ا ل ِ�ع����ب‬ َ‫�ت‬ ‫ا ل��مر‬

ʔal-balas-

‘fig tree’

ʔad-dubbāʔu l-ʕarabiyyu

‘Arabic gourd’

ʔal-līm-

‘lemon’

ʔal-ʔiǧǧāṣ-

‘plum’

ʔal-mišmiš-

‘apricot’

ʔat-tūt-

‘mulberry’

ʔal-ʕinab-

‘grapes’

ʔat-tamr-

‘dates’

ḥašīšu d-dīnāri

‘hop’

217 E 22

‫ن‬ ‫�ش ش‬ ‫ح�����ی��� ا �ل�د ��ی��ا �ڔ‬ ْ َُ ‫ا �ل�ع���ج�و ر‬

ʔal-ʕaǧūr

217 E 23

ْ َ َ‫ش‬ ‫ا �ل������ج�ر‬

‘millet stalk without head and roots’

ʔaš-šaǧar-

‘trees’

ʔaṭ-ṭūlu mina š-šaǧari

‘the highest of the trees’

ʔal-ʔaṯal-

‘tamarisk’

ʕūdu l-qaṭrāni

‘the wood of the tar (juniper)’

217 E 21

217 E 24 217 E 25 217 E 26

‫ا �ل��ط ل �م��ن ا � ش‬ ‫ل�����ح‬ ‫�ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ثأ‬ ‫ال� �ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫��طرا ں‬ ����‫�عود ا �ل‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ‫��َ��سْ���لَ�ه‬ ‫ب‬ ْ‫ق‬ ‫���ل‬ ‫ِع‬ �‫� ب‬ � ‫ح�ا �ل�ھ‬ ‫�لِ�یم‬ ْ‫ح�ه‬ ‫ِٮ‬ ِ� ‫ا‬ ُ‫�خ‬ ْ‫� �َ�س‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ َ ْ َ� ‫�ع‬ ‫ح�ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫َ ْ��ن‬ ‫وی‬ ْ ‫بِ��ِمر‬ َ ْ‫ن‬ ‫�عر‬ ��‫ِ����س‬ َ َْ � ‫ب رع‬

ْ ‫ىر‬ِ‫د‬ ْ ‫ِر �ج��ٮ‬ ْ ْ َ ‫ ط���ج��ٮ‬ ْ ‫�ڊ‬ ِ‫ط‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

sablah

*säbla/*säblä/*šäbla/*šäblä

qilʕ

*ḳəlʕ

līm bḥālh

uncertain

ʔinǧih

*ʔənči

ḫūšam

*ḫošäm

ʕaǧām

*ʕagam

wayn

*wäyn

timir

*təmər

sinʕar

*sinʕar

barʕa

*bärʕa

dibir

*dəbər

ziǧb

*zəgbä

ṭaǧb/ṭaǧt

uncertain

ṭid

*ṭəd/*č̣əd

347

348

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 E 27

Arabic entry in Arabic script

َْ �‫ا ل�مر�عي‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-marʕā

‘pasturage, place of pasture’

217 E 28

‫�ڊ ر‬ ‫ا �ل��س‬

ʔas-sadr-

‘the species of lote-tree called rhamnus spina Christi’

217 E 29

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-ḥinnā(ʔ-)

‘Lawsonia inermis’

ʔal-quṭn-

‘cotton’

217 F 1 217 F 2 217 F 3–6

217 F 7 217 F 8 217 F 9 217 F 10 217 F 11 217 F 12

ّ ‫ا �ل�ـ��جِ� بَ���ا‬ ‫ا �ل��قُ����ط��ن‬ 

� ‫ا ��سما �ل�لا ٮ�ا وا �ل���س�هو ر والا �عوا والا �ع�ٮ�ا د وا �ل��ٯ��لٮ�ل وا �ل‬ ‫�كٮ�ٮر وا لم��طر والا ودى�ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬

ʔasmāʔun li-l-ʔayyāmi wa-š-šuhūri wa-l-ʔaʕwāmi wa-l-ʔaʕyādi wa-l-qalīli wa- ‘Names of days and months and years and feasts and few and numerous and

‫�ڊ‬ ��ْ‫ا �ل ِ�عی‬

‫�ڊ ا ��لٮ�ا �ٯو��س‬ ��‫�عی‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل������لی��ل‬ ‫�ل � ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫�ك�ی��ر‬

����‫ا �ل���ص‬ ‫� بح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و �ی�����ا ل‬

217 F 14

ْ َ‫ال‬ ‫م��طر‬  َْ ‫�ڊ‬ ‫ا �لرع‬

217 F 15

uncertain

217 F 13

ʔal-ʕīd-

‘feast-day’

ʕīdu n-nāqūsi

‘feast of the church bell’

ʔal-qalīl-

‘few; small, little in number’

ʔal-kaṯīr-

‘much; many; numerous’

ʔaṣ-ṣubḥ-

‘daybreak, dawn’

wa-yuqālu

‘and it is said’ (the second gloss to 217 F 11 ‘daybreak, dawn’)

ʔal-maṭar-

‘rain’

ʔar-raʕd-

‘thunder’

uncertain

uncertain

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َ ‫ا لمِی���د ا ں‬ َ ‫��طيَ���ه‬ ‫ ٮ‬ ِ

َ ‫َق‬ ‫��ا ج��ه‬ ْ ُ ‫�ن‬ ‫ا ����س��س�ل�ه‬ ‫�ط�ط‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʔlmīdān

*ʔalmedan

uncertain

uncertain

qāǧah

uncertain

ʔnsuslh

*ʔənsosla/*ʔənšošla

ṭṭ

*ṭəṭ/*ṭuṭ/*ṭəṭä

l-kaṯīri wa-l-maṭari wa-l-ʔawdiyati rain and streams’

َ ��‫ف ش‬ ْ‫ح�ھ‬ �ِ ‫��ا‬ � ْ َ‫ْ ق‬ ‫�مِ ��س���ل‬ ْ‫�تَ ق �ت‬ ���‫��ِ��ی‬ ْ ََ ‫ا ح�م�د‬ ْ ََ ����‫ط��ـ‬ ‫ بح‬ ‫ن‬ �‫ا‬ ‫رح‬

‫َ نَ�ا ت‬ � ‫ر‬ ْ َ ُْ ُ ���‫�م‬ ‫ح�ا‬ ‫ر�ج م‬ ْ َ ‫ڊ ٮ‬ ‫َو‬

fāšiḫah/fāšiǧah

*fašiḫa/*fašiga

misqal

*məsḳäl

taqīt

*täḳit

ʔaḥamd

*ʔaḥamäd

ṭabaḥ

*ṣäbaḥ/*ṭäbaḥ

zānḥ

*zanḥ

zanāb

*zänab

ruǧumǧām

*rugumgam

wadab

*wädäb

349

350

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

217 F 16

217 F 17 217 F 18 217 F 19

217 F 20 217 F 21 217 F 22 217 F 23

217 F 24 217 F 25 217 F 26 217 F 27 217 F 28 217 F 29 217 F 30 218 A 1

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ق‬ ‫و ٮ�����ا ل‬

‫ا �ل‬ � ����‫ح�ل‬ ‫یح‬ َ ���‫ا �ل��س‬ �‫ح�ا ب‬ ‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل‬ َْ � �‫ا �ل�ٮ���ج‬ ‫م‬ َ َ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل�������مر‬

‫ش‬ ‫ا �ل������م��س‬

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬ َ ‫ل��س����ت‬ ‫ا� ب‬ َ ‫�ڊ‬ �‫الا ج‬

‫الا ��ثٮ��يں‬ ‫ا ��لث���لث��ا‬

َ�‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر�بوع‬

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح���م��ی��س‬ َْ � ‫ا �جل‬ ‫����م�ع�ھ‬ َّ ‫ا �ل����سن���ھ‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

wa-yuqālu

‘and it is called’ (the second gloss to 217 F 15 ‘channel, river’ (?))

ʔal-ḫalīǧ-

‘canal’

ʔas-saḥāb-

‘clouds’

wa-yuqālu

‘and it is said’ (the second gloss to 217 F 18 ‘clouds’)

ʔan-naǧm-

‘star’

ʔal-qamar-

‘moon’

ʔaš-šams-

‘sun’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 217 F 22 ‘sun’)

ʔas-sabt-

‘sabbath, Saturday’

ʔal-ʔaḥad-

‘Sunday’

ʔal-ʔiṯnayni

‘Monday’

ʔaṯ-ṯulāṯāʔ-

‘Tuesday’

ʔar-rabūʕ-

‘Wednesday’

ʔal-ḫamīs-

‘Thursday’

ʔal-ǧumʕat-

‘Friday’

ʔas-sanat-

‘year’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

‫َش‬ ��� ‫�عوا‬ ْ َْ َ ‫طر‬ ‫طر‬ ْ‫َ َ��ن‬ ‫دب‬ ُ ْ� �‫ح‬ ‫م‬

�‫�و�ك‬ ‫ ك‬ ‫��ب‬ ََْ ‫و رح‬ َُ ��‫�ٯ�ـ‬ ‫حي���ٮ‬ ْ َْ َ ‫�ج��ٮ ب��ر‬ ْ‫َ نَْ�ت‬ ���‫��س�� ب‬ ْ َ‫َق َ َ ن‬ ‫��د ا ��س�� ب���ٮ‬ ْ‫َ ْحَ َ �ت‬ �‫ڊ �م�ا ��س�ٮ�ٮ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫��د ا ��س�ٮيُ��ه‬ ْ‫َ �ت‬ �‫ا ر ب��ع‬ ْ‫َ َ نَ �ت‬ ���‫ر و��س�� ب‬ َ‫قن‬ �‫ِ����ا �ي‬ ْ ََ ‫�ع�م�ا ٮ‬

351

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʕwāš

*ʕawaš

ṭarṭar

*č̣ärč̣är

daban

*däbän

ǧum

*gum

kwkb

*kokäb/*kokkäb/*kokobä/*kʷäkʷäb

waraḥ

*wäraḥ

quḥayt

*č̣uḥayt /*č̣uḥet /*ṣuḥayt

ǧanbar

*ǧänbär

sanbat

*sänbät

qadā sanbat

*ḳäda sänbät

daǧmā sanbt

*dägma sänbät

qdā snyuh

*ḳäda säñño

ʔrbʕat

*ʔarbaʕat/*ʔarbəʕat

rawsanbat

uncertain

qināy

uncertain

ʕamāt

*ʕamat

352

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 A 2 218 A 3 218 A 4 218 A 5 218 A 6 218 A 7 218 A 8 218 A 9 218 A 10 218 A 11 218 A 12 218 A 13 218 A 14 218 A 15 218 A 16 218 A 17 218 A 18 218 A 19

Arabic entry in Arabic script

ََ ‫��س�ٮت��ا ں‬

‫ٮ�ل�ٮ ����س�ٮ��ي�ن‬

‫ا ٮ ����سن����ی�ن‬ ‫رع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ح�م��س ����س����یں‬ ‫����س��ت ����سن����ی�ن‬

َ ‫ن‬ ‫����سب��ع ����س����یں‬ ‫�ثم�ا ن� ����سن����ی�ن‬ ‫�ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫��سع ����س����یں‬

‫ع��� ����سن����ی�ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫� ر‬

‫�ڊ‬ ‫ا �ل َوا ح‬ ‫�ث ن ن‬ � ‫الا ���ا‬ ‫ا ��لٮ��لث��ه‬

ََ ‫الا ر ب��ع�ھ‬ ْ َ� ‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح���م��س�ھ‬ ّ ‫ا �ل����ست���ھ‬

َ ‫ا �ل����سب���ع�ھ‬ ‫ا ��لٮما �ن�ی��ھ‬

‫ا �ل�ٮ��س�ع�ه‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

sanatāni

‘two years’

ṯalāṯu sinīna

‘three years’

ʔarbaʕu sinīna

‘four years’

ḫamsu sinīna

‘five years’

sittu sinīna

‘six years’

sabʕu sinīna

‘seven years’

ṯamāni sinīna

‘eight years’

tisʕu sinīna

‘nine years’

ʕašru sinīna

‘ten years’

ʔal-wāḥid-

‘one’

ʔal-ʔiṯnāni

‘two’

ʔaṯ-ṯalāṯat-

‘three’

ʔal-ʔarbaʕat-

‘four’

ʔal-ḫamsat-

‘five’

ʔas-sittat-

‘six’

ʔas-sabʕat-

‘seven’

ʔaṯ-ṯamāniyat-

‘eight’

ʔat-tisʕat-

‘nine’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ ََ ‫ٮ �ع�م�ا ت‬ �‫ح��ل‬ �

‫ن‬ � ‫ ��سو����س��ت �ع�م�ا‬ ‫ا ر ٮ�ع��ت �ع�م�ا ٮ‬

‫ح�م����س�ٮ �ع�م�ا ٮ‬

‫��س�د ����س�ٮ �ع�م�ا ٮ‬ ‫����س�ٮ�ع�ٮ �ع�م�ا ٮ‬ ‫�َ�س��� � ��ت �ع�م�ا ت‬ � ِ‫مِ ٮ‬

‫ٮ��س�ع�ٮ �ع�م�ا ٮ‬ ‫�َع ش��� �ع�م�ا ت‬ � ‫ِر‬ ْ َ ‫�ڊ‬ ��‫�ج� ن‬ ْ‫خُ َ�ت‬ �‫���ل‬ ‫��سو����س�ٮ‬ ْ‫َ ْ َ َ �ت‬ �‫ا ر ب��ع‬ ْ‫�خَ ْ َ �ت‬ �‫�م����س‬

ْ‫َ َ ْ �ت‬ �‫��س�د ����س‬ ‫��َ��س���ع��ت‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫��سمن����ت‬

ْ ْ� ‫ح��طِى‬ ِ‫�ز‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ḫalat ʕmāt

*ḫälät ʕamat

swst ʕmāt

*sost ʕamat

ʔrbʕt ʕmāt

*ʔarbaʕt ʕamat

ḥmst ʕmāt

*ḥamməst ʕamat

sdst ʕmāt

*səddəst ʕamat

sbʕt ʕmāt

*säbʕat ʕamat

saminit ʕmāt

*sämmənət ʕamat

tsʕt ʕmāt

*təsʕat ʕamat/*täsʕat ʕamat

ʕašir ʕmāt

*ʕaššər ʕamat

ḥand

*ḥand

ḫulat

*ḫulätt

swst

*sost

ʔarbaʕat

*ʔarbaʕat

ḥamsat

*ḥamsät

sadast

*sädäst

sabʕt

*säbʕat

smnat

*sämmänät/*səmmənät

ziḥṭiy

*zəḥṭəy

353

354

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

218 A 20

‫و �ی��ق���ا ل ل�ھ�ا‬

218 A 21

َ ‫ا �ل�ع ش���َره‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

wa-yuqālu lahā

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 A 19 ‘nine’)

ʔal-ʕašarat-

‘ten’

ʔal-miʔat-

‘hundred’

ʔal-ʔalf-

‘a thousand’

218 A 23

‫ا لم�ا ی��ھ‬ ‫ف‬ ���‫الا �ل‬

218 A 24

‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا ��سما الا ��س�ٯ��س�ا � وا �ل�ع���ا �صر‬

218 A 22

218 A 25 218 A 26 218 A 27 218 A 28 218 A 29

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔusqussāti wa-l-ʕanāṣiri ‘Names of the primary elements of the nature’

‫ا �ل ا‬ ‫رٮ� ح‬ ‫ت‬ �‫ا �ل��ر ا ب‬ ‫ا لم�ا‬

‫ن‬ ‫ا ��ل��ا ر‬

‫أ‬ � ‫ال� ر �ض‬

ʔar-riyāḥ-

‘winds’

ʔat-turāb-

‘dust, earth’

ʔal-mā(ʔ-)

‘water’

ʔan-nār-

‘fire’

ʔal-ʔarḍ-

‘earth’

218 B 1–2

‫ف ش‬ ���‫ا ��سما ا �ل��لٮو��س �م��ن ا �ل�ٮ�ٮ�ا ب� وا �ل����ر‬

218 B 3

َ ‫�خ‬ ‫ا لم������م�ل‬

ʔal-muḫmal-

‘a garment having nap on its surface’

218 B 4

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 B 3 ‘a garment having nap on its surface’)

ʔasmāʔu l-lubūsi mina ṯ-ṯiyābi wa-l-furuši ‘Names of clothes, from among garments and carpets’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

tisiʕat

*təsəʕat /*təšəʕat

ʕasir

*ʕasər /*ʕassər

ḫyā ʕamāt

*ḫaya ʕamat

bql ʕamāt

*bəḳəl ʕamat/*bäḳəl ʕamat/*bäḳlä ʕamat/*bäḳḳəl ʕamat

nfās

*näfas/*nəfas

ʕafar

*ʕafär

wḫā

*wəḫa

ʔsāt

*ʔəsat

midr

*mədr

ْ ُ َ ‫ط���ج�و ر‬

ṭaǧūr

*ṭägur/*ṣägur/*ṭägwr/*ṣägwr

ْ‫بِ�زَ ت‬ � �

bizat

*bəzät

ْ‫َ �ت‬ �‫ِٮ سِ�� �ع‬

ْ ‫�َع‬ ‫�� ر‬ ِ‫ س‬ ‫ح���ا �َع�مَ�ا ت‬ � ‫�ی‬ ‫��ٯ� �َع�م�ا ت‬ � ‫�ب ل‬

ْ ‫�ن‬ ‫��ٯ�ا ��س‬ ْ َ‫َ ف‬ ‫�ع����ر‬ ‫وح�ا‬

‫ا ��س�ا ٮ‬ ْ ‫�ڊ ر‬ ِ‫�م‬

355

356

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 B 5 218 B 6 218 B 7 218 B 8

218 B 9 218 B 10

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا ��لث� ٮ ا �ل �ٯ�ٮ‬ ‫و رع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل����وط�ھ ا �ل����رط�ا ��سى‬ ََ ‫ا �لِ�عما �م�ھ‬ ‫و �ی��ق���ا ل ل�ھ�ا‬ ْ ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل�������مي�����ص‬ ‫َو �ی��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔaṯ-ṯawbu r-rafīʕu

‘fine, thin garment’

ʔal-fūṭatu . . . 

‘waist-wrapper . . .’

ʔal-ʕimāmat-

‘turban’

wa-yuqālu lahā

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 B 7 ‘turban’)

ʔal-qamīṣ-

‘shirt’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 B 9 ‘shirt’)

ʔas-sarāwīl-

‘drawers, trousers, breeches’

218 B 12

َ ‫ا �ل��سرا ِو ي�ل‬ َ ‫��ه‬ ‫ا ��لتِ� �ك‬

ʔat-tikkat-

218 B 13

َ ‫ا لم��ق��ر�م�ه‬

‘the band of the drawers, or trousers’

ʔal-miqramat-

218 B 14

ْ ‫ا �ل��بر د‬

‘a coverlet for a bed; a thin curtain; head cover for woment’

ʔal-burd-

‘a kind of a striped garment’

. . . ʔal-ḥarīr-

uncertain

ġiṭā(ʔu) r-raʔsi

‘head cover’

ʔal-milḥafat-

‘piece of cloth which is used to wrap the whole body’

ʔaṯ-ṯawbu l-ḫāmu

‘unbleached cloth’

218 B 11

218 B 15 218 B 16 218 B 17

218 B 18

�‫ ا �ل‬. . .  ‫حر�ير‬

‫�ع��ط�ا ا �لرا ��س‬ َ ���‫ا لم��ل‬ ‫ح��ف���ه‬ ‫م‬

‫ا ��لث�َو ب� ا �ل‬ � ‫�خ�ا‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َّ ‫�ش�����م�ه‬

‫ف‬ ‫ا ���ق��َرط‬ ْ ْ‫قن‬ ‫��� بِ���ل‬ َ �‫�ڊ ا �ي‬ ‫�ٯ‬ ّ ْ‫ق‬ ‫ ��م�ٮِ��ي��سِ�ـ�ە‬

‫ح�ڊ �ع��ت‬ ‫م‬ �

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

šmmah

*šämma

ʔfqraṭ

*ʔafäḳäräṣ

qnbil

*ḳänbəl /*č̣änbəl

qadāy

uncertain

qmbīssih

*ḳämbissi

mǧdʕt

*məgəddaʕat

ْ ْ � ‫��سِ ر فِ�ل‬ ْ‫ق نَ ت‬ ‫ �مِ�������ا‬ �

sirfil

*sərfil

miqnāt

*məḳnat

ْ َ ‫َن‬ ‫�م����ح‬ �‫�َر ب‬

manḥarab

*mänḥarräb

marwī

*märwe

mandal

*mändäl

saliqay

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ْ‫ َق��� ��ن‬ ِ‫ط‬

qaṭin

*ḳäṭin/*ḳäč̣č̣in

َْ ‫�م�ڔ ِو �ى‬ َْ َ ‫�ڊ ل‬ ��‫�مي‬ ْ َ‫َ ق‬ ‫��س�ِ�ل��ى‬

357

358

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

218 B 19

َ ‫ا �ل ش���م�ل�ە‬

ʔaš-šamlat-

218 B 20

ْ � ‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح���صي��ر‬

‘a garment with which one wraps himself’

ʔal-ḥaṣīr-

‘a mat woven of reeds or of palm-leaves; a garment, or piece of gloth, ornamented and variegated’

218 B 21

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-ḥibaratu l-ḥarīru

‘silk garments of the kind called burd-’

ʔas-simṭ-

‘thong, strap’

ʔal-waḥfa

‘a piece of tanned leather spread under a small child to prevent his urine to wet his mattress’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’

ʔad-dirʕ-

‘a coat of mail’

ʔal-madās-

‘a shoe, sandal’

ʔal-ḥadīd-

‘iron’

ʔan-nuḥās-

‘copper’

218 B 22

‫ا �ل‬ � �‫حبَ��ره ا �ل‬ ‫حر�ير‬

218 B 24

‫ش‬ ‫��م��ط‬  ����‫ا �ل‬ َ َ �‫ا �لو‬ ‫ح��ف���ه‬

218 B 25

‫و �ی��ڡ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

218 B 23

218 B 26

‫ا ��د‬ ‫ل رع‬

218 B 28

‫ا لم�د ا ��س‬ ‫ن‬ � ‫ا ��سما ء ا ل��م�ع�ا د‬

218 B 29

َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫�ڊ‬ ‫�ڊِٮ‬ ‫ح‬

218 B 27

218 C 1

ʔasmāʔu l-maʕādini ‘Names of metals’

���‫ا �ل�ٮ‬ ‫ح�ا ��س‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

َ ْ‫� ق‬ ‫�جم‬ �

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

maḥq

*maḥaḳ/*maḥḳ

َُ ‫�م ش����ا‬

mušā

*muša

ُ‫َ ش‬ �‫�ب���و ٮي‬

bašūtī/bašūbī/bašūnī

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ْ ْ‫ُ ق‬ ‫ ط����ر‬ ْ ‫لِم�د‬

ṭufr

*ṭufr/*ṣufr

limd

*ləmd

ṭw frš

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

šmāmah

uncertain

brt

*bərät

sntāl

*säntal

‫ف ش‬ ���‫طو �ر‬ ْ ََ ‫ٮر ر ٮ‬

َ ‫�ش��ما �م�ه‬

‫� ت‬ � ‫بر‬

‫ ��س��نٮ�ا ل‬

359

360

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 C 2 218 C 3

218 C 4 218 C 5 218 C 6 218 C 7 218 C 8 218 C 9

Arabic entry in Arabic script

ْ َ َّ ‫ا �لر�ص�ا �ص‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔar-raṣāṣ-

‘lead’

‫ا ��سما ء الا لا ٮ ؟؟؟ �م�ں ا ل��م�ع�ا دں‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔālāti . . . mina l-maʕādini ‘Names of tools . . . of metals’

‫�ف‬ ‫�ل‬ ‫ح����ر‬ ِ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ح� �ل��ل��� ف‬ ‫ح����ر‬ ‫ا �ل��س��� �ب‬

‫ح ث‬ � ‫��س‬ � � ‫ح��ب ا ل�ر‬ ‫ا ل�مَرا ٲ ه‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا ��لب���ي��ر‬

ʔal-ḥifr-

‘plow, spade’

ʔas-saḥbu li-l-ḥifri

‘ploughshare’

saḥbu l-ḥarṯi

‘ploughshare’

ʔal-mirāʔat-

‘mirror’

ʔan-nafīr-

‘trumpet’

� ‫ ا ��لٮو ٯ ا �ل��طو ٮ�ل ا �ل‬ʔal-būqu ṭ-ṭawīlu ‫�كٮي��ر‬ l-kabīru

‘a long big trumpet’

218 C 12

‫ا ��لٮ ال �ع‬ ‫و ٯ ا وح‬ ‫ا لم��� ش‬ ���‫ح‬ ‫و �ی��ق���ا ل �ل�ھ‬

218 C 13

ْ َ َ‫ف‬ ‫ا �ل������ل��س‬

ʔal-qals-

218 C 14

َ ‫�ڊ‬ ��ْ‫ا �ل��ق��ي‬

‘a big rope made of palm leaves’

ʔal-qayd-

‘a shackle, fetter’

218 C 10 218 C 11

ʔal-būqu l-ʔaʕwaǧu

‘a curved trumpet’

ʔal-miḥašš-

‘a reaping-hook’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 C 11 ‘a reaping-hook’)

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ ََ ‫�عر ر‬

َ ْ‫ش ن‬ ْ‫��ه‬ ‫������� �ك‬ ْ َ ‫ڊ �ج�ر‬ ‫ُ ف‬ ��‫ �عُر‬ َْْ َ ْ ���‫�مِ �ٮ‬ ‫حت��و��تٮ�ه‬ ْ ‫حْ ت‬ ‫ِٮ‬ � � ‫ا ر‬ ْ َ َْ ��‫ � ط‬ ‫�ج ر ح‬ َ ْ‫ح�ا �ن�َت�َ�ه‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʕarar

*ʕarär

šnkah

uncertain

daǧr

*dägr

ʕuruf

*ʕuruf

minḥatwatyh

uncertain

ʔinǧrt

*ʔənǧərt

ǧarṭaǧ

*gärṭäč̣

ǧānatah

*ganäta

ََْ ‫�م�ع���ج��د‬ ْ ‫َ ْم ش‬ �‫و‬ ���‫ح‬

maʕǧad

*maʕč̣äd

wamḥš

uncertain

ْ‫)?( َ����ن‬ ِ‫ج ك‬

ǧakin (?)

uncertain

‫الا ��سر‬

ʔalʔasr

uncertain

361

362

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 C 15 218 C 16

218 C 17 218 C 18

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

‫الا ب�ره‬

ʔal-ʔibrat-

‘needle’

‫ا ��سما ا �ل‬ � ‫ح��سرا ٮ‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ḥašarāti ‘Names of small creeping creatures’

‫�ذ‬ �‫ا �ل� ب�ا ب‬ ْ ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل�����ع���مو�ص‬

ʔaḏ-ḏubāb-

‘fly’

ʔal-qaʕmūṣ

‘large, black ant’

ʔaš-šaḏ̣wat-

‘a kind of a black ant’

ʔan-naḥl-

‘bees’

ʔal-ǧarād-

‘locusts’

ʔad-dūd-

‘worms, grubs, maggots’

bintu wardāna

‘cockroach’

218 C 24

‫ا�ش‬ ‫��طوه‬ ���‫ل‬ َْ �����‫ا �ل ن‬ ‫ح�ل‬ ‫ڊ‬ ‫ا �ج�ل� َرا‬ ُ ‫ڊ‬ ‫�ڊ و‬ ‫ا �ل‬ َ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ب����ت و ر د ا ں‬ ْ َ‫ف‬ ‫ا �ل�����ا ر‬

ʔal-faʔr-

‘mouse’

218 C 25

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

wa-yuqālu lahu

218 С 26

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ه ا �ي ض�����ا‬

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 C 24 ‘mouse’)

wa-yuqālu lahu ʔayḍan

‘and it is also said for it’ (the third gloss to 218 C 24 ‘mouse’)

218 C 27

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

218 C 28

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-burġūṯ-

‘flea’

218 C 19 218 C 20 218 C 21 218 C 22 218 C 23

218 C 29

‫ا �ل��ْ �غ� ث‬ � ‫بر و‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

‫َ ف‬ ‫�م ْر��ا‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

marfā

*märfa/*märfaʔ

ْ َ‫�زَ �ن‬ ‫��ب‬

zanab

*zänäb

ṭāṭāt

*ṣaṣat/*č̣ač̣at/*ṭač̣at

ǧawnad

*gʷänäd/*gonäd

nub

*nub

ʕanbaṭah

*ʕanbäṭa

talaʕ

*tälaʕ

warab

*wäräb

ʕafr

*ʕafr

ḥayṭ/ḥanṭ

*ḥayṭ/*ḥayṣ/*ḥanṭ

ْ � ‫ح ن����ط َوه‬

ḥnṭwah

*ḥanṣəwa/*ḥanč̣əwa

َ‫َ ت‬ ‫ط�ا‬ ‫و‬ �

wṭāta

*wəč̣atä

ḥnzīz

*ḥənziz

qnāǧ

*ḳənač̣

‫ط�ا ط�ا ت‬ �   ْ َ‫َ ْ ن‬ ‫�ڊ‬ � ‫�ج�و‬ ْ ُ‫�ن‬ ‫��ب‬ ْ‫�َعنْ��َ��َ��ط�ه‬ ‫ب‬ ْ َ َ‫ت‬ ‫���ل‬ ‫ع‬ ْ َ ‫َو ر ٮ‬ ْ‫َف‬ ‫�ع����ر‬ َْ ‫��ط‬ ‫�ج��ٮ‬

‫��� �ي�ز‬ ِ‫ج ن�ز‬ ‫ق‬ ‫� ن���ا‬ �‫ج‬

363

364

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

218 D 2

‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل���م�ل‬ ‫ا� ك ن‬ �‫ٮ‬ � ‫ل�ا‬

218 D 3

�‫ا �ل ك‬ ‫�را ��س‬

218 D 1

218 D 4 218 D 5 218 D 6 218 D 7 218 D 8 218 D 9 218 D 10

‫ا �ل�ع��ق��رٮ‬ ‫ا �ل �ز‬ ‫وع‬

��‫ا �ل‬ ‫برم‬ ‫�ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح����س‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � ‫حيّ���ه‬ ‫ا � ض � ف���ڊ‬ ‫ع‬ ���‫ل‬

‫�ل‬ � ‫ا ��سما ا لم���ص�اع وا ح��لِى‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-qaml-

‘louse’

ʔal-kuttān-

‘bug’

ʔal-kurrāš-

‘kind of tick’

ʔal-ʕaqrab-

‘scorpion’

ʔal-wazaġ-

‘gecko’

ʔal-baram-

‘a kind of lizard’

ʔal-ḥanaš-

‘serpent’

ʔal-ḥayyat-

‘a serpent’

ʔaḍ-ḍifdiʕ-

‘frog, water-toad’

ʔasmāʔu l-maṣāġi wa-l-ḥulyi ‘Names of goldsmithery and jewel’ 218 D 11 218 D 12

‫ا �ل��سوا ر‬

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

218 D 14

‫ا �ل‬ ‫�خ�ا ٮ‬ � ‫م‬ ْ � �‫ا ل‬ ‫حر�ص‬

218 D 15

‫��ط‬ �‫�مر ب‬

218 D 13

218 D 16

‫��ه‬ ‫ا لم��س �ك‬

ʔas-siwār-

‘bracelet’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 D 11 ‘bracelet’)

ʔal-ḫātim-

‘signet; signet-ring’

ʔal-ḫirṣ-, ʔal-ḫurṣ-

‘ring; earring’

marbaṭ-

‘kind of silver jewellery’

ʔal-masakat-

‘a bracelet or anklet’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

‫ٯ��م�ا ل‬

‫� ن‬ ‫ٮ‬ � ‫ح�ا‬ َ ‫�ز‬ ‫�م �ج�ر‬ ْ‫َ �ن‬ � � � �� � ‫س‬ ‫ا جى‬ ‫�َ ش‬ ‫ ا �ل‬ ��� ‫ح�ا‬

‫�ن‬ ‫ا ش����ا ��س ح�ل�ه‬ ُ ْ َ� ‫ح ب���ا ٮ‬ ََْ ‫�ٯي�� ن���ه‬ ْ ْ ‫�َق‬ ��‫ ��ل‬ ‫ح‬

َ ‫�زَ ن‬ �‫�ج‬ ‫��ا‬ َ ‫َ �ن‬ ‫ا �ب��ا ر‬ ‫َن‬ ْ‫�َ�لَ�ه‬ �‫ا �ج‬ ْ ْ‫ن‬ ‫تِ��تِ��ل‬ َ ‫�ص�ا �ي��ب‬ ُ ‫�بو ر‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

qmāl

*ḳəmal

tḫān

*təḫan

mzǧar

*mäzgär/*mäžgär

ʔansǧy

uncertain

ʔlḥāš

*ʔalḥaš

ʔnšāš ḥlh

*ʔənšaš ḥəla

ḥubāb

*ḥubab

faynah

*fäñña

qalǧ

*ḳälč̣

zanǧā

*zänga

ʔanbār

*ʔanbar

ʔanǧalah

uncertain

tintil

uncertain

ṣāyb

uncertain

būr

*bor

365

366

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

218 D 17

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-ǧafnatu l-kabīru

‘a big bowl’

ʔal-ǧafnatu ṣ-ṣaġīru

‘a small bowl’

ḫawanǧah

‘a small table’

ʔaṣ-ṣaḥn-

‘a bowl, drinking cup, plate, dish’

ʔal-mikabbat-

‘lid’

ʔal-māʔidat-

‘a table with food upon it’

ʔal-kūr-

‘a blacksmith’s fireplace’

ʔal-ǧarrat-

‘a jar’

218 D 18

218 D 19 218 D 20 218 D 21

‫أ أ �ن‬ �‫ا ��سما � ل� وا ي‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔawānī ‘Names of vessels’

‫ا �ل‬ � � ‫ح��ٯ�ٮ�ه ا �ل‬ ‫�كٮي��ر‬

‫�ف‬ ‫�غ‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح�����ٮ�ه ا �ل���ص� ي��ر‬ ‫ن‬ �‫�خ�و�ج‬ ‫��ه‬

218 D 22

‫ح��ن‬ ���‫ا �ل���ص‬

218 D 23

� ‫ا لم‬ ‫�كبّ��ه‬

218 D 24 218 D 25 218 D 26

‫�ڊ ه‬ �‫ا لم�ا ي‬ ‫ا �ل ك‬ ‫�و ر‬ �‫ا �ل‬ ‫ح ّره‬

218 D 27

‫ا �ل��ٯ��ٯ�ه‬

ʔal-quffat-

‘basket’

218 D 28

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل‬

wa-yuqālu

218 D 29

‫َْ َ ن‬ � ‫ا ل�مرط ب���ا‬

‘and it is said’ (the second gloss to 218 D 27 ‘basket’)

ʔal-marṭabān-

‘porcelain vase’

ʔad-dūḥ

‘a big water container’

ʔal-qidratu fīhā luġatāni

‘a cooking-pot; it has two words’

218 E 1 218 E 2

‫ا ��د‬ ‫ل وح‬ ‫ن‬ � ‫ا �ل��ٯ�د ر ه �ٯ��ٮ�ه�ا �ل�عت���ا‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َ‫َ ن‬ ‫ �ج�و ��د ر‬

ْ‫ح ���تَ���ه‬ � َ‫ا‬ ‫ِ�ج �جِ ب‬ ْ‫َ �ت‬ ���‫ٮ��ڡِي‬ ْ َ‫َ �ْ�ل�ت‬ ‫وم‬ ْ‫َ َ��ْ �ت‬ �‫و �جح‬ َْ ْ‫ح ن���� َ��ه‬ �� ‫س‬ � ‫و بي‬ ‫� ت‬ � ‫�ل�يما‬

ّ ‫ �م�ا د ج��ه‬ ُ ‫�َره‬ ‫ح‬

‫نق‬ ‫�مِ �����ل‬ ْ َ� ‫ح ب���ا ر‬ ‫ٮ‬ � ‫حر �ل�ه‬

َ َ ‫�ج�و ج��ل�ه‬

‫�����ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫�مِ �� كي‬

‫�����ت‬ ‫ �ٮٮ كي‬٢

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ǧawndar

*gondär

ʔaǧiǧ ǧibtah

*ʔäǧǧəg gəbäta

taqīt

*täḳit

waltam

*wältäm

waǧaḥt

*wäč̣aḥt

wasḫnbyah

*wäsḫänbiya

līmāt

*lemat

mādǧǧh

*madəǧǧa/*madəčča

ḫurah

*ḫora

minql

*mənḳäl

ḥbār

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ǧawǧalh

uncertain

minkyt

*mənket

2 tnkyt

*tənkiyät

367

368

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 E 3 218 E 4

218 E 5

218 E 6

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا� � ن‬ ‫لك‬ � ‫��ا ٮو‬ ََ ‫ا �لر ب��ع�ه‬ ��َ�‫ا لم‬  ‫ح���م‬ ‫ع‬

َ �‫ا ل ك�ي‬ ‫م�ا ل ا �ل���ص�عي��ر‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-kānūn-

‘a fire-place’

ʔar-rabʕat-

‘a small round basket, covered with leather’

ʔal-maǧmaʕ-

‘a kind of box with several compartments to place different objects’

ʔal-mikyālu ṣ-ṣaġīru

‘small measuring vessel’

218 E 7

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ھ‬

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 E 6 ‘small measuring vessel’)

218 E 8

� ‫م�ا ل ا �ل‬ �‫ا ل كٮ‬ ‫�كٮي��ر‬

ʔal-mikyālu l-kabīru

‘big measuring vessel’

ʔal-mašanna

‘sieve’

218 E 9

‫ال ش‬ ‫م�����ن���ه‬

218 E 10

‫��ه‬ ‫ا ل�م ْر�ه �ك‬

ʔal-murhaka

‘hand mill used to grind grain’

218 E 11

‫�ڊ‬ � ‫ا لم��ل �ك‬

ʔal-milkad-

‘a thing resembling pestle, with which one bruises, brays or pounds’

ʔas-sirāǧ-

‘a lamp, a lighted wick’

ʔal-miġrafat-

‘ladle’

ʔal-milʕaqat-

‘a spoon’

ʔal-maqʕada

‘large blade fitted horizontally in a wide handle from edge to edge’

218 E 12 218 E 13 218 E 14 218 E 15

‫ا �ل�� َ ا‬ ‫سِ ر ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا ل���غم� َر��ه‬ ََ ‫�ع��ق���ه‬ ‫ا لم��ل‬ َ ‫�ڊ ه‬ ‫ا لم��ق���ع‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ َ ‫�م�ڊ ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫� فَ ن‬ ‫�ح‬ � ‫ح�����ا‬

ْ ���‫ش‬ ‫ِ�ج‬ �‫��ط�ا �ي‬ ‫��ٮ‬ ْ‫َ ْ َ �ز‬ � ‫�ڊ‬ ��‫حي‬ ُ �‫ُر‬ ‫ح ن���ك‬ ْ‫�تُ ْ ���ْ�ـَ�ه‬ ‫و �نِي‬ َ ْ‫ح‬ �ْ ‫َ�م‬ ‫رح‬ �‫َ ف‬ ‫��ط‬  ‫ و‬ ََ ‫�م ش����� ش���ر�ي�ه‬ َ َْ ْ‫� �ت‬ �‫�م ب��رح‬ َ ْ‫َ ن‬ ‫��ه‬ ‫�م�� �ك‬

ْ ‫قْ ش‬ ���‫�ِر‬ ْ‫�قََْ��ه‬ ‫ري‬ ‫و‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

mdāǧ

*mədaǧ(ǧ)/*mədač(č)

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

unknown

ḥaydaz

uncertain

uncertain

unknown

tuwniyah

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

wafṭ

*wäfč̣ä/*wäfč̣o/*wäfč̣e/*wäfč̣i

mašašryh

uncertain

mabrḥat

*mäbrəḥat

mankah

*mänka

qirš

*ḳərš

wqaryah

*wäḳärya

369

370

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-muḥrak- (?), cf. miḥrāk

‘kitchen utensil used to stir the dish cooked in a pot’

218 E 16

ُْ ‫ا لم���ج�ر ك‬

218 E 17

���‫ا لم��ل‬ ‫ح�ه‬

ʔal-malaḥḥa

218 E 18

َ ‫ا �لِ�عَرا ر ه‬

‘a flat pan used to cook pancakes’

ʔal-ġirārat-

‘a sack’

ʔal-ǧirāb-

‘a provision-bag for travellers’

ʔal-ǧild-

‘skin’

ʔal-minsaf-

‘sieve’

wa-yuqālu lahu

‘and it is said for it’ (the second gloss to 218 E 21 ‘sieve’)

ʔat-tawra

‘large basket or chest’

ʔal-munḫal-

‘sieve, strainer’

ʔal-miknasat-

‘broom’

218 E 19 218 E 20 218 E 21

�‫ا �ج�ل� َرا ب‬

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫�ڊ‬ ‫ح�ل‬ َ‫ن‬ ‫ا لم����سڡ‬

218 E 22

‫َو ٮ��ق���ا ل �ل�ھ‬

218 E 23

‫ا ��لت�و ر ه‬

218 E 24 218 E 25 218 E 26

218 E 27 218 E 28 218 E 29 218 F 1

َ �����‫ا لم ن‬ ‫ح�ل‬ ‫ا ل �ن‬ ‫�����س�ه‬ ‫مك‬

‫ت �خ‬ ‫ا ��سما ح�م�ا د ا � ا �ر‬

ʔasmāʔu ǧamādātin ʔāḫaru ‘Other names of inorganic things’

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح��ط��ب‬

‫خ ن‬ � ‫ا �ل�د ��ا‬

َ � ���‫ا �ل���ڡ‬ ‫�ج م‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح���ج�ر‬

ʔal-ḥaṭab-

‘firewood’

ʔad-duḫān-

‘smoke’

ʔal-faḥm-

‘charcoal’

ʔal-ḥaǧar-

‘stone’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ْ‫َ شَ �ت‬ �����‫�م‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

mašat

*mäšät

َْ ‫�ڊ‬ ‫�ع‬ ‫����ط‬ ‫�ِم‬

miṭʕad

*məṭʕad

ْ‫نَ َ ت‬ � ‫�ا ر‬

nārat

*narät

mašqant

uncertain

qarbat

*ḳärbät

wanfrqiyah

uncertain

warǧab

*wärgäb

daǧad

*dägäd

wanṭafah

*wänṭäfa

maṭraǧ

*mäṭräg/*mäṣräg

ʕanǧ

*ʕanč̣

ṭys

*ṭays/*č̣ays

ḫasal

*ḫäsäl

danǧ 2

*dängə /*dänǧ

ْ َْ ْ َ ‫�م ش����ڡ�ٮ�ٮ‬ ْ‫َقْ َ�ت‬ �‫ �ر �ب‬ َ‫ق‬ ‫َو �ن���ڡر�ي���ه‬ ِ َْ ْ‫� �ت‬ � ‫َو ر �ج‬ َْ َ ‫�ڊ‬ �‫ڊ ج‬ َ َْ ‫��ط���ڡ�ه‬ ‫َو ٮ‬ ْ َ َْ � �‫م��طر ج‬

َ ‫�ع�ٮ���ج‬ ْ ْ ‫ط��ي��س‬ ََْ � ‫ح��س�ل‬ َ ٢ ‫ڊ ٮ‬ ‫ح‬

371

372

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

218 F 2

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�ٮ�ل �ل�عت���ا ں‬

218 F 3

‫� لا ت‬ � ‫ا ��سما ا لم�ا كو‬

218 F 4

‫ح��ب�ز‬ ‫ا �ل‬ �

218 F 5 218 F 6 218 F 7 218 F 8

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-ǧabal- luġatāni

‘mountain: two words’

ʔal-ḫubz-

‘bread’

ʔar-ruqāq-

‘thin bread’

ʔal-laḥm-

‘meat, flesh’

ʔal-ḫafūš

‘dhura cake’

ʔal-milḥ- luġatāni

‘salt; two words’

ʔasmāʔu l-maʔkūlāti ‘Names of foodstuffs’

‫فق‬ � ‫ا �لر��ا‬ َ ���‫ا �ل��ل‬ �‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫�ف ش‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ���‫ح����و‬

‫ا لم��ل��ح �ل�ع�ٮ�ا ں‬

218 F 8A

‫ف‬ ‫و�ي���ه � �غل��ه ا �ي ض�����ا‬

wa-fīhi luġatun ʔayḍan

218 F 9

‫�ش ف‬ ‫ا‬ �� ‫ل���وا‬

‘and there is also a word for it’ (the third gloss to 218 F 8 ‘salt’)

ʔaš-šwāf

‘loaves of bread’

ʔas-sanbūsak

‘small triangular pie’

ʔar-raġīfu l-kabīru

‘a big round cake of bread’

ʔal-ḫubz-

‘bread’

ʔal-ʕaṣīdat-

‘a sort of thick gruel’

ʔal-bayḍ-

‘egg’

218 F 10 218 F 11 218 F 12 218 F 13 218 F 14

َ ُ‫ن‬ ‫ا �ل��س��ب�و��س�ك‬ � ‫ا �لر�غ� ي�� ف� ا �ل‬ ‫�كب�ي��ر‬

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح��بر‬ َْ َ ‫�� ي���د ه‬ ِ‫ا �ل�ع��ص‬ َْ � ‫ا �ل ب��ي�����ض‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

٢ ‫�ڊ ل‬ ‫ح‬

ǧdl 2

*gädäl

dnbr

uncertain

ʔinǧirah

*ʔənǧera/*ʔəngera

ṭabtah

*ṭäbta

saǧā

*säga

wāḥibh

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʕašb

*ʕašäbo/*ʕašəbo

ṭawh

*č̣äwä/*č̣äwa/*č̣o

ḥamizh (?)

uncertain

ǧāǧbah

*gʷaguba/*gʷagubba

ʔḥls

uncertain

ǧynǧar

*gʸənǧär /*gʸəñǧär/*gʸəñgʸär

ǧmfwʔ

*gämfo

qlālḥ

*ḳälalaḥ

‫دٮ�ٮر‬

ْ َ ْ‫ن‬ �ِ ِ‫ا‬ ‫حره‬ ْ‫َط�ْ�لت�َ�ه‬  َ َ�� ‫�جس‬ ‫��ا‬

�ِ ‫َوا‬ ‫ح ب���ه‬ ْ َ ٢ ‫حِ �ٮِ����س��ت‬ َ ‫�ع ش�����ٮ‬

ْ َ ‫طوه‬

َ ‫ح�مِره‬

� ‫ح�ا‬ ‫حَ�ٮ�ه‬ ْ َ ‫ا ح��ل��س‬ َ ‫�ج�ي�� ن����ح‬ ‫�ر‬ ‫ح�م��ق��وا‬

‫�ٯ� ا �ل‬ ‫لح‬

373

374

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 F 15

218 F 16 218 F 17 218 F 18 218 F 19

218 F 20 218 F 21 218 F 22 218 F 23

218 F 24

218 F 25

218 F 26 218 F 27

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا ��سا ا ل ش‬ �‫م���ر و ب‬ ‫م‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-ʕasal-

‘honey’

ʔan-nabīḏu l-ʕasaliyyu

‘mead’

nabīḏu š-šaʕīri

‘beverage of barley’

ʔal-mizrat-, cf. mizr-

‘a kind of beverage made of a kind of millet’

ʔal-ḥalīb-

‘milk’

ʔal-qaṭīb

‘soured milk’

ʔar-rāʔib-

‘thick, coagulated (milk)’

ʔas-sawīq-

‘meal of parched barley or wheat; a kind of gruel, or thick ptisan, being moistened with water, or clarified butter’

ʔas-sikkīnu wa-l-ǧanbiyyatu

‘a knife and a large bent dagger’

ʔal-ḫanǧar-

‘a knife; a dagger’

ʔas-sayf-

‘a sword’

ʔasmāʔu l-mašrūbi ‘Names of drinks’

‫ا �ل�ع��س�ل‬ ََ �‫ا �ل�ع��س�ِ�لي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا �ل����عي��ر‬ ‫ا ل�مِ�ز ر ه‬

‫��لن �ذ‬ ��‫ا ��ب�ي‬ ‫ن �ذ‬ ��‫�ب�ي‬

ْ َ� � ‫ا �جل�ِ�لي����ب‬ َ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل����طِ�� ي����ب‬ ْ َ ‫ا �لرا ��يِٮ‬ ‫ق‬ �‫ا �ل��سو�ي‬

‫ا � ا �ل��س� ا‬ ‫�سما ل ح‬

ʔasmāʔu s-silāḥi ‘Names of weapons’

‫� ن�������ة‬ � ‫ا �ل��س �كي�ن‬ ‫��� وا �جل ب ي‬ َ ‫�خ ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ ‫������ج�ر‬ ْ‫َ ْ ف‬ ���‫ا �ل����سي‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

mʕār

*maʕar

ṭǧǧ

*ṭäǧǧ/*ṣäǧǧ

ṭlh

*ṭälla/*ṭällä

saḫar

*säḫär

wtwt

*wätot

ḥayb

*ḥayb/*ḥeb

ْ‫ ط�����ن‬ ‫�ج‬

ḥaǧāt

*ḥaggat/*ḥaggʷat

ṭḥn

*ṭəḥn

ْ َْ‫َ ��ْ َن‬ ‫وس‬ � ‫ح�� ب���ل‬

wasḥanbal

uncertain

ṭālūqat

*ṭaluḳät

warmat

*wärmät

‫�م�ع�ا ر‬ ّ ‫ط���ج‬ ‫ ط�ل�ه‬ ََ ْ ‫�خ‬ ‫��س‬ ‫�ر‬ ‫ �ت ت‬ � ‫وو‬ َْ � ‫حي����ب‬ َ ‫�ح‬ ‫��ا ٮ‬ ‫�ج‬

‫َ ُ َق‬ ‫ط�ا �لو��ٮ‬ ْ‫َ ْ َ �ت‬ �‫و ر �م‬

375

376

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

218 F 28

Arabic entry in Arabic script

ْ ‫ا �ل�د�بو��س‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔad-dabbūs-

‘a mace of iron or other material’

218 F 29

‫ا �ل م‬ ‫رح‬

ʔar-rumḥ-

‘a spear, or lance’

219 A 1

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-qaws-

‘a bow’

ʔat-tarkāš

‘quiver’

219 A 2 219 A 3

‫ا �ل���ٯو��س‬ ‫ت‬ � ‫ا �ل��ر‬ ‫كا ��س‬

ʔan-nuššāb-

‘arrows’

219 A 5

‫ا �ل� ش‬ �‫ٮ����ا ب‬ ْ ‫ت‬ � ‫ا �ل��ر��س ا �ل‬ ‫�كب�ي��ر‬

ʔat-tursu l-kabīru

‘a big shield’

219 A 6

unknown

unknown

unknown

219 A 7

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

219 A 4

219 A 8

َ ‫ح�ا لا ٮ وا �مت���ا ل د �ل�ك وا ��جل‬ ‫ا ��سما الا ٮ�ا والا �ٮٮ�ا وا �ل�ٮ�ٮ�ا ٮ وا �ل�عما ٮ وا �ل‬ � ‫��ا ر وا �ل���ص�ا �ج���ب‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔābāʔi wa-l-ʔabnāʔi wa-l-banāti wa-l-ʕammāti wa-l-ḫālāti wa-ʔamṯāli? ḏālika? wa-l-ǧāri wa-ṣ-ṣāḥibi ‘Names of fathers, and sons, and daughters, and paternal aunts, and maternal

219 A 9

‫الا م �ل�عت���ا ں‬

ʔal-ʔumm- luġatāni

‘mother; two words’

219 A 10

�‫الا ب‬

ʔal-ʔab-

‘father’

ʔal-ʔaḫ-

‘brother’

ʔal-ʔibn-

‘a son’

ʔal-bint-

‘daughter’

219 A 11 219 A 12 219 A 13

‫ال‬ ‫اح‬ ‫الا �ب�ن‬

‫ا ��ل�� ن���ت‬ ‫ب‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ُ ُ ْ� � ْ � ‫�ج ر�ج م‬ ْ َ ‫ ح‬ �‫� ْر ب‬ ْ ََ َ ‫��ڔ ه‬ ‫رح‬ ْ‫َق َ �ت‬ �‫ �����س‬

ْ‫�� اَ َط�ه‬ ‫فِل‬

� ‫ط‬ ‫ح ن���ا‬ َْ ‫�ع‬ � ‫حره‬ ِ َ ْ َ� ‫�ر ٮ‬ ‫ �ج‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ر ر �ٮٮ�ه‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ḥurǧum

*ḥurč̣um

ḥarb

*ḥarb

uncertain

uncertain

qasat

*ḳäsät/*ḳäšät

filāṭah

*fəlaṣa/*fəlaṭa/*fəlaṣṣa/*fəlaṭṭa

ḥnāṭ

*ḥinač̣

ʕaǧrih

*ʕagri

ǧarnǧar

*gärängär

uncertain

uncertain

aunts, and similar? to that?, and the neighbor and the friend’

٢ ‫ا ٮ�ا ٮى‬ ‫ ا ٮ�د وٮ‬ ‫ّ �ت‬ �‫ا ب�ا ي‬ ْ ‫ا‬ ‫ِح‬ َّ ‫�ج �ل‬ ْ ََ ‫�ج�رد‬

ʔnātī 2

*ʔənnate

ʔndwt

*ʔəndot

ʔbbātī

*ʔabbate

ʔiḥ

*ʔəḥ

lǧǧa

*ləǧǧä

ǧarad

*gäräd

377

378

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 A 14 219 A 15 219 A 16

Arabic entry in Arabic script

َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫�ڊ‬ ‫ح‬

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�د ه‬ ‫ا �ل�ع‬ ‫م‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔal-ǧadd-

‘grandfather’

ʔal-ǧaddat-

‘grandmother’

ʔal-ʕamm-

‘paternal uncle’

219 A 17

‫ا �ل�عرٮ�ٮ �ل�ع�ٮ�ا ں‬

ʔal-ġarīb- luġatāni

‘stranger, foreigner; two words’

219 A 18

‫ا ��جل‬ ‫��ا ر‬

ʔal-ǧār-

‘a neighbour’

219 A 19

‫ وا �ل‬. . . ‫و�م��ن ا ��سما‬ � ‫ح�ٮوٮ‬ َ� �‫وا �ل‬ � ‫ح��س�ا والا �ع�م�ا والا �ص والا ٮ ك‬ ‫حراح ڡ�ى الا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬

wa-min ʔasmāʔi . . . wa-l-ḥubūbi wa-l-ǧirāḥi fi l-ʔaǧsāmi wa-l-ʔaʕmā wa-l- ‘And from the names of . . . and pustules and wounds of the bodies, and the

219 A 20 219 A 21

ْ ‫�ل �ف� �ل‬ � ‫حرا � ا‬ � ‫ح��س‬ ‫ا حي‬ ‫م‬ َ ‫�ڊ �م�ا ل‬ ‫ا �ل‬

219 A 22

‫ا �ل‬ � �‫�ڊ ر �ي‬ ‫ح‬

219 A 23

َ ‫�ل‬ �‫ا‬ ‫ح����صبَ���ه‬

219 A 24 219 A 25 219 A 26

‫ال �ص‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫�ذ‬ �� ‫الا‬ ‫ج م‬ � ‫ا ل�مر �ض‬

ʔal-ǧirāḥu fī l-ǧismi

‘wounds on the body’

ʔad-dimāl

‘ulcers, tumours, abscesses’

ʔal-ǧadariyy-/ ʔal-ǧudariyy-

‘small-pox’

ʔal-ḥaṣabat-

‘measles’

ʔal-ʔaṣamm-

‘deaf’

ʔal-ʔaǧḏam-

‘leper’

ʔal-maraḍ-

‘disease’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ‫ُ م‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ِح‬ َ ُّ ْ‫� �ت‬ �‫ ا �م ِ�ـ�ح‬ ْ ‫َر م‬ ‫ح‬

٢ ‫�ڡر �ز ا ں‬ ‫ٮ�ٮٮ�لا ٮ‬

ْ‫ �ق � َ�يٮ�ه‬ ‫ر‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʔumiḥ

*ʔumməḥ

ʔummiḥat

*ʔumməḥat

uncertain

uncertain

frzān (?) 2

uncertain

tnblāt (?)

uncertain

qrībah (?)

*ḳäriba

379

ʔaṣammi wa-l-ʔabkami blind, and the deaf, and the dumb’

ْ ‫صِ ��ل‬ ‫�ع‬ ْ َ‫َٮْن‬ ����� ‫�ج ح‬

‫�ڡ ب����ط�ا ط‬ ْ � �‫ ا ٮ ك‬ ��‫���ل‬ ‫ح��س‬ ََ َ ‫د ْو �ن��ق���ه‬ ََ ‫�ڊ ي��ه‬ �‫ ن‬ ‫�م��ط�ا ط‬

ṣilʕ

*ṣəlʕ

uncertain

uncertain

fnṭāṭ

*fänṭaṭä/*fänṣaṣä/*fənṭaṭä/*fənṣaṣä

ʔnklḥs

*ʔankälḥis

dawnaqah

*donäḳa

ndayah

*nädäyä

mṭāṭ

*məṭaṭ

380

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

‫� �ل‬ ‫ح�ٮ� وا �لولا د�ة ا �ل‬ � ������‫ح����� ا �ل ا ��ه ا �ل ص�ا ا لم�ل���� ا �ل��ڡ‬ ‫و�م�ا �هو ٮ�ٮ����س�ٮ �فى ا � ل‬ ‫و ي �ض و ر و ج ? و ?ر� ع و يح و ب يح‬

wa-mā huwa yansibu fi l-ḥabali wa-l-wilādati wa-l-ḥayḍi wa-z-ziwāǧati wa-r- ‘What is related to conception and birth and menstruation and marriage and

219 A 27

‫ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � � ‫ح�ا �م�ل �ل�عت���ا‬

ʔal-ḥāmil- luġatāni

‘pregnant; two words’

219 A 28

‫ا �لولا د ه‬

ʔal-wilādat-

‘birth; childbirth, parturition’

ʔal-ḥayḍ-

‘menstrual blood’

ʔaz-zawǧat-

‘wife’

ʔal-ʕirs-

‘wife’

ʔar-riḍāʕ-

‘sucking’

ʔal-ǧāriyat-

‘a girl or young woman; a female slave’

ʔal-qaḥbat-

‘prostitute’

ʔal-malīḥ-

‘beautiful’

ʔal-qabīḥ-

‘bad, evil, ugly, hideous’

ʔal-qublat-

‘kiss’

ʔaṣ-ṣibyān-

‘male children’

219 A 29 219 B 1 219 B 2

‫ا �ل‬ � � ‫حي�����ض‬

‫ا �لر وح�ه‬ ‫ا �ل�عر��س‬

219 B 4

‫ا �ل ض ��ا‬ ‫ر� ع‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�ا ر ى�ه‬

219 B 5

َ �����‫ا �ل��ق‬ ‫حبَ���ه‬

219 B 3

219 B 6 219 B 7 219 B 8 219 B 9

����‫ا لم�ل‬ ‫يح‬ َ ��‫ا �ل��ق�� ب����ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا �ل��ق�� ب���ل�ه‬

‫ا �ل���ص�ٮي��ا ں‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

raḍāʕi wa-l-malīḥi wa-l-qabīḥi suckling and the beautiful and the ugly’

٢ ‫�ل��ق��بَ���ه‬ ُْ ‫�ره‬ ‫َو ر ح‬ ْ ََ ‫ ح‬ ‫�را ��س‬ ُْ َ‫�ز‬ ‫ �ج�ع‬ ‫� ��ْ��س��ت‬ ِ‫م‬ ْ‫ش‬ ‫�م���ر‬ ْ ‫ت‬ ‫�ا ط��ب‬

lqbah 2

*läḳḳäba

warǧuzh

*wärguza

ḥarās

*ḥaras

zaʕuǧ

uncertain

mist

*mist/*məst/*məšt/*mišt/*mišti

mšr

*mušru/*mušrə

tāṭb

*taṭäb

ǧāfh

*gafa

ْ‫�ز ا �َّم�ه‬

zāmmah

*zamma

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

bīs

*bis

ʔsʕim

*ʔəsəʕəm

lǧāǧ

*ləǧač

‫ف‬ ‫ح�ا ��ه‬

ْ ‫بِ��ي��س‬ ْ �‫ا ��س‬ ‫عِ م‬ ‫�ل‬ � ‫ح�ا‬ �‫ج‬

381

382

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

219 B 10

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

219 B 11

‫ا ��لٮ�ڡ��س‬

ʔan-nafs-

‘soul’

‫ا �ل�ٮ�ٮوٮ وا لم��س�ا ح�د وا لم�د ا ر��س وا ��لٮ�لا د والا �ص��ط�ٮ�لا ٮ والا ��سوا ٯ‬

ʔal-buyūtu wa-l-masāǧidu wa-l-madārisu wa-l-bilādu wa-l-ʔiṣṭablātu wa-l- ‘Houses, places of worship, places of study, cities, stables and markets’ 219 B 12

‫�ڊ‬ ‫ا ��لبَ��ل‬

ʔal-balad-

‘country, land; town, village’

219 B 13

���‫ا لم��س‬ ‫ح�د‬

ʔal-masǧid-

‘mosque, house of prayer’

219 B 14

‫ا لم�د ر ��س�ه‬

ʔal-madrasat-

‘a place of reading, or study’

219 B 15

‫الا �ص��ط�ٮ�ل‬

ʔal-ʔiṣṭabl-

‘stable’

ʔad-dakkat-

‘an elevated place, a flattopped structure upon which one sits’

ʔal-ǧidār-

‘wall’

ʔas-sūq-

‘a market, mart or fair, a place in which commerce is carried on’

219 B 16

219 B 17 219 B 18

219 B 19

‫��ه‬ ‫�ڊ ك‬ ‫ا �ل‬

ْ َ� ‫ا �ل‬ ‫�ڊ ا ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ُ ق‬ � ‫ا �ل��سو‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�ا و�م�ا ا ��لٮ�ه‬ ‫م‬

ʔal-ḫāmu wa-mā ʔilayhi ‘The tent? and what is related to it’

‫م‬ 219 B 20 219 B 21

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫�خ�ا‬

uncertain

‫ن‬ ِ‫ا �ل��ص‬ � ‫� َوا‬

ʔal-ḫām-

‘a tent’

uncertain

uncertain

ʔaṣ-ṣiwān-

‘a repository for a garment’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

wazan

*wäzän

uncertain

uncertain

byt ḫstān/byt ḫsyān

*betä ḫəstan/ *betäḫsiyan

qrmān

uncertain

dās

*das

mrḥbah

uncertain

ǧwl

*gwäl

ǧbyah

*gäbäya

kiršim

unсertain

dbtrah

*däbtära

ṭlālmwt

*č̣əlal mot

ْ‫َ َ ن‬ �‫ور‬

ʔaswāqu

َ� ‫حي���ا ر��س‬

� ‫ٮ�ٮ�ٮ‬ ‫ح����س�ٮ�ا ں‬

‫ق ن‬ � ‫�ر�م�ا‬ ْ ‫د ا ��س‬

�‫�مر‬ ‫حبَ���ه‬ ْ � ‫حو ل‬ ‫�ج�ي��يَ���ه‬

��‫� �ش‬ ‫كِر ِ م‬ ْ َ‫ت‬ ‫د ب���ره‬

‫ ط�لا لم ت‬ � ‫ و‬

383

384

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

219 B 22

‫م‬

ʕūdu l-ḫāmi

‘the stalk of a tent’

ʔal-miḫaddat-

‘a pillow or cushion’

ʔal-firāš-

‘a thing that is spread for one to sit or lie upon; a bed’

219 B 23

‫�عود ا �ل‬ � ‫�خ�ا‬ َّ ���‫ا لم‬ ‫ح�د ه‬

219 B 24

‫ف‬ ‫ا �ل����را ��س‬

219 B 25

‫ح�ٮ�ا ل وا �ل‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � � ‫ح�ٮوط‬

ʔal-ḥibālu wa-l-ḫuyūṭu ‘Ropes and threads’

‫�ل� ق‬ � ‫ح ب���ا ل ا‬ � ‫حر‬ 219 B 26

‫ق �غ ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ � � ‫ح ب���ا ل �م��ط��ل���ا �ل� ت���ا‬

219 B 27

���‫ا ��سما �م�ا ٮ�عم�ل�ه ا �ل�ٮ‬ ‫ح�ا ر‬

219 B 29

‘ropes for binding’

ʔal-ḥibālu muṭlaqan luġatāni

‘ropes in general; two words’

ʔasmāʔu mā yaʕmaluhu n-nağğāru ‘Names of what the carpenter makes’

‫ا لم�ض�������م�د‬ 219 B 28

ḥibālu l-ḥazqi

‫ا �ل��ق���ع�ا د ه‬ َ �‫ا ��لب��ا ب‬

ʔal-miḍmad

‘yoke’

ʔal-qaʕāda

‘seat or couch’

ʔal-bāb-

‘door’

219 B 30

‫و �ی��ڡ�ا ل‬

wa-yuqālu

219 C 1

ّ ‫ب�ا ب� ا �ل��سر‬

‘and it is said’ (the second gloss to 219 B 29 ‘door’)

bābu s-sirri

‘a secret door’

ʔal-ʕāǧ-

‘ivory, elephant’s bone’

219 C 2

‫ا �ل�ع�ا‬ �‫ج‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ‫َ ��لتَ��ه‬ ‫و‬ ُْ ُ ‫ي�رك‬ ‫م‬ ْ َ ��‫ ط����ط‬ ‫ي ح‬

‫��ڡ�ع��ت‬ ‫و‬ ٢ ‫ود ر‬ ‫ح�م�د‬

َْ ‫قن‬ ‫ ��� ب��ر‬ ْ ‫َ�ز ش‬ ��� ‫�ع‬ ‫َ ق‬ �‫ ��س�ا ِٮ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫��ه‬ ‫���ي��س �ك‬ ‫�شِ��رط‬ ُ َ ْ‫َق‬ ْ� ‫��ٮ�د ر‬ ‫ح�ں‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

waltah

*wälta

burkum

*burkum

ṭyṭaḥ

uncertain

wqʕt/wfʕt

uncertain

wdr 2

*wädärä

ǧmd

*gämäd

qnbar

*ḳänbär

ʕarš

*ʕarš

sāniq

*sanəḳ/*sanəḳä

qyskh

uncertain

širṭ

*šərṭ

qanda zḫun

*ḳändä zəḫon

385

386

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 C 3

Arabic entry in Arabic script

ّ ‫ا ر ٮ�ا ٮ ا �ل�د وا ٮ‬

219 C 5

‘dung of a camel’

uncertain

uncertain

ʔal-ʔabyaḍ-

‘white’

ʔal-ʔaḫḍar-

‘green, verdant; of a dark or an ashy, dast-colour; applied to a man: tawny, or brownish, black, black-complexioned’

ʔal-ʔaswad-

‘black’

ʔal-ǧadīd-

‘new’

ʔal-ʔalwānu ‘The colors’

� ‫الا �ٮي����ض‬

219 C 7

‫الا � ض‬ ‫ح����ر‬

219 C 8

‫الا ��سود‬

219 C 9

rawṯu l-baʕīri

‫�غ‬ ‫� ا �ل�خ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫��ٮ�ل وا ��لب���ا ل‬ ‫ ر و‬rawṯu l-ḫayli wa-l-biġāli ‘dung of horses, mules and � ‫ل‬ � ‫ا‬ �� ‫م‬ � ‫ح‬ wa-l-ḥamīri donkeys’ �� ‫و ير‬ ‫ن‬ � ‫الا �لوا‬

uncertain 219 C 6

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔaryāṯu d-dawābbi ‘Dung of household animals’

‫ر وٮ ا ��لٮ�عي��ر‬

219 C 4

Arabic entry in transliteration

‫ا �ل‬ � ‫ح�دٮ�د‬

219 C 10

‫��د ا ٮ وا �ل����سي����ط�ا ں وا �ل‬ � ‫�ر وا ��لٮ�ا ح‬ ‫ح��ن وا �ل��س�ا ح‬ ‫ا ��سما ء ا �ل��ڡ����ڡ�ه�ا ء وا �ل ك‬ ‫��ٮ�ٮ وا ��ل�ٮ�هود �ى وا �ل �ك‬ ‫�ر‬

219 C 11

�‫ا � كٮ‬ �‫ل�ا ب‬

219 C 12 219 C 13

ʔasmāʔu l-fuqahāʔi wa-l-kutubi wa-l-yahūdiyyi wa-l-kaḏḏābi wa-š-šayṭāni wa-l- ‘Names of the legists, the books, the Jew, the liar, the Devil, the evil spirit,

‫ا ل��م�ع��ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا �ل��ف����ق��ي���ه‬

ʔal-kitāb-

‘a book’

ʔal-muʕallim-

‘teacher’

ʔal-faqīh-

‘one posessing knowledge’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ُ ْ َ� ‫ح ب���ٮ‬ ْ ‫فن‬ ‫�ڊ �ى‬ � ‫��ا‬

ْ‫َق‬ ��‫ ���ي‬ ‫ح‬ ْ ‫�نَ ق‬ ������ ‫ِح‬ َّ ‫ط‬ ‫ �يم‬

ْ ُّ ‫ط���ڡِ�ـ�ر‬ َّ ْ � ‫ح‬ �� ‫�ه�ـ� س‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ḫubat

*ḫubät

fāndy

*fandəy/*fandiy

qayḥ

*ḳäyḥ/*ḳeḥ

naqiḥ

*näč̣iḥ/*näṣiḥ

ṭayym

*ṭäyyəm

ṭuqqir

*ṭuḳḳər

haǧǧs

*haǧǧəs /*hagəs

ğinni wa-s-sāḥiri wa-t-tāğiri the sorcerer and the trader’

َْ ْ ���‫�م��ط‬ ‫ح��ڡ‬ ِ َ ْ ْ‫ د ا �ع َ ن��ه‬ ‫و‬ ْ ‫ق‬ ‫ ���ي��س‬

miṭḥaf

*məṭḥaf/*məṣḥaf

dāʕwanh

uncertain

qys

*ḳes

387

388

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

219 C 14

‫ا �ل�� ص�ا �ل‬ ‫�ح‬

ʔaṣ-ṣāliḥ-

‘good, incorrupt, right, just, righteous, virtuous, honest’

219 C 15

‫ا �ل��س�ا ح‬ ‫�ر‬

ʔas-sāḥir-

‘an enchanter’

ʔal-yahūdiyy-

‘Jew’

ʔal-kaḏḏāb-

‘liar’

219 C 17

�‫ا ��لي���هود �ي‬ ‫� ��ذ‬ ‫ال ك‬ �‫�� ا ب‬

219 C 18

uncertain

uncertain

uncertain

219 C 19

‫ق‬ � ‫ا �ل��س�ا ر‬

ʔas-sāriq-

‘thief’

ʔat-tāǧir-

‘a merchant’

ʔas-saʕīd-

‘prosperous, fortunate, happy’

219 C 16

219 C 21

‫ت‬ ‫ا ��ل��ا �ج�ر‬ ْ َ ‫�ڊ‬ ��‫ا �ل��س ِ�عي‬

219 C 22

‫� ف‬ ��‫ا لم‬ �� ‫ح�ا ر‬

ʔal-muḥāraf-

219 C 23

‫ح��ن‬ ‫ا �ل‬ �

‘prevented from obtaining goods; withheld from good fortune’

ʔal-ǧinn-

‘the genii’

ʔal-maǧnūn-

‘possessed by a devil, or demon’

ʔal-ʕāšiq-

‘loving excessively’

ʔas-sayyid-

‘a chief, lord, or master’

219 C 20

219 C 24

���‫ا لم‬ ‫ح ن��و ں‬

219 C 25

‫شق‬ ���� ‫ا �ل�ع�ا‬

219 C 26

‫ا �ل����سي���د‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

ْ ‫ُ اَ � ش‬ ِ ‫�م�ل‬ ���‫ح‬ َ ََ ‫�ڊ ا لى‬ ‫ح‬ ْ ُ ‫د ��حِ�عيَ���ه‬ ْ ّ‫�خ ش‬ ‫�����ا‬ �‫ج‬ َّ ٢ ‫لم�ا ج‬ �

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

mulāḫiš

*molaḫʷəš

ǧadālay

*gädale

duǧʕiyah

uncertain

ḫššāǧ

uncertain

lammāǧ 2

uncertain

ʔlqlāwǧ

uncertain

‫ا �ل��ڡ� ا‬ ‫ل وح‬ ََْ ‫ �لي�� ب���ه‬ ْ‫��ا دَ َٮ�ه‬ ‫�جٮ‬

laybah

*leba

nǧādayah

*nägadäyä

‫ح��بر‬

ḫbr

*ḫəbər

ْ ْ‫�َ�ه‬ ‫ �زَ �جٮ‬

zayǧah

*zega

zār

*zar

ʕabd

*ʕabd

ʕasāll

uncertain

rayǧah

uncertain

ْ َ‫�ز‬ ‫ار‬ ْ َ ‫�ڊ‬ ��ْ‫�عي‬ ََ ‫�ع��س�ا �ل�ل‬ ْ ْ‫�َ�ه‬ �‫َري�ج‬

389

390

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 C 27

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫ا ��سا ا ٮ�ا ٮ ا �ل����ص�ٮ�ا ع�ا ت‬ � ‫م ر‬

219 C 29

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔasmāʔu ʔarbābi ṣ-ṣināʕāti ‘Names of the owners of the crafts’

َ� ‫ا ل‬ � ‫ڊ‬ ‫ح�د ا‬ 219 C 28

Arabic entry in transliteration

ʔal-ḥaddād-

‫ا ��سما ا ر ٮ�ا ٮ ا �ل��س��ل��ط ن���ه‬

‘a black-smith; a worker in iron’

ʔasmāʔu ʔarbābi s-salṭanati ‘Names of the owners of the power’

‫ن‬ � ‫ا �ل��س��ل��ط�ا‬

ʔas-sulṭān-

‫�ز‬ ‫ا �لو ي�ر‬

‘a ruler, or governor, or king’

ʔal-wazīr-

‘vizier’

219 D 1

‫الا �مي��ر‬

ʔal-ʔamīr-

219 D 2

‫نق‬ ‫ا ��ل���ي����ب‬

‘a commander, a governor; a prince, or a king’

ʔan-naqīb-

‘the intendant, superintendant, overseer’

ʔal-ʕaskar-

‘an army’

ʔaʕṭi

‘give!’

nāwilnī

‘give me!’

ʔiḏbaḥ

‘slaughter!’

ʕuddu

‘count!’

219 D 3 219 D 4

�‫ا �ل�ع��س ك‬ ‫�ر‬ ْ ‫ا ��سما الا ��ڡ�ع�ا ل‬

ʔasmāʔu l-ʔafʕāli ‘Names of verbs’

‫ا �ع��ط‬ 219 D 5 219 D 6 219 D 7

‫�ل�ن‬ �‫ٮ�ا و � ي‬ � ‫اد‬ ‫بح‬ ‫�ڊ‬ ‫ع‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ْ‫َ� ْ �ن�ْ َ��ه‬ ‫ب ر تِ ي‬

bar tinyah

*bärtəñña

ْ ْ�ُ‫ن‬ � ‫ح��س‬

nuǧs

*nugs/*nugʷs

‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ ��ا‬ ‫ا ٮ�ز ه‬

qāṭ

*ḳaṭ/*ḳaṣ

uncertain

unknown

َْ ُ ‫�ج�و��يى�ه‬

ǧūytah

*goyta

ْ ْ َ‫�ز‬ ‫ ي�ر‬

zayr

uncertain

‫��س��ط‬

sṭ

*səṭ

ʔslq

uncertain

ḥarrid

*ḥarrəd

fqd

*fəḳäd

‫ا ��س��لٯ‬ َّ ‫ڊ‬ �‫�ج��ـ‬ ِ‫�ز‬ ‫ف‬ ‫�ڊ‬ ��‫���ق‬

391

392

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 D 8 219 D 9 219 D 10 219 D 11 219 D 12

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫���ن‬ ‫ا ��جع‬

ْ ‫َخ‬ ‫ا ���ل���ص‬ ‫ق‬ � ‫ا � ب�����ض‬ ‫ ا ح��ب�ز‬

‫ا خ���ل‬ ‫ع‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

ʔiʕǧin

‘knead!’

ʔaḫliṣ

‘flay!’

ʔiqbaḍ

‘grasp!’

ʔiḫbaz

‘make bread!’

ʔiḫlaʕ

‘take off, remove!’

219 D 13

�‫ا‬ ‫كل �ل�ع�ٮ�ا ں‬

ʔakala luġatāni

‘he ate; two words’

219 D 14

‫ا �مرط‬

ʔumruṭ

‘swallow!’

ʔišrab

‘drink!’

219 D 15

�‫ا �ش��ر ب‬

219 D 16

‫ا ر �ڡ�د �ل�ع�ٮ�ا ں‬

ʔurqud luġatāni

‘sleep! two words’

219 D 17

‫ح��ن‬ ���‫ا ط‬

ʔiṭḥan

‘grind!’

qum

‘stand up!’

ʔirfaʕ

‘raise!’

ʔiqʕad

‘sit!’

219 D 18 219 D 19 219 D 20

�‫ٯ‬ ‫م‬

‫ا ��ٯ‬ ‫رع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫�ڊ‬ ‫ا ���ع‬

219 D 21A

‫و ٮ��ٯ�ا ل �ل�ه‬

wa-yuqālu lahu

The second gloss to 219 D 20 ‘sit!’

219 D 21B

‫ا دح�ل‬

ʔudḫul

‘enter!’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ʔlīṭ

*ʔaliṭ

talat

uncertain

ṭabaṭ

*ṭäbbäṭ/*č̣äbbäṭ/*ṣäbbäṭ

ǧāǧir

*gagər/*gaggər

ǧufr

*gufär

blʕ 2

*bälaʕa/*bällaʕa

ǧrs

*goräsä/*gʷäräsä/*gorräsä/ *gʷärräsä

waḥaṭ

*wäḥaṭ

ṭaṭaʕ

*ṭäṭṭaʕ

ʔinyaʕ 2

*ʔəñaʕ/*ʔəññaʕ

dqs

*däḳḳəs

ʔafaǧ

*ʔafäč̣

tans

*tänäs

َ ََ ‫ �ت��ق�����م��ط‬

nasah

*näsa

taqamaṭ

*täḳämäṭ

‫ا رح‬ ‫�ر‬

ʔrǧz

*ʔargəz

ُ ‫�ج� بَ���ا‬

ǧubā

*guba/*gubaʔ

ْ ‫ا ��لِي���ط‬ ْ‫تَ َ�ت‬ �‫ ��ل‬

َْ َ ‫ ط ب����ط‬ ْ َ ‫ج��ا �جِ�ر‬ ْ ُ ‫�ج����ڡر‬ ٢ ‫ب���ل‬ ‫ع‬

‫ح‬ ‫�ر��س‬ َْ ‫��ط‬ �‫َو�ج‬ ْ ََ ‫�ط���ط‬ ‫ع‬ ْ َْ ٢ �‫ اِ �ن�ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د ���س‬ ََ ‫ا�ج �ٯ‬ ْ ‫تَ ن‬ ‫����س‬ ْ‫�نَ َ��س�ه‬

393

394

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 D 22 219 D 23 219 D 24 219 D 25 219 D 26 219 D 27 219 D 28 219 D 29 219 E 1 219 E 2 219 E 3 219 E 4 219 E 5 219 E 6

Arabic entry in Arabic script

‫و�ص�ل‬ �‫ا �خ‬ �‫ر ج‬ � ‫ح��ط‬

‫ل‬ ‫ا ٮ�ز‬

�‫ا ر �ك‬ ‫��ب‬

‫ا‬ ‫ٮ�ع‬ ‫ا ��ست��ر ا‬ ْ َ َ‫ض‬ ‫��رٮ‬ ْ‫ض‬ �‫ا ��ر ب‬ ‫�ش���ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ْ � � ‫ح�يى‬

�������‫ش‬ ‫بع‬ َ َ‫ح‬ ‫�ر �ى‬ ‫َش‬ ‫�م���ى‬

219 E 7

‫ٮ�ا ل �ل�ع�ٮ�ا ں‬

219 E 8

‫�ق‬ ‫�س����ط‬

219 E 9

‫�ت‬ ‫�ك��سر‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

waṣala

‘he arrived’

ʔuḫruǧ

‘go out!’

ḥuṭṭ

‘put!’

ʔanzil

‘bring down!’

ʔirkab

‘ride!’

bāʕa

‘he sold’

ʔištarā

‘he bought’

ḍarab

‘he beat, struck’

ʔiḍrib

‘strike!’

šatama

‘he reviled, defamed’

taǧīʔ

‘you come’

šabiʕa

‘he was, or became, satiated’

ǧarā

‘he ran’

mašā

‘he went’

bāla luġatāni

‘to urine; two words’

saqaṭa

‘he fell’

takassara

‘it broke, became broken’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

‫ د ر��س‬ ْ ‫ط‬ ‫َو‬ ‫ ا � ق‬ ‫�س�����م��ط‬ ‫ ا و ر د‬

ْ‫ن‬ ‫�ِ�س��ر‬ ‫�ق‬ ‫ �ج�ر‬ َ َ ‫ا‬ ‫وح‬ ْ َ‫َ ت‬ ��‫�م‬ ‫ع‬ ْ َ� ‫ام‬ ‫��ط‬ ‫ح‬ ‫�َ�س َ�ڊ ت‬ �  ْ‫َ نَْ�خ‬ ��‫��س����ي‬ َ َ ْ‫� �ت‬ �‫ط��ح‬

ْ ‫ر َوط‬ َْ َ ‫ د�ج �ل‬

���‫��سم‬ ٢ ‫ح�ا ٮ‬ ‫�ش���ٮ��ت‬

‫ق‬ � ‫ ود‬ ّ ََ ‫ ٮ��س�ٮر‬

395

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

drs

*därräsä

waṭ

*wäṭ/*wäṣ

ʔsqmṭ

*ʔasḳämməṭ

ʔwrd

*ʔawrəd

sinr

*sənär

qǧr

*č̣igärä

wāǧa

*waǧǧä

mataʕ

*mättaʕ

ʔmḥaṭ

*ʔəmḥaṭ /*ʔəmḥaṣ

sadab

*sädäbä/*säddäbä

sanyaḫ

*sänʔaḫ

ṭaǧab

*ṭägäb/*ṣägäb/*ṭäggäb/*ṣäggäb

rwaṭ

*rwäṭ/*rwäṣ

dalaǧ

uncertain

smḥāt 2

*səmḥatä/*šəmḥatä/*šumḥatä

šnt

*šənt

wdq

*wädḳä/*wädäḳä/*wäddäḳä/*wäddäḳ

tasabbr

*täsäbbärä

396

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 E 10

219 E 11 219 E 12 219 E 13 219 E 14 219 E 15

219 E 16 219 E 17 219 E 18 219 E 19

Arabic entry in Arabic script

َ َّ ‫ت�غ‬ ‫����س�ل‬ ْ ََ ‫ع�ٮر‬ َ َ‫ت‬ ‫��ع�ا ل‬

ُّ ‫�ش‬ �� ‫م‬ ْ‫َ��ط�َع��ن‬

‫ن‬ ‫ا ��س ك‬ � ‫���ت �ل�عت���ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫�ڊ‬ �‫ا و‬ ‫َ ف‬ ‫��س�ا �ر‬ ‫َطَ�����خ‬ ‫ب‬ ْ ََ �‫�هر ب‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

taġassala

‘to bathe oneself; to be washed’

ʕabar

‘he crossed it; he died’

taʕāla

‘come here!’

šammu

‘smell’

ṭaʕan

‘he pierced’

ʔuskut luġatāni

‘be silent; two words’

ʔawqada

‘he lighted the fire’

sāfara

‘he journeyed’

ṭabaḫa

‘he cooked’

harab

‘he fled’

219 E 20

‫�هرا ٮ‬

hirāb

‘escape (noun)’

219 E 21

‫ٮ�ع��ب‬

taʕiba

‘he was, or became tired’

219 E 22

‫ر�صى‬

raḍiya

‘he was pleased’

219 E 23

‫ع�ا ٮٯ‬

ʕānaqa

‘he embraced him, putting his arms upon his neck’

sahira

‘he waked, was sleepless’

219 E 24

َ � ‫��س� ر‬ ِ‫ه‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

َ‫ت‬ � � ‫ح��ط�ٮ‬  ْ‫َ َ ق‬ � ‫ود‬ ْ َ‫ن‬ � ‫ع‬ ‫��َ��س��ت‬ ّ ََ ‫ح�ا‬ ‫و‬

ْْ ٢ ‫��س�ٮ َٮ�ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫��س���ٮ�ل‬

‫�ڊ د‬ �‫ا ن‬ ْ َّ ‫�ن�ـ��ج��د‬ َ ْ َ� ‫ ��س‬ �‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ََ ‫ط��ف���ا‬ َّ َ ‫ط��ف���ا‬ ْ ََ ‫دك‬ ‫م‬ َ‫ت‬ ‫�ا ر ٯ‬

‫�ق ف‬ �������‫ح‬ �َ ‫ا ��لت��ٮ‬ ‫يع‬

397

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

taḥṭb

*taḥaṭbä/*taḥaṣbä

wadaq

uncertain

naʕ

*naʕ

šat

*šätä/*šättä

waǧǧā/ waḫḫā

*wägga/*wäggaʔa/*wäkkaʔa

snbal 2

*sän bäl

sqbl

*suḳ bäl

ʔndd

*ʔandädä/*ʔanäddädä/*ʔanädädä

nǧǧad

*näggäd

šaḥam

*šaḥam

ṭafā

*ṭäfa/*ṭäffa/*ṭäfaʔa

ṭaffā

*ṭäffa/*ṭäffaʔa

dakam

*däkäm/*däkkäm

tāraq

*tarräḳä/*täʔarräḳä

ḥqf

*ḥaḳäfä/*ḥaḳḳäfä

ʔltnyaʕ

*ʔaltäññaʕa

398

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 E 25

219 E 26

219 E 27 219 E 28 219 E 29 219 F 1 219 F 2 219 F 3 219 F 4 219 F 5 219 F 6 219 F 7

219 F 8 219 F 9 219 F 10

Arabic entry in Arabic script

ْ َّ ‫ڊ ٮ‬ ‫ت�ا‬

َْ ‫ن‬ � ‫ِا ��س��ل �ل�عت���ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫هِ� بَ���ه‬

ُْ ‫��يب����صر‬ ‫� ث‬ � ‫ا حر‬

‫ڊ‬ ِ‫�ز‬

‫�ٯ�ا ل‬

‫�ق�ل��ت‬

‫�ل��ق��ي���ه‬

� ‫�عرڡٮى‬ َ َ‫�ذ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫�ر‬ �‫��ج‬ ‫رع‬ ْ ُ ‫�ڊ‬ �‫ا ري‬

‫�ڊ‬ ‫لا ا ر ٮ‬

‫ش‬ ���‫��ك‬

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

taʔaddab

‘he was well-disciplined, well-bred’

ʔaslama luġatāni

‘he gave, he delivered; he resigned, or submitted, himself; two words’

hibat-

‘gift’

yubṣiru

‘he sees’

ʔuḥruṯ

‘plough!’

zid

‘add!’

qāla

‘he said’

qultu

‘I said’

laqiyahu

‘he met him’

ʕarafanī

‘he knew me’

ḏakara

‘he remembered’

raǧaʕa

‘he returned, he went/came back’

ʔurīd

‘I will, wish, desire’

lā ʔurīd

‘I do not wish’

kasa

‘he swept’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

َ َ‫ت‬ � �� ‫��ع���ج س‬

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

taʕǧas

*taʕaggäsä

َّ ٢ ‫�ل���ٯ�ا‬

laqqā 2

*läḳḳa

ǧabr

*gäbärä/*gäbbärä

šaqaṭa

*šäḳäṭä

yḥāy

*yaḥay/*yaḥayy

ḥrs

*ḥəräs

dabal

*däbälä/*däbbälä

bāl

*balä

bāluḫ

*baluḫ

ʔaǧanyuḫ

*ʔagäññuḫ

ʕawiqiny

*ʕawəqəñ/*ʕawəqiñ

faqdat

*faḳdat

tmlas

*tämälläs

ʔanš

uncertain

ʔalḫš

*ʔalḫäš

ṭrǧ

*ṭärrägä/*ṣärgä/*ṣärägä

َ ‫ح��بر‬ َََ ‫�ش��ق����ط‬ ‫ٮ‬ � ‫ح�ا �ى‬

‫ح‬ ‫�ر��س‬ ََ ‫ڊ ٮ�ل‬ َ ‫ٮ�ا ل‬ ُْ ‫�ا �ل‬ ‫بح‬ ْ‫َ َ ُْ�خ‬ �‫ا‬ ��‫ح�ٮ��ي‬

ْ ‫�َ ق‬ ‫ع ِو�ِٮى‬ ْ‫فَ ق َ ت‬ ‫������د‬ � ْ َ ‫ٮم��ل��س‬

‫ اَ �ن ش‬ �� � ْ ‫َ نْ� ش‬ �‫ا‬ ���‫ح‬ ‫طرح‬

399

400

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

219 F 11

Arabic entry in Arabic script

219 F 13 219 F 14

219 F 15 219 F 16

ʔasmāʔu l-kunāsāti wa-r-ramādi ‘Names of sweepings and ashes’

ََ ‫ڊ‬ ‫ا �لر�م�ا‬ ‫ا �ل��ط��ي�ن‬ 

‫ا �ل��ق���ا ط‬ ‫ وح‬ ‫ت‬ �‫ا �ل��ر ا ب‬

219 F 18 219 F 19 219 F 20 219 F 21 219 F 22 219 F 23

ʔal-kunāsat-

‘sweepings’

ʔar-ramād-

‘ashes’

ʔaṭ-ṭīn-

‘clay, earth, mould, soil, mud’

ʔal-qāṭūḥ

‘the soot of fire and its smoke’

ʔat-turāb-

‘dust, earth’

‫الا ٮ ا �ل���ل�هو وا ر ٮ�ا ب���ه�ا‬

ʔālātu l-lahwi wa-ʔarbābuhā ‘Instruments of leisure and their players’

‫ا �ل��ط ب���ل‬ 219 F 17

Translation of the Arabic entry

‫ڊ‬ ‫ل�ا ��س�ا ٮ وا �لر�م�ا‬ �‫ا ��سما ا � كٮ‬ َ ‫ل�ا ��س�ه‬ �‫ا � كٮ‬

219 F 12

Arabic entry in transliteration

‫�ز‬ ‫ا ل�م �م�ا ر‬

‫ا�ش‬ ‫ل�����ٮ�ا ب��ه‬ ُ‫ن‬ ‫ا �ل��ط�� ب��و ر‬ َ‫ُ�غ‬ ‫ا ل��م��نِى‬ َ َْ ‫ا لم��س���خ�َره‬ ّ‫�غَ�ن‬ ‫�ِى‬ ْ ‫ْ ُق‬ ‫ا ر����ص‬

ʔaṭ-ṭabl-

‘a drum’

ʔal-mizmār-

‘a flute’

ʔaš-šabbābat-

‘a kind of flute’

ʔaṭ-ṭunbūr-

‘a mandoline’

ʔal-muġannī

‘a singer’

ʔal-masḫarat-

‘one who mocks at, scoffs at’

ġannī

‘sing!’

ʔurquṣ

‘dance!’

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

َ ْ َ� ‫ح����س��س‬ ََْ ‫ ح�م�د‬

ḥasas

*ḥasäs

ḥamad

*ḥamäd

ṭaqa

*č̣äḳä

ṭaqar

*ṭäḳär

ْ َ‫َ ف‬ ‫ �ع����ر‬

ʕafar

*ʕafär

َ ْ‫�َ �ُ�نٮ�ه‬ ‫حر‬

ḫaranbuh

*ḫäränbo/*ḫäränbu

qibḥ

uncertain

ʕandur

*ʕandur

ḫirārah

*ḫərara

uncertain

uncertain

wāṭah

*waṭa

daris

*därrəs

zifin

*zəfən

َ‫َ ق‬ �‫ط‬ ْ‫َ َ �ز‬ ‫ ط���ٯ‬

‫ق‬ ����� ‫ِ بح‬ ْ َُْ ‫�د ر‬ ‫�ع�ٮ‬ َ ‫�َرا ر ه‬ ‫ ِح‬ َْ � ‫كِ�ل�ٮىِى‬ ْ‫َ ا َط�ه‬ ‫و‬ ْ َ ‫ڊ ِر��س‬ ْ‫ ���ن‬ ِ‫ِر ف‬

401

402

Appendix 1

(cont.) No.

Arabic entry in Arabic script

Arabic entry in transliteration

Translation of the Arabic entry

219 F 24

‫ا �ل�ل�ه‬

ʔallāh-

‘God’

219 F 25

‫ح‬ ‫�ر �ى‬

ǧarā

‘he ran’

ʔar-rūḥ-

‘the soul, spirit’

ʔal-qalb-

‘heart’

ʔaṭ-ṭāhir-

‘clean, pure’

ʔal-ḫamr-

‘wine’

219 F 26 219 F 27 219 F 28 219 F 29

‫ا �ل‬ ‫ر وح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا �ل�����ل��ب‬

‫ا �ل��ط�ا �هر‬

‫ا �ل�خ‬ ‫����مر‬

Contents of the Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary

Ethiopic gloss in Arabic script

‫�ج�ز‬ ‫� �ى‬

‫ر �ع���ص‬ ‫ش‬ ���‫ �م���ٯ‬ ‫�ز ن‬ � ‫ و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ ��ا ل‬ ‫ط���ج‬

403

Ethiopic gloss in transliteration

Reconstruction of the Ethiopic gloss

ǧzy

*gəzi/*gəziʔ

rʕṣ

uncertain

mfs

*mäffäs

wzn

*wäzän

qāl

*ṣall

ṭǧ

*ṭäǧǧ/*ṣäǧǧ

Appendix 2

Arabic Graphemes and the Values Ascribed to Them in the Edition Only secure examples are quoted, except for those correspondences for which all relevant examples allow alternative interpretations. If there are more than five examples for a given correspondence, the number of quoted examples is limited to five (marked with etc.). Arabic grapheme

Reconstruction

Relevant glosses

ʔalif

ʔ a b t g gʷ ǧ ǧ or gy č č or š č̣

217 A 0A, 217 A 12, 217 B 12, 217 B 22, 217 C 15, etc. 217 A 3, 217 B 2, 217 B 15, 217 B 17, 217 B 29, etc. 217 A 12, 217 A 13, 217 A 23, 217 A 26, 217 A 28, etc. 217 A 0A, 217 A 7, 217 A 9, 217 A 12, 217 A 17, etc. 217 A 3, 217 A 15, 217 A 17, 217 A 25, 217 B 5, etc. 218 F 10 217 B 5, 217 B 16, 217 D 16, 218 C 8, 218 D 19, etc. 218 F 12 217 B 10, 217 A 0B, 217 C 30, 217 E 16 217 D 13 217 A 10A, 217 A 16 (1), 217 A 29, 217 B 1, 217 E 8, etc. 217 A 5, 217 A 16 (1), 217 A 30, 217 B 14, 217 B 18, etc. 217 A 21, 217 A 27A, 217 B 26, 217 C 28, 218 D 23, etc. 217 A 1A, 217 A 5, 217 A 12, 217 A 13, 217 A 19 (2), etc. 217 A 0A, 217 A 0B, 217 A 1, 217 A 3, 217 A 14, etc. 217 B 23, 217 E 17, 219 E 13, 217 C 3, 217 C 21, etc. 217 A 4, 217 A 6, 217 A 8, 217 A 11, 217 A 14, etc. 217 B 29, 217 C 15, 218 A 19, 218 B 4, 218 C 17, etc. 217 A 6

bāʔ tāʔ ǧīm

ḥāʔ

ḥ

ḫāʔ

ḫ

dāl

d

sīn šīn rāʔ zayn

s š r z ž

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/9789004321823_005

Arabic Graphemes and the Values

405

Arabic grapheme

Reconstruction

Relevant glosses

ṣād

kāf

ṣ s ṣ ṭ č̣ ʕ f ḳ č̣ ṣ ṣ or č̣ ḳ or č̣ k

lām mīm

l m

nūn

n n or ñ h (final) a (final) a or ä w

217 A 23, 217 B 24, 217 C 30, 219 A 20 217 B 18, 217 C 26 218 B 6 217 A 10, 217 A 26, 217 B 7, 217 B 19, 217 C 10, etc. 217 A 15, 217 D 4, 217 F 17, 218 E 10, 218 F 8A, etc. 217 A 17, 217 A 20, 217 A 23, 217 B 24, 217 C 9, etc. 217 A 7, 217 A 9, 217 A 10, 217 A 10A, 217 A 11, etc. 217 A 8, 217 A 9, 217 A 13, 217 B 1, 217 B 14, etc. 219 D 27 219 F 28 217 F 22, 219 C 6 218 B 7 217 C 28, 217 D 7, 217 F 20, 218 E 2 (1), 218 E 2 (2), etc. 217 A 3, 217 A 28, 217 B 9, 217 B 14, 217 B 15, etc. 217 A 5, 217 A 16 (1), 217 A 19 (1), 217 A 19 (2), 217 A 29, etc. 217 A 0A, 217 A 1A, 217 A 10, 217 A 10A, 217 A 11, etc. 218 F 12 219 C 9, 217 D 28 217 A 10A, 217 C 4, 217 C 16, 217 C 29, 217 D 16, etc. 217 D 6, 217 D 27, 217 E 13, 218 F 18 217 A 0B, 217 A 1A, 217 A 10A, 217 B 10, 217 B 16, 217 C 3, etc. 217 D 28 217 B 29, 217 E 17, 218 A 3, 218 A 13, 218 D 16, etc. 217 A 0B, 217 C 14, 217 C 24, 217 D 3, 217 E 19, etc. 217 A 7, 217 C 2, 217 F 9, 218 B 9, 218 C 28, etc. 217 E 27, 218 E 2, 219 A 9 (1), 219 A 10, 219 C 13, etc. 219 E 3

ṭāʔ

ʕayn fāʔ qāf

hāʔ

wāw

yāʔ

u o y i e ʔ

406

Appendix 2

Combinations wāw + ʔalif ǧīm + wāw nūn + yāʔ

o gʷ ñ

yāʔ + nūn ǧīm + yāʔ

ñ gʸ (?)

218 F 13 219 B 17a 217 C 27, 217 F 27, 219 C 27, 219 D 16 (1), 219 E 24, etc. 218 D 8b 218 F 12 (?)

a Cf. also 218 B 3. b Cf. also 218 F 12.

Combinations with diacritical signs fatḥa + wāw fatḥa + yāʔ ḍamma + hāʔ kasra + hāʔ

o äw or o e (final) o (final) i

217 A 6, 217 C 17, 217 C 23 217 A 27 219 C 15, 219 C 19, 219 C 22 217 A 18, 217 F 27 217 E 16 , 219 A 5

Lexical Index Arabic ʔiʕǧin 219 D 8 ʔaʕṭi  219 D 4 ʔaʕwaǧ-  218 C 10 ʔab- 219 A 10 ʔbd  219 C 24 ʔibn- 219 A 12 ʔibrat- 218 C 15 ʔibṭ- 217 B 3 ʔabyaḍ- 219 C 6 ʔ-d-b see taʔaddaba ʔudḫul  219 D 21B ʔādamiyy- 217 A 1 ʔiḏbaḥ  219 D 6 ʔuḏn- 217 A 6 ʔiḍrib  219 E 1 ʔaḍribu  219 E 1 ʔaǧḏam-  219 A 25 ʔaǧfān- 217 A 13 ʔiǧǧāṣ- 217 E 16 ʔaḥad- 217 F 25 ʔaḥmar- 219 C 5 ʔuḥruṯ  219 E 29 ʔaḫ- 219 A 11 ʔiḫbaz  219 D 11 ʔaḫḍar- 219 C 7 ʔiḫlaʕ  219 D 12 ʔaḫliṣ  219 D 9 ʔuḫruǧ  219 D 23 ʔ-k-d see miʔkadʔakala  219 D 13 ʔalf- 218 A 23 ʔallāh- 219 F 24 ʔumm- 219 A 9 ʔummu 217 D 13 ḥubaynin ʔamʕāʔ- 217 A 29 ʔamīr- 219 D 1 ʔumruṭ  219 D 14 ʔanf- 217 A 10, 217 A 10A ʔunṯayayni  217 B 14 ʔanzil  219 D 25 ʔiqʕad  219 D 20

ʔiqbaḍ  219 D 10 ʔarbaʕ- 218 A 4 ʔarbaʕat- 218 A 14 ʔarbiʕāʔ- 217 F 28 ʔurīd  219 F 8, 219 F 9 ʔarḍ- 218 A 29 ʔirfaʕ  219 D 19 ʔirkab  219 D 26 ʔarnab- 217 C 30 ʔurqud  219 D 16 ʔurquṣ  219 F 23 ʔasad- 217 B 27 ʔuskut  219 E 15 ʔislam  219 E 26 ʔaslama  219 E 26 ʔasinnat- 219 A 1 ʔaswad- 219 C 8 ʔišrab  219 D 15 ʔištarā  219 D 28 ʔiṣbaʕ- 217 A 23 ʔaṣfar- 219 C 5 ʔaṣamm- 219 A 24 ʔiṣṭabl- 219 B 15 ʔaṯal- 217 E 25 ʔiṯnāni  218 A 12, 217 F 26 ʔiṭḥan  219 D 17 ʔaṭḥanu  219 D 17 ʔawqada  219 E 16 ʔzr  219 B 20 ʕabar  219 E 11 ʕīd- 217 F 7, 217 F 8 ʕuddu  219 D 7 ʕūd- 217 E 26, 219 B 22 ʕadas- 217 D 20 ʕaḍd- 217 A 20 ʕafar- 218 A 26 ʕafw- 217 D 4 ʕāǧ- 219 C 2 ʕiǧl- 217 C 10 ʕ-ǧ-n see ʔiʕǧin

ʕaǧūr  217 E 22 ʕaǧuz- 217 B 7 ʕakaš 217 C 6 ʕukkāš 217 C 6 ‘honey badger’ ʕukkāš­- ‘spider’ 217 C 6 ʕ-l-m see muʕallimʕalas-  217 D 16 ʕ-l-y see taʕāla ʕamm- 219 A 16 ʕimāmat- 218 B 7 ʕinab- 217 E 19 ʕanbas- 217 B 27 ʕunǧūǧ- 217 A 17 ʕānaqa  219 E 23 ʕānat- 217 B 21 ʕaqib- 217 B 13 ʕaqrab- 218 D 4 ʕarʕar- 217 E 25 ʕarabiyy-  217 E 14, 219 A 17 ʕarf- 217 E 14 ʕarafanī  219 F 5 ʕirs- 219 B 2 ʕarūs- 219 B 2 ʕarš- 219 B 28 ʕaskar- 219 D 3 ʕasal- 218 F 16 ʕasaliyy- 218 F 17 ʕāšiq- 219 C 25 ʕašr- 218 A 10 ʕašarat- 218 A 21 ʕaṣīdat- 218 F 13 ʕuṣfūr- 217 C 25 ʕ-ṭ-y see ʔaʕṭi ʕ-w-d see ʕūdʕ-w-ǧ see ʔaʕwaǧʕ-y-d see ʕīdʕuzlā  219 A 17 bāʕa  219 D 27 baʕīr- 219 C 3 bāb- 219 B 29, 219 C 1 bafta  218 B 17

408 baġl- 217 D 2 biġāl- 219 C 4 bahār  217 E 29 bi-ḥālihi  217 E 15 bāla  219 E 7 balad- 219 B 12 balas- 217 E 13 būn  218 C 9, 218 C 10 bint- 219 A 13 bintu wardāna 218 C 23 būq- 218 C 9, 218 C 10 bāqillā  217 D 21 bāqilāʔ- 217 D 21, 217 D 22 baqqār  217 E 29 baqarat- 217 C 8 burr- 217 D 15 burd- 218 B 14 burġūṯ- 218 C 29 baram- 218 D 6 barameh  218 D 6 bišt  218 B 21 bušt  218 B 21 baṣal- 217 E 9 b-ṣ-r see yubṣiru baṭn- 217 A 27 b-y-ʕ see bāʕa b-y-ḍ see ʔabyaḍbayḍ- 218 F 14 b-y-l see bāla duʕāʔ- 219 C 12 daʕwā  219 C 12 dubäʔ  217 E 14 dubbāʔ- 217 E 14 dabbūs- 218 F 28 dūd- 218 C 22 daǧāǧ- 217 C 17 dūḥ  218 E 1 d-ḫ-l see ʔudḫul duḫān- 218 E 28 dīk- 217 C 18 dakkat- 219 B 16 dimāġ- 217 A 5 damla  219 A 21 dimāl  219 A 21

Lexical Index dummal  219 A 21 dirʕ- 218 B 26 durǧ  218 E 1 d-r-s see madrasatd-w-s see madāsḏiʔb- 217 C 1 ḏubāb- 218 C 17 ḏ-b-ḥ see ʔiḏbaḥ ḏakar- 217 B 15, 217 B 16 ḏakara  219 F 6 ḏaqan- 217 A 16 ḏurah  217 D 29 ḍaʔn- 217 C 13 ḍab(u)ʕ- 217 C 2 ḍifdiʕ- 218 D 9 ḍil(a)ʕ- 217 B 24 ḍ-m-d see miḍmad, miḍmadatḍ-r-b see ʔiḍrib, ʔaḍribu, ḍaraba ḍaraba  219 D 29 ḍirs- 217 A 14 ḏ̣aby- 217 C 16 ḏ̣ufr- 217 A 24 ḏ̣ifr- 217 A 24 ḏ̣ahr- 217 B 5 ḏ̣ullah  218 B 15 faʔr- 218 C 24 faʔs- 218 C 13 fuǧl- 217 E 5 fahd- 217 B 29 fah̬ iḏ- 217 B 8 faḥm- 218 E 29 fīl- 217 B 26 filfil- 217 E 1 fulān- 217 A 3 fūm- 217 E 8 faqīh- 219 C 13 farǧ- 217 B 18 farrūǧ- 217 C 19 firāš- 218 B 25, 219 B 24 fūṭat- 218 B 6

ǧabal- 218 F 2 ǧibāl  219 B 25, 219 B 26 ǧubn  218 F 12 ǧabīn- 217 A 9 ǧ-d-d see ǧadīd-, mustaǧidda ǧadd- 219 A 14 ǧadīd- 219 C 9 ǧidār- 219 B 17 ǧadariyy- 219 A 22 ǧudariyy- 219 A 22 ǧaddat- 219 A 15 ǧ-ḏ-m see ʔaǧḏam-, ǧaḏam ǧaḏam  219 A 25 ǧ-f-n see ʔaǧfānǧafnat- 218 D 19, 218 D 20 ǧaḥl- 218 E 1 ǧōlabah  217 C 24 ǧild- 218 E 20 ǧulǧulān- 217 D 28 ǧ-m-ʕ see ǧumʕat-, maǧmaʕǧumʕat- 217 F 30 ǧ-n-n see ǧinn-, maǧnūnǧinn- 219 C 23 ǧanbiyyat- 218 F 25 ǧār- 219 A 17, 219 A 18 ǧarā  219 E 5, 219 F 25 ǧirāb- 218 E 19 ǧarād- 218 C 21 ǧirāḥ- 219 A 20 ǧarrat- 218 D 26 ǧ-r-y see ǧarā, ǧāriyatǧāriyat- 219 B 4 ǧism- 219 A 20 ǧ-y-ʔ see taǧīʔ ǧazar- 217 E 10 ġannī  219 F 22 ġanam- 217 C 12 ġ-n-y see ġannī, muġannī ġarīb- 219 A 17 ġurāb- 217 D 6 ġ-r-f see miġrafatġurnūq- 217 C 23 ġirārat- 218 E 18

Lexical Index

409

ḫiyām  219 B 19 ḥarīr- 218 B 15, ḫaymat-  219 B 19 218 B 22 ḫawanǧah  218 D 21 ḥ-r-ṯ see ʔuḥruṯ, ḥarṯḥarṯ- 218 C 6, k-b-b see mikabbat219 B 25 kbr  219 C 21 ḥ-š-š see miḥaššhibat- 219 E 27 kabīr- 218 C 9, ḥašīšu d-dīnāri  217 E 21 hirāb  219 E 20 218 D 19, ḥašīšu l-ġarb  217 E 21 haraba  219 E 19 218 D 20, ḥaṣabat- 219 A 23 218 E 8, ḥaṣīr- 218 B 20 ḥibāl- 219 B 25, 218 F 11, ḥuṭṭ  219 D 24 219 B 26 219 A 5 ḥaṭab- 218 E 27 ḥibarat- 218 B 22 kabš- 217 C 11 ḥaṭṭāb- 218 C 27 ḥabašiyyat- 218 F 25 kaḏḏāb- 219 C 17 ḥ-w-l see bi-ḥālihi ḥidaʔat- 217 D 5 kalb- 217 C 3 ḥayḍ- 219 A 29 ḥadīd- 218 B 29 kānūn- 218 E 3 ḥayyat- 218 D 8 ḥaddād- 219 C 27 k-n-s see kasa, kunāsat-, ḥizāma  219 B 19 ḥ-f-r see ḥifr-, miḥfar miknasatḥzq  219 B 25 ḥifr- 218 C 4, kasa  219 F 10 ḥazq- 219 B 25 218 C 5 kunāsat- 219 F 11 ḥāǧib- 217 A 8 kūr- 218 D 25 ḥ-ǧ-l see ḥiǧl-, ḥaǧala, yuḥǧalu ḫ-b-z see ʔiḫbaz, ḫubzkurrāš- 218 D 3 ḫubz- 218 F 4, ḥiǧl- 218 D 17 k-s-r see takassara 218 F 12 ḥaǧal- 217 C 22 kitāb- 219 C 11 ḫ-d-d see miḫaddatḥaǧala  218 D 17 k-t-l see miktalḫ-ḍ-r see ʔaḫḍarḥaǧar- 218 F 1 kaṯīr- 217 F 10 ḫafūš  218 F 7 ḥālī  217 E 15 kuttān- 218 D 2 ḫ-l-ʕ see ʔiḫlaʕ ḥalīb- 218 F 20 k-y-l see mikyālḫalīǧ- 217 F 17 ḥulbat- 217 D 25 ḫ-l-ṣ see ʔaḫliṣ ḥalf  217 D 24 kūz  218 D 25 ḫām- (‘tent’) 219 B 19, ḥilf  217 D 24 kuzbarat- 217 E 2 219 B 22 ḥalfa  217 D 24 kuzburat- 217 E 2 ḫām- 218 B 18 ḥalq-  217 A 18 (‘unbleached’) ḥalaqāt  218 F 2 lā  219 F 9 ḫ-m-l see muḫmalḥ-l-y see ḥālī l-ʕ-q see milʕaqatḫamr- 219 F 29 ḥāmil- 219 A 27 laban  217 E 13 ḫams- 218 A 5 ḥamām- 217 C 20 lūbiyā  217 D 23 ḫamīs- 217 F 29 ḥ-m-r see ʔaḥmarlaft- 217 E 6 ḫamsat- 218 A 15 ḥamīr- 219 C 4 l-ḥ-f see milḥafatḫanǧar- 218 F 26 ḥimār- 217 D 3 laḥm- 218 F 6 ḫinzīr- 217 C 4 ḥinnā(ʔ-) 217 F 1 liḥyat- 217 B 23 ḫardal- 217 D 26 ḥanaš- 218 D 7 laḥyayni  217 A 15 ḫ-r-ǧ see ʔuḫruǧ ḥuqqa  218 D 19 l-k-d see milkadḫirṣ- 218 D 14 ḥarb- 218 F 29 līm-  217 E 15 ḥ-r-f see ḥirāf, ḥirfān, muḥāraf- ḫurṣ- 218 D 14 laqītu  219 F 4 h̬ ass- 217 E 7 ḥirāf  219 C 22 laqiyahu  219 F 4 ḫātim- 218 D 13 ḥirfān  219 C 22 lisān- 217 A 12 ḫayl- 219 C 4 ḥ-r-k see miḥrāk, muḥraklaymūn- 217 E 15 ḫ-y-m see ḫām, ḫiyām, ḫaymat ḥ-r-m see maḥramatġ-s-l see taġassala ġiṭā(ʔ-) 218 B 15, 218 B 16 ġayyara  219 E 11

410 mā(ʔ-) 218 A 27 miʔkad- 218 E 11 māʔidat- 218 D 24 miʔat- 218 A 22 miʕdat- 217 B 1 maʕidat- 217 B 1 muʕallim- 219 C 12 m-ʕ-y see ʔamʕāʔmīdān- 217 E 27 madrasat- 219 B 14 madās- 218 B 27 madya  218 F 25 midya  218 F 25 mudya  218 F 25 miḍmad  219 B 27 miḍmadat- 219 B 27 magramah  218 B 13 maǧmaʕ- 218 E 5 maǧnūn- 219 C 24 muġannī  219 F 20 miġrafat- 218 E 13 miḥfar- 218 C 4 muḥāraf- 219 C 22 miḥrāk  218 E 16 muḥrak- 218 E 16 maḥramat- 218 B 13 miḥašš- 218 C 11, 218 C 12 miḫaddat- 219 B 23 muḫmal- 218 B 3 mikabbat- 218 D 23 miknasat- 218 E 25 miktal- 218 E 9 mikyāl- 218 E 6, 218 E 8 milʕaqat- 218 E 14 m-l-ḥ- see milḥ-, malīḥ-, milḥa, mimlaḥa milḥ- 218 F 8 malīḥ- 219 B 6 milḥa  218 E 17 malaḥḥa  218 E 17 milḥafat- 218 B 17 malaḥḥeh  218 E 17 malūh̬ iyyat- 217 E 11 milkad- 218 E 11 mūma  217 D 27 mimlaḥa  218 E 17 mindīl- 218 B 15

Lexical Index munḫal- 218 E 24 mansaf  218 E 21 minsaf- 218 E 21 maqʕada  218 E 15 muqʕada  218 E 15 maqramah  218 B 13, 218 B 15 maqramat- 218 B 16 miqramat- 218 B 13, 218 B 16 marrāʔ 217 A 0A marʔat- 217 A 0A mirāʔat- 218 C 7 marʕā  217 E 27 marbaṭ- 218 D 15 maraḍ- 219 A 26 marfiq- 217 A 21 mirfaq- 217 A 21 marhak  218 E 10 murhaka  218 E 10 m-r-ṭ see ʔumruṭ marṭabān- 218 D 29 murawwaḥ- 218 F 19 mirāyat- 218 C 7 masǧid- 219 B 13 masḫarat- 219 F 21 masakat- 218 D 16 mustaǧidda  219 F 21 mašā  219 E 6 mišmiš- 217 E 17 mašann  218 E 9 mašanna  218 E 9 mišannat- 218 E 9 m-š-y see mašā mataʔa  219 D 29 maṭar- 217 F 13 muṭayyab  218 F 21 maydān- 217 E 27 mā 218 D 17 mayzar  219 B 20 mizmār- 219 F 17 mizr- 218 F 19 mizrat- 218 F 19 naʕāmat- 217 C 27 nabīḏ- 218 F 17, 218 F 18 nafīr- 218 C 8 nafs- 219 B 11

naǧm- 217 F 20 nahhāb- 219 C 18 nahr- 217 F 15 naḥl- 218 C 20 nuḥās- 218 C 1 n-ḫ-l see munḫalnamir- 217 B 28 naqīb- 219 D 2 naqīr- (‘trumpet’) 218 C 8 naqīr (‘trough’) 218 C 8 nāqūs- 217 F 8 nār- 218 A 28 n-s-f see mansaf, minsafnasnās- 217 D 9 nuššāb- 219 A 4 nāwilnī  219 D 5 n-z-l see ʔanzil q-ʕ-d see ʔiqʕad, qaʕāda, maqʕada, muqʕada qaʕāda  219 B 28 qaʕmūṣ 218 C 18 q-b-ḍ see ʔiqbaḍ qabīḥ- 219 B 7 qublat- 219 B 8 qadam- 217 B 12 qidr- 218 E 2 qidra  218 E 2 qudra  218 E 2 qidrat- 218 E 2 quffat- 218 D 27 qaḥbat- 219 B 5 qāla  219 F 2 qalb- 217 A 28, 219 F 27 qalīl- 217 F 9 qals- 218 C 13 qultu  219 F 3 qum  219 D 18 qaml- 218 D 1 qamar- 217 F 21 qamīṣ- 218 B 9 qird- 217 D 12 q-r-m see maqramah, maqramat-, miqramatqirṭās- 218 B 6 qirṭāsiyy- 218 B 6 qaṭīb  218 F 21 qāṭūḥ 219 F 14

411

Lexical Index quṭn- 217 F 2, 218 B 18 qaṭrān- 217 E 26 qaṭirān- 217 E 26 q-w-l see qāla, qultu q-w-m see qum qaws- 219 A 2 qayd- 218 C 13, 218 C 14 rāʔib- 218 F 22 raʔs-  217 A 5, 218 B 15, 218 B 16 riʔat- 217 B 2 r-ʔ-y see mirāʔat-, mirāyatraʕd- 217 F 14 r-ʕ-y see marʕā r-b-ʕ see ʔarbaʕ-, ʔarbaʕat-, ʔarbiʕāʔ-, rabūʕ-, rubʕah, rabʕatrabūʕ- 217 F 28 rubʕah  218 E 4 rabʕat- 218 E 4 rabāḥ- 217 D 11 r-b-ṭ see marbaṭriḍāʕ- 219 B 3 raḍiya  219 E 22 r-f-ʕ see ʔirfaʕ rafīʕ- 218 B 5 r-f-q see marfiq-, mirfaqrugāg  218 F 5 raǧaʕa  219 F 7 riǧl- 217 B 22 raǧul-  217 A 2 raġīf-  218 F 11 r-h-k see marhak, murhaka rūḥ- 219 F 26 raḫam- 217 D 7 raḫamat- 217 D 8 r-k-b see ʔirkab rukbat- 217 B 9 ramād- 219 F 12 rumḥ- 218 F 29 raqabat-  217 A 17 r-q-d see ʔurqud ruqāq- 218 F 5 r-q-ṣ see ʔurquṣ raṣāṣ- 218 C 2

r-w-d see ʔurīd r-w-ḥ see murawwaḥ-, rūḥrawṯ- 219 C 3, 219 C 4 riyāḥ- 218 A 25 sāʕid- 217 A 22 saʕīd- 219 C 21 sabʕ- 218 A 7 sabʕat- 218 A 17 sabt- 217 F 24 sadr- 217 E 28 sidr  217 E 28 sāfara  219 E 17 s-ǧ-d see masǧidsahm- 219 A 7 s-h-r see sahira, tasahhara sahira  219 E 24 saḥb- 218 C 5, 218 C 6 saḥāb- 217 F 18 sāḥir- 219 C 15 s-ḫ-r see masḫaratsikkīn- 218 F 25 s-k-t see ʔuskut s-l-m see ʔislam, ʔaslama sulṭān- 219 C 28 samak- 217 C 26 simṭ- 218 B 23 sinūna  218 A 3, 218 A 4, 218 A 5, 218 A 6, 218 A 7, 218 A 8, 218 A 9, 218 A 10 sanbūsak  218 F 10 sanat- 218 A 1 sanatāni  218 A 2 sinnawr- 217 C 5 sāq- 217 B 10, 217 B 11 sūq- 219 B 18 saqaṭa  219 E 8 sirāǧ- 218 E 12 sāriq- 219 C 19 sirr- 219 C 1 surrat- 217 B 4

sarāwīl- 218 B 11 sitt- 218 A 6 sittat- 218 A 16 s-w-d see ʔaswadsawīq- 218 F 23 siwār- 218 D 11 sayyid- 219 C 26 sayf- 218 F 27 šaʕr- 217 A 4 šiʕr- 217 A 4 šaʕīr- 217 D 18, 218 F 18 šabiʕa  219 E 4 šabbābat- 219 F 18 šaḏ̣wat- 218 C 19 šafatayni  217 A 11 šaǧar-  217 E 23, 217 E 24 šam(m) 219 E 13 šamma  219 E 13 šammu  219 E 13 šamlat- 218 B 19, 218 B 21 šams- 217 F 22 š-n-n see mašann, mašanna, mišannatš-r-b see ʔišrab š-r-y see ʔištarā šatama  219 E 2 šwāf  218 F 9 šwāfi  218 F 9 ṣ-b-ʕ see ʔiṣbaʕ ṣubḥ- 217 F 11 ṣubāḥiyyat- 219 A 1 ṣibyān- 219 B 9 ṣadr- 217 A 25, 217 A 25A ṣ-f-r see ʔaṣfar ṣaġīr- 217 D 4, 218 D 20, 218 E 6 ṣaḥn- 218 D 22, 218 D 23 ṣulb- 217 B 6 ṣāliḥ- 219 C 14 ṣ-m-m see ʔaṣammṣaqr- 217 D 7

412 ṣiwān- 219 B 21 ṣawr- 217 A 19 taʔaddaba  219 E 25 taʕiba  219 E 21 taʕāla  219 E 12 taǧīʔ 219 E 3 tāǧir- 219 C 20 taġassala  219 E 10 takassara  219 E 9 tikkat- 218 B 12 tamr- 217 E 20 turāb- 218 A 26, 219 F 15 turkī  217 E 14 tarkāš  219 A 3 turs- 219 A 5 tisʕ-  218 A 9 tisʕat- 218 A 19 tasahhara  219 E 24 tūt- 217 E 18 tawr- 218 E 23 tawra  218 E 23 tays- 217 C 14 ṯaʕlab- 217 C 29 ṯady- 217 A 26 ṯalāṯ- 218 A 3 ṯalāṯat- 218 A 13 ṯulāṯāʔ- 217 F 27 ṯamānin  218 A 8 ṯamāniyat- 218 A 18 ṯ-n-y see ʔiṯnāni ṯawb- 218 B 5, 218 B 18 ṯawr- 217 C 9 ṭaʕana  219 E 14 ṭabaḫa  219 E 18 ṭabl-  219 F 16 ṭāhir- 219 F 28 ṭ-ḥ-n see ʔiṭḥan, ʔaṭḥanu ṭūl- 217 E 24 ṭīn- 219 F 13 ṭunbūr- 219 F 19 ṭ-w-l see ṭūl-, ṭawīlṭawīl- 218 C 9 ṭ-y-b see muṭayyab

Lexical Index waʕil- 217 C 15 wabr- 217 C 28 waǧh- 217 A 7 w-h-b see hibatwāḥid- 218 A 11 waḥfa  218 B 24, 218 B 25 wilādat- 219 A 28 w-q-d see ʔawqada waṣala  219 D 22 wazaġ- 218 D 5 wazīr- 219 C 29 yubṣiru  219 B 10, 219 E 28 yad- 217 A 22 yahūdiyy- 219 C 16 yuḥǧalu  218 D 17 zid 219 F 1 z-m-r see mizmārzawǧat- 219 B 1 z-y-d see zid Ethiopic Gloss (Reading) ʔbbātī  219 A 10 ʔadunǧurā  217 D 23 ʔafaǧ  219 D 17 ʔfqraṭ 218 B 6 ʔaǧiǧ ǧibtah 218 D 19 ʔaǧanyuḫ 219 F 4 ʔaǧazan  217 C 15 ʔiḥ 219 A 11 ʔḥlms  218 F 11 ʔḥls  218 F 11 ʔaḥamd  217 F 10 ʔaḥiyyā  217 D 3 ʔaḫl  217 D 19 ʔalʔasr  218 C 14 ʔlḥāš  218 D 5 ʔalḫš  219 F 9 ʔlqlāwǧ  219 C 18 ʔlmīdān  217 E 27 ʔltnyaʕ 219 E 24 ʔlīṭ 219 D 8 ʔamḥ 219 A 16

ʔumiḥ 219 A 14 ʔmḥaṭ 219 E 1 ʔummiḥat  219 A 15 ʔanbār  218 D 12 ʔunbār  217 D 17 ʔanbas  217 B 27 ʔndd  219 E 16 ʔndbat  217 A 12 ʔndwt  219 A 9 ʔinǧ  217 A 22 ʔanǧāǧaʕal  217 D 13 ʔinǧih  217 E 16 ʔanǧalah  218 D 13 ʔanǧr  218 D 4 ʔanǧir  217 B 12 ʔanǧur  217 B 22 ʔinǧirah  218 F 4 ʔinǧrt  218 C 8 ʔanḫalah  218 D 13 ʔunḫaw  217 D 11 ʔnklḥs  219 A 23 ʔansǧy  218 D 4 ʔansḥy  218 D 4 ʔnsuslh  217 F 1 ʔnst  217 A 0A ʔanš  219 F 8 ʔnšāš ḥlh 218 D 6 ʔnātī  219 A 9 ʔinyaʕ 219 D 16 ʔrbʕat  217 F 28 ʔarbaʕat  218 A 14 ʔrbʕt ʕmāt 218 A 4 ʔrǧz  219 D 21A ʔsʕim  219 B 8 ʔslq  219 D 5 ʔsqmṭ 219 D 24 ʔsāt  218 A 28 ʔuškuḫ 217 C 28 ʔiṣbaʕt  217 A 23 ʔwrd  219 D 25 ʕabd  219 C 24 ʕbar bar ʕabar 217 E 7 ʕafr  218 C 24 ʕafar  218 A 26, 219 F 15 ʕaǧāǧ  217 C 5 ʕaǧah  217 D 16

413

Lexical Index ʕaǧām  217 E 18 ʕaǧrih  219 A 5 ʕamar  217 D 8 ʕamāt  218 A 1 ʕanbaṭah  218 C 21 ʕandur  219 F 18 ʕanǧ  218 E 27 ʕnǧat  217 A 17 ʕuruf  218 C 6 ʕarar  218 C 2 ʕarš  219 B 28 ʕasāll  219 C 25 ʕasir  218 A 21 ʕašb  218 F 8 ʕašir ʕmāt 218 A 10 ʕiṣā  217 C 26 ʕaṣǧab  217 B 24 ʕatar bḥār 217 D 22 ʕawf  217 C 25 ʕawiqiny  219 F 5 ʕwāš  217 F 16 bäʕal ʕamät 218 A 23 baʕar  217 C 9 baftaḥ 218 B 17 baǧǧā  217 C 13 baǧǧal  217 D 2 bāl 219 F 2 blʕ 219 D 13 bāluḫ 219 F 3 binbil  218 D 14 buniyt  217 C 24 bql ʕamāt 218 A 23 bqilā  217 D 21 būr  218 D 16 bar tinyah 219 C 27 barʕa  217 E 22 barbar  217 E 1 burkum  219 B 23 běranna  218 B 4 brt 218 B 29 bīs 219 B 7 bašūbī  218 B 21 bašūnī  218 B 21 bašūtī  218 B 21 baṭiyah  217 E 28 byt ḫstān 219 B 13 byt ḫsyān 219 B 13 bizat  218 B 4

dāʕwanh  219 C 12 dabal  219 F 1 daban  217 F 18 dibir  217 E 23 dbtrah  219 B 20 duǧʕiyah  219 C 16 daǧad  218 E 23 daǧmā sanbt 217 F 26 daǧr  218 C 5 dakam  219 E 21 dalaǧ  219 E 6 dim bilāl 217 E 3 dmdas  217 A 19 dimḥ 217 A 5 děms  218 F 2 dnbr  218 F 2 danǧ  218 F 1 dannik  217 E 10 dänqoro  219 A 24 dqs  219 D 16 drbyh  219 A 7 darnaq  217 C 18 drs 219 D 22 daris  219 F 22 drat  217 A 25A dās  219 B 15 dawnaqah  219 A 24 dawruh  217 C 17 fādt  217 C 6 fīǧ 219 F 17 fāndy  219 C 4 filāṭah  219 A 3 fnṭāṭ 219 A 22 fqd 219 D 7 faqdat  219 F 6 furah  217 D 12 frzān  219 A 17 fāšiǧah  217 F 7 fāšiḫah  217 F 7 fīt 217 A 7 fayq  217 C 12 fayyal  217 C 14 faynah  218 D 8 gʷäräbet 219 A 18 gěběnät  218 F 12 ǧubā  219 D 21B ǧabr  219 E 26

ǧabs  217 D 18 ǧbyah  219 B 18 ǧdl 218 F 2 ǧadālay  219 C 15 ǧāfh  219 B 4 ǧufr  219 D 12 ǧāǧbah  218 F 10 ǧaǧabt  217 A 25 ǧāǧir  219 D 11 ǧḥfān  218 E 4 ǧḥmt  217 A 16 ǧakin  218 C 13 ǧalā  217 B 15 ǧalā sb 217 A 3 ǧalbat  217 B 9 ǧalās  217 A 2 ǧlw  218 B 25 ǧum  217 F 19 ǧmd  219 B 26 ǧmfwʔ 218 F 13 ǧamh  217 C 16 ǧanbar  217 F 23 ǧanbart  217 B 4 ǧinǧa  217 B 5 ǧānatah  218 C 10 ǧinṭ 217 A 15 ǧaniz  218 C 13 ǧarī  217 C 2 ǧarad  219 A 13 ǧarnǧar  219 A 6 ǧaranyāt  217 C 27 ǧirār  217 D 25 ǧuraruh  217 A 18 ǧrs 219 D 13 ǧarṭaǧ  218 C 9 ǧawǧalh  218 E 1 ǧwl  219 B 17 ǧawnad  218 C 19 ǧawndar  218 D 17 ǧawt  217 B 16 ǧynǧar  218 F 12 ǧūytah  219 D 2 ǧzy  219 F 24 haǧǧs  219 C 9 ḥubāb  218 D 7 ḥbār  218 D 28 ḥaǧāt  218 F 22

414 ḥamad  219 F 12 ḥaml  217 E 6 ḥamsat  218 A 15 ḥmst ʕmāt 218 A 5 ḥimṣ 217 B 18 ḥamizh  218 F 9 ḥanbart  217 B 4 ḥand  218 A 11 ḥanṭ 218 C 25 ḥnāṭ 219 A 4 ḥnṭwah  218 C 26 ḥanzat  217 A 30 ḥnzīz  218 C 28 ḥqf  219 E 23 ḥarb  218 F 29 ḥarrid  219 D 6 ḥirah  217 C 4 ḥurǧum  218 F 28 ḥurkum  217 D 7 ḥrs 219 E 29 ḥarās  219 A 28 ḥasas  219 F 11 ḥayb  218 F 21 ḥaydaz  218 E 6 ḥayṭ 218 C 25

Lexical Index libb  217 A 28 lǧǧa  219 A 12 lǧāǧ  219 B 9 lāhm  217 C 8 laḥḥām  219 B 6 liḥat  217 E 11 laḫḫām  219 B 6 lām  217 C 8 līm bḥālh 217 E 15 limd  218 B 24 lammāǧ  219 C 18 līmāt  218 D 24 lqbah  219 A 27 laqqā  219 E 26 laybah  219 C 19

maʕǧad  218 C 11 mʕār  218 F 16 mabrḥat  218 E 12 mdāǧ  218 E 3 mādǧǧh  218 D 25 midr  218 A 29 mfs  219 F 26 mǧdʕt  218 B 10 maḥq  218 B 19 mulāḫiš  219 C 14 maliqab  218 B 16 ḫbr  219 C 21 mamar  217 A 19 ḫubat  219 C 3 mandal  218 B 15 ḫulat  218 A 12 manḥarab  218 B 13 ḫalat ʕmāt 218 A 2 minḥatwatyh  218 C 7 ḫandaʕ 217 A 20 mankah  218 E 13 ḫanfar  217 A 11, minkyt  218 E 2 217 B 20 minql  218 D 27 ḫar  217 A 21 manṭolāʕt  218 B 13 ḫurah  218 D 26 miqnāt  218 B 12 ḫaranbuh  219 F 16 marfā  218 C 15 ḫirārah  219 F 19 marǧ  217 A 29 ḫrs 217 A 27A, mrǧbah  219 B 16 219 D 13 mrḥbah  219 B 16 ḫasal  218 E 29 mirṭ 217 B 7 ḫūšam  217 E 17 marwī  218 B 14 ḫššāǧ  219 C 17 misqal  217 F 8 ḫawd  217 A 27 masr  217 D 20 ḫyā ʕamāt 218 A 22 mist  219 B 1 mušā  218 B 20 klilatī  219 F 20 māšilah  217 D 29 kiršim  219 B 19 mašqant  218 E 19 kěrětit  218 E 20 mšr  219 B 2 kwkb  217 F 20

mašašryh  218 E 11 mašat  218 E 16 mataʕ 219 D 29 mātab  218 D 15 miṭʕad  218 E 17 miṭḥaf  219 C 11 maṭraǧ  218 E 25 mṭāṭ 219 A 26 mzǧar  218 D 3 naʕ 219 E 12 nub  218 C 20 nabr  217 B 28 ndayah  219 A 25 nfās  218 A 25 nafiṭ 217 A 10 nǧādayah  219 C 20 naǧǧad  219 E 17 nuǧs  219 C 28 naǧaw šnǧrt 217 E 8 naǧaw šnḫrt 217 E 8 nuhūǧ  217 D 28 naqiḥ 219 C 6 nārat  218 E 18 nasah  219 D 19 qibḥ 219 F 17 qadā sanbat 217 F 25 qdā snyuh 217 F 27 qadāy  218 B 8 qafat  217 A 9 qāǧah  217 E 29 qaǧqaǧ  217 B 1 qǧr  219 D 27 quḥayt  217 F 22 qāl 219 F 28 qilʕ 217 E 14 qalǧ  218 D 9 qulḥ 217 B 14 qlālḥ 218 F 14 qmbīssih  218 B 9 qmāl  218 D 1 qnbil  218 B 7 qnbar  219 B 27 qanda zḫun 219 C 2 qandb  217 A 13 qinǧ  219 F 17 qnāǧ  218 C 29 qinṭir  217 B 19

415

Lexical Index qināy  217 F 30 qirb  217 A 8 qrībah  219 A 18 qarbat  218 E 20 qurd  217 D 12 qurah  217 D 6, 217 D 12 qrmān  219 B 14 qirš  218 E 14 qasat  219 A 2 qāṭ 219 C 29 qaṭāǧǧah  217 B 6 qaṭin  218 B 18 qawqaǧ  217 C 23 qawqaḥ 217 C 23 qayḥ 219 C 5 qys 219 C 13 qyskh  219 B 30 rʕṣ 219 F 25 ruǧumǧām  217 F 14 rirat  217 D 30 rawsanbat  217 F 29 rwaṭ 219 E 5 rayǧah  219 C 26 ruzb  217 C 20 sěʕmät  219 B 8 sb 217 A 1 sabʕt  218 A 17 sbʕt ʕmāt 218 A 7 sablah  217 E 13 sadab  219 E 2 sadast  218 A 16 sdst ʕmāt 218 A 6 saǧā  218 F 6 saḫan  217 B 13 saḫar  218 F 19 salāb  219 A 17 saliqay  218 B 16 sāmib  217 B 2 smḥāt  219 E 7 smnat  218 A 18 saminit ʕmāt 218 A 8 sinʕar  217 E 21 snbal  219 E 15 sanbat  217 F 24 sanadī  217 D 15 sāniq  219 B 29

sinr  219 D 26 sntāl  218 C 1 sanyaḫ 219 E 3 sqbl  219 E 15 sirfil  218 B 11 sṭ 219 D 4 swst  218 A 13 swst ʕmāt 218 A 3 swyǧ  217 A 0B šabāyh  217 E 5 šif 217 D 24 šaḥam  219 E 18 šmmah  218 B 5 šmāmah  218 B 27 šamrh  217 B 8 šinf  217 D 24 šanāfiǧ  217 D 26 šanaǧbat  217 B 23 šnǧrt  217 E 9 šnḫrt  217 E 9 šnkah  218 C 4 šnt 219 E 7 šanāyh  217 E 5 šaqaṭa  219 E 27 širṭ 219 C 1 šat 219 E 13 štlah  218 C 4 šatāyh  217 E 5 šayāyh  217 E 5 ṣilʕ 219 A 20 ṣanǧl  217 C 30 ṣāyb  218 D 15 taʕǧas  219 E 25 taḥtaḫ 217 B 3 taḥṭb  219 E 10 tḫān  218 D 2 taqamaṭ 219 D 20 taqīt  217 F 9, 218 D 20 talaʕ 218 C 22 tilbah  217 D 27 talat  219 D 9 tmlas  219 F 7 timir  217 E 20 tnblāt  219 A 17 tnkyt  218 E 2

tans  219 D 18 tintil  218 D 14 tāraq  219 E 22 tisiʕat  218 A 20 tsʕt ʕmāt 218 A 9 tasabbr  219 E 9 tāṭb  219 B 3 tuwniyah  218 E 8 ṭṭ 217 F 2 ṭibb  217 A 26 ṭabaḥ 217 F 11 ṭabtah  218 F 5 ṭabaṭ 219 D 10 ṭid 217 E 26 ṭafā  219 E 19 ṭaffā  219 E 20 ṭifr 217 A 24 ṭufr  218 B 23 ṭǧ  219 F 29 ṭǧǧ 218 F 17 ṭaǧb  217 E 25 ṭaǧab  219 E 4 ṭiǧr  217 A 4 ṭaǧūr  218 B 3 ṭuǧur  217 B 21 ṭaǧt  217 E 25 ṭḥn  218 F 23 ṭlh 218 F 18 ṭlālmwt  219 B 21 ṭālūqat  218 F 26 ṭināǧ  217 C 10 ṭaqa  219 F 13 ṭaqar  219 F 14 ṭiqqur  219 C 8 ṭuqqir  219 C 8 ṭrǧ 219 F 10 ṭrs 217 A 14 ṭarṭar  217 F 17 ṭaṭaʕ 219 D 15 ṭaṭamat  217 B 11 ṭāṭāt  218 C 18 ṭw frš 218 B 25 ṭawh  218 F 8A ṭwṭ 217 D 10 ṭwṭy  217 C 19 ṭāy 217 C 11 ṭayym  219 C 7 ṭys 218 E 28

416 ṭyṭaḥ 219 B 24 ṭaita  218 F 5 wadab  217 F 15 wdq  219 E 8 wadaq  219 E 11 wdr  219 B 26 wfʕt  219 B 25 wfnǧah  217 A 10A wafṭ 218 E 10 wāǧa  219 D 28 waǧǧā  219 E 14 waǧaḥt  218 D 22 wǧkmt  217 A 16 waǧat  217 D 5 wḫā  218 A 27 wāḥibh  218 F 7 wḥnaš  217 C 21 waḥaṭ 219 D 14 waḫḫā  219 E 14 wḫkmt  217 A 16 wqʕt  219 B 25 wqaryah  218 E 15 wālǧah  217 C 29 waltah  219 B 22 waltam  218 D 21 wamḥš  218 C 12 wand  217 A 1A wanfrqiyah  218 E 21 wanǧ  217 D 9 wanǧy  218 C 12 wanṭafah  218 E 24 wanṭar  217 D 4 warab  218 C 23 wrdām  217 E 2 wurǧ  217 B 10 warǧab  218 E 22 warǧuzh  219 A 27 waraḥ 217 F 21 warmat  218 F 27 wasḥanbal  218 F 25 wasḫnbyah  218 D 23 wiš 217 C 3 wtwt  218 F 20 waṭ 219 D 23 wāṭah  219 F 21 wṭāta  218 C 27 wayn  217 E 19

Lexical Index *ʔäǧǧəg gəbäta 218 D 19 wzn  219 F 27 *ʔəḥ 219 A 11 wazan  219 B 11 *ʔaḥamäd  217 F 10 *ʔaḥəyya  217 D 3 yḥāy  219 B 10, *ʔəḫl  217 D 19 219 E 28 *ʔaḫl  217 D 19 yašyaḥ 218 B 17 *ʔəḫəl  217 D 19 *ʔaḫäšä 219 F 8 zaʕuǧ  219 A 29 *ʔalḥaš  218 D 5 zib 217 C 1 *ʔalḫäš  219 F 9 zifin  219 F 23 *ʔalmedan  217 E 27 ziǧb  217 E 24 *ʔaltäññaʕa  219 E 24 zaǧar  217 C 22 *ʔaliṭ 219 D 8 zūǧār  217 B 29 *ʔumməḥ 219 A 14 ziḥṭiy  218 A 19 *ʔəmḥaṣ 219 E 1 zaḫn  217 B 26 *ʔəməḥəṣ 219 E 1 zaḫun  217 B 26 *ʔəmäḥəṣ 219 E 1 zamǧ  219 A 16 *ʔumməḥat  219 A 15 zāmmah  219 B 5 *ʔəmḥaṭ 219 E 1 zanab  218 C 17 *ʔəməḥəṭ 219 E 1 zanāb  217 F 13 *ʔəmäḥəṭ 219 E 1 zanǧā  218 D 11 *ʔanbar  218 D 12 zenǧor[o] 218 C 28 *ʔunbar  217 D 17 zunǧar  217 D 11 *ʔanbäs  217 B 27 zānḥ 217 F 12 *ʔənči  217 E 16 zār 219 C 23 *ʔančačaʕal  217 D 13 zurt  217 C 20 *ʔandäbät  217 A 12 zarāt  217 B 17 *ʔandädä  219 E 16 zawr  217 A 6 *ʔanädädä  219 E 16 zayǧah  219 C 22 *ʔanäddädä  219 E 16 zayr  219 D 3 *ʔəndot  219 A 9 *ʔangər  217 B 12 *ʔangär  217 B 22 Ethiopic Gloss *ʔəngera  218 F 4 (Reconstruction) *ʔangwər  217 B 22 *ʔənǧ  217 A 22 *ʔabbate  219 A 10 *ʔənǧera  218 F 4 *ʔadungura  217 D 23 *ʔənǧərt  218 C 8 *ʔadungʷəra  217 D 23 *ʔunḫo  217 D 11 *ʔəfäč̣ 219 D 17 *ʔankälḥis  219 A 23 *ʔafäč̣ 219 D 17 *ʔanḳälawäč̣ 219 C 18 *ʔafäḳäräṣ 218 B 6 *ʔansəḥəya  218 D 4 *ʔufr  218 C 24 *ʔənsosla  217 F 1 *ʔufur  218 C 24 *ʔənsosəlla  217 F 1 *ʔagäññuḫ 219 F 4 *ʔanəst  217 A 0A *ʔagazän  217 C 15 *ʔansət  217 A 0A *ʔagäzän  217 C 15 *ʔanšä  219 F 8 *ʔəǧ  217 A 22 *ʔənšaš ḥəla 218 D 6 *ʔäǧǧəg  218 D 20

Lexical Index 218 A 9, 218 A 22, 218 A 23 *ʕanbäṭa  218 C 21 *ʕanč̣ 218 E 27 *ʕandur  219 F 18 *ʕangät  217 A 17 *ʕərf  218 C 6 *ʕuruf  218 C 6 *ʕarär  218 C 2 *ʕarš  219 B 28 *ʕəsa  217 C 26 *ʕasa  217 C 26 *ʕasər  218 A 21 *ʕassər  218 A 21 *ʕassər ʕamät 218 A 10 *ʕašəbo  218 F 8 *ʕašäbo  218 F 8 *ʕaššər ʕamat 218 A 10 *ʕaṣgäb  217 B 24 *ʕaṣmä gäbo 217 B 24 *ʕatär bäḥar 217 D 22 *ʕawəḳəñ  219 F 5 *ʕawəḳiñ  219 F 5 *ʕawäḳäñ  219 F 5 *ʕawwäḳäñ  219 F 5 *ʕabd  219 C 24 *ʕawaš  217 F 16 *ʕof  217 C 25 *ʕafr  218 C 24 *bäʕar  217 C 9 *ʕafär  218 A 26, *bäʕarä  217 C 9 219 F 15 *bäč̣čạ̈ l  217 D 2 *ʕagač  217 C 5 *bägga  217 C 13 *ʕaggač  217 C 5 *bäggaʔ 217 C 13 *ʕagaǧ  217 C 5 *baḥbäčč  217 B 3 *ʕagam  217 E 18 *bəḳəl ʕamat 218 A 23 *ʕagri  219 A 5 *bäḳəl ʕamat 218 A 23 *ʕaǧa  217 D 16 *baḳela  217 D 21 *ʕaǧǧa  217 D 16 *bäḳela  217 D 21 *ʕamär  217 D 8 *bäḳḳəl ʕamat 218 A 23 *ʕamära  217 D 8 *bäḳlä ʕamat 218 A 23 *ʕamärä  217 D 8 *bäl  219 E 15 *ʕamat  218 A 1 *balä  219 F 2, *ʕamät  218 A 1, 219 F 3 218 A 2, *bälaʕa  219 D 13 218 A 3, *bällaʕa  219 D 13 218 A 4, *baluḫ 219 F 3 218 A 5, *bunyät  217 C 24 218 A 6, *bunnəyät  217 C 24 218 A 7, *ʔanšašaʕal  217 D 13 *ʔənšašəʕəllit  217 D 13 *ʔənšošla  217 F 1 *ʔənšošəlla  217 F 1 *ʔənnate  219 A 9 *ʔəñaʕ 219 D 16 *ʔəñaʕa  219 D 16 *ʔəññaʕ 219 D 16 *ʔəññaʕa  219 D 16 *ʔarbaʕt ʕamat 218 A 4 *ʔarbəʕat  217 F 28 *ʔarbaʕat  217 F 28, 218 A 14 *ʔargəz  219 D 21A *ʔasḳämməṭ 219 D 24 *ʔəsəʕəm  219 B 8 *ʔasalləf  219 D 5 *ʔasnəḳ 219 D 5 *ʔəsat  218 A 28 *ʔašä  219 F 8 *ʔuškoḫ 217 C 28 *ʔaškoḫo  217 C 28 *ʔəṣbaʕt  217 A 23 *ʔawrəd  219 D 25

417 *bor  218 D 16 *bärʕa  217 E 22 *bärbär  217 E 1 *burkum  219 B 23 *burkumma  219 B 23 *bərät  218 B 29, 219 C 27 *bərätəñña  219 C 27 *bärtəñña  219 C 27 *bis  219 B 7 *betä ḫəstan 219 B 13 *betäḫsiyan  219 B 13 *bäṭəyyä  217 E 28 *bəzät  218 B 4 *bäzät  218 B 4 *bäzto  218 B 4 *bəzzət  218 B 4 *č̣o 218 F 8A *č̣äbbäṭ 219 D 10 *č̣ač̣at  218 C 18 *č̣uč̣əy  217 C 19 *č̣əd  217 E 26 *č̣əfr  217 A 24 *č̣əgr  217 A 4 *č̣ugur  217 B 21 *č̣igärä  219 D 27 *č̣əgʷr  217 A 4 *č̣əḥmät  217 A 16 *č̣uḥet  217 F 22 *č̣uḥayt  217 F 22 *č̣äḳä  219 F 13 *č̣əlal mot 219 B 21 *č̣änbəl  218 B 7 *č̣ärč̣är  217 F 17 *č̣is  218 E 28 *č̣äṭämät  217 B 11 *č̣äwa  218 F 8A *č̣äwä  218 F 8A *č̣äwč̣əy  217 C 19 *č̣ays  218 E 28 *daʕwäñña  219 C 12 *däbbəl  219 F 1 *däbälä  219 F 1 *däbbälä  219 F 1 *däbän  217 F 18 *dəbər  217 E 23

418 *fäñña  218 D 8 *däbtära  219 B 20 *fasiga  217 F 7 *dägäd  218 E 23 *fasiḫa  217 F 7 *dägud  218 E 23 *fašiga  217 F 7 *dagəm  217 F 26 *fašiḫa  217 F 7 *dagma  217 F 26 *fit 217 A 7 *dägma sänbät 217 F 26 *fäyyäl  217 C 14 *dagmay  217 F 26 *dəgr  218 C 5 *guba  219 D 21B *dägr  218 C 5 *gubaʔ 219 D 21B *dəgrä  218 C 5 *gäbärä  219 E 26 *däkäm  219 E 21 *gäbbärä  219 E 26 *däkkäm  219 E 21 *gäbs  217 D 18 *däḳḳəs  219 D 16 *gəbäta  218 D 20 *dällaḥ 219 E 6 *gäbäta  218 D 19 *dəm bəlal 217 E 3 *gäbäya  219 B 18 *dämdäss  217 A 19 *gädäl  218 F 2 *dəmḥ 217 A 5 *gädale  219 C 15 *dängə 218 F 1 *gudale  219 C 15 *dänǧ  218 F 1 *gafa  219 B 4 *dännək  217 E 10 *gufär  219 D 12 *donäḳa  219 A 24 *gagər  219 D 11 *doro  217 C 17 *gaggər  219 D 11 *doroho  217 C 17 *gäggäbt  217 A 25 *dərnəḳ 217 C 18 *gäggäbät  217 A 25 *dərnäḳ 217 C 18 *gäla säb 217 A 3 *därnäḳ 217 C 18 *gälbät  217 B 9 *därät  217 A 25A *gulbät  217 B 9 *dəräs  219 F 22 *gälas  217 A 2 *därrəs  219 F 22 *gum  217 F 19 *därräsä  219 D 22 *gäma  217 C 16 *das  219 B 15 *goma  217 C 16 *guma  217 C 16 *fič̣ 219 F 17 *gämäd  219 B 26 *fadät  217 C 6 *gämfo  218 F 13 *feḳ 217 C 12 *gänbärt  217 B 4 *fiḳ 217 C 12 *gənč̣ 217 A 15 *fəḳäd  219 D 7 *gonäd  218 C 19 *faḳdat  219 F 6 *gondä  218 C 19 *fəlaṣa  219 A 3 *gondär  218 D 17 *fəlaṣṣa  219 A 3 *gənǧä  217 B 5 *fəlaṭa  219 A 3 *gänta  218 C 10 *fəlaṭṭa  219 A 3 *ganäta  218 C 10 *fandəy  219 C 4 *gänəz  218 C 13 *fandiy  219 C 4 *gäräd  219 A 13 *fənṣaṣä  219 A 22 *gärängär  219 A 6 *fänṣaṣä  219 A 22 *gäräñat  217 C 27 *fənṭaṭä  219 A 22 *guräññit  217 C 27 *fänṭaṭä  219 A 22

Lexical Index *girar  217 D 25 *goräro  217 A 18 *guräro  217 A 18 *goräsä  219 D 13 *gorräsä  219 D 13 *gärṭäč̣ 218 C 9 *gərṭaṭ 218 C 9 *goyta  219 D 2 *gəzi  219 F 24 *gəziʔ 219 F 24 *gʷədale  219 C 15 *gʷaguba  218 F 10 *gʷagubba  218 F 10 *gʷäl  219 B 17 *gʷalla  219 B 17 *gʷänäd  218 C 19 *gʷändä  218 C 19 *gʷäräro  217 A 18 *gʷäräsä  219 D 13 *gʷärräsä  219 D 13 *gʸənǧär  218 F 12 *gʸəñǧär  218 F 12 *gʸəñgʸär  218 F 12 *ǧälla  217 B 15 *ǧari  217 C 2 *ǧäri  217 C 2 *ǧänbär  217 F 23 *ǧəwä  217 B 16 *ǧuwä  217 B 16 *ǧəwwä  217 B 16 *ǧuwwä  217 B 16 *ǧäwt  217 B 16 *haggəs  219 C 9 *haǧǧəs  219 C 9 *ḥeb  218 F 21 *ḥubab  218 D 7 *ḥaggat  218 F 22 *ḥaggʷat  218 F 22 *ḥaḳäfä  219 E 23 *ḥaḳḳäfä  219 E 23 *ḥamäd  219 F 12 *ḥaml  217 E 6 *ḥəms  217 B 18 *ḥaməst  218 A 15 *ḥamməst  218 A 15 *ḥamsät  218 A 15

Lexical Index *ḫäsäl  218 E 29 *ḥamməst ʕamat 218 A 5 *ḫässač  219 C 17 *ḥamizza  218 F 9 *ḫäša  219 F 9 *ḥanbärt  217 B 4 *ḫäššač  219 C 17 *ḥənč̣ä  217 B 5 *ḫošəm  217 E 17 *ḥinač̣ 219 A 4 *ḫošäm  217 E 17 *ḥanč̣əwa  218 C 26 *ḫäwd  217 A 27 *ḥand  218 A 11 *ḫaya ʕamat 218 A 22 *ḥənəsäb  218 F 8 *ḥanṣəwa  218 C 26 *kokäb  217 F 20 *ḥanṭ 218 C 25 *kokkäb  217 F 20 *ḥenṭ 218 C 25 *kokobä  217 F 20 *ḥanzät  217 A 30 *kʷäkʷäb  217 F 20 *ḥənziz  218 C 28 *ḥanžät  217 A 30 *ḳač̣a  217 E 29 *ḥǝra  217 C 4 *ḳäč̣ḳäč̣ 217 B 1 *ḥarb  218 F 29 *ḳäč̣č̣in  218 B 18 *ḥəräd  219 D 6 *ḳäda sänbät 217 F 25 *ḥaräč̣ume  218 F 28 *ḳäda säñño 217 F 27 *ḥurč̣um  218 F 28 *ḳäfät  217 A 9 *ḥarč̣umme  218 F 28 *ḳaga  217 E 29 *ḥarrəd  219 D 6 *ḳeḥ 219 C 5 *ḥurkum  217 D 7 *ḳoḳäǧ  217 C 23 *ḥəräs  219 E 29 *ḳoḳaḥ 217 C 23 *ḥaras  219 A 28 *ḳəlʕ 217 E 14 *ḥəräyä  217 C 4 *ḳälč̣ 218 D 9 *ḥǝriya  217 C 4 *ḳulḥ 217 B 14 *ḥasäs  219 F 11 *ḳälalaḥ 218 F 14 *ḥayb  218 F 21 *ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11 *ḥayṣ 218 C 25 *ḳämbisa  218 B 9 *ḥayṭ 218 C 25 *ḳambissa  218 B 9 *ḳämbissi  218 B 9 *ḫəbər  219 C 21 *ḳəmal  218 D 1 *ḫubät  219 C 3 *ḳänbəl  218 B 7 *ḫod  217 A 27 *ḳänbär  219 B 27 *ḫäla  217 A 3 *ḳənč̣ 219 F 17 *ḫälät ʕamat 218 A 2 *ḳənač̣ 218 C 29 *ḫulätt  218 A 12 *ḳänd  219 C 2 *ḫamizza  218 F 9 *ḳändä zəḫon 219 C 2 *ḫändaʕ 217 A 20 *ḳändäb  217 A 13 *ḫänfär  217 A 11, *ḳənṭər  217 B 19 217 B 20 *ḳənay  217 F 30 *ḫär  217 A 21 *ḳura  217 D 6 *ḫärr  217 A 21 *ḳurä  217 D 6 *ḫora  218 D 26 *ḳərb  217 A 8 *ḫäränbo  219 F 16 *ḳäriba  219 A 18 *ḫäränbu  219 F 16 *ḳärbät  218 E 20 *ḫərara  219 F 19 *ḳərnəb  217 A 8 *ḫärs  217 A 27A

419 *ḳərš  218 E 14 *ḳärše  218 E 14 *ḳärši  218 E 14 *ḳes  219 C 13 *ḳäst  219 A 2 *ḳäsät  219 A 2 *ḳäšät  219 A 2 *ḳaṣ 219 C 29 *ḳaṭ 219 C 29 *ḳäṭ ʔaggäd 217 B 6 *ḳäṭin  218 B 18 *ḳäyḥ 219 C 5 *ḳäyš  219 C 13 *ləbb  217 A 28 *leba  219 C 19 *ləǧǧä  219 A 12 *ləǧač  219 B 9 *lägač̣ 219 C 18 *lahm  217 C 8 *ləḥt  217 E 11 *ləḥat  217 E 11 *laḥaš  218 D 5 *läḫläḫ 217 B 3 *läḳḳa  219 E 26 *läḳḳäba  219 A 27 *läkkam  219 B 6 *lam  217 C 8 *lämmač̣ 219 C 18 *ləmd  218 B 24 *lämd  218 B 24 *ləmad  218 B 24 *lemat  218 D 24 *maʕč̣äd  218 C 11 *maʕar  218 F 16 *mäbrəḥat  218 E 12 *mədač(č) 218 E 3 *mədača  218 D 25 *madəčča  218 D 25 *mədaǧ(ǧ) 218 E 3 *mədaǧǧa  218 D 25 *mədəǧǧa  218 D 25 *madəǧǧa  218 D 25 *mədr  218 A 29 *mäffäs  219 F 26 *məgəddaʕat  218 B 10 *maḥḳ 218 B 19

420 *maḥaḳ 218 B 19 *məḳnat  218 B 12 *mäḳnät  218 B 12 *mäḳännät  218 B 12 *molaḫʷəš  219 C 14 *mämär  217 A 19 *mämmär  217 A 19 *mändäl  218 B 15 *mänfäs  219 F 26 *mänḥarräb  218 B 13 *mänka  218 E 13 *mənket  218 E 2 *mənḳäl  218 D 27 *mänḳäl  218 D 27 *märč̣ 217 A 29 *märäč̣ 217 A 29 *märč̣uba  219 B 16 *märfa  218 C 15 *märfaʔ 218 C 15 *märgäč̣ 218 E 9 *mərṭ 217 B 7 *märwe  218 B 14 *məsḥatwät  218 C 7 *məsḳäl  217 F 8 *mäsḳäl  217 F 8 *mäsr  217 D 20 *məssər  217 D 20 *məst  219 B 1 *mist  219 B 1 *mäste  218 E 16 *mästi  218 E 16 *mäsäti  218 E 16 *muša  218 B 20 *mašəla  217 D 29 *məšr  217 D 20 *mäšr  217 D 20 *mušrə 219 B 2 *mušru  219 B 2 *məšt  219 B 1 *mišt  219 B 1 *mišti  219 B 1 *mäšät  218 E 16 *məṣḥaf  219 C 11 *mäṣräg  218 E 25 *mättaʕ 219 D 29 *mättaʕa  219 D 29 *məṭʕad  218 E 17 *məṭḥaf  219 C 11 *mäṭräg  218 E 25

Lexical Index *sədəst  218 A 16 *sädäst  218 A 16 *səddəst  218 A 16 *səddəst ʕamat 218 A 6 *səga  218 F 6 *nuʔiyä  218 E 8 *säga  218 F 6 *naʕ 219 E 12 *säḫän  217 B 13 *nub  218 C 20 *säḫär  218 F 19 *näbr  217 B 28 *suḳ bäl 219 E 15 *näč̣o šəngurt 217 E 8 *sälabi  219 A 17 *näč̣o šənḫurt 217 E 8 *säm bäl 219 E 15 *näč̣iḥ 219 C 6 *sambä  217 B 2 *näde  219 A 25 *saməb  217 B 2 *nädäyä  219 A 25 *səmḥatä  219 E 7 *nəfas  218 A 25 *səmmənt  218 A 18 *näfas  218 A 25 *sämmänt  218 A 18 *nəfiṭ 217 A 10 *səmmənt ʕamät 218 A 8 *näfəṭ 217 A 10 *sämmänt ʕamät 218 A 8 *näggäd  219 E 17 *səmmənät  218 A 18 *näggade  219 C 20 *sämmänät  218 A 18 *nägadäñña  219 C 20 *sämmənət ʕamat 218 A 8 *nägadäyä  219 C 20 *sän bäl 219 E 15 *nugs  219 C 28 *sänʔaḫ 219 E 3 *nugʷs  219 C 28 *sinʕar  217 E 21 *nuhug  217 D 28 *sanəb  217 B 2 *narät  218 E 18 *sänbät  217 F 24, *nəsa  219 D 19 217 F 29 *näsa  219 D 19 *sənde  217 D 15 *näṣiḥ 219 C 6 *sänäde  217 D 15 *sanəḳ 219 B 29 *rugumgam  217 F 14 *sanḳa  219 B 29 *rämǧ  219 A 16 *sanḳä  219 B 29 *rämḥ 219 A 16 *sanəḳä  219 B 29 *rämḫ 219 A 16 *sənär  219 D 26 *roṣä  219 E 5 *säntal  218 C 1 *roṭä  219 E 5 *säntäl  218 C 1 *räw sänbät 217 F 29 *sərfil  218 B 11 *rwäṣ 219 E 5 *sərafil  218 B 11 *rwäṭ 219 E 5 *sərṭ 219 C 1 *räwäṭä  219 E 5 *sost  *räwwäṭä  219 E 5 218 A 13 *ružb  217 C 20 *sost ʕamat 218 A 3 *səṭ 219 D 4 *säb  217 A 1 *säwäyč  217 A 0B *säbʕat  218 A 17 *säbʕat ʕamat 218 A 7 *šäbla  217 E 13 *säbla  217 E 13 *šäblä  217 E 13 *säblä  217 E 13 *šəf  217 D 24 *sädäbä  219 E 2 *šəfu  217 D 24 *säddäbä  219 E 2 *šip  217 D 24 *məṭaṭ 219 A 26 *mäzgär  218 D 3 *mäžgär  218 D 3

421

Lexical Index *šipo  217 D 24 *šaḥam  219 E 18 *šäḳäṭä  219 E 27 *šämma  218 B 5 *šəmḥatä  219 E 7 *šumḥatä  219 E 7 *šənf  217 D 24 *šänafəč̣ 217 D 26 *šänägbät  217 B 23 *šəngurt  217 E 8, 217 E9 *šängʷäbat  217 B 23 *šənḫurt  217 E 8, 217 E9 *šənt  219 E 7 *šərṭ 219 C 1 *šätä  219 E 13 *šättä  219 E 13 *ṣäbaḥ 217 F 11 *ṣäbbäṭ 219 D 10 *ṣəfr  217 A 24 *ṣufr  218 B 23 *ṣägäb  219 E 4 *ṣäggäb  219 E 4 *ṣəgr  217 A 4 *ṣägur  218 B 3 *ṣugur  217 B 21 *ṣəgʷr  217 A 4 *ṣägʷr  218 B 3 *ṣäǧǧ  218 F 17, 219 F 29 *ṣuḥayt  217 F 22 *ṣall  219 F 28 *ṣəlʕ 219 A 20 *ṣənčäl  217 C 30 *ṣänčəl  217 C 30 *ṣärgä  219 F 10 *ṣärägä  219 F 10 *ṣaṣat  218 C 18 *täʔarräḳä  219 E 22 *taʕaggäsä  219 E 25 *taḥaṣbä  219 E 10 *taḥaṭbä  219 E 10 *təḫan  218 D 2 *täḳämäṭ 219 D 20 *täḳit  217 F 9, 218 D 20

*təlʕ 218 C 22 *tälaʕ 218 C 22 *tuluʕ 218 C 22 *təlba  217 D 27 *tälba  217 D 27 *təlbä  217 D 27 *tälbä  217 D 27 *tämälläs  219 F 7 *təmər  217 E 20 *tənkiyät  218 E 2 *tänäs  219 D 18 *täññaʕa  219 E 24 *tarräḳä  219 E 22 *təsʕat ʕamat 218 A 9 *täsʕat ʕamat 218 A 9 *təsəʕat  218 A 20 *täsäbbärä  219 E 9 *təšəʕat  218 A 20 *taṭäb  219 B 3 *taṭäba  219 B 3 *ṭəbb  217 A 26 *ṭäbaḥ 217 F 11 *ṭäbta  218 F 5 *ṭäbbäṭ 219 D 10 *ṭač̣at  218 C 18 *ṭəd  217 E 26 *ṭäfa  219 E 19 *ṭäffa  219 E 19, 219 E 20 *ṭäfaʔa  219 E 19 *ṭäffaʔa  219 E 20 *ṭəfr  217 A 24 *ṭufr  218 B 23 *ṭägäb  219 E 4 *ṭäggäb  219 E 4 *ṭəgr  217 A 4 *ṭägur  218 B 3 *ṭugur  217 B 21 *ṭəgʷr  217 A 4 *ṭägʷr  218 B 3 *ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17, 219 F 29 *ṭəḥn  218 F 23 *ṭäḳär  219 F 14 *ṭuḳḳər  219 C 8 *ṭälla  218 F 18 *ṭällä  218 F 18 *ṭəlləḳḳo  218 F 26

*ṭaluḳät  218 F 26 *ṭənag  217 C 10 *ṭənaǧ  217 C 10 *ṭärrägä  219 F 10 *ṭərs  217 A 14 *ṭis  218 E 28 *ṭəṭ 217 F 2 *ṭoṭ 217 D 10 *ṭuṭ 217 F 2 *ṭəṭä  217 F 2 *ṭoṭa  217 D 10 *ṭoṭä  217 D 10 *ṭäṭṭaʕ 219 D 15 *ṭäṭṭaʕa  219 D 15 *ṭäṭämät  217 B 11 *ṭay  217 C 11 *ṭäyyəm  219 C 7 *ṭays  218 E 28 *wəc̣ä̌  218 C 27 *wäč̣(ä) 217 D 9 *wäč̣əḥt  218 D 22 *wäč̣aḥt  218 D 22 *wəč̣atä  218 C 27 *wädäb  217 F 15 *wädḳä  219 E 8 *wädäḳä  219 E 8 *wäddäḳ 219 E 8 *wäddäḳä  219 E 8 *wädärä  219 B 26 *wäfč̣ä  218 E 10 *wäfč̣e  218 E 10 *wäfč̣i  218 E 10 *wäfč̣o  218 E 10 *wäfənč̣a  217 A 10A *wägga  219 E 14 *wäggaʔa  219 E 14 *waǧǧä  219 D 28 *wəǧkəmt  217 A 16 *wäǧät  217 D 5 *wäǧǧät  217 D 5 *waḥnäš  217 C 21 *wäḥaṭ 219 D 14 *wəḫa  218 A 27 *wäkkaʔa  219 E 14 *wäḳera  218 E 15 *wäḳärya  218 E 15 *walga  217 C 29 *walta  219 B 22

422 *wälta  219 B 22 *wältäm  218 D 21 *wänč̣ 217 D 9 *wänč̣(ä) 217 D 9 *wänč̣är  217 D 4 *wänč̣äy  218 C 12 *wänd  217 A 1A *wänfärḳiya  218 E 21 *wänṭäfa  218 E 24 *wäräb  218 C 23 *wärč  217 B 10 *wärdam  217 E 2 *wärdimama  217 E 2 *wärgäb  218 E 22 *wärguza  219 A 27 *wärḥ 217 F 21 *wärḥi  217 F 21 *wärəḥ 217 F 21 *wäraḥ 217 F 21 *wärmät  218 F 27 *wäsḫänbiya  218 D 23 *wǝš  217 C 3 *wǝšša  217 C 3 *wǝššä  217 C 3 *wäṣ 219 D 23 *wätot  218 F 20 *wäṭ 219 D 23 *waṭa  219 F 21 *wäyn  217 E 19 *wäzän  219 B 11, 219 F 27 *yaḥay  219 E 28 *yaḥayy  219 E 28 *yäšiḥ 218 B 17 *yäšyaḥ 218 B 17 *zeb  217 C 1 *zəfən  219 F 23 *zəfän  219 F 23 *zega  219 C 22 *zəgbä  217 E 24 *zägär  217 C 22 *zogara  217 B 29 *zogarä  217 B 29 *zəḥṭəy  218 A 19 *zaḫn  217 B 26 *zäḫon  217 B 26

Lexical Index *zamma  219 B 5 *zämma  219 B 5 *zämǧ  219 A 16 *zənb  218 C 17 *zənbi  218 C 17 *zänab  217 F 13 *zänäb  218 C 17 *zänga  218 D 11 *zungär  217 D 11 *zongäya  218 D 11 *zungʸär  217 D 11 *zunǧär  217 D 11 *zanḥ 217 F 12 *zar  219 C 23 *zärat  217 B 17 *zayr  219 D 3

*ḥrd  218 C 12 *ḥsw 219 C 17 *ḥzy  218 C 7

*žǝb  217 C 1 *žägär  217 C 22 *žaḫn  217 B 26 *žäḫon  217 B 26 *žunǧär  217 D 11 *žär  219 D 3 *žər  219 D 3 *žoro  217 A 6 *žärat  217 B 17

*malasa  219 F 7

Ethiopian Semitic Proto-Ethiopian Semitic *ʔsr  218 C 14 *ʕrḳ *ʕwḳ

219 E 22 219 F 5

*bʔs  219 B 7 *bhl  219 E 15 *bsl  217 E 5 *dgm  217 F 26 *dlh  219 E 6 *frḳ

218 E 21

*gbr  219 E 26 *gəbr  219 E 26 *gmṣ 217 A 15 *gzʔ 219 F 24

*ḫbz  218 F 9 *ḫṣ̂b  219 E 10 *ḳadama  217 F 25 *ḳadāmi  217 F 25 *ḳrb  219 A 18 *lhḳ 218 E 8 *lḥm  219 B 6 *lmd  219 C 18 *lmn  219 C 18 *lmṣ 219 C 18

*ndd  219 E 16 *nfṭ 217 A 10A *nṣy  218 C 12 *rabuʕ 217 F 28, 217 F 29 *rgṣ 218 E 9 *rmd  218 E 9 *rwṣ 219 F 25 *sʕm  219 B 8 *sbr  219 E 9 *slb  219 A 17 *sny 217 F 27 *ṣḥf  219 C 11 *ṣll 219 F 28 *ŝənḳ

219 D 5

*ṭbw  218 B 25, 219 B 3 *ṭf ʔ 219 E 20 *ṭḥn  218 F 23 *wdḳ 219 E 11 *wrd  219 D 25

423

Lexical Index Proto-South Ethiopian Semitic *ʔal- 219 F 9, 219 E 24 *käša  219 F 8, 219 F 9 *ša 219 F 8 *wäggaʔa  219 E 14 Ethiopic Roots rgb  218 E 22 šḥm  219 E 18 Gəʕəz ʔab  219 A 10 ʔabd  219 C 24 ʔabarbarā  217 E 7 ʔabarbari  217 E 7 ʔəd  217 A 22 ʔafar  218 A 26 ʔagadā  217 B 6 ʔəgale  217 A 3 ʔəgalit  217 A 3 ʔəgr  217 B 12 ʔagre  219 A 5 ʔəgziʔ 219 F 24 ʔagāzan  217 C 15 ʔagāzen  217 C 15 ʔaḥadu  218 A 11 ʔəḫəw  219 A 11 ʔəḫʷ 219 A 11 ʔəkl  217 D 19 ʔambār  218 D 12 ʔanbaṭā  218 C 21 ʔəmməḥew  219 A 14 ʔəmməḥewt  219 A 15 ʔandada  219 E 16 ʔanəst  217 A 0A ʔanṣawā  218 C 25 ʔanṣewā  218 C 25 ʔanṣowā  218 C 25 ʔənzirā  218 C 8 ʔarbāʕəttu  218 A 4 ʔarmada  218 E 9 ʔasar  218 C 14 ʔasara  218 C 14 ʔəsāt  218 A 28 ʔaŝnaḳa  219 D 5

ballata  219 D 9 bərʕ 217 E 22 barbarre  217 E 1 b-r-h see mabrəh bərat  218 B 29 beta krəstiyān 219 B 13 ʕabiy  218 D 19 bəzzət  218 B 4 ʕof 217 C 25 bazzata  218 B 4 ʕage  217 D 16 ʕ-g-ŝ see taʕaggaŝa d-b-l see tadābala ʕoḳa  219 F 5 dābər  218 F 2 ʕām  218 A 1 dabr 217 E 23, ʕāmat  218 A 1 (‘mountain’) 218 F 2 ʕanbasā  217 B 27 dabr 218 F 2 ʕəndər  218 C 8 (‘territory’) ʕəndar  218 C 8 dabtarā  219 B 20 ʕənzirā  218 C 8 dagʕ 219 C 16 ʕərf  218 C 6 dagʕā  219 C 16 ʕarḳa  219 E 22 dāgəm  217 F 26 ʕaraḳa  219 E 22 dagama  217 F 26 ʕarar  218 C 2 dagʷʕā  219 C 16 ʕāŝā  217 C 26 dəgʷr  218 C 5 ʕaŝru  218 A 10 dagʷr  218 C 5 ʕaŝŝartu  218 A 10 d-ḥ-l see tadəḥla ʕaṣm  217 B 24 dakma  219 E 21 ʕəṣ̂ 218 E 27 daḳḳasa  219 D 16 ʕəṣ̂e  218 C 27 dəmdəmā  217 A 5 ʕ-ṣ̂-d see māʕəṣ̂ad, māʕəṣ̂əd dəmāḥ 217 A 5 ʕaṣ̂m  217 B 24 dammanā  217 F 18 ʕaṣ̂ma gabo 217 B 24 dənḳəw  219 A 24 ʕ-t-b see māʕətab darbaya  219 A 7 ʕatar  217 D 22 dorho  217 C 17 doroho  217 C 17 bəʔsa  219 B 7 dərnəḳ 217 C 18 baʕāla masḳal 217 F 8 dərnāḳ 217 C 18 bəʕər  217 C 9 dorār  217 D 30 bəʕərā  217 C 9 darasa  219 F 22 bəʕrāwi  217 C 9 dās  219 B 15 bəʕrāy  217 C 9 baggəʕ 217 C 13 fe  217 A 7 baggəʕu  219 B 6 faḳada  219 D 7 bəhla  219 F 2 fənṣāṣā  219 A 22 bāḥr  217 D 22 fanṣāṣā  219 A 22 bəḫbāḫe  219 A 21 fāsəkā  217 F 7 bāḫʷbəḫʷa  219 A 21 fāsikā  217 F 7 baḳl  217 D 2 f-ṣ-ḥ see faṣḥa, mafṣəḥ, baḳelā  217 D 21 mafṣəḥt bāḳelā  217 D 21 faṣḥa  219 D 17 baḳʷlā  217 D 21 faṣawa  219 F 17 balʕa  219 D 13 ʔaṣbāʕ(ə)t  217 A 23 ʔaṭbāt  217 A 26 ʔaṭbawa  219 B 3 ʔawrada  219 D 25

424 ḫaṣ̂aba  219 E 10 faṣaya  219 F 17 ḫaŝaŝa  219 F 8 fāṣaya  219 F 17 ḫoŝaŝa  219 F 11 ḫʷaŝaŝa  219 F 11 ge 219 B 12 gabo  217 B 24 kəbo  219 C 3 gabʔa  219 D 21B kabd  217 A 27 gəbr  219 E 26 kəbur  219 C 21 gabbara  219 E 26 kabaro  218 D 28, 219 gabs  217 D 18 F 16 gabatā  218 D 19 kokab  217 F 20 gudāle  219 C 15 kəlʔe  218 A 2 gaḥaft  218 E 4 kəlʔettu  218 A 2 gum  217 F 19 kanfar  217 A 11 gime  217 F 19 korā  218 D 26 gamad  219 B 26 karŝ  217 A 27A gamaṣa  217 A 15 kāsmā  219 B 19 ganfo  218 F 13 kʷərnāʕ 217 A 20 gantā  218 C 9, 218 C 10 ḳadām  217 F 25 gərṭāṭ 218 C 9 ḳadāmi  217 F 25 garzen  218 B 22 ḳadāmit sanbat 217 F 25 gazʔa  219 F 24 ḳagā  217 E 29 gʷədāle  219 C 15 ḳoḳəh  217 C 23 gʷərʕe  217 A 18 ḳoḳāh  217 C 23 ḳoḳəḥ 217 C 23 hag(g)ʷāt  218 F 22 ḳoḳāḥ 217 C 23 ḳaḳanon  217 D 7 ḥaddis  219 C 9 ḳāḳer  217 D 6 ḥaḳafa  219 E 23 ḳamis  218 B 9 ḥalib  218 F 21 ḳ-m-ṭ see taḳammaṭa ḥamad  219 F 12 ḳənāt  218 B 12 ḥaml  217 E 6 ḳannaya  217 F 30 ḥǝms  217 B 18 ḳarba  219 A 18 ḥǝmŝ  217 B 18 ḳaraba  219 A 18 ḥənbərt  217 B 4 ḳərd  217 D 12 ḥənzəz  218 C 28 ḳarn  219 C 2 ḥarb  218 F 29 ḳarna nage 219 C 2 ḥarada  219 D 6 ḳərnəb  217 A 8, ḥarasa  219 E 29 217 A 13 ḥarawyā  217 C 4 ḳarnəb  217 A 8, ḥarāwǝyā  217 C 4 217 A 13 ḥarawiyā  217 C 4 ḳarnab  217 A 8, ḥassawa  219 C 17 217 A 13 ḥaṣṣ  217 C 10, ḳasis  219 C 13 219 A 4 ḳast  219 A 2 ḥaṣaba  219 E 10 ḳāṣ 219 C 29 ḳaṭṭant  218 B 18 ḫamməstu  218 A 5 ḳayyəḥ 219 C 5 ḫarās  219 A 28

Lexical Index ḳayyiḥ 219 C 5 ḳʷəlḥ 217 B 14 ḳʷəmāl  218 D 1 ḳʷənṣ 218 C 29 ḳʷəṣ 217 B 6 ḳʷəṭ(ə)n  218 B 18 ḳʷəyṣ 217 B 6 ləbb  217 A 28 ləd 219 A 12 lāhm  217 C 8 ləḥma  219 B 6 laḳḳəḥa  219 E 26 lomi  217 E 15 lamd  218 B 24 lamada  219 C 18 lammana  219 C 18 lamaṣa  219 C 18 lammaṣa  219 C 18 lanṣ 218 B 17 lət 217 E 11 maʕar  218 F 16 maʕār  218 F 16 māʕəṣ̂ad  218 C 11 māʕəṣ̂əd  218 C 11 māʕətab  218 D 15 mabrəh  218 E 12 mədr  218 A 29 mafṣəḥ 218 E 10 mafṣəḥt  218 E 10 maḥaṣa  219 E 1 məḫəmmāz  218 F 9 maḫʷaŝəŝ  218 C 12, 219 F 11 maḫʷəŝaŝ  219 F 11 maḳnat  218 B 12 maḳnati  218 B 12 maḳannat  218 B 12 maḳannati  218 B 12 m-l-s see tamalālasa məndād  218 D 25 mandil  218 B 15 manfas  219 F 26 mankā  218 E 13 mānkā  218 E 13 manakos  219 C 14 manṭaf  218 E 24 manṭaft  218 E 24

425

Lexical Index mərfāʔ 218 C 15 marawa  218 B 14 masḳal  217 F 8 məssər  217 D 20 maste  218 E 16 məṣʕad  218 E 17 moṣāḥ 218 D 22 maṣḥaf  219 C 11 maṣḥet  218 C 7 moṣāḥt  218 D 22 nəʕā  219 E 12 naʕa  219 E 12 naʕā  219 E 12 n-d-d see ʔandada, məndād, nadda, nadada nadda  219 E 16 nadada  219 E 16 ndy  219 A 25 n-f-s see manfas, nafās nafās  218 A 25 nafaṭa  217 A 10 nagada  219 E 17 nagādi  219 C 20 nəguŝ  219 C 28 nəhb  218 C 20 nəhigʷ 217 D 28 nəhya  219 D 16 nəḥigʷ 217 D 28 namr  217 B 28 naṣḥa  217 E 8, 219 C 6 nəṣuḥ 219 C 6 naṣaya  218 C 12 naŝʔa  219 D 19 n-ṭ-f see manṭaf, manṭaft rəʔs  219 B 12 r-b-ʕ see ʔarbaʕəttu, rabuʕ rabuʕ 217 F 28 r-f-ʔ see mərfāʔ rəgb  217 C 20 ragaṣ̂a  218 E 9 r-m-d see ʔarmada roṣa  219 E 5 saʕama  219 B 8 sabʔ 217 A 1 sabʕattu  218 A 7

sabāʕtu  218 A 7 sabara  219 E 9 səddəstu  218 A 6 səgʷrad  217 E 9 səgʷərd  217 E 9 sagʷərd  217 E 9 sagʷarad  217 E 9 sakonā  217 B 13 sakʷanā  217 B 13 s-ḳ-l see masḳal salaba  219 A 17 samānitu  218 A 8 sammantu  218 A 8 sənāppe  217 D 26 sanāppe  217 D 26 sanāfil  218 B 11 sanbuʔ 217 B 2 sanbuʕ 217 B 2 sanbat  217 F 24 sanuy  217 F 27 sərnāy  217 D 15 sarara  219 D 26 s-t-y see maste s-ṭ-w see tasaṭwa ŝəgā  218 F 6 ŝalastu  218 A 3 ŝena  219 E 7 ŝənḳ 219 D 5 ŝanaḳa  219 D 5 ŝənt  219 E 7 ŝərnāy  217 D 15 ŝāret  217 C 6 ṣ-ʕ-d see məṣʕad ṣ-b-ʕ see ʔaṣbāʕ(ə)t ṣəbāḥ 217 F 11 ṣəfr  217 A 24 ṣagba  219 E 4 ṣagʷr  217 A 4 ṣaḥafa  219 C 11 ṣəlʕ 219 A 20 ṣalʕ 219 A 20 ṣallim  219 C 7 ṣanbil  218 B 7 ṣaraga  219 F 10 ṣāṣet  218 C 18 ṣāṣot  218 C 18 ṣāṣut  218 C 18

ṣəḫd  217 E 25, 217 E 26 ṣəḥm  217 A 16 ṣəḫʷd  217 E 26 ṣəlālot  219 B 21 ṣew  218 F 8A ṣ̂abaṭa  219 D 10 ṣ̂aḥāy  217 F 22 ṣ̂anbəl  218 B 7 ṣ̂ərs  217 A 14 ṣ̂arsa  217 A 14 taʕaggaŝa  219 E 25 taʕaraḳa  219 E 22 tadābala  219 F 1 tadəḥla  219 E 6 taḫaṣ̂ba  219 E 10 təkʷān  218 D 2 taḳammaṭa  219 D 20 təlabe  217 D 27 təlābe 217 D 27 talbe  217 D 27 talabe  217 D 27 tamalālasa  219 F 7 tamr  217 E 20 tanbal  219 A 17 tanbalāt  219 A 17 tanŝəʔa  219 D 18 təsʕattu  218 A 9 tasʕattu  218 A 9 tasāʕəttu  218 A 9 tasabra  219 E 9 tasaṭwa  219 D 4 ṭəb 217 A 26 ṭabawa  219 B 3 ṭaf ʔa  219 E 19 ṭafr  218 B 23 ṭəḥn  218 F 23 ṭaḥana  218 F 23 ṭaḳar  219 F 14 ṭali 217 C 11 ṭalla  219 F 28 ṭalala  219 F 28 ṭəlul  219 F 28 ṭərs  217 A 14 ṭarsa  217 A 14 ṭis 218 E 28

426 ṭəṭ ṭuṭ

Lexical Index 217 F 2 217 F 2

wadḳa  219 E 8 wadaḳa  219 E 8 wagʔa  219 E 14 wagʕa  219 E 14 wəḫṭa  219 D 14 waḫaṭa  219 D 14 wld see ləd, wald wald  217 A 1A wālgā  217 C 29 waltā  219 B 22 wānos  217 C 21 warada  219 D 25 warḫ 217 F 21 warmat  218 F 27 waṣḥa  218 D 22 waṣ̂ʔa  219 D 23 watwat  218 F 20 wayn  217 E 19 yonās  217 C 21 zǝʔb  217 C 1 zǝbʔ 217 C 1 zafana  219 F 23 zegā  219 C 22 zagbā  217 E 24 zəgrā  217 C 22 zagrā  217 C 22 zagar  219 A 1 zammā  219 B 5 zamad  219 A 16 zənb  218 C 17 zənām  217 F 13 Epigraphic Gəʕəz mfs  219 F 26 *maffas  219 F 26 Təgre ʔab  219 A 10 ʔəbd  219 C 24 ʔəde  217 A 22 ʔadangal  217 D 23 ʔadungʷərā  217 D 23 ʔəgale  217 A 3 ʔəgaletat  217 A 3

ʔəgaletāy  217 A 3 ʔəgər  217 B 12 ʔəgziʔ 219 F 24 ʔəgziʔo  219 F 24 ʔagāzen  217 C 15 ʔəkəl  217 D 19 ʔukat  218 F 7 ʔambāṭā  218 C 21 ʔanbaṭā  218 C 21 ʔandada  219 E 16 ʔəngerā  218 F 4 ʔanəs 217 A 0A ʔanṣāy  218 C 25 ʔarbāʕ 218 A 4 ʔərgəb  217 C 20 ʔararbəʕā  217 F 28 ʔashalat  218 D 4 ʔasnaḳa  219 D 5 ʔasra  218 C 14 ʔəsāt  218 A 28 ʔəssit  217 A 0A ʔattaʕāraḳa  219 E 22 ʔaṭbā  219 B 3 ʔaṭbāy  217 A 26 ʔawrada  219 D 25 ʕabda  219 C 24 ʕabamṭā  218 C 21 ʕač̣əm  217 B 24 ʕəč̣čạ̄ y  218 E 27 ʕof 217 C 25 ʕafar  218 A 26 ʕafra  218 A 26 ʕāfrā  218 A 26 ʕagām  217 E 18 ʕambaṭā  218 C 21 ʕāmat  218 A 1 ʕəndər  218 C 8 ʕankel  218 D 13 ʕanṣāy  218 C 25 ʕarar  218 C 2 ʕāsā  217 C 26 ʕasr  218 A 10 ʕaṣəm  217 B 24 ʕatar  217 D 22 bəʔsa  219 B 7 bəʕrāy  217 C 9 baftā  218 B 17

bafatit  218 B 17 bəgguʕ 217 C 13 bəggəʕt  217 C 13 baḥar  217 D 22 baḳal  217 D 2 bāḳelā  217 D 21 bela  219 F 2 balʕa  219 D 13 balsa  219 F 7 bərəʕ 217 E 22 barbare  217 E 1 bet ḳərʔān 219 B 14 bet kəstān 219 B 13 bazzata  218 B 4 č̣əbʕət  217 A 23 č̣əgar  217 A 4 č̣aḥafat  218 E 4 č̣əḥəm  217 A 16 č̣āmā  218 B 27 č̣ənč̣ā  218 C 18 č̣ewā  218 F 8A dabbala  219 F 1 dabnā  217 F 18 dabər  217 E 23, 218 F 2 dogʕa  219 C 16 dagma  217 F 26 dakma  219 E 21 dalha  219 E 6 dalḥa  219 E 6 dəmbəlāl  217 E 3 dambar  218 F 2 dəmḳat  217 A 5 danbar  218 F 2 darbā  219 A 7 derho  217 C 17 dariro  217 D 30 darsa (‘to rest’) 219 D 22 darsa (‘to sing’) 219 F 22 dās  219 B 15 fač̣fač̣a  219 D 17 faḳda  219 F 6 fandəyā  219 C 4 fənṣaḥat gaʔa 219 D 17 farḳa  218 E 21 fərāš  218 B 25

427

Lexical Index faṣā  219 F 17 gabo  217 B 24 gabʔa  219 D 21B gəbər  219 E 26 gabbara  219 E 26 gabbārā  218 D 28 gabatā  218 D 19 gale  217 A 3 gələb  217 B 9 gim  217 F 19 gamāč̣ā  217 A 15 gamāṭ 217 A 15 gərəʕ 217 A 18 gazʔa  219 F 24 ǧāgrā  217 C 22 ḥu 219 A 11 ḥəd  218 A 11 ḥaddis  219 C 9 ḥaḳfa  219 E 23 ḥalib  218 F 21 ḥəmbər  217 B 4 ḥəmbərrā  217 B 4 ḥamad  219 F 12 ḥamle  217 E 6 ḥǝmǝs  217 B 18 ḥaməs  218 A 5 ḥənbər(t) 217 B 4 ḥənbərrā  217 B 4 ḥarda  219 D 6 ḥarsa  219 E 29 ḥarās  219 A 28 ḥarawyā  217 C 4 ḥassa  219 F 8 ḥassā  219 C 17 ḥasasa  219 F 11 ḥaṣ 219 A 4 ḥaṣba  219 E 10 ḥatte  218 A 11 ḥazā  219 E 28 kabəd  217 A 27 kəbo  219 C 3 kebo  219 C 3 kābər  219 C 21 kabaro  218 D 28 kəbotat  219 C 3

kokab  217 F 20 kəlʔot  218 A 2 kanfar  217 A 11 karəs  217 A 27A karšat  217 A 27A karāy  217 C 2 ḳač̣ 218 C 29 ḳadām  217 F 25 ḳoḳāḥ 217 C 23 ḳəlč̣əm  217 B 11 ḳəmal  218 D 1 ḳamlat  218 D 1 ḳamiš  218 B 9 ḳānč̣i  219 F 17 ḳənāt  218 B 12 ḳən(ṭ) 217 B 6 ḳanṭirat  217 B 19 ḳar 219 C 2 ḳarba  219 A 18 ḳərub  219 A 18 ḳarbat  218 E 20 ḳərnəb  217 A 8 ḳarəs  219 A 2 ḳaš 219 C 13 ḳaš dabnā 219 A 2 ḳašši  219 C 13 ḳaṣ 218 C 29 ḳayəḥ 219 C 5 ləbb  217 A 28 ləḥtit  217 E 11 ləḳḳaḥ 219 E 26 lamda  219 C 18 ləmāno  219 C 18 lemāt  218 D 24 lamṣa  219 C 18 laṣḥa  217 E 8 maʕar  218 F 16 maʕaṣad  218 C 11 maʕatab  218 D 15 mabrəhi  218 E 12 mač ʔabala 219 D 29 mədər  218 A 29 mədgā  218 D 25 məgdā  218 D 25 maḥaramat  218 B 13 maḥaṣa  219 E 1

makkā  218 E 13 mandadi  218 D 25 mandil  218 B 15 manfas  219 F 26 mankā  218 E 13 manket  218 E 2 manṭafi  218 E 24 marfe  218 C 15 meraf  218 C 15 margaṣi  218 E 9 masḳal  217 F 8 māšel  217 D 29 māšelā  217 D 29 maṣṣa  219 A 26 naʕā  219 E 12 nabri  217 B 28 nač̣čạ  218 C 12 nadda  219 E 16 nəffāṭ 217 A 10 naffaṭa  217 A 10 nagda  219 E 17 nāgdāy  219 C 20 nəgus  219 C 28 nəhb  218 C 20 nəhig  217 D 28 naḳḥa  219 C 6 nasʔa  219 D 19 naṭfa  218 E 24 raʔas  219 B 12 ragṣa  218 E 9 ramdada  218 E 9 roṣa  219 E 5 səʕ 218 A 9 saʕama  219 B 8 sab  217 A 1 sabuʕ 218 A 7 sabra  219 E 9 sadās  218 A 6 səgā  218 F 6 səgər  217 E 9 sigurt  217 E 9 sāḳṭat  219 E 27 salba  219 A 17 sālaba  219 A 17 salas  218 A 3 sambuʔ 217 B 2

428 sambat  217 F 24 samān  218 A 8 sano  217 F 27 sanbuʔ 217 B 2 sənfəʔ 217 D 24 sənḳ 219 D 5 sanḳa  219 D 5 sarra  219 D 26 səs 218 A 6 šəbər  217 B 8 šagbat  217 B 23 šakam  217 A 16 šəknā  217 B 13 šəlā  217 E 13 šəlləḥetat  218 D 6 šam ʔabala 219 E 15 šamar  217 B 8 šena  219 E 7 šənfaʔ 217 D 24 šənfaʕ 217 D 24 šanāfil  218 B 11 šən(t) 219 E 7 šərnāy  217 D 15 ṣəbəḥ 217 F 11 ṣəbḥat  217 F 11 ṣabṭa  219 D 10 ṣəfər  217 A 24 ṣafər  218 B 23 ṣagba  219 E 4 ṣagar  217 A 4 ṣəḥdi  217 E 26 ṣaḥfa  219 C 11 ṣəḥəm  217 A 16 ṣaḥat  217 E 25 ṣaḥāy  217 F 22 ṣaləʕ 219 A 20 ṣalʕat  219 A 20 ṣəlāl  219 B 21 ṣallim  219 C 7 ṣarga  219 F 10 taʕarraḳa  219 E 22 taḥaṣṣaba  219 E 10 təkān  218 D 2 talā  217 F 27 talbāgər  217 D 27

Lexical Index tallāl  218 D 14 talāy sano 217 F 27 tamar  217 E 20 tanassəʔa  219 D 18 təsabbara  219 E 9 ṭəb 217 A 26 ṭabā  219 B 3 ṭaf ʔa  219 E 19 ṭaḥana  218 F 23 ṭaḳaro  219 F 14 ṭalit  217 C 11 ṭiš 218 E 28 ṭuṭ 217 F 2 waʕagā  217 D 9 wad  217 A 1A wad dāgəm 217 F 26 wadḳa  219 E 8 wogʕa  219 E 14 waḥaṭa  219 D 14 wald- 217 A 1A wāltā  219 B 22 warda  219 D 25 warəḥ 217 F 21 warkat  217 B 10 wāṭāy  219 F 21 zǝbʔi  217 C 1 zafna  219 F 23 zāgrā  217 C 22 zagar  219 A 1 zəlām  217 F 13 zamad  219 A 16 zār 219 C 23 Təgrəñña ʔabbo  219 A 10 ʔid 217 A 22 ʔaddä  219 A 9 ʔadagʷəra  217 D 23 ʔafənč̣a  217 A 10A ʔəgäla  217 A 3 ʔəgälä  217 A 3 ʔagnäyä  219 F 4 ʔagnəyä  219 F 4 ʔəgri  217 B 12 ʔagazen  217 C 15

ʔaǧa  217 D 16 ʔəḵli  217 D 19 ʔallagäṣä  219 C 18 ʔallagaṣi  219 C 18 ʔambar  218 D 12 ʔamora  217 D 8 ʔamora bädni 217 D 8 ʔanbäsa  217 B 27 ʔanbäṭa  218 C 21 ʔanč̣əwa  218 C 25 ʔandäbät  217 A 12 ʔandädä  219 E 16 ʔəngera  218 F 4 ʔangät  217 A 17 ʔənḳulaliḥ 218 F 14 ʔanḳälawäṭä  219 C 18 ʔanḳälawaṭi  219 C 18 ʔanəsti  217 A 0A ʔanəstäyti  217 A 0A ʔənnat  219 A 9 ʔarbaʕtä  218 A 4 ʔarragäbä  218 E 22 ʔashalät  218 D 4 ̌ ʔasnäḳä  219 D 5 ʔasärä  218 C 14 ʔəsat  218 A 28 ʔaṣabəʕ 217 A 23 ʔaṣbaʕti  217 A 23 ʔaṣlälä  219 F 28 ʔaṭbāt  217 A 26 ʔaṭbäwät  219 B 3 ʔawrädä  219 D 25 ʕəbud  219 C 24 ʕəč̣č̣ 218 E 27 ʕif 217 C 25 ʕof 217 C 25 ʕuf 217 C 25 ʕafärä  218 A 26 ʕagaǧän  217 C 15 ʕagam  217 E 18 ʕagorya  218 D 4 ʕagazen  217 C 15 ʕagʷära  218 D 4 ʕami  218 A 1 ʕamät  218 A 1 ʕəndər  218 C 8 ʕəndur  218 C 8

Lexical Index

429

gəbṣi məsər 217 D 20 däbri  217 E 23, ʕankel  218 D 13 gäbäta  218 D 19 218 F 2 ʕənṣäyti  218 E 27 gədʕi  218 B 10 dogʕawi  219 C 16 ʕanzar  218 C 8 gädäl  218 F 2 dagud  218 E 23 ʕərfi  218 C 6 ̌ gagärä  219 D 11 dägämä  217 F 26 ʕaräḳä  219 E 22 gälä  217 A 3 dagmay  217 F 26 ʕarär  218 C 2 gälä säb 217 A 3 dugri  218 C 5 ʕasa  217 C 26 gəmä  217 F 19 dägʷʕi  219 C 16 ʕassärtä  218 A 10 gimä  217 F 19 dägʷʕawi  219 C 16 ʕəṣä  218 C 27 gime  217 F 19 dəgʷri  218 C 5 ʕaṣmi  217 B 24 guma  217 C 16 dähalä  219 E 6 ʕatär  217 D 22 gämäd  219 B 26 däḳiḳ ̌ ʔadagʷəra 217 D 23 gunč̣i  217 A 15 däḵämä  219 E 21 bäʔasä  219 B 7 goyta  219 D 2 däḳḳäsä  219 D 16 bəʕray  217 C 9 gäzʔe  219 F 24 dämmäna  217 F 18 bäʕray  217 C 9 gʷäbo  217 B 24 dändäs  217 A 19 bäfta  218 B 17 gʷaguba  218 F 10 dongolla  218 F 1 bofta  218 B 17 gʷəlbät  217 B 9 dängʷålla  218 F 1 bäggəʕ 217 C 13 gʷälmasa  217 A 2 dənnəš  217 E 10 bäggiʕ 217 C 13 gʷämč̣äč̣ä  217 A 15 därbäyä  219 A 7 bägʷənnät  219 B 6 gʷämṭäṭä  217 A 15 därho  217 C 17 baḥri  217 D 22 gʷənč̣i  217 A 15 dorar  217 D 30 boḵboḵä  219 A 21 gʷärəro  217 A 18 däräsä 219 D 22 bəḵʷbäḵʷ 219 A 21 gʷäräro  217 A 18 (‘to arrive’) bäḵʷbäkʷä  219 A 21 gʷäroro  217 A 18 däräsä 219 F 22 bäḵʷrä lämin 217 E 15 gʷåräsä  219 D 13 (‘to sing’) bäḵʷri lämun 217 E 15 gʷäyta  219 D 2 därät  217 A 25A bäḳľ i  217 D 2 das  219 B 15 bəḳʷ̌ li  217 D 2 ǧämbär  217 F 23 bälä  219 F 2 ǧər 219 D 3 fäč̣fäč̣ä  219 D 17 bälʕe  219 D 13 ̌ ǧərat  217 B 17 fäḳädä  219 D 7 balliḳḳa  218 B 16 ǧärat  217 B 17 fəlaṣa  219 A 3 bärbärä  217 E 1 ǧəratam  217 B 17 fandəya  219 C 4 bäzto  218 B 4 fandiya  219 C 4 bäzzätä  218 B 4 hanza  218 F 9 fənṭaṭa  219 A 22 bərʕi  217 E 22 färräḳä  218 E 21 bərät  218 B 29 ḥadä  218 A 11 fərraš  218 B 25 betä krəstiyan 219 B 13 ḥaddis  219 C 9 fasəga  217 F 7 ḥaddəš  219 C 9 fasiga  217 F 7 č̣äbbäṭä  219 D 10 ḥaddiš  219 C 9 fasika  217 F 7 č̣ač̣ut  217 C 19 ḥadduš  219 C 9 fäṣḥe  219 D 17 č̣ägʷəri  217 A 4 ḥaḳʷ̌ åfä  219 E 23 faṣäyä  219 F 17 č̣aḥfät  218 E 4 ḥalib  218 F 21 fit 217 A 7 č̣əḥmi  217 A 16 ḥaläšo  218 F 11 č̣əḥat (č̣əḥot) 217 E 25 ḥəmbərti  217 B 4 gobo  217 B 24 ḥamät ḥamäd  219 F 12 gäbʔe  219 D 21B č̣əḳḳa  219 F 13 ḥamli  217 E 6 gəbri  219 E 26 č̣aḳʷ̌ it  217 C 19 ḥamməštä  218 A 5 gäbbära  218 D 28 č̣amma  218 B 27 ḥammuštä  218 A 5 gäbbärä  219 E 26 č̣äw  218 F 8A

430 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḥanga  218 F 22 ḳumal  218 D 1 ḥənǧəǧ  218 C 28 ḳämis  218 B 9 ḥanti  218 A 11 ḳämiš  218 B 9 ḥanzäḥanzäray  218 B 22 ḳənä  217 F 30 ḥanzar ḥanzaray 218 B 22 ḳəne  217 F 30 ḥənziz  218 C 28 ḳanč̣a  219 F 17 ḥarädä  219 D 6 ḳändib  217 A 8 ḥaras  219 A 28 ḳənat  218 B 12 ḥaräsä  219 E 29 ḳäräbä  219 A 18 ḥassäsä  219 F 11 ḳärabi  219 A 18 ḥassäwä  219 C 17 ḳorbät  218 E 20 ḥaṣäbä  219 E 10 ḳärni  219 C 2 ḥaw  219 A 11 ḳärni ḥarmaz 219 C 2 ḳərnəb  217 A 8 ḫammištä  218 A 5 ḳərnib  217 A 8 ḫasäsä  219 F 8 ḳärnab  217 A 8 ḳəränəb  217 A 8 kubo  219 C 3 ḳes 219 C 13 käbdi  217 A 27 ḳästi  219 A 2 kəbur  219 C 21 ḳäšši  219 C 13 käbäro  218 D 28 ḳäyyəḥ 219 C 5 kobäro  218 D 28 ḳäyši  219 C 13 koboro  218 D 28 ḳʷəmal  218 D 1 koḵob  217 F 20 ḳʷənč̣i  218 C 29 kəltä  218 A 2 kələttä  218 A 2 leba  219 C 19 känfär  217 A 11 217 A 28 kärsi  217 A 27A ləbbi  lagäṣä  219 C 18 käsäl  218 E 29 läggäṣä  219 C 18 kasma  219 B 19 ləǧ 219 A 12 kurro  218 D 26 lahmi  217 C 8 kərar  219 F 19 ləḥum  219 B 6 ḵʷäḵob  217 F 20 läḥasito  218 D 5 kʷinat  218 F 29 laḥəšto  218 D 5 kʷərro  218 D 26 ləḥti  217 E 11 kʷərnaʕ 217 A 20 lämmäč̣ 219 C 18 kʷəsmi  219 B 19 lämädä  219 C 18 lämin  217 E 15 ḳäč̣č̣ən  218 B 18 lämun  217 E 15 ḳäč̣č̣in  218 B 18 lemun  217 E 15 ḳädam  217 F 25 lämmänä  219 C 18 ḳäddami  217 F 25 lämmani  219 C 18 ḳäddamay  217 F 25 lämäṣä  219 C 18 ḳaga  217 E 29 lämmäṣä  219 C 18 ḳäga  217 E 29 lemat  218 D 24 ḳoḳ̌aḥ 217 C 23 liṭ 219 D 8 ḳoḳ̌ʷaḥ 217 C 23 ḳəlṣəm  217 B 11 maʕar  218 F 16

Lexical Index mäʕar  218 F 16 maʕṣəd  218 C 11 maʕṣid  218 C 11 maʕṣädi  218 C 11 maʕtäb  218 D 15 mäbrahti  218 E 12 meda  217 E 27 mədəǧǧa  218 D 25 mədri  218 A 29 mäfṣəḥi  218 E 10 məgəddaʕ 218 B 10 mäharräb  218 B 13 mäḥaṣä  219 E 1 maḳ 218 B 19 ̌ mäḳännät  218 B 12 maḳʷlo gundo 218 E 6 mäläsä  219 F 7 mändäd  218 D 25 mändil  218 B 15 mänfäs  219 F 26 manka  218 E 13 mänka  218 E 13 mänäkʷås  219 C 14 märfəʔ 218 C 15 märragäbi  218 E 22 märgäṣi  218 E 9 märäwä  218 B 14 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 mäsḳäli  217 F 8 məsər  217 D 20 məsti  219 B 1 mästəyat  218 C 7 mästiyat  218 C 7 məšäla  217 D 29 mašäla  217 D 29 mašäla baḥri 217 D 22 mäšälla  217 D 29 mäṣḥaf  219 C 11 mäṣrägi  218 E 25 məṭri  217 B 7 nəʕa  219 E 12 näʕa  219 E 12 näbri  217 B 28 nädädä  219 E 16 nəfas  218 A 25 näffäṭä  217 A 10 nägädä  219 E 17

431

Lexical Index nägadi  219 C 20 nägaday  219 C 20 nəgus  219 C 28 nəhbi  218 C 20 nihug  217 D 28 nəhigʷ 217 D 28 nähawä  219 D 16 nämri  217 B 28 näsʔe  219 D 19 näṣhe  217 E 8, 219 C 6 näṣḥe  217 E 8, 219 C 6 näṣiḥ 219 C 6 nəṣuḥ 219 C 6 näṣäyä  218 C 12

sərnay  217 D 15 särärä  219 D 26 säräṣä  219 C 1 sasulla  217 F 1 säyti  217 A 0B

šobʕattä  218 A 7 šəddəštä  218 A 6 šugurti  217 E 9 šäḵʷäna  217 B 13 šäḳäṭ 219 E 27 šəmfaʕ 217 D 24 šamma  218 B 5 šämma  218 B 5 šambuʔ 217 B 2 šämmontä  218 A 8 šommontä  218 A 8 šänä  219 E 7 rəʔsi  219 B 12 šenä  219 E 7 raʔsi  219 B 12 šänafəč̣č̣i  217 D 26 räbuʕ 217 F 28 šənti  219 E 7 rəgbi  217 C 20 šətta  219 E 13 rəgəb  217 C 20 šättätä  219 E 13 rägäṣä  218 E 9 šäwʕattä  218 A 7 säʕamä  219 B 8 ṣaʕda šəgʷərti 217 E 8 säb  217 A 1 ṣäbaʕti  217 A 23 säbʔ 217 A 1 ṣəbbaḥ 217 F 11 säbʕattä  218 A 7 ṣäbbäṭä  219 D 10 säbärä  219 E 9 ṣəfri  217 A 24 säbäyti  217 A 0B ṣägäbä  219 E 4 sädäbä  219 E 2 ṣägʷri  217 A 4 səga  218 F 6 ṣəḥdi  217 E 26 səgʷərti  217 E 9 ṣäḥafä  219 C 11 säḵona  217 B 13 ṣəḥmi  217 A 16 suḳ ̌ bälä 219 E 15 ṣäḥay  217 F 22 säläbä  219 A 17 ṣälaʕlaʕ bälä 219 A 20 sälabi  219 A 17 ṣəlal  219 B 21 sälästä  218 A 3 ṣällim  219 C 7 säm bälä 219 E 15 ṣärägä  219 F 10 sanbuʔ 217 B 2 ṣaṣä  218 C 18 sänbät  217 F 24 ṣəṭuḥ 219 B 24 sänafəč̣ 217 D 26 sänafič̣ 217 D 26 täʕaggäsä  219 E 25 sänafil  218 B 11 täʕarḳä  219 E 22 sənḳi  219 D 5 ̌ ̌ täʕaräḳä  219 E 22 sänäḳä  219 D 5 tädähalä  219 E 6 sänuy  217 F 27 tägtäg bälä 219 A 21 sonuy  217 F 27

togtog bälä 219 A 21 täḥaṣbä  219 E 10 täḥaṣäbä  219 E 10 ̌ täḳämmäṭä  219 D 20 təḵʷan  218 D 2 täläḳḳəḥe  219 E 26 täläḳḳäḥe  219 E 26 tämläsä  219 F 7 tämälsä  219 F 7 tämäläsä  219 F 7 tämri  217 E 20 tänsəʔe  219 D 18 täramdä  218 E 9 täsʕattä  218 A 9 täsäbrä  219 E 9 täsäbärä  219 E 9 təšəʕattä  218 A 9 ṭub 217 A 26 ṭabita  218 F 5 ṭäbäwä  219 B 3 ṭäf ʔe  219 E 19 ṭəḥni  218 F 23 ṭäḥanä  218 F 23 ṭäḳḳar  219 C 8 ̌ ṭäḳär  219 F 14 ̌ ṭäḳäray  219 C 8 ṭel 217 C 11 ṭərsi  217 A 14 ṭärsämä  217 A 14 ṭäršämä  217 A 14 ṭəš 218 E 28 ṭiš 218 E 28 ṭuṭ 217 F 2 ṭəṭṭuḥ 219 B 24 wəʕag  217 D 9 wäʕag  217 D 9 wač̣əl  217 D 4 wäddi  217 A 1A wädäb  217 F 15 ̌ wädäḳä  219 E 8, 219 E 11 waga  219 D 28 wägʔe  219 E 14 wäḥaṭä  219 D 14 walta  219 B 22 wältäm  218 D 21

432 wanč̣əl  217 D 4 wärči  217 B 10 wärädä  219 D 25 wärḥi  217 F 21 wäräḵät  217 B 10 wərənč̣a  217 D 4 wäskämbiya  218 D 23 wäskänbiya  218 D 23 wäṣä  219 D 23 waṭa  219 F 21 wäyni  217 E 19 zəʕug  219 A 29 zaʕgi  219 A 29 zäʕagä  219 A 29 zəbʔi  217 C 1 zäfänä  219 F 23 zega  219 C 22 zägba  217 E 24 zagra  217 C 22 zämma  219 B 5 zämäd  219 A 16 zənab  217 F 13 zənbi  218 C 17 zənam  217 F 13 zar 219 C 23 žärat  217 B 17 Amharic əbab  218 D 7 əbd  219 C 24 əс̌ ̣ 218 C 27 afä ḳäräṣ 218 B 6 əffuňňət  218 D 8 əgäle  217 A 3 əgər  217 B 12 əgziʔ 219 F 24 əǧǧ  217 A 22 əǧǧəg  217 F 10, 218 D 19 əhud  217 F 24 əhəl  217 D 19 əmbərt  217 B 4 əmmahut  219 A 15 əms  217 B 18 ənbərt  217 B 4 ənč̣ät  218 E 27 əndər  218 C 8

Lexical Index əndir  218 C 8 ənǧära  218 F 4 ənkoy  217 E 16 ənḳʷəlal  218 F 14 ənnat  219 A 9 ənnate  219 A 9 ənsosəlla  217 F 1 ənšašəllit  217 D 13, 218 D 6 ənšəlalit  217 D 13, 218 D 6 ənzira  218 C 8 ənzəz  218 C 28 ənziz  218 C 28 ərf 218 C 6 ərgəb  217 C 20 ərguz  219 A 27 ərkum  217 D 7 əras  219 B 12 ǝrrǝya  217 C 4 ǝrriya  217 C 4 əsər  218 C 14 əsat  218 A 28 əšəš  219 F 11 əṭat  217 A 23 abärbara  217 E 7 abärbaro  217 E 7 abbat  219 A 10 abbate  219 A 10 addägä  218 D 19 adängʷarre  217 D 23 addis  219 C 9 afənč̣a  217 A 10A afär  218 A 26 afʷač̣čạ̈  219 F 17 agäda  217 B 6 agam  217 E 18 agäññä  219 F 4 aggər  219 A 5 agara  218 D 4 aggəre  219 A 5 agazän  217 C 15 aggʷat  218 F 22 aǧǧa  217 D 16 aǧǧis  219 C 9 ahəyya  217 D 3 aḳḳäfä  219 E 23 aḳärräb  219 A 18 alä 219 F 2

alga  219 B 28 allagač̣ 219 C 18 allaggäṭṭä  219 C 18 aleṭä  219 D 8 ambar  218 D 12 amäd  217 F 10, 219 F 12 amora  217 D 8 amməst  218 A 5 amät  218 A 1 amaṭä  219 E 1 aməzza  218 F 9 amizza  218 F 9 anbar  218 D 12, 218 D 16 anbässa  217 B 27 anbäṭṭa  218 C 21 and  218 A 11 andäbät  217 A 12 anäddädä  219 E 16 andur  218 C 8 andit  218 A 11 angät  217 A 17 anǧät  217 A 30 ankälis  219 A 23 anko  217 D 11 ankel  218 D 13 anässa  219 D 19 anəst  217 A 0A anžät  217 A 30 arč̣umme  218 F 28 arrädä  219 D 6 arraggäbä  218 E 22 arräḳä  219 E 22 arämmädä  218 E 9 arär  218 C 2 aras  219 A 28 arräsä  219 E 29 aratt  218 A 4 asa  217 C 26 asḳämmäṭä  219 D 24 asalläfä  219 D 5 assannaḳa  219 D 5 assər  218 A 10 assärä  218 C 14 asäs  219 F 11 assäsä  219 F 11 ašəbo  218 F 8 ašäbo  218 F 8

Lexical Index bäzät  218 B 4 aškokko  217 C 28 bəzzət  218 B 4 aṣəm  217 B 24 bazzätä  218 B 4 atär  217 D 22 aṭäbba  219 B 3 čəfal  217 D 13 aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 aṭəm  217 B 24 č̣äbba  217 E 25 aṭənt  217 B 24 č̣ob(b)e  217 E 25 awärrädä  219 D 25 č̣äbbäṭä  219 D 10 awwäḳä  219 F 5 č̣əč̣ət  217 C 19 ayəb  218 F 21 č̣əč̣at  218 C 18 ayyä  219 E 28 č̣ač̣ut  217 C 19 ayṭ 218 C 25 č̣ač̣əy  217 C 19 č̣əgguň  217 B 21 bəʔər  217 E 22 č̣əgär  217 A 4 bəbbəčča  217 B 3 č̣əḳa  219 F 13 bəbbət  217 B 3 č̣amma  218 B 27 bäfta  218 B 17 č̣əmbəl  218 B 7 bäg  217 C 13 č̣anbəla  218 B 7 bäggo  219 B 6 č̣əs 218 E 28 bägbəg  219 A 21 č̣is 218 E 28 bahər  217 D 22 č̣äw  218 F 8A bähar  217 D 22 bahər zaf 217 D 22 däbbälä  219 F 1 bähar zaf 217 D 22 däbr  217 E 23 bokäbbokä  219 A 21 däbtära  219 B 20 bäkräw lomi 217 E 15 dudute  217 C 20 bäkʷərä lomi 217 E 15 däga  219 C 16 baḳela  217 D 21 däggämä  217 F 26 bäḳlo  217 D 2 dägäñña  219 C 16 bälla  219 D 13 dəgər  218 C 5 bilbilla  218 D 14 däkkämä  219 E 21 bəllul  218 D 14 däḳḳäsä  219 D 16 bullal  217 C 24 dälla  219 E 6 bällätä  219 D 9 dəmbəlal  217 E 3 bər 217 E 22 dämbär  218 F 2 bäre  217 C 9 dämäddämä  217 A 5 bərə 217 E 22 dəmah  217 A 5 bärbärre  217 E 1 dämmäna  217 F 18 barč̣umma  219 B 16 dənbəlal  217 E 3 bärč̣umma  219 B 16 dənbər  218 F 2 bərkʷəmma  219 B 23 dənbär  218 F 2 bərät  218 B 29 dänbär  218 F 2 bis 219 B 7 dənnəčč  217 E 10 basä  219 B 7 dändäss  217 A 19 buš(šə)t  218 B 21 dəngay  218 F 1 beta krəstiyan 219 B 13 dängay  218 F 1 betäksiyan  219 B 13 dängiya  218 F 1 bäträw lomi 217 E 15 dängiyay  218 F 1 betäskiyat  219 B 13

433 dənǧa  218 F 1 dänǧi  219 C 26 dur  217 E 23 doro  217 C 17 dura  217 D 30 därbo  219 A 7 däräbba  219 A 7 dərnəḳ 217 C 18 därräsä 219 D 22 (‘to arrive’) därräsä 219 F 22 (‘to compose’) därät  217 A 25A das  219 B 15 fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 fadät  217 C 6 fəḥňət  218 D 8 feḳo  217 C 12 fäḳḳädä  219 D 7 fəlaṣa  219 A 3 fəlaṣṣa  219 A 3 fəlaṭṭa  219 A 3 fando  219 C 4 fandiyya  219 C 4 fänṭaṭa  219 A 22 fəňňət  218 D 8 fuňňət  218 D 8 färräḳä  218 E 21 fəraš  218 B 25 fasika  217 F 7 fiška  219 F 17 fit 217 A 7 fəyyäl  217 C 14 ge 219 B 12 gäbba  219 D 21B gəbər  219 E 26 gəbbar  218 D 28 gäbbärä  219 E 26 gäbäršo  218 D 28 gäbs  217 D 18 gäbäta  218 D 19 gäbäya  219 B 18 gädäl  218 F 2 gudale  219 C 15 gogobəš  217 A 25 gaggärä  219 D 11 gäla  217 B 15

434 gum  217 F 19 goma  217 C 16 gumbəra  217 B 4 gämäd  219 B 26 gämfo  218 F 13 gämmäṭa  217 A 15 gunč̣ 217 A 15 gänfo  218 F 13 gänta  218 C 10 gundan  218 C 19 gäräd  219 A 13 gorad  218 E 6 gurärro  217 A 18 gurorro  217 A 18 gärzen  218 B 22 geta  219 D 2 gäzza  219 F 24

Lexical Index hənnač̣ 219 A 4 hənziz  218 C 28 hanziz  218 C 28 harb  218 F 29 hassät  219 C 17 haṣ 219 A 4 həya  218 A 22 haya  218 A 22

kəbur  219 C 21 käbari  219 C 21 käbäro  218 D 28 käbbärä  219 C 21 käbbärte  219 C 21 kəbot  219 C 3 kubät  219 C 3 kokäb  217 F 20 kälälte  219 F 20 kənd  217 A 20 ǧǝb  217 C 1 känfär  217 A 11 ǧofe amora 217 D 8 kora  218 D 26 ǧəgra  217 C 22 käräbo  218 D 28, ǧälla  217 B 15 219 F 16 ǧämbär  217 F 23 kərn  217 A 20 ǧər 219 D 3 krar  219 F 19 ǧir 219 D 3 kärs  217 A 27A ǧari  217 C 2 kärsam  217 A 27A ǧoro  217 A 6 käräṭit  218 E 20 ǧərat  217 B 17 käsäl  218 E 29 kasma  219 B 19 gʷədale  219 C 15 košəm  217 E 17 gʷagubba  218 F 10 gʷəlbät  217 B 9 ḳač̣čạ  217 E 29, gʷälmassa  217 A 2 219 F 17 gʷənč̣ 217 A 15 ḳoda  218 B 24 gʷande  218 C 19 ḳädami  217 F 25 gʷəndo  218 E 6 ḳäga  217 E 29 gʷəndan  218 C 19 ḳoḳ 217 C 23 gʷärängʷära  219 A 6 ḳəl 217 E 14 gʷərangʷəre  219 A 6 ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11 gʷärängʷäre  219 A 6 ḳälawač̣ 219 C 18 gʷərorro  217 A 18 ḳälawäṭä  219 C 18 gʷärräsä  219 D 13 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḳəmal  218 D 1 hod  217 A 27 ḳämis  218 B 9 haddis  219 C 9 ḳän  217 F 30 halläšo  218 F 11 ḳonäbbälä  218 B 7 hulätt  218 A 2 ḳänbär  219 B 27 haməl  217 E 6

ḳänd  219 C 2 ḳəndəb  217 A 8, 217 A 13 ḳənat  218 B 12 ḳinṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳərd  217 D 12 ḳärräbä  219 A 18 ḳorbät  218 E 20 ḳərnəb  217 A 8, 217 A 13 ḳes 219 C 13 ḳäst  219 A 2 ḳiṭ 217 B 6 ḳäyy  219 C 5 ḳayyəḥ 219 C 5 ḳʷəla  217 B 14 ḳʷənəč̣čạ  218 C 29 ḳʷəra  217 D 6 ḳʷəṭən  218 B 18 ləbb  217 A 28 leba  219 C 19 lgṭ 219 C 18 ləǧ 219 A 12, 219 B 9 ləǧagäräd  219 A 13 ləkk  219 B 6 läkka  219 B 6 läḳḳa  219 E 26 lam  217 C 8 lamä  219 B 6 lomi  217 E 15 lämmač̣ 219 C 18 lämd  217 C 10, 218 B 24 lämmädä  219 C 18 lämaǧ  219 C 18 lämmañ  219 C 18 lämmänä  219 C 18 lemat  218 D 24 lämmäṭä  219 C 18 laš 218 D 5 lašit  218 D 5 lašita  218 D 5 lət 217 E 11 lutt  217 E 11 liṭ 219 D 8

Lexical Index mašəlla  217 D 29 mäbrat  218 E 12 mušərra  219 B 2 mač̣əd  218 C 11 məšt  219 B 1 meda  217 E 27 mäṣaf  219 C 11 mədəǧǧa  218 D 25 mäṣhaf  219 C 11 mədər  218 A 29 mäṣhet  218 C 7 magsäñño  217 F 27 mätta  219 D 29 magəst  217 F 27 matäb  218 D 15 mäharräb  218 B 13 mäṭrägiya  218 E 25 mäharräm  218 B 13 mätaṭṭäḳiya  218 B 17 maḥaḳ 218 B 19 maṭä  219 E 1 maksäñño  217 F 27 məṭad  218 E 17 maḳ 218 B 19 mäṭaf  219 C 11 mäḳännät  218 B 12 mäzgär  218 D 3 mälkam  219 B 6 mäžgär  218 D 3 mäläkse  219 C 14 moläkse  219 C 14 na 219 E 12 mäläkuse  219 C 14 nəb  218 C 20 moläkuse  219 C 14 näbər  217 B 28 mäläkʷəse  219 C 14 näč̣č̣ 217 E 8, moläkʷəse  219 C 14 219 C 6 mälläsä  219 F 7 näč̣čạ̈  218 C 12 mənčät  218 E 2 näddädä  219 E 16 mənčet  218 E 2 näday  219 A 25 mändil  218 B 15 näfas  218 A 25 mänfäs  219 F 26 nəfas  218 A 25 manka  218 E 13 näfṭ 217 A 10 mänäkse  219 C 14 nəfṭ 217 A 10 mänokse  219 C 14 nug  217 D 28 monäkse  219 C 14 nəgus  219 C 28 monäkuse  219 C 14 näggädä  219 E 17 mankiya  218 E 13 näggade  219 C 20 monäkʷəse  219 C 14 nämr  217 B 28 mänḳäl  218 D 27 narät  218 E 18 mar  218 F 16 nässa  219 D 19 märfe  218 C 15 margäbiya  218 E 22 rob 217 F 28 marmäǧa  218 E 9 räbu  217 F 28 mər(əm)mar  217 A 19 räbuʔ 217 F 28 murṭ 217 B 7 rəgəb  217 C 20 märwe  218 B 14 räggäṭä  218 E 9 märäwi  218 B 14 rəguz  219 A 27 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 rəkum  217 D 7 mäsḳənt  218 E 19 rämmädä  218 E 9 məssər  217 D 20 roṭä  219 E 5 mist  219 B 1 mäste  218 E 16 säb  217 A 1 mäsäti  218 E 16 säbbärä  219 E 9 mästäwät  218 C 7

435 säbrada  217 B 8 säbatt  218 A 7 säddäbä  219 E 2 səddəst  218 A 6 suf 217 D 24 səga  218 F 6 säkʷäna  217 B 13 säḳäṭ 219 E 27 sälabi  219 A 17 sälläbä  219 A 17 samä  219 B 8 samba  217 B 2 səmmənt  218 A 8 sänba  217 B 2 sänbät  217 F 24, 217 F 29 sənde  217 D 15 sänafəč̣č̣ 217 D 26 sänafil  218 B 11 sənḳ 219 D 5 sanḳa  219 B 29 sännäḳä  219 D 5 sinar  217 E 21 säntäl  218 C 1 säñño  217 F 27 särrärä  219 D 26 sərṭ 219 C 1 särräṭa  219 C 1 sost  218 A 3 set 217 A 0A, 217 A 0B sotäl  218 C 4 säṭṭä  219 D 4 säw  217 A 1 säwǝnnät  217 B 15 ša 219 F 8 šäbbäd  217 B 8 šəfal  217 D 13 šəḳḳ alä 219 E 15 šäkʷäna  217 B 13 šola  217 E 13 šämma  218 B 5 šänna  219 E 7 šännä  219 E 7 šennä  219 E 7 šängʷäbät  217 B 23 šənkʷərt  217 E 9

436

Lexical Index

walta  219 B 22 ṭägur  217 A 4, šənt  219 E 7 wältäm  218 D 21 217 B 21, šətta  219 E 13 wänd  217 A 1A 218 B 3 šotäl  218 C 4 wänfit  218 E 24 ṭägʷər  217 A 4, šättätä  219 E 13 wanäs  217 C 21 218 B 3 šättätä-w  219 E 13 wanos  217 C 21 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 wänṭäf  218 E 24 ṭəǧǧa  217 C 10 ṣafä  219 C 11 wänṭäft  218 E 24 ṭäḳḳʷärä  219 C 8 ṣähay  217 F 22 wär  217 F 21 ṭäḳära  219 F 14 ṣəḥd  217 E 26 wäräbe  217 C 20 ṭəḳärša  219 F 14 ṣat 217 A 23 wärč  217 B 10 ṭäḳärša  219 F 14 wärrädä  219 D 25 ṭəḳit  217 F 9 täčäggärä  217 D 13 wärana  218 F 27 ṭəḳʷər  219 C 8 tägäññä  219 F 4 wərənč̣a  217 D 4 ṭälla  218 F 18 taggäsä  219 E 25 wərənč̣əlla  217 D 4 ṭəlləḳḳo  218 F 26 təhʷan  218 D 2 wäskämbiya  218 D 23 ṭəlal  219 B 21 təkäšša  217 B 3 wäskänbay  218 D 23 ṭälala  219 F 28 təkʷan  218 D 2 waššä  219 C 17 ṭällälä  219 F 28 täḳädaǧǧä  218 B 8 wǝšša  217 C 3 217 A 16 täḳämmäṭä  219 D 20 ṭim  wätät  218 F 20 ṭənčäl  217 C 30 təḳit  217 F 9 waṭa  219 F 21 təl 218 C 22 ṭor 218 F 29 waṭä  219 D 14 219 F 10 tälba  217 D 27 ṭärrägä  wäṭṭa  219 D 23 ṭərs  217 A 14 tälättälä  218 D 14 wäyn  217 E 19 ṭärräsä  217 A 14 tämälläsä  219 F 7 wäzäna  219 B 11 ṭis 218 E 28 tämər  217 E 20 ṭat 217 A 23 temər  217 E 20 yäʔəǧǧ bora 218 D 16 ṭut 217 A 26 tänbalat  219 A 17 yäbahər 217 D 22 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 tänässa  219 D 18 adängʷarre ṭoṭa  217 D 10 tənnəš  217 F 9 yäbahər mašəlla 217 D 22 ṭäṭṭa  219 D 15 tänzäräggägä  219 E 6 yäḳərb  219 A 18 täñña  219 D 16, ṭäy 217 F 22 ṭäyyəm  219 C 7 219 E 24 zäffänä  219 F 23 ṭäyyəma  219 C 7 tärgʷämäggʷämä  217 F 14 zega  219 C 22 ṭäyyämä  219 C 7 tarräḳä  219 E 22 zəgba  217 E 24 ṭʷat  217 F 11 täsäbbärä  219 E 9 zägba  217 E 24 täsəyat  218 A 9 zəgra  217 C 22 wäč̣ət  218 D 22 täsiyat  218 A 9 zägär  219 A 1 wädäb  217 F 15 täšäggärä  217 D 13 zəhon  217 B 26 wäddäḳä  219 E 8, taṭṭäbä  219 E 10 zähon  217 B 26 219 E 11 zämma  219 B 5 wädäro  219 B 26 ṭäbba  219 B 3 zəmb  218 C 17 wäf  217 C 25 ṭəbat  217 F 11 zämač amora 217 D 8 wof  217 C 25 ṭäbat  217 F 11 zämäd  219 A 16 wäfč̣o  218 E 10 ṭabita  218 F 5 zəmm alä 219 E 15 waga  219 D 28 ṭəd 217 E 26 zämmawi  219 B 5 wägga  219 E 14 ṭafä  219 C 11 zənb  218 C 17 waǧǧä  219 D 28 ṭäffa  219 E 19 zənab  217 F 13 218 A 27 ṭəfər  217 A 24 wəha  zənǧäro  217 D 11 wäḳera  218 E 15 ṭäfər  218 B 23 zənam  217 F 13 wälge  217 C 29 ṭäggäbä  219 E 4

437

Lexical Index dägäy  218 F 1 zar 219 C 23 dängäya  218 F 1 zərat  217 B 17 dängəya  218 F 1 zorit  217 C 20 dängiya  218 F 1 zorite  217 C 20 zäṭäññ  218 A 19 färzänäy  219 A 17 žǝb  217 C 1 žəgra  217 C 22 ge 219 B 12 žämbär  217 F 23 goma  217 C 16 žoro  217 A 6 geta  219 D 2 žərat  217 B 17 gʷeta  219 D 2 Old Amharic ǧər 219 D 3 ʔadbar  218 F 2 ʔafär  218 A 26 hʷəlät  218 A 2 ʔagazon  217 C 15 ʔagʕazän  217 C 15 ḥəbab  218 D 7 ʔagʕazon  217 C 15 ḥaddasa  219 C 9 ʔəgər  217 B 12 ḥaǧəs  219 C 9 ʔəḵəl  217 D 19 ḥaḳäfä  219 E 23 ʔaḳet žär 219 D 3 ḥamäd  219 F 12 ʔamfəč̣a  217 A 10A ḥand  218 A 11 ʔamora  217 D 8 ḥangät  217 A 17 ʔangät  217 A 17 ḥanžət  217 A 30 ʔənkay  217 E 16 ḥarb  218 F 29 ʔanžət  217 A 30 ḥarädä  219 D 6 *ʔəñña  219 D 16 ḥərkum  217 D 7 ʔəñallähu  219 D 16 ḥarräsä  219 E 29 ʔawwäḳä  219 F 5 ḥərriya  217 C 4 ʔayyä  219 E 28 ḥaṣ̂äbä  219 E 10 ḥayyä  219 E 28 ʕamät  218 A 1 ḥayb  218 F 21 ʕarär  218 C 2 ʕasər  218 A 10 ḫəbab  218 D 7 ʕaŝa  217 C 26 ḫamməst  218 A 5 ʕaṣənt  217 B 24 ḫʷəlät  218 A 2 ʕatär  217 D 22 ʕawwäḳä  219 F 5 ḵod  217 A 27 bäʔalä harb 218 F 29 ḳädam sänbät 217 F 25 bəʔare  217 C 9 ḳəlʕ 217 E 14 bäʔasä  219 B 7 ḳur  217 D 6 bəʕray  217 C 9 ḳuraʕ 217 D 6 bäḥat  217 B 3 ḳäranəbt  217 A 8 baḳʷlo  217 D 2 ḳärant  217 A 8 bärbäräy  217 E 1 ḳäyḥ 219 C 5 bərät  218 B 29 ḳwəlha  bis 219 B 7 217 B 14 č̣əs 218 E 28 č̣əš 218 E 28

ləǧač(č)

219 B 9

maʕar  218 F 16 mäbraht  218 E 12 mäbrat  218 E 12 maḥḳ 218 B 19 mäḥaṣ̂ä  219 E 1 mästäḥayät  218 C 7 mästäyayot  218 C 7 məšt  219 B 1 na 219 E 12 naʕ 219 E 12 näč̣č̣ 217 E 8 näč̣əḥ  217 E 8, 219 C 6 roṣä  219 E 5 säʕamä  219 B 8 säbʕat  218 A 7 sərnay  217 D 15 ŝärräṣ̂a  219 C 1 šəngurt  217 E 9 šəngʷərt  217 E 9 šənkurt  217 E 9 šənkʷərt  217 E 9 ṣäǧǧ  218 F 17 ṣälla  218 F 18 ṣənčäl  217 C 30 ṣärrägä  219 F 10 ṣ̂äʔat  217 A 23 ṣ̂äʕat  217 A 23 taggäŝä  219 E 25 täʕaggäŝä  219 E 25 təkʷan  218 D 2 təḵʷan  218 D 2 təlʕ 218 C 22 tämättaʔ 219 D 29 tänässa  219 D 18 taññaʕ 219 D 16, 219 E 24 täsat  218 A 9 ṭäṭṭa  219 D 15 ṭäṭṭä  219 D 15

438 wägʕa  219 E 14 wäḫṭä  219 D 14 wäḵa  218 A 27 wäḵä  218 A 27 wäld  217 A 1A wändočč(ä) 217 A 1A wärḫ 217 F 21 wäṣṣa  219 D 23 wäṣ̂ṣ̂a  219 D 23 wätot  218 F 20

Lexical Index baʔra  217 C 9 bahər zaf 217 D 22 bähar zaf 217 D 22 bäḳlo  217 D 2 baḳela  217 D 21 bärč̣umma  219 B 16 bis 219 B 7 čuho  217 F 22 čuko  217 F 22

č̣elläma  219 C 7 yäʔeši  218 B 17 č̣amma  218 B 27 yäši  218 B 17 č̣is 218 E 28 yäšəḥ 218 B 17 duʔa  219 C 12 duʕa  219 C 12 däga  219 C 16 dəmah  217 A 5 dammäna  217 F 18 dona  217 F 18 Argobba (Unspecified) dənnəč  217 E 10 əbd  219 C 24 doro  217 C 17 äḇgər  217 B 12 das  219 B 15 uf 217 C 25 afoč̣čạ  219 F 17 fandiyya  219 C 4 afonča  219 B 30 fanädiyya  219 C 4 afär  218 A 26 fit 217 A 7 əgər  217 B 12 agazän  217 C 15 gəbər  219 E 26 äh 219 A 11 gäbäta  218 D 19 äkäle  217 A 3 gäbäya  219 B 18 ala  219 F 2 gädäl  218 F 2 ambar  218 D 12 gulbät  217 B 9 amäd  218 A 1 gämäd  219 B 26 əmdəǧǧa  218 D 25 gunč̣ 217 A 15 əmməhad  219 A 15 gängad  217 A 25 anäddäda  219 E 16 ganǧir  218 F 12 ənč̣ed  218 E 27 gurmumta  217 F 14 ändəg  218 D 19 geta  219 D 2 ingir  217 B 12 gäws  217 D 18 ənǧ  217 A 22 gäzza  219 F 24 anässa  219 D 19 arbit  218 A 4 ǧəgra  217 C 22 arraggäba  218 E 22 (ər)rammäda  218 E 9 haʔet  218 A 2 əzən  217 A 6 hala  219 F 2 härs  217 A 27A ʔägər  217 B 12 heṭ 218 C 25 ʔuǧo  217 B 5 žäb  217 C 1 žənb  217 C 1 žənǧəro  217 D 11 žər 219 D 3

haṭäw-a  219 E 10 hayu  218 F 21 hayʔa  218 A 22 hayṭ 218 C 25 kərn  217 A 20 kərar  219 F 19 käss  217 A 27A ḳunəč̣čạ  218 C 29 ḳəndəb  217 A 13 ḳorange  219 B 14 ḳäy  219 C 5 ḳäyyəh  219 C 5 ləbb  217 A 28 leba  219 C 19 ləǧ 219 A 12, 219 B 9 lahəm  219 B 6 läham  219 B 6 lähim  219 B 6 mäbrat  218 E 12 mədər  218 A 29 mänč̣a  218 C 12 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 məšt  219 B 1 məṭad  218 E 17 näč̣ šənkurt 217 E 8 nägäde  219 C 20 səddəst  218 A 6 sädäw-a  219 E 2 səmmənt  218 A 8 sänafil  218 B 11 šäḳäṭ 219 E 27 šola  217 E 13 šəmmo  219 E 18 šäñña  219 E 7 šətta  219 E 13 tuhan  218 D 2 täḳäm(m)äṭa  219 D 20 tälba  217 D 27 təmər  217 E 20 tämər  217 E 20

439

Lexical Index ṭaʔafa  219 C 11 ṭuč̣e  218 C 18 ṭäfər  218 B 23 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 ṭəla  219 B 21 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 ṭay 217 C 11 ṭäyyəm  219 C 7 wädäb  217 F 15 walta  219 B 22 wänäse  217 C 21 zäffäna  219 F 23 zəgba  217 E 24 zah šunkurt 217 E 8 zəhon  217 B 26 zəmm ala 219 E 15 zəmb  218 C 17 zənab  217 F 13 zañ  217 F 12 žəgra  217 C 22 žähṭʷäññ  218 A 19 žanžäro  217 D 11

əmmahal  219 A 14 ammuhal  219 A 14 əmmelläsa  219 F 7 amora  217 D 8 amməst  218 A 5 anbässa  217 B 27 anbäṭa  218 C 21 ənč̣et  218 E 27 angäd  217 A 17 ingər  217 B 12 ənǧera  218 F 4 ənkoy  217 E 16 onḳa  219 F 5 ənḳulal  218 F 14 ənnässa  219 D 18 ənnessa  219 D 18 ənšərarit  217 D 13, 218 D 6 anžäd  217 A 30 əñä  219 D 16 arbiʕa  217 F 28 arbiya  217 F 28 arč̣umme  218 F 28 ərf 218 C 6 aräggäza  219 D 21A arš 219 B 28 asa  217 C 26 əssebbära  219 E 9 əsad  218 A 28 asḳemmäṭa  219 D 24 asalläfa  219 D 5 asallefa  219 D 5 assər  218 A 10 isat  218 A 28 ətteggäsa  219 E 25 atär  217 D 22 aṭṭäba  219 E 10 aṭäbbäd  219 B 3 aṭənt  217 B 24 awärräda  219 D 25 awerräda  219 D 25 ayb  218 F 21

Argobba of Aliyu Amba abba  219 A 10 addäga  218 D 19 əddäḳa  219 E 8 adungure  217 D 23 of  217 C 25 afənč̣a  217 A 10A agäda  217 B 6 agäñña  219 F 4 äǧǧəg  218 D 19 əh 219 A 11 əhəl  217 D 19 əherräḳa  219 E 22 ahəyya  217 D 3 ähʷa  218 A 27 əḫäl  217 D 19 əḫuwa  218 A 27 bägi  217 C 13 oḳa  219 F 5 bäglo  217 D 2 əḳḳemmäṭa  219 D 20 bahər  217 D 22 alläfa  219 D 5 bähar  217 D 22 əmbərt  217 B 4 bähar ḳäli 217 D 22 əmməhəd  219 A 16 bəḳəl  218 A 23 əmmahad  219 A 15

bälla  219 D 13 bälläʕa  219 D 13 bar  217 D 22 bara  217 C 9 bärbäre  217 E 1 bəräd  218 B 29 betäskan  219 B 13 č̣o 218 F 8A č̣ebbäṭa  219 D 10 č̣ač̣e  217 C 19 č̣əfər  217 A 24 č̣əgär  217 A 4 č̣əhed  217 F 22 č̣ähed  217 F 22 č̣əhid  217 F 22 č̣əḫo  217 F 22 č̣äw  218 F 8A dägäma  217 F 26 däkkama  219 E 21 däkkäma  219 E 21 därräsa  219 D 22 derräsa  219 D 22 fäč̣čạ  219 D 17 fid 217 A 7 fəyyäl  217 C 14 ge 219 B 12 gäbba  219 D 21B gebba  219 D 21B gebbära  219 E 26 gäbs  217 D 18 gäbäta  218 D 19 gaggära  219 D 11 geggära  219 D 11 gulb  217 B 9 gəmo  217 F 19 gumbəč̣ 217 A 15 gämmäṭa  217 A 15 gundan  218 C 19 gənfo  218 F 13 ginfo  218 F 13 ganǧära  218 F 12 gunž 217 B 5 guroro  217 A 18 gäy  219 B 12 gʷärräsa  219 D 13

440 kärs  217 A 27A ǧähay  217 F 22 käsäl  218 E 29 ǧənǧäro  217 D 11 kəsäl  218 E 29 ǧänǧaro  217 D 11 kässäta  219 C 17 ǧinǧäro  217 D 11 ket 218 A 2 ǧərat  217 B 17 kiya  218 A 22 ǧǝw  217 C 1

Lexical Index mäṭhaf  219 C 11 mäṭrägəya  218 E 25 məṭaṭ 219 A 26 mäžgär  218 D 3

na 219 E 12 nəb  218 C 20 näbər  217 B 28 ḳač̣čạ  217 E 29, hod  217 A 27 näč̣čạ  218 C 12 219 F 17 haddäga  218 D 19 neč̣čạ  218 C 12 ḳoḳ 217 C 23 haǧəs  219 C 9 näddäda  219 E 16 ḳoḳha  217 C 23 haḳḳäfa  219 E 23 nəfṭ 217 A 10 ḳäli  217 E 14 həmbərt  217 B 4 näggade  219 C 20 ḳula  217 B 14 hambässa  217 B 27 neggäda  219 E 17 ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11 hamäd (‘year’) 218 A 1 näham  219 B 6 ḳämbär  219 B 27 hamäd (‘ashes’) 219 F 12 nässa  219 D 19 ḳəmal  218 D 1 haməl  217 E 6 nišča  217 A 0A ḳämis  218 B 9 hamməst  218 A 5 nuwg  217 D 28 ḳäna  217 F 30 hamät  218 A 1 ḳänd  219 C 2 hanbässa  217 B 27 räggäṭa  218 E 9 ḳəndəb  217 A 8 hənč̣ət  218 E 27 reggäṭa  218 E 9 ḳura  217 D 6 hand  218 A 11 roṭa  219 E 5 ḳäräba  219 A 18 handit  218 A 11 hanǧa  219 E 28 su 217 A 1 lomi  217 E 15 hanǧəd  217 A 30 saʔint  218 A 7 lämd  218 B 24 henṭ 218 C 25 suʔst  218 A 3 lämmäda  219 C 18 harb  218 F 29 säbbära  219 E 9 lämmäna  219 C 18 harräda  219 D 6 sebbära  219 E 9 lemmäna  219 C 18 harräḳa  219 E 22 säddäba  219 E 2 lemat  218 D 24 haras  219 A 28 seddäba  219 E 2 laš 218 D 5 harräsa  219 E 29 sahama  219 B 8 laymän  217 E 15 hasära  218 C 14 sähama  219 B 8 läymun  217 E 15 hassäsa  219 F 11 sälläba  219 A 17 hasiya  217 D 3 selläba  219 A 17 mač̣əd  218 C 11 haṭṭäba  219 E 10 sänbäd  217 F 24 meda  217 E 27 həwaw  218 D 7 sənḳ 219 D 5 mədəǧǧa  218 D 25 sanḳa  219 B 29 mähaṭa  219 E 1 ḥafär  218 A 26 sennäḳa  219 D 5 mälläsa  219 F 7 särrära  219 D 26 melläsa  219 F 7 ḫagam  217 E 18 sost  218 A 3 mənčät  218 E 2 manka  218 E 13 kəbər  219 C 21 ša 219 F 8 murṭ 217 B 7 käbäro  218 D 28 šämma  218 B 5 məssər  217 D 20 kubät  219 C 3 šəmad  219 E 7 məst  219 B 1 kokäb  217 F 20 šämäd  219 E 7 mästawät  218 C 7 känfär  217 A 11 šimad  219 E 7 mašəlla  217 D 29 känafər  217 A 11 šämmäha  219 E 7 mätta  219 D 29 kərra  217 A 20 šemmäha  219 E 7 matäb  218 D 15 käräbo  219 F 16

441

Lexical Index šätta  219 E 13 šättäta  219 E 13 təl 218 C 22 tuli  218 C 22 teñña  219 D 16, 219 E 24 ṭäbba  219 B 3 ṭəd 217 E 26 ṭad  217 A 23 ṭäffa  219 E 19 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭäggäba  219 E 4 ṭəǧǧa  217 C 10 ṭähafa  219 C 11 ṭähay  217 F 22 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 ṭel 217 C 11 ṭim  217 A 16 ṭənčäl  217 C 30 ṭärräga  219 F 10 ṭut 217 A 26 ṭoṭa  217 D 10 ṭuṭiš  217 D 10 ṭəwwah  217 F 11 ṭawt  217 A 23 wäddäḳa  219 E 8 wof  217 C 25 wofč̣o  218 E 10 wägga  219 E 14 wegga  219 E 14 wähaṭa  219 D 14 wänd  217 A 1A wänḳa  219 F 5 wonḳa  219 F 5 wärräda  219 D 25 werräda  219 D 25 wärfa  218 C 15 wärəh  217 F 21 wərənč̣əlla  217 D 4 wäskämbiya  218 D 23 wäskombay  218 D 23 wǝšša  217 C 3 wäšša  217 C 3 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 wäṭṭäha  219 D 23

zänäw  217 F 13 zañña  217 F 12 zar 219 C 23 žǝb  217 C 1 žəḥṭäñ  218 A 19 žoro  217 A 6 Argobba of Ṭollaha əč̣ 218 C 27 addäg  218 D 19 eddäg  218 D 19 əddäḳ 219 E 8 adängore  217 D 23 afuwač̣č̣ 219 F 17 əherräḳ 219 E 22 əḥ 219 A 11 əḫäl  217 D 19 əḫwa  218 A 27 iḫwa  218 A 27 əḳḳemmäṭ 219 D 20 al  219 F 2 əmməhat  219 A 15 əmḥäy  219 A 16 əmmelläs  219 F 7 anäddäd  219 E 16 əngəd  218 D 19 əngər  217 B 12 ənnässaʔ 219 D 18 ənnessaʕ 219 D 18 ənəšča  217 A 0A əññeʕ 219 D 16 (ə)ñeh  219 D 16 ərrad  219 D 25 ərgəb  217 C 20 asḳemmäṭ 219 D 24 əsat  218 A 28 ašäbo  218 F 8 əšča  217 A 0A ašḥam  219 E 18 əššeḥam  219 E 18 ətteggäs  219 E 25 əṭṭ 219 D 23 aṭäwäčč  219 B 3 aw 219 A 10 awärräd  219 D 25 ʕəbd  219 C 24

ʕəč̣u  218 C 27 ʕof 217 C 25 ʕafär  218 A 26 ʕagam  217 E 18 ʕuǧo  217 B 5 ʕamät  218 A 1 ʕanguya  217 C 5 ʕərf  218 C 6 ʕasaʔa  217 C 26 ʕasär  218 C 14 ʕassər  218 A 10 bäʕara  217 C 9 bəbbəčča  217 B 3 bäḥar  217 D 22 bäḳəl  218 A 23 bällaʕ 219 D 13 bärräḥ 218 E 12 burkumma  219 B 23 bərät  218 B 29 č̣ebbäṭ 219 D 10 č̣ač̣ut  217 C 19 č̣ufər  217 A 24 č̣əḥet  217 F 22 č̣uḥet  217 F 22 č̣əḫama  217 A 16 č̣əḳa  219 F 13 dägäm  217 F 26 dəgami  217 F 26 dəgər  218 C 5 dəmaḥ 217 A 5 därräs  219 D 22 därät  217 A 25A fäč̣č̣

219 D 17

gaʕar  219 E 7 gebbär  219 E 26 gäbs  217 D 18 gaggär  219 D 11 gəǧo  217 B 5 gulot  217 B 9 gumo  217 F 19 gämmäṭ  217 A 15 gunč̣e  217 A 15 gänfaʔo  218 F 13

442 ganǧär  218 F 12 gäräd  219 A 13 gororo  217 A 18 gos  217 D 18 gäye  219 B 12 ǧänǧäro  217 D 11 ǧəw  217 C 1 hagg  219 E 14 hagəs  219 C 9 hal 219 F 2 hamäd  219 F 12 həms  217 B 18 hənč̣et  218 E 27 hangät  217 A 17 hansiʔa  217 D 3 hansiya  217 D 3 harb  218 F 29 haräč̣ume  218 F 28 harrad  219 D 6 herräḳ  219 E 22 haṭəm  217 B 24 haṭṭäw  219 E 10 hawäḳ  219 F 5 ḥagg  219 E 14 ḥoḳ  219 F 5 ḥaḳḳäf  219 E 23 ḥəmbərt  217 B 4 ḥambässa  217 B 27 ḥamäd  219 F 12 ḥaməl  217 E 6 ḥamora  217 D 8 ḥamməst  218 A 5 ḥənbərt  217 B 4 ḥanbässa  217 B 27 ḥanbäṭa  218 C 21 ḥand  218 A 11 ḥenǧ  219 E 28 ḥanǧät  217 A 30 ḥarʕətt  218 A 4 ḥarb  218 F 29 ḥərguz  219 A 27 ḥaras  219 A 28 ḥarräs  219 E 29 ḥasär  218 C 14 ḥassäs  219 F 11 ḥeṭ  218 C 25

Lexical Index ḥaṭṭäw  219 E 10 ḥay  219 E 28 ḥayu  218 F 21 ḥayb  218 F 21 ḫäʔet  218 A 2 ḫoʔet  218 A 2 ḫeʕa  218 A 22 ḫuḫumt  217 A 16 ḫəngət  217 A 17 ḫəraʔe  217 A 20 ḫerräʕ  217 A 20 ḫärs  217 A 27A ḫässät  219 C 17 ḫot  219 C 3 ḫäyʔa  218 A 22 kärs  217 A 27A kəsäl  218 E 29 ḳälalaḥ  218 F 14 ḳälawač̣ 219 C 18 ḳalawäṭä  219 C 18 ḳumal  218 D 1 ḳumil  218 D 1 ḳänəʕ  217 F 30 ḳäräw  219 A 18 ḳes 219 C 13 ḳäst  219 A 2 ḳäṭ 217 B 6 ḳiṭ 217 B 6 ḳäyyəḥ 219 C 5 lam  217 C 8 läḥam  219 B 6 leḥam  219 B 6 lem  217 E 15 lemo  217 E 15 lämd  218 B 24 lämmäd  219 C 18 lemät  218 D 24

mäṭräga  218 E 25 məst  219 B 1 məstawät  218 C 7 məṭʔad  218 E 17 məžgär  218 D 3 naʕa  219 E 12 näč̣č̣  218 C 12 näddäd  219 E 16 nəfas  218 A 25 nigo  217 D 28 näggäd  219 E 17 neggäd  219 E 17 nəgus  219 C 28 nässaʔ  219 D 19 nəw  218 C 20 näwər  217 B 28 reggäṭ  218 E 9 roṭ 219 E 5 soʔost  218 A 3 säʕam  219 B 8 saʕəmt  218 A 7 säbbär  219 E 9 säddäw  219 E 2 sälläb  219 A 17 sänbät  217 F 24 sərray  217 D 15 sat 218 A 28 säw  217 A 1 šəḥmo  219 E 18 šälolahat  218 D 6 šämad  219 E 7 šämməḥ 219 E 7 šəmḥat  219 E 7 šəmḥat gaʕar  219 E 7 šänč  219 E 13 šonč  219 E 13 šännäḫ 219 E 7 šənkurt  217 E 9 šunkurt  217 E 9 šätat  219 E 13

məhat  219 A 14 mälkam  219 B 6 melläs  219 F 7 təḫuwan  218 D 2 mänḳäl  218 D 27 mis  219 B 1 ṭaʔi  217 C 11 mättäʕ  219 D 29 ṭaʕut  217 A 23 matäbä  218 D 15

Lexical Index šimad  219 E 7 ṭäḳʷar  219 C 8 ṭəlʕ  219 A 20 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭangi  217 C 10 ṭärräg  219 F 10 zənaw  217 F 13 ṭoṭəša  217 D 10 ṭəw  217 A 26 Harari ṭäw  219 B 3 ūf 217 C 25 ṭəwwaḫ  217 F 11 afēč̣a  219 F 17 ṭaya  217 C 11 afdīǧa  218 D 25 afär  218 A 26 wäddäḳ 219 E 8 agäbära  219 E 26 wäfč̣e  218 E 10 agām  217 E 18 waga  219 D 28 agäña  219 F 4 wähaṭ 219 D 14 agri  219 A 5 wäḥaṭ  219 D 14 igir  217 B 12 wällaʕ  219 D 13 agōräsa  219 D 13 wärräd  219 D 25 iǧi 217 A 22 wärfäʔa  218 C 15 əḥ 219 A 11 wärəḥ  217 F 21 aḥad  218 A 11 wäskomba  218 D 23 āḳa  219 F 5 wešša  217 C 3 aḳämäṭa  219 D 20 wäṭṭ 219 D 23 alēḳäḥa  219 E 26 amära  217 D 8 yəḥṭäñ  218 A 19 amät  218 A 1 yäḫäṭäñ  218 A 19 ənč̣i  218 E 27 yəḫuṭäñ  218 A 19 anädäda  219 E 16 ənfīṭ 217 A 10 zäffän  219 F 23 ingir  217 B 12 zähon  217 B 26 angät  217 A 17 zaḥi šənkurt  217 E 8 anko  217 D 11 zənaw  217 F 13 an-säbri  219 F 9 zaññ  217 F 12 an-sibär  219 F 9 ənəsti  217 A 0A Southern Argobba arbaʔa  217 F 28 adungure  217 D 23 āräda  219 D 25 arada  217 A 12 arägäza  219 D 21A asonče  219 E 13 urūs  219 B 12 ašunče  219 E 13 arši  219 B 28 izin  217 A 6 arrāt  217 A 12 ässu  218 F 8 dabäna  217 F 18 usuʔ 217 A 1 isbälāt  219 D 9 ge 219 B 12 asäla  219 C 25 gulet  217 B 9 assir  218 A 10 əsāt  218 A 28 ǧu 217 C 1 isāt  218 A 28 ǧähay  217 F 22 ašḥiya  218 D 4 ašḥiyya  218 D 4 ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11

443 atär  217 D 22 āṭ 217 B 24 aṭābiñña  217 A 23 āw 219 A 10 əxi 217 D 19 uxāt  218 F 7 uzun bilbila  218 D 14 baʔara  217 C 9 bädri  218 B 26 bäḥar  217 D 22 bäḥar zāf 217 D 22 bäḳlä  218 A 23 bäḳäl  217 D 2 bāḳēla  217 D 21 bälaʔa  219 D 13 bilbila  218 D 14 bāra  217 C 9 bärbäri  217 E 1 brät  218 B 29 bisāya  217 E 5 bētäskān  219 B 13 bāya  219 F 2 č̣ūč̣  218 C 18 č̣āč̣u  217 C 19 č̣igär  217 A 4 č̣əlāl  219 B 21 č̣əlāl moʔot 219 B 21 č̣āya  219 B 21 daʔwa  219 C 12 däbäla  219 F 1 dagän aša 217 F 26 dīǧa  219 E 6 däläḥa  219 E 6 dāna  217 F 18 dinničča  217 E 10 dōnḳa  219 A 24 därāra  217 D 30 dās  219 B 15 duwā  219 C 12 duwāʔ 219 C 12 doxon  217 B 26 fäč̣a  219 D 17 fīč̣ āša 219 F 17 fūr 218 C 24 fərāš  218 B 25

444

Lexical Index

färäzäñña  219 A 17 fīt 217 A 7

kuruʔ  217 A 20 kuya  218 A 22

gē 219 B 12 gäbaʔa  219 D 21B gəbər käfäla 219 E 26 gäbäta  218 D 19 gāfa  219 B 4 gäfära  219 D 12 gāgära  219 D 11 gəlib  217 B 9 gumč̣i  217 A 15 gunč̣i  217 A 15 gundo  218 E 6 guräññit  217 C 27 gūs  217 D 18 gōyta  219 D 2 gäzaʔa  219 F 24

ḳač̣čạ  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳafat  217 A 9 ḳēḥ 219 C 5 ḳuluʔ  217 E 14 ḳulṭum  217 B 11 ḳämīs  218 B 9 ḳumāy  218 D 1 ḳunāč̣ 218 C 29 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳär 219 C 2 ḳäräba  219 A 18 ḳurān gē 219 B 14 ḳēs 219 C 13

liǧi 219 A 12, 219 B 9 liḥim  219 B 6 lām  217 C 8 ḥubāb  218 D 7 lämädä  219 C 18 ḥač̣i  217 B 5 lēmāt  218 D 24 ḥiffiň  218 D 8 ḥēǧa  219 E 28 moʔot  219 B 21 ḥaǧīs  219 C 9 mēdān  217 E 27 ḥūl 217 E 6 mäḥaṭa  219 E 1 ḥəmbūrṭi  217 B 4 mänč̣a  218 C 12 ḥamäd  219 F 12 mändīl  218 B 15 ḥammisti  218 A 5 manka  218 E 13 ḥināč̣  217 C 10, mār  218 F 16 219 A 4 märäč̣i  217 A 29 ḥarbi  218 F 29 märfi  218 C 15 ḥarās  219 A 28 märmāǧ  218 E 9 ḥaräsa  219 E 29 märmär  217 A 19 ḥarat  218 A 4 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 ḥariyya  217 C 4 missir  217 D 20 ḥaṭäba  219 E 10 mästi  218 E 16 ḥay  218 F 21 mišti  219 B 1 ḥayzär  218 E 6 mōt  219 B 21 məṭad  218 E 17 koʔot  218 A 2 mäṭräg  218 E 25 kūd  217 A 27 käräbu  219 F 16 naʔ 219 E 12 kirār  219 F 19 näč̣a  218 C 12 kärsi  217 A 27A näč̣īḥ  217 E 8, käsäl  218 E 29 219 C 6 kōt 218 A 2 nädäda  219 E 16 kurra  217 D 6 ǧaḥla  218 E 1

nugda  219 E 17 nigdi āša 219 C 20, 219 E 17 näsaʔa  219 D 19 ñēʔa  219 D 16 rägäṭa  218 E 9 rämäda  218 E 9 rōṭa  219 E 5 suʔu(m) 217 A 1 säbbōḳa  218 B 16 sōbla  217 E 13 säbära  219 E 9 sōča  219 E 13 sädäba  219 E 2 siddisti  218 A 6 säläba  219 A 17 säm bāya 219 E 15 sänābi  217 D 26 sənḳi  219 D 5 sərri  217 D 15 särära  219 D 26 sūt 218 A 8 sātti  218 A 7 säṭa  219 D 4 säxana  217 B 13 šiʔišti  218 A 3 šufu  217 D 24 šuḥum  219 E 18 šäḥat  219 E 7 šäḳäṭ 219 E 27 šämma  218 B 5 šənkurta  217 E 9 šīšti  218 A 3 täḥāṭäba  219 E 10 tuluʔ 218 C 22 timir  217 E 20 tisʕīn  218 A 9 tuxān  218 D 2 ṭäba  219 B 3 ṭäfaʔa  219 E 19 ṭifir  217 A 24 ṭəǧa  217 C 10 ṭiǧa  217 C 10

Lexical Index ṭäǧǧi  218 F 17 ṭēḥana  218 F 23 ṭiḳär  219 F 14 ṭəḳḳaššo  217 F 9 ṭuluʔ  219 A 20 ṭalīla  219 F 28 ṭäräga  219 F 10 ṭirsi  217 A 14 ṭōt 217 A 26 ṭūṭ 217 F 2 ṭāy 217 C 11 ṭäy 219 C 7 wåč̣ära  217 D 4 wådäḳa  219 E 8 wofč̣i  218 E 10 wäḥaṭa  219 D 14 wäldi  217 A 1A wåräda  219 D 25 wårḥi  217 F 21 wåräm  218 F 27 wåskämbāy  218 D 23 wåṭaʔa  219 D 23 wåzäna  219 B 11 xaša  219 F 8

445 gäbära  219 E 26 aḥaddi  218 A 11 gafi  219 B 4 aḥandi  218 A 11 gāfā  219 B 4 aḥatta  218 A 11 gāfi  219 B 4 aḳa  219 F 5 gumuṭ gumuṭ 217 A 15 inisti  217 A 0A bāya aräda  219 D 25 gänta  218 C 10 arrāt  217 A 12 gänti  218 C 10 assu  218 F 8 gäzaʔa  219 F 24 ussu  218 F 8 gizaʔōt  219 F 24 asälä  219 C 25 isat  218 A 28 ḥeǧa  219 E 28 isāt  218 A 28 ḥēǧōt  219 E 28 aṭaba  219 B 3 ḥandi  218 A 11 aṭābin  217 A 23 ḥarʕat  218 A 4 aw 219 A 10 ḥaräsa  219 E 29 ḥirāsōt  219 E 29 ʕāḳa  219 F 5 ḥiṭābōt  219 E 10 ʕōḳa  219 F 5 ʕuḳōt  219 F 5 ḫašā  219 F 8 ʕamura  217 D 8 ḫäša  219 F 8 ʕinisti  217 A 0A ʕarši  219 B 28 kud  217 A 27 ʕarrāt  217 A 12 kirar  219 F 19 ʕassir  218 A 10 karsi  217 A 27A ʕāṭ 217 B 24 kuyā  218 A 22 kuyaʕ 218 A 22 baʕar  217 C 9 baʕara  217 C 9 liǧ 219 A 12, baḥar  217 D 22 219 B 9 baḳla  218 A 23 liǧi 219 A 12, baḳlān  218 A 23 219 B 9 balaʕa  219 D 13 liḥim  219 B 6 baya  219 F 2 lam  217 C 8 bāya  219 F 2

zēga  219 C 22 zigrā  217 C 22 zāgäru  217 D 11 zəḥṭäñ  218 A 19 zikra  217 C 22 zəmbi  218 C 17 zənāb  217 F 13 zāña  217 F 12 nadda  219 E 16 dabala  219 F 1 ziñāt  217 F 12 nugus  219 C 28 däbäla  219 F 1 zār 219 C 23 naṭīḥ  217 E 8, diǧa  219 E 6 219 C 6 dīǧa  219 E 6 Ancient Harari dalḥa  219 E 6 ūf 217 C 25 ñeʔa  219 D 16 dilḥi  219 E 6 afar  218 A 26 dawa  219 C 12 afär  218 A 26 saʕti  218 A 7 agana  219 F 4 saʕati  218 A 7 fiʕit  217 A 7, agäña  219 F 4 saʕatti  218 A 7 217 D 8 igir  217 B 12 sāʕti  218 A 7 iǧ  217 A 22 soča  219 E 13 gabʕa  219 D 21B ahatta  218 A 11 sut 218 A 8 gäbaʕa  219 D 21B iḥ  219 A 11

446

Lexical Index

assər  218 A 10 ufr 218 C 24 sūt 218 A 8 atär  217 D 22 uft 217 A 7 satti  218 A 7 aṭäbä  219 E 10 agäda  217 B 6 saṭ 219 D 4 aṭobe  219 B 3 agām  217 E 18 säṭa  219 D 4 aṭm  217 B 24 agre  219 A 5 aṭəm  217 B 24 ogōrīt  218 D 4 ṣam bāya 219 E 15 awärädä  219 D 25 uggāt  218 F 22 ayb  218 F 21 əkl 217 D 19 tuḫan  218 D 2 əkəl  217 D 19 bahər  217 D 22 imbab  218 D 7 ṭaf ʔa  219 E 19 boḳlo  217 D 2 ambār  218 D 12 ṭäfaʕa  219 E 19 bäḳḳəl  218 A 23 umbarīye  217 D 17 ṭifri  217 A 24 bāḳēllä  217 D 21 amäd  219 F 12 ṭifir  217 A 24 bäla  219 D 13 amād  217 F 10 ṭigar  217 A 4 bālä  219 F 2 imfeňňa  218 D 8 ṭay 219 C 7 bärbäre  217 E 1 aml  217 E 6 borč̣əmma  219 B 16 amära  217 D 8 wiḥāṭōt  219 D 14 brät  218 B 29 amməst  218 A 5 waldi  217 A 1A biss  219 B 7 anbār  218 D 12 warada  219 D 25 bāsä  219 B 7 unbarīye  217 D 17 wäräda  219 D 25 ənč̣e  218 E 27 warḥi  217 F 21 č̣əḳa  219 F 13 anč̣ä  217 B 5 wärḥi  217 F 21 č̣āl 219 B 21 anädädä  219 E 16 wäräm  218 F 27 č̣ēlämä  219 C 7 əndät  219 A 9 waṭā  219 D 23 č̣ūnč̣e  218 C 18 əngər  217 B 12 wäṭaʔa  219 D 23 č̣əwč̣əwä  217 C 19 angät  217 A 17 ənǧe  217 A 22 ziḥṭan  218 A 19 däbälä  219 F 1 ənǧēra  218 F 4 ziñat  217 F 12 däbäna  217 F 18 ansäsä  219 F 11 dähano  217 B 26 ənnəst  217 A 0A East Gurage dum  217 A 5 ənṭ 218 E 27 afär  218 A 26 dənnəčča  217 E 10 ənṭābit  217 A 23 dōnḳa  219 A 24 anže  219 E 28 gäräd  219 A 13 dās  219 B 15 əñe  219 D 16 duwä  219 C 12 arb  218 F 29 ḳäy  219 C 5 dawät  219 C 12 arbe  217 F 28 arəb  218 F 29 sämbät  217 F 24 fäč̣e  219 D 17 ərf 218 C 6 sänbät  217 F 24 fēḳ 217 C 12 arämät  217 A 12 fīndo  219 C 4 arās  219 A 28 ṭäfər  218 B 23 fänṭaṭṭa  219 A 22 aräsä  219 E 29 firäḳa  218 E 21 arat  218 A 4 wəṭät  217 F 27 färäzäññä  219 A 17 arṗe  217 F 28 iräyä  217 C 4 zəmb  218 C 17 gē 219 B 12 asäbo  218 F 8 gäba  219 D 21B askāko  217 C 28 Səlṭi gəbər  219 E 26 asälä  219 C 25 abot  219 A 10 gäbärä  219 E 26 aslamäṭä  219 C 18 ūf 217 C 25

Lexical Index gēbärä  219 E 26 gäbäta  218 D 19 gäbäya  219 B 18 gäfärä  219 D 12 gāgärä  219 D 11 gämäṭä  217 A 15 gūnč̣ä  217 A 15 gōndä  218 C 19 gēta  219 D 2 gäza  219 F 24 gīzo  218 C 13 ǧēǧe  219 E 6 ǧuwä  217 B 16 had  218 A 11 haǧis  219 C 9 hənṭ 218 E 27 harṗe  217 F 28 käbd  217 A 27 käbärä  219 C 21 kəbōt  219 C 3 kəre  217 A 20 käräbo  219 F 16 kərār  219 F 19 kärsām  217 A 27A käsäl  218 E 29 käše  219 F 8 kōšəm  217 E 17 kuyä  218 A 22 ḳädä  217 F 25 ḳäfät  217 A 9 ḳōḳe  217 C 23 ḳila  217 E 14 ḳula  217 E 14 ḳōläṭä  219 C 18 ḳämbisa  218 B 9 ḳumal  218 D 1 ḳānč̣a  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳənāč̣o  218 C 29 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳär 219 C 2 ḳure  217 D 6 ḳərb  217 A 8 ḳäräbä  219 A 18

447 sihär  218 F 19 ḳärše  218 E 14 säläbä  219 A 17 ḳēs 219 C 13 sāmä  219 B 8 ḳäst  219 A 2 sāmba  217 B 2 səmmut  218 A 8 lubām  217 A 28 sōnče  219 E 13 liǧi 219 A 12 sināfič̣čẹ  217 D 26 lēḳä  219 E 26 sūnke  219 E 13 lām  217 C 8 sūnkənä  219 E 13 lōmme  217 E 15 sunkurt  217 E 9 lēmāt  218 D 24 sānḳa  219 B 29 länd  218 B 24 səre  217 D 15 särärä  219 D 26 mədaǧǧa  218 D 25 sirṭ 219 C 1 mäharräb  218 B 13 molokse  219 C 14 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 mäls  219 F 7 šūmmo  219 E 18 mānka  218 E 13 šumān  219 E 7 märäč̣čẹ  217 A 29 šumānä  219 E 7 märfe  218 C 15 šumāt  219 E 7 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 šumātä  219 E 7 mästawät  218 C 7 šūnf  217 D 24 mašulla  217 D 29 šēšt  218 A 3 məšr  217 D 20 məšt  219 B 1 tädādālä  219 E 6 mātäb  218 D 15 tädālä  219 E 6 məṭād  218 E 17 tuhān  218 D 2 tuli  218 C 22 na 219 E 12 tälba  217 D 27 näč̣e  218 C 12 tämr  217 E 20 nädäda  219 E 16 täsäbärä  219 E 9 nəfās  218 A 25 nägädä  219 E 17 ṭub 217 A 26 näggāde  219 C 20 ṭobe  219 B 3 nəgus  219 C 28 ṭebbe  217 E 25 nuṭi  217 E 8, ṭābīt  218 F 5 219 C 6 ṭīd 217 E 26 näwər  217 B 28 ṭāfä  219 C 11 ṭäfa  219 E 19 rägäṭä  218 E 9 ṭifər  217 A 24 räwwäṭä  219 E 5 ṭəge  218 F 17 ṭigär  217 A 4 saʔabt  218 A 7 ṭäǧ 218 F 17 säb  217 A 1 ṭəḳär  219 F 14 sōble  217 E 13 ṭull 219 F 28 säbärä  219 E 9 ṭuli  219 A 20 sädäbä  219 E 2 ṭälla  218 F 18 səddəst  218 A 6 ṭälälä  219 F 28 sahana  217 B 13

448 ṭəläme  219 C 7 ṭēm  219 C 7 ṭärägä  219 F 10 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 ṭäṭe  219 B 24 ṭay 217 C 11 wäč̣it  218 D 22 wädäḳä  219 E 8 wädäro  219 B 26 wäfč̣e  218 E 10 wäld  217 A 1A wälängäyä  217 C 29 wänṭäfčāt  218 E 24 wäri  217 F 21 wärädä  219 D 25 wäsgämba  218 D 23 wäsgänba  218 D 23 wāṭä  219 D 14 wäṭa  219 D 23 wäzänä  219 B 11 zēgä  219 C 22 zəgba  217 E 24 zəgra  217 C 22 zilām  217 F 13 zōngäya  218 D 11 zānǧēro  217 D 11 zār 219 C 23 zärāt  217 B 17 ziṭṭäññe  218 A 19 zīzo  218 C 28 Wolane aʔarabi däbo 219 A 18 abbä  219 A 10 abarafe  217 E 7 aḇot  219 A 10 add  218 A 11 ufur  218 C 24 uft 217 A 7 ũfʷ 217 C 25 agädä  217 B 6 agam  217 E 18 uggat  218 F 22 aǧis  219 C 9 əhəl  217 D 19 əmbab  218 D 7

Lexical Index ambar  218 D 12 əmbor  217 D 17 amäd  219 F 12 umfäňňe  218 D 8 aməl  217 E 6 amärä  217 D 8 amməst  218 A 5 amaṭ-ti  219 E 1 ənč̣e  218 E 27 andur  218 C 8 əndät  219 A 9 əngər  217 B 12 angät  217 A 17 ənǧ  217 A 22 ansäsä  219 F 11 ənəst  217 A 0A ənṭabit  217 A 23 anže  219 E 28 əññe  219 D 16 arb  218 F 29 arəb  218 F 29 arbəyä  217 F 28 arädä  219 D 25 ərf 218 C 6 arämät  217 A 12 aras  219 A 28 aräsä  219 E 29 arat  218 A 4 asä  217 C 26 asäbo  218 F 8 asälä  219 C 25 aslamäṭä  219 C 18 assər  218 A 10 aṭäbä  219 E 10 aṭobe  219 B 3 aṭəm  217 B 24 awärädä  219 D 25 ayb  218 F 21 aygonno  217 D 16 boʔlo  217 D 2 baʔellä  217 D 21 boḳlo  217 D 2 baḳellä  217 D 21 bäḳḳəl  218 A 23 balä  219 F 2 bälä  219 D 13 bullal  217 C 24

barä  217 C 9 bärbäre  217 E 1 borč̣əmmä  219 B 16 borkimma  219 B 23 brät  218 B 29 bəs 219 B 7 č̣uč̣iyye  217 C 19 č̣əgär  217 A 4 č̣al 219 B 21 č̣əlo  218 B 25 č̣elämä  219 C 7 č̣ammä  218 B 27 č̣unč̣e  218 C 18 duʔä  219 C 12 däbälä  219 F 1 dabänä  217 F 18 dəgrä  218 C 5 dähäno  217 B 26 dälä  219 E 6 dumi  217 A 5 dənnəččä  217 E 10 donḳä  219 A 24 däräsä  219 F 22 das  219 B 15 duwat  219 C 12 feʔ 217 C 12 fäč̣e  219 D 17 feḳ 217 C 12 fando  219 C 4 fräḳa  218 E 21 färäzäññe  219 A 17 ge 219 B 12 gäbä  219 D 21B gəbər  219 E 26 gebärä  219 E 26 gäbäta  218 D 19 gäbəyä  219 B 18 gäfärä  219 D 12 gagärä  219 D 11 gärängäre  219 A 6 getä  219 D 2 goytä  219 D 2 gäzä  219 F 24 gʷändä  218 C 19

449

Lexical Index ǧeǧe  219 E 6 häbd  217 A 27 həri  217 A 20 hoyt  218 A 2 käbäro  218 D 28 kəbot  219 C 3 kuro  218 D 26 käräbo  219 F 16 kərar  219 F 19 käsäl  218 E 29 käše  219 F 8 košəm  217 E 17 kʷəyä  218 A 22 ḳädä  217 F 25 ḳäfät  217 A 9 ḳuḳi  217 C 23 ḳuli  217 E 14 ḳoläṭä  219 C 18 ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11 ḳam  217 B 15 ḳämbärrä  219 B 27 ḳämbis  218 B 9 ḳumal  218 D 1 ḳämis  218 B 9 ḳanč̣ä  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳənač̣čọ  218 C 29 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳär  219 C 2 ḳuri  217 D 6 ḳərb  217 A 8 ḳäräbä  219 A 18 ḳärše  218 E 14 ḳes 219 C 13 ḳäst  219 A 2 lubam  217 A 28 liǧi 219 A 12 leḳä  219 E 26 lam  217 C 8 lämd  218 B 24 lemat  218 D 24 medä  217 E 27 muǧaǧǧä  218 D 25

mäharräb  218 B 13 molokse  219 C 14 mäls  219 F 7 märäč̣čẹ  217 A 29 märfe  218 C 15 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 mäsarit  218 E 11 mašəllä  217 D 29 məššər  217 D 20 məšt  219 B 1 matäb  218 D 15 məṭad  218 E 17 näč̣e  218 C 12 nädäda  219 E 16 näday  219 A 25 nəfas  218 A 25 nägädä  219 E 17 näggade  219 C 20 nəgus  219 C 28 nähä  219 E 12 näwr  217 B 28 rägäṭä  218 E 9 räwäṭä  219 E 5 säb  217 A 1 soblä  217 E 13 säbärä  219 E 9 sabt  218 A 7 sädäbä  219 E 2 səddəst  218 A 6 sahanä  217 B 13 säläbä  219 A 17 samä  219 B 8 sambä  217 B 2 summut  218 A 8 sonče  219 E 13 sunčənä  219 E 13 sanḳa  219 B 29 səre  217 D 15 särärä  219 D 26 səray  217 D 15 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 šəmon  219 E 18 šuman  219 E 7 šumanä  219 E 7

šongobät  217 B 23 šunkurt  217 E 9 šešt  218 A 3 tuhan  218 D 2 tuli  218 C 22 tälbä  217 D 27 ṭub 217 A 26 ṭebb  217 E 25 ṭobe  219 B 3 ṭabitä  218 F 5 ṭid 217 E 26 ṭäfä  219 E 19 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭəgay  218 F 17 ṭäǧ 218 F 17 ṭəḳär  219 F 14 ṭull 219 F 28 ṭuli  219 A 20 ṭällä  218 F 18 ṭälälä  219 F 28 ṭəläme  219 C 7 ṭem  219 C 7 ṭärägä  219 F 10 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 ṭay 217 C 11 wäč̣it  218 D 22 wädäḳä  219 E 8 wädäro  219 B 26 wäfč̣e  218 E 10 weǧ  217 A 1A wälängäyä  217 C 29 wäri  217 F 21 wärri  217 F 21 wärädä  219 D 25 waṭä  219 D 14 wäṭä  219 D 23 wäzän  219 B 11 yabač ḳam 217 B 15 zegä  219 C 22 zəgbä  217 E 24 zəlam  217 F 13 zongäya  218 D 11 zanǧero  217 D 11

450 awärädä  219 D 25 zar  219 C 23 ayəb  218 F 21 zärat  217 B 17 ziṭṭäñ  218 A 19 bäḳəl  218 A 23 zizo  218 C 28 baḳela  217 D 21 boḳolu  217 D 2 žəgrä  217 C 22 bälä  219 D 13 bālä  219 F 2 Zay būrä  217 C 9 ābu  219 A 10 bärbäri  217 E 1 ad  218 A 11 burkumma  219 B 23 adangura  217 D 23 brät  218 B 29 ũf  217 C 25 barzaf  217 D 22 ufur  218 C 24 əfit  217 A 7 č̣īč̣i  219 B 24 agäda  217 B 6 č̣oftu  218 E 4 agäñi  219 F 4 č̣īgärä  219 D 27 agri  219 A 5 č̣īlämä  219 C 7 əhəl  217 D 19 č̣āya  219 B 21 əhat  218 F 7 a-līḳä  219 E 26 däbälä  219 F 1 əmbāb  218 D 7 dābänä  217 F 18 əmbərbiṭ 217 B 4 dälä  219 E 6 amäd  219 F 12 dənnəčča  217 E 10 ūmfiňňi  218 D 8 das  219 B 15 aməl  217 E 6 amara  217 D 8 fäč̣ī  219 D 17 amməst  218 A 5 fīḳ 217 C 12 ənč̣ač̣ut  217 C 19 fāndo  219 C 4 anädädä  219 E 16 färäzäñä  219 A 17 əngər  217 B 12 angät  217 A 17 gäbā  219 D 21B ənǧi  217 A 22 gäbärä  219 E 26 ansäsä  219 F 11 gäbəs  217 D 18 ənnəst  217 A 0A gäbäta  218 D 19 antärä  217 D 22 gäbäya  219 B 18 ənṭābit  217 A 23 gäfärä  219 D 12 ənṭet  218 E 27 gulbät  217 B 9 iñī  219 D 16 gəmgəmāt  217 F 14 ərōb  217 F 28 gōräsä  219 D 13 ərəf  218 C 6 gäzā  219 F 24 arämät  217 A 12 gʷoyta  219 D 2 aras  219 A 28 aräsä  219 E 29 ǧīǧī  219 E 6 arət  218 A 4 asobu  218 F 8 hubut  219 C 3 assər  218 A 10 had  218 A 11 asiyya  218 D 4 hərə  217 A 20 aṭəm  217 B 24

Lexical Index haräbu  219 F 16 huya  218 A 22 hoyt  218 A 2 kokkäb  217 F 20 kərar  219 F 19 ḳädä  217 F 25 ḳäfät  217 A 9 ḳəlṭəm  217 B 11 ḳəmāy  218 D 1 ḳənāč̣u  218 C 29 ḳär 219 C 2 ḳäräbä  219 A 18 ḳärši  218 E 14 leba  219 C 19 ləklək  217 B 3 lam  217 C 8 lāmä  219 B 6 lemat  218 D 24 mälkämma  219 B 6 märäč̣ 217 A 29 märfi  218 C 15 marmara  217 A 19 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 məst  219 B 1 mašulla  217 D 29 məšər  217 D 20 mušru  219 B 2 māṭä  219 E 1 məṭad  218 E 17 na 219 E 12 näč̣ī  218 C 12 nädäda  219 E 16 näday  219 A 25 nəfas  218 A 25 nəfiṭ 217 A 10 nägädä  219 E 17 näggade  219 C 20 nəgus  219 C 28 näḳäluḫ  219 F 3 rägäṭä  218 E 9 säb  217 A 1

Lexical Index

451

wərinč̣ä  217 D 4 anzätä  217 A 30 sūblä  217 E 13 wāṭä  219 D 14 arbattä  218 A 4 säbärä  219 E 9 wäṭā  219 D 23 aras  219 A 28 səddəst  218 A 6 wäzänä  219 B 11 ərsä  217 A 27A sābət  218 A 7 arräsä  219 E 29 sädäbä  219 E 2 zənab  217 F 13 asä  217 C 26 sähäl  218 E 29 zāñat  217 F 12 asra  218 A 10 siḳ-ən hāno 219 E 15 zar 219 C 23 əsatä  218 A 28 sāmä  219 B 8 zərat  217 B 17 aṣṣäbä  219 E 10 sāmba  217 B 2 zäṭṭäñ  218 A 19 aṣmʷä  217 B 24 səmmut  218 A 8 aṣənt  217 B 24 sūnčī  219 E 13 Gafat atärä  217 D 22 sūnkunä  219 E 13 əbd  219 C 24 aṭefa  219 E 19 sunkurta  217 E 9 abʷä  219 A 10 əwawi  218 D 7 səre  217 D 15 əḇaḇʷä  218 D 7 ayb  218 F 21 set 217 A 0B adängʷarä  217 D 23 səxär  218 F 19 addäsä  219 C 9 bəč̣əlä  217 D 2 afärä  218 A 26 bäg  217 C 13 šūmu  219 E 18 ũfʷərä  218 C 24 bäḳäl  218 A 23 šuman  219 E 7 ägä  218 A 27 bäḳlä  218 A 23 šumänä  219 E 7 agänä  219 F 4 balä  219 F 2 šešt  218 A 3 əgʷrä  217 B 12, bäla  219 D 13 217 B 22 bälä  219 F 2 tuhan  218 D 2 əgʷri  217 B 12, bällä  219 D 13 tul 218 C 22 217 B 22 bulal  217 C 24 tälba  217 D 27 aǧä  219 E 28 bereteñis  219 C 27 tāməṭə-nāt  219 E 1 aǧǧä  219 E 28 əǧǧä  218 A 11 č̣ədä  217 E 26 ṭəb 217 F 11 əǧəgu  218 D 19 č̣əfrä  217 A 24 ṭub 217 A 26 alä 219 A 11 č̣əḳä  219 F 13 ṭäba  219 B 3 älamwä  č̣əlayä  219 B 21 ṭobū  219 B 3 217 C 8 č̣ama  218 B 27 ṭabeta  218 F 5 ələttä  218 A 2 č̣åwä  218 F 8A ṭə̄dä  217 E 26 əmädaǧ  219 F 12 ṭäfā  219 E 19 aml  217 E 6 däbälä  219 F 1 ṭāfä  219 C 11 amməst  218 A 5 däbbäla  219 F 1 ṭəfər  217 A 24 (a)mäṣṣäṣä  219 A 26 dəbrä  217 E 23, ṭäge  218 F 17 əmʷit  219 A 15 218 F 2 ṭəgär  217 A 4 əmʷitätä  219 A 15 däga  219 C 16 ṭūl 219 A 20 anbäṭ 218 C 21 dägi  219 C 16 ṭälälä  219 F 28 anbäṭa  218 C 21 dägʷi  219 C 16 ṭälālu  219 F 28 ənč̣a  218 E 27 dəmo  217 A 5 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 angät  217 A 17 dämoa  217 A 5 ṭay 217 C 11 ənkoy  217 E 16 dämmänä  217 F 18 ənkʷa  217 E 16 dəmuwä  217 A 5 wädäḳä  219 E 8 anesa  219 D 19 dəmʷä  217 A 5 wäfč̣i  218 E 10 *anässä  219 D 19 dängə-š  218 F 1 wär  217 F 21 ansətä  217 A 0A dänǧa  218 F 1 wärädä  219 D 25 anšəlä  217 D 3

452 dənǧi-š  218 F 1 dänḳu-š  219 A 24 däräsä  219 D 22 fəǧäl  217 C 14 fəǧǧälä  217 C 14 faḳu-š  217 C 12 fiḳu-š  217 C 12 forä  218 C 24 fəyäloč  217 C 14 gä 219 B 12 geba  219 D 21B gäbbä  219 D 21B gäbsä  217 D 18 gäbsuwan  217 D 18 gäbəy-š  219 B 18 gadä  218 F 2 gädä  218 F 2 gädälä  218 F 2 gäfärä  219 D 12 gäf ( f )ärä  219 D 12 gulbät  217 B 9 gumbəra  217 B 4 gumbərä  217 B 4 gunbälu  217 C 16 gunč̣ 217 A 15 gänfʷä  218 F 13 gənǧär  218 F 12 gənǧärä  218 F 12 gurarä  217 A 18 gäzzä  219 F 24 gʷitä  219 D 2 hodammä  217 A 27 hadis  219 C 9 hayä  218 A 22 käbäro  218 D 28 kubät  219 C 3 kokab  217 F 20 kokobä  217 F 20 kəndä  217 A 20 käräbo  219 F 16 kərn  217 A 20 ḳədamä  217 F 25 ḳuḳʷaǧǧi  217 C 23 ḳämbärä  219 B 27 ḳänä  217 F 30

Lexical Index ḳändä  219 C 2 ḳändi  219 C 2 ḳəndəbä  217 A 8, 217 A 13 ḳura  217 D 6 ḳurä  217 D 6 ḳärräbä  219 A 18 ḳästä dämmänä 219 A 2 ḳäyä  219 C 5

ribʷä  217 F 28 rəgəb  217 C 20 riggäṭä  218 E 9 rəgwa  217 C 20 rəgwi  217 C 20 räṣä  219 E 5

säb-u  217 A 1 säbärä  219 E 9 säbattä  218 A 7 säb-wä  217 A 1 ləb 217 A 28 sab-uwä  217 A 1 ləbo  217 A 28 sədəb-way  219 E 2 ləbu  217 A 28 səddəstä  218 A 6 liba  219 C 19 sälä  219 E 3 läḳḳäbay  219 A 27 sällä  219 E 3 lemätä  218 D 24 samä  219 B 8 lam-uway  217 C 8 səmməntä  218 A 8 lamaiñ-iš  219 C 18 säñä  217 F 27 särnäḳi  218 B 16 mabrätä  218 E 12 säwwä  217 A 1 mač̣ədä  218 C 11 səndä  217 D 15 mägunč̣  217 A 15 sənde  217 D 15 mägʷərər  217 A 18 sʷostä  218 A 3 manka  218 E 13 mänḳäl  218 D 27 šičä  219 E 13 mänḳäli  218 D 27 šičä-y  219 E 13 mirfä  218 C 15 šängʷåbät  217 B 23 mar-iš  218 F 16 šəmonä  219 E 18 (mä-)skoni  217 B 13 šunkurt  217 E 9 mäsḳäli  217 F 8 məssər  217 D 20 ṣäbbä  217 F 11 mäšələ-š  217 D 29 ṣäbbäṭä  219 D 10 mušrə-š  219 B 2 ṣəfrä  217 A 24 mištet  219 B 1 ṣägur  217 A 4 maṣä  219 E 1 ṣəgärä  217 A 4 mäṣrägiyä  218 E 25 ṣägurä  217 A 4 ṣäguyät  217 C 10 nəbu-wan  218 C 20 ṣägʷä  217 C 10 nəbʷä  218 C 20 ṣäǧ  218 F 17 nəfas  218 A 25 ṣələ-š  219 B 21 nəgus  219 C 28 ṣälläma  219 C 7 nəgusä  219 C 28 ṣärrägä  219 F 10 nəgusi  219 C 28 ṣatä  217 A 23 nanä  219 E 12 nanem  219 E 12 tiggäsä  219 E 25 nəṣu  219 C 6 tänäsa  219 D 18 nəṣwä  217 E 8, tänässä  219 D 18 219 C 6 täsäbärämän  219 E 9 nəṣwä šunkurt 217 E 8

Lexical Index ṭəbo  217 A 26 ṭəbwä  217 A 26 ṭəbuwä  217 A 26 *ṭefa  219 E 19 ṭəḳurä  219 C 8 ṭəḳuray  219 C 8 ṭəṭä  217 F 2 ṭeṭa  219 D 15 ṭis 218 E 28 ṭiṭṭä  219 D 15 ṭǔwwä  217 A 26 wädäboa  217 F 15 wådäbʷä  217 F 15 wådärä  219 B 26 wädäw(ä) 217 F 15 wåfč̣ä  218 E 10 waga  219 D 28 wanos  217 C 21 wənč̣ä  217 D 9 wǔr sämbättä 217 F 24, 217 F 29 wǝššä  217 C 3 wašä  219 F 8 waššä  219 F 8 wǔššä  217 C 3 yəfʷä  217 C 25 zebi  217 C 1 zäfänä  219 F 23 zäḵoni  217 B 26 zəmbä  218 C 17 zämäd  219 A 16 zənab  217 F 13 zənabu  217 F 13 zənab-wä  217 F 13 zənabʷä  217 F 13 zənaw  217 F 13 zäṭäññä  218 A 19 Gunnän-Gurage afär  218 A 26 agada  217 B 6 agäda  217 B 6 agädä  217 B 6 gäräd  219 A 13

453 ənzizza  218 C 28 ḳäy  219 C 5 anžät  217 A 30 əññä  219 D 16 sämbät  217 F 24 ärob  217 F 28 sänbät  217 F 24 arrädä  219 D 6 äräggäṭä  218 E 9 ṭäfər  218 B 23 arräsä  219 E 29 arätt  218 A 4 wəṭät  217 F 27 äräwwäṭä  219 E 5 assäbo  218 F 8 zəmb  218 C 17 assälä  219 C 25 aslammäṭä  219 C 18 Soddo assər  218 A 10 aḇi 219 A 10 äsat  218 A 28 äbab  218 D 7 att 218 A 11 of  217 C 25 atärä  217 D 22 äfur  218 C 24 atarräḳä  219 E 22 ift 217 A 7 aṭobbä  219 B 3 afʷač̣čạ̈  219 F 17 aṭabät  217 A 23 ägäle  217 A 3 aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 agam  217 E 18 aṭəm  217 B 24 agäññä  219 F 4 äṭay  217 C 11 ägər  217 B 12 awärrädä  219 D 25 äǧ 217 A 22 ažžä  219 E 28 aǧǧis  219 C 9 ähəl  217 D 19 bəč̣əl  217 D 2 äkəl  217 D 19 bahər  217 D 22 aḳrabbiya  219 A 18 bäḳəl  218 A 23 älam  217 C 8 balä  219 F 2 alämät  217 A 12 bälla  219 D 13 ambəl  217 E 6 bullal  217 C 24 ambässa  217 B 27 bəllət  219 D 9 ambäṭa  218 C 21 bar  217 D 22 amäd  219 F 12 bora  217 C 9 amora  217 D 8 bärbäre  217 E 1 amməst  218 A 5 brät  218 B 29 amät  218 A 1 bəs 219 B 7 amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 bis 219 B 7 anäddädä  219 E 16 basä  219 B 7 anbässa  217 B 27 bäsestan  219 B 13 ənč̣ä  218 E 27 bätestan  219 B 13 andər  218 C 8 (bä)zarrat  217 B 17 əngəbgəbät  217 F 14 angačča  217 C 5 č̣uč̣iyyä  217 C 19 angät  217 A 17 č̣əgär  217 A 4 angərayä  218 D 4 č̣ūlo  218 B 25 anguba  218 F 22 č̣illämä  219 C 7 ənəst  217 A 0A č̣amma  218 B 27 ənšošəlla  217 F 1

454 däbbälä  219 F 1 dabäna  217 F 18 dəbər  217 E 23 dəgərä  218 C 5 dəmbär  218 F 2 dämmäna  217 F 18 dənnəčča  217 E 10 dəngʸäla  218 F 1 därräsä  219 F 22 därät  217 A 25A das  219 B 15 fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 faǧä  217 C 6 fando  219 C 4 fəräḳḳa  218 E 21 fraš  218 B 25 färäzäññä  219 A 17 fəyyäl  217 C 14 gäbba  219 D 21B gəbər  219 E 26 gibbärä  219 E 26 gäbs  217 D 18 gäbäta  218 D 19 gäbäya  219 B 18 gädäl  218 F 2 gäffärä  219 D 12 gäggäbät  217 A 25 gäla  217 B 15 gulbät  217 B 9 gulmassa  217 A 2 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 gunč̣a  217 A 15 gänfo  218 F 13 ganǧir  218 F 12 ginžä  217 B 5 gärängäre  219 A 6 gäzza  219 F 24 gʷända  218 C 19 gʷändära  218 D 17 gʷärärä  217 A 18 gʸindo  218 E 6 gʸinžä  217 B 5 gʸeta  219 D 2

Lexical Index käbbärä  219 C 21 kəbota  219 C 3 kokäb  217 F 20 känfär  217 A 11 kuro  218 D 26 kərrä  217 A 20 käräbo  219 F 16 kərar  219 F 19 kärs  217 A 27A käräṭīt  218 E 20 käsäl  218 E 29 kitt 218 A 2 kʷəya  218 A 22 ḳäč̣čẹ  217 E 29 ḳədan sänbät 217 F 25 ḳuḳä  217 C 23 ḳəl 217 E 14 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḳämbärrä  219 B 27 ḳəmal  218 D 1 ḳämis  218 B 9 ḳänä  217 F 30 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳənač̣ 218 C 29 ḳənan  217 F 30 ḳär 219 C 2 ḳurä  217 D 6 ḳərrəb  217 A 8 ḳes 219 C 13 ḳəst  219 A 2 ḳäšt  219 A 2 ḳiṭṭəññä  217 B 6 ḳʷäläč̣ä  218 D 9 ləbb  217 A 28 leba  219 C 19 ləbbam  217 A 28 läḳḳäba  219 A 27 lemat  218 D 24 lända  218 B 24

mäbrat  218 E 12 meda  217 E 27 mida  217 E 27 midaǧǧa  218 D 25 ǧəwä  217 B 16 miǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 mədər  218 A 29 hassät  219 C 17 mädär  218 A 29 hitt  218 A 2

mäharräb  218 B 13 mälkamma  219 B 6 mäls  219 F 7 mämmär  217 A 19 märf  218 C 15 murṭ  217 B 7 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 mästawät  218 C 7 mästayət  218 C 7 mašəlla  217 D 29 mušərra  219 B 2 məššərä  217 D 20 məšt  219 B 1 matäb  218 D 15 məṭad  218 E 17 mäṭaf  219 C 11 mäṭrägo  218 E 25 məṭäṭ  219 A 26 nəb  218 C 20 näč̣čạ̈ 218 C 12 (‘to pluck out’) näč̣čạ̈ (‘white’) 217 E 8, 219 C 6 näddädä  219 E 16 nəfas  218 A 25 näggädä  219 E 17 näggade  219 C 20 nəgus  219 C 28 nähä  219 E 12 nässa  219 D 19 nəṭu  217 E 8, 219 C 6 näṭṭa  219 C 6 räggäṭä  218 E 9 säb  217 A 1 sobla  217 E 13 säbbärä  219 E 9 säbat  218 A 7 säddäbä  219 E 2 səddəst  218 A 6 sahana  217 B 13 səhär  218 F 19 səkär  218 F 19 sälla  219 E 3 sälabi  219 A 17 sälläbä  219 A 17 samä  219 B 8

455

Lexical Index sambo  217 B 2 səmmənt  218 A 8 səmat  219 E 7 səmatä  219 E 7 sənḳ  219 D 5 sanḳa  219 B 29 sərri  217 D 15 sost  218 A 3 sotta  219 E 13 sutənnät  219 E 13 säxana  217 B 13 šä 219 F 8 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 šəmo  219 E 18 šənfa  217 D 24 šängʷäbät  217 B 23 šətto  219 E 13 šəttu  219 E 13 taggäsä  219 E 25 təhan  218 D 2 təkkiyyä  218 E 2 täḳirräbä  219 A 18 təlä  218 C 22 tälba  217 D 27 täniffäṭä  217 A 10 tänässa  219 D 18 taṭṭäbä  219 E 10 ṭəʔur  219 C 8 ṭobbä  219 B 3 ṭabeta  218 F 5 ṭäbbäṭä  219 D 10 ṭäbṭät  217 F 11 ṭəbuyyä  217 A 26 ṭädä  217 E 26 ṭafä  219 C 11 ṭäffa  219 E 19 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭägg  217 C 10 ṭiggärä  219 D 27 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 ṭäḳär  219 F 14 ṭäḳḳärä  219 C 8 ṭəlal  219 B 21 ṭällälä  219 F 28 ṭärrägä  219 F 10 ṭəṭ 217 F 2

äfur  218 C 24 ift 217 A 7 ãfʷ 217 C 25 äga  218 A 27 wəс̌ạ̈  218 C 27 äǧ 217 A 22 wäč̣ät  218 D 22 agam  217 E 18 wäddäḳä  219 E 8 agäññä  219 F 4 wädärä  219 B 26 ägər  217 B 12 wof  217 C 25 ähi 217 D 19 wäfč̣ä  218 E 10 alemät  217 A 12 wäfänčit  219 B 30 ambi  217 E 6 waga  219 D 28 ambäṭṭa  218 C 21 wägga  219 E 14 amäd  219 F 12 waǧǧä  219 D 28 amməst  218 A 5 wäḳəyä  217 D 9 amät  218 A 1 wäld  217 A 1A amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 amʷära  217 D 8 wärä  217 F 21 anbässa  217 B 27 woräba  218 C 23 anäddädä  219 E 16 wärčä  217 B 10 andər  218 C 8 wärrädä  219 D 25 anguba  218 F 22 wǝssa  217 C 3 əngəbgabät  217 F 14 wäskomba  218 D 23 angačča  217 C 5 waṭä  219 D 14 angəre  218 D 4 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 angrəyä  218 D 4 wəṭät männag 217 F 27 angät  217 A 17 wawat  217 C 20 änǧära  218 F 4 ənnam  217 C 8 yəft  217 A 7 ənəst  217 A 0A yift 217 A 7 anṭəft  218 E 24 yiga  218 A 27 anzäd  217 A 30 yä-ṭällälä  219 F 28 ənzizza  218 C 28 arb  218 F 29 zega  219 C 22 arəb  218 F 29 zəgba  217 E 24 ärob  217 F 28 zägʷara  217 B 29 arbät  218 A 4 zähon  217 B 26 arrädä  219 D 6 zämäd  219 A 16 (a)rämmädä  218 E 9 zənab  217 F 13 arräsä  219 E 29 zaññät  217 F 12 äroṭä  219 E 5 zäṭäñ  218 A 19 asa  217 C 26 asseä  219 C 25 žəgrä  217 C 22 asso  218 F 8 žarrägä  219 E 6 aslammäṭä  219 C 18 assər  218 A 10 Gogot əsat  218 A 28 ab 219 A 10 att 218 A 11 əbab  218 D 7 atärä  217 D 22 abaräfəyä  217 E 7 atarräʔä  219 E 22 äč̣čạ̈  218 E 27 äṭe 217 C 11 addis  219 C 9

ṭäṭbät  217 F 11 ṭay 217 C 11

456

Lexical Index

ḳoʔa  217 C 23 därräsä  219 F 22 aṭobbä  219 B 3 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣čạ̈  217 B 1 därät  217 A 25A aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 ḳədan sänbät 217 F 25 das  219 B 15 aṭebät  217 A 23 ḳolläṭä  219 C 18 aṭəm  217 B 24 ḳämbärrä  219 B 27 fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 awaʔi  219 F 5 ḳambisa  218 B 9 fandiyya  219 C 4 awaḳi  219 F 5 ḳəmal  218 D 1 fänṭaṭa  219 A 22 awärrädä  219 D 25 ḳämis  218 B 9 fäññäʔ 217 C 12 ažžä  219 E 28 ḳänä  217 F 30 färäzäññä  219 A 17 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, bea  219 F 2 219 F 17 gäbba  219 D 21B baʔella  217 D 21 ḳənač̣ 218 C 29 gəbbər  219 E 26 bəč̣əl  217 D 2 ḳənan  217 F 30 gebbärä  219 E 26 bähar zaf 217 D 22 ḳär 219 C 2 gäbs  217 D 18 bäḳḳəl  218 A 23 ḳərrəb  217 A 8 gäbäta  218 D 19 bullal  217 C 24 ḳärräbä  219 A 18 gäbäte  218 D 19 bänna  219 D 13 ḳäst  219 A 2 gäbäya  219 B 18 bar  217 D 22 ḳes 219 C 13 gädäl  218 F 2 bora  217 C 9 ḳʷälač̣ 219 C 18 gäffärä  219 D 12 bärbäre  217 E 1 ḳʷäläč̣ä  218 D 9 gäggäbät  217 A 25 bärč̣umma  219 B 16 ḳʷälläṭä  219 C 18 gulbät  217 B 9 brät  218 B 29 ḳʸəṭṭəññä  217 B 6 gulmassa  217 A 2 bəs 219 B 7 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 bis 219 B 7 ləbb  217 A 28 gunč̣a  217 A 15 basä  219 B 7 leba  219 C 19 gänfʷä  218 F 13 betä krəstyan 219 B 13 ləbbam  217 A 28 gärängär  219 A 6 bätestan  219 B 13 ləmad  217 C 10, 218 gäzza  219 F 24 bʷäʔla  217 D 2 B 24 gʷändä  218 C 19 lämmañ  219 C 18 gʷändära  218 D 17 čəlä  218 C 22 lemat  218 D 24 gʷärärä  217 A 18 gʷeta  219 D 2 č̣äbbäṭä  219 D 10 mäbrat  218 E 12 gʸinǧä  217 B 5 č̣uč̣iyyä  217 C 19 mədad  218 E 17 gʸeta  219 D 2 č̣ällämä  219 C 7 mädär  218 A 29 č̣amma  218 B 27 mäharräb  218 B 13 ǧəwä  217 B 16 č̣et 217 F 22 mälkamma  219 B 6 mäls  219 F 7 hʷett  218 A 2 däbbeä  219 F 1 mämmär  217 A 19 dabäna  217 F 18 märfe  218 C 15 kubäta  219 C 3 dəbər  217 E 23 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 känfär  217 A 11 dädd  217 E 26 mästawät  218 C 7 kurä  217 D 6 dägg  217 C 10 mašəlla  217 D 29 kərrä  217 A 20 dəgrä  218 C 5 mušərra  219 B 2 käräbo  219 F 16 dəgär  217 A 4 məšt  219 B 1 kərar  219 F 19 dägʸä  218 F 17 matäb  218 D 15 kärsam  217 A 27A dälla  219 E 6 mʷəǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 käsäl  218 E 29 dənnəčča  217 E 10 mʷär  218 F 16 kʷäkʷäb  217 F 20 dəngʸäla  218 F 1 kʷett  218 A 2 dəngʸäla  218 F 1 kʷiya  218 A 22 əmmaññä

Lexical Index tämər  217 E 20 nəb  218 C 20 täneffäṭä  217 A 10 näč̣čạ̈ 218 C 12 tənkiyä  218 E 2 (‘to pluck out’) tänässa  219 D 18 näč̣čạ̈ (‘white’) 217 E 8, tarräʔä  219 E 22 219 C 6 taṭṭäbä  219 E 10 näddädä  219 E 16 nəfas  218 A 25 ṭäʔär  219 F 14 näggädä  219 E 17 ṭəʔur  219 C 8 näggade  219 C 20 ṭäʔärša  219 F 14 nəgus  219 C 28 ṭəbä  217 F 11 nähä  219 E 12 ṭebbä  217 E 25 nässa  219 D 19 ṭobbä  219 B 3 nəṭu  217 E 8, ṭabita  218 F 5 219 C 6 ṭäbbäṭä  219 D 10 näṭṭa  219 C 6 ṭəbuyyä  217 A 26 ṭafä  219 C 11 räggäṭä  218 E 9 ṭäffa  219 E 19 räḳḳäṭä  218 E 9 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭäfər  217 A 24 säb  217 A 1 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 sobla  217 E 13 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 säbbärä  219 E 9 ṭäḳḳʷärä  219 C 8 säbätt  218 A 7 ṭälla  218 F 18 säddäbä  219 E 2 ṭəlal  219 B 21 səddəst  218 A 6 ṭällälä  219 F 28 sahana  217 B 13 ṭärrägä  219 F 10 səhär  218 F 19 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 sälla  219 E 3 ṭəwuyyä  217 A 26 sälläbä  219 A 17 samä  219 B 8 wäʔəyä  217 D 9 sambʷä  217 B 2 wäč̣ät  218 D 22 səmat  219 E 7 wäddäʔä  219 E 8 səmatä  219 E 7 wädärä  219 B 26 səmmut  218 A 8 wäfč̣ä  218 E 10 sənḳ  219 D 5 waga  219 D 28 sanḳa  219 B 29 wägga  219 E 14 sərre  217 D 15 wärä  217 F 21 särräṭa  219 C 1 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 sost  218 A 3 wärčä  217 B 10 sotta  219 E 13 wärrädä  219 D 25 sutənnät  219 E 13 waṭä  219 D 14 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 šä 219 F 8 wəṭät männag 217 F 27 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 wawat  217 C 20 šängʷäbät  217 B 23 šənkurt  217 E 9 yəft  217 A 7 yift 217 A 7 təkkiyä  218 E 2 yä-ṭällälä  219 F 28 tälba  217 D 27

457 zega  219 C 22 zəgba  217 E 24 zogara  217 B 29 zämäd  219 A 16 zənab  217 F 13 zaññät  217 F 12 zar 219 C 23 žəgra  217 C 22 žähonä  217 B 26 žäṭä  218 A 19 Muḫər ab 219 A 10 abäʔat  219 C 29 əbab  218 D 7 abäḳaṭ 219 C 29 äč̣čạ̈  218 E 27 adängʷarre  217 D 23 adot  219 A 9 õf  217 C 25 äfä̜ 218 D 8 äfä̜yä̜ 218 D 8 əft 217 A 7 əga  218 A 27 agäññä  219 F 4 ägər  217 B 12 äǧ 217 A 22 akäle  217 A 3 allämät  217 A 12 ambi  217 E 6 amad  217 F 10 amäd  219 F 12 amməst  218 A 5 amät  218 A 1 amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 amʷära  217 D 8 ənč̣ərč̣ər  217 F 17 anäddädä  219 E 16 anguba  218 F 22 angačča  217 C 5 angrą̈  218 D 4 angät  217 A 17 ənǧära  218 F 4 ənnam  217 C 8 ansət  217 A 0A ənšəlalit  217 D 13, 218 D 6 ənšošəlla  217 F 1

458 anṭəft  218 E 24 anzäd  217 A 30 ənzizza  218 C 28 arb  218 F 29 arəb  218 F 29 ärob  217 F 28 arbät  218 A 4 ǫrrädä  219 D 25 äräḳḳäṭä  218 E 9 ärǫṭä  219 E 5 arräṭä  219 D 6 asa  217 C 26 asseą̈  219 C 25 aslammäṭä  219 C 18 assər  218 A 10 əsat  218 A 28 assäwä  218 F 8 att 218 A 11 atebät  217 A 23 atärä  217 D 22 atarräḳä  219 E 22 aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 aṭäbbʷä  219 B 3 atḳʸärräwä  219 A 18 aṭəm  217 B 24 awärrädä  219 D 25 äxi 217 D 19 ažžä  219 E 28

Lexical Index č̣uč̣əyyä  217 C 19 č̣ällämä  219 C 7 č̣amma  218 B 27 č̣əs 218 E 28 č̣et 217 F 22

gʸəmbe  217 C 16 gʸənžä  217 B 5 gʸäta  219 D 2

däbbeą̈ 219 F 1 dabäna  217 F 18 dəbər  217 E 23 däd  217 E 26 dägg  217 C 10 dəgär  217 A 4 dägʸä  218 F 17 dənnəčča  217 E 10 därräsä  219 F 22 das  219 B 15

häbəd  217 A 27

fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 fenduwä  219 C 4 fendəyä  219 C 4 fənäkkʸä  218 E 21 fäññäḳ 217 C 12 fänṭaṭṭa  219 A 22 fur 218 C 24 fəräḳḳa  218 E 21 färäzäññä  219 A 17

gäbą̈ 219 B 18 gäbba  219 D 21B gəbər  219 E 26 beą̈ 219 F 2 gäbäyä  219 B 18 bəʔurä  217 D 2 gäffärä  219 D 12 buʔurä  217 D 2 gäggäbät  217 A 25 bəʔuwä  217 D 2 gəlbät  217 B 9 bäḳi  218 A 23 gəlbʷät  217 B 9 bəḳʷrä  217 D 2 gulmasa  217 A 2 bulle  217 C 24 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 bänna  219 D 13 gundo  218 E 6 bar  217 D 22 gärängär  219 A 6 brä̢  217 E 22 gäzza  219 F 24 bora  217 C 9 gʷənč̣ä  217 A 15 borč̣umma  219 B 16 gʷända  218 C 19 brät  218 B 29 gʷändär  218 D 17 basä  219 B 7 gʷärämsa  217 A 2 bätästan  219 B 13 gʷärärä  217 A 18 biṭoyä  217 E 28 gʷärräsä  219 D 13 bäxar  217 D 22 gʷeta  219 D 2 bʷärč̣əmma  219 B 16 gʸəbbər  219 E 26 gʸäbbärä  219 E 26 čəyä  218 C 22

ǧuwä  217 B 16

känä  217 F 30 känfär  217 A 11 kənan  217 F 30 kurä  217 D 6 kərar  219 F 19 käse  218 E 29 ḳoʔa  217 C 23 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣čạ̈  217 B 1 ḳädam sänbät 217 F 25 ḳädan sänbät 217 F 25 ḳoḳa  217 C 23 ḳəme  218 D 1 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḳambissa  218 B 9 ḳämis  218 B 9 ḳänä  217 F 30 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳənač̣ 218 C 29 ḳənan  217 F 30 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳär 219 C 2 ḳərrəb  217 A 8 ḳärräbä  219 A 18 ḳʷäläč̣ä  218 D 9 ḳʸäs  219 C 13 lämd  218 B 24 ləbb  217 A 28 leba  219 C 19 ləbbam  217 A 28 ləmad  217 C 10, 218 B 24 lemat  218 D 24 mäbrat  218 E 12 mäč̣čạ̈ mmä  218 B 27 mida  217 E 27 mədad  218 E 17 mädär  218 A 29

Lexical Index məǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 muǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 mäharräb  218 B 13 mälkamma  219 B 6 mäls  219 F 7 mämmär  217 A 19 märf  218 C 15 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 mešša  218 B 20 mašəlla  217 D 29 mušra  219 B 2 məšt  219 B 1 mätta  219 D 29 matäb  218 D 15 mäṭaf  219 C 11 mʷešša  218 B 20 nəb  218 C 20 näč̣čạ̈ 218 C 12 (‘to pluck out’) näč̣čạ̈ (‘white’) 217 E 8, 219 C 6 näde  219 A 25 näddädä  219 E 16 näggädä  219 E 17 näggade  219 C 20 nəgʷs  219 C 28 nässa  219 D 19 näṭṭa  219 C 6 nəṭux  217 E 8, 219 C 6 näxä  219 E 12 säb  217 A 1 säbbärä  219 E 9 säbat  218 A 7 säddäbä  219 E 2 səddəst  218 A 6 sälla  219 E 3 sälläbä  219 A 17 samä  219 B 8 sambʷa  217 B 2 səmat  219 E 7 səmatä  219 E 7 səmmut  218 A 8 sänafil  218 B 11 sanḳa  219 B 29 sanxäna  217 B 13 sərre  217 D 15

459 wädärä  219 B 26 särräṭa  219 C 1 wäfəč̣čạ̈  218 E 10 so̢st  218 A 3 wäfänča  219 B 30 sutənnät  219 E 13 waga  219 D 28 səwätta  219 E 13 wägga  219 E 14 säxär  218 F 19 wäḳala  218 E 15 wänkʸä  217 D 9 šą̈ 219 F 8 wänžät  217 D 5 šäʔäṭ 219 E 27 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 šäbəya  217 E 13 wärä  217 F 21 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 wäräba  218 C 23 šäḳäṭ 219 E 27 wärəččä  217 B 10 šämʷä  219 E 18 wärrädä  219 D 25 šängʷäbät  217 B 23 waṭä  219 D 14 šənkurt  217 E 9 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 šätta  219 E 13 wäṭṭäʔä  219 E 8 šətto  219 E 13 wäṭṭäḳä  219 E 8 wəṭät männag 217 F 27 täkkalla  218 D 29 wawat  217 C 20 tälba  217 D 27 tälmamäṭä  219 C 18 xubäta  219 C 3 tänaffäṭä  217 A 10 xərrä  217 A 20 tənkiyä  218 E 2 xuwäta  219 C 3 tänässa  219 D 18 xʷett  218 A 2 tärǫṭä  219 E 5 xʷäxʷäb  217 F 20 täsrarräṭä  219 C 1 xʷəya  218 A 22 ṭe  217 C 11 yəft  217 A 7 ṭəʔur  219 C 8 yift 217 A 7 ṭəbä  217 F 11 yəǧǧ wäld 217 A 1A ṭäbbʷä  219 B 3 ṭəbena  217 F 11 zega  219 C 22 ṭäbbäṭä  219 D 10 zəgba  217 E 24 ṭafä  219 C 11 zogara  217 B 29 ṭäffa  219 E 19 zənab  217 F 13 ṭəfər  217 A 24 zangʸärä  217 D 11 ṭəgabäññä  219 E 4 zaññät  217 F 12 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 zar 219 C 23 ṭäḳär  219 F 14 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 žəgʸəra  217 C 22 ṭäḳḳʷärä  219 C 8 žarrägä  219 E 6 ṭəle  219 B 21 žäṭä  218 A 19 ṭälla  218 F 18 žäxonä  217 B 26 ṭälleą̈ 219 F 28 ṭəlal  219 B 21 Mäsḳan ṭälälä  219 F 28 ab 219 A 10 ṭəṭa  217 F 2 äč̣čạ̈  218 E 27 ṭəwəyyä  217 A 26 ift 217 A 7 ãfʷ 217 C 25 wäʔala  218 E 15

460

Lexical Index

fandu  219 C 4 aṭəm  217 B 24 äga  218 A 27 fänṭaṭṭa  219 A 22 awärrädä  219 D 25 agam  217 E 18 fur 218 C 24 ažžä  219 E 28 ägər  217 B 12 färäzäññä  219 A 17 agazän  217 C 15 baʔilla  217 D 21 äǧ 217 A 22 gäbe  219 B 18 bahər  217 D 22 ähər  217 D 19 gäbba  219 D 21B bäḳḳəl  218 A 23 aḳärabi zämäd 219 A 18 gəbbər  219 E 26 baḳella  217 D 21 allämät  217 A 12 gäbäta  218 D 19 bullal  217 C 24 ambər  217 E 6 gädäl  218 F 2 bänna  219 D 13 ambar  218 D 12 gäffärä  219 D 12 barä  219 F 2 ambässa  217 B 27 gäggäbät  217 A 25 bora  217 C 9 amäd  219 F 12 gulbät  217 B 9 bärbäre  217 E 1 amära  217 D 8 gulmassa  217 A 2 bärč̣umma  219 B 16 amməst  218 A 5 gimbe  217 C 16 brät  218 B 29 amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 bəs 219 B 7 anäddädä  219 E 16 gunč̣a  217 A 15 basä  219 B 7 anguba  218 F 22 gonda  218 C 19 bätästan  219 B 13 əngəbgabit  217 F 14 gärängär  219 A 6 bʷäḳla  217 D 2 angačča  217 C 5 geta  219 D 2 angät  217 A 17 gezo  218 C 13 čərä  218 C 22 ənǧera  218 F 4 gäzza  219 F 24 anḳʸä  217 B 5 gʷända  218 C 19 č̣əč̣əwä  217 C 19 ansət  217 A 0A gʷändära  218 D 17 č̣uč̣iyyä  217 C 19 anṭəft  218 E 24 gʷärärä  217 A 18 č̣ällämä  219 C 7 anzäd  217 A 30 gʷeta  219 D 2 č̣amma  218 B 27 ənzizza  218 C 28 gʸäbbärä  219 E 26 č̣ərč̣əryät  217 F 17 ur sänbät 217 F 29 gʸimbe  217 C 16 č̣et 217 F 22 arb  218 F 29 gʸinǧä  217 B 5 arəb  218 F 29 dabäna  217 F 18 ärob  217 F 28 ǧəwä  217 B 16 dəbər  217 E 23 arbät  218 A 4 däbbärä  219 F 1 arrädä  219 D 6 häbəd  217 A 27 dädd  217 E 26 äram  217 C 8 hənnä  217 A 20 dägg  217 C 10 arräsä  219 E 29 huya  218 A 22 dəgär  217 A 4 äroṭä  219 E 5 hʷet  218 A 2 dəgər  218 C 5 asa  217 C 26 dägʸä  218 F 17 asso  218 F 8 känä  217 F 30 dälla  219 E 6 assälä  219 C 25 känfär  217 A 11 dənnəčča  217 E 10 aslammäṭä  219 C 18 kənanä  217 F 30 dəngʸäla əmən 218 F 1 assər  218 A 10 kurä  217 D 6 därräsä  219 F 22 assäsä  219 F 11 käräbo  219 F 16 därät  217 A 25A əsat  218 A 28 kärsam  217 A 27A das  219 B 15 att 218 A 11 käsäl  218 E 29 duwa  219 C 12 atärä  217 D 22 äṭe 217 C 11 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣čạ̈  217 B 1 fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 ḳädam sänbät 217 F 25 feḳ 217 C 12 aṭebät  217 A 23

Lexical Index

461

ṭobbä  219 B 3 neggädä  219 E 17 ḳädan sänbät 217 F 25 ṭobbe  217 E 25 nəgus  219 C 28 ḳoḳa  217 C 23 ṭabita  218 F 5 nehä  219 E 12 ḳəmal  218 D 1 ṭäbbäṭä  219 D 10 nässa  219 D 19 ḳämis  218 B 9 ṭafä  219 C 11 nəṭu  217 E 8, ḳänn  219 C 2 ṭäffa  219 E 19 219 C 6 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, ṭəfər  217 A 24 219 F 17 ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 räggäṭä  218 E 9 ḳənač̣ 218 C 29 ṭäḳär  219 F 14 roṭä  219 E 5 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 ḳərrəb  217 A 8 ṭäḳḳʷärä  219 C 8 säb  217 A 1 ḳärräbä  219 A 18 ṭälla  218 F 18 sobla  217 E 13 ḳes 219 C 13 ṭələl  219 B 21 säbbärä  219 E 9 ḳäst  219 A 2 ṭalil  219 F 28 säbät  218 A 7 ḳʷäč̣ä  218 D 9 ṭällälä  219 F 28 säddäbä  219 E 2 ṭəṭ 217 F 2 səddəst  218 A 6 leba  219 C 19 sahäna  217 B 13 ləbbam  217 A 28 wäč̣ät  218 D 22 səhär  218 F 19 lomi  217 E 15 wädärä  219 B 26 sälla  219 E 3 ləmad  217 C 10, wäfəč̣čạ̈  218 E 10 sälläbä  219 A 17 218 B 24 wäfänča  219 B 30 samä  219 B 8 lemat  218 D 24 waga  219 D 28 sambʷa  217 B 2 wägga  219 E 14 səmat  219 E 7 mäbrat  218 E 12 wärəččä  217 B 10 səmatä  219 E 7 mədad  218 E 17 wärrädä  219 D 25 səmmut  218 A 8 mädär  218 A 29 waṭä  219 D 14 sənne  217 D 15 mäharräb  218 B 13 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 sanḳa  219 B 29 mälkamma  219 B 6 wäṭṭäḳä  219 E 8 sərre  217 D 15 mäläkʷse  219 C 14 wəṭät männaga 217 F 27 särrärä  219 D 26 mäls  219 F 7 wawat  217 C 20 särräṭa  219 C 1 mämmär  217 A 19 sost  218 A 3 märəf  218 C 15 xubäta  219 C 3 sotta  219 E 13 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 xərrä  217 A 20 sutənnät  219 E 13 mästawät  218 C 7 xuya  218 A 22 mašəlla  217 D 29 xʷet  218 A 2 šä 219 F 8 məšra  219 B 2 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 mušra  219 B 2 yä-ṭällälä  219 F 28 šämʷä  219 E 18 məšt  219 B 1 šängʷäbät  217 B 23 matäb  218 D 15 zega  219 C 22 šənkurt  217 E 9 mʷəǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 zəgba  217 E 24 zogara  217 B 29 təhan  218 D 2 nəb  218 C 20 zämäd  219 A 16 tälba  217 D 27 näč̣čạ̈ 218 C 12 zənab  217 F 13 tənkiyä  218 E 2 (‘to pluck out’) zanǧärä  217 D 11 tänässa  219 D 18 näč̣čạ̈ (‘white’) 217 E 8, zaññät  217 F 12 taṭṭäbä  219 E 10 219 C 6 zar 219 C 23 näddädä  219 E 16 ṭe  217 C 11 nəfas  218 A 25 žəgra  217 C 22 ṭəb 217 A 26 näggade  219 C 20

462

Lexical Index

dägʸä  218 F 17 asso  218 F 8 dənničča  217 E 10 asər  218 A 10 dännäsä  219 F 22 asrammäṭä  219 C 18 das  219 B 15 assäsä  219 F 11 əsat  218 A 28 Eža fäč̣čạ̈  219 D 17 att 218 A 11 ab 219 A 10 fenduwä  219 C 4 atebä  217 A 23 eb 218 F 21 fendiyä  219 C 4 atebät  217 A 23 abäḳaṭ 219 C 29 fänṭaṭṭa  219 A 22 atḳʸännäwaččä  219 A 18 äč̣čạ̈  218 E 27 fur 218 C 24 atärä  217 D 22 adot  219 A 9 fräkkʸä  218 E 21 aṭäbbʷä  219 B 3 ãfʷ 217 C 25 fəräḳḳa  218 E 21 aṭṭäbä  219 E 10 əga  218 A 27 färäzännä  219 A 17 aṭəm  217 B 24 ägər  217 B 12 fəyäḳ 217 C 12 aw 219 A 10 äǧ 217 A 22 əxa  218 A 27 ambər  217 E 6 gäbba  219 D 21B äxər  217 D 19 amäd  219 F 12 gäbäte  218 D 19 azzärä  219 C 25 əmfač̣ä  217 A 10A gäbəya  219 B 18 ažžä  219 E 28 amära  217 D 8 gäffärä  219 D 12 aməst  218 A 5 gäggäbät  217 A 25 bäḳər  218 A 23 amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 buḳʷrä  217 D 2 angačča  217 C 5 genzo  218 C 13 (bä)märäga  217 F 27 angät  217 A 17 gäta  219 D 2 bänna  219 D 13 angəwa  218 F 22 gäya  219 B 18 bunnəyät  217 C 24 annäbät  217 A 12 gäzza  219 F 24 bar  217 D 22 ənč̣ərč̣əryät  217 F 17 gʷalla  219 B 17 barä  219 F 2 ənǧära  218 F 4 gʷinč̣ä  217 A 15 bora  217 C 9 ənḳura  218 F 14 gʷända  218 C 19 brät  218 B 29 ənšərənnät  217 D 13, gʷändär  218 D 17 basä  219 B 7 218 D 6 gʷərbät  217 B 9 bätäskyan  219 B 13 ənšərənnəyät  217 D 13, gʷärärä  217 A 18 bäxar  217 D 22 218 D 6 gʷeta  219 D 2 bʷärč̣əmma  219 B 16 anṭä  218 C 12, gʸəbbər  219 E 26 219 D 6 gʸäbbärä  219 E 26 čərä  218 C 22 annäṭä  218 C 12, gʸəmbe  217 C 16 219 D 6 gʸindo  218 E 6 č̣uč̣uyä  217 C 19 anṭəf  218 E 24 gʸənžä  217 B 5 č̣amma  218 B 27 anzäd  217 A 30 gʸäta  219 D 2 č̣ərč̣ər(ə)yä  217 F 17 ənzəz  218 C 28 č̣əs 218 E 28 arb  218 F 29 ǧəwwä  217 B 16 č̣et 217 F 22 arəb  218 F 29 č̣əwač̣uyä  217 C 19 arbät  218 A 4 käbäro  218 D 28 aräddädä  219 E 16 känfär  217 A 11 dəbər  217 E 23 äram  217 C 8 kärä  217 F 30 dabära  217 F 18 arəst  217 A 0A kʷərä  217 D 6 däbbärä  219 F 1 arsət  217 A 0A käsär  218 E 29 dädd  217 E 26 äräw  217 F 28, dägg  217 C 10 217 F 29 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣čạ̈  217 B 1 dəgär  217 A 4 asa  217 C 26 žähonä  217 B 26 žäṭä  218 A 19 žäxʷänä  217 B 26

Lexical Index

463

täroṭä  219 E 5 nəgʷəs  219 C 28 ḳoḳ 217 C 23 täsrännäṭä  219 C 1 näḳḳäṭä  218 E 9 ḳämbär  219 B 27 taṭṭäbä  219 E 10 nəmad  217 C 10, ḳambis  218 B 9 218 B 24 ḳambissa  218 B 9 ṭäbbäṭä  219 D 10 nämmädä  219 C 18 ḳəmar  218 D 1 ṭäbbʷä  219 B 3 nässa  219 D 19 ḳämis  218 B 9 ṭafä  219 C 11 noṭä  219 E 5 ḳänn  219 C 2 ṭäffa  219 E 19 näṭṭa  219 C 6 ḳənnəb  217 A 8 ṭəfər  217 A 24 nexä  219 E 12 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, ṭäǧǧ  218 F 17 nəyyä  219 D 16 219 F 17 ṭäḳär  219 F 14 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 säb  217 A 1 ḳərač̣ 218 C 29 ṭäḳḳʷärä  219 C 8 säbbärä  219 E 9 ḳäst  219 A 2 ṭälla  218 F 18 säbat  218 A 7 ḳäṭan sänbät 217 F 25 ṭännärä  219 F 28 säddäbä  219 E 2 ḳʷäč̣ä  218 D 9 ṭännäsä  217 A 14 sədəst  218 A 6 ḳʸäs  219 C 13 ṭərar  219 B 21 səlle  217 D 15 ṭärärä  219 F 28 samä  219 B 8 lämd  218 B 24 ṭəṭä  217 F 2 sambʷa  217 B 2 ṭəw  217 A 26 səmat  219 E 7 mäbrat  218 E 12 ṭay 217 C 11 səmut  218 A 8 mida  217 E 27 səmatä  219 E 7 mədad  218 E 17 wädärä  219 B 26 sənne  217 D 15 mädär  218 A 29 wäfəč̣čạ̈  218 E 10 sänna  219 E 3 məǧaǧǧa  218 D 25 wäfänča  219 B 30 sanḳa  219 B 29 mähalläb  218 B 13 waga  219 D 28 sännärä  219 D 26 mämär  217 A 19 wägga  219 E 14 sännäṭa  219 C 1 manka  218 E 13 wäḳara  218 E 15 sanxära  217 B 8, märf  218 C 15 wandä  219 D 25 217 B 13 märkamma  219 B 6 wändä  219 D 25 särefər  218 B 11 mäsḳäl  217 F 8 wannädä  219 D 25 sost  218 A 3 mäsḳär  217 F 8 wännädä  219 D 25 säxär  218 F 19 mästawät  218 C 7 wänkʸä  217 D 9 məšḳər  218 D 3 wänžät  217 D 5 šä 219 F 8 mašəlla  217 D 29 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 šäbra  217 E 13 məšra  219 B 2 wäräba  218 C 23 šəḳḳ balä 219 E 15 məšt  219 B 1 wärčä  217 B 10 šämʷä  219 E 18 matäb  218 D 15 waṭä  219 D 14 šənkʷərt  217 E 9 məžgər  218 D 3 wäṭṭa  219 D 23 šätta  219 E 13 mʷešä  218 B 20 wäṭṭäḳä  219 E 8 šətənnät  219 E 13 wəṭät märäga 217 F 27 nəb  218 C 20 täkkalla  218 D 29 neba  219 C 19 xäbəd  217 A 27 täḳʸännäbä  219 A 18 näč̣čạ̈ 218 C 12 xənnä  217 A 20 tənkiyä  218 E 2 (‘to pluck out’) xəwäta  219 C 3 tärba  217 D 27 näč̣čạ̈ (‘white’) 217 E 8, xʷett  218 A 2 täraffäṭä  217 A 10 219 C 6 xʷäxʷäb  217 F 20 tärmammäṭä  219 C 18 näddädä  219 E 16 xʷəyya  218 A 22 tärässa  219 D 18 näggädä  219 E 17

464 anzäd  217 A 30 yəft  217 A 7 ənzəz  218 C 28 yift 217 A 7 äro  217 F 28, 217 F 29 zega  219 C 22 arb  218 F 29 zəgba  217 E 24 arəb  218 F 29 zägʷara  217 B 29 arbät  218 A 4 zangʸärä  217 D 11 arädädä  219 E 16 zar 219 C 23 äram  217 C 8 zərab  217 F 13 arəst  217 A 0A asa  217 C 26 žəgra  217 C 22 aso  218 F 8 žannägä  219 E 6 asər  218 A 10 žäṭä  218 A 19 asärä  219 C 25 žäxʷärä  217 B 26 asramäṭä  219 C 18 asäsä  219 F 11 Čaha əsat  218 A 28 ab 219 A 10 ašä  219 E 28 eb 218 F 21 at 218 A 11 abäḳaṭ 219 C 29 atebä  217 A 23 äč̣ä  218 E 27 atebät  217 A 23 adot  219 A 9 atärä  217 D 22 ãfʷ 217 C 25 aṭäbä  219 E 10 ägər  217 B 12 atḳʸänäwačä  219 A 18 äǧ 217 A 22 aṭəm  217 B 24 ambər  217 E 6 aw 219 A 10 amäd  219 F 12 əxa  218 A 27 əmfač̣ä  217 A 10A äxər  217 D 19 amära  217 D 8 azärä  219 C 25 aməst  218 A 5 ažä  219 E 28 amäṭä-čč  219 E 1 anäbät  217 A 12 bäḳər  218 A 23 ənč̣ərč̣əryät  217 F 17 bəḳʷrä  217 D 2 andä  219 D 25 (bä)märäga  217 F 27 ǫndä  219 D 25 bäna  219 D 13 ənfač̣ä  217 A 10A bunyät  217 C 24 angača  217 C 5 bar  217 D 22 angät  217 A 17 barä  219 F 2 angəwa  218 F 22 bora  217 C 9 ənǧära  218 F 4 brät  218 B 29 ənḳura  218 F 14 basä  219 B 7 ənšənet  217 D 13, betäskyan  219 B 13 218 D 4 bäxar  217 D 22 ənšərənet  217 D 13, bʷärč̣əma  219 B 16 218 D 6 ənšərənyəyät  217 D 13, čərä  218 C 22 218 D 6 anṭä  218 C 12, č̣uč̣u  217 C 19 219 D 6 č̣amma  218 B 27 anṭəf  218 E 24

Lexical Index č̣ərč̣ər(ə)yä  217 F 17 č̣ərč̣əryät  217 F 17 č̣əs 218 E 28 č̣et 217 F 22 č̣wač̣uyä  217 C 19 č̣wač̣unyä  217 C 19 dəbər  217 E 23 dabära  217 F 18 dəgär  217 A 4 dägʸä  218 F 17 däk  217 C 10 dəniča  217 E 10 dänäsä  219 F 22 däpärä  219 F 1 das  219 B 15 fäč̣ä  219 D 17 feḳ 217 C 12 fänṭaṭa  219 A 22 färäzänä  219 A 17 fenduwä  219 C 4 fendiyä  219 C 4 fur 218 C 24 fəräḳa  218 E 21 fräkʸä  218 E 21 gäbäte  218 D 19 gäbəya  219 B 18 gäfärä  219 D 12 gäkäbät  217 A 25 gämäṭä  217 A 15 gundo  218 E 6 genzo  218 C 13 gäpa  219 D 21B gäsa  219 F 24 ǧəwä  217 B 16 gʷalla  219 B 17 gʷinč̣ä  217 A 15 gʷända  218 C 19 gʷändär  218 D 17 gʷərbät  217 B 9 gʷärärä  217 A 18 gʷeta  219 D 2 gʸəbər  219 E 26 gʸäbärä  219 E 26 gʸimbe  217 C 16

Lexical Index

465

šətənät  219 E 13 mʷãšəna  217 D 29 gʸišä  217 B 5 gʸäta  219 D 2 täkara  218 D 29 nəb  218 C 20 täḳʸänäbä  219 A 18 neba  219 C 19 käbäro  218 D 28 tənkiyä  218 E 2 näč̣ä 218 C 12 känfär  217 A 11 tärba  217 D 27 (‘to pluck out’) kärä  217 F 30 tärmamäṭä  219 C 18 näč̣ä (‘white’) 217 E 8, käsär  218 E 29 täränäṭä  219 C 1 219 C 6 kʷərä  217 D 6 täräsa  219 D 18 nädädä  219 E 16 täroṭä  219 E 5 nəgʷs  219 C 28 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣ 217 B 1 täsränṭa  219 C 1 näḳäṭä  218 E 9 ḳoḳ 217 C 23 taṭäbä  219 E 10 nəmad  217 C 10, ḳämbär  219 B 27 218 B 24 ḳambis  218 B 9 ṭä̢ 217 C 11 nämädä  219 C 18 ḳambisa  218 B 9 ṭu 217 A 26, näsa  219 D 19 ḳəmar  218 D 1 218 B 25 näṭa  219 C 6 ḳämis  218 B 9 ṭäbäṭä  219 D 10 noṭä  219 E 5 ḳän  219 C 2 ṭafä  219 C 11 nexä  219 E 12 ḳənəb  217 A 8 ṭäfa  219 E 19 nəya  219 D 16 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, ṭəfər  217 A 24 219 F 17 ṭäǧ 218 F 17 säb  217 A 1 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ṭäḳär  219 F 14 säbat  218 A 7 ḳərač̣ 218 C 29 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 sədəst  218 A 6 ḳäst  219 A 2 ṭäḳʷärä  219 C 8 samä  219 B 8 ḳäta sänbät 217 F 25 ṭälla  218 F 18 sambʷa  217 B 2 ḳʷänč̣ä  218 D 9 ṭänärä  219 F 28 səmat  219 E 7 ḳʸäs  219 C 13 ṭänäsä  217 A 14 səmatä  219 E 7 ṭäpʷä  219 B 3 səmʷət  218 A 8 lämd  218 B 24 ṭərar  219 B 21 säna  219 E 3 ṭärärä  219 F 28 səną̈ 217 D 15 mäbrat  218 E 12 ṭəṭa  217 F 2 sanḳa  219 B 29 mida  217 E 27 sänärä  219 D 26 mədad  218 E 17 wädärä  219 B 26 sunt  218 A 8 mädär  218 A 29 wäfč̣ä  218 E 10 sänṭä  219 C 1 məǧača  218 D 25 wäfänča  219 B 30 sanxara  217 B 13 mäharräb  218 B 13 waga  219 D 28 säpärä  219 E 9 məḳʷät  219 B 25 wäka  219 E 14 särą̈fər  218 B 11 mämär  217 A 19 wäḳara  218 E 15 sost  218 A 3 manka  218 E 13 wändä  219 D 25 sätäbä  219 E 2 mankiya  218 E 13 wänädä  219 D 25 säxär  218 F 19 mar  218 F 16 wänkʸä  217 D 9 märf  218 C 15 wänžät  217 D 5 šä 219 F 8 märkama  219 B 6 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 šäbra  217 E 13 mäsḳär  217 F 8 wäräba  218 C 23 šəḳ balä 219 E 15 mǝsyä  217 B 15 wärčä  217 B 10 šəḳəḳ balä 219 E 15 məšḳər  218 D 3 waṭä  219 D 14 šämʷä  219 E 18 məšra  219 B 2 wäṭa  219 D 23 šənkʷərt  217 E 9 məšt  219 B 1 wäṭäḳä  219 E 8 šäta  219 E 13 matäb  218 D 15 wəṭät märäga 217 F 27 šətto  219 E 13 mʷeša  218 B 20

466 ənǧǟrʔa  218 F 4 xənä  217 A 20 ənḳura  218 F 14 xäpt  217 A 27 anṭä  218 C 12, xəwäta  219 C 3 219 D 6 xʷet  218 A 2 anzäd  217 A 30 xʷäxʷäb  217 F 20 ənzəz  218 C 28 xʷəya  218 A 22 äro  217 F 28, 217 F 29 yəft  217 A 7 arəḇ 218 F 29 yift 217 A 7 arḇʔat  218 A 4 yägämyä mǝsyä 217 B 15 arãm  217 C 8 yärč wärd 217 A 1A arəw  218 F 29 yärč wärdiyä 217 A 1A asa  217 C 26 əsād  218 A 28 zega  219 C 22 asər  218 A 10 zəgba  217 E 24 asärä  219 C 25 zägʷara  217 B 29 asramäṭä  219 C 18 zangʸärä  217 D 11 asäsä  219 F 11 zar 219 C 23 ãst 217 A 0A zərab  217 F 13 ašä  219 E 28 ũšəñä  217 D 13, žəgra  217 C 22 218 D 4 žanägä  219 E 6 at 218 A 11 žäṭä  218 A 19 atärä  217 D 22 žäxʷärä  217 B 26 aṭeyä  217 A 23 awändä  219 D 25 Ǝnnämor əxa  218 A 27 eʔä  218 E 27 äxər  217 D 19 aʔäḇä  219 E 10 ayəm̱ 218 F 21 äʔäč wärd 217 A 1A aʔə̃m̱ 217 B 24 ʔäffa  219 E 19 aḇ 219 A 10 ʔə̃fər  217 A 24 aḇäḳāṭ 219 C 29 ʔə̃m̱ār  218 D 1 adōd  219 A 9 ə̃fač̣ä  217 A 10A bäʔär  218 A 23 ift 217 A 7 baʔasä  219 B 7 ã̄f ʷ  217 C 25 buḳurä  217 D 2 ə̃f ʷäča  219 B 30 bäm̱ ä̃rä̃ga  217 F 27 ägər  217 B 12 bänʔa  219 D 13 äǧ 217 A 22 bunār  217 C 24 amʔəst  218 A 5 bunəyäd  217 C 24 ambər  217 E 6 bār  217 D 22 əmakʷäd  219 A 16 ̃ barä  219 F 2 am̱ ǟ�ʔä-čə  219 E 1 bräd  218 B 29 am̱ ä̃d  219 F 12 bəräd  218 B 29 am̱ ä̃rã  217 D 8 bawəra  217 C 9 anäḇäd  217 A 12 bäxar  217 D 22 ənč̣ərč̣əryäd  217 F 17 bʷärč̣əma  219 B 16 angača  217 C 5 angäd  217 A 17 čərä  218 C 22 anguwa  218 F 22

Lexical Index č̣änäm̱ ä  219 C 7 č̣ərč̣ər(ə)yä  217 F 17 č̣uwač̣wuyä  217 C 19 duʔa  219 C 12 däʔär  219 F 14 dəʔur  219 C 8 doʔorä  219 C 8 dəḇər  217 E 23 dəgär  217 A 4 dägʸä  218 F 17 däk  217 C 10 dam̱ ä̃ra  217 F 18 dīňča  217 E 10 däpärä  219 F 1 dās  219 B 15 feʔä  219 D 17 fuʔur  218 C 24 finduwä  219 C 4 findiyä  219 C 4 fanṭaṭa  219 A 22 fäñäʔ 217 C 12 frä̃kʸä  218 E 21 fərä̃ḳā  218 E 21 frä̃ḳʸä  218 E 21 färäzäñä  219 A 17 gäbäte  218 D 19 gäḇäyä  219 B 18 gäfärä  219 D 12 gäkäḇäd  217 A 25 gämäṭä  217 A 15 gōnda  218 C 19 gundo  218 E 6 gäpa  219 D 21B gara  217 B 15 gäsa  219 F 24 gõwä  217 F 19 gǟyä  219 B 18 gäza  219 F 24 gʷīnč̣ä  217 A 15 gʷändär  218 D 17 gʷeta  219 D 2 gʸəbər  219 E 26 gʸäbärä  219 E 26 gʸimbä  217 C 16 gʸāñǧära  218 F 12 gyišä  217 B 5 gʸäta  219 D 2

Lexical Index nəḇ 218 C 20 näč̣ä  218 C 12 nəfās  218 A 25 käbäro  218 D 28 nugʷs  219 C 28 känfär  217 A 11 näkäʔä  218 E 9 käs 217 A 27A nəm̱ 218 C 20 käsär  218 E 29 nəm̱ ā̃d  217 C 10, kʸẽʔä  217 E 29, 218 B 24 219 F 17 nämädä  219 C 18 nəpāḇ 217 A 28 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣ 217 B 1 näsa  219 D 19 ḳoḳʷañä  217 C 23 nätädä  219 E 16 ḳämbär  219 B 27 näṭā  219 C 6 ḳambisa  218 B 9 nəṭuh  217 E 8, ḳämis  218 B 9 219 C 6 ḳän  219 C 2 ḳənəḇ 217 A 8 seʔä  219 F 8 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 sãʔām̱ ä  219 B 8 ḳä̃rä  217 F 30 soʔost  218 A 3 ḳərā̃č̣ 218 C 29 säḇ 217 A 1 ḳäst  219 A 2 saḇʔat  218 A 7 ḳäta sänbät 217 F 25 səddəst  218 A 6 ḳʷänč̣ä  218 D 9 sambʷä  217 B 2 ḳʸēs  219 C 13 səm̱ ā̃d  219 E 7 səmā̃dä  219 E 7 maʔar  218 F 16 sänʔa  219 E 3 mabrad  218 E 12 səneʔä  217 D 15 mədača  218 D 25 sānḳa  219 B 29 mäharräb  218 B 13 sänärä  219 D 26 mäls  219 F 7 sänṭä  219 C 1 mämär  217 A 19 säpärä  219 E 9 mānka  218 E 13 särāfər  218 B 11 märf  218 C 15 sätäḇä  219 E 2 markama  219 B 6 säxär  218 F 19 mäsḳär  217 F 8 sãxãra  217 B 13 mästawäd  218 C 7 məšḳər  218 D 3 šäḇə̃ra  217 E 13 məšəra  219 B 2 šəḳəḳ balä 219 E 15 məšt  219 B 1 šənkʷərt  217 E 9 mēt  219 A 14 šətənäd  219 E 13 mātäb  218 D 15 šätā  219 E 13 məṭād  218 E 17 ̃ ä  šäw 219 E 18 mäṭaf  219 C 11 ̃ mʷī�šä  218 B 20 täʔenäḇä  219 A 18 mʷašənʔa  217 D 29 tämāʔä  219 E 1 tənkiyä  218 E 2 nāʔä  218 E 8 tärmamäṭä  219 C 18 neʔä  219 D 16 täränäṭä  219 C 1 néʔä  217 E 8, tärä̃sa  219 D 18 219 C 6 tärãwä̃ʔä̃ 219 E 5 nuʔiyä  218 E 8 ǧə̃wä  217 B 16

467 ṭu 217 A 26, 218 B 25 ṭäbäṭä  219 D 10 ṭāfä  219 C 11 ṭäǧ 218 F 17 ṭälla  218 F 18 ṭänärä  219 F 28 ṭänäsä  217 A 14 ṭäpʷä  219 B 3 ṭərā̃r  219 B 21 ṭärärä  219 F 28 ṭəṭa  217 F 2 ṭay 217 C 11 waʔa  219 D 23 wāʔä  219 D 14 wäčä  217 B 10 wädärä  219 B 26 wä̃fč̣ä  218 E 10 waga  219 D 28 wäka  219 E 14 wañäd  219 B 22 wändä  219 D 25 wərʔet  218 A 2 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 wäräḇa  218 C 23 wätäʔä  219 E 8 wəšəñä  217 D 13, 218 D 4 xənʔä  217 A 20 xärt  217 A 27 xəwäda  219 C 3 xoxo  217 F 20 xoxowä  217 F 20 xʷiyʔa  218 A 22 yəft  217 A 7 yift 217 A 7 zīga  219 C 22 zəgəḇa  217 E 24 zəgəra  217 C 22 zagʷära  217 B 29 zāngʸärä  217 D 11 zar 219 C 23 žĩʔã  218 A 19 žanägä  219 E 6 žäxʷärä  217 B 26

468 Ǝndägañ äʔäč wäld 217 A 1A aʔə̃w  217 B 24 aʔäwä  219 E 10 abäḳāṭ 219 C 29 adōd  219 A 9 ə̃feʔä  217 A 10A ə̃fač̣ä  217 A 10A ift 217 A 7 ã̄f ʷ 217 C 25 ə̃f ʷäččä  219 B 30 ägər  217 B 12 äǧ 217 A 22 əhä  218 A 27 ähər  217 D 19 amāʔä-čč  219 E 1 ambassä  217 B 27 ambaṭṭä  218 C 21 amād  217 F 10 anǟd  217 A 12 angaččä  217 C 5 angäd  217 A 17 ənǧǟrʔä  218 F 4 ənǧērʔä  218 F 4 ənḳulä  218 F 14 anaw  217 C 8 angəwä  218 F 22 anṭä  218 C 12, 219 D 6 anzäd  217 A 30 ənzəz  218 C 28 aññu  218 F 21 arbe  217 F 28 arəw  218 F 29 arwəʔat  218 A 4 asä  217 C 26 əsād  218 A 28 aslamäṭä  219 C 18 assər  218 A 10 asäsä  219 F 11 ast 217 A 0A ā̃st 218 A 5 astāräḳä  219 E 22 aššä  219 E 28 ušəññä  217 D 13, 218 D 4 att 218 A 11 aṭe 217 A 23 aṭoppä  219 B 3

Lexical Index aṭeyä  217 A 23 aw 219 A 10 awä̃d  219 F 12 awänä  217 D 8 awändä  219 D 25 ā̃wəst  218 A 5 äwāw  218 D 7 əxä  218 A 27

fāndiya  219 C 4 fəneḳḳä  218 E 21 fanṭaṭä  219 A 22 foññäʔ 217 C 12 färäzäññä  219 A 17

gəbər  219 E 26 gebbärä  219 E 26 gabatä  218 D 19 ʔäffaʔa  219 E 19 gabate  218 D 19 ʔə̃fər  217 A 24 gäffärä  219 D 12 ʔəwān  218 D 1 gäkkä̃d  217 A 25 gämmäṭä  217 A 15 bäʔär  218 A 23 gōndä  218 C 19 baʔasä  219 B 7 gunōd  217 B 9 bähar  217 D 22 gīnzo  218 C 13 bāḳelä  217 D 21 gīnzoʔa  218 C 13 baḳurä  217 D 2 gäppaʔa  219 D 21B bunnarä  217 C 24 gurmāssä  217 A 2 bār  217 D 22 gũwä  217 F 19 barä  219 F 2 gǟyä  219 B 18 bärč̣ummä  219 B 16 gäzzaʔa  219 F 24 bräd  218 B 29 bəräd  218 B 29 ǧũwä  217 B 16 bätna  219 D 13 gʷändär  218 D 17 betäskān  219 B 13 gʷetä  219 D 2 bawrä  217 C 9 gʸimbä  217 C 16 bäxar  217 D 22 gyišä  217 B 5 gʸätä  219 D 2 č̣ūlo  218 B 25 č̣amma  218 B 27 huʔyä  218 A 22 č̣āpmä  218 B 27 hoho  217 F 20 č̣ərʔä  218 C 22 hēḳurä  217 D 6 hamād  217 F 10 duʔä  219 C 12 hurʔet  218 A 2 däʔär  219 F 14 härt  217 A 27 dəʔur  219 C 8 hətnä  doʔorä  219 C 8 217 A 20 dəgär  217 A 4 həwäd  219 C 3 däkk  217 C 10 dənuʔ  219 A 24 keʔä  217 E 29, dinčä  217 E 10 219 F 17 dappärä  219 F 1 käbäro  218 D 28 də̄r 217 E 23 käfär  217 A 11 dās  219 B 15 käs 217 A 27A dawänä  217 F 18 käsär  218 E 29 kʷərä  217 D 6 feʔä  219 D 17 fuʔur  218 C 24 ḳäč̣ḳäč̣ 217 B 1

469

Lexical Index ḳoḳāññä  217 C 23 ḳoläṭä  219 C 18 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḳambisä  218 B 9 ḳän  219 C 2 ḳōnč̣ä  218 D 9 ḳənāč̣ 218 C 29 ḳənəw  217 A 8 ḳura  217 B 14 ḳurʔä  217 B 14 ḳäst  219 A 2 ḳätnä  217 F 30 ḳʸēs  219 C 13 lämd  218 B 24 lēmāt  218 D 24 maʔar  218 F 16 mabrāt  218 E 12 midaččä  218 D 25 mäharräb  218 B 13 mälkāmä  219 B 6 mäläkʷse  219 C 14 mäls  219 F 7 mämär  217 A 19 märf  218 C 15 mäsḳär  217 F 8 məssər  217 D 20 mästawäd  218 C 7 məšḳər  218 D 3 miširä  219 B 2 mišt  219 B 1 mašətnä  217 D 29 mēt  219 A 14 mātäb  218 D 15 məṭād  218 E 17 nāʔä  218 E 8 nuʔiyä  218 E 8 nəfās  218 A 25 näggāde  219 C 20 nugs  219 C 28 näkkäʔä  218 E 9 nämmädä  219 C 18 nəppaw  217 A 28 nässaʔa  219 D 19 nättädä  219 E 16 näṭṭā  219 C 6

nəṭuh  217 E 8, 219 C 6 nəw  218 C 20 ̃ nī�wä  219 C 19 näwwäʔä  219 E 5 nəwād  217 C 10, 218 B 24 ñäʔä  219 D 16 seʔä  219 F 8 saʔamä  219 B 8 soʔost  218 A 3 səddəst  218 A 6 sigre  217 C 22 sahanä  217 B 13 säläbä  219 A 17 sambä  217 B 2 sumt  218 A 8 səneʔ 217 D 15 sänāfər  218 B 11 sənḳ  219 D 5 sānḳä  219 B 29 sunt  218 A 8 sänṭä  219 C 1 sappärä  219 E 9 sū̃t 218 A 8 sättǟ  219 E 2 sätna  219 E 3 säw  217 A 1 säwʔat  218 A 7 səwā̃d  219 E 7 səwā̃dä  219 E 7 suwə̃t  218 A 8 säxär  218 F 19 šəḳ balä 219 E 15 šəḳəḳ balä 219 E 15 šənkurt  217 E 9 šettaʔa  219 E 13 šəttiʔnäd  219 E 13 šõwä  219 E 18 šäwrä  217 E 13 täʔennǟ  219 A 18 täʔennäwä  219 A 18 tädannā  219 E 6 tuhān  218 D 2

təkkiyä  218 E 2 talba  217 D 27 talbä  217 D 27 tənkiyä  218 E 2 tänässaʔa  219 D 18 täsrannäṭä  219 C 1 ṭu 217 A 26, 218 B 25 ṭäbäṭä  219 D 10 ṭāfä  219 C 11 ṭällä  218 F 18 ṭännärä  219 F 28 ṭoppä  219 B 3 ṭərār  219 B 21 ṭurur  219 F 28 ṭororä  219 F 28 ṭəṭä  217 F 2 ṭəw  217 A 26 ṭay 217 C 11 wāʔä  219 D 14 waʔa  219 D 23 wäččä  217 B 10 wädärä  219 B 26 wä̃fiʔä  218 E 10 wagä  219 D 28 wäkkaʔa  219 E 14 wälänge  217 C 29 wälangiyä  217 C 29 wändä  219 D 25 wanǧod  217 D 5 wēnḳä  217 D 9 wanḳʸä  217 D 9 waññod  219 B 22 wərʔet  218 A 2 wättäʔä  219 E 8 xətnä  217 A 20 yeʔä  218 E 27 zīgä  219 C 22 zəgre  217 C 22 zagorä  217 B 29 zəgəwa  217 E 24 zāngʸärä  217 D 11 zār 219 C 23

470 ašä  219 E 28 āt 218 A 11 atḳʸänäwačä  219 A 18 aṭäḇä  219 E 10 Gyeto aṭəm̱ 217 B 24 äʔärč wärd 217 A 1A aṭeyä  217 A 23 aḇ 219 A 10 aṭayḇä  217 A 23 aḇäḳāṭ 219 C 29 awändä  219 D 25 äč̣ä  218 E 27 ixa 218 A 27 adōt  219 A 9 äxər  217 D 19 ə̃fač̣ä  217 A 10A ayəm̱ 218 F 21 ift 217 A 7 ã̄f ʷ 217 C 25 baʔasä  219 B 7 ə̃f ʷäča  219 B 30 bäḳər  218 A 23 ägər  217 B 12 buḳurä  217 D 2 äǧ 217 A 22 bänʔa  219 D 13 am̱ ʔəst  218 A 5 bunār  217 C 24 ambər  217 E 6 bunwät  217 C 24 amād  217 F 10 bunyät  217 C 24 am̱ ä̃d  219 F 12 bār  217 D 22 əmakʷät  219 A 16 barä  219 F 2 am̱ ära  217 D 8 bätäskyān  219 B 13 am̱ ā̃ṭä-č  219 E 1 bawra  217 C 9 anäḇät  217 A 12 bäxar  217 D 22 angača  217 C 5 bäm̱ ä̃räga-ta  217 F 27 angəwa  218 F 22 brät  218 B 29 ənǧära  218 F 4 bʷärč̣əma  219 B 16 ənḳura  218 F 14 anst  217 A 0A čərä  218 C 22 anṭä  218 C 12, 219 D 6 č̣amma  218 B 27 anzäd  217 A 30 č̣ərč̣ər(ə)yä  217 F 17 ənzəz  218 C 28 č̣əwač̣wəyä  217 C 19 äro  217 F 28, č̣ayt  217 F 22 217 F 29 aräb  218 F 29 duʔa  219 C 12 arəḇ 218 F 29 dəḇər  217 E 23 arḇʔät  218 A 4 dəgär  217 A 4 äram  217 C 8 dägʸä  218 F 17 armʷamʷäṭä  219 C 18 däk  217 C 10 arəst  217 A 0A dam̱ ära  217 F 18 asa  217 C 26 dīnča  217 E 10 asər  218 A 10 dänäsä  219 F 22 asärä  219 C 25 däpärä  219 F 1 asramäṭä  219 C 18 dās  219 B 15 asäsä  219 F 11 duwʔa  219 C 12 ãst 217 A 0A əsāt  218 A 28 fuʔur  218 C 24 isāt  218 A 28 fäč̣ä  219 D 17 asäwä  218 F 8 žiʔä  218 A 19 žähonä  217 B 26

Lexical Index fēḳ 217 C 12 fīnduwä  219 C 4 fänṭaṭa  219 A 22 fräkʸä  218 E 21 fəräḳā  218 E 21 fraḳʸä  218 E 21 färäzäñä  219 A 17 gäbäta  218 D 19 gäḇäya  219 B 18 gäfärä  219 D 12 gäpa  219 D 21B gäkäbät  217 A 25 gämäṭä  217 A 15 gonda  218 C 19 gundo  218 E 6 gēnzo  218 C 13 gīnzoʔa  218 C 13 gara  217 B 15 gũwä  217 F 19 gäza  219 F 24 gʷändär  218 D 17 gʷərm̱ ä̃d  217 B 9 gʷeta  219 D 2 gʸəbər  219 E 26 gʸäbärä  219 E 26 gʸimbä  217 C 16 gʸāñgʸära  218 F 12 gyišä  217 B 5 gʸäta  219 D 2 ǧə̃wä  217 B 16 känfär  217 A 11 kärä  217 F 30 käsär  218 E 29 kʷərä  217 D 6 ḳoḳʷañä  217 C 23 ḳämbär  219 B 27 ḳambisa  218 B 9 ḳəm̱ ār  218 D 1 ḳämis  218 B 9 ḳän  219 C 2 ḳənəḇ 217 A 8 ḳanč̣a  217 E 29, 219 F 17 ḳǝnṭǝr  217 B 19 ḳura  217 B 14

Lexical Index seʔä  219 F 8 ḳərā̃č̣ 218 C 29 saʔam̱ a  219 B 8 ḳäst  219 A 2 soʔost  218 A 3 ḳäṭḳäč̣ä  217 B 1 säḇ 217 A 1 ḳäṭat sänbät 217 F 25 säḇʔat  218 A 7 ḳʷänč̣ä  218 D 9 sədəst  218 A 6 ḳʸäs  219 C 13 sambʷa  217 B 2 səmā̃t  219 E 7 mäbrat  218 E 12 səm̱ ā̃tä  219 E 7 mədača  218 D 25 sänʔa  219 E 3 mədād  218 E 17 səneʔä  217 D 15 mädär  218 A 29 sānḳa  219 B 29 mäharräb  218 B 13 sänärä  219 D 26 mäls  219 F 7 sänṭä  219 C 1 mämär  217 A 19 sanxara  217 B 13 mānka  218 E 13 sənay  217 D 15 mar  218 F 16 säpärä  219 E 9 märf  218 C 15 särafər  218 B 11 märkama  219 B 6 sätäḇä  219 E 2 mäsḳär  217 F 8 säxär  218 F 19 mästawät  218 C 7 mēšä  218 B 20 šäʔä  219 F 8 məšḳər  218 D 3 šäḇra  217 E 13 mašənʔa  217 D 29 šəḳ balä 219 E 15 məšəra  219 B 2 šəḳəḳ balä 219 E 15 məšt  219 B 1 šənkurt  217 E 9 mēt  219 A 14 šätā  219 E 13 mātäb  218 D 15 šətnät  219 E 13 ̃ ä  šäw 219 E 18 nəḇ 218 C 20 näč̣ä 218 C 12 tädanā  219 E 6 (‘to pluck out’) täḳʸänäḇä  219 A 18 näč̣ä (‘white’) 217 E 8, talba  217 D 27 219 C 6 tənkiyä  218 E 2 nəpāḇ 217 A 28 täränäṭä  219 C 1 nəpām̱ 217 A 28 täräsa  219 D 18 nəfās  218 A 25 tärawäṭä  219 E 5 nəgʷs  219 C 28 tāṭäḇä  219 E 10 näḳäṭä  218 E 9 nämädä  219 C 18 ṭu 217 A 26, näsa  219 D 19 218 B 25 nätädä  219 E 16 ṭäbäṭä  219 D 10 näṭā  219 C 6 ṭäfa  219 E 19 nəm̱ ā̃d  217 C 10, ṭāfä  219 C 11 218 B 24 ṭəfər  217 A 24 ṭäǧ 218 F 17 ñiʔä  219 D 16 ṭäḳär  219 F 14

471 ṭəḳur  219 C 8 ṭäḳʷärä  219 C 8 ṭälla  218 F 18 ṭänärä  219 F 28 ṭänäsä  217 A 14 ṭäpʷä  219 B 3 ṭərar  219 B 21 ṭärärä  219 F 28 ṭəṭa  217 F 2 ṭay 217 C 11 wädärä  219 B 26 wäfč̣ä  218 E 10 waga  219 D 28 wäka  219 E 14 wäḳara  218 E 15 wändä  219 D 25 wänkʸä  217 D 9 wänḳʸä  217 D 9 wanžät  217 D 5 wañät  219 B 22 wǔr sänbät 217 F 29 wäräḇa  218 C 23 wärčä  217 B 10 wāṭä  219 D 14 wäṭa  219 D 23 wäṭäḳä  219 E 8 wəṭät mä̃räga 217 F 27 xənʔä  217 A 20 xärt  217 A 27 xəwäta  219 C 3 xoxä̃m̱ 217 F 20 xʷet  218 A 2 xʷəyʔa  218 A 22 zēga  219 C 22 zəgəḇa  217 E 24 zagʷära  217 B 29 zangʸärä  217 D 11 zar 219 C 23 zəram̱ 217 F 13 žəgra  217 C 22 žanägä  219 E 6 žäṭä  218 A 19 žäxʷärä  217 B 26

472

Lexical Index

Semitic (outside Arabic and Ethiopian)

Beja wuʔā́ga  217 D 9

Proto-Semitic *ʔbd  219 C 24 *ʕapar- 218 A 26 *ʕarʕar- 217 E 25 *ʕaṯm(-at)- 217 B 24 ̣ *ganb- 217 B 24 *ḥiḳw- 217 B 5 *ḳarn- 219 C 2 *mḫṣ̂  219 E 1 *raʔš- 219 B 12 *ṯin-ā  217 F 27

Awngi aq- 219 F 5 angučča  217 C 5 čam  218 B 27 goremsi  217 A 2 ǧanay  217 F 30 wugli  217 C 29 waràm  218 F 27 werém  218 F 27 woramī  218 F 27 yaq- 219 F 5 zagri  217 D 11

Akkadian kišādu  217 A 19

Bilin ʔadängʷäl  217 D 23 ʔärʔ- 219 F 5 Hebrew bäga  217 C 13 ʔbd  219 C 24 baggā́  217 C 13 ʔēpär  218 A 26 c̣ehúm  217 A 16 gəbūl  218 F 2 ǧana  217 B 26 yōnā  217 C 21 ǧäggira  217 D 11 ǧäggura  217 D 11 Jibbali šekúm  217 A 16 ʕarʕeyr  217 E 25 šanfi  218 B 27 wäʕaga  217 D 9 Mehri wəǧhəm  217 A 16 līmhâli  217 E 15 Cushitic Proto-Agaw *dirwa  217 C 17 Proto-East Cushitic *ʔanrab- 217 A 12 *ʔarrab- 217 A 12 *ʕarrab- 217 A 12 Proto-Highland-EastCushitic *gaange  217 A 15 *waša  217 C 3

Ḫamtanga adägʷər  217 D 23 arq- 219 F 5 biga  217 C 13 č̣äč̣wa  217 D 10 guläša  217 A 2 ṣabb  218 B 27 zäǧra  217 D 11 Kemant ax- 219 F 5 bäga  217 C 13 č̣amma  218 B 27 golämsa  217 A 2 gʷəmbəra  217 B 4

ǧana  217 B 26 ǧägəra  217 D 11 šangobat  217 B 23 šəšäwa  217 D 10 xʷäla  217 B 15 zəgra  217 C 22 Afar dagūdḗ  218 E 23 limḥaali  217 E 15 Saho dagūtḗ  218 E 23 dakā́nō  217 B 26 dīrhṓ  217 C 17 dōrhṓ 217 C 17 dōrohṓ 217 C 17 gåryā́ 217 C 27 gårāý  217 C 27 hárā  217 C 4 ́ ṭabī�tā  218 F 5 waʕā́gā  217 D 9 weʕā́gā  217 D 9 zagrā́ 217 C 22 Burji barc’umaa  219 B 16 barc’umma  219 B 16 bórk-e  219 B 23 gač-óo  217 A 15 marmári  217 A 19 woynee  217 D 9 Gedeo barc’umma  219 B 16 mad’uma  217 A 29 misira  217 D 20 Hadiya agira  219 A 5 buraʔa  217 E 22 barkumma  219 B 23 č̣īla  218 B 25 daaneččo  217 B 26 ḳašša  218 E 14

473

Lexical Index mišira  217 D 20 šunf  217 D 24 wengerella  217 C 29 wärdimama  217 E 2 Kambaata buraʔa  217 E 22 bar(i)c’uma  219 B 16 borkaanu  219 B 23 č̣īla  218 B 25 goma  217 F 19 guǧǧo  217 B 5 mišira  217 D 20 ṭēpu-ta  217 E 25 wingerella  217 C 29 zanee(čču) 217 B 26 Sidaama barc’ima  219 B 16 barc’um(m)a  219 B 16 barko  219 B 23 daaniččo  217 B 26 gač̣čọ  217 A 15 goma  217 F 19 weene  217 D 9 Oromo omborī  217 D 17 anko  217 D 11 irbaa  218 E 11 aššaboo  218 F 8 otongora  217 D 23 bilbila  218 D 14 barc’uma  219 B 16 c’aabitaa  218 F 5 gundoo  218 E 6 garaa  217 B 15 marʔumaan  217 A 29 marc’uma  219 B 16 märäč̣  217 A 29 morma  217 A 19

misira  217 D 20 misirro  219 B 2 šəmfi  217 D 24 šimfa  217 D 24 šumfa  217 D 24 šaayee  217 E 5 ṭiḳḳā  217 F 9 wāngō  217 C 29 waraanaa  218 F 27 Somali ʕusbo  218 F 8 goray  217 C 27 malkhabad  218 B 16 malkhamad  218 B 16 malqabad  218 B 16 marmar  217 A 19 waran  218 F 27 Omotic Anfilo agaco  217 C 5 Haruro tekkāle  218 D 29 Kaffa engángilō  217 D 13 graro  217 D 25 girāro  217 D 25 járō  217 C 2 ḳoč̣čẹ šikkô 218 C 4 nadaō  219 A 25 nadawō  219 A 25 nadayō  219 A 25 šikkō  218 C 4 šipo  217 D 24 šippō  217 D 24 šúmfō  217 D 24

Šakačo (Moča) agà:ǧǧe  217 C 5 Yemsa aŋačà  217 C 5 Indo-European German Schwanz  217 B 17 Greek κέρκος  217 B 17 σκόρδον 217 E 9 σκόροδον 217 E 9 Italian fischio  219 F 17 Latin cauda  217 B 17 labia  217 B 20 penis  217 B 17 Persian pušt  218 B 21 pušt bast 218 B 21 Polish kita  217 B 17 Russian dat’ 219 E 27 myštsa  217 B 3 pod  217 B 3 podmyška  217 B 3 prodat’ 219 E 27 (sramnye) guby 217 B 20

Facsimiles

∵

Plate 1

Page 217 from al-Malik al-Afḍal’s manuscript. from Varisco-Smith 1998, courtesy of E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust

Plate 2

Page 218 from al-Malik al-Afḍal’s manuscript. from Varisco-Smith 1998, courtesy of E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust

Plate 3

Page 219 from al-Malik al-Afḍal’s manuscript. from Varisco-Smith 1998, courtesy of E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust