Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, Volume 2: Dossiers 11-50: 263 Commodity Chits 9781575063591

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Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 2

Ostraca from the montage on the cover; representative ostraca from the various dossiers published in this volume are shown on the cover.

Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea Volume 2. Dossiers 11–50: 263 Commodity Chits

Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han

Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2016

© Copyright 2016 Eisenbrauns All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. www.eisenbrauns.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Textbook of Aramaic ostraca from Idumea / [compiled, edited, and translated into English by] Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni ; with the assistance of Matt Kletzing and Eugen Han.    pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-277-8 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.  Ostraka—Edom (Kingdom)  2.  Aramaic language—Texts.  I.  Porten, Bezalel, editor of compilation translator.  II.  Yardeni, Ada, editor of compilation translator.  III.  Kletzing, Matt. ​ IV.  Han, Eugen. PJ5208.A5T49 2014 892′.2—dc23 2014002596

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♾™

Contents Abbreviations and Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xviii Explanation of Typographic Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii Grain Equivalencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Numeration Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xx Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxi

Texts A11–50 Commodity Chits A11–50  Personal Name Dossiers A11–14  Betweeen 25 and 20 Entries (between 15 and 12 chits) A11.1–24/25 (15 chits) Dossier of Qosmalak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 A12.1–24 (12 chits) Dossier of Zubaydu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19  A13.1–20 (12 chits) Dossier of Abdadah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33  A14.1–23 (13 chits) Dossier of Al(i)qos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   46 A15–25 Between 19 and 11 entries (between 11 and 2 chits) A15.1–18 (5 chits) Dossier of Zabdi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   61 A16.1–16 (9 chits) Dossier of Qosḥanan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   68 A17.1–16 (10 chits) Dossier of Qosadar/ider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   79 A18.1–14 (10 chits) Dossier of Ḥal(a)fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   90 A19.1–15 (10 chits) Dossier of Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 A20.1–13 (5 chits) Dossier of Qosyinqom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 A21.1–16 (11 chits) Dossier of Maš(i)ku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 A22.1–12 (10 chits) Dossier of Suaydu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 A23.1–11 (4 chits) Dossier of Malku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 A24.1–13 (5 chits) Dossier of Ubaydu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 A25.1–11 (2 chits) Dossier of Laadiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 A26–40 Between 11/12 and 8 entries (between 9 and 4 chits) A26.1–10 (9 chits) Dossier of Qosyahab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 A27.1–10 (6 chits) Dossier of Qosnaqam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 A28.1–9 (4 chits) Dossier of Zaydu/Ziyadu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A29.1–9 (6 chits) Dossier of Uzayzu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 A30.1–11/12 (8 chits) Dossier of Qosani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 A31.1–11 (5 chits) Dossier of Qosrim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 A32.1–8 (4 chits) Dossier of Zabdiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 A33.1–8 (8 chits) Dossier of Ḥaggagu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 v

vi

Contents A34.1–8 (5 chits) Dossier of Ḥori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 A35.1–10 (5 chits) Dossier of Ḥazira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 A36.1–8 (5 chits) Dossier of Naum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 A37.1–8 (6 chits) Dossier of Ani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 A38.1–9 (8 chits) Dossier of Udaydu/ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 A39.1–8 (8 chits) Dossier of Qoslakin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 A40.1–9 (4 chits) Dossier of Qosghayr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 A41–50 Between 7 and 4 entries (between 6 and 3 chits) A41.1–7 (4 chits) Dossier of Zabdu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 A42.1–7 (5 chits) Dossier of Yathu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A43.1–6 (4 chits) Dossier of Marṣaat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 A44.1–7 (4 chits) Dossier of Qosyad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A45.1–6 (3 chits) Dossier of Qoslaytha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 A46.1–7 (3 chits) Dossier of Rahnu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 A47.1–6 (4 chits) Dossier of Zabdadah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 A48.1–6 (3 chits) Dossier of Zaydi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 A49.1–4 (3 chits) Dossier of Ḥaggai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 A50.1–6 (6 chits) Dossier of Nutaynu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Addenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 A4.29a A8.15a

from the Dossier of Al(i)baal from the Dossier of Samitu

Tables   Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity (152 Entries) Table 1. The Dossier of Semolina and Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxi Table 2. The Dossier of resh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxv Table 3. The Dossier of crushed/sifted̛ grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxix Table 4. The Dossier of Grindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xxxi Table 5. The Dossier of Barley Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv   Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers (126 Entries) Table 6. The Dossier of bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv Table 7. The Dossier of bales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Table 8. The Dossier of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xlii Table 9. Master Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xliv Table 10. The Dossiers’ Scribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    xlv

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography Abbreviations ABD Freedman, D. N., ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York, 1992. AECT Fales, F. M. Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Rome, 1986. AL (Lemaire2) Lemaire, A., Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée, Tome II. Transeuphratène Supplement 9. Paris, 2002. ANET Pritchard, J. B., ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1965. ARAB Luckenbill, D. D., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Chicago, 1926–27. BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BDB The New Brown – Driver – Briggs – Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Peabody, Mass., 1979. B Dan Barag Collection BE 9 Hilprecht, H. V., Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur: Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 b.c.). Philadelphia, 1898. BLMJ Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem CAI Aufrecht, W. E., A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions. Lewiston, NY, 1989. DJDII Benoit, P. Milk, J.T., and De Vaux, R. Les Grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert II. Oxford, 1961. DJDXXVII Cotton, H. and Yardeni, A. Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Naḥal Ḥever and Other Sites. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 27. Oxford, 1997. DCH D. J. A. Clines, ed., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, 1995–2011. DJBA Sokoloff, M., A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 2002 DJPA Sokoloff, M., A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Ramat Gan, 1990. DNWSI Hoftijzer, J. and Jongeling, K., Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden, 1995. DULAT Del Olmo Lete, G., and Sanmartín, G., A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, 2003. EB Encyclopaedia Biblica (Hebrew), Jerusalem, 1955–1988. EN Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J., Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Jerusalem, 1996. IA Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University IM Israel Museum ISAP Institute for the Study of Aramaic Papyri (acquisition numbers for the Idumean ostraca) JA Yardeni, A., The Jeselsohn Collection of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea. Jerusalem, 2016. Jastrow Jastrow, M., A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Philadelphia, 1903. KAI Donner, H., and Röllig, W., Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1966–1969. L (Lemaire1) Lemaire, A., Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée au Musée d’Israel. Transeuphratène Supplement 3. Paris, 1996. LW (Lemaire3) Lemaire, A., “New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and their Historical Interpretation.” Pp. 413– 56 in O. Lipschits and M. Oeming, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, 2006. [6 ostraca from Welch collection = W1′–W6′; 6 from Moussaieff = Mo; 14 from Golan = P] Lj (Lemaire4) Lemaire, A., “Administration in Fourth-Century b.c.e. Judah in Light of Epigraphy and Numismatics.” Pp. 53–74 in O. Lipschits, G. N. Knoppers, and R. Albertz, eds., Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century b.c.e. Winona Lake, 2007. [2 from Welch collection = Nos. 1–2;

vii

viii

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

1 from David/Mona Sterling = No. 8; 1 from Yossi Uziel = No. 9; 1 from Jeselsohn collection = No. 10]. LD (Lemaire6) Lemaire, A., “Trois nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée,” Semitica 54 (2012) 65–70. LL Lozachmeur, H., and Lemaire, A., “Nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée (Collection S. Mous­ saieff),” Semitica 46 (1996) 123–52. LWo Lenny Wolfe M Shlomo Moussaieff Collection ML Langlois, M., “Un nouvel ostracon mentionnant la ville biblique de Maqqéda,” Semitica 54 (2012) 51–63. Mur Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux, R., Les grottes de Murabbaʾât. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Oxford, 1961. NTA Lemaire, A., Nouvelles tablettes araméennes. Geneva, 2001. Lewis, N., The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Greek Papyri; P. Yadin Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions, ed. Y. Yadin and J. C. Greenfield. Jerusalem, 1989. [P. Yadin 5, 11–35, 37]. Yadin, Y, Greenfield, J. C., Yardeni, A., and Levine, B. A., The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri. Jerusalem, 2002. [P. Yadin, 1–10, 42–47, 49–63]. see Parker and Dubberstein 1956 P.D. PRU V Virolleaud, C., Le palais royal d’Ugarit. Paris, 1965. PTU Gröndahl, F., Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Rome, 1967. S David Sofer Collection SL (Lemaire5) Lemaire, A., “Quatre nouveaux ostraca araméens d’Idumée.” Transeuphratène 18 (1999) 71– 74 + pls. 14–15 [from the Schøyen Collection]. TAD A–D Porten, B., and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt: Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English I–IV. Jerusalem, 1986–1999. TDT Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material A–B. Jerusalem. 2000. UT Gordon, C., Ugaritic Textbook. Rome, 1965. W′ Michael Welch Collection WDSP Gropp, D. M., Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 28. Oxford, 2001. WSS Avigad, N., and Sass, B., Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Jerusalem, 1997.

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xii

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

Renz, J., and Röllig, W. 1995 Handbuch der althabräischen Epigraphik I. Darmstadt. Rizack, M. A. 1984 A Coin with the Aramaic Legend ŠHRW, a King-Governor of Liḥyân. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 29: 25–28. Ryckmans, G. 1934 Les noms propres Sud-Sémitiques, vol. 1. Louvain. Shaked, S. 2004 Le satrape de Bactriane et son gouverneur: Documents araméens du IV  e s. avant notre ère provenant de Bactriane. Paris. Sokoloff, M. 1997 Review of Ephʿal, I., and Naveh, J., Aramaic Ostraca of the Fourth Century bc from Idumaea. Israel Exploration Journal 47: 283–86. Stager, L. 1993 Ashkelon. Pp. 103–12 in E. Stern (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. New York. Stark, J. K. 1971 Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Oxford. Stern, I. 2007 The Population of Persian-Period Idumea according to the Ostraca: A Study of Ethnic Boundaries and Ethnogenesis. Pp. 204–38 in Y. Levin (ed.), A Time of Change: Judah and its Neighbours in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods. London. Szubin, H. Z., and Porten, B. 1992 An Aramaic Joint Venture Agreement: A New Interpretation of the Bauer-Meissner Papyrus. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 288: 67–84. Tallqvist, K. 1905 Neubabylonisches Namenbuch. Helsinki. Tawil, H. 2009 An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic. Jersey City, NJ. Torczyner, H. 1938 The Lachish Letters. London. Tsukimoto, A., and Yamayoshi, T. 2011 Idumean Ostraca in Japan. Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute 37: 81–112. Turkowski, L. 1969 Peasant Agriculture in the Judaean Hills. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 101: 21–33, 101–12. Vainstub, D., and Fabian, P. 2015 An Idumean Ostracon from Ḥorvat Naḥal Yatir. Israel Exploration Journal 65: 205–13. Winnett, F. V., and Harding, G. L. 1978 Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns. Toronto. Yadin, Y., and Naveh, J. 1989 The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Pp. 1–68 in Masada I: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem. Yardeni, A. 1990 New Jewish Aramaic Ostraca. Israel Exploration Journal 40: 130–52. Zadok, R. 1977 On West Semites in Babylonia. Jerusalem. Zadok, R. 1987 Zur Struktur der nachbiblischen jüdischen Personennamen semitischen Ursprungs. Pp. 243–43 in M. Elat, M. S. Cohen, and T. Kwasman (eds.), Trumah 1. Wiesbaden. Zadok, R. 1988 The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography. Leuven.

Introduction Clan Dossiers (TAOI vol. 1, A1–10) “Dossier” is a rubric designating a collection of material of like subject. Our material sports two types of dossiers. One is the personal dossier, which collects all the material that bears the same personal name. The other is the commodity dossier, which collects all the documents pertaining to a particular agricultural product, by-product, or container. Whereas the term “archive” designates material found together in the same spot, “dossier” defines material brought together by the modern investigator. Some 230 individuals in the Idumean corpus have been identified by filiation to a clan, either through such constructs as ‫לבני‬, ‫מן‬ ‫“( בני‬of the sons of, from the sons of”), or ‫לבית‬, ‫“( מן בית‬of the house of, from the house of”). This is the same dual terminology used to designate “the sons of Israel” and the ‘House of Israel” in the Bible as well as the Aramean ‫“( בני גש‬sons of Gush”) and ‫“( בת גש‬House of Gush”) in the Sefire inscriptions (Sefire I B 3, II B 10; KAI 222, 223) and the Ammonite ‫“( בני עמון‬sons of Ammon” [Gen 19:38 et al.]) and bīt-ammān (“sons of Amman”) in Akkadian texts (Parpola 1970: 76). Five major clans have emerged in our documents, yielding between 20 and 57 chits each, as well as several minor clans, yielding but a few each. In addition to these clan-affiliated persons, there were four unaffiliated individuals who amassed between 31 and 61 chits each. Both of these groups came together in ten dossiers that constituted volume 1. In addition to these personal dossiers, there was one commodity dossier for 21 chits recording wheat flour in the course of five months in 344 b.c.e. (Table 4).

Personal Dossiers (TAOI vol. 2, A11–50) Volume 2 contains 40 personal dossiers, with 446 entries but only 263 chits: 178 names were duplicates, held by persons who have already appeared in volume 1. The dossiers have been divided into four groups, decreasing in size, marking both the number of entries and the number of chits: A11–14 Between 25 and 20 entries (between 15 and 12 chits) A15–25 Between 19 and 11 entries (between 11 and 2 chits) A26–40 Between 11/12 and 8 entries (between 9 and 4 chits) A41–50 Between 7 and 4 entries (between 6 and 3 chits) We open with 25 entries at the beginning (A11) and conclude with 3 at the end (A49). Whereas the identity of the persons in volume 1 was clear, whether a member of a clan or a prominent individual, that of the persons in this volume is in no way certain. Thus, of the 25 persons in A11 named Qosmalak, ten have already appeared in volume 1, four in the dossiers of Baalrim (A11.12–14), Gur (A11.20), Al(i)baal (A11.1–2a, 6), and unknown (A11.11), respectively, and one in that of the individual Saadel (A11.19). Only two of the remaining persons named Qosmalak had a patronym, Qaynil and Qosḥanan (A11.8-9). This anonymity was standard in all the other dossiers. Placing each person with the same praenomen in the same dossier, we discover that all but three dossiers (A33, 39, 50) contain somebody already recorded in volume 1—that is, as a member of one of the clans or one associated with a prominent individual. In fact, in two dossiers the gap between a name previously recorded and one newly recorded was even greater: 12 in the dossier of Zubaydu and 13 in that of Zabdi (A12, 15). Some names were more common than others, and they will have occurred in several dossiers; e.g., Zubaydu in Baalrim (A12.2–3), in Gur(u) (A12.11–12), in Qoṣi (A12.5–7), in Qoskahel (A12.20), in Saadel (A12.19), and in two unknown clans (A12.14, 24). Certain named persons were either more active than others or simply better attested, and they will have larger xiii

xiv

Introduction

dossiers—namely, those between 25 and 11 entries (A11–25). Since a patronymic was not de rigeur, should we assume that a clan filiation was? Was it optional or did it indicate status? In any case, not only can we not draw up prosopographies, as we did for the members of the clans documented in volume 1, but also we cannot affirm that two chits bearing the same name belong to the same person.

Dossiers of Processed Grain Volume 2 abounds in dated commodity dossiers, eight in all (Tables 1–8). Five of these appeared originally in Porten-Yardeni 2009 (Tables 1–4, 6a = Tables 1–5 here [although Scribe F in Table 5 is not included in this volume]) and are here reviewed and revised, with the addition of 11 new chits acquired or recognized since the original publication (Tables 1.6a; 2.13a, 17a, 20a, 22a, 32a, 34a; 3.22a; 4.11a; 5.1a, 7a). The other three dossiers tabulate containers whose measures are numerals (e.g., 1, 1½, two, etc.) and not weight (qab, seah, and kor): bundles (‫משתלן‬/‫)משתל‬, bales (‫פחלצן‬/‫)פחלץ‬, and loads (‫מובלן‬/‫)מובל‬, respectively (Tables 6–8). The first five dossiers were for processed grain, four being drawn up in the decade between 362 and 346, yielding between 48 and 10 chits, respectively, some dated at the beginning and others at the end, and many bearing a sealing sign (archaic alef  ) and signatory at the end (Tables 1–4; for a detailed description of the sealing signs, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 149*–50* and Table 8). The fifth dossier, much smaller than the others, was drawn up during a few months between the end of 345 and the beginning of 344 and contained only nine chits (Table 5). Explanation of the products in the first three dossiers required philological ingenuity, and in each case we differed from the conclusion of the original editors. Thus, ‫ נשיף‬in Table 1 is not “fine flour” but “semolina” (A4.2); ‫ ראש‬in Table 2 definitely is not “barley groats,” but its precise meaning is uncertain and so it is left in transcription as resh (A1.4); and ‫דקיר‬, “crushed grain,” had to share equal space with ‫רקיד‬, “sifted grain,” and we opted for a conflated reading ‫רקיד‬/‫דקיר‬, “crushed/sifted grain” (A1.1). Altogether, in these first four dossiers totaling 143 chits, we isolated five different scribes, labeled A through F. In the sixth, smaller dossier of nine chits for barley flour (Table 5), we found a fifth scribe (G) in five of them. He was the same person who wrote all 21 chits in the contemporaneous wheat flour dossier (Table 4 in TAOI vol. 1). These dossiers reflected a flourishing market where transactions were recorded on a regular, even daily, basis by a cadre of skilled scribes trained in a fixed formulary. But the bundles– bales–loads dossiers are diverse and enigmatic and pose not a few questions. (N.B.: The first column in each table contains the number of its personal dossier in our TAOI volumes.)

Dossiers of Containers: A Puzzle These bundles–bales–loads dossiers numbered 51, 47, and 28 items, respectively, most dated at the beginning of the period. The bundles and bales dossiers are mostly mirror images of each other. They number almost an equal amount (50 and 47, respectively). Both transport, for the most part, chaff (‫)תבן‬, although each has one or two chits with stalks (‫[ עצה‬Tables 6.6, 29; 7.5]). “Chaff ” is almost equally divided between bales (17 chits) and bundles (18), but while chits for the latter two containers might be elliptical, omitting reference to chaff, chaff never appeared without mention of its container. When dated, both containers appear most frequently in the summer—that is, in the months of Tammuz, Ab, Elul, and Tishri (Tables 6.1–17; 7.1–20). At least six chits may be ascribed to a single scribe (Scribe B), who recorded both chaff and bundles, with three chits specifying “untied (‫ )שדי‬chaff ” (Table 6.38-40). But three payment orders by a single scribe attached chaff to bales (Scribe G [Table 7.43–44, 46]). Just as chaff never went without a bale or a bundle, so wood (‫ )אקן‬never went without a load. But just as bale and bundle chits could be elliptical, most load chits omitted reference to wood, while two of them contained fodder (‫עמיר‬ [Table 8.19–20]), and one surprisingly bore grgrn (Table 8.25). Curiously, a few chits did double duty, listing two items. One chit listed 3 bales and 1 bundle (Table 6.32 = 7.40); 1 bale chit for chaff also listed 1 seah of barley (Table 7.14); and 2 bundle chits also listed wooden products, 1 [joist] and 2 logs, respectively (Table 6.8, 41). The measures for these containers included every number (except 5) between 0.5 and 8, with a few as high as 15(+?), 16, 17, 20, and 25. One payment order called for the delivery of 21 bales of chaff (Table 7.43). Both these containers must have been of fixed capacity, since each called for a

Introduction

xv

half (‫)פלג‬, whether “1 ½” (Tables 6.1, 13; 7.16; 8.19) or “7 ½” (Table 6.15). Several chits simply recorded the container without a number—that i,s “a bundle” (Table 6.10, 34, 38–40), “a bale” (Table 7.8, 35), or “a load” (Table 8.5, 9, 18). These three capacity dossiers illustrate perfectly how the ultimate purpose of the chits eludes us. We divided each one into three parts: dated, non-dated, and other. These, in turn, were further subdivided, the dated into four groups:    

(1) full date (day, month, year or simply month and year); (2) day and month (with payers, payees, agents; and an archaic alef  ); (3) day and month (with only payers, payees, and agents, but no archaic alef  ); (4) day only (only payers). The undated fell into five groups: (5) payers, payees, and archaic alef ; (6) payers, payees, and agents; (7) only payers; (8) only payee; (9) simply bundles or bales. All nine groups were represented only in bundles, while bales had six groups (Nos. 1–3, 6–7, 9), and loads but five (Nos. 1–2, 5–7). Less than half—that is, less than 50%—were dated: 40% of the bundles (Table 6), 42% of the bales (Table 7), and only 25% of the loads (Table 8). All this data has been collected in a Master Chart (Table 9). Of the total 125 chits in these three dossiers, only a pair by the same scribe (Scribe D), contemporaneous with the commodity chits and fully dated two weeks apart in the heat of summer (August 8 and 21, 359), give us a hint as to the purpose of the deliveries. They indicate that a bale or so of chaff is meant for the “female camels that are in Makkedah.” The second chit even adds a bale of stalks. Each is signed off by the known signatory Saadel and sealed with an archaic alef (Table 7.3, 5 [see discussion at A7.37]). Signatories and sealing signs are major features in four of the five dated commodity dossiers (Tables 1–4; see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148*–151*). In our 125 container dossiers, they appear sparsely. In addition to the two mentioned above, there are only 8/3 more of each, respectively: eight archaic alef  s (one in a semi-dated text [Table 7.9], two in partially dated texts [Table 6.9; 7.13], and five in undated texts [Tables 6.21–23; 8.8–9]), and three signatories: Qosmalak in a partially dated text for bundles and Zabdiel and Yazidu in undated texts for loads (Tables 6.10; 8.12, 16). Why are these camels so important that they merit full date, signatory, and sealing sign, whereas the other three signatories have no sealing sign and two are even undated (Table 8.12, 16)? Likewise, why are none of the eight archaic alef  s accompanied by a signatory? Moreover, how is it that 40%–42% of fully or partially dated bundle and bale chits have payers, payees, and agents, whereas 18%–26% of such undated chits also have payers, payees, and agents? And another 32%–19% of such undated chits have payers, but no payees and certainly no agents? (See Table 9 for statistics.) How is it that substantial numbers with payers, payees, and agents are both dated and undated? What is the difference between a fully dated, a partially dated, and an undated chit? And why do so many undated chits have no payees? Clearly, we must conclude that the reason a person would choose any one of the nine groups over any other is completely opaque.

A Word about Scribes (Table 10) As one peruses these chits over and over again, there is one fact that finally strikes the observer: with one exception, a scribe’s activity is limited to a narrow band of time. Of the eleven scribes in Tables 1–5 (Scribes A–L), only two deal with more than one commodity (Scribes A and B). The more prolific scribe is Scribe A. He has 35 chits to his credit and possibly six more. Of the 49 chits for resh written during the five years between 362 and 358 (Table 7), he wrote 29 (perhaps 33) of them. The identity of the scribe is

xvi

Introduction

recognizable in only five more chits: three are by Scribe F (Table 2.3, 17, 17a) and two are by Scribe G (Table 2.32a, 34a). Separate scribes must have written all of the remaining eleven chits for resh; no two were written by a single scribe. Scribe A wrote all four chits for grindings on a single day (Adar 13, year 43 [28 February, 361] {Table 4.8–11}]), the same day that he wrote a chit for resh (Table 2.22a = Table 4.11a). All of these five chits bore the designation “of Nisan,” but only in one did the scribe add resh. In fact, then, Scribe A wrote 33 (37?) chits for resh and only one or two chits each for semolina+flour (Tables 1.1[–2]) and crushed/sifted grain (Table 3.1), respectively. Though the total number of chits for Tables 1 and 3 is less than that for Table 2 by 10 or 20, respectively, the pattern is similar: a single scribe wrote multiple documents but for limited periods of time and, in one case, for more than one dossier. Scribe B wrote 11 chits for semolina+flour in less than three months in 359 (14 May to 8 August [Table 1.3–12]) and also wrote four chits for crushed/sifted grain at the same time (Table 3.3–6). Scribe E likewise wrote chits for semolina+flour, 15 in five days in 356 (13–17 December [Table 1.19–33]). Similarly, Scribes H and J drew up chits for crushed/sifted grain in just a month or so; Scribe H, four chits October/November, 358 (Table 3.8–11); Scribe J, 10(+1) chits from 29 July through 8 September, 353 (Table 3.13–19, 21–22, 24, 28). Two more scribes may be identified in Table 1, writing two or three chits, respectively (Scribes D and C [who wrote in the single month of September, 358 {Tables 1.18 and 36; 13, 15–16}]). These numbers leave only five unidentifiable scribes out of 38 chits in Table 1, 11 out of 49 in Table 2, and 8 out of 28 in Table 3. The fifth dossier (Table 5) for processed grains skips a dozen years and contains 9 chits for barley flour, written over a period of some four months (7 December, 345 through 15 April, 344), 5 chits by Scribe K (Table 5.1, 3–6), and 2 possibly by Scribe L (Table 5.1a, 7a). Out of 9 chits, 2 scribes are unidentifiable. In sum, 5 dossiers of processed grain contained 133 chits, of which 104 were written by identifiable scribes—that is, 78%. Of these, 4 were particularly active: Scribe A with 35 chits (+6?) in 4 dossiers (Tables 1–4) and Scribe B with 16 chits in 3 dossiers (Tables 1, 3–4); Scribes E and J in only one dossier: Scribe E with 15 chits (Table 1) and Scribe J with 10(+1?) chits (Table 3). Fifty-one of the 69 chits that Scribes A and B wrote were accompanied by an archaic alef (362–359 [last year of Artaxerxes III]), and in some cases by a signatory (Yazidu [11×], Saadel and Zabdiel [once each]). Writing in these same years are the minor scribes—C, D, F, and G—of whom Scribe F has the archaic alef once out of three times (Table 2.17) while Scribe G has it once out of twice (Table 2.32a). It does not appear in chits by Scribes C and D, nor in those of Scribes E, H, J, K, and L, all active in the reign of Artaxerxes III. Although more than three-fourths of the 133 chits in the grain dossiers were written by identifiable scribes (78%), just half (that is, 62) of the 124 chits in the container dossiers were so written (50%). Moreover, although 11 scribes (A–L) wrote 104 grain chits, almost twice that number—that is, 18 scribes (M–DD)—wrote 62 chits in those container dossiers. Eleven identifiable scribes out of a pool of 104 chits for grain dossiers constituted just 11%, but 18 identifiable scribes out of a pool of 62 chits for container dossiers constituted 29%—that is, almost three times as much. So, although the two dossiers were roughly the same size (133, compared with 124), the grain dossiers had 29 unidentifiable scribes and the container dossiers 62—that is, more than twice the quantity. The grain dossiers required fewer scribes because four of them together wrote 82 chits (Scribe A: 35[+6?]; Scribe B: 16; Scribe E: 15; Scribe J: 10[+1?]). On the other hand, only one scribe in the container dossiers had as much as 9(+3?) chits (Scribe M). The remaining scribes wrote only between 2 and 5 chits each. The grain dossiers had a couple of dominant scribes; the container dossiers had virtually none. Thus, the number of unidentifiable scribes is several times larger in the container dossiers than in the grain dossiers: 27, 19, and 16 for Tables 6–8, but only 5, 11, 8, 3, and 2 for Tables 1–5. This means that, while a handful of scribes specialized in writing chits that fell into the grain dossiers, there was a large pool available for the container dossiers and only a handful or so wrote more than one in each dossier. Noteworthy is the fact that, with but one exception (in the case of payment orders [Scribe V {Tables 7.43–44, 46; 8.28}]), we were unable to detect a scribe such as Scribe A in the grain dossiers who wrote chits for more than one of the three commodities in the container dossiers. How did we identify scribes? In addition to handwriting, there are other features that made the identity patent. In the dossier of bundles, most of the 9(+3?) chits of Scribe M bore the additional term “chaff ”

Introduction

xvii

(‫)תבן‬, and 3 were written by Ephai, with the additional specification “untied chaff ” (‫)תבן שדי‬. The 3 chits of Scribe N were all written on 20 Ab, with the date at or near the end, and in at least 2, Amittai is the agent (Table 6.1, 12–13). The 3 chits for Scribe P have only a day date, 24, 25, and 26 (Table 6.18–20), while the 2 chits for Scribe R have archaic alef (Table 6.21–22). In the dossier of bales, 2 of 3 chits by Scribe S were written on 20 Tammuz, year 46, while 2 others were written for female camels that are in Makkedah, had an archaic alef, and were signed off by Saadel (Table 7.3–5). The 4 chits by Scribe T were recognizable because they were all by Zabdi for Baalghayr (Table 7.1–2, 21–22), and the 3 chits by Scribe U came together in the last year of Artaxerxes III and in Tammuz, year 1 of his successor (Arses [Table 7.8–10]). The two undated chits of Scribe Z uniquely began with the verb of conveyance “brought” (‫( )היתי‬Table 7.23–24). In the dossier of loads, the two chits for Scribe AA were both written on 27 Elul in a peculiar format, with the agent Šimri at the beginning and the addition of the commodity “wood” (‫( )אקן‬Table 8.3–4), and 2 of the 3 chits by Scribe DD have the unique addition of “fodder” (‫( )עמיר‬Table 8.18–20). Whereas archaic alef appeared 51 times in 133 chits in the grain dossiers, it appeared only 10 times in the container dossiers. Although every occurrence in the gain dossiers was in a fully dated text, only 3 appeared in these texts in the container dossiers: 2 in 359 (Table 7.3, 5 [Scribe S]), the same time as the grain dossiers, and 1 in 337 (Table 7.9) [Scribe U]). Otherwise, it appears in 2 chits with only day and month (30 Tishri and 16 Tammuz [Tables 6.9, 7.13]) and 5 chits with no date (Tables 6.21–23 [Scribe R]; 8.8, 9 [Scribe CC]). Though we found no scribal crossover between the grain and container dossiers, the 3 signatories do appear in both: Yazidu in loads (Table 8.16 and 14 times in the grain dossiers); Zabdiel in semolina+flour and loads (Tables 1.14, 8.12); and Saadel also in semolina+flour and twice in bales (Tables 1.13; 7.3, 5). Already above (p. xv), we raised the question regarding the limited appearance of signatory and archaic alef in the container dossiers and the other differences between the grain dossier and these latter. Here, we discussed in detail the distribution of scribes in each of these groupings, another matter that adds to the quandary about the purpose of all our texts. Table 10 lists all 29 identifiable scribes and the dossiers in which they appeared—11 scribes in the grains dossiers (Tables 1–5) and 18 scribes in the containers dossiers (Tables 6–8). The number of identifiable and unidentifiable scribes in each dossier is recorded. Wherever a particular product (grain or container) appears in this volume, the number of the scribe indicated in the Table is reproduced in the commentary of the corresponding chit.

xviii

Introduction

Acknowledgments In this section in volume 1, we expressed our appreciation to scholars and students who were helpful along the way as we brought the volume to print. Here we wish to add the names of two students who were active in our preparation of volume 2: my granddaughter, Merav Lemberger, and Elisha Silberklang. Gratitude is also due to the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University for its financial support. We would be remiss if we did not mention two colleagues and friends who assisted us in our endeavors. First and foremost is Prof. Joseph Naveh, who gave us the full 280 photographs he received from Lenny Wolfe—that is, almost 80 more than were published in his book with Israel Ephʿal. At the same time, Prof. André Lemaire brought together 621 ostraca in two volumes. His collegiality was made evident by his willingness to share with us photographs and respond to our inquiries. His standing in the field was attested by the invitation to deliver the Schweich Lectures of the British Academy for 2013. Entitled Levantine Epigraphy and Historiography in the Achaemenid Period (539–332 BCE), these lectures came together in a volume published in 2015. Considerable space in the volume is devoted to the Idumean ostraca, which Lemaire believes reflect an administration of a variety of taxes in the Persian Empire. While acknowledging the major contribution this eminent scholar has made to the study of these important documents, we cannot share his view of their meaning and purpose. As indicated above, though we have a good view of the trees, the meaning of the forest still eludes us. Last, but not least, we express deepest appreciation to Jim Eisenbraun and his staff, particularly for their skill in inserting the sealing sign in the tables and for the speed with which they have they brought this second volume to print. Jerusalem August 1, 2016

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation: (i.e., or) word of uncertain meaning (ERASURE:) ... d/r Marginal notation (e.g., Payer) 5  Line numbers of translation of text 1.

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

xviii

Introduction

Acknowledgments In this section in volume 1, we expressed our appreciation to scholars and students who were helpful along the way as we brought the volume to print. Here we wish to add the names of two students who were active in our preparation of volume 2: my granddaughter, Merav Lemberger, and Elisha Silberklang. Gratitude is also due to the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University for its financial support. We would be remiss if we did not mention two colleagues and friends who assisted us in our endeavors. First and foremost is Prof. Joseph Naveh, who gave us the full 280 photographs he received from Lenny Wolfe—that is, almost 80 more than were published in his book with Israel Ephʿal. At the same time, Prof. André Lemaire brought together 621 ostraca in two volumes. His collegiality was made evident by his willingness to share with us photographs and respond to our inquiries. His standing in the field was attested by the invitation to deliver the Schweich Lectures of the British Academy for 2013. Entitled Levantine Epigraphy and Historiography in the Achaemenid Period (539–332 BCE), these lectures came together in a volume published in 2015. Considerable space in the volume is devoted to the Idumean ostraca, which Lemaire believes reflect an administration of a variety of taxes in the Persian Empire. While acknowledging the major contribution this eminent scholar has made to the study of these important documents, we cannot share his view of their meaning and purpose. As indicated above, though we have a good view of the trees, the meaning of the forest still eludes us. Last, but not least, we express deepest appreciation to Jim Eisenbraun and his staff, particularly for their skill in inserting the sealing sign in the tables and for the speed with which they have they brought this second volume to print. Jerusalem August 1, 2016

Explanation of Typographic Conventions Certain Text Uncertain readings (Addition required by English style) [Restored text] [Probable restoration] supralinear addition

editorial notation: (i.e., or) word of uncertain meaning (ERASURE:) ... d/r Marginal notation (e.g., Payer) 5  Line numbers of translation of text 1.

roman type italic type in parentheses in brackets in brackets, in italic superscript type small caps (parentheses) small caps ellipsis: missing or uncertain text characters separated by solidus / alternate readings explanation in smaller type superscript line number number on line = line number of Aramaic text

Introduction

xix

Grain Equivalencies (excerpted from Porten-Yardeni 2007a)

Grain is measured with great precision: 1 kor = 30 seahs, 1 seah = 6 qabs, and a qab may be divided into halves, quarters, and even eighths. One is reminded of the biblical injunction to “have completely honest weights and completely honest measures” (Deut 25:15). Our ancient sources—Josephus (Ant. IX.4.4, 62; XV.9.2, 314), the Talmud (Eruv. 4b, 83a), and Epiphanius 1—come together to show that there existed at the same time three different seah measures, known in the Talmud as the desert seah (8.1 liters), the Jerusalem seah (9.72 liters), and the Sepphoris seah (11.664 liters). 2 To determine modern equivalents, many scholars, following Josephus, have taken their lead from Greco-Roman sources and come up with equivalents in the range of the Sepphoris seah. 3 Others have taken their lead from the Talmud and come up with equivalents in the range of the desert seah. 4 And still others have adopted an archeological approach and arrived at an equivalent at the lowest end of the scale (7.3 liters). 5 Because the Greek New Testament and the Peshitta (Matt 5:15; Mark 4:21; and Luke 11:23), as well as the Mishnah (Kelim 17:11), equate the seah with Italian modius, which we know lies in the range of 8 liters, we may assume that it was the desert measure that applied in Idumea of the 4th century b.c.e. 6 1.  J. E. Dean, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (Chicago, 1935) 40–41, 46. We are grateful to Shlomo Naeh for detailed discussion of these metrological problems. 2.  Calculations on the basis of H. Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures of Capacity and Rates of Seeding,” JAOS 64 (1944) 69 n. 34. 3. F. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie (Berlin, 1882) 416, 447–56; W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894) 202–6; I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (3rd ed.; Leipzig, 1927) 192–95; M. A. Powell, “Weights and Measures” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, 1992) 6.904–5. 4.  Y. Feliks, Agriculture in Eretz-Israel in the Period of the Bible and the Talmud (Hebrew; 2nd ed.; Jerusalem, 1990) 144–45; Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73. 5.  W. F. Albright et al., The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, Vol. III: The Iron Age (AASOR 21–22; New Haven, 1943) 58–59; E. Stern, “Measures and Weights,” Encyclopedia Mikrait (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1962) 4.852–55. 6.  See Lewy, “Assyro-Babylonian and Israelite Measures,” 65–73

Terminology of Ceramic Descriptions All available chits have undergone a ceramic analysis by Alex Zuckerman on the basis of 22 parameters. He also translated Lemaire’s descriptions, and these have been marked by [L] or [AL]. Margins (no. 20) have been described by Jennifer Tullman. A translation of Lemaire with a description by Tullman is marked [LT]. Here are the ceramic parameters: 1. Vessel part (body sherd, rim, base, handle, etc.) 2. Vessel period/date (Persian, Iron Age, unidentifiable, etc.) 3. Vessel type ( jar, jug, cooking pot, bowl, etc.) 4. Sherd size (tiny [ca. 20 × 30mm and less], small [ca. 30 × 50 mm], medium [between 30 × 50 mm and 60 × 150 mm], large [more than ca. 60 × 150 mm]) 5. Height and width (maximum values established according to the direction of the written lines) 6. Thickness 7. Shape (rectangular, square, trapezoid, etc.) 8. Color of inscribed surface(s)—Munsell Soil Color Charts (1975 edition) name and code

xx

Introduction 9. Levigation and grits (fine ware, coarse ware, amount and size of grits [mentioned only when tiny or unusually large]) 10. Decoration and surface treatment (polished, burnished, slipped, painted decoration, etc.) 11. Burned (yes/no) 12. Eroded (yes/no) 13. Number of fragments 14. Number of fresh exterior breaks 15. Patina covering the writing (yes/no) 16. Patina extent (in percentage) 17. Location of writing (sherd interior, exterior, both [based on the archaeological evaluation of the sherd shape in relation to the shape of the complete ceramic vessel from which the sherd originated]) 18. Writing surface (concave, convex, flat, smooth, uneven [based exclusively on its visual appearance]) 19. Writing parallel to straight upper edge (yes/no) 20. Margins: no margin: writing (including upper tip of header [lamed] and low tip of stretcher [nun, kaf, pe]) reaches edge of ostracon; narrow: smallest possible amount of space creating a distinct margin; medium: a median width larger than narrow but smaller than wide; term borrowed from artifact description; wide considerably more space than needed to create a distinct margin; very wide margin larger than half the ostracon or wider than the height and/or width of writing; variable uneven left margin in a text of three or more lines; * suspected missing/illegible text, which may influence the classification of the margin. 21. Angle of the writing/wheel-marks 22. Notes (thick-walled, thin-walled, preservation of writing, special remarks)

Numeration Legend TAOI = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volumes 1 and 2 A11.1-ISAP1871, A11.2-ISAP2495, A11.3-ISAP902, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Baalrim), document number (1–55), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, JA, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL 1, 2 et al.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Jeselsohn [Yardeni ed.], Lemaire et al.) [BA, BLMJ, FCO, GD, HM, HW, IA, IM, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Baidun Aramaic; Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; James Charlesworth; Gil Davidovitz; Hecht Museum; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh, Zd et al.} = source (Gil Chaya, Shaya Zadok et al.) (Tables 1–9) = Dossier Table No. and item {e.g., A37.8-ISAP573 [GD](Table 1.6a)}

xx

Introduction 9. Levigation and grits (fine ware, coarse ware, amount and size of grits [mentioned only when tiny or unusually large]) 10. Decoration and surface treatment (polished, burnished, slipped, painted decoration, etc.) 11. Burned (yes/no) 12. Eroded (yes/no) 13. Number of fragments 14. Number of fresh exterior breaks 15. Patina covering the writing (yes/no) 16. Patina extent (in percentage) 17. Location of writing (sherd interior, exterior, both [based on the archaeological evaluation of the sherd shape in relation to the shape of the complete ceramic vessel from which the sherd originated]) 18. Writing surface (concave, convex, flat, smooth, uneven [based exclusively on its visual appearance]) 19. Writing parallel to straight upper edge (yes/no) 20. Margins: no margin: writing (including upper tip of header [lamed] and low tip of stretcher [nun, kaf, pe]) reaches edge of ostracon; narrow: smallest possible amount of space creating a distinct margin; medium: a median width larger than narrow but smaller than wide; term borrowed from artifact description; wide considerably more space than needed to create a distinct margin; very wide margin larger than half the ostracon or wider than the height and/or width of writing; variable uneven left margin in a text of three or more lines; * suspected missing/illegible text, which may influence the classification of the margin. 21. Angle of the writing/wheel-marks 22. Notes (thick-walled, thin-walled, preservation of writing, special remarks)

Numeration Legend TAOI = Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, volumes 1 and 2 A11.1-ISAP1871, A11.2-ISAP2495, A11.3-ISAP902, etc. = chapter (commodity chits), dossier (Baalrim), document number (1–55), ISAP registry number (ISAP1–2669) (EN, JA, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, AL 1, 2 et al.) = publication (Ephʿal and Naveh, Jeselsohn [Yardeni ed.], Lemaire et al.) [BA, BLMJ, FCO, GD, HM, HW, IA, IM, JTS, LWo, M, YR et al.] = location/collection [Baidun Aramaic; Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem; James Charlesworth; Gil Davidovitz; Hecht Museum; Haim Weissman; Institute of Archeology; Israel Museum; Jewish Theological Seminary; Leonard Wolfe; Moussaieff; Yigal Ronen et al.] {GCh, Zd et al.} = source (Gil Chaya, Shaya Zadok et al.) (Tables 1–9) = Dossier Table No. and item {e.g., A37.8-ISAP573 [GD](Table 1.6a)}

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits) (The following Tables are revisions of those appearing in Porten-Yardeni 2009: Tables 1–4, 6a. The original numbering has been preserved and new entries have been indicated by the addition of a lowercase letter [e.g., a, b] to the original number [e.g., 6a].) Table 1.  The Dossier of Semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and Flour (‫ )קמח‬38 Table 2.  The Dossier of resh (‫ )ראש‬ 49 Table 3.  The Dossier of crushed/sifted grain (‫רקיד‬/ ‫ )דקיר‬ 29 Table 4.  The Dossier of Grindings (‫ )טחון‬ 27 (10) Table 5.  The Dossier of Barley Flour (‫  )קמח שערן‬9

Legend for Tables Order of numbers in Column 1: serial number (1, 2, 3 etc.), table number cross reference (e.g., 4.18), TAOI No(s).; Column 3: db = date at beginning; dm = date in middle; de = date at end; nd = no date; Columns 6–7: f h = from the house of; o ss = of sons of; b h = by the hand of; t h = to the hand of; e = entry; o = of; s = son of; f ss = from the sons of; o = of house of; sc = scribe.

Scribe

Table 1.  The Dossier of Semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and Flour (‫ )קמח‬in years 43, 46, 1, and 3 (No. 9 only flour) (362, 359–358, 356) 1–37 + 6a = 38 chits No. Commodity/ TAO I No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Sealing Sign and Signatory 1.  1–2. year 43, de, Scribe A;  2.  3–12. year 46, db, Scribe B, alef, Yazidu;  3.  13–18. year 1 (db), no payees; Saadel, Zabdiel, indeterminate scribe(s);  4.  19–33. year 3, db, Scribe D, no payees (except No. 33);  5.  34–37. date absent/missing; no payees Twelve chits appeared in TAOI volume 1 (Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10–14, 17, 18), eleven chits appear in this volume (Nos. 6a, 15, 20–22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 37), and fifteen chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 2, 3, 6, 9, 16, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33–36).  1. A7.2  2. A74.1

1290 =AL109 =B5, Zd, =JA501 1042 =L42 =IM94.38.45

7 Sivan, [43 1 June, 362 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 7 Sivan, [43 1 June, 362 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

de

 3. A56.1 A219.1

2638 =JA382

22 Nisan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

 4. A9.10 A16.4

1419 =AL10, =M126

22 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

14 May, 359

1. Year 43 = 362 A

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

A?

Baalmalak

Naqru/ Naqdu

2. Year 46 = 359 B

Ab(i)šalam s Azgad

Zubaydu

B

Qosḥanan

Qoskahel

db 12 July, 359

db

xxi

semolina: [1 seah], 4 qabs = 13.5 liters; flour: 1 seah, 5 qabs = 14.85 liters semolina: 1 seah, 5.5 qabs = 15.52 liters; flour: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters semolina: 1 seah = 8.1 liters; flour: 1 seah = 8.1 liters Yazidu semolina, w(heat): 1 seahs = 8.1 liters; flour: 1 seah = 8.1 liters Yazidu

xxii

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAO I No. ISAP  5. 1803 A7.5 =EN3

Babylonian Date Julian Date 22 Sivan, 46 12 July, 359 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

Scribe

Table 1.  The Dossier of Semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and Flour (‫ )קמח‬in years 43, 46, 1, and 3 (No. 9 only flour) (362, 359–358, 356) 1–37 + 6a = 38 chits

B

Payee Baalghayr s Ḥori

12 July, 359

B

Sam(a)ku

Qosḥanan

12 July, 359

B

Ani s Ḥazael

——

14 July, 359

B

Qosmalak o Al(i)baal

——

semolina: 1 seah, 4.5 qabs = 14.17 liters; flour: 1 seah, 4.5 qabs = 14.175 liters; Yazidu

20 July, 359

B

Laadiel f ss Al(i)baal

——

brought . . . from Makkedah:

db  6. A51.3

1852 =EN52

22 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

  6a. A37.8 A187.2  7. A4.11 A11.2

573 =GD

22 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II]

2495 =JA212

24 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

 8. A4.13 A25.2

2511 =JA229

30 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef (acc. to P. D., Sivan has only 29 days)

 9. A94.1

1897 =EN104 =JA358

10. A9.11

1433 =EN53 =AL7 =M143 1805 =EN5

11.–4.18 A7.7

12.–4.20 A4.14 A109.2

13. A7.18 A10.41 14. A7.19

1235 =AL9 =J1 =JA65

1806 =EN6 1807 =EN7

db db

db

db 30 Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db x Sivan, 46 [Artaxerxes II] bottom missing db 19 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory semolina: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 1 qab = 17.55 liters; Yazidu semolina: 2 seahs, 2 qabs = 18.9 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 2 qabs = 18.9 liters; Yazidu semolina: 1 seah, 2 qabs flour: 1 seah, 1 qab

Payer Ḥal(a)fat

semolina: 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs = 19.23 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 3 qabs = 20.25 liters; Yazidu

20 July, 359

B

Badan

Zubaydu

flour: 3 qabs

21 June– 19 July, 359

B

[. . .]

Qoskahel

Yazidu [semolina: x seahs], 1.5 qabs flour x [seahs, y+]0.5 [qabs]

7 Aug., 359

B

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

from the later grinding:

db 8 Aug., 359 20 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

B

Nam(i)ru o Al(i)baal

Laadiel



db

4 Elul, 1 10 Sep., 358 [Artaxerxes III] db 11 Elul, 1 17 Sep., 358 [Artaxerxes III] db

3. Year 1 = 358 C

Ḥal(a)fat

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

semolina: 1 seah, 3 qabs = 10.8 liters; flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs = 10.8 liters; Yazidu from the later grinding: semolina: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters; flour: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters; Yazidu semolina: 5.75 qabs = 7.7625 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 2 qabs = 18.9 liters; Saadel semolina: 5 qabs = 6.76 liters; flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs = 10.8 liters; Zabdiel

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

xxiii

No. TAO I No. ISAP 15. 847 A12.4 =IA12440 =GCh47 16. 740 A300.1.13 =YR49 17. A7.21

1826 =EN26

18. A7.22

1830 =EN30

19. A95.2

887 =GCh87

20. A32.4

896 =GCh96

21. A23.1 22. A11.3

898 Funahashi 11 =GCh98 902 =GCh102

23. A87.3

702 =YR2

24. A43.1 25. A51.4

1873 =JA8 =EN79 2541 =JA265

26. A33.2

103 =IA11863

27. A86.2

545 =FCO8

28. A48.1

886 =GCh86

29. A61.1

888 =GCh88

30. A15.11

894 =GCh94

31. A101.1

925 =GCh125 =Zd89 =JA489

Babylonian Date 11 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III] db [x+]2 Elul, 1 [Artaxerxes III] db —— ——

Julian Date 17 Sep., 358 8[+?] Sep., 358

Scribe

Table 1.  The Dossier of Semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and Flour (‫ )קמח‬in years 43, 46, 1, and 3 (No. 9 only flour) (362, 359–358, 356) 1–37 + 6a = 38 chits

C

Payee ——

C

[. . .]

——

semolina: 2 qabs [flour]: 4 qabs

Ḥal(a)fat

——

delivered from Makkedah

Ḥal(a)fat

——

——

nd nd

2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 3 [Kislev], 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db

——

13 Dec., 356

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory semolina: 4 qabs flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs

Payer Zubaydu

D

4. Year 3 = 356

semolina: 1[+?] seahs flour: [. . .] semolina: 1.5 qab flour: 2 qabs

E

Bayyun

——

semolina: 3 seahs, 3 qabs = 8.35 liters; flour: 6 seahs, 3 qabs = 52.65 liters

13 Dec., 356

E

Zabdiel

——

13 Dec., 356

E

Malku

——

semolina: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters; flour: 3 seahs, 5 qabs = 31.05 liters; rooster: 1 semolina: 3 seahs, 3 qabs = 28.35 liters; flour: 7 seahs = 56.7 liters

13 Dec., 356

E

Qosmalak

——

semolina: 1 seah, 2 qabs =10.8 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 2 qabs = 18.9 liters

13 Dec., 356

E

Qoslanṣur

——

13 Dec., 356

E

Marṣaat

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 2 seahs, 3.5 qabs = 20.925 liters; flour: 7 seahs = 56.7 liters semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 seah = 8.1 liters; flour: [2] seahs = 16.2 liters

14 Dec., 356

E

Sam(a)ku

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 5 qabs = 6.75 liters; flour: 1 seah, 1 qab = 9.45 liters

16 Dec., 356

E

Ḥaggagu

——

16 Dec., 356

E

PN s Annui

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 seah, 3 qabs = 12.15 liters; flour: 3 seahs = 24.3 liters semolina (‫)נשף‬: 4 qabs = 5.4 liters; flour: 1 seah, 1 qab = 9.45 liters

16 Dec., 356

E

Zaydi

——

16 Dec., 356

E

Ḥayyan

——

16 Dec., 356

E

Zabdi

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 seah, 1.25 qabs flour: 2 seahs, 4 qabs = 21.6 liters

16 Dec., 356

E

Ḥinziru

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 5 qabs = 6.75 liters; flour: 1 seah, 5 qabs = 14.85 liters

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 seah, 2 qabs = 10.8 liters; flour: 2 seahs, 4 qabs = 21.6 liters semolina (‫)נשף‬: 4 qabs = 5.4 liters; flour: 1 seah, 3 qabs = 12.15 liters

xxiv

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAO I No. ISAP 32. 1874 A36.3 =EN80, =JA169 33. 838 A162.1 =GCh 38 =IA12441

Babylonian Date Julian Date 6 Kislev, 3 17 Dec., 356 [Artaxerxes III] db 17 Dec., 356 6 Kislev, 3 [Artaxerxes III] db

34. A122.1

[. . .] [

1495 =AL300 =M207 35. 773 A300.5.21 =YR111 36. A290.55 37. A39.3

[. . .]

1151 —— =L151 =IM91.16.192 15 =JTS 15 159268

——



[. . .]

Scribe

Table 1.  The Dossier of Semolina (‫ )נשיף‬and Flour (‫ )קמח‬in years 43, 46, 1, and 3 (No. 9 only flour) (362, 359–358, 356) 1–37 + 6a = 38 chits

E

Payee ——

E

Aḥ(i)šalam

Laytha

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 seah = 8.1 liters; b(arley flour): 2 seahs, 4 qabs [3+1] = 21.6 liters

[Qos]lughath

——

semolina: 1[+?] seahs, 2 qabs [flou]r: 5 seahs, 2 qabs

5. No Date

de [. . .]

E

[Abd]adah/ [Zabd]adah

——

semolina (‫)נשף‬: 2 seahs = 16.2 liters; [flo]ur: 4 seahs = 32.4 liters

——

D

1. [. . .]

——

1. flour: 9 seahs, 4 qabs;   [semo]lina: 4 seahs, 1 qab 2. flour: 3 seahs, [?]   semolina: 1 seah, 2[+?] qabs [from] the grain of the purchase: semolina: 3 qabs flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs

db

nd —— nd

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory semolina (‫)נשף‬: 1 qab = 1.35 liters; flour: 2.5 qabs = 3.375 liters

Payer Naum

2. [. . .] Qoslakin

—— ——

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

xxv

Scribe

Table 2.  The Dossier of Resh (‫ )ראש‬in years 43–46, 1 (362–358) 1–43 +13a, 17a, 20a, 22a, 32a, 34a = 49 chits No. Commodity/ TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Sealing Sign and Signatory 1.  1–25. (Nisan), year 43 to Nisan, year 44 (Yazidu 1×), alef, de;  2.  26–36. Tishri, year 44 to Tishri year 1 (Yazidu 5×), alef, db;  3. 37–38. miscellaneous, Tammuz, no year, db; no year, de;  4.  39–43. nd, no alef Thirty chits appeared in TAO A (Nos. 4–13, 14–16, 19, 22, 23–31, 32a–34, 35, 37, 39), five chits appear in this volume (Nos. 1, 17, 17a, 20, 41), and fourteen chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 2, 3, 13a, 18, 20a, 21, 22a, 32, 34a, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43).  1.–4.1 A12.17  2. A63.2  3. A207.1  4. A7.1  5.–4.2 A4.1 A25.1  6. A7.52 A8.2

1227 =LL6 =SM8 1382 =AL123 =M86 1752 =IA12428 =Zd29 1293 =AL108 =B8 =JA504 1842 =EN42 =JA347 804 =GCh4

 7.–4.4 A7.51 A9.2

823 =IA12206 =GCh23

 8. A9.3 A155.1

1497 =AL311 =M209

 9. A9.4

410 =IA11405

10. A9.5 A27.1 11. A7.53 A9.6 A178.1 12. A9.7 A16.1 13. A9.8 A90.1 13a. A300.1.3

456 =IA11415 1001 =L1 =IM91.16.76 1248 =AL4 =JA75 706 =YR8 80 =JA439

(Nisan) archaic alef nd 1 Iyyar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 9 Iyyar, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 30 Iyyar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 1 Tammuz, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 30 Tammuz, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 7 [Ab], 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 27 Ab, 43 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 4 Elul, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 30 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de x [Elu]l, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de

1. Year 43 = 362 A

Zubaydu

Naqru/ Naqdu

from grinding of month of Nisan:

Naqru/ Naqdu

of Iyyar and Sivan

resh: 4 seahs

27 Apr, 362

A?

5 May, 362

F

Neqamyah

Ḥaggai

26 May, 362

A

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

16 June, 362

A

[Laa]diel f ss Al(i)baal

—

of Adar and Nisan:

16 June, 362

A

Baalghayr

Samitu

of Iyyar and Sivan:

16 June, 362

A

Baalghayr

Qoskahel

grinding of Iyyar and Sivan:

resh: 10[+?} seahs, 3 qabs resh: 6 seahs, 2 qabs, 3 quarters resh: 4 seahs, 1 qab

resh: 12 seahs, 3 qabs resh: 1 seah

resh: 1 seah, 3 qabs

24 June, 362

A?

23 July, 362

Šalmu

Qoskahel

resh: 25 seahs, 3 qabs

[PN]

Qoskahel

resh: [x seahs], 1 qab

30 July, 362

A

Qosnaqam

Qoskahel

resh: 5 seahs, 4 qabs

19 Aug, 362

A

1. Gar(a)pi 2. Baalghayr

1. Abdel 2. Qoskahel

resh: 1 kor, 4 qabs

25 Aug, 362

A

Qosḥanan

Qoskahel

resh: 5 seahs

20 Sep, 362

A

Šammu

Qoskahel

resh: 10 seahs

——

——

[resh]: 12 seahs, 1 qab

22 Aug– 20 Sep, 362

xxvi

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAOI No. ISAP 14. 403 A4.3 =IA11357 15.–4.5 A8.3 A13.2 16.–4.6 A6.1

7 =JTS 7 159260 1556 =AL133 =M271

17. A41.1

32 =JA415 =Zd62 =EYH2 561 =HW

17a. A13.1 18.–4.7 A68.1 A208.1 19. A4.4 A109.1 20. A41.2

2487 =JA203 1841 =EN41

20a. A300.1.4

414 =IA11360

21. A204.1

1289 =AL145 =B4 =Zd =JA500 2446 =JA158

705 =YR1

22. A8.5 A51.1 22a.–4.11a 564 A82.1 BA8 23. A4.5 A28.1 A72.1 24. A3.2 A84.1 25. A8.12 A27.2 A46.2 A51.2

1868 =EN74 =JA6 1849 =EN49 =JA104 203 =IA11786

Babylonian Date Julian Date x Tishri, [43 21 Sep– Artaxerxes II] 19 Oct, 362 archaic alef de x Marcheshvan, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 3 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 3 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 3 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 9 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 9 Kislev, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 3 Shebat, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 22 Shebat, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de

A

Payer [PN] o ss Al(i)baal

Payee [. . .]

20 Oct– 18 Nov, 362

A

[Ab]dadah

Samitu

22 Oct, 362

A

[PN o / f] ss Yehoaz

——

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory [resh]: 7 [seahs], 5 qabs from [lat]er [gr]inding of Marcheshvan, year 43:

[re]sh: 2 seahs, 4 qabs from the [grind]ing of Marcheshvan:

resh: [x+]2 [seahs], 3 qabs

22 Oct, 362

F

Zabdu

——

flour of resh: 1 seah, 2 qabs

22 Oct, 362

F

Abdadah

——

flour of resh: 5 seahs, 2 qabs

28 Oct, 362

?

Qoskhair s Nattun

Ubayd/Abid

from the grinding of Marcheshvan:

27 Nov, 362

A

Nam(i)ru f ss Al(i)baal

Laadiel

resh: 4 qabs

19 Jan, 361

A

Zabdu

Naqdu/ Naqru

resh: 22 seahs, 4 qabs

7 Feb, 361

A

——

——

[resh: x seahs, ?+]1.5 qabs

?

Lubaat

Ghayraḥ

resh: 3 seahs

A

Sam(a)ku

Samitu

resh: 3 seahs, 1 qab

A

Naḥum

Qosani

(that) of Nisan:

Zaydu s Qannui f ss Al(i)baal

——

resh: [x]

A

Abdbaal

A?

1. Qosnaqam 2. Rahnu 3. Sam(a)ku

Marṣaat s Qoṣi from Makkedah: resh: 5 seahs Yazidu 1. Samitu 1. resh: 3 seahs, 1 qab 2. Samitu 2. resh: 2 seahs, 4 qabs 3. Samitu 3. resh: 3 seahs, 2 qabs

6 Adar, 21 Feb, 361 [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 6 Adar, 21 Feb, 361 [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, 28 Feb, 361 [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 20[+?] x, 362/361 [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 26 Nisan, 10 May, 361 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 28 Nisan, 12 May, 361 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de

Scribe

Table 2.  The Dossier of Resh (‫ )ראש‬in years 43–46, 1 (362–358) 1–43 +13a, 17a, 20a, 22a, 32a, 34a = 49 chits

resh: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs

resh: 10 seahs,1 qab

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

xxvii

No. TAOI No. 26. A7.36 27.–4.13 A8.15 A27.3

28. A8.14 A32.2 29.–4.14 A7.3

ISAP 41 (GB?) 1286 =AL6 =B1 =Zd =JA497 813 =IA12196 =GCh13 1801 =EN1

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 2.  The Dossier of Resh (‫ )ראש‬in years 43–46, 1 (362–358) 1–43 +13a, 17a, 20a, 22a, 32a, 34a = 49 chits

4 Tishri, 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

12 Oct., 361

A

Ḥal(a)fat

Al(i)qos

resh: 3 seahs, 4 qabs

A

Qosnaqam

Samitu

from Makkedah: from the grinding of sons of Malka (or: the king):

Payer

2. Years 44–1 (361–358)

db 26 Marcheshvan, 2 Dec, 361 44, [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef 23 x, 44 361/360 [Artaxerxes II] db 2 Iyyar, 45 4 May, 360 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

1850 =EN50 =JA237

31. A7.4

57 =Rock. 7

30 Tebeth, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 15 Adar II, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory

resh: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Yazidu

db A

Abdadah (concave)

——

A

Ḥal(a)fat

brought from the Baalghayr grinding of Mṣby of s Ḥori for the animals Natanbaal: resh: 2 seahs, 3 qabs Yazidu

db 30. A4.7 A13.4

Payee

barley: 2 seahs resh: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

24 Jan., 359; (PD: 1 Shebat = 24 Jan.) 7 Apr, 359

A

Abdadah

Laadiel

resh: 1 seah, 1 qab Yazidu

A

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

resh: 3 seahs

8 Apr, 359

A

Aliel

Ḥazael

resh: 1 seah, 5 qabs

[14 of y] 360/359

G

[PN]

Qosani s Samitu

[resh]: 8 seahs

24 July, 359

A

Qoslaytha

Qoskahel

from the later grinding:

17 Aug, 359

A

Qosadar s Zabdu f ss Al(i)baal

Laadiel s Qannui o ss Al(i)baal

resh: 3 seahs Yazidu

18 Sept.–17 Oct. 359 12 Oct, 358

G

Šammu

——

A

Qoslaytha

Qoskah[el]

[resh: x +]5 [seahs], 3 qabs resh: 5 seahs, 5 qabs

[. . .]

[. . .]

db 32. A220.1

37 =Zd68 =EYH2 =JA420

16 Adar II, 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

32a. A8.15a

581 =GD

14 [y], 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

33.–4.16 A9.13 A45.2

703 =YR14

5 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

34. A4.15 A17.1 A41.3 34a. A90.5 35. A9.15 A45.3 36. A300.2.4

1222 =LL1 =SM9

db

db

571 =GD 1652 =OG?18 296 =IA11744

db

29 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db [x+]3 Elul, 46 db 6 Tishri, 1 [Artaxerxes III] db 1 Sivan, [x Artaxerxes III] archaic alef db

——

resh: 3 seahs, 4 qabs Yazidu

resh: 10 seahs, [. . .]

xxviii Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAOI No.

ISAP

37. A1.4

208 =IA11769

38. A300.3.3

2598 =JA334

39. A6.27 40. A126.3

2627 =JA370 1329 =AL209 =M30 1608 =AL213 =M410 944 =GCh144>?

41. A18.7 42.–3.27, 4.26 C4.2

43. A300.6.5

568

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

26 Tammuz between [Artaxerxes III] 362–358 db 3 [x . . .] —— de [. . .]

nd

——

Scribe

Table 2.  The Dossier of Resh (‫ )ראש‬in years 43–46, 1 (362–358) 1–43 +13a, 17a, 20a, 22a, 32a, 34a = 49 chits Payer

3. Miscellaneous

Payee

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory

Q[os . . .] f [ss Qos◦t Baal]rim

resh: 1 kor, 5 seahs, 4.5 qabs

[. . .]

[. . .]

resh: [x] seahs, [. . .]

PN f ss [PN]

——

resh: [x] seahs, […]

——

Šamru

Zeraḥ

resh: 1 seah, 2 qabs

——

1. Ḥal(a)fan 2. [PN]

1. Ḥaggai 2. Qosani

from Makkedah:

1. Ḥaggai 2. Ammiel 3. Qosbayyun 4. Ghauthi 5. Qosghayr

——

grinding of Marcheshvan: income:

[. . .]

4. No Date

nd —— nd accounts

——

——

A

nd nd

——

A

1.  Qos.[. . .] —— 2. Qosyaha[b]

resh: 13 seahs, [x] qabs

1. resh: 3 seahs, 2 qabs 2. resh: 6 seahs, 0.5 qab 3. crushed/sifted grain: 3 seahs 4. resh: 1 seah, 2 qabs 5. resh: 1[+?] seahs 1. resh [x] seahs 2. resh: 10 seahs

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

xxix

Scribe

Table 3.  The Dossier of Crushed/Sifted Grain (‫רקיד‬/‫ )דקיר‬in years 43, 46, 2-3, 6, 13 (362–359, 357–356, 353, 346) 1–28 + 22a = 29 entries No. Commodity/ TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Sealing Sign and Signatory 1.  1. year 43, alef, de;  2.  2. year 43, no alef, db;  3.  3–7. year 46, alef (3×), db;  4.  8–12. years 2–3, no alef, db (1 de);  5.  13–22a, 24 (between 19 and 20). year 6, no alef, de;  6.  23. year 13, no alef, db;  7.  25–28. miscellaneous. Nine chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 3, 5–8, 12, 17–18, 23), nine chits appear in this volume (Nos. 1, 11, 14–15, 19, 24, 21–22, 25), and eleven chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 2, 4, 9–10, 13, 16. 20. 22a, 26–28).  1. A21.1

1441 =AL3 =M153

17 Ab, 43 9 Aug, 362 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de

 2. A300.1.7

1485 =AL5 =M197

[x of y], 43 362/361 [Artaxerxes II] db

 3. A8.16

2571 =JA296

30 x, 43[+3] = 46 359/358 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db [x of y, [. . .] 46 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

 4.–4.15 1936 A300.5.18 =EN145 =BLMJ699  5.–4.17 A7.6

1804 =EN4

 6.–4.19 A8.20 A64.1

735 =YR37

 7.–4.21 A1.1 A12.2

728 =YR5

891 =GCh91

10. A126.1

876 =GCh76 >EYH1 =JA462 934 =GCh134 =Zd98 450 =IA11329

11. A34.2 12. A4.21 A28.3 13. A79.1

2401 =JA108

2545 =JA269

A

Maš(i)ku

2. Year 43 = 362/361 [. . .]

3. Year 46 = 359

db 6 Tammuz, 25 Jul, 359 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 19 T[ammuz, 7 Aug, 359 46 Artaxerxes II] db Tammuz, 20 Jul– 46 [Artaxerxes II] 18 Aug 359 archaic alef

 8. A10.2 A34.1  9. A76.2

1. Year 43 = 362

Naqru/ Naqdu

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 5 seahs

[. . .]

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: x qabs

Samitu

cru/sif grain: [x seahs], 3 qabs, 1 quarter

B

[. . .]

B

[. . .]

B

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori

B

Abdṣidq

Samitu

?

Zubaydu s Ghayraḥ s Baalrim

——

[fro]m [the later] g[rinding]: cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 2 seahs, 1[+?] qabs Yazidu

4. Years 2–3 = 357–356

db [x of y], 357/356 2 [Artaxerxes III] de 18 Nisan, 6 May, 356 3 [Artaxerxes III] db 16 Tammuz, 29 Jul, 353 6 [Artaxerxes III] de

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 3 seahs, 3 qabs from the later [grinding]: cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: wheat, seahs,[x] Yazidu from the grinding of Tammuz, year 46:

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs Zabdiel

dm

1 Marcheshvan, 25 Oct, 357 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 1 Marcheshvan, 25 Oct, 357 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 2 Kislev, 25 Nov, 357 2 [Artaxerxes III]

from the later grinding:

H

Ḥori

Saadel

cru/sif grain: 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs

H

Wahabil

——

cru/sif grain: 4 seahs, 1 qab

H

Šamru

——

cru/sif grain: 1.5 seahs

H

Ḥori

——

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 4 seahs, 5 qabs

Zaydu o ss Al(i)ba[al]

——

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 9 seahs wheat: 3 qabs

Ghayru/ Aydu/Iyadu

cru/sif grain: 2 seahs, 5 qabs

5. Year 6 = 353 J?

Ḥaṭamu

xxx

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAOI No. ISAP 14. 1633 A27.4 =OG35

Babylonian Date 16 [Tammuz], 3[+3] = 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 15. 1882 19 Tammuz, A35.2 =EN88 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 16. 107 20 Tammuz, A143.1 =IA11871 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 17. 2558 21 Tammuz, A8.33 =JA283 6 [Artaxerxes III] A30.1a de 18. 1013 9 Ab, A7.11 =L13 6 [Artaxerxes III] =IM91.16.17 de 19. 1883 9 Ab, A11.5 =EN89 6 [Artaxerxes III] =BLMJ671 de 24. 1218 10 Ab, [3+]3 = 6 A39.4 =L218 [Artaxerxes III] (moved up) =IM94.38.46 de 20. 1019 12 Ab, A93.1 =L19 6 [Artaxerxes III] =IM91.16.139 de 26[+1] = 27 Ab, 21. 1410 6 [Artaxerxes III] A39.5 =AL47 =M116 de 28 Ab, 22. 1020 6 [Artaxerxes III] A24.1 =L20 =IM91.16.110 de 8 Elul, 22a. 1294 6 [Artaxerxes III] A280.4 =AL48 archaic alef =W1 de

23. A1.29 A191.1

1412 =AL80 =M119

25. A26.4

——

28. C4.1

——

J

Payee ——

1 Aug, 353

J

Ḥazira

——

cru/sif grain: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

2 Aug, 353

J

Abda

——

cru/sif grain: 2.5 seahs

3 Aug, 353

J

Qosani s Samitu

——

cru/sif grain: 1 seah, 3.5 qabs

20 Aug, 353

J

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

cru/sif grain: 2 seahs

20 Aug, 353

J

Qosmalak

——

cru/sif grain: 3.5 seahs

21 Aug, 353

J

Qoslakin

——

cru/sif grain: 1[+?] qabs

El(i)milk/ malak

——

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 4 qabs

23 Aug, 353 7 Sep, 353

J

Qoslakin

——

cru/sif grain: 1 seah

8 Sep, 353

E

Ubaydu

——

cru/sif grain: 2 seahs, 1[+?] qabs

——

Qosmalak s PN

cru/sif grain: [x seahs], 1[+?] qabs

——

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 16 seahs, 5 qabs Pami

Qosyahab

——

cru/sif grain: 6 seahs, 1 qab

[. . .]

[. . .]

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 2 seahs

——

grinding of Marcheshvan: income: 1–2. resh 3. cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 3 seahs 4–5. resh

——

cru/sif grain: 1. 7 seahs 2. 6 seahs 3. 6 seahs, 5.5 qabs 4. 3 seahs, 4 qabs

18 Sep, 353

——

6. Year 13 = 346

Ḥalluf o ss Baalrim

7. Miscellaneous

nd [. . .]

[. . .]

——

—— nd —— nd

Commodity/ Sealing Sign and Signatory cru/sif grain: 3 seahs [+?]

Payer Qosnaqam

21 Elul, 13 14 Sep, 346 [Artaxerxes III] db

1925 =EN134 =JA34 26. 442 A300.5.19 =IA11333 27.–2.42. 944 4.26 =GCh144>? C4.2 2453 =JA166

Julian Date 29 Jul, 353

Scribe

Table 3.  The Dossier of Crushed/Sifted Grain (‫רקיד‬/‫ )דקיר‬in years 43, 46, 2-3, 6, 13 (362–359, 357–356, 353, 346) 1–28 + 22a = 29 entries

1–2. 3. Qosbayyun 4–5. 1. Zaydu 2. Qoslakin 3. Ṭabyu/Ṭabio 4. Ḥanina

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

xxxi

Scribe

Table 4.  The Dossier of Grindings (‫ )טחון‬in years 41(+?), 43–46, 1 (364{+?}, 362–358 0–26 minus 22 + 11a = 27 entries No. TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Commodity 1.  0. year 41(+?);  2.  1–11a. year 43, mostly alef, de, Scribe A;  3.  12–14. years 44–45, alef, db;  4.  15–21. year 46;  5.  22–25. miscellaneous;  6.  26. accounts. Not recorded in other Tables/Dossiers: Nos. 0, 8–12, 22–25. Eighteen chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 2–6, 8–11, 12–14, 16–21), three chits appear in this volume (Nos. 1, 24, 25), and six chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 0, 7, 11a 15, 23, 26).  0. A300.1.1 was 22

2595 =JA330

 1.–2.1 A12.17  2.–2.5 A4.1 A25.1  3.–2.6 A7.52 A8.2  4.–2.7 A7.51 A9.2  5.–2.15 A8.3 A13.2  6.–2.16 A6.1  7.–2.18 A68.1 A208.1  8. A8.9 A19.1  9. A7.54 A8.10 10. A8.6 A106.1 11. A8.7 A46.1 11a.–2.22a A82.1

12. A5.2 A21.2 A32.1

1227 =LL6 =SM8 1842 =EN42 =JA347 804 =GCh4 823 =IA12206 =GCh23 7 =JTS 7 159260 1556 =AL133 =M271 2487 =JA203 2413 =JA122 2519 =JA239 2547 =JA272 54 =Rock.4 564 =BA8

31 =JA414 =Zd61 >EYH2

1. Year 41 = 364

29 Elul 41[+? Artaxerxes II]

10 Oct, 364[+?] db

——

26 Elul, 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

4 Oct, 361

db

[. . .]

grinding of the month of Tammuz which is the grinding of the Steppes of [. . .] . . . :

3 seahs, 4.5 qabs

2. Year 43 = 362/361

(Nisan) archaic alef nd 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 22 Sivan, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de x Marcheshvan, 43 [Artaxerxes II] de 3 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 9 Marcheshvan, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de 13 Adar, [43 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef de



[. . .]

A

Zubaydu/ Zabidu

Naqru/Naqdu

from grinding of month of Nisan:

resh: 4 seahs

16 Jun, 362

A

[Laa]diel f ss Al(i)baal

——

of Adar and Nisan:

16 Jun, 362

A

Baalghayr

Samitu

of Iyyar and Sivan:

16 Jun, 362

A

Baalghayr

Qoskahel

grinding of Iyyar and Sivan:

20 Oct – 18 Nov, 362

A

[Ab]dadah

Samitu

22 Oct, 362

A

resh: 12 seahs, 3 qabs resh: 1 seah

resh: 1 seah, 3 qabs

from [lat]er [gr]inding of Marcheshvan year 43:

[re]sh: 2 seahs, 4 qabs

28 Oct, 362

from the [grind]ing of Marcheshvan:

[PN o / f] ss Yehoaz

——

Qoskhair s Nattun

Ubayd/Abid Samitu

(that) of Nisan:

Samitu

from (that) of Nisan:

resh:[x+]2 seahs, 3 qabs from the [grind]ing of Marcheshvan:

resh: 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs

28 Feb, 361

A

28 Feb, 361

A

Aydu/ Iyadu/ Ghayru Baalghayr

28 Feb, 361

A

Lubayu

Samitu

from (that) of Nisan:

28 Feb, 361

A

Rahnu

Samitu

(that) of Nisan:

28 Feb, 361

A

Naḥum

Qosani

(that) of Nisan: resh:

Qoslanṣur s Yehokal

from the grinding of Tammuz:

3. Years 44–45 = 361/360 B

Maš(i)ku

6 seahs, 3 qabs

1 seah, 3.5 qabs 2 seahs

2 seahs, 2 qabs 10 seahs, 1 qab

ordinary (flour): 1 seah, 1 qab entry: Zabdiel: 2 qabs

xxxii

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits)

No. TAOI No. ISAP 13.–2.27 1286 A8.15 =AL6 A27.3 =B1 =Zd =JA497 14.–2.29 1801 A7.3 =EN1

Babylonian Date Julian Date 26 Marcheshvan 2 Dec, 361 44 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 2 Iyyar, year 4 May, 360 45 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef

15.–3.4 1936 A300.5.18 =EN145 =BLMJ699 16.–2.33 A9.13 A45.2 17.–3.5 A7.6

703 =YR14

18.–1.11 A7.7

1805 =EN5

19.–3.6 A8.20 A64.1

735 =YR37

20.–1.12 A4.14 A109.2

1235 =AL9 =J1 =JA65 728 =YR5

21.–3.7 A1.1 A12.2

1804 =EN4

[x of y, [. . .] 46 Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 5 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 6 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 19 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 19 T[ammuz, 46 Artaxerxes II]

25. A49.1 A100.1.



db

Commodity from Makkedah: from the grinding of sons of Malka (or : the king):

resh: 2 seahs, 2 qabs Yazidu ?

B

Ḥal(a)fat

[. . .]

brought from the grinding Baalghayr of Mšby of Natanbaal: s Ḥori for the animals resh: 2 seahs, 3 qabs Yazidu

[. . .]

[fro]m [the later] g[rinding]:

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 2 seahs, 1[+?] qabs Yazidu Qoslaytha

Qoskahel

from the later grinding:

25 Jul, 359

B

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr s Ḥori

from the later grinding:

7 Aug, 359

B

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

7 Aug, 359

B

Abdṣidq

Samitu

B

Nam(i)ru o Al(i)baal

Laadiel

?

Zubaydu/ Zabidu s Ghayraḥ s Baalrim

——

resh: 3 seahs, 4 qabs Yazidu

cru/sif grain: 3 seahs, 3 qabs from the later grinding: semolina: 1 seah, 2 qabs flour: 1 seah, 2 qabs Yazidu from the later [grinding]: cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: wheat: [x] seahs Yazidu from the later grinding: semolina: 2 seahs flour: 2 seahs Yazidu from the grinding of Tammuz, year 46:

cru/sif grain (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs Zabdiel

5. Miscellaneous

[. . .] [. . .] archaic alef [db] —— —— nd

Payee Samitu

A

dm

29 Nisan, 1

Payer Qosnaqam

24 Jul, 359

2595 =JA330 2492 =JA208 1404 =M110 =AL195 58 =Rock.8

A

4. Year 46 = 359

db 20 Tammuz, 8 Aug, 359 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db Tammuz 20 Jul – 46 [Artaxerxes II] 18 Aug, 359 archaic alef

22. A300.1.1 See no. 0 23. A300.4.18 24. A45.6

db

Scribe

Table 4.  The Dossier of Grindings (‫ )טחון‬in years 41(+?), 43–46, 1 (364{+?}, 362–358 0–26 minus 22 + 11a = 27 entries

10 May, 358

A?

[. . .]

[. . .]

Qoslaytha

——

1. Ḥawran

1. Qosani

2. Ḥaggai

2. Qosani

[the] later grinding:

[. . .]

from the grinding:

wheat: [x] seahs, 1 qab Ephai from the price (‫ )דמי‬of the grinding: 1. silver: 2 Ionian   shekels, 2 maahs 2. silver: 2 shekels,   2.5 maahs

Tables 1–5: Five Dossiers of Processed Grain Measured by Capacity 152 Entries (135 Chits) xxxiii

No. TAOI No. 26.–2.42, 3.27 C4.2

ISAP 944 =GCh144>?

Babylonian Date

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 4.  The Dossier of Grindings (‫ )טחון‬in years 41(+?), 43–46, 1 (364{+?}, 362–358 0–26 minus 22 + 11a = 27 entries

accounts

——

A

6. Accounts

Payer

1. Ḥaggai 2. Ammiel 3. Qosbayyun 4. Ghauthi 5. Qosghayr

Payee ——

Commodity grinding of Marcheshvan: income:

1. resh: 3 seahs, 2 qabs 2. resh: 6 seahs 0.5 qab 3. cru/sif grain  (‫רקיד‬/‫)דקיר‬: 3 seahs 4. resh: 1 seah, 2 qabs 5. resh: 1[+?] seahs

xxxiv

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

Scribe

Table 5.  The Dossier of Barley Flour (‫ )קמח שערן‬in Years 14 and 15 (December 7, 345 – April 15, 344) 1–7 + 1a, 7a = 9 chits No. TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Commodity (With two new chits [Nos. 1a and 7a], this table is a revision of the one that appeared in Porten and Yardeni 2009: Table 6a) This dossier partially overlaps the larger one (21 chits) for wheat flour, all written by the same scribe (TAOI, vol. 1, Table 4). They share the feature of plena spelling, ‫ קמח חנטן‬and ‫קמח שערן‬, respectively. Five of the nine chits here were written by the same scribe that wrote Table 4 in TAOI vol. 1. Of the other four chits, one stands out as having a payee (recorded unusually with name and patronym) and conveying more than twice the amount of flour as is usual: 1 kor, 25.67 seahs (5.1a). A second one (5.2) differs in that it bears the usual abbreviated spelling for “barley, seahs” (‫)שס‬. Five chits appear in this volume (Nos. 1, 3–6), and four chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 1a, 2, 7, 7a). K Suaydu —— barley flour: 24 seahs,  1. 101 28 Ma[rchesva]n, 7 Dec, 345 A22.2 =IA11881 14 [Artaxerxes III] . . . db 16 Jan, 344 L? Abdmilk  1a. 2657 9 Tebeth, Gaddio barley flour: A145.1 =JA561 14 [Artaxerxes III] s Ḥalluf 1 kor, 25 seahs, 4 qabs db  2. 1239 15 Tebeth, 22 Jan, 344 ? Zabidel —— barley flour: 22 seahs A180.1 =AL71 14 [Artaxerxes III] (‫)שס‬ =M420 =SM22 db  3. 1264 28 Tebeth, 4 Feb, 344 K Maš(i)ku —— barley flour: 24 seahs A21.5 =JA90 14 [Artaxerxes III] db =AL72  4. 11 1 Shebat, K Malku —— barley flour: 21 seahs 7 Feb, 344 A23.4 =JTS11 14 [Artaxerxes III] 159264 db 2424 1 Shebat, 7 Feb, 344 K Qosnaqam —— barley flour: 24 seahs  5. A27.6 =JA135 14 [Artaxerxes III] db 7 Shebat,  6. 13 Feb, 344 1226 K Maš(i)[ku] —— barley flour: 14 [Artaxerxes III] A21.6 =LL5 9 seahs, 4 qabs =SM4 db x + 3 Nisan, 1241 ? [. . .]/ —— barley flour:  7. 7 Apr– 15 [Artaxerxes III] 6 May, 344 A300.1.32 =JA69 6 seahs, 3 qabs =AL76 db  7a. 170 9 Nisan, 15 Apr, 344 L? Naṣ(i)ru —— barley flour: A256.1 =LD1 15 [Artaxerxes III] 9 seahs, 3 qabs db

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers 126 Chits Table 6. The Dossier of bundles (‫ )משתל‬51 Table 7. The Dossier of BALES (‫ )פחלץ‬47 Table 8. The Dossier of Loads (‫ )מובל‬28

xxxv

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

Scribe

Table 6.  The Dossier of Bundles (‫)משתל‬ 1–50 + 30a = 51 chits No. TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Commodity The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 9). 1.  1–8. full date (4 de, 4 db), 10/8 payers, 4/8 payees, 3/8 agents.  2.  9. day+month (db), archaic alef, 1/1payer, 0/1 payee.  3.  10–17. day+month (Tammuz, Ab, Elul), 8/8 payers (11 has 2 payers, 16 has none), 2/8 payees; 2/8 agents.  4. 18–20. day only (20 has two dates) (3 db, 1 dm ), 4/3 payers, 0/3 payees.  5.  21–23. no date, archaic alef, 3/3 payers, 2/3 payees.  6.  24–29. no date, 7/6 payers, 5/6 payees, 2/6 agents.  7.  30–45. no date, 17/17 payers, 0/17 payees.  8.  46 no date, 0/1 payers, 1/1 payee.  9.  47. no date, 0/1 payer, 0/1 payee.  10.  48–49. accounts, 1/2 dated (db).  11.  50 uncertain. Thirteen chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 1–3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 20–21, 25, 31–32), thirteen chits appear in this volume (Nos. 7, 11, 13, 15, 22–24, 29–30, 30a, 33, 35, 41), and twenty-five chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 4–5, 9, 12, 16, 18–19, 26–28, 34, 36–40, 42–50).  1. A7.49 A144.1  2. A2.3

1837 =EN37 =JA242 1007 =L7 =IM91.16.102 667 =Naveh E43

 3. A2.10 A8.35 A156.1 1016  4. A290.1.27 =L16 =IM91.16.93  5. 1533 A67.1 =AL68 =M248 1058  6. A1.43 =L58 A11.14 =IM91.16.186 A77.2  7. 1246 A22.8 =AL120 =JA73 =J12 1269  8. A8.31 =J44 A145.2 =AL100 =JA278

Group 1: Full Date

20 Ab, 12 Aug, 362 [43 Artaxerxes II] de 14 Tishri, 8 Oct, 357 2 [Artaxerxes III] de 8 Elul, 18 Sep, 353 6 [Artaxerxes III] de 22 Shebat, 26 Feb, 352 6 [Artaxerxes III] db 5 Kislev, 26 Nov, 346 13 [Artaxerxes III] de 15 Tammuz, y —— 21 Ab, y

db

24 Shebat,  y

db



db

 9. A54.3

2503 =JA220

30 Tishri archaic alef

10. A8.34 11. A22.7

2479 =JA194 1051 =L51 =IM91.16.138 884 =GCh84 =Zd102 =JA469 547 =FCO10

5 Tammuz 22 Tammuz

12. A113.2 13. A41.5

db

db

20 Ab

de

20 Ab

dm dm

N

O

Abdi

Baalghayr b h Amittai

bundles: 1.5

[PN o ss/f h] Gur

——

bundle: 1

Saadu and Samitu f ss Guru

——

presented bundles: 4

[PN]

[PN]

bundles: 25 x: 3 qabs

Qosbarak

Abenaši

chaff: 1 bundle

——

1. Qosmalak ——   o ss Baalrum b h Qosrim 2. Zubayd/  Zebid Suaydu ——

1. stalks:  1[+?] bundles 2. stalks:  1 bundle bundles: 2

——

Abdmilk

Qosnaqam [s] Samitu b h PN [?]

bundles: 2 [joist] : 1

——

bundles: 2

chaff: a bundle Qosmalak 1. bundles: 3 2. bundles: 3

Group 2: Day, Month

——

Qosdakar

Group 3: Day, Month

——

Samitu

——

——

1. Suaydu 2. Qosmalak

——

——

N

Adarbaal/ Idribaal

b h Amittai

bundle: 1

——

N

Zabdu

Ab(i)yatha b h Amittai

bundles: 1.5

xxxvi

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. ISAP 14. 1023 A1.48 =L23 =IM91.16.126 15. 1571 A11.16 =AL126 =M287 16. 1509 A300.2.21 =AL181 =M222 17. 1244 A1.44 =AL127 A16.7 =JA72 =J10 18. A222.1 19. A68.3 20. A7.58 A135.2 21. A4.9 A15.15 22. A49.4 23. A37.5 24. A26.8 A139.1 25. A4.28 A40.6 26. A65.4 A93.3 27. A63.3 28. A81.3 29. A16.14

922 =GCh122 =JA486 =Zd86 872 =GCh72 =JA458 1824 =EN24

1845 =EN45 1725 =EN45 =IA12397 =Zd2 1836 =EN36 1923 =JA243 =EN132 1751 =IA12423 =Zd28 871 =GCh71 =JA457 1927 =EN136 =JA36 1760 =SM11/02:4 =LW10 2463 =JA178 Palimpsest

Babylonian Date Julian Date —— 14 Elul 18 Elul

db

21 Elul

db

29 Elul

de



db

Payer Qos[…] f ss Baalrim

Payee ——

Commodity bundles: x

——

Qosmalak

——

brought in

——

——

Marṣaat

bundles: x

Qosḥanan f ss BaarIm who is/are in

——

chaff: 1 bundle

——

24

Scribe

Table 6.  The Dossier of Bundles (‫)משתל‬ 1–50 + 30a = 51 chits

M

chaff: 7.5 bundles

Makkedah

Group 4: Day Only

——

P

Ammi

——

bundles: 3

25

db ——

P

Qoskḥair

——

bundles: 2

25

db db ——

P

26

dm

1. Ḥanniel 2. Baalghayr

—— ——

1. bundles: 16 2. bundles: 8

—— archaic alef —— archaic alef —— archaic alef

Group 5: No Date

——

R

Zabdi

Laadiel

bundles: 2

——

R

Ḥaggai

Qosani

bundles: 4

[A]ni

——

bundles: 17

nd

nd nd

—— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd



nd

——

Group 6: No Date

——

Yazidu and Qosyahab

ʾ[. . .]

bundles: 2

——

Qosghayr f ss Al(i)baal

——

chaff: 4 bundles

——

Ubayd/Abid s Elimalak

——

Naqru/ Naqdu

Elali

chaff: 7 bundles

Laytha

Šumayru

bundle: 1

Qosḥanan

Aliel

bundles: x stalks: 2

——

M?

b h Qosmalak t h Qosani bundle: 1 b h Elali

xxxvii

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. 30. A19.13 A86.3 30a. A19.15 31. A5.16 A110.3

ISAP 2524 =JA246

2664 =JA565 63 =Zd IV >EyH =JA424 32.–7.40 1602 A5.17 =M404 =AL243 33. 1731 A17.15 =IA12403 =Zd8 34. 73 A131.1 =JA432 35. 2467 A14.18 =JA182 36. 2600 A201.1 =JA336 37. 1341 A290.4.6 =AL240 =M42 38. 218 A118.3 =EN171 =IA11803 39. 1421 A118.2 =EN170 =AL237+320 =M129+217 40. 1951 A118.1 =EN169 =BLMJ667 41. 1434 A18.10 =M144 =EN155 =AL227 42. 770 A91.2 YR117 43. 2607 A66.5 =JA343 44. 1744 A183.1 =IA12412 =Zd21 45. 1563 A300.5.16 =AL288 =M278

46. A281.1

1101 =L101 =IM 91.16.95

Babylonian Date —— —— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

—— —— —— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

—— —— ——

nd

——

nd



nd

nd

——

M

——

Q

Group 7: No Date

——

nd nd nd

nd nd

Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru s Annui Aydu/Iyadu/ Ghayru s PN Netina o h Yehokal

Payee

Commodity chaff: 1 bundle

——

bundles: 2

——

bundle: 1

——

M

Qosadar/ider

——

——

M

Dalael

——

chaff: a bundle

——

M?

Al(i)qos

——

chaff: 1 bundle

——

M

Yaqneel

——

chaff: 1 bundle

——

M?

[. . .]y

——

chaff: 4 bundles

——

M

Ephai

——

untied chaff: a bundle

——

M

Ephai

——

untied chaff: a bundle

——

M

Ephai

——

——

Q

Ephai Ḥal(a)fan

——

untied chaff: 20 bundles untied: a bundle bundle: 1 logs: 2

——

O

Abenaši

——

bundles: 2.5

——

Anael

——

bundles: x

——

Zaydatu

——

chaff: 0.5 bundles

——

[PN]

——

that which brought down from Makkedah:

[PN o] h Yokal ——

bundles: [x]

Group 8: No Date

—— nd

Payer

from [. . .] bales: 3 bundle: 1 chaff: 7 bundles

——

——

Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6.  The Dossier of Bundles (‫)משתל‬ 1–50 + 30a = 51 chits

——

Baadu

is presented: chaff: 4 bundles

xxxviii

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. 47. A290.5.4

48. C4.6 49. C6.11

50. J15.9

ISAP

Babylonian Date

936 =GCh136 =Zd100 =JA496

——

1452 =AL239 =M164

20 Kislev, y

2475 =JA190

1505 =AL241 =M218



Group 9: No Date

—— nd

db



nd

——

——

——

M

Payee

Commodity

——

chaff: x bundles x: 2.5

——

——

——

——

x bundles 10 bundles 2 bundles 4 bundles [bun]dles [. . .]: 4 seahs, 1 qab [. . .]: 1[?] [. . .]: 2.5 qabs [. . .]: 3[?] qabs

Group 12: Uncertain

—— nd

Payer

Group 10: Accounts

——

——



Julian Date

Scribe

Table 6.  The Dossier of Bundles (‫)משתל‬ 1–50 + 30a = 51 chits

——

——

[bun]dles ...:5 ... ...:1

xxxix

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

Scribe

Table 7.  The Dossier of Bales (‫)פחלץ‬ 47 entries No. TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Commodity The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 9). 1.  1–12. full date (9, 10 only month+year, 3 de, 9 db), 12/12 payers, 11/12 payees; (7 has 2, 12 has none), 2/12 agents.  2.  13. day+month, archaic alef, (db) 1/1payer, 0/1 payee.  3.  14–20 (14 has two dates, but no payer or payee), day+month (2 de, 4 db, 2 dm), 10/7 payers, 2/7 payees, 2/7 agents.  6.  21–32. no date, 12/12 payers., 11/12 payees, 2/12 agents; No. 32 bought at Raphiah.  7.  33–41. no date, 11/9 payers; 0/9 payees.  9.  42. no date, 1/1 payers, 0/1 payees;  10. 43–47. payment orders, 43–45 day only (2 de, 1 dm), 46–47 no date, 0/5 payers, 4/5 payees. Twenty-one chits appeared in TAO A (Nos. 1–3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24–27, 32, 34, 38, 40–41), six chits appear in this volume (Nos. 7, 9, 11, 16–17, 23), and nineteen chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 4, 10, 14, 18, 20, 28–31, 35–37, 39, 42–47).  1. A7.42 A15.5  2. A7.43 A15.6  3. A7.37 A10.39  4. A300.1.8  5. A10.40 A25.3  6. A7.48 A119.2  7. A16.5  8. A6.16 A12.24  9. A16.15

1838 =EN38 1819 =EN19 1802 =EN2 1403 =M109 =AL8 1853 =EN54 =JA4 1236 =AL41 =J2 =JA66 2614 =JA353 2407 =JA116

13 Sivan [43 Artaxerxes II] de 10 Elul, [43 Artaxerxes II] de 20 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 20 Tammuz, 46 [Artaxerxes II] db 3 Ab, 46 [Artaxerxes II] archaic alef db 6 Tishri, 4 [Artaxerxes III]

Group 1: Full Date

7 Jun, 362

T

Zabdi

Baalghayr

from Makkedah:

31 Aug, 362

T

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bale: 1

8 Aug, 359

S

Ḥal(a)fat

female camels

that are in Makkedah:

8 Aug, 359

S

[PN]

[PN]

chaff: 1 bale x: 2

21 Aug, 359

S

Laadiel

female camels

that are in Makkedah:

Othni

Baalghayr bh Abdelbaali

chaff: bales: 3

Qosḥanan

1. Yazidi   servant of  Ani 2. Qosyeta —— b h Abenaši

gave:

8 Oct, 355

db 6 Aug, 353 25 Tammuz, 6 [Artaxerxes III] db 8 Ab, 21 [Artaxerxes III] db Tammuz, 1 [Arses] archaic alef db Tammuz, 1 [Arses] db 1[+?] Ab, year y db 20 x of y de

10. A55.4

1609 =AL13 =M411 723 =YR35

11. A11.15 12. A6.2

2593 =JA328 415 =IA11345

13. A6.10 A100.2

1053 16 Tammuz =L53 archaic alef =IM91.16.149

14. A290.2.3

1521 =AL105 =M236

1. x of y 2. 5 Iyyar

4 Aug., 338

U

16 Jul – 14 Aug, 337

U

16 Jul – 14 Aug, 337

U

Qosyatha

——

W

Qosmalak

——

dm

stalks: 1 bale chaff: 1[+?] bales Saadel

bale: 1 a bal[e] 1. bales: 2 2. bale: 1

to the servant bale: 1 of Zubdaydu/ Zabidu Qosawi chaff: 1 bale ——

bales: x

Ḥauran f ss Badel/Barel

——

bales: 2

——

1. barley: 1 seah 2. chaff: 1 bale

Group 3: Day, Month

db ——

chaff: 1 bale Saa[de]l

Bani s Yehoaz

Group 2: Day, Month

—— db

Zubdaydu/ Zabidu o ss [?] 1.Qosḥanan 1. Ad(a)ran 2. e: Qosḥanan 2. Ad(a)ran

bale: 1

——

xl

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. 15. A7.12 16. A39.8

ISAP 59 =Rock.9 231 =IA11819

17.–8.3 A18.13 A31.6 A49.2 A246.1 18. A300.2.23 19. A8.24 A138.2 20. A56.4

541 =FCO4

21. A7.45 A15.8 22. A7.46 A15.9 23. A47.6

1820 =EN20

24. A1.2 A12.3 25. A7.13 26. A8.25 27. A8.26 A153.1 28. A233.1 29. A144.2 30. A93.2 31. A64.5 A83.4

754 =YR51 1630 =OG32 1490 =AL149 =M202

1823 =EN23 1705 =ChM5 =EYH1 =JA509 1579 =EN162 =AL287 =M295 1818 =EN18 1089 =L89 =IM 91.16.89 1634 =OGx 2608 =JA344 1136 =L136 =IM91.16.147 1431 =AL236 =M139 20 =JTS20 159273

Babylonian Date Julian Date —— 4 Tammuz db 8 Elul —— 27 Elul

Scribe

Table 7.  The Dossier of Bales (‫)פחלץ‬ 47 entries

W

Payer Ḥal(a)fat

Payee Baalghayr

X?

Qoslakin

AA

—— bales: 1.5 b h his brother 1. b h Šim[ri] 1. wood: [2] loads

1. Ḥaggai and  Ḥal(a)fan 2. Qosrim and  Qosšama   and […] [Sami/ —— Ghau]tu Nugaiyu Samitu

dm ——

db x Elul —— de 16 Marcheshvan —— 10 y

db



de

X? Y?

——

—— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

—— ——

nd

——

nd

—— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd



nd

nd

Group 6: No Date

2. chaff: 2 bales Yth bale: 1 bales: 4

——

bale: 1

——

T

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bale: 1

——

T

Zabdi

Baalghayr

bales: 2

——

Z

Zabdadah

Zabdi

brought

——

Z

Zubaydu s Ghayraḥ f h Baalrim

[which] brought —— b h Abdmilk s bale: 1 Abdbaali

——

Ḥal(a)fat

Baalghayr

bales: 2

——

Qosa

Samitu

chaff: 1 bale

Qosghauth

Samitu

chaff: x bales

——

Qosaḥ

Udayd/ru

chaff: 1 bale

——

Abdi

Ḥazira

bale: 1

——

nd

Ab(i)šalam

Commodity chaff: 4 bales

W

bale: 1

——

Y?

El(i)milk/ malak

Baaladar/ider bales: 7

——

X?

[Abd]ṣidq

Š...

bale: 1 x: 20

xli

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. ISAP 32. 2034 Raphiah Dagon R1001

33. A3.3 A21.11 34. A1.10 A26.9 A28.9 A88.2 35. A122.3 36. A54.3

1430 =AL184 =M138 831 =IA12214 =GCh31

Babylonian Date Julian Date —— ——

nd

—— ——

nd

—— ——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd

——

nd



nd

42. 124 A300.5.17 =IA11894

——

nd

43. B1.1

6

37. A54.4 38. A10.35 39. A63.4 40.–6.32 A5.17 41. A4.12 A11.1

44. B1.2 45. B1.5

46. B1.7

47. B3.3

753 =YR52 805 =IA12188 =GCh5 822 =IA12204 =GCh22 1413 =AL234 =M120 1416 =AL235 =M123 1602 =M404 =AL243 1871 =JA7 =EN77

1772 =Zd44 > =EYH2 > =JA530 864 =GCh64 =JA450 935 =GCh135 =Zd99 >EYH2? =JA495 907 =GCh107 =Zd73 >EYH2? =JA473 808 =IA12191 =GCh8

nd

Scribe

Table 7.  The Dossier of Bales (‫)פחלץ‬ 47 entries Payer [PN]

Group 7: No Date

Maš(i)ku f ss Qoṣi

——

from [Mak]kedah:

——

Qosner o ss Baalrim, Zaydu, Qosyaha

——

bales: 1[+?]

Qoslughath

——

a bale

——

Qosdakar

——

bale: 1

——

Qosdakar

——

bale: 1

——

Saadel

——

bales: 15[+?]

Naqru/ Naqdu

——

bales: 16

——

[PN o] h Yokal ——

from [. . .]:

——

Qosmalak o ss Ali(i)baal

——

bales: 7

——

chaff: x bales

give

——

W

Y?

Group 9: No Date

——

——

Group 10: Payment Orders

de

7

dm

——

de

——

nd



nd

Commodity bales: 6

——

——

7

Payee [. . .]ʾ [b h . . .]qd/r s Abdmaran

chaff: 1 bale

bales: 3 bundle: 1

——

V

——

Shobai the scribe

——

V

——

Shobai the scribe

give from Makkedah

——

W

——

Ṣaḥ(a)ru

(give) chaff: 1 bale

——

V

——

Rabsa(ada)ni

give which they acquired from the hand of Saadel

chaff: 21 bales Ḥor chaff: 3 bales Ḥor

Ḥor

chaff: 3 bales ——

——

Ḥazael

you should buy\sell

chaff: 1 bale

xlii

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

Scribe

Table 8.  The Dossier of Loads (‫)מובל‬ 28 chits No. TAOI No. ISAP Babylonian Date Julian Date Payer Payee Commodity The numeration below follows the group divisions as set forth in the Master Chart (Table 9). 1. 1–2. full date (2 db), 2/2 payers, 2/2 payees.  2.  3–7. day+month (4 db, 1 de), 12/5 payers, 1/5 payee, 2/5 agents.  5. 8–9. no date, archaic alef, 2/2 payers, 2/2 payees.  6.  10–15. no date, 8/6 payers, 5/6 payees, 2/6 agents.  7.  16–26 no date, 12/11 payers, 0/11 payees.  10.  27. accounts, no date.  11.  28. payment order, day+month (dm), 1/1 payer, 1/1 payee. Six chits appeared in TAO volume 1 (Nos. 8, 10, 14–15, 23, 25), fourteen chits appear in this volume (Nos. 3–7, 9, 11–13, 19–22, 24), and eight chits will appear in a forthcoming volume (Nos. 1, 2, 16–18, 26–28).  1. A134.1  2. A74.2

 3.–7.17 A18.13 A31.6 A49.2 A246.1  4. A14.21 A52.5 A158.1  5. A24.8 A107.3  6. A38.7  7. A14.15

Group 1: Full Date

2468 =JA183

11 Tebeth, 2 Jan, 356 2 [Artaxerxes III] db 1024 22 Tebeth, 4 Feb, 339 =L24 19 [Artaxerxes III] =IM91.16.116 db

541 =FCO4

1949 =EN167 =Spaer o.19 2494 =JA211 1424 =M132 =AL148 2610 =JA346

27 Elul

db

1 Shebat

db

6x

de

8x

db

1256 =AL244 =J22 1313 =M13 =AL248

—— archaic alef —— archaic alef

10. A7.15 11. A36.8

1825 =EN25 1920 =EN129 =JA31 821 =IA12205 =GCh21 2514 =JA233 1280 =AL245 =JA103 =J56

_____ _____

12. A13.16 13. A29.8 14. A4.36 A134.2 A210.1

Ubayd[u]

[wood]: 2 loads

Baalmalak

gatemen

loads: 6

Group 2: Day, Month

27 Elul

 8. A3.14 A123.3  9. A11.18

Ḥiel

——

AA

——

AA

—— ——

db

BB

——

nd ——

nd

_____

nd

_____ _____

nd



nd

nd

—— 1. wood: [2] loads 1. b h Šim[ri] 2. chaff: 2 bales

Ubaydu and Maṭ(ṭ)aran

Malku

a load

Udayd/ru

——

loads: x

Al(i)qos

——

to Makkedah

Rawi o h Qoṣi

Qosgad

load: 1

Qosmalak

Abenaš

a load

wood: 1 load f[rom . . .]

Group 5: No Date

——

nd

1. Ḥaggai and  Ḥal(a)fan 2. Qosrim and  Qosšama   and [. . .] Abibaal, Saadi and Al(i)qos

CC

Group 6: No Date

Yth —— wood: 3 loads 1. b h Šim[ri]

loads: 4

——

Ḥal(a)fat

——

Naum

Baalghayr s Ḥori Ḥazael

——

Abdadah

[PN]

load: 1

——

Uzayzu

gatemen

Zabdiel load 1

Ḥiel, Sakruel, and Taymil

—— b h Ḥezir/ Ḥor o ss Al(i)baal

——

CC

load: 1

loads: 3

xliii

Tables 6–8. Three Dossiers of Containers Measured by Numbers

No. TAOI No. ISAP 15. 2628 A9.29 =JA371 16. A59.3 17. A139.2 A169.1

Babylonian Date Julian Date —— _____ nd

473 =IA11413 1764 =Zd36 >EYH2 =JA522 18. 711 A214.1 =YR6 19. 549 A15.17 =FCO12 20. 1615 A26.5 =SM14 =LG1 =AL249 21. 2422 A14.17 =JA133 22. 1272 A26.6 =J47 =AL250 =JA97 23. 1148 A6.6 =L148 A65.5 =IM91.16.185 24. 1415 A30.8 =M122 A100.3 =EN158 =AL246 25.–C2.19 1740 A2.42 =IA12416 A136.1 =Zd17 26. 1779 A300.4.14 =Zd51 >EYH2 =JA536

_____ _____

27. C7.5

_____

28. B1.3

1297 =W4 =AL214

895 =GCh95

nd

nd

_____ _____

nd

_____

nd

_____

nd

_____

nd

_____

nd



nd

7x

BB

Payer Qoskahel

Group 7: No Date

_____ _____ _____



Scribe

Table 8.  The Dossier of Loads (‫)מובל‬ 28 chits

nd nd

nd

Payee [. . . ]ʾ b h Maš(i)ku

Commodity loads: 3

loads: 2 Yazidu 1. wood: 1 load 2. wheat: 6 seahs

——

Berik

——

——

1. Bayyanu 2. Yazidu

——

——

DD

Abdel

——

a load

——

DD

Zabdi

——

fodder: 1.5 loads

——

DD

Qosyahab

——

fodder: 1 load

——

BB

[. . .] Al(i)qos

——

loads: 2

——

BB

Qosyahab

——

loads: 2

——

Ubayd/Abid o ss Ḥori

——

loads: 4

——

Ḥauran s Qosani

——

loads: 3

——

Ḥalfu o ss Gur

——

grgrn: 1 load

——

[. . .] ʾ/y

——

loads: x roosters: 3

——

Accounts 1–3. . . . . 4. [x l]oads: 3 5. [x] a load

Ḥayyan s Qosi

give

Group 10: Accounts

——

——

nd

Group 11: Payment Orders ——

dm

V

Saadel

wood: 2 loads Ḥor

xliv

Table 9.  Master Chart Table 9.  Master Chart

This is the master chart for Tables 6–8. It divides the documents according to twelve groups on the basis of dates and persons: 1–4 with dates, 5–9 without dates (No. 9: no persons), 10–12 miscellaneous. The maximum division is present only in Table 6; only Group 11 is absent. Groups 4, 5, 8, and 11 are absent from Table 7, while Groups 4, 8, 9, and 12 are absent from Table 8. The numeration of the groups in these two latter tables reflects the omission of the absent groups.

Format   1A. Full date (day, month, year) a.  10 payers, 4 payees, 3 agents b. 10 payers. 9 payees, 2 agents, 2 signatories 2 archaic alefs c. 2 payers, 2 payees   1B. Semi-full date (month, year) b. 2 payers, 2 payees, 1 archaic alef   2. Day, month a. 1 payer, archaic alef b. 1 payer, archaic alef c.  ——   3. Day, month a. 10 payers, 2 payees, 2 agents, 1 signatory b. 7 payers, 4 payees, 2 agents c. 12 payers, 1 payee, 2 agents   4. Day only a. 4 payers b. —— c. ——   5. No date a. 3 payers, 2 payees, archaic alef b. —— c. 2 payers, 2 payees, archaic alef   6. No date a. 7 payers, 5 payees, 2 agents. b. 12 payers, 11 payees, 2 agents c. 8 payers, 5 payees, 2 agents, 1 signatory   7. No date a. 16 payers b. 11 payers c. 12 payers, 1 signatory   8. No date a. 1 payee b. —— c. ——   9. No date; a. —— b. —— c. —— 10. Accounts 11. Payment orders 12. Uncertain

Table 6 a. bundles (‫)משתל‬ Total: 51 8 (1–8) 16%

Scribe A (#1)

Table 7 b. bales (‫)פחלץ‬ Total: 47 10 (1–8, 11–12)

2 (9–10) 25% 1 (9) 3% 8 (10–17) 16%

Scribe C (##1–2) D (##3, 5)

Table 8 c. Loads (‫)מובל‬ Total: 28 2 (1–2) 7%

E (##9, 10)

1 (13) 2%

0—

A (##12–13) 7 (14–20) 15%

5 (3–7) 18%

3 (18–20) 5%

0—

0—

Total: 40% 3 (21–23) 5%

Total 42% 0—

Total 25% 2 (8–9) 7%

6 (24–29) 11%

12 (21–32) 26%

F (##21–22) 6 (10–15) 22%

9 (33–41) 19%

11 (16–26) 39%

1 (46) 3%

0—

0—

1 (47) 3%

1 (42) 2%

0—

Total 55% 2 (48–49) 4% 0—

Total 47% 0—

Total 68% 1 (27) 3.5% 1 (28) 3.5% 0—

17 (30–30a, 31–45) 33%

1 (50) 3% Total: 7%

B (##30, 33–34, 36, 38–40)

5 (43–47) 11% 0— Total: 11%

Scribe

G (##43– 44, 46)

Total: 7%

H (##3–4)

xlv

Table 10.  The Dossiers’ Scribes Table 10.  The Dossiers’ Scribes 29 Scribes in 8 Dossiers 11 Scribes (A–L) in Tables 1–5; 18 Scribes (M–DD) in Tables 6–8 Tables 3, 4, and 7 have fewer chits than entries Total for Tables 1–8: 257 chits; 166 with identifiable scribes (= 65%) Tables 1–5: 152 entries; 133 chits; 104 with identifiable scribe (= 78%)

Scribe

Table 1 semolina+ flour

Table 2 Resh

(‫ קמח‬+ ‫)נשיף‬ 38 chits 5 scribes with 33 scribal occurrences

)‫(ראש‬ 49 chits 3 scribes with 38 scribal occurrences

1 (1) 11 3 2 15

29 (4)

 1. A (A?)  2. B  3. C  4. D  5. E  6. F  7. G  8. H  9. J (J?) 10. K 11. (L?)

Table 3 crushed/sifted grain )‫רקיד‬/‫(דקיר‬ 28 chits (3.1–26, 28) 4 scribes with 20 scribal occurrences 1 4

Table 4 grindings

Table 5 barley flour

(‫)טחון‬ 9 chits (4.8–12, 22–25) 2 scribes with 6 scribal occurrences

(‫)קמח שערן‬ 9 chits 2 scribes with 7 scribal occurrences

4 (1) 1

35 (6) 362–358 b.c.e. 16       359 b.c.e.  3       358 b.c.e.  2     nd 15       356 b.c.e.  3       362 b.c.e.  2    360–359 b.c.e.

3 2 4 10 (1)

identifiable scribes unidentifiable

5 5

3 11

4 8

2 3

Total 133, 104 with scribe 29 unidentifiable

5 (2)

 4       357 b.c.e. 10 (1)     353 b.c.e.   5    354–344 b.c.e. (2)       344 b.c.e.

2 2

– 29

Tables 6–8: 126 entries; 124 chits; 62 with identifiable scribe (= 50%)

Scribe

12-1.  M (M?) 13-2. N 14-3. O 15-4. P 16-5. Q 17-6. R 18-7. S 19-8. T 20-9. U 21-10. V 22-11. W 23-12. (X?) 24-13. (Y?) 25-14. Z 26-15. AA 27-16. BB 28-17. CC 29-18. DD identifiable scribes unidentifiable Grand Total

Table 6 bundles (‫)משתל‬ 51 chits 6 scribes with 24 scribal occurrences 9 (3) 3 2 3 2 2

6 27

Table 7 bales (‫)פהלץ‬ 45 chits (7.1–16, 18–39, 41–47) 8 scribes with 26 scribal occurrences

3 4 3 3 5 (3) (3) 2

8 19

Table 8 loads (‫)מובל‬ 28 chits 5 scribes with 12 scribal occurrences

1

2 4 2 3 5 16

Total 124, 62 with scribe 62 unidentifiable

9 (3)    nd; 39 Elul  3       362 b.c.e.   2    nd; 346 b.c.e.   3 24–26   [no month]  2     nd  2     nd  3       359 b.c.e.  4       362 b.c.e.   3    338–337 b.c.e. 4 nd; 6–7 {no month}  5       nd; year y (3)   nd; 8/x Elul (3)   nd; 16 Mar-van  2       nd  2        27 Elul  4       nd; 6y  2       nd  3       nd — 62 257 chits 166 with scribe 91 unidentifiable

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) The name Qosmalak as payer appears in 25 chits, but 10 of these appear in previous dossiers. A certain Qosmalak is associated with Saadel (A11.19 [A10.22]), and 4 others are affiliated with various clans: Al(i)baal (A11.1–2a, 6 [A4.11–12, 16a, 26]), Baalrim (A11.12–14 [A1.38, 40, 43]), Gir/Gur (A11.20 [A2.41]), and one unknown (A11.11 [A6.14]). Of the 15 remaining occurrences of the name below, 13 lack patronyms; in the other two, one is a son of Qayni[l] and the other of Qosḥanan (A11.8–9). In one, he is associated as payer with Zabdi (A11.24). Clearly, the name had wide distribution. Nine are fully dated (A11.2–3, 5–9, 14–15), 7 by only day and month (A11.4, 11–13, 16–17, 23), and 8 are undated (A11.1, 10, 18–22, 24). Slightly more than half of the chits recorded grain (A11.2–5, 7–13, 23) and oil (A11.6), two recorded chaff (A11.15–16), and one each bales and bundles (A11.1, 14), a load, plaster/coriander, logs, a hewn stone, donkeys, and unknown (A11.18–22, 17). Dated List of Texts A11.1 Payment of 7 bales Undated A11.2 Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of flour July 14, 359 A11.2a Payment of 2 kors, 22 seahs, (+?) of barley June 1, 358 A11.3 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour December 13, 356 A11.4 Payment of x seahs, 1[+?] qab of semolina 20 x A11.5 Payment of 3.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain August 20, 353 A11.6 Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil June 8, 351 A11.7 Payment of 5 qabs of wheat/barley March 27, 343 A11.8 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat July 9, 341 A11.9 Payment of 6 seahs of barley July 21, 315 A11.10 Payment of 5 seahs of barley from the grain of x Undated A11.11 Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of barley 3x A11.12 Payment of 19 seahs, 2 qabs of barley 7 Nisan A11.13 Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour 1 Iyyar A11.14 Two payments of stalks: 1[+?] bundles; 1 bundle 15 Tammuz, year y A11.15 Payment of 1 bale of chaff 1[+?] Ab, year y A11.16 Payment of 7.5 bundles of chaff 18 Elul A11.17 Payment unknown x Kislev A11.18 Payment of 1 load Undated A11.19 Payment of 22 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated A11.20 Payment of 2 logs Undated A11.21 Payment of 3 pieces of hewn stone Undated A11.22 Payment of 4 donkeys Undated A11.23 Payment of 2 kors of barley 2 Tammuz A11.24 Payment of 2 x Undated

1

2

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

A11.1-ISAP1871 (EN77 = JA7) (Table 7.41) Undated Payment of 7 bales (See A4.12 [ss Al(i)baal])

A11.2-ISAP2495 (JA212) (Table 1.7) July 14, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of flour (See A4.11 [of Al(i)baal])

A11.2a-ISAP2667 (JA569) June 1, 358 Payment of 2 kors, 22 seahs, (+?) of barley (See A4.16a [ss Al{i}baal])

3

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 3, Qosmalak: semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; 3flour, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קוסמלך נשיף ס‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A11.3-ISAP902 [Funahashi16 {GCh102}] (Table 1.22) December 13, 356 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 2 qabs of flour This is one of 6 chits for semolina+flour written on 2 Kislev, year 3 (see also A23.1, 32.4, 43.3, 87.3, 95.2) and one of 15 written between 2 and 6 Kislev (December 13 and 17, 356; see A15.11, 23.1, 32.4 33.2, 36.3, 43.3, 48.1, 51.3–4, 61.1, 86.2, 95.2, 101.1, 162.1), all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 170*). A certain Qosmalak of Al(i)baal already had made a similar payment more than three years earlier (A11.2 above). For an explanation of the product semolina, see A4.2. Below, this product survives, without flour, in a fragmentary payment by Qosmalak (A11.4).

4

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of [. . .] Qosma[la]k[. . .]: 3 semolina, sea[hs . . .], 4qab, 1[+?]◦ [. . .]. (+ incised frame beneath line 3 and to its left)

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

]20 ‫ב‬ ]‫קוסמ[ל]ך‬ ‫ִף סא[ן‬ ִ ‫ִשי‬ ִ‫נ‬ ?    .[ ]1 ‫קב‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A11.4-ISAP734 (YR28) 20 x Payment of x seahs, 1[+?] qab of semolina Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (62×40×5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), linear incisions made after firing and before writing, few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks.

Only a word or two is preserved at the right edge. Because line 3 indicates seah and line 4 begins with qab, there does not seem to have been much text missing at the left edge, apart from the month in line 1, and there appears to have been no filiation for Qosmalak in line 2. Likewise, there was no mention of flour (‫)קמח‬, which usually follows semolina. See A11.3 above.

5

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qosmalak: crushed/sifted grain, 2s(eahs), 3 (and a) h(alf). 3 On the 9th of Ab, 4year 6. 1

‫קוסמלך‬ ‫ ף‬3 ‫רקד ס‬/‫דקר‬ ‫ לאב‬9 ‫ב‬ 6 ‫שנת‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A11.5-ISAP1883 (EN89 [BLMJ671]) (Table 3.4) August 20, 353 Payment of 3.5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Rounded base fragment of Persian-period jar, roughly square, regularly shaped, medium-sized (55×45×6), exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/3). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, curved wheel-marks.

This is one of 11 chits for crushed/sifted grain (on which see A1.1) written during the five weeks between 16 Tammuz and 28 Ab, year 6 (July 29 to September 8, 353), mostly by the same scribe (Scribe B; see A7.11). The amounts are small, mostly between 1 and 3 seahs. The number “half” is abbreviated by pe for ‫פלג‬.

A11.6-ISAP2419 (JA129) June 8, 351 Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil (See A4.26 [Al(i)baal])

6

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of [x (month)], year 16, w(heat)/b(arley), q(abs), 5. 3 Qosmalak to Udaydu/ru. 4 (archaic alef  )

Date

1

Product

2

Payer Payee Sealing Sign

16 ‫ ִל[ ] שנת‬20 ‫ִב‬ 5 ‫שק‬/‫ח‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫לעדיד‬ ִ ‫קוסמלך‬ #

.1

.2 .3 .4

A11.7-ISAP258 [IA11731] March 27, 343–April 14, 342 Payment of 5 qabs of wheat/barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (50×77×7), roughly triangular, exterior reddishbrown (5YR5/4), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on exterior and interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, no right margin, wide bottom margin (encasing alef  ), medium left margin.

In line 1, the month is effaced and the ostracon is chipped away at the right edge, leaving no margin and putting in doubt whether the letter at the beginning of line 2 is a ḥet for ‫“( חטתן‬wheat”) or a šin for ‫שערן‬ (“barley”). Both appear elsewhere in this dossier, wheat once (A11.8 below) and barley four times (A11.9– 12).¶ For the name Udaydu/ru, see A38. ¶ Year 16 is the latest date for the appearance of an archaic alef.

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

7

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 9th of Tammuz, year 16+2 (= 18), 2 Qosmal[ak] son of Qayni[l ] brought in 3 (to the) storehouse of Makkedah: w(heat), s(eahs), 3+1 (= 4). 1

16+2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 [?‫ִא[ל‬ ִ ‫ִעל ִקִו ִסמל[ך] ִבִר ִקִינ‬ ִ ‫ ִהנ‬.2 1 3+ ‫למנִקדה ִחס‬ ִ ‫ ִמ ִסכנה‬.3

A11.8-ISAP1034 (L34 [IM94.38.208]) July 9, 341 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (70×38×11), exterior and interior brown. Ostracon perhaps incomplete. Rather erased writing on exterior, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of four or five chits (also A35.3, 124.2, 205.1, 300.1.40) for small-to-medium amounts of wheat written by the same scribe between 5 Sivan and 20 Tammuz, year 18 (June 5 to July 20, 341). They all employ the verb “brought in” (‫ )הנעל‬and use an unusual formula for the depository: ‫מסכנה למנקדה‬ (“storehouse of Makkedah”); see A1.3. The verb also appears in a chit below (A11.16). ¶ Only four letters of the patronym are visible, yielding a hypocoristicon Qayna. If we restore a lamed at the end, we would get Qaynil (“Artisan of El”); see A20.10, 50.4. Only one more chit in this dossier has Qosmalak with a patronym (A11.9 below). Both the last two strokes of the date in line 1 and the last stroke of the quantity in line 3 are written supralinearly. Wheat may also appear in the chit above (A11.7).

8

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product Payee

On the 8th of Tammuz, year 2 2Alexander the king, Qosmalak 3son of Qosḥanan, from the the Steppe of 4Zam(mu)ru/Nam(i)ru b(arley), s(eahs), 6, to the hand of Ammu: 2. 1

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬8 ‫ב‬ ‫אלכסנדר מלכא קוסמלך‬ ‫בר קוסחנן מן ערבת‬ 2 ‫ ליד עמו‬6 ‫נמרו שס‬/‫ז‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A11.9-ISAP1254 (AL88 = JA80) July 21, 315 Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×77×6–7), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

The date 8 Tammuz, 2 Alexander (July 21, 315) is the last date for this young monarch before yielding to Antigonus, recognized already the day before in a chit dated on 7 Tammuz, 3 Artigonus (A33.8). ¶ There are three chits forwarding grain from the Steppe (‫ )ערבת‬of Zam(mu)ru/Nam(i)ru: two barley (also A141.2 [July 5, 312]) and one wheat (A99.1 [30 Kislev, year 8 = December 19, 316 = 1 Tebeth acc. to PD tables). See further A15.18. We are grateful to Yoel Elitzur for discussion of the Aramaic word. ¶ For Qosḥanan, see A1.44 and A16. Of uncertain reading, the name Zam(mu)ru may also appear in A1.51–52, in addition to those mentioned above, and the parallel name Zamri occurs in A177.1. ¶ The names Ammu and Ammi (A222.1) are doubtless hypocoristica of a name such as Ammiel (A53). This is the first of five payments of barley in this dossier (A11.10–12, 23; but cf. A11.7). See TAOI vol. 1, Table 5.23.

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

9

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Source

Qosmalak: b(arley), s(eahs), 5, from the grain of 2 ◦y rbʾ. . .[?]. 1

[?]‫עבוִר‬ ִ ִ‫ ִמן‬5 ‫ קוסמלך שס‬.1 [?].... ‫י ִר ִבא‬. .2

A11.10-ISAP1084 (L84 [IM91.16.22]) Undated Payment of 5 seahs of barley from the grain of x Jar fragment (90×74×7), exterior and interior pink. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks [L].

Only the first line is legible. The word at the very end of that line is apparently ‫“( עבור‬grain of”), which is regularly followed by one of several categories, e.g., ‫“( זבינתא‬the purchase”; e.g., A3.15, 4.25, 8.28), ‫“( זפתא‬the loan;” e.g., A4.16), ‫“( מסכנתא‬the storehouse”; e.g., A8.36) et al.; or by a geographical or personal name (e.g., A8.38, 9.24, 36.4 [Ramata]; A3.16, 9.21 [Ani]; A55.6 [Qosyinqom]). The category must have appeared at the beginning of line 2, but the letter traces there do not correspond to any of those hitherto recorded. This is the second of four payments of barley in this dossier (A11.9–12).

10

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

A11.11-ISAP2504 (JA221) 3x Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of barley (See A6.14 [ss PN])

A11.12-ISAP12 [JTS12 159265] 7 Nisan Payment of 19 seahs, 2 qabs of barley (See A1.38 [ss Baalrim])

A11.13-ISAP1574 (AL197 [M290]) 1 Iyyar Payment of 1 kor, 4 qabs of flour (See A1.40 [ss Baalrim])

A11.14-ISAP1058 (L58 [IM91.16.186]) 15 Tammuz, year y Two payment of stalks: 1[+?] bundles; 1 bundle (See A1.43 [ss Baalrim])

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

11

cm

CONVEX [On the x+]1 of Ab, year [y], [. . .]. . . Qosmalak . . . . . . 3 [to Qo]sawi: chaff, bale, 1.

Date

1

Payer(s)

2

Payee Product

[ ]‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאב ִשנ‬1] ‫ ]ב‬.1 ...... ‫[מיא קוסמלך‬ ִ ] .2 1 ‫]לקו]סעוי תבן פחלץ‬ ִ .3

A11.15 ISAP2593 (JA328) (Table 7.11) 1[+?] Ab, year y Payment of 1 bale of chaff Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (50×76×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 5% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), right edge broken, wide bottom margin, *wide left margin.

Broken at the right edge, the ostracon is missing the day of the date in line 1 and the beginning of the personal name in line 3. The year date is totally effaced in line 1, but the name in line 3 could reasonably be restored as ‫]לקו[סעוי‬, [Qo]sawi, who was probably the payee. For the name, see A1.6; for bale of chaff, see A1.2. Bale also appears in A11.1, 15, and below, chaff is delivered in bundles (A11.16). ¶ Scribe W wrote five chits for bales (A7.12, 8.26, 122.3; B15).

12

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX On the 18th of Elul, Qosmalak brought in: chaff, 3bundles, seven and a h[alf ]. 4 . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫לאלול‬ ִ 18 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ‫ הנעל קוסמלך ִת ִבן‬.2 ‫ ִמ ִש ִת ִלןִ שבעה ִו ִפ[לג‬.3

A11.16-ISAP1571 (AL126 [M287]) (Table 6.15) 18 Elul Payment of 7.5 bundles of chaff Body sherd of jar (73×64×9), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Two other chits, both for Baalrim, record the payment of bundles in Elul, on the 14th and the 29th (A1.44, 1.48). For the term, see A1.43–44. The verb of conveyance (‫ )הנעל‬appears above (A11.8) but otherwise infrequently. Likewise infrequent is the occurrence of numerals as words rather than ciphers. The numeral “seven” appears six times, usually with grain; only here with bundles. When it is followed by a “half,” that word, too, is spelled out (‫ ;)פלג‬see A2.23 and A25.9. Chaff also occurs above, delivered in a bale (A11.15), and bundles deliver stalks above, as well (A11.14).

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

13

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Origin/Source Product

ִ ‫קוס[מ]לך‬ ‫ ]ב לכ]סלו‬.1 ‫ ִמן‬.‫ל‬.‫יל‬ ִ ‫[סא‬ ִ ] .2 1 ...[ ] .3

[On the x of Ki]slev, Qos[m]alak 2. . . to [PN], from [. . .]: 3 [. . .], . . . 1. 1

A11.17-ISAP235 [IA11794] x Kislev Payment unknown Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (53×50×3), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. No top margin, right edge broken, *medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

This piece is severely damaged. In line 1, the day and first two letters of the month of Kislev are missing. The first two letters at the beginning of line 2 appear to be samekh and final alef. The following lamed may introduce the name of the payee. The word ‫“( מן‬from”) at the end of the line ordinarily introduces a clan, the origin of the payer, or the source of the commodity. How any of these possibilities would accord with the numeral “1” toward the beginning of line 3 is not clear.

14

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

⟨‫ קוסמלך לאבאנש ⟩י‬.1 # ‫ מובל ִח ִד ִה‬.2

Qosmalak to Abenaš(i?/u?): 2 one load. (archaic alef   ) 1

A11.18-ISAP1313 (AL248 [M13]) (Table 8.9) Undated Payment of 1 load Body sherd of jar, triangular (60×54×7.5), exterior beige, interior brown-gray. Exterior surface cracked. Written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks [AL].

Only one other chit for a load possibly has the archaic alef as sealing sign (A3.14). Surprisingly, the word ‫“( מובל‬load”) is numbered not by the cipher “1” but by a feminine noun (‫)חדה‬. Twice in our corpus (A14.17, 26.6) we find this word quantified by the femine noun for “2” (‫)תרתין‬. ¶ The ends of both lines 1 and 2 border on the left edge, and it is not certain whether a final yod or waw concluded the name ‫אבאנש‬, thereby yielding the previously known Abenaši (A91; see A3.21) or Abenšu (A127). This chit was written by the same scribe who also wrote A4.36 (Scribe CC).

A11.19-ISAP913 (JA478) Undated Payment of 22 seahs of plaster/coriander (See A10.22 [Saadel])

A11.20-ISAP1405 (AL188 [M111 {Naveh603}]) Undated Payment of 2 logs (See A2.41 [ss Gir])

15

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

. 3 ‫ קוסמלך פסילה‬.1

Qosmalak: hewn stone, 3. 1

A11.21-ISAP1572 (AL257 [M288]) Undated Payment of 3 pieces of hewn stone Body sherd of jar (73×44×7–8), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

The word ‫ פסילה‬occurs in the expression ‫ פסילה זי אבן‬describing five stone gateways in the Elephantine temple (TAD A4.7:9–10) and seems to mean “hewn stone,” corresponding to the ‫אבן גזית‬, followed by the word ‫ויפסלו‬, in Solomon’s temple (1 Kgs 5:31–32); see Porten 1996: 141 n. 35. The word may also occur in another chit (A4.24; cf. also A56.3), where the numeral is effaced, as well as in an account (J10.3). Nonetheless, the construction of the word is unclear.

16

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

(line missing?) 1 Qosmalak: donkey(s), 4.

4 ‫ קוסמלך חמר‬.1

A11.22-ISAP1085 (L85 [IM91.16.16]) Undated Payment of 4 donkeys Jar fragment (88×50×9), exterior light brown, interior pink. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

In an Elephantine text, the word ‫“( חמר‬donkey”) in the plural is written ‫( חמרן‬TAD A3.1:R5, V2), but here and in the Arad ostraca it appears as collective ‫( חמר‬Naveh 1981: Nos. 12, 23–24, 31, 37; also Nos. 21, 57, 65–66; n. 42 to No. 23). Whereas the word appears but once in the whole Idumean corpus, it occurs almost 10 times in some 80 Arad ostraca.

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315)

17

cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Tammuz . . . Qosmalak: to P[N . . .]: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 2 . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

..[ ]..... ‫ לתמוז‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]‫לב‬ ִ ‫קוסמל ִך‬ ִ .2 [ ? ]2 ‫ שך‬.3

A11.23-ISAP172 (LD3) 2 Tammuz Payment of 2 kors of barley

Four, and perhaps five, chits above recorded barley payments (A11.9–12; 11.7?), one in the month of Tammuz (July, 315), also with a payee. In our text, the payee’s name is illegible. At 2 kors, the payment here is many times larger than the others. The letter traces following the day and month in line 1 do not suggest a year date.

18

A11.1–24 (25) Qosmalak Dossier (359–315) cm

CONVEX Payers

1

Payer

2

[Qo]smalak and Zabdi: [. . .], 2

‫וזבדי‬ ִ ‫]קו]סמלך‬ ִ .1 2[ ] .2

A11.24-ISAP636 (BLMJ621) Undated Payment of 2 x Body sherd of jar, probably of Persian period, roughly parallelogram-shaped, small (34×60×8), exterior pinkish-white (7.5YR8/2). Writing on exterior, on slighlty convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

The chit is broken off at the right edge, and the first letter of Qosmalak is missing in line 1, and the product is missing in line 2. There does not appear to have been a missing date. For the dossier of Zabdi, see A15.

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) The name Zubaydu/Zabidu as payer appears in 24 chits, but 12 of these occur in previous dossiers. One Zubaydu is associated with Samitu (A12.1 [A8.1]) and a second with Saadel (A12.19 [A10.19]), while a third is the son of Qoskahel (A12.20 [A9.33]). Four are affiliated with different clans: Qoṣi (A12.5–7 [A3.7–9]), Baalrim (A12.2–3 [A1.1–2]), Gur(u) (A12.11–12 [A2.38–39]), and two unknown (A12.14, 24 [A6.16–17]). Only one of the remaining 11 or 12 persons has a patronym (A12.16 [Aḥat]). Clearly, the name had wide distribution. Only eight are fully dated (A12.1, 4–5, 8–10, 15, 24), six have day and month only (A12. 6, 11–14, 16), one has only month (A12.2), eight are undated (A12.3, 7, 17–22) and in one the date is missing (A12.23). Eleven record payments of grain (A12.1–2, 4–5, 8–12, 15, 17) and two of oil (A12.16, 21). There are two payments of bales (A12.3, 24), and one each of olive wood, jars, plaster/coriander, and grgrn (A12.6–7, 19–20), and five products are unknown (A12.13–14, 18, 22–23). Dated List of Texts A12.1 A12.2 A12.3 A12.4 A12.5 A12.6 A12.7 A12.8 A12.9 A12.10 A12.11 A12.12 A12.13 A12.14 A12.15 A12.16 A12.17 A12.18 A12.19 A12.20 A12.21 A12.22 A12.23 A12.24

Payment of 6 seahs of wheat May 31, 362 Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain July 20-August 18, 359 Payment of 1 bale Undated Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour September 17, 358 Payment of 22 seahs of barley October 26, 357 Payment of 5 (pieces of) olive wood 17 Adar Payment of 2 jars Undated Exchange of 15 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat for 1 kor, 5 qabs of barley October 17, 356 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat July 4, 354 Payment of 17 seahs of wheat flour March 19, 344 Payments of 1 seah, 3 qabs of barley 24 Adar Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley] for 10 seahs of wheat 9 Marcheshvan Payment unknown 14 Tammuz Payment unknown 16 Ab Payment of 2 kors, 3 seahs of barley; x measures of wheat 11 Elul, year y Payment of 1 qab of oil 6 Marcheshvan Payment of 4 seahs of resh Undated Payment of 13 g Undated Payment of 10(+?) seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 36 grgrn Undated Payment of 5[+?] seahs, 3[+?] qabs of oil Undated Payment of 2(+?) seahs of x Undated Payment of 5 x Date missing Payment of a bale August 2, 338

19

20

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

A12.1-ISAP2451 (JA163) May 31, 362 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat (See A8.1 [Samitu])

A12.2-ISAP728 [YR5] (Table 3.7) July 20–August 18, 359 Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain (See A1.1 [ss Baalrim])

A12.3-ISAP1579 (EN162 = AL287 [M295]) Undated Payment of 1 bale (See A1.2 [ss Baalrim])

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

21

cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Elul, year 1, Zubaydu/Zabidu: semolina q(abs), 4 3flour, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאלול ִשנ‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ִף ִק‬ ִ ‫ִשי‬ ִ ‫זבידו נ‬ ִ .2 2 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ ִק ִמ ִח ִס‬.3

A12.4-ISAP847 [IA12440 {GCh47}] (Table 1.15) September 17, 358 Payment of 4 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (47×53×8), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, *narrow left margin, narrow bottom margin.

For the name of the payer of this dossier, Zubaydu/Zabidu, see A1.1, 2.19. Four chits were drawn up in the month of Elul, year 1 (September, 358) for semolina+flour, this and two for Ḥal(a)fat (A7.18–19; see also 300.1.13); three were by the same scribe (Scribe C [A7.18, 300.1.13, and this one]); all were for small amounts (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*, 169*). See A4.11 for more on semolina+flour.

A12.5-ISAP942 {GCh942} October 26, 357 Payment of 22 seahs of barley (See A3.7 [ss Qoṣi])

A12.6-ISAP825 [IA12208 {GCh 25}] 17 Adar Payment of 5 (pieces of) olive wood (See A3.8 [ss Qoṣi])

22

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

A12.7-ISAP1390 (AL171 [M96]) Undated Payment of 2 jars (See A3.9 [ss Qoṣi])

cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Tishri, year 3, Zubaydu/Zabidu: w(heat), s(eahs), 15; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf) 3 (in exchange) for b(arley), k(or), 1; q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Exchange

3 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬15 ‫ זבידו חס‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬1 ‫בש ִכ‬ ִ .3

A12.8-ISAP840 [IA12431 {GCh40}] October 17, 356 Exchange of 15 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat for 1 kor, 5 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (42×58×7), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Chalky patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

There are some ten chits that record the exchange of wheat for barley, almost all at a standard 1:2 ratio (here, A16.6, 110.1, 129.1, 300.5.7; cf. C3.2, and the following four). Four indicate that the transaction took place in the storehouse: three of these report a deposit as well as the exchange (A1.24, 2.7, 4.23; also A2.8), and one of these records that the deposit was made to Saadel (A1.24). There is no mention of the storehouse in our chit, though in the next one (A12.9) Zubaydu/Zabidu deposits 16 seahs of wheat into the storehouse. Almost all of the chits are fully dated (day, month, and year). The amounts exchanged are usually not large—just a couple seahs of wheat. With more than 15 seahs, our chit is exceptional. ¶ There are only five chits exchanging barley for wheat, at the same ratio. When this is the case, however, we find that the amount of wheat being received in the exchange is usually much greater: 6 seahs; 10 seahs; 17 seahs, 5 qabs, 1 kor (A2.39 [A12.12 below], 8.40, 13.11, 17.11, 290.3.1).

23

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product Signatory

On the 9th of Tammuz, 2year 5, Zubaydu/Zabidu 3 to the storehouse, w(heat), s(eahs) 16. 4 Palaqos 1

‫ לתמוז‬9 ‫ב‬ ‫ זבידו‬5 ‫שנת‬ 16 ‫למסכנתא חס‬ ‫פלקוס‬ ִ

.1

.2 .3 .4

A12.9-ISAP13 [JTS13 159266] July 4, 354 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat

Five undated chits for barley conclude with the notation “on the 20th for Palaqos” (see on A6.18). Here we have something completely different: a fully dated chit sending wheat to the storehouse, with the absence of the notation “on the 20th.” Zubaydu/Zabidu also pays wheat in A12.1 above and, together with barley, in A12.15 below.

24

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Adar, year 10[+ 4 = 14], Zubaydu/Zabidu: flour, wheat: 3s(eahs), 17.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[4+]10 ‫ לאדר שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ זבידו קמח חנטן‬.2 17 ‫ ס‬.3

A12.10-ISAP559 (HW) March 19, 344 Payment of 17 seahs of wheat flour

This is one of 20 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months, between February 28 and August 8, 344 (here, A13.13, 14.9, 17.6, 19.3, 22.3, 26.2, 27.7, 28.5, 39.7, 42.3, 43.2, 71.2, 107.2, 126.2, 132.1, 141.1, 153.2, 280.5, 300.1.35; Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b; see A300.1.35 for a fragmentary yet probable eighteenth ostracon). See Table 4.9a in TAOI vol. 1.

A12.11-ISAP104 [IA11882] 24 Adar Payments of 1 seah, 3 qabs of barley (See A2.38 [ss Guru])

A12.12-ISAP336 [IA11716] 9 Marcheshvan Exchange [of 20 seahs of barley] for 10 seahs of wheat (See A2.39 [ss Gur])

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

25

cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Tammuz [. . .], Zubaydu/Udaydu [. . .] (Remains of ink?)

Date

1

Payer

2

[ ? ] ‫לת ִמִו ִז‬ ִ 14 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ] ‫ִבידו‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.2

A12.13-ISAP1009 (L9 [IM91.16.197]) 14 Tammuz Payment unknown Body sherd of jar (52×62×11), exterior and interior whitish. Ostracon probably complete, covered with chalk patina. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [L].

Only (part of) the date in line 1 and the payer in line 2 are preserved. Lemaire thought he saw three strokes for the year at the end of line 1. One other ostracon was drawn up in Tammuz in this dossier (A12.9).

A12.14-ISAP1054 (L54 [91.16.158]) 16 Ab Payment unknown (See A6.17 [ss PN])

26

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Elul, y[ear y,] Zubaydu/Zabidu to Uzziel[. . .:]: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 2; s(eahs), 3; w(heat), [. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Products

[ ] ‫ לאלול ִש‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ] ‫לעזאל‬ ִ ‫ זבידו‬.2 [ ] ‫ ִח‬3 ‫ ס‬2 ‫ שכ‬.3

A12.15-ISAP33 (JA416) 11 Elul, year y Payment of 2 kors, 3 seahs of barley; x measures of wheat Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (51×42×4), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior brown (7.5YR5/4), ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, 1 fresh break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

The left edge being broken, the year is missing in line 1 and the measure of wheat in line 3, if indeed we correctly read ḥet for “w(heat)” at the break. ¶ Uzziel, “El is strength,” appears in the Bible (Exod 6:18) but occurs only here in our corpus, perhaps alongside the hypocoristicon Uzzi (A85.4–5 and 147; see Neh 11:22, 12:19). Both barley and wheat are paid twice more in this dossier (A12.5, 11 [barley]; A12.1, 10 [wheat])..

27

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Agent Source Product.

On the 6th of Marcheshvan, Zubaydu/Zabidu 2son of Aḥat by the hand of Natanbaal, 3 from the oil of Qosyinqom: 4 oil, q(ab), 1. 1

‫למִר ִחשון זִבידו‬ ִ 6‫ב‬ ‫ִבִר ִע ִחת עליד נתנבעל‬ ‫מןִ משח קוסינקם‬  1 ‫ִמ ִשח ִק‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A12.16-ISAP1021 (L21 [IM94.38.47]) 6 Marcheshvan Payment of 1 qab of oil Body sherd of jar (64×50×8), exterior and interior gray. Gray patina on exterior. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks [L].

There are almost 70 chits for oil, of which almost 40 are dated, and one-fourth of these lack year (like this one; see A1.6). Two others report Natanbaal as agent (A47.2, 76.3,), but only this one records the source of the oil—that is, “from the oil of Qoyinqom.” For Natanbaal’s dossier, see A111, and for Qosyinqom, see A20. Although one qab is admittedly a very small amount, a chit for only one-fourth of a qab (A2.40) exists, and there is even one for one-eighth of a qab (A7.29). Zubaydu pays oil again below (A12.21).

28

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Source Product Sealing Sign

Zubaydu/Zabidu to Naqr/du 2 from the grinding of the month of 3Nisan: resh, s(eahs), 4. 4 (archaic alef  ) 1

‫דו‬/‫זבידו לנקר‬ ‫ִמן טחון ירח‬ 4 ‫ניסן ִר ִאש ס‬ #

.1

.2 .3 .4

A12.17-ISAP1227 (LL6 [SM8]) (Tables 2.1, 4.1) Undated Payment of 4 seahs of resh Roughly triangular ostracon, base of a small bowl (65×54×9), concave face pink (5YR7/3), convex face pink (7.5YR7/4). Two-colored section, pink-white, fine fabric. Writing on concave face (only surface to be inscribed) [L].

This is one of ten chits for grindings written by a single scribe (Scribe A), mostly of resh from stated months, almost all with the archaic alef sealing sign. All the others are fully dated, from June 16, 362 to February 28, 361 (see A4.1, 6.1, 7.51–52, 53, 8.6–7, 9, 12.17, 13.2; cf. 68.1 also). Two others for grindings of resh by the same scribe occur in subsequent years (A8.15 [26 Marcheshvan, year 44 = December 2, 361] and A9.13 [5 Tammuz, year 46 = July 24, 359]). Seven of these chits make the payment to Samitu (see A8.3). For discussion, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–47*, 151*, 176*. For more on resh, see A1.4. The name Naqr/du has its own dossier (A63).

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

29

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Zubaydu/Zabidu to Aliel: g, 13

13 ‫ זבידו לעליאל ג‬.1

1

A12.18-ISAP1655 {OG21} Undated Payment of 13 g

This is one of three chits where the letter gimel appears as an abbreviation of an item followed by a numeral, here 13, and elsewhere 6 and 3 (C7.6) and apparently 20 (A300.2.28). The most likely candidate in our corpus for the abbreviation is the unexplained grgrn, which appears regularly enumerated by numbers between 2 and 60 (see A1.28) and is paid by Zubaydu below (A12.20). ¶ The attribute ‫“( עלי‬exalted”; cf. A220.1) in the name ‫ עליאל‬combined with other divine elements and also appeared in reverse order, with El coming first (‫[ אלעלי‬A63.3, 65.4]); cf. ‫( עלבעל‬A4) and ‫( עלקוס‬A14).

A12.19-ISAP1762 (JA520) Undated Payment of 10(+?) seahs of plaster/coriander (See A10.19 [Saadel])

A12.20-ISAP1429 (AL225 [M137+140]) Undated Payment of 36 grgrn (See A9.33 [Qoskahel])

30

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Zubaydu/Zabidu: oil, 2s(eahs), 5[+?]; q(abs), 3[+?]. 1

‫ זִבידו משח‬.1 [  ]5 ‫ ס‬.2 [   ]3 ‫ ק‬.3

A12.21-ISAP845 [IA12444 {GCh45}] (Lapidary script?) Undated Payment of 5[+?] seahs, 3[+?] qabs of oil Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (49×70×6), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and to wheelmarks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is one of six chits for oil written in a lapidary script by a single scribe (see A1.5). This is the only intact chit that lacks a payee; two have Saadel (A10.25–26) and one has Palaqos (A1.5), whereas two are fragmentary (A73.5, 300.5.25). The format here is unique. In line 1, following the name of the payer, the word ‫“( משח‬oil”) appears; immediately beneath it in line 2, and thus much indented, there appears the amount (// /// ‫“[ ס‬5 s{eahs}]”), and immediately below that, in line 3, a further amount (/// ‫“[ ק‬3 q{abs}]”). Since both amounts are written just at the break, it is unclear if additional strokes are missing in either line. ¶ Of the six chits, only this and one more (A300.5.25) were written solely on the convex; apart from A73.5, which has writing on both sides, the three others were written on the concave surface. Zubaydu/Zabidu pays a much smaller amount of oil above (A12.16).

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338)

31

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Zubaydu/Zabidu to [PN]: [. . .] 2s(eahs), 2(+x). 1

[ ]‫ זבידו ל‬.1 ]2 ‫ ִס‬.2

A12.22-ISAP120 [IA11880] Undated Payment of 2(+?) seahs of x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (32×57×7), triangular, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheelmarks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

Only the name of the payer, followed by a lamed, is preserved in line 1, and in line 2 apparently the letter samekh (abbreviation for “seah”) and two numeral strokes may be seen. The lamed in line 1 would have introduced the name of the payee, followed by the product, while line 2 would have given the measure. There is no evidence of a date.

32

A12.1–24 Zubaydu/Zabidu Dossier (362–338) cm

CONVEX

[. . .]Zubaydu/Zabidu: [. . .]◦◦5.

Payer/Payee

1

Product

2

‫ידו‬ ִ ‫ִב‬ ִ ‫ ] [ז‬.1 5 ..[  ] .2

A12.23–2585 (JA318) Date missing Payment of 5 x Body sherd, unidentifiable, tiny (23×30×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware reddish-brown (5YR5/3), many tiny white grits. Writing on exterior, on flat surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, medium left margin.

Nothing remains in this fragment besides a name and a numeral. The blank space at the end of lines 1 and 2 make it likely that these are the ends of the lines. If so, then Zubaydu/Zabidu would not have been the payer but the payee; the payer’s name would have come in the missing text at the right edge, and the product would appear in the missing part of line 2. If a date appeared, it would have come at the end.

A12.24-ISAP2407 (JA116) August 2, 338 Payment of a bale (See A6.16 [ss PN])

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) The name Abdadah as payer appears in 20 chits, but 8 of these are to be found in previous dossiers. One Abdadah is associated with Samitu (A13.2–3 [A8.3–4]) and another is found on the second side of a twosided chit, whose unrelated first side records a payment to Samitu (A13.20 [A8.14]). A third is with Saadel (A13.15 [A10.18]). Two are affiliated with different clans: Al(i)baal (A13.4, 6–7 [A4.7, 19–20]) and Gur (A13.19 [A2.16]). Four of the remaining 12 persons have patronyms, each one distinct (A13.8 [Ghayran/ Aydan], 12 [Ghayraḥ], 14 [Wah(a)bi], 17 [Adri/Idri]). The name was thus very popular. Twelve, and possibly 13, are fully dated (A13.1–2, 4–6, 8–14, 20[?]), one by only day and month (A13.19), and seven were undated (A13.3, 7, 15–18, 20). Most of the chits, 17 in all, record grain (A13.1–9, 11, 13–14, 17–20) and oil (A13.12). The remaining objects include a hide (2× [A13.10, also 13.19]), coriander/plaster, and a load (A13.15–16). Dated List of Texts A13.1 A13.2 A13.3 A13.4 A13.5 A13.6 A13.7 A13.8 A13.9 A13.10 A13.11 A13.12 A13.13 A13.14 A13.15 A13.16 A13.17 A13.18 A13.19 A13.20

Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of the flour of resh October 22, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of resh October 20–November 18, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of x Undated Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of resh January 24, 359 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat June 29, 357 Payment of 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat January 11, 356 Payment of 6 seahs of barley Undated Payment of 12 seahs, 2.25 qabs of barley July 2, 356 Payment of 21 seahs, 2 qabs of barley July 10, 356 Payment of a hide 2 Tebeth, [x+]4 Exchange of 12 seahs of barley for 6 seahs of wheat; payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley September 17, 353 Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of oil December 8, 346 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour March 24, 344 Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat August 7, 315 Payment of 25 seahs of coriander/plaster Undated Payment of 1 load Undated Payment of 18 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of ordinary flour Undated Payment of 1 hide and 1 seah of barley 2x Payment of 2 seahs of barley and 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of resh Undated (November 29, 361?)

33

34

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Abdadah: flour, 2resh, s(eahs), 5, 3q(abs), 3. 4 On the 3rd of Marcheshvan, 5year (43) 1

(On the right side, downward)

‫עבדאדה קמח‬ 5 ‫ראש ס‬ 3‫ק‬ ‫שון‬ ‫ למרח‬3 ‫ב‬ [43] ‫שנת‬

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

A13.1-ISAP561 [HW] (Table 2.17a) October 22, 362 Payment of 5 seahs, 3 qabs of flour of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×54×6), roughly trapezoid, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Whitish patina covers ca. 20% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 85° to wheel-marks.

This is one of slightly more than 25 chits for resh written between Nisan, year 43 and Nisan, year 44 (April 27, 362 to May 12, 361), all with dates at the bottom and three by the same scribe (Scribe F; see 41.1, 207.1). The present chit was written, along with two others, on 3 Marcheshvan (A6.1, 41.1), and unlike most of the others in this group, none of these three has a payee. One of them, almost certainly by the same scribe, bears the same unusual notation as here: “flour (‫)קמח‬, resh” (A41.1). The last three letters of the month (‫ )שון‬were written supralinearly at the end of line 4, and the word for “year” (‫ )שנת‬was written downward at the right edge with the number omitted. ¶ Abdadah made three more payments of resh, another in the same month of Marcheshvan, date unfortunately missing (A13.2), and two in the next two years—one possibly in year 44 (if the dating on the convex is connected to Abdadah’s undated payment on the concave [A13.20]) and one on 30 Tebeth, year 45 (January 24, 359) (A13.4). For a full discussion of this group, see Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–147*, 172*. He also made two more payments of different types of flour (A13.13 [wheat flour], A13.18 [ordinary flour]). For an explanation of the name Abdadah, see A2.16.

A13.2-ISAP7 [JTS7 159260] October 20 – November 18, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of resh (see A8.3 [to Samitu])

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

35

A13.3-ISAP1858 (EN59 = JA264) Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of x (see A8.4 [to Samitu])

A13.4-ISAP1850 (EN50 = JA237) January 24, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of resh (see A4.7 [Al{i}baal])

cm

CONVEX

On the 2nd of Tammuz, year 2, Abdadah: w(heat), s(eahs), 6; 3q(abs), 3, to the storehouse.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Depository

2 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫ עבדאדה חס‬.2 ‫ למסכנתא‬3 ‫ ק‬.3

A13.5-ISAP2420 (JA131) June 29, 357 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period, jar, medium-sized (76×91×9–12), roughly triangular, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware pink (5YR7/3), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is the only chit sending wheat to the storehouse in year 2; most are for year 5 (A4.22). Abd­adah makes two more payments of wheat below (A13.6, 14) and four more payments to the storehouse (of Makkedah [A13.8–11{twice}]).

36

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

A13.6-ISAP1854 (EN55 = JA332) January 11, 356 Payment of 5 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat (see A4.19 [ss Al{i}baal])

A13.7-ISAP233 [IA11809] Undated Payment of 6 seahs of barley (see A4.20 [ss Al{i}baal])

cm

CONVEX

On the 16th of Sivan, year 3, Abdadah son of Ghayran/Aydan 3 to the storehouse of Makkedah: 4 b(arley), s(eahs), 12; q(abs), 2; q(uarter), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

3 ‫ לסיון שנת‬16 ‫ב‬ ‫רן‬/‫דאדה בר עיִד‬ ִ ‫עב‬ ִ ‫למסכנת מנקדה‬ ִ 1 ‫ ִר‬2 ‫ ק‬12 ‫שס‬

.1 .2

.3 .4

A13.8-ISAP542 [FCO5] July 2, 356 Payment of 12 seahs, 2.25 qabs of barley

For discussion of six chits by the same scribe recording the dispatch of barley to the storehouse of Makkedah in Sivan and Kislev, year 3, see A1.7–8, 5.8–9, and 13.9 below (cf. A1.26 also by the same scribe [year 5]). ¶ Without patronym, an Abdadah makes a payment of barley to the storehouse of Makkedah eight days later (A13.9 below), in addition to four more payments of barley in this dossier (A13.7, 17, 19, 20). He makes a total of five payments to the storehouse (of Makkedah), as well (see A13.5 above). ¶ For the roots ‫עיר‬/‫ עיד‬underlying the name ‫עורן‬/‫עידן‬, see A2.28, and for the dossier of the same name, see A149.

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

37

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Sivan, year 3, Abdadah to the storehouse of Makkedah: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 21; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

3 ‫ לסיון שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עבדאדה למסכנת מנקדה‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬21 ‫ שס‬.3

A13.9-ISAP909 (JA475) July 10, 356 Payment of 21 seahs, 2 qabs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×72×11), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

See chit above, by an Abdadah son of Ghayran/Aydan (A13.8). This chit is also by Scribe 3 (see A1.7–8 and 26, 2.2, 5.8–9, 13.8).

38

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Tebeth, [year x+]4, Abd[a]dah: hide[. . .]. 3 . . . . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

4[ ‫לט ִב ִת[ שנת‬ ִ 2 ‫ ב‬.1 .[ ]‫[א]דה ִג ִל ִד‬ ִ ‫עב ִד‬ ִ .2 ..‫בת ִפל‬... .3

A13.10-ISAP1384 (AL42 [M89]) 2 Tebeth, year [x+]4 Payment of a hide Body sherd of jar (55×59×8), exterior and interior gray-brown. Left half of line 1 and end of line 2 eroded, the rest of the writing is difficult to read. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

The initial digits of the year date in line 1 are lost in a crack in the ostracon. The letters before the crack in line 2 spell out the word ‫“( גלד‬hide”), followed by at least two letter strokes. Line 3 is unintelligible. An Abdadah of the sons of Gur also delivered a hide by an agent whose name is missing (A13.19 = A2.16; also for full discussion).

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

39

cm

CONVEX On the 7th of Elul, year 3 + [1+]1[+1+?] = 6[+?], [1+]1[+1+]3 ‫ לאלול שנת‬7 ‫ב‬ Abdadah ‫עבדאדה לחנאל למסכנתא‬ to Ḥanniel 6 ‫ בחס‬12 ‫שס‬ to the storehouse: [‫[מנ]קדה ִע ִב[דאדה‬ ִ ‫בב למסכ⟨נ⟩ת‬ 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 12 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬4 ‫שס‬ for w(heat), s(eahs), 6[. . .]; 4 Entry: to the storehouse of [Ma]kkedah: Ab[dadah]: b(arley), s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Depository Product 1 Product 2 Entry Payer Product

.1 .2

.3 .4 .5

A13.11-ISAP1857 (EN58 = JA400) September 17, 353 Exchange of 12 seahs of barley for 6 seahs of wheat; Payment of 4 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61×70×6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Top margin narrows leftward, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin (excluding lower tip of pe), variable left margin.

This chit is unique in that it records transactions not only at the “storehouse” but also at the “storehouse of Makkedah,” with the exchange happening at the former and the deposit at the latter. Of the five cases of exchange of barley for wheat in our documents, at the standard rate of 2:1, only one other is at the storehouse, also in the month of Elul, but apparently a year later (A8.40), though the numeral strokes are faint at the end of the line. ¶ Of the 17 chits for the “storehouse of Makkedah,” 8 receive barley, as here (A1.7–8, 26, 5.8–9, 13.8–9). See Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 128–39; Table 1.2 in TAOI vol. 1. For barley in this dossier, see A13.8. ¶ The Idumean name Ḥanniel (‫חנאל‬, “El is grace”) has an exact biblical parallel (Num 34:23) and its own dossier (A135).

40

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) cm

CONVEX Abdadah son of Ghayraḥ: oil, s(eahs), 5; q(ab), 1. 3 [?] 4 On the 17th of Kislev, 5year 13 ◦◦[?]. 6 Qoṣi

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Signatory

‫ראח‬/‫עבדאדה בר עיִד‬ 1 ‫ ק‬5 ‫משח ס‬ [?] ‫ לכסלו‬17 ‫ב‬ [ ? ].. 13 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ִשנ‬ ‫קוצי‬

.1 .2 .3

.4 .5 .6

A13.12-ISAP2522 (JA244) December 8, 346 [+?] Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of oil Shoulder of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×70×6), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR8/3), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

With predicate first, the name ‫( עיראח‬Ghayraḥ [“Jealous is {the divine} brother”]) may be compared to the very popular Baalghayr (A7) and Qosghayr (see A1.23 and A40; cf. A1.1–2, in which Ghayraḥ is patronym for Zubaydu and affiliated to the clan of Baalrim). ¶ Line 3 is illegible, and the year date in line 5 is partly smudged. It is at least “13.” Of the five other extant ostraca for year 13, there is one more with date at the bottom, also in the month of Kislev (A67.1 [5 Kislev]). There is, however, one delivery of oil on 6 Kislev, year 16 (A167.1). ¶ If the reading of the signatory is correct, the name Qoṣi as praenomen appears only here (see A3).

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

41

cm

CONVEX On the 16th of Adar, year 1[4], Abdadah: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 6.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1[4] ‫ לאדר שנת‬16 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עבדאדה קמח חנטן‬.2 6 ‫ ס‬.3

A13.13-ISAP1895 (EN102 = JA18) March 24, 344 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (70×80×14–17), irregularly shaped, exterior reddishyellow (5YR6/6), interior and ware red (2.5YR5/8), many white grits. Sherd eroded. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex rough surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of at least 17 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between 22 Shebat, year 14, and 6 Ab, year 15 (February 28 and August 8, 344; cf. A12.10). Seven were written during two weeks between 4 and 27 Adar, year 14 (here, A12.10, 17.6, 19.3, 22.3, 39.7, 43.2). The quantities of wheat flour vary between 2 seahs and 1 kor, 6.5 seahs. (The amount here is at the lower end of the scale.) On the basis of paleography and chronology, we may thus restore four numeral strokes that have disappeared at the end of line 1. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b and Table 4 in TAOI vol. 1. Abdadah makes two more payments of different types of flour in this dossier (A13.1 [flour of resh], 13.18 [ordinary flour]).

42

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 25th of Tammuz, year 3 2(of) Antigonus, Abdadah son of Wah(a)bi: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 24; q(abs), 2, by the hand of 4Ḥanni, to / for šḥln 1

3 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬25‫ב‬ ‫אתגנס עבדאדה בר ִוהבי‬ ‫ עליד‬2 ‫ ק‬24 ‫חס‬ ‫חני לשחלן‬

.1 .2

.3 .4

A13.14-ISAP1855 (EN56 = JA399) August 7, 315 Payment of 24 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57×86×7), roughly rectangular, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the first of six chits drawn up by the same scribe in Tammuz and Ab, 3 Antigonus (AugustSeptember, 315) for wheat or barley, all through the agency of Ḥanni and all signed off by the enigmatic ‫( לשחלן‬see A2.43, 3.38, 50.3, 114.2, and 262.1). ¶ The name Wah(a)bi (‫[ והבי‬A97]) is an Arabian hypocoristicon of a name such as Wahabil (‫)והבאל‬, “Il gave” (A76). Ḥanni (‫ )חני‬would be a hypocoristicon of a name such as Ḥanniel, who appeared above (A13.11:2) as a payee of barley. Abdadah makes two more payments of wheat (A13.5–6 above).

A13.15-ISAP548 [FCO11] Undated Payment of 25 seahs of coriander/plaster (see A10.18 [to Saadel])

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

43

cm

CONVEX Abdadah . . . load, 1 . . . . 3 Zabdiel.

Payer

1

Product

2

Signatory

... ‫ל‬.. ‫ עבדאדה‬.1 [?]‫ [?]לפ‬1 ‫ מובל‬.2 ‫זבדאל‬ ִ .3

A13.16-ISAP821 [IA12205 {GCh21}] (Table 8.12) Undated Payment of 1 load Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (87×83×11–14), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), medium amount of white grits, exterior smoothed. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

We were tempted to read the lamed following the name Abdadah at the end of line 1 as introducing the name of the payee, but closer examination indicates that it is not the first letter of the word. Moreover, only two of the almost 30 chits for “load” (‫ )מובל‬record a payee, and even then it is not a PN but the “gatemen” (‫( )תרען‬A29.8, 74.2), and the letter traces do not fit that word nor any other known to precede ‫מובל‬. For an explanation of the product, see A4.36. ¶ Zabdiel (“Grant of El” [A32]) served as signatory in some 10 chits for grain from year 46 to year 4 (359–355) but never for a load (A1.1, 7.9, 19, 24, 14.2, 37.1, 45.4, 52.1, 119.1, 300.1.21). The script of the name is the same as in A7.24 but differs from that in other texts signed off by Zabdiel (e.g. A7.19), indicating that he is clearly not the scribe of the documents.

44

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315) cm

CONVEX Abdadah son of Adri/Idri: b(arley), s(eahs), 18; q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf).

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ עבדאדה בר עדרי‬.1 ‫ ף‬4 ‫ ק‬18 ‫ שס‬.2

A13.17-ISAP1245 (AL210 {J11}) Undated Payment of 18 seahs, 4.5 qabs of barley Pentagonal ostracon, upper part rectangular, apparently complete [AL].

Adri/Idri (‫ )עדרי‬is a hypocoristicon of such Aramaic names as Adarel/baal (“El/Baal helped”) or Adriel/ baal (“El/Baal is help”) (A1.15 and A113; 2.11 and A114). Thrice in our texts there appears Aliqos son of Adri/Idri (A14.2–4 in years 1 and 3 [358/57, 356/55]). Could Abdadah be his brother? ¶   For a similarly constructed chit for barley with name and patronym of payer but no date or payee, see A23.10. For payments of barley in this dossier, see A13.8.

A13.1–20 Abdadah Dossier (362–344, 315)

45

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Abdadah: ordinary (flour), s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 4. 2 [?]◦◦◦◦[. . .] 1

4 ‫ ק‬3 ‫עבדא ִדה דמי ס‬ ִ .1 ]....[?] .2

A13.18-ISAP1917 (EN126 = JA29) Undated Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of ordinary flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (39×89×5), rectangular, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, *very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

In the dossier of Yehokal, on 26 Elul, year 44 (October 4, 361), Mašiku paid Qoslanṣur 1 seah, 1 qab of this product (‫)דמי‬, taken “from the grinding of Tammuz” (A5.2; cf. A18.6 for the third and final appearance of this product). ¶ Unintelligible traces appear in line 2. Abdadah makes two more payments of different types of flour (A13.1 [flour of resh], A13.13 [wheat flour]).

A13.19-ISAP1121 (L121 [IM91.16.71]) 2x Payment of 1 hide and 1 seah of barley (see A2.16 [ss Gur])

A13.20-ISAP813 (IA12196 [GCh13]) Undated (November 29, 361?) Payment of 2 seahs of barley and 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of resh (see A8.14 [to Samitu])

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) The name Al(i)qos as payer and patronym appears 23 times, but 7 of these are found in previous dossiers, affiliated with three or four different clans: Gur (A14.1 [A2.2]), Qoṣi (A14.8, 10–11, 22 [A3.17, 23–24, 40]), Al(i)baal (A14.16 [A4.32]), and an unknown clan (A14.12 [A6.22]). Two of the 15 remaining persons have patronyms (A14.2–4 [Adri/Idri]; A14.5 [Ubaydu]) and two are sons of Al(i)qos (Qosadar/ ider and Qosluaz [A14.19–20 {A17.8, 242.1}]). In one chit, Al(i)qos is the third of three payers (A14.21). Eleven are fully dated (A14.1–3, 6–10, 12–14), five by day and month only (A14.4, 11, 15, 19, 21), and seven are undated (A14.5, 16–18, 20, 22–23). The name Al(i)qos was thus very popular, held by at least three or four (and possibly five or six or more) different persons. Most of the chits deal with grain (A14.1–2, 4–5, 7–11, 14, 16, 19), three with oil (A14.3, 6, 20). three with wood or loads (A14.15, 17, 21), one with chaff (A14.18), and one unknown (A14.23). Dated List of Texts A14.1 A14.2 A14.3 A14.4 A14.5 A14.6 A14.7 A14.8 A14.9 A14.10 A14.11 A14.12 A14.13 A14.14 A14.15 A14.16 A14.17 A14.18 A14.19 A14.20 A14.21 A14.22 A14.23

Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat July 28, 358 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat August 31, 358 Payment of 3 seahs of oil December 21, 356 Payment of 15 seahs of wheat 10 Sivan Payment of 18 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Undated Payment of oil September 16, 355 Payment of 4 kors, 4 seahs of flour October 8, 355 Two payments of wheat: 10 seahs and 20 seahs August 2, 351 Payment of 29 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat flour March 2, 344 Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat August 14, 336 Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour 1 Iyyar Payment of 3 qabs of x 15 Tammuz, y Payment of 20(+?) seahs of x 20[+?] Marcheshvan, y Payment of 6 seahs, 5 qabs of barley 20 Marcheshvan, y Payment of 4 loads 6 Iyyar/Ab/Elul/Adar Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 2 loads Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Undated Payment of 10 seahs of wheat 4 Tammuz Payment of 2 seahs of oil Undated Payment of 3 loads of wood 27 Elul Payment of 17 seahs of flour Undated Payment of 5 seahs of x Undated

46

47

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

A14.1-ISAP1275 (AL14 {J51}) July 28, 358 Payment of 5 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat (See A2.2 [ss Gur])

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Ab, year 1, Al(i)qos son of Adri/Idri: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3. 4 Zabdiel

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

1 ‫ לאב שנת‬24 ‫ב‬ ‫עלקוס בר עדרי‬ 3 ‫ ק‬6 ‫חס‬ ‫זבדאל‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A14.2-ISAP1901 (EN109 = JA406) August 31, 358 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Shoulder of jar, medium-sized (49×55×10–12), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), coarse ware, many large white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

For detailed discussion of the popular name Al(i)qos, see A3.23. This dossier knows two patronyms for Al(i)qos: Adri/Idri in the first three chits (A14.2–4) and Ubaydu (A14.5) below. The root ‫עדר‬, “help” (both as noun and verb), was one of the most productive in the Idumean onomastica, occurring in no less than five or six different theophorous names: ‫( עדראל‬A2.11 [son of Ḥazira] and A114), ‫( עדרבעל‬A1.15 and A113), ‫( עדרמראן‬E3.18), perhaps ‫( עדרקוס‬A31.7), ‫( בעלעדר‬A9.20), and most frequently ‫( קוסעדר‬A4.15, 14.19 below, and A17); and various hypocoristica, such as ‫( עדרי‬here and in A13.17), ‫( עדרו‬C5.3), and ‫( עדרן‬A16.15); cf. ‫( עדרני‬C1.1, 2.1). In Hebrew names, the root is bivalent, both as noun (Azriel [Jer 36:26] and Azriqam [Neh 11:15, etc.], with hypocoristic Ezer [Neh 3:19, etc.] and Ezri [1 Chr 27:26]) and as verb (Azarel [Ezra 10:41, etc.], Azariah [2 Kgs 14:21, etc.], with hypocoristic Ezra [cf. Ezra 7:1]).¶ Zabdiel (“Grant of El”) appears as signatory in nearly a dozen chits for grain from year 1 to year 4 (358–355 [e.g., A1.1, 7.19; cf. A32 for dossier of the same name]). Wheat is the most prevalent product paid in this dossier (A14.1, here, 4–5, 8, 10, 16, 19).

48

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Kislev, year 3, Al(i)qos son of Adri/Idri brought in 3 the product of Sam(a)ku to the hand of 4Abdese: oil, 5s(eahs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Payee Product

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬10 ‫ב‬ ‫הנעל עלקוס בר עדרי‬ ‫אשכר ִס ִמ ִכִו ליד‬ ‫עבדאסי משח‬ 3‫ס‬

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

A14.3-ISAP1891 (EN98 = JA222) December 21, 356 Payment of 3 seahs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (55×69×11), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), interior pink (5YR8/4), ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), many white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, variable left margin.

Akkadian iškaru A > Aramaic ‫ אשכר‬has among its meanings, “finished products, staples, materials to be delivered.” Of note is a Nuzi text with the expression iškaru . . . uše[ribu], the Akk. verb being the equivalent of ‫( הנעל‬CAD I–J pp. 246–47 [gratitude to Nili Wazana and Shalom Paul for their assistance]). A paraphrase of our ‫ אשכר‬. . . ‫ הנעל‬would thus yield “delivered the product of”—  that is, the oil originated with Sam(a)ku; see also A94.2, wherein we find ‫ אשכרה‬. . . ‫היתי‬, “brought his product” of wheat. For other rare occurrences of the inclusion of this verb of conveyance (‫“ הנעל‬brought in”), see, e.g., A1.3, 3.24. Equally rare is the use of the compound preposition ‫ליד‬, “to the hand of” (see, e.g., A2.28, 4.14–15), instead of simply the more common lamed, “to,” as in the following chit (“to Aliel”). ¶ For the name Abdese (“Servant of Isis”), see A5.18 and A215.1. For oil texts, see A1.5–6, 4.26, 29; also A14.6 and 20 below. This is the second of three chits for an Al(i)qos, son of Adri/Idri.

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

49

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Source Product

On the 10th of Sivan, Al(i)qos son of 2Adri/Idri to Aliel, from the grain of 3  Ṣaḥ(a)ru: w(heat), s(eahs), 15. 1

‫ לסיון עלקוס בר‬10 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עדרי לעליאל מן עבור‬.2 15 ‫ ִצ ִחִרִו חס‬.3

A14.4-ISAP1279 (AL110 = JA102) 10 Sivan Payment of 15 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×70×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR6/20, ware gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the third chit for Al(i)qos son of Adri/Idri (see A14.2–3 above). Here and in the previous chit (A14.3), Al(i)qos delivers a product originating with a third party. In the chit below, an Al(i)qos son of Ubaydu (A14.5) delivers wheat from the removal/uprooted (‫ )נסח‬of Ṣaḥ(a)ru. Although that chit contains the only occurrence of that term, at least eight chits state the source of a delivery of wheat or barley as “from the grain (‫ )עבור‬of PN,” the most frequent person being Ani (see A3.16, 9.21, 39.6, and 41.4; other names include Qosyinqom [A70.2], Ḥazira [A159.1], Mani [A29.5], and Ṣ/Šaḥ(a)ru [here]). The reading Ṣaḥ(a)ru is certain below (A14.5), but here the first letter may be a shin, yielding Šaḥaru. The name occurs once more in our corpus (A27.10) and appears in Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 51, 113) and Nabatean (Negev No. 1120). Ṣah(a)ru has one biblical parallel in Ṣoḥar (“Tawny” [1 Chr 4:7]) while Šaḥaru has several biblical and epigraphical parallels with the root ‫( שחר‬see Zadok 1988: 81–82; WSS No. 534). For the name Aliel, see A4.1, 220.1. The reverse of the name is Elali (‫[ אלעלי‬A65.4]), “Exalted is El” or “El is exalted.” For more payments of wheat in this dossier, see A14.2.

50

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX Al(i)qos son of Ubaydu: w(heat), s(eahs), 18, q(abs), 2, 3 from the removal/uprooted of Ṣaḥ(a)ru, 4 by the hand of Zabdi.

Date

1

Product

2

Source Agent

‫עלקוס בר עבידו‬ 2 ‫ ק‬18 ‫חס‬ ‫צחרו‬ ִ ‫ִס ִח‬ ִ ‫מן נ‬ [?] ִ‫ִבדי‬ ִ ‫עליד ז‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A14.5-ISAP65 (JA426) Undated Payment of 18 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×72×7–11), roughly trapezoid, exterior reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white and black grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of interior, patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, *medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the name Ubaydu, see A1.1 and A24. This is the only occurrence of an Al(i)qos with this patronym. For discussion of the chit, see above (A14.4). Unlike there, however, here there is an agent but no payee. The name is blurred and the reading uncertain. Nevertheless, for Zabdi, see A2.19 and A15. ¶ As a verb, the root ‫ נסח‬means “to uproot, remove” (cf. Ezra 6:11; TAD C1.1:156, 210). Here it is a construct noun, and we can only conjecture at its meaning. For wheat paid in this dossier, see A14.2 above.

51

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Elul, Al(i)qos: from the oil of [. . .] 3 by the hand of T. . .: oil[. . .] 4 year 4 . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Agent Product Date

‫ לאלול‬14 ‫ב‬ ‫משח‬ ִ ִ‫ִע ִל ִקִו ִס ִמן‬ [? ] ‫שח‬ ִ ‫עליד ִט[ ] ִמ‬ [?] ‫ ל‬4 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫שנ‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A14.6-ISAP531 September 16, 355 Payment of oil

The break at the left edge obscures the meaning. The three essential elements here (line 2, “oil of [. . .]”; line 3, “by the hand of”; and also line 3, “oil[. . .]”) appear once elsewhere in a different order (line 2, “by the hand of”; line 3, “from the oil of”; and line 4, “oil [measure]” [A12.16]). The source of the oil appears infrequently and is usually a personal name (e.g., A12.16, 29.2, 30.6, 167.1), though once we find “oil of the purchase” (‫[ זבינתא‬A8.28]). Most puzzling, however, is a day+month date in line 1 and a year date in line 4. The second and third letters of the name of the agent in line 3 are illegible: only the initial tet is clear. ¶ For an earlier payment of oil, see above (A14.3), and for one by a son of Al(i)qos, see A242.1. ¶ This and five dated chits below are from an anonymous Al(i)qos (A14.6–7, 9, 13–15).

52

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Al(i)qos: flour, k(ors), 4; 2s(eahs), 4. On the 6th of Tishr⟨i⟩, 3year 4. 1

4 ‫ עלקוס קמח ִכ‬.1 {‫שר{י‬ ִ ‫לת‬ ִ 6 ‫ ב‬4 ‫ ס‬.2 2[+1+]1 ‫שנת‬ .3

A14.7-ISAP2477 (JA192) October 8, 355 Payment of 4 kors, 4 seahs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (55×88×13), roughly triangular, exterior pinkish-white (7.5YR8/2), interior and ware reddish-brown (2.5YR5/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

About half of the 20 or so chits dated to year 4 have the date at the bottom. This is the only chit supplying flour that is dated to year 4. Noteworthy are those followed by the signatory Abdmilk and the sealing sign ‫( ב‬see A7.47), all recording ‫“ חביה‬jar.” An Al(i)qos makes two more payments of flour (14.11, 22) and one of wheat flour (A14.9) below.

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

53

A14.8-ISAP1886 (EN92 [David Sofer]) August 2, 351 Two payments of wheat: 10 seahs and 20 seahs (See A3.17 [ss Qoṣi])

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Shebat, year 14, Al(i)qos: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 29; q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבת שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ עלקוס קמח חנטן‬.2 4 ‫ ק‬29 ‫ ס‬.3

A14.9-ISAP2458 (JA172) March 2, 344 Payment of 29 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (62×77×10), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior light gray (2.5Y7/2), ware reddish-brown (5YR5/3), medium amount of white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of 20 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A13.13 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b, Table 4 in TAOI vol. 1). Eight were written during four days, between 22 and 25 Shebat (here, A26.2, 27.7, 28.5, 38.9, 42.3, 71.2, 141.1). The quantities of wheat flour vary between 2 seahs and 1 kor, 6.5 seahs (the amount here is just under a full kor). ¶ Uniquely, the month name Shebat is misspelled with a final taw (‫ )שבת‬instead of the expected ṭet. This is the only payment of wheat flour in this dossier, but Al(i)qos makes three payments of unqualified flour (see A14.7 above).

54

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

A14.10-ISAP2501 (JA218) August 14, 336 Payment of 3 seahs, 1 qab of wheat (See A3.24 [ss Qoṣi])

A14.11-ISAP1887 (EN93 = JA14) 1 Iyyar Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of flour (See A3.23 [ss Qoṣi])

A14.12-ISAP1052 (L52 [IM91.16.55]) 15 Tammuz, y[ear y] Payment of 3 qabs of x (See A6.22 [ss PN])

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

55

cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Marcheshvan, yea[r y], [. . .]Al(i)qos◦ 3 s(eahs)[. . .]20[+? . . .]

Date

1

Payer/Payee

2

Product

‫ למרחשון שנ[ת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 . ‫[עלקוס‬ ִ ] .2 [ ]20 ] [‫ ִס‬.3

A14.13-ISAP2428 (JA139) 20 Marcheshvan, year y Payment of 20(+?) seahs of x Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64×75×7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior and ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of brown and white grits. Possible traces of black ash on ca. 20% of interior and exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, *narrow bottom margin, medium left margin.

This text is very smudged, and the role of Al(i)qos as payer is uncertain because the payer’s name is expected at the beginning of line 2. Thus, he may have been the father or the payee. The product is missing.

56

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONCAVE On the 20th of Marcheshvan, year [y], A[l(i)]qos: b(arley), s(eahs), 6; 3q(abs), 5.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[ ]‫למִר ִח ִשִוןִ שנת‬ ִ 20 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫שס‬ ִ ‫ ע[ל]קוס‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬.3

A14.14-ISAP1902 (EN110 = JA19) (Inner side of jar with handle) 20 Marcheshvan, year y Payment of 6 seahs, 5 qabs of barley Body sherd and part of handle of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 66×74×7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6), many white grits. Writing on interior of body sherd, on slightly concave rough surface, written lines parallel to the wheel-marks, V-shaped potter’s mark carelessly incised before firing on the upper surface of the handle. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The year date is cut off at the left edge. This is the only payment of barley made by an Al(i)qos.

57

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX On 8th of ʾ[. . .], Al(i)qos to Makkeda[h]: 3 loads, 4[. . .]. 4 ʾbt◦[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product Signatory?

]‫לא‬ ִ 8‫ב‬ ‫עלקוס למנקד[ה‬ ]4 ‫מובלן‬ ].‫ִא ִבת‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A14.15-ISAP2610 (JA346) (Table 8.7) 8 Iyyar/Ab/Elul/Adar Payment of 4 loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65×59×11), rectangular, exterior, interior and ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

Only the initial alef of the month name is preserved at the end of line 1, and this allows for four possible restorations: Iyyar, Ab, Elul, and Adar. Only Elul, however, appears with payments of loads, and twice at that (A14.21 below, A49.2). For “loads” (‫)מובלן‬, see A4.36; only here are they dispatched to Makkedah. ¶ In a one-line chit below (A14.17), Al(i)qos dispatches two loads. ¶ The name in the last line, if indeed a signatory, cannot be restored.

A14.16-ISAP436 [IA11346] Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat (See A4.32 [ss Al{i}baal])

58

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Al(i)qos: loads, two.

‫ ] ?[ עלקוס מובלן תרתין‬.1

1

A14.17-ISAP2422 (JA133) (Table 8.21) Undated Payment of 2 loads Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (90×59×11), trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

For payment of loads by Al(i)qos, see above A14.15. As indicated by the gender of the numeral (‫)תרתין‬, the word ‫“( מובל‬load”) is feminine. One other chit, probably by the same scribe, also spells the numeral out as a word (A26.6). These two chits, along withi two others written for loads (A9.29 and 38.7), were written by Scribe BB. It indicates that there is no writing missing either at the left or right margins in our chit.

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

59

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Al(i)qos: chaff, bundle, 1.

1 ‫תל‬ ִ ‫ עלקוס ִת ִבן ִמ ִש‬.1

1

A14.18-ISAP2467 (JA182) (Table 6.35) Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (48×81×10), roughly rectangular, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For bundle, see A1.43–44. There are more than half a dozen undated chits that follow the format here: PN, chaff, bundle, numeral (here, A17.15, 19.13, 131.1, 201.1, 300.4.15; cf. A183.1). This chit was perhaps written by Scribe M.

A14.19-ISAP1893 (EN100 = JA405) 4 Tammuz Payment of 10 seahs of wheat (See A17.8 [Qosadar s Al{i}qos])

A14.20-ISAP1904 (EN113 = JA21) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of oil (See A242.1 [Qosluaz s Al{i}qos])

60

A14.1–23 Al(i)qos Dossier (358–336)

A14.21-ISAP 1949 (EN167 [Spaer]) (Table 8.4) 27 Elul Payment of 3 loads of wood (See A52.5 [with Saadi] and 158 [with Abibaal])

A14.22-ISAP567 [BA7] Undated Payment of 17 seahs of flour (See A3.40 [ss Qoṣi])

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Al(i)qos [to PN . . . : 2 . . . s(eahs), 5. (remains of 3 or 4 more lines) 1

ִ‫ל‬.] [‫ עלקוס‬.1 5 ִ‫ ס‬.] [ִ‫ן‬... .2

A14.23-ISAP222 [IA11783] Undated Payment of 5 seahs of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian period jar, medium-sized (55×74×7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of large white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slighlty convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, *very wide bottom margin(?), narrow left margin.

After the name of the payer at the beginning of line 1, there probably appeared the name of the payee. Most of line 2, with the name of the product, is illegible.

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316) The name Zabdi as payer and patronym appears in 18 chits, but only five of these appear here for the first time. One Zabdi appears several times as son of Al(i)baal (A15.2–4, 10, 15 [A4.2, 6, 8–10]), and another appears among the sons of Qoṣi (A15.14 [A3.31]). Three persons are associated with other dossiers: Ḥal(a)fat/Baalghayr (A15.5–9 [A7.42–46]), Qoskahel (A15.12 [A9.18]), and Samitu (A15.16 [A8.30]). Nine chits are fully dated (A15.1–2, 5–7, 10–12, 18), three by day and month only (A15. 3, 13–14), and six are undated (A15.4, 8–9, 15–17). Two persons in our dossier, apparently brothers, figure as sons of Zabdi in the same chit (A15.18). Though not necessarily with the same persons, the dossier spans three generations from 362 (A15.1–2, 5–7) to 316 (A15.18). Products delivered are quite diverse: grain, six times (A15.2–4, 11–12, 18); bales, four times (A15.5–6, 8–9); and bundles, once (A15.15); grgrn, logs, and fodder once each (A15.7, 14, 17); a payment of both grgrn and wheat, once (A15.13); and three unknown (A15.1, 10, 16). Dated List of Texts A15.1 A15.2 A15.3 A15.4 A15.5 A15.6 A15.7 A15.8 A15.9 A15.10 A15.11 A15.12 A15.13 A15.14 A15.15 A15.16 A15.17 A15.18

Payment unknown April 16, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of semolina September 6, 362 Payment of 13 seahs of barley 4 Iyyar Payment of [?+]3.5 qabs of x Undated Payment of 1 bale June 7, 362 Payment of 1 bale August 31, 362 Payment of 14 grgrn November 18, 362 Payment of 1 bale Undated Payment of 2 bales Undated Payment unknown July 13, 359 Payments of 1 seah, 1.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of flour December 16, 356 Payment of 14 seahs of barley March 23, 351 Two separate payments of 60 grgrn and 3 seahs of wheat 17 Ab/Iyyar Payment of 9 logs 19 Kislev Payment of 2 bundles Undated Payment unknown Undated Payment of 1.5 loads of fodder Undated Payment of 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat June 30, 316

61

62

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316) cm

CONVEX

On the 20th of Nisan, year 20[+20]+3 (= 43), Zabdi brought [. . .] 3 to ◦◦k◦

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Payee

3[+20+]20 ‫ לניסן שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ]. ‫ִב ִדִי‬ ִ ‫ היתי ז‬.2 .‫כ‬..‫ל‬ ִ .3

A15.1–1750 [IA12420] April 16, 362 Payment unknown Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×70×8–11), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/4), almost no visible grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

The verb of conveyance ‫ היתי‬occurs in some 20 chits, frequently in the Ḥal(a)fat/Baalghayr dossier (e.g., A7.3, 26, 30–32, 35), and essentially with grain products (but once conveying a bale, with Zabdadah bringing it to Zabdi (A47.6); see also A1.2. Unfortunately, here the product appearing at the end of line 2 is illegible, as is the payee, apparently in line 3. For the name Zabdi, together with other names formed with the element ‫“( זבד‬grant”), see A2.19.

A15.2-ISAP1128 (L128 [IM91.16.113]) September 6, 362 Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of semolina (See A4.2 [s Al{i}baal])

A15.3-ISAP1869 (EN75) 4 Iyyar Payment of 13 seahs of barley (See A4.6 [s Al{i}baal])

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316)

A15.4-ISAP1459 (AL223 [M171]) Undated Payment of [? +]3.5 qabs of x (See A4.8 [s Al{i}baal])

A15.5-ISAP1838 (EN38) June 7, 362 Payment of 1 bale (See A7.42 [to Baalghayr])

A15.6-ISAP1819 (EN19) August 31, 362 Payment of 1 bale (See A7.43 [to Baalghayr])

A15.7-ISAP1822 (EN22) November 18, 362 Payment of 14 grgrn (See A7.44 [to Baalghayr])

A15.8-ISAP1820 (EN20) Undated Payment of 1 bale (See A7.45 [to Baalghayr])

A15.9-ISAP1823 (EN23) Undated Payment of 2 bales (See A7.46 [to Baalghayr])

63

64

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316)

A15.10-ISAP1843 (EN43 = JA373) July 13, 359 Payment unknown (See A4.10 [Al{i}baal])

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Products

On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, Zabdi: semolina, s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1 (and a) q(uarter); 3flour, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4. 1

2 

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ר‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ זבדי נשף ס‬.2 4 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A15.11-ISAP894 {GCh94} (Table 1.30) December 16, 356 Payments of 1 seah, 1.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of flour

This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3, with six written on 5 Kislev alone (December 13–17, 356), all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see A11.3 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 169*–70*). Once more, Zabdi pays semolina (see A15.2 above), but now with the accompanying flour. For this product pair, see A4.11.

A15.12-ISAP1463 (AL55 [M175]) March 23, 351 Payment of 14 seahs of barley (See A9.18 [to Qoskahel])

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316)

65

cm

CONVEX Date Payer I Product I Payer II Product II

On the 17th of Ab/Iyyar, Zabdi: 2 grgrn 60 . . . . . . ; 3 Baadu: w(heat), s(eahs), 3 [?]. 1

‫זבדִי‬ ִ ‫ ִל ִא ִב‬17 ‫ ב‬.1 ... ... 60 ‫ גרגרן‬.2 [?] 3 ‫חס‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ בעד‬.3

A15.13-ISAP1056 (L56 [IM91.16.100]) 17 Ab/Iyyar Two separate payments of 60 grgrn and 3 seahs of wheat Sherd (98×67). Ostracon apparently complete. Writing partially erased [L].

The reading of the month is uncertain: most likely Ab (‫ )אב‬but possibly Iyyar (‫)איר‬. For grgrn, see A1.28. Although the reading Zabdi appears certain, we find a Zabdu in another chit for grgrn (A3.33). Both are hypocoristica, most likely of genitive construct names; the element ‫“( זבד‬grant”) appeared in many such names (see A2.19, 4.2). ¶ Baadu (‫ )בעדו‬is a hypocoristicon of a nominal sentence name, “DN is on behalf of/behind me” It occurs in the Hebrew name ‫ בעדיה‬found in Elephantine (TAD B2.10:18, C4.5:2), in the eighth-century name of the king of Ḥamath,Yaubiʾdi, and in West Semitic names in Akkadian compounded with Adad and Atttar (ARAB 2: §55; Noth 1928: 110; Zadok 1977: 97). A son of Zabdi makes a payment of wheat below in a late chit, apparently from the steppe of his brother (A15.18).

A15.14-ISAP1061 (L61 [IM91.16.20]) 19 Kislev Payment of 9 logs (See A3.31 [ss Qoṣi])

66

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316)

A15.15-ISAP1845 (EN45) Undated Payment of 2 bundles (See A4.9 [Al{i}baal])

A15.16-ISAP2573 (JA299) Undated Payment unknown (See A8.30 [to Samitu])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Zabdi: fodder 2fodder, load, 1 (and a) h(alf). 1

‫ זבדי ִעמיר‬.1 ‫ ף‬1 ‫ עמיר מובל‬.2

A15.17-ISAP549 (Rikyyo1) (Table 8.19) Undated Payment of 1.5 loads of fodder

In an Aramaic payment order from Egypt, Arsames authrorizes ‫ עמיר‬for the horses (TAD A6.9:4 [Driver rendered it “hay”]). The word is strangely duplicated here. It occurs once more in our corpus, also with a load (A26.5). These two chits, plus A214.1, were written by Scribe DD. In the Bible, we find it as grain uncut by the reaper (Jer 9:21) or as heavily weighing down a wagon (Amos 2:13).

A15.1–18 Zabdi Dossier (362–351, 316)

67

cm

CONVEX

On the 6th of Tammuz, year 8, Ḥazael son of Zabdi, from the Steppe of 3Qosner son of Zabdi: w(heat), s(eahs), 7; q(abs), 3+1 (= 4).

Date

1

Payer

2

Origin Product

8 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִב ִדִי מן ִעִר ִב ִת‬ ִ ‫ חזִאל בר ז‬.2 ( 4=) 3+1 ‫ ק‬7 ‫ קוסנר בר זבדִי חס‬.3

A15.18-ISAP2497 (JA214) June 30, 316 Payment of 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd (shoulder?) of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (68×84×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There is a chit for Ḥaggu son of Baalsamak (A33.6) written on the same day by the same scribe. Another one, also by the same scribe but in 2 Alexander, spells his name Ḥaggagu (A33.7). On this basis, year 8 here belongs to Philip. ¶ At least four sets of chits derive from a place with a compound name, “Steppe of PN.” This chit is unique in that the PN in the site name and the payer bear the same patyronym, Zabdi. Ḥazael appears to be paying wheat from the steppe named after his brother, Qosner, a place that probably appears again in A33.5. See further A11.9 for the Steppe of Zam(mu)ru/Nam(i)ru, A17.8 for the Steppe of Ḥinziru, and A37.7 for the Steppe of Ḥaggai; cf. A37.6, 270.1, 300.2.5. Other occurrences of this term appear in the dossier of land descriptions (H). ¶ For the name Ḥazael, see A3.17, and for Qosner, see A1.10 and A88. ¶ The fourth numeral of the quantity appears supralinearly at the end of line 3. Zabdi pays wheat above (A15.13).

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315) The name Qosḥanan as payer and patronym appears in 16 chits, but 7 of these appear in previous dossiers. One Qosḥanan is associated with Qoskahel (A16.1, 3–4, [A9.7, 9–10]), and two are affiliated with different clans: Baalrim (A16.7–8 [A1.44–45]) and Qoṣi (A16.11 [A3.34]). One chit belonged to a son, Qosmalak (A16.16 [A11.9]), but none of the chits in which Qosḥanan is payer bears a patronym. Seven chits are fully dated (A16.1–6, 16), three by day and month (A16.7, 9, 10), one by month and year (A16.15), and five are undated (A16.8, 11–14). Eight different commodities were delivered in this dossier: five chits for grain (A16.1, 3–4, 6, 16), two chits for bales, and two for grgrn (A16.5, 15; 16.8, 11), one chit each for chaff, oil, stalks, logs, and silver (A16.7, 10, 14, 12–13), and two for products unknown (A16.2, 9). Dated List of Texts A16.1 A16.2 A16.3 A16.4 A16.5 A16.6 A16.7 A16.8 A16.9 A16.10 A16.11 A16.12 A16.13 A16.14 A16.15 A16.16

Payment of 5 seahs of resh August 25, 362 Payment unknown September–October, 360 or October–November, 359 Payment of 20 seahs of barley June 10, 359? Payment of 2 seahs of semolina of wheat and 1 seah of flour July 12, 359 Payment of 1 bale August 7, 353 Exchange of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for [4] seahs, [4 qabs] of barley October 6, 352 Payment of 1 bundle of chaff 29 Elul Payment of 16 grgrn Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of x x Marcheshvan Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil 6 Adar II Payment of 23 grgrn Undated Payment of 1 log Undated Payment of 1 maah, 1 quarter Undated Payment of 2 bundles of stalks Undated Payments of 2 bales and 1 bale July 16–August 14, 337 Payment of 6 seahs of barley July 21, 315

68

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

69

A16.1-ISAP1248 (AL4 = JA75) August 25, 362 Payment of 5 seahs of resh (Ssee A9.7 [Qoskahel])

cm

CONVEX

[On the x of] Tishri, year [20+]24[+2?] (= 46?), [ ]24[+20] ‫ ]  [ לתשרי שנת‬.1 [ ]... .[?]. ִ‫קו]סחנן לח‬ ִ .2 [Qo]sḥanan to Ḥ[. . .]: [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

A16.2-ISAP277 [IA11746] September – October, 360 or October – November, 359 Payment unknown Base and lower body fragment of Iron Age II bowl, medium-sized (52×55×4–10), roughly triangular, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white grits, red slip and wheel-burnishing on interior. Upper edge burned. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The day of the month is missing in line 1, and the letters qof, waw, and much of the samekh are missing at the beginning of line 2. The ostracon is cracked at the end of line 1, and the upright position of the fourth numeral stroke suggests that there may have been one or two more strokes, yielding a date of year 45 or 46 (360 or 359). The earliest clearly attested Tishri date in the 40s is 4 Tishri, year 44 (October 12, 361 [A7.36]). The name of the payee is not legible and that of the product is completely effaced. ¶ For the name Qosḥanan, see A1.44.

70

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

A16.3-ISAP1944 (EN153 [BLMJ668]) June 10, 359? Payment of 20 seahs of barley (See A9.9 [to Qoskahel])

A16.4-ISAP1419 (AL10 [M126]) July 12, 359 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina of wheat and 1 seah of flour (See A9.10 [to Qoskahel]) cm

CONVEX

On the 25th of Tammuz, year 6, [Q]osḥanan 1gave 2 to Yazidi servant of Ani: 3 [. . .]to Qosyeta: bale, 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee I Payee II Product

‫ יהב‬6 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִם ִעני‬ ִ ‫ ]ק]וסחנן ליז ִִדי עלי‬.2 1 ‫]  [לקִו ִסיתא פחלץ‬ ִ .3

A16.5-ISAP2614 (JA353) (Table 7.7) August 7, 353 Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized, (42×65×8), roughly triangular, very pale brown, (10YR7/3), interior and ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 10% of the exterior, and on two old breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), right edge broken, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For Qosḥanan, see A1.44. ¶ Twice more, payees are identified as servants, once unnamed (A55.4) and once, as here, “PN servant of PN” (A50.3). The name of the servant here is unclear, perhaps ‫יזדי‬, Yazidi. Unfortunately, the beginning of line 3 is missing, and the relationship between the two apparent payees (each with lamed preceding the name) is unclear. Only one product is evident; for this, see A1.2. ¶ Qos­ yeta (‫ )קוסיתא‬is a name of petition (“May Qos come”); see A3.11. In addition to making several payments himself (A37), Ani is also the source of the grain in three barley chits (A3.16, 9.21 [wheat also], 39.6) and the owner of a vineyard (H6.2 [ISAP36]).¶ This product is paid again in A16.15 below.

71

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Exchange

On the 7th of Tishri, ye. . . , 2year 7, Qosḥanan: 3 from the grain of the purchase, 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(abs) 2 for b(arley), s(eahs) 5[4, q(abs), 4]. 1

‫ לתשרי ִש ִנ‬7 ‫ב‬.. ִ‫ קוסח ִנן‬7 ‫שנת‬ ‫מן עבור זבינתא‬ ‫ בשס‬2 ‫ ק‬2 ‫חס‬

.1 .2

.3 .4

A16.6-ISAP2 [JTS2 159255] October 6, 352 Exchange of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for [4] seahs, [4 qabs] of barley

The scribe began to write “year” (‫ )שנ‬at the end of line 1 but wrote out the word fully at the beginning of line 2 instead. ¶ The bottom line of this ostracon has been cut away, but the formulaic nature of the transaction allows confident restoration. It is an exchange of wheat for barley, which always proceeds at the rate of one for two. These exchanges were often made in the storehouse; see A1.24, 2.7–8, 4.23, etc., for full discussion. Here, alone, do we have a record of the source of the grain, for which see A4.25.

A16.7-ISAP1244 (AL127 = JA72) 29 Elul Payment of 1 bundle of chaff (See A1.44 [ss Baalrim])

A16.8-ISAP1739 [IA12418] Undated Payment of 16 grgrn (See A1.45 [h Baalrim])

72

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Agent Product

[On the x (day) of Mar]cheshvan, Qosḥanan 2 [to . . .]qam, by the hand of 3[PN]: [. . .], s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 2, 4 [. . .]. 1

__.‫קוסחנִן‬ ִ ‫]ב למר]חשון‬ ‫ם עליד‬.[ ] 2 ‫ ִק‬2 ‫[ס‬ ִ ] .[ ]

.1 .2

.3 .4

A16.9-ISAP1454 (AL198 [M166]) x Marcheshvan Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of x Fragment of jar (41×59×5), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon incomplete, only ends of written lines preserved. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

Cut away at the right edge, the ostracon has lost the day and part of the month name in line 1 (‫)למר‬, the name of the payee in line 2 (doubtless abbreviated to a single letter) and the name of the agent and the product in line 3. There is a dividing line at the end of line 1, and an indistinguishable mark in line 4.

73

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Agent Product Signatory?

On the 6th of Adar II, Qosḥanan: 2 oil, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3, 3 by the hand of Qos[. . .] . 4 Qosnatan [?]. 1

‫קוסחנן‬ ִ ‫לא ִדר ִאחרי‬ ִ 6‫ב‬ 3 ‫ ִק‬1 ‫ִמ ִש ִח ִס‬ .....[ ].‫ִד ִקִו ִס‬ ִ ‫ִע ִלי‬ [?]  ִ‫ִתן‬ ִ ‫קוסנ‬ ִ

.1 .2

.3 .4

A16.10-ISAP1573 (AL135 [M289]) 6 Adar II Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar (53×39×7), exterior light brown, interior light brown/gray. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

There was an Adar II in years 43 (361), 45 (359), 2 (356), 5 (353), 10 (348), 13 (345), 16 (342), 18 (340), and year 21 (337). Our dated documents for Qosḥanan run the decade from 362 to 352 and then jump to 337 (year 1 of Arses, not year 21 of Artaxerxes III). Years 43 and 45 are less likely possibilities. Were we to date our chit according to the upper register of more likely options during the reign of Artaxerxes III, it would fall in one of three years: 2 (356), 5 (353), or 10 (348). The corresponding month date would be March 26, 356, March 23, 353, or March 27, 348. ¶ There are some 80 chits for oil (see A1.6), but only about nine feature agents, three being the same person (Natanbaal [A12.16, 47.2, 76.3), and many others have incomplete or difficult readings (A7.50, 14.6, 30.6, 38.3). Unfortunately, the second half of the agent’s name here is illegible, as is the rest of line 3. The reading of the name in line 4 is uncertain, and the function of the person unclear.

74

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

A16.11-ISAP948 (Lj1 [Welch]) Undated Payment of 23 grgrn (See A3.34 [ss Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosḥanan: log, 1.

1 ‫ קוסחנן גזיר‬.1

1

A16.12-ISAP1741 [IA12411 {Zd18}] Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (43×52×6), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is the most terse chit in the dossier: it has a name, a product, and a numeral. Of the almost 40 chits for logs (‫[ גזירן‬for which see A5.13]), only a few are this terse, lacking date, clan, or payee (A19.10; 115.1, 217.1, 237.1, and perhaps A28.8).

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

75

cm

CONVEX

[. . .]Q[o]sḥanan: [. . .]m(aah), 1; q(uarter), 1

Payer

1

Amount

2

‫[ו]סחנן‬ ִ ‫]?[ק‬ ִ .1 1 ‫ ִר‬1 ‫ ]?[ ִמ‬.2

A16.13-ISAP430 [IA11336] Undated Payment of 1 maah, 1 quarter Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (45×52×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-white (5YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin widening to the left, right edge broken, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

Sometimes, monetary payments are recorded as the price of a product, such as wine (8 maahs [A7.38]) or oil (e.g., 4 shekels, 4 maahs, 3 quarters [C5.2]). See above (A16.10) for a payment of oil by Qosḥanan. Once we have a text like this one, with the names of the payer and payee and an amount of 6 maahs (see A10.28, also for discussion). Our text cannot readily be restored to support this kind of reconstruction. Perhaps he was the payee, with the name of the payer coming at the beginning of line 1, in which case the scribe could have simply indented the sum to fall below the name of Qosḥanan. The name Qosḥanan, however, appears only once as payee (A51.3).

76

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315) cm

Because of the size of the original object, images on this page are at 90% of actual size. CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Qosḥanan to Aliel: bundles, 2stalks, 2. (Remains of an erased line upside down:) 1 On the ◦◦◦◦◦1st of ◦[. . .]◦ Qšt 1

]...‫ קוסחנן לעליאל משתלן‬.1 2{?‫ עצה {משתלן‬.2

‫קשת‬ ִ .[ ]‫ ל‬1 ..…‫ ב‬.1

A16.14-ISAP2463 (JA178) (Table 6.29) (Palimpsest) Undated Payment of 2 bundles of stalks (or: x bundles and 2 stalks) Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64×104×8), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior and ware pink (5YR7/4), interior gray (7.5YR5/0), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, no bottom margin, left edge broken.

For the name Aliel, see A12.18, A220.1. ¶ The word ‫“( משתלן‬bundles” [see A1.43]) occurs right at the end of the line, leaving no trace of a numeral. In the three other occurrences of the word ‫( עצה‬A1.31, 43, 10.40), it precedes the measure, whereas here it would either stand without a measure (simply “2”) or, if no numeral is missing at the end of line 1, follow the measure.

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

77

cm

CONVEX In the month of Tammuz, year 1, Qosḥanan to Ad(a)ran: bales, 2; 3 entry: Qosḥanan to Ad(a)ran: bale, [1]. 4 (archaic alef   )

Date

1

Payer I

2

Payee I Product I Payer I Payee I Product II Sealing Sign

1 ‫בירח תמוז שנת‬ [? ]2 ‫לעדִרןִ פחלצן‬ ִ ‫קוסחנן‬ [1] ִ‫לעדִרןִ ִפ ִח ִלץ‬ ִ ִ‫בב קוסח ִנן‬ #

.1 .2

.3 .4

A16.15-ISAP1609 (AL13 [M411]) (Table 7.9) July 16 – August 14, 337 Payments of 2 bales and 1 bale Body sherd of jar (63×56×8), exterior and interior light cream. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

There are a half a dozen chits whose date formula is simply “in the month (‫ )ירח‬of MN.” Four are closely interrelated by persons, and three of these have the same month (Marcheshvan [A17.11, 20.8, 151.2]). The fourth is dated to Tammuz (A103.2). Three of these four are explicitly dated to year 21 (A20.8; A151.1, 151.2), the last year of Artaxeres III (338/337). Two, including this one (also A55.4), both for ‫“( פחלצן‬bales”), are dated “in the month of Tammuz, year 1.” These two, along with a third dated to year 21 (Artaxerxes III), were written by Scribe U. On the basis of the unique date formula, this year may be considered to refer to Artaxerxes IV (Arses), since his year 1 follows immediately upon Artaxerxes III’s last year. The archaic alef sealing sign usually occurs in chits from the end of the reign of Artaxeres II and the early years of Artaxerxes III (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 8), but isolated examples also appear later— for example, in year 13 (A8.22). ¶ Composed with the verb ‫“( עדר‬help”), the name of the payee may be an abbreviation of the name ‫“( עדרני‬helped me” [ISAP1653+1623 {Yardeni-Porten 2008: 738, line 3 of text = C2.1}, 2540]), which itself would be a hypocoristicon of “DN helped me.” For other names compounded with this root, see A1.15. For other such verbal suffix names, cf. ‫קוסדלני‬, “Qosdalani” (D4.3, 12, 13 [PortenYardeni 2006: 476, line 19–21]) and ‫סעדניקוס‬/‫ש‬, “Saadaniqos” (A212.1; C1.5, 5.5). ¶ For bales, see A1.2 and A16.5 above; for ‫“( בב‬entry”), see A1.24.

78

A16.1–16 Qosḥanan Dossier (362–352, 337, 315)

A16.16-ISAP1254 (AL88 = JA80) July 21, 315 Payment of 6 seahs of barley (See A11.9 [Qosmalak s Qosḥanan])

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317) The name Qosadar/ider as payer and patronym appears in 16 chits, but 6 of these appear in other dossiers. One Qosadar/ider is associated with Samitu (A17.10 [A8.13]), while three are affiliated with different clans: Al(i)baal (A17.1, 4 [A4.15, 29]), Ḥori (A17.5 [A6.3]), and Beyadel (A17.13 [A6.11]). One chit belonged to a son, Zabdadah (A17.16 [A47. 3]), and four bore patronyms: twice associated with earlier clans (Zabdu [A17.1 {A4.15}] and Baalmalak [A17.13 {A6.11}]), once as a son of Al(i)qos (A17.8 [A14.19]), and once as a son of Galgul (A17.14). Six chits are fully dated (A17.1–3, 5–6, 16), five by day and month (A17.7–10, 13), one by month, and one by year (A17.11; 17.4); three are undated (A17,12, 14–15). Grain is the dominant product, occurring in twelve chits (A17.1–3, 5–9, 11–13, 16), with two chits for oil (A17.4–5) and one chit each for silver and chaff (A17.14–15). One product is unknown (A17.10). Dated List of Texts A17.1 A17.2 A17.3 A17.4 A17.5 A17.6 A17.7 A17.8 A17.9 A17.10 A17.11 A17.12 A17.13 A17.14 A17.15 A17.16

Payment of 3 seahs of resh August 17, 359 Two payments: 8 seahs and 2 seahs of wheat August 6, 358 Payment of 7 seahs, 1 qab of wheat August 1, 357 Payment of 2.5 qabs of oil Year 7 (352/51) Payment of 2 seahs, 3 qabs of oil December 9, 345 Payment of 7 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat flour April 3, 344 Payment of 1 kor, 22 seahs, 1 qab of wheat 1 Tammuz Payment of 10 seahs of wheat 4 Tammuz Payment of 1 kor, 7 seahs, x qabs of wheat 2x Payment of 20 x 14 Marcheshvan Payment of 2 qabs of barley; exchange of 1.5 qabs [of barley] for 1 qab of wheat Probably October 25-November 23, 338 Payment of 1 kor of barley Undated Payment of 6 x; 20 seahs of y 20 x Payment of 1 shekel Undated Payment of 7 bundles of chaff Undated Payment of 3 kors of barley December 11, 317

79

80

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317)

A17.1-ISAP1222 (LL1 [SM9]) August 17, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of resh (See A4.15 [s Zabdu ss Al{i}baal]) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Tammuz, year 1, Qosadar/ider to the storehouse: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 8; from Zabdiel: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product 1 Source Product 2

1 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסעדר למסכנתא‬.2

‫ִב ִד ִאל‬ ִ ‫ מן ז‬8 ‫ חס‬.3 2 ‫ חס‬.4

A17.2-ISAP1249 (AL16 = JA74 [J15]) August 6, 358 Two payments: 8 seahs and 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×65×11), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light reddishbrown (5YR6/3), interior brown (7.5YR5/2), many tiny white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. No top margin, narrow right margin, wide margin, variable left margin.

This is the earliest of 30 chits recording the payment primarily of wheat to the storehouse in years 1 to 8 and the only one for year 1 (e.g., A1.10a, 15–25, 4.22; see TAOI vol. 1, Table 1.1). For the name Qosadar/ ider see A4.15. ¶ In the fragmentary chit below with only a partially preserved date (A17.9), Qosadar/ider makes another payment to the storehouse, apparently also with another payer, but only the initial letter (an alef ) and a patronym are preserved. ¶ One other chit has both a payer and a “from” party, as the total source of the grain (A249.1). It thus may be assumed here that Zabdiel, the “from” party, is the Source of 2 out of the 8 seahs total and not an additional payer, as in A17.9 below. The final lamed of Zabdiel is written supralinearly. For the name Zabdiel, see A2.19 and A32. Another chit for Qosadar/ider, this time for 1 kor of barley, records Zabdiel alone in the second line, probably serving as signatory, without further notation (A17.12). For another payment of wheat two years later, see the next chit (A17.3); three more chits for wheat are dated only by month (A17.7–9).

81

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317) cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Ab [. . .], year 2, Qosadar/ider: 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 7, q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf); 3[b](arley), q(ab), 1. Šezibel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory?

2 ‫ לאב >ס Zd13] 14 Marcheshvan Payment of 20 x (See A8.13 [to Samitu]) cm

CONVEX Date Payee Product Payer Exchange

In the mo[n]th of Marcheshvan, [ ]‫ליחלף ב‬ ִ ‫ִ[ר]ח מרחשון‬ ִ ‫ בי‬.1 to Yaḥlif/Yaḥluf b[. . .] ‫ ף‬1 ‫ קוסעדר ִק‬2 ‫ שק‬.2 2 b(arley), q(abs), 2. 1 ‫ ִב ִחק‬.3 Qosadar/ider: q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf) in (exchange) 3for w(heat) q(ab), 1. 1

A17.11-ISAP557 [JJ] Probably October 25–November 23, 338 Payment of 2 qabs of barley Exchange of 1.5 qabs [of barley] for 1 qab of wheat

This is a challenging piece. On the one hand, it may be aligned with two other pieces dated to Marcheshvan, year 21 (338), one of which also has the patronym ‫יחלף‬, as here (A20.8 and 151.2, acquired together). On the other hand, its composition is most unusual. Instead of beginning with the name of the payer, it seems to begin with the name of the payee (‫[ ליחלף‬see A103]), followed by the first letter (‫ )ב‬of an otherwise erased word. Line 2 opens with the product (\\ ‫“[ שק‬2 qabs of barley”]), followed by the name Qosadar/ider. Is he the initiator of the following transaction, apparently an exchange of ‫“( ק \ פ‬1.5 qabs [of barley]”) for \ ‫“( בחק‬for 1 qab of wheat”)? This ratio would be unique, because elsewhere it takes two qabs of barley to get one qab of wheat (see A1.24). ¶ There are two other chits for barley below (A17.12, 16).

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317)

87

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Signatory

Qosadar/ider: b(arley), kor 1. 2 Zabdiel.

1 ‫קוסע ִדִר ש כר‬ ִ .1

1

‫ זבדאל‬.2

A17.12-ISAP 1312 (AL162 [M12]) Undated Payment of 1 kor of barley

Zabdiel appears as signatory in some nine or ten chits dated in years 46, 1, 2, and 4 (359–357, 355; A1.1, 7.9, 19, 24, 14.2, 45.4, 52.1, 300.1.21; cf. A119.1), in another three with missing dates (here, A13.16, 37.1 [probably year 2]), and possibly even in one (A7.2) with a restored date to year 43 (362). We may accordingly date our chit to one of those years, most likely one of the earlier three. Only four of the dated chits convey barley, one just a little more than a kor, as here (A119.1 [though Zabdiel may be an agent here]), another 15 seahs (A7.9), yet another just more than 6 seahs (A7.24), and a final one 21.5 seahs (A300.1.21). Qosadar/ider pays barley twice more (A17.11 above and A17.16 below).

A17.13-ISAP1194 (L194 [IM91.16.188]) 20 x Payment of 6 x; 20 seahs of y (See A6.11 [s Baalmalak ss Beyadel])

88

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317) cm

CONVEX Q[os]adar/ider son of Galgul for the quittance of Elimilk/malak: 3 silver, sh(ekel), 1.

Payer

1

Payee

2

Sum

[?] .‫[וס]עדר בר גלגל‬ ִ ‫ ִק‬.1 ‫ר אלימלך‬/‫ למאטד‬.2 1 ‫ כסף ש‬.3

A17.14-ISAP533 [Charlesworth6] Undated Payment of 1 shekel

This is a unique chit that presents us with an otherwise unattested word:‫ר‬/‫מאטד‬. The best suggestion is to relate it to the first of two words in the Aramaic formula ‫אטיר מכיר‬, paraphrased as “paid (and) received” (WDSP 3:3, 7:4), which is a reflex of Akkadian maḫir eṭir (see WDSP, p. 60). Is Qosadar/ider paying off a small debt of 1 shekel to or for ‫ ¶ ?אלימלך‬The biblical name ‫אלימלך‬, the deceased husband of Naomi (Ruth 1:2), is a nominal sentence name (“Elimelek” [El is king]). In Greek transcriptions of Idumean names from Ptolemaic Egypt, it appears as a verbal sentence name, Ἐλμα[λά]χ[ου] = Elmalak (“El ruled”). Likewise, ‫ קוסמלך‬in Greek transcriptions is Κοσμαλάχου = Qosmalak (Lidzbarski II: 340). In our ostraca, the name appears four more times and always without a yod (A 2.27, 93.1–3) ‫אלמלך‬. To allow for all possibilities, we transcribe the name El(i)milk/malak. ¶ The script is earlier than that of the other chits, and so this one may possibly be dated to the fifth century b.c.e. The name Galgul also appears as patronym in a fifth-century account (E1.2 [ISAP1979:2]), a fifth-century list of names (E1.3 [ISAP1978]), in two land description texts (H4.4 [ISAP1964], H6.3 [1970]), in three Elephantine papyri (TAD A3.4:2, B3.1:21, 4.1:1), and in letters and a contract from Wadi Murabbaʿat (DJD II: 42:2, 43:2, 44:1, 115: passim [Γαλγουλὰ in Greek]).

A17.1–16 Qosadar/ider Dossier (359–317)

89

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosadar/ider: chaff, 2bundles, 7.

‫קוסעדר תבן‬ ִ .1 7 ‫ משתלן‬.2

1

A17.15-ISAP1731 [IA12403 {Zd8}] (Table 6.33) Undated Payment of 7 bundles of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×66×7), roughly rectangular, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For ‫משתלן‬, here written defectiva, see A1.44. Most chits for bundles are undated or dated only by day and month. This chit was written by Scribe M, along with A19.13, 118:1–3, 131.1, and 201.1.

A17.16-ISAP1890 (EN97) December 11, 317 Payment of 3 kors of barley (See A47.3 [Zabdadah s Qosadar/ider])

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) The name Ḥal(a)fan as payer and patronym appears in 14 chits, but four of these appear in other dossiers. One Ḥal(a)fan appears among the sons of Qoṣi (A18.2–4 [A3.28–30]), and another appears as the second payer alongside Ḥaggai (A18.13 [A49.2]). One Ḥal(a)fan is father to a person whose name is only partially preserved (A18.14), and another is son of Ḥaggai (A18.8). Only one chit is fully dated (A18.1), four by day and month (A18.1–2, 5, 13), and the rest are undated (A18.3–4, 6–12, 14). Six chits deal with grain (A18.1, 5–7, 9, 14) and six with wood products (A18.2–4, 10 [also a bundle], 12, 13 [also chaff]); one each with wine and oil (A18.8, 11). Dated List of Texts A18.1 A18.2 A18.3 A18.4 A18.5 A18.6 A18.7 A18.8 A18.9 A18.10 A18.11 A18.12 A18.13 A18.14

Payment of 16 seahs of barley July 20, 362 Payment of 1 joist 29 Ab Payment of 4 “joists” (‫ )משישן‬Undated Payment of 1 door Undated Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs and 6 seahs 15 Tebeth Payments of 14 seahs of semolina, 5 seahs, 1.5 qabs of ordinary flour Undated Payment of 13 seahs, x qabs of resh Undated Payment of 8 seahs of wine Undated Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of flour Undated Payments of 2 logs, 1 bundle Undated Payment of oil Undated Payment of 4 (+?) (pieces) of olive wood Undated Payments of 2 loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff 27 Elul Payment of 20 seahs of barley Undated

90

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?)

91

cm

CONVEX

On the 27th of Tammuz, 2year 43, Ḥal(a)fan:

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3

b(arley), s(eahs), 16.

‫ לתמוז‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ חלפן‬43 ‫ שנת‬.2 16 ‫ שס‬.3

A18.1-ISAP1247 (AL1 = JA76 [J13]) July 20, 362 Payment of 16 seahs of barley Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (64×63×9–17), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Somewhat uniquely, a Ḥal(a)fan appears in numerous texts as payer of many types of different products. In fact, he only makes payments of the same product twice, if that (of joists [A18.2–3]). Otherwise, he pays no less than 14 distinct products, each only once: barley (A18.1; cf. A18.14, in which a son of his also pays barley), a door (A18.4), wheat (A18.5), semolina (A18.6), ordinary flour (A18.6), resh (A18.7), wine (A18.8), flour (A18.9), logs (A18.10), a bundle (A18.10), oil (A18.11), olive wood (A18.12), wood (A8.13), and bales of chaff (A18.13). For the name, see A3.35.

A18.2-ISAP1660 {OG?26} 29 Ab Payment of 1 joist (See A3.30 [ss Qoṣi])

92

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?)

A18.3-ISAP1257 (AL150 {J23}) Undated Payment of 4 “joists” (‫)משישן‬ (See A3.29 [ss Qoṣi])

A18.4-ISAP1636 {OG?2} Undated Payment of 1 door (See A3.28 [ss Qoṣi]) cm

CONVEX Payer 1 Payee 1 Product 1 Date Payer 2 Payee 2 Product 2

Ḥal(a)fan to Marṣaat: w(heat), s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf), 2 on the 15th of Tebeth, 3 Zabdu to Ḥal(a)fan: w(heat), s(eahs), 6. 1

‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ חלפן למרצעת חס‬.1 ‫ לטבת‬15 ‫ ב‬.2 6 ‫ זבדו לחלפן חס‬.3

A18.5-ISAP943 {Gch143} 15 Tebeth Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs and 6 seahs

The format of this chit is unusual. The date appears neither at the beginning nor at the end, but in the middle. Not one, but two transactions are recorded. At the beginning, Ḥal(a)fan gives more than 3.5 seahs of wheat to Marṣaat, and at the end, Zabdu gives 6 seahs of wheat to Ḥal(a)fan. Given the order of the transactions, it appears that Ḥal(a)fan is reimbursed for almost twice the amount he paid out. Were the transactions not related, the scribe would have drawn up two separate chits. With only day and month, the date in the middle serves as a kind of pivot. Both Marṣaat (A43) and Zabdu (A41; see A2.19 for name) make several payments elsewhere.

93

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Products Agent

Ḥal(a)fa[n] to Ḥaggai: semolina, seahs, 2fourteen; ordinary (flour), seahs, 3five; a qab and a half, by the hand of 4 Zabdimaran. . . . 1

‫לח ִגי נשיף סאן‬ ִ ]‫חלפ[ן‬ ִ ‫עשר וארבע דמי סאן‬ ‫חמש קב ופלג עליד‬ [?]. ִ‫זבדמרן‬ ִ

.1

.2 .3 .4

A18.6-ISAP30 (JA421) Undated Payments of 14 seahs of semolina, 5 seahs, 1.5 qabs of ordinary flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52×84×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior and ware light gray (2.5Y7/2), well-levigated, few tiny black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

For the combination semolina+flour, see A4.11. Those texts were regularly dated; ours is undated, and we have, unusually, instead of ‫“( קמח‬flour”), the rare word ‫דמי‬, on which see A5.2. The 1:1 or 1:2 semolinaflour ratio in the dated texts (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 1 [pp. 168*–70*]) gives way here to something approaching a 3:1 ratio. ¶ Ḥal(a)fan and Ḥaggai appear together thrice more, once delivering wood (A18.13 below [= A49.2]); once, as here, as the payer to Ḥaggai (of resh [A18.7 below]); and once as son of Ḥaggai, delivering wine (A18.8). ¶ Meaning “grant of our lord,” the name Zabdimaran (‫ )זבדמרן‬appears as agent together with Zabdu (‫ )זבדו‬in two other texts (A1.51–52), and it is likely that this name fits the letter traces following Zbadimaran in our document.

94

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee 1 Payee 2? Source Product

Ḥal(a)fan to Haggai . . . 2 to Qosani from Makkedah: 3 resh, s(eahs), 13; q(abs), [. . .] 1

[ ? ]‫ חלפן לחגִי א‬.1 ‫מנקדה‬ ִ ‫ לקוסעני ִמן‬.2 ?]‫ ִק‬13 ‫ ראש ס‬.3

A18.7-ISAP1608 (AL213 [M410]) (Table 2.41) Undated Payment of 13 seahs, x qabs of resh Body sherd of jar (84×61×6), exterior and interior pink-orange. At least bottom part of left side of ostracon missing. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

Unfortunately, this piece is broken off at the left edge, and parts of a word are apparently missing at the end of line 1. Both Haggai (A49) and Qosani (A30) have a lamed preceding their name. This is regularly the preposition “to,” introducing the payee. In this case, the relationship between the two persons is unclear because of the missing word. (In earlier publications, we assumed that the word was a personal name [Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 150, no. 85; Porten-Yardeni 2009: 173*, no. 41]). ¶ Makkedah is most likely the source of the payment, not the origin of Qosani (see Porten-Yardeni 2007a: 146, 152). ¶ For resh, see A4.1 (also 1.4, 3.2) and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–47*.

95

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fan son of Ḥaggai to Qoṣ wine, s(eahs), 3+5 (= 8). 3 (archaic alef  )

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product Sealing Sign

(8=) +5

‫ חלפן בר חגי‬.1 3 ‫לקוץִ חמר ס‬ ִ .2 (?)# .3

A18.8-ISAP1606 (AL253 [M408]) (Palimpsest?) Undated Payment of 8 seahs of wine Body sherd of jar, thick-walled (62×70×13), exterior beige-gray, interior red-orange. Written lines at 5–10° to wheelmarks [AL].

One wonders if the payee Ḥaggai in the two previous chits (A18.6–7) is the same as the patronym Ḥaggai in this chit. This is the only chit where a patronym for Ḥal(a)fan occurs. Qoṣ (“Thorn”) appears but once more in a chit dated to 15 Tebeth, year 17 (January 20, 341), as a member of the clan of Yehokal (A5.10). ¶ This is the only one of about ten chits for wine with an archaic alef. ¶ The last five numeral strokes at the end of line 3 are written supralinearly. For wine, see A5.18–19.

96

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Ḥal(a)fan and Šimu: flour, s(eahs), 13; 3q(abs), 3.

Payers

1

Product

2

‫ושמעו‬ ִ ‫ חלפן‬.1 13 ‫ קמח ס‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A18.9-ISAP1914 (EN123 = JA27) Undated Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×66×6–8), roughly triangular, exterior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 75° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

In another chit where Ḥal(a)fan is paired, he appears second (A18.13 below = A49.2). For the name Šimu, see A6.18–19, in which the person is filiated to an unknown clan.

97

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Products

Ḥal(a)fan: logs, 22; bundle,1.

‫ חלפן גזירן‬.1 1 ‫ משתל‬2 .2

1

A18.10-ISAP1434 (EN155 = AL227 [M144]) (Table 6.41) Undated Payments of 2 logs, 1 bundle Body sherd of jar (58×55×4–8), exterior and interior pink orange. Written lines almost parallel to wheel-marks.

This is the only one of some 40 chits for logs (see A5.13) that has a second item, here a bundle. Of the almost 50 chits for bundles (see A1.43–44), only one other is accompanied by a second item, either a log or, more likely, a joist (A8.31). Along with A19.15, this chit was written by Scribe Q.

98

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ḥal(a)fan gave oil, 2 . . . [. . .]l[. . .]◦ 3 . . . Qoslanṣur:

‫ִה ִב חלפן ִמ ִש ִח‬ ִ‫י‬ .[ ]‫] [ל‬. .. ‫ִצִר‬ ִ ‫קוס ִלנ‬ ִ ... ....

1

.1

.2 .3 .4

A18.11-ISAP818 [IA12201 {GCh18}] Undated Payment of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (69×73×5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, no bottom margin, medium left margin.

The verb of conveyance ‫“( יהב‬gave”) occurs rarely among our chits (e.g., A3.36, 7.38, 16.5, 45.1). Among the nearly 70 chits for oil (see A1.6), a verb of conveyance appears but a couple times, always to describe some special circumstance: ‫“( היתי‬brought” [A8.17]), ‫“( הנעל‬brought in” [A14.3, 29.2, 69.1]). In the imperative (‫ הב‬in the singular and ‫ הבו‬in the plural), the verb occurs frequently in payment orders (B), with the formula, “Give to so-and-so such-and-such.” The function of Qoslanṣur (‫“[ קוסלנצר‬May Qos guard”]; see A87) is unclear. Lines 2, 4, and the beginning of line 3 are all but effaced.

99

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Ḥal(a)fan: olive wood, 4 [+?]. 1

]4 ‫חלפן זיתן‬ ִ .1

A18.12-ISAP1396 (AL281 [M102]) Undated Payment of 4 (+?) (pieces) of olive wood Body sherd of jar (?) (70×47×6), exterior and interior brown. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

The word ‫זיתן‬, in the plural, occurs once elsewhere (A3.8), in addition to two other chits in which ‫זית‬ qualifies a beam (A2.19) or wood (ending in alef [A300.2.32]). In land description texts (H), the word is more frequent.

A18.13-ISAP541 [FCO4] (Tables 7.17, 8.3) 27 Elul Payments of 2 loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff (See A49.2 [with Ḥaggai])

100

A18.1–14 Ḥal(a)fan Dossier (362–?) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[Baal]ghayr/[Qos]ghayr son of Ḥal(a)fan: b(arley), s(eahs), 20[. . .] 2 [. . .]20 [? ] 1

]20 ‫שס‬ ִ ִ‫ר בר ִח ִל ִפן‬/‫[עיד‬ [?] 20.[

.1

.2

A18.14-ISAP1500 (AL329 [M212]) Undated Payment of 20 seahs of barley Body sherd or shoulder fragment of jar (61×40×5–6), exterior and interior beige. Writing almost completely erased. Written lines at 20° to wheel-marks [AL].

The ostracon is difficult to read. At the beginning of line 1, we can make out ‫ד‬/  ‫עיר‬. As hypocoristicon, we have ‫דו‬/  ‫( עיר‬e.g., A1.55, 2.28, 19.1–15) and ‫דן‬/ ‫( עיר‬e.g., A1.40, 13.8) but not ‫ד‬/  ‫עיר‬. It is thus possible that either ‫ בעל‬or ‫ קוס‬appeared at the beginning. Both Baalghayr (see A7) and Qosghayr (e.g., A1.23 and A40) are well known. Unfortunately, neither appears together with Ḥal(a)fan. This is the only chit for a son of Ḥal(a)fan. Ḥal(a)fan pays barley himself above (A18.1).

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) The name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru as payer appears in 15 chits, but five of these are found in earlier dossiers. One is associated with Samitu (A19.1 [A8.9]) and three are affiliated to other clans: Baalrim (A19.12 [A1.55]), Gur (A19.8–9 [A2.28–29]), and Al(i)baal (A19.2 [A4.22]). Only one has a patronym, Annui (A19.13). Four are fully dated, (A19.1–4), two are dated by day and month (A19.7, 9), and the remaining nine are undated (A19.5–6, 8, 10–15). Eight chits are for grain (A19.1–7, 11), two are for logs (A19.9–10), one each for chaff, grgrn, and bundles (A19.13–15), and two are unknown (A19.8, 12) Dated List of Texts A19.1 A19.2 A19.3 A19.4 A19.5 A19.6 A19.7 A19.8 A19.9 A19.10 A19.11 A19.12 A19.13 A19.14 A19.15

Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan February 28, 361 Payment of 24 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat June 19, 354 Payment of 6 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour March 25, 344 Payment of 10 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat September 22, 342 Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Undated Payment of 20(+?) seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 1 kor, 11 seahs, and 4 qabs of barley 12 Marcheshvan Payment unknown Undated Payment of 1 log 13 Shebat Payment of 1 log Undated Two payments of flour: 27 seahs and 20 seahs, 4 qabs Undated Payment of 1 x Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Undated Payment of 27 grgrn Undated Payment of 2 bundles Undated

101

102

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342)

A19.1-ISAP2413 (JA122) February 28, 361 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan (See A8.9 [to Samitu]

A19.2-ISAP2452 (JA165) June 19, 354 Payment of 24 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A4.22 [ss Al(i)baal])

cm

CONVEX ? On the 17th of Adar, year 14, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לאדר שנת‬17 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫רו קמח חנטן‬/‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ עי‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ס‬.3

A19.3-ISAP1234 (SL4) March 25, 344 Payment of 6 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour

For the name Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru, see A2.28. ¶ This is one of 18 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between 22 Shebat, year 14 and 6 Ab, year 15 (February 28 and August 8, 344). Seven were written during two weeks between 4 and 26 Adar, 14. See, further, A13.13.

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342)

103

cm

CONVEX ? Date Payer Product

On the 13th of Elul, year 217, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: w(heat), s(eahs), 10; 3q(abs), 3. 1

‫ לאלול שנת‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 10 ‫רו חס‬/‫ עיד‬17 .2 3 ‫ ק‬.3

A19.4-ISAP1232 (SL2) September 22, 342 Payment of 10 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

Payments of wheat are made in three more chits in this dossier‫ ׃‬above, 242⁄3 seahs (A19.2) and below, more than 5 seahs and 20 seahs, respectively (A19.5–6). The amount here is in the middle of these.

104

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Signature

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru to Udaydu/Udayru: 2 w(heat), seahs, five; qab, [one]. 3 Qosyatha wrote. 1

‫רו‬/‫רו לעדיד‬/‫ עיד‬.1 [‫ חסאן חמש קב [חד‬.2 ‫ קוסיתע כתב‬.3

A19.5-ISAP2528 (JA251) Undated Payment of 5 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×65×8), irregularly shaped, exterior weak red (10R5/4), interior and ware red (10R5/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Top margin narrowing leftward, medium right margin, bottom margin narrowing leftward, variable left margin.

Qosyatha “wrote” (‫ )כתב‬four chits (this one and A8.27, 59.3 [without the word ‫]כתב‬, 267), and perhaps a fifth (A7.28 [the only one dated: 4 Shebat, year 4 = February 1, 354]), in which the product is abbreviated but the measures and numbers are written out plena. In three of these four chits, the payee is Udayd/ru (here, A59.3, 267). Two more chits with Qosyatha as signatory bear fully abbreviated text, one with ‫( כתב‬A4.32) and one without (A7.27). For Udayd/ru, see A38, and for other payments of wheat in this dossier, see chit above (A19.4).

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342)

105

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Source

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: w(heat), seahs, twenty; q(abs)[. . .], 2 from ◦◦◦◦ [?]qos, bš [?] 1

[?]‫חסאן עשרן ִק‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ עיד‬.1 [ ...]‫[?]קוס ִבש‬.… ‫ מן‬.2

A19.6-ISAP2630 (JA374) Undated Payment of 20(+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (32×67×9), irregularly shaped, exterior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, left edge broken/unclear.

This chit has the same partially unabbreviated spelling as the previous one (and may have been written by the same scribe) but is cut off at the left edge after the letter qof in line 1. Aside from the preposition ‫מן‬ (“from”) at the beginning of line 2, the rest of the line is unintelligible. ¶ The amount of wheat here is four times that in the previous chit (A19.5).

106

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) cm

CONVEX On the 12th of Marcheshvan, Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: b(arley), kor, 1; s(eahs), 11; 4

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ למרחשון‬12 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ⟨‫ ⟩ק‬11 ‫ ס‬1 ‫רו ש ִכִר‬/‫ עיד‬.2

A19.7-ISAP1642 (OG?8) 12 Marcheshvan Payment of 1 kor, 11 seahs, and 4 qabs of barley

This chit is even more abbreviated than the previous two. Only the word kor is written out in full (‫)כר‬. Barley and seahs are both abbreviated: shin and samekh, respectively. The numeral “4” is written supralinearly at the end of line 2, with the expected qof for qab having been omitted.

A19.8-ISAP1309 (AL318 [M9]) Undated Payment unknown (See A2.29 [ss Gur])

A19.9-ISAP2591 (JA325) 13 Shebat Payment of 1 log (See A2.28 [ss Gur])

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342)

107

cm

CONVEX Payee Product

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: log, 1.

1 ‫רו ג ִזיִר‬/ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ עי‬.1

1

A19.10-ISAP1090 (L90 [IM91.16.106]) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar (55×42×8), exterior and interior light brown. Writing on exterior. No visible wheel-marks [L]. Narrow upper margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin.

For the terse formulation, see A16.12. This is the second time Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru pays a log (see A19.9 above).

108

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payment 1 Date? Payer Payment 2

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: flour, s(eah)s, 27; 2 . . . On the 29th, 3 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru: flour, 4s(eahs), 20; q(abs), 4. 1

27 ‫קמ ִח ִס‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫עיד‬ 1[+2+]26 ‫ ִב‬.…‫י‬ ‫רו ִקמח‬/‫עיד‬ 4 ‫ ק‬20 ‫ס‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A19.11-ISAP1073 (L73 [IM91.16.182]) Undated Two payments of flour: 27 seahs and 20 seahs, 4 qabs Body sherd of jar (78×57×7), exterior light brown, interior gray. Ostracon probably complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

This is a puzzling text. On the face of it, its format seems to resemble that of A18.5, in which the date in the middle serves as a pivot between two related transactions. There, however, both a payer and a payee appear. Here, only a payer. There, the date includes a month name. Here, we only have a day, assuming it is a date. There, the transactions complement each other. Here, we seem to have two identical transactions, only the amounts being different. Of the more than 20 chits for flour, only four others record an amount of more than 10 seahs (A3.40, 14.7, 18.9, 30.3). ¶ Finally, the beginning of line 2 is unintelligible.

A19.12-ISAP1643 {OG?9} Undated Payment of 1 x (See A1.55 [ss Baalrim])

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342)

109

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru son of Annui: chaff, 2bundle, 1. 1

‫רו בר ענִוי תבן‬/‫ עיד‬.1 1 ‫ משתל‬.2

A19.13-ISAP2524 (JA246) (Table 6.30) Undated Payment of 1 bundle of chaff Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×78×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Another son of Annui appears on a chit dated 5 Kislev, year 3 (December 16, 356 [A86.2]). The name Annui (‫ )ענוי‬is a qattūl hypocoristicon of a name such as Anael (‫ענאל‬, “El answered” [A66]). ¶ For bundle of chaff see A1.43–44. There are about five undated chits by the same scribe (Scribe M) that follow the format PN, chaff, bundle (A14.18, 17.15; A131.1, A183.1, A201.1; cf. 290.4.6), but only here do we have PN son of PN.

110

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru to Malku: 2 grgrn, 27.

_ ‫למלכו‬ ִ ‫רו‬/‫ עיד‬.1 _ 27 ‫ ִגִר ִגִרן‬.2

1

A19.14-ISAP234 (EN156 [IA11801]) Undated Payment of 27 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (34×50×5), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, narrow bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Only two of the nearly 30 chits for grgrn follow the pattern, “Payer to Payee, grgrn, numeral” (also A8.11, likewise undated). For the word, see A1.28; for Malku, see A1.32 and A23.

111

A19.1–15 Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru Dossier (361–342) cm

CONVEX Aydu/Iyadu/Ghayru son of PN: bundles, 2.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫לס‬. ִ ‫רו בר‬/‫עיד‬ 2 ‫משתלן‬ ....... ....

.1

.2 .3 .4

A19.15-ISAP2664 (JA565) (Table 6.30a) Undated Payment of 2 bundles

See A19.13 above. Unfortunately, the patronymic here is not fully intelligible, only the letters lāmedsamekh are preserved. Scribe Q; see also A18.10.

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320) The name Qosyinqom as payer appears in 13 chits, but 8 of these occur in other dossiers. One Qosyinqom appears as a son of Yehokal (A20.1 [A5.1]), another strikingly appears 6 times among the sons of Baalrim (A20.2–5, 11, 13 [A1.16–17, 25–27, 31), and a third is associated with Qosnaqam (A20.12 [A27.9]). Only one has a patronym, Yaḥluf/Yaḥlif (A20.8; but cf. A20.1 [A5.1], in which the clan head Yehokal is actually the patronym). Nine are fully dated (A20.1–9), two are dated by day and month (A20.10–11), and two are undated (A20.12–13). Ten chits deal with grain (A20.1–7, 9, 11–12), one each with silver and stalks (A20.8, 13), and one product is unknown. Dated List of Texts A20.1 A20.2 A20.3 A20.4 A20.5 A20.6 A20.7 A20.8 A20.9 A20.10 A20.11 A20.12 A20.13

Payment of 21 seahs, 1 qab of semolina Payment of 8 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Payment of 17 seahs, 1 qab of wheat Payment of 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 5 seahs, .75 qabs of barley Payment of 3 qabs[+?] of the grain of purchase Payment of 3[+?] seahs of wheat Two separate payments: 3 zuz, 3 maahs and 3 maahs Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Payment unknown Payment of 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat Two payments of flour: 10.5[+?] seahs and 9 seahs, 5 qabs Payment of 1 bunch of stalks

112

July 18, 362 June 24, 354 June 26, 354 July 14, 354 July 14, 354 July 31, 352 x Tammuz, year y October 25-November 23, 338 January 3, 320 29 Kislev 26 Tebeth Undated Undated

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320)

A20.1-ISAP82 (JA441 {Bn > EyH?}) July 18, 362 Payment of 21 seahs, 1 qab of semolina (See A5.1 [s Yehokal])

A20.2-ISAP893 [Funahashi13] {GCh 93} June 24, 354 Payment of 8 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A1.16 [ss Baalrim])

A20.3-ISAP924 (JA488) June 26, 354 Payment of 17 seahs, 1 qab of wheat (See A1.17 [ss Baalrim])

A20.4-ISAP543 [FCO6] July 14, 354 Payment of 13 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.25 [ss Baalrim])

A20.5-ISAP917 {GCh117} July 14, 354 Payment of 5 seahs, .75 qabs of barley (See A1.26 [ss Baalrim])

113

114

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 28th of Tammuz, 2year 7, 3 Qosyinqom, from 4the grain of the pur[chase: . . .] 5q(abs), 3. 1

‫ לתמוז‬28 ‫ב‬ 7 ‫שנת‬ ִ‫קוסינקם מן‬ [?] ‫ִת ִא‬ ִ ‫ִבנ‬ ִ ‫עבור ז‬ 3 ‫ִק‬

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

A20.6-ISAP1632 {OG34} July 31, 352 Payment of 3 qabs[+?] of the grain of purchase Three chits for payments from the grain of the purchase were made in Tammuz, year 7: one on the same day as this one (by Ani of 13.5 seahs of wheat [A37.4]) and another two days earlier (by Aḥiqam of some 8 seahs of wheat [A57.3]). The latter chit is sealed with the archaic alef, and this determined the placement of the following chit, which also has an archaic alef (A20.7). For other payments from the grain of the purchase, see, e.g., A3.15, 4.25, 96.1. Strikingly, there are two chits from Beersheba for “the grain of the purchase,” also drawn up, as here, in year 7: one on 5 Elul and the other on 11 Kislev (Naveh 1973: nos. 5–6). In our chit, the commodity (wheat?) and seah measure may have been written at the end of line 4, which is completely effaced; only the amount of 3 qabs remains at the beginning of line 5. For the meaning of the name Qosyinqom, see A1.16.

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320)

115

cm

CONVEX [On the x of] Tammuz, year [y, Qo]syinqom: w(heat), s(eahs), 3[+?]. 3 (archaic alef)

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

]‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ל]תמוז שנ‬.1 ?]3 ‫חס‬ ִ ‫קו]סינקם‬ ִ .2 # .3

A20.7-ISAP1401 (AL95 [M107]) x Tammuz, year y Payment of 3[+?] seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar (44×56×10), exterior gray brown, interior brown. Whitish deposit on interior. At least right part of ostracon missing. Written lines at 20° to wheel-marks [AL].

The chit is broken away at both the right and left edges. Missing, thus, are the day and year in line 1 and the rest of the measure at the end of line 2. Fortunately, however, an archaic alef is present just at the bottom edge. See chit above for comment (A20.6). Almost half of all Qosyinqom’s payments are of wheat (also A20.2–4, 11–12).

116

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320) cm

CONCAVE In the month of Marcheshvan, year 21, Qosyinqom son of Yaḥluf/Yaḥlif to Mari, 3 by the hand of Qosnaṭar: zuz, three; 4m(aahs), 3;. to Koniya: m(aahs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee 1 Agent Sum 1 Payee 2 Sum 2

21 ‫בירח מרחשון שנת‬ [?]‫ִא‬ ִ ‫למִרי‬ ִ ‫לף‬ ִ ‫ִח‬ ִ ‫קוסינקם ִבִר י‬ ‫קוסנטר זוזן ִתלתה‬ ִ ‫עליד‬ 3 ‫לכ ִניִה ִמ‬ ִ 3 ‫ִמ‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A20.8-ISAP1627 {OG5} October 25–November 23, 338 Two separate payments: 3 zuz, 3 maahs and 3 maahs

There are a half a dozen chits whose date formula is simply “in the month (‫ )ירח‬of MN.” Four are closely interrelated by persons, and three of these have the same month (Marcheshvan [this one, A17.11, A151.2]). The fourth is dated to Tammuz (A151.1; for the other two, see A16.15 and 55.4). Three of these four are explicitly dated to year 21 (this one, A103.2, A151.2), the last year of Artaxeres III (338 b.c.e.). This and one other Marcheshvan text (A151.2) were drawn up by the same scribe for two brothers, sons of Yaḥluf/Yaḥlif. In the other chit, Palael paid Mari 6 zuz, 5 maahs and Koniya, 5 maahs. In this chit, Qosyinqom paid just a little over half those amounts: to Mari 3 zuz, 3 maahs and to Koniya 3 maahs. In both chits, Qosnaṭar is the agent. Palael’s patronym is not given in the other chit, but we know it from a third one, drawn up earlier in Tammuz (A151.1). ¶ The name Qosnaṭar is Aramaic (‫“[ קוסנטר‬Qos guarded”]) while Koniya (‫ )כניה‬appears to be Hebrew; cf. ‫כניהו‬, “YHW is firm” (Jer 22:24, 28; 37:1). For Yaḥluf/Yaḥlif, see also A103.

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320)

117

cm

CONVEX Daye Payer Product

On the 20th of Kislev, year 3 (of) Philip 2the king, Qosyinqom brought in 3 b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 16; q(abs), 3. 1

‫ פלפלס‬3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ מלכא הנעל קוסינקם‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬16 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ שכ‬.3

A20.9-ISAP1635 {OG? 1} January 3, 320 Payment of 1 kor, 16 seahs, 3 qabs of barley

In only six occurrences, the name Philip has three different spellings. The standard one seems to have been ‫( פלפס‬A5.18, 47.3 150.1, 245.1). Once, we find the much abbreviated ‫( פלס‬A213.1), and here we have the expanded ‫פלפלס‬. While the names of the two Persian kings Artaxerxes II and III were mentioned but three times (A7.26, 29.2, 146.1), those of the Macedonian rulers occur very frequently. Yet, sometimes, the name of the ruler may still have been omitted. For example, a scribe writing a wine text for the same person only 11 days apart did not find it necessary to mention Philip’s name the second time (A5.18–19). Yet again, an agent’s name (Ḥal{a}fan) in a chit dated to year 7 of Philip (A47.3) allows us to assign another chit with that same agent’s name, dated also to year 7, to Philip (A48.5). Finally, a chit dated to year 8 must also be assigned to the end of Philip’s reign based on its connection to another chit written at the beginning of the rule of Philip’s successor, Alexander IV (A33.6–7). We have thus identified 10 chits written during Philip’s reign. But see TAOI vol. 1 Table 5.1–17. ¶ For the verb ‫הנעל‬, see A1.3. Much earlier, barley appears once more in this dossier (A20.5).

118

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of K[islev], Qosyinqom [. . . . . . by the hand of] 3Qaynil[: 4 b[. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product? Agent Sealing sign?

‫לכ[סלו‬ ִ 29 ‫ב‬ ] ‫קוסינקם‬ ִ ]‫קינאל‬ ִ ]‫ב‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A20.10-ISAP1559 (AL136 [M274]) 29 Kislev Payment unknown Body sherd of jar (55×66×7), exterior light brown, interior orange red. Whitish deposit on interior. Written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

This chit is cut away at the left edge, preserving only the first letter of the month in line 1—Kislev. The line may have continued with a year, so that Qosyinqom at the beginning of line 2 would be the payer. Qay­ nil (Arabian ‫קינאל‬, “Craftsman of Il”) at the beginning of line 3 is not the payee, lacking the preposition lamed, but probably the agent, with ‫“( עליד‬by the hand of”) having originally appeared at the end of line 2. This name only appears twice more, both times as patronym of the payee (A11.8, 50.4). If a bet, the letter standing in isolation at the beginning of line 4, is shaped much differently from that at the beginning of line 1. The product would have appeared in line 2. It may have been a sealing sign; cf. A30.5, with the bet in the same position as here—that is, at the beginning of the last line. But in all these other texts, where bet appears as a sealing sign, the date is at the end (see at A2.4).

A20.1–13 Qosyinqom Dossier (362–320)

A20.11-ISAP1645 {OG?11} 26 Tebeth Payment of 3 kors, 7 seahs, 5.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.27 [ss Baalrim])

A20.12-ISAP106 [IA11883] Undated Two payments of flour: 10.5[+?] seahs and 9 seahs, 5 qabs (See A27.9 [with Qosnaqam]

A20.13-ISAP44 {GB?} Undated Payment of 1 bunch of stalks (See A1.31 [ss Baalrim])

119

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) The name Maš(i)ku as payer appears in 16 chits, but only 11 of these appear here for the first time. One Maš(i)ku is associated with a son of Yehokal (A21.2–3 [A5.2–3]), and two are affiliated to clans: Gur(u) (A21.8, 12 [A2.17–18]) and Qoṣi (A21.11 [A3.3]). Only two Maš(i)ku texts appear to have had a patronym, albeit the second is unknown (A21.4, 9). Seven or nine are fully dated (A21.1–2, 4–7, 9, 14, 15 [month illegible]), four are dated by day and month (A21.8–10, 16), and four are undated (A21.3, 11–13). Two were written just over a week apart for the same item (A21.5–6). Almost all the chits are for grain (A21.1–2, 4–9, 13–14, 16), with one each for oil, chaff, and pegs (A21.3, 11–12), and two for products unknown (A21.10, 15). Dated List of Texts A21.1 Payment of 5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain A21.2 Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab; and 2 qabs A21.3 Payment of 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs of oil A21.4 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat A21.5 Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour A21.6 Payment of 9 seahs, 4 qabs of barley flour A21.7 Payment of 1(+?) qab of barley A21.8 Payment of 3 seahs of flour A21.9 Payment of 2 seahs of flour A21.10 Payment unknown A21.11 Payment of 1 bale of chaff A21.12 Payment of 2 pegs (nails) A21.13 Payment of 2 seahs of wheat A21.14 Three payments of wheat: 14 seahs, 5 qabs; 25 seahs, 3.5 qabs; and x kors, 20 seahs A21.15 Payment unknown A21.16 Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of flour

120

August 9, 362 October 4, 361 Undated October 16, 346? February 4, 344 February 13, 344 September 22, 343 6 Iyyar 2[+?] Sivan (Year 43 [362/361]) 2 Sivan Undated Undated Undated July 14 (and 17?), 357 20 x (year 43 [362/361]) 6 Nisan

121

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Maš(i)ku to Naqru/Naqdu: 2 crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 5. 3 On the 17th of Ab, 4year 43. 5 (archaic alef  ) 1

‫רו‬/‫ ִמ ִש ִכִו לנקד‬.1

5 ‫דקיר ס‬ ‫לאב‬ ִ 17 ‫ב‬ 43 ‫שנת‬ #

.2 .3 .4 .5

A21.1-ISAP1441 (AL3 [M153]) (Table 3.1) August 9, 362 Payment of 5 seahs of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar (57×73×8), exterior and interior yellowish. Written lines at 45° to wheel-marks [AL].

This is the earliest of 28 chits for crushed/sifted grain from 362 thru 346 and was written by Scribe A. For complete discussion, see A1.1 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: 146*–49*, 174*–75*. ¶ The name ‫ משכו‬may be hypocoristicon of a name such as ‫“( משכאל‬El has taken possession”); see Negev, Nos. 700–701; Stark 1971: 97; DJD II (Mur 42), 157 as element in place name (‫)בית משכו‬. ¶ For the possible form Naqdu, cf. A63 and biblical “sons of Neqoda (‫)נקודא‬,” who are accounted among both the apparently non-Jewish Nethinim (Ezra 2:48 = Neh 7:50) and those who had inadequate proof of their Jewishness (Ezra 2:60 = Neh 7:62). Are Naqru/Naqdu and Naqir/Naqid (son of Maš(i)ku in A21.4 below) the same person?

122

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343)

A21.2-ISAP31 (JA414 {Zd 61 > EYH 2}) October 4, 361 Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab; and 2 qabs (See A5.2 [to Qoslanṣur s Yehokal])

A21.3-ISAP1542 (AL232 [M257]) Undated Payment of 7 seahs, 2.5 qabs of oil (See A5.3 [to Qoslanṣur {s Yehokal}])

123

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX That which Maš(i)ku 2son of Naqir/Naqid 1brought: w(heat), s(eahs), 2, 3 on the 24th of Tishri, 4year 13[+?].

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫זי היתי משכו‬ 2 ‫ר ִח ִס‬/‫בר נקד‬ ‫ לתשרי‬24 ‫ב‬ 3[ ].10 ‫שנת‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A21.4-ISAP102 [IA11895] October 16, 346? Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58×60×7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, no left margin.

There are at least ten texts that begin with a relative pronoun, followed by verb, subject, and object (cf. A1.2, 34.7, 90.4, 103.1, 290.5.3, 300.4.2, 300.4.22, 300.5.16; J10.1; cf. J9.2, H5.9). One other text also has the date at the end (A103.1). For the verb of conveyance, see A1.8. There are two other chits for wheat in this dossier (A1.13–14). This is one of only two Maš(i)ku chits with a patronym, the other being broken after the filiating phrase (A21.9). The date 24 Tishri, year 13 would correspond to October 16, 346, but there may be strokes missing in the year date. For the name Naqir/Naqid, see above, A21.1.

124

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee

On the 28th of Tebeth, 2year 14, Maš(i)ku: 3 flour, barley, 4s(eahs), 24. 1

‫ לטבת‬28 ‫ב‬ ‫ משכו‬14 ‫שנת‬ ‫קמח שערן‬ 24 ‫ס‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A21.5-ISAP1264 (AL72 = JA90 {J39}) (Table 5.3) February 4, 344 Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour Complete ostracon, trapezoid [AL].

This and the following chit are two of nine for barley flour written by the same scribe (Scribe K) between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345–April 15, 344 [here and below, A22.2, 23.4, 27.6, 145.1, 180.1, 256.1, 300.1.32 {see Table 5.3}]). Only Maš(i)ku appears twice, just over a week apart. The amounts in five of the first six chits are between 21 and 24 seahs, including this one; in the last three, including the chit below (A21.6), it is between 6 and 9 seahs (see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6a). Only one has a much larger amount (1 kor, 25 seahs, 4 qabs [A145.1]). In all the chits, the word “barley” is written plena (‫)שערן‬. In addition to these two, Maš(i)ku makes three more payments of two more types of flour (A21.2, 8, 9).

125

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 7th of Shebat, 2year 14, Maš(i)[ku]: 3 flour, barley, 4s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 4. 1

‫ לשבט‬7 ‫ב‬ ]‫מש[כו‬ ִ 14 ‫שנת‬ ‫קמח שערן‬ 4‫ק‬9‫ס‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A21.6-ISAP1226 (LL5 {SM4}) (Table 5.6) February 13, 344 Payment of 9 seahs, 4 qabs of barley flour Pentagonal ostracon (62×54×12), concave face cracked, white (10YR8/2–7/2), convex face pale brown with spots of white (10YR8/3). Section two-colored. Writing on convex face, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks.

See above chit (A21.5) and Table 5.6. The last five signs at the end of line 4 are partially supralinear. This chit, like that above, was written by Scribe K.

126

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONCAVE On the 2nd of Tishri, year 16, Maš(i)ku to PN: 2 b(arley), q(ab), 1[+?]. 3  ◦◦◦◦◦

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

16 ‫ לתשרי שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]1 ‫ ִש ִק‬..…‫ משכו ל‬.2 ...… .3

A21.7-ISAP878 [JA464 {GCh78>EYH1}] (Inner side of jar, opposite the handle) September 22, 343 Payment of 1(+?) qab of barley Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (body sherd 60×73×7–9), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/4), interior brown (7.5YR5/4), ware gray (5Y5/1), medium amount of large white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Unfortunately, the name of the payee is illegible. One other chit, for wheat, was written a day after this one (A1.30).

A21.8- ISAP1863 (EN65 [David Sofer]) 6 Iyyar Payment of 3 seahs of flour (See A2.18 [ss Guru])

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343)

127

cm

CONVEX Maš(i)ku s[on of PN]: flour, s(eahs), 2. 3 [On the . . . +]2 of Sivan.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

[‫ע‬/‫ משכו ִב‬.1 2 ‫ קמח ס‬.2 ‫ לסיון‬2 [ ] .3

A21.9-ISAP244 [IA11800] 2[+?] Sivan (Year 43 [362/361]) Payment of 2 seahs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel, small (21×40×4), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 40° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, bottom edge broken, left edge broken.

The letter bet before the break at the end of line 1 introduces ‫“( בר‬son of”), so a patronym must have followed. While two persons named Maš(i)ku were affiliated to a clan (Gur [A21.8, 12] and Qoṣi [A21.11]), this is one of only two with a patronym, albeit unknown (see A21.4 above). ¶ Spacing requires several missing strokes for the date at the beginning of line 3 at the bottom, dating the chit to year 43, the same as A21.1+15. For payments of types of flour by Maš(i)ku, see A21.5 above.

128

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Date Payer

On the 2nd of Sivan, Maš(i)k[u . . .]

] ‫ לסיון ִמ ִש ִכ[ו‬2 ‫ ב‬.1

1

A21.10-ISAP2649 (JA393) 2 Sivan Payment unknown Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (23×46×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware brown (10YR5/3), medium amount of white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Top margin widening leftward, medium right margin, medium bottom margin (excluding lower tip of nun), left edge broken.

All that remains of this small ostracon is a date (day and month) and the first three letters of the payer’s name.

A21.11-ISAP1430 (AL184 [M138]) Undated Payment of 1 bale of chaff (See A3.3 [ss Qoṣi])

A21.12- ISAP9 (JTS 9 159262] Undated Payment of 2 pegs (nails) (See A2.17 [ss Gur])

129

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX [Ma]š(i)ku and Qos[. . .] to Qosmalak: w(heat), s(eahs), 32.

Payers

1

Payee

2

Product

[‫קו ִס‬ ִ ‫מ]שכו ִו‬ ִ .1 ִ ]‫[לקוסמ ִלך ִח ִס‬ ִ .2 2 [ .3

A21.13-ISAP1592 (AL172 [M308]) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of wheat Thin sherd (53×47×3.5), exterior light brown, interior reddish-brown. Remains of three written lines [AL].

Two payers appear in line 1. The mem of ‫ משכו‬is cut off at the beginning of line 1, and the second half of the Qos name is cut off at the end of the line. There does not seem to be anything missing at the beginning of lines 2 or 3. For wheat, see A21.4 above, and for the name Qosmalak, see A11.

130

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX On the 17th of Tammuz, year 2, Maš(i)ku: w(heat), s(eahs), 14; q(abs), 5. 3 On the 17th of Tammuz, Maš(i)ku: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 25; q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf)

Date 1

1

Payer

2

Product 1 Date 2 Payer Product 2

2 ‫לת ִמִו ִז שנת‬ ִ 17 ‫ב‬ 5 ‫ ק‬14 ‫משכִו ִח ִס‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז משכו‬17 ‫ב‬ ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ ק‬25 ‫ִח ִס‬

.1 .2 .3

.4

No photograph available

CONCAVE Date 3 Payer Product 3

On the 20th of [...], [Ma]š(i)ku: 6 [. . .], s(eahs), 20. 5

‫מ]שכו‬ ִ 20 ‫[ ס‬

[‫ ל‬20 ‫ ב‬.5 ] . [ ] .6

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343)

131

A21.14-ISAP762 (YR119) July 14 (and 17?), 357 Three payments of wheat: 14 seahs, 5 qabs; 25 seahs, 3.5 qabs; and x kors, 20 seahs Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (75×82×7), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, and on interior, on concave, almost flat surface, written lines on exterior at ca. 40° to wheel-marks and at ca. 90° to writing on interior, writing on exterior and interior starts from the upper straight edges. Convex: medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin. Concave: medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Chronologically, this chit follows A21.2. Enigmatically, it has three date lines: 17 Tammuz, year 2 (line 1), 17 Tammuz without the year date (line 3), and only “20” legible in line 5 on the concave. The chit must have been drawn up on that date. The payer, Maš(i)ku, is the same throughout though the amounts of wheat vary. See A21.4 above.

132

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Maš(i)ku to Qosyinqom: [. . .]. 3 On the 20th of [. . . , year 43]. 4 . . . 10. 1

‫ משכו לקוסִי ִנקם‬.1

..[ ]..‫ש‬. ִ .2 [ ? ] 20 ‫ ב‬.3 [?]10 .... .4

A21.15-ISAP784 (YR85) 20 x (year 43 [362/361]) Payment unknown Body sherd of jar, possibly of Iron Age, medium-sized (65×54×10–12), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Medium top margin (excluding supralineal text at left edge), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

With the date apparently at the bottom in line 3 (“On the 20th”), this chit could be from year 43, the same as A21.1 and apparently also 21.9, but the letter traces in line 4 are enigmatic. The last two letters of Qosyinqom (qof and mem) are written supralinearly at the end of line 1, and the product is illegible in line 2. As payer, Qosyinqom appeared in 14 chits (A20.1–14). Only in one other text, a payment order, in year 20 (339/338), does he appear as payee (B3.6).

133

A21.1–16 Maš(i)ku Dossier (362–343) cm

CONVEX Payer Depository Product Date Payees

Maš(i)ku to Makkedah: 2 flour, seahs, four; 3qabs, two. 4 On the 6th of Nisan 5 to the gatemen. 1

‫משכו למנקדה‬ ‫קמח סאן ארבע‬ ‫ִק ִבןִ תרין‬ ‫ לניסן‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫לתרען‬

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

A21.16-ISAP173 (Kauffmann) 6 Nisan Payment of 4 seahs, 2 qabs of flour Body sherd of jar, roughly parallelogram-shaped, medium-sized (59×51×10). Exterior and interior pinkish-gray (7.5YR6/2), covered with whitish patina. Writing on convex surface, written lines are at 70° to wheel-marks.

For full discussion of this gatemen chit, see A1.38.

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) The name Suaydu as payer and filiation appears in 12 chits, but only 10 of these appear here for the first time. One Suaydu appears as son of Baalgur, the unabbreviated form of Gur(u) (A22.4 [A2.20]), and one is affiliated to the clan of Awi (A22.6 [A6.12]). None has a patronym, but one appears to be uniquely represented by his sister (A22.11). Seven or perhaps eight were fully dated (A22.1–6, 8, 12); two were dated only by day and month (A22.7, 9); and two were undated (A22.10–11). Eight chits deal with grain (A22.1–6, 11–12), two with bundles and one with a hide (A22.7–9), and one omits mention of a product (A22.10). Dated List of Texts A22.1 A22.2 A22.3 A22.4 A22.5 A22.6 A22.7 A22.8 A22.9 A22.10 A22.11 A22.12

Payment of x seah/kor of wheat to the storehouse of Makkedah Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Two payments of wheat: 1 kor, 27 seahs, 1 qab; 1 kor, 9 seahs, 5 qabs Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Two separate payments of 3 bundles each Payment of 2 bundles Payment of 1 leather hide No Payment Payment of x seahs of barley Payment of 2[+?] seahs of flour/oil

134

November 17, 362 December 7, 345 March 12, 344 September 4, 343 June 23 and July 11, 340 July 21, 340 22 Tammuz 21 Ab, year y 14 Tebeth Undated Undated x Elul, [year y]

135

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of [Marcheshvan], year 43, Suaydu [to the storehouse of] Makkedah 3 w(heat), s(eah)/k(or), [. . .]. (1 more illegible line)

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

43 ‫ ל[מרחשון ]שנת‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִק ִד ִה‬ ִ ‫]מנ‬ ִ ‫ִדִו [למסכנת‬ ִ ‫ ִש ִעי‬.2 [ ]‫כ‬/‫חס‬ ִ .3

A22.1-ISAP2445 (JA157) November 17, 362 Payment of x seah/kor of wheat to the storehouse of Makkedah Body sherd, possibly of Early Bronze Age closed vessel, medium-sized (65×102×17), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior light reddish-brown (5YR6/4), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), coarse ware, many white and black grits, probably hand-made. Traces of black ash on ca. 70% of interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is the earliest of some 18 chits for wheat and barley paid to the “storehouse of Makkedah” (see Table 1.2:30 in TAOI vol. 1). Much of the text is defaced. In line 1, “Marcheshvan” is restored on the basis of ample spacing, and ‫ מסכנת‬in line 2 on the basis of faint traces and the recurrent formula. ¶ The name Suaydu is hypocoristicon of a name like Saadel; cf. A1.7. Suaydu pays wheat thrice more (A22.4–6).

136

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 28th of Ma[rcheshva]n, 2year 14, Suaydu: 3 flour, barley, s(eahs), 24; 4 . . . , 3. 1

ִ‫למ[רחשו]ן‬ ִ 28 ‫ב‬ [‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ ִש ִעי‬14 ‫שנת‬ 24 ‫קמח ִש ִעִרןִ ס‬ 3.[?] ...[ ]....

.1

.2 .3 .4

A22.2-ISAP101 [IA11881] (Table 5.1) December 7, 345 Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (83×100×6–9), roughly rectangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of nine chits for “flour, barley,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח שערן‬by the same scribe (Scribe K) between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and probably 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345–April 15, 344 [see Table 5.1]). See, further, A21.5. Below (A22.3), Suaydu pays wheat flour.

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340)

137

cm

CONVEX On the 4th of Adar, year 14, Suaydu: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 27, q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לאדר שנת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ שעידו קמח חנטן‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬27 ‫ ס‬.3

A22.3-ISAP1265 (AL74 = JA91 {J40}) March 12, 344 Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×67×7–9), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks.

This is one of 21 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A13.13 and 14.9). Seven are written between 4 and 27 Adar (March 12 and April 4), including this one; see Table 4.8–13 in TAOI vol. 1. Three months earlier, Suaydu paid 24 seahs of barley flour (A22.2 above).

A22.4-ISAP2441 (JA153) (Palimpsest) September 4, 343 Payment of 9 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat (See A2.20, 8.23 [s Baalgur])

138

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) cm

CONVEX (top) On the 4th of Sivan, year 19, Suaydu: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 27; q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product 1

19 ‫ לסיון שנת‬4 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ִק‬27 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫ִדִו ִחכ‬ ִ ‫ ִש ִעי‬.2

CONCAVE (bottom) Date Payer Product 2

On the 22nd of Sivan, year 219, Suaydu: 3 w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 9; q(abs), 5. [?]. . .[?]. . . . . . . . . 1

‫ לסיון שנת‬22 ‫ב‬ ‫ שעידו‬19 5 ‫ ק‬9 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ִחכ‬ [ ? ]…[?]‫נבו ִא‬ ִ ‫תה‬..‫ק‬.ִ‫קנ‬.. ִ

.1

.2 .3 .4

A22.5-ISAP1037 (L37 [IM94.38.44]) June 23 and July 11, 340 Two payments of wheat: 1 kor, 27 seahs, 1 qab; 1 kor, 9 seahs, 5 qabs Body sherd of jar, apparently near the neck (62×40×5–8), exterior and interior light brown [L].

This is a unique piece written on both sides, apparently by the same scribe, and dated 18 days apart. As would be expected, the earlier date was written on the convex. The payment on the concave was considered

139

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340)

a separate transaction: it opens with a full day, month, and year date, just like the convex. Was each side written on its respective date, or were both transactions recorded on the later date? In the first transaction, almost two kors of wheat are paid, and in the second, less than one and one-third kor. For wheat transactions in this dossier, see above, A22.1.

A22.6-ISAP1899 (EN107 = JA352) July 21, 340 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat (See A6.12 [ss Awi]) cm

CONVEX Payer 1 Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2 Date

Suaydu: bundles, 2three; 3 Qosmalak: three. 4 On the 22nd of Tammuz. 1

‫שעידו משתלן‬ ‫תלתה‬ ‫קוסמלך תלתה‬ ‫ לתמוז‬22 ‫ב‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A22.7-ISAP1051 (L51 [IM91.16.138]) (Table 6.11) 22 Tammuz Two separate payments of 3 bundles each Body sherd of jar (55×50×7), exterior light brown, interior gray-brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

Of the nearly 50 chits for bundles, only a few more record two payers on the same chit (A1.43, 2.10, 7.58, 26.8), but one of them records the same second payer appearing here, Qosmalak (A1.43). In fact, only in the dossier of Qosmalak do we find the bundle measure written out, like here, as a word and not a numeral (A11.16). In the second payment here, the word bundles is elliptically omitted. Six other chits for bundles, three written on 20 Ab (A7.49 and 41.5 [both with payee and Amittai as agent], 113.2) and three on other dates (A2.3, 10, 67.1 [all three also with year-date]), have the date at the bottom. Suaydu pays again bundles below (A22.8).

140

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) cm

CONVEX On the 21st of Ab, y[ear y] Suaydu: bundles, 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫לאב ִש[נת‬ ִ 21 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ שעידו משתלן‬.2

A22.8-ISAP1246 (AL120 = JA73 {J12}) (Table 6.7) 21 Ab, year y Payment of 2 bundles Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (73×84×5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior and interior light gray (2.5Y7/2), ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of black, brown, and white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Only seven of the chits for bundles were dated by year, with three others dated at the beginning (A1.43, 8.31, 290.1.7; cf. C4.6), as here, even though the date is illegible. Suaydu appears as payer of bundles in a chit dated at the bottom to 22 Tammuz (A22.7 above). ¶ For bundles, usually containing chaff, see A1.43–44.

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340)

141

cm

CONVEX On the 14th of Tebeth, Suaydu: hide, 1. (archaic alef  )

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

‫ לטבת‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ # 1 ‫ שעידו ִמושך‬.2

A22.9-ISAP1908 (EN117 [JA23]) 14 Tebeth Payment of 1 leather hide Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (128×84×13), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is but one of three chits for ‫מושך‬. Once the type is specified (A300.4.13 [EN151] (‫“[ מושך ענז‬skin of a she-goat”]), and twice it is not: 1 ‫“( מושך‬1 hide” [here]) and 4 ‫“( מושכן‬4 hides” [A91.3]). Sokoloff (DJBA 714) lists various animals with whom the word ‫ משך‬appears in construct state, though she-goat is not among them. (But note that goatskin is popular to this very day, and many references may be found on

142

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340)

the internet.) The word is a loan from Akkadian mašku (CAD M 376a; see Tawil 2009: 65–66, note [‫]גלד‬, absent an independent entry to ‫)משך‬. It appears in the well-known Ps 126:6 as a “seed-bag.” ¶ Skins were among the frequent requests of correspondents away from home, writing to their families in Syene, Egypt (TAD A2.4:7, 2.4:8; cf. 4.2:10).This is but one of three chits for ‫ ;מושך‬see, further, on A6.23. It was erroneously read ‫ רוש‬by the original editors. ¶ The archaic alef  is written immediately after the numeral in line 2 rather than on a separate line toward the bottom.

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee

Suaydu to the hand of Ubaydu.

‫ִדִו‬ ִ ‫ [?] שעידו ליד ִע ִבי‬.1

1

A22.10-ISAP527 [IA12187 {Forbes1}] Undated No Payment Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (77×87×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 50° to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, no right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Ubaydu appears as payer in some dozen texts (A24) but only once or twice more as payee (A31.7; A134.1 [perhaps simply Ubayd]). No product appears here, and it is uncertain whether or not there is missing text at the beginning of line 1.

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340)

143

cm

CONVEX The sister of Suaydu: b(arley), s(eah)[. . .]

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ה זי שעידו‬..‫ א‬.1 [‫שס‬ ִ .2

A22.11-ISAP2515 (JA234) Undated Payment of x seahs of barley Body sherd of closed vessel, medium-sized (57×40×13), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (5YR7/3), interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), many white grits. Sherd eroded. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, direction of wheel-marks unclear. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The first word in line 1 is smudged and is conjecturally read ‫אחתה‬, “his sister,” but this would be very strange. One account mentions the “wife of Qosani,” along with two other men, delivering a rooster (C5.5; cf. G.2:2), but otherwise women do not appear as either payer or payee.

144

A22.1–12 Suaydu Dossier (362–340) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[On the x (day)] of Elul, 2[y (year)], Suaydu: 3 ( flou)r/(oi)l , s(eahs), 2; 4[. . .], 3. 1

‫]לאלול‬ ‫]שעידו‬ 2 ‫]ח ִס‬ ִ 3 .[

.1

.2 .3 .4

A22.12-ISAP1063 (L63 [IM91.16.115]) x Elul, [year y ] Payment of 2[+?] seahs of flour/oil Fragment of juglet or cooking pot, small (32×38×3), exterior and interior pinkish. Fragment of ostracon, probably ends of written lines. Writing on convex surface, written lines at 90° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), right edge broken, medium bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

This is a very difficult piece. Missing at the beginning of line 1 is a day date with between two (“On the 1st”) and ten characters (“On the 9th”). At the beginning of line 2 would be a year date with a corresponding number of characters. Line 3 would have to begin with a product ending in the letter ḥet: either ‫( משח‬oil) or ‫( קמח‬flour). The three strokes in line 4 are puzzling. Were the seahs in line 3 followed by qabs in the missing text, we would not expect so much intervening blank space.

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315) The name Malku as payer and patronym appears in eleven chits, but only four of them appear here for the first time. Five chits with Malku are affiliated to the clan of Baalrim/Baalrum (A23.3, 5–8 [A1.10a, 32, 34, 36–37). One person is a father to an unknown son, of the clan of Gur (A23.9 [A2.43]), and one is a payer to Saadel (A23.11 [A10.20]). The first nine are dated (A23.1–9), and the last two are undated (A23.10–11). None has a patronym, though two are fathers, one undated (A23.10) and one dated late (A23.9 [A2.43]). Nine chits deal with grain (A23.1, 3–10) and one each with joists and plaster/coriander (A23.2, 11). Dated List of Texts A23.1 A23.2 A23.3 A23.4 A23.5 A23.6 A23.7 A23.8 A23.9 A23.10 A23.11

Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of semolina and 7 seahs of flour December 13, 356 Payment of 1 joist June 21, 355 Payment of [x seahs of wheat] August 5–September 2, 355 Payment of 21 seahs of barley flour February 7, 344 Payment of 10 seahs of wheat August 4, 338 Payment of 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs of barley October 1, 336 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley November 28, 336 Payment of 24 seahs of barley December 2, 336 Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of barley September 9, 315 Payment of 24 seahs of barley Undated Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of plaster/coriander Undated

145

146

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 3, Malku: semolina, s(eahs), 3; q(abs), 3, 3flour, s(eahs), 7.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬3 ‫ מלכו נשיף ס‬.2 7 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A23.1-ISAP898 [Funahashi11 {GCh 98}] (Table 1.21) December 13, 356 Payment of 3 seahs, 3 qabs of semolina and 7 seahs of flour This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13 and 17, 356) and one of six written on 2 Kislev, all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see A11.3 and Table 1.19–33). ¶ For the name Malku, see A1.10a. For this product pair, see A4.11; cf. A4.2. Malku makes a payment of another type of flour, barley, below (A23.6).

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315)

147

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Malku: joist, one. 2 On the 12[+3 (= 15)]th of Sivan, 3year 4. 1

‫ מלכו מריש חד‬.1 ‫[ לסיון‬3+]12 ‫ ב‬.2 4 ‫ שנת‬.3

A23.2-ISAP1708 (JA512 {ChM8 > EYH1}) June 21, 355 Payment of 1 joist Body sherd and a small portion of handle of Persian-period jar, small (body sherd 34×48×5), trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior and ware light red (10R6/8), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave (almost flat), smooth surface, direction of wheel-marks unclear. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

For date at the bottom and the vocable “one” rather than numeral “1” with “joist,” see A1.11; cf. A2.5, 4.35. On the same day, this scribe also wrote a chit for one joist for Zabdibaal (A60.1). See also C7.3, in which Malku is one of four persons supplying joists in an account simply dated 28 Ab; so, too, A3.30, dated at the bottom 29 Ab. Both are probably in year 4, as here.

A23.3-ISAP563 (LWo) August 5-September 2, 355 Payment of [x seahs of wheat] (See A1.10a [ss Baalrim])

148

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315) cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Shebat, year 14, Malku: flour, barley, 3s(eahs), 21.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ מלכו קמח שערן‬.2 21 ‫ ס‬.3

A23.4-ISAP11 [JTS11 159264] (Table 5.4) February 7, 344 Payment of 21 seahs of barley flour

This is one of nine chits for “flour, barley,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח שערן‬by the same scribe (Scribe K) between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345–April 15, 344 [see Table 5.4]). See, further, A21.5. Malku pays flour along with semolina above (A23.1).

A23.5-ISAP71 (JA430) August 4, 338 Payment of 10 seahs of wheat (See A1.32 [ss Baalrim])

A23.6-ISAP1717 (AL29 [M426]) October 1, 336 Payment of 17 kors, 25 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A1.34 [ss Baalrum])

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315)

A23.7-ISAP1719 (AL32 [M429]) November 28, 336 Payment of 6 seahs, 3 qabs of barley (See A1.36 [ss Baalrum])

A23.8-ISAP1720 (AL33 [M428]) December 2, 336 Payment of 24 seahs of barley (See A1.37 [ss Baalrum]

A23.9-ISAP212 [IA11791] September 9, 315 Payment of 27 seahs, 2 qabs of barley (See A2.43 [s Malku ss Gur])

149

150

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[PN] son of Malku: b(arley), s(eahs), 24. 1

24 ‫מלכו שס‬ ִ ‫]בר‬

.1

A23.1–11 Malku Dossier (356–336; 315)

151

A23.10-ISAP1333 (AL359 [M34]) Undated Payment of 24 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (125×110×8), exterior brown, interior pink gray. Composed of two fragments, chalky encrustation. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Jar inscription [AL].

This ostracon consists of two pieces joined together, with the right edge of line 1 partly cut off. The first word is most likely ‫“( בר‬son”) but less likely ‫“( ]ע[בד‬servant”). In either case, a name of the payer is missing. For another chit by a son of Malku, see above, A23.9. Similar to this ostracon with name and patronym and also for seahs of barley but lacking date or payee is A13.17 (cf. A18.14). See, too, A54.5, 82.4. Malku pays barley numerous times above (A23.6–9). Lemaire thought that this text was a jar inscription.

A23.11-ISAP911 (JA477) Undated Payment of 14 seahs, 3 qabs of plaster/coriander (See A10.20 [to Saadel])

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 ) The name Ubaydu as payer and patronym appears in 13 chits, but only five of these appear here for the first time. One Ubaydu is affiliated to the clan of Gur(u)/Gir (A24.2–6, 11 [A2.22–23, 25–26, 30]); one is the father of Al(i)qos (A24.10 [A14.15]), and a second is the father of Saadi (A24.12 [A52.4]), and a third the father of Qosyatha of the clan of Baalrim (A24.13 [A1.30]); and one appears on the convex of an ostracon with another pair on the concave, neither side being dated (A24.9 [A9.21]). Seven ostraca are fully dated (A24.1–4, 11 [year restored], 12–13), three by month only (A24.5, 7–8), and three are undated (A24.6, 9–10). There is a 16-year gap between the earliest chit (A24.1) and the subsequent ones (A24.2–4), although two of Ubaydu’s sons do appear in the intervening years (A24.12–13). Then there is a more than 20-year gap until Ubaydu’s latest chit toward the end of the dossier (A24.11). One chit for a son of Ubaydu is undated (A24.10), but two more are fully dated (A24.12–13). Three chits were written in Marcheshvan for grain—barley and wheat, respectively; in two cases particularly large quantities (A24.2–3, 11)—and six more chits including other grains (A24.1, 4, 9–10, 12–13). Three chits were for wooden products: logs and a beam, grgrn and a beam, and a load (A24.5–6, 8). Dated List of Texts A24.1 A24.2 A24.3 A24.4 A24.5 A24.6 A24.7 A24.8 A24.9 A24.10 A24.11 A24.12 A24.13

Payment of 2 seahs, 1[+?] qab of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Payment of 7 kors, 2 seahs, 1/2 qab of wheat Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and 19 seahs, 3 qabs Payments of 6 logs and 1 beam Payment of 20 grgrn and 1 beam Payment of 270 x Payment of a load Payment of 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley Payment of 18 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Payment of 25 seahs of barley Payment of 4 seahs of wheat Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat

152

September 8, 353 November 8, 336 November 1–30, 336 February 27, 335 25 Kislev Undated 18 Ab 1 Shebat Undated Undated November 18, 313 September 4, 343 September 23, 343

153

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 ) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Ubaydu: crushed/sifted grain, 2s(eahs), 2, q(ab), 1 [?]. 3 On the 28th 4of Ab, year 56. 1

‫רקד‬/‫עבידו דקר‬ [?]1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ס‬ 28 ‫ב‬ ‫לאב שנת‬ 6

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

A24.1-ISAP1020 (L20 [IM91.16.110]) (Table 3.22) September 8, 353 Payment of 2 seahs, 1[+?] qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar (51×51×10), exterior and interior whitish. Ostracon apparently complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

This is the last of 10 chits for crushed/sifted grain drawn up in slightly more than five weeks, mostly by the same scribe (Scribe J), between 16 Tammuz and 28 Ab, year 6 (July 29–September 8, 353), all with date at the end (see A7.11). All are for merely a couple of seahs and one is for only four qabs (A93.1). Only two have a payee (A7.11, 79.1). See Table 3.22. For commentary on the grain, see A1.1. ¶ For the name Ubaydu, see A2.22.

A24.2-ISAP1860 (EN62 = JA271) (Palimpsest) November 8, 336 Payment of 1 kor, 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley (See A2.22 [ss Guru])

154

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 )

A24.3-ISAP1862 (EN64 = JA402) November 1–30, 336 Payment of 7 kors, 2 seahs, 1/2 qab of wheat (See A2.23 [ss Guru])

A24.4-ISAP2531 (JA254) February 27, 335 Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and 19 seahs, 3 qabs (See A2.30 [ss Gur])

A24.5-ISAP2513 (JA231) 25 Kislev Payments of 6 logs and 1 beam (See A2.25 [ss Gir])

A24.6–202 (EN67 [IA11823]) Undated Payment of 20 grgrn and 1 beam (See A2.26 [ss Gir])

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 )

155

cm

CONCAVE Payer Product Date Agent

Ubaydu: 270. 2 On the 18th of Ab, by the hand of 3Abyete

270 ‫ עבידו‬.1 ‫עליד‬ ִ ‫ לאב‬18 ‫ ב‬.2 ‫ִתי‬ ִ ‫ ִא ִבי‬.3

1

A24.7-ISAP1015 (L15 [IM91.16.54]) 18 Ab Payment of 270 x Body sherd of jar (91×67×7–8), exterior orange red, interior beige. Whitish patina on exterior. Ostracon perhaps complete, writing partially erased. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin [LT].

Though not without parallel (A56.5), this piece is unusual. Immediately following the name of the payer is a very large number (270) with no mention of product. Following a space of about two lines come the date and agent. In some 140 chits with agent, only four more times do we find the date at the end, preceding the agent (A7.50, 39.8, 41.5, 113.2). ¶ A name of petition, Abyete (‫“[ אביתי‬May (divine) father come”]) occurs only once more in our texts (A160.1) but was popular among Jews in Hellenistic Egypt (Porten-Lund 2002: 317).

156

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 ) cm

CONVEX Payers Payee Product Date

Ubaydu and Maṭ(ṭ)aran to Malku: 2 a load. On the 1st of Shebat.

‫עבידו ִומטרן למלכו‬ ִ .1 ‫לשבט‬ ִ 1 ‫ מובל ִב‬.2

1

A24.8-ISAP2494 (JA211) (Table 8.5) 1 Shebat Payment of a load Shoulder of jar, probably of Persian period, medium-sized (78×81×4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior, and ware light gray (10YR7/2), medium amount of white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 20% of exterior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Of the 30 or so ostraca for “loads” (‫)מובלן‬, only 7 more are dated (A14.15, 14.21, 38.7, 49.2, 74.2, 134.1; B1.3 [payment order]), sometimes without year, and only this one is dated at the bottom. One other chit for loads has more than one payer: A4.36 (on which see for discussion of the product), with three payers for three loads. For the name of the second payer, see his dossier (A107).

A24.9-ISAP1930 [formerly 2405] (EN139 = JA113) Undated Payment of 10 seahs of wheat; 4 seahs of barley (See A9.21convex [to Qoskahel {concave}])

A24.1–13 Ubaydu Dossier (353–335, 313 )

A24.10-ISAP65 (JA426) Undated Payment of 18 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat (See A14.5 [Al(i)qos s Ubaydu])

A24.11-ISAP1059 (L59 [IM92.17.87]) November 18, 313 Payment of 25 seahs of barley (See A2.46 [ss Gir])

A24.12-ISAP1898 (EN105) September 4, 343 Payment of 4 seahs of wheat (See A52.4 [Saadi s Ubaydu])

A24.13-ISAP62 (JA423) September 23, 343 Payment of 2 seahs, 1.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.30 [Qosyatha s Ubaydu ss Baalrim])

157

A25.1–11 Laadiel Dossier (362–351) The name Laadiel as payer appears in eleven chits, but only two of these appear here for the first time. The name is found already in the clan of Al(i)baal, three or four times affiliated directly to the clan head (A25.1–2, 4–5 [A4.1, 13, 23, 31a]) and twice associated with others known to be attached to that clan (A25.6–7 [A4.16, 26]). Once, the name appears in the Saadel dossier (A25.3 [A10.40]), and once in that of Samitu (A25.10 [A8.11]). One chit appears in a subsequent dossier (A25.11 [A29.9]). Five chits are fully dated (A25.1–4, 6), four are dated by month and day only (A25.5, 8–9, 11), and two are undated (A25.7, 10). In only one chit does Laadiel appear with a patronym (A25.7). The products conveyed are most diverse: six chits record grain (A25.1–2, 4, 7–9), and one each stalks and chaff, oil, grgrn, and animals (A25.3, 6, 10, 11). One is unknown (A25.5). Dated List of Texts A25.1 A25.2 A25.3 A25.4 A25.5 A25.6 A25.7 A25.8 A25.9 A25.10 A25.11

Payment of 12 seahs, 3 qabs of resh June 16, 362 Payment of 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 3 qabs of flour July 20, 359 Payment of 1 bale of stalks and 1(+?) bale of chaff August 21, 359 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley June 30, 354 Payment unknown 25 Kislev Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil June 8, 351 Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 5 seahs of flour 1 Marcheshvan Payment of 20 seahs of barley and 17 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat 6 Shebat Payment of 14 grgrn Undated Payment of 4 animals: 1 ram, 2 lambs, 1 ewe 13 Tebeth

158

A25.1–11 Laadiel Dossier (362–351)

A25.1-ISAP1842 (EN42 = JA347) (Table 2.5) June 16, 362 Payment of 12 seahs, 3 qabs of resh (See A4.1 [ss Al(i)baal])

A25.2-ISAP2511 (JA229) (Table 1.8) July 20, 359 Payment of 2 seahs, 2.25 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 3 qabs of flour (See A4.13 [ss Al(i)baal])

A25.3-ISAP1853 (EN 54 = JA4) (Table 7.5) August 21, 359 Payment of 1 bale of stalks and 1(+?) bale of chaff (See A10.40 [Saadel signatory])

A25.4-ISAP1050 (L50 [IM91.16.14]) June 30, 354 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat and exchange of 3 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat for 6 seahs, 4 qabs of barley (See A4.23 [ss Al(i)baal])

A25.5-ISAP1060 (L60 [IM91.16.151]) 25 Kislev Payment unknown (See A4.31a [ss Al(i)baal]

A25.6-ISAP2419 (JA129) June 8, 351 Payment of 4 seahs, 4 qabs of oil (See A4.26 [with Qosmalak])

159

160

A25.1–11 Laadiel Dossier (362–351)

A25.7–1847 (EN47 = JA398) Undated Payment of 20 seahs of wheat (See A4.16 [s Qannui])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee/Agent Date

Laadiel: flour, 2s(eahs), 5, Aḥ(i)barak. 3 On the 1st of Marcheshvan. 1

‫ לעדאל קמח‬.1 ִ ‫אחברך‬ 5 ‫ ִס‬.2 ‫ למרחשון‬1 ‫ ב‬.3

A25.8-ISAP1844 (EN44 = JA397) 1 Marcheshvan Payment of 5 seahs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×68×6–8), roughly trapezoid, exterior and ware pink (5YR7/3), interior pinkish-gray (7.5YR6/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tips of lameds), medium right margin, medium bottom margin (excluding lower tip of nun), variable left margin.

Of some 26 chits for simply flour (‫[ קמח‬i.e., not including qualifiers such as barley, wheat, etc., and not including appearances with semolina]), 14 are dated, 5 or 6 at the beginning (A2.18, 27.7, 30.3, 94.1, 154.2, 300.2.17), six in the middle (A1.41, 3.23, 4.30, 19.1, 31.4, 83.3), and three at the end (A14.7, here, 41.1). Ten are undated (A1.9, 3.40, 8.43, 18.9, 26.10, 55.7, 102.3, 132.2, 290.4.1, 290.5.6). Amounts range between slightly more than 1 seah (A41.1) and more than 4 kors (A14.7). Laadiel makes a payment of semolina+flour above (A25.2).¶ For the name Laadiel (‫)לעדאל‬, see A4.1. If the last letter of the name in line 2 is correctly read, we have ‫אחברך‬, “(My divine) brother blessed,” parallel to Qosbarak (A67), Baalbarak (A171), and Nabubarak (A206). No preposition precedes the name Aḥ(i)barak. He may have been either the payee (preposition lamed omitted) or the agent (‫ עליד‬omitted).

A25.1–11 Laadiel Dossier (362–351)

161

cm

CONVEX Payer Products Date

Laadiel [brought i]n

20 ‫שס ִאן‬ ִ ‫]ל לעדאל‬ [ .1 b(arley), seahs, 20; [w(heat), se]ahs, seventeen; qabs, two and a half. ‫[חס]אן עשר ושבע קבן‬ ִ .2 4 On the 6th of Shebat. ‫ לשבט‬6 ‫ תרין ופלג ב‬.3 1

2

3

A25.9-ISAP1580 (AL141 [M296]) 6 Shebat Payments of 20 seahs of barley and 17 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (85×74×7–10), exterior and interior red-orange. Composed of three fragments, incomplete, upper right part missing. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

There are eight ostraca by clan-affiliated payers, with dates at the bottom, unabbreviated terminology, and the designation “for gatemen” (‫ )לתערן‬at the end (see A1.38). The present ostracon follows this pattern, though lacking clan affiliation and “for the gatemen” at the bottom. It also seems to contain the verb of conveyance (‫)]הנע[ל‬, “brought in” at the beginning of line 1, though only the last letter is preserved (see on A1.3). Also, this chit alone of the group contains two grains, barley (with the numeral “20” rather than the word “twenty”) and wheat. A Laadiel makes an exchange of wheat for barley above (A25.4) and pays wheat once more (A25.7).

162

A25.1–11 Laadiel Dossier (362–351)

A25.10-ISAP1468 (AL229 [M180]) Undated Payment of 14 grgrn (See A8.11 [to Samitu])

A25.11-ISAP1846 (EN46) 13 Tebeth Payment of 4 animals: 1 ram, 2 lambs, 1 ewe (See A29.9 [with Uzayzu]

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) The name Qosyahab as payer appears in ten chits, and only one of these appears in another dossier, as third payer witih both Qosner of the sons of Baalrim and Zaydu/Ziyadu (A26.9 [A1.10]). Only two chits are dated (A26.1–2), and none has a patronym. Grain products appear in four chits (A26.1–2, 4, 10), as do the container measures of loads, bales, and bundles (A26.5–6, 8–9), while logs and grgrn appear only once each (A26.3, 7). Dated List of Texts A26.1 A26.2 A26.3 A26.4 A26.5 A26.6 A26.7 A26.8 A26.9 A26.10

Payment of 20 seahs of wheat July 14, 349 Payment of 23 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour March 2, 344 Payment of 3 logs Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain Undated Payment of a load of fodder Undated Payment of 2 loads Undated Payment of 23 grgrn Undated Payment of 2 bundles Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) Undated Payment of x seahs of flour Undated

163

164

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Tammuz, year 10, Qosyahab: w(heat), s(eahs), 20 ◦[. . .] 3 entry: . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

10 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 ]. 20 ‫ קוסיהב חס‬.2 [.....‫בב‬ ִ .3

A26.1-ISAP1446 (AL60 [M158]) July 14, 349 Payment of 20 seahs of wheat Body sherd, triangular, (68×41×8), exterior and interior orange red. Written lines at 5° to wheel-marks [AL].

The verbal element in Qosyahab (‫“[ קוסיהב‬Qos gave”]) is clearly Aramaic; the parallel name ‫קוסוהב‬ (“Qoswahab”) is Arabian (A238.1; see, too, ‫“[ אלוהב‬Ilwahab” {C5.3:1}], ‫“[ והבאל‬Wahabil” {A76}], and hypocoristica ‫“[ והבו‬Wah(a)bu” {e.g., A300.3.13}] and ‫“[ והבי‬Wah{a}bi” {A97.2}]). Interestingly, the West Semitic root ‫ נתן‬was much more productive of personal names than ‫ יהב‬or ‫והב‬: Natanel (A28.4), Natanbaal (A111), Natanmaran (A8.17, 300.1.59) or Natansin (E1.9), Natanṣidq (A83), Elnatan (E3.22), Ṣidqnatan (Naveh 1992: 52, No. 8 [ISAP 2017]), Qosnatan (A69), hypocoristicon Natn(a)i (C6.2:2), Netina (A110), and Nutaynu (A50). ¶ The first two letters in line 3 seem to be ‫“( בב‬entry”), a technical term introducing a second payment by the payer (see A1.24). However, it is hard to read Qosyahab in the letters that follow, and there does not seem to be any trace of a second product.

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344)

165

cm

CONVEX On the 24th of Shebat, year 13+1 (= 14), Qosyahab: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 23; q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

1+13 ‫ לשבט שנת‬24 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ קוסיהב קמח חנטן‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬23 ‫ ס‬.3

A26.2-ISAP1036 (L36 [IM94.38.41]) March 2, 344 Payment of 23 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour Sherd of jar, close to base (73×57×5), exterior and interior gray-brown. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin widening leftward, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

This is one of 21 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A13.13 and Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 6b [Table 4.5 in TAOI, vol. 1]). Eight were written during four days between 22 and 25 Shebat (see A14.9), including this one. The quantities of wheat vary between 2 seahs and 1 kor, 6.5 seahs, the amount here being in the upper range. ¶ The fourteenth stroke of the date is written supralinearly at the end of line 1. Qosyahab makes a payment of simple flour below (A26.10).

166

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX Qosyahab to Udayd/ru from Makkedah: 3 logs, 3.

Payer

1

Payee

2

Source Product

‫ קוסיהב‬.1 ‫רו מן מנקדה‬/‫ לעדיד‬.2 3 ‫ גזירן‬.3

A26.3-ISAP2430 (JA141) Undated Payment of 3 logs Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (90×74×5–9), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), interior pink (5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

Of the nearly 40 chits for logs, this is the only one that records them coming from Makkedah (see A2.25, 31–32). Only around a dozen are dated. See A5.13. Only one more chit in this dossier has a payee (A26.8 below). For Udayd/ru, see A38.

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344)

167

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosyahab crushed/sifted grain, 2s(eahs), 6; q(ab), 1. 1

‫רקד‬/‫ קוסיהב דקר‬.1 1 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ס‬.2

A26.4-ISAP1925 (EN134 = JA34) (Table 3.25) Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×65×6–8), roughly trapezoid, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks.

For discussion of crushed/sifted grain, see A1.1. Of the 25 or so chits for this product, this is the only complete one undated (cf. A300.5.19 and C4.1), and it records a large quantity (see Table 3.25).

168

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX Qosyahab: fodder, a load.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ קוסיהב‬.1 ‫עמיר מובל‬ ִ .2

A26.5-ISAP1615 (AL249 [LG1] {SM14}) (Table 8.20) Undated Payment of a load of fodder Ostracon apparently complete (ca. 65×50), exterior and interior cream-colored [AL].

In the Bible, we find ‫( עמיר‬translated “cut stalks” [NJPS]) loaded on a wagon or dragged to the threshing floor (Amos 2:13; Micah 4:12), while the Mishnah marks it as a lamb’s mouthful, alongside chaff (‫)תבן‬, which is a cow’s mouthful, and stalks (‫)עצה‬, a camel’s mouthful (m. Šabb. 7:4). Both the latter appear in our texts, ‫ עצה‬four times (see A1.31), once specifically for the female camels (A10.40), and ‫ תבן‬some 40 times (see A1.44). Both, however, are measured by ba les or bundles. A “load” (‫ )מובל‬is usually the measure for wood (A7.15; see on A4.36). There is only one other chit for ‫עמיר‬, for 11⁄2 loads (A15.17). These two chits, along with A214.1, were written by Scribe DD.

169

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

Qosyahab: loads, two.

‫ קוסיהב מובלן תרתין‬.1

1

A26.6-ISAP1272 (AL250 = JA97 {J47}) (Table 8.22) Undated Payment of 2 loads Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (58×77×7), irregularly shaped, exterior yellowish-red (5YR5/6), interior and ware yellowish-red (5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

See chit above (A26.5). The noun is feminine, as indicated by the gender of the numeral (‫)תרתין‬. This and three other chits for loads (A9.29, 14.17, and 38.7) were written by Scribe BB.

170

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[?] Qosyaha[b]/Qosr(i)m 2[. . .]◦w: grgrn, 25. 1

‫ִה[ב‬ ִ ‫ [ ] קוסי‬.1 25 ‫ג[ר]גרן‬ ִ ‫ו‬.]?[ ִ .2

A26.7-ISAP1153 (L153 [IM91.16.200]) Undated Payment of 23 grgrn Body sherd of jar (64×46×9), exterior and interior orange-red. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheelmarks. Medium top margin, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin. [LT].

Since the right edge is cut away, the ostracon is difficult to interpret. No writing is visible in the blank space at the beginning of line 1, but traces of two letters may be seen at the beginning of line 2. The last two letters of the PN are uncertain; we may read either yod-he and restore [‫ קוסיה]ב‬or resh-mem and restore ‫“( קוסרם‬Qosr(i)m” [A31]). Of the nearly 30 times grgrn appear in our texts (see A1.28), only once is a measure given: “load” (A2.42). The smallest number is 9 (A300.4.29) and the largest is 60 (A15.13). Most are in the tens or twenties. How many would constitute a load?

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344)

171

cm

CONVEX Payers Payee Product

Yazidu and Qosyahab to ʿ[. . .]: 2 bundles, 2. (See A139.1 [with Yazidu]) 1

[‫ יזדו וקוסיהב לע‬.1 2 ‫ משתלן‬.2

A26.8-ISAP1923 (EN132 = JA243) (Table 6.24) Undated Payment of 2 bundles Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (74×67×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), well-levigated, few white grits. Traces of dark brown residue on ca. 80% of exterior and interior. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Very wide top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The name Yazidu appears primarily as that of a signatory in chits for semolina+flour, crushed/sifted grain and resh (A3.2; 4.7, 11, 13–15; 8.15, 20; 9.10, 13; 56.1; 94.1; 300.5.18), but see also A139.2. The name of the payee is cut off after the first letter at the end of line 1. Presumably each payer brought in 1 bundle. For the word, see A1.43–44.

A26.9-ISAP831 [IA12214] Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) (See A1.10 and 28.9 [with Qosner ss Baalrim and Zaydu/Ziyadu])

172

A26.1–10 Qosyahab Dossier (349–344) cm

CONVEX [. . .] 3 [Qos]yahab: flour, s(eahs), [. . .] 1

Payer Product

[

2

3[ ] .1 ]‫[קוס]יהב קמח ִס‬ ִ .2

A26.10-ISAP1596 (AL117 [M312]) Undated Payment of x seahs of flour Rectangular sherd (53×52×5), surface light brown. Almost illegible remains of three written lines. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

This piece is very problematic. With a wide top margin, there appear to be three enigmatic numeral strokes at the right edge of the first line. The divine element “Qos” was apparently cut off at the beginning of line 2, originally forming [Qos]yahab. Other divine elements would not work here because the names Elyahab or Baalyahab do not appear in our corpus. The amount of seahs was cut off at the left edge of the line. For flour, see A25.8. A Qosyahab pays wheat flour above (A26.2).

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) The name Qosnaqam as payer appears in ten chits, and five of these appear here for the first time. One Qosnaqam is affiliated to the clan of Gur (A27.5 [A2.14]), and three others appear as payers in the dossiers of Qoskahel (A27.1 [A9.5) and Samitu (A27.2–3 [A8.12, 15]). Seven chits are fully dated (A27.1–7), one by day and month only (A27.8, 10), and one is undated (A27.9). In the last chit, Qosnaqam appears as the first of two separate payers, the other bearing the related name Qosyinqom (A27.9). No Qosnaqam appears with patronym. The chits contained only agricultural products. Dated List of Texts A27.1 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of resh A27.2 Three separate payments of resh: 3 seahs and 1 qab; 2 seahs and 4 qabs; 3 seahs and 2 qabs A27.3 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of resh A27.4 Payment of 3 seahs[+?] of crushed/sifted grain A27.5 Two payments of 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat A27.6 Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour A27.7 Payment of 22 seahs of wheat flour A27.8 20 x A27.9 Two payments of flour: 10.5[+?] seahs and 9 seahs, 5 qabs A27.10 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat

173

July 30, 362 May 12, 361 December 2, 361 July 29, 353 July 4, 351 February 7, 344 March 1, 344 21 Ab Undated 19x

174

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344)

A27.1-ISAP456 [IA11415] (Table 2.7) July 30, 362 Payment of 5 seahs, 4 qabs of resh (See A9.5 [to Qoskahel])

A27.2-ISAP203 [IA11786] (Table 2.25) May 12, 361 3 separate payments of resh: 3 seahs and 1 qab; 2 seahs and 4 qabs; 3 seahs and 2 qabs (See A8.12 [to Samitu])

A27.3-ISAP1286 (AL6 = JA497) (Table 2.27) December 2, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of resh (See A8.15 [to Samitu])

175

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Qosnaqam: crushed/sifted grain, s(eahs), 3[+?]. 3 On the 16th [of Tammuz], 4year, 3[+3] (= 6).

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

]?[ ‫קוסנקם‬ [?] 3 ‫רקד ס‬/‫דקר‬ ] ‫ [ל‬16 ‫ב‬ [3+]3 ‫שנת‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A27.4-ISAP1633 [OG35] (Table 3.14) July 29, 353 Payment of 3 seahs[+?] of crushed/sifted grain

The name Qosnaqam (‫ )קוסנקם‬is an Idumean name of thanksgiving (“Qos vindicated”) and has a related name of petition, Qosyinqom (‫קוסינקם‬, “May Qos vindicate”), whose dossier appeared above (A20) and who appears with Qosnaqam in a chit below (A27.9). A Hebrew parallel (Neqamiah [‫{ ]נקמיה‬A207}) appears for the first time in this Idumean corpus. ¶ This is one of ten chits for crushed/sifted grain (on which see A1.1) written in slightly more than five summer weeks in year 6 (July 29–September 8, 353), mostly by the same scribe (Scribe J; see A7.11). We restore the month Tammuz here because the handwriting and format resemble those in two other chits written in Tammuz, one on the same day as this one (A79.1) and one five days later, on the 21st (A8.33). The arrangement of the lines is identical: (1) PN; (2) product and amount; (3) day and month; (4) year. All the amounts are small, as low as 4 qabs and no higher than 3.5 seahs, so we should not expect more than a few qabs missing after the break in line 2. See Table 3.13–22.

A27.5-ISAP1225 (LL4 {SM11}) July 4, 351 Two payments of 9 seahs, 3.5 qabs of wheat (See A2.14 [ss Gur])

176

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX On the 1st of Shebat, year 14, Qosnaqam: flour, barley, 3s(eahs), 24.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ‫ קוסנקם קמח ִש ִעִרן‬.2 24 ‫ ס‬.3

A27.6-ISAP2424 (JA135) (Table 5.5) February 7, 344 Payment of 24 seahs of barley flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (57×94×10–11), rectangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

This is one of nine chits for barley flour written by the same scribe (Scribe K) between 28 Marcheshvan, year 14 and probably 9 Nisan, year 15 (December 7, 345–April 15, 344 [on A21.5]). The amounts in five of the first six chits, including this one, are 21–24 seahs; in the last three, between 9 and 3 seahs; only one has a much larger amount (see Table 5). In all the chits, the word “barley” is written plena (‫)שערן‬. Only three days later, possibly the same Qosnaqam pays wheat flour (A27.7). See also A27.9 below.

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344)

177

cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Shebat, year 14, Qosnaqam: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 22.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסנקם קמח חנטן‬.2 22 ‫ ס‬.3

A27.7-ISAP1231 (SL1) March 1, 344 Payment of 22 seahs of wheat flour Fragment of jar (or bowl?), small (70×33×11), exterior cream-colored, interior light brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [L].

This is one of 21 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A13.13 and Table 4.3 in TAOI, vol. 1). Seven were written during four days between 22 and 25 Shebat (see A14.9). The quantities of wheat varies between 2 seahs and 29 seahs, 4 qabs, the amount here being in the upper range. Only three days earlier, possibly the same Qosnaqam pays barley flour (A27.6). See also A27.9 below .

178

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX On the 21st of Ab, Qosnaqam: 3 from the oil of . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Source

‫ לאב‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִקוסנקם‬.2 . . . ‫ מן משח‬.3

A27.8-ISAP213 [IA11792] 21 Ab 20 x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59×71×7), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior white (2.5Y8/2), many small black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, wide left margin.

Several oil texts list the source of the oil as a person—for example, Qosyinqom (A12.16), Qosṣur (A85.5), Amru (A167.1), and Marṣaat (A29.2). There must have been a fourth missing line giving the amount of oil.

179

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Payer 1 Product 1 Payer 2 Product 2

Qosnaqam: flour, s(eahs), 10[+?] (and a) h(alf). 2 Qosyinqom: flour, 3s(eahs), 9, q(abs), 5. 1

‫ …ף‬10 ‫קוסנק ִם ִק ִמ ִח ִס‬ ִ .1 ‫ קוסינקם קמח‬.2 5 ‫ ק‬9 ‫ ס‬.3

A27.9-ISAP106 [IA11883] Undated Two payments of flour: 10.5[+?] seahs and 9 seahs, 5 qabs Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (79×38×3–8), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), few white grits. Bottom edge straightened intentionally. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin, medium left margin.

It is unusual to find payments by two different parties recorded in a single chit. All the more striking here is the relationship between the names, two verbal sentence names with the same root, the first a name of thanksgiving (“Qos vindicated”) and the second a name of petition (“May Qos vindicate”). ¶ The end of line 1 is worn away, and not all of the strokes are legible. ¶ See A20 for the dossier of Qosyinqom. For flour, see A25.8. A Qosnaqam pays two other types of flour above, barley (A27.6) and wheat (A27.7).

180

A27.1–10 Qosnaqam Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX On the 19th of[. . .], Qosynaqam by the hand of [. . .] 3Šaḥaru: w(heat), [s(eahs)], 3. 4 [. . .]š, 20.

Date

1

Payer

2

Agent Product

[ [‫ ִל‬19 ‫ב‬ [ [. ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ִקִו ִסנקם ִע ִלי‬ 3 ]‫חרו ִח[ס‬ ִ ‫ִש‬ 20 ‫ש‬.] ִ [

.1

.2 .3 .4

A27.10-ISAP433 [IA11372] 19 x Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (65×58×7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/3), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface and some of the writing, treated with acid(?). Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, uneven surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding long tail of lamed ), medium right margin, *wide bottom margin, left margin broken.

Missing at the end of line 1 is the month. The name of the payer at the beginning of line 2 (Qosnaqam) is followed by the preposition for the agent (‫)עליד‬. The name Šaḥaru (‫ )שחרו‬at the beginning of line 3 is either the agent’s patronym (cf. “by the hand of Abdmilk son of Abdbaali” in A1.2) or a second agent, there lacking the conjunctive waw (cf. “by the hand of Abenaši, Widdu, Udaydu/ru” in A1.32). Though not infrequent, here an agent is present while a payee is absent (e.g., also A1.32). ¶ ¶ Line 4, mostly effaced, is elusive. Qosnaqam makes only one other payment of wheat (see A27.5).

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337) The name Zaydu/Ziyadu appears in nine chits, but five of these appeared already in previous dossiers. Two and perhaps three are affiliated to the clan of Al(i)baal, one with the patyronym Qannui (A28.1–3 [A4.5, 18, 21]); another is the only person affiliated to the clan of Qoṣi (A28.6 [A6.8]); and a third appears together with two other payers: Qosner of the sons of Baalrim and Qosyahab (A28.9 [A1.10, 26.9]). All but the last two are fully dated, and two have patronyms (Qannui [A28.1] and Adiel [A28.7]). Six deal with grains (A28.1–6), and one each with stone weights, a log, and bales (A28.7–9). Dated List of Texts A28.1 A28.2 A28.3 A28.4 A28.5 A28.6 A28.7 A28.8 A28.9

Payment of x (amount) of resh 20[+?] y, (362/361) Payment of 1 kor, 13 seahs of barley May 10, 357 Payment of 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain and 3 qabs of wheat May 6, 356 Payment of 9 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat June 27, 353 Payment of 13 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour March 1, 344 Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of wheat September 27, 343 Payment of 8 stone weights March 25, 337 Payment of 1 log Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) Undated

181

182

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337)

A28.1-ISAP1868 (EN74 = JA6) (Table 2.23) 20[+?] y, (362/361) Payment of x (amount) of resh (See A4.5 [s Qannui ss Al(i)baal])

A28.2–333 (IA11705) May 10, 357 Payment of 1 kor, 13 seahs of barley (See A4.18 [ss Al(i)baal])

A28.3–450 [IA11329] (Table 3.12) May 6, 356 Payment of 9 seahs of crushed/sifted grain and 3 qabs of wheat (See A4.21 [ss Al(i)baal])

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337)

183

cm

CONVEX On the 13th of Sivan, year 6, Zaydu/Ziyadu to Natanel: w(heat), s(eahs) 9; q(ab)s 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

6 ‫ לסון שנת‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬9 ‫חס‬ ִ ‫ זידו לנתנאל‬.2

A28.4-ISAP23 [JTS23+24 159276+77] June 27, 353 Payment of 9 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

Zaydu/Ziyadu is hypocoristicon of an Arabian name such as Zaydil (‫זידאל‬, “Il is prosperity, growth” [A8.28 and A99]). The element ‫ זיד‬is found in Nabatean hypocoristicons and theophorous names (Negev Nos. 380–88). This is the only chit in which the Idumean name Natanel (“El gave” [‫ )]נתנאל‬appears. Wheat appears twice more in this dossier (A28.3, 6).

184

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337) cm

CONVEX On the 23rd of Shebat, year 14, Zaydu/Ziyadu: flour, wheat, s(eahs), 13, 3q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬23 ‫ ב‬.1 13 ‫ זִידו קמח חנטן ס‬.2 2 ‫ ק‬.3

A28.5-ISAP77 (JA436 {Gch > EyH?}) March 1, 344 Payment of 13 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat flour Body sherd of jar, medium-sized (85×89×12), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware brown (7.5YR5/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of 21 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344 (see A13.13 and Table 4.4 in TAOI, vol. 1). Seven were written during four days between 22 and 25 Shebat (see A14.9). The quantities of wheat vary between 2 seahs and 1 kor, 6.5 seahs, the amount here being in the middle range.

A28.6-ISAP1029 (L29 [91.16.164]) September 27, 343 Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of wheat (See A6.8 [ss Qoṣi])

185

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 5th of Adar II, 2year 21, Zaydu/Ziyadu son of 3Adiel to the silversmith: 4 stone (weight)s, 8. 1

‫ לאדר אחרי‬5 ‫ב‬ ‫ זידו בר‬21 ‫שנת‬ ‫לכס ִפ ִא‬ ִ ‫עדאל‬ 8 ‫אבנִן‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A28.7-ISAP1704 (JA508) March 25, 337 Payment of 8 stone weights Body sherd of Persian period, medium-sized (43×57×7), roughly rhomboid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), few white and brown grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, bottom margin narrowing downward, variable left margin.

Cuneiform sources record that Artaxerxes III died in the month of Elul and was succeeded by his son Arses—that is, seven months earlier than our document, between August 27 and September 25, 338 (Depuydt 2008: 39). Elliptically omitting the name of king Artaxerxes (III), the scribe also omitted the full accession formula found in Aramaic papyri from Elephantine (TAD B2.2:1) and Wadi Daliyeh (WDSP 1:1); written communication from Leo Depuydt (May 19, 2009). ¶ At Elephantine in the fifth century b.c.e., silver was weighed by the “stones of the king” (‫[ אבני מלכא‬TAD B2.1:7, etc.]), and in second century c.e. Nabatea it was weighed by the “stones of Nabatea” (‫[ אבני נבטא‬P. Yadin 22:33, ed. N. Lewis]). Here, presumably, the silversmith (‫ )כספא‬would be fashioning weights from the stones. There are two more chits for stones. One is just a month earlier than the present one—2 Adar, year 21 = February 22, 337 (A91.4). The other is for 2 stone (weights) on 1 Nisan (no year) by Zaydil (A99.2). Might he be the same person as our Zaydu/ Ziyadu? Perhaps not coincidently, two chits by the same scribe for related parties dated to Marcheshvan (no day), year 21 (that is, two months after the reported death in August or September and five months before our chit) reported the payments of small amounts of silver (A20.8, 151.2). ¶ The name Adiel, “El bedecked” (‫ )עדאל‬occurs only here in the Idumean corpus and is paralleled in biblical ‫( עדיאל‬1 Chr 4:36, etc.). With the same root, the name of petition Laadiel (“May El bedeck”) occurs frequently (A25). Adiel is one of only two patronyms in this dossier, the other being Qannui of the sons of Baalrim (A28.9).

186

A28.1–9 Zaydu/Ziyadu Dossier (362/61–337) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

(Remains of ink of 4 lines ? at the right edge) 1 Zaydu/Ziyadu: log, 1.

1 ‫ זידו גזיר‬.1

A28.8-ISAP1343 (AL323 [M44]) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd of jar (79×50×6), surface light beige. Written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

Of the nearly 30 chits for logs, only half a dozen are so terse (see A16.12 and A5.13 for discussion of the product).

A28.9-ISAP831 [IA12214] Undated Payment of 2 bale(s) (See A1.10, 26.9 [with Qosner ss Baalrim and Qosyahab])

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) The name Uzayzu as payer and patronym appears in nine chits, three of which appeared in earlier dossiers. One Uzayzu is affiliated to the clan of Gur (A29.4 [A2.30]), another to an unknown clan (A29.3 [A6.23], and a third was assigned to the dossier of Saadel (A29.7 [A10.36]). Four documents are fully dated (A29.2, 4–6), two by month only (A29.7, 9), two by year only (A29.1, 3), and one is undated (A29.8). Six chits deal with agricultural products (A29.1–2, 4–7), one with 2 joists (A29.3), and one with a load (A29.8). One is a unique conveyance of four animals by Uzayzu and Laadiel to Abdadah, whose name appears in the first slot, normally indicating the payer (A29.9). The latest chit for Uzayzu in this dossier falls in 3 Alexander (April 10, 314). Dated List of Texts A29.1 A29.2 A29.3 A29.4 A29.5 A29.6 A29.7 A29.8 A29.9

Two payments: 5 seahs, 3 qabs, 3 quarters of x and 15 y 363/362 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil April 9, 358 Payment of 2 joists Perhaps 357 Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and 19 seahs, 3 qabs February 27, 335 Payment of 27 seahs of barley/wheat June 26, 336 Payment of 1 kor, 23 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat April 10, 314 Payment of 8 seahs, 5 qabs of x 18 Tebeth Payment of a load Undated Payment of 4 animals: 1 ram, 2 lambs, 1 ewe 13 Tebeth

187

188

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product 1 Product 2? Source

[. . .], year 42, Uzayzu [?]: 2 [. . .], s(eahs), 5; q(abs), 3; q(uarters), 3; 3 [. . . (?)] from the grain of Mani, 4 [. . . (?), . . .], 15. (remains of ink below) 1

]?[ ‫ עזיזו‬42 ‫[ ]שנת‬ 3 ‫ ר‬3 ‫ ק‬5 ‫]ס‬ ִ [ ‫[?] מן עבורא זי מני‬ 15[ ?]

.1

.2 .3 .4

A29.1-ISAP1724 [IA12396 {Zd1}] 363/362 Two payments: 5 seahs, 3 qabs, 3 quarters of x and 15 y Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (63×46×7), rectangular, very regularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), few white grits. Writing over greenish patina that covers ca. 80% of sherd surface, all edges intentionally straightened. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, *wide bottom margin, left edge broken/ unclear.

Only one other ostracon is dated, and that at the bottom, to year 42 (A47.1). Cut away at the right edge, the ostracon lacks day and month in line 1 and commodity in line 2. At least eight chits state the source of a delivery of wheat or barley as “from the grain (‫ )עבור‬of PN,” the most frequent person being Ani (see further A3.16, 14.4). Yet, in all but one of these (A39.2), the “source” follows the name of the payer. The missing space here at the beginning of line 3 seems to require the appearance of a second grain (cf. A9.21). ¶ The name Uzayzu (‫ )עזיזו‬occurs also in Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 44, 105 [where see for explanation]) and Nabatean (Negev No. 869). ¶ Only here does Mani occur, and only here do we have the analytic structure ‫ עבורא זי מני‬rather than the synthetic structure of a simple construct in the other occurrences (e.g., ‫;)עבור עני‬ for this distinction, see Muraoka-Porten 2003: 229–33.

189

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source

On the 28th of Adar, 2year 46 (of) Arta[xerxes] 3the King, Uzayzu [son] of 4Qosqam 3brought in: 4 from the oil of Marṣ[aat]: 1

‫לאדר‬ ִ 28 ‫ב‬ ]‫ ארת[חשסש‬46 ‫שנת‬ ]‫מלכא הנעל עזִיזִו [בר‬ ] ?‫מרצ[עת‬ ִ ‫קוסקם ִמןִ ִמשח‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

CONCAVE Product

from (the) oil, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3.

5

[?]3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ מן משח ס‬.5

A29.2-ISAP229 [IA11779] April 9, 358 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (47×70×4–5), roughly parallelogram-shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), many white grits. Two fresh exterior breaks. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. *Narrow top margin, *wide right margin, *very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

This is the only ostracon that records the name of Artaxerxes II. Two record the name of Artaxerxes III (A7.26, 146.1). ¶ For the verb of conveyance, see A1.3. For the name Qosqam see A10.23 and A154.

190

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314)

Perhaps not coincidently, two ostraca for the payment of oil in the Saadel dossier record Qosqam at the end, perhaps as a signatory (A10.23–24). ¶ Of the almost 70 chits for oil (see A1.6), only a handful list the source, either as “oil of the purchase (‫( ”)זבינתא‬A8.28, 30.6; cf. A8.42) or in the formula “from the oil of PN, oil, qabs/seahs” (here, A12.16, 14.6, 85.5, 167.1, 265.1 [all six with a different PN source]; cf. A6.3, 66.2, and C5.2 for slightly different source formulas with oil). The word following ‫“( משח‬oil”) here at the end of line 4 is only partially preserved. The initial mem is clear, as are the downstrokes of the following two letters, which may be read as resh and ṣade, thus allowing us to restore the name [‫מרצ]עת‬, “Marṣaat” (see A43). Without enough space to continue at the bottom, the scribe turned the ostracon bottoms-up and wrote the last line at the top of the concave. He redundantly repeated the preposition ‫“( מן‬from”) at the beginning of the line. Cut off at the left edge, the third stroke tilts to the right, indicating a conclusion.

A29.3-ISAP713 [YR40] Perhaps 357 Payment of 2 joists (See A6.23 [ss PN])

A29.4-ISAP2531 (JA254) February 27, 335 Two payments of flour: 15 seahs, 3 qabs and of 19 seahs, 3 qabs (See A2.30 [ss Gur])

191

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Sivan, year 2, Ḥabutu son of Uzayzu: 3 b(arley)/w(heat), s(eahs), 27, by the hand of 4Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

2 ‫ לסיון שנת‬20 ‫ב‬ ‫תו בר עזיזו‬ ִ ‫ִח ִבִו‬ ‫ עליד‬27 ‫שס‬/‫ח‬ ‫צביחו ויתיעו‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A29.5-ISAP2478 (JA193) June 26, 336 Payment of 27 seahs of barley/wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×75×6–8), irregularly shaped, exterior light brown (7.5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish-brown (5YR5/4), few white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin narrowing downward, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are four ostraca from year 2 wherein grain is delivered by the pair Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu, two written less than a week apart, on 13 Sivan (A50.2) and here, on the 20th, the third, two weeks later, on 6 Tammuz (A42.5), and the fourth more than a month later on 22 Ab (A55.5). In all three, the amount of grain is almost identical: 20 seahs, 4 qabs (A55.5), 24 seahs, 3 qabs (A50.2), 26 seahs (A42.5), and here 27 seahs. Since the first three are barley, ours may be barley as well. On the other hand, the remains of the letter at the beginning of line 3 resemble the ḥet above in the beginning of line 2, indicating ‫“( חנטן‬wheat”). For full discussion and dating of these four chits with agents Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu, see A42.5 and 1.32. ¶ Is Ḥabutu here the same as Ḥabutu of the sons of Guru in A2.24, dated December 11, 336? Uzayzu also occurs among the sons of Gur on February 27, 335 (A2.30). ¶ For Yuthayu, see A10.17. Ṣubayḥu may derive from Arabic ṣbḥ, “to be beautiful/graceful, to beam/be radiant.”

192

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent Source

On the 6th of Nisan, year 3 (of) Alexa(n)der 2the king, Uzayzu: w(heat), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 23; q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf), 3 by the hand of Qosi, of the Steppe of Ḥinziru. 1

‫אלכס{נ}דר‬ ִ 3 ‫ לניסן שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ף‬2 ‫ ק‬23 ‫ ס‬1 ‫זיזו חכ‬ ִ ‫ מלכא ִע‬.2 ‫ עליד ִקִוסִי ִזִי ערבת חיִנזרו‬.3

A29.6-ISAP2412 (JA121) April 10, 314 Payment of 1 kor, 23 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably of Iron Age II, medium-sized (94×105×5–10), irregularly shaped, exterior light reddishbrown (2.5YR6/4), interior and ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), coarse ware, many large white grits. Patina covers ca. 50% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, traces of possible writing on interior, written lines at ca. 35° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For detailed discussion, see A17.8. There may be one other document for wheat in this dossier (see A29.5 above). The date of the ostracon is crucial for understanding the conflict between Alexander and Antigonus in the years 315–313 (see Porten-Yardeni 2008: 245 and Table 4.32 in TAO vol. 1).

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314)

193

A29.7-ISAP 859 [IA 12452 {GCh59}] 18 Tebeth Payment of 8 seahs, 5 qabs of x (See A10.36 [Saadel agent])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Payee

Uzayzu: a load 2 for (the) gatemen.

‫ עזִיזִו מובל‬.1 ‫ לתרען‬.2

1

A29.8-ISAP2514 (JA233) (Table 8.13) Undated Payment of a load Body sherd of Persian-period jar, small (47×53×10), roughly trapezoid; exterior, interior, and ware reddish-yellow (5YR7/6), few white and brown grits. Patina covers ca. 30% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

For payments of grain “for (the) gatemen,” see A1.38 and 3.23. There is only one other chit (A74.2 [same scribe]) that makes a payment of loads for the gatemen, on 22 Tebeth, year 19 (February 4, 339). In a chit above (A29.4), Uzayzu of the clan of Gur made a payment of flour for the gatemen. If this Uzayzu is likewise of the clan of Gur, the chit would have been written during the same time-frame as the one above (A29.4). For loads, see A4.36.

194

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314) cm

CONVEX Date Payee Payer Product

On the 13th of Tebeth, Abdadah took/drove (off) 2 from before Uzayzu and Laadiel 3 animals, 4: ram, 1; lambs, 2; ewe, 1. 1

‫ לטבת דבר עבדאדה‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ מן קדם עזיזו ולעדאל‬.2 1 ‫ רחל‬2 ‫ אמרן‬1 ‫ דכר‬4 ‫ חיִִון‬.3

A29.9-ISAP1846 (EN46) 13 Tebeth Payment of 4 animals: 1 ram, 2 lambs, 1 ewe

Hebrew has two verbs for taking livestock, the generic term ‫( לקח‬Exod 12:32) and the more specific ‫“( נהג‬drive {off}” [Gen 31:18; Exod 3:1]). In Aramaic, both these terms are translated by ‫דבר‬, the verb we have here. In the Elephantine papyri, it has the ordinary meaning of “taking” troops to destroy a temple and an idiomatic sense of “get thee to a person” (TAD A4.7:8, 4.8:7; D7.29:7). ¶ This ostracon has no parallel in the entire corpus. The only other explicit references to animals are two chits recording the dispatch of chaff and stalks (as fodder) in the summer to the female camels in Makkedah (A7.37, 10.40), seven texts referring to roosters (see A10.5), one for mice (A44.7), and one chit recording resh inexplicably from “the grinding of Mšby of Natanbaal” intended for (the) animals (‫[ חיון‬A7.3]). However, our chits do supply several other allusions to animals, first, in three references to hides (sing. ‫)גלד‬, one supplied by Abdadah of the sons of Gur (A2.16), one by an anonymous Abdadah (A13.10), and one by Ḥal(a)fat (A7.34); and second in four references to skins (‫)משכן‬, including the skin of a she-goat (A300.4.13), and two unspecified animals (A22.9, 91.3 [4 skins]). ¶ On 30 Tebeth, year 45 (January 24, 359), Abdadah paid Laadiel slightly more than a seah of resh (A4.7). Here, in the middle of the winter, Abdadah drives off four sheep that apparently belonged jointly to Uzayzu and Laadiel. Was he shepherding them or taking possession of them? If the latter, was he responsible for the supply of hides mentioned above? Interestingly, it is an anonymous Laadiel who is one of the two payers in the camel chits (3 Ab, 46 [August 21, 359] {A10.40}). Is this the same person as here, an owner of animals? In any case, as the recipient of the animals, Abdadah is the payee and Uzayzu and Laadiel are the payers. ¶ Rams supplied wool, meat, and skins (2 Kgs 3:4; Gen 31:38; Exod 25:5). The ewe was particularly apprehensive at sheep-shearing time (Isa 53:7). In the sacrificial calendar, the lamb is

A29.1–9 Uzayzu Dossier (363–335, 314)

195

always one year old (e.g., Exod 29:38), while a three-year old ram featured in Abraham’s covenant (Gen 15:9). The ratio here of two lambs to one ram is mirrored in the communal sacrifices offered under Hezekiah (2 Chr 29:32). Jacob presented 20 rams and 200 ewes (1:10 ratio) to Esau (Gen 32:14), whereas here we have one of each. For Abdadah, see A13 and for Laadiel, A25.

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) The name Qosani as payer and patronym appears in 12 chits, but only 8 of these appear here for the first time (A30.1, 2–3, 6–9, 11). Three persons bear distinct patronyms: Palaqos (A30.1), Samitu (A30.1a [A8.33]), and Ab(d)qos (A30.6), while one is the father of Ḥauran (A30.8 [A100.3]). Two belong to the clan of Baalrim (A30.4, 10 [A1.46–47]) and a third to an unknown clan (A30.5 [A6.25]). Only three are fully dated, providing a broad time-span (A30.1, 1a, 2). Five are dated only by day and month (A30.3–7) and four are without date (A30.8–11). The products conveyed are quite diverse: five with grain (A30.1, 1a, 3, 5, 9), two with oil (A30.2, 6), one with grgrn (A30.4), one with loads (A30.8), one with perhaps a shekel (A30.7), and two with product unknown (A30.10–11). Dated List of Texts A30.1 A30.1a A30.2 A30.3 A30.4 A30.5 A30.6 A30.7 A30.8 A30.9 A30.10 A30.11

Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of oil Payment of 11 seahs, 4 qabs of flour Payment of 53 grgrn Payment of 1 qab of barley Payment of 1 qab of oil Payment of 1 shekel Payment of 3 loads Payment of 1 kor of barley Payment unknown Payment of 8 seahs, 2 qabs

196

Between August 8, 363 and August 24, 359 August 3, 353 January 10, 346 6 Nisan 8 Nisan 3 Tammuz 13 Kislev 15 Kislev Undated Date missing Undated Undated

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346)

197

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Ab, year 42[+4? = 46], Qosani son of Palaqos: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 3. (archaic alef )

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign

[? ]42 ‫ לאב שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫לקִו ִס‬ ִ ‫ ִקִו ִסעני בר ִפ‬.2 # 3 ‫ חס‬.3

A30.1-ISAP2663 (JA564) Between August 8, 363 and August 24, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat

Of the five chits for wheat dated in the 40s of Artaxerxes II, only two have an archaic alef (here and A9.10 [semolina wheat with Yazidu as signatory {year 46}]; see also A22.1 [year 43], 63.1 [year 42], and 198.1 [year 45]; cf. also A8.1 [wheat with possible archaic alef without year date but dated at the end {year 43?}]). The ostracon is cut away at the end of line 1 and only 2 strokes are preserved. It is tempting to restore four more, bringing the date up to year 46, which would accord with a chit apparently written by the same scribe in which Qosani is payee (A120.2). For the meaning of the name Qosani, see A1.46, and for different appearances of Palaqos, who belongs to the clan of Baalrim, in various roles, see A1.5, 2.9, 6.18, and 12.9. This is the only time he is noted as a father, and only in one possible instance does he serve as payer (spelled ‫[ פקוס‬A230.1]).

A30.1a-ISAP2558 (JA283) (Palimpsest?) August 3, 353 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain (See A8.33 [s Samitu])

198

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 9th of Tebeth, year 12, 2 Qosani: oil, seahs, 3two; qabs, 4four. 1

2+10

‫ לטבת שנת‬9 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסעני משח סאן‬ ‫תרתין קבן‬ ‫ארבעה‬

.1

.2 .3 .4

A30.2-ISAP941 {GCh141} January 10, 346 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of oil

Of the 70-some chits for oil (see A1.6), this is the only one for year 12 and almost the only one in which the numerals are written plena and not as ciphers (cf. A52.13). A Qosani son of Ab(d)qos pays oil again below (A30.6). The last two strokes at the end of line 1 are written supralinearly.

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346)

199

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 6th of Nisan, Q(o)sani: 2 flour, s(eahs), 11; q(abs), 4. 1

‫קסענִי‬ ִ ‫ לניסן‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫ ק‬11 ‫ ִק ִמ ִח ס‬.2

A30.3-ISAP1758 (LW17 {SM11/02:2}) 6 Nisan Payment of 11 seahs, 4 qabs of flour Whitish sherd from the wall of a jar, measuring 80×480×8 mm. The inscription is perpendicular to the potter’s wheel traces [AL].

Of the more than 25 chits for flour, in only five others is the amount more than that recorded here, namely, more than 12 seahs (A154.2), 13.5 seahs (A18.9), 17 seahs (A3.40), more than 20+ and 27 seahs made in two payments (A19.11), and over 4 kors (A14.7). For simple flour, see A25.8. ¶ The scribe omitted the waw in the name ‫קוסעני‬.

A30.4-ISAP1945 (EN163) 8 Nisan Payment of 53 grgrn (See A1.46 [ss Baalrim])

A30.5-ISAP426 [IA11318] 3 Tammuz Payment of 1 qab of barley (See A6.25 [ss . . .])

200

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product Agent

On the 13th of Kislev, Qosani son of 2Ab(d)qos: from the oil of Ḥayyan: 3 oil, q(ab), 1, by the hand of 4PN. 1

‫ לכסלו קוסעני ִבִר‬13 ‫ב‬ ‫ִע ִב ִקִו ִס משח ִחיִן‬ ‫ עליד‬1 ‫משח ק‬ ‫ו‬. ‫ד‬.. ִ

.1

.2 .3 .4

A30.6-ISAP1946 (EN164) 13 Kislev Payment of 1 qab of oil

Of nearly 70 chits for oil (see A1.6), only a handful list the source, including some six from different PN sources (see A12.16, 29.2, 85:5, 167.1, 265.1). This chit has an (illegible) agent but no payee and is also dated. A Qosani makes a much larger payment of oil above (A30.2). The dalet in the name of his father (‫[ עבדקוס‬servant of Qos]) has been elided (see A112). For the name Ḥayyan, see A2.31.

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346)

201

cm

CONVEX Qosani . . . on the 15th of Kislev . . .: 3 sh(ekel), 1.

Payer

1

Date

2

Payment

.. .. .‫כ‬.‫ס‬ ִ ‫ קוסע ִנִי‬.1 .… ‫ ִל ִכ ִס ִלִו‬15 ‫ ב‬.2 1 ‫ ִש‬.3

A30.7-ISAP1070 (L70 [IM91.16.191]) 15 Kislev Payment of 1 shekel Body sherd of jar (66×43×8), exterior gray-brown, interior light brown. Partially erased writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin. [LT]

This chit is too effaced to verify its meaning. The writing after Qosani in line 1 is unintelligible, as is that after the date in line 2. It is unusual for the date to fall between the name of the payer and that of the product. Line 3 may read “1 sh(eqel)” or else four numeral strokes. There are two more chits paying shekels (A17.14, 50.6).

202

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) cm

CONVEX t [. . .]Ḥauran son of Qosani: loads, 3. 1

Payer Product

2

‫ [?]ת‬.1 3 ‫רן בר קוסעני מובלן‬/‫[?]חוד‬ ִ .2

A30.8-ISAP1415 (EN158 = AL246 [M122]) (Table 8.24) Undated Payment of 3 loads Body sherd of jar, on level of shoulder (105×92×6), exterior and interior light brown/gray. Chalky deposit on interior. At least lower right part of original ostracon missing. Published as EN 158 [AL].

Though the ostracon is cut away at the right edge just in the middle of the letter ḥet, nothing appears to be missing. This is the only time Qosani appears as a father. The name ‫ חורן‬appears twice more, once where he gives Qosani, here his father, some money from the grinding (A100.1), and once where he is affiliated to the clan of Barel/Badel and makes a payment of 2 bales, as opposed to the 3 loads here. This latter chit is dated to 16 Tammuz and is signed off with an archaic alef (A6.10 [which see for name]). Inexplicably, a letter taw appears alone above the line.

203

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) cm

CONVEX . . . Qosani: b(arley), k(or), 1. [. . .]

Date?

1

Payer

2

Product Payee/Agent?

]

? [1 ‫[ ]קוסעני שכ‬ ... ..... [?]....

.1

.2 .3 .4

A30.9-ISAP483 [IA11359] Date missing Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, medium-sized (50×42×4), trapezoid, thin-walled, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

Only a single line is preserved, containing the payer, the product, and the amount. Most barley chits are dated, so the letter traces above may have contained a date, while those in the line below may have contained a payee or agent.

A30.10-ISAP1765 (JA523) Undated Payment unknown (See A1.47 [ss Baalrim])

204

A30.1–11(12) Qosani Dossier (363/359, 353, 346) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

[Qo]sani: s(eahs), 8; q(abs), 2. 1

2 ‫ ק‬8 ‫[קו]סע ִנִי ס‬ ִ .1

A30.11-ISAP2666 (JA567) Undated Payment of 8 seahs, 2 qabs The first two letters of the name are cut off at the right edge. There is no space between the last letter ( yod  ) of the name Qosani and the samekh of seah. The scribe failed to mention the product, but with measures in seahs and qabs, it must be agricultural, probably some type of grain.

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?) The name Qosrim as payer appears in eleven chits, five of which appeared in earlier dossiers and one in later dossiers. One Qosrim was affiliated with the clan of Baalrim (A31.11 [A1.51]), one with the clan of Gur (A31.2 [A2.8]), and two with the clan of Al(i)baal (A31.3, 5 [A4.24–25]). One appeared in the dossier of Samitu (A31.9 [A8.29]). Another appears along with Ḥal(a)fan and Ḥaggai (A31.6 [A49.2]), while one was canceled (A31.1 = A26.1). Only four are fully dated (A31.2–3, 10, 12); one is dated only by year (A31.4); four are dated by day and month (A31.5–8); and two are undated (A31.9, 11). Seven chits deal with agricultural products (A31.2–4 and 10–12 for grain, plus 31.7 for oil), one with wood and chaff (A31.6), and one with a hewn stone (A31.5). Two payments are unknown (A31.8–9). Dated List of Texts A31.1 A31.2 A31.3 A31.4 A31.5 A31.6 A31.7 A31.8 A31.9 A31.10 A31.11 A31.12

Canceled (= A26.1) Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley July 22, 354 Payment of 19 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat November 10, 353 Two payments: 24 seahs of wheat and 21 seahs of wheat flour 353/352 Payment of a hewn stone 2⟨2⟩ Ab Payments of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff 27 Elul Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil 20 Adar II (April 9, 356 or April 6, 353) Payment unknown 6 of x (probably year 6 Antigonus [312/311]) Payment of 1 and 10 of x Undated Payment of 5 qabs of wheat August 19, 315 Payment of 28 seahs of barley and 27 seahs of wheat Undated Payment of 16 seahs of wheat July 1, 352

205

206

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?)

A31.1-ISAP654 {Naveh627} (Canceled = 1446 [A26.1])

A31.2-ISAP1532 (AL44 [M247]) July 22, 354 Exchange of 5 seahs of wheat for 10 seahs of barley (See A2.8 [ss Gur])

A31.3–ISAP1866 (EN72) November 10, 353 Payment of 19 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat (See A4.25 [ss Al(i)baal])

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?)

207

cm

CONVEX Qosr(i)m son of Sl[. . .]: w(heat), seahs, 24. in year 6, 3 f(lour), w(heat), s(eahs) . . . 21.

Payer

1

Product 1

2

Date Product 2

….‫ קוסרם ִבִר ִסל‬.1 6 ‫ בשנת‬24 ‫חסאן‬ ִ .2 21 ‫ִי‬..‫ ִק ִח ִס ִת‬.3

A31.4-ISAP207 [IA11785] 353/352 Two payments: 24 seahs of wheat and 21 seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (59×79×5–9), irregularly shaped, pink (5YR7/3), many large white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the meaning of Qosr(i)m, see A2.8. The name of the patronym cannot be restored. Noteworthy is a partially unabbreviated spelling of the commodity and measure (cf. A59.3; A8.27, 19.5). Instead of the abbreviation ‫ חס‬for “w(heat), s(eahs)” we have ‫חסאן‬, “w(heat), seahs.” One Qosrim pays wheat above (A31.3) and another twice below (A31.10–11). Rarely does a year-date appear in the middle, introduced by a preposition (‫ )בשנת‬and without day or month (see A2.13, 10.5). ¶ The last line seems to have a three-letter abbreviation ‫“( קמח חנטן סאן = קחס‬flour, wheat, seahs”) (cf. A107.2 and 153.2). For a fuller discussion of this product, see A13.13 and A14.9 It is unclear what intervenes between this abbreviation and the numeral at the end of the line.

A31.5-ISAP1924 (EN133 = JA110) 2⟨2⟩ Ab Payment of a hewn stone (See A4.24 [ss Al{i}baal])

208

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?)

A31.6-ISAP541 [FCO4 -> Rikkyo5] (Tables 7.17, 8.3) 27 Elul Payments of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff (See A49.2 [with Ḥal(a)fan and Ḥaggai])

cm

CONVEX On the 20th of Adar II, Qosrim to Adar/Idriqos 3and Ubaydu: oil, 4s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payees Product

‫לא ִדִר ִא ִחִרִי‬ ִ 20 ‫ב‬ ‫ִקִו ִסרים ִל ִע ִד ִר ִקוִ  ִס‬ ‫ידִו ִמ ִש ִח‬ ִ ‫עב‬ ִ ‫ִו‬ 3‫ק‬1‫ס‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A31.7-ISAP2559 (JA284) 20 Adar II (April 9, 356 or April 6, 353) Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×5×7), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware light red (10R6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca 90° to wheel-marks.

Two more chits for oil are dated to Adar II, one on 6 Adar II (A16.10) and one on 25 Adar II, year 2 (April 14, 356 [A7.25]). Seven years in the reign of Artaxerxes III have an Adar II: 356 [year 2], 353 [year 5], 348 [year 10], 345 [year 13], 342 [year 16], 340 [year 18], and 337 [year 21]. Were our chit in the same range as the first three in this dossier—namely, 354, 353, and 353/352 (A31.2–4)—we might date it to year 2, like the above chit (April 9, 356), or to year 5 (April 6, 353). ¶ This is the only commodity chit in which Qosrim is written plena, with yod. The final samekh of Adar/Idriqos is written supralinearly at the end of line 2. Although it is parallel to Adar/Idribaal (see on A1.15 and A113), the name appears only here. The name Ubaydu appears as payer and patronym in 13 chits (A24) but only once more as payee in a truncated chit (A22.10). For oil, see A1.6.

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?)

209

cm

CONVEX Agents

[by the hand] of Qosr(i)m and Palgu: [lš]ḥln. On the 2[+4 ] (= 6) of [...] 1 2

Date

‫קוסִרם ופלגו‬ ִ ?‫ [ עלי]ד‬.1 [‫]ל‬4+]2 ִ ‫[לש]חלן ב‬ ִ .2

A31.8-ISAP1123 (L123 [IM91.16.79]) 6 x (probably year 6 Antigonus [312/311]) Payment unknown Body sherd of jar, small (55×18×7), exterior and interior pink to gray. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks. No top margin, right edge broken, bottom edge broken, wide left margin.

For double agency, see A1.32. This is one of three texts with Qosr(i)m and Palgu as agents and with the enigmatic ‫ לשחלן‬at the end. One is fully dated to 18 Tammuz, 6 Antigonus (July 27, 312), while another lacks the day and month, preserving only “6 Antigonus” (A111.1, 300.1.47), both with date at the beginning. Only once is the product preserved—barley (A111.1). This enigmatic phrase appears ten or eleven more times, mostly in chits expressly dated to Antigonus (A2.43, 3.38, 13.14, 50.3, 111.1, 114.2, 230.1, 257.1 [‫]בשחלן‬, 262.1, 300.1.47, and 280.7 [‫{ שחלן‬Alexander}]).

A31.9-ISAP1422 (AL310 [M130 {Naveh616, 654}]) Undated Payment of 1 and 10 of x (See A8.29 [to Samitu])

210

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 7th of Ab, year 23 (of) Antigonus, Qosrim: 3 w(heat), q(abs), 5 by the hand of Laḥ(a)mu. 1

‫ לאב שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ִס ִקִו ִסִר ִם‬ ִ ‫ִת ִגנ‬ ִ ‫ אנ‬3 .2 ?]‫ִד ִל ִח ִמִו‬ ִ ‫ עלי‬5 ‫חק‬ ִ .3

A31.10-ISAP1539 (AL93 [M254]) August 19, 315 Payment of 5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (73×60×6), exterior and interior cream. Ostracon probably complete, writing partially erased, written lines at 45° to wheel-marks [AL].

The name Qosrim is probable. ¶ Slightly less than one seah, 5 qabs is an unusually small amount of wheat, with no payee recorded. There are two other chits, for some 20 seahs of wheat, a month earlier, in Tammuz, likewise only with agent (A13.14, 262.1). ¶ The name ‫ לחמו‬appears in Nabatean texts (Negev; no. 594) and derives from Arabic laḥām, “Butcher” (M. Macdonald, R. Zadok in written communications).

A31.11-ISAP1879 (EN85 [BLMJ663]) Undated Payment of 28 seahs of barley and 27 seahs of wheat (See A1.51 [ss Baalrim])

A31.1–12 (11) Qosrim Dossier (354–352; 315–312/311?)

211

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 28th of Sivan, 2year 2([+4+] 1 (= 7), Qosr(i)m 3 [to] Qos[. . .]: w(heat), s(eahs), 16. 1

‫ לסיון‬28 ‫ב‬ ‫קוסר ִם‬ ִ 1[+4+]2 ‫שנת‬ 16 ‫ ִחס‬.‫]ל]קוס‬ ?

.1 .2 .3 .4

A31.12-ISAP664 {Naveh E39} July 1, 352 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat

The chit is much blackened and difficult to decipher. The name of the payer at the end of line 2 appears to be ‫“( קוסרם‬Qosrim”), while the word at the beginning of line 3 may be read ◦ ‫קוס‬, with the preposition lamed missing at the beginning of the name, thus reading “[to] Qos[. . .],” the payee. The following letter is a ḥet for “w(heat).”

A32.1–8 Zabdiel Dossier (361–354) Zabdiel is best known as signatory, appearing as such in more than a dozen documents (see A1.1). As payer, the name appears in eight chits, but only four appear here for the first time (A32.3–4, 7–8). Two persons named Zabdiel are affiliated with clans (Baalrim [A32.5 {A1.15}] and Qoṣi [A32.6 {A3.1}]), one appears making a second payment in a chit of Maš(i)ku (A32.1 [A5.2=21.2]), and another appears in a chit of Samitu (A32.2 [A8.14]). One has a patronym (A32.7). Five chits are fully dated (A32.1–5), one has only the first letter of the month preserved (A32.8), and two lack a month completely (A32.6–7). Four chits deal with agricultural products (A32.1, 4–5, 7), three with wooden items (A32.2–3, 6), and one is unknown (A32.8). Dated List of Texts A32.1 A32.2 A32.3 A32.4 A32.5 A32.6 A32.7 A32.8

Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab; and 2 qabs Payment of 10 grgrn Payment of 1 joist Payment of 2 seahs of semolina; 3 seahs, 5 qabs of flour; and 1 rooster Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 8 beams Payment of 10 seahs of barley Payment unknown

212

October 4, 361 November 29, 361 December 19, 357 December 13, 356 June 24, 354 20 x 20 x 2 Adar/Iyyar/Elul

A32.1–8 Zabdiel Dossier (361–354)

213

A32.1-ISAP31 (JA414 {Zd61>EYH2}) October 4, 361 Two payments of ordinary flour: 1 seah, 1 qab; and 2 qabs (See A5.2, 21.2 [apud Maš{i}ku as second payer in additional payment])

A32.2-ISAP813 [IA12196 {GCh13}] November 29, 361 Payment of 10 grgrn (See A8.14 [to Samitu])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Zabdiel: joist, one. 2 On the 26th of Kislev, 3year 2. 1

‫ זבדאל מרש חד‬.1 ‫ לכסלו‬26 ‫ ב‬.2 2 ‫ שנת‬.3

A32.3-ISAP42 (GB?) December 19, 357 Payment of 1 joist

Of the 16 texts with ‫“( מריש‬joist”), 10 are dated, and 9 of these have the date at the bottom (years 2 [here and A38.1] and 4 [A1.11, 2.5, 23.2, 60.1] and without year [A3.30, 186.1; C7.3]; see A8.31 for date at the top). In all but two of the 16 texts (A3.33 and 188.1), the numeral is written out as a word, and in 10 cases that word is “one,” as here (‫)חד‬. For the four other texts not listed above, see A3.29, 4.35, 6.7, and 76.4. ¶ For the name Zabdiel, see on A1.1; cf. A2.19.

214

A32.1–8 Zabdiel Dossier (361–354) cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 3, Zabdiel: Products semolina, s(eahs), 2; 3flour, s(eahs), 3; q(abs); 5, 4rooster, 1. Date

1

Payer

2

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ב‬ 2 ‫זבדאל נשיף ס‬ 5 ‫ ק‬3 ‫קמח ס‬ 1 ‫תרנגל‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A32.4-ISAP896 [Funahashi9 {GCh96}] (Table 1.20) December 13, 356 Payment of 2 seahs of semolina; 3 seahs, 5 qabs of flour; and 1 rooster

This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13 and 17, 356), and one of six written on 2 Kislev, all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see A11.3 [cf. 4.11] and PortenYardeni 2009: 170* and Table 1.19–33 here). ¶ There are seven chits for roosters but only one other with a second item, a load (A300.4.14). See A10. 5 for more.

A32.5-ISAP908 (JA474) June 24, 354 Payment of 1 kor, 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.15 [ss Baalrim])

A32.6-ISAP778 [YR110] 20 x Payment of 8 beams (See A3.1 [in the hand of Qoṣi])

A32.1–8 Zabdiel Dossier (361–354)

215

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Payee

Zabd[ie]l son of Ṣaḥara: b(arley), s(eahs), 10. 2 On the 20th to Palaqos[. . .]. 1

10 ‫בר ִצ ִחרא ִש ִס‬ ִ ‫ִב ִד[א]ל‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.1 [?]‫לפלקוס‬ ִ 20 ‫ ִב‬.2

A32.7-ISAP262 [IA11730] 20 x Payment of 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (55×96×11), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, interior pink (5YR8/3), few white and dark grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

See A6.18 for the other chits for barley to be given “on the 20th to Palaqos.” This no doubt meant “on the 20th of each month.” Ṣah(a)ra appears only here in our corpus, but the related Ṣah(a)ru appears five times in different capacities: as party to a payment order (B1.5), agent (A105.4), source (see A14.4–5), and in an account (‫[ צחרי‬ISAP 812]). It has a biblical parallel in Ṣoḥar (“Tawny” [1 Chr 4:7]). This is the only time Zabdiel appears with patronym.

216

A32.1–8 Zabdiel Dossier (361–354) cm

CONVEX 1

Date

2

Zabdiel of the ho[use/s[ons of PN]. On the 2nd of A[dar/I[yyar/A[b]/E[lul . . .].

Payer

...[

]‫ זבדאל ִל ִב‬.1 [.‫ לא‬2 ‫ ב‬.2

A32.8-ISAP261 [IA11789] 2 Adar/Iyyar/Elul Payment unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×80×6–8), roughly triangular, exterior light reddishbrown (5YR6/4), few small white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. *Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, *very wide left margin.

Only about half a dozen signs are preserved at the beginning of lines 1 and 2. The name Zabdiel is followed by lamed and bet, indicating a clan affiliation, either ‫לבני‬, “of the sons of,” or ‫“ לבית‬of the house of.” The first letter of the month name is an alef, allowing for four names, Adar, Iyyar, Ab, or Elul.

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) The name Ḥaggagu/Ḥaggu has not appeared previously. As payer, it appears in eight chits that are divided between two periods, some 40 years apart (A33.1–3, 5–8). Five are explicitly dated (A33.1–2, 6–8), one is dated by day and month (A33.4), and the dates of the two undated chits may be approximated (A33.3, 5). The three late chits are of historical significance, dating to the transition of power from one ruler to another, from Philip III to Alexander IV to Antigonus, all within a two-year period (A33.6–8). All the chits concern grain products. Dated List of Texts A33.1 A33.2 A33.3 A33.4 A33.5 A33.6 A33.7 A33.8

Payment of 3 seahs of x Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of semolina and 3 seahs of flour Payment of 1 kor of barley Payment of 16 seahs, 1[+?] qabs of wheat Payment of 7 seahs of wheat and 14 seahs of barley Payment of 18 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of 16 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Payment of 6 seahs of barley

217

March 28, 362- April 14, 361 December 16, 356 Undated (355–354?) 19 Sivan Undated (ca. 316?) June 30, 316 June 20, 315 July 20, 315

218

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Ḥaggagu[. . . . . .] 2s(eahs), 3 [. . . (day) x, (month) y], 3year[. . .]. 1

] [‫ חגגו‬.1 [ ] 3 ‫ ס‬.2 ] [‫שנת‬ ִ .3

A33.1-ISAP2582 (JA315) March 28, 362–April 14, 361 Payment of 3 seahs of x Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period vessel, tiny (28×22×4–8), roughly triangular, exterior, interior and ware light red (10R6/6), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex (almost flat), smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

Two features point to a date in Artaxerxes 43: the date at the end, with day and month missing at the end of line 2, and year date at the beginning of line 3; and the samekh written with a single stroke looping in on itself at the bottom. These are characteristic features of Scribe A, who wrote some 17 chits in year 43 (362/361), mostly for resh (A4.1, 4; 6.1; 7.1, 51–53; 8.3, 5; 9.5, 7–8; 12.17; 41.2; see Table 2) but also for semolina+flour (A7.2, 74.1) and crushed/sifted grain (A21.1); cf. “Scribe 12” apud A7.1. Compare also two chits by Scribe A with date at the end written at the beginning of year 44 (A3.2, 8.12). Most of these have a payee, whose name would have appeared at the end of line 1, followed by the product, probably ‫ראש‬. Line 2 might have continued with a number of qabs, followed by day and month. See Porten-Yardeni 2009: 147* and fig. 1a. ¶ Ḥaggagu (‫ )חגגו‬was a very popular Palmyrene name, explained as “The Pilgrim” (Stark 1971: 20, 87).

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315)

219

cm

CONCAVE On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, Ḥaggagu: semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3; 3flour, s(eahs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ִשף ִס‬ ִ ‫ חגגו נ‬.2 3 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A33.2-ISAP103 [IA11863] (Table 1.26) December 16, 356 Payment of 1 seah, 3 qabs of semolina and 3 seahs of flour Rim of Persian-period mortarium, medium-sized (78×92×11–18), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), many black and white grits, prominent ridges on exterior. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13 and 17, 356), and one of six written on 5 Kislev, all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see A11.3 [cf. 4.11], PortenYardeni 2009: 170*, and Table 1.19–33).

220

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak: b(arley), kor, 1.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫חגגִו בר בעלסמך‬ ִ .1 1 ‫ ש כר‬.2

A33.3-ISAP1544 (AL203 [M259]) Undated (355–354?) Payment of 1 kor of barley Body sherd of jar (78×69×10) exterior pink-brown, interior pink-orange. Ostracon apparently complete. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

There are some 25 chits, half of which are dated, whose products and measures are partially unabbreviated and often written as a single word, while the numerals remain as ciphers and are not written out. Five of these chits stem from the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier and date between July 21, 355 (A7.26) and February 1, 354 (A7.28; see also A7.30, 31, 40). If our chit were written during this same period, then this Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak would be the grandfather of the Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak in the chits below, dating to 316 and 315 (A33.6–7). On the other hand, at least one of the 25 chits in this group dates late, to February 22, 311 (A3.39), in which case this Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak could be the same as that below. ¶ For the dossier of Baalsamak (and sons), see A58. Here we have a space between the abbreviated product and the measure—1 ‫ש כר‬, “b(arley), kor,”—a feature that occurs in 8 of the 25, although only one with year date (311 [A3.39]). ¶ See the chit below (A33.4) for a different unabbreviated pattern. Barley is also paid in A33.5 (ca. 316?) and 33.8 (July 20, 315) below.

221

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX [On] the 19th of Sivan, Ḥaggagu: wheat, seahs, 3[10+]6; q(a[bs]), 1[+?] 4 . . .

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

..[

ִ‫לסיִִון‬ ִ 19 ]‫[ב‬ ‫גו חנטן ִס ִאן‬ ִ ‫ִח ִג‬ ] 1[ ‫ ִק]ב‬6[+10] ..... .. ... .‫למ‬ ִ

.1 .2 .3 .4

A33.4-ISAP1541 (AL113 [M256]) 19 Sivan Payment of 16 seahs, 1[+?] qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (88×100×6) exterior brown, interior gray. Written lines at 25–30° to wheel-marks [AL].

Of some 70 chits in which product, measure, and numeral, or any combination thereof are written in unabbreviated script, this is the only one in which “wheat” (‫ )חנטן‬and “seahs” (‫ )סאן‬are written out fully and the amount is expressed not by a word but by numerals (“16”). Only one other text is similarly composed (with “ \\ ‫)”כנתן כרן‬, and it is dated to year 18 (341/340 [A300.1.41]); but cf. also A1.27, which has a similar pattern with unabbreviated “wheat” (‫ )חנטן‬and “kors” (‫ )כרן‬followed by numerals (“3”) and other abbreviated measures. ¶ For another partially abbreviated chit, see A33.3 above. Wheat is also paid thrice below (A33.5–7).

222

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX Payer Origin Product Agent

Ḥaggagu from the Steppe of Qos[ner son of ] 2Zabdi: w(heat), s(eahs), 7; b(arley), s(eahs), 14 [?], 3 by the hand of Ḥal(a)fan . . . 1

[‫ער ִבת ִקִו ִס[נר בר‬ ִ ‫ חגגו מן‬.1 [?]14 ‫שס‬ ִ 7 ‫ זבדי ִח ִס‬.2 … …‫חלפן ִה‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬.3

A33.5-ISAP1555 (AL199 [M270]) Undated (ca. 316?) Payment of 7 seahs of wheat and 14 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (82×59×10) exterior and interior light brown. Writing very poorly preserved. Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

There is a chit dated 6 Tammuz, year 8 (June 30, 316), the same day as the following chit, for Ḥazael son of Zabdi from the Steppe of Qosner son of Zabdi (A15.18, on which see for further discussion of the word “steppe”). This seems to be the name at the end of line 1 and the beginning of line 2, though it is not certain that the word ‫בר‬, “son of,” also appeared. Support for this reading also stems from the appearance of Ḥal(a)fan as agent. In this capacity, he appears in three other contemporaneous chits, dated July 12, November 27, and December 11, all in year 317 (7 Tammuz, 27 Marcheshvan, and 12 Kislev, year 7 [A257.1, 48.5, 47.3, respectively]). For the name Qosner, see A88, and for Zabdi, see A15. It may not be assumed that Ḥaggagu here is the same as Ḥaggagu/Ḥaggu son of Baalsamak in the following two or three chits (A33.6–8), even if the latter appears below paying wheat from another steppe, that of Ḥinziru. This term only occurs in 14 chits (A11.9, 15.18, 17.8, 29.6, here and 33.7 below, 37.6–7, 99.1, 120.4, 229.1, 270.1, 300.1.1, and 300.2.5), one land description (H4.7), and an uncertain text (J1.6).

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315)

223

cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz , year 8, Ḥaggu son of Baalsamak: 3 w(heat), s(eahs),18; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

8 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ חגו בר בעלסמך‬.2 3 ‫ ק‬18 ‫ חס‬.3

A33.6-ISAP 1530 (AL57 [M245]) June 30, 316 Payment of 18 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (73×57×11–13), exterior and interior orange (same type as ISAP1203 [Phoenician inscription] and ISAP1337 [probably Phoenician]). Written lines at 10° to wheel-marks [AL].

This and the following chit were written by the same scribe, as evidenced by the signatory nun, starkly curved to the right with its top erect, in the word ‫ שנת‬in both texts and in the name ‫ חנזרו‬in the next one. Though Philip was assassinated in his seventh year, probably December 26, 317, both Egyptian and Babylonian documents continued to be dated by him through year 8, as here; Porten-Yardeni 2006: 484–85; Porten-Yardeni 2008a: 241–43; Depuydt 2008: 53–56. See A33.7 below for more. Wheat is paid thrice more in this dossier (33.4–5, 7).

224

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product Payee Sealing Sign

On the 6th of Sivan, year 2 (of) Alexander 2the King, Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak, from 3the Steppe of Ḥinziru: w(heat), s(eahs), 16; 4q(abs), 2, to the hand of (sign) Akbor (between preposition and name) 1

‫ אלכסנדר‬2 ‫ לסיון שנת‬6 ‫ב‬ ‫מלכא חגגו בר בעלסמך מן‬ 16 ‫ִעִר ִבת חנזרו חס‬ ‫ליד © עכבור‬ ִ 2‫ק‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A33.7-ISAP1535 (AL87 [M250]) June 20, 315 Payment of 16 seahs, 2 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (97×58×9) exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Written a year after the previous document by the same scribe for almost the same amount of wheat (A33.6), this one sports several changes. First of all, we have the earliest fully dated text for the beginning of the reign of Alexander IV (Depuydt 2008: 56, 76). Second, the name of the payer is expanded from Ḥaggu to Ḥaggagu, and he is stated to derive from the Steppe of Ḥinziru (for this formulation, including other occurrences of the “Steppe of Ḥinziru,” see A17.8 and 33.5 above). Third, a payee, Akbor, is mentioned. Another ostracon from Alexander year 2, though with day and month missing, records a payment of 7 seahs of wheat for Palti son of Qosgad, also from the Steppe of Ḥinziru and also “to the hand of Akbor” (A229.1; cf. A300.4.29 for the only other occurrence of this name). Fourth, our ostracon has a sealing sign, unusual for such a late date and unusually coming between the preposition ‫ ליד‬and the name of the payee. Another Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak makes a payment of barley above (A33.3), perhaps two generations earlier, and an Ani son of Baalsamak, perhaps the current payer’s brother, makes a payment of barley from the “Steppe of Ḥaggai” (A37.7).

225

A33.1–8 Ḥaggagu Dossier (362/1–356, 316–315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 7th of Tammuz, year 3 (of) 2Artigonus . . . , Ḥaggagu 3 to the hand of Amru: b(arley), s(eahs), 6. 1

3 ‫ ִל ִת ִמִו ִז שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִנִי חגגו‬.. ‫ִס‬ ִ ‫תגנ‬ ִ ‫אר‬ ִ .2 6 ‫עמִרִו שס‬ ִ ‫ ליד‬.3

A33.8-ISAP1546 (AL50 [M261]) July 20, 315 Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (52×45×6) exterior brown, interior light brown. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

Written just a month after the previous chit (A33.7), this one is dated to the rule of Antigonus (here spelled with a resh rather than a nun [‫ )]ארתגנס‬and is the earliest one to indicate the change of rule; PortenYardeni 2008a: 242, 244. The letters following the name are inexplicable (‫)◦◦ני‬. They are either a title of Antigonus or a verb introducing the activity of Ḥaggagu. Here, too, a payee is mentioned (for whose name see A10.13), but the grain is not wheat as above but a small quantity of barley. This may, however, still be the same Ḥaggagu as above (A33.6–7). This is the last of three chits for barley in this dossier (also A33.3, 5 above).

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356) The name Ḥori as payer appears in eight chits, but three of these appeared in another dossier, all as payers to Saadel (A34.1, 4–5 [A10.2–4]). Only one is fully dated (A34.1); one only by year (A34.2); and one only by month (A34.3). The other five are all undated (A34.4–8). The name Ḥori also appears as the patronym of Baalghayr, about the same time as the two dated chits here—that is, 360 to 359 (A7.3, 5–6, 15), and as the clan head of four different persons about a decade later (A6.3 [December 9, 345], 4–6; cf. J11.3). He never appears as payee, but he does own a vineyard (H3.1, 15) and appears in both an account (C2.12) and a jar inscription (F3.9). Products transacted include grain (A34.1–3), plaster/coriander (A34.4–5), a log (A34.6), grgrn (A34.7), and one unknown product (A34.8). Dated List of Texts A34.1 A34.2 A34.3 A34.4 A34.5 A34.6 A34.7 A34.8

Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain October 25, 357 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain 357/356 Payment of 1 seah of wheat 17 Tebeth Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 5 seahs of plaster/coriander Undated Payment of 1 log Undated Payment of 7 grgrn Undated 19 of unknown product Undated

226

227

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356)

A34.1-ISAP891 {GCh91} (Table 3.8) October 25, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 5.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain (See A10.2 [to Saadel])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Ḥori: crushed/sifted grain, 2s(eahs), 4; q(abs), 5, 3 year 2. 1

‫רקיר‬/‫ חורי דקיר‬.1 5 ‫ ק‬4 ‫ ס‬.2

2 ‫ שנת‬.3

A34.2-ISAP934 {GCh134} (Table 3.11) 357/356 Payment of 4 seahs, 5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain

Ḥori appears once more, supplying crushed/sifted grain in year 2 (A34.1 above); see Table 3.8, 11. For discussion of the product, see A1.1, and for the name Ḥori, see A6.3. Along with three other texts for crushed/sifted grain, written a month apart (A10.2, 76.2, and 126.1), this chit was written by Scribe H.

228

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX Date Payer ??? Product Agent

[On] the 17th of Tebeth, Ḥori: 2 [Yi]nqom 3 w(heat), s(eah), 1 by the hand of b ◦◦◦◦[ 1

[ ]ִ‫ לטבת ִחִוִרי‬17 ] ‫ [ב‬.1 [ ] ‫ תא‬..... .... ‫ִק ִם‬ ִ ‫ ]י]נ‬.2

[?].. .‫ִד ִב‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִלי‬1 ‫ חס‬.3

A34.3-ISAP1453 (AL34 [M165]) 17 Tebeth Payment of 1 seah of wheat Body sherd of jar (71×49×11), exterior and interior brown. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

The reading of the name Ḥori is probable, but it is not clear how to restore the beginning of line 2. Evident is qof-mem, probably preceded by a nun. This would yield a name with the verb ‫נקם‬. Only one letter space, however, is missing on the right margin, as evidenced by the break at the beginning of line 1 (for a bet), and so the three letters ‫ קוס‬required to produce the name ‫קוסנקם‬, let alone the prepositional lamed (“to”) or the word ‫“( בר‬son of”), would hardly fit. Perhaps the restoration ‫“( ינקם‬Yinqom” [cf. F2.5, H1.1]) would be possible. The name of the agent at the end of line 3 is also illegible.

A34.4-ISAP926 (JA490 {GCh126}) Undated Payment of 7 seahs of plaster/coriander (See A10.3 [to Saadel])

A34.5-ISAP764 [YR126] Undated Payment of 5 seahs of plaster/coriander (See A10.4 [to Saadel])

229

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

Ḥori to Ḥaggai: log (corrected from: logs), 1. 1

1 {‫ חורי לחגי ִגזִִר}ן‬.1

A34.6-ISAP1928 (EN137 = JA37) Undated Payment of 1 log Body sherd and small part of handle of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (54×65×8), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior light gray (10YR7/1), ware gray (10YR6/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

Ḥaggai appears frequently in our corpus in all capacities: as payer (A49), payee (A18.6–7, 203.1, 207.1), agent (A5.18–19), patronym (A18.8), perhaps signatory (A47.1), and possibly as possessor of a steppe (‫י‬/ ‫[ ערבת חגו‬A37.7]). The scribe originally wrote plural ‫גזרן‬, “logs,” and then corrected the plural to singular ‫גזר‬, “log” and added the numeral “1.” For logs, see A2.25, 5.13.

230

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX That which Ḥori brought: grgrn, 7.

Payer

1

Product

2

‫ ִזִי ִאיתי חורי‬.1

[?]7 ‫ גרגרן‬.2

A34.7-ISAP2485 (JA201) Undated Payment of 7 grgrn Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (56×71×9), triangular, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior and ware light gray (5Y6/1), medium amount of white and black grits. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

This is one of three chits (also A90.4, 300.4.29) written by the same scribe for grgrn, all beginning with the relative clause “That which PN brought” (‫)זי איתי‬. See also A300.4.2 for a similar text (‫ )זי היתי‬by a different scribe. For ‫גרגרן‬, see A1.28.

231

A34.1–8 Ḥori Dossier (357–356) cm

CONVEX

19 ‫ חורי‬.1

Ḥori: 19.

1

A34.8–1605 (AL176 [M407]) Undated 19 of unknown product Body sherd of jar (?) (68×39×4), exterior and interior gray. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

This elliptical chit gives only the quantity, omitting the product.

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341) The name Ḥazira as payer and patronym appears in ten chits, but five of these appear in other dossiers. One Ḥazira was the father of Nutaynu (A35.8 [A50.4]) and another the father of Adarel/Adriel (A35.10 [A2.11]), while a third was affiliated to the clan of Qoṣi (A35.7 [A3.32]); a fourth made a payment to Qoskahel (A35.1 [A9.14]), and a fifth to Saadel (A35.5 [A10.12]). Five are fully dated (A35.1–4, 10), and the rest are dated by day and month (A35.5–9). Seven chits record payments of grain (A35.2–3, 5–6, 8–10), one of a log (A35.7), and in two chits the products are unknown (A35.1, 4). Dated List of Texts A35.1 A35.2 A35.3 A35.4 A35.5 A35.6 A35.7 A35.8 A35.9 A35.10

Payment unknown Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Product unknown Payment of 1 kor, 24 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of 1(+?) seahs of wheat Payment of 1 log Payment of 20 seahs of barley Payment of 8 seahs of wheat (+x) Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley and 3.5 seahs of unknown product

232

August 9+, 358 August 1, 353 July 20, 341 10 Elul, year y 26 Elul 4x 1 Shebat 26 Tammuz 21 Ab October 13, 353

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341)

233

A35.1-ISAP1389 (AL18 [M95]) August 9+, 358 Payment unknown (See 9.14 [to Qoskahel])

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Ḥazira: crushed/sifted grain, 2s(eah), 1; q(abs), 3 (and a) half. 3 On the 19th of Tammuz, 4year 6. 1

‫רקד‬/‫ חזירא דקר‬.1

‫ ף‬3 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ס‬.2 ‫ לתמוז‬19 ‫ ב‬.3 6 ‫ שנת‬.4

A35.2-ISAP1882 (EN88) (Table 3.15) August 1, 353 Payment of 1 seah, 3.5 qabs of crushed/sifted grain

For the name, see A2.11. This is one of 10 or 11 chits for crushed/sifted grain (for which see A1.1) written in just over five summer weeks in year 6 (July 29–September 8, 353), mostly by the same scribe (Scribe J). All but two lack a payee. The amounts are small, as low as 4 qabs and no higher than 3.5 seahs (A93.1 and 11.5, respectively). This one records exactly the same payment as one only two days later (A8.33). See A7.11 and Table 3.13–22.

234

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Depository Product

On the 20th of Tammuz, year 128, 3 Ḥazira 2brought in 3 (to) the storehouse 4of Makkedah: w(heat), s(eahs), 3. 1

+10 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫) העל‬18=( 8 .2

‫ חזירא מסכנה‬.3 3 ‫ למנקדה חס‬.4

A35.3-ISAP2552 (JA277) July 20, 341 Payment of 3 seahs of wheat Body sherd of jar, probably Persian period, medium-sized (70×78×5–7), roughly square, exterior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware brown (7.5YR5/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of four chits (also A11.8; 124.2, 205.1; cf. possibly A290.1.11 also) for small-to-medium amounts of wheat written by the same scribe between 5 Sivan and 20 Tammuz, year 18 (June 5 to July 20, 341). They all employ the verb “brought in” (‫[ הנעל‬see A1.3]) and use an unusual formula for the depository: ‫“( מסכנה למנקדה‬storehouse [belonging] to Makkedah”). See Table 1.4 in TAOI, vol. 1. The storehouse appears again below (A35.4). The scribe here wrote the verb without the nun. This is the first of four payments of wheat in this dossier (also A35.5–6, 9).

235

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341) cm

CONVEX On the 10th of Elul, y[ear y]. Ḥazira, b[. . .]: 3 to the storehou[se . . . . . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Depository Product

[

‫לול ִש[נת‬ ִ ‫לא‬ ִ 10 ‫ ב‬.1 [ [‫ חזירא ב‬.2

[

‫למ ִס ִכנִ[ת‬ ִ .3

A35.4-ISAP19 [JTS19 159272] 10 Elul, year y Product unknown

Half of the ostracon is cut away at the left edge. Missing in line 1 is the year date, and in line 3 it is uncertain whether the scribe wrote simply ‫“( למסכנתא‬to the storehouse” [cf. A4.22]) or ‫“( למסכנת מנקדה‬to the storehouse of Makkedah” [cf. A5.8]). In either case, the formula is different from that employed above (A35.3). Two other texts were written in the month of Elul for “the storehouse of Makkedah” (A13.11 [year 6]; A244.1 [lacking year]) and one more in Elul for simply “the storehouse” (A8.40 [year 7]). In all the storehouse texts, the product invariably comes at the end. Since there appears to be no line 4, we may assume that the product appeared in line 3 here, in which case the shorter formula (‫ )למסכנתא‬may be more likely. See Tables 1.1:23, 29a, 42a; 1.2:43 in TAOI, vol. 1. The bet following the name before the break in line 2 suggests the word ‫“( בר‬son of”), however rare that may be in the storehouse texts (only in A13.8); generally clan filiations are given instead.

A35.5-ISAP901 {GCh101} 26 Elul Payment of 1 kor, 24 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat (See A10.12 [to Saadel])

236

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341) cm

CONVEX ? 1

Date

2

Product

[‫חזירא‬ ִ .1

Ḥazira[. . .], on the 4th of[. . .]: 3 w(heat), s(eahs), 1[+?].

Payer

[‫ ל‬4 ‫ ב‬.2 ]1 ‫ חס‬.3

A35.6-ISAP2640 (JA384) 4x Payment of 1(+?) seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43×56×7), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior and ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Writing on interior, on slightly concave, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks.

Unusually, the date, appearing in line 2, intervenes between the name of the payer and the product. Either his filiation or the name of the payee is missing at the end of line 1, as is the amount of wheat in line 3. Wheat is also paid in A35.3, 5, and 9.

A35.7-ISAP1494 (AL139 [M206]) 1 Shebat Payment of 1 log (See A3.32 [h Qoṣi])

A35.8-ISAP1004 (L4 [IM91.16.137]) 26 Tammuz Payment of 20 seahs of barley (See A50.4 [f Nutaynu )

237

A35.1–10 Ḥazira Dossier (358–341) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 21st of Ab, Ḥazira . . . 2 [ ]◦ 3 w(heat), s(eahs) 8. . . . . . 5 1

. ‫זירא‬ ִ ‫ ִל ִא ִב ִח‬21 ‫ ב‬.1 .[ ] .2

[?] 8 ‫ו חס‬.‫זי‬/‫ תו‬.3 5 ...[ ].

A35.9-ISAP2668 (JA570) 21 Ab Payment of 8 seahs of wheat (+x) The writing is only partially legible. The letters at the beginning of line 3 are obscure. This is the last of four payments of wheat in this dossier (also A35.3, 5–6 above).

A35.10-ISAP2454 (JA167) October 13, 353 Payment of 27 seahs, 1 qab of barley and 3.5 seahs of unknown product (See A2.11 [f Adarel/Idriel ss Gur]. Perhaps the 3.5 seahs were part of the 27.17 seahs of barley.)

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317) The name Naum as payer and patronym appears in eight chits, three of which appear in other dossiers (A36.1 [A3.5], 5–6 [A48.4–5]). Six chits are fully dated (A36.1–6 [A36.5 being restored]), one is dated by day and month (A36.7), and one is undated (A36.8). One Naum is associated with the clan of Qoṣi (A36.1), and another is the father of Zaydi (A36.5–6). Five deal with grain (A36.1–4, 7), two with oil (A36.5–6), and one with a load (A36.8). Dated List of Texts A36.1 A36.2 A36.3 A36.4 A36.5 A36.6 A36.7 A36.8

Payment of 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Payment of 1 qab of semolina and 2.5 qabs of flour Payment of 16 seahs of wheat Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Payment of 10 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil Payment of x amount of barley Payment of 1 load

238

November 8, 358 August 15, 357 December 17, 356 June 8, 352 September 20, 317 November 27, 317 20 x Undated

239

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317)

A36.1-ISAP2460 (JA174) November 8, 358 Payment of 12 seahs, 4 qabs of barley (See A3.5 [to Ghauti s Qoṣi])

cm

CONVEX On the 20th of A[b], y[ea]r 2 [+?], Naum: w(heat), s(eahs) 2; q(abs) 1[+2+]1 (= 4).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

?] 2 ‫ לא[ב] ִש[נ]ת‬20 ‫ ב‬.1 1[+2+]1 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ נעום חס‬.2

A36.2-ISAP1324 (AL26 [M24]) August 15, 357 Payment of 2 seahs, 4 qabs of wheat Body sherd of jar (65×43×8–9), exterior brown, interior dark gray. Written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks [AL].

Naum (‫ )נעים‬is a hypocoristicon of a name like Naamel (‫“[ נעמאל‬El is pleasant”]), which appears only once in our corpus as “son of Nattun” (‫[ נתון‬D9.3]), which is a qattūl form exactly like Naum, suggesting a common morphological pool (see A3.5 as well). Naum pays wheat twice (here and A36.4 below).

240

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Kislev, year 3, Naum: semolina, q(ab), 1; 3f(lour), q(abs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ נעום נשף ק‬.2

‫ ף‬2 ‫ קמח ק‬.3

A36.3-ISAP1874 (EN80 = JA169) (Table 1.32) December 17, 356 Payment of 1 qab of semolina and 2.5 qabs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (53×68×10–12), roughly trapezoid, exterior and interior light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), many black and white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour written by a single scribe (Scribe E) between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13–17, 356). It records the smallest amount of both items. See A11.3 and Table 1.19–33. For discussion of the product pair, see A4.2, 11.

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317)

241

cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Sivan, year 6[+1] (=7), Naum brought from ⟨the grain⟩ of Ram(a)ta by the hand of 3Agra, to Maḥoza/the port, w(heat), s(eahs), 16.

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Agent Depository Product

[1+]6 ‫ לסיון שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ היתי נעום מן ⟨עבור⟩ רמתא עליד‬.2

16 ‫למ ִחִוזִא חס‬ ִ ‫ אגרא‬.3

A36.4-ISAP1884 (EN90 = JA13) June 8, 352 Payment of 16 seahs of wheat Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71×70×12), roughly trapezoid, exterior, interior and ware reddishyellow (5YR6/6), few very large white grits. Composed of 3 fragments. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Three chits were written on the same day by the same scribe for nearly identical transactions (also A8.38 [16 seahs plus 5 qabs] and probably A9.24 [restored]). Here the word ‫“( רמתא‬Ram{a}ta”) is elliptical. The verb “brought” (‫ )היתי‬appears infrequently (see on A1.8; e.g., also A4.13; 47.1, 6, etc.). ¶ For full commentary, see A8.38. Naum pays wheat above, as well (A36.2).

A36.5-ISAP1912 (EN121 = JA25) September 20, 317 Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil (See A48.4 [f Zaydi])

242

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317)

A36.6-ISAP1365 (AL56 [M66 {NavehA9}]) November 27, 317 Payment of 10 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil (See A48.5 [f Zaydi])

cm

CONVEX On the 20th of [. . .] , Naum: b(arley), [. . .] 3 by the hand of [. . .].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

]. 20 ‫ ב‬.1 [‫נעו ִם ִש‬ ִ .2

]. ‫עליד‬ ִ .3

A36.7-ISAP278 [IA11757] 20 x Payment of x amount of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (72×74×5–10), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), many white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, *very wide left margin.

The left side of the ostracon is completely effaced. Missing in line 1 is the month; in line 2, the amount of barley and possibly the payee; and in line 3, the name of the agent. There is one other payment of barley in this dossier (A36.1).

A36.1–8 Naum Dossier (358–352, 317)

243

cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Source Product

] ‫ נעום לחזִאל מ[ן‬.1 1 ‫מובל‬ ִ .2

Naum to Ḥazael: f[rom . . .]: 3 load, 1.

Date

A36.8-ISAP1920 (EN129 = JA31) (Table 8.11) Undated Payment of 1 load Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×69×5), roughly triangular, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior pink (5YR7/4), ware gray (7.5YR6/0), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 40% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 10° to wheel-marks.

The ostracon is cut off at the left edge, with only part of a mem preserved. The missing word is doubtless ‫“( מן‬from”), which introduces either a place or clan name. Of the nearly 30 chits for loads (‫)מובלן‬, only two include a clan name, and it is always “of the sons of,” not “from the sons of” (A2.42, 4.36; but cf. the account C7.4). None records a place of origin. ¶ Ḥazael appears a few times elsewhere as payee, but only of grain (e.g., A3.17–18).

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?) The name Ani as payer appears in eight chits, but two of these appeared in previous dossiers (A37.2–3), and a third will also appear in a later dossier (A37.6 [A70.4]). One Ani is affiliated to the clan of Baalrim (A37.3 [A1.19]), and one is associated with Saadel (A37.2 [A10.1]). Two appear with patronym (A37.7–8). Five are fully dated (A37.1–4, 8), and three are undated (A37.5–7 [but 6–7 are late]). Seven deal with grain (A37.1–4, 6–8), and one with bundles (A37.5). Dated List of Texts A37.1 A37.2 A37.3 A37.4 A37.5 A37.6 A37.7 A37.8

Two payments of wheat: 6(+?) seahs, 5.5 qabs; and 5 seahs July 10 and August 12, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat September 18, 357 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat June 30, 354 Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat July 31, 352 Payment of 17 bundles Undated Payments of 10 seahs of wheat; 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat; and 3.5 qabs of x Undated (late) Payment of 1 kor, 14 seahs of barley Undated (316/315) Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina; 1 seah, 1 qab of flour July 12, 359

244

245

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?) cm

CONVEX Date

1

Payer

2

Product

On the 13th of Tammuz, yea[r 2], Ani: w(heat), s(eahs), 6[+?]; 3 q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf).

‫ לתמוז שנ[ת‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 ]6 ‫ עני חס‬.2

‫ ף‬5 ‫ ק‬.3

cm

CONCAVE On the 17th of A[b], Ani: w(heat), s(eahs), 5. 3 Zabdiel.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

]‫ לא‬17 ‫ ב‬.1 5 ‫ עני חס‬.2

‫זבדאל‬

.3

A37.1-ISAP1581 (EN161+160 = AL112 [M297]) July 10 and August 12, 357 Two payments of wheat: 6(+?) seahs, 5.5 qabs; and 5 seahs Body sherd of jar (54×55×4), exterior brown, interior pinkish-orange. Writing on exterior and interior [AL].

This text records two successive transactions, the first written on 13 Tammuz on the convex for almost 7 seahs of wheat and the second, apparently over a month later on 17 A[b] for 5 seahs. The signatory

246

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?)

Zabdiel appears in some ten chits as signatory in the successive years 46 (Artaxerxes II [A1.1]), 1, 2, and 4 (Artaxerxes II [A7.19, 14.2, {year 1}; here, 7.24, 45.4, 52.1, 119.1 {year 2}; 7.9, 280.3 {year 4}; cf. also 13.16 and 17.12 {undated}, as well as the possible restoration of Zabdiel as signatory in A7.2). Three were written on days 6, 24, and 26 of the month of Ab, each by a different scribe (A119.1, 7.24, 45.4). Written on the 17th of the month and endorsed by Zabdiel, our chit would fit in very nicely on 17 Ab, year 2 (August 12, 357). It is not clear why payments transacted a month apart would have been recorded on both sides of a single chit, with only the second payment having been endorsed. See A1.19 and 37.4 below for the name Ani, who makes four more payments of wheat (A37.2–4, 6), and A2.19 and A32 for Zabdiel.

A37.2-ISAP865 (JA451 {GCh65>EYH1}) September 18, 357 Payment of 3 seahs, 2.5 qabs of wheat (See A10.1 Uzzi/Awi/Ani [to Saadel])

A37.3-ISAP928 {GCh128} June 30, 354 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.19 [ss Baalrim]

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?)

247

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Source Product

On the 28th of Tammuz, 2year 7, Ani, 3 from the grain of the purchase: 4 w(heat), s(eahs), 13, q(abs), 3. 5 (Erased line:) . . . ºl . . y 1

‫ לתמוז‬28 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ ִע ִנִי‬7 ‫ שנת‬.2

‫ִנתא‬ ִ ‫ִבי‬ ִ ‫ מן עבור ז‬.3 3 ‫ ִק‬13 ‫חס‬ ִ .4 (Erased line): ‫ִי‬.. ‫…א ִל‬ ִ .5

A37.4-ISAP45 [GB?] July 31, 352 Payment of 13 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat

Ani (‫ )עני‬is a hypocoristicon of names such as Anael (‫“[ ענ]ה[אל‬El answered”] {A66}) and especially Qosani (‫“[ קוסעני‬Qos answered”] {A30}). Paleographically, it is sometimes hard to distinguish between Ani, Awi, and even Uzzi—that is, whether the medial letter is a nun, a waw, or a zayin (i.e., A37.2 above). Here, Ani supplies wheat from the grain of the purchase (for which, see on A3.15, 4.25, and 36.4). Elsewhere, three or four different parties supply barley from “the grain of Ani” (A3.16, 9.21, 39. 6, and probably 41.4; see on A14.4). See above, A37.1, for payments of wheat in this dossier.

248

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?) cm

CONVEX [A]ni:

Payer

1

Product

bundles,

Sign

10+ 7 (= 17). (archaic alef ) 2

(+)10 ‫ [ע]ני משתלן‬.1 7 .2

# .3

A37.5-ISAP1836 (EN36) (Table 6.23) Undated Payment of 17 bundles

Of the nearly 50 chits for bundles, only three have a sealing sign. Unlike the archaic alef appearing here and elsewhere in early texts, the other two uniquely resemble a teapot (A4.9; 49.4); see Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 7. For bundles, see A1.43–44. Though there appears to be ample room after the numeral “10” at the end of line 1, the strokes for “7” were written at the beginning of the next line. Hardly visible, the vertical stroke of the alef intervenes just below, between the sixth and seventh strokes above.

249

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?) cm

CONVEX Payer I Product I Origin Payer II Product II Product III

Qosaz: w(heat), s(eah)s, 10, 2 from the Steppe of Ḥinziru, 3 Ani: w(heat), s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 3, 4 . . . . . . , q(abs), 3 (and a) h(alf) . . . 1

10 ‫חס‬ ִ ‫ קוסעז‬.1 ‫חנזירו‬ ִ ‫ מן ערבת‬.2

3 ‫ ִק‬2 ‫חס‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִנִי‬.3 ‫ ִף‬3 ‫ו ִק‬.] ִ [‫ ע‬20 ‫ ִב‬.4

A37.6-ISAP1133 (L133 [IM91.16.141]) Undated (late) Payments of 10 seahs of wheat; 2 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat; and 3.5 qabs of x Body sherd of jar, 92×95×6, exterior light brown, interior brown. Ostracon perhaps complete. Writing on exterior, written lines at 30° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, variable left margin [LT].

Some eight chits, mostly dated to Alexander IV , record wheat or barley being paid out from the steppe of Ḥinziru, Namiru, or Zam(mu)ru (see A11.9, 17.8). The word order is, invariably, date, PN, GN, product (though cf. A229.1). Here there is no date and the word order is PN, product, GN. The same word order occurs in A37.7 below, where the payer is Ani son of Baalsamak and the origin is the steppe of Ḥaggai. Might he be the brother of Ḥaggagu son of Baalsamak from the steppe of Ḥinziru (A33.7)? His chit is dated to 6 Sivan, 2 Alexander (June 20, 315). So perhaps our chit, though the name of the steppe is not fully legible, is likewise late. ¶ The beginning of the last line is obscure

250

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?) cm

CONVEX Ani son of Baalsamak: b(arley), k(or), 1; s(eahs), 14 3 from the Steppe of 4Ḥaggai.

Payer

1

Product

2

Origin

‫ עני בר בעלסמך‬.1

14 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ שכ‬.2 ‫ מן ערבת‬.3 ‫ו‬/‫ חגי‬.4

A37.7-ISAP1553 (AL204 [M268]) Undated (316/315) Payment of 1 kor, 14 seahs of barley Beginning of neck of jar (77×70×8), exterior light brown, interior pink-orange. Written lines almost parallel to wheelmarks [AL].

The construct expression “from the steppe (‫ )ערבת‬of PN/GN” occurs in some 15 chits, mostly of late date and invariably follows the name of the payer (see, e.g., A11.9, 15.18, 17.8, and especially 33.5). Here, uniquely, it follows the product. Two of the chits for wheat were written for a brother of Ani, Ḥagg(ag)u, coming from “the Steppe of Ḥinziru,” and dated, respectively, to June 30, 316 and July 20, 315 (A33.6–7), suggesting a late date also for this chit. Is Ḥaggai here but another form of Ḥagg(ag)u? For the dossier of Ḥaggai, see A49, and for Baalsamak and his sons, see A58. ¶ The piece is irregularly written. Line 1 runs parallel to the right edge. Lines 2 and 3 are written at a different angle, and the right edge of line 4 extends beyond the right edge of lines 2 and 3.

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?)

251

cm

CONCAVE Date Payer Products

On the 22nd of Sivan, 2year 46, 3 Ani son of Ḥazael: semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; flour, s(eah), 1, q(ab), 1. 1

‫ לסיון‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 46 ‫ שנת‬.2

‫חזהאל‬ ִ ‫ ִענִי בר‬.3 2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ נשיף ס‬.4 1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.5

cm

CONVEX (unintelligible sign and marks)

A37.8-ISAP573 [GD] (Table 1.6a) July 12, 359 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semoliona and 1 seah, 1 qab of flour

There are eleven chits for semolina+flour spanning almost a three-month period between Nisan and Tammuz, year 46 (May 14-August 8, 359), written by the same scribe (Scribe B), almost all with identical signatory (Yazidu) and similar sealing sign (A4.11, 13–14, 7.5, 7, 9.10–11, here, and 51.3 [signatory restored?], 56.1; cf. 94.1 [flour only] and Table 1.3–12). Four of these chits were written on the same day as here, two for one seah each (here and A9.10) and two for 2+ seahs (A7.5, 51.3). This alone has a patronym

252

A37.1–8 Ani Dossier (357–352; 316/315?)

for the payer but lacks a payee. Neither sign nor signatory occurs at the bottom, and it may be that they are the marks on the reverse. The mark at the right, with the two prongs on a base, bears a distorted resemblance to the sealing signs in the other chits in this year 46 group. Likewise, we may imagine a resemblance between the letters that follow and the signatory ‫( יזדו‬Table 1.3–12). Uniquely, though, while all the other ostraca began on the convex, this one began on the concave. ¶ For more on semolina+flour, see A4.2.

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) The name Udayd/ru as payer appears in nine chits, and all but perhaps one appear here for the first time. The single exception may be an alternate reading of Zubaydu (A38.6 [A12.13]). Four are fully dated (A38.1–3, 9) and four by day and month only (A38.4–7). The last is undated (A38.8). The products are notably varied: one each for joists, barley and wheat together, loads, wheat alone, and wheat flour (A38.1–2, 7–9), while oil figures three times (A38.3–5), more prominently than in most dossiers. Once the payment is unknown (A38.6). The name Udayd/ru can be paleographically confused with Uwaydu or Zubaydu (A38.5–6). Dated List of Texts A38.1 A38.2 A38.3 A38.4 A38.5 A38.6 A38.7 A38.8 A38.9

Payment of 3 joists Two payments of 1 kor, 6 seahs of wheat and 19 seahs of barley Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of oil Payment of 4 qabs of oil Payment of x seahs of oil Payment unknown Payment of x loads Two payments of x and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Payment of 1 kor, 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat flour

253

September 19, 357 July 26, 350 November 16, 343 (or: April 13, 342) 8 Nisan 14 x 14 Tammuz 6x Undated February 28, 344

254

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Udaydu/ru joists, three. 2 On the 25th of Elul, 3year 2. 1

‫רו מרשן תלתה‬/‫ עדיד‬.1 ‫ לאלול‬25 ‫ ב‬.2

2 ‫ שנת‬.3

A38.1-ISAP767 [YR73] September 19, 357 Payment of 3 joists Body sherd, unidentifiable, small (29×47×3–6), rectangular, exterior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex surface, written lines at ca. 50° to wheel-marks, writing starts from the upper straight edge. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

For the name Udaydu/ru, see A1. 32. For discussion of the chit, see A32.3.

255

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) cm

CONVEX On the 15th of Tammuz, year 9, Udayd/ru: w(heat), k(or), 1 s(eahs), 6; 3b(arley), s(eahs), 19.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

9 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬15 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫ ִס‬1 ‫רו חכ‬/‫ עדיד‬.2

19 ‫ שס‬.3

A38.2-ISAP2433 (JA144) July 26, 350 Two payments of 1 kor, 6 seahs of wheat and 19 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (71×80×9), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior gray (10YR5/1), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

There is only one other chit drawn up in year 9, and that was on 25 Tammuz, which is only ten days after the present one; it was for more than 23 seahs of barley, only four or so more than in the present chit (A7.60), although here we also have wheat, as in A38.8 below.

256

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Source Agent

On the 28th of Marcheshvan (or: Adar II), 2year 16, Udaydu/ru: oil, 3s(eah), 1; q(ab), 1, from ◦◦ʾ, 4 by the hand of Ḥal(a)[fan]. 1

ִ‫למִר ִח ִשִון‬ ִ 28 ‫ ִב‬.1 ‫רו ִמ ִש ִח‬/‫עדיד‬ ִ 16 ‫ שנת‬.2

‫א‬.. ִ ִ‫ ִמן‬1 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ ִס‬.3 ] ? ‫ עליד חל[פן‬.4

A38.3-ISAP2606 (JA342) November 16, 343 (or: April 13, 342) Payment of 1 seah, 1 qab of oil Body sherd of closed vessel, small (58×35×6), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior light gray (10YR7/2), ware gray (10YR5/1), few black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, no bottom margin, variable left margin.

There are two chits for year 16 wherein Udaydu/ru is a payee of wheat, one on 22 Elul (September 12, 343 [A59.2]) and one wherein the month is missing (A11.7). The last word at the end of line 3 is illegible, and this “from” formula for oil is otherwise unknown, but for other sources of oil, see A29.2. This is the first of three chits for oil in this dossier (also A38.4–5); for oil, see A1.6. The month in line 1 appears to be ‫( מרחשון‬Marcheshvan), though ‫( אדר אחרי‬Adar II) is also possible, if less likely. If the name of the agent is correctly restored, there would be a 20–25 year gap between this text and the half-dozen or so others in which Ḥal(a)fan (or Ḥal{a}fan and Abdu) are agents (321–317 b.c.e.); see Table 5.1–3, 11–14 in TAOI, vol. 1). Only once does Ḥal(a)fat (‫ )חלפת‬appear as agent, in 350 b.c.e., increasing the gap to 30–35 years.

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342)

257

cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Product

‫ִסן‬ ִ ‫ לני‬8 ‫ ב‬.1 4 ‫רו משח ק‬/‫ עדיד‬.2

On the 8th of Nisan, Udayd/ru: oil, q(abs), 4.

Date

A38.4-ISAP46 [HW] 8 Nisan Payment of 4 qabs of oil

Of the 70-some chits for oil, only two others were written in the month of Nisan (A90.2, 265.1). See chit above for further references (A38.3).

258

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

[?]‫רו‬/‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִדי‬14[?] .1 ]?[. ‫ [ ]משח סאין‬.2

[On the] 14th, Udayd/ru/Uwaydu: 2 [. . .]oil, seahs,◦[. . .] 1

38.5-ISAP1142 (L142 [IM91.16.160] 14 x Payment of x seahs of oil Body sherd of jar (49×55×8), exterior and interior yellowish. Fragmentary ostracon. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin narrowing leftward, medium left margin.

Of nearly 70 chits for oil, this is the only one where the measure of “seahs” is completely unabbreviated (‫)סאין‬, though once we have ‫( סאן‬A30.2). Moreover, none of the dated chits omits the month name, as has been done here. Doubly puzzling is the text that must have preceded ‫ משח‬at the beginning of line 2. Finally, we should note that the name of the payer may be Uwaydu (‫[ עוידו‬see A148]), if the second letter is a waw rather than a dalet/resh. See chit above for further references for oil (A38.3).

A38.6-ISAP1009 (L9 [IM91.16.197]) 14 Tammuz Payment unknown (See A12.13 [Zubaydu])

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342)

259

cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Product

] ‫ [ ל‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ]?[ ‫רו‬/‫ עדיד‬.2

On the 6th [of . . .], Udayd/ru [. . .]: 3 loads, [. . .].

Date

] [ ‫ מובלן‬.3

A38.7-ISAP1424 (AL148 [M132]) (Table 8.6) 6x Payment of x loads Body sherd of jar (67×55×11–12), exterior light brown, interior orange-red. Ostracon incomplete, left part missing. Written lines at 85° to wheel-marks [AL].

Only a small percentage of the some 25 chits for loads are dated (on which, see A4.36). Here the month name is missing at the end of line 1, as is the quantity at the end of line 3. Three other texts for loads may be attributed to Scribe BB (A9.29, 14.17, 26.6).

260

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342) cm

CONVEX Payer I Product I Payer II Product II

Udayd/ru: [. . . 2. . .] 3 Qoslaghath: w(heat), seahs, six; 4[qabs,] 3. 1

.[ [

]‫רו‬/‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ ִע ִדי‬.1 ].[ ] .2

‫קוס ִל ִע ִת ִחסאן ִש ִת‬ ִ .3 3[ ] .4

A38.8-ISAP1112 (L112 [IM91.16.26]) Undated Two payments — x and 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat Jar fragment, shoulder and beginning of neck (96×82×10), exterior light brown, interior gray-brown. Ostracon apparently complete. Poorly preserved writing on convex surface, written lines approximately parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, variable bottom margin.

There appear to be two payers here. The partially unabbreviated spelling of the product and its measure, “w(heat), seahs, six” (‫)חסאן שת‬, occurs seven more times (A7.28, 8.27, 19.5–6, 59.3, 117.3, 276.1) and may be followed by a qab measure, with the numeral spelled out as a word (A19.5) or written as a cipher (A7.28), as in line 4 in our text. In three of these texts, Udayd/ru is payee (A8.27, 19.5, 276.1). ¶ For the name Qoslughath, see A9.34 and A122.

A38.1–9 Udaydu/Udayru Dossier (357–343/342)

261

cm

CONVEX On the 22nd of Shebat, year 10[+4 =14], Udaydu/ru: flour, wheat, 3k(or), 1; s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 3.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

[4+]10 ‫ לשבט שנת‬22 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫רו קמח חנטן‬/‫ עדיד‬.2

3 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ס‬1 ‫ כ‬.3

A38.9-ISAP 2314 (Maresha 6) February 28, 344 Payment of 1 kor, 6 seahs, 3 qabs of wheat flour

Found in excavations at Maresha (Eshel 2010: no. 6), this ostracon clearly belongs to the beginning of the dossier of 21 chits for wheat flour dating between 22 Shebat, year 14 and at least 6 Ab, year 15 (February 28 to August 8, 344). It suggests that the dossier as a whole may have come from Maresha. This is the only chit to contain more than a kor of flour. See A13.13 and Table 4.0 in TAOI, vol. 1.

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) As payer, Qoslakin appeared eight times. Careful reconstruction indicates that he spanned four commodity dossiers, covering almost 20 years (much like Samitu [A8]; cf. Saadel [A10]): resh (A39.1–2), semolina+flour (A39.3), crushed/sifted grain (A39.4–5), and wheat flour (A39.7). He also made payments of barley (A39.6) and bale(s) (A39.8). Unexpectedly, two workers’ texts record Qoslakin as belonging to the clan of Yehokal/Yokal (ISAP424, 1872). If he is the same as our person, it is surprising that his filiation is never mentioned. Dated List of Texts A39.1 Payment unknown (resh ?) 7 Elul [year 43 ] = August 28, 362 A39.2 Payment unknown (resh ?) 13 x, 362/361 A39.3 Payment of 3 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour Undated (September, 358; December, 356, or 353–352) A39.4 Payment of 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain August 21, 353 A39.5 Payment of 1 seah of crushed/sifted grain September 7, 353 A39.6 Payment of 10 seahs of barley 26 Ab, [year 6? = September 6, 353] A39.7 Payment of 13 seahs, 1/2 qab of wheat flour March 25, 344 A39.8 Payment of 1.5 bale(s) 8 Elul

262

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344)

263

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date

Qoslakin to Ḥazael: [. . .]. 2 On the 7th of Elul, year [. . .]. 1

[ ]‫ִאל‬ ִ ‫קוסלכן לחז‬ ִ .1 [?] ‫ לאלול שנת‬7 ‫ ב‬.2

A39.1-ISAP1351 (AL64 [M52]) 7 Elul [year 43] = August 28, 362 Payment unknown (resh ?) Body sherd of jar (91×74×6), thin-walled, exterior and interior light brown. Incomplete ostracon, upper left part missing. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Qoslakin (‫ )קוסלכן‬is a name of petition in precative tense, “May Qos be firm”; see Porten 2005: 115. ¶ Both this and the following chit have a payee and date at the bottom, with the product missing. This configuration would fit nicely with the 25 chits in the resh dossier that are dated at the end, mostly all to year 43 (362–361). Interestingly, four of the five chits in which the date is explicitly year 43 (A8.3, 9.5, 7, 207.1; cf. A7.53 for the fifth), like ours, have no sealing sign or signatory (Table 2.3, 10, 12, 15). In two chits in this group, however, the date is explicitly year 44 (A3.2 and 8.12), but both of those were drawn up in Nisan, and this one is in Elul. For resh, see A4.1, and for the name of the payee, see A3.17 and 15.18.

264

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Qoslaki[n . . .] to Padael/Badel/Barel [. . .]. . . .. 3 On the 13th [of x], 4y[ear y].

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product Date

[

[ ]ִ‫ קוסלכן‬.1 ]‫ראל‬/‫פד‬/‫ לב‬.2

[ ]13 ‫ ב‬.3 [ ‫ ש[נת‬.4

A39.2-ISAP1423 (AL101 [M131]) 13 x, 362/361 Payment unknown (resh ?) Body sherd of jar (47×56×8), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon incomplete, left part missing. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

See above chit for commentary (A39.1). The first letter of the name in line 2 may either be a bet or a pe, the name being Padael, Badel, or Barel. For the latter two, see A6.10. The name ‫“( פדאל‬El ransomed”) is unknown in our corpus but appears in Ammonite (WSS 857, 965).

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344)

265

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Source

Qoslakin: semolina, q(abs) 3; 2flour, s(eah) 1; q(abs) 2 [from] 3the grain of the purchase. 1

3 ‫ִף ק‬ ִ ‫קוסלכן נשי‬ ִ .1 ]‫ [מן‬2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ קמח ס‬.2

‫ עבור זבינתא‬.3

A39.3-ISAP15 [JTS15 159268] (Table 1.37) Undated (September, 358, December, 356, or 353–352) Payment of 3 qabs of semolina and 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour

See A4.2 for discussion of this product pair. The time-frame for the 38 semolina+flour chits is 362–356; see Table 1. Most are dated; however, dating by grouping for this piece is not so straightforward. On the one hand, those from Elul, year 1 and Kislev, year 3 (September, 358 and December, 356), with only one exception (A162.1), lack a payee, as does our chit, while most of the others include a payee. On the other hand, the plena spelling of ‫ נשיף‬is indicative. All the chits in years 43 (362), 46 (359), and year 1 (358) write semolina this way, while two of the six written on 2 Kislev, year 3 (December 13, 356 [A43.1, 87.3]) and all those written subsequently always write defectiva ‫ נשף‬instead; Porten-Yardeni 2009: 148*, fig. 4, Table 1. Taken together, the absence of a payee and the plena spelling of the product may favor a date in Elul, year 1 (September, 358). Only one other chit, also with both plena spelling and lacking a payee, indicates a source (“delivered from Makkedah” [A7.21]), but unfortunately this one too lacks a date. In our case, the source is indicated as “[from] the grain of the purchase,” which further confuses the matter. Indeed, the nine other chits indicating this source are all for wheat and all dated to years 6 and 7 (353–352 [A3.15, 4.25, 16.6, 20.6, 37.4, 57.3, 96.1, 224.1, 272.1). The term “purchase” is also used once for oil (A8.28), once in year 8 (A2.14), and once in a fragmentary text (A300.1.60). The best three date options are thus September, 358, or less likely December, 356, but also quite possibly 353–352, like the two or three chits below (A39.4–6).

266

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qoslakin: crush⟨ ed/sift⟨ ed grain⟩, q(ab), 1[...]. 2 On the 10th of Ab [?] 3[year 3+]3 (= 6). 1

[ ]1 ‫רק⟨ד⟩ ִק‬/⟩‫קוסלכן דק⟨ר‬ ִ .1 [?] ‫לא ִב‬ ִ 10 ‫ ב‬.2

3 ..[ ] .3

A39.4-ISAP1218 (L218 [IM94.38.46]) (Table 3.24) August 21, 353 Payment of 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar (66×65×7), exterior red and covered with gray patina, interior gray. Writing on exterior, written lines at ca. 30° to wheel-marks. Writing on this sherd overlies a patina layer. This layer is a result of post-depositional chemical processes that affected the sherd surface after the sherd was discarded. Therefore, it is clear that the sherd in question was inscribed after the patina layer was deposited on its surface. This fact can be explained in a number of ways. One possibility is that the writing is a modern fake. This possibility (which is untenable on paleographic grounds) is based of the assumption that ancient scribes wrote exclusively on sherds without patina. Alternatively, it is possible that scribes utilized all suitable sherds, preferring those with flat and smooth surfaces but also using slightly curved sherds with somewhat uneven surfaces, as attested by numerous ostraca from the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. There is no evidence that scribes of this period used only fragments of recently broken vessels without patina and never used stray sherds decades or even centuries old. It follows that sherds covered with preexisting patina may have been used for writing, at least occasionally, and our sherd represents such a case. An additional possibility is that the ostracon in question was inscribed prior to the accumulation of patina on the inscribed surface, and that patina, consisting of minerals that originated from inside the sherd itself, appeared underneath the ink layer after the ostracon was discarded. This possibility, too, is in agreement with our paleographic conclusions.

This chit has been reconstructed on the basis of the following one. Here, the scribe omitted the resh/ dalet from the word ‫רקד‬/‫“( דקר‬crushed/sifted grain” [see A1.1]). In both, the date is at the bottom, as in all the other ten chits for this commodity drawn up between Tammuz and Elul, year 6 (Scribe J; see A8.33, 27.4, 35.2, 79.1, 143.1 [Tammuz], and A7.11, 11.5, 24.1, 93.1, here, 39.5 below [Ab], and A300.1.26 [Elul]; Table 3.13–22a). It is not clear whether any additional numeral strokes existed at the end of line 1.

267

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qoslakin: crushed/sifted grain, s(eah), 1. 2 On the 26[+1] (=27th) of Ab, 3year 6. 1

1 ‫רקד ס‬/‫דקר‬ ִ ִ‫קוסלכן‬ ִ .1 ‫[ לאב‬1+]26 ‫ ב‬.2

6 ‫ שנת‬.3

A39.5-ISAP1410 (AL47 [M116]) (Table 3.21) September 7, 353 Payment of 1 seah of crushed/sifted grain Body sherd of jar (93×83×6), surface orange red. Written lines parallel to wheel-marks [AL].

For discussion, see chit above (A39.4). Two and one-half weeks earlier, Qoslakin delivered just about 1 qab of crushed/sifted grain. There are a couple of cases where Hal(a)fat delivered two payments of the same grain within the period of a month or so to Baalghayr: semolina + flour (A7.5 + 7.7) and resh (A7.3 and 7.4 [a year]). This, too, is by Scribe J.

268

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Ab[. . .], Qoslakin: b(arley), s(eahs), 10 [fr]om 3the grain of Ani.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Source

] [‫ לאב‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 ִ‫ [ מ]ן‬10 ‫ קוסלכן שס‬.2

‫ ִעבור עני‬.3

A39.6-ISAP79 (JA438 {Zd>EyH?}) 26 Ab, [year 6? = September 6, 353?] Payment of 10 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (43×65×5–7), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6), ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 20° to wheel-marks.

For discussion of the grain of Ani, see A3.16 and 41.4, dated 9 Tammuz, year 6 (July 22, 353). Perhaps our chit should be dated about the same time, only one day before Qoslakin made a payment of crushed/ sifted grain (A39.5 above)? Ani also has his own dossier (A37).

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344)

269

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 17th of Adar, year 10+4 (= 14), 2 Qoslakin: flour, wheat, 3s(eahs), 13 (and) half a qab. 1

10+4 ‫ לאדר שנת‬17 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסלכן קמח חנטן‬.2

‫ פלג קב‬13 ‫ ס‬.3

A39.7-ISAP1266 (AL75 = JA92 {J41}) March 25, 344 Payment of 13 seahs, 1/2 qab of wheat flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60×82×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior pink (5YR7/4), interior reddish-yellow (7.5YR6/6), ware light brown (7.5YR6/4), few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of 21 chits for “flour, wheat,” written in unabbreviated script (‫)קמח חנטן‬, mostly by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344; (e.g., A13.13, 14.9, 17.6, 22.3, 27.7, 28.5). Seven were written during three weeks between 4 and 27 Adar (see references in A13.13). The quantities of wheat flour vary between 2 seahs and 29 seahs, 4 qabs, the amount here being somewhere in the middle (see Table 4.11 in TAOI, vol. 1).

270

A39.1–8 Qoslakin Dossier (362–344) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Agent

Qoslakin: bale, 1 (and a) h(alf), 2 on the 8th of Elul, 3 by the hand of his brother. 1

‫ ף‬1 ‫קוסלכן פחלץ‬ ִ .1 ‫לא ִלִו ִל‬ ִ 8 ‫ ב‬.2

‫אחִו ִהִי‬ ִ ‫ עליד‬.3

A39.8-ISAP231 [IA11819] (Table 7.16) 8 Elul Payment of 1.5 bale(s) Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (52×43×11), square, regularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 80° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Almost half of the 40 chits for bales (‫[ פחלץ‬see A1.2]) record no payee, and only slightly more than half are dated, but only this one has the date in the middle. The bale must have been of a standard size if one could deliver half a bale. A few chits list an agent (A1.2, 6.16, 7.48, 18.13), but only here is the agent “his brother,” a word that occurs only once more among the commodity chits (A4.17). This chit, along with A64.5, may have been written by Scribe X.

A40.1–9(8) Qosghayr Dossier (359–346) Though occurring only nine times as payer, Qosghayer was a very popular name and appeared five times already in three different clan dossiers: Baalrim (A40.2 [A1.23]), Al(i)baal (A40.4, 6 [A4.27–28]), and Yehokal (A40.7–8 [A5.14–15]). Only four chits were fully dated (A40.1–3, 9), one was partially dated by day and month (A40.4), and three were undated (A40.6–8). The products were quite varied: a rooster (A40.1), chaff (A40.6), grgrn (A40.7), a clay vessel (A40.8), two chits for wheat (A40.2.2, 4), and one for barley (A40.9). One product remains unknown (A40.3). Dated List of Texts A40.1 A40.2 A40.3 A40.4 A40.5 A40.6 A40.7 A40.8 A40.9

Payment of 1 rooster Payment of 5 seahs of wheat Payment of 3[+ seahs, x ] qab of unknown product Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat Canceled (= A112.3) Payment of 4 bundles of chaff Payment of 30 grgrn Supply of 1 clay vessel Payment of 10 seahs, 1 qab of barley

271

June 26, 359 July 13, 354 26 Elul, year x 18 Ab Undated Undated Undated July 26, 346

272

A40.1–9(8) Qosghayr Dossier (359–346) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Sivan, year 46, Qosghayr: rooster, 1. 3 [(archaic alef )].

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Sealing Sign?

[?]46 ‫ לסיון שנת‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 [?]1 ‫ר תרנגל‬/‫ קוסעיד‬.2

— . [ ? ] .3

A40.1-ISAP846 [IA12429 {GCh46}] June 26, 359 Payment of 1 rooster Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (48×63×10), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), almost no visible grits. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

For the name Qosghayr, see A1.23. ¶ Some seven texts record the payment of a rooster, alone or with another item (e.g., A10.5 [alone; see for further discussion], 32.4 [along with semolina+flour]).

A40.2-ISAP904 {GCh104} July 13, 354 Payment of 5 seahs of wheat (See A1.23 [ss Baalrim])

A40.1–9(8) Qosghayr Dossier (359–346)

273

cm

CONVEX On the 26th of Elul, y[ear . . .] Qosghayr from [. . . 3 [. . . +]3, q(ab) ◦[. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

‫ לאלול ש[נת‬26 ‫ ב‬.1 [. ִ‫ר ִמן‬/‫ קוסעיד‬.2 ].‫ ק‬3[ ] .3

A40.3-ISAP1498 (AL98 [M210]) 26 Elul, year x Payment of 3[+ seahs, x] qab of unknown product Body sherd of jar (57×37×10), exterior gray, interior brown. Ostracon incomplete, bottom and left parts missing. Written lines probably at 60° to wheel-marks [AL].

The left-hand side of the ostracon is cut away on a diagonal. The year date is missing at the end of line 1. The second word in line 2 seems to be ‫“( מן‬from”), which could either refer to a clan, a geographical origin, or the source of the grain to be mentioned. Line 3 gives the quantity, but the product cannot be deciphered. With a measure in qabs, it is most likely some type of grain.

A40.4–1723 [M433] 18 Ab Payment of 3 seahs, 4.5 qabs of wheat (See A4.27 [ss Al(i)baal])

A40.6–1751 [IA12423] (Table 6.25) Undated Payment of 4 bundles of chaff (See A4.28 [ss Al(i)baal])

A40.7-ISAP1712 (JA516 {ChM12>EYH}) Undated Payment of 30 grgrn (See A5.14 [ss Yehokal])

274

A40.1–9(8) Qosghayr Dossier (359–346)

A40.8-ISAP40 (Dan Barag) Undated Supply of 1 clay vessel (See A5.15 [ss Yehokal])

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product

On the 1st of Ab, year 13, Qosghayr: 2 b(arley), s(eahs), 10, q(ab), 1. 1

‫ר‬/‫ קוסעיד‬13 ‫ לאב שנת‬1 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ק‬10 ‫ שס‬.2

A40.9-ISAP171 (LD2) July 26, 346 Payment of 10 seahs, 1 qab of barley

This is the only barley payment in this dossier. There are five more chits written in year 13, three of which are also for barley (A1.29, 8.22, 163.1).

A41.1–7 Zabdu Dossier (362–353) The name Zabdu as payer and patronym appears in seven chits, but only four of these are new. One Zabdu is father of Qosadar/ider of the clan of Al(i)baal (A41.3 [A4.15]), and two others appear as second parties, one with Qosḥanan of the clan of Qoṣi and the other in a chit with Ḥal(a)fan (A41.6–7 [A18.5, 3.33, respectively]). Four are fully datable (A41.1–4), two are dated by day and month (A41.5–6), and one is undated (A41.7). One has a patronym (A41.4). Five concern grain (A41.1–4, 6); one, bundles (A41.5); and one, both grgrn and joists (A41.7). Dated List of Texts A41.1 A41.2 A41.3 A41.4 A41.5 A41.6 A41.7

Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour of resh Payment of 22 seahs, 4 qabs of resh Payment of 3 seahs of resh Payment of 24 seahs, 1.5 qabs of barley Payment of 1.5 bundles Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs and 6 seahs Payment of x grgrn and 2 joists

275

October 22, 362 January 19, 361 August 17, 359 July 22, 353 20 Ab 15 Tebeth Undated

276

A41.1–7 Zabdu Dossier (362–353) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date Sealing Sign

Zabdu: flour, resh, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2, 2 on the 3rd of Marcheshvan, 3 year, ⟨⟨43⟩⟩. 4 (archaic alef ) 1

2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ראש ס‬ ִ ‫ זבדו קמח‬.1 ‫ למרחשון‬3 ‫ ב‬.2

[ ] ‫ שנת‬.3 [?]# .4

A41.1-ISAP32 (JA415) (Table 2.17) October 22, 362 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of flour of resh Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (51×86×7), triangular, exterior and interior very pale brown (10YR7/3), ware light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, wide right margin, medium bottom margin (encasing alef ), variable left margin.

For the name Zabdu, see A4.2. ¶ The three letters following “flour” are most likely to be read ‫ראש‬, resh; this combination is found once elsewhere, in a chit written on the same day, perhaps by the same scribe (A13:1). These two chits, plus A207.1 (also for resh), were drawn up by Scribe F. A third chit for resh was drawn up on the same day, with archaic alef, as here (A6.1). For full discussion, see A1.4, 3.2, 4.1. Zabdu pays resh twice below (A41.2–3).

277

A41.1–7 Zabdu Dossier (362–353) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Sealing Sign

Zabdu to Naqdu/Naqru: resh, s(eahs), 22; 2q(abs), 4. On the 3rd of Shebat. 3 (archaic alef   ) 1

22 ‫רו ראש ס‬/‫ זבדו לנקד‬.1 ‫ לשבט‬3 ‫ ב‬4 ‫ ק‬.2

#

.3

A41.2-ISAP705 [YR1] (Table 2.20) January 19, 361 Payment of 22 seahs, 4 qabs of resh Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (67×104×9), irregularly shaped, exterior light gray (5YR7/1), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90º to wheel-marks.

This is one of almost 30 chits for resh, with date at the end, written in just over a year (April 27, 362 to May 12, 361; see Table 2.2–25) and may have been drawn up by Scribe A. The payee here, Naqdu/Naqru, was also the payer in the first chit in the series (A63.2 in the dossier of the same name), in addition to serving as payee in an undated (early) chit for resh (A12.17).

278

A41.1–7 Zabdu Dossier (362–353)

A41.3-ISAP1222 (LL1 [SM9]) August 17, 359 Payment of 3 seahs of resh (See A4.15 [f Qosadar/ider ss Al(i)baal]) cm

CONVEX On the 9th of Tammuz, year 3[+2+]1 (= 6), Zabdu son of Yamlik, from the grain which 3  ◦◦◦◦ from Ani: b(arley), s(eahs), 24; 4q(ab), 1 (and a) h(alf). (archaic alef  )

Date

1

Payer

2

Source Product Sealing Sign

1[+2+]3 ‫ לתמוז שנת‬9 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ זבדו בר ימלך מן עבורא זי‬.2

24 ‫ ִמן עני שס‬.… .3 # ‫ ף‬1 ‫ ִק‬.4

A41.4-ISAP892 (JA470) July 22, 353 Payment of 24 seahs, 1.5 qabs of barley Body sherd from Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (46×71×6), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware light reddish-brown (2.5YR6/4), interior reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), few white grits. Patina covers ca. 10% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), narrow right margin, medium bottom margin (encasing alef  ), variable left margin.

This is the only text recording a patronym for Zabdu. The name Yamlik (‫)ימלך‬, occurring only here, has an exact consonantal biblical parallel, Yamlek (1 Chr 4:34), a hypocoristicon meaning “May DN reign”; for the form, see Zadok 1988: 130. The verbal name is unique, since the root ‫ מלך‬appears otherwise only in nominal sentence names—that is, “DN is king.” ¶ Unfortunately, the verb at the beginning of line 3 is illegible; it was probably something like “acquired,” if we compare this ostracon to three chits that record the payment of barley “from the grain of Ani,” though none have this exact formula (A3.16, 9.21, 39.4; cf. A14.4 for more texts with this construction and A11.10 and A36.4). In addition, there are five chits between 1 Marcheshvan and 16 Kislev, year 6 (November 9 to December 23, 353), all with an archaic alef as here, reporting the payment of wheat “from the grain of the purchase” (see A3.15, 4.25, 96.1, 224.1, 270.3; cf. 39.3). There is only one chit like this with archaic alef for year 7 (26 Tammuz [July 29, 352 {A57.3}]) but three others for that same year without the sealing sign (28 Tammuz [July 31 {A20.6, 37.4}] and 7 Tishri [October 6 {A16.6}]). In one of these, Ani himself pays wheat “from the grain of the purchase” (A37.4 in the dossier of the same name).

279

A41.1–7 Zabdu Dossier (362–353) cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Agent

Zabdu to Ab(i)yatha: bundle, 1 (and a) h(alf). 2 On the 20th of Ab, by the hand of Amittai. 1

‫ ף‬1 ‫זבדִו לאביתע משתל‬ ִ .1 ‫ לאב עליד אמתי‬20 ‫ ב‬.2

A41.5-ISAP547 [FCO10] (Table 6.13) 20 Ab Payment of 1.5 bundles

This is one of three chits written on 20 Ab (by Scribe N) for 1 or 1.5 bundles (on which, see A1.43–44). The second is by Abdi for Baalghayr (A7.49; see also for name of agent), and the third is by Adarbaal/ Idribaal, with no payee (A113.2). Amittai is the agent in the first two chits, but the name is illegible in the third. Otherwise, he only appears once more in the entire corpus, affiliated to the clan of Baalrim and making a payment for barley in year 2 (357 [A1.35]). For the name Ab(i)yatha, see A92.

A41.6-ISAP943 [HW {Gch143}] 15 Tebeth Two payments of wheat: 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs and 6 seahs (See A18.5 [with and to Ḥal(a)fan])

A41.7-ISAP616 {Naveh81} Undated Payment of x grgrn and 2 joists (See A3.33 [with Qosḥanan ss Qoṣi])

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336) The name Yathu as payer occurs seven times, and five of these appear here for the first time. One belonged to the clan of Qoṣi (A42.6 [A3.25]), and one was associated with Samitu (A42.2 [A8.22]). Two bear the patronym Marṣaat (A42.4–5). Five were fully dated (A42.1–5), one was dated by day and month (A42.6), and one was undated (A42.7). Six dealt with grain (A42.1–6), mostly barley (A42.1–2, 4–5) but also wheat flour and an unknown grain (A42.3, 6), in addition to one with a plank (A42.7). Dated List of Texts A42.1 A42.2 A42.3 A42.4 A42.5 A42.6 A42.7

Payment of 6 seahs of barley December 4, 347 Two separate payments of barley: 25 seahs and 10 seahs, 1 qab June 20, 346 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour March 3, 344 Payment of 25 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley July 5, 336 Payment of 26 seahs of barley July 11, 336 Payment of 1 seah of x 28 x Payment of 1 plank Undated

280

281

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Yathu: b(arley), s(eahs), 6. 2 On the 2nd of Kislev, year 12. 1

6 ‫ יתעו שס‬.1 12 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.2

A42.1-ISAP1031 (L31 [IM91.16.97]) December 4, 347 Payment of 6 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (82×50×10), light brown slip on exterior, orange slip on interior. Whitish-gray patina on interior, ostracon complete. Writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The name Yathu (‫ )יתעו‬is hypocoristic of an Aramaic name such as Qosyatha (‫“[ קוסיתע‬Qos saved” {A1.3, 11, 30}]). Only one other chit in the whole corpus was written in year 12, and that one is for oil (A30.2). This is the first of four payments for barley in this dossier (see A42.2, 4–5).

A42.2-ISAP1033 (L33 [IM91.16.122]) June 20, 346 Two separate payments of barley: 25 seahs and 10 seahs, 1 qab (See A8.22 [to Samitu])

282

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336) cm

CONVEX On the 25th of Shebat, year 14, Yathu: flour, wheat, s(eahs), 6.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ לשבט שנת‬25 ‫ ב‬.1 6 ‫ יתעו קמח חנטן ס‬.2

A42.3-ISAP1240 (AL73 = JA68 {J6}) March 3, 344 Payment of 6 seahs of wheat flour Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (61×119×10–11), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior pale brown (10YR6/3), ware pale brown (10YR6/3), many black and white grits, coarse ware. Patina covers ca. 20% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks.

This is one of at least 19 chits for wheat flour all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe between 22 Shebat, year 14 and 6 Ab, year 15 (February 28 to August 8, 344). Seven alone were written in four days of Shebat (22nd to the 25th). See A13.13, 14.9 (and references there) and Table 4.7 in TAOI, vol. 1.

283

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Sivan, year 2, Yathu son of Marṣaat: b(arley), s(eahs), 20 3 (+)5 (= 25); q(abs), 5 (and a) h(alf), by the hand of PN 4 and Qosdakar.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

2 ‫לסיִִוןִ שנת‬ ִ 29 ‫ ב‬.1 (+) 20 ‫ִת ִעִו בר מרצעת שס‬ ִ ‫ י‬.2

... ‫ ף עליד‬5 ‫ ק‬5 .3 ‫ ִו ִקִו ִס ִד ִכִר‬.4

A42.4-ISAP946 (Lj9 {Robert Deutsch>Yosi Uziel}) July 5, 336 Payment of 25 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley A gray/beige sherd from the surface of a jar, in the shape of a parallelogram, measuring 100×50 mm. It is inscribed at +5/10° in relation to the potter’s-wheel traces. The ostracon is complete and contains four lines [Lj9].

Like this chit, two others were drawn up for barley in year 2 of Arses, on the 13th and 20th of Sivan, respectively (A50.2, 29.5/78.1). The agents for both were Yuthayu and Ṣubayḥu, as in the next chit (A42.5 [cf. 55.5 also for this agent pair]). For the dossier of Marṣaat and Qosdakar, see A43 and A54, respectively. This is the third of four payments of barley by Yathu (also A42.1–2, 5). ¶ The appearance of two agents in the same chit was a common feature in the late period (see A1.32).

284

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336) cm

CONVEX On the 6th of Tammuz, year[ 2], Yathu son of Marṣaat: 3 b(arley), s(eahs), 26, 4 by the hand of Yuthayu and Ṣubayḥu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

[2 ]‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לתמוז שנ‬6 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ יתעו בר מרצעת‬.2

‫ עליד‬26 ‫ שס‬.3 ‫ יתיעו וצביחו‬.4

A42.5-ISAP2080 (Naveh1985: 7); Yatta July 11, 336 Payment of 26 seahs of barley

The amount of barley paid here, just a week later than the chit above (A42.4 [also for commentary]), is only half a qab more than that payment. Both here and there, two agents appear. There are four ostraca, all written by the same scribe, from year 2 wherein barley is delivered through the agency of the pair Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu: two written exactly a week apart (on 13 Sivan [A50.2] and on the 20th [A29.5/78.2]), the third written two weeks later (on 6 Tammuz [here]), and the fourth written a month and a half later (on 22 Ab [A55.5]). In all four, the amount of barley is very similar: 27 seahs (A78.1), 26 seahs (here), 24 seahs, 3 qabs (A50.2); and 20 seahs, 4 qabs (A55.5). The joint appearance of Qosyatha and Widdad in this last chit, as well as in a chit dated to 23 Ab, year 20 [Artaxerxes III] (August 30, 339 [A249.1]), indicates that year 2 must refer to Arses, and so our chit may be dated to July 11, 336. For double agency, see A1.32.

A42.6-ISAP1386 (AL153 [M92]) 28 x Payment of 1 seah of x (See A3.25 [ss Q{o}ṣi])

A42.1–7 Yathu Dossier (347–344; 336)

285

cm

CONVEX Payer Product

1 ‫קצ ִצה‬ ִ ‫ יתעו‬.1

Yathu: plank, 1. 1

A42.7-ISAP1274 (AL252 = JA99 {J49}) Undated Payment of 1 plank Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (50×69×6–7), irregularly shaped, exterior and ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), interior pinkish-gray, 7.5YR6/2, few white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

The word ‫“( קצצה‬plank”) occurs only here; see Jastrow 1407.

A43.1–6 Marṣaat Dossier (356–344; 336) The name Marṣaat as payer appears four times (A43.1–2, 5–6), and as patronym of Yathu it appears twice more in the previous dossier (A42.4–5 [A43.3–4]). Interestingly, Yathu appears in years 347 to 344 and Marṣaat himself in 356 and 344. Both make payments of wheat flour ten days apart, Yathu of 6 seahs on March 3, 344 (A42.3) and Marṣaat of more than four times that amount on March 13, 344 (A43.2). The other payments made by Marṣaat are for grain and a jar (A43.1, 3–4, 6); one is unintelligible (A43.5). Four chits are fully dated (A43.1–4), one is dated by day and month (A43.5), and a final one is undated (A43.6). Dated List of Texts A43.1 A43.2 A43.3 A43.4 A43.5 A43.6

Payment of 1 seah of semolina, x seahs of flour Payment of 26 seahs, 1 qab of wheat flour Payment of 25 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley Payment of 26 seahs of barley Payment of 100 Payment of 1 jar

286

December 13, 356 March 13, 344 July 5, 336 July 11, 336 15 Sivan Undated

A43.1–6 Marṣaat Dossier (356–344; 336)

287

cm

CONVEX On the 2nd of Kislev, year 3, Marṣaat: semolina, s(eah), 1; 3flour, s(eah), [. . .]

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬2 ‫ ב‬.1 1 ‫ ִמִר ִצ ִע ִת נשף ס‬.2

[? ]‫ קמח ִס‬.3

A43.1-ISAP1873 (EN79 = JA8) (Table 1.24) December 13, 356 Payment of 1 seah of semolina, x seahs of flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64×55×11–12), roughly trapezoid, exterior pink (7.5YR7/4), interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware brown (7.5YR5/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface.

For this product pair, see A4.2. This is one of six chits for semolina+flour written on 2 Kislev, year 3 and one of 15 written between 2 and 6 Kislev (December 13 and 17, 356), all by the same scribe (Scribe E; see A11.3 and Table 1.24). In four of those written on the same day, the plena spelling of ‫ נשיף‬appears (A11.3, 23.1, 32.4, and 95.2). In the other (A87.3), as here and in all the rest from this group, defectiva ‫ נשף‬is used instead. For the name Marṣaat, see A3.2.

288

A43.1–6 Marṣaat Dossier (356–344; 336) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Adar, year 14, Marṣaat: flour, 3wheat s(eahs), 26; 4q(ab), 1.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

14 ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ לאדר שנ‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ מרצעת קמח‬.2

26 ‫ חנטן ס‬.3 1 ‫ ק‬.4

A43.2-ISAP841 [IA12446 {GCh41}] March 13, 344 Payment of 26 seah, 1 qab of wheat flour Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (64×72×4–8), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), medium amount of white grits. One fresh exterior break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to upper straight edge and to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin (broken/obstructed at bottom), wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

This is one of at least 19 chits for “flour, wheat,” all written in unabbreviated script (‫ )קמח חנטן‬by the same scribe in less than six months between February 28 and August 8, 344; (see A13.13, 14.9 and references there; also Table 4.9 in TAOI, vol. 1). Seven were written during three weeks between 4 and 27 Adar (see A13.13). The quantities of wheat vary between 2 seahs and 29 seahs, 4 qabs, the amount here being in the upper range.

A43.3-ISAP946 (Lj9 {Robert Deutsch > Yosi Uziel}) July 5, 336 Payment of 25 seahs, 5.5 qabs of barley (See A42.4 [f Yathu])

289

A43.1–6 Marṣaat Dossier (356–344; 336)

A43.4-ISAP2080 (Naveh1985:7); Yatta; location unknown July 11, 336 Payment of 26 seahs of barley (See A42.5 [f Yathu])

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Date Signatory

‫לקִו[ס‬ ִ ‫ מרצעת‬.1 15 ‫ ִב‬100 .2

Marṣaat to Qo[s. . .]; 2 100 On the 15th 3of S(i)van. Saadel 1

‫שעדאל‬ ִ ‫ לסון‬.3

A43.5-ISAP1368 (AL174 [M69]) 15 S(i)van Payment of 100 x Body sherd, perhaps of jar, small (42×30×5), exterior light beige, interior pink-beige. Ostracon seems complete, third line continues to the underside of sherd. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

Saadel has a large dossier (A10.1–42), in which he appears in the fourfold capacity of payer, payee, agent, and signatory, the latter only three times in 359–358 (A10.39–41). In a fourth chit for wheat and barley (A10.42), written on September 7, 342, there appears the unique formulation “Saadel calculated” (‫)חשב שעדאל‬. Our chit is unusual in that no product appears—only the number 100. Actually, there are five similar chits, each with a different format. Two have only a name and number: Ḥori, with the number 19, and Baalsamak, with the number 14 (A34.8, 58.2). A third chit has the names of a payer and payee (Rahnu to Samitu), with the number 1 (A8.8), while a fourth has a name (Abišalam) and the depository Makkedah, with the number 21 (A56.5). The fifth chit is the most complete, with day and month date (18 Ab [as here: 15 Sivan]), payer and agent (Ubaydu and Abyete), and the large number 270 (A24.7). Like the third chit above, ours also has a payee, but the second half of his name is effaced (Qos[...]).

290

A43.1–6 Marṣaat Dossier (356–344; 336) cm

CONVEX Payer Product

‫ מרצעת חבי חדה‬.1

Marṣaat: a jar, one. 1

A43.6-ISAP1109 (L109 [IM91.16.10]) Undated Payment of one jar Jar fragment (74×53×10), exterior and interior light brown. Perhaps complete ostracon. Writing on convex surface, written lines at ca. 60° to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, narrow right margin, very wide bottom margin, no left margin [LT].

For jars, see A1.13. There are some six chits by the same scribe, recording ‫חביה‬, “jars,” with numerals written out as words, in Ab and Elul, years 3 and 4 (date at end), with Abdmilk as signatory and the letter bet as sealing sign (see A3.10). In addition, there are 17 more texts for jars, only 6 of which are dated (A3.11, 7.10, 10.14, 53.3–4, 290.3.5), with the numerals recorded as ciphers (or in a few cases, not at all). Our chit shares aspects of both groups: it is undated, but the numeral is written out as a word. Only four numerals are preserved in the former group: four (twice), five, and eleven (A2.4, 3.10, 7.47, 83.1, 194.1). Only here do we have “one jar” (‫)חבי חדה‬. Several chits in both groups, like here, lack a payee.

A44.1–7 Qosyad Dossier (8 Shebat; undated) The name Qosyad as payer occurs seven times, but thrice in other dossiers (A44.2, 4, 6 [A10.26, 88.4, 9.30]). Only the first chit is dated, and that only by day and month. The products conveyed are oil (A44.1– 2), wheat (A44.3–4), a log (A44.6), and one unknown product that may be the strange plaster/coriander appearing in several other texts (A44.5). Most strange is the possible payment of 30 some mice (A44.7)! Dated List of Texts A44.1 A44.2 A44.3 A44.4 A44.5 A44.6 A44.7

Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of oil 8 Shebat Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Undated Payment of x kor of wheat Undated Payment of 4 seahs of unknown product (plaster/coriander ?) Undated Two payments of 1 log each Undated Payment of 30(+?) mice Undated

291

292

A44.1–7 Qosyad Dossier (8 Shebat; undated) cm

CONVEX Payer Product Date

Qosyad: oil, s(eah), 1, 2q(abs), 4 (and a) h(alf). 3 On the 8th of Shebat. 1

1 ‫ קוסיד משח ס‬.1 ‫ ִף‬4 ‫ ק‬.2

‫לש ִב ִט‬ ִ 8 ‫ ב‬.3

A44.1-ISAP875 (JA461 {GCh75>EYH1}) 8 Shebat Payment of 1 seah, 4.5 qabs of oil Rim of Persian-period bowl, medium-sized (63×69×8–10), trapezoid, exterior and interior light red (2.5YR6/6), ware reddish-yellow (5YR6/6), medium amount of white and black grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, very wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

Qosyad (‫ )קוסיד‬is a nominal sentence name meaning “Qos is love,” with related biblical names ‫ידידיה‬ (2 Sam 12:25) and ‫( מידד‬Num 11:26). The name also occurs several times in the Maresha ostraca (Kloner et al.: Nos. 12, 27, 56, 66). The corpus contains 70 chits for oil (see A1.6), most of which are dated, though many lack a year and most lack a payee. One other chit, rather fragmentary, dated at the bottom to 5 Shebat, year 2 (January 25, 356 [A137.1]), perhaps by the same scribe, conveys 3 seahs, 3.5 qabs of oil, almost the same amount that Qosyad paid Saadel in the undated chit below (A44.2). The other two oil chits dated to Shebat are in years 4 and 14 (A7.29, 69.1; cf. B3.4), but their dates come at the beginning.

A44.2-ISAP546 (Lj2 [Welch] {FCO9}) (Lapidary script?) Undated Payment of 2 seahs, 3.75 qabs of oil (See 10.26 [to Saadel])

A44.1–7 Qosyad Dossier (8 Shebat; undated)

293

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee? Product

Qosyad of [. . .] (or: to . . .) 2 w(heat), s(eahs), 6; q(abs), 5. 1

[ ? ]‫ִד ִל‬ ִ ‫ קוסי‬.1 5 ‫ ק‬6 ‫ ִח ִס‬.2

A44.3-ISAP2626 (JA369) Undated Payment of 6 seahs, 5 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (36×49×7–9), roughly trapezoid, exterior light gray (10YR7/2), interior and ware light red (2.5YR6/6), medium amount of white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin, medium right margin, wide bottom margin, medium left margin.

The preposition lamed following Qosyad may either introduce a clan name with the term ‫לבני‬, “of the sons of,” or more likely a payee, since nowhere else is Qosyad filiated to a clan. Qosyad pays wheat again below (A44.4).

A44.4-ISAP2563 (JA288) Undated Payment of x kor of wheat (See A88.4 [Qosner/Qosyad])

294

A44.1–7 Qosyad Dossier (8 Shebat; undated) cm

CONVEX Qosyad to Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu: 3 gdy/gry/plaster/coriander: s(eahs), 4.

Payer

1

Payee

2

Product

(Palimpsest: ‫)לא‬

‫קוסיד‬ ִ .1 ‫לחמיִו‬ ִ .2

4 ‫רי ס‬/‫ גד‬.3

A44.5-ISAP2629 (JA372) Undated Payment of 4 seahs of unknown product (plaster/coriander ?) Body sherd of Persian-period closed vessel, small (46×44×5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (10YR8/2), interior and ware pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, narrow right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

The name Ḥamiyu/Ḥumayu appears to be a hypocoristicon from the Arabic root ḥamā, “protect.” It appears in Nabatean (Negev No. 461) and as ‫ חמי‬/ ‫ חמא‬in Palmyrene (Stark 1971: 23, 89); also, in three other texts (twice affiliated to the clan of Baalrim [as payer in A1.33 and recipient of workers in D2.14] and once paying stone(-weights) with Zaydil [A99.2]). ¶ A noun ‫ גרי‬or ‫ גדי‬suitable to this context is unknown, and so perhaps we have a metathesis of ‫גיר‬/ ‫גיד‬, “plaster/coriander” (see A10.3–4, 15–22 [all paid to Saadel] and possibly A9.14).

A44.6-ISAP74 (JA433) Undated Two payments of 1 log each (See A9.30 [with Qoskahel)

A44.1–7 Qosyad Dossier (8 Shebat; undated)

295

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

]‫ קוסיד לקוס‬.1 ]30 ‫כברן‬ ִ ‫ ִע‬.2

Qosyad to Qos[. . .]: 2 mice, 30 [. . .]. 1

A44.7-ISAP1661 {OG?27} Undated Payment of 30(+?) mice

The ostracon is cut away at the left edge and the second half of the name of the payee is missing. Although distinctly written, the first letter of the product at the beginning of line 2 is not readily decipherable. If an ayin, we get the word ‫“( עכברן‬mice”), which occurs once more in our corpus (A8.29). Five other animals are mentioned in chits: female camels (‫[ ינקתא‬A7.37, 10.40]), roosters (‫[ תרנגל‬A32.4, 40.1, 300.4.14, 300.5.27]), and 2 lambs, a ram, and a ewe in a single chit. (A29.9).

A45.1–6 Qoslaytha Dossier (359–357) The name Qoslaytha as payer occurs six times, but thrice in the dossier of Qoskahel (A45.2–3, 5 [A9.12– 13, 15). The four dated texts are concentrated in a period of two years (359–357 [A45.1–4]), while two are undated (A45.5–6). All the texts deal with a variety of grains. Four contain payees (A45.1–3, 5), and the other two have signatories (A45.4 and 6). Dated List of Texts A45.1 A45.2 A45.3 A45.4 A45.5 A45.6

Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh Payment of 5 seahs, 5 qabs of resh Payment of 10 seahs, 4 1/3 qabs of wheat Payment of 2 seahs of semolina Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of wheat

June 19, 359 July 24, 359 October 12, 358 August 21, 357 Undated Undated

296

A45.1–6 Qoslaytha Dossier (359–357)

297

cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product

On the 29th of Iyyar, year 46, 2 Qoslaytha gave to Abdila hi: 3 b(arley), k(ors), 2, s(eahs), 20. 1

40+6 ‫ לאיר שנת‬29 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ יהב קוסליתע לעבדאל הי‬.2

20 ‫ ִס‬2 ‫ ש כ‬.3

A45.1-ISAP722 [YR15] June 19, 359 Payment of 2 kors, 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period closed vessel (pithos?), medium-sized (70×77×15–17), roughly trapezoid, regularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many white grits. Grayish patina or dirt on ca. 25% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel-marks.

Six strokes of the numeral “46” in line 1 and the letters he-yod in line 2 are written supralinearly at the end of their respective lines. Qoslaytha (‫ )קוסליתע‬is Aramaic precative, “May Qos deliver” (see A1.3 for Qosyatha and A81 for hypocoristic Laytha), and Abdilahi is Aramaic construct, “Servant of god” (see Negev No. 793 and D4.8: J3.6). ¶ As a verb of conveyance, ‫“( יהב‬gave”) occurs rarely in the commodity chits (A7.38 [gave money], 16.5 [a bale], 300.1.25 [fragmentary]; cf. A3.36 also). It is used regularly in the imperative in the payment orders (B) and appears in but a few more texts (A7.2; C3.2; G2.1, 44). There is one other text in which a similarly large quantity of barley (2 kors, 13 seahs) is paid in the month of Iyyar (A94.2).

298

A45.1–6 Qoslaytha Dossier (359–357)

A45.2-ISAP703 [YR14] July 24, 359 Payment of 3 seahs, 4 qabs of resh (See A9.13 [to Qoskahel])

A45.3-ISAP1652 {OG?18} October 12, 358 Payment of 5 seahs, 5 qabs of resh (See A9.15 [to Qoskahel])

cm

CONVEX On the 26th [of] Ab, yea[r] 2, Qoslaytha: w(heat), s(eahs), 10; 3q(abs), 4 and a third. Zabdiel

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Signatory

2 ]‫[ל]א ִב ִשנ[ת‬ ִ 26 ‫ ב‬.1 10 ‫ קוסליתע חס‬.2

‫ִבדאל‬ ִ ‫ז‬

‫ ותלת‬4 ‫ ק‬.3

A45.4-ISAP724 [YR21] August 21, 357 Payment of 10 seahs, 4 1/3 qabs of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (44×63×8), rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pink (7.5YR8/4), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 70º to wheel-marks.

The abbreviation ‫ ר‬for ‫“( רבע‬quarter”) often follows the qab measure in grain chits, quantified by 1, 2, or 3. For an example of 3 quarters in a wheat chit, see A300.1.42; for 2 quarters, see C9.1; and for one quarter, see A5.10. Here we apparently and uniquely have not a quarter but a third. ¶ This is one of two chits with signatory in this dossier (also A45.6 below). Zabdiel appears as signatory in a chit of year 46 (A1.1), in two of year 1 (A7.19, 14.2), and four in Ab, year 2 (here, A7.24, 37.1, 119.1; cf. A52.1 in Tammuz, year 2), among others. He also makes several payments himself (A32). Qoslaytha pays wheat again below (A45.6).

A45.1–6 Qoslaytha Dossier (359–357)

299

A45.5-ISAP2561 (JA286) Undated Payment of 2 seahs of semolina (See A9.12 [to Qoskahel])

cm

CONVEX Payer Origin Product Signatory

Qoslaytha from 2the grinding: w(heat), s(eahs), [. . .], q(ab), 1. 3 Ephai. 1

‫ קוסליתע מן‬.1 1 ‫ טחונא חס[ ]ק‬.2

‫ ִעפי‬.3

A45.6-ISAP1404 (AL195 [M110]) (Table 4.24) Undated Payment of x seahs, 1 qab of wheat Body sherd of jar (56×53×7), exterior brown, interior orange-red. Grayish deposit on interior. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

There are more than 20 texts dated to years 43–46 and 1 (362–358/357) for various kinds of defined grindings (e.g., of a certain month, of PN, or signified as the “latter”). Those for years 44–46 have a signatory at the end, mostly Yazidu (A4.14, 7.3, 6–7, 8.15, 20, 9.13, 300.5.18; cf. 300.4.18) but twice Zabdiel (A1.1 and 5.2), who served as signatory for Qoslaytha’s other payment of wheat above (A45.4). Here the signatory is Ephai, but the grinding is not defined (Table 4.24). The name Ephai otherwise appears only as payer in three chits (A118.1–3), in bullae, in a 7th-century burial inscription from Khirbet el-Kom, and in the Bible in plena spelling (‫עיפי‬/ ‫[ עופי‬Ephai/Ophai {Jer. 40:8}]); see Porten-Yardeni 2004: 166*.

A46.1–7 Rahnu Dossier (361) The name Rahnu as payer appears seven times, although four times are in previous dossiers: thrice as payer to Samitu (A46.1–2, 6 [A8.7–8, 12) and once among the sons of Gir (A46.3 [A2.35]). As payer to Samitu, he appears once with Qosnaqam (A8.12). Two are fully dated (A46.1–2), two only by day and month (A46.3–4), two are undated (A46.6–7), and in one the date is illegible (A46.5). Two of the new chits are very fragmentary, and the third contains but two words (A46.4–5, 7). Three of the payments are for grain (A46.1–3), one is for grgrn (A46.5), one is for a jar (A46.7), and two are unknown (A46.4, 6). Dated List of Texts A46.1 A46.2 A46.3 A46.4 A46.5 A46.6 A46.7

Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan Three separate payments of resh: 3 seahs and 1 qab; 2 seahs and 4 qabs; 3 seahs and 2 qabs Payment of 25 seahs of barley Payment unknown Payment of 10 grgrn Payment of 1 unnamed item Payment of a jar

300

February 28, 361 May 12, 361 6 Ab 26 x Date illegible Undated Undated

A46.1–7 Rahnu Dossier (361)

A46.1-ISAP54 [Rockefeller Shod 4] (Table 4.11) February 28, 361 Payment of 2 seahs, 2 qabs of the (grinding) of Nisan (See A8.7 [to Samitu])

A46.2-ISAP203 [IA11786] (Table 2.25) May 12, 361 3 separate payments of resh: 3 seahs and 1 qab; 2 seahs and 4 qabs; 3 seahs and 2 qabs (See A8.12 [to Samitu; w Qosnaqam and Sam(a)ku])

A46.3-ISAP2512 (JA230) 6 Ab Payment of 25 seahs of barley (See A2.35 [ss Gir])

301

302

A46.1–7 Rahnu Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX [ ]...[ ] .1

. . . On the 26th of [. . .], 3 Rahnu[. . .] 1

Date Payer

[‫ ִל‬26 ‫ ב‬.2 ]‫ רהנו‬.3

2

A46.4-ISAP2632 (JA376) 26 x Payment unknown Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (60×33×5), irregularly shaped, exterior white (2.5YR8/2), interior pink (7.5YR7/4), ware light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Top edge broken, right edge broken, very wide bottom margin, left edge broken.

The beginning is intact at the right edge, with only the numeral preserved (line 2). Beneath it and somewhat indented is the name Rahnu. If he is the payer, the commodity and measure must have followed. There is no line below, but there are unidentifiable letter traces above the date line. ¶ Alternatively, we might assume that the payer and product appeared in the fragmentary line 1, with the date at the end in line 2, Rahnu thus being a signatory. He does not, however, appear in that capacity elsewhere.

303

A46.1–7 Rahnu Dossier (361) cm

CONVEX 1

Payer

2

Product

.1 10 ‫ רהנִו גרגרן‬.2

[. . .]. . . Rahnu: grgrn, 10.

Date?

...[

A46.5-ISAP1577 (AL230 [M293]) Date illegible Payment of 10 grgrn Body sherd of jar (91×55×6), exterior gray, interior brown. Written lines at 80° to wheel-marks [AL].

Only the bottoms of letters are preserved in line 1, which was apparently the date. Line 2 contains the name of the payer, the product, and the measure. For grgrn, see A1.28; for explanation of the PN, see A2.35.

A46.6-ISAP1273 (AL180 = JA98) Undated Payment of 1 unnamed item (See A8.8 [to Samitu])

304

A46.1–7 Rahnu Dossier (361) cm

CONCAVE [?] ‫ רהנו‬.1 [?] ‫ חבִי‬.2

Rahnu: a jar.

1 2

A46.7-ISAP2473 (JA188) Undated Payment of a jar Shoulder of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (55×66×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior gray (10YR5/1), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), few white grits. Traces of black ash on ca. 40% of the exterior and on one old break. Writing on interior, on slightly concave rough surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheelmarks. Wide top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

Of the almost 25 chits for jars, only one other dispatches but a single jar (A43.6). In that one, the amount is written plena instead of the usual ciphers employed with this product, but here no numeral is visible. The name and the product are written on two separate lines, the latter below the former.

A47.1–6 Zabdadah Dossier (363; 317–313) The name Zabdadah as payer appears in six chits, two of which appeared in earlier dossiers: of Yehokal and Gur (A47.4–5 [A5.20, 2.19]). Two chits have patronyms (A47.1 [Yabneel] and A47.3 [Qos­adar/ider]). Four chits are fully dated (A47.1–4 [early and late, with a wide gap in between]), one only by day and month (A47.5), and one is undated (A47.6). Products paid are quite diverse: (in order) wine/wheat, oil, barley (2×), a beam, and a bale. Dated List of Texts A47.1 A47.2 A47.3 A47.4 A47.5 A47.6

Payment of wine or 1 seah of wheat June 30, 363 Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil 21 Tebeth, year x Payment of 3 kors of barley December 11, 317 Payment of 1[+?] seahs of barley July 12, 313 Payment of 1 olivewood beam 5 Tishri Payment of 1 bale Undated

305

306

A47.1–6 Zabdadah Dossier (363; 317–313) cm

CONVEX? Zabdadah son of 2Yabneel, and Sabru/ Šabru 1brought from the wine of 3Ḥaṭira, on the 26th of Sivan, 4year 42. Ḥaggai and ◦b. . .[. . .].

Payer

1

Product

2

Date Signatories?

‫זבדא ִדה בר‬ ִ ‫ִתִי‬ ִ ‫ ִהי‬.1 ‫חמִר‬ ִ ‫ִאל ושברו מן‬ ִ ‫ִבנ‬ ִ ‫ י‬.2

ִ‫לסיון‬ ִ 26 ‫ חטיִִר ִא ב‬.3 ]...‫ב‬.‫חגִי ִו‬ ִ 42 ‫ שנת‬.4

A47.1-ISAP2450 (JA162) (Palimpsest) June 30, 363 Payment of wine or 1 seah of wheat Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (66×72×10–13), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR8/3), interior light brown (7.5YR6/4), ware pink (7.5YR7/4), medium amount of white grits. Patina covers ca. 15% of sherd surface and some of the writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, wide right margin, wide bottom margin, narrow left margin.

Zabdadah was a popular name (see A2.19 for meaning), appearing in three different clans: Gur (A2.19), Baalrim (D2.12 [a workers text in which he is son of Naqd/ru]), and Yehokal (A5.20); as well as in two accounts (C2.5, 10): another workers text (D8.4), an uncertain text (J1.6), and as signatory for Qoskahel and Samitu (A8.46). Yabneel (‫ )יבנאל‬is a name of petition, “May El build,” and appears as a toponym in Josh 15:11 and 19:33 and as a personal name in the form Yibniyah (‫[ יבניה‬1 Chr 9:8]). ¶ For the verb “brought” (‫)היתי‬, see A1.8. It occurs also in the last chit here (A47.6). ¶ Only between 9 and 15 texts record ‫חמר‬, “wine” (A5.7[?], 18–19; 7.38, 55; 18.8; 52.6; 121.2; 176.1; cf. E1.4, H3.8), the equivocation due to its orthographic equivalence with the word “donkey” (‫[ חמר = חמור‬A11.22]; cf. here, A300.1.44; F5.8; J12.5). If indeed the reading is correct, only this and possibly one other speaks of the “wine of PN” (cf. J12.5, an uncertain text reading, “wine of Wah[a]bi”). Alternatively, but less likely, the product may read \ ‫חס‬, “w(heat), s(eah), 1.” For the name Ḥaṭira (‫)חטירא‬, which occurs only here in this form, see A6.20. Ḥaggai has his own dossier (A49) but appears elsewhere in numerous roles, three of which notably contain wine (A5.18–19, 18.8): as payee (A18.6–7, 34.6, 203.1, 207.1), agent (A5.18–19), clan name (C9.1), patronym (A18.8), and in a toponym (A37.7), among others, but only here as signatory. This is among the earliest texts in the corpus (cf. A63.1 [written slightly more than two weeks earlier for Naqd/ru, who elsewhere is the father of one Zabdadah {see reference above}], 29.1 [year 42]; A300.1.1 [year 41]; and A9.1, 107.1 [year 40]).

A47.1–6 Zabdadah Dossier (363; 317–313)

307

cm

CONVEX Payer Product Agent Date

Zabdadah: oil, 2q(abs), 4, q(uarters), 3, by the hand of 3Natanbaal. On the 21st of 4Tebeth, year . . .[?] 1

‫ִבדאדה משח‬ ִ ‫ ז‬.1 ‫ עליד‬3 ‫ ִר‬4 ‫ ק‬.2

21 ‫ נתנבעל ב‬.3 [?].. ‫ִת‬ ִ ‫ ִל ִט ִב ִת ִשנ‬.4

A47.2-ISAP709 [YR41] 21 Tebeth, year x Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Body sherd of Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×47×6), roughly square, regularly shaped, exterior (patina) light gray (10YR7/1), few white grits. Gray patina on ca. 95% of sherd surface. Writing on exterior, on patina(?), on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 5° to wheel-marks.

See A1.6 for oil. Of some 40 dated texts for oil, only one other falls in the month of Tebeth, and that is an account (C5.1). Two other texts, dated 2½ weeks apart in Marcheshvan (lacking year), record Natan­baal, who also has his own dossier (A111), as agent, as here (A12.16, 76.3). Dated at the bottom, this chit was likely early. This is confirmed by the tilt of the numeral stroke after the taw of ‫שנת‬. It indicates the numeral “20,” thus suggesting a date in the 40s of Artaxerxes II.

308

A47.1–6 Zabdadah Dossier (363; 317–313) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Origin Product Agent

On the 12th of Kislev, year 7 (of) 2Philip the king, Zabdadah son of 3Qosadar/ider 3 from the horse-ranch of Gar(a)pa: 4 b(arley), kors, 3, by the hand of Ḥal(a)fan. 1

7 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬12 ‫ ב‬.1

‫ פלפס מלכא זבדאדה בר‬.2 ‫גרפא‬ ִ ‫קוסעדִר מן רכשת‬ ִ .3 ‫ עליד חלפן‬3 ‫ שכרן‬.4

A47.3-ISAP1890 (EN97) December 11, 317 Payment of 3 kors of barley

This is one of 17 ostraca dated, or dateable, to the reign of Philip (Table 5 in TAOI, vol. 1). In these texts, dating between 322 and 316, Ḥal(a)fan appears six times as agent (A33.5 [undated], here, 48.5, 70.2, 257.1, 300.1.45 [fragmentary]) and once as payee (A65.2). Persons with this name also make multiple payments (A18). For Zabdadah’s patronym, see the dossier of the same name (A17). The term “horse-ranch of PN” (‫ )רכשת‬occurs twice more (A9.34, 245.1). For full discussion of this term and the more frequent “steppe of PN” (‫)ערבת‬, see A9.34 and 17.8, respectively. Gar(a)pa occurs once more as agent (A176.1), but see also the similar name Gar(a)pi (A7.53; H6.6). This is a relatively large payment of barley, 90 times larger than that below (A47.4).

309

A47.1–6 Zabdadah Dossier (363; 317–313)

A47.4-ISAP 1658 (OG?24) July 12, 313 Payment of 1[+?] seahs of barley (See A5.20 [ss Yehokal])

A47.5-ISAP2542 (JA266) 5 Tishri Payment of 1 olivewood beam (See A2.19 [ss Gur])

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫ִב ִדִי‬ ִ ‫ היתי זבדאדה לז‬.1

Zabdadah brought to Zabdi 2  bale, 1. 1

1 ‫ פחלץ‬.2

A47.6-ISAP1705 (JA509 {ChM5>EYH1}) (Table 7.23) Undated Payment of 1 bale Body sherd of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×59×5), trapezoid, exterior light gray (2.5Y7/2), interior dark grayish-brown (10YR4/2), ware grayish-brown (10YR5/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex smooth surface, written lines at ca. 45° to wheel-marks.

There are four chits in the Ḥal(a)fat-Baalghayr dossier wherein a certain Zabdi (A45 for dossier) delivers one or two bales to Baalghayr. Two are dated to the summer of 362 (A7.42–43; also A7.45–46). Might he be the same Zabdi as here? Only one other chit for bales uses the verb “brought,” albeit probably in the expression (‫]זי[ היתי‬, “[that which] PN brought” [A1.2]). These two chits were drawn up by Scribe Z. This verb was employed above, as well (A47.1).

A48.1–6 Zaydi Dossier (356–354; 317) The name Zaydi as payer appears in six chits, three of which appeared earlier‫ ׃‬one affiliated to the clan of Baalrim (A48.3 [A1.20]), another to the clan of Yeh(o)kal (A48.6 [A5.12]), and the third as payer to Samitu (A48.2 [A8.21]). Two have the same patronym, Naum, and are late (A48.4–5). Five are fully dated (A48.1–5), and one is dated only by day and month (A48.6). Three chits concern grain (A48.1, 3, 6); two are for oil (A48.4–5); and one pays jars (A48.2). Dated List of Texts A48.1 A48.2 A48.3 A48.4 A48.5 A48.6

Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of flour Payment of 4 jars Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Payment of 10 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil Payment of 15 seahs of wheat

310

December 16, 356 September 2, 355 June 30, 354 September 20, 317 November 27, 317 3 Ab

311

A48.1–6 Zaydi Dossier (356–354; 317) cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Kislev, year 3, Zaydi: semolina, s(eah), 1; q(abs), 2; 3flour, s(eahs), 2; q(abs), 4.

Date

1

Payer

2

Products

3 ‫ לכסלו שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1

2 ‫ ק‬1 ‫ זידי נשף ס‬.2 4 ‫ ק‬2 ‫ קמח ס‬.3

A48.1-ISAP886 {GCh86} (Table 1.28) December 16, 356 Payment of 1 seah, 2 qabs of semolina and 2 seahs, 4 qabs of flour

For this product pair, see A4.2. This is one of 15 chits for semolina+flour, written by a single scribe (Scribe E) during four days between 2 and 6 Kislev, year 3 (December 13 and 17, 356). Six were written on 5 Kislev. The amount of flour is exactly twice that of semolina. See A11.3, 15.11, and Table 1.19–33. For the meaning of the name Zaydi, see A1.20.

A48.2-ISAP862 [IA12449 {GCh62}] September 2, 355 Payment of 4 jars (See A8.21 [to Samitu])

A48.3-ISAP932 (JA493) June 30, 354 Payment of 18 seahs, 0.5 qabs of wheat (See A1.20 [ss Baalrim])

312

A48.1–6 Zaydi Dossier (356–354; 317) cm

CONVEX Zaydi son of Naum: oil, q(abs), 4; quarters, 3 (corrected from: ⸢(and a) half ⸣). 3 On the 18th of Elul.

Payer

1

Product

2

Date

‫ זידי בר נעום‬.1

3 ִ‫{ף}ר ִב ִען‬ ִ 4 ‫ משח ק‬.2 ‫ לאלול‬18 ‫ ב‬.3

A48.4-ISAP1912 (EN121 = JA25) September 20, 317 Payment of 4.75 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar, possibly of Persian period, medium-sized (46×58×6–7), rectangular, exterior and ware very pale brown (10YR7/3), interior light brownish-gray (10YR6/2), few white grits. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex surface, written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin, medium right margin, medium bottom margin, variable left margin.

For oil, see A1.6. In the chit below (A48.5), Zaydi son of Naum paid out a much larger quantity of oil, but that one is also measured out in fractions: 10 seahs, 1 qab, 2 quarters. There, however, the date appears at the beginning, with the addition of year 7. Perhaps we may also date this chit to the same year as the next one—namely, year 7 of Philip (317). For the dossier of Naum, see A36.

313

A48.1–6 Zaydi Dossier (356–354; 317) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 27th of [Marcheshvan], year 7, 2 Zaydi son of Naum: oil, s(eahs), 10, q(ab), 1, q(uarters), 2, 3 by the hand of Ḥal(a)fan. 1

7

‫ ל[מרחשון] שנת‬27 ‫ ב‬.1 2 ‫ ִר‬1 ‫ ִק‬10 ‫ זידי בר נעום משח ִס‬.2

ִ‫חלפן‬ ִ ‫ִד‬ ִ ‫ עלי‬.3

A48.5-ISAP1365 (AL56 [M66 {NavehA9}]) November 27, 317 Payment of 10 seahs, 1.5 qabs of oil Body sherd of jar (77×50×7), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon probably complete, writing partially erased. Written lines at ca. 15° to wheel-marks [AL].

Texts with Ḥal(a)fan as agent may be dated to the reign of Philip III (see A47.3 [see A18 for dossier]). The numeral “7” is written supralinearly at the end of line 1. See chit above for further commentary (A48.4). This is one of the larger payments of oil in the corpus.

A48.6-ISAP2502 (JA219) 3 Ab Payment of 15 seahs of wheat (See A5.12 [ss Yeh(o)kal])

A49.1–4 Ḥaggai Dossier (358) The name Ḥaggai as payer and patronym appears in four chits, with three appearing for the first time (A49.1–2, 4). One appeared already as the father of Ḥal(a)fan (A49.3 [A18.8]) and one will appear again in the dossier of Ḥauran (A100.1). One is fully dated (A49.1), one only by day and month (A49.2), and two are undated (A49.3–4). Each chit has a different product: silver, wood and bales of chaff, wine, and bundles, respectively. Dated List of Texts A49.1 A49.2 A49.3 A49.4

Two payments: 2 shekels, 2 maahs of silver and 2 shekels, 2.5 maahs May 10, 358 Payments of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff 27 Elul Payment of 8 seahs of wine Undated Payment of 4 bundles Undated

314

315

A49.1–4 Ḥaggai Dossier (358) cm

CONVEX On the 29th of Nisan, year 1, Ḥauran to Qosani from the price of 3the grinding: silver, sh(eqels), 2 Ionian; m(aahs), 2; 4 Ḥaggai to Qosani: sh(eqels), 2; m(aahs), 2 (and a) h(alf).

Date

1

Payer I

2

Payee I Source Product I Payer II Payee I Product II

1 ‫ לניסן שנת‬29 ‫ב‬ ‫חורן לקוסעני מן דמי‬ 2 ‫ יִִוןִ מ‬2 ‫טחונא כסף ש‬ ‫ ף‬2 ‫ מ‬2 ‫חגי לקוסעני ש‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A49.1-ISAP58 [Rockefeller Shod 8] May 10, 358 Two payments: 2 shekels, 2 maahs of silver and 2 shekels, 2.5 maahs

Ḥauran was the father of Qosani (see A30.8 and A100.1); for the name, see A6.10; for Qosani, see A1.46. ¶ There are only about 15 chits referring to shekels, always abbreviated by shin, and only one other is dated (see A300.1.11). In only two texts do we know what the silver was for: two shekels for 15 workers (D9.3) and varying amounts for oil (C5.2 [ISAP1929 = EN180+138]). Here, we have two payments of just over 2 shekels each for the price of the grinding. If we understand ‫“( מן‬from”) as partitive, we should consider the sums here as partial payments of the total “price” (suggestion by Shlomo Naeh). Some eight chits record transactions from (the grinding) of Nisan or of Adar and Nisan (A4.1, 7.54, 8.6–7, 9–10, 12.17, 82.1). In late fifth-cenury Elephantine, 1 shekel equaled two Ionian staters (TAD B3.12:5, 14).

316

A49.1–4 Ḥaggai Dossier (358) cm

CONVEX Date Agent Payers I Product I Payers II Product II

On the 27th of Elul, by the hand of Šim[ri], 2 Ḥaggai and Ḥal(a)fan: wood, loads, [2]; 3 Qosr(i)m and Qosšama and ◦[. . .]: 4 chaff, bales, 2. yth[. . .] 1

]‫שמ[רי‬ ִ ‫ לאלול ִעליד‬27 ‫ב‬ ]‫חגי וחלפן אקן מובלן‬ ].‫קוסרם וקוסשמע ו‬ ִ ]‫ יִתה‬2 ‫תבן פחלצן‬

.1 .2 .3 .4

A49.2-ISAP541 [FCO4] (Tables 7.17, 8.3) 27 Elul Payments of x loads of wood and 2 bales of chaff

For the meaning of Ḥaggai, see A5.18. Ḥaggai and Ḥal(a)fan are father and son, respectively, as evident from the next chit and the fact that Ḥaggai preceded Ḥal(a)fan here. In two undated chits, Ḥal(a)fan gives Ḥaggai grain (A18.6–7 [also for name]). On the same day as our chit, the same scribe (Scribe AA) draws up one for 3 loads of wood. As here, the name of the agent, Šimri, appears at the beginning, followed by the names of the payers, of whom there are three (A14.21, 52.5, 158.1). Perhaps each payer there supplied a single load, suggesting a possible restoration of two loads here, one for each payer. Unlike the former chit, ours adds a payment of bales (on which, see A1.2) by three other payers. For Qosr(i)m, see A31. This is the only occurrence of the name Qosšama (“Qos heard”). The third payer is illegible. At the end of line 4, cut off at the edge, are three inexplicable letters: yod, taw, heh. For wood see A1.54.

317

A49.1–4 Ḥaggai Dossier (358)

A49.3-ISAP1606 (AL253 [M408]) (Palimpsest?) Undated Payment of 8 seahs of wine (See A18.8 [f Ḥal(a)fan)

“Scribe 13”: A4.9, 49.4 A. Graphic: 1. ‫ ;משתלן‬alef sign. 2. varying angle of writing. 3. narrow line-spacing. 4. large letters. 5. medium letter- and word-spacing. 6. thick strokes. 7. wavy lamed or with tail. B. Contextual: 12. names/commodity + amount/sealing sign. 13. kettle-shaped alef.

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product Sealing Sign

‫לקוסעני‬ ִ ‫ חגי‬.1 4 ‫ משתלן‬.2

Ḥaggai to Qosani: 2 bundles, 4. 3 (hooked triangle) 1

# .3

A49.4-ISAP1725 [IA12397 {Zd2}] (Table 6.22) Undated Payment of 4 bundles Body sherd Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (49×59×7), roughly rectangular, regularly shaped, exterior pinkish-gray (7.5YR7/2), few dark grits. White transparent patina on ca. 60% of sherd surface and some of writing. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, somewhat uneven surface, written lines parallel to straight upper edge and at ca. 90° to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), wide right margin, wide bottom margin, wide left margin.

This is a terse chit of three words and a numeral. The payee Qosani is otherwise well known as a payer (A30). The same scribe (Scribe R) wrote an identical chit for two bundles by Zabdi for Laadiel (A4.9). Both chits contained a looped alef in the form of a triangle with a single slant stroke attached to the upper right side (Porten-Yardeni 2009: Table 8.20–21). ¶ For the word ‫משתל‬, see A1.43–44.

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315) The name Nutaynu as payer appears in six chits, all of which appear here for the first time. Three are fully dated (A50.1–3), one is dated by day and month only (A50.4), and two are undated (A50.5–6). Two have distinct patronyms (Qaynil and Ḥazira [A50.3–4]), three have agents (A50.2–4), and one has a unique payee, a servant of PN (A50.1). Five concern grains, four barley, and one wheat (A50.1–2, 4–5, 3), and the sixth is a unique receipt for silver (A50.6). Dated List of Texts A50.1 A50.2 A50.3 A50.4 A50.5 A50.6

Payment of 22 seahs, 2 qabs of barley Payment of 24 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Payment of x amount of wheat Payment of 20 seahs of barley Payment of 1 qab of barley Receipt of (object worth) 13 shekels of silver

June 10, 349 June 19, 336 July 14-August 12, 315 26 Tammuz Undated Undated

318

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315)

319

cm

CONVEX On the 11th of Sivan, year 10, Nutaynu to Zabdi servant 3of Mešez(a)ba: b(arley), s(eahs), 22, q(abs), 2.

Date

1

Payer

2

Payee Product

10 ‫ לסיון שנת‬11 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ נתינו לזבדי עלים‬.2

2 ‫ ק‬22 ‫ משיזבא שס‬.3

A50.1-ISAP1460 (AL58 [M172]) June 10, 349 Payment of 22 seahs, 2 qabs of barley Body sherd of jar (101×67×9), exterior gray-brown, pink interior. Ostracon possibly complete, whitish deposit on interior. Written lines at 90° to wheel-marks [AL].

In form, Nutaynu accords with Arabian diminutive qutayl, but its meaning is apparently something like West Semitic “Little Nathan” (Ran Zadok, orally). Two other chits refer to payments being made to the “servant” (‫ )עלים‬of the payee (A16.5, 55.4; cf. also A112.3). The name of the payee is an Aramaic hypocoristicon of a name like biblical Meshezabel (‫“[ משיזבאל‬El saves”] < Akk. Mušēzib-ilu), borne by three different persons (Neh 3:4, 10:22, 11:24). Fifth-century Saqqarah in Egypt attests to the Akkadian name Mušezibnabu (‫[ משזבנבו‬TAD D3.39fragb:4; also restore in B3.2:11]). For the dossier of Zabdi, see A15. Barley is paid thrice below (A50.2, 4–5).

320

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315) Size Unkown

CONVEX On the 13th of Sivan, year 2, Nutaynu: b(arley), s(eahs), 24; q(abs), 3, 3 by the hand of Ṣubayḥu 4and Yuthayu.

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agents

2 ‫ לסיון שנת‬13 ‫ ב‬.1 3 ‫ ק‬24 ‫ נתינו שס‬.2

‫ עליד צביחו‬.3 ‫ ויתיעו‬.4

A50.2-ISAP1277 (AL22 {J53}) June 19, 336 Payment of 24 seahs, 3 qabs of barley Complete ostracon fragment of the left part, but some of the right part of the ostracon is probably missing [AL].

For full discussion and dating of the four chits with agents Ṣubayḥu and Yuthayu, see A42.5 and 1.32. ¶ For Yuthayu, see A10.17. Ṣubayḥu may derive from Arabic ṣbḥ, “to be beautiful/graceful, to beam/be radiant.” This is the largest of four payments of barley in this dossier (also A50.1, 4–5). Despite Lemaire’s comment above, the ostracon is wholely intact.

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315)

321

cm

CONVEX [On the x (day)] of Tammuz, year 3 Antigo[nus], [Nu]taynu son of Qaynil: w(heat) [. . .] 3 [b]y the hand of Ḥanni l[šḥln]

Date

1

Payer

2

Product Agent

[‫ אתג[נס‬3 ‫ ]ב ]לתמוז שנת‬.1 [ ]‫ [נ]תינו בר קינאל ִח‬.2

[‫ ]ע]ליד חנִי ל[שחלן‬.3

A50.3-ISAP1278 (AL92 = JA101 {J54}) July 14–August 12, 315 Payment of x amount of wheat Rim of Iron Age I bowl, medium-sized (45×55×4–6), irregularly shaped, exterior, interior, and ware pale brown (10YR6/3), few white grits. Traces of ash on ca. 25% of the interior. Writing on exterior, on uneven convex surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Narrow top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed ), right edge broken, medium bottom margin, left edge broken.

For the other five chits of Tammuz and Ab written by the same scribe in year 3 of Antigonus, in which the agent is also Ḥanni, see A2.43 (also for meaning of his name) and 3.38, as well as Table 5.24–27, 29–30 in TAOI, vol. 1. ¶ The day-date is missing here at the beginning of line 1 and the quantity of wheat at the end of line 2. ¶ Qaynil (‫ )קינאל‬is Arabian, meaning “Il is an artisan.” One Qosmalak was also recorded as a son of Qaynil in year 18 (341 [A11.8]), but that leaves more than a 25-year gap, if indeed he could be this Nutaynu’s brother. The only other occurrence of his name in the entire corpus is possibly as agent in a chit for Qosyinqom (A20.10). The only other patronym for another Nutaynu is Ḥazira (A50.4) below.

322

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315) cm

CONVEX Date Payer Product Agent

On the 26th of Tammuz, Nutaynu 2[son of] Ḥazira: b(arley), s(eahs), 20, 3 by the hand of Zabdiel. 4 (Early script upside down? Marks?) 1

‫ לתמוז נתִינִִו‬3[+3+]20 ‫ ִב‬.1 20 ‫ [בר] חזירא שס‬.2 ‫זבדאל‬ ִ ‫ עליד‬.3

A50.4-ISAP1004 (L4 [IM91.16.137]) 26 Tammuz Payment of 20 seahs of barley Body sherd of jar (83.5×70×7), exterior whitish, interior brown. Ostracon probably complete. Poorly preserved writing on exterior, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Medium top margin (excluding upper tip of lamed), medium right margin, wide bottom margin, variable left margin [LT].

The popular name Zabdiel appears in nearly a dozen chits as signatory (e.g., A1.1, 7.19. 14.2) and eight times as payer (A32) but only twice as agent (also A185.1). For the many other names compounded with the element ‫זבד‬, “grant,” see A2.19. The name Ḥazira (see A2.11) appears ten times as payer and patronym (A35), once as payee (A144.2), and once in a two-sided account of wheat (C1.3). In one chit, he belongs to the clan of Gur and is recorded as the father of Adarel in year 6 (353). Although the year-date is absent here, if Adarel and the present Nutaynu were brothers, this chit would also be early. Nutaynu pays barley above (A50.1–2) and below (A50.5).

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315)

323

cm

CONVEX Payer Payee Product

‫ נתינו למרצעת‬.1 1 ‫ שק‬.2

Nutaynu to Marṣaat: 2 b(arley), q(ab), 1. (Line?) 1

A50.5-ISAP1095 (L95 = EN159 [IM94.38.43]) Undated Payment of 1 qab of barley Body sherd of jar (73×57×7), exterior and interior light brown. Ostracon incomplete, 1 fresh exterior break. Rather erased writing on concave surface, written lines at ca. 80° to wheel-marks.

The name Marṣaat (A43) appears as payee in four other dated chits, three of which are for grains (A3.2, 18.5, 300.1.56; cf. A300.2.21)—namely, wheat and resh. Here we have a miniscule amount of barley in a terse, undated chit. Only two other chits definitely record a payment of barley this small (A6.25, 21.7, 73.3; possibly also 300.2.22; cf. perhaps A182.1, 300.3.18; though slightly larger, A17.11 records another tiny barley payment), and none record any smaller. Barley is paid thrice above (A50.1–2, 4).

324

A50.1–6 Nutaynu Dossier (349; 336; 315) cm

CONVEX Recipient Payer Product

Nutaynu receives from [Yu]th[ay]u 2 [. . .]silver, sh(ekels), 13 3 [. . .]◦ 3 [?] 1

[ ? ]‫ע‬.‫ת‬. ִ ִ‫נתִינִִו מן‬ ִ ‫ ִמ ִק ִב ִל‬.1 13 ‫ ] [ ִכ ִס ִף ִש‬.2

[ ? ]3 ‫ר‬/‫[ ד‬

] .3

A50.6-ISAP776 [YR103] Undated Receipt of (object worth) 13 shekels of silver Body sherd (near base) of Iron Age or Persian-period jar, medium-sized (80×95×5–8), irregularly shaped, exterior very pale brown (10YR7/3), many white grits. Composed of 2 fragments, one fresh break. Writing on exterior, on slightly convex, smooth surface, written lines parallel to wheel-marks. Wide top margin, right edge broken, wide bottom margin, variable left margin.

The format of this text is unique. The first word is not “brought” or “brought in” but “receives” in the present tense (‫)מקבל‬, the subject being Nutaynu. This verb occurs only twice more in the entire corpus, each time in a different form (‫ קבל‬in a land description text [H3.12] and ‫ הקבלת‬in a two-sided letter [G2.1]). As a result, the second party is not the payee but actually the payer. His name, perhaps restored as [‫]י[ת]י[ע]ו‬ (see on A50.2 above), is likewise preceded not by the preposition “to” but “from” (‫)מן‬. Less than 20 texts, mostly fragmentary, mention silver (e.g., A17.14, 100.1, A300.1.11). Line 3 is unintelligible.

325

Addenda

Addenda Though acquired late, two ostraca were included in their respective Tables and Dated Lists in TAO vol. 1, but we failed to include them in the presentation of texts. The first was included in “Table 9: The Dossier of Al(i)baal at a Glance” and the “Dated List of Texts” for Dossier 4 and the second was included in “Table 13: The Dossier of Samitu at a Glance” and the “Dated List of Texts” for Dossier 8. cm

CONVEX On the 5th of Tebeth, year 10 Qosmalak of the sons of Al(i)baal: 3 oil, seahs, 4; qabs 4 3

Date

1

Payer

2

Product

10 ‫ לטבת שנת‬5 ‫ ב‬.1 ‫ קוסמלך לבני עלבעל‬.2 ‫ משח סאן ארבע קבן‬.3

‫תלתה‬

.4

A4.29a-ISAP580 [GD] December 28, 349 Payment of 4 seahs, 3 qabs of oil

This is the fourth chit drawn up by Qosmalak in this dossier. Each one was for a different commodity. The first was drawn up over ten years earlier for semolina+flour and had a signatory and archaic alef (A4.11). The second one was drawn up shortly thereafter for a large amount of barley sent to the storehouse of Makkedah (A4.11). The third was an undated chit for bales, unique to this dossier (A4.12). Our chit for oil was one of some twenty dated chits for this product. None of the four chits had a personal payee. Only one other chit for oil, written two years after this one (9 Tebeth, year 12), has plena spelling for the measures and numerals (A30.2). Another chit was written on this very day, albeit fragmentary (A300.1.29).

326

Addenda cm

CONVEX Date Payer Payee Product Sealing sign

On the 14th of [ y (month)], 2year 45 [PN] 3 to Qosani son of Sami[tu: resh] 4s(eahs), 8. 5 (archaic alef ) 1

[ ]‫ ל‬14 ‫ ב‬.1 [ ] 45 ‫ שנת‬.2 [‫שמ[תו ראש‬ ְ ‫ לקוסעני בר‬.3

#

8‫ס‬

.4 .5

A8.15a-ISAP581 [GD] (Table 2.32a) 14 y, 45 (360/359) Payment of 8 seahs of resh

This chit has all but one of the features of the four other chits for resh for year 45 (2 Iyyar, 30 Tebeth, 15 and 16 Adar II [A4.7, 7.3, 4 [signatory uncertain], 220.1]) and the three for year 46 (5 and 29 Tammuz, x+3 Elul [A4.15, 9.13, 90.5 {together with this chit, by Scribe G}]): payer, payee, archaic alef, and signatory; see A1.4. Here, the ostracon is cut off at the left edge; nonetheless, given the blank space between the sealing sign and that edge, it is not clear that a signatory would have been present in the missing part of our chit. ¶ The amount of grain in the other chits varies between 1 seah, 1 qab and [x+]5 seahs, 3 qabs. The sum in our chit is several times those amounts—8 seahs. ¶ Qosani appears in our dossier again, some six years later, making a payment of crushed/sifted grain (A8.33).