Spoken Marathi, Book 1 [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512817249

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Spoken Marathi BOOK I

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL STUDIES, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

1964

Spoken Marathi BOOK I

First-year intensive course

by

Naresh B. Kavadi and

Franklin C. Southworth

University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia

(C) 1965 by the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Published in Great Britain, India, and Pakistan by the Oxford University Press London, Bombay, and Karachi Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 64-23568 T h e research on which this work is based was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

7457 Printed in the United States of America

T O JOSE AND KUSUM

Preface

O n e of the i m p o r t a n t languages of India which receives small attention outside that country is Marathi. It is the prevailing language in the large state of Maharashtra, and the speakers have played an important historical part in India since the eighteenth century. In Poona, which is the old capital of the Marathas, there are now a n u m b e r of educational and research institutes which make that city one of the great intellectual centers of India. T h e s e various facts combine to make it appropriate that the University of Pennsylvania should be able to produce for publication a book for teaching westerners the use of that language. T h i s work deals with the m o d e r n language, b u t through it one can also reach back to the Marathi used by the great Maratha poet saints and by other authors living in the centuries before the period of the rise of the Maratha power. T h i s present work has been produced u n d e r a contract with the U n i t e d States Office of Education on funds provided u n d e r the National Defense Education Act, T i t l e VI, and it is to be followed by o t h e r works on the Marathi language produced with the same financial support, T h e materials in Spoken Marathi have been tested in a course teaching that language at the University of Pennsylvania. T h e y are presented here with the hope that they may help to make this important language and its literature better known to western scholarship a n d to help it receive its d u e place in the general picture of language study in America and other occidental countries. D e c e m b e r 19, 1963

W. N o r m a n Brown

Introduction

The Marathi language. Marathi is spoken by upwards of 35,000,000 people in the state of Maharashtra, India (capital city: Bombay), and other parts of India. Various regional varieties of Marathi are traditionally recognized; this book is based primarily on Poona Marathi, which is generally accepted among educated Maharashtrians as being the standard variety (or at least one of the standard varieties) of Marathi. From the point of view of the student who wants to gain a practical spoken command of the language, there are no significant differences between Poona Marathi and the Marathi of Bombay. Marathi is written in the Balbodh script, a variety of the Devanagari script which is substantially the same as that used for Hindi and Sanskrit. Since the purpose of this book is to teach the spoken language, all the material is given in Roman transcription. An introduction to the Marathi script can be found in H. M. Lambert's Marathi Language Course (Calcutta, 1943) or in her Introduction to the Devanagari Script (Oxford University Press, 1953).

Contents

Introduction

8

M e t h o d of presentation

11

Description of the c o m p o n e n t s of the course

13

Pronunciation

15

Sentences for preliminary drill

21

G r a m m a r units: I G e n d e r of nouns. Variable adjectives. II Imperatives. Present habitual a n d present c o n t i n u o u s . III O b l i q u e forms of masculine a n d n e u t e r nouns. IV Masculine plural forms of n o u n s a n d adjectives. V N e u t e r plural forms of n o u n s a n d adjectives. Adjective o b l i q u e forms, -ayca f o r m of verbs. Perfect forms. VI F e m i n i n e plural forms of n o u n s a n d adjectives. F e m i n i n e obliques. VII Agent suffix -ne:. Perfect endings of T verbs. VIII Agent forms. Perfect of T verbs. T [ verbs. IX Perfect forms w i t h o u t agreement. Formal plural. X F e m i n i n e obliques. Possessive plural. T h e p r o n o u n s jo, ji.je. Present negative and past c o n t i n u o u s . X I N o u n forms in -la. F u t u r e forms. X I I F u t u r e forms. O b l i q u e a n d plural of Fa nouns. X I I I -nara ending. Masculine n o u n s in -i. X I V Expressions with kzr-, ho-. XV T h e p r o n o u n jo. XVI T r a n s l a t i o n s of if'. XVII Subjunctive form. X V I I I Negative subjunctive, -ayla form. Plural of n e u t e r n o u n s in -a:. X I X -ava plus lag-. Infinitive form. Contrary-to-fact condition. X X Adjectives based on a n o u n plus -t. Superlatives. X X I Special intransitive verbs. X X I I V e r b plus paryyanta. T i m e expressions. X X I I I T h e suffixes -tana, -lela. S h o r t e n e d f o r m s of relative sentences.

31 40 48 56

64 72 78 82 88 94 100 108 115 127 133 139 144 150 156 163 170 176

X X I V T h e suffix -un. Indirect speech. X X V Perfect forms with postpositions. T h e suffix -un. G r a m m a t i c a l summaries 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

M a r a t h i sentence s t r u c t u r e Auxiliaries Verbs Nominals Sentence modifiers

6. C o n j u n c t i o n s

184 189 195 - 214 195 197 199 207 212 213

N u m e r a l s , etc.

215

Marathi-English vocabulary

217

English-Marathi index

235

Method of Presentation

T h e approach to spoken Marathi adopted in this course is based on the assumption that the student who wants to learn to speak and understand a foreign language can progress most rapidly by spending most of his time speaking and listening to that language. In order to approximate the natural speaking situation as closely as possible, the stimuli to which the student learns to respond should consist primarily of sentences spoken in the foreign language (and other appropriate non-linguistic stimuli, or situational cues, where it is possible to introduce them into the classroom), rather than visual linguistic stimuli (sentences written in the native script or in transliteration) or English language stimuli (such as sentences written or spoken in English to be translated into the foreign language). Ideally the method suggested here involves a maximum number of hours with a native speaker of Marathi, which can be supplemented by individual work with recorded conversations and exercises. T h e course is set up in such a way that, of every ten student hours, about six would be spent in class with the Marathi assistant, two to three in individual work with recorded materials, and one to two hours would be spent working specifically on the grammatical drills.

Description of the Various Components of the Course

1. Sentences for preliminary drill (optional). A few simple classroom situations are introduced here which can be presented to the student without recourse to the Marathi transcription or the transliteration. The meanings of the sentences can be explained by appropriate gestures. 2. Conversations. The first part of each lesson (apart from the grammar units, see 5 below) consists of two or three short conversations, which have been selected with a view toward including high frequency vocabulary items and grammatical constructions in natural colloquial contexts. These conversations should be memorized by the students, and constantly reviewed, both in class and outside of class. It is suggested that, at least in the early stages, the student learn the conversations by repeating them after the Marathi assistant without seeing the transcriptions, in order to avoid dependence on the visual stimulus. Experience has shown that, once the student has learned the conversation, it can be reviewed very rapidly in class by giving him the English equivalents and having him supply the Marathi. This is the only situation in which the student is required to respond to a stimulus sentence given in English. Note that the English sentences are not translations of the Marathi sentences, but rather situational equivalents. 3. Variations. (Lessons 1-16) These are minimal conversations, consisting in most cases of a one-sentence question followed by a onesentence answer. They contain only material which has been already learned, but with some word substitution within sentence frames (e.g. when the student has learned sentences like amhi steten javsl rahto 'We live near the station' and to mumbsit rahto 'He lives in Bombay,' sentences like amhi mumbait rahto 'We live in Bombay' are introduced as variations) and also re-ordering of sentences within the context of a conversation. These exercises are intended to develop the student's ability to understand Marathi in the early stages. They can also be used for repetition and translation by the student. 4. Questions. (Lessons 1-16) The student is expected to answer these in Marathi, on the basis of what he has already learned. T h e purpose is to increase his ability to understand and to speak, and to check his comprehension without recourse to translation. When a lesson has been completed, questions from preceding lessons can be reviewed if desired. 13

14 5. Conversation stimuli. (Lessons 17-51) These are basically extensions of the question and answer drills, with a n u m b e r of questions grouped around a single situation. W h e r e possible, material from earlier lessons is included. T h e attempt here is to approximate a true conversational situation, with the student free to respond with sentences he has learned already or to improvise new sentences. Neither the Marathi assistant nor the student should be made to feel limited by the content of these exercises, as the student's fluency and confidence increase; the sentences can be viewed at this point as suggestions for the Marathi assistant, to help him keep the conversation going and to prevent him from introducing too much new material. 6. Grammar units. T h e grammatical discussions are intended to provide the student only that knowledge of the structure of Marathi which he needs in order to make use of what he has learned, and to form and understand new sentences on the basis of this knowledge. These discussions are always based on material the student has already been expected to memorize. T h e exercises accompanying the grammatical units give the student an opportunity to see some of the ways in which the patterns he has learned can be extended. A. Insertion drills: the student is required to insert one of a number of forms in a blank (orally), in order to learn certain automatic features of formal variation (verbal and adjectival concord, use of oblique forms, etc.) to the point where they become completely automatic. These drills can be recorded on tape and drilled by the student individually before they are done in class. B. Substitution drills: a segment of a sentence is replaced by another segment, to teach generalization of patterns. It is suggested that the Marathi assistant's recording of the correct responses be given to the student for individual practice. C. Conversion drills: a sentence is changed in form, e.g. from affirmative to negative, deliberative to imperative, present to perfect. These can be recorded in the following way: the stimulus sentence is recorded, followed by a space for the student to give his response, which is in t u r n followed by the Marathi assistant's recorded response. 7. Periodic reviews can be made u p on the basis of the exercises given; the frequency and composition of these reviews have been left to the discretion of the instructor.

Pronunciation

A. Vowels. Differences in length in Marathi do not, for the most part, play any role in distinguishing words of different meanings. But such differences exist, and the student who wishes to reproduce the sounds of Marathi as accurately as possible (and at the same time to be understood as well as possible) needs to learn to produce these differences. T h e last vowel of a word (not counting the short a) is long, except when followed by a combination of consonants such as nt, tr, kt. Otherwise vowels are short, with the following exceptions: (1) A few words (mostly from Sanskrit) have long i or u in positions where the short vowels are expected by the above rule; these are indicated by i:, u : . (2) a (short) and a: (long) both occur at the ends of words, but the short 9 is found in this position only in a few Sanskrit words and in words which otherwise would end in a consonant cluster. Long a: in this position is always written a: ; in other positions the length is determined by the above general rule. Symbol

u:

Examples Long: mi T , pi 'drink', tin 'three', vis 'twenty' Short: i££ha 'wish', tila 'to her' bhinta 'wall', mitra 'friend' si:ta 'Sita' (girl's name), di:rgha 'long', bhi:ti 'fear' Long: tu 'You (informal)', dudh 'milk' un 'sunshine', dur 'far' Short: kutra 'dog', pustak 'book', udya 'tomorrow', khurii 'chair' pu:rna 'completely', tu:rta 'at present' (short at end of word) bhinta/bhint 'wall, mitra 'friend', tonda/tond 'face' (long when non-final) bas 'bus', bar 'well. . . ', pan 'but', phal 'fruit' (short elsewhere) andi 'eggs', bass 'enough', akra 'eleven'

Closest English sound me, teen itch, till seat too, dude cook, puss poor sofa,

viola

burn, purse (British or New England) under, b?/s 15

SPOKEN

16

a: a

e 0 1

£

o a t etc.

MARATHI

(long at end of word) ba: 'the letter B\ patra: 'letters', caggla: 'good' (neuter singular) hat 'hand', far 'four', bara 'twelve', amhala 'to us' After y : tyala 'to him', ya 'come' At the beginning of a word, when followed by a consonant cluster: amba 'mango', arjghoJ 'bath' tel 'oil', 5e 'hundred', ek 'one', tera 'thirteen' to 'he', ho, hoy 'yes', don 'two', go${a 'story, thing', soja 'sixteen'. (high mid vowel)—found only in words of Sanskrit origin, which are mostly learned: ritu season', prakriti 'state of health'. Many speakers substitute u — rutu, prakruti. (only in English words) baet ' (cricket) bat', baeg 'suitcase', taeksi 'taxi', psent 'trousers'. Speakers who are less familiar with English substitute ya (byag, tyaksi) . (only in English words) ofis 'office', kofi 'coffee', d^ktar 'doctor', bol 'ball'. Nasalized vowels occur in a small number of words for some speakers: kevha 'when?', kiwa 'or', a 'huh?'.

burr (British or New England) hot (U.S.), char yak umber, hungry tail, sha;y toe,

oat

(none)

bat, bag, etc.

office, coffee, etc. (none)

B. Vowel sequences and diphthongs. Following are some sequences which are often difficult for English speakers to distinguish. Closest English Examples Symbol sound mumbai 'Bombay', samai 'oil lamp', 32 (none) viSai 'about, concerning', catai 'mat' (for sitting). ai 'mother', bai 'woman', gai 'cows', at naive vait 'bad' vay 'age', lay 'rhythm', bayl 'bullock', (none) »y vayri 'enemy, aySi 'eighty' ay pay 'leg, foot', gay 'cow', kay 'what?' pie, guv bayko 'wife', ayta 'ready-made' nau 'nine', sau 'Mrs.', mau 'soft' au (none) bhau 'brother', khau 'candy', jaun 'having awoo ing, au gone', paus 'rain', paun 'three-quarters' Raoul cav 'taste', mavj 'fun', navra 'husband', w (none) lavker 'quickly', cavk 'intersection', athavtja 'week' nav 'name', gav 'town', bhav 'price', av now, hou; kav]a 'crow', avkaS 'delay'

PRONUNCIATION

17

C. Stop consonants. T h e following consonants are almost all found with a following h in some words, and without the h in other words. The difference is significant in Marathi, although in informal speech an h following a consonant (except where the consonant begins a word) is often omitted. Closest English Symbol Examples sound p pul 'bridge', par 'completely', paus rain', spool, dopey pan 'betel', sap 'snake', topi 'hat' ph (bilabial fricative or aspirated stop). pool or fool, phul 'flower', phar 'very', saph 'clean', par or /ar maph 'pardon' be, bar b bi 'seed', bar 'explosion', bai 'woman', baba 'daddy', naSib 'fortune' bh bhi:ti 'fear', bhar 'weight', bhau 'brother', (none) jibh 'tongue' t (dental) tap 'heat', tin 'three', to 'he', (none) taj 'bottom', tota 'loss' th (dental) thap 'a slap, pat', thor 'great', (none) sthal 'place', thoda 'little, few' d (dental) dar 'door', dur 'far', dada 'elder (none) brother', don 'two', khod 'dig' dh (dental) dhar 'edge', dhur 'mist, smoke', (none) dhotar 'dhoti', dudh 'milk', kadhi 'ever' t (retroflex) £ak 'throw', tek 'rest', {ok 'point', stock, neai ni{ 'proper(ly)', pot 'belly' th (retroflex) thar 'utterly', thik 'correct', 'I'm reading (at mi vacte present) (or vacti'e) ) amhi vacto'ot amhi vacto 'We read' | 'We're reading' (or vacto'e) to vacto ' H e reads' to vacto'e 'He's reading' 40

GRAMMAR UNIT II

ti vacte

'She reads'

41

ti vacte e 'She's reading' (or vacti'e) tumhi kay karta'e 'What are you t u m h i kay karta 'What do (or kartaht) doing?' you do?' 'What are they te kay kartat 'What do they do? te kay karta'et doing?' Some of the present continuous forms can be considered abbreviated forms of a present habitual form plus a form of a(h)e; thus: mi vacto ahe > mi vacto'e mi vacte ahe * mi vacte'e to vacto ahe > to vacto'e ti vacte ahe > ti vacte'e amhi vacto ahot > amhi vacto'ot (amhi vacto ahe * amhi vacto'e) tumhi . . karta ahat tumhi . . . kartaht (tumhi . . karta ahe tumhi . . . karta'e) EXERCISES

A. Make the following substitutions orally: 1. (tyanii) Saja kutha:e. His Her Your (formal) Your (informal) 2. (majha:) nav smith. His Her Our Their 3. (yaca:) ghar java} ae k a / Your (formal) Your (informal) Her Their 4. (hica) bhau itha: rahto. My Our His Their 5. t u m i i mula: itha: (rahtat) k a / study work 6. tumdi mula: kutha: (Siktat). work live B. Insert the appropriate form and translate orally: 1. (tumca, turnii, tumca:)

42

SPOKEN MARATHI

vay kay. nav kay. bhau kutfia:e. bahin ku{ha: rahte. ghar ku{ha:e. Jala javaj ae k a / marathi carjgla:e. 2. (apla, apli, apla:) insert in the above blanks. 3. (yaca, ya£i, yaca:) insert in the above blanks. 4. (hica, hiii, hica:) insert in the above blanks. 5. (carjgla, caqgli, caqgla:) he ghar — ae. ha mulga ae k a / hi mulgi ae k a / hi 5aja ae. C. Insert the appropriate possessive: 1. ha majha bhau. vay 2ar varSa:. 2. hi majhi bahin. nav lakSumi. 3. hi amci mula:. he ghar ae. 4. amhi java} rahto. ghar titha:e. 5. ha majha bhau. nav ram. D. Convert the following sentences into the plural form. For example, the first sentence majha mulga Salet jato should be converted into majhi muh: Ia(et jatat. 1. m a j h a mulga Sajet jato. 2. yaca mulga irjgliS bolto. 3. hica mulga mumbait kam karto. 4. amca mulga itha: rahto. 5. apla mulga kay Sikto. 6. tumca mulga kay vacto. E. Convert the following into sentences with the formal imperative form (see G U II, 1), and translate the sentences. Note that in some cases there is no difference between formal and informal. 1. itha bas (or bais). 2. ¿aha an. 3. marathit bol. 4. mala faha de. 5. he dud ghe. 6. kam kar. 7. irjgliS madhe lihi. 8. gharat raha. 9. he vac. 10. at ye. 11. gharat ja. CONVERSATION 7A.

x: tumhi athavdyatun (or

How many times a week do you go

CONVERSATION

athavcjyatna:) kitida gavat jata. y: bahunda amhi dón-tinda jato. x: pünha kevhä jil bajarala y: amhi udya jau. x: kiti vajta. y: sakaji dahä vajta.

/

downtown? We usually go two or three times. When will you be going to the bazaar again? We're going tomorrow. At what time? At ten in the morning.

VARIATIONS.

1. tumhi athavdyatna: kitida gavat jata. mi donda jato (jate). 2. tumhi kevha gavat jata. amhi nau vajta jato. 3. tumhi kevha bajarala jal. amhi udya jau. 4. tumhi kevhà mumbaila jal. amhi udya ratri jau. 5. tumhi udya bajarat jal k a / ho, amhi saha vajta jau. 6. tumhi udya bajarala janar k a / nai. udya mi japar nai. 7. to kiti vajta gavat jato. to sat vajta jato. 8. tumhi kiti vajta ¿aha gheta. pac vajta gheto amhi. 9. a pan kay ghenar. amhi 2aha ghyu. 10. tumhi udya kutfia: jal. amhi bajarala jau. 11. apai} udya kay karal. amhi kam karu. 12. punha tumhi kevha yal. amhi udya yeu. CONVERSATION 7 B .

x: mi aj tümia barobar yeu k a / y: h ó / jarür ya. mi tumhala bäjar dakhvin. x: mi majha bhaväla barobar anu k a / y: h ó / tyala jarur aria. Additional words: saha 'six' i For some speakers

bajarla.

43

May I come with you today? Yes, come by all means. I'll show you the bazaar. May I bring my brother along? Sure, bring him.

44

SPOKEN M ARATH I

sat 'seven' ath 'eight' nau 'nine' VARIATIONS.

1. mi tum£a barobar yeu k a / h o / jarur amia barobar ya. 2. mi tumia barobar rahu k a / h o / majha barobar raha. 3. tumhi amia barobar ¿aha ghenar k a / h o / mi ghenar a e \ 4. tumhi udya kiti vajta pocal. amhi sakaji daha vajta pocu. 5. tumhi mala bajar dakhval k a / h o / mi tumhala jarur dakhvin. 6 . mi tyala barobar gheu k a / h o / jarur. 7. tumhi tyala gavat anal k a / h o / amhi tyala anu. 8. tumia bhavala kay payje. tyala sakhar payje. 9. tumhala dud payje k a / mala n a k o \ , pan majha bhavala payje. 10. tumhi kiti vajta bajarat jal. amhi nau vajta jau. 11. tumii bah in athavdyatun kitida gavat jate. bahuda ti ¿ar pacda jate. 12. itha: lok kiti vajta ¿aha ghetat. saha vajta. 13. mula: sakaji kay kartat. ti Sajet jatat. 14. ti sakali kay karte. ti a{h vajta gavat jate. 15 mi tyala kay d e u \ tyala ¿aha dya. 16 ha tunrfa bhavaca mulga'e k a / n a i \ , ha amca mulga'e. yaca: vay k a y \ ¿ar varSa:. 17 tum¿i mulgi tum£a barobar yete k a / nai. ti gharat rahte. 18 kay p a y j e \ ankhi thodasa: d u d ghala. QUESTIONS,

1. apaij athavdyatun kitida gavat jata.

CONVERSATIONS

7-8

45

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

tumhi udya bajarala jal k a / tumhi kiti vajta jal. mi turnia barobar yeu k a / tumhi kal bajarala gela k a / kiti vajta gela. tumhi mala bajar dakhval k a / mi majha bhavala anu k a / apan kiti vajta ¿aha ghyal. tumhi udya kutha: janar. tyala kay payje. tumia bhavala ¿aha payje k a / tumhi udya sakaji kay kanjar. tumhi kiti vajta yal. mula: sakaji kay kartat. tumhi kiti vajta bajarala jal. mi tumia barobar yeu k a / 17. ha kon ae. 18. mi itha: basu k a \ 19. tumhi kay karta'e. CONVERSATION

x: sféSan kutha: e saggál ka. y: asa: saraj ja. x: jara sávka? b o l a \ a / tumhi kay m h á n t a \ te majha

y: x: y: x:

lákSat yet nai. 1 thík ae. ti mothi imárat a e \ n a / téc steSan. bara:, davákhana kutha:e. titha: steSna palíkad^e. tumhala ithun distó'e 2 k a / hó. áta mala disto'e.

8A.

Can you tell me where the station is? Go straight ahead this way. Please speak a little (more) slowly. I don't understand what you're saying. O.K. T h a t big building there . . . that's the station. Well, where's the dispensary? It's there, beyond the station. Can you see it from here? Yes, I (can) see it now.

VARIATIONS.

1. gavat davakhana'e k a / h o / ah£. 2. javaj ae k a / ho. javajac ae. 3. post ofis kutha:e, sarjgal k a / tithac a e \ i te majha IthJat yet nai "it d o e s n ' t c o m e i n t o my awareness". 2 disto (or disto'e) 'it a p p e a r s , it is visible'; m»/a disto'e " t o - m e it a p p e a r s " = (can) see it'.

'I

46

SPOKEN MARATHI

4. punha sagga. thik ae. 5. to davakhana'e k a / nai. te sfeSan. 6. b a r / davakhana kutha:e. sp§na samorac ae. CONVERSATION 8 B .

x: turnea: ghar kutha:e. ithun dúr ae k a / y: tithac a e \ davakhánya samór samajla: ka. x: h ó / mala samajla:. y: té pahi. tumhala dista :e ka. x: n á i \ , mala dísat nai.

Where's your house? Is it far from here? There it is, opposite the dispensary. Did you understand? Yes, I understood. Look there. Do you see it? No, I don't see it.

VARIATIONS.

1. bajar k u t h a : e \ , saggal k a / asa: saraj ja. 2. ithlun dur ae k a / n a i \ , javajac a e \ 3. tumhala sigret payje k a / kay m h a n t a / jara savkas bola. 4. sigret payje k a \ tumhala nako. ata nako. 5. ti imarat kay ae. ti amfi Saja'e. 6. steSan kuthare. ithun dur ae. 7. post ofis kutha:e. ti imarat titha: diste :e k a / 8. ho, mala diste :e. tec post afis9. post afis ithun dur ae k a / nai, javajac ae. ghara samor ae. 10. tumhala distare k a / nai, mala disat nai. 11. tumca: gav ithun dur ae k a / nai, phakta daha mail dur ae. QUESTIONS.

1. steSan k u t h a : e \ sarjgal k a / 2. bajar ithun dur ae k a /

CONVERSATION

3. tumca: ghar kutha:e. 4. staSan ithun javal ae k a / 5. davakhana kutha.e, saqgal k a / jara savkaS bola. 6. te kay a e \ 7. gavat Jaja ah£ k a / 8. itha: davakhana'e k a / 9. Saja kutfiare. 10. mi kutha: b a s u \ 11. tumhala ¿aha payje k a / 12. apkhi sakhar payje k a / dud ankhi ghalu k a / 13. tumhi kevha jal bajarala. kiti vajta. mi tum£a barobar yeu ka. 14. mi aplyala kay dakhvu. 15. tumhala samajla: k a /

8

Grammar Unit III

1. A. Most Marathi nouns undergo certain changes in form when endings such as -ca/ci/ca: (possessive), -t 'in', or -la 'for, to' are added to them, or when they are followed by words like pvzl, mzdhe, paryyant, ssmor, palik ada: (postpositions) . Following are some examples of these modified forms, known as oblique forms: Straight Form Oblique Form bhau 'brother' bhavaca 'brother's' bhavala 'to . . . brother' bajar 'bazaar' bajarala 'to the bazaar' steSan 'station' steSna palikada: 'beyond the station' ghar 'house' gharat 'in the house' gav 'town' gavat 'to town' Except for masculine nouns ending in -a (like caha, davakhana) and a few neuter nouns, most masculine and neuter nouns make their oblique forms by adding -a. Further examples: nav 'name' navat 'in a name' kam 'work' kamala 'to work' hotel 'hotel' hD^elat 'in the hotel' dud (h) 'milk' dudhat 'in milk' injiniar 'engineer' injiniaraca 'engineer's' divas 'day' divsat 'in a day' B. Note the loss of -a- in steina, divsat. C. T h e -u of bhau changes to -v in bhavaca, bhavala, etc. D. Some speakers prefer forms like steinaca samor, gharaca palikada: (with the possessive form of the n o u n ) , with certain postpositions. E. Foreign words are often left unchanged before a postposition; thus both stehn javal and steina javal are used. With foreign words, and especially names, many speakers avoid the -t suffix and use instead the word madhe with the straight form of the n o u n : hotel madhe, iijgland madhe, nyu york madhe, etc. F. Note that feminine nouns ending in -i in the straight form make no change for the oblique: mumbai 'Bombay' mumbait 'in Bombay' yunivarsiti 'university' yunivarsifit 'in the university' etc. 48

G R A M M A R U N I T III

2. Forms e n d i n g in -la, such as mala, amhala,

49

tumhala,

aplyala,

tyala,

tila, bhavala, have been illustrated in several typical contexts so far: A. tumhala dud payje k a / Do you want milk? mala fahd nako. I don't want tea. tumca bhavala kdy payje. What does your brother want? B. tumhala dista:e k a / Do you see (it) ? mala disat nai. I don't see (it). C. mala samajla: I understand. D. mala mdhit nai. I don't know ("To me not known") E. mi majha bhavala anu k a / May I bring my brother? tyala jarur ana. Bring him, by all means. F. tyala ifahd dya. Give him tea, give tea to him. mala bajar dakhval k a / Will you show me fhe bazaar, will you show the bazaar to me? 3. Verb forms ending in -u have been used with two different meanings: A. with mi or amhi, in the meaning 'may I (may we), shall I (shall we) ?'; e.g. mi itha: basu k a / Snail I sit here? mi tumia barobar yeu k a / May I come with you? amhi at yeu k a / May we come in? B. In the meaning 'we will' (with amhi) : amhi udya jau. We'll go tomorrow, amhi tyala aiju. We'll take him. EXERCISES.

A. Make the following substitutions orally: 1. to (tyala) anQar ka. you me her my brother 2. (mala) ¿aha payje. he she you my brother 3. mi (tumhala) bajar dakhvin. him her my brother 4. (mala) tumca: ghar ithun disat nai. he she 5. to ata (gharat) ae. at the bazaar at the station

50

SPOKEN

MARATHI

at the hotel in town 6. amca: ghar (Steina) palikada:e. hotel dispensary 7. post ofis (ghara) samor ae. hospital station hotel B. Be prepared to answer the following questions orally, using the appropriate command form in your answer. See GU II, 1. ( E x a m p l e : mi ku(hb*su

Answer: titha:

b»sa)

1. mi itha: rahu k a / 2. mi kutha: j a u \ 3. amhi itha: basu k a / 4. mi at yeu k a \ 5. mi a ta kay karu. 6: mi tyala agu ka b a j a r a l a / 7. amhi kofi gheu k a / 8. mi tumhala ankhi sakhar deu k a / 9. a ta mi tumhala kay dakhvu. 10. mi punha sarjgu k a / C. Answer the following questions: ( E x a m p l e : tumhi

kevhä jal A n s w e r : amhi udya

1. tumhi amhala kay dakhval. 2. tumhi thodiSi sakhar dyal k a / 3. tumhi tyala aoal k a / 4. tumhi udya kay karal. 5. punha tumhi kevhä yeijar. 6. tumhi kiti vajta pocal. 7. udya tumhi ku(ha: jal. 8. mumbait tumhi kiti divas rahpar. 9. ameriket tumhi kay Sikijar. D. Insert the appropriate form orally and translate: 1. (rahto, rahte, etc.) tumca bhau kufha: . apli bahin mumbait ka. te embasi javaj ka. to itha: ka. ti mumbait kutha: \ tumii mula: ithac ka. 2. (äiklo, äikle, etc.) tumhi marathi kutha: . mi ameriket . amhi mumbait . tumhi marathi vacayla kutha: . 3. (majha, majhi, etc.) he ghar ae. ha mulga. mulgi kuthare.

jau)

CONVERSATION 9

Jaja javaj ae. 4. (yanca, yanii, etc.) $aja ku(ha:e. mulga Sajet jato k a / mulgi jat nai. 5. (hoto, hote, etc.) kal tumhi ku(ha: kal sakaji mi yunivarsitit amhi gharat .

51

. .

CONVERSATION 9A.

What would you like? Are the mangoes good today? Yes sir, they're excellent. How many would you like? How much are those? ("How are these given?") Four for a rupee. Four for a rupee? That's one for four annas? Yes sir. Look, they're good big (ones).

x: kày payje t u m h a l a \ y- aj ambe'carjgle'et ka. x: hó saheb. uttam aet. kiti payjet. ; té kase d i l e / y x: rupayala 3 è&r. y- rupayala t i n / mhanje £àr aijyala é k / x: hó saheb. p a h à / carjgle mófhe'et. 3

VARIATIONS.

1. ambe aj caggle'et k a \ nai. aj carjgle nait. 2. te mo{he ambe kase dile. rupayala don. rupayala don. mhanje a(h aijyala e k / ho saheb. 3. tumhi mumbait kiti divas rahyla. mi don athavde rahylo (rahyle). 4. majhe don bhau mumbait rahtat. te titha: kay kartat. ek yunivarsitit S i k t o / , an dusra svastik kampanit kam karto. 5. ¿aha kasa dila. tin rupae paund- kiti paui^d payje. mala ek paund dya. CONVERSATION 9 B .

x: mala sahà ambe dya. kiti p a y s e / 1 amba ' m a n g o ' , ambe 'mangoes'. 2 ruptyala o r rupayala. 3 See GU IV. 5 .

Give me six mangoes, How much [money]?

52

SPOKEN MARATHI

y: did 8 rupaya. x: ek rupaya 4 ¿th a i j e / thik ae. majha pasi 5 pacici not ae. y: thik a e \ h£ ghya s£(Je 6 tin rupae parat.

One-and-a-half rupees. One rupee and eight annas? O.K. I have a five (rupee) note. O.K. Here's three-and-a-half rupees back.

CONVERSATION

x: hamalala kdy dyu. y: dyd ek ana.

9c.

What shall I give the porter? Give (him) one anna. VARIATIONS.

1. mala ek amba dya. kiti payse. pac aije. 2. tumhi udya kiti vajta yal. did vajta. 3. gavat davakhana'e k a \ ho. itha: don mothe davakhane aet. 4. tumfa paSi kiti payse aet. phakta daha rupae. 5. kiti p a y s e \ did rupaya. he ghya don rupae. he ghya ath ane parat. 6. tumce mulge mumbait kay kartat. ek yunivarsitit 5 i k t o \ an d u s r a / to amerikan embasi madhe kam karto. 7. kiti ambe p a y j e t \ saheb mala ekac payje. 8. tumhala ekac amba payje ka. ho. kiti payse. tin ane. 9. tumhi mumbait kiti divas rahyla. did varSa: rahylo (rahyle). 10. tumhi kiti vajta ala. did vajta alo (ale). 11. tumhi mumbait kiti divas rahyla. don divas rahylo (rahyle). 12. nan tar tumhi kutha: gela. nantar mi itha: parat alo (ale). did 'one-and-a-half' 4 rupaya or rupaya 5 ma]ha paSi "by me, near m e " Qsade "one-half p l u s , " sade car "one-half plus f o u r " = 'four-and-a-half 3

CONVERSATIONS

9-10

53

13. to mulga parat ala'e k a / nai. to kutha: g e l a ' e / he mala samjat nai. 14. t u m f i mula: itha: rahtat k a / nai. mumbait rahtat. 15. ambe kase dile. rupayala £ar. tumhi kay m h a n t a / mala samjat nai. QUESTIONS.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

kay payje t u m h a l a \ ambe cangle'et k a / tumhala kiti ambe payjet. ambe kase dile. mala pac ambe dya. kiti p a y s e \ t u m f a pasi payse aet k a / t u m i a paSi kiti payse aet. did rupaya mhanje ek rupaya an kiti ape. ha kon ae. yaca: nav kay. mi kay mhanto (mhante) \ , te turnia laksat yeta: k a / Saja ithun diste:e k a \ tumhala hamalala kay dyu. CONVERSATION 1 0 A

x: káy, tu 1 kal ála (áli) nais. y: máph k a r \ a . mi agdic visarlo (visarle) . dupari càngia: laklat hota:. x: mag káy j h a l a : / y: sandhyakaji ek mitr á l a \ , an tyá¿a barobar sinemála gelo (gele). x: jáu d e \ hárkat 2 nai.

Hey, you didn't come yesterday! Excuse me. I completely forgot. I had it in m i n d in the afternoon . . . T h e n what happened? A friend came in the evening, and I went to the movies with him. Don't worry. ("Let it go.") It doesn't matter.

VARIATIONS.

1. kal tumca bhau ala k a / 1 tu is used when speaking to a person with whom the speaker has an informal relationship, for example with a close friend of one's own age, with young children, and with younger people generally (including younger brothers a n d sisters). T h e use of tu is often not reciprocal, since children normally address older persons as tumhi (mothers are more commonly addressed as tu): it is common for a wife to address her husband as tumhi, even when the husband uses tu in speaking to the wife, tu is a singular form; when addressing more than one person in an informal way, tumhi is used. 2 harkat 'objection'.

54

SPOKEN MARATHI

nai. to kal mumbait rahyla. to kevha yenar. aj sandhyakaji yenar ae. 2. te don amerikan kon aet. te majhe mitra'et. te kay kartat itha:. itha: pefrol kampanit kam kartat. 3. kal sandhyakali tumhi kutha: hota. mi sinemala gelo (gele). sinema carjgla hota k a / n a i \ , caggla navta. 4. aj sandhyakaji mi sinemala janar ae. kiti vajta. saha vajta. mi tumia barobar yeu k a / jarur ya. CONVERSATION

x: y: x: y:

sínema kasa káy hota. phársa carjgla nahvta. gáiji kaJi kay h o t i / gáni cárjgli h o t i \ , pan báki agdic váit hota.

10B.

How was the movie? It wasn't very good. How were the songs? The songs were good, but for the rest (the movie) was very bad. VARIATTONS.

1. ambe kase kay aet. uttem aet. kiti p a y j e t / kase dile. rupayala £ar. 2. tum£i mulgi kaìi kay ae. ata (hik ae. 3. kal tumca bhau kutha: hota. to mumbait hota. 4. ti mulgi ko$ hoti. ti majhi bahiij hoti. 5. tumca mitra mumbait kaSala ala'e. marathi Sikayla ala'e. 6. kay tumhi kal ala nai. maph kara. mi visarlo (visarle). jau dya. 7. tumhi kal ala n a i t \ kay mhanta. mala samjat nai. 8. davakhana kutha:e. ya gharaia palikaa prakarli 'of all kinds' majha bhavaii 'my brother's' (jh + y * jh) 4. Forms like ghyayca: 'to be gotten', anayci 'to be brought' are variable adjectives which change their endings according to a preceding noun or pronoun: mala pustak ghyayca:e, mala caha ghyayca'e, mala kofi ghyayli'e, etc. In the absence of any preceding noun in the straight form, the ending in most cases is -a: as in tumhala kalala jayca:e 'Why do you have to (or want to) go?' 5. A. Except for the endings used with mi, amhi, tumhi, apan, the endings of verb forms with the -I- ("perfect") suffix are the same as the endings of adjectives. Note the verb endings in the following sentences: ¿ahd kasa dila. 'How much is the tea?' i m b e kase d i k . 'How much are the mangoes?' ek mitra ¿la. 'A friend came' tyaii paent tahdn 'His pants have gotten too small' jhali'e. 64

GRAMMAR UNIT V

65

mala d ü d m i j a b : . mala £ahâ mijala. mala lofi milal/. kiti payse jhale.

'I got milk' 'I got tea' 'I got coffee' "How much money did it become?" = 'How much did it come to?' "It became one rupee" = 'It came ek rupaya jhala. to one rupee' B. -s is added with tu: tu kevha alas (alis) 'When did you come?' 6. lahan is an example of an invariable adjective, i.e. it never changes its form. EXERCISES

A. Convert the neuter nouns in the following sentences to plurals, making the necessary changes in the adjective and other endings. 1. tumca: ghar kuthare. 2. he kasla: gav ae. 3. he kaSaca: dukan ae. 4. dhannyaca: dukan kutha:e. 5. he pustak tumca: k a / 6. tumhala kasla: pustak payje. B. Make the following substitutions orally. 1. te (tumca:) ghar ae k a / his her good big 2. hi (amii) pustaka:et k a / your his her my good 3. (tumii) mula: Salet jatat k a / His Her These Those 4. (sagji) dukana: tya rastyavar aet. his those grain 5. (ya) dukanat ¿aha mijto. that all the other

66

SPOKEN MARATHI

6. amhi ya (mothya) gharat rahto. good other 7. (ya) mulaca: nav kay. that the other his your C. Insert the appropiiate form orally and translate. 1. (mijto, mijte, etc.) ¿aha ku{ha: . kofi kutha: . pustaka: kutha: . itha: sagja: kai . 2. (mijala, milali, etc.) ¿aha ka. hi kofi kutha: . pustaka: ka. he pustak kutha: . 3. (anayca, anayii, etc.) mala ¿aha ae. tumhala kDfi ae ka. tyala ek pustak ae. 4. (caqgla, carjgli, etc.) he dukan ae ka. itha: ¿aha mijel ka. hi kofi nai. to mulga'e ka. he ambe nait. CONVERSATION

x: amhala kai khuria ghyayia'et. y: ¿ram khurfa payjet k a / x: ¿k aram khur£i payje\, an £ar sadhya. y: kaslya payjet\, l o k h a n d i 1 / ka likdi 2 . x: lokhandi k h u r i i i i kdy kimmat a e / y: vis te panivis rupae.

1 3 A.

W e want to buy some chairs. Do you want easy chairs? W e want one easy chair, and four plain (chairs) . What sort do you want, iron or wooden? What's the price of an iron chair? Twenty to twenty-five rupees.

VARIATIONS.

1. lakdi khur£i£i kay kimmat ae. daha rupae. 1 lokhandi N 'iron'; lokhandi (invariable) "of iron' 2 lakud N 'wood'; lakdi (invariable) 'wooden'

CONVERSATION

13

67

2. yaíi kay kimmat ae. did rupaya. 3. aplyala kiti khuría ghyayía'et. don aram k h u r í a / , an saha sadhya khuría. 4. tumhala caha p a y j e / ka kofi payje. kofi dya. 5. to aj y e n a r / ka udya yenar. mala vafta: to udya yenar. 6. tumhi mumbait kiti divas rahnar. ek te don athavde. 7. tumhala kiti aram khuría payjet. ek aram khurfi. an sadhya k i t i / 2ar. CONVERSATION

13B (cont'd from 13A).

x: ánkhi káy p a y j e \ tébal/, pálaqg/ y: té kai n a k o \ , pan ek lahán kapát payje. x: kapa(a: dúsrya kholit aet. ánkhi k a y / y: túmfa kada: 3 lákdi pétya'et ka. x: tayár 4 nai. pan or dakvin, dahhvil, dakhvu, dakhval respectively;

102

SPOKEN MARATHI

pa(hdv

+

spectively.

in,

il, u, al —*• pafhvin,

pafhvil,

EXERCISES.

A. Make the following substitutions orally: 1. (tumhala) kay payje. he she they your brother your friend Joshi 2. (tumhala) sagla: mijala: k a / he she they 3. tumhala kasla: pustak (ghyayca:e). d o you want did you get 4. mala ek kadambari (payje'e). want to get got 5. (tumhala) kiti muta:et. your sister his sister his friend Joshi 6. (joSina) s a g g i t b : t ki nai. him my brother your American friend my sister 7. mi (tyala) viiarin. her my friend my brother them you my sister 8. (mala) saha ambe dya. him her us them the boy the boys 9. (hamalala) kay dyu. you him

pafhvu,

pa(hval

re-

GRAMMAR U N I T X I

her my sister my brother your friend 10. udya mi tumhala pustak (pathvin). will give will show 11. mi kadaiit (yein). will go 12. to nakki (yeil). will go 13. amhi udya (jau). will come will tell you will give you the money will show you the bazaar will send you the book 14. tumhi kevhä (jal) . will come 15. tumhi (sarjgal) k a / will go will come will tell me will give the money will send the book 16. (mi) tumhala bajar (dakhvin) . We He She 17. (mi) baylgaditun sagb: (pathvin). We She He 18. (mi) kadaiit (yein). We He She They 19. (tu) phirayla (yeSil) k a / You (formal) 20. (amhi) udya jau. I He She They 21. (tumhi) punha kevhä (jal) bajarala. You (informal) He She They

104

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MARATHI

22. (te) (yetil) asa: tula vatta: ka. You She B. Insert the appropriate form orally and translate: 1. (Sodto'e, sodti'e, etc.) mi mevhnya sa{hi jaga . tumhi kasli jaga . amhi budhvar pethet jaga . 2. (magitla, magitli, etc.) tumhi pustaka: ka/ mi payse nait. mi pustak . tyana: ek ana . 3. (ghyayca'e, ghyayci'e, etc.) tumhala kasla: pustak . muíala navi pa?nt . amhala kai khuréa . kay kay . 4. (hava, havi, etc.) tumhala kasli p.tnt ae. tyala kai marathi pustaka: aet. tyana ata jaga ¿sel. tumhala tyaca patta ae k a / tumhala kiti ambe aet. CONVERSATION

x: aj aplyala sinemála jayca:e. lakSát a e \ n a : 1 / y: h ó \ , kharac 2 . sinema kití vajta suru hoto, x: pávne 3 satla. y: mag mi sáde 4 s a h a l a \ , tula sinema samor bhe^en. x: thík ae. me samórca phátka 5 pasi thamben.

We're supposed to go to the movies today—you remember, don't you? Oh yes, that's right. W h a t time does the movie start? At quarter to seven. T h e n I'll meet you in front of the theater at six-thirty. O.K. I'll wait at the front gate.

CONVERSATION

x: thik ae. pan usir karu nakos

24A.

24B.

O.K. But don't be late.

1 lakitat ae na: " (it's) in (your) m i n d , isn't it?" 2 kh»ra ( v a r i a b l e a d j e c t i v e ) ' t r u e ' 3 pavne ' t h r e e - q u a r t e r s ' ; pavne satla " a t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s e v e n " ( t h a t is, w h e n q u a r t e r s of t h e s e v e n t h h o u r h a v e passed: at 6:45) * sade ' ( p l u s ) o n e - h a l f ' S phalak N ' g a t e ' 8 usir M 'lateness'; usir karu nakos " D o n ' t d o l a t e n e s s " = D o n ' t b e late'

three

CONVERSATIONS 24-25 kájji 7

y: karu nakos. x : mágca veJela tu phár úSira alas (alis). y: májha javaj navin ghadyá! ae. mi níScit vejévar yeto (yete) . x : mag mi tíkifa: 8 ká^hun {hevto (thevte) .

105

Don't worry. Last time you c a m e very late. I have a new watch. I'll definitely c o m e on time. T h e n I'll get the tickets (in advance) .

CONVERSATION

STIMULUS.

1. A friend asks you to go to visit another friend, and you arrange to meet and go there together. a. aj sandhyakaji joJila bhetayla jato'e (jate'e). tumhi yenar k a / b. tumhi mala kutha: bhejal. c. kiti vajta. d. uSir karu n a k a \ 5 . 2. A friend drops in and you ask him to go to the movies today. a. aho . gharat ahat ka. b. mala aj yeta yet nai. apan udya jau ya k a / c. majha ek m i t r a ' e \ , tyala marathi yeta:. tyalahi sinemala nela: tar/ d. mag apan kutha: bhetayca:. e. bara:e mag mi tikita: kadhun thevu k a / f. sinema kiti vajta suru hoto. 3. Y o u agree to visit the city with a friend. a. tumhi sagb: Sahar pahyla: ki nai ajun. b. mi nai pahyla:. majha barobar yenar ka pahyla. c. kay kay ae pahnya sarkha:. d. majha mitrana: sai]gitla:\, juna killa pahnya sarkha'e. tumhi pahyla k a / e. mag apan titha: jau ya k a / f. bar tumhi udya sakaji yal k a / g. kiti vajta yal. h. tumce bhau y e t i l / asa: tumhala vatta: ka. i. bar, mi killyaia phatkasi thamben. 4. a. tumhala ek marathi sinema pahayca'e k a / b. tumhala samjel asa vatta: k a / CONVERSATION

x : kásli bandhabandh 1 karta'e. y: vadil mumbaila calle'et 2 . x : asá:. éktec j a t a ' e t / y: n á i \

25A.

W h a t are you packing for? Father's on his way to Bombay. I see. Is he going alone? No.

7 ka/ji care, anxiety' » tikit N 'ticket', plur. tikit» i bandhabandh F 'packing and tying, etc.' 2v»di7 M 'father' is usually used as a plural (see GL' I X , j ) .

106

SPOKEN MARATHI

majhi ái an majha bahini pan jata'et. x: te kóntya gamins: janar aet. y: daháía gabina:.

My mother and my sisters are going too. What train are they going by? By the ten o'clock train.

CONVERSATION 2 5 B .

x: turnee áivatfil mumbaila kevhá poctil. y: gatji vejévar g e l i \ , tar bára vajun vis m i n i a n i 3 pocel. x: gatfi ithún kévhá su{el. y: akra vajayla dahá minta: kami astana 4. átta kití vajle'et 5 / tumhala máhiti ae ka. x: barobar savvá daha vajle'et. y: mag ata amhala nighávac lagel.

When will your parents get to Bombay? If the train leaves on time, it will arrive at twelve-twenty. When will the train leave from here? At ten minutes to eleven. What time is it now, do you know? It's exactly ten-fifteen. Then we'll have to get going now.

CONVERSATION

STIMULUS.

1. You are helping a friend pack for a trip, and someone drops in. a. kasli bandhabandh calu ae. b. to ek{ac jato'e (ti ektic jate'e) k a / c. koijtya gabina: japar aet. d. mumbaila kevhá pocel. e. gatji tithun kevhá nighel. f. ata kiti vajle'et. 2. You arrange to meet a friend at the movies. a. sinema kiti vajta suru hoto. b. mag apaij kevhá bhe{ayca:. c. kutha: bhetu. d. turnia javal ghaotph6dya payje'e 9 . Additional

29

What are you writing? I'm practicing writing Marathi. Sayl You really write well. Who taught you? Not well at all. Look how it's written. It's good on the whole, but there are mistakes in some words. What's wrong? T h e word viief is wrong. You've written both the i»'s alike. So? Are they two different letters? Yes, this last !a is potphodya note).

(see

words,

dhada M 'lesson' tas M 'hour; class session* CONVERSATION

STIMULUS.

1. You are practicing writing Marathi when someone comes in. a. kay kasa: kay. b. kay lihita'e. c. tumhi cangla: lihita. d. amariket lihayla Sikla k a / e. mi tumhala madat karu k a / 2. a. tumhala marathi lihita yeta: k a / b. mag mala dakhva. marathi madhe viSeS ha Sabda kasa lihitat. 3. You are reading a book in Marathi. a. kay karta'e. b. marajhi pustak v a c t a ' e / , ka irjgraji pustak. c. he pustak kufha: ghetla: d. sagla: pustak tumhala samajla: k a / i sway F ' h a b i t , practice'; s»v»y karto'e ' I ' m p r a c t i c i n g ' Zghotafa M 'confusion, error' 8 cukla.e 'is m i s t a k e n , is wrong" a V a r N , p l u r a l a U a r a : , 'letter*. N o t e t h a t t h e names of letter» (ia:, e t c ) masculine. 5 ievatca 'last, final'; c o m p a r e magca 'last' (in t h e sense of 'previous") « potphodya 'split-bellied' refers t o t h e D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r .

are

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e. f. 4. a. b. 5. a. b.

SPOKEN M A R A T H l

te cangiare k a / tumhi marathi vacayla ku(ha: Jiklat. tumhala iggliì yeta: k a / asa:, "studying" mhanje kay. ameriket mula: kontya vayat vacayla Siktat. koçtya vayat lihayla diktat.

Grammar Unit XIV

A. Note the difference in meaning between the verb forms in the following pairs of sentences: Japan itha: kaSala alat. Why have you come here? Where are you going? (lit. Jkutha: nighalat. "started") fghotaja jhala'e. "Error has happened." iabbhyas kasa calla'e. How is the studying going? to mumbaila gela'e. He has gone to Bombay. j o tya£a palikada basla'e T h e one who is sitting ("seated") to. beyond him. B. nighala, calla, basla, and a few other verbs refer to the beginning of actions; thus nighala means 'started' (nighala ahat "you are started") ; calla means 'started to go, started to move' (calla'e "he has started to move" = 'he is moving, going') ; basla means 'became seated' (basla'e "he has become seated" = 'he is sitting'). Expressions containing the verb karto/kela: abbhyas karto 'studies': iqgrajica abbhyas karto'e. I'm studying English. kalji karto 'worries': Don't worry. kajji karu nakos. kam karto 'works': svastik kampanit kam karto. I work at the Swastik Company. madat karto 'helps': tumhi jara madat karta k a / Will you help me a little? maph karto 'forgives': maph kara. Excuse me. prayatna karto 'tries': mi tyala bhe{ayca prayatna kela. I tried to see him. savay karto 'practices': marathi Iihayii savay karto'e. I'm practicing writing Marathi. stuti karto 'praises': puSkaJani stuti kelihvti. Many praised it. survat karto 'begins' (also suru karto) : tyani ameriket survat kelihvti. He began in America. uiir karto 'is late': 121

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SPOKEN MARATHI

uSir karu nakos. 3. Expressions containing the verb tras hoto 'there is trouble, trouble happens': botit amhala tho